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TMK : ( 3 ) 8- 1- 008 : 004 ' Report No . 827 - 031821 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Historical Documentary Research The project area is located within the ahupua'a of Ka'awaloa in the district of South Kona (Figure 5). Ka'awaloa originates at the coast on the northwest side of Kealakekua Bay and extends inland approximately 11,125 meters (6.9 miles)to approximately 4,300 feet elevation.The coastal portion of the area consists of Kaleamamo Point and the Ka'awaloa Flats,with the Pali Kapu 0 Keoua cliff line extending along the inland side of the bay. Ka'awaloa is bordered by Kealakekua to the south and by Kebpuka and Onouli 2 to the north. Hawaiian traditional accounts mentioning the ahupua'a of Ka'awaloa are very few, but include I'i's (1959:131-2) account of a powerful canoe paddler during the time of Kamehameha I.Akalele passed through Ka'awaloa when he was successfully racing his heavily loaded single-hulled against the king's fleet of double-hulled vessels.This account is described by John I'i as follows: Akalele,a man famous for his paddling strength, is said to have come from Kauai and to have lived with our first king. One night the king left Kawaihae and set forth with his double canoes. Daylight found his company outside of Kekaha, and they rested a little while at Kailua. Akalele was alone on a single canoe about 6 fathoms long and filled with baskets of sweet potatoes,fowls,dogs,and such gifts as people brought who came to see the king on the beach in Kona.When they arrived at Kahaluu, or Keauhou perhaps,the single canoe began to race with the double ones,to see which could first reach their goal, Awili in Kaawaloa. So they raced, the king with his canoe paddlers, Akalele alone.Although the single canoe was loaded with goods,the king desired this race...After they passed Keopuka and reached Kalaemano [Kalaemamo] at Kaawaloa, they again turned shoreward.Near the harbor of Awili,where there is a narrow channel only large enough for a single canoe, the king called out, "0 Akalele, turn your canoe into the narrow entrance! Glide in on a wave!"Akalele did as he was told and was first to arrive at Awili.The others took the longer way around and found him carrying the things ashore. The king helped Akalele because he was a stranger. Kualii, a paddler from one of the double canoes, is said to have leaped into the sea and found himself barely able to walk because he was out of breath and leg weary.This man was accustomed to such work; but against Akalele,the strength of a multitude was as nothing...(I'i 1959:131-132)] Maly and Maly (2001) translated portions of Ka 'ao Ho'oniva Pu'uwai No Ka-Miki(The Heart Stirring Story of Ka- Miki) a legendary account of two supernatural brothers, Ka-Miki and Maka-'iole,who traveled around the island of Hawaii. Ka-Miki and Maka -'iole passed through the uplands following an awa drinking ceremony at Ka'awaloa (2001:24).One of Maly and Maly's informants remembered hearing of the Ka'awaloa Cart Road that extends through the coastal portion of the area being referred to as the King's Trail (2001:49). He heard that the former stepping stone trail followed the same route and was used to transport live fish from fishponds near Kiholo to Ka'awaloa. The first western visitors to the area clearly saw the general project area vicinity during visits to Kealakekua and Ka'awaloa. Kamakau (1961:156) states that a plant gathered along the Pali Kapu 0 Keoua (auhuhu or Tephrosia purpurea)was used to stun fish.The abundance and variety of agricultural crops grown in the general vicinity of the project area, between Kealakekua Bay and Kailua,were vividly described in journals written by Ledyard (1963) and Archibald Menzies(1920).These accounts describe the general area as populous and intensively cultivated, HAUN &ASSOCIATES 17