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<br /> Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Climate Adaptation Actions to OEM
<br /> Integrated ' of Hawal'i
<br /> Build Local Resilience to Climate Change *���►��
<br /> Cascade Narrative
<br /> Rising global air and sea surface temperatures are changing rainfall
<br /> patterns which may impact the frequency and intensity of future drought
<br /> and extreme rainfall events
<br /> Climate change and climate variability lead to changing drought and extreme rainfall conditions. Rainfall
<br /> trends from 1920 to 2012 show a decrease in annual rainfall for all Hawaiian Islands, with the sharpest
<br /> decline in the western part of Hawaii Island." The worst drought of the past century on Hawaii Island
<br /> occurred from 2007 to 2014. Droughts have become hotter and longer, cover larger areas, and are
<br /> increasingly exacerbated by human demands for water.'$
<br /> Extreme rainfall events on Hawaii Island have become more frequent.79 Extreme rainfall refers to the
<br /> intensity of a rainfall event that delivers a high quantity of rainfall over a period of time. Rainfall patterns
<br /> in Hawaii are influenced by natural climate variability from the EI Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO),
<br /> the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and the Pacific North American teleconnection pattern.80 Extreme
<br /> rainfall events increase in La Nina years and decrease in EI Nino years.81
<br /> Drought has cascading effects on agriculture, native ecosystems, and the
<br /> socioeconomy
<br /> Prolonged drought has cascading effects on native ecosystems, the economy, agriculture, and public
<br /> health. Drought can be classified into five categories depending on effects and duration:
<br /> meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, socioeconomic, and ecological (Figure 14).82 The first three
<br /> types of drought typically occur in sequence, while socioeconomic and ecological drought can occur at
<br /> any point in a drought's progression and depends on the capacity of state and county resources to
<br /> respond and the degree to which other ecosystem threats are mitigated.83 Drought reduces stream
<br /> flow, which decreases the water available to support stream and wetland habitats, agricultural irrigation,
<br /> cultural practices, and aquifer recharge and freshwater supplies.84 Rain-fed fields and pasture lands are
<br /> the most vulnerable to drought effects in Hawaii; although if a drought persists, irrigated areas also can
<br /> 77 Frazier,A. G., &Giambelluca,T.W. (2017).Spatial trend analysis of Hawaiian rainfall from 1920 to 2012. International journal of
<br /> climatology,37(5),2522-2531.doi:10.1002/joc.4862
<br /> 78 Crausbay, S.; Ramirez,A.R.; Carter, S.L.; Cross, M.S.; Hall, K.R.; Bathke, D.J.; Betancourt, J.L.; Colt,S.; Cravens,A.E.; Dalton,
<br /> M.S.; et al. (2017). Defining Ecological Drought for the Twenty-First Century. Bull.Am. Meteorol. Soc.98,2543-2550.
<br /> 79 Chen,Y. R., &Chu, P. S. (2014).Trends in precipitation extremes and return levels in the Hawai'ian Islands under a changing
<br /> climate. International Journal of Climatology,34(15),3913-3925.doi:10.1002/joc.3950
<br /> ao Frazier,A. G., Elison Timm, O., Giambelluca,T.W., &Diaz, H. F. (2017).The influence of ENSO, PDO [Pacific Decadal Oscillation]
<br /> and PNA[Pacific North American teleconnection pattern]on secular rainfall variations in Hawai'i. Climate dynamics,51(5-6),2127-
<br /> 2140.doi:10.1007/s00382-017-4003-4
<br /> 81 Chen,Y. R., &Chu, P. S. (2014).doi:10.1002/joc.3950
<br /> 82 Frazier,A.G.; Giardina, C.P.; Giambelluca,T.W.; Brewington, L.;Chen,Y.-L.; Chu, P.-S.; Berio Fortini, L.; Hall, D.; Helweg, D.A.;
<br /> Keener,V.W.; et al. (2022).A Century of Drought in Hawai'i: Geospatial Analysis and Synthesis across Hydrological, Ecological, and
<br /> Socioeconomic Scales. Sustainability, 14, 12023. https://doi.org/10.3390/sul4l9l2O23
<br /> 83 Crausbay, S.; Ramirez,A.R.; Carter, S.L.; Cross, M.S.; Hall, K.R.; Bathke, D.J.; Betancourt, J.L.; Colt,S.; Cravens,A.E.; Dalton,
<br /> M.S.; et al. (2017). Defining Ecological Drought for the Twenty-First Century. Bull.Am. Meteorol. Soc.98,2543-2550.
<br /> 84 Hawai'i County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 2020. )ttps://www.Hawai'icounty.gov/departments/civil-defense/multi-hazard-
<br /> mitigation-plan-2020
<br /> Climate Cascade 3:Drought and Extreme Rainfall Events 55
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