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Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Climate Adaptation Actions to O—C-1r <br /> atad <br /> Integrated Climate Action Plan for the Island of Hawal'i Build Local Resilience to Climate Change *�VNI�►�� <br /> Climate resilience is the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to hazardous events, trends, or <br /> disturbances related to climate change. Improving climate resilience involves assessing how climate <br /> change will create new, or alter current, climate-related risks, and taking steps to better cope with these <br /> risks.' <br /> Climate risk occurs from the interaction of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability.$ <br /> Co-benefits refer to the potential for actions to achieve multiple positive impacts and reinforcing <br /> outcomes.' <br /> Community systems are the diverse and interconnected physical, social, economic, ecological, <br /> cultural, and governance systems supporting the health and wellbeing of the people of Hawaii Island. <br /> Compounding hazards are hazards that are exacerbated by climate change indicators and hazards. <br /> Riverine flooding, landslides, wind storms, and coastal flooding and erosion are considered <br /> compounding hazards of focus in the ICAP. <br /> Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth's surface observed since the pre-industrial period <br /> (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat- <br /> trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere.10 <br /> Groundwater-dependent ecosystems are ecosystems that are supported by groundwater. These <br /> places include springs and seeps, caves and karst systems, and deep-rooted plant communities <br /> (phreatophytes). In many cases, rivers, wetlands, and lakes are also included. Where groundwater <br /> meets the surface, unique communities of plants and animals flourish. A wide variety of rare, <br /> threatened, and endangered species call these places home." In Hawaii, groundwater-dependent <br /> ecosystems include fish ponds, coastal springs, anchialine pools, and nearshore ecosystems. <br /> Hazard mitigation is any sustainable action that reduces or eliminates long-term risk to people and <br /> property from future disasters.12 <br /> Intervention points refer to specific points where a climate cascade could be disrupted by an action to <br /> prevent cascading effects and negative impacts on community systems. <br /> 7 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, https://www.c2es.org/content/climate-resilience- <br /> overview/#:—:text=Climate%20resilience%20is%20the%20ability,better%20cope%20with%20these%20 risks. <br /> 8 International Atomic Energy Authority, https://www.iea.org/reports/climate-resilience-policy-indicator/climate-hazard-assessment <br /> 9 Mayrhofer, J. P., &Gupta, J. (2016).The science and politics of co-benefits in climate policy. Environmental Science &Policy, 57, <br /> 22-30.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016fj.envsci.2015.11.005 <br /> °NASA, Global Climate Change, nttps://climate.nasa.gov/global-warming-vs-climate-change/ <br /> USDA Forest Service,2023.Groundwater-dependent ecosystems. https://www.fs.usda.gov/managing-land/natural- <br /> resources/geology/groundwater/groundwater-dependent- <br /> ecosystems#:—:text=What%20are%20Groundwater%20Dependent%20Ecosystems,and%201akes%20are%20also%20included. <br /> 12 FEMA, Hazard Mitigation Assistance Grants, <br /> https://www.fema.gov/qrants/mitigation#:—:text=%22Hazard%20mitigation%22%20is%20any%20sustainable,damage%2C%20recons <br /> truction%20and%20repeated%20damage. <br /> Key Terms XII <br />