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TMK : ( 3 ) 8- 1- 008 : 004 ' Report No . 827 - 031821
<br /> In the 1840s, political acts of the Hawaiian Kingdom government would change the land tenure system in Hawai'i.
<br /> All lands were segregated into one of three categories: "Crown Lands" owned by the occupant of the throne,
<br /> "Government Lands" controlled by the state, and "Konohiki Lands" controlled by the chiefs; and "were all subject
<br /> to the rights of native tenants"(Chinen 1958:29,Beamer 2014:143).In 1846,King Kamehameha III appointed a Board
<br /> of Commissioners commonly known as the Land Commissioners,,to "confirm or reject all claims to land arising
<br /> previously to the 10th day of December, AD 1845." Notices were frequently posted in The Polynesian (Moffat and
<br /> Kirkpatrick 1995); however,the legislature did not acknowledge this act until June 7, 1848(Chinen 1958:16; Moffat
<br /> and Kirkpatrick 1995:48-49) and the act is known today as The Great Mahele. In 1850, the Kingdom government
<br /> passed laws allowing foreigners to purchase fee simple lands(Speakman 2001:91).The Kuleana Act of 1850 allowed
<br /> for fee simple land ownership by commoners.
<br /> The Waihona 'Aina (2000) Mahele Database; which is a compilation of data from the Indices of Awards (Indices
<br /> 1929), Native Register(NR n.d.), Native Testimony (NT n.d.), Foreign Register (FR n.d.) and Foreign Testimony (FT
<br /> n.d.) provides information on the Land Commission Awards(LCA)during the Mahele.
<br /> According to the database, 19 claims were made for Ka'awaloa between 1812 and 1848; however, only nine were
<br /> subsequently awarded (Table 1).The awarded claims consist of LCA 6750 to Awahua,8452 to Ane Keohokalole, LCA
<br /> 9441 to Maka, LCA 9442 to Palau, LCA 9443 to Apana, LCA 9444 to Makaku, LCA 9446 to loba, LCA 9447 to Palahu,
<br /> and LCA 9449 to Naolu The 18 claims describe 17 ili within Ka'awaloa consisting of Papuaa mentioned five times,
<br /> Haleapeu(4 mentions),Manuapipi(3),Paohia(3),Kahelao(2),Papa(2),Haleape(1),Haleolono(1),Kaluaolaeloa(1),
<br /> Kohelao (1), Kukuna (1), Mahuna (1), Maualili (1), Monohihi (10), Niukukahi (1), Pahale (1), and Waipio (1). The
<br /> entirety of the inland portion of Ka'awaloa (1374.884 acres—see Figure 2), including the present project area, was
<br /> awarded to the Chiefess of Ka'awaloa,Ane Keohokalole as LCA 8452:10.No other LCAs are located within the project
<br /> area.
<br /> Figure 8 is a portion of Emerson's 1891 Register Map 1281 map of the Kealakekua area also obtained from DAGS.
<br /> This map depicts the inland portion of Ka'awaloa as LCA 8452 to Ane Keohokalole. In addition it shows that the
<br /> coastal portion of Ka'awaloa was controlled by the government, containing the monument to Captain Cook, the
<br /> Ka'awaloa Cart Path, and Ka'awaloa Landing located at the southern end of the cart path.The cart path functioned
<br /> as the primary transportation route connecting Kealakekua Bay to Kailua.The remaining awarded Land Commission
<br /> Awards are located in coastal Ka'awaloa, also depicted on Dunn's 1924 Register Map 2724(see Figure 7).
<br /> Figure 8 also shows numerous land grants in the surrounding ahupua'a; however, none are depicted within
<br /> Ka'awaloa.Two properties purchased by the Reverend John Davis Paris by 1863 are located within or adjacent to
<br /> the project area. One is located along the inland side of the upper government road (current Mamalahoa Highway)
<br /> within the project area, and the other is situated to the southwest at the intersection of the upper and middle
<br /> government roads(Napo'opo`o Road).
<br /> Reverend Paris was a missionary in the South Kona area from the 1840s until his death in 1892(Figure 10). Born in
<br /> Virginia on September 22, 1809, young John Paris grew up on a 90 acre farm outside Lexington (Porter 1928:6). A
<br /> devout Presbyterian, Davis attended the Bangor Theological Seminary in Maine between 1836 and 1839, and upon
<br /> graduation he applied to the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to become a missionary.The
<br /> following year he married Mary Grant of New York and together they departed for his new assignment in Hawai'i.
<br /> "After several days'detention in Boston,we embarked at noon on November 14,1840,on board the ship Gloucester,
<br /> Capt. Easterbrook, bound to the Sandwich Islands."(ibid:10)
<br /> HAUN &ASSOCIATES 117
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