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TMK : ( 3 ) 8 - 1 - 008 : 004 ' Report No . 827 - 031821 with village sites situated along the coast among groves of coconut palms and with myriad garden plots planted upland from the habitations. Cultivated crops were described as extending upland to the edge of the most densely forested zone.Specific cultigens were planted to maximum advantage with respect to soil depth.and precipitation, requirements that varied with elevation.Ledyard considered sweet potatoes to be the staple crop,but also observed forests of breadfruit and patches of sugar cane along the Kona plains. Menzies(1920)was the first to describe the dry land farming techniques of zonal crop arrangement that combined with environmental variables of precipitation,soils,and elevation,became the basis of the anthropologically-defined Kona Field System (KFS). Menzies noted that sweet potatoes, breadfruit, and mulberry trees were grown closest to the village,with the addition of taro,sugar cane,ti,and bananas further upland,and that only bananas and plantains were grown at the highest elevations. He also observed that the labor invested in clearing the land, constructing plot boundaries, and cultivating the crops would have been immense, but gives neither population estimates nor production capacity of the cultivated land.Walls denoting land subdivisions are present on even the earliest regional maps, but only hint at crop diversity and population density.Other activities observed in inland areas included bird catching,kapa making,and canoe building.Trails and wells are also described. Schilt(1984)summarized Kailua's early historic period. In the late 1700s to early 1800s,Kamehameha monopolized foreign commerce including the provisioning of trading and whaling ships and beginning in 1811 the sandalwood trade.The first missionaries arrived in Kailua in 1820,but only stayed a few months.They returned in 1823 and were given land to establish missions and by 1825 schools. The Reverend William Ellis traveled through the area in the early 19th Century.Between Keauhou and Ka'awaloa Ellis counted eight heiau and 443 houses.The gradual shift from subsistence farming to a market economy began with the introduction of coffee,corn, pumpkins,cotton,pineapple, and Irish potatoes in the 1820s to 1840s, co-incident with the arrival of missionaries.The missionaries living in the region prior to 1850 traveled overland between Keauhou Bay and Kealakekua Bay by means of a cart road that largely followed an earlier coastal footpath,referenced as the Ka'awaloa Cart Road. Kamehameha's father was reportedly buried in a cave in the cliffs of Ka'awaloa, and according to Maly and Maly (2001:14),the Pali Kapu 0 Keoua cliffs along the inland side of Kealakekua Bay were named for Kamehameha's father Keoua-kupa-a-pa-i-ka-lani (2001:14).According to Kamakau: The chiefs bones belonged by right to the family of Keawe-a-heulu and to the hidden burial places of its members from Kiolaka'a and Waiohinu in Ka-'u, but Kamehameha doubted whether this family could keep the place secret, for the place where the bones of their father, Keoua, were hidden was pointed out on the cliffs of Ka'awaloa.Kamehameha had therefore entrusted his bones to Ulu-maheihei Hoa-pili with instruction to put them in a place which would never be pointed out to anyone...(Kamakau 1961:215) One event in history with roots in Ka'awaloa is the Battle of Kuamo`o, an 1819 rebellion by defenders of the traditional religion against the newly Christianized Hawaiian monarchy. The religious rebellion was led by Kekuaokalani against the young King Liholiho following the death of Kamehameha.The rebellion was prophesized by the kaula (prophet or seer) Kapihe in the 1770s (Maly and Wong-Smith 1999). Kamehameha's consort, Ka'ahumanu aided the young king in the overthrow of the kapu system in 1819.After Liholiho formally dissolved the ancient system by eating with his mother, Keopuolani, and Ka'ahumanu,the king ordered the destruction of heiau and overthrow of the old idols. Liholiho's cousin, Kekuaokalani, who was the keeper of the war god Kukailimoku, was enraged by the destruction of the ancient kapu system and mounted a rebellion from Ka'awaloa on the north side of Kealakekua Bay.After a failed attempt to peacefully end the rebellion by Keopuolani,Lih'oliho's forces,led by Kalanimoku met Kekuaokalani's forces initially at Lekeleke in Keauhou 2. After an initial skirmish at Lekeleke, the main battle occurred in I<uamo'o near the coast.After a furious battle Kekuaokalani was finally killed and his forces dispersed.The battle is described by Kamakau as follows: HAUN &ASSOCIATES 19