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At the smaller end of the manufacturing spectrum, San ®iego County also had many "Mom and Pop," labs. These were often a few mends, or a family, who got together to produce crystal `or their own use, and to sell on a small scale, in order to pay their drug costs. They lived at only slightly above subsistence level, rather than at the high-flying style of the big operations. Today San ®iego is an extremely active county for methamphetamine use and distribution, although respondents report that much large-scale manufacturing has reputedly moved to other areas, such as over the Mexican Sorder, San Semadino County, and other California counties. IF. H®nolulu ®Ice Ice in the U.S. is found predominantly in Hawaii (most particularly in Ftonolulu and its environs) where Curren4 methamphetamine use is almost exclusively limited to ice. Ice was developed and distributed completely independently from mainland methamphetamine networks so for several year users (and some law enforcement officials) assumed ice was an entirely different drug from methamphetamine. Although t~2R methamphetamine powder was available in Ronolulu area beginning as early as the 19f30's, its use was generally lemited io transplanted haoles (caucasians) from the mainland, and included a small enclave of bikers on the Sig Island. In the islands the main stimulant of choice into the 1950's was c:OCaine. 'Thus with no previous history with other forms of methamphetamine, Honolulu users separate ice from rnetharnphetarrtine products from the mainland. lNhen we began our study many respondents were confused about the link between ntetharrtphetamine powder and ice. Lost knew nothing about rrtetharnphetarnine, and those t4eat had heard of it thought that meth was a cootipletely different drug from ice. fVow 5orne users think methamphetamine is a tyt~ of ice, rather than believing tha4 ece is a type of rYtetharrtphetamine. It is referred to as "powdered iCe° oc meth ice. There are thought to be several influences on 4he tremendous growth of ice in F4onotulu after 1987. Residents were both pushed away front pakololo, their staple dnag of Choice, and pulled toward ice by a well organised marketing campaign by Asian distributors. ABso. the overwhelrrting smokeable drug of Choice, marijuana or pakalolo, which has been grown and used throughout 4he islands for r~aarty years, became the target of a government eradication Campaign. This drove up prices, drastically reduced availability and left locals without Yheir Customary, and many would say relatively benign, smoke. Also very importantly, many locals derived either part or all of their livelihood from marijuana production, robbed of this needed income many experienced considerable economic hardship. Thus when a new, easy to use, smokeable product entered the drug market, one which at first felt non-threatening to youthful novitiates ice it was readily accepted as a product to be used and sold. Initial users were often likely to tP~ink of it as a substitute of sorts for pakololo (®ayton, 1994). 1. Cription of tCe. Ephedrine is also the precursor for the "Ice' type of methamphetamine. In tact, the Federal register defines ice as a 'mixture or substance containing d-methamphetamine MCI of at least 80 percent purity (Federal Register 1991). Ice appears in a translucent, crystalline form, usually smoked in a glass pipe. The name `ice` refers to the appearance of the product. ®ne user when asked to describe it, stated: 22