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Integrated Island , Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Climate Adaptation Actions to N
<br /> Climate Action Plan for the Build Local Resilience to Climate Change � ��
<br /> CLIMATE ACTION FRAMEWORK
<br /> The climate action framework was developed to illustrate the cascading nature of climate change.
<br /> Cascading effects result from interdependencies between natural and socioeconomic systems.14 The
<br /> term "cascading effects" has been increasingly used to describe the network of impacts across various
<br /> systems that are of greater magnitude than any individual element of network.15 The cascading effects
<br /> of climate change represent extremely complex interactions between global climate change and local
<br /> physical, ecological, social, and economic systems.
<br /> The framework captures how what we do as communities causes climate change, which in turn impacts
<br /> our same communities. Increased use of fossil fuels is causing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to
<br /> rise. Greenhouse gases are causing global air and sea surface temperature to rise and oceans to
<br /> become more acidic. These changes in temperature and ocean pH are the key indicators of climate
<br /> change. They directly trigger climate hazards including sea level rise, drought, extreme rainfall events,
<br /> and tropical cyclones. The impacts of those climate hazards can be heightened by compounding
<br /> hazards such as landslides, wildfire, and flooding. Together, the impacts of these climate and
<br /> compounding hazards cascade across multiple social, cultural, economic, ecological, and governance
<br /> system S.16 A climate action framework was developed to describe these cascading effects of climate
<br /> change and to identify intervention points where both climate mitigation and adaptation actions can be
<br /> implemented by the County (Figure 4).
<br /> Understanding the cascading impacts of climate change on human-environmental systems is a growing
<br /> area of research.17 Better accounting of these interactions is needed to identify potential feedback
<br /> loops. The cascading effects of climate change on infrastructure and social-ecological systems related
<br /> to extreme rainfall events,18 sea level rise,19 wildfires and other disasters'20 wastewater system S,21
<br /> electrical system S,22 and fisheries and agriculture 23 are some emerging topics of new research.
<br /> 14 Lawrence,J., Blackett, P., &Cradock-Henry, N.A. (2020). Cascading climate change impacts and implications. Climate Risk
<br /> Management,29, 100234.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100234
<br /> 15 Schauwecker, S., Gascon, E., Park, S., Ruiz-Villanueva,V., Schwarb, M., Sempere-Torres, D., Rohrer, M. (2019).Anticipating
<br /> cascading effects of extreme precipitation with pathway schemes-Three case studies from Europe. Environment International, 127,
<br /> 291-304.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.072
<br /> 16 Lawrence,J., Blackett, P., &Cradock-Henry, N.A. (2020). Cascading climate change impacts and implications. Climate Risk
<br /> Management, 29, 100234.doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100234
<br /> 17 Cradock-Henry, N.A., Connolly,J., Blackett, P., &Lawrence,J. (2020). Elaborating a systems methodology for cascading climate
<br /> change impacts and implications. Methods X, 7.doi:10.1016/j.mex.2020.100893
<br /> 18 Schauwecker,et.al, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.072
<br /> 19 Yin,J.,Yu, D., Lin, N., &Wilby, R. L. (2017). Evaluating the cascading impacts of sea level rise and coastal flooding on emergency
<br /> response spatial accessibility in Lower Manhattan, New York City.Journal of Hydrology, 555,648-658.
<br /> doi:https:Hdoi.org/l 0.1 016/j.jhydrol.201 7.10.067
<br /> 20 Duvat,V. K. E.,Volto, N., Stahl, L., Moatty,A., Defossez, S., Desarthe,J., Pillet,V. (2021). Understanding interlinkages between
<br /> long-term trajectory of exposure and vulnerability, path dependency and cascading impacts of disasters in Saint-Martin (Caribbean).
<br /> Global Environmental Change,67, 102236.doi:https:Hdoi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102236
<br /> 21 Hughes,J., Cowper-Heays, K., Olesson, E., Bell, R., &Stroombergen,A. (2021). Impacts and implications of climate change on
<br /> wastewater systems:A New Zealand perspective. Climate Risk Management, 31, 100262.
<br /> doi:https:Hdoi.org/l 0.1016/j.crm.2020.100262
<br /> 22 McMahan, B., &Gerlak,A. K. (2020). Climate risk assessment and cascading impacts: Risks and opportunities for an electrical
<br /> utility in the U.S. Southwest. Climate Risk Management,29, 100240.doi:https:Hdoi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100240
<br /> 23 Thiault, L., Mora,C., Cinner,J. E., Cheung,W.W. L., Graham, N.A.J.,Januchowski-Hartley, F.A., Claudet,J. Escaping the
<br /> perfect storm of simultaneous climate change impacts on agriculture and marine fisheries. Science Advances,5(11),eaaw9976.
<br /> doi:1 0.1 126/sciadv.aaw9976
<br /> Climate Action Framework 4
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