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COU FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE ANO TECHNOLOGY-7 cholerne, V. parahaernoAricRS, V. vubtificas, and hep- foods that can be stored for extended periods of time at otitis A virus. which all hale liven associated with fish room temperature without spoilage. The shelf-stable and shellfish. Vibrio vubtifrars may cause gasvoenteri- product is excellent for use by immunocompromised tis or septicemia, which has a mortality rate exceedin_ patients. campers. yachters. astronauts. and military per- ~04"c. This pathogen is associated primarily with the in- sonnet Apollo l7 astronauts ate radiation sterilized ham ~es[ion of contaminated raw oysters. on the moon. Radiation-sterilized. shelf-stable beef steak Frequent oyster contamination led the FDA in and smoked turkey are being consumed by astronauts. 1985 to advise against consumption of raw or under- and with permission of the FDA. U.S. hospitals have cooked seafood by people with hepatic disorders: this used such products. Radiation sterilized meals and meal warning has affected the U.S. shellfish indusw adverse- components are marketed commercially in South Airi- ly. Recent data have shown [hat ionizing radiation dos- ca and are used by the South African military forces. The es of only I kGy are adequate [o eliminate Vibrio vubtifi- South African process is very similar to that developed crrs in oysters. When combined with a traditional by [he U.S. Army Natick Research and Development depumtion, or controlled purification, treatment, radi- Center. The only sterile, shelf-stable meat and poultry anon doses of 2 kGy were demonstrated in 1991 to de- products available commercially in the Cnited States are crease significantly the number of hepatitis A virus in canned (thermally processed) products. clams and oysters. Radiation sterilization allows preparation of meat Although irradiation's ability to control foodbome and poultry products with flavor and texture character- - pathogens in fish is well established. [here is a concern istics different from [hose of thermally processed prod- that marine fish might becon- ucts. The techniques used to laminated with Clostridium RADIATION PASTEURIZATION WHEN Prepare sterile food by irradi- bondinum type E, which can a[ion differ greatly from those grow at refrigeration temper- USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PROPER used in radiation pasteuriza- atures as low as 38°F. As FOOD PROCESSING AND PREPARATION lion. In sterilization. [he radi- mentioned. C. borulinum is anon dose must ensure elim- relatively resistant to radix- TECHNIQUES, GREATLY DECREASES THE ina[ion of [he most resistant lion and will not be affected PROBABILITY THAT FOODBORNE bacterial pathogen- Closn•id- signiticandy by pasteurize- ium 6ondinunr. Because this lion doses: if contaminated ir- PATHOGENS ASSOCIATED WITH MEAT, is a very large dose-approx- radiated fish are sealed in POULTRY, ARID OTHER FOODS WILL imatety 1? to i 1 kGy depend- oxygenimpermeable packag- ing on the product, it must be es. C. 6onrlinum type E may REACH CONSUMERS. delivered to a vacuum pack- thrive because of decreased aged and deeply frozen prod- competitionfrom other bacteria. The product then would uct to avoid flavor change and nutrient loss. The dose become toxic without the usual signs of spoilage. This selected is twelve times that required to kill 909c of the seems an unlikely event. however, considering the rar- endospores of C. boruli»trrn. [f the product is intended ity of C. burulinrrrn type E and the availability of oxy- to be shelf stable then it must be cooked, that is blanched, gen-permeable packaging materials. before irradiation to inactivate the meat's natural en- zymes. Ifthis is not done, the product will spoil through STERILE PRODUCCS biochemical, enzymatic action. Prior cooking improves Two types of food products require sterilization the Flavor of radiation sterilized meat and poultry. mtherthan radiation pasteurization. The first iscornmer- Excellent radiation sterilized. shelf-stable mixed ciall~~ sterile foods, which require itmdiation while fro- vegetable and meat products are available on the South zen. must be stored frozen. and are intended for con- African retail market. Several radiation sterilized, shelf- sumption by the severely immunocompromised patient. stable foods used are well accepted by the South Afri- The second is both sterile ar[d shelf-stable foods. or can military forces in the field.