HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0212.422 1996-1998
Stephen K. Yamashiro ~,c I Diane S. Quitiquit
.
Mayor DIrCCtO/
1.. ~c' -
~~rr ~
f~~~ F~' 9
~1.II1TTT7f~f71Ii ~.~iM~fiT117
DEPARTMENT OF R~~~~ ANpL1D~t/Er~fV1ELOPMENT
25 Aupuni Street, Room 219 • Hilo, Ha u 0~1 (aabb~~9 96I~66 • Fax (808) 93i~1205
KONA: (S08) 329-5226 • Fax (808) 32(r_~6G3
May 19, 1997
TO: Council Chairman James Arakaki & Members of the Hawaii
County Council JJ
FROM: Diane S. Quitiquit, Director G~'
SUBJECT: $75,000 Bond Required of Isomedix
A question came up about the $75,000 bond required by NCR of
Isomedix. Margarita Hopkins contacted NRC and spoke to
Ms. Beth Prange regarding the $75,000. Ms. Prange faxed us the
NCR's rules (see attachment). The $75,000 is the required
amount of financial assurance for decommissioning an irradiation
facility. For colbalt 60, it is $75,000 (see pages 30-12 and
30-26). According to Ms. Prange, the amount reflects the cost
of removing the cobalt 60 pencils from the facility and shipping
them back to the supplier.
The attached copy of the NRC rules and regulations had been
included in the big red binder which was sent to each of you,
but this saves you the trouble of finding them. As Margarita is
out of town, please call me with any questions that you may have.
Attachment
c: Mayor Stephen Yamashiro
cozy, ira, ?~1?i--~~' _
n~. xt?. FNp/C\Q
[to P. To;Presented 1~lllf`l~
b=tub 11>te MAY 1 9 1991
SENT BY~HI DEPT OF AGRICULTURE; 5-19-97 ; 9:33AM Div, Plant Industryy 608 935 72()5;tt 2
M1
BENJAMIN J.CAYETANO ~ JAME3J.NAKATANI
aovornor ~ Chairpeson, Board of AgAculture
~ LETITIA N. UYEHARA
Doputy m the Chairperson
Mailing Addrosc:
State of Hawall P. O. Box 22158
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Honolulu, Hewed 88823-2160
1428 So. King Street pA~(: (gpg) g73.gg13
Honolulu, Hawaii 88814.2612
ffiay 19, 1997
Tor ids. Dians Quitiquit
Reeenrch sad Development
From: Lyle Along, Ph.D. ~ e
Pleat Industry Admix trator
PH (808) 973-9535/gAX (808) 973-9533
Subject: Fort Armstrong Clean-up Costa
Attached ie the information requested oa the costa incurred by
the 6tate of Hawaii in the decontamination and 8ec~iasioniag
of the Hawaii Dev®lopment Irradiation Facility at Fort
Armatrpag.
The costs totalled, $111,930.62, of which $55,965.31 was paid
by the State of Hawaii, $55,965.31 was paidad by the Federal
aovnrament.
LSQrsa
2746/PDCA
Attach.
3 ,
SENT BY~HI DEPT OF AGRICULTURE. 5-19-97 ~ 9~33AM ~ Div, Plant Industry 808 935 12G5;ti 3
OF AGR
Naw AN ~Et
HART' ~p ~ AM
Department of Energy '
Nevada Operations Office
P. O Box 14100
Las Vegas, NV 89114
MAR 1 7 1981
Mr. Yukio Kitagawa '
Deputy to the Chairman
State of Hawaii _
Depar`,ment of Agriculture
1428 South King Street
Honolulu, HI 96814
Dear Mr. Kltagawa:
DCAA AS51ST AUDIT 7161-1C160012-001: AUDIT REPORT ON EVALUATION OF INCURRED
COSTS UNDER MODIFICATION N0. A015 OF CONTRACT DE-ACOB-76DP00374 WITH THE
STATE OF HAWAII
Attached for your review is a copy of the sub3ect Audit Report.
The audit disclosed that the costs incurred by the State of Hawaii totaled
$111,93D.6Z. In accordance with Contract Modification A015, the Federal
Government's share of the incurred costs (50%) is $55,965.31. The State
has billed and received payment from the Government totaling $60.000. It is
requested that the difference between the Government's share of the Incurred
costs and the payment received by•the State be refunded.
Upon receipt of the refund by this office, the suE~ect Audit Report and
contract will be considered closed.
Sincerely,
Daryl B. Morse, director
Contracts & Procurement Division
Enclosure:
As Stated
SENT BY:HI DEPT of AGRIGULTURE~ 5-19-97 9:34AM ~ Div, Plant intlustry~ 800 935 1205:# 4
/ '
AUDIT REPORT ON EVALUATION OF INCURRED COSTS
'HODIPICATION N0. A015
CONTRACT DE-ACOS-76DP00374
• BVBMITIED BY
STATE OF HAI~fAII
HONOLULU, HAWAII
The Defense Contract Audit Agency has no objection to the release of
this report, at the discretion of the Contracting 0£ficer, to the duly
authorized xepreeenta[ivea of State of Hawaii.
Under the provisions o£ Title 32, Code of Federal Regulations, Part
290.26(b)(2) (as amended Auguec 10, 1977), all Freedom of Information Act
requests for audio reports received by DCAA Gill be referred to the cogni-
zant contracting officer for determination as to raleasability and a direct
response to the requester.
Contractor information contained in Chis audit report may be confiders-
till, The restrictions of 18 USC 19D5 should be considered before this
information is released to the public.
This report may not be released to any Federal.ageilcy outside the
Department o£ Defense without the approval of Headquarters, DCAA, except to
en agency requesting the report in negotiating or adminiatering'ita contract,
DEFENSE CONTRACT AUDIT AGENCY
SAN FRANCISCO REGION ,
HONOLULU BRANCH OFFICE
HONOLULU, HAWAII _ _ _ - - - _ _
AUDIT REPORT N0. 7161-1C160012-001
anTE oP REPORT 2 6 fE8 1981
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY r
SENT BY:HI DEPT GF AGRIGULTURE~ 5-19-97 ~ 9:34AM ~ Div, Plant Industry 9Ga 935 1205.# 5
„ 14~`~%. DEFENSE CONTRACT AUDIT nGENCY
SAN FRANCISCO REGION
HONOLULU BRANCH OFFICE
. 300 ALA MOANA $OULECARD
POST OFFICE SOX SOCb3
IN RlGIY RCFCR YO HONOLULU, HAHAII 96450
7261 (0126) 2 6 FEB 1981
SUBJECT: Audit Report on Evaluation of Incurred Coats
Under Mod. A015, Gontrace No. DE-ACOB-76DY00374
Seats of Hawaii, Contractor -
Honolulu, Hawaii
Audit Report No. 7161-1C160012-001 •
T0: Director
Office of Audit
Department of Energy
Nevada Oparationa Office
P. 0. Box 14100
Lea Vegas, Nevada 89114
1. Purpose of Audit
As requested by your letter dated 9 December 1980, we performed an
audit of caste claimed by the contractor for decontamination for deeommiaeion-
ing of the Hawaii Development Irradiation Facili[y.
2. Scone of Audit
The evaluation was performed in accordance with generally accepted
auditing atandaxde and included such testa of the contractor's data and
records and such other auditing procedures as we considered necessary in the
eircumatanees. The coat principles contained in FPR 1-15.3 were used as
criteria in the evaluation of the claimed coats.
3. Reaulte_ of Audit • - ~ -
The claimed cosec and the reaulta of audit are ae follove:
' Total
Tx»eadituree
Claimed by Contractor $111,930.62
Audit Adjustments -O-
Federal Government Share 55,965.31
Yaid by Federal Government 60.000.00
Overpayment by 8aderal
• Government S 4.034.fi9
The State of Hawaii had total expenditures of $111,930.62 on this
pro,jeet, In accordance with the coat sharing provision of the modification,
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ -
SENT BY:HI DEPT OF AGRIGULTURE~ 5-19-y7 ~ 9:34AM ~ Div, Plant Intlustry~ dun can izuo.s n
/
Audit Report No. 7161-1C160012-001
the Government's 50 percent there is $55,965.31. Since the contractor has
already been paid $60,000.00, a refund of $4,034.69 is due the Government.
Mr. Don Nakanishi, Head Engineer, Project Control Section, Division of Public
Works, concurred in our recommendation. Re stated that upon receipt of a
formal request from the Cnntzacting Officer, the State could ropey the money.
4. Conclusion
a. This office will, on request, provide additional audit services
as may be required. If there are any questions regarding this audit, please
contact the undersigned et 808-5467140.
• b. This report is intended to provide assistance to the Contracting
Officer in negotiating this modification and its use for any other purpose is
not recommended without prior consultation with this oFfice,
' Defense Contract AudiC Agency
• /~-i~L L~ier.~.rae.s~./~r~
HENRY M. KIIItA3AKA, Hraneh Manager
z
FOR OFFICIAL USS ONLY
FEH _3'97 16:37 FR NORDION INTERNATIONRL 13 592 0440 TO 12016871476 P.10/19
TRANSPORT OF COBALS-b0 INDUSTRIAL RADII?TION SOURCES
PETER KIJNSTADT, P.Eng_
October 1989
Nordion Intesnational Inc.
P.O. Box 13500, 447 liareh Road
Kanata, Ontario. Cansda, K21C LR8
ABSTRACT
This paper will deal with salary aspects o! ehe handling of Cobalt-60, the
moat widely used industrial radio-isotope. Cobalt-60 is a man-made
radioisotope of Cobalt-59, a naturally occurring eon radioactive element,
chat is made to order for radiation therapy and a vide range of industrial
processing applications including aterilizacion of medical disposables,
food irradiation, etc_
KEY STORDS
Cobalt-60; Safety; Shipping; Containers; Nordion International Inc.;
Radiation Sources;
INTROD[TCTION
Tha shipaent of a Cobalt-60 source is ehe last step in a long and deeailed
manufacturing and quality control procnss, including many stages such as:
1. Cobalt specification and preparation
2_ Encapsulation design and msM~facture
3. Reactor target dasiga and manufacture
4. Shipping container design and manufacture
5. Final source design and maaufaetuze
the safe transport of Cobalt-60 industrial radiation sources is essential
to the viability of gamma processing technology world-vide. Producers and
assts of sources are stringently regulated. Transportation packages axe
tasted. Primary producers such as Nordion Internatioml Inc. cooperate
fully with regulaeory agencies to improve evaluation eeehnology co keep
pace with changing raquizemeats.
COBALT-60 PRODUCTION AND ENCAPSULATION
A typical eobale capsule is shown on Figure 1. 99.92 pure Cobalt-59 slugs
era nickel placed and welded into a Zirconium alloy (Zircalloy) 'Inner
Capsule'. Inner Capsules are assembled Lnto Beactor Target Bundles and
placed into reactors for activation (comrersion of Co-59 to Co-60). After
activation, target bundles, now containing approximately 90Z Cobale-59 and
- L -
FEH 3'97 16:38 FR NORDION INTERNRTIONAL 13 592 0440 TO 12016871476 Pail./19
LOX Cobalt-60, are extracted from the reactor into a shielded flask and
transferred into a 10 metre deep, water filled storage bay where they are
transferred into an approved shipping ceauiner. Naxc, they are
transported co the Cobalt Processing Facility, where the bundles are
dismantled and the Zircalloy inner capsules are further sealed in stainless
steel "Outer Capsules". Tha fiaishad-product is most often the ~C-188
Cobalt-60 source pencil (Figure 1). This capsule has become a world-vide
industry standard.
Gapsulas era manufactured co a vary strict quality assurance program chat
includes verification of incoming materials and chemical analysis of
ma carial samples. They' are automatically welded in an argon atmosphere
using non-consumable cungstea electrodes. In every production run,
destructive casting is done on the fuse and last and one intecmadiace
capsule or at least one in every twenty-five. To improve corrosion
zesiscance, the outer capsules era made from ASTM 316 L stainless steel
which, due co ies low carbon coneenc, parmiu welding with minimum carbide
precipitation.
SkIPHEN'I OF COBALT-60 SOURCES
Cobalt-60 has to be shipped:
1. From the Reactor eo the Processing Facility
2. From the Processing Facility co the customer, and
3. From the customer to the Processing Facility afeer its useful life.
,phi of a Container Desi¢n
All Nordion shipping containers are designed to mast Typa B(U) requirements
of cha IAFA Regulation for Safe Transport of Radioaeeive Materials, Safety
Series 6 (1985). Packages ors generally categorized as "Type A" for small,
often hand carried packages containing small amounts of radioactive
materials and "Type B" for more substantial quantities of radioactive
materials under regular and :ovate shipping conditions. An exempla of a
Type A package would be a small lead pot in a cardboard box, light nnough
co ba carried by hand. Examples of lype B packages will be discussed in
the following paragraphs. As with mny other products, a designer of a
shipping container must successfully bleed together a variety of often
conflicting requirements- Aspects that must Da considered vary from
currant and anticipated regulatory requirements and operating
characteristics to compatibility with existing facilities and costs.
Rslk Produec Shivoine Container
a cypicaL bulk shipping eoataiaer designed to eransport Cobalt-60 from the
Reactor Site w t2u Processing Facility is shown oa Ffgure 2. This
container, known as the F-231, conforms co IA&? Type B(U) :pacification and
carries Canadian Atomic Eaargy Control Board Certification No.
CDN/2047/B(U). AECB is an independent governmsat regulatory and
. 2 -
FEH 3'97 16:36 FR NORDION INTERNtaTIONfiL 13 592 0440 TO 12016871476 P'. 12/19
enforcement agency. It is steel encased aad shielded by approximatel;•
cm of lead. It weighs approximately 7700 kg. It is licensed co transport
up eo 400,000 Ci of Cobalt-60. The cargo cavity measures 29.2 cm in
diameter and is 44.5 em high. Bulk Cobalt bundles are inserted into the
F-231 shipping container on Cobalt Buadla Trays shove fn Figure 3. Upon
arrival at the Processing Facility, the bundles are rmovnd from the trays
and disassembled for further psoesssfng which includes rigorous quality
control.
Finished Product Sh$poing Con iners
A typical shipping container, the F-168, designed to transport finished,
doubly-encapsulated Cobalt-60 sources, is shown in Figure 4. Similarly co
the previously described container, the F-168 also conforms ce
International Atmic Energy Agency 'type B(U) :pacification. Ic is
certified by the Atomic Energy Control Board in Canada under
CDN/2012/B(U)T. As the F231, it is a steel encased, lead filled container
which weighs approximately 5000 kg and is licensed eo carry 200,000 Ci of
Cobalt-60. It is shielded by approximately 27 m of lead. Its cargo
cavity measures 16.2 cm in diameter and is 47.9 cm high. Cobalt-6U
capsules are loaded into a Source Capsule Cage as shove 1n Figure 5 for
insertion into ehe F-168 shipping container. 'This arrangement (capsule
cage and container) is used for eransposting sources from the Processing
Facility to customers" sites as well as for returning depleted sources from
the customers back to the Processing Fsciliry.
RECUTATORY REQUI&F24~TIS
The current international regulatory requirements era defined by ehe
International Atomic Energy Agency in its publication titled "Regulations
for Safs Transport of Radioaecive Materials", Safety Series 6 (1985).
?hest regulations ors periodically revised by panels of experts and updated
co continuously reflect ehe current state-of-the-art and the currcnc
transportation situation,
The regulations categorize the range of shipping packages (containers) into
several basic types depsndiag on the nature and amount of radioactive
material carried. Further, they specify the set of eondieionr that oath
package must meet in order to De certified. These conditions range from
adminiscrativa controls <labslling, I_D_ plats:, etc.) co the most
scriagsnt structural requirsmeacs to ensure that a package meccs the
specified ^normal^ and postulated voisc case accident conditions which
could occur in tzanspoze_
The "normal" conditions of transport include minor incidents that iaay occur
in ovary day operation, 'such as short drops, tip-avers, rough handling,
exposure co rain, sea eater, and sun, ate. Assessment of a packages"
- 3 -
FEB 3'97 16:39 FR NORDION INTERNfiTIONRL 13 592 0440 TO 12018871476 P.13/19
response co these "normal' conditions is sot simple; however, standard
engineering techniques usually suffice. On the other hand, the worst case
accident conditions, which ssssneially consist of:
a) free fall of the package from 3 feat (1 m) onto a 6-inch (15.25 cm)
diameter steal pin;
b) free fall of the package from 30 feet (9.14 a) onto an essentially
unyielding surface;
c) exposure of the package co thermal conditions equivalent to 30
minuees Ln an snvizonmane of 1472° F (800°C)
present more complex fast and evaluation challenges. Depending on thr
package design, the full assessment of• its response under these "worst
case' conditions Ls oftsa beyond the capabilities of standard analytical
eachniques. In such sieuations, the package assessment is made on the
results of full scale destructive tests or aodelling based on the results
of destructive testing of similar packages.
One or more packages are selected from each family of packages for
destructive tasting vieh the intent to collect enough data to enable
reliable assassmsnc of the remaining packages of similar design in that
family. Packages ::sassed as being most susceptible to the cwoulacive
damage of drop and fire tests era selected for the deseructive cast series.
SHIPPING CONTAINER DEST&UCiIVE tESTINC
Dron Tests
Before a drop tests can be carried out, one has to select test facilities
which will meet the regulatory requirements for Besting. Until 1978, no
facility in Canada would mace both the requirements of the &egulations and
have an adequate loading eapaeiry.
A drop test facility with a capacity of 20,000 lbs. (9072 kg) vas
conseructsd during the sumsr of 1978 at Canada's Chalk River Nuclear
laboratories, a division of Aeamie Easzgy of Canada L3mieed. 1c consists
of a cement !spec[ pad testing on bedrock and covered with a 4.inch (10 cm)
chick high strength steel plats. Above the pad, a cover with an alsetrieal
hoist provides 42 fnet (12.8 a) clearance beevasn the hoist hook and the
surface of the pad.
A special release mechanism was designed and fabricated at Nordion
Incarnaeional Inc. The asehanism is actuated by a remotely controlled
pneumatic cylinder and has a capacity of 20,000 lbs. (9072 kg). The
important feature of the device is its true vertical release action which
ensures. that the prssalaecsd drop ozieneation of the package is maintained
during the free fall. Each package la monitored with decsleromecers co
provide, wgather vieh the sxaaination of the high speed films, the basis
for subsaquene assessment of similar flask modals. To facilieate the
interpzatation of the high speed film, a checkered (20 cm squares) pattern
is installed as a background. Ia®sdiately prior to each test, the package
attitude is confirmed and recorded.
- 4 -
FEB 3'97 16:39 FR NORDION INTERNRTIONgL 13 592 0440 TO 12018671476 P.14iI9
Fire 'tests
As with the drop tests, ons muse have a facility eo carry out ffro cases
which will satisfy the regulatory requirements. The most convenient
facility •in the Octara area is ac eha Materials Fira Tnscing Branch of rl~e
National Research Council- The gurs~pe lour#d there is a propane fired
unit vi eh a chamber volume oP 1620 ft (45.9 m
The furnace is designed to perforce aecordiag to the ASTM Standards.
ADDITIONAL REMALtKS ON QUALITY AND SAFE'17
Somewhat less scientific tesu in the USA and U& of type B containers which
met the same standards as Nordion's F-168 and F-231 have involved the free
fall drop of the container from an aircraft at an altitude 600 m onto a
concrete rummy and the impact of a diesel locomotive traveling at 80 mph
(130 km/hr). The locomotive vas totally destroyed while the container vas
undamaged.
In addition to the previously mentioned standard engineering techniques and
destructive casts, Nordion's shipping containers are subject to a regular
inspection aced maiatenaace programme.
Design, Manufacturing, Quality Control and Quality Assurance procedures are
approved by the Canadian Atomic Energy Control Board- AECB certifica[ion
conforms to Incarnational atomic Energy Agency's specifications and is
aceepeed world-vide by compaeene authorities.
Since eha beginning of Cobalt-60 shipping activities in 1955, there have
only been a few incidents involving Nordion's induserial Cobalt-60
shipments. Not one of these resulted in the release of any radioactive
materials or presented any radiation hazard to the public or the
environment, The total amount of induserial Gobalt-60 shipped by Nordion
up co March 1, 1988 is approximately 190 million curies. This cepresencs
approximately 870 separate shipments. Furthermore, during the same period
in North America there ware in excess of 1 million shipments of radioactive
materials in similar (Type B) containers - not one of these caused any
radiation exposure to eha public or the environment. The record of eha
industry in this regard is without parallel compared co shipments of ocher
hazardous materials such as toxic chemicals, gasoline and heating fuels.
SUl4lA&Y COMMENTS
The safe transport of Cobalt-60 industrial radiation sources is essential
to chs viability of gamma processing eschaology world-vide. Producers and
users of sources are stringently regulated. Transporucion packages are
tasted- Primary producers such as Nordion cooperate fully with regulatory
agencies co improve evaluation technology to keep pace with changing
requirements.
The record of the industry in this regard is extremely positive, and
Nordion in particular is proud of 1es contributions made over the past 30
ysars.
- 5 -
FEB 3'97 16:40 FR NORDION INTERNSaTIONRL 13 592 0440 TO 12018871476 P:L5i19
ENO CAP
~ t4~
,I
~ l i 9.e6 mm 01A
~ ~i h
$ s~nleR cAPSUt~
W
~ J 'I
~
o
~'~~I
I~
(AS REQUIRED)
•rrN Erlo cAP
tt.t mmOIA
0-188 Cobalt 501tradiatio~ Source
FIGURE •7
FEB 3'97 16:40 FR NORDION INTERNRTIONAL 13 592 0440 TO IZ018871476 P.16i19
7/ t
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F231 Type B(ln Transport Package
FlGURE -2
FEH 3'97 16:40 FR NORDION INTERNRTIONRL 13 59Z 0440 TO 12018871476 P.17i19
6IFTwG MANOIE
ACER PLATES
SPECIFICATIONS
L STAINLESS STEEL (304) MATERIAL
2. WELDED CONSTRUCTION
3. GRAYBVG GPApTV-18 BUNDLE ASSEMBLIES
a. WIRE MESH-STAMILESS STEEL (30a)
5. USED WITH F-23~ CONTAINERS
a3.8 cm
BUNDLE
BASE PLATE LEG ASSEMBLIES
28.7 un
V
WIRE MESH-STAW(.ESS STEEL (30s?
Q
uFTING w?NOLE
F259 Cobalt Soun~ Bundle Carrier
FIGURE •3
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2 1NT~lOir-T2l
1~i1; ~ I a.uYB.4YAYeEDOSI7pEEDAS
L W SIAAT®. OR tl` TO 7MAT SIi0001.
r a
s3 a
w
n
M •
J
0 w~
~ ~
w 1
1 _ ~ a IQI~t•
Ft68 Type e(u) Tsanspart Padca~e
FIGURE.
htli :d'y! 1b:41 hK NUKUl UN 11VI tKNMi lUrvML 1:7 7tlG 104410 IU 1GIOl tltlrly ro r'. ltli 1J
•
~
A ~ s
a
s_ : ~ .
° II
~t
- !I
ti
SPECIRCATIONS
n 1 I 1_ WT1Ri{AL STAINLESS STEEL 316
~ ~ w ~ ~ 2 WB.DED
' I I 3. CARRYING CAPACITY 84, 0188
- = ~ I a lip
w~In~i
~
F-
~
M1~
CONTAINER
~ i ~ BRACKETED OII~IONS REPRESENT
! I c
6. TOTAL VYEiGHT- ! LBS (4.1 Kg)
x ~ 1
I I
- e.lis
.3 us.;,l
u-
' r~i"~ ~ a ~
FIGURE -5
TOTAL PRGE.019
rcn ~ ~r lb:J4 rK NUKUIUN 1NItKNF7110NRL 13 592 0440 TO 12018871476 P,01i19
SAFETY CONSmERATIONS IIV T1~
OPIItA1ION OF GM~B~A PBOCFSSIIdG Fw[~rrrn:S
Pos4iC Far Nob 7671 ~ P9~~
m ~ ~
Co/0e0~ ta
Pna.r wrm.?
IIV'IRODUCiION 20 - - ~f? ' - -okua
Gamma radiation processing slatted to be comtpes+dalised in the late 1950's_ The
comatesrial uses of radioactive isotopes coves a vesywide range of applications, dominated
by the stersZizatioa of medical disposable itetas, following by plasdc~ modtfi,Qtion, food
preservarion, waste disiafecdoa, etc. The design &A~+*~ of equipment used to perform all
the above duties art basically idetttical, hence there is tto aced to disass than safety
features separately. This paper wt11 ~~nn~ the general considerations is the safe
operation of a general purpose universal gamma radiation processing facility The
categories to be considered are
a. Source Production and Safe Transport Considerations.
b. Worker Safety Caasiderations.
a Public Safety anti Eavirvmnental Considerations.
d. Safe Operatiaa Training.
COBALT 60 PRODUCTION AND ENCAPSULATION
A typical cobalt 60 capsule is shown of figure #1. Cobak 59 slugs are 99.99b pure, nickel
plated and welded into a rirconium alloy "Inner Capsule". Inner capsules are assembled
into Reactor 7argec Bundles and placed into reactors for activation. After activation, the
bundles are naasfesred into as approved shipping ooncainer and u~ansported to the Cobalt
Processittg Faaliry, where they are dismantled and further sealed is stainless steel "Outer
Capsules".
Capsules are maaufacttued according to a very strict quality asstuance program, which
includes verification of incoming mateaals and chemical analysis of material samples. To
improve corrotizon resistance, the outer capsules are made from A.S'111d 316E stainless steel,
which. due to its low carboy content, permiu welding with minimum carbide predpitation.
SHIPPING CONTAINER D>i~
Cobalt 60 has m be shipped. Csee figure #2):
- From the reactor to the processing faaZity.
- From the processing factliry to the customer.
- Frota the customer to the processing facility, after its useful life.
FEH 3'97 16:34 FR NORDION INTERNATIONgL 13 592 0440 TO 12018871476 P:02i19
2
Shtppia$ k~ntaittets ate dGSigaed [O inlet type tegmrcments of the International
Atomtc ~ ~y "Regulation fCr' Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials",
Safety Sextet 6. Type 8 category is ntservld for subctartrial quantities of radioactive
matatals, SS Opposed to Type A which is meant foc small, often hand-catzied packages,
mnraming small amounts a~f radioactive matedals.
Atypical shipping contaitier is Shawn iti flgore ~3. [t conforms to IAFA Type B(U)
spedfication and it is certified by the Atomic Fmgy Control Board (~4ECB) in Canada, as
well. it is a sted enkated,lead 511ed container which weighs appsnaomately 50001kg and
is liorased to carry 200,000 Ci of mbalr 60. It is shielded by approumatdSr 27 am of lead.
To qualify for Celhfieailon, each model of a shipping oonraiaer mttsi undergo desnvcrive
tesciag, as follows
a. Pierce Test consisting of a free fall frartt 3 feet high (1 m) alto a 6 ittch
(15.25 km) steel pin.
b. $qps~ ~ of a free fall from 30 feet (9.14 m) onto an essentially
unyielding surface.
c- fine Test gang of eltposure to tempesatures of 1472°F (800°C) fair a
pemod Of 30 *ninurwe
~II t:G1IIpl![lOII Of these rigorrika destskictive 1eSi5, the Sample container must st~l rnamtain
a ~ percentage of lts aagtnal Sh]l3dtng kapacsty IdeotiBed by the apphcable Standards.
Since the begimaag of the cobalt 60 shipping activities in 1955, them have only been a
few inadmts involving Nardion hztetaationaPs i~usuial cobalt 60 shipments. Not one
of them rrsulted is the release of atry radioactive materials or presented any radiation
hazard to the public ar the eavironmeru.
FEH 3'97 16:35 FR NORDION INTERNATIONAL 13 592. 0440 TO 12018871476 P:03~19
3
~cw
os wc~eew~aorwa.o
anw~~••.
m~
wags
9
g e~m~eararvrwk
c
nernRn+~oewao
1. f~AOO~s b IAEA',IO~eJY ~
snow AiG6Cwirio~ Ns C~IWD~O~S.
2 R~Aoe~1w IYI~i~t CaO~IO N cold ben.
~ 3 Qrr~pwiswd~tlbC~319.~iWSSrrI
a. Nop~Yeabfrbdq~b~bnwMda
S Enpa~d an cepwi:
WDPOK~r+P (Yo~ts.wmmwr
(4rnrrpGtr CoBO
o,mw.w. m•+..w lnrrr en0e~ (arn.rex limC
•1yn, X la m~ItlY hMtmwOR.
& Ndnw~las~~OrN~t7lYC
G1SH COb01i W TIId+dlRtion $O13ICe
FIGURE ;1'1
FEB 3'97 16:35 FR NORDION INTERNRTIONAL 13 592 0440 TO 12016871476 P.04i1S
4
~CO-b9 TARGET
REPROCESSING
OR DISPOSAL IRRAOUITE
REACTOR
TRANSPORT SITE PROCESSING
RETURN
SURVEILLANCE FROM SRE TRANSPORT
NORDION DESIGN
TRANSPORT CUSTOMER'S SITE
IRRADIATOR C-188
MONITOR SITE MANUFACTURE
OPERATE TRANSPORT
INSTALL
I.ifie Cyde of C-188 Cobalt 60 Capsule
P4gute #E2
FEB 3'97 16:35 FR NORDION INTERNRTIONAL 13 592 04x0 TO 12018871476 P:05i19
5
~ w•
t. t~owrriwiru
2 N•bslorVanlYl•• t
1 ti•~inp fi•ru•es (a) fp upper Fr•rid•
s. Ratlf•II•n Gulon P1ar (2I
i Nalogn 1•n•i•o.•0n PLO 2
& fii••Bald(IWnov6b17ania•1.0Can•iuell•ec
2 z OZS b (0.3 mm) SIM1.1 in (25A mm) K••ri•d O.D. ~ - '
~.Yt b (1073 mm) ~
7. Waning PYY •G4l710N -1$AT idr1TEA • 00 NOT 3
STOtiE Ni WBIAAT~ ON IltgllOEA11TION CC•1TA•8t
OR WS7AAT[~ SPACE
Trand7• • Sbal f3na•0 •
9. Vannkti77• P•tlaq
70. OtlYal (N•ap•rr) ' •
n. ~w--•xtNbn~w~earm
tz urea Sar ~ •
to io b NPr Plp• Plug
7~ PLy l37 WQ '
15. Vary Tuba (sWwd7 ¦eaMly) ~ 7
16 PIU0
1T. Cwi?r.tai71nx6.31b01L(47•.smmxt6lAmmOW y
t•. FLdoactlwCanwa•aMCamar
to o~.bT„•. fa•r.as:~
1D. i4-70x2bN~9o•t0rSYOfh t •
a. St•no•id P
P~Yp
(a••1•d a1S (t970 mm) •qu•ea ~ „
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fl t. AEC(• Cn••~• CDN~O••A1(u}••
~ z ww uie~?Tjtp. x771
3 Sb•laneiaro7••aMl•Id~70.5b(7e•mm)
s to i • w fi,as wny~e ta.0•• a (6w• ky
t• I~ $ & ti•i•osa w••r!.•ad•~ S~io Or>t= c2•oo ~
a 7. AdoddOUe•xl•t
1. C•6rIF•0
L l.abab •by 0• p0•Mar• Y ~•t•d. er ~S° b tll•t 71gM1
i, 9. FarS•AY NwWns 77, 2•, J•, •p an• •t
m ~
EE•
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V~ •.o..aaas..~?
F-168 Type B(I7) Tianspart Package
~
FEB 3'97 16:35 FR NORDION INTERNRTIONAI. 13 592 0440 TO 12018871476 P.06i19
6
The fttndatneatal criteria for the design of safe radiation PAS ~P~t is m
that access to the :adiatian room is denied wht7e the sotttrr is e:pascd and to ensure that
the sourtx cannot be ettposed whsle any persotmd are laude to iaadiator_
To provide safe storage for the sourtx during maintenance periods, a water Shed pool is
provided. There is over 12 fen of water between the top of the source tacit and pezsons
working is the irradiation cell whm the sotuee is fully lowered_ The radiarion level inside
the ee11 when the source is lowered, is at the natural badtgrotmd level.
Just outside the shield wall is the operator's station where the source is raised atld lowered
from a control console. The console also indicates source position, the podtians of product
rrrriers inside the cdl. as well as various alarms and warning lights.
In order m avoid inadvertent miry inm the irradiation cell, the foIIowing saGeety measlaes
are is effect
a. a keys required m operate the source are coaavlled. The operator has the
only one key. It is attached by a short steel cable m a portable Geiger-
Mudkrradiation detector. The source key is required m opm the cell door.
This nn only be removed from the console by switching the keyswicch m the
'off' Position, seeding the source down into the pool
b. The cell background radiation monitor mast be tested m verify that it is
g prop~Y P~ an ~ ~PP~ to the electric door lock.
This monitor is de-energized if the source is not fully is its stArcd position,
and etruy wiIl be prevented. Once the monitor is tested svcc~sfttlly, opening
the door deactivates a switch which also signak the source to descend to the
bottom of the pool
c. Just past the access does, the operator is o~nfr+onted by a chain stretched
across the maze passageway which impedes further progt~s. Retnoving this
chain blocks the compressed air supply which drives the solace hoist, and
ezbausrs any air which rosy alrrady be is the hoist, making it imposa?ble for
the source m be raised.
d. The operator is ~d m carry the which is
attacb~ m the key. This wt71 give visual and audr'ble wanaiug if radiation
levels are high. The auxer is required m be nrnoed oa and testicd prior to
entry. A small check source is located Hatt m the maze ennry door.
To r++~~ that someone cannot enter the cell during startup, the operator must turn a
FEH 3'97 16:36 FR NORDION INTERNfiTIONAI_ 13 tic d....u iJ i~d.oor.vro r.ii7iid
7
keyaWl[Ch lOCated Wen IrSSMie tilt Ctll~ tllti5 forcing venfigtion Lhai nobody is sNl inside.
To start up, the Operator likB the master kry and, with the portable radiation survey
meter. carzies out an ilsspectioa of rite mars grid radiation room by walking through them
to acatace the 9o-seoozld key-0petated satiety rimer located is the tsdiati~on room. After
retruning tiuwltgh the maze, the opesataz segues the source iacerloek chain is the maze,
closes the door ac the main ena~ance sari inserts the master key into tht control console
"Machine" kcyswitch, twining ir'on'. This operadOn raises the source and sets the conveyor
in motion. The plmt is abut down by simply tinning the same "Machine" lceystnritch'oli'.
This operation stops rile product conveying meeehaaism and k~v?ress the source into the
storagt Pool
To pmevmc the posabality of the pool ware level becoming low due to leakage or failure
of the regular water makeup system, a low level Boat switch causes a fault signal and
Slhlmtaates a fault light on the console. This disables the door kxtis and prevents access
to the cell. If the water lewd beeotaes daagtrausiy krw, the cell. backgro~md radiation
monitor wrld sense the increase is background radiation levels and sitatlatiy disable the
door kxk.
The public safety issues relative to aampart of radioactive isotopes have hem addressed
in the previous chapters. Following are additional cansidezaDUas
a. Radiation from the product. The cobalt 60 gamma photons havoc swffi 'neat
esetgy to loll harmful mi~soorganisms, i~ etc., but are well below the
threshold of activation energits of all common elements. It is therefore not
possible for as irradiated product to become ndioacdve or contaminaee~.
b. Escape of radiation from the plant. The process of irradiation takes place
inside a cell shielded by approximately 6 fen (Zen) thick reinforced conatte
walla, consnalcted as a maze, or labyrinth. This design eliminates the
snttered gamma ays outside the cell.
a Seiunic activity. The biological shield and the source storage pool are
generany designed as sepazate free to resist lateral gmuad
axde:atians iade~endmtdy. Ia arras where there are signiiicanr asks of
seismic acdvity,.a detector w171 automatidly ses>td the source down
within 3o seconds into safe storage is the pool if a pseset ground
acceleration level is e~tcreded_
d. ~eta5rv of rile G18B Cobalt o60 omnls. C-188 type mbalt 60 pencsls are
manllfa~lued and testexl under a very. sttirlgmt quality assurance program.
The cobalt slugs are nickel-plated, flan seal welded inside zircalloy solute
FEH 3'97 16:37 FR NORDION INTERNATIONAL 13 592 0440 TO 12018871476 P.08/19
8
tlemen[s, and finally seal Weed iat0 [he staidess steel outer
Before Geal7Qil Of ll1G mbalt_Onuld OCQ7r. dtese thtee battiets vvo[[ld have
to be h~~?+et In ath? event; cobalt is iasohtble and highly mtiosion
resistant in both air and water.
e. Fire oroteetion_ Tempe[attue sensors are located oa the cell roof between
the soat+ce and the veno7atiots dear. These ate set to actuate at 160'F. A
smoke detector is motmted on the veon7adou Sher housia$. To prevent the
product from igniting and bowing. a sp[mkler system which dreulates pool
water and/or a Ct), system can be provided.
f. Ia[eai[v of the storas^e nooL The pool is wmpletdy lined with
stainless steel and is designed with ao drains. The water is the pool is
wndnuousiy circulated through a deioniaag utlic via a pool slaatmer which
ses[toves floating ftseign matter. The ddaoizer:enroves ions firm the pool
water to maiataia the conductivity below specified h:vels. A Boat switch,
iatetiocked with dre deianizes and the ~ water supply, maintains ibe
presser water level of the pool. This float switch also prevents room envy
noel caries a vis<'ble and aud~le alarm signal should the water level fall
below an allowable level Atwther signal is also aetivaud by this switch
should pool water rise above a preset level. wpe tests are performed an the
source penn7s at least ozre par sin mouths.
SAFE OPERw1iON TRAINQiG
Planned and well stinuturtd training is essential to wasisteat, safe and eHicimt irradiator
operation. Formal wtuses and seminars are an e~earve aompcnmt of safety but
they must be manplintmted by a well snvccured on-job-ttaiaiag P~~- T~ Prof
must be d~iberste. eel+n.i„l.wi ~~+.._ror~d and dgn,.n..,~ri
a. Trainin¢ for Off. No one should be allowed to operate an irradiaciou
faality utdess they havt completed a t[aiaing program wasisting of the
following:
- "Radiation Safety in Industrial Irradiator ~neeatioas" Cotuse. This
ooutse has apre-requisite. of high sebod education.
- Cou[se. This worse has Radiation
Safety is Industtial Irradiator Opeario~as as a pace-requisite.
- Handson Practice. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(US'NRC), for instinct, rtquires at lost acne month of an the job
training after passing the Radiation Safety Cause.
FEH 3'97 16:37 FR NORDION IN'ERNRTIONRL 13 592 0440 TO 12018871476 P.09i19
9
_ It is also a legal tequirr~r~t in the USA that
every operatar• must take rehssher training annually.
b. ~~lg far Radiation Safety OPficees (ItSO). The 1dS0 is rtspOatible far
implementing the radiation safetyptagram and etssuring that radiation safety
activities are carried out is aceordaace with approved proeedtms and local
regulatory requirements. The It~mmended minimum ttainiag for as RSO
cwsists of
- 40 bouts on radiation physics and safety
- 40 hours am sadiatiaa safety. directly applicable to irradiator
- At~leasni 3
months of related luacticat experience
G Tri*uttQ for other individuals permitted utuscorted access to the irradiator.
Any~otle having to wa~dc inside m itsadiatar (e_g. maintmaace staff must
have completed the one;;~n~~f~ for $Lth~cerial L:ta~t;ator Oxra[ions"
course.
~N(IAS'ION
The safety record of the radiation processing iadusny is excellent. At the prtsent, there
are 180 full scale production irradiators is 50 different cotmtaes. The total quantity of
cobalt (s0 in service is approtdmately 155 million curies. Hundreds of irradiator-years of
safe operating experience have hart acr~^^„t~r~ Ta date, there has been no damage to
~t,i.l c ~ ~ ~u~ ~eaxd radiation e~osure w workers or the public. Naadion
Iatnvanional Inc_ is justifiably proud of [he gamma processing iadttstry's excellent safety
record.
.l I
UNITED ~ °QTES NUCLEAR REGULATORY C' ~1MISSION
RULES and REGULATIONS
Tree to, cHnvTea 1, cope of t~DEw?~ necuunotas-ENI7IGY
3t5.1(c)
P/~ p~ LICENSES AND RADIATION SAFETY
~"~fl REQUIREMENTS FOR IRRADUITORS
36 -
tiubpart A--tienerd Provbloea ~~Aathoriy: Seo. e1.82.161. tu. te3. see. SubpaA A--General PlovWons
8a Stet 936.9N, 933, tire. 985. u amended,
Sec set 23e, a3 Stet eH. u ameedad (e2 U.SG f 3Lt ~POee end aOOPe•
36.1 Purptew ud awps. ~ 2111, 2ss2. 2201, 2232, 2233, 2236, 22x2); te(a) This part cmttains raquiraments for
36.2 1>efiaitioas. LL sao. zot. u araendd. Z02, zee, e8 Stet the issttance of a ticanw authorising the
38.5 intarptentfons. m 12e2, u emended,l2ee. I2e6 (42 USG
36.6 Infaematian mlleetion requuammu: saes. SN2. seee). ndioaett~val
metariels imdletore used
~ epptovd. L to irradiate objects or materials using
tiuepert ~--eVe~e Ueet~sln9 gamma radietlon. This pad also
ReyeYenrme mmeins radiation safety requiraments
36.11 Appifotioo for a spedttc ticease. for operating lmdiaton. Ths
36. s3 Speei3e titssurs for ieradietors. roqutromeafs of this part era !n addition
3e.ts Stag doooehtrctioe. to other raquirameats otthis chapter. Ice
76.17 AppRtsuou tar ssemptio~ns. padiculu, she pmvtdoas of pads 19.20.
76.t9 tlequat for wrfttan seetamena. 21, 30, 71,170, and 171 of this t$aplsr
tubpart C--Deegn and perfarnwnw apply to applintion: and IIosnsea
Ne9ukentents ~ Yredetere subject to this part. Nothing in this part
36.21 Parformaea aitaria for splad ratisvss the $paaN from complying
sources. with other eppiiubie Federal. Stall and
36.z3 wt><... tonaol. local reguLtians governing the dting,
3s.zs Shlsldittg. ~ inning, land use, and building cods
36.27 Pile ptmactiaa.
3e.za ItedLtbn monitors. is for industrial Lcilltiss.
36.31 Cootml of soutea movement. LL )The regulations in this Ped aPP1Y
3s.33 ItradLtor pools. ~ to panoramic lrradiatora that have either
3s.3s Sown tact pmteetfon. dry err wet stooge of the radioectivs
3e.37 Powerle0uro. redact sources end to mderwatar
38.39 Daigo eequinmann. ireediatora in whirl both the sourta sad
36.et CooetrucHoa monitoring sad the product being irradLted era under
sotsptanea testing. water. L~tadiatora whttr doe rates
tlubpert D--Opereeen of h~edlet«e exceed S grays (300 rads) Par hour at 2
38.81 Tniniag. mast [mm the rad[oadiw redact
36.63 Operating ud emeegaary procadtaes. sources in air of in water. u applltable
36.55 Pusoaeal monitor+og. for the ireadietor type. era tntreted by
38.57 Redieuoo suewya this pad. _
38.59 Detection o! IukLtg somws. (c12Le nre~~tttl1aations in this pert do sot
36.61 Intpectioa end meiateaeoca. ePPly to self~tained dry-routes
39.63 Paul water purity. etorags imdLtors (those in which both
38.BS Atteodeon during opanuon. the smuce and the am subject to
36.67 tintering cod leevieg the radiation i:tedittion era contained within a
1°®' devip end era oat ecnsdble by
36.89 Inedlation of axpladve m Oammable
mnariai:. pstsmnsi), medical radiology err
>)tr6Ped E~lawrds tslathsrapy. radiography (the irradiation
of mderi y for nondastrudive tsstiag
3s.a1 Recede cod ratmtioa periodL purposes), gaugin or open-field
3s.e3 ttspaets. (agricultural) i~atioas.
tiu0pert F--E~orwmenf
36.91 VbLtions. ~ -
36.93 fSimioel peneltlaa.
t
gg_~ Fnbrusry 26, tYSi3
36.2 ~ 3t5.5(c}
PART 36 a UCENSE.° VD RADIATION SAFETY REOUIREME!' - ~ FOR IRRADIATORS
f 71.3 Oslinalons. pool irradiator rnaans eny Irradiator st f 76.9 Nrtorreatlen aa9salen
Annually means either (i) at intervals which the soumes an stored or used in QISB aPir•vK
not to exceed 1 year or (3) ova par year. a pool of water facludinlt peaonmic (a) The Nuclaa Regulatory
at about the same time each year (plw wn-roureM~ge im ora and Commiasien bas submitted the
or minus ]month). underwater iend'raton. iatormatten eollat3fon tsgwremsnts
Doubly encapsulated sealed source product conveyor system moans a contsiasd is this part to the Of6u of
means a sealed source in which the system tar moving the product to be Mansgsmaat sad Budget (ObfH) for
irradiated t0. from, and within the ens
radioactive material is sealed within a approval ss nquiesd h1 tb~ Paperwork
ppsula end that capsule is sealed Irradiatlen t.kr P~ Redudien Act of 1990 (aa U.S.C. 3501
Radiation mom maam a shielded
within another npsule. et nsgJ. OMB bas appmwd tbs
lrradietormeens a fatality that uses room in wbichJrcadiattens take place' brtarmatien eolleetten nWlremaats
radioactive sealed sources Ira the Underwater irradlaton do not haw eontalned is tWs part uadu mntml
Irradiation of objects or matariab and in rooms' ~ number 3130-01s8.
which radiation dose rates exceeding 5 Aediation ra/e<y ofJ9aar means °a ~ (p)'1'he appc°wd InfatmaU°a
grays (S00 reds) per hour exist st 1 individual w!rwpaadbfBty ~r the LL collodion requirements cmteined is
overall ndiatlm ssaaftsetryy program at the o this a in 38.11.38.13,
mater from the sealed ndiwdiw P~ PPS SS
enurces is air or water, as applinble for 38.17, 38.19, 38.21(a)(I), 38.81, and
the imdiator type. but doe not include ed source maaas any byproduct 39.83.
imdidon is which both the sealed ~ material that 4 used u a satara of (c) T61s p~ eentains brfermetian
source end the area subject to ~ ndiatten and is saasad is a capsule rolledion regtrlraments in addition to
desieoad to ptewat leakage ~ ssnps of those • rid uadar the rxmtrol
irradiaion an wnteinsd within • u. numbei iPadtied ~ paragaph (a) of
o the 6 cad matstiaL
davin end era not acwssible to w Seismic araa means any area where this ~
personnel. the pmbsbillty of a harlmatsl mlledion requirements and the control
~ frradiotor operator means en accelantten is rock of more then 0.3
indlvidual who has successfully Umes the etsslantlen of vit m 250 aumben uadar which they an
a: mm tared the tniain end testis ~ Y • appproved an as follows:
h dssapibed is S 38.Si and is authorsed yeen is greater than SO ppss~~mt, u (1) fn S 39.11, NRC Form 313 is
the terms of the llcanse too to the designated by the U.S. Gaologicel approved under txmnol number 3350-
bY Pere Survey. 0120.
irradiator without s supervisor present. Underwater irradiator msana en (3) IRasarwdl
Penornmicctry--source-atomge irradiator in which the aourps always
irradiator means en irradiator in which romaia shielded under water sad
the irredistiom oavr in air is cress humans do net haw auras to the sealed
potentially accasibls to psrsimnal and romps or the spec subject to _
m whIrh the sources aro stored in irradiation without entering the pool.
shields made of solid materials. The
term hrcludr beam-type dry-source- f 79.9 Yrlertreelatlana
atongs irtaduton in which only a Except as spedtically authorised by
narrow beam of radiation G produced the Commissen is writing. no
far parforming imdiattoaa. interpretatien of the meaning of the
Ponomaric irradiator mans en rogulettons in this pert by nay officer or
undiator is which the imdutions era employee of the CommLsion, other then
done in air in arena pobatLlly • written intsrpietetlen by the General
acwssibla to psrsomel. Tha roan Counsel, will bs recognized to bs
iacludss boon-type irradietoro. binding upon the Commission.
Panoramic wct-source-storage
irradiator mesas en imdiator in which
the imdiatiom occur is air is aroes
potentially arxasibb to panoanal end
is whirl the sources aro stored under
water in a stooge pool.
{
February 28,1993 38-2
?b.ll ~ ~0.19(bl
PART 36 a UCENSE~ .t,ND RADIATION SAFETY RECUIREMt.. fS FOR IRRADIATORS
Subpart B--Bprdfle lJanslrq (e11'ha appLcat[oa moat include a g3s,t7 nppNo•tlom tar mepk,n.
MquleaareMS desrsiption o[ths amess caatml (al The Commiadcn may. upon
! ae•11 Apptkatloe to s apaelll° tlseess ~ S 38.23. the aPP(futtoa of any fatereeted person or
adiaton maaiton required by S 38.29. u oa its own iaiWtiw.
A pstsart, as daHaed is 5 30.4 of this ~ ~ (ea~in~ sourcos P f~ ~
chapter, may Hls en sppHcatioa fore the axsmpttone frmn the requinmwu in
spadHc 1Iaow autharisiag the rise of ~ 536.59 oiling this pert that it determha~ an
wndtivity of the method, sad a diagram suthorimd Les sad will na codes
sealed source in en irradiator art Form o[the fadHty that shots the lantions li[a or m ~ or the common defer
NRC 313. "Application for Materiel oiell requited interl°cks and radisdoa sad aecpuitt~aad en othatwtw to tLs
Licsnw. ' Each appUwtionp for a llomse, monitors. bUc intsi st.
170 of thL cb ter, muu bed ~ ~ (n u the eppUn~ intends to perform ~ y) applintiaa for a license or for
P Lrk testing of dry~sarrsMmsge sssled ~sadment of a license etuhorizin use
aooompenied by the lw praea~ibed to wu~, the cep tiesM ehaLL establish B
! 370.31 of thL rbapw Tlu eppltption p:acedueaa teWag cad submit of a talatherapy~type vast for irrediatioa
cad ene pPy mwtbe rent to the a desaiptlon of thew peoaeduta to the °frm
atetiats~abjects ~inrlude
sPPmP*l+ts NRC Regional t7iHp listed ~,'1'ja deraiptian must rpaqu~dments of th[s part The
!a Appsudu D to part 20 of this chapters iaa(ude the-
(i)Instruments to bsneed: Cammiesien will aPP~ PmP~
l3Rt3 lyeaMk itsenew far Yredatora. ~ altemaHves if the applipnt pmMdes
The Commission will apptow sn ~1ydMaethods of per!°rmiag the ~ ~puaa nttonek for the proposed
a licstion far a He ltcsnw for the (3) r~iawt eaperl®a of the $ eltsraatiws end demomhetw th¦t they
rue of licensed mate~iial to an irradiator ero !Italy to provide en adequate level
indiv[dnd who andyrss the amples. of safety for worksn and the lic
if the app$cmt meats the requimments ~ ll llpnass pweonoel a» to [cad or ~
anteiasd !a this sectloa. unload sources, the appllpnt shell l3t:te tiepreet tar wrasn rhasnrsna.
(a) The applipat shall sstisfy the deaciba the quallHptIatu and treiaing (e) ARsr the 8llng of tie odgiaal
general requirsmeau spsciHed in of the psaoaaal sttd the propdures to aPPUptien, tlu Commisdon may
f 30.33 of this chapty and the be usd, I[ the appg~t !stands to uest further in~rmetloa to
roquirnaeats mrrtsinsd fa this pert. ti coaUatS fes warp laadiag or ualpdiag ~ ble the Commisson to dMee
tb)'I'ha appllption must daectibe the ~ at its heility. the !piling or unlesdiag whether the eppliation should bs
ti ~in6 Pmd~ to irradiator opataton u. granted or denied.
LL including- ~ must M doasuthorlmd by thee.
o (1) pamoom training: y tb) Filch lIpors is ieswd with the
i2) t>a-the•jo6 or simulator training: Co~~°a or m Agreement Sots to condition that the Ucmeee will, at any
(3) Safety reviews: load or unlad irradiate warps time before axpirrtion of the license.
(4) Meaoa em to b the a liner (b) T~ aPPU~ shall describe ~e u on thu Commisden's request, submit
to test each ape
stores
understendiag of ~~pea~w eQd °hs~e' written atstamsnu to enable the
the CommWioa's regulations end includia the ~ of the c'aecka Commission to determine whatlrer the
llpnsiag requirement: and the regnirsd~y 538.81. limas should bs modified. suspended.
frrsdistor opaetiag end amargeary Bats ~tert d oenetrueUen. °r revoked.
procedures; and The appliasat may not begin
(S) Minimum training end experienu pastrttcdon ai a new irtadtemr prior to
of ppssrwnael who may provide naiaing. tLe submGdon t° tJRC of both as
ic) Thee pllpttoa must iarluda an appliratian far • licence [m the
outline of the written opsretiag end fasdiator end the tee regrticed by
emsrgaaey procedures llstad in 5 38.53 4170.31. As used in this ssQion. the
that describes the rsdiation rafety ~ inclydss the
es of tLe~~ocedum. pnshntWoa of any portion of the
dl The appDptioa must dsseribs the lrsed3dar atructtaa en the
°:eanisatfonrl atertcture for managing P~Oent
the irradiator, ap.aiHpuy the radiation ilia but does sot iwlude: Bhginwring
safety napoaubilitiw and authorities of and desi~s week. pmchew off a db. ilia .
the radiatten sabty o(Soer and thaw » ar ~ teetlog. die
management personnel who haw dts esprdian, amashvctioa o
ImporWtt radiation safety w•r•ho~ es atrnetmes. sad
rssponaibilitlw atauthorities fa athaesimilsrtarlw Air activities
perticulrr, the epplicatfen mart epedfy undstteksn prig to the iwuaacs of s
who. within the mensgsmsnt rtTUCttrte, llcarue aresntitsly d the risk of the
Las the authority to stop unsafe •PPU~t and hen no bwring oaths
opsratloas Ths appliption mud slw iesttsap of a lipose with respsrx to the
desaibe the training end axpsdence m of the Arsenic liasrgy Act
required for the position of ndiatloa of 11iS4, es emended. and rota,
rataty officer. tguLtteor. and ordwa iwted under the
Ad.
~_3 Fsbnssrv Ott teat
36.21(x) - i5.2.t(h'-
PART 36 . LICENSES ' 'D RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMEK 'FOR IRRADIATORS
(d) tmpoct A 2-kilogram ueel weight, with penonasl exact door lacks to
2.s pnUmdara in diameter, must bs rawnt room axw when ndieUca
dropped from a height of 1 meter onto Pawls era high. Attempted personnel
the tart aourca. wiry while the monitor meesuras high ~ '
(a) Vibration. Tlra teat scarp must be radiation hovels, must activau the ahvm
sub)acted 3 time for 10 minuta each to desaibsd in paragraph (b) of this
vibratiaas ewespiag from 23 6Mz to section. The monitor maybe kxxted in
S00 harts with • peak amplitu~ of 5 the wtnacs (normallyy nbrrad to u the
times the axshaative of grav(ty. In mace) but rot in the dinet radiation
additive, each tort aourp mud bs boom.
vibrated for 30 miautas at each reecawt (d) Bsfon the souroea mow Ram their
dm+e. A shteldsd podtlw la • pwaramic
3o•gram weight cad irradiator. the scarp awtrol mart
pin. 0.3ewtlmeler pin diameter. mwt wtomatipU aetivw
be dropped Rom a height of I meter vidble and audible alaema~
wixila~t
onto the tad source. people in the:adiatlve roam that the
(g) Bend. if the Icagth of the scalp is sorrtps wW be moved Rom their
more than 13 limas huger then the ahlelded podtioa. The alarms mart give
minimum aoereeetiaaal diaswdve, tndfvldua4 wough tlms to leave the
the test source mud be subl.cted m s room baRus the scarps kern the
tore of 2000 nswtves d its pntar shishlad tioa.
equidirtcat Rom two arPP~ tyylinden, (e) Prcfi radiation row u ¦
the diueap betwew whir$ is 10 times peuonmic irradiator must have a clearly
the minimum aaes•aWonal dimemive visible artd rwdily sasrdhle control
of the source. that would allow w tadividual to the
f Ji.?7 Aaaeee aanarot. roam to make the aourps tdttra W their
(a) Fach catnap to • radiative mom ahidded podtian.
at a pcaoramic irradiator must haw a ¢ ( F~ radlatlw room of •
door or other h pl barrier to nveat ° pwonmic irradiator mud conteia a
P yd P ~ patrol that praveats the eourcr Rom
inadvertent entry of psrsoaaal 1<the moving Roos ~ paaitive
m sources aro not In the shtelded podtive. unless the control has been actiwtsd
Product eonwyor sy~ms may cave es and tba door or barrier to tlM radiation
Subpart C--Desiyn aid PeAormanee Berrien ere long as thq nliebly sad room has hew closed within a pmst
fNquirerrretda for Irradiators condstcatiy funrslon u • barrier. It Ume eRer adiwtive of the control.
must not bs posdble to mow the Fich eatrwp to the ndlatioa x
fiaAonrrna oASerla tar awMd sources out of their shielded podtion If room of • panoramic i:radtrtm cad each `
the door or barrier is Opening the wtraace to the area wlthia the
(a) Rapuirrments. Sealed aompa door or barrier while the scamp are psna~onsl access barrier of w
inrtelled eRer July 1.1983: exposed must puss the romps to undanvater irradiator mart haw a dga
(1) Mud have a prtilitxte of return promptly to their shielded hexing the radiative symbol and the
registration issued under 10 (FR 32.210; positive. The psrmmd catnap door words, "C~utive (or danger) radipctive
(2) Must bs doubly canpsulated; or barrier mud haw a lade that L ..+....~r,.
(3) Must use ndioadivs material that o anted the acme p ~~tass must
is as nondlspsesible u nGipl and that P by key wed to mow aLo iuw • sigrr dating • High ndiatlon
P the aourps. Ths doors and bareisn mart ans.' but the sign may be ramoved,
is es insoluble es pnctipl if the source not prevent wy individual in the rnvsred, or otherwise made iia~oppeer~aUve
is used to s veal-soures•rtorags or vest- radiative room R~ ksaHag. whoa the scarps an RUIy ehLldsd.
source-change irradiator. (b) Ia addition. sash catreap to a (hJ H the radiative acorn of a
(1) Must be eanpsulated in a material ndiative~ room at a panoramic irradiator pwonmie irradiator has roof plugs or
nnistcat to gwsnl corrosion cad to must haw w iadepwdwt bedmp other movable shielding it must sot be
loplized corrosion. such as 316E axep cantor) to deted.pnaomel ®try Poedbls to opmb tM Icsadlator unless
m staiahpa steel or other material with while the souepa era exposed. ehs ehisldiag b io ib proper kxxUon.
equivelwt nsisewp if the warps an Detective of artry while the comps w Thislrequieement may be met by
for use in imdistor pools: cad exposed must reuse the scarps to inter ooddceas that pravwt opmftve if
(5) Ia prototype tasting of the waled rstura to their fully shielded ppiUon shielding L not hrpd properly or by w
aourp, must have have leek tested end cad mudahw ed1vW avisibL cad tin ~un tequiria~
found leak-Rae eRer each of the tests sudibls alarm to make the individual tas~pectioa of shielding be -opasting.
desaihsd in paragraphs (b) through (g) catering the room aware of theherard.
of this sat.Yion. _ The alarm mud alw slat d lead vee
beroheld at~40tV!°C
for
YO min tee. 600'C eatryr That iadhldual aba11 be trained
for i hour, cad thw be wbJeeted to a ve how to respaod to fhe ahem cad
thermal aback tad w[th a tempastun ~
to P~~y rcada ac eammw
drop 5om 600'C to 20'C within IS
ssocnds. (c) A radiative modtor mud be
(c) Pressure. The test source mart be provided to dated the presenp a[htgh
twig aub)sctsd Ru at lead S minutes to radiative levels In thu ndiettca room of
ca sxnroel pressure (absolute) o[ 2 • pwonmic irradiator before personnel
million newtons per aquen meter. wtry. The monitor mart bs integrated ~
February 26, 1993 36-4
:36:13(1) 3t3:.33(b)
PART 36 • LICENSES AND RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR IRRADIATORS
(p Underwater irradiator moat have a }36?t FNe preesetlon. }36.31 Conga a savor iaaeemectt.
personnel access harrier around the pool (a) The ndiatlon room u a aoramic
w~:rh must bs locked to prevent access irtadiuot must haw heat and
smoke ao(ards of a pmonmic~irradLlor must
when the irradiator is not attsaded. drtactor. Ths detectors must activate :equip a key to actuate. Actuation of the
Only operators and facility management ~ audible a4rm. The alarm moat be mecheniam must Huse w audibL
may haw access to keys to the cpsble of a1sRLtg a perwn who is signal to laminate that the source are
personnel access barrier. Then mart be PnP+~ to summon assistance Leaving the shielded poeitioo. 00l ooe
an intrusion alum to duect promptly. Tlu sources must key may be is use a any time. sad only
unauthorized entry whsa the personnel outomatlcatly become ftdly shielded i[ a openlon ~ fidllty maoegemot may
access barrio is locked. Activation of ~ is dueaad possess 1L The key mad M altarhed b
the intmsioa alarm must alert an (b) Ths rdistlon room u a paaorsmic a poetabL radLtim suevq mater by a
ladividual (not necsauily onsite) who irradiator moat be ui
is pnpand to respond or summaa eq PPS a chain or phis. The IarJc tar sound
essistenc extinguishing system cpabL of catrol must bs designed so that the fey
extinguishing a ftrs without the entry of may not bs nmowd if the aourass are
}36.25 thtaldhp, persomel taco the mom. The tyrtsm Eor in an unshielded positlan. The door to
(a) The radiation doss me in rreas the ndiatton team mast haw a shutroff the rdlsUon room must nquin the
that an normally occupied during valve to wntrol flooding into same key.
opsntion of a panoramic irradiator may °~rad areas. (b) The consols of a paaonmie.
cot exceed 0.02 millidewrt (2 }x,26 ftaAatlon ~ imdiator must haw a source portion
milliesmsl per hour u any lontlon 30 indictor that indictor when the
centimeter or mo» trom the wall of the ~ (a) bredlatOr with automatic product sourtss an in the fully shelded
room when the sounds an axiwsed. a moaitcrm~an aaudtbl
~ilum lcutsdn wP°ahan thewaowraa anie~ixpowd. ~
LL The dose rata must bs avenged own an LL (c) Ths cantml console of a paamamic
m m to detect lows radioadiw soumw that
m area pat to excad 100 squen m are toward the product exit. iE irradiator must haw a control thu
centimeters having ao linsu dimension the monitor detects a source, en eLrm ~ nom tl mums the aoures to the
greeter then 20 cm. Areas when the P P ,Y
radiation dws rah exced:0.02 must sound and product dovayon ~ ahisl position.
must stop sutomaticlly. Ths alarm ~ (d) F•sch control ten a oramic
millisievsrt (2 millinms) hour must Pa°
be loci`ced, roped off, or p fed. must be cpable of slertinB en ~ irradiator must be clearly rooked as to
(b) The radiation doss et 30 individust in the ladlity who is its [unction.
centimeter over the s of the ? of preppsrod to summon assistanc.
~ 1tO° Undarwetsr Itrdiator to which the } 76.~J Yraaater P••k
a pool irradiator may not ara:eed 0.02 product moves within an enclosed (a) For licensee initially issued after
millisiwsrt (2 millinau) par hour when rtetionary tube ar exempt from the July 1,1993, irrsdrator pools must
the sounds en in the fully shielded racprLremants of this pengrph. either.
por4on. (b) Underwater Irrdtator that an not qqhh
(c) The ndiatioa more me st 1 meter in a shielded rdlatlon mom must have liner) or • liner metallurgiclly~ steel
from the shield of s dry-soures•atorge a radiatlon monitor over the pool to compatlbla with other componenb in
penoramtc iaadiator when the source is detect abnormal ndLtton levels. Ths the pool: w
shielded rosy sot sxded 0.02 monitor mart crave en sudibL alarm and
millisiewrt (2 millinrns) per hour end a visible indictor rt entrance to the (2) He constructed so Uut then is •
low likelihood of wbrtantLl leakage
at 5 dattmeter &°m the shield may na paraoonel atxau barrio around the end hove a surfer dssigitad to 6cilitue
exceed 0.2 millisievert (20 mil$rama) pool Tha audible alarm may have s decontuninatiaa. In emu cea, the
per hour. manual abut-oft: The alarm must ba llosnsae shall haw a method to sably
cpabL aE electing en individual who is atop the sources during repairs of the
PnP~ to napond P~PUY• pool.
(b) For Licenses initially ironed after
July 1,1993, irradletot pool mart tow
no outlets mop then 0.3 meter below
the normal low water Leal that mold
allow water to drip out of the pool.
pipes that hew intakes mop than os
mast below the nmmal low wale[ level
and tLat could act as dphons must Lave
siphon bnakaca to prevent the
siphoning of pool water.
f
36-5 Fs~rY 1993
36.33(cl 36.39(k) .
PART v6 • L3CENSES /1t, AAD(ATION SAFETY REOWREMENTS R IRRADIATORS .
(c) A means moat bs provided to fowrdatim. with cmdderatlon given to (g) Accers r.antro/. For paaohmic
nplsnish water lasso from the pmL veil chenrieristta. u ensue it h lmdhton. the licenses shall verify from
Id) A visible indintor must bs adequsu to appal the weight the We design and logic diagram tLat the
provided in ¦ dearly visible lanttm to fad8ty shield walh. aayss conhoi system will meat the
iadtnu if the pool water level !s below (e) Poo! integrity. For pool lrmdieton. ~aqufnmenu of S 36.23.
the normal !ow wrier Iwsl of above the the llnnses shall dedga the pool to (h) Fim potedion. For panonuaic
normal high water level. assure that it !s leak nsisturt, that it Is irradiators. the Banses shall verify that
(e) hra ur pooh must be equipped strong enough to bear the weight of Ws the aumbsr. tontine. and sparing o[ the
with • putiflntion sysum dedgrred u pint wear sari shipping reeks, that • smoke and had deteriara w
1» npable o[ maintaining the wrier dropped nsk would not tell an sealed ePpropthu u detect firs and that Ws
during normal opentim at • sources. that ell owlets or pipes meet dstedora an prouried tram merbaaiul
conductivity at 20 miamiemem per the nquinments of S 36.33(b). and that end ndiatlm damage. The 1[eanas
onrimetet oe lea and with a clarity as metal wmpown4 an mdaflmginlly shall verify that the design of the tics
thu the warns can be s.en rlaarly. compatible with other tmmpaswa !n erdiaguishing system provides the
(Q A phyeinl barrier. such as • railids the pool. naaesary dterbarge pattetas. dendtiea.
or rover. must be used around or over (dl Water handlin; sysMm. Fn peal rod flow durerteriWn far compbts
irredlator pooh during normal openriae irradidors, the Heansae shall vai(y that coverage of Hu cediation room and that
u t perwn>td brom aatdwhll~ the design of tM water pu:IHntion the system h protedd Irom merLaninl
Llliag
inu the poo4 TM barrier mq 6e system 4 adsquau u meet tlu rod redfaUan damsgw
removed during mdntsnann. nquinmwts of S 3&33(e1. The system ~ (U return. For pweamic
iaspeWon, and eervla ooentiau. must be designed w that water leaking ~ ~d~~, the liaasr shall verify that
(g) If longhandled took ar poles an from the syseem doss not drain to LL the mourn ndc will .atam.ttnuy
used In imdidoe pool. the radiatiao unrastriried areas wiWout bm6 N rrtura u the udly shielded podttm if
riot rau on the handling areas of the monitored. oBdu power h lad far mar than 10
took may not seed 0.02 millisievert (2 (e) Radiation monitors. Fe all second
milllesms) per hour. Lradiates, the ltrmas shall evaluate ~ Seimria. For paaonmic imdhton
the lantton and sesaitivity oohs u he built in seismic stars, the liwnaee
g 36]6 sever net tredeuoti inmate u detect snorers neried by the shall ~ cdnfeod rnnaete
If the product to be hTSdiated mass ~ product tmnveyor system as required by ndiatim shields u seals their integrity
m • product conveyor sryyssttem. the ¢ S 38.29(s). The ltorane shell verify that is the event of an
warns rack rod the machaaism that m the product cmveyor h dedpvd u clop dedgning u ~ Nnyui
meats of
mover Ws ndc mud be Protected by a before a source m the product emveyor as appmpruu worn such as Amarinn
barrier or guides to prevent pcoduris would Huse a tadhtian avaexpotun to Grotto htstltuu Standard AQ 318-88.
and product urrien 5om hitting ar mY Pe*aon• F pool irradiates. Jf the •'Huildirrg Code Requiramwu for
u g the reek or mar ^i•'^. licensee asst ttm monitor to Cooaru." Chapter 21.
~ dated tsataminatim under S 38.59(b). d Ikaviatons for Seismic
S~]7 !ewer Wa Iinnsae shall verity the Ws design ••SP°°
(a) >f aledrinl power at a panoramic of ndhttm medtorirrg systems to Deaig<c~ ~ oc lonl building coda. if
imdiator h lod for linger than 10 current-
seconds, the warns must atomatinIIy detect pool contamiaatim huludes Wlring. For paaonmic hradistor.
crtum to the shielded posrtlon. sansittw dsteetms krnud close to the linnw shall wtify the eleririral
(b) The lock on the door of the where contamination h liluly to wiring rod sledrinl equipment in the
mnuntnu.
ndution room of a panoramic irradiator ndhtim room an salaried to minimize
may not be deaWwted by a power (Q Souroe raclr. For pool irtadhton. failure rive to prolonged exposure to
failure. the litamsss shell vari that Wee ors no ndiatim.
(c) During a power failure. the err? d txvitxs m the source or 6dsrosn Wa
any irradiator when wucwa era baud wuroe rod wares holder the would
maybe sntend only when using sa promou mrraeim m a a{ttnl area of
openbh and ulihnted ndutim savvy Ws south. For panonmie irradiates.
mom,. We linwas shall determine that roarer
rack drops due to kra of power will sot
!{><>o Oeel~ regrrterrrarres. damage the wore rack and that worn
h'ndietora whose conshtcctim bsgms reek drops due to failure of pblss (e .
alter July i. 1993, mud mad the daaigp alternate moans d appal) will not
mints of this sadim. Huss loss of integrity of sealed vetoes.
a) Shia/ding. For paaonmic For pananmic irradiators. the licensee
hndiaton. the licensee shall desgn shall rwiew Wa desgn of the `
ahisldiag walls to meet gwenlly mechanism that moves Wa routers to
acwptedbuilding coda csquiramentc for assure that Wa likelihood of a duck
ninforeed eonarte end design We worts is low and that. if Ws rack atirJcs.
walls, wall pwdntiow, and s mama Hosts to fns it wiW minimal
sphu~ld
rag
aye to melt the ndhtim risk to psnonaaL
~'~q!~~mu of S 38.25. I[the
ireedietor wiLL ur more than 2 x 10r'
hecquanh (5 million auies) of activity;
We (fpnsee shall evalwu We etts2a d
heating of the shielding walls by the
irradiator sources.
(b) Foundations. For panoramic i
Irradiator, Ws llansea shell design ihr
Febrwry 28, 1993 36~
361 PART 36 • LICENSES AND RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR IRRADIATORS 36A1~)
f xrt Caneeuetlon madtorMp end (g) Acceu control. Por panoramic
eeoeytrae teetlnp. irradiators, the Unosss shall tau the
Ths requirements of this section must complaud atxeo control syat~ to
bs met for irradiator whose assure that It fttntxioaa as gtred and
cons4ucUon begins after July 1.1993. that all aLuma, controls. end interlocks
1'he tsquhements must be met prior to work properly.
losdiag sources. (h) Fire ptotsetlon. For panasamic
(s) Shielding. For panoramic irradiators, the Ucmaea shall red the
irradiatora, the linusee shell monitor ebiUty otthe hwt sad smoke detectora
the constructioa of the shielding to to detect a fins, to activa4 alarms, and
verily that its tbnshuetloa meets design to noes the source rack to automaUnlly
spsdflutioas and generally ampted become fully ahielded.l'he Uoaare
building code rsquiramaats for shell red the apaabiSty o['ths 9ra
rainforad contate. srNaguiaWng sydem.
(bl Foundations. For panoramic (i) Source return. For panoramic
irradiator. the licenses shall monitor ~ irradiaors, the Unnns shell
the construction of Ws foundations to ~ demonsbets that the source racks can be
verify tbst their construcion meets ~ raturoed W their fully abielded
deign spsdflntlona. n positlons without otfdte power.
(c) Pool integrity. For pool irradiators. U) Com user
the lintuse shell verify that the pool P sY+~s• Fat panoramic
masts dssigo spedllnUom end shall irradiator that uw a oomputsr system
tsd the integrity at Uts pool.l'bs to tsmtrol the amts otmteol sydam, the
Unaass shell verify that outlets and h~°° abaU veri~' tbd ~ep°roa°ss
pipes meat the raquiraments of offsits lpo~is but gad ahaA va~rify
that
S 36.33(6). the compute hu eacurity [salutes thst
(d) Water handling system. For pool pravent an irtadiatot operator from
undieton, the Unnsee shall verify that commend[ng the mnputsr to override
the water purifintioa sydem• the the arose control system when it is
s conductivity meter, and the caster level W ~ opeea6le.
tndinton operate properly.
f° (e) Radiation monitors. For ell Od Wining. For panoramic irradiator.
~ iasdiaton, tlu Unnssa shell verify the the Unnsw shell verify that the
proper operation of the monitor to sledrinl wiring and alactrinl
detect aourns nrrisd on the product equipment thst were installed meet the
conveyor system end the elated alarms dsdgn spedfiraUons.
and interlocks required by S 38.29(x).
For pool irradiators, the Unoses shell
verify the proper opantion of the
radiation monitors and the ralatsd alarm
If used to west S 38.59(6). For -
undetwstar irrediatora, the Ucensee
shall verify the proper o ration of the
owrthe•pool monitor, alarms. and
latsrlodu required by 5 38.29(bl•
(f) Source rock. For panoramic
imdiatora, the Ucmtee shall last the
movement of the source redo for proper ,
oparaUan prior to source loading:
testing mud induds source rack
lowering dos to aimulatad tau of
power. For all uredistora with product
conveyor systems, the licenses shell
observe end test the operation of the
conveyor sydam to assure that the
requiramwu is ~ 38.35 ors and [or.
ptotetxlan of the source rack end the
msebenism that moves the tad:: testing
mud indude tests of any limit switches
end itttariodu used to prated the source
tsdt and mechasimt tbst moves ihs
rack from moving product mien.
36 7 February 26, 1993
3651(x) 15 4i(c)~•
PART 36 a LICENSES A..O RAOUTION SAFETY REQUIREMENT „ ttOl1 IRRADIATORS
Subpart ~OperaBOa of Irradlelore (S) Relevant result of the hdlity'a (4) Detection of leaking source. pool
SSS.St . T~nMa inspection cad mxintsaxna checks: and conuminaBon, or alarm caused by
(8) A drill to pracda an xmsrgmry or mntxmloaUm of 1 water;
(a) Bsfora an individwl la permitted abnormal event prandun. (S) A low or hfgh water twat
to operate sa irredidor without s (a) The liasnsa shell welwu the indictor, as abnormal water loss, or
supervisor present. the individual must safety psrformanceof each irradlator leakage from the source storage pool:
be iaatmded in: operator et leaf aaowByy to aosure that (8) A pmlaagad La of alactnul
(t) The [undemeauls of radiation regulatlons, Baas cnnditiaos. and power:
pprotection applied to itrxdiatora opanttng and amggsn~y pmadures era V) A tins alarm or explosion is the
(iaduding the diHaraaas between followed. Tha linataa shall discuss the radiattoa mom:
external radiation and ndioacttve results of the ewlwtirm with the (8) Aa dxrm indi~iag unauthorized
contamination, units of radiation dose, operator cad shall instruct the operator aatry into radixtlw ant
NRC dace Bmiu, why loge ndiatioa oa how to arrest any mistalw ar xrotrad P~ ~ another
doses rows be xwidsd, how shielding dettdsada obarved. (e) Natural phaoomaaa. faeluding an
and asses antm4 prevent Ierge dose. (f) Iad[vidueL who will b permitted ••tthgtuk•. a toraxdo. Baodiog, or other
how en irradiator is designed to prevent unescorted acaa to the radiation eoom = Phenomaaa u xpproprtau far the
contamination. the proper ass of aurvaY of the irradktor or the area around the g•~ ~ti® of flu tsdlity; and
meter sad psnaaaal dwimstsn. other pool of xa underwater inedixtm~, but ~ (10) lamming of automatlc
ndiattan safety taturaa of en irradLtor, who hsve cot reeMvad tM tniniag an ~
end the basic fuactlon of the irradiator); requi for opaaton and the ndiatim Bosnsae maY rerir oPw•~8
(2) Ths raquiraments of perta 19 cad axfety
odfHar. shall be inshnctad cad xad emagsncy Pr~~ without
36 of NRC regulatlons that ue ralavmt fated is any pnautlaw they should Cammiasioo appprowl only ll all of the
to the irradiator, take to avid radLBon exposure, say following aaditlow era met:
(31 The operation of the irradiator. procsdum or parts of praadurex Bated lt)'~ do not nduw the
(a) Those opmatLrg end emergency in S 38.53 that they an sxpecud to safety of the fieility,
proaduras Bstsd in S 38.53 that the perform or comply with, cad their i2) T~ ne aomdsunt "nth
individwl is responsible for performing: proper response to alarms taquired In We outline a summary of pmoduns
and - this part. Tests may bs ant submltud with the Baoa xppBatlon.
(5) Case histories of accidents or (g) Individuals who must M propared (3) Ths revLiaas have boa rsvrxwed
problems iavo?ti:ng irtadietors. u respond to xLrms regrdssd by cad approved by the radLtiaa safety
(b) Before an individusl is permitted S 36.23(b). S 30.23(1). S 3627(x), afftar, cad
to operate sa irrsdiator without e ^ S 38.29(x). S 30.29(b), cad S 30.39(b) (4l 1'hs oxen or operates era
supervisor present, the individwl shall ¢ shell b. trained and tested on haw to wed and tested an the tevlaed
s e written tat on the instmdioa " pmadura bsfine they era put mu ass. -
m re
eived coasistia merit of ~ raged art Lat~ona e~ ~ssts ma
questions based on tb licensee's be Drat T~ Y
operaliag end amargsnry proceduras
that the iadividusl is respondble tar gStlA OP•ra~ aM a""'~O°y
performing and other operatiow ~O°a~'
neaasary to safely opera theuradiator (a) Ths llaasse aheB have end follow
without supervision. written operating procaduras for-
(c) Before as individual is permitted (t) [?pension ofths irradiator.
to operate an irradiator without a inducting enuring end leaving the
supervisor prasent, the individwl must radiation mom;
hsvs received on-the•job training or (2) Use of psraonael dosimsten:
simulator training is the ass of the (3) Surveying the shielding of
irradiator a desaibsd in the Baaae puronmic irredlxton:
appliatton. The fndividwl shall also Monitoring pool water [or
demonstnu the ability to perform those ooataminstton while the water is is the
pmtiaas of the o sad smsrganry pool and bsfaro roleaa of pool water to
procedum that ar she is to perform. uaratricud areas:
(d) The Bansas ahaB coadud sa[ety (S) iaak tsatiag of sauraa:
reviews for irradiator opsntora at least (e) Inspection end mxfatenena
amually. Ths Baasa shell giw each checks required by S 38.81:
opsrator sbrief written test on the (7) Loading, ualwding, and
information. Each axfety rovisw must rapodtioniag source, if the opentiom
inducts. to the extent appropriate, esch will bs performed by the Bawss: cad
of the following- (8) Lugrectloa of mavebL shielding
(t) t~arrgss in operating end required by S 38.23(h), if appBabL.
emergency procedures sera the lest (b) Tlu Banws shall haw and follow
raview, it.ay; emergency or abaamal event
(2) t3mgw la regrdations and Banes proadurss, appsopdau fm the
anditiow siaa the Let review. u xay: lrradLtor type. [or-
(3) Rsporu oa Waal accidents. (1) Souroas sltrrY in the unshielded
mistakes; or pmbbms that have podtion:
orlurrad N irradleton. if any: (21 Penaansl overaxpaunr,
(4) Ralwant rasulta of inapactlow of (3) A ndratioa aLrm from the product ~
operator wfsty psrformaaes; acct[ postal mortar or pool m®itnr.
February 28, 1993 36-g
PART 3B • LJCEN: AND RADIATION SAFETY RECUIREM fS FOR IRRADIATORS _ ~
f Sa.S6 hrsonnei monkorin¢ (dl Watsr tmm the lrtfdlatu pool. (O.OOS mfaocutie) of radioactive
(a) ]:radiator oparetora shall wau othu potwtfally wuuhmtaated liquids. mtUrial and mutt be performed by •
eiWu a HLa badge or • and sadlmenb from pool wcvumin6 P~ aPP~~ by ~ Commrsden or
Wermolwalaeaont doshaetsr (T[D) must be moaitoted foe radiwctlw m rot Sub b per[arm the tut.
while operating a panoramic Irradiator cmtaminatlan baton niwes to (b)For pool imdiatort, toiwa may
u while in the area around the pool of mrutritxad area. Radloatxiw not be put inb Wa pool mless the
m uadsrwatu lrradlator. The Hlm omcsntratlona mnat not erseed those tlansae tests Wa sourne fu lacks u
badge or TLD pmuawr mutt be spacl6ad in 10 t1+R pact 20, Tabb 2. hu a caudate Enm a traoa6tror Wet
acrosditsd by the National Volmtary Column 2 ocTabla 3 0[ pm B, leak tact hes been dace within the e
Laboratory Atvedlbtlm Program for "Annual Lbaib en fntakeAP(ALL~end menthe baton the tnoafir. Wrtu from
high en photons In We coma] and Derived Air Cmnotratlmu (DACsi of We pool must be checked fu
accident dose ranges (acs 10 CFR Itadienudides for Otsupatloaal emtaminatloa each day thr irtedLtor
20.1503(cU• Each Him badge oe TLD ~P~+%~iuent Cmcantrattons: operalea 1Sa rbeck may be done either
must be assigned to and wom by mly Coaantratloas forRalaaes b by utirrg • radiatlen mooitoren • pool
one individual. Flhn badge mutt bs S•w~ggee.." ~ watu eitnrlating system u by analysis
prorwsed rt least menWly. cad T1De (d Bdon taksaaing naias fu ¢ of • sample of pool] watu. U a check for
must be pmuesed at least quaRerly. ~ ~ Wa7 mmt>» ~ contaaoination is dons by coal7ms of a
(b) Other individuals who enbr the moaitand bafma nktw In m area wiW $ sample of pool water. the naulta o[ We
ndLtlen enom of a penoramlc irradiator a a backgrumd brae] ksu than O.S analysis must be avatlabL within 24
shall wear a dasimetu. which maybe • $ miaodevert (0.05 mtlWeml pu hour. U We Ucensa uess a radiation
pocket dasimetu. Fu groups of visitora. The nsim may be nlawd only if the monitu en a pool water drnrlatiag
Daly two people who entu the ndtatlon ~Y does not detect radbtioa lewb ayabm. Ws drtectlon of chow normal
mom an nquirad to weu dosimstsra. U above bacigpaund radlatlon hwe4. The eadiatlm Isw4 must actiwb m alarm.
pockrt dosimetera era used to meet the corny mau aced moat be apabla of The alarm sat-point must be sat u low
rsquinmenb of Win paragraph, a check det•minB radiatlm ktw4 of O.S u ptectlnl, but high enough to avoid
of Weir reepona to ndistlon must ba mlmwievart (0.05 mlWrem) Per hour. fate alarms. The liuasee may reset Ws
done at leaf armually. Acspbbls alarm art-point to • highu level if
dosimatara moat nod within plus or Dasaotisrr of laaldip eeuraee. neweary to opsnb the pool water
micas 30 psrvnt of the true ndlatlon Gi Each ~''a°mn'd°raga vied pudgntlen system to elan up
source rover laabd for leakage st oenteminatlon is the pool U spedHraUy
LL dose. intervals not to caned 8 months using provided fu in wdtten emergenry
$ g~,S7 nadietlerr.,w.ys, a leak teat k[t ar maWod approved by Pr~~
(a) A ndiatlm survey of the aces Wa CommiWan arm Agraament State.
outside We ahbiding of the radiatlen In the ahseats ads aatlHtyb from a
teanafaror that • tat hes hero made
room of a penonmic Irradiator must bs ~(c) U a leaking souma is detadsd. We
conducted wiW We sources is Ws wiWi° Wes 8 monWs baton We txanaGr, licence shell enrage to remove We
the waled atnrtoa cot bs used mtll 1 source 6rom serviw and hsvs it
exposed pesitlm before Wa 6dliry airing
starts to operate. A radLtim survey of tested. T~ tea npabb of daconbminated. repaired, ar disposed
Ws ens above the pool.of pool drtecting ~ Pry ~ 200 becqusnls of by m NRC u Agnameat Suts
irradiator must be coaducbd after the liwnaes that is au to perform
sourus en lorded but before the fadlity Wee fuaetims. The Bdmae shall
starts to operate. Additional radlatlon promptly check ib peraonnd.
surveys of We shb(ding mud bs equiPmmt• fadLtlu. and imdiated
performed rt intervals not to exceed 3 product fu ndioadiw centamiwlion.
yeen and before resuming opsntlon No pmd~ct may be shipped mtll We
after addition of env aouress u eny ptaduet hu hero checked and frn+nd
modifintlm to We ndiatlm mom fataaee of ~taminWaa. Ua product ha
shielding or atmctun that might been shipped that may haul been
inmsesa dose rtes. ~ faadvertwUy omtamiaatad, We
(b) U Ws ndiatlon lave4 spedfled is _ ~ Haaw shall aremge to krme and
5 38.25 an exceeded. the Ldlity must °a; surrey Wet product far contamination.
the rrema~ts m 381
swiW We $ Um~ ldecentamlaatim murtbs
(c) Portsbls ndiatlm survey metera P~~ P~PtlY. Uomfaminated
must be nllbnted at leaf annually to equipment, fadlltles, u products era
m sccurary of t20 percent for the fomd.the llcmtee shall aerange to have
gamms energy of the wurt:es is use. The them decontaminated u o[ by
alibntloa mart be done st two points m NRC or Shb
Itamsee that
on each sr~ls u, for digital instruments. b auW to perform thses functioac
et one point per decade over We naBe Ua pool L contamiatted, the Baanses
that will be used. Porbble radiation aha11 arratrge to clesn We pool mtil the
survey metsn mart bs of a type Wet caatamioatloa k+vela do not er:aed the
doe ram satunb and read zero rt hig6 appmptlau concentretlen io Ts61s 2.
ndistlm dose nbs. Column Z. Appendix B to part Z4
- (See b CFR 3650 for reporting
requirements.)
36-9 umber 30, 1993
36.61(x) _~~(b).
PART 36 • UCENSF" AND RADIATION SAFETY RECUIREMF 'S FOR IRRADIATORS
ZI.N inePeatien and tneln4nenq, 178.67 Pea water purity. S 7i.R t.ttsalnq and lewkq ate redWlon
(e) The lianaee shall perform (a) Fool water puti$cation syrtem roan. ~ ~
insppeeccttiton and mataUnenc dretdcs that must be ruu tm($dmtly to maintsin the (a) Upon first eateriog the radiation 'l
Include. u a minimum. each of the oondutl)vity of the pool water below 20 room of a panoramic irradiator attar sn
tollowiag at the frequanry spaded in tataosismans par catimeter under irradiation, the trrddirtor operator shall
the Itanse or Itcsnp a pfiatlon: normal drouras4rttae. It pool water use • survey meter to determine that the
t (1) Operability of each apstx of the aadutxivity rt»s above 20 sown has reamed to i4 fully shielded
access antral sya4m required by mitxaiemms par tantimaer, the positive, Tb. opaffor shall rLeck the
S 38.23. llcnsee shall talra prompt actions to functi of the surw mater with a
(Z) Functioning of the source poeitlon lower the pool wear atrdutlivit and O°i°~~ Y
indictor required by 5 38.31(b). shall tale tmrrectlw adioos m pnvmt ~tlO° sottrc prior 4 entry.
(7) OpsnbiBtq of the radiation Wtttre recurraarae, (b) °dtl°g 6om and locking
monitor for radioamlw aatamiwtlon (b) The licosae shall measure the ~ door m the rediatlen room of a
is pool wtsr roquind by S 38.59(b) pool weer aadutxivity fitrgwntly pmonm~ Imdtator prior to a plmned
wlag a ndietloa check source, if enough but na lees then weelcly,.to irretliatloo, the operator shall:
appplltable. osun that the aaductiHty tttmains (1) V~IY the mote
(4) OpanbiUty of the overpool below 20 mlcrosiemens per omtimstar. radiatlon room to verify that no one else
ndiatton monitor at underwater Coaductlvity meter must be cllbnted is to it: sad
irradlatoro as ragUtfed by S 38.Z9(b). et lean eaatrally. [2) Actlw4 • tamro? in the radiation
(S) OparaWlity of the product s:dt 7RiS ~uandanoe ~ moved hom~eWeiy Biel posiUo a my
mmllor nnqqulred by 5 38.29(x). f drip apeeetlon. ~
(6) Operability of the smergenry ~ (a) Both m irradiator o ¢ if the dax m the radiation rasa is
parrot and at LL )ocked withla a
sown return control required by i lasrt ms oNsr individual. who 4 ~ pmet time e8sr setting
5 38.31(c), m trained ten how to respond and pnparsd ~ tmtroL
(Y) Leak-tlghmess of systems through ~ to promptly render or summm (cl During • power failu». the area
which pool water tircvlstes (viswi sssirtma if the atxew control alarm around the pool of m uadarwa4r
uq inspectionl• sounds, shall be peaent onsttr. Irrodia4r may na be enteral without
(e) Operability of the heat and smoke (1) Whmewr the irradiator is using m operable and altbratsd
detector and extinguiahsr system operated wing m euttmuttie product ra~tlO° +~y unless the over-
nqutrad by 5 38.27 (but without fuming conveyor system; cad the-pool maaitor required by S 38.29(b)
extlnguiahera en). (Z) Whenever the peodud h moved ra °~tlOg with bat9cup power.
(9) Openbillty of the means of pool into w out of the ao room when S76.N tnedlarbn a eapteeM ar
water npleaishmant requited by the irradiator 4 operated in • batch ttatnttaeM metalala
S 38.33fc). mode. (a) hradlatlm o[explttdw ma4rial is
(10) Operability of the indictor of (b) At a panoramic irradiator at which proWbited ualeas the $oensee has
high and low pool water levels required rtatln imdLtlms (no movement of the nMwd pprriior wdttm authtuiatlon
by S 38.33(d). product) ors • n who from the Cammiaetm. Aathortsatlon
(11) Operability of the intrwioa alarm hu raaiwd t on~w to wW as M granted ua4a the Baosea
required by S 38.23(i), If applicable. respmd to alarms deetzibed in tan demmatlate that tlelenatim o(the
(12) Fuactimting and weer of the 5 38.31(8) must be msi4, exploaiw would na rupture the cried
system, mechaalams, and cblm used to (c) At m underwater Imdiator, en eourcn. injuts peraenwl damage sabty
raise and haver source. imdiator operator mart be present et ayrteme. m taus radiatlm
(13) Condition of the beater to the facility whmwsr the product is m^enocpoenres of pgwand.
pmsnt products horn hitting the moved into or out o[ the ao1 lb) ined4tloa o7 more then small
souroes or source tnechanLm sa Individw4 who mow the product into quantltiea of Bammab4 mrter4l($uh
by S 38.33. or out of the pool of m underwater polar 6eltrse Ie0 97 4 prohibited in
14) Amount of water added to the irradirtor need na b. ualiBad es ppaannoramic iaadirton nn4as the
poo? to determine it the pool !s leaking. irradiator o q Beeenae has received m written .
(15) Eletxricl wiring en nquirad Penton: however. they mart enthoetratlea from the~Commiatm.
safety systents for radiation dame have teaived the training described to
(18) Pool weer anductivit S 38.31 (f) and (g). S4tlc irradiatloos Atrthortatlen wiB not be granted unlss:
Y rosy be psrfoemed wiWout • psrwa the llaneee tea dmanrtre4 that • Rre
tueasueemea4 end analysis u required prosent at the facility. is the tadietloa room tauld be
by 5 38.83(b). omtrolhtd wlWmrt damyi to Baled
(b) Malfunctions and defects found attrea or aefity systems and without
during tnapeetlon and ttraintenaaa nd4tlen ovaexpcaures of personnel.
Breda must M npairad without undue
delay.
Oeeember 30.1883 (roset) 36-10
. 36.81 PART 36 a LICENSES AND RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR IRRADIATORS 36'93(b)
Subpart E-RaeoMa eontaminatlon cheeks rsquind by Subpart F--Enforpment
S>6.1t Naeerda and retendon parties S 38.59(b) for 3 ysaW from the date of S3a.Y/ Vlaudana
The lianaee shall maintain the each test a Tha Commissioo ma obtain so
fallowing records et the irradiator for m (ili)ataasnce check~nq°u°h,ed by S 38.81 Injuactioa or other court order to
the periods spadfied. for 3 ysara. PWVSat a violatloa of the provisiom
(a) A copy of the license, Uwttae g~~ of major melfundfons of-
coadltioaa, documents incorporated sigdfioat defects, operating dil8rnltias (1) The Atomic Faetgy Ad of 1954. ss
Into • license by rafsrence, sad or IrreguLritiea, and major operating
amendments thereto until supsraaded problems that iavoln nquLed radiation (2) TiW II of the marg7
by now dorvmsnta or until the
Commission terminates the liosnsa for ~tY equipment for 3 years after Raorgaaiution Ad of 1974, as
documents not superseded. repairs ors couplated. amended: or
(b) Records of each individwl's Rernrds O7 tbs raaipt. treasfir sad f3) A tegulation or asdar tuned
!Wining. testa. wd wfety raviews dispwal, of all Ucsnsed sealed sourau pursuant to thoa Ada.
provided to meat the rsgnirsmsnts of u Wquired by S 30.53 and S 30.41. (b) The Commfadm may obtain a
S 38.51(x). (b), (c). (d). (q. and (g) until ~0i~ °n the design checks court order for the payment of a dvil
3 yeaW agar the iadividwl tsrmiaates raqurred by S 38.39 sad the coastrttctim penalty imposed under section 234 of
work. Control as b1' S 36.41 the Atomic Saargy Ad:
(c) Records of the annwl evslustiona until the IIoenae b terminated. The (1) For violatiaw of-
~ o[ the safety performance of irradiator must bs signed end detad. The (7 Sections 53, 57, 82, 83, e], B2, ]01,
~ title or wlifintion of the n 103.104.107, or 109 of the Atomic
LL operatore roquired by S 36.57(e) for 3 4 P~
yeera sRsr the evalustioa. signing must bs included. Energy Act of 1954, u amended:
(d) A copy of the current operating (m) Records Wlated to Ili) Section 208 of the Energy
end emergency procedures required by ~ decammisdoaing of the itradistor u ~ Reorgenizetion Ad:
S 38.53 until superseded or the ~ ragw~ by S 30.35(8). ¢ (iii) Any role, nguLtlon, or order
Commiuion terminates the license. o !wed purntent to the sactlaw spedfied
Records of the radiation safety officer's LL S56.e7 ~°`d' m P•r•~aPh (b)(1)(i) of this action:
review sad approval of chengn in ~ (s) In addition to the reporting (iv) Any rerm. condition, or limitstion
pr°cedures u required by S 38.53(c)(3) 2H4W7e1Ae°ts in other puts of NRC of any license issued under the actions
retsine~ far 3 ysara from the dste of the regulatiow, the licaaaee shall report the -specified in paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this
chsn a following events tf not reported order section.
(e) Film badge and TLD results other parts of TQRC reguLtioaa: (2) Far any vioLtlon for which s
requirod by S 36.55 until the (1) Source stuck in en unshielded licence may bs revoked under section
Commission terminates the license. position. 188 of the Atomic Energy Ad of 1954.
(f) Records of radiation surveys (2) Any 8re ar explosion to a as emended.
rsquirad by S 38.57 for 3 yesre from the ndistion room.
date of the survey. (3) Damage to the source ndcs. s~-~ Crialrrel
(g) Records of radiation survey mater (4) Failure of the cable or drive (s) Section 223 of the Atomic Energy
nlibWtiow required by S 38.57 and mechanism wed to move the source Act of 1954, ss amended, provides for
pool water wnductivity meter tacks. criminsl aactioas for willful violation
nlibnttons required by 5 36.63(b) until (5) Inoperability of the scceas control of, attempted violation oL or conspirery
3 years from the data of alibntion. aystam. to vioLts, any regulation issued order
(h) Records of the results of leak teats (8) Detection of radiation source by sections 181b. 181i, or 1810 of the Act.
requGed by S 38.59(s) sad the results of the product exit monitor. For purposes of section 223, all the
(7) Detection of ndiosctive regulations is part 38 are issued under
contamtnstion sttributable to licensed ono or more of asctiow IBIb, i81i, ar
radtoective material. 1610, except for the sections llated N -
(8) Structural dsmage to the pool Iiner psngnph (b) of this section.
or wells. (b) The regulatlow is part'38 that are
(9) Abnormsl water loss or leskege not issued under Sectiow 181b,161i, or
from the ausce atorega pool. 161o for the purposes of sactlon 223 are
(10) Pool water conductivity as follows: SS 38.1, 38.2, 38.5, 36.8.
sxcadiag 100 micrwiemaas par 38.11, 38.13, 38.17, 3819, 38.91, and
oatimeter. 38.93.
(b) The report must tndude a
telephone reP°rt within 24 houW u
described in S 30.50(c)(1), sad s written
report within 30 days as described is
530.50(c)(2).
36-11 February 26, 1993
hrrara~s.,m Iechno/oglt lnc
ducts. Other test tube experiments by American researchers found
that by irradiating the fungi in saline solution and then spreading
the survivors over wheat or rye flour stored at 98x humidity, an in-
crease in aflatoxin production was observed. Again, this scenario is
of no relavence to a commercial operation involving the low dose
irradiation of grains or flour for insect disinfestation and
microorganism reduction before being stored in a modern grain
elevator.
15. Q. Will food irradiation increase the chance of accidental exposure to
radiation during plant operations and transportation of the source
material?
A. In an estimated 8 million radiation worker man hours of on the job
effort since the first commercial gamma irradiation facility was put
into service by Johnson ~ Johnson, only two workers were involved in
accidents in which they received unintentional exposure, Both in-
dividuals returned to their jobs after receiving medical attention.
Both incidents were highly localized and were due to operating the
facilities while electrical safety interlocks were disconnected. New
NRC regulations require redundant backup circuitry. The important
point is that by any standard the radiation processing industry has
one of the safest work place records of any industry. To say that by
adding food irradiation plants we increase the risk to workers makes
no more sense than to say that any new non radiation plant, using
electricity, increases the chance of a worker being electrocuted.
The major source material used or contemplated for use in food
irradiation facilities is cobalt-60, which is not a nuclear xaste
material. This material is shipped in specially designed and
licensed shipping "casks" which must undergo actual field testing
before being approved for use by several government agencies. The
test involves dropping the cask from a 30 foot height onto a steel
I-beam and then having the equivalent of a gasoline truckload of fuel
burn over the cask until the fire burns out. To be eligible for
licensing there can be no loss in cask integrity. Cobalt-60 has been
shipped to hospitals and medical product sterilization facilities
during the past 30 years without an accident involving radiation ex-
posure or a release of radioactive material.
16. Q. Does the consumer have the right to know their food has been
irradiated?
A. Radiation Technology, Inc, agrees that consumers have~a right to
know their food has been irradiated. We do not believe the labeling
should mislead the consumer into thinking the food contains
radioactivity due to the process. When the FDA announced their in-
tention to issue a rule permitting the irradiation of fruit and
vegetables for insect disinfestation, they concluded that since the
process xas safe there was no need to label the food so as to in-
dicate that it had been irradiated. Due to the many comments re-
ceived by the FDA, many of which were orchestrated by comsumer
activist groups, the FDA left the labeling question open for further
consideration. This issue has held up the issuance of the regulation
permitting the irradiation of fruit and vegetables for maturation
control and insect disinfestation. We have proposed the use of an
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'.ui,zna; icchnolo~~1~, Inc.
-internationally recog~,ized logo for the food irradiation label, along
with language that will not mislead, such as, "irradiated for the
control of sprouting", or "gamma wave processed for trichinosis con-
trol", or "picowave (micromicrowave) processed for insect disinfesta-
tion". These terms explain the process, whereas "Treated with Radia-
tion" misleads the consumser into thinking the food contains radia-
tion. The radiation processing industry is responsible and believes
the label should be designed to inform, not frighten the consumer.
17. 0. Are food irradiation facilities a threat to the environment?
A. Food irradiation plants, like medical product sterilization
facilities are good neighbors and are not environmentally impacting.
There are no solid, liquid or gaseous effluents emitted from these
facilities and there is no noise or thermal pollution. The cobalt-60
sources have a half-life of 5.3 years and can be maintained in the
facility for many years after decay below a useful activity level.
Radiation Technology, Inc, has never disposed of any of its original
sources acquired in 1968. The sources can be rejuvenated, if
necessary, giving them a useful life of over thirty years. Keeping
the decayed sources in the facility does not pose a space problem
since a typical food irradiator might have at most about 2D0 sources
totalling about 200 pounds.
18. Q. Will malnourished children who eat bread made from irradiated flour
develop blood disorders?
A. A 1975 Indian study reported that malnourished children fed bread
made from fresher irradiated wheat developed a blood disorder known
as polyploidy. A scientist who had an opportunity to study the data
reported, "the experiments were not designed well, and consequently
their results were found to be imprecise.....It is concluded that the
NIN (National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderbad) data failed to de-
monstrate any mutagenic potential in irradiated wheat". One should
note that the Indian data reported a 1.$¢ polyploidy in the
malnourished children eating the irradiated wheat, which is in the
normal range, and reported OZ polyploidy for the children receiving
the unirradiated wheat, which is not only abnormal but probably im-
possible. Several other investigators, including the International
Project in the Field of Food Irradiation and the Joint Expert
Committee on Food Irradiation could not confirm any mutagenic effect
due to irradiated wheat. The reason given by the Expert Committee
for considering the Indian data irrelevant was the "curious absence
of any polyploidy in the control children, although there is a well
knowr. incidence of this finding up to 4~ in the general population."
Moreover, "freshly irradiated wheat is most unlikely ever to reach
the consumer in food processing practice."
19. 0. Have there been sufficient feeding studies to ensure safety of
irradiated food at any dose level?
A. Irradiated Food feeding studies involving hundreds of thousands of
animals of diverse species have been conducted over multigenerations
at all pertinent dose levels. These studies have answered the ques-
tion pertaining to whether the radiolytic products formed are
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