HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0400.000 2002-2004Harry Kim
Mayor
COUNTY OF HAWAII
25 Aupum Street, Room 215 • Hilo, Flawaii 96720-4252 • (808)961-8211 • Fax(808)961-6553
KONA. 75-5706 Kuakmi Highway, Suite 103 • Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i 96740
(808)329-5226 • Fax(808)326-5663
October 23. 2003
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, HI 96720
Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members:
Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-010)
Applicant: Clifto's Kona Coast, LLC
Request: MG -3a to Project District
Tax Map Key: 7-3-9:22
Dixie Kaetsu
Managing Director
As required by Chapter 4, Sec. 6-4.3(C), Hawaii County Charter, transmitted herewith for the
County Council's consideration and action are the Planning Commission's letter and enclosures
regarding the above -referenced request.
Si ere ,
Harry Kim
Mayor
Enclosures
cc: Planning Department
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Comm. No. 00
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As required by Chapter 4, Sec. 6-4.3(C), Hawaii County Charter, transmitted herewith for the
County Council's consideration and action are the Planning Commission's letter and enclosures
regarding the above -referenced request.
Si ere ,
Harry Kim
Mayor
Enclosures
cc: Planning Department
/,311/ /7S'
Comm. No. 00
Ref. To -
Ref. Dote-�
Harry Kim
Mayor
October 23, 2003
County of Hawaii
PLANNING COMMISSION
101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3043
(808)961-8288 • Fax(808)961-8742
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, HI 96720
Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members:
Applicant: Clifto's Kona Coast LLC
Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-010)
Request: MG -3a to Project District
Tax Map Key: 7-3-09:22
The Planning Commission at its duly held public hearings on August 1, 2003, September 11,
2003 and October 2, 2003, considered the above -subject request for a change of zone from a
General Industrial 3 -acre (MG -3a) to Project District for 83 acres of land. The property is
located along the west (makai) side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway (State Highway 19),
approximately 2,100 feet south of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway — NELHA Access Road,
Ooma 2"d, North Kona, Hawaii.
The Commission at its October 2, 2003, meeting took a vote on a motion to send the application
to the Council with a favorable recommendation following the Planning Director's written
recommendation (which is attached), along with the following additions and changes:
A new condition to be included which would read, "Applicant shall contribute a fair share
assessment to schools based on Department of Education standards."
Condition T amended to read, "All internal roadways and the main access road shall be
constructed in accordance with the requirements of the Department of Public Works to
dedicable standards, except for cul de sac roads serving residential uses only, as allowed
under the Subdivision Code, and shall be dedicated to the County upon request at no cost
to the County. On private roads, any vehicular security gate shall be set back from
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 2
collector streets to allow for storage of vehicles and a turn around on the collector street
side of the gate, meeting with the approval of the Department of Public Works."
For your information, the applicant did request that Condition E be amended to restore the 400
rooms originally requested, and to have Condition K amended to change the minimum amount of
square footage for the first increment. The Commission, however, did not include these requests
by the applicant in the motion.
The vote on the motion was four to one in favor. Only five members of the Planning
Commission were present.
The four to one vote constitutes a "no action" by the Planning Commission because of the lack of
the five votes required by Hawaii County Charter, Section 134(1). The applicant requested that
the rezoning application be forwarded on to the County Council without further action by the
Planning Commission. This was the applicant's prerogative under Hawaii County Code
Section 25-2-42(d)(3) because more than ninety days had passed since the Planning Commission
had received the application from the Planning Director. Under Section 25-2-42(d)(3) and
Planning Commission Rules I 1-3(b)(2), the Planning Commission's non -action constitutes an
unfavorable recommendation.
Accordingly, we are hereby transmitting this letter which explains the unfavorable
recommendation of the Planning Commission and the favorable recommendation of the Planning
Director, along with the proposed bill, the Planning Department's Background Report and
Recommendation, and hearing transcripts.
Sincerely,
Fred Galdones, Chairman
Planning Commission
Enclosures
cc: Mr. Sidney Fuke
Department of Public Works
Department of Water Supply
Rodney Haraga, Director/DOT-Highways, Honolulu
Planning Department -Kona
RChft4YsREZ.dM-929/03
COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT
RECOMMENDATION
CLIFTO'S KONA COAST, LLC
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 03-010)
Upon careful review of the request, the Planning Director is recommending that a
favorable recommendation for a Project District request be forwarded to the
County Council. This recommendation does not however, sanction the plans submitted
with the application as they may be subject to change given the specific code and
regulatory requirements of the affected agencies. Since this recommendation is made
without the benefit of public testimony, the Director reserves the right to modify and/or
alter this position based on additional information presented at the public hearing. This
favorable recommendation is based on the following findings:
The Project District (PD) is intended to provide for a flexible and creative
planning approach rather than specific land use designations. It will also allow
for flexibility over time in the location of specific uses and mixes of structural
alternatives. The planning approach would establish continuity in land uses and
designs while providing for a comprehensive network of infrastructure facilities
and systems. A variety of uses as well as open space, parks, and other project
uses are intended to be in accord with each individual Project District objective.
A Project District is an amendment to Chapter 25, Zoning Code, which changes
the district boundaries in accordance with the individual Project District.
A Project District may be established whenever the public necessity and
convenience and the general welfare require that a comprehensive planning
approach for an area should be adopted. In addition, a Project District may only
be established if the proposed district:
(1) Is consistent with the intent and purpose of the Chapter 25 (Zoning
Code), Hawaii County Code and the County General Plan; and
(2) Will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding
area, community or region.
The Change of Zone request from General Industrial 3 -acre (MG -3a)
to Project District (PD) is consistent with the intent and purpose of the
General Plan and the Zoning Code. The requested change of zone to a Project
District would conform to the General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide
(LUPAG) Map, which designates the property as an Urban Expansion Area. This
General Plan land use designation allows for a mix of high density, medium
density, low density, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new
settlements may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of
uses have not yet been determined. The General Plan also identifies Keahole-
O'oma as an urban center. The purpose of the requested change of zone to a
Project District is to provide a mix of land uses ranging from office and retail
commercial uses, multi -family residential units, and transient accommodations.
The proposal is to provide approximately 155,000 square feet and 237,000 square
feet of office and retail commercial uses, respectively. Also proposed are 240
multi -family residential units and three.(3) hotels totaling 400 rooms. The
Planning Director is, however, recommending that the number of visitor units be
reduced to 200 rooms, because of the speculative nature of the market for an
airport -oriented business hotel. The proposed Project District, which will be
designed to provide a mix of these uses, will be consistent with the General Plan
land use pattern for this area of Kona and the applicable goals, policies and
standards of the General Plan.
The Zoning Code is one of the tools to implement the General Plan and is
one of the County's primary land use control mechanisms. The Zoning Code sets
out the various types of uses allowed by providing for certain zoning districts. In
this particular case, the applicant proposes to establish a Project District to
provide flexibility in the location of these land uses without specifically
identifying where these uses should be located on the property. This method or
concept of identifying varying land use designations would be consistent with the
intent of establishing a Project District within the Zoning Code.
This proposed development is consistent with the Economic Element of
the General Plan in that the proposed development will provide additional and
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expanded employment opportunities for the residents of the area as well as the
entire island. The employment opportunities from the proposed development as a
result of this zoning request will generate both short-term (construction) and long-
term (operational) employment. The proposed project would provide
opportunities to increase the activity of secondary industries, thereby increasing
job opportunities for the island's residents. Further, the magnitude of this project
will directly benefit the residents of this County as the real property tax base will
substantially increase. It will provide residents with opportunities to improve
their quality of life.
The applicant intends to provide a mix of one, two and three-bedroom
multi -family residential units ranging in size from about 600 square feet to 1,200
square feet. A total of 240 multi -family residential units will be added to the
North Kona housing market. The addition of these units will provide an
opportunity for residents to locate close to services, facilities, and places of
employment within the region. The request would therefore implement the
Housing goals of the General Planbymaintaining a housing supply which allows
a variety of choices, and to attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix
throughout the different parts of the County.
The Land Use element of the General Plan also states that urban -type uses
shall be developed in areas adequately served by essential services and other
infrastructure. These services and infrastructure are vitally important to areas
being developed for urban uses. Essential services and infrastructure, which
include electricity, sewer, water, and roads, are or can be made available to the
area. From the comments received from agencies, various improvements would
be required for the development of this project. Therefore, conditions will be
included to assure that these services and infrastructure are provided in a timely
manner to accommodate the uses proposed in this Project District. With the
requirement that the applicant provide these essential services and infrastructure,
the granting of this change of zone would not unreasonably burden the public
agencies to provide roads and streets, sewer, water, drainage improvements and
police and fire protection to accommodate the development of this project.
xE
The request for a Project District will not result in a substantial
adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region. The
property is located along the makai side of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway
adjacent to and south of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority
(NELHA) project. The Kona International Airport at Keahole is located further
north of the property. The applicant also owns the adjacent vacant land on the
makai side that abuts the shoreline. The adjacent land to the south is vacant.
Further south is the Kaloko-Honokohau National Park. The subject property was
previously owned by the State of Hawaii and proposed for expansion of the
NELHA project. However, the property was subsequently transferred from the
State to a previous private landowner as part of a land exchange.
The applicant's objective is to develop a mixed-use project while still
protecting the important cultural and environmental and environmental resources
of the area. The applicant has recognized the benefits of planning and designing a
project in a manner that is sensitive to the natural features and unique heritage of
the land. The overall design theme provides generous landscaping throughout the
project, including the main roadways and common open spaces.
There are two archaeological sites on the property, the Mamalahoa Trail
and a cave shelter associated with the trail. There is a commitment on the part of
the applicant to preserve these cultural resources and protect these sites during
construction by providing protective buffers. Subsequently, interpretive as well
as cautionary signage will be established to educate the public about the cultural
significance of the resources. As a condition of approval, the applicant will be
required to work with the Department of Land and Natural Resources Historic
Preservation Division (SHPD) to prepare a Preservation Plan of the two sites.
Adherence to this plan should adequately protect the resources and effectively
mitigate any potential impacts.
Conditions of approval have been proposed to deal with potential impacts
from the development, including wastewater treatment, water quality monitoring,
and storage of industrial fluids.
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The Director recommends a condition that the first increment of
development have a minimum scale, so that the property is not developed as a
convenience store or other small-scale highway -oriented project. This would only
promote a scattered development pattern. The proposed minimum development is
30,000 square feet of office and/or commercial space (which corresponds to a
development with 100 parking spaces), or 60 hotel or multi -family dwelling units.
The Director recommends that golf courses and major outdoor amusement
facilities be allowed only with a use permit. A Project District normally allows
all uses that are automatically or conditionally allowed in the RS, RD, RM, RCX,
CN, CG, CV, or V districts. This would normally mean that uses conditionally
approved with a use permit, such as golf courses or major outdoor amusement
facilities are automatically allowed. The Zoning Code states, however, that this is
"provided, that each of the proposed uses and the overall densities for residential
and hotel uses shall be contained in a master plan for the project district and in the
project district enabling ordinance." The application did not discuss either golf
courses or major outdoor amusement facilities as potential uses, and hence the
potential impacts have not been studied.
There are a number of adjoining properties that could potentially take
access from the same O'oma intersection, specifically the Kohanaiki properties to
the south, TMK 7-3-09:003, 014, 016, and 018, and the O'oma parcel to the west,
TMK 7-3-09:004. To encourage these properties to share an intersection, the
draft bill contains conditions that the property owner must allow this connection,
and must allow the other owners to construct the access and intersection if they
develop before the O'oma property. The bill also contains a condition that the
party constructing the intersection should be entitled to partial reimbursement
from any other landowner using the intersection. This is meant to reduce the
"free rider" problem that exists where the first landowner to develop must bear
the major burden of constructing infrastructure that benefits other owners.
The condition requiring contribution to regional road improvements is
similar to that imposed by the Council for the recent TSA Kaloko rezoning,
except that it is more specific in stating that the applicant shall contribute toward
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Queen Kaahumanu widening and Hina Lani intersection improvements pro rata,
meaning in proportion to its usage compared to overall usage. This condition was
requested by the Department of Transportation in general form. The project will,
if developed, generate considerable traffic on the Queen Kaahumanu Highway,
primarily from the Kailua-Kona area and points south, because the bulk of the
Kona population is in that direction.
The accompanying draft bill to amend Section 25-8-3 (North Kona Zone
Map) is provided for your favorable consideration. Please note the proposed
conditions of approval attached to the draft bill.
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CCI ifto'sREZYuen. dm -9/29/03
CLIFTO'S KONA COAST, LLC
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 03-010)
CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL
A. The applicant, successors or assigns shall be responsible for complying with all of
the stated conditions of approval.
B. This project area shall be called the O'oma Project District.
C. The O'oma Project District shall consist of not more than 83 acres for multiple -
family residential, office and retail commercial, transient accommodations
(hotels), open space, and ancillary related development.
D. The maximum number of multi -family residential units allowed shall be 240
units.
E. The maximum number of transient accommodations shall be 200 rooms.
F. The maximum area of all commercial and office uses shall be 392,000 square
feet.
G. The uses permitted in Section 25-6-43, Chapter 25 (Zoning Code), Hawaii County
Code, will be allowed in the O'oma Project District, except that golf courses or
portions of golf courses, and major outdoor amusement and recreation facilities
shall not be allowed without a Use Permit, because the potential impact of these
uses was not analyzed in the application and are not in the master plan submitted
with the application.
H. Construction of the proposed development shall be completed within ten years
from the effective date of the Project District Ordinance. Final Plan Approval by
the Planning Director in accordance with the Zoning Code shall be secured by the
applicant prior to the commencement of construction. Development plans shall
identify existing and proposed structures, fire protection measures, paved
driveway accesses and parking stalls, and other improvements associated with the
proposed use. Landscaping shall be included in the development plans to mitigate
any potential adverse noise or visual impacts to adjacent properties in accordance
with the Planning Department's Rule No. 17 (Landscaping Requirements).
I. Construction of the multiple -family residential units, office and retail commercial
development, hotels, and other related improvements shall commence only after
Final Plan Approval has been secured from the Planning Director.
J. There shall be a 150 -foot wide open space fronting Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway.
No multiple -family residential, office or retail commercial or hotel uses shall be
allowed within the 150 -foot wide open space. A copy of the metes and bounds
description for this open space area, and proposed covenant(s) shall be submitted
to the Planning Director for review and approval prior to receipt of Final Plan
Approval or land alteration activities, whichever occurs first. The approved
covenant(s) shall be recorded in the Bureau of Conveyances prior to the issuance
of Final Plan Approval, or land alteration activities, whichever occurs first. A
copy of the recorded covenant(s) shall be provided to the Planning Department.
K. To avoid creating a scattered, strip development pattern along the Queen
Kaahumanu Highway, development shall proceed incrementally, and the initial
development increment shall consist of a minimum of 30,000 square feet of gross
floor space in commercial and/or office use, or not less than 60 residential units,
or not less than 60 hotel units. Actual construction under a bona fide construction
contract of the initial development increment shall begin not more than four (4)
years of the approval of a SMA Use permit allowing the project, or not more than
five (5) years from the approval of this ordinance, whichever comes first, and
shall be completed within two years of commencement.
L. The following design standards shall apply:
1. Landscaping for the development shall comply with the Planning
Department's Rule No. 17, Landscaping Requirements.
2. The maximum allowable height limit for all multiple -family residential,
office and retail commercial, and hotel developments shall be two stories,
to a maximum of 40 feet as represented in the applicant's county
environmental report, and the ground surface shall not be elevated or
altered in a way that substantially increases the visibility of the project site
from the analysis contained in Figure 13 of that report.
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3. The minimum yards (setback) shall be as follows:
a. Multiple -Family Residential Development
(1) Front and rear yards, twenty feet; and
(2) Side yards, eight feet for a one-story building, plus an
additional two feet for each additional story.
b. Office and Retail Commercial Development
(1) Front and rear yards, fifteen feet; and
(2) Side yards, none, except where the adjoining building site
is a multiple -family residential or hotel development site.
Where the side yard adjoins the side yard of a multiple -
family residential or hotel development site, there shall be a
minimum side yard of eight feet for a one-story building,
plus an additional two feet for each additional story.
C. Hotel Development
(1) Front and rear yards, twenty feet; and
(2) Side yards, eight feet for one story, and an additional two
feet for each additional story.
4. A minimum of 35% of the total project area shall be open space. The
"open space" shall include the 150 -foot highway buffer, Mamalahoa Trail
buffer, and other open areas outside of the building footprints, but parking
areas, except for landscaping, shall not be counted as open space.
5. The minimum off-street parking and loading space requirements of the
Chapter 25, Hawaii County Code shall be complied with, including
compliance with the American Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements.
M. All cleaning, repairs and maintenance of equipment involving the use of industrial
liquids, such as gasoline, diesel, solvent, motor oil, hydraulic oil, gear oil, brake
fluid, acidic or caustic liquids, anti -freeze, detergents, degreasers, etc., shall be
conducted on a concrete floor, whether roofed or unroofed. The concrete floor
shall be constructed to contain any drips or spills and to provide for the recovery
of any spilled liquid. Water drainage from these concrete floors, if necessary,
IN!
shall pass through a separator sump before being discharged.
N. All employees shall be informed to immediately collect and contain any industrial
liquid spills on the concrete floor and should be informed against discharging or
spilling any industrial liquids. Employees shall be aware to prevent any industrial
liquid spills onto bare ground.
O. Barrels for the temporary storage of used oil or other industrial liquids shall be
kept on a concrete surface. The surface shall be bermed to prevent the loss of
liquid in the event of spills or leaks. The barrels shall be sealed and kept under
shelter from the rain. (The Department of Labor and Industrial Relations'
Occupational Safety and Health regulations, sections titled, "Housekeeping
Standards" and "Storage of Flammable or Combustible Liquids," shall be
followed along with the local fire code).
P. Conditions M, N, and O shall be contained in covenants in deeds to all lots,
except those to individual dwelling units.
Q. All wastewater shall be treated at an approved wastewater treatment plant, to a
minimum of secondary treatment, with R-2 effluent, unless a greater level of
treatment is required by the Department of Health. Wastewater shall be used for
irrigation of landscaping or other beneficial reuse to the maximum extent feasible.
R. The applicant shall provide assurance satisfactory to the Department of Water
Supply and the Planning Director, upon consultation with the Department of
Health and Department of Land and Natural Resources, that water sources of
sufficient quality and quantity has been established. Satisfactory assurance can be
met by the actual drilling and testing of a well site of the water source or by the
submittal of a hydrological study certifying that water sources of sufficient quality
and quantity can be established at a designated location. Upon compliance with
this condition, the actual development of the water source and its water
transmission and distribution system shall be developed prior to occupancy.
S. All project utilities shall be underground. Applicant shall make a good -faith
effort to obtain permission from the Department of Transportation to underground
the main utility line crossing of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
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T. All internal roadways and the main access road shall be constructed in accordance
with the requirements of the Department of Public Works, to dedicable standards,
except for cul-de-sac roads serving residential areas only, and shall be dedicated
to the County upon request at no cost to the County.
U. Only one access on the property from Queen Kaahumanu Highway shall be
allowed, meeting with the approval of the Department of Transportation
Highways Division. The project area may have a secondary access or accesses to
the Queen Kaahumanu Highway by connection to other properties.
V. No lots shall have direct access from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway except
through an access point approved by the Department of Transportation Highways
Division.
W. To facilitate interconnectivity and to coordinate access to the Queen Kaahumanu
Highway, applicant shall allow the properties to the south (TMK 7-3-09:003, 014,
016, and 018, hereinafter referred to as the "southerly properties"), and to the west
(TMK 7-3-09:004, hereinafter referred to as the "O'oma makai property") to
connect to its main access road, and shall allow connection to the NELHA
property to the north. Unless disapproved by the Department of Transportation,
the southerly properties and the O'oma makai property shall be allowed to use the
applicant's access intersection on the Queen Kaahumanu Highway as their main
access point.
X. Applicant shall permit the owners of any of the southerly properties and the
O'oma makai property to construct the necessary intersection improvements and
access road improvements on applicant's property if they are ready to develop
before the applicant. The party constructing the intersection and access road
improvements (including the applicant) shall be entitled to partial reimbursement
from any other landowner using the intersection and access road as its primary
access to the Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Reimbursement shall be paid prior to
the other landowner's actual use of the intersection to serve urban development.
Reimbursement by the owner of TMK 7-3-009:003 or 016, or by the applicant,
shall be 50% of the basic cost of Rill channelization of the intersection, plus 50%
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of the shared portion of the access road. Reimbursement by TMK 7-3-009:004,
014, and 018, that are currently in the State Land Use Conservation district and do
not currently have known development plans, shall be pro rata, based on their
projected usage at the time they commence actual usage for urban development,
provided that public shoreline access usage shall not be included in the
calculation. The applicant shall be entitled to a credit for any reimbursement for
the value of its property used for the access road, and shall be entitled to
appropriate protection against liability by any party constructing improvements on
its property. The right of reimbursement shall expire ten (10) years after the
completion of construction of the initial intersection. These provisions for
reimbursement can be modified by private agreement between or among affected
landowners.
Y. The applicant shall contribute its pro rata share to the Department of
Transportation to regional road improvements consisting of the following
projects: (1) the widening of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway to four lanes, from
Kealakehe Parkway to the project intersection, and (2) improvements to the
intersection of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Hina Lani Street. The "pro
rata share" shall be the portion of the traffic attributable to the project to the total
traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway or the Hina Lani intersection. The pro rata
share shall be determined by the Planning Director in consultation with the
applicant and the Department of Transportation, and shall be paid prior to plan
approval or final subdivision approval for the fust development increment,
whichever comes first, and prior to plan approval or final subdivision approval for
each successive development increment.
Z. The applicant (or others, as stated in Condition X) shall construct improvements
to its project intersection meeting with the approval of the Department of
Transportation prior to occupancy of any structures. If the occupancy occurs
before the expansion of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway to four lanes, and the
Department of Transportation permits left tum lanes into the property, the
improvements shall consist of, at a minimum, a fully channelized intersection
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with a dedicated right -turn lane, left -and right -tum merge lanes, and a left -turn
storage lane, all meeting with the approval of the Department of Transportation.
Conduits for installation of signal lights shall be installed with the initial
construction of the intersection to avoid disrupting traffic during a future
installation, unless otherwise approved by the Department of Transportation.
AA. The applicant shall retain 50 -foot wide undisturbed buffers of natural lava along
both sides of the Mamalahoa Trail (measured from the edges of the trail) and
additional 60 -foot buffers without structures, unless the Department of Land and
Natural Resources Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-HPD) recommends a
wider buffer in the Preservation Plan.
BB. The Mamalahoa Trail shall not be breached, except where crossed by the existing
jeep road, without permission from the state of Hawaii. The rezoning of the
portion of the property makai of the Mamalahoa Trail is not intended to create an
expectation or vested right on the part of the applicant to breach the Mamalahoa
Trail for access to the makai portion of the property, because the applicant can
possibly obtain access to that property from TMK 7-3-009:004, currently owned
by the applicant, or from other adjacent property. The rezoning of the portion of
the property makai of the Mamalahoa Trail shall not take effect until the applicant
has obtained access to the area.
CC. All development generated runoff shall be disposed of on-site and shall not be
directed toward any adjacent properties. A drainage study shall be prepared and
submitted to the Department of Public Works prior to issuance of Final Plan
Approval. Drainage improvements shall be constructed, meeting with the
approval of the Department of Public Works, prior to issuance of a Certificate of
Occupancy.
DD. A Solid Waste Management Plan shall be prepared and submitted for approval to
the Department of Environmental Management prior to submitting plans for Plan
Approval review. Approved recommendations and mitigation measures shall be
implemented in a manner meeting with the approval of the Department of
Environmental Management.
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EE. A wastewater treatment system shall be constructed, meeting the approval of the
State Department of Health and/or Department of Environmental Management,
whichever is applicable.
FF. An Emergency Response Plan shall be submitted to the Civil Defense Agency for
review and approval, prior to the issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy.
GG. To ensure that the Goals and Policies of the Housing Element of the General Plan
are implemented, the applicant shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 11,
Article 1, Hawaii County Code, relating to Affordable Housing Policy. This
requirement shall be approved by the County Housing Agency prior to issuance of
a Certificate of Occupancy for the multiple -family residential development.
HH. An archaeological preservation plan shall be prepared and submitted for the
Mamalahoa Trail and associated habitation cave, and to ensure that the Kings
Highway is not damaged by construction activities, for approval by the DLNR-
HPD prior to receipt of Final Plan Approval.
II. If mauka-makai public shoreline access is established through TMK 7-3-009:003
or 004 as a condition of any land use approval, the applicant shall allow use of its
project access road for public access to connect to the makai public shoreline
access upon request of the county.
JJ. Should any unidentified sites or remains such as artifacts, shell, bone, or charcoal
deposits, human burials, rock or coral alignments, pavings or walls be
encountered, work in the immediate area shall cease and the DLNR-HPD shall be
immediately notified. Subsequent work shall proceed upon an archaeological
clearance from the DLNR-HPD when it is found that sufficient mitigation
measures have been taken.
KK. The applicant shall conduct a water quality monitoring program. The applicant's
participation can be satisfied by monitoring done by NELHA and/or the owners of
TMK 7-3-09:003 (Kohanaiki) and/or TMK 7-3-009:004 (O'oma makai property)
if adequate sampling is done on the coast fronting TMK 7-3-009:004, and
applicant pays a fair share based on relative acreage.
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LL. The applicant shall make its fair share contribution to mitigate the potential
regional impacts of the subject property with respect to parks and recreation, fire,
police, solid waste disposal facilities and roads. The fair share contribution shall
be initially based on the representations contained within the change of zone
application and may be increased or reduced proportionally if the lot or unit
counts are adjusted. The fair share contribution for each lot or unit shall be based
on a maximum density for each lot or unit as determined by the zoning resulting
from this change of zone. The fair share contribution shall become due and
payable incrementally as the proposed development is built out. The fair share
contribution in a form of cash, land, facilities or any combination thereof shall be
determined by the County Council. The fair share contribution may be adjusted
annually beginning three years after the effective date of this ordinance, based on
the percentage change in the Honolulu Consumer Price Index (HCPI). In lieu of
paying the fair share contribution, the applicant may contribute land, and/or
construct improvements/facilities related to parks and recreation, fire, police, solid
waste disposal facilities and roads within the region impacted by the proposed
development, subject to the approval of the appropriate agency(ies). Any
contributions required by this ordinance that exceed the fair share requirement of
this proposed development shall, at the applicant's request be credited towards
any of the applicant's future developments that require infrastructural impact
contributions.
MM. Should the Council adopt a Unified Impact Fees Ordinance setting forth criteria
for imposition of exactions or the assessment of impact fees, conditions included
herein shall be credited towards the requirements of the Unified Impact Fees
Ordinance.
NN. The applicant shall comply with all conditions of approval of the State Land Use
Commission's Decision and Order (Docket No. A85-592) dated February 6, 1986,
and as amended on May 19, 1992.
00. Comply with all other applicable laws, rules, regulations and requirements of
other affected agencies.
101
PP. An annual progress report shall be submitted to the Planning Director prior to the
anniversary date of the approval of this Project District Ordinance. The report
shall include, but not be limited to, the status of the development and the extent to
which the conditions of approval are being satisfied. This condition shall remain
in effect until all of the conditions of approval have been satisfied and the
Director acknowledges that further reports are not required.
QQ. An initial extension of time for the performance of conditions within the
ordinance may be granted by the Planning Director upon the following
circumstances.
(1) The non-performance is the result of conditions that could not have been
foreseen or are beyond the control of the applicant, successors or assigns,
and that are not the result of their fault or negligence.
(2) Granting of the time extension would not be contrary to the General Plan
or Zoning Code.
(3) Granting of the time extension would not be contrary to the original
reasons for the granting of the Project District.
(4) The time extension granted shall be for a period not to exceed the period
originally granted for performance (i.e., a condition to be performed
within one year may be extended for up to one additional year).
(5) If the applicant should require an additional extension of time, the
Planning Department shall submit the applicant's request to the County
Council for appropriate action.
RR. Should any of the conditions not be met or substantially complied with in a timely
fashion, the Planning Director may initiate rezoning of the subject area to its
original or more appropriate designation.
10-
COUNTY OF
HAWAII,;
ORDINANCE NO.
STATE OF HAWAII
BILL NO.
(Planning Department)
AN ORDINANCE AMENDING SECTION 25-8-3 (NORTH KONA ZONE MAP),
ARTICLE 8, CHAPTER 25 (ZONING CODE) OF THE HAWAII COUNTY CODE, BY
CHANGING THE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION FROM GENERAL INDUSTRIAL (MG -3a)
TO PROJECT DISTRICT AT OOMA 2ND, NORTH KONA, HAWAII, COVERED BY TAX
MAP KEY 7-3-9:22.
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII:
SECTION 1. Section 25-8-3, Article 8, Chapter 25 (Zoning Code) of the Hawaii County
Code, is amended to change the district classification of property described hereinafter as
follows:
The district classification of the following area situated at Ooma 2nd, North Kona,
Hawaii, shall be Project District:
Beginning at the Southeasterly comer of this parcel of land, being also the
Northeasterly comer of Lot 2 (portion of Grant 2942 to Hulikoa) and a point on the
Westerly side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway (Kailua-Kawaihae Road, Section II,
Project No. BD -65-352), the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to
Government Survey Triangulation Station "AKAHIPUU" being 17,760.95 feet South and
21,173.51 feet West and running by azimuths measured clockwise from True South:
1. 910 50' 1,359.22 feet along Grant 2942 to Hulikoa to an Ahu
with a triple "+%
2. 1480 31' 30" 2,633.66 feet along King's Highway to a point;
3. 2580 25' 16" 1,749.00 feet along the remainder of Government
Land to a point;
Thence, following along the Westerly side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway
(Kailua-Kawaihae Road, Section II, Project
No. BD -65-352) on a curve to the left with a
-1-
radius of 5,204.00 feet, the chord azimuth
and distance being:
4. 341° 38' 02.6" 2,196.88 feet to a point;
5. 3290 26' 55" 645.30 feet along the Westerly side of Queen
Kaahumanu Highway (Kailua-Kawaihae
Road, Section II, Project No. BD -65-352) to
the point of beginning and containing an
area of 83.000 Acres.
All as shown on the map attached hereto, marked Exhibit "A" and by reference
made a part hereof.
SECTION 2. In accordance with Section 25-2-44, Hawaii County Code, the County
Council finds the following conditions are:
(1) Necessary to prevent circumstances which may be adverse to the public
health, safety and welfare; or
(2) Reasonably conceived to fulfill needs directly emanating from the land use
proposed with respect to:
(A) Protection of the public from the potentially deleterious effects of
the proposed use, or
(B) Fulfillment of the need for public service demands created by the
proposed use.
SEE ATTACHED CONDITIONS
SECTION 3. In the event that any portion of this ordinance is declared invalid, such
invalidity shall not affect the other parts of this ordinance.
-2-
SECTION 4. This ordinance shall take effect upon its approval.
Hawaii
Date of Introduction:
Date of 1st Reading:
Date of 2nd Reading:
Effective Date:
INTRODUCED BY:
COUNCIL MEMBER, COUNTY OF HAWAII
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AMENDMENT TO THE ZONING CODE
AMENDING SECTION 25-8-3 (NORTH KONA ZONE MAP)
ARTICLE 8, CHAPTER 25 (ZONING CODE) OF THE HAWAII COUNTY CODE,
BY CHANGING THE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION
FROM GENERAL INDUSTRIAL (MG -3a)
TO PROJECT DISTRICT (PD)
AT OOMA 2nd, NORTH KONA, HAWAII
PREPARED BY: PLANNING DEPARTMENT
COUNTY OF HAWAII
TM K: 7-3-009:022'
EXHIBIT "A"
Date: July 14, 2003
/rIINn'c Il— r,..,... 1 1 r.4 AnA�
CLIFTO'S KONA COAST, LLC
ADDITION TO CHANGE OF ZONE RECOMMENDATION
NOTE: PLEASE ADD THE FOLLOWING ON PAGE 6 OF
RECOMMENDATION BEFORE THE LAST PARAGRAPH.
Findings re traditional and customary Hawaiian rights:
Investigation of valued resources: The applicant presented the following
information from which the Planning Commission and County Council can
determine the valued cultural, historical, and natural resources within the area
sought for rezoning: archaeological reconnaissance survey, oral history of
kamaaina accounts of the area, historical survey of documentary records,
botanical study, and fauna study.
The valuable cultural, historical, and natural resources found in the
rezoning area: The Mamalahoa Trail, a cave shelter, SHIP site no. 10155, and a
few plants that are culturally used by Hawaiians: maiapilo, used medicinally, and
pili grass, used for thatching, appear to the be the major cultural, natural, and
historic resources found in the rezoning area. There are also some specimens of
Fimbristylis, plant that is a "species of concern", but not on the endangered or
threatened list. There was no evidence that these plants are particularly sought
out or used from this area.
Possible adverse effect or impairment of valued resources: The setting of
the Mamalahoa Trail would be changed from the present condition of a relatively
natural setting to one where modern buildings would be fairly close. Native
plants could be destroyed by construction and ground alteration.
Feasible actions to protect native Hawaiian rights: Conditions of approval
will protect the Mamalahoa Trail and cave shelter from physical destruction. The
Mamalahoa Trail experience can be protected by substantial buffers of natural
lava and a no -build setback. Native plants can continue to grow within the natural
lava setback of the Mamalahoa Trail (50' on either side) and within the 150'
setback from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
PLANNING COMMISSION
COUNTY OF HAWAI'I
HEARING TRANSCRIPT
OCTOBER 2, 2003
A regularly advertised public hearing on the applications of CLIFTO'S KONA COAST,
LLC (REZ 03-010/SMA 03-005) was called to order at 9:08 a.m. in the the Ohana
Keauhou Beach Resort, Kahaluu Ballroom, 78-6740 Alii Drive, Keauhou, North Kona,
Hawaii, with First Vice -Chairman Earl Fujikawa presiding.
PRESENT: Earl Fujikawa
Bill Graham
Florence Kubota
Francis Smith
Hannah Springer
Bill Thibadeau
ABSENT & EXCUSED: Fred Galdones
Patricia O'Toole, Deputy Corporation Counsel
Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director
Norman Hayashi, Staff Planner
Kiran Emler representing Department of Public Works
Jeffrey McCall
Aurelio C. Mina, Jr.
And approximately 16 people from the public in attendance.
APPLICANT: CLIFTO'S KONA COAST, LLC (REZ 03-010/SMA 03-005)
Continued hearing on the following applications:
a) Change of Zone from General Industrial 3 -acre (MG -3a) to Project District for
83 acres of land.
b) Special Management Area Use Permit to allow the development of a
commercial — residential complex consisting of offices, retail uses, multi -family
housing, facilities for transient accommodations, and related improvements.
The property is located along the west (makai) side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway
(State Highway 19), approximately 2,100 feet south of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway —
NELHA Access Road, Ooma 2"d, North Kona, Hawaii, TMK: 7-3-9:22.
FUJIKAWA: First on the agenda, the applicant is Clifto's Kona Coast, LLC. It's
a continued hearing of Change of Zone from General Industrial 3 -acre (MG -3a) to
Project District for 83 acres of land; and Item b) Special Management Area Use Permit to
allow the development of a commercial -residential complex consisting of offices, retail
uses, multi -family housing, facilities for transient accommodations, and related
improvements. Staff, you may proceed.
HAYASHI: Thank you, Mr. Chair and Members of the Commission, good
morning. The Clifto's application has been heard on two previous occasions, first, on
August I", then it was continued on to September I1'h, and now continued to today.
C - q00 65"// 17 0 PC
Just as a matter of brief orientation, again, if I may direct your attention to the
presentation map on the wall, this would be the overall location plan for the Kona area.
The subject property is situated here along the makai side of Queen Kaahumanu
Highway, indicated in this blue shaded area and consisting of 83 acres.
In the immediate area are the Kohanaiki property which you'll be hearing tomorrow. We
have the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii's project in this blue shaded area and the
Kona International Airport. The SMA line is located here along Queen Kaahumanu
Highway. And as the Chair had read, the Applicant is requesting a Change of Zone for
83 acres from General Industrial -3 acres to a Project District.
Also requested is a Special Management Area Use Permit to allow certain types of uses
within the project area. The Applicant intends to have some commercial uses generally
in this location; and this particular location is in the center of the project. They're also
proposing to have approximately 240 multiple residential units that would be located here
and here. This would be along the northern side of the subject project.
Also proposed are approximately 400 hotel units; and that would be located in this
general location.
The Planning Director is recommending approval of the Change of Zone from MG -3a to
a Project District, subject to several conditions.
As far as the SMA Use Permit is concerned, the Director is recommending that we defer,
that the Commission defer action on the SMA Use Permit until the Project District
ordinance is adopted by the County Council.
Are there any questions at this time?
FUJIKAWA: Any questions, Commissioners, to the stafl? Go ahead,
Commissioner Graham.
GRAHAM: I'm wondering -. As far as the area immediately on the Kailua
Village side of the Kohanaiki parcel, it's all green up there. There are other applications
going on with the State Land Use. And I'd like, I believe, could you just point out what
else is being proposed in that area?
HAYASHI: You mean this general location here where there's -?
GRAHAM: Yeah, and going back towards Honokohau and all.
HAYASHI: Oh, okay. First of all, we do have a, well, recently the County
Council adopted a Change of Zone for TSA for a Mixed Commercial Use District along,
well, this would be the expansion of the existing Kaloko Industrial Subdivision.
Adjacent to that in this green -shaded area, the State Land Use Commission recently
approved a reclassification from the Conservation to the Urban District for properties
owned by Lanihau Properties; and this would be, again, also, for some Mixed Industrial
Commercial Uses.
GRAHAM: Thank you.
FUJIKAWA: Is there any other question from Commissioners to the staff? Go
ahead, Commissioner Kubota.
KUBOTA: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I have a question on procedural, on the
procedure of this SMA Permit being -.
YUEN: Oh, you're there, sorry.
FUJIKAWA: Go ahead.
KUBOTA: Go ahead?
FUJIKAWA: Yeah.
KUBOTA: I thought maybe you were trying to play, run away from my
question. I'm questioning your recommendation to defer action on the SMA Use Permit
application. In my five years as a Commissioner, we've processed both Change of Zone
and SMA together concurrently. What is the rationale for this deferment? The Planning
Director or the Planning Department does put out in the recommendation some rationale
and I think they're sound. But I feel that every one of those points could be relevant to
all others that we've processed. So my question is why are we deviating from the norm
on this particular one? It seems highly unusual. And I would like an explanation, besides
the rationale here, because I don't think this rationale is any different.
HAYASHI: I think it's, I'll defer the question to the Director. I think he can
more adequately explain the rationale for what is being proposed.
KUBOTA: Thank you.
FUJIKAWA: Would the Director Chris Yuen respond to the question?
YUEN: Starting with the things that are, I'll elaborate a little bit more than
what's written there. The planning, the SMA Permit has to be consistent with the zoning
but processing can go concurrently. It doesn't have to go concurrently. So you can have
a Change of Zone being processed at the same time as a SMA, but you can wait on the
SMA. In this particular case, it's a large project that is still extremely unplanned as far as
what the final outcome will look like. If the Change of Zone goes through a Project
District, we have, the project could end up as a big box commercial center; the project
could end up as an airport -oriented hotel; it could end up as a purely residential with up
to 240 units. You could end up with any combination of those elements.
The Applicant is far from being ready to proceed and build, does not have firm site plans,
construction plans or a development scenario that is very set. The County Council may
make substantial changes to the ordinance as presented here; and I think it'd be better to
wait on making the decision until we have the ordinance in place. If the ordinance is
passed in a way that's substantially different than what the County Council proposes, I
mean, I'm sorry, if the County Council passes the ordinance in a way that's substantially
different than what the Planning Commission passes or expects it to pass, then we would,
and we pass the SMA Permit the same time, then we would have, we would have to
rework the SMA Permit.
I think if you'll look at, there are a number of projects that have gone through a
concurrent SMA Permit and zoning changes. If you look at those, I think that they were,
the most recent one we looked at which we're still holding at the Planning Commission
level is the Pepeekeo rezoning. And if, I think of the, the examples that I can think of are
much simpler and much more set as to what the outcome would be of the rezoning. In
that one, for example, the outcome would be two residential, the uncertain part of it, the
uncertain part of the rezoning there is two commercial, I mean, two residential lots; and if
the rezoning went through, they would have two commercial properties. So we wrote up
the, we supported having the SMA Permit go, be granted subject to the rezoning taking
place, and the rezoning would not take, the SMA Permit would not take effect for those
two lots if the rezoning didn't take effect. But in that case we have something that we are
very clear on what would happen and not happen in the rezoning at the County Council
and how it would affect the SMA Permit. I don't have that confidence here.
FUJIKAWA: Okay, is there any other question, Commissioners, to the staff or
the Director?
KUBOTA: Mr. Chairman?
FUJIKAWA: Go ahead, Commissioner Kubota.
KUBOTA: I'm not done yet. I'm still not satisfied with the explanation
because I feel everything that our Planning Director has brought forth this morning is true
and it applies to every other application that we've processed so far. And if those are the
reasons for the deferment, then I think, I feel as though, and I'm just saying this, I don't
mean to be argumentative because I think you ought to know better than I. But it's just
so very strange because this is the first time that I have come across a recommendation
for deferment on the Special Management Use Permit, the SMA Permit, in, and not being
processed concurrently. And I thought maybe there were other reasons other than the
obvious that you've just related, which is in your Background Report, and I understand
them clearly. But there has to be something different to be treated differently; and I want
to know what that different variable is; and I'm not getting it from your answer. So -.
YUEN: I don't think you'll be able, if you look back at the rezonings since
I've been Director 2-1/2 years, I don't think you'll be able to find a rezoning
El
accompanied by an SMA Permit where a rezoning was as wide open in its final outcome
as this Project District rezoning. You know, the, I'm quite certain of that and that
difference. I have to say that I think we should process things and look at things
differently when you have a different kind of project. You can't take every project and
take it through the same way.
KUBOTA: So your basic, your basic reason is that the ideas are unformed at
this point for this project?
YUEN: The final outcome of what the project is likely to look like is very
unformed.
KUBOTA: Weren't they true of others? I mean -.
YUEN: If it could be -.
KUBOTA: The developers, excuse me, the developers could come in with
ideas but they're still in the nebulous stage where it's their idea and it's not cemented in
concrete, yet, at that point. So it could change, it could fluctuate. And how is that
different from this one? They come in with a set of ideas, as ideas that may seem to be;
and, yet, they don't seem to me, at this point, to be any different than the ones that were
brought up by other applications.
YUEN: If you would, if you can give me an example of what project
you're thinking of was treated differently -.
KUBOTA: Well, -.
YUEN: I could discuss that. I think I tried to give an example of the most
recent one that involved a concurrent processing, which would be the Pepeekeo rezoning,
quite a small-scale rezoning.
KUBOTA: I can't think of one immediately. But, you know, in the years that
I've been processing these applications, I find that these applicants come up with ideas
that they want to develop on their property and, yet, it may or may not be the final
product; and, yet, we do process the SMAs concurrently. And we have no guarantee
from the applicants that it shall be as they submitted to us. And it may change at the
Council level; and if it does, and the SMA needs to be changed, well, so be it. So, you
know, I just can't, I just can't see the big deal in this one versus any other applications
that come in. And I'm really not convinced that these are the reasons as printed here that
are the foundation for your recommendation for deferral. I may have to listen to more
and I acquiesce at this point to what you're saying. But I'm still not fully convinced that
the reasons are valid enough to ask for a deferment at this point.
FUJIKAWA: Is there any other question?
SPRINGER: Mr. Chair?
FUJIKAWA: Commissioner Springer?
SPRINGER: Thank you, Mr. Chair. If I may comment on the discussion. Past
practice is not always best practice. And the Planning Director exercising discretion
asking for a sequential approach to these requests rather than a concurrent approach, I
believe, has merit for the reasons that he has cited, given the scale and scope of the two
proposals before us.
FUJIKAWA: Thank you. Commissioner Graham?
GRAHAM: I wasn't sure if it's the time to do this discussion but it seems like
it's what we're discussing right now. My sense is both for the benefit of the Commission
and particularly for the benefit of the public. If we're going to be granting an SMA
Permit which has a number of considerations and concerns that one considers when doing
an SMA Permit, we'd like to have the public hear what the project is truly going to be so
that their testimony can be related to what the project is truly going to be. And I think
what the Planning Director is saying is we don't really know what the final project is
going to be, so the public doesn't have an opportunity if we do a SMA right now to
comment on what the final project would be. And then in other instances where a project
has changed markedly in the past, one example might be the Kuki`o project where it was
originally scheduled to be an intermediate resort area with a couple of hotels and was
granted an SMA Permit that the people came and testified about back in the late `80s.
That project is very much turned around and somewhat reduced in scale; and the
Planning Director Goldstein determined that it was not necessary to do a new SMA
Permit just because of her feeling that the impacts would lesser. But, still, what that
meant was the public never had a chance to come and testify on the actual project that's
been built at the Kuki`o as far as the SMA concerns. And, so, it sort of parallels this
situation here. If we approved an SMA of something which is not particularly close to
what's going to be finally approved, you're always going to have the public not really
dealing with the true information at the SMA Permit level. So that's my feeling on it.
KUBOTA: I, I -.
FUJIKAWA: Go head, Commissioner.
KUBOTA: Mr. Chairman, I guess what I cannot, what I cannot accept is that
we sit here and say that this is not what's truly going to happen or what truly is going to
happen. I mean, the Applicant submitted something that was a plan, an idea. How can
we sit here and say this is not going to happen? I mean, isn't that, in essence, what we're
saying, because we both think this is what's going to happen, the SMA Permit doesn't
reflect the use?
FUJIKAWA: Director Yuen?
YUEN: If I can compare with some, most of the SMAS that we looked at,
most of the SMAs that we looked at and approved, we have a very clear project in hand
that people are going to do. We could, a little later this afternoon we're looking at the
Soto condominium on Alii Drive. We have an exact site plan, number of stories, number
of units; and this is what's presented for approval. This one is still very wide open. The
Applicant has agreed that the property is for sale, they're looking for an investor, they
don't have the wherewithal to do the project at this time. It is quite a bit different
situation than -. And, actually, I think they are a relatively small number of, if we're
talking about past practices, I'm trying to jog my memory, but I think we're talking about
a relatively small number of projects that have had a concurrent rezoning and SMA
application in a very, and most of those were quite small scale.
We should be careful about looking at the rules that we, or the practices that we have for
something that may be a 6 -unit condominium, a 10 -unit residential subdivision versus
something that does involve a, it is a major Change of Zone and a major application.
And those are the reasons why I'm making those recommendations. I had thought,
actually, long and hard about recommending denial of the SMA and having them come
back completely. It's not my intention to have the SMA come back to the Planning
Commission after the Council acts on the rezoning if the Planning Commission agrees
with going through this procedure and deferring it, but to at least see how the rezoning
comes out of the Council if we're acting on the SMA Permit.
KUBOTA: Okay
FUJIKAWA: Any other question, Commissioners, to the Director or the staff? If
not -. Before I call the Applicant or the representative, any one of you in the audience
who would like to testify, can you raise your hand so the staff could give you a form to
fill? If not, will the Applicant or his representative please step forward?
HAYASHI: Mr. Chair, Mr. Hauanio in the back already submitted his -.
FUJIKAWA: He already did, right. I do have it. Thank you. Okay, can you
raise your right hand? Do you swear or affirm to tell the truth on this matter now before
the Hawaii Planning Commission?
FUKE: I do.
FUJIKAWA: State your name and your address, please?
FUKE: Mr. Chairman, my name is Sidney Fuke. I'm a Planning
Consultant. My business address is 100 Pauahi Street in Hilo, Hawaii.
FUJIKAWA: You may proceed.
FUKE: Well, as your staff had pointed out, this is really like a continued
hearing on both of the applications. And at the last Planning Commission meeting, at the
7
request of the Planning Director, this matter was continued to enable the Department to
evaluate any forthcoming comments from the Department of Transportation. I believe
their comments are in and pretty much, you know, we've given our presentation twice,
so -. There's a lot of things that I would like to respond, you know, in relation to some of
the discourse that went on earlier. But I'd like to withhold the, you know, with the
Chair's indulgence, any comments on that pending the public testimony portion and
when the Commission is ready to decide on the Project District and the SMA
recommendations offered by the Director.
FUJIKAWA: Okay. Is there any question, Commissioners, to the Applicant's
representative? Okay, if not, we do have a testifier that would like to say something.
You may sit on the side and -. Will the testifier please come forward? Launakanawai.
You may correct me. I'm sorry.
HAUANIO: No problem, Mr. Chair.
FUJIKAWA: Go ahead. State your name and your address, please?
HAUANIO: Aloha, Mr. Chair; aloha -.
FUJIKAWA: After you give your name and address, I would like to swear you
in.
HAUANIO: Mahalo. Aloha, Mr. Chair and Commissioners. My name is
Lunakanawai Hauanio. My mailing address, P.O. Box 871, Capt. Cook, Hawaii.
FUJIKAWA: Could you raise your right hand, please. Do you swear to tell,
affirm to tell the truth on this matter now before the Hawaii County Planning
Commission?
HAUANIO: Aye.
FUJIKAWA: Thank you. You may proceed.
HAUANIO: Thank you, Mr. Chair. I'd like to express my testimony today to
reflect the two agendized items and that my testimony be reflected on both. I have in my
possession this textbook, it's entitled "Hawaii Revised Statutes" annotated Volume 15,
and in this textbook there's a State Constitution. And in the testimony, I mean, the
discussion that was held by the Commissioners relating to Ms. Kubota's inquiry about
why this particular project is being, appears to be, being treated differently, and I
appreciate the Director's caution in moving forward with their, I guess, approval process.
And I'd like to turn to the text for the State Constitution and talk to you guys about
Article IX, Section 6, and it's entitled "Management of State Population Growth." As
you can see on my, my request for testimony today is relevant to Article XII, Section 7.
And I want to address first the first article that I mentioned and it states, "The State and
its political subdivisions, as provided by general law, shall plan and manage the growth
of the population to protect and preserve public health and welfare; except that each
political subdivision, as provided by general law, may plan and manage the growth of its
population in a more restrictive manner than the State."
The Commissioners are not aware of, if I'm not mistaken, in the Seto's, correction,
Clifto's application, they had some analysis on traffic, analysis on environment, analysis
on historic sites. Well, let me read State Constitution Article XII, Section 7. It says,
"The State reaffirms and shall protect all rights, customarily and traditionally exercised
for subsistence, cultural and religious purposes and possessed by ahupua`a tenants who
are descendants of native Hawaiians who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778,
subject to the right of the State to regulate such rights." That particular statute or
mandate, let's put it that way, I have a little problem with that. The problem is, you have
in this Constitution, State Constitution, under Article I, Section 6; and it talks about the
right to privacy. And it says, "The right of the people to privacy is recognized and shall
not be infringed without the showing of compelling state interest. The Legislature shall
take affirmative steps to implement this right."
The problem that I have in Article XII, Section 7 is this part that says, "religious
purposes" and the part that says, "subject to the right of the State to regulate." I don't
know any other religion that is so regulated by its State other than the Hawaiian people.
Somehow, I don't know who the hell had that idea that allows the State to take an
inventory of our family's graves and put them out on display for public scrutiny, and it's
said to meet an allowable practice for some 30 years in this planning process.
I'm here to complain, and my complaint is this: No more violation of our privacy rights.
If you have any documentations referring to our family's graves, our family sacred sites,
I'm complaining, you guys take `em off of you guys' counters, off of you guys, what you
call, public scrutiny. `Cause I think everybody should start following the law like people
Springer was saying. Things have been going wrong by just letting people from the
outside come to our island and come up with ideas, and then when get rubber-stamped,
and when get all of our families and friends in our community segregated. We have
people working on projects talking stink about people who was contesting the projects,
till today they mad with each other. This is a real pilau process. This is not aloha. This
is not Hawaii if the process, yesterday, continues.
I'd like to also complain to this Commission that in the State Constitution there is no
mandate that says the State shall provide highways, the State shall provide parks, the
State provide, what you call it, condominiums, the State shall provide golf course. It
doesn't say any place in the State Constitution that the State shall or its subdivisions,
political subdivisions. Nowhere in here says that you folks shall protect or shall have,
you know, these things, other than Article XI, Section 10. It says "Farm and Home
Ownership." It says "The public lands shall be used for the development of farm and
home ownership on as widespread a basis as possible, in accordance with procedures and
limitations prescribed by law." See, it's limiting, yeah? It doesn't allow you to go
bigger. I don't know, as what I'm reading.
This other one it says over here under Article XI, Section 9. It says, "Each person has a
right to a clean and healthy environment as defined by laws relating to environmental
quality, including control of pollution and conservation, protection and enhancement of
natural resources. Any person may enforce this right against any party, public or private,
through appropriate legal proceedings, subject to reasonable limitations and regulations
as provided by law." You know, it's limiting, you know, this kind of growth. It's
protecting what's now there. Article XI, Section 7, "Water Resources," and it says, "The
State has an obligation to protect, control and regulate the use of Hawaii's water
resources for the benefit of its people."
Okay. "The legislature shall provide for a water resources agency which, as provided by
law, shall set overall water conservation, quality and use policies; define beneficial and
reasonable use; protect ground and surface water resources, watersheds and natural
stream environments; establish criteria for water use priorities while assuring appurtenant
rights and existing correlative and riparian uses and establish procedures for regulating all
use of Hawaii's water resources." You know, what we have here, we have to protect; and
when we use, we got to make sure it's replenished.
I don't know, all I see is I'm looking at paren -, and practice, not what the Statute is
saying we have to do -.
I'm going to talk a little bit about one fisherman `cause in Article XI, Section 6, it talks
about marine resources. This project fronting the coastline, not too far, they have this
thing called "cumulative," yeah. The problem Hokulia had, one of the problem was they
when clear too much land too fast. Well, let's look at what's over there. Are we doing
the same thing, are we clearing too much land too fast? You know, sometimes I think
about my self interest and I try to put that on the side. So that, it's hard, yeah, because I
fish, you know, I love eating fish. I hunt, I love catching, you know, food. In my back
yard I get my farm, yeah, I love pick coffee. It's good stress release. But when I go
down here to this place, you try taste the water. The water no taste like the way it when
taste before. Cumulative, yeah? All these things building, building, building, not
meeting any of these numbers I just referred to. There are some explosions going on
down there. All of a sudden, where I used to suck water out of the stone, no more, gone.
Whenever we level off one parcel of land so we can build our project, what you do with
the underground waters? It's not coming out. Never need take water before `cause we
used to pound opihi, whatever, up and down over there. No need put water, you can just
suck the rock, and people laugh when we say that. That's what we used to do, `cause the
water come right out of the rock. Now no can.
We need to make that known, `cause I'm concerned about that coral reef, the habitat
replenishment that we trying to accomplish and fishery replenishment, yeah.
It says Article XI, Section 6, "The State shall have the power to manage and control the
marine, seabed and other resources located within the boundaries of the State, including
the archipelagic waters of the State, and reserves to itself all such rights outside state
boundaries not specifically limited by federal or international law. All fisheries in the sea
10
waters are of the State not included in any fish pond, artificial fish enclosure or state -
licensed mariculture operation shall be free to public, subject to vested rights and the
right of the State to regulate the same; provided that mariculture operations shall be
established under guidelines enacted by the legislature, which shall the protect public's
use and enjoyment of the reefs. The State may condemn such vested rights for public
use."
See, the public right they talk about it says, "fish ponds... public... subject to vested
rights." That's all Hawaiian rights, to our fish, to our ponds. The State is regulating our
rights to subsist.
These projects, I don't know of one of these projects that they going not only help us
protect our ponds, help us protect our quality of our resources, but, I guess it's `cause
long standing attitude, yeah?
Though, I appreciate Mr. Yuen is going to take `em back to County Council. Hopefully,
we can redraft the whole Planning Commission process because I want a place where I
can complain, I want a place where the Commissioners going to take my complaint,
going call me in the next couple of weeks and tell me that this permission, and when the
hearings going to be held to bring forth the people that has done me wrong. That's what
I'm looking for. I'm not looking for this kind Contested Case stuff, `cause you guys
putting the burden on me. And the Ka Pa`akai case says, this is your mandate, this is
government's mandate. You guys protect my rights, whatever those rights are.
Finally, under Article XIV of the State Constitution, it talks about Code of Ethics. In the
Hokulia case, we only could prove one, one corruption; that's all we could prove, one.
People on the take, okay? We have corruption in our Planning Department, big time, big
time corruption. Question is proving it. So, here's another one, I guess, note to the
Commission.
"The people of Hawaii believe that public officers and employees must
exhibit the highest standard of ethical conduct and that these standards come from
the personal integrity of each individual in government. To keep faith with this
belief, the legislature, each political subdivision and the constitutional convention
shall adopt a code of ethics which shall apply to appointed and elected officers
and employees of the State or the political subdivision, respectively, including
members of the boards, commissions and other bodies.
"Each code of ethics shall be administered by a separate ethics
commission, except the code of ethics adopted by the constitutional convention
which shall be administered by the state ethics commission. The members of
ethics commission shall be prohibited from taking an active part in political
management or in political campaigns. Ethics commissioners shall be selected in
a matter which assures that independence and impartiality.
I1
"Each code of ethics shall include, but not limited to, provisions on gifts,
confidential information, use of position, contracts with government agencies,
post -employment, financial disclosure and lobbyist registration and restriction.
The financial disclosure provisions shall require all elected officers, all candidates
for elective office and such appointed officers and employees as provided by law
to make public financial disclosures. Other public officials having significant
discretionary or physical powers as provided by law shall make confidential
financial disclosures. All financial disclosure statements shall include, but not
limited to, sources and amounts of income, business ownership, officer and
director positions, ownership of real property, debts, creditor interests in insolvent
businesses and the names of persons represented before government agencies."
We only could prove one and we're working on the others. We want clean government,
sick and tired of rubber stamping, people passing some shenanigans, going on behind the
back doors of the community. So I said what I said. My father always tell me before I
pan, kuka kuka, he said, if there's anything that I said that I offended anyone in this
room, ekalamai iaou. Mahalo.
FUJIKAWA: Okay, thank you very much. Commissioners, you have any
question to the testifier? Applicant representative, any question? None? If none, is there
any other in the audience who would like to testify? None. Staff, you have any question
or statement?
HAYASHI: No questions.
FUJIKAWA: Okay. Commissioners, I would like to make a motion to close the
public hearing. Do I hear -?
FUKE: Excuse me, Mr. Chairman.
FUJIKAWA: We have a testifier?
PUBLIC: I'm here to testify on the Soto project?
FUJIKAWA: Sony?
PUBLIC: The Soto project.
FUJIKAWA: The Soto project?
FUKE: It's on the next application.
HAYASHI: That's the next one.
FUJIKAWA: It's on the next agenda.
12
FUKE: Mr. Chairman, if I may like -.
FUJIKAWA: Mr. Fuke.
FUKE: As I, thank you very much. As I indicated earlier, I wanted to kind
of defer making any comments relative to the discourse that occurred prior to the public
testifier. But, if I may, I'd like to, you know, use this opportunity -.
FUJIKAWA: Go ahead.
FUKE: I guess I'd like to kind of preface the comment by noting that I
don't really relish having to take issue with the Planning Department; I think nobody
wants to. Maybe that's a reflection of the respect of the power of the office, but in many
respects and, personally, there's a lot of respect for the Director himself. But, however,
in this particular instance, I must take issue because I think that the processing of this
application has been highly unorthodox, have been very irregular.
I'd just kind of like to give you some background. When the Coastal Zone Management
law was passed back in 1975, one of the provisions for the Coastal Zone Management,
under the Coastal Zone Management law, provided for like a concurrent processing of
applications. The genesis behind that thought was that, the feeling was that, you know,
the islands or the State was highly over -regulated but under -managed and, as a result,
they came up with this concurrent processing.
In my 25 years of dealing with this particular statute, there have been times when the
SMA application and the zoning had not occurred concurrently; and that has always been
at, as the Director has indicated, the Applicant's choice. However, where the Applicant
applies for both applications, as in this situation here, it has always been processed
concurrently.
The bifurcation of this process, like what, that is to say, like holding up this SMA and
letting the zone change go through, has been recommended by the Department. From the
Applicant's standpoint, even like my evaluation, it's like this is the first time that it has
happened. It has been done without any prior notice. There's no changes to the rules of
the Planning Commission on this matter, which is to say that under what circumstances
can an application where it had been filed for a dual application or multiple applications
that the Commission or the Director can withhold one and not process another. I think
that if there is going to be a system like that then the rule should clearly articulate that.
Absent that, you know, you have rely on whatever has happened.
Specifically, on this matter, too, like, you know, in addition, too, there has been no
changes to the rules. Please understand that the department has had this application for
well over six months and today is our third public hearing on this matter. If there was
any indication that this item should be bifurcated, then the Applicant, out of due courtesy,
should have been properly notified; and then maybe action can be taken accordingly. But
to be saddled hearing after hearing with curve balls at the end to say like, we've got to
13
continue, we've got to continue, you know, for different reasons, to me it seems very
highly irregular.
The Planning Department's position is that if the Council enacts the ordinance, that it's
going to be different, it could be different for the SMA and so it really would necessitate
the voidance of the permit. Well, that is true, that is true. But, again, every situation, if
that's the case, then what happens is that the Applicant has to come back again. If the, if
whatever, if the Council, for example, if the Council passes the ordinance and they
impose conditions that are substantially different than what has been represented here,
what the Applicant can go through, vis-a-vis the SMA Permit, then obviously you have to
go in for an amendment.
On the other hand, if the County Council in its wisdom decides that the application
should be denied, that is to say the zone change, then you don't have an SMA Permit.
And that's the way that an SMA Permit has always been structured in situations like this
where you have the effective date of the SMA is the effective date of the zone change.
So if don't get a zone change, then you won't get a valid SMA, you don't have a valid
SMA.
If after the Council, let's assume positively that the Council passes the Project District
ordinance; and if you need to have an amendment, then you go before the Planning
Commission. If you don't need to have to go through, you know, if you don't need an
amendment, then you just leave it and then you proceed based on the constraints that's
imposed on the Council, zone change conditions and/or the SMA conditions. Whichever
is more restrictive you'd have to abide by. It's the same way where you have the Land
Use Commission and, also, like the County Zoning Code. If you have a restrictive
condition that the Land Use Commission may impose over what the County requires,
then you have to still comply.
The Department's position, so the question right now is, like, why do you necessarily
have to mandate another round of hearing, another, you know, another opportunity for
this matter to come before the same body on the fourth go -around or maybe fifth?
The other point that was brought up and the reason was that it would not greatly
inconvenience the Applicant. The Applicant strongly disagrees. It surely does, because
otherwise we wouldn't be making this kind of position. But there is substantial costs
associated with having to come before the Commission time after time after time after
time, particularly when there's very little public, you know, adverse public comments on
that. You know, there are a few. But, you know, the Commissioners have seen a number
of applications where you've had a whole wealth of, a whole litany of public testifiers
coming before you that generate questions that must be answered.
You know, the inconvenience comes not so much in terms of the costs that the Applicant
has to withstand relative to having all these consultants coming in, but it also affects the
cost relative to the delays in attracting interested investors, particularly in this climate
when there's so much anxiety over the status of permits.
14
The other point that's brought up is that the Applicant is not ready to start the project,
there's no financing. That's true, that's true. But I tell you, you ask every applicant that
goes for an SMA Permit, you ask them if they have a construction plan prepared. Very
rarely you'll find an applicant ready to proceed once the SMA Permit is issued. The next
applicant before you, you know, you have a conceptual drawing basically no different
than what you have on the board there. And if you ask them, you have a construction
plan? They're going to say no. More than likely they'll say no. Part of the reason why is
that you don't what kinds of conditions may be imposed by the department or by the
Commission, which may force you to go back to the drawing boards and make some
adjustments. If, for example like, you know, this project were designed for like about
three- or four-story high, like, you know, a 50 -foot high building, for example, and the
Commission requires as the Director is proposing that the height of the building not
exceed 40 feet. Then you've got to go back to drawing board. You have to, you know,
make some changes. But, alternatively, if you want to take the risk and prepare your
construction plans, pay your architects, pay your engineers to do all of the structural and
the civil evaluation to construct something predicated on a 50 -foot high building and you
got to make the changes, well, that's all money down the drain.
And, so, almost always, you'll find situations where, and this is based on my 15 or 16
years of working with applicants, be it small or large, and that's the situation. You, very
rarely you'll find someone coming in with construction plans at this level.
And I think that part of the reason why is that, you know, there's so much anxiety, more
recently, you know, there's so much anxiety, there's so much, you know, controversy,
there's a lot of turmoil going on with the permitting system. And I cannot help but feel
the way we are right now. I have a difficult time being in a position to advise clients like
what is or what cannot be done, you know, just as a result of recent judicial decisions.
And more than that, right now, if they ask me, can we or can we not do concurrent
processing, I've got to tell them I don't know.
The other question that was articulated over here is that what you see over there is
probably maybe not what you're going to get. That is true, because we don't know what
the conditions may come about. But, that's why, you know, if you look at the proposed
conditions that's been recommended by the Director for the Project District, you have all
these envelopes that you have to kind of be, you have to massage the project. You have
to massage the project to comport with it. Almost all the Project Districts, and there's
been a number of Project Districts that have been approved, you'll find that they don't
necessarily comport to exactly what you see over there.
The most recent one I can think of which I was involved in is the Manini`owali project.
The Manini`owali project, you know, right next to Kuki`o, you know, you were talking
about a 174 -acre area which is almost twice as large as this area. You talked about like a
900 -room project, you talked about a golf course; and, today, we don't have that.
15
But in the process of approving the SMA and in the process of filing for the application,
you know what we had to do? We had to come up with reports that would show what is
the maximum impact related to the project that you're asking for. If you scale back, then
you know that the impacts are going to be concomitantly reduced. So, like in the
Manini`6wali situation, they started off with the project for 900 units and a golf course,
they're going to end up with less than 200 units.
But all of the other conditions that are non -density related, they still have to comply with.
The setback, the open space adjacent to Kua Bay, the access conditions, they all have to
meet. The only thing that they are deviating from, are like their project, their project
goes.
I think that in some, all I can say is that the Applicant, I think, is waiting very patiently.
The first hearing could have been held in July but it was not. We had a hearing in
August. Then in September, you know, with the request to defer indefinitely until DOT
response, we got this hearing here. Now we've been asked, at least through the
Commission, through the Department, rather, to say hold off until the County Council
acts on it. And then like the Applicant now is wondering like so what happens? After
the County Council acts, you know, is it now going to be another reason why we're going
to have to defer this thing?
And the other, you know, the Applicant has been following the rules. Unless the rules
have changed, you know, they've been following the rules that the Commission has
established through your Rule 9. And, as a result, you can understand that they find, the
request for having this thing continued or deferred, pushed back, is somewhat
disconcerting.
The Department has come forth with proposed recommendations and conditions relating
to the Project District. Generally, we are supportive of, well, obviously we're supportive
of the favorable recommendation. But relative to certain conditions, we do like to request
some changes.
If the Commission in its wisdom feels that you're comfortable in acting on the SMA
application, I do have, I prepared, like the last couple days, the reasons for the approval.
It's basically like a proposed Findings of Fact with the Conclusions of Law and all of the
conditions. And the conditions, with a few exceptions, parallel the Project District
ordinance recommendation that's offered by the Planning Department.
I go back again, one final point. The plan you see over there is the plan that the
Applicant would like to develop; and that is what the environmental assessment, all of it,
testimony, everything dealt like with the plan that you see over there. It did not deal with
the Project District zoning with no plans at all.
So, I'd like to, I guess, with the Commission's indulgence, just pass this, you know, for
your consideration. If you decide to exercise it, then it's fine. If you decide to defer it,
and, well, that's the Commission's prerogative as well.
16
FUJIKAWA: You may go ahead and present it to the staff. Go ahead,
Commissioner Kubota.
KUBOTA: While we're in this process, in the event that the Commission
decides to not defer, is the County prepared with our own set of conditions?
FUJIKAWA: Maybe the Director could answer that.
YUEN: I'm sorry. Is the County prepared to -? I'm sorry.
KUBOTA: With the SMA conditions, are we prepared with our own
conditions? We saw the Applicant's conditions that he's proposing or submitting. But
do we have our own in the event that the Commission decides not to defer? I mean,
that's a distinct possibility.
YUEN: We would ask for a time perhaps a half an hour or so to reword the
conditions on the Change of Zone into the SMA Permit.
KUBOTA: So we will be able to manipulate that in some fashion at a later
point when the decision is made pro or con?
YUEN: If the Commission's wish is to vote in favor of the SMA Permit
with appropriate conditions, the Department could come up with those conditions, given
a recess of a half an hour or so.
KUBOTA: Thank you.
FUJIKAWA: Okay. At this time here, Commissioners, I'm going to ask for a 5 -
to 10 -minute break for you people to go ahead and review the paper that was presented to
you. Okay? So, for the general public, you may take a break for 5 minutes, 10 minutes.
Thank you.
RECESSED The Chair recessed the meeting at 10:13 a.m.
RECONVENED The meeting reconvened at 10:26 a.m.
FUJIKAWA: Will the meeting come to order. We are continuing the hearing on
Clifto's Kona Coast, LLC. The meeting is now proceeding. Where we left off was the
owner's representative's testimony and, Planning Director, you have comment or a
statement to make?
YUEN: Yes. I'd like to say that consultants, applicants and
Commissioners should always feel free to disagree with me and argue with me. I'm a
little concerned about some things that were said because they seem to imply that we're
17
trying to create obstacles for this Applicant for some unknown reason; and that's not the
case. The obstacle that I'm suggesting are for the reasons stated.
This has been phrased as a question about concurrent processing, whether they're
allowed concurrent processing. They have been allowed concurrent processing. The
only thing the Department is recommending is that the Planning Commission defer
voting on the SMA Permit until after the County Council has voted on the rezoning. This
would probably involve a delay of perhaps six weeks from the time of voting to get the
matter back on the agenda, depending on when the Kona meeting is involved. My,
procedurally I would suggest that the Commission, after voting on the Change of Zone
recommendation to the Council, continue hearing on the SMA Permit. That will ensure
that, this being a continued hearing, there's no open opportunity for a Contested Case
hearing to be requested. That's not something that we're trying to create here.
What we were meeting, while we, in the meeting between our talk about this a few
minutes ago, I was racking my brain to try to think of examples in this administration of
concurrent processing of rezoning applications and SMA Permits. I can think of only
two that have been brought to the Commission so far during this administration. Those
would be the Pepeekeo one that I mentioned earlier, a very small scale rezoning, and Alii
Cove, which was a rezoning of a project that was rezoned for 90 residential, single-family
residential units to a 200 -unit condominium in RM. In that, in Alii Cove, we knew what
it was going to end up being. If the rezoning was approved it'd be a residential project.
We had no question of it being a mix of uses and not knowing what the ultimate use
would be. We had a site plan with, exactly out, of the buildings, and how it would be
built. We had a great deal more information and a great deal more certainty of what their
final result would be than we have before us here today.
As far as practices over 25 years, I cannot speak to those. I do feel strongly that we have
to be very careful about the decisions that we make. I don't, it's not for me to sit here
and criticize the way things were done in the past. I do think that we should and must try
to do, make our decisions as best we can. If we take a while to make a decision, that's
fine. What we have proposed in front of us is a project that is considerably larger in
ultimate square footage than the Keauhou Shopping Center. I believe it's larger than the
Crossroads Center in Kona; it's considerably larger than the Wal-Mart Center in Hilo; it's
larger even, I mean in total acreage its larger than Prince Kuhio Plaza. I don't know
about the square footage of it being involved. So you're talking about a major, major
decision.
I do take exception to the phrase "curve balls" in talking about the processing that's
going on till this date. We did ask for two time, we did ask for the Commission to delay
decision on this, awaiting comments from the State Department of Transportation, on the
previous two hearings. This is a very important, this application has important
implications for the use of the Kaahumanu Highway and the traffic is a major issue here.
We had no comment or information from the department in charge of that highway, about
how they wanted to handle this application. We are trying to, as best we can, coordinate
land use planning with transportation planning. I make no apologies for asking for those
iE
deferments. It would be highly irresponsible for us to proceed to make a decision without
having heard from the State Department of Transportation on a project of this size and
this potential importance of impact.
On concurrent processing in general, there's another example of concurrent processing
that is allowed and the Department has, as a matter of practice, not allowed. And that is
concurrent processing of matters that go to the LUC with rezonings. So we haven't
allowed those generally for the same reasons that I've talked about here. There has been
a concern on the part of the department that we don't know how the project is going to
come out of the LUC and, so, it would be a duplication and a double effort to allow the
rezonings to go through prior to the LUC's final action, although the statutes are,
although the statutes do allow that.
I bring that up as a parallel because what we have is something that's closer to an LUC
level action, not a typical kind of relatively small SMA/rezoning that you see in other
cases in the past.
On the question of giving notice to the Applicant, as I say we have allowed concurrent
processing. This matter has been concurrently processed. We're simply allowing for
deferment in the hearing. I think about a month ago, I told Mr. Fuke that I was leaning
toward recommending denial of the SMA application as a matter of being premature. On
further reflection, I think that this is the right way to do it, to defer, to continue hearing on
the SMA application until after the Council acts.
FUJIKAWA: Mr. Fuke, you have a response to the Director's comment?
FUKE: Just a couple. Maybe, I'm song, Chris, we talked about "curve
balls," maybe this is the season, you know, since baseball, you know, but, the playoffs
and all that stuff -. But if I'm hearing correctly, one of the reasons -. And I can
understand having to continue the hearing at the last meeting because you wanted to wait
until Department of Transportation Highways provided comments to the agency and,
`cause Queen Kaahumanu Highway is a major highway and it falls under the jurisdiction
of the State. But you have that comment, you already have that comment.
The other thing is that, as I, just to reiterate, what you see is like what the Applicant
wants to do at a maximum level. Whether that gets implemented or not is another thing.
If they wish to exceed the "envelope," other than what is presented here in this
application, they have to come back before the Planning, you know, to this Commission
to request for an amendment. My question and, therefore, is that if you assume -. And
then the Director is saying that they want to withhold a decision pending the outcome of
the Council's decision. So, as I indicated earlier, if the Council decides to nix the Project
District zoning, this thing is zero, you know, you don't have anything. It's not really a
waste of time because we've already been here three times already anyway.
The other thing, if the Council elects to, let's make the assumption that the Council
approves the Project District zoning, as recommended by the Planning Director. My
19
question then, you know, is that can you not then, therefore, look at this project and, on
that basis of what you're recommending for the Project District, make your
recommendation accordingly? That's all we're saying. The recommendation that I had
structured, you know, for the Commissioners' consideration, is predicated largely on the
Director's reason for recommending the Project District zoning. There are a few changes
only in relation to the conditions; but aside from that they're pretty much the same.
We're not representing a project, you know, through conditions that would be
significantly different from what you see on the board and what's contained in the
application.
FUJIKAWA: Okay. Thank you, Mr. Fuke. Commissioners, you have any
question with Mr. Fuke or the Planning Director?
KUBOTA: Mr. Chair?
FUJIKAWA: Go ahead, Ms. Kubota.
KUBOTA: I'd like to clarify my comments earlier in the morning to the
Planning Director in regards to procedure. I guess, it didn't dawn on me what it was that
was bothering me but it was something that was bothering me. And I think listening to
Mr. Fuke give his testimony, it brought to light the fact that we were operating under a
set -- I hate to call it past practice because I don't think that holding to, solely to past
practice is the right way to go -- but we have a set of procedures that we follow, like a set
of past practice. Okay. Now, without making any changes to that, we're suddenly
confronted with a, I'm suddenly confronted with a recommendation from the Department
that is entirely different from what I was used to; and I think that was really bothering
me. Because the reasons for the deferral that the Planning Director postured in the
recommendations are similar, that, that could apply to any that we considered before. So
I wondered why this particular one was so different that it had to be deferred, other than
the fact that the size and the conceptual design is there. And I don't see that that differs
from any other applications that we received and processed. So I couldn't see any
difference. And so I kept asking, what is the difference, what is the difference in this
particular one that is different from all the rest that we processed? And part of the thing
that's bothering me, I guess, is that it came upon a Commissioner, I. And I don't know
how you others feel, but I feel that I didn't expect this change in procedure without being
notified because these are, I guess, rules that we have and our rules permit concurrent
processing. And we've never had what I just heard as a nice word, bifurcation. So it
bothered me, and I kept looking for a reason for it, and I still don't feel I'm satisfied.
FUJIKAWA: Okay. Commissioner Graham?
KUBOTA: Wait a minute, wait a minute. Just before I leave, I wanted to ask
the Planning Director, is it my understanding that, hereafter, hereafter, all, what shall I
say, applications for SMA will be looked upon at, on individual basis? It will not be any,
we will not, they will be bifurcated or they may not be bifurcated, they will not, we will
not automatically process them concurrently?
20
FUJIKAWA: Planning Director?
YUEN: There's no rule that requires concurrent processing. I would not
say that we will always, that the department will always have concurrent processing. We
would have a reason for not having, if we did. If we had a similar situation to this
application, we would have concurrent processing, but we more likely would ask for a
similar deferral of the final decision by the Planning Commission. There are likely to be
much simpler applications where we would recommend that the Planning Commission go
ahead and grant the SMA permit, subject to the rezoning going through. But, as I said,
those would be in the simpler and less complex kinds of applications.
FUJIKAWA: Is there any question, Ms. Kubota?
KUBOTA: So we will have criteria for determining whether one ought to be
concurrently processed or bifurcated, we will set up those for ourselves? Is that what
you're saying, or the Planning Director will have them so that we can see -?
YUEN: I can put that out in a memo, if I can put that out in a memo to
staff. I don't think that's a matter for a fixed rule.
KUBOTA: Right now, as it -. Let me just get it out. Okay, right now it seems
to me that you're the party that is the sole judge of whether it'd be concurrently processed
or bifurcated, it's your recommendation that we act upon. Right? And we -?
YUEN: Well, let's -.
KUBOTA: No?
YUEN: Let's take this at two stages, all right?
KUBOTA: Okay.
YUEN: The first stage is whether the Department will allow the
applications to move together, the SMA Permit.
KUBOTA: Yeah.
YUEN: My reading of it is that the Director does not have to allow the
applications to be moved together, that the Director could hold or reject the SMA Permit
application until the SMA, until the rezoning is granted. We did not do that in this case.
KUBOTA: Yeah.
YUEN: And I do not, I think that that would be an unusual situation. And,
so, I think at that level it's up to the Director. And, as I say, we did not do that in this
21
case. As, what we're doing here is suggesting, I'm recommending that the Commission
not vote on the SMA Permit until after the Council has granted the rezoning, rather than
issuing an SMA Permit on the expectation that the Council will grant the rezoning. That
decision of whether to defer or not is up to the Commission.
KUBOTA: Yeah. That's where I'm asking you why, why, why are you asking
us to defer it until the Council acts on the change, the other, what is it called now, it's,
rezoning. Why are you asking us? I just want an answer, that's all, other than what's
here. Because they apply to everybody else, is what I'm saying. I find it very confusing.
YUEN: I've done my best to explain that this application is, involves a
great deal more uncertainty and a great deal more of a possible change of the use than the
other applications we've gone ahead and said, well, the Planning Commission ought to
go ahead and vote on the SMA Permit at the same time as the rezoning. It's a question of
the scale of the project, the different kinds of uses that are proposed and the relatively
unformed nature of the application. If you, and I've tried to explain how that differs from
the few examples that I can think of in my administration of concurrent processing of
rezoning and SMA Permits so that we, it's not a question of there being some, that it's on
some kind of personal level, or this particular applicant, or this particular consultant, or
any other kind of improper reason for recommending this.
KUBOTA: Okay. I guess, to bring this to a closure, Mr. Chairman, I, perhaps
the Planning Director and I will, are looking at this project from a different perspective.
He was looking at it critically from a trained planner's perspective. I am looking at it
from a lay person's perspective; and I find the conceptual design no different from the
others that have come before us. It's a conceptual design and others have been
conceptual designs. I don't look at, upon this as any different. And the Planning
Director seems to see it differently. And, forgive me, but I have a layman's eye and I
can't see that.
FUJIKAWA: Thank you for your point of concern. Commissioner Graham?
GRAHAM: Mr. Fujikawa, I have a question with regard to the Applicant but
they're not about this particular procedural issue. So if anybody else has comments about
the, proceeding with this, it may be better to hear them first and then maybe you can get
back to me about some other questions I have with the Applicant.
FUJIKAWA: Complying toward the Applicant's representative?
rer:>._�:r_���•r-.jai
FUJIKAWA: Mr. Fuke?
SPRINGER: With regard to the process -.
FUJIKAWA: Oh, Commissioner Springer?
22
SPRINGER: I'm looking at our Rule 9-11; and there's a section in there which
reads: "Any such hearing shall, whenever possible, be held jointly and concurrently with
other applicable hearings for the proposed development." So reading that part of the rule,
I understand more clearly Commissioner Kubota's concern. I wonder if at some point the
rule might be amended to erase the practice that the Director's now suggesting to read at
any such, "Any such hearing shall be held jointly and concurrently or separately and
sequentially." But I don't see a rule or, "shall whenever possible" sounds softer to me.
Then I hear the interpretation of Commissioner Kubota and also Mr. Fuke. But I do
agree with Mr. Fuke that the planning process should have consistency and there should
be predictability for the applicant, for the Commissioners, and also for the citizenry.
Lunakanawai Haunaio spoke earlier about citizen anxiety and turmoil, juxta pose with
applicant anxiety and turmoil regarding the lack of confidence in the planning process
that the citizenry has. So we really have a, quite a jumble of concerns before us. And I
hope that we can work together towards consistency and predictability through the
process. Thank you.
FUKE: Mr. Chairman, can I just make one comment on that?
FUJIKAWA: Go ahead, Mr. Fuke.
FUKE: I appreciate your comment, Commissioner Springer. I guess, just
one comment, I guess, before I answer Mr. Graham's question. It's that if you fast
forward like five or six months from now or whenever the Council takes action on the
zone change and if the zone change that's recommended by the Planning Director is
approved with minor modifications, I guess, my question is like, and then what? You
know, will the department be in a position to make a recommendation and will the
recommendation be any different than what it would have been if the property were
already zoned, based on all of the information you have on file? The whole idea behind
concurrent processing is to really minimize duplicity of effort. And, so, if it comes to
pass that the Council approves something that is radically, it's a radical departure from
what we represent in this application before you, it is obvious we have to come back to
the Commission for an amended SMA or possibly a new SMA. Alternatively, if what
you see is approved by the County Council, you won't have to revisit this issue. That's
the whole essence of concurrent processing.
I think that this whole issue of concurrent versus sequential processing, you know, if you
want to, or not you, you personally, but if generically, you know, if you want to revisit
this whole issue, then fine, it can be revisited. But it has to be, you know,
comprehensively revisited, you know, by the entire Commission with the public. And
check the State laws again; and if they don't want to have concurrent processing, then
fine, eliminate that. It's better than to saying that, "Yeah, maybe this situation you can,
this situation you cannot." What do we tell the applicant? What kind of applications do
we prepare? And that's the dilemma that we, as a consultant, probably, and a number of
other people over here who are consultants, we face, `cause we have to advise. And if we
don't know what to advise, it's really hard. And if you ask your staff, what would they
23
advise, too, they wouldn't know. So it has to be clear. You need to have a predictable
system. Whether we like it or not, cannot help. Until it's changed, what can we do?
That's my point now.
FUJIKAWA: Well, is there any question of the Director?
YUEN: Very briefly. We are having concurrent processing and we're
having concurrent hearings. I'm simply asking that the decision-making be delayed until
after the Council acts.
FUJIKAWA: Commissioners?
SPRINGER: No, thank you.
FUJIKAWA: None? Go ahead, Commissioner Graham.
GRAHAM: Can I, shall I go back to where I was before about wanting to ask
the Applicant about some context questions about the project and all?
FUJIKAWA: You may.
GRAHAM: Thanks. Mr. Fuke, I know the last meeting we had, I meant to
comment to you that I was concerned about the community impacts of this project and
other projects, and things like that; and that, you know, that will be on my mind at the
next meeting. And I noticed today you did have a couple of the consultants along; and
I'm very appreciative of that. And, if I may, I would like to just ask them a couple of
questions about this project and how it relates to others.
FUKE: Okay. If I could just introduce like who are here-.
GRAHAM: Thank you.
FUKE: Just for information. We have like Dr. Steve Dollar and Tom
Nance. They were consultants hired to evaluate both the groundwater and water quality
impact. We have Ron Yamamoto of M&E Pacific who did the traffic study. We have
Robert Rechtman, who did the archeological report; and we also have Scott Ezer from
Halbert Hastert who basically prepared the environmental assessment.
GRAHAM: Because I'm largely interested in ocean and waters issues, I'd like
to just ask a question to Mr. Nance and then Mr. Dollar thereafter?
FUKE: Sure.
GRAHAM: Thank you?
FUKE: They've been paid, so let them work.
24
GRAHAM: Pardon?
FUKE: They've already been paid, so let them work.
FUJIKAWA: Is there any other question from the Commissioners to either the
Director or the Applicant's representative? If not, you have heard both sides, the
Applicant's representative and the Director's -.
GRAHAM: I have questions.
FUJIKAWA: Oh, I see. Okay. The Commissioner wants to question the two
fellows that's coming up. Can you sign in. Staff, can you give them paper to sign on the
application?
FUKE: They actually are not public testifiers.
FUJIKAWA: Oh, they're not testifying.
FUKE: They're part of the consultant's team.
FUJIKAWA: I understand. Okay. Can you, first of all, raise your right hand?
Both of you. Do you swear to tell the truth to the Hawaii County Planning Commission
on the matter you're an expert on?
CONSULTANTS: I do.
FUJIKAWA: First of all, state your name and your address into the mike.
NANCE: I'm Tom Nance. My address is 680 Ala Moana Blvd. in Honolulu.
FUJIKAWA: Okay. And then the next fellow?
DOLLAR: My name is Steven Dollar. My address is 1039 Waakaua Place,
Honolulu.
FUJIKAWA: Okay, Steve, being that you have the mike, you may proceed and -.
FUKE: They're here in response to possible questions by Commissioner
Graham. So whatever question he has -.
FUJIKAWA: Oh, I see. Commissioner Graham, go ahead.
FUJIKAWA: Go ahead.
W,
GRAHAM: Thanks. I'd like to ask Tom Nance first. Before I go into the
specific, I really wanted to complement you on both the conciseness and specificity of
content as well as the very readability of your work that we have. In the last month, I
read this one about a month ago, and we also received the assessment on the Kohanaiki
project, and so I just want to complement you and say I really enjoyed reading all this
amount material, that I feel like I learned quite a bit. And I feel like you stood on top of
it, and it was also easy reading for me. So thank you very much for that.
I have just a couple of sort of specific questions that will sort of help my understanding of
things and may be useful for the rest of the Commission here. We have this large aquifer
at high level up around Mamalahoa Highway that supplies this side of Kailua-Kona,
supplies potable water. First, I wanted to ask in regard to all the other different
developments around, is that supply and recharge of that aquifer enough that you feel that
the withdrawal of this project in conjunction with the other ones is really not threatening
the sustainability?
NANCE: With regard to the high level aquifer and also the comment about a
little bit of salty water that went on before, until we discovered the high level water in
1990, all the drinking water wells were tapping the basal aquifer, the lower elevation
aquifer. And, unfortunately, in the Keauhou area, it has been over -pumped.
Finally, in 1990, we just, working with Kamehameha Investment, putting some wells, we
found the high level of aquifer. We know it extends from almost as far north as Keahole
into parts of South Kona. The total recharge of that high level aquifer is in the hundreds
of millions of gallons; so supply for this project really isn't a problem. At the moment,
it's really the infrastructure to get the better quality high level water into the system. We
need to complete the mauka-makai link along Hinalani Drive so they can cut back
pumping at Keauhou and start having more of the high level, higher quality water in the
system.
GRAHAM: Thank you. Also, in reading your report, there are a certain
amount that's going to be taken out of the high level aquifer by this project. Yet, the
amount of that ground water flow to the ocean along the mile, downstream of the project
is much less. So I was just wanting to know, kind of the basis, you know, like
conservation energy or conservation matter, how about conservation of water? Where is
the rest of the reduction going to take place?
NANCE: Well, part of my assessment you're referring to was based on
modeling results by the USGS that put in this as -yet unknown geologic feature as a band
of lower permeability that creates a high level behind it and basically starves the base of
aquifer below it. Because some of the water, rather than going through this feature, goes
around it, both to the north and south; so there is a conservation of mass. We're not
making mass disappear or reappear. It's just the amount that comes through directly
makai is only a portion of that withdrawal; and the balance of the withdrawal which
doesn't, won't appear in the ocean is both to the north and to the south of this geologic
feature. So the total draft or total movement of the groundwater of the shoreline will
26
change or be reduced gallon -for -gallon by the pumpage mauka. It's just within the
corridor we're talking about where that reduction is less than the total withdrawal.
GRAHAM: Thank you. I had assumed that but I wasn't sure. And the final
question that I had, when we're speaking of the wastewater treatment, both as far as
going into that Kealakehe wastewater treatment plant as well as the possibility of using
the on-site treatment, before each, I think this was, your numbers here with regard to the
Kealakehe treatment plant, before the wastewater reaches the ocean, that 80 or 90 percent
of the nitrogen phosphorous somehow is not coming through. So it's kind of
disappearing. So the gist of my question on that was, the background for my question is
like what's the long-term situation? In other words, if I had like a filter in my car, then
I'm filtering stuff out, after awhile the filter is more clogged or doesn't filter as well. So
I'm wondering if you understand what the process is all about by which there is what I'm
calling filtering removal of the nitrogen phosphorous and whether you have a sense for in
the long term whether that process may not work so well or how that might go.
NANCE: You need to take the filtering notion and put that on the side
because that's not what's going on. I can't tell you all the processes. But what we're
talking about is chemical changes of dissolved constituents, not physical filtering or
absorbing or anything like that. So it's the same kinds of process that chemical changes
on dissolved constituents ending up accumulating like matter on a filter, that, passing
through in altered forms or they're being degassed or whatever-.
GRAHAM: Right.
NANCE: We're not cumulating -.
GRAHAM: So whatever the process there is that's making the chemical change
on the nutrient level of the water, do you have an understanding such that you could say
that that 80 to 90 percent removal or chemical change will persist over 20 or 40 years, or
whether that the situation may evolve such that it's not so effective in the future?
NANCE: As far as I would understand it, it would not be changed. It will
continue to be what it is. I mean, it's fairly remarkable if you know where the disposal of
the Kealakehe treatment plant effluent is occurring. It's just on the mauka side of the
highway in the fenced off area. And you have Honokohau Harbor which is quite an
intrusion on the shoreline in a point sink for groundwater discharge and relatively short
transit time between the two. That process has been going on for 10 years or so and
remains the same today as it was initially. There's an incredible amount of removal
going on that's actually kind of surprising to me.
GRAHAM:
Thank you.
FUIIKAWA:
For record sake, your name was
NANCE:
Tom Nance.
27
FUJIKAWA: Tom Nance. Sharon, you got it?
NOMURA: Yes.
FUJIKAWA: Okay.
GRAHAM: I have a couple of questions for Mr. Dollar, but maybe the
Planning Director had something -?
FUJIKAWA: Planning Director, go ahead.
YUEN: Just to follow-up with Dr. Nance, you've had a -. Do you know on
the flow, you had how long it takes for groundwater to flow from, say, from the Queen
Kaahumanu Highway to the sea within your report. And I was wondering what the basis
for that was?
NANCE: Okay, it's a little technical but we'll take a shot at it anyway. The
velocity is multiplying the permeability co -efficient times the gradient, the groundwater,
the slope in the groundwater. The permeability co -efficient may be something in the
order of 5,000 feet per day. The gradient may be about one foot per mile or one over
5,000. So when you multiply those together you get one foot per day, as what we call the
Darcy velocity. Water particles themselves actually move through the, not through the
rock itself but through the openings, the effective porosity. We typically think it's about
10 percent. So you take that one foot per day, divided by the effective porosity point 1,
you get a movement on the order of, particle movement of about 10 feet per day. So if
you're going 3,500 feet to the shoreline, 350 days, about a year's time.
FUJIKAWA: Okay, any question now? Commissioner Graham?
GRAHAM: Could I proceed with Mr. Dollar then?
FUJIKAWA: You may. Go ahead.
GRAHAM: Thanks. Still there's a couple of issues that I want to bring up.
Just to the first one, in your conclusions relating to the same issue that I was talking about
with Tom Nance a second ago about the removal of 80 to 90 percent for nitrogen
phosphorus, let's see -. Should I -? I don't have it marked at the present time.
Essentially, in your, and in what I read in your conclusions, you're indicating that
because of a small part of the feed from the high level aquifer into the basal lens is going
to be removed, compared to the amount of water that is being brought down, that,
actually, even though there will be no nutrients coming forth, the water itself, the flow
will be larger. So that, essentially, I think that's pretty close to that what you said. Even
though there's no nutrients moving through, the fact that the water discharges faster it
will essentially compensate that because the nutrients won't be there for it, as long
because of the water flow being greater. Am I correct on that?
28
DOLLAR: Sort of, and actually that's Tom's data that I was just paraphrasing.
What he's saying, and what we're saying, is that he's predicting that the actual amount of
water that will flow through increases.
["AV G�V�
DOLLAR: And the amount of nutrients also increases but by a lesser amount
than the water increases. So you're effectively diluting the water in terms of the nutrient
concentrations. So the loading, the total amount of nutrients will rise a little bit but the
concentration in one volume of water will go down.
GRAHAM: Right, that's the way I understood it. And then so the follow up to
that was to say, since I asked Tom before about, you know, where does the extra water go
-? The extra water goes to other places along the shoreline. So, consequently, I would
infer that if the other places along the shoreline are putting in the same concentrations of
nutrients, their water is also going to decrease. So that the, so the dilution property
you're talking about here is going to work in reverse in areas outside of this model
shoreline, meaning essentially the concentrations will be higher because some of the
basal flow will be reduced. Does that not seem appropriate?
DOLLAR: I think actually this is his answer.
GRAHAM: Okay.
DOLLAR: When we get to the ocean, I could talk about that. We're talking
about, your question is in regards to what to get into the ocean, so I will hand the
microphone back to Tom.
GRAHAM: Okay.
DOLLAR: But I would like to address your other question about the 80-90
percent removal `cause I can add to that a little bit as well.
GRAHAM: Okay.
DOLLAR: But that's a different question.
NANCE: I'm sorry, that was a little convoluted to me to have understood
what you were trying to say.
GRAHAM: Shall I do it differently?
NANCE: Or I could try to restate and see if I've got it correct.
GRAHAM: Good.
29
NANCE: What I had inferred is that we're talking about the strip that is
directly makai of the project; and there's a nutrient loading increase but possibly a
concentration in the ground water decrease. Whereas on other areas which would see
somewhat of a decrease in flow, the loading would be less. The concentration wouldn't
change one way or the other, but the total flow to the shoreline would be less. The
amounts are very, very small but there isn't a change in -. You know, we're pumping
high level ground water. Some of that would have gone around the bay and out at
Keahole Point, for example. And because it's pumped from a well, it doesn't take that
trek out to Keahole Point; but that, nothing in the process has changed its concentration.
There's less water that will go in that direction, a very small amount, not a significant,
but less; but there's no change in the concentration as a result. The only changes in
concentration we're talking about here are things that are happening within the project
itself which impact groundwater beneath the project.
GRAHAM: Yeah. I don't want to pursue this any further. Maybe we can talk
partly about -.
NANCE: Yeah.
GRAHAM: But, anyway, I'm concerned about more than just what's in front
of the project, I'm concerned about the whole area.
DOLLAR: Get back to the 80-90 percent that we see, for instance, removal
from the Kealakehe business. What's going on there is a well documented geo-chemical
process called denitrification. And what happens is that nitrate in a noxic environment,
meaning there's no oxygen, bacteria respiration, and they turn that nitrate into gaseous
nitrogen which then goes up into the atmosphere which air about 80 percent nitrogen.
That's where the nitrate goes. The phosphate is adsorbed what they call is actually stuck
to rocks. So both of these processes which are too technical really to get into now are
well documented; and that's what the reduction is between what comes in as sewage
effluent in this particular case which gets out into the ocean.
The other point that I'd like to make really quick is that, as Tom said, we're talking about
very small amounts here and that what's lost in these discussions is the understanding
that the natural input of nutrients to the ocean from natural occurring groundwater is
extremely high. We're talking about really, really small changes with these projects. So
I don't remember if in this particular report we talked about the overall background
numbers but they're huge as compared to the changes that we're seeing from the project.
If you look at the percentage that they're talking about, they're one percent, things that
aren't really within our ability to measure.
GRAHAM: Okay. One further question. I was reading the PEW Oceans
Report lately, the one that came out maybe six months ago when you were speaking of
the condition of the corals off the Florida Keys. And one of the items they were talking
about there is in the period of time since 1996, they find that over 70 percent of the coral
30
species have disease of some form. And, so, my question to you was do we have any
evidence of disease in the coral in Hawaii and do you have any understanding of what
might be the pre -cursors that allows that disease to take place?
DOLLAR: I actually just have a paper in press now in the General Pacific
Science that addresses coral reef changes here in Hawaii. That's really my other major
area of research. And we, here, in Hawaii are absolutely, totally, distinctly different than
what's going on in Florida. We don't have any evidence of the kind of changes that
they're seeing there; and it's actually throughout the Caribbean, it's not just in Florida.
And what they're finding there, they don't really know what's going on there, either, and
they're finding actually that the reefs closest to the shoreline are healthier than the reefs
offshore. So it's -. The original implication was that these diseases were related to
shoreline development. That's sort of falling apart right now.
But to get back to Hawaii, our reefs here, in general, are in very good condition with
some very localized areas that might be areas of concern. They're usually places where
there's restricted water flow and we don't have the wave activity that flush the water out.
But, overall, our reefs here have not seen that kind of effect. I can say that's coming out
of a publication which I'd be happy to get you a copy of.
GRAHAM: Do we have some of these diseases in Hawaii though that are in
the more recent past that you're aware of?
DOLLAR: We have some diseases but they're not, they've been historical but
they have not -.
GRAHAM: They're not new?
DOLLAR: They're not new and they're not epidemic proportions. Just like
any other population, you have some disease; but it comes and goes and it's not a
problem.
GRAHAM: Thank you both.
FUJIKAWA: Commissioners, any questions? Okay.
HAUANI: Mr. Chairman?
FUJIKAWA: I'm sorry, I'll close the public testimony.
HAUANIO: But you when add something to your agenda item so I want to
make some comments on the additions that the public didn't have the opportunity to
review the changes.
FUJIKAWA: Well, I'll give you a couple of minutes on that, fast -.
31
HAUANIO: Mahalo.
FUJIKAWA: Two minutes.
HAUANIO: Okay, so since I get two minutes -. And I under oath, again, yeah,
Mr. Chair?
FUJIKAWA: (Nodding affirmatively).
HAUANIO: Okay. The experts was talking about the property that they going
be building. Can I get clarification?
FUJIKAWA: (Nodding affirmatively).
HAUANIO: Okay. Now, I want you guys to come with me today, okay, right
after this meeting, we go down to Ho`ona, okay? Ho`ona is right here, okay? You guys
come with me to Ho`ona. We have one opae puka over there. Okay? And how far
distance is, you guys think Hualalai is from Ho`ona, from this point, Hualalai to this
point? Anybody got any estimates? Okay? `Cause this is from traditional and
customary practices, this is where this information is coming from. When you have this
mass of thick heavy clouds, my father guys call `em puapuaanui, yeah? When the
puapuaanui okela, when you look up on Hualalai, when the bugga was really choking up
here, our opae puka fill up, fast, brah. By the time lunch time come, we can oh, they,
ready, bee, hee. So, you know, I no dig this stuff about take, what, one, ten, ten feet per
day. Braddah, no way. You get one other over here, down at, where's, Honokohau, no,
where that place? Over here, yeah, Honokohau. Braddah, all inside here, same thing, get
one right over here, right over here. You guys come with me today, okay? `Cause you
look up mauka, the bugga nui, nui ka, puapuaanui, look `um. We go over here today, fast
the water come, quick.
And you no tell me no mo sick inside our coral reef. I been with the West Hawaii
Fishery Council for a long time, I been with Western Pacific Regional Fishery
Management Council, I know you guys know that, long time. Braddah, we get sick in
our coral reef, we get. And you know what, I piss off. You know why I pissed? Because
you guys gotta do something, you guys gotta stop `em. `Cause I getting, I getting pissed
off, `cause this is lies. You guys talking about my house -.
FUJIKAWA: Excuse, could you properly place your wording -?
HAUANIO: How you be proper when somebody is trying to pollute and kill
your children. Because the quality of life, the quality of what we eat, the `opihi, we gotta
watch out. The kupe`e, we gotta watch out. `Cause our kids getting sick. Lead-based
paint, our kids getting sick. How much more stuff you guys gotta put over here before
somebody come over here and just turn this (expletive) tables all over? Get plenty pepa,
you guys get choke pepa to look through. You know what, come my house, I show you
guys proof. All that stuff on top there, no make sense, not to me. You guys live you
32
guys own house. You guys no, you guys no live with me. Maybe you guys no eat fish, I
don't know. But, man, when speakers come over here and start putting into this report,
public record, and saying nothing wrong with our reefs, no more diseases - Bruddah, get
choke Hawaiians, the bottom of this damn community, we the sickest people. That pisses
me off.
The other part is this place over here -.
FUJIKAWA: Excuse me, can you summarize your -?
HAUANIO: Yeah, this place over here, get plenty family graves. Not only
those two features, get more than that. And you guys going be just like Hokulia, rubber
stamp, rubber stamp. Huh, rubber stamp? Hey, that's bull. No can already. Gotta stop.
`Cause you know why, this is the act, yeah? Why, get people worse than that act in our
community right now, that they no can control themselves and they going look at all the
white people and, yeah, going get chaos. We going start taking out the attorneys, `cause
we get their names, we get their addresses, we get their phone numbers. And you know
what, that's spooky that. But it's not emotion -.
FUJIKAWA: Okay. Your two minutes is up. I must ask you to finalize that.
Okay, Commissioners, any questions? Director? Mr. Fuke? None?
FUKE: Well, the Department has provided the Commissioners with the
recommendation on the Project District zoning. As I indicated in the beginning, we are
appreciative of the favorable recommendation. We noticed, also, however, that there are
like a number of conditions, conditions which somewhat go beyond the normal zone -
change type of applications. But we can understand and can accept a good number of
those conditions. Because they, as I mentioned earlier, they somewhat go beyond the
normal thing, you know, particularly in relation to like the groundwater issue and, you
know, monitoring and all that stuff, but we are, the Applicant is sensitive of this fact.
The Applicant is aware that there have been other projects generally along this coastline,
which somewhat addresses Mr. Hauanio's concern. And conditions relating, for
example, on Conditions M, N and O, that deals specifically with M, N and O as well as
like K -K, they deal like with groundwater monitoring, a water quality monitoring
program and how you treat on-site type of activities so as to minimize potential adverse
impact to the coastal waters. And I think that, in that sense, while those would be like
more appropriately within the SMA Permit, nonetheless, the Applicant has no objections
in having that codified as proposed by the Planning Director. I think they, whether it's on
this permit or the SMA Permit, we believe that it's a fairly responsible position.
There are, however, like only two conditions that we would like to take exception to and,
you know, would like to request the Commission and/or the Planning Director to
favorably consider.
One deals with Condition E. Condition E deals like with establishing the maximum
number of hotel rooms from, to 200. The Applicant, and based on the environmental
33
assessment that was prepared, talked about wanting to have like 400 rooms. And the
reason why they wanted to have 400 rooms, they wanted to have 400 rooms maximum
that would be possibly housed in two or three, and they represented maximum of three,
small hotels. Now, I have been informed by the Applicant that 200 rooms would really
not cut it because they would need to at least have, they would like to have at least two
different type of hotels. In their conversation with different potential hotel operators such
as Marriott Courtyard, the Holiday Inn Express, or even like Travel Lodge, the general
rule of thumb is that you need to have at least like about 125, 150 rooms. And so if you
have the first one coming in, even like a Pagoda, the first coming in and you have like
200 rooms or 250, you pretty much like max out or 200, rather, you know, you kind of
max out the opportunity. So the project, as I mentioned earlier, like the traffic report, the
environmental impact is all predicated upon like a maximum of 400 rooms in this area.
The Director or the Department is recommending that 200 rooms only because of "the
speculative nature" of the market for an airport -oriented business hotel. You can
recognize it, but nonetheless this is like a developer's risk. And so if the market
conditions are such that, you know, there is no demand for a family-oriented or business -
type of hotel, then it will not be built. If it gets built, however, you know, the community
knows what is the maximum exposure.
And, so, in that sense, you know, the Applicant would respectfully request that the
Condition E be amended to restore, be restored to the original proposal of 400 rooms.
And, concurrently, in the Findings of Fact you would have to delete, and if the
Commission is receptive to that restoration of the 400 rooms, you would need to delete
the sentence on page 2 of the Recommendation which states that "The Planning Director
is however recommending..." so on and so forth.
The other change that we'd like to request the Commission to consider relates to
Condition K. Condition K essentially establishes like a minimum size of the initial
increment, basically saying that you need to have a minimum, develop, your first
increment has to be minimum of 30,000 square feet. It's kind of unusual because
normally you establish like a cap on the high side like, what is your, what's the maximum
number that can occur like within the first increment area. But in this situation here it's
establishing like your minimum lower cap. So, in other words, if you have like a project
that comes in, the first phase, maybe they're going to do like a 20- or 22,000 -square foot
project, then that would not be possible because you need to have, based on this
condition, a 30,000 minimum size, size of the project.
We would request, and the Director's rationale is that, you know, you want to avoid, as
it's stated in the report, to avoid creating a scattered strip development pattern along the
Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Now, I think that, if that is the objective, then I think we
have to recognize that the pattern exists not necessarily because of the plan that you see
over there, the pattern exists because of your General Plan and your underlying zoning.
If you don't want to have strip commercial developments, then, you have, you control it
through zoning, and you say like this is where the zoning has to be. But once you have
the underlying zoning, you know, -. For example, strip commercial would probably be
34
along the line, you know, we've all been to Vegas, for most of us anyway, well, again,
Honolulu, you know, you see rows and rows of like automobile row, whatever have you.
But that's done by zoning, that's done by zoning. So if you want to, and in many parts of
the mainland, you know, you have malls after malls after malls, but they're all along the
line, but that's controlled by zoning. Now if the idea is to minimize the strip, strip, and
then like the scattered development, I think that the underlying issue, you know, relates to
the zoning.
Now if you get back to the zoning issue, however, the basic underlying zoning on this
property is already Urban, it's Industrial. So the Applicant is requesting to basically have
it less in terms of, from a visual standpoint, less type of obnoxious than like what is
conventional heavy industrial type of zoning use would be allowed in that particular area.
And I think the other thing to consider is that the Director is also recommending, which is
acceptable to the Applicant, that there'd be a minimum 150 -foot buffer, natural buffer,
from the edge of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway to the subject property. And then if
you look at the project and the way it's landscaped, and it's also like a minimum
30 percent landscaping requirement. So all things considered, we believe that, you know,
it's not really necessary, you know, to have this condition. It makes it very unrealistic for
any developer to be able to fulfill.
So there are a whole bunch of other conditions, many for which we believe should be
more appropriately within SMA, but the Applicant is willing to accept them. And we
respectfully request your consideration in amending just those two conditions, Condition
E and Condition F, K.
FUJIKAWA: Planning Director, do you have response to the Applicant's
request?
YUEN: Yes. I've stood by my recommendations. On the 200 units that,
that's a large project and it is quite a speculative market. If I were to state an underlying
concern about this, it is that this would, that on the makai portion of the property which is
currently zoned Conservation that they might, if they have a very high level of zoning for
the mauka property, they will justify rezoning the makai based on moving some of the
excess, the rezoning from the mauka to the makai. Now, that's an underlying concern
about approving too many units in the same area, apart from what I stated in the
recommendation about the speculative nature of the 200 units as an airport- or a business -
oriented hotel.
On the minimum development increment, the purpose of that is to prevent this from
being developed just as a spot commercial out in the airport vicinity where instead of,
once you have, right now you have a big area of open space. They're asking for a
rezoning to do a major urban development out there. But once you have even a small
project, it takes away from the open space that's there. If you're going to be, if they're
serious about doing a major project, then let's have a major project, and not have a 7-11,
35
a small car rental facility, other kinds of small-scale development that could take place
under this zoning if it goes forward.
FUJIKAWA: Commissioners, any question to the Planning Director?
Commissioner Graham?
GRAHAM: I have a related question for the Planning Director. Actually, I
have a number of concerns about the content of this whole application. I certainly
appreciate the patience and the forthrightness and the completeness of the presentation
and all we received. I recognize that Project District is, of this nature is reasonable within
the General Plan designation of Urban expansion area. However, my concept of planning
is that we have these more localized community plans which sort of refine the General
Plan. They have sort of contradicted but they kind of refine it. And so, consequently, on
this area when I look the Keahole to Kailua Development Plan which is about 10 years
old, in that Plan they talk about how is the development, how the community wishes the
development to proceed along the area within the Kailua and the Keahole Airport. And
when I'm reading this in the plan, they speak of three major development zones. The
coastal zone, which is the low-lying areas makai of Queen K Highway, should be planned
primarily for recreational facilities, parks, open space and resort development. And then
there's a lowland zone, a lower slope zone; and then finally there's a third zone which is
the upland zone from above the 600 -foot elevation. This zone is planned primarily for
residential development and related type schools and village centers. So, my sense is that
this project, having the hotels and having the residences and even in regards to
commercial to some degree, is way out of stuff with the K -to -K Development Plan we
have. So I'm wondering how the Planning Director came forth with a positive
recommendation. Maybe I missed something in the materials that I was given reading
but I'm trying to read up with it.
FUJIKAWA: Planning Director?
YUEN: I looked primarily at the Land Use Concept Map and the K -to -K
Plan which calls, says this is on the border of between ocean -related commercial and
resort residential. If you look at the Land Use Concept Map, I'm not sure what page that
is on the K to K Map.
FUJIKAWA: Is there any other question, Commissioners? Mr. Fuke, you have
any comment?
FUKE: Well, specifically, in response to Commissioner Graham's
question, I think that just looking at the environmental assessment report that was
prepared by Helber Hastert, on page 3-22, I don't have the K -to -K Plan before me but I'll
just kind of read it to you, the last paragraph. "Generalized land uses show the makai
portion of the `O`oma 2nd ahupua`a to be a combination of Ocean
Research/Commercial/Industrial and Resort/Recreation. These specific uses proposed as
part of the project development program are supportive of the K -to -K Plan in many
respects: the project site is proposed for urbanization; they are elements of commercial
36
and resort use; and the commercial uses (retail and office) would support the ocean
research, airport and university activities shown elsewhere on the plan."
GRAHAM: I can certainly hear the words but I don't feel like it addresses, you
know, what I saw in the plan. What I saw in plan has residential development mauka,
considerably mauka.
FUKE: Well, it's, you're talking about that plan?
GRAHAM: I'm talking about K -to -K Plan. You're, what you just read,
Mr. Fuke, I think sort of paraphrases and interprets the K -to -K Plan.
FUKE:
That's correct.
GRAHAM: But I don't think it directly responds to the basic issue of where
should the residential and where should the commercial areas be.
FUKE: Well, I think, in many respects, just hearing what you had, you
know, what you shared as well as like what's contained in the application, it kind of
reflects like a combination of, like mixed use type of activities in that area, you know,
resort, commercial, residential and recreation. And I would imagine like the recreational
component is pretty much like geared, you know, towards the makai area, you know, the
coastal area. So, in a sense, like this project is intended to be reflective of like what's
happening in the general area and trying to create like a community, if you will, a
community of mixed uses which includes, which has residential components as well.
And, at the same time, rather than doing exclusively what only the Industrial zone would
allow, which is presently zoned for, and heavy Industrial zone, you know, this rezoning
would further complement or fulfill the objective of the K -to -K Plan much more than the
present underlying zoning.
FUJIKAWA: Does that answer your question, Commissioner Graham?
GRAHAM: Well, I think we're just expressing how we understand things to
be. It's not like a -.
FUJIKAWA: Right.
GRAHAM: Yeah. So, thank you.
FUJIKAWA: Okay. Commissioners, any other questions to the Applicant's
representative? Okay, Mr. Fuke? Director?
YUEN: On the rezoning, there are a couple of things that we'd like to add
in this. One, the Department, because of, this allows the rezoning of more than 50
residential, multi -family residential units. The Department of Education's fair share
condition should have been put in and we did not. And I would ask that we add a
37
condition to the rezoning, "Applicant shall contribute a fair share to schools, based upon
the Department of Education standards."
We'd also like to slightly rework condition, the road condition, I'm not sure which one,
dedicable road, T, Condition T. Okay. It begins, "All internal roadways, main access
roads, shall be constructed in accordance with the requirements of the Department of
Public Works to dedicable standards, except for cul de sac roads serving residential uses
only," and here I'm going to add a clause, "as allowed under the Subdivision Code and
shall be dedicated to the County upon request at no cost to the County." And then a new
sentence, adding this: "On private roads, any vehicular security gate shall be set back
from collector streets to allow for storage of vehicles and a turnaround on the collector
street side of the gate, meeting with the approval of the Department of Public Works."
FUJIKAWA: Staff, have you written that down?
HAYASHI: Yes.
FUJIKAWA Any other comments, Commissioners? Mr. Fuke?
FUKE: More like, I guess, just, just so that I know. On the DOE
condition, it has been customary that the County has not imposed, you know, fair share
assessment on State -related functions, with the exception of like roadway requirements
like where the project would intersect with the State highway, for example. And I guess
my question is more like a general one, whether this is going to be the policy or the
practice on the part of the administration.
FUJIKAWA: Director?
YUEN: I think on the only rezoning that has come before us to which this
is applicable and we did put in the condition, and the one I'm thinking of is Alii Cove.
FUKE: Okay. And relative to the other proposed conditions, that being the
understanding, then the Applicant would have no objections to that because he
understands that's uniformly applied and it's the position of the Department that they will
be uniformly applied on that.
Condition T, as been recommended by the Director, we have no objections to it.
FUJIKAWA: Okay. Any other comments or questions, concerns,
Commissioners, to the Director or the Applicant? Okay. Do I hear a motion on this?
guess we have to go by the REZ 03-010,
KUBOTA: Mr. Chairman?
FUJIKAWA: Go ahead, Commissioner Kubota?
M
KUBOTA: I move that Change of Zone application (REZ 03-010) be given a
favorable recommendation and forwarded to the County Council, along with the Findings
and Recommendations and conditions, as amended.
FUJIKAWA: Do I hear a second?
SMITH: Second.
FUJIKAWA: It has been moved by Commissioner Kubota that Change of Zone
REZ 03-010 be approved, and seconded by Commissioner Smith. Any question? If not -
FUKE: Mr. Chairman, can I have a -?
FUJIKAWA: Go ahead.
FUKEI I just have a question. Just wanted to understand the motion,
whether like, as amended, like as the Applicant requested they be amended or as like only
what the Director had recommended?
KUBOTA: As the maker of the motion, I will speak to that -.
FUJIKAWA: Go ahead, Mrs. Kubota.
KUBOTA: As recommended, amended by the Planning Director. We have
not really addressed, as a body, the amendments that were proposed by the Applicant.
So, therefore, my motion speaks to the amendments as made, proposed by the Planning
Director.
FUJIKAWA: Is it clear, the rest of the Commissioners?
SMITH: Yeah.
FUJIKAWA: Mr. Smith, who seconded the motion, you agree?
SMITH: Yes.
FUJIKAWA: Okay. All right, staff?
HAYASHI: Commissioner Kubota?
KUBOTA: Aye.
HAYASHI: Commissioner Smith?
SMITH: Aye.
39
HAYASHI: Commissioner Thibadeau?
THIBADEAU: Aye.
HAYASHI: Commissioner Springer is excused. Commissioner Graham?
HAYASHI: Chair Fujikawa?
FUJIKAWA: Aye.
HAYASHI: Mr. Chairman, there are five, excuse me, four aye votes, one no
and one excused.
FUJIKAWA: Okay. So the aye vote took that on the REZ 03-010. The other
motion would be applied toward -.
FUKE: Mr. Chair, I think you need five votes.
FUJIKAWA: We need five votes, that's right.
YUEN: Is Commissioner Springer returning?
FUJIKAWA: I don't know. She had some commitment to take care.
YUEN: Commissioner Springer -?
FUJIKAWA: She had to meet someone -.
SMITH: She's returning she said. She said she was coming back.
YUEN: I would suggest, in all fairness to the applicant, that we, I think the
rules would say that this is an unfavorable recommendation. I prefer not to send, if the
Commission, and because of the four to one vote, it's, it doesn't send a clear message to
the Council because we would send -. And we're not, without getting hyper -technical
about the process of voting on this, I think we should wait. If we could have a, and if she
returns we could revote this matter, and we'll give her an opportunity to vote. Does that
sound like something that we can do?
FUJIKAWA: Corp. Counsel, can you state your -?
O'TOOLE: Well, I agree. I think it's better to get five votes one way or the
other. We could defer it till later on the agenda if Ms. Springer is coming back. Also,
isn't the Chair supposed to -. Oh, but he hasn't participated, well -.
!il
FUJIKAWA: No, he hasn't. In the meantime, is it permissible that we take a
lunch break, to be an hour, and she'll be back.
O'TOOLE: You could take up the SMA.
FUJIKAWA: Yeah, why don't we go to the -. Let's hold off on the -. I guess
we'll end up with the same situation. Right?
YUEN: I don't want to be, I don't want to sound like I'm taking advantage
of the situation. But at the moment we have a vote being taken for an unfavorable
recommendation for the Change of Zone. I don't know that we should vote on the SMA
Permit, given that we really do not have the votes, we don't have the votes to make a
favorable recommendation on the change of zone. I think, and, again, I think in all
fairness, let's wait until, you know, it seems like Commissioner Springer is returning.
Let's wait until she returns and then vote on those matters.
KUBOTA: Is she returning? Is she returning?
FUJIKAWA: Commissioners, how do you feel on that? Are you comfortable
with the Director's -?
KUBOTA: Mr. Chairman? Is Commissioner Springer returning this
afternoon?
FUJIKAWA: It appears to be. Her stuff is here.
KUBOTA: We also have the Chair Galdones joining us this afternoon.
FUJIKAWA: Chair Galdones wasn't in this hearing so -.
KUBOTA: I stand corrected.
FUJIKAWA: So, I guess, I could -.
FUKE: Mr. Chairman?
FUJIKAWA: Go ahead, Mr. Fake.
FUKE: Do we know whether Commissioner Springer is returning or not?
FUJIKAWA: I was told that she has to meet someone for a short bit and
returning.
FUKE: Could we, would the, the department -. I realize, you know, on the
SMA portion, will the Department be in a position, you know, having gone through all of
the discussion today and receipt of the Applicant's proposed Findings and the
41
recommendation, you know, would the Department and/or the Commission be in a
position to make a recommendation on the SMA application at its next meeting? The
next meeting, the next Kona meeting.
FUJIKAWA: The next Kona meeting?
FUKE: Correct.
FUJIKAWA: You want to say anything to that, Director?
FUKE: I realize the Director's position is that he wants to, you know, like,
pretty much like wait until the consummation of the zoning process. I guess, trying to see
whether, you know, because, obviously, the Applicant is at a severe disadvantage right
now because, you know, we're not dealing with the full deck. And, so, what we're
looking at is that whether it's possible for the Commission to defer the action on the
SMA application until your next Kona meeting, and that meeting will be exclusively just
for decision-making.
FUJIKAWA: Corp. Counsel, can you answer to that?
O'TOOLE: Well, I think it's the Commission's pleasure on what they want to
do on that.
FUJIKAWA: Commissioners? Commissioner Kubota?
KUBOTA: Mr., Mr. Chairman, would there be any other alternative to handle
this situation, other than to postpone it to the next meeting for decision-making, or take a
vote now and go, leave it in limbo?
FUJIKAWA: Well, it's the Commissioners' decision.
KUBOTA: Is there another alternative?
FUKE: Well, the Applicant would prefer not having a decision on the
SMA today because if for some reason, you know, you fail to have the required number
of votes, it's my understanding that the application is essentially denied.
FUJIKAWA: Right.
FUKE: And this is like a risk, you know. Having come this far, you know,
and to risk having one person essentially having the, you know, the right for a veto, I
think it puts the Applicant, as the Director had indicated, at a very severe
disadvantageous position. Yet, we can understand that we don't want to have any one of
the Commissioners feel bad and, you know, make another decision, you know, that
would be incongruous with his or her position. So all things considered, I think, you
know, it might be fair and the Applicant would probably be in a better position to have
iN
this matter either continued to your next Kona meeting until where there's a little bit
fuller deck on the Planning Commission and dispose of the SMA portion accordingly.
FUJIKAWA: Commissioner Graham?
GRAHAM: I certainly have no objection to whatever procedural thing gives
the Applicant a fair share on what he wants to do there. I'm just voting my conscience.
think we all understood that. I did notice a little discrepancy in what Mr. Fuke is
proposing with what I think I understood from the Planning Director. I think the
Planning Director's recommendation was that we deal with the SMA after the Council
has acted. And now Mr. Fuke is suggesting that we don't need to deal with it today
where we have a small group but maybe we could deal with it at our next meeting. And
I'm only concerned that we could wind up going to our next meeting and then following
the Planning Director's recommendation to when the Council is finished and you're
going to feel like you've been put off again and again. So I think there's like two
different factors in play. I just wanted to bring it out in the open.
FUKE: I appreciate that comment, Commissioner Graham, except that the
rules provide that the Applicant on its own can make the request. And in this situation
here, I think that we're asking that it be continued, as opposed to like having it continued
for, by virtue of the Department's or the Commission's position. So we're asking that it
be continued.
FUJIKAWA: You're asking for the hearing to be continued?
FUKE: Well, on the SMA portion.
FUJIKAWA: On the SMA portion.
FUKE: Correct.
FUJIKAWA: Okay, what about the other portion of the REZ?
FUKE: Well, as the Director had indicated, if the votes stand as it is, then
the recommendation to the County Council will be basically a recommendation on denial
for lack of five votes one way or the other. And then all of the material that has been
presented to date and all of the discourse contained in the public hearing transcript, will
all be provided to the County Council; and ultimately they're going to have to make a
decision.
Now the concern that the Applicant would have is that if, in fact, the Commission agrees
with the Planning Director's position relative to the SMA, what it means is that if you're
going to hold off on the decision or the recommendation on the zone change, then we
don't know when that position is going to be had. And I think at some point in time, you
know, we'd like to see some measure of closure, you know, on this application. So, in
that sense, like if it has to be the way it has to be where, you know, since the
43
recommendation on the Project District zoning is not a final thing, the SMA decision,
however, is finality, you know, short of having it appealed; and so there's a little bit more
apprehension on the SMA.
FUJIKAWA: Go ahead, Director.
YUEN: Can I make a suggestion? I always think that we should try to
make our decision, the decision should be made by a majority as much as possible. I
have no objection or problem with their delaying. They're asking to delay the vote on the
SMA Permit because, currently, we have five members here. I suppose after lunch we
may have six. And a vote of less than five under the rules is a denial although there is a
possibility for a reconsider -, under the SMA rules, very specific, there is a possibility for
reconsideration vote at the next meeting. All right. If the denial is less than one body of,
if the denial is because no side has five votes, there's a possibility of a reconsideration
vote at the next meeting. But as I say, I have no, I have difficulty with the request that
this be deferred.
On the rezoning, we don't know how Commissioner Springer is going to vote. Rather
than leave this at a four to one, I would suggest that we continue the hearing, either go on
to the Soto item, or go after lunch and hope she comes back; and then see if there are five
votes to be able to send this up to the Council with a definitive recommendation.
FUJIKAWA: Commissioners?
FUKE: Mr. Chairman, if I can just add a comment. We don't know, you
know, like how Commissioner Springer is going to vote; and it may still end up like with
a four -two vote. And, so, we're going to be right back where we started from.
FUJIKAWA: That's right.
FUKE: And then, again, you know, she could recommend favorably. But
from the Applicant's perspective, you know, we would just as soon have it moved on
already.
FUJIKAWA: Okay. All right.
FUKE: And, you know, going up with the negative recommendation. And
the Council will be fully aware of whatever happened today and that, you know,
Mr. Yuen will be in a position to advocate, you know, his position to the entire County
Council.
FUJIKAWA: I understand. Commissioners, understand that?
KUBOTA: Yes.
44
YUEN: Let me ask the Commissioners if they approve of doing the
following, as far as what we're sending to the County Council. And that will be to, this
will be the letter that we would send, we send them a letter explaining that there was a
four -to -one vote, that per the rules say this is a negative recommendation, that the
Applicant asked that no further processing take place at the Planning Commission but
that the Planning Commission did vote in favor of, four -to -one in favor of a
recommendation with a draft ordinance with certain conditions as stated. And then we
would append, this would not be the recommendation of the Planning Commission, but
we would append what the Planning, the recommendation of the Planning Commission
solely on, including the conditions, and send that to the Council.
FUJIKAWA: Commissioners? Commissioner Graham?
GRAHAM: I'm not sure I fully understand Mr. Fake's concern but my sense
would that we best go to lunch now. And since Ms. Springer was here for the full
testimony, it would be good for her if she comes back and if she wants to vote against the
project as I did then we could follow through with what Mr. Yuen suggested. If, in fact,
if she wants to support the project, then it has a positive vote and none of this extra stuff
has to happen at all. It feels to me like the air could be cleared by just going to lunch now
and coming back and see if she shows up. So that's what I would prefer to see happen if
there's not any more substantial problem with that.
FURKAWA: Is that a motion or what?
GRAHAM: Yes, I would like to make that motion. Thank you.
FUJIKAWA: Do I hear a second?
O'TOOLE: Let me ask you, what is the timeframe here? Within 90 days after
receipt, the Commission shall transmit the change on the ordinance, unless the Applicant
agrees to a longer period. So unless he agrees, I don't know if we're in that 90 -day
frame. Do you know, Chris?
YUEN: We're outside of it. It's my understanding that the applicant is
reluctant to agree to a longer timeframe. So I think if they want to send it up after today,
they can do so. If we don't go any further, I'd like the Commission to approve what I
just suggested. If the Commission wants to wait and let Commissioner Springer vote,
that's fine with me as well. I would rather have, see if we can get five votes and send it
up with a recommendation.
FUJIKAWA: We have a motion out there. Commissioner Graham, we have a
motion. Can you repeat on your motion again?
GRAHAM: The motion was that go to lunch at this point and that way we can
wait until after lunch and see whether Commissioner Springer has returned. If she has we
can dispose of it now with six votes instead of the five votes.
45
THIBADEAU: Second.
FUJIKAWA: So moved by Commissioner Graham and seconded by
Commissioner Bill Thibadeau. Any question?
FUKE: Mr. Chairman, can I just ask, more for logistic purposes. So am I
to understand the Commission, you know, if the Commission agrees with this motion that
the Commission would break for lunch, reconvene at one and if Commissioner Springer
is here, then you'll take a vote again. If she's not here then you'll go along with the
recommendation that the Planning Director has offered.
FUJIKAWA: Is that what the -?
GRAHAM: That was my intention.
FUKE: Correct. Thank you very much.
FUJIKAWA: Okay, so no other questions? Staff?
HAYASHI: Commissioner Graham?
GRAHAM: Aye.
HAYASHI: Commissioner Thibadeau?
THIBADEAU: Aye.
HAYASHI: Commissioner Kubota?
KUBOTA: No.
HAYASHI: Commissioner Smith?
SMITH: Aye.
HAYASHI: Chair Fujikawa?
FUJIKAWA: No.
HAYASHI: Motion does not carry. There are three ayes and two noes.
FUJIKAWA: Well, the motion fails. So is there someone else to make another
motion?
46
KUBOTA: Mr. Chairman, are we now back to the motion as passed, that we
send a negative recommendation, with -?
FUJIKAWA:
Right.
KUBOTA:
Oh, I can make a motion that we incorporate into it the suggestion
made by the Planning
Director to accompany the recommendation that we send up to
County Council.
Commissioner Thibadeau?
FUJIKAWA:
That's a motion, do I hear a second?
GRAHAM:
I second.
FUJIKAWA:
It has been moved by Commissioner Kubota and seconded by
Commissioner Graham.
Do I hear a question? If not, staff?
HAYASHI:
Commissioner Kubota?
KUBOTA:
Aye.
HAYASHI:
Commissioner Graham?
GRAHAM:
Aye.
HAYASHI:
Commissioner Smith?
SMITH:
Aye.
HAYASHI:
Commissioner Thibadeau?
THIBADEAU:
Aye.
HAYASHI:
And Chair Fujikawa?
FUJIKAWA:
Aye.
HAYASHI:
Mr. Chair, motion carries, five to zero.
KUBOTA:
Mr. Chairman, I also move -.
FUJIKAWA:
Okay, go ahead.
KUBOTA:
I also move that SMA 03-005 be deferred to the next Kona
meeting.
FUJIKAWA:
Do I hear a second?
47
SMITH:
Second.
FUJIKAWA:
It has been moved that 03-005 SMA would be moved to the next
Kona hearing by
Commissioner Kubota and seconded by Commissioner Smith. Do I
hear a question?
When is the next Kona hearing, tomorrow?
HAYASHI:
Next Kona meeting November 7`h.
FUJIKAWA:
Okay. No question? Staff?
HAYASHI:
Commissioner Kubota?
KUBOTA:
Aye.
HAYASHI:
Commissioner Smith?
SMITH:
Aye.
HAYASHI:
Commissioner Thibadeau?
THIBADEAU:
Aye.
HAYASHI:
Commissioner Graham?
GRAHAM:
Aye.
HAYASHI:
And ChairFujikawa?
FUJIKAWA:
Aye.
HAYASHI:
Chair, motion carries, five to zero.
FUJIKAWA: Okay. Thank you very much.
The discussion ended at 11:56 a.m.
Respectfully submitted,
Sharon M. Nomura, Secretary
BChfWS00TSMAdo 7/1603
COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT
BACKGROUND REPORT
CLIFfO'S KONA COAST LLC
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 03-010)
SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERART (SMA 03-005)
CLIFfO'S KONA COAST LLC has submitted an application for a Change of Zone by
changing the district classification from General Industrial (MG -3a) to Project District for
approximately 83 acres of land, and a Special Management Area Use Permit to allow the
development of a commercial -residential complex consisting of offices, retail uses, multi -family
housing, facilities for transient accommodations, and related improvements. The property is
located along the west (makai) side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway (State Higbway 19),
approximately 2,100 feet south of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway - NELHA Access Road,
Ooma 2°d, North Kona, Hawaii, TMK: 7-3-9: 22.
REQUEST
The applicant is requesting a change of zone from General Industrial (MG -3a) to Project
District and a Special Management Area Use Permit to develop a commercial -residential
complex consisting of office, commercial, retail uses, multi -family housing, and hotels.
The proposed development includes:
• Office%mmercial - 155,000 square feet on approximately 18 acres
• Retail/commercial - 237,000 square feet on approximately 23 acres
• Multi -family housing - 240 one, two and three bedroom units ranging in size from
600 to 1,200 square feet, on approximately 21 acres. Increments of the multi -family
portion of the project will include recreational amenities such as swimming pools and
recreation centers, and the visitor facilities will also contain on-site recreational
amenities.
• Transient accommodations - 400 rooms, to include a maximum of three small hotels
to cater to different markets (airport business hotel, all suites, long term efficiency),
on approximately 12 acres
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C- A{Oo Ceil/ /70 PC
Approximately one acre has been set aside for park space. In addition, 2.4 acres of the
project site has been set aside to include the Mamalahoa Trail and a 50 -foot wide buffer,
including the width of the trail. Project construction is expected to commence in 2005.
The applicant projects a 50% build -out by 2010, and 100% build -out by 2013. Estimated
cost for the development is approximately $280 million. (See Exhibit A - Project
District and Special Management Area Use Permit application)
STATE AND COUNTY PLANS
2. State Land Use Designation: On February 6, 1986, the project site was reclassified
from Conservation to Urban by the State Land Use Commission.
3. General Plan LUPAG Map: Urban Expansion.
4. County Zoning: General Industrial 3 -acres (MG -3a).
5. Project District: The Project District (PD) zone is intended to provide for a flexible and
creative planning approach rather than specific land use zone designations. It will also
allow for flexibility in location of specific uses and mixes of structural alternatives. The
planning approach would establish a continuity in land uses and designs while providing
for a comprehensive network of infrastructural facilities and systems. A variety of uses as
well as open space, parks, and other project uses are intended to be in accord with each
individual Project District objective.
A Project District may be established as an amendment to the Zoning Code
whenever the public necessity and convenience and the general welfare require that a
comprehensive planning approach for an area should be adopted in order to establish a
continuity in land uses and designs while providing a comprehensive network of
infiastructural facilities and systems. In addition, a Project District may only be
established if the proposed district:
(1) Is consistent with the intent and purpose of this chapter and the County
General Plan; and
(2) Will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area,
community or region.
The minimum land area required for a Project District is fifty acres. (See Exhibit B,
-2-
Section 25-640, Project District Section of Zoning Code)
6. Coastal Zone Management, HRS, Chapter 205A: The entire State of Hawaii lies
within the Coastal Zone Management area. The intent of the Coastal Zone Management
Program is to guide and regulate public and private uses in the coastal zone management
area with respect to recreational resources, historic resources, public access to the
shoreline, scenic and open space resources, coastal ecosystems, marine resources,
economic uses, coastal hazards, managing development, public participation, and beach
protection.
7. Special Management Area: The project site is located in the County s Special
Management Area (SMA). The SMA is a part of the Coastal Zone Management Program
regulated by the County.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT SITE AND SURROUNDING AREA
8. Subject Property: The project site is located approximately one mile south of the Kona
International Airport at Keahole, and seven miles north of Kailua-Kona. The subject
property is vacant, and bounded by the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority
(NELHA) to the north, and the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and a 903.789 -acre State-
owned parcel to the east (mauka). A 213 -acre vacant parcel (TMK: 7-3-9: 4) owned by
the applicant is located west (makai) of the site, and a vacant 450 -acre parcel within the
Kohanaiki ahupua'a is situated to the south.
9. Surrounding Zoning and Land Uses: The adjacent property to the north is the site of
the NELHA and zoned MG -3a. The property to the east (mauka) across the Queen
Kaahumanu Highway is zoned Open and A -5a, and properties to the south and west are in
the State Land Use Conservation district and zoned Open by the County.
10. U.S.D.A. Soil Type: A'a (rLV) and Pahoehoe (rLW). These lava flows typically have no
soil covering and are bare of vegetation except for mosses, lichens, ferns and a few small
ohia trees.
11. Land Study Bureau's Productivity Rating: "E" or "Very Poor".
12. Flora: According to a Botanical Resources Assessment Study conducted by Char and
Associates in November, 2002, none of the plants on the project site is a threatened or
-3-
endangered species, and the proposed uses are not expected to have a significant negative
impact on botanical resources. The study concluded that the scrub vegetation on the
parcel is dominated by introduced fountain grass, tress and shrubs which include kiawe,
koa haole and native pili grass.
13. Fauna: According to an avifaunal and feral mammalian species survey conducted by
Phil Bruner, Environmental Consultant, in October, 2002, no known federally listed
threatened or endangered faunal species were present on the site. Birds and mammals on
the site were typical of the type of habitat in West Hawaii. The study concluded that
there will be no significant impacts to any native or migratory species of birds or
mammals.
14. Groundwater Impact: In December, 2002, Tom Nance Water Resource Engineering
conducted an analysis of the impact of the project on the groundwater. The results of the
study suggested that the overall volume of groundwater discharged to the shoreline
fronting O'oma will increase by 1.8% and the increase to the 3 -mile section of shoreline
directly downgradient of the project site for nitrogen and phosphorus is estimated to be
1.5% and 7.1%, respectively. According to the study, due to high permeability of the
natural ground surface across the project site and on the upslope lands, surface runoff
does not occur even during the most intense rainfalls. As a result, no natural gulches or
waterways for surface runoff have been formed.
15. Marine Environment: According to a Marine Environmental Assessment of the marine
community structure conducted by Marine Research Consultants in December, 2002, "in
general, the coral communities off'O'oma are typical of the type that occurs throughout
much of the west Hawaii coastline. Reef fish community structure at'O'oma is fairly
typical of the assemblages found in undisturbed Hawaiian reef environments. Stresses
from natural forces that are presently the dominant factors in influencing community
structure appear to be substantially greater than those that could result from shoreline
development ..... secondary impacts associated with changes to water quality from changes
to groundwater chemistry associated with development do not present the potential for
changes based on estimates of changes to groundwater dynamics that will result from the
-4-
project. In addition, similar existing projects that have been monitored for decades reveal
no changes to marine environmental quality."
Another Marine Environmental Assessment on Water Chemistry conducted by
Marine Research Consultants in December, 2002 concluded that "overall, results of the
water chemistry analysis indicate that presently there does not appear to be any unusual
material inputs or chemical processes occurring in marine waters directly off the Voma II
site. Changes of land use associated with the project should not change water quality of
the offshore area to any discernible extent." According to the assessment, a single
anchialine pond is located near the southern boundary of the property. At present, there is
very little exposed water in the pond at low tide, and the pond bottom is lined with
sediment. The pond is presently in the final stage of senescence. The applicant states
that Best Management Practices will be implemented during grading, construction, and
landscape activities.
16. Noise Impacts: Noise impacts were evaluated from two perspectives, during project
development and operation, and external noise factors that could affect the project site.
During the construction phase, contractors operating heavy equipment will adhere to the
State Department of Health's "maximum possible" noise levels during the construction
phase. Upon project completion, noise may occur from on-site equipment such as pumps,
compressors and condensing units. Features including barriers, enclosures, and silencers
will be placed as necessary. The most prominent external noise source is the flight
takeoffs and landings at the Kona International Airport in Keahole. Noise measurements
conducted for this project are consistent with the State Department of Transportation
Airports Division land use compatibility for residential and resort construction.
Therefore, noise is not expected to significantly impact the project. The increase in
traffic noise level due to project development is not considered significant and is not
expected to adversely impact the project site or surrounding areas. However, increases in
traffic levels associated with the project will increase noise levels along the Queen
Kaahumanu Highway.
17. Air Quality: According to an Air Quality Study conducted by B.D. Neal & Associates in
-5-
January, 2003, the major potential short-term air quality impact will occur from the
emission of fugitive dust during construction. It is recommended that Best Management
Practices be implemented to control the emission of fugitive dust. Upon completion of
the project, any long-term impacts on air quality due to emissions from project -related
motor vehicle traffic, indirect emissions from electricity and disposal of waste materials
generated by the project will be small based on the relatively small magnitudes of these
emissions.
18. Rainfall: Annual average rainfall in the area is approximately 25 inches.
19. FIRM: Zone 'W', an area outside of the 500 -year flood plain.
20. Coastal Hazards: The subject property is located approximately .6 to .9 miles from the
shoreline, is not an oceanfront parcel, and will not affect, or be affected by shoreline
processes.
21. Recreational Resources: The proposed development will not reduce the size of the
coastline or other areas used for public recreational uses.
22. Visual Resources: The proposed project will not affect the line -of -sight toward the
ocean because slope gradients and vegetation presently obscure makai views. Because
the coastline is not visible from the highway, views from the highway will not be
adversely affected. Beginning at the NELHA Access Road proceeding south, the project
site is partially visible for approximately .3 miles. Although the ocean is visible from the
highway at this point, the shoreline is not, as it is obscured by the topography of the site.
After .3 miles, all makai views are obstructed by a combination of a berm and vegetation.
The elevation of the highway is several feet below that of the berm.
23. ArchaeologicaVHistorical/Cultural Resources: A Cultural Impact Assessment
conducted by Robert Rechtman of Rechtman Consulting in February, 2003 identified two
significant resources within the proposed development area, the 1847 Mamalahoa
Trail/King's Highway (SIHP Site 2) and a lava tube temporary habitation shelter and
possible former water source (SIHP Site 10155). Both are historic sites, but neither is
considered a traditional cultural property and no specific cultural beliefs or practices were
identified relative to the land within the proposed development area. Dr. Rechtman
-6-
concluded that the proposed development has the potential to impact both of the
identified resources. The applicant is committed to preserving these cultural resources
and maintaining protective buffers during construction activities. Interpretive, as well as
cautionary signage will be established to both educate and inform the public about the
cultural significance of the resources and possible penalties for damage to the resources.
The Mamalahoa Trail which traverses the property, is owned by the State and not listed
on the National or State Register of Historic Places. As yet, no comments were received
from the Department of Land and Natural Resources Historic Preservation Division.
24. Traffic: According to the applicant, the Department of Transportation is proposing to
widen the Queen Kaahumanu Highway from Kailua to the Kona International Airport at
Keahole to accommodate existing demand and projected traffic growth. In their memo
dated June 12, 2003, the Department of Transportation has stated that the Highways
Division is in the process of finalizing its concerns on the Traffic Impact Assessment
Report (TUR) for the proposed development, and comments will be provided under
separate cover.
25. Public Access: The project site is located approximately .6 to .9 miles from the
shoreline, with an intervening parcel (TMK: 7-3-9: 4) in between. The public uses the
area makai of parcel 4 for lateral access along the shoreline. A mauka-makai roadway is
planned along the southern property boundary that could eventually connect to a roadway
providing access to the shoreline area.
PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES
26. Access: Access to the project site from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway will be from the
southern edge of the property, where an existing jeep road enters the property. The
internal roadway system is designed such that internal connection to developments at
Kohanaiki or NELHA can be accomplished, and a mauka-makai road can provide access
to the shoreline area. The Queen Kaahumanu Highway has a 300 -foot right-of-way that
extends 190 feet from the makai edge of the existing highway improvements. Project
plans include an additional 150 -foot setback from the existing edge of the highway right-
-7-
of -way. The entire Mamalahoa Trail that passes through the project site will be preserved
as it traverses through the property.
27. Water: In their memo dated July 8, 2003, the Department of Water Supply confirms that
water is not available to the project site, and the construction of additional source,
storage, and transmission facilities will be required. Improvements would include source
facilities, transmission pipeline from the new source facilities to existing facilities,
transmission pipeline improvements along Queen Kaahumanu Highway, storage
reservoir, and distribution pipelines. According to the Department of Water Supply's
subsequent fax memo dated July 14, 2003, water is available for the existing zoning and 6
additional units for a change of zone. Therefore, the existing 83 -acre parcel is currently
able to receive 27 units of water at a maximum 600 gallons per day per unit. The
Department of Water Supply will grant an additional b units for a total of 33 units should
the change of zone be approved. The applicant has examined the situation, and states in a
letter dated July 10, 2003 in response to the Department of Water Supply comments that
several options will be examined, including 1) the construction of a well and a
desalination plant on the site; 2) coordinating with NELHA and/or other private
developers in the area; 3) working with the Department of Water Supply in expanding its
existing source or developing new sources. The applicant states that increasing the
overall capacity of this area may be possible by constructing a new 15 -inch line from the
Mamalahoa Highway/Hina Lani Street intersection to the site. This option would require
the participation of other developers in the region.
28. Wastewater: According to the applicant, a private package wastewater treatment plant is
recommended for the project. On-site sewer mains will run along proposed roadways
wherever possible for ease of maintenance. Interior sewer mains will be a system of 8 -
inch lines with trunk sewer diameters increasing to possibly 12 inches. It is estimated
that approximately 7,800 linear feet of sewer lines will be required. Presently, there are
no public or private wastewater transmission lines fronting the property. In 2001, County
of Hawaii Resolution No. 70-01 proposed the extension of the municipal sewer system
from the existing Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant, north along the alignment of
-8-
Queen Kaahumanu Highway to Kohanaiki. However, the resolution has been deferred
since the May 2, 2001 County Council meeting. In the event the resolution is approved
and implemented as an improvement district project, participation by the developer to
extend the limits of the system to include the property is a preferred alternative. Under
this scenario, a pump station and force main transmission would replace the need for a
wastewater treatment facility.
According to the Department of Environmental Management, the information
provided in Section 6.1 of the applicant's Environmental Report is incorrect. Adequate
excess capacity is available at the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant to treat the
projected flows from the proposed project. The Department of Environmental
Management is in agreement with the applicant's preference to participate in the proposed
North Kona Improvement District currently deferred at the County Council.
29. Solid Waste: Solid waste generated by the proposed project will be collected by private
refuse collection companies and transported to the County s Puuanahulu Landfill.
30. Essential Utilities and Services: Electricity and telephone services are available to the
site. The Kealakehe Police Station is located about two miles south of the project site,
and fire protection is provided by the Kailua-Kona Fire Station located approximately
four miles south of the property. The Kona Hospital is located in Kealakekua.
31. Schools: Kealakehe Elementary, Intermediate, and High School is located in Kealakehe.
The Department of Education requests that a condition be included to require the
applicant to contribute to the development, funding, and/or construction of school
facilities on a fair -share basis, as determined by and to the satisfaction of the Department
of Education.
32. Parks: The Old Kona Airport State Park is located approximately three miles south of
the project site. Other State Parks in the area include the Kealakekua Bay Historic Park
and Kekaha Kai State Park. County parks in the region include Disappearing (White)
Sands Beach Park, Hookena Beach Park and Kahaluu Beach Park.
0
AGENCIES' AND ORGANIZATIONS' COMMENTS
33. Department of Public Works: (See Exhibit C - June 13, 2003 Memo)
34. Department of Environmental Management: (See Exhibit D -June 3, 2003 Memo)
35. Department of Water Supply: (See Exhibit E - July 8, 2003 Memo and July 14, 2003
Fax Memo)
36, Police Department: (See Exhibit F - May 23, 2003 Memo)
37. Department of Transportation: (See Exhibit G - June 12, 2003 Letter)
38. Department of Health: (See Exhibit H - June 3, 2003 Memo)
39. Department of Education: (See Exhibit I - May 28, 2003 Letter)
40. Kona Traffic Safety Committee: (See Exhibit J - May 22, 2003 and July 9, 2003
Letters)
AGENCIES - NO RESPONSE
41. Civil Defense Agency, Fire Department, Office of Housing and Community
Development, Department of Land and Natural Resources Land Division and Historic
Preservation Division, Natural Resources Soil and Conservation Service
APPLICANT'S RESPONSE TO AGENCIES
42. (See Exhibit K - June 12, 2003, June 24, 2003 and July 10, 2003 Letters)
PUBLIC COMMENTS
43. The Planning Department has not received any written comments or objections
from the general public or adjacent landowners on the subject request.
-to-
SidneyFuke, Planning Consultant
100 Pauahi Street, Suite 212 •Hilo, Hawaii 96720 • Planning • Variance • zoning
Telephone: (808) 969-1522 • Fax: (808) 969-7996 • SUbdIVI51on • Land Use Permits
h 177 b • Environmental Repons
wE_' .J,_
April 30, 2003 ": JN-Y n
DEFT.
Mr. Christopher Yuen, Director
Planning Department
COUNTY OF HAWAII w
101 Pauahi Street = C _
Hilo, HI 96720 § _ q rr
Dear Mr. Yuen: 0 ^'
Subject: Project District Zoning and SMA Applications
Clifto's Kona Coast LLC, TMK: 7-3-09:22
Please find enclosed for your review and appropriate action an application to ~
rezone the subject property, consisting of 83 acres, from General Industrial (MG -3a) to
Project District (PD). An application for a Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit
for the proposed development is also being filed, and the applicant requests that both
applications be processed concurrently.
If approved, the proposed development would consist of a mixture of office -
commercial, retail -commercial, multiple -family residential units, and transient
accommodation facilities. The project is designed to provide services and retail
shopping opportunities to businesses and residents in West Hawaii. Furthermore,
because of the site's proximity to NELHA and the future West Hawaii Campus of the
University of Hawaii, the site offers opportunities for housing as well as transient
accommodations to service these activities.
Please also note that although the site is situated makai of the Queen Ka' ahumanu
Highway, it is not contiguous to the shoreline. The project will, however, have a public
access through the property to afford public access opportunity to the makai parcel and
eventually the shoreline.
The applicant wishes to note that it also owns the makai parcel. In that regard, the
applicant intends to coordinate its master planning efforts of that parcel with the County
administration and the community. This would be done prior to the filing of any land use
permits covering that property.
Pursuant to your submittal requirements, please find enclosed the following:
a. the original and twenty (20) copies of the applications, together with the
County Environmental Report; and
b. the list of surrounding property owners, metes and bounds description of
the subject property, and a filing fee in the amount of $5;250.
EXHIBIT
A
Mr. Christopher Yuen
April 30, 2003
Page 2
We trust that everything is in order for your processing. If not or if there are
questions relating to these applications, please feel free to contact me. Thank you.
Sincerely,
Nk
5IDNEYNr�'�
F[1
Planning Consultant
Enclosures
Copy — Mr. Cliff Morris, Clifto's Kona Coast LLC w/ enclosures
SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
(Type or legibly print the requested information)
APPLICANT: Clifto's Kona Coast LLC
APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE:
ADDRESS: 68-1857 Lina PoeDoe Street
Waikoloa, HI 96738
TE: April 28, 2003
LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER;
LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS: Arnold Volny and Cliff M. Moms
PHONE:(BuS.)(808) 883-3314 (Res.)
LANDOWNER(S): Clifto's Kona Coast L
LANDOWNER SIGNATURE(S):
LANDOWNER(S) ADDRESS; 68-1857 Lina Poepoe Stre(et Maya by letter)
Waikoloa, M 96738
(Fax) (808) 883-8029
DATE: April 28, 2003
REQUEST: Proposed development of a commercial/residential complex consisting of offices, retail uses, multi -family
housing, and facilities for transient accommodations on 83 acres of land, as outlined in the applicant's Environmental Report.
TAX MAP KEY: (3) 7-3-09: 022 ZONING: Proposed Project District
SIZE OF PROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREA(S): 83 acres
AGENT; Sidney Fuke,, Planning Consultant
100 Pauahi Street, Suite 212
Hilo, HI 96720
TELEPHONE: (Bus.) (808) 969-1522 (Res,) (Fax)(808) 969-7996
Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent.
ORIGINAL: Sidney Fuke COPIES: Cliff M. Monis
PROJECT DISTRICT APPLICATION
COUNTY OF HAWAII
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
(Type or legibly print the requested information)
APPLICANT: Clifto's Kona Coat LEC
APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE:
_,,111, n 68-1857 Lina Poepoe Street
Waikoloa, HI 96738
TE:- ADril 28. 2003
LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER:
LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS: Cliff M. Morris and
Arnold Volny, Managing Members of Clifto_Is Kona Coast LLC
PHONE:(Bus.) (808) 883-3314 (Res.) (Fax) (808) 883-8029
LANDOWNER(S): Clifto'A Kbna Coast LLC
LANDOWNER SIGNATURE(S): DATE: April 28, 2003
ay be by leiter)
LANDOWNER(S) ADDRESS: Same as above
REQUEST. Itidustrial - Heavy (MG -3a) TO Project District
((Eusttng caningg) (Proposed Zoning)
TAX MAP KEY: (3) 7-3-09: 22
STREET ADDRESS OF PROPERTY:
SIZE OF PROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREA(S) TO BE REZONED: 83.0 acres
AGENT: Sidney M. Puke, Planning Consultant
ADDRESS:
100 Pauahi Street, Suite 212
Hilo, HI 96720
TELEPHONE:(Bus.) (808) 969-1522 (Res.) (F) (808) 969-7996
Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent.
ORIGINAL:
Sidney M. Fuke COPIES: Cliff M. Morris
(See Instructions on Reverse Side)
ATTArpmp..NT
Commercial, RM, Resort, & Industrial
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
COUNTY OF HAWAII
APPLICATION FOR CHANGE OF ZONE
1. if your request is approved, do you intend to subdivide
the subject land in accordance with the approved change
of zone? Maybe
If Yes, please answer the rest of question I and then to
question 3.
a. How many acres of the requested area do you intend to
subdivide? All
b. Into what lot sizes? Various
C. if your request is approved, approximately how long
after the date of approval do you expect to submit
your subdivision plans to the Planning Department
for preliminary approval? 1 year
If you intend to subdivide, please submit a preliminary
schematic subdivision plan together with your change of
zone application form.
2. If you nave no firm plans of subdividing the subject area,
do you intend to:
a. Sell or lease the land to someone who has firm
plans? yes
b. Sell or lease the land to someone who has tentative
plans? yes
C. Sell or lease the land to someone who has no plans? No
d- Keep it? some
e. other (please state)
The goal is to find some investors interested in developing all or portions of the project.
f. If you intend to do either a, b, or c, please elaborate
on the kind of plans the other party has. Please, also,
include in your answer approximately how soon after
approval of your rezoning do you expect to transfer the
subject land to another party.
After SMA/PD zoning have been approved.
3. What specific building plans do you have for the subject land?
Include in your answer the following: type of building
(apartment, office, launderette, etc.); financing arrangement;
timetable for construction; and any other information which you
feel might help us in evaluating your request.
Please refer to attached County Environmental
4. Have you performed any study which would demonstrate a need for
your proposed building and/or development? Yes
if so, please elaborate on your findings in the space provided
below.
Please refer to attached County Environmental Report.
-2-
5. Have you performed any study which discusses the
environmental impacts your request would nave on the
surrounding area and/or the County? Yes
If so, please elaborate on your findings in the space
provided below.
Please refer to County Environmental Report
6. Are there any buildings on the subject area? No
If so, what kind?
What do you intend to do with those buildings if your
request is approved?
7• Is the subject land currently being used for any
agricultural activity? No
if so, please list the kinds of products grown on and
how many square feet or acres of land per product?
992
e• To your knowledge, has there been any flooding and/or
drainage problem on the subject area? No
If so, please describe the problem.
9. Do you think that the roads leading to the subject area
needs improvement? Yes
If so, what kind?
Some dedicated left -tum lanes into the project site would be needed
Is the road adequate for the proposed traffic volume
or load? Yes
10. What sort of governmental assistance and/or improvements
do you feel will be needed in the subject area when
developed?
-4-
yes
NO
a.
Schools
X
b.
Roads
X
C .
Sewer
X
d.
Drainage
X
e.
Police Protection
X
f.
Fire Protection
X
X
9.
Recreational Facilities
X
h.
Recreational Facilities
i.
-4-
For those checked "yes," please elaborate what type or kinds of
improvements and/or assistance are needed.
11. Have you performed any historic sites study and/or survey of the
subject area? If so, what were the results? Please, also,
submit a copy of the study together with this change of zone
supplement.
Please refer to attached County Environmental Report.
Signature: IL
1_
Address: 68-1857 Lina Poepoe Street Waikoloa
Telephone: 883-3314
Date: April 28, 2003
-5-
COUNTY
P �EP�rrt
ENVIRONMENTALREPORT
In Support of Applications for a Project District and
Special Management Area Use Permit
ke
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction and Summary ...................................................................1-1
1.1 Development Summary .............................................................1 -1
1.2 Summary of Probable Impacts and Mitigation Measures ........... 1-1
1.3 Alternatives Considered...........................................................1-10
1.3.1 No -action Alternative.....................................................1-10
1.3.2 Use of Existing Zoning Designation Alternative ............1-11
1.3.3 Destination Resort Alternative.......................................1-11
1.4 Permits Required.....................................................................1-12
2.0 Description of the Proposed Action.........................................................2-1
2.1 Project Objectives......................................................................2-2
2.2 Project Description.....................................................................2-3
2.3 Development Phasing/Cost.......................................................2-6
3.0 Relationship of the Proposed Action to Land Use Plans, Policies, and
Controls of the Affected Area..................................................3-1
3.1 State of Hawaii.. ................ 3-1
3.1.1 State Land Use Law........................................................3-1
3.1.2 Coastal Zone Management.............................................3-1
3.2 County of Hawaii........................................................................3-8
3.2.1 Hawaii County General Plan...........................................3-8
3.2.2 Hawaii County Zoning...................................................3-17
3.2.3 Special Management Area............................................3-19
3.2.4 Keahole to Kailua Development Plan............................3-22
4.0 Physical and Natural Environment..........................................................4-1
4.1
Climate.....................................................................................4-1
4.2
Geology and Topography..........................................................4-1
4.3
Groundwater..............................................................................4-3
4.4
Marine Environment...................................................................4-9
4.5
Soils.........................................................................................4-23
4.6
Flood Hazards.........................................................................4-25
4.7
Flora........................................................................................4-26
4.8
Fauna......................................................................................4-28
4.9
Noise.......................................................................................4-29
4.10
Air Quality ................................................................................4-35
4.11
Visual Resources.....................................................................4-40
4.12
Historic and Archaeological Resources...................................4-43
4.13
Cumulative Impacts: Physical and Natural Environment .........4-46
5.0 Socio -Economic Factors.........................................................................5-1
5.1 Population/Employment.............................................................5-1
5.2 Cultural Resources....................................................................5-6
5.3 Cumulative Impacts: Socio -Economic Factors ...........................5-8
0..:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
6.0 Infrastructure and Public Facilities..........................................................6-1
6.1
Wastewater Treatment and Disposal.........................................6-1
6.2
Domestic Water Supply.............................................................6-3
6.3
Drainage ................. .............:.....................................................6-4
6.4
Power and Communication........................................................6-6
6.5
Circulation..................................................................................6-8
6.6
Solid Waste Disposal...............................................................6-13
6.7
Public Services and Facilities..................................................6-14
6.7.1 Police Department......................................................6-14
6.7.2 Fire Department .........................................................6-15
6.7.3 Recreational Facilities................................................6-16
6.8
Educational Facilities...............................................................6-17
6.9
Cumulative Impacts: Infrastructure and Public Facilities .......... 6-18
7.0 Relationship Between Local Short-term Uses of the Environment and
The Maintenance and Enhancement of Long-term Productivity ........7-1
8.0 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Natural Resources
Would be Involved in the Proposed Action........................................8-1
9.0 References..............................................................................................9-1
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Regional Location Map...........................................................................2-1
2 Tax Map..................................................................................................2-3
3 Proposed Development Plan...................................................................2-5
4 County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Designation ...3-9
5 County Zoning Designation...................................................................3-18
6 County Special Management Use Area................................................3-20
7 Volcanic Hazard Zones...........................................................................4-3
8 Potable Wells Upgradient of Project Site................................................4-5
9 Marine Water Chemistry Sampling Sites...............................................4-19
10 Soils Map..............................................................................................4-24
11 Noise Measurement Locations..............................................................4-31
12 Predicted 2005 Noise Contour Lines for Kona International Airport at
Keahole............................................................................................4-32
13 Visual Analysis......................................................................................4-42
14 Mamalahoa Trail...................................................................................4-45
LIST OF TABLES
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Required Development Permits and Approvals..........................................1-12
Proposed Development Program.................................................................2-4
Net Change in Groundwater Flow Discharge to the Shoreline .....................4-9
Net Change in Nutrient Loading to Groundwater........................................4-10
Ambient Noise Measurement Locations and Equivalent Sound Levels ...... 4-30
Estimated Worst -Case 1 -Hour Carbon Monoxide Concentrations6-9
Along Roadways in the Project Vicinity..............................................4-38
Level of Service Analysis for Studied Intersections Existing Conditions ....... 6-9
Level of Service Analysis for Studied Intersections Projected Forecast
Conditions..........................................................................................6-11
Volume of Solid Waste Received at Puu Anahulu Landfill FY 97-98
Through01-02....................................................................................6-13
Comparative Enrollment Figures for Kealakehe Complex ..........................6-18
LIST OF APPENDICES
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
Groundwater Resources (Tom Nance Water Resource Engineering)
Marine Community Structure (Marine Research Consultants)
Marine Water Chemistry (Marine Research Consultants)
Botanical Resource Assessment Study (Char & Associates)
Avifaunal and Feral Mammal Survey (Philip Bruner)
Environmental Noise Assessment (D.L. Adams Associates, Ltd.)
Air Quality Study (B.D. Neal & Associates)
Archaeological Reconnaissance (Rechtman Consulting)
Employment and Population Assessment (Mikiko Corporation)
Cultural Impact Assessment (Rechtman Consulting)
Civil and Electrical Infrastructure Assessment Report (M&E Pacific, Inc.)
Traffic Impact Assessment Report (M&E Pacific, Inc.)
Introduction and Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
This environmental report (ER) has been prepared in support of applications to
the County of Hawaii to create a Project District and obtain a Special
Management Area Use Permit (SMA Permit) for a 83.0 -acre parcel identified as
Tax Map Key (TMK) 7-3-09:22 (Parcel 22). The ER is intended to comply with
Section 25-6-44(8) of the Hawaii County Code, and Section 9-10.131, of the Rules
of Practice and Procedure for the Planning Commission of the County of Hawaii.
1.1 Development Summary
Appl icantll-andowner:
Tax Map Key:
Clifto's Kona Coast LLC
68-1857 Lina Poepoe St.
Waikoloa, HI 96738
Division 3, Zone 7 Section 3, Plat 09, Parcel
22
Location: North Kona Judicial District, Island and County
of Hawaii, 'O'oma 2nd Ahupua'a
State Land Use District: Urban
County of Hawaii General Plan: Urban Expansion
County of Hawaii Zoning: MG4a, General Industrial District
Existing Uses: Vacant
Proposed Uses: Office commercial; retail commercial; multi-
family housing; hotel
Approvals Required:
Preparers of Environmental Report:
Project District Special Management Area Use
Permit
Helber Hastert & Fee, Planners
733 Bishop Street, Suite 2590
Honolulu, HI 96813
1.2 Summary of Probable Impacts and Mitigation Measures
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Geology and Topography. Roadways, parking lots, buildings, and landscaping
will change the surface characteristics of the property. Although surface
characteristics will change, the general topographic features of the property will
not change. The project site is susceptible to potential lava flows from Hualalai,
one of five volcanoes comprising the island of Hawaii, and one of three which
have been active in historic times. While the property is susceptible to lava flows,
1-1
the relative risk of inundation is small compared to other areas of the island. If
lava flows do reach the property, the degree of impact to improvements on the
property could vary widely from minimal impacts up to complete destruction.
There is little that can be done to "lava -proof" property. However, appropriate
design and engineering can mitigate potential impacts that could result from
seismic activity associated with volcanic activity.
Groundwater. An analysis was conducted that quantitatively predicted chemical
changes to groundwater beneath the project site that is ultimately discharged to
the marine environment. The results of the analysis were used to describe
impacts to the marine environment resulting from those changes. Emphasis on
quantitative prediction was based on the fact that groundwater beneath the
project site is unsuitable as a source of domestic water due its high salinity. The
results of the investigation suggest that: (1) the overall volume of groundwater
discharged to the shoreline fronting 'O'oma (three-mile stretch of shoreline) will
increase by about 0.161 million gallons per day (MGD) or 1.8%; (2) the increase
to the three-mile section of shoreline directly downgradient of the project site for
nitrogen and phosphorus is estimated to be 1,5 pounds and 0.70 pounds per
day, respectively, or 1.5% and 7.1%.
Marine Environment. Using the data generated by the analysis of groundwater,
and integrating data regarding marine biota and marine water chemistry gathered
since 1986, it was determined that in the physical processes characteristic of the
near shore marine environment fronting 'O'oma, seaward flowing groundwater
rapidly mixes with oceanic water, essentially diluting groundwater to background
ocean levels within meters of the shoreline. Because of the strong mixing
characteristics, the relatively small subsidies of nutrients that may enter the
ocean as a result of the project will be virtually undetectable over present
conditions. The synthesis of these results indicate that the impact to the marine
environment from development of the project site will be insignificant and should
not change water quality of the offshore area to any discernible extent.
Nevertheless, it is appropriate to implement best management (BMPs) practices
during construction activities to prevent wind-borne dust and soil from reaching
the ocean. It is also appropriate to include the developer of the project site as a
participant in a regional ocean water quality monitoring program.
Soils. As a short-term impact, loose lava particles and fill material will be
exposed to wind and water erosion periodically during the grading and
construction phases of the development. In the context of long-term impacts, the
project site possesses little, if any, value for agricultural production, and has
never been used for that purpose. Consequently development will not reduce the
inventory of agriculturally significant lands. Similar to the discussion of impacts to
1-2
on._ ....
the marine environment. BMPs will be implemented during grading, construction,
and landscape activities, including, but not limited to: erection of wind screens/silt
barriers; wetting of construction surfaces; and limiting bare surface area exposed
to wind and rain.
Flora. None of the plants found on the 83 -acre parcel is a threatened or
endangered species. Two species that are found on the project site, maiapilo and
Fimbristvlis, are considered "species of concem." Species of concern do not
receive legal protection under State and Federal endangered species laws, and
use of the term does not mean that the species will eventually be listed as
threatened or endangered. Because of their relative abundance elsewhere, and
their presence associated with the Mamalahoa Trail (which will be preserved),
the proposed project is not expected to have a significant negative impact on
botanical resources. Nevertheless, it is recommended that native plants,
including the maiapilo and Fimbristvlis, be used for landscaping material
whenever possible.
Fauna. The entire site was surveyed thoroughly, and birds and mammals found
were those typical of this type of habitat in West Hawaii. No native birds or
mammals were found on the survey. The natural resources of this site, in regard
to terrestrial fauna, are not unusual or unique. There will be no significant
impacts to any native or migratory species of birds or mammals.
Noise. Noise impacts were evaluated from two perspectives: (1) noise impacts
that could result from the project's development and operation; and (2) external
noise factors that could affect the developed project site. Actual noise levels
produced during construction will be a function of the equipment employed during
each stage of the construction process. Typical noise levels for construction
equipment will range from the low 70s dBA to the mid 90s dBA. The State
Department of Health (DOH) has established "maximum permissible" noise
levels at property lines for various zoning districts. Once the project is built, noise
from pumps, compressors, condensing units, and other on-site equipment could
occur. As mitigation for these sources of noise, contractors operating heavy
equipment during the construction phases of the project must comply with State
DOH noise requirements. Proper maintenance and operation of heavy equipment
will contribute toward achieving compliance with requirements. Noise from
mechanical sources after the project is built must be addressed during the design
phase of the project. This would include features such as barriers, enclosures,
and silencers.
External noise sources could affect the project area. The most prominent of
these noise sources emanate from operations (flight takeoffs and landings) at the
Kona Intemational Airport at Keahole. According to the predicted 2005 airport
1-3
O�omz 7"'
noise contours from the Noise Compatibility Program for the airport, a small
portion of the project site lies between the 55 and 60Ldn noise contours. Noise
measurements conducted for this project are consistent with predicted noise
levels, and are consistent with State Department of Transportation Airports
Division land use compatibility for residential and resort construction. Therefore,
noise from the airport is not expected to significantly impact the project.
Increases in traffic levels associated with the project will increase noise levels
along Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The predicted maximum traffic noise level
increase along the roadways studied in the year 2013 (project buildout) were
determined to be less than 0.4 dB along Hina Lani Street and Ka'iminani Drive,
and 1.4 dB along Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The increase in traffic noise level
due to project development is not considered significant and is not expected to
adversely impact the project site or surrounding areas.
Air Quality. Short-term impacts on air quality could potentially occur due to
project construction, as a result of fugitive dust from vehicle movement and soil
excavation, and from exhaust emissions from on-site construction equipment.
There could also be short-term impacts from slow-moving construction
equipment traveling to and from the project site, from a temporary increase in
local traffic caused by commuting construction workers, and from the disruption
of normal traffic flow caused by lane closures of adjacent roadways. To control
the emission of fugitive dust, it is recommended that several best management
practices (BMPs) be implemented, including, but not limited to:
• Watering active work areas and any temporary unpaved areas at least twice a
day;
■ Using wind screens and/or limiting the area that is disturbed at any given
time;
■ Using mulch or chemical soil stabilizers on exposed inactive areas of the site;
■ Covering dirt -hauling trucks when traveling on roadways
■ Cleaning roads and implementing a tire washing program on a regular basis;
and
■ Paving of parking areas and establishment of landscaping early in the
construction process.
Long-term impacts could result from an increase in traffic volume associated with
the project. However, after an in-depth computer modeling and analysis
evaluating impacts to air quality, it was determined that all predicted worst case
1 -hour concentrations of carbon monoxide actually decreased between present
levels and those projected for full build out of the project in 2013. In large
measure this was due to the decrease in emissions that is expected to occur
over the next several years, as a result of older motor vehicles being replaced by
1-4
vehicles with lower emissions. Any long-term impacts on air quality in the project
area due to emissions from project -related motor vehicle traffic should be small.
Implementing any air quality mitigation measures for long-term traffic -related
impacts is probably unwarranted and unnecessary.
Visual Resources. Once the project site is developed, its appearance will be
altered from its present natural state to a man-made one. This appearance will
be most noticeable from long-range views across the property, from points north
and south of the project site while traveling on Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
However, the proposed project will not affect the line -of -sight toward the ocean,
because topography and vegetation obscure makai views.
The proposed development will conform to all zoning restrictions that regulate
permissible building heights, bulk and setbacks, in addition to a 150 -foot setback
from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway right-of-way. An aesthetically pleasing
architectural design, complemented by landscaping, will further mute the
appearance of the project's built environment. The low-rise (three stories), low-
density development concept is intended to retain the open, unrestricted
character of the North Kona coast, and to maintain mauka-makai view corridors
from within the property. Because the coastline is not now visible from the
highway, views from the highway will not be adversely affected.
Historic and Archaeological Resources. Two historic sites had been
previously recorded on the project site: (1) a portion of the Mamalahoa Trail
(State Inventory of Historic Properties [SIHP] Site # 2), and (2) a habitation cave
associated with the trail (SIHP # 101551). Both sites were included in an inventory
survey and data recovery plan previously accepted by the Department of Land
and Natural Resources. Long-term recommendations for both these sites are
preservation with interpretation. Both sites were relocated and assessed for this
County Environmental Report. No other historic sites of importance have been
found on the property.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
Population. The proposed development at 'O'oma could affect population in two
ways: (1) additional State and County residents that result from in -migration; and
(2) the visitor population present on the property on any given day. In terms of in -
migration, due to new residents at 'O'oma, and individuals and dependents who
move to the Island of Hawaii as a result of direct employment opportunities,
about 156 people would be added to the population of the County. It is estimated
that approximately 690 visitors could be on-site at 'O'oma, either staying in one
of the on-site visitor units, or in one of the multi -family units placed in a rental
pool.
1-5
Employment. One of the positive aspects of the proposed project is the number
of jobs that would be created as a result of the construction of the various
elements of the proposed project and their operation once construction is
completed (direct jobs). The new jobs, in turn, would generate additional jobs
within the County and elsewhere within the State (indirect and induced
jobs).'O'oma could directly generate about 1,770 person-years of development -
related work in the State, representing some 140 full-time equivalent Hawaii -
based jobs in an average year. Considering the indirect and induced employment
opportunities that these direct impacts are likely to support, the total impacts of
the project's development could represent about 4,200 person years of
employment until 2015, or an average of 300 full-time equivalent jobs per year
within the State over the 2003-2015 period.
In addition to its development -related positions, 'O'oma is expected to directly
support up to 1,300 long-term permanent full-time equivalent jobs in its
operations. These direct operational jobs could include a variety of types and
levels of work, including opportunities in management, sales and marketing,
human resources, food service, maintenance and engineering, housekeeping,
retail, professional services, entertainment, and landscaping activities. Such jobs
are considered to be located on-site.
Considering the State's industry multipliers, indirect and induced effects could
add another 820 permanent positions. The indirect and induced employment
impacts of the project would be spread throughout Hawaii's economy, at many
levels of earning and in a wide variety of industries. In total, the project is
anticipated to support up to 2,100 permanent full-time equivalent positions by its
stabilization in 2015.
Cultural Resources. The proposed development has the potential to impact the
two identified cultural resources known on the site; the Mamalahoa Trail, and a
cave shelter associated with the trail (see Section 4.12). These sites are the only
known remnants of the historic use of the project site by native people. Impacts
could be direct, as the result of development activities; or indirect, resulting from
increased access and site visitation traffic.
Past archaeological surveys and studies, and correspondence with the State
Department of Land and Natural Resources, Historic Preservation Division
(SHPD), have resulted in commitments to preserve these cultural resources and
maintaining protective buffers during construction activities. Following these
activities, interpretive as well as cautionary signage will be established to both
educate the public about the cultural significance of the resources and to inform
the public about possible penalties for damaging the resources.
1-6
In addition, SHPD has imposed a requirement for the preparation of a
Preservation Plan for the Department's approval that addresses the two sites.
Adherence to this plan should adequately protect the resources and effectively
mitigate any potential impacts.
INFRASTRUCTURE and PUBLIC FACILITIES
Wastewater Treatment and Disposal. The 'O'oma 2nd project site is not
currently served by any municipal wastewater treatment facilities, nor is it
expected the site will be served by any such facilities in the near future. As a
result, a private package wastewater plant will be required to service the
proposed development. At a minimum, the package plant will result in effluent
treated to level R-2, with disposal proposed in underground injection wells or via
on-site irrigation. It is estimated that approximately 7,800 lineal feet of sewer
lines will be required for the 83 -acre site.
If a sewer improvement district is implemented within the region, participation by
the developer to extend the limits of the system to include the 'O'oma 2nd
property is a preferred alternative to on-site treatment.
Domestic Water Supply. Presently, the County Department of Water Supply
does not have sufficient domestic water supply available within the distribution
system serving the project site. Domestic water demand for the project is
estimated at 352,000 gallons per day. An alternative source of potable water is
the construction of approximately 3.2 miles of transmission line from the project
to Hina Lani Street, and mauka along Hina Lani Street to an upper level 1.0
million gallon reservoir.
Analysis indicates that groundwater is available to provide needed domestic
supply for future development at 'O'oma 2nd. It is necessary to connect supply
sources and the project site with appropriate transmission facilities. However, the
availability of groundwater resources should not dissuade County officials or
developers from implementing measures intended to reduce consumption, and
increase future resource availability. Such measures include the installation of
low -flow toilets and showerheads, the use of native species suited to the and
conditions of North Kona coastline (which decreases demand for irrigation), and
the restriction of irrigation use to time periods when water loss to evaporation
would be reduced.
Drainage. Once the project site is developed, and much of the porous lava
surface is replaced with impervious roads, sidewalks, parking lots, and roof
areas, it has been estimated that stormwater runoff for a design storm of 10 -year
1-7
recurrence will increase from about 61 cubic feet per second to about 140 cubic
feet per second. Design criteria established by the County of Hawaii Department
of Public Works require the containment of any net increase in stormwater flow I
within the property being developed. A storm drain system consisting of drain
inlets and/or catch basins, and dry wells is recommended for the project. An
underground injection control (UIC) permit must be obtained from the State
Department of Health Safe Drinking Water Branch for the use of the drywell
discharge.
Power and Communication. The project site is not currently served by existing
utility providers. Therefore, new facilities will be required for electricity, telephone I
and cable television. Hawaiian Electric Light Company (HELCo) will require a
new fenced lot measuring 150 feet by 150 feet for a substation, including a 69 KV
tower and pad -mounted transformer. If the lot is located makai of Queen
Kaahumanu Highway, HELCo will install an overhead 69KV crossing of the
highway to the substation.
Verizon Hawaii, Inc. will require a lot, or an easement that measures 30 feet by
30 feet to house on-site telecommunications equipment. Since there are no
existing telephone duct lines across the highway, they will have to be added at
the proposed highway intersection with the project access road.
Oceanic Cablevision will require a modest facility located within a six-foot by six-
foot easement. Similar to telephone facilities, new cable television duct lines will
need to be added at the highway intersection.
For aesthetic reasons, underground crossing of Queen Kaahumanu Highway
should be considered for the 69 KV power line in lieu of an over head crossing. If
communication and/or electric transmission facilities must be locate either within
150 -foot highway setback area, or elsewhere within the project site, it may be
necessary to construct fencing around the facilities for security and landscaping
to mute their visual impact. All on-site utility lines will be underground.
Circulation. Traffic impacts were assessed for Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the
highway intersections with Hina Lan! Street and Ka'iminani Drive, and the
highway intersection with the future project access road. Assessment of traffic
impacts assumed that Queen Kaahumanu Highway would be widened to four
lanes fronting the project site by 2010, and all three highway intersections would
remain signalized. Analysis indicated that at full build out the proposed project
would have an adverse impact at the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway
and Hina Lani Street, with level of service (LOS) forecast at LOS E for the
weekday PM peak hour period. Analysis indicated that the proposed project
would not have an adverse impact at the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu
M
Highway and Ka'iminani Drive. At full build -out, the project access road is
forecast to operate at LOS levels D and F during the afternoon peak and
Saturday midday hours respectively.
It was noted in the analysis that Hina Lani Street may require mitigation in the
absence of traffic generated by the project, particularly if additional large retailers
occupy space in the area. Possible mitigation for this intersection would be in the
form of two left -turn lanes (westbound out of Hina Lani Street). Eventually, the
project access road intersection with Queen Kaahumanu Highway will require
mitigation in the form of two outbound left -turn lanes, two in -bound left -turn lanes,
and two outbound right -tum lanes. These intersection improvements need to be
accounted for as part of the initial design of the intersection.
In addition, although the project access road intersection will not need traffic
signals initially, ultimately they will be required. Conduits should be built into the
roadway when the intersection is first constructed to facilitate installation of traffic
signals at a later date. In addition, the project developer should be required to
perform periodic traffic assessments (every 3-4 years) to determine when traffic
signals are warranted so they can be installed in a timely manner.
Solid Waste Disposal. Although the Puu Anahulu Landfill has sufficient space
over the long-term (+50 years) to accommodate the solid waste generated by the
proposed project, it is recommended that contractors for the development of the
project site be required to adhere to a construction period recycling plan, and that
the management entity for the project's commercial spaces be responsible for
implementation of an operational recycling plan. This will contribute to
lengthening the lifetime of the Puu Anahulu Landfill.
Public Services and Facilities
Police Department. The County of Hawaii Police Department did not indicate that
the proposed project would have any significant impacts on their operations in
West Hawaii. However, the department did express concern about a change in
the design of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway widening project, from a "limited
access" highway with grade separated intersections. The department
recommends consideration of a single intersection servicing both the 'O'oma 2nd
property, and neighboring properties on both sides. A decision related to the
limitation and location of future access points to Queen Kaahumanu Highway will
rest with the State Department of Transportation, Highways Division. The
proposed design for the 'O'oma project provides for a single access point to the
highway, and potential internal connections to properties to the north and south.
At this time, it is unclear what type and level of development will occur on either
property. It could be possible for the property to the north (which is part of the
1-9
NELHA complex) to access Queen Kaahumanu Highway via the NELHA access I
road.
Fire Department. In a letter commenting on the proposed project, the Fire
Department provided guidance regarding technical design issues related to
access for fire fighting equipment and provision of water supply capable of
supplying required fire flow. During the detailed design and building permit
phases of the project, it will be necessary to demonstrate adequate access for
fire fighting equipment and availability of required fire flow.
Recreational Facilities. It is anticipated that the increase in regional resident and
defacto population attributable to the proposed project will place additional limited
demand on the variety of public recreational resources in the region.
The provision of on-site amenities for residents and visitors will help to mitigate
off-site impacts. In addition, the County will collect higher property taxes as a
result of the development of the project site. Portions of these funds should be
used for maintenance and improvement of existing County recreational facilities.
Educational Facilities. The Department of Education (DOE) has estimated that
based on plans for a 240 unit multi -family development, the project would
increase enrollment by 30 to 40 elementary school students (grades K-5), 10 to
15 middle school students (grades 6-8), and 15 to 20 high school students
(grades 9-12) (Minami, January 27, 2003).
According to DOE, the proposed project would fall under the department's fair -
share contribution program. The DOE will request that the County of Hawaii
include standard school fair share contribution language as a condition of
entitlement.
1.3 Alternatives Considered
Three alternatives to the proposed action were considered: (1) no -action; (2)
development utilizing existing zoning designations; (and 3) resort development.
1.3.1 No -action Alternative
The no -action alternative would leave the property in its present condition. This
would mean the property would continue to be undeveloped, while the property
owner pays taxes on the land based on its highest and best use. While the no -
action alternative is always considered as one of the alternatives to proposed
development plans, following this alternative is not consistent with adopted land
use policies for the site (State Land Use Designation of Urban; County General
1-10
Plan Designation of Urban Expansion; County Zoning of Industrial). Jobs that
would have been supported the development during both its construction and
operational phases would not have been created. State excise and County
property taxes would not have been paid, thus weakening both economies.
Finally, the landowner's opportunity to realize a return on the investment of
purchasing the property will not be realized. For all these reasons, the no -action
alternative was rejected.
1.3.2 Use of Existing Zoning Designation
The project site is currently zoned MG -3a General Industrial District. The option
remains to develop the property under this zoning scheme. However, this zoning
designation was assigned to the project site for a very different development
scenario. It was assumed at the time the property was rezoned, that it would be
developed under the control of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii
Authority, for uses that would support and further the objectives of this
organization. However, the land was involved in a land exchange almost 20
years ago that placed the property within private ownership. Today, the need for
industrially -zoned property is being met elsewhere in the region, and it is doubtful
that the original intent of previous land use policy makers was to allow the full
range of industrial uses on the project site allowed by the MG -3a General
Industrial District.
It is arguable that some of the impacts associated with industrial development of
the project site could be less than or equal to those of the proposed project (e.g.,
traffic, water consumption). However, given the existing market for industrial
land, and the overall growth of service industries in the region, industrial
development of the project site is less attractive, and was rejected as a
development alternative.
1.3.3 Resort Development
A third alternative for development of the property considered a destination
resort. This scenario would have planned a project similar in use to other
destination resorts found on the west Hawaii coast. The parcel certainly has
sufficient land area to accommodate a resort hotel, supported by resort
commercial and condominium uses. There is a serious deficiency to this concept
of development. The project site is not ocean -front property, and cannot claim
beach adjacency as an amenity. There are many existing ocean -front destination
resorts between Kailua-Kona and Kawaihae that can out -compete the project site
in this regard, making the property much less attractive than other existing
developments. It is true that the proposed project contains a resort element as
part of its overall development concept. However, the visitor units envisioned
:tp.ea a, s"ia«toda.x.s.,a,,a c;:;Eac :.�s4,rn:'"t"aa
under the proposed development will attract a narrower market of business
travelers, and travelers who desire a closer location to the airport. On a relative
basis, a destination resort would have similar environmental impacts to the
proposed development, except perhaps, that traffic impacts would not be as
great, particularly during Saturday and Sunday midday peaks.
Finally, if the property were to be developed as destination resort, the number of
units needed to justify development would exceed by far the 400 units included
as part of the proposed project. It is doubtful that a large number of units would
be marketable in a competitive environment with other resorts elsewhere on the
Big Island and throughout the State. For this reason, this alternative was
rejected.
1.4 Permits Required
Table 1 lists State of Hawaii and County of Hawaii permits that are required prior
to implementation of the project. Other permits may be required for specific
construction activity.
Table 1
Required Development Permits and Approvals
a4Pgroval Required
�.�.1e1111®11111111.IIM.IIIuw.11.m111�.01.110111.�m11911f.`
Chapter.fiE, HRS, Review (Preservation Plans)
New water source development approval (if
new'welf is developed)
Private wastewater ;treatment-piante' r0cation,
Construction withm;state highway right-of-way.
CZNI Consistency°Determination .
1-12
Description of the Proposed Action
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2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION
The project site lies within the 'O'oma 2"d ahupua'a on the leeward coast of the
island of Hawaii, about- one mile south of the Kona International Airport at
Keahole and seven miles north of the town of Kailua-Kona. The project site is
bounded by Queen Kaahumanu Highway to the east (mauka), the Natural
Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) to the north, a 213 -acre vacant
parcel (7-3-09:4) and the Pacific Ocean to the west (makai), and a vacant 450 -
acre parcel within the Kohanaiki ahupua'a to the south (Figure 1).
Figure 1 J Regional Location Map
The major existing land use in the vicinity is the State-owned Kona International
Airport at Keahole, located approximately one -mile to the north. Adjacent to the
2-1
southern boundary of the airport lies the NELHA, a state -funded research facility.
NELHA is involved in the research and commercial application of alternative
energy systems, and aquaculture and related fields, utilizing deep ocean water
pumped ashore via offshore pipelines. Another publicly -subsidized facility, the
Keahole Agricultural Park, is located north of the project site, mauka of Queen
Kaahumanu Highway. This 179 -acre park is located on State-owned land and
was developed by the State of Hawaii, although individual parcels are leased to
commercial growers, primarily in the horticultural industry.
Immediately south of the Kohanaiki parcel is the Kaloko-Honokohau National
Historical Park. Established in 1978 for the preservation, protection and
interpretation of traditional native Hawaiian activities and culture, the 1,160 -acre
park is the site of an ancient Hawaiian settlement which encompasses portions of
four different ahupua'a. Resources include fishponds, kahua (house site
platforms), kN pohaku (petroglyphs), holua (stone slide), and heiau (religious
site).
Mauka of the National Historical Park is the Kaloko Industrial Park, consisting of
194 fee simple industrial lots. South of the National Historical Park lies the
Honokohau Small Boat Harbor, operated by the Department of Land and Natural
Resources, Division of Boating and Ocean Recreation, providing 262 moorings
for both recreational and commercial vessels.
A tax map of the project site is shown in Figure 2.
2.1 Project Objectives
The existing zoning designation for the project site (MG -3a General Industrial
District) was established in the 1980's and was intended to support the
expansion of NELHA facilities onto the project site, as the State of Hawaii was
the former landowner of Parcel 22. In the late 1980's a land swap was arranged
between the State of Hawaii and the former landowner of Parcel 22, bringing the
ownership of the project site into private hands, and adding to the NELHA
acreage on its immediate southern border.
Over the intervening years, no development has occurred on Parcel 22, and the
zoning designation, which was consistent with the goals and objectives of the
NELHA, is not consistent with market trends in the region. The project site is
ideally situated on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, one -mile south of the Kona
International Airport at Keahole, to provide services and retail shopping
opportunities to businesses and residents in the region. In addition, its location
relative to NELHA and the future West Hawaii Campus of the University of
2-2
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.au
PROJECT SITE
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Figure 2 1 Tax Key Map
Hawaii offer the opportunity to make housing available for NELHA and university
employees, and accommodations for visitors to these important facilities.
2.2 Project Description
As discussed above (Section 2.1 Project Objectives), the project is intended to
respond to market needs, as shown in the development program identified in
Table 2 (and portrayed in Figure 3), in the following general land use categories:
2-3
O O M
1
i.
J
i
A
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t
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1 _
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01 \ 1000 2000 a D
Figure 2 1 Tax Key Map
Hawaii offer the opportunity to make housing available for NELHA and university
employees, and accommodations for visitors to these important facilities.
2.2 Project Description
As discussed above (Section 2.1 Project Objectives), the project is intended to
respond to market needs, as shown in the development program identified in
Table 2 (and portrayed in Figure 3), in the following general land use categories:
2-3
'O'o na 2"
County of Hawaii
cfiapfer Z: Deon of the Proposed Action
Table 2
Proposed Development Program
The 240 multi -family housing units will include 1-, 2-, and 3 -bedroom units,
ranging in size from about 600 square feet to about 1,200 square feet. The
transient accommodations will include up to three small hotels aimed at different
markets; airport business hotel, all suites, longer term efficiency. Buildings within
the development will not exceed 2 stories (40 feet) in height, in order to reduce
their visibility from Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The overall design theme
provides generous landscaping throughout the project site, including the main
boulevards, and common open spaces. Access to the project site from Queen
Kaahumanu Highway will be taken from the southern edge of the property, where
an existing jeep road enters the property. The roadway system is designed such
that internal connection to developments at Kohanaiki or NELHA can be
accomplished, and a mauka-makai road can provide access to the. shoreline
area.
Currently, Queen Kaahumanu Highway has a 300 -foot right-of-way that extends
190 feet from the makai edge of existing highway improvements. The project
plan includes an additional 150 -foot setback from the existing edge of the
highway right-of-way. Also, the entirety of the Mamalahoa Trail that passes
through the project site (historic site: see Sections 4.12, and 5.2), will be
preserved as it traverses the property.
The acreage in this table adds up to 74 acres. Included in this acreage are the interior streets within the
project, but not the main streets, or the Mamalahoa Trail.
2-4
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County of Hawaii Environmental Report
2.3 Development Phasing/Cost
Chapter 2� Description of the Proposed Action
Assuming that the entitlement process can be completed in 2003, it is anticipated
that project construction can begin in 2005. It is projected that the project will
achieve 50% build -out by 2010, and 100% build -out by 2013. Estimated cost for
the proposed development program is $280 million (2002 dollars).
2-6
Relationship of the Proposed Action
to Land Use Plans, Policies, and
Controls of the Affected Area
3.0 RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROPOSED ACTION TO LAND USE PLANS,
POLICIES, AND CONTROLS OF THE AFFECTED AREA
3.1 State of Hawaii
3.1.1 State Land Use Law
All lands in the State of Hawaii have been classified in one of four land use
districts by the State Land Use Commission (LUC), pursuant to Chapter 205,
Hawaii Revised Statutes: (1) Urban; (2) Rural; (3) Agricultural; and (4)
Conservation. The entire 83 -acre property is located within the State Urban
District. Consequently, the proposed project is consistent with the provisions of
the State Land Use Law, as administered by the LUC.
3.1.2 Coastal Zone Management
In an effort by the State of Hawaii to preserve and protect the natural resources
of the coastal zone, special controls on development along the shoreline have
been implemented, as contained in Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statutes,
(HRS), as amended (hereafter referred to as Chapter 205A). This law defines the
Coastal Zone Management Area to be all areas of the State of Hawaii, except
forest reserve areas. As such, the project site lies within the Coastal Zone. In
addition, Chapter 205A contains the general objectives and policies upon which
all counties within the State of Hawaii, (including the County of Hawaii), have
structured more specific legislation which has created Special Management
Areas (SMAS) for each county (the specific provisions of the county Special
Management Area are discussed in Section 3.2.3). The requirements of Chapter
205A, as related to the proposed project, are discussed below.
Recreational Resources
Objective: Provide coastal recreational opportunities accessible to the public.
Policies:
Protect coastal resources uniquely suited for recreational opportunities
that cannot be provided in other areas.
2. Require replacement of coastal resources having significant recreational
value, including but not limited to surfing sites, fishponds, and sand
beaches when such resources will be unavoidably damaged by
development, or requiring reasonable monetary compensation to the state
for recreation when replacement is not feasible or desirable.
3-1
3. Provide and manage adequate public access, consistent with
conservation of natural resources, to and along shorelines with
recreational value.
4. Provide an adequate supply of shoreline parks and other recreational
facilities suitable for public recreation.
5. Ensure public recreational use of county, state, and federally owned or
controlled shoreline lands and waters having recreational value consistent
with public safety standards and conservation of natural resources.
6. Adopt water quality standards and regulate point and non -point sources of
pollution to protect, and when: feasible, restore the recreational value of
coastal waters.
7. Develop new shoreline recreational opportunities, where appropriate, such
as artificial lagoons, artificial beaches, artificial reefs for suiting and
fishing.
8. Encourage reasonable dedication of shoreline areas with recreational
value for public use as part of discretionary approvals or permits by the
land use commission, board of land and natural resources, county
planning commissions, and credit such dedication against the
requirements of park dedication rules and regulations.
Discussion: The project site is setback from 0.6 to 0.9 miles from the shoreline,
with an intervening parcel (7-3-9:4) in between. The public uses the area makai
of Parcel 4 for lateral access along the shoreline. Development of the project site
will not interrupt this lateral access or affect coastal processes, or damage any
coastal resources having significant recreational value. A mauka-makai roadway
is planned for the project along the southern property boundary that could
eventually connect to a roadway providing access to the shoreline area.
Historic Resources
Objective: Protect, preserve, and, when; desirable, restore those natural and
manmade historic and prehistoric resources in the coastal zone management
area that are significant in Hawaiian and American history and culture.
Policies:
Identify and analyze significant archaeological resources.
3-2
2. Maximize information retention through preservation of remains and
artifacts or salvage operations.
3. Support state goals for protection, restoration, interpretation, and display
of historic resources.
Discussion: Previous archaeological studies that included the project site
identified two historic sites within the boundaries of Parcel 22. These sites were
reconfirmed as part of a reconnaissance effort conducted for this environmental
report (Rechtman Consulting, Appendix H). These two sites (Site #2, portions of
the Mamalahoa Trail & Site #10155, a cave shelter associated with the trail) will
require interpretive preservation.
Scenic and Open Space Resources
Objective: Protect, preserve, and where desirable, restore or improve the quality
of coastal scenic and open space resources.
Policies:
Identify valued scenic resources in the coastal zone management area.
2. Ensure that new developments are compatible with their visual
environment by designing and locating such developments to minimize the
alteration of natural landforms and existing public views to and along the
shoreline.
3. Preserve, maintain, and where desirable, improve and restore shoreline
open space and scenic resources.
4. Encourage those developments which are not coastal dependent to locate
in inland areas.
Discussion: The project site fronts Queen Kaahumanu Highway on its mauka
border. The 300 -foot highway right-of-way currently extends 190 feet beyond the
makai edge of the paved limit of the highway. Beyond this point, there is an
additional 150 -foot highway setback incorporated within the boundaries of Parcel
22. The surface of the highway is cut approximately _ feet below the elevation
of a low ridge beyond the highway boundary extending most of the length of the
project site's highway frontage, virtually eliminating makai views from the
highway. The ocean is not visible during the drive along this section of the
highway.
3-3
The additional 150 -foot setback from the highway right-of-way further diminishes
the impacts on any makai views. The majority of the 150 -foot setback area on the
project site will remain in a natural condition (lava/scrub vegetation), with the
area immediately mauka of the proposed development to be landscaped, further
reducing the impact of the built environment.
Visual analysis for the proposed development (Section 4.11) demonstrates that
the proposed development will not impact makai views.
Coastal Ecosystems
Objective: Protect valuable coastal ecosystems, including reefs, from disruption
and minimize adverse impacts on all coastal ecosystems.
Policies:
improve the technical basis for natural resource management.
2. Preserve valuable coastal ecosystems, including reefs, of significant
biological or economic importance.
3. Minimize disruption or degradation of coastal water ecosystems by
effective regulation of stream diversions, channelization, and similar land
and water uses, recognizing competing water needs.
4. Promote water quantity and quality planning and management practices
which reflect the tolerance of fresh water and marine ecosystems and
prohibit land and water uses which violate state water quality standards.
Discussion: The coastal environment in the vicinity of Keahole Point, including
that fronting the 'O'oma 2nd ahupua'a, has been studied and monitored closely
over the last two decades. There is now a considerable volume of baseline data
to use to anticipate the effects of development in the region. In this regard, the
ER includes three studies that address issues related to groundwater and coastal
water quality and marine habitat. This includes consideration of the impacts of
stormwater runoff on groundwater and potential corollary effects to marine
environments.
Economic Uses
Objective: Provide public or private facilities and improvements important to the
State's economy in suitable locations.
3-4
Policies:
1. Concentrate coastal dependent development in appropriate areas.
2. Ensure that coastal dependent development such as harbors and ports,
and coastal related development such as visitor industry facilities, and
energy generating facilities are located, designed, and constructed to
minimize adverse social, visual, and environmental impacts in the coastal
zone management area.
3. Direct the location and expansion of coastal dependent developments to
areas presently designated and used for such developments and permit
reasonable long-term growth at such areas, and permit coastal dependent
development outside of presently designated areas when:
• use of presently designated locations is not feasible
• adverse environmental effects are minimized
• the development is important to the State's economy
Discussion: The objective and policies in this subject area are not applicable to
development such as the proposed project. In any event, the makai property
boundaries of Parcel 22 vary from 0.6 to 0.9 miles in distance from the shoreline,
separated from the shoreline by an intervening parcel (Parcel 4).
Coastal Hazards
Objective: Reduce hazard to life and property from tsunami, storm waves, stream
flooding, erosion, subsidence, and pollution.
Policies:
1. Develop and communicate adequate information on storm wave, tsunami,
flood, erosion, and subsidence, and point and non -point source pollution
hazards.
2. Control development in areas subject to storm wave, tsunami, flood,
erosion, hurricane, wind, subsidence, and point and non -point source
pollution hazards.
3. Ensure that developments comply with requirements of the Federal Flood
Insurance Program.
4. Prevent coastal flooding from inland projects.
3-5
U'nc; 2'
?3efai,�-fl�:ft0eb l.rVser=-u><_c;
5. Develop a coastal point and non -point source pollution control program.
Discussion: Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) show the entire project site to
be within Zone "X," areas determined to be outside the limits of the 500 -year
flood event.
Managing Development
Objective: Improve the development review process, communication, and public
participation in the management of coastal resources and hazards.
Policies:
Use, implement and enforce existing law effectively to the maximum
extent possible in managing present and future coastal zone development.
2. Facilitate timely processing of application for development permits and
resolve overlapping or conflicting permit requirements.
3. Communicate the potential short and long-term impacts of proposed
significant coastal developments early in their life -cycle and in terms
understandable to the public to facilitate public participation in the planning
and review process.
Discussion: The applications for the Project District approval and Special
Management Area Use Permit (SMP), the preparation of this environment report
(including technical appendices), and the processing of the permit requests,
including public hearings, are consistent with the objective and policies.
Public Participation
Objective: Stimulate public awareness, education, and participation in coastal
management.
Policies:
Maintain a public advisory body to identify coastal management problems
and to provide policy advice and assistance to the coastal zone
management program.
2. Disseminate information on coastal management issues, by means of
educational materials, published reports, staff contact, and public
3-6
.:. ." ,, r ...:a fit '• :...... .... .. .._ - ,.
workshops for persons and organizations concerned with coastal -related
issues, developments, and government activities.
3. Organize workshops, policy dialogues, and site-specific mediations to
respond to coastal issues and conflicts.
Discussion: The objective and policies are geared primarily for agencies with
jurisdiction for enforcing coastal zone management rules and regulations.
Beach Protection
Objective: Protect beaches for public use and recreation.
Policies:
Locate new structures inland from the shoreline setback to conserve open
space and to minimize loss of improvements due to erosion.
2. Prohibit construction of private erosion -protection structures seaward of
the shoreline, except when they result in improved aesthetic and
engineering solutions to erosion at sites and do not interfere with existing
recreational and waterline activities.
3. Minimize the construction of public erosion -protection structures seaward
of the shoreline.
Discussion: As stated above, the makai boundaries of the project site vary
between about 0.6 and 0.9 miles from the shoreline, and will not affect, or be
affected by, shoreline processes. Thus, no erosion -protection structures are
proposed as part of the development program.
Marine Resources
Objective: Implement the State's ocean resources management plan.
Policies:
Exercise an overall conservation ethic, and practice stewardship in the
protection, use, and development of marine and coastal resources.
2. Assure that the use and development of marine and coastal resources are
ecologically and environmentally sound and economically beneficial.
3-7
3. Coordinate the management of marine and coastal resources and I
activities management to improve effectiveness and efficiency.
4. Assert and articulate the interests of the State as a partner with federal
agencies in the sound management of ocean resources within the United
States exclusive economic zone.
5. Promote research, study, and understanding of ocean processes, marine
life, and other ocean resources in order to acquire and inventory
information necessary to understand how ocean development activities
relate to and impact upon ocean and coastal resources.
6. Encourage research and development of new, innovative technologies for
exploring, using, or protecting marine and coastal resources.
Discussion: The objective and policies listed above are primarily directed toward
jurisdictional agencies charged with the management of coastal resources.
Studies conducted for this environmental report are intended to gain a better
appreciation of the causal relationships between storm water runoff and marine
water quality and habitat preservation. These studies will contribute to the overall
understanding of regional marine resources, thereby supporting the objective and
policies.
3.2 County of Hawaii
3.2.1 Hawaii County General Plan
The General Plan for Hawaii County (Ordinance No. 89-142, effective date
November 14, 1989), "...is the policy document for the long-range
comprehensive development of the island of Hawaii ... fit] provides the direction
for the future growth of the County. It brings into focus the relationship between
residents and their pursuits and institutions offering policy statements which
embody the expressed goals for present and future generations" (County of
Hawaii, 1989). The plan contains goals, policies and standards for thirteen
subject areas, as well as a series of land use maps referred to as "General Plan
Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Maps" (LUPAG Maps). The current LUPAG
designation for the project site is "Urban Expansion" (Figure 4). The thirteen
subject areas are: (1) economy; (2) energy; (3) environmental quality; (4) flood
control and drainage; (5) historic sites; (6) natural beauty; (7) natural resources
and shoreline; (8) housing; (9) public facilities; (10) public utilities; (11) recreation;
(12) transportation; and (13) land use.
Figure 4 County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Destinations
The proposed project is consistent with the following relevant goals, policies and
standards of the General Plan:
A. Economic
Goals:
• Provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life.
• The County of Hawaii shall strive for diversity and stability in its
economic system.
Policies:
• The County of Hawaii shall strive for an economic climate which
provides, its._residents an opportunity for choices of occupation.
'O'oma 2"" I
County of Hawaii Environmental Report Chapter 3: Relationship of the Proposed Project
• The County of Hawaii shall strive for diversification of its economy by I
strengthening existing industries and attracting new endeavors.
• The County shall strive for full employment.
Discussion: As stated in the General Plan's support document: "The existence
of population in any given area is based in part on economic reasons, Population
usually settles, expands or declines in some correlation to economic
opportunities or the lack of them." In this regard, the General Plan makes the
argument that there is a direct causal relationship between where people want to
live and the economic opportunities in the regions where population congregates.
In the case of the North Kona District, there has been considerable economic
and population growth in the last 30 years. Government has responded to this
growth by locating or planning to locate important public facilities and services in
the region: (1) Kona International Airport at Keahole; (2) Honokohau Small Boat
Harbor; (3) Queen Kaahumanu Highway (expansion); (3) Kealakehe Wastewater
Treatment Plant; (4) University of Hawaii West Hawaii Campus; (5) Natural
Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority; and (6) Kealakehe High School Complex,
among others. In addition, the North Kona District provides 4,399 visitor units
extending from the Keauhou-Kona Resort at the southern end of the district to
the Hualalai Resort and Kona Village Resort at the northern end, the largest
inventory of units on the island, ranging from hotel rooms, to resort
condominiums, to bed and breakfast operations. As the major economic activity,
tourism has, in turn, generated the growth of secondary industries in the region,
such as construction, retail and wholesale, utilities, financial institutions and
professional services. This in turn has attracted more people to live in the region.
In this context, the proposed project is providing opportunities to increase the
activity of secondary industries, thereby increasing job opportunities.
C. Energy
Goals:
• Maintain, and if feasible, improve the existing environmental quality
of the island.
Standards:
The County of Hawaii shall take positive action to further maintain the
quality of the environment for residents both in the present and in the
future.
Discussion: The preparation of this environmental report is in compliance with
County of Hawaii requirements for Project District and SMA Use Permit
processing regulations. The disclosure and consideration of the environmental
3-10
aspects of the proposed project within a public forum supports the overall
environmental goals of the County.
D. Flood Control and Drainage
Goals:
• Protect human life
• Prevent damage to man-made improvements
• Reduce surface water and sediment runoff
Policies:
• All development -generated runoff shall be disposed of in a manner
acceptable to the Department of Public Works
• It is the responsibility of both the government and the private sector
to maintain and improve existing drainage systems and to construct
new drainage facilities.
Standards:
• "Storm Drainage Standards," County of Hawaii, 1970, and as revised
Applicable standards and regulations if Chapter 27, "Flood Control,"
of the Hawaii County Code
Applicable standards and regulations of Chapter 10, Erosion and
Sedimentation Control,"of the Hawaii County Code
Discussion: A preliminary drainage assessment has been prepared to support
this environmental report (Appendix K), with the understanding that all drainage
improvements for the proposed project shall comply with appropriate County
grading, drainage, and erosion control regulations.
E. Historic Sites
Goals:
• Protect and enhance the sites, buildings and objects of significant
historical and cultural importance to Hawaii
• Access to significant historic sites, buildings and objects of public
interest should be made available
Policies:
Agencies and organizations, either public or private, pursuing
knowledge about historic sites should keep the public apprised of
projects.
The County of Hawaii shall require both public and private
developers of land to provide a historical survey prior to the clearing
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-Lr [ c. °s: •-�r d`rce19c cha^:er 3� R2'=aflj' tnr o`;q, F`c?2se,.
or development of land when there are indications that the land
under consideration has historical significance
• Signs explaining historic sites, buildings and objects shall be in
keeping with the character of the area or the cultural aspects of the
feature
Discussion: The project site has been the subject of an accepted archaeological
inventory survey (Barrera, 1985), and an accepted data recovery effort (Barrera,
1989). In addition, this environmental report contains an archaeological
reconnaissance assessment (Rechtman Consulting, 2002; Appendix H) that
validates the findings of the two previous efforts. The results of this work have
identified two historic sites on the property, both of which are committed to
interpretive preservation (Site #2, a portion of the Mamalahoa Trail, and Site
#10155, a cave shelter associated with the trail).
Following approval of the Project District and SMA Use Permit, and prior to
commencement of construction activities, appropriate mitigation and preservation
plans shall be prepared for the two sites committed to interpretive preservation,
including signage and access.
G. Natural Resources and Shoreline
Goals:
• Ensure that alterations to existing land forms and vegetation,
except crops, and construction of structures causes minimum
adverse effect to water resources, and scenic and recreational
amenities and minimum danger of floods, landslides, erosion,
siltation, or failure in the event of earthquake.
Policies:
• The shoreline of the island of Hawaii shall be maintained for
recreational, educational, and/or scientific uses in a manner that is
protective of resources and is of the maximum benefit to the
general public.
• The shoreline shall be protected from the encroachment of man-
made improvements and structures.
Standards:
• The Coastal Zone and Special Management Area as defined by
statute and in accordance with the adopted objectives and
guidelines shall be considered for the protection and conservation
of natural resources.
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Discussion: Access to and along the shoreline fronting the project site is from an
unpaved jeep coastal road that originates at the end of a paved road on NELHA
property and which extends to the shoreline fronting the Kohanaiki ahupua'a.
The project site is not an ocean -front property, and will not interfere with this
access, or directly affect the shoreline itself.
This environmental report has been prepared in support of an application for an
SMA Use Permit. Section 3.2.3 of this report discusses the proposed project in
conjunction with SMA objectives and guidelines.
H. Housing
Goals:
Attain safe, sanitary, and livable housing for the residents of the
County of Hawaii
Attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix throughout the
different parts of the County
Maintain a housing supply which allows a variety of choicelSeek
sufficient production of new affordable rental and fee -simple
housing in the County in a variety of sizes to satisfactorily
accommodate the needs and desires of families and individuals
Policies:
• The County shall encourage a volume of construction and
rehabilitation of housing sufficient to meet growth needs and correct
existing deficiencies
Discussion: The proposed project will add 240 multi -family units to the North
Kona housing market, within a corridor (Kailua-Kona to the airport) that has
experienced significant growth and urbanization in the last 20 years. The addition
of these units will provide an opportunity for residents to locate close to services,
facilities, and places of employment, within the region.
J. Public Facilities
Goals:
• Ensure that adequate, efficient and dependable public utility
services will be available to users
• Maximize efficiency and economy in the provision of public utility
services
To have public utility facilities which are designed to fit into their
surroundings or concealed from public view.
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Policies: I
• Public utility facilities shall be designed so as to complement
adjacent land uses and shall be operated so as to minimize I
pollution or disturbance
• Provide utilities and service facilities which minimize total cost to I
the public and effectively service the needs of the community
• Water system improvements and extensions shall promote the
County's desired land use development pattern
• A systematic program by the County, State and private interest
shall identify sources of additional water supply to ensure the
development of sufficient quantities of water for future needs of I
high growth areas
• The County shall encourage underground telephone lines where I
they are economically and technically feasible
• Power distribution shall be placed underground when and where
feasible. The County shall encourage developers of new urban I
areas to place utilities underground.
• Private systems shall be installed by land developers for major
resort and other developments along shorelines and sensitive
higher inland areas, except where connection to nearby treatment
facilities is feasible and compatible with the County's long-range
plans, and in conformance with state and county requirements.
Discussion: An analysis of available and needed infrastructure for the proposed
project has been prepared in support of this ER (Appendix K). It is clear from this
report that the project developer will need to provide a significant portion of the
public utilities required by the new development. Wastewater, domestic water,
roads, and drainage systems will all be necessary for the 'O'oma project. New
power, cable television, and telephone support systems will also be necessary
for the proposed project. All wiring within the project boundaries will be
underground.
M. Land Use
Goals:
• Designate and allocate land uses in appropriate proportions and
mix and in keeping with the social, cultural, and physical
environments of the County
Policies:
• Zone urban- and rural -types of uses in areas with ease of access to
community services and employment centers and with adequate
public utilities and facilities
Standards:
3-14
The designated land uses will be delineated on the General Plan
Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map. The broad -brush
boundaries indicated are graphic expressions of the General Plan
Policies, particularly those relating to land uses. They are long-
range guides to general location and will be subject to: a) existing
zoning; b) State Land Use District; and c) zone guide map and
interpretation. Similarly, the acreages allocated represent
alternatives for the various levels of economic activity and
supporting functions, such as resort, residential, community and
governmental services and programs as well as new towns and
resort centers may be accommodated within the allocated
acreages.
Zoning requests shall be reviewed with respect to General Plan
designation, district goals, regional plans, State Land Use District,
compatibility with adjacent zoned uses, availability of public
services and utilities, access, and public need.
(2) Commercial Development
Goals:
Provide for commercial developments that maximize convenience
to users
Provide commercial developments that complement the overall
pattern of transportation and land usage within the island's regions,
communities, and neighborhoods.
Policies:
Commercial facilities shall be developed in areas adequately
served by necessary services, such as water, utilities, sewers, and
transportation systems. Should such services not be available, the
development of more intensive uses should be in concert with a
localized program of public and private capital improvements to
meet the expected increased needs
Distribution of commercial areas shall be such as to best meet the
demands of neighborhood, community and regional needs.
The development of commercial facilities should be designed to fit
into the locale with minimal intrusion while providing the desired
services. Appropriate infrastructure and design concerns shall be
incorporated into the review of such developments
(4) Multiple Residential
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^� ^� :€ -M�r reg .1_ ftete;,ans: ,j. •,.e �rcros, z Pro' -
Goals:
• To provide for multiple residential developments that maximize
convenience for its occupants.
• To provide for suitable living environments which accommodate the
physical, social and economic needs of the island residents
Policies:
• Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the demand for
multiple residential dwellings increases. These areas shall be
allocated with respect to places of employment, shopping facilities,
educational, recreational and cultural facilities, and public facilities
and utilities
The County shall encourage flexibility in the design of residential
sites, buildings and related facilities to achieve a diversity of socio-
economic housing mix and innovative means of meeting the market
requirements
Standards:
Areas shall be located in such a manner that traffic generated by
high density development will not be required to travel through
areas of lesser density an route to principal community facilities
Provide access to arterial streets, shopping facilities, schools,
employment centers, and other services.
(6) Resort
Goals:
• Provide for resort development that maximizes conveniences to its
users and optimizes the benefits derived by the residents of the
County
Discussion: The policy decision to urbanize the project site was made in the late
1980s when the State Land Use Commission redesignated the property to the
State "Urban" District and the County Council rezoned the property to the MG -3a
General Industrial District. Since that time, the North Kona District has
experienced significant growth, and has become an important activity center for
the west side of the Big Island. Other planning documents prepared for the
region (General Plan, K to K Plan) also show the project site urbanized. In this
context, the proposed project is consistent with all major planning efforts for west
Hawaii. The desired change in zoning (MG -3a to Project District) reflects the
change in land ownership from public (NELHA) to private, and a change from
research/industrial to residential/commercial/hotel mixed use. These uses are
3-16
consistent with the demand for urban uses within the region, close to the growing
population of the North Kona District.
Studies prepared to support this ER indicate that necessary services/utilities for
the proposed project must be provided by the developer (wastewater, water,
drainage, highway improvements, etc.).
General Plan Revision. The 1971 General Plan required five and ten year
comprehensive reviews and updates. The first comprehensive ten-year review of
the General Plan was initiated by the Planning Department in the mid -1980's and
completed with the adoption of Ordinance No. 89-142 by the Hawaii County
Council on November 14, 1989. This comprehensive revision program resulted in
various revisions to supporting data as well as to the individual study elements
and Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide and Facilities maps (County of Hawaii,
December 2001). The County of Hawaii is now in the midst of another
comprehensive review of the General Plan, with a bill (Bill 163) pending before
the County Council. The intent of this review effort is to:
• Revisit County and district goals and objectives.
• Conduct a detail land use inventory.
• Conduct an economic assessment study, which includes population
projections and distribution.
• Delineate land use patterns including vehicular circulation, public facilities
and utilities, community facilities, historical sites, areas for preservation of
natural beauty, urban renewal and redevelopment areas, housing, flooding
and inundation areas, etc.
• Summarize present features of the County and each district, and estimate
future requirements to govern location, size, and number of land use
components, including public facilities.
• Prepare standards of land use and/or development including density,
recreation facilities, preservation of historic sites, safeguards for flooding
and inundation areas, etc.
• Enumerate special County and district problems and recommend
alternative solutions relative to the General Plan.
• Formulate implementation program (County of Hawaii, January 16, 2003)
Under the provisions of the County of Hawaii General Plan Revision Draft, the
project site retains its "Urban Expansion" designation.
3.2.2 Hawaii County Zoninq
The zoning map that includes the zoning information for the project site, is the
North Kona Zone Map Section 25-8-3, as amended. The zoning designation for
3-17
Goifntl, el Hawaii Mrs=rironmrntal Report Chapter 3: Relationship ar the Proposes P3 piec",
Figure 5 I County Zoning Designation
the project site is "MG -3a General Industrial District" (Figure 5). This means the
minimum area for a building site within this MG district is 3 acres. According to
the Purpose and Applicability section of the regulations pertaining to MG districts
(Section 25-5-150 of the Hawaii County Code): "the MG (general industrial)
district applies to areas for uses that are generally considered to be offensive or
have some element of danger." Typical uses listed as permitted uses within the
zoning district include: automobile body and fender establishments; bulk storage
of flammable products and bulk storage of explosive products; concrete or
asphalt batching and mixing plants and yards; dumping, disposal, incineration, or
reduction of refuse or waste matter; food manufacturing and processing facilities;
lumberyards and building material yards; manufacturing, processing and
packaging establishments, light and general; reduction, refining, smelting, or
alloying of metals, petroleum products or ores; and slaughterhouses, among
others.
3-18
O*rw
This zoning designation was intended to facilitate the expansion of the facilities at
the NELHA facility. Zoning for the area occupied by NELHA in the vicinity of
Keahole Point is MG -1 a (minimum building site of 1 acre). However, since the
time when zoning was established for the project site, the ownership of the land
has been transferred from the State of Hawaii to private ownership. Market
conditions do not support the development of the project site for industrial uses,
and it is arguable that the profile of this highly -traveled highway corridor should
support "higher -end" uses and more aesthetic urban design elements. For these
reasons, the applicant proposes to obtain a Project District designation for the
property with a mix of uses that includes office, retail, hotel and multi -family.
3.2.3 Special Management Use Area
The County of Hawaii, similar to other counties in Hawaii, has adopted: (1)
boundaries which identify the Special Management Use Area (SMA); and (2)
rules and regulations which are consistent with Chapter 205A, HRS that control
development within the SMA. A portion of the project site lies within the SMA
(Figure 6). The SMA Rules and Regulations of the County of Kauai include
guidelines that are used by the County Planning Commission for the review of
developments proposed within the SMA. These review guidelines, and the
relationship of the proposed project to them, are discussed below.
All development in the special management area shall be subject to reasonable
terms and conditions set by the Authority to ensure that:
• Adequate access, by dedication or other means, to publicly owned or used
beaches, recreation areas and natural reserves is provided to the extent
consistent with sound conservation principles.
■ Adequate and properly located public recreation areas and wildlife preserves
are reserved.
• Provisions are made for solid and liquid waste treatment, disposition, and
management which will minimize adverse effects upon special management
area resources.
■ Alterations to existing land forms and vegetation except crops, and
construction of structures shall cause minimum adverse effect to water
resources and scenic and recreational amenities and minimum danger of
floods, landslides, erosion, siltation or failure in the event of earthquake.
Discussion: Existing means of access to and along the shoreline in the vicinity
of the project site, is primarily via a coastal jeep trail that begins at the NELHA
access road and continues to "Pinetrees" (a surf spot) fronting the Kohanaiki
3-19
Cp'c'' 3: R-ei six�ti51?� r L)' tw "�£ r^ wutE:
I
Figure 6 J County Special Management Use Area
ahupua'a. The proposed project will not affect this access, in large part owing to
its separation distance from the shoreline area (between 0.6 and 0.9 miles).
Wastewater treatment will be provided by an on-site plant. There will be no
effluent discharge to the ocean. In regard to solid waste, the development will
implement a recycling program, including: glass; plastic; paper; and, green
waste. The balance of solid waste will be hauled to the Puuanahulu Landfill.
No development shall be approved unless the Authority has first found that:
3-20
0 am, 1,
The development will not have any substantial, adverse environmental or
ecological effect except as such adverse effect is minimized to the extent
practicable and clearly outweighed by public health and safety, or compelling
public interest. Such adverse effect shall include, but not be limited to, the
potential cumulative impact of individual developments, each one of which
taken in itself might not have a substantial adverse effect and the elimination
of planning options.
The development is consistent with the objectives, policies, and special
management area guidelines of this chapter and any guidelines enacted by
the Legislature.
The development is consistent with the County general plan, and zoning.
Such a finding of consistency does not preclude concurrent processing where
a general plan or zoning amendment may also be required.
Discussion: As discussed in Section 3.1.1, the proposed project is consistent
with the policies and objectives contained in Section 205-A, HRS. Further as
shown in Sections 3.2.1, and 3.2.2, the proposed project is consistent with the
county general plan, and zoning.
The Authority shall seek to minimize, where reasonable:
• Dredging, filling or otherwise altering any bay, estuary, salt marsh, river
mouth, slough or lagoon.
■ Any development which would reduce the size of any beach or other area
usable for public recreation.
• Any development which would reduce or impose restrictions upon public
access to tidal and submerged lands, beaches, portions of rivers and streams
within the special management area and the mean high tide line where there
is no beach.
■ Any development which would substantially interfere with or detract from the
line of sight toward the sea from the State Highway nearest the coast.
■ Any development which would adversely affect water quality, existing areas of
open water free of visible structures, existing and potential fisheries and
fishing grounds, wildlife habitats, or potential or existing agricultural uses of
land.
Discussion: The proposed project will not alter any water bodies, nor will it
reduce the size of any beach or area usable for public recreation. As discussed
above, the parcel is separated from the shoreline from 0.6 to 0.9 miles.
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The line of sight from Queen Kaahumanu Highway to the sea will not be
impacted by the proposed development. The ocean is not now visible from the
highway fronting the project site.
Studies prepared for this ER (Appendices A, B, and C) demonstrate that
groundwater quality, and the marine environment, will not be impacted by the
proposed resort. No effluent will be discharged to the ocean, or to groundwater,
and treated wastewater will be used for irrigation.
3.2.4 Keahole to Kailua Development Plan
The Keahole to Kailua Development Plan ("K to K Plan"), adopted by the Hawaii
County Council on April 3, 1991 (Resolution No. 296), was an effort by the
County of Hawaii to prepare for the future urbanization of the study area to meet
the growing needs of West Hawaii. Although the study was administered and
funded by the County of Hawaii, State agencies, community groups, and major
landowners in the region contributed to the process of developing a preferred
plan. In this context, the plan provides a land use plan that emphasizes the siting
of major infrastructure intended to serve the region.
While the purpose of the land use plan is to "provide a framework for the future
growth and development of the Keahole to Kailua area,..." the plan itself is "not
intended to be used as a "master site plan"... i.e., a plan that has "fixed" all of the
major roads and land use locations."
The land use plan that evolved from the "K to K" planning process acknowledges
the urban setting of the region between the NELHA and the Kaloko-Honokohau
National Historic Park. Generalized land uses show the makai portion of the
'O'oma 2"d ahupua'a to be a combination of Ocean
Research/Commercial/Industrial and Resort/Recreation. The specific uses
proposed as part of the project development program are supportive of the K to K
Plan in many respects: the project site is proposed for urbanization; there are
elements of commercial and resort use; and the commercial uses (retail and
office) would support the ocean research, airport, and university activities shown
elsewhere on the plan.
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Physical and Natural Environment
... ,n-.. �d'su. a. r'✓.::., ni ...,.. .._ Cha. t3 -F`i S.'^c-z:�i.-� -. ;::n=•:-
4.0 PHYSICAL AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
This chapter describes the physical environment in which the proposed
development is situated, discusses the probable impacts of the project on the
physical environment and possible measures to mitigate adverse impacts.
4.1 Climate
Coastal areas of North Kona have a semi -tropical, semi -arid climate. The
average annual temperature is 75° Fahrenheit (F), with an average high of 83° F,
and an average low of 67° F. Average annual precipitation in Kailua-Kona is 25
inches. The geographic distribution of precipitation closely resembles the
topographic contours: a high rainfall belt lies between the 1,200- and 3,000 -foot
elevations on the leeward slopes of Hualalai and Mauna Loa, with zones of
decreasing annual rainfall at lower elevations near the coast and higher
elevations above rain -bearing trade wind regime (HH&F, 1991).
The North Kona Coast is largely sheltered from the predominant trade wind
system by the land masses of Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea, and Hualalai. The
prevailing wind pattern is on -shore in morning and early afternoon, often
collecting in a cloud bank at the higher elevations, then becoming off -shore
breezes in the late afternoon and evening. Typical wind velocities range between
3 to 24 knots per hour. Relative humidity is generally stable year-round, the daily
average ranging from 71 to 77 percent.
Impacts
No significant change in the areas macro -climate (regional) is anticipated.
Modification of the micro -climate (site-specific) will result from the planting of
shade trees and other landscape elements on what is now lava flows, and the
construction of buildings that will channel air flows.
4.2 Geology and Topography
Existinc Environment
The project site is located on the western slope Hualalai, a dormant shield -type
volcano (elevation 8,271 feet). The Keahole Point area was formed by
progressive layering of prehistoric lava flows from Hualalai. The lavas are
primarily pahoehoe, with thickness varying from 6 inches to 100 feet. The layers
are very porous and contain numerous lava tubes, cracks, and fissures (R.M.
Towill, 1976).
4-1
The elevation of the project sites ranges from about 80 feet above mean sea
level (msl) at the southem-makai boundary to 110 feet above msl at the northern-
mauka boundary. The land slopes gently toward the ocean, with slopes ranging
from 0 to 5 percent. Localized mounds and depressions, characteristic of lava
flows, are present throughout the site.
Volcanic Activity. Maps showing volcanic hazard zones on the island of Hawaii
were first prepared by Mullineaux and Peterson of the U.S. Geological Survey in
1974 (Mullineaux and Peterson, 1974), and were revised in 1987. A current map
divides the island into zones that are ranked from 1 through 9 based on the
probability of coverage by lava flows ("1" being the highest risk, "9" the lowest
risk). Hazard zones from lava flows are based chiefly on the location and
frequency of both historic and prehistoric eruptions. "Historic eruptions" include
those for which there are written records, beginning in the early 1800's, and
those that are known from the oral traditions of the Hawaiians. Knowledge of
prehistoric eruptions is based on geologic mapping and dating of the old flows of
each volcano. The project site is located in hazard zone "4," which includes all of
Hualalai, where the frequency of eruption is lower than on Kilauea and Mauna
Loa (Figure 7). This zone has had about 5% of its land area covered by lava
since 1800, and less than 15% of its land area in the last 750 years (Hawaii
County, 2001).
Anticipated Impacts
Roadways, parking lots, buildings, and landscaping will change the surface
characteristics of the property. Although surface characteristics will change, the
general topographic features of the property will not change. The project site is
susceptible to potential lava flow from Hualalai, one of five volcanoes comprising
the island of Hawaii, and one of three which have been active in historic times.
The last active period of eruption for Hualalai occurred in 1801. The northwest
volcanic rift zone of Hualalai at about the 1,600 -foot elevation (in the vicinity of
the Puhi O Pele Cinder Cone, just makai of the Mamalahoa Highway), produced
a lava flow which extended to the shoreline just north of Keahole Point (HH&F,
1991).
Mitigation Measures
While the property is susceptible to lava flows, the relative risk of inundation is
small compared to other areas of the island. If lava flows do reach the property,
the degree of impact to improvements on the property could vary widely from
minimal impacts up to complete destruction. There is little that can be done to
"lava -proof property. However, appropriate design and engineering can mitigate
potential impacts that could result from seismic activity.
4-2
I
r�
Figure 7 1 Volcanic Hazard Zones
4.3 Groundwater
Because of the high permeability of the natural ground surfaces on the west side
of the island of Hawaii, including the 83 -acre project site, surface runoff does not
occur, even during the most intense rainfalls. As a result, water applied to the
natural ground surface that is not utilized by plants, or evaporated into the
atmosphere, finds its way to groundwater. Ultimately, groundwater migrates to
the shoreline and is eventually discharged to the nearshore marine environment.
In order to predict the impacts this discharge to groundwater might have when it
reaches the nearshore marine environment, it is necessary to first understand
how inputs to groundwater might change as a result of the development of the
4-3
'O'oma 2""
County of Hawaii Environmental Report
Chapter 4: Physical and Natural Environment
project site. This Section will discuss this process up to the point that
groundwater reaches the shoreline. The following Section (Section 4.4, Marine
Environment) will discuss impacts after groundwater is discharged to the
nearshore marine environment.
Tom Nance Water Resource Engineering (TNWRE) prepared a report to assess
the potential impact on the groundwater resources of the proposed project. The
results of this report are summarized below, and the full report is attached to this
ER as Appendix A.
Existing Environment
High Level Potable Groundwater. Based on knowledge gathered from many
wells in the region, there are two distinctly different modes of groundwater
occurrence in the region of the project site. From the shoreline inland to the
vicinity of Mamalahoa Highway, groundwater occurs in a thin and brackish to
saline basal lens in hydraulic contact with saltwater at depth and seawater at the
shoreline. Somewhere in a generally linear alignment, which is approximately
coincident with Mamalahoa Highway, there is an abrupt change in groundwater
occurrence from the thin basal lens beneath the makai lands to high level
groundwater of exceptionally low salinity beneath the mauka lands. The
phenomenon of impounded high level groundwater was only discovered quite
recently (1990), and the mechanisms which govern its existence are not entirely
understood.
Since the discovery of this water resource, at least 16 wells have been
completed above Mamalahoa Highway in North and South Kona. Seven of these
wells are generally upgradient of the project site. Four of these seven have been
outfitted with permanent pumps (Figure 8) and supply domestic water to the
County Department of Water Supply (DWS) System. DWS' use of high level
wells in this area began in 1994, with a second well added in 1997 and two more
added in late 1998. The volume of water removed from these wells over the last
several years has averaged about 1.5 million gallons per day (MGD). To date,
these wells have not been pumped to their full capacity. When these wells are
ultimately used to their full capacity, it may allow a better understanding on still
unknown aspects of this groundwater occurrence, including the geologic feature
which creates the high level water, the hydraulic relationships between the high
level compartments where the water is contained, and where and how high level
groundwater drains into the basal lens.
Basal Groundwater in the Vicinity of the Project Site. The basal lens beneath
the 6 -mile long coastal area from the Old Kona Airport to Keahole Point is too
saline to be a significant source of irrigation supply (and certainly too saline for
4-4
c.>ai�.a�;• r -;° x�s��.s` ?'�'ia�Eti'�# rs3#�?X r'„'� ������-� a.,t•!c"�tx��sP' 4: POIva;f...-x: sF>.;.' ft> >c . !7i , s,<:tix)i'-,<;;
Figure 8 ( Potable Wells Upgradient of Project Site
Utilized by County Department of Water
Supply
domestic use). This assertion is supported by the presence of a monitoring well
on the project site. The salinity at the brackish lens is relatively thin and its
transition zone is comparatively wide and gradual. The thin lens and diffuse
transition zone are indicative of a low flow rate (mauka to makai) through the lens
and significant saltwater mixing. The basal groundwater flowrate in the Kailua to
Keahole Point area has been computed to be approximately 3 MGD per coastal
mile. For this average rate, about 3 MGD would be flowing out of the one mile of
4-5
shoreline directly makai of the project site, and about 9 MGD would be
discharging into the shoreline between Keahole Point and Honokohau Harbor.
Anticipated Impacts
Four aspects of the project's construction and operation have the potential to
impact water resources: (1) use of potable groundwater for drinking water supply
and landscape irrigation; (2) disposal of wastewater generated by the project; (3)
disposal of surface runoff from developed areas; and (4) the use of water outside
of buildings, primarily for landscape irrigation.
Assessment of Groundwater Withdrawals for Potable Use. Due to the high
salinity of basal groundwater in the Kailua to Keahole Point area, there is very
little direct use of this resource. However, basal groundwater ultimately enters
the marine environment. For this reason, the assessment of potential impacts on
water resources focuses on potential changes to the flowrate and quality of basal
groundwater moving beneath the project site and discharging into the nearshore
environment. For the purposes of modeling impact associated with the
development at 'O'oma 2nd, TNRWE assumed that the project will generate
about 0.35 MGD demand for potable water, and that this water will come from
one or more of DWS' four high level wells in Kaloko-Honokohau area.
Withdrawals from any of these wells will diminish leakage of high level
groundwater into the downgradient basal lens. To complete analysis of
anticipated impacts, three key assumptions were made:
The unknown geologic feature which creates the abrupt change from
basal to high level groundwater in the vicinity of Mamalahoa Highway has
been modeled by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). As a result, it has
been determined that the very low permeability of this feature causes
some of the high level water to flow around it, rather than through it, as
would be the case with basalts at lower elevations.
As discussed earlier, the basal groundwater flowrate in the Kailua to
Keahole Point area is computed to be approximately 3 MGD per coastal
mile, which would be the volume for the coastal area makai of the project
site. About 9 MGD would be discharging into the shoreline between
Keahole Point and Honokohau Harbor.
• There is a definable relationship between the volume of draw on the
upgradient high level wells and the flow of basal groundwater discharged
to the ocean. For each mile of shoreline in the area between Keahole
Point and Honokohau Harbor, there would be about a 7 percent reduction
of the amount pumped by the high level wells. This translates into an
M
C �rFa f.
r
overall 22 percent flow reduction between Keahole Point and Honokohau
Harbor.
Using the results of the USGS' modeling, supplying 0.35 MGD of high level
groundwater for potable use by the project would reduce the flow of groundwater
along a mile of the shoreline directly beneath the site by approximately 0.024
MGD (7% of 0.35 MGD). Between Keahole Point and Honokohau Harbor, the
reduction would be about 0.077 MGD.
Assessment of the Impact of Wastewater Disposal. For the proposed land
uses, approximately 60% of the water use, or 0.21 MGD, is conservatively
estimated to become wastewater. A collection system would be installed to
deliver the wastewater to a package treatment plant. Although treatment to R-1
quality effluent for irrigation reuse may ultimately be implemented, impact
analysis assumes that treatment will be to R-2 quality and effluent disposal will
be via injection wells. In terms of impact on groundwater and the nearshore
marine environment, the use of R-2 quality effluent represents a "worst case."
The effluent would be chlorinated to remove pathogens and the injection wells
would be designed to deliver the treated wastewater into the saline zone beneath
the basal lens. However, the nutrient load in the effluent would ultimately be
discharged into the marine environment. The subsurface disposal of 0.21 MGD
of effluent is estimated to deliver approximately 11.3 and 6.9 pounds per day of
nitrogen and phosphorus into the saline groundwaterz. The travel distance
between the point of injection and the point of discharge to the shoreline is
approximately 3,500 feet, and will require a travel time of about one year. During
this period, the effluent will diffuse and some of the nutrients will be removed by
various natural processes in the subsurface environment. Studies of the fate of
nitrogen and phosphorus at the County's Kealakehe WWTP indicate that removal
rates (in the subsurface environment) are greater than 80 and 90 percent,
respectively, for nitrogen and phosphorus. Applying these removal rates, the
ultimate discharge into the marine environment resulting from project
development would be 2.2 pounds of nitrogen and 0.7 pounds of phosphorus per
day.
Assessment of Stormwater Disposal. The existing land surface of the 83 -acre
project site is comprised of unweathered a'a and pahoehoe lava, with areas of
gravel and cinder soil which support the growth of scrub vegetation. With no
surface runoff in this present condition, rainfall which is not lost to the
atmosphere via evaporation or plant evapotranspiration becomes groundwater
recharge. This amount is estimated to be one-third to one-half the average of 15
x These levels are representative of average nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the R-2 effluent discharged
by the County's Kealakehe WWTP, approximately 2 miles south of the project site (TNWRE, 2002).
4-7
... E.w..n Y:�w$6^ .. ..,:'AL.✓"JYi .. :ADL"4: PhV5!C ':C h,::ae c^va:.?: erPe�',
inches per year. Over the 83 -acre site, this rate of local recharge is equivalent to
approximately 0.04 MGD.
Development of the site would convert about 36 acres of the permeable land
surface to roofs, paved areas, and other impermeable surfaces. Approximately
31 acres would be irrigated landscaping, with the balance of the property (about
16 acres) being left in an undisturbed condition. The impermeable surfaces will
create surface runoff that will be collected in disposed of in dry wells (see Section
6.3). No water will leave the site as surface runoff. Except for minor evaporative
losses, all runoff would percolate to the basal lens. As a first order approximation,
it was assumed that the amount of stormwater reaching basal lens groundwater
after development would retain its constituent profile. However, changes in
nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) concentrations are likely.
To assess the possible changes in nutrient concentrations to basal groundwater,
the results of recent stormwater sampling in the Kona region conducted by
TNRWE were utilized .3 These samples indicated that stormwater runoff is about
35 to 50 percent lower in nitrogen concentrations, and slightly higher in
phosphorus. For this analysis it was assumed that percolating rainwater has
nutrient levels 50% of high level groundwater, with the same rate of subsurface
nutrient removal as used previously for wastewater. With these assumptions,
percolating runoff from the fully developed site (per the proposed development
plan) would increase the discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus into the marine
environment by 0.011 and 0.003 pounds per day, respectively.
Assessment of Landscape Irrigation and Other Miscellaneous External
Water Uses. Most potable supply that does not become wastewater would be
used for landscape irrigation and other uses outside of buildings. Most of the
water would be lost to plant evapotranspiration or direct evaporation, but some
would percolate to groundwater. It is estimated that the amounts of nitrogen and
phosphorus reaching and discharging into the marine environment would be 0.13
and 0.007 pounds of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively.
Summary of Impacts. The foregoing assessments have provided estimates of
changes in groundwater flow and nutrient loading likely to occur as a result of the
project. Since groundwater directly beneath and downgradient of the project is
too saline for irrigation use, these estimated changes are of little consequence to
the groundwater itself. However, they do represent changes in the quantity and
quality of groundwater entering the nearshore marine environment.
3 Stormwater runoff samples were collected from eight locations in the nearby Kaloko Industrial Park on
December 30, 2001, and again on January 29, 2002.
HE
edsrE b� vq "iawy Cinpp, ,-i'4.; Pl ysic&t,.`.n^e lriafb`niP "4`P�i3rz iF ii!
Based on the USGS' numerical modeling results, present groundwater discharge
is 3 MGD for a one -mile section of the shoreline and about 9 MGD between
Keahole Point and Honokohau Harbor. Net changes in these flowrates are
+0.214 MGD (7.1 %) and +0.161 MGD (1.8%), respectively, as listed below in
Table 3:
Table 3
Net Change in Groundwater Flow Discharge to the Shoreline
Combined Total (in MGD)
Change as % of Present Discharge
Change in MGD Over Change in MGD Over
One -Mile Section of Three -Mile Section of
Shoreline Shoreline
-0.024
-0.077
+0.210
+0.210
0.0
0.0.
+0.028
+0.028
+0.214
+0.161
7.1%
1.8%
Source: Tom Nance Water Resource Engineering, €
2002
In terms of nutrient loading, groundwater naturally carries nitrogen and
phosphorus into the marine environment on a continuous basis. In fact, these
nutrients are an essential input supporting life cycles in the ocean. The increase
to the one -mile section directly downgradient of the project site is estimated to be
2.15 pounds (+5.6%) of nitrogen and 0.71 pounds (+21.8%) of phosphorus per
day (see Table 4). Over the three-mile segment, the increases amount to 1.5%
and 7.1 %, respectively.
4.4 Marine Environment
It is important to understand that there is a direct relationship between the marine
environment and groundwater, as approximately 3 MGD of groundwater enters
the ocean along each lineal mile of shoreline in the vicinity of the project site.
Therefore, the quality of the groundwater has the ability to affect the quality of the
marine environment. In Section 4.3 (Groundwater), this ER presents a discussion
which outlines the affects that project development will have on groundwater
quality. This Section follows the path of groundwater into the ocean, and based
upon the quality of that groundwater, discusses potential impacts to the marine
environment. This discussion is based on the results of two reports prepared for
I't a- t' NaL °.fit. a.♦rrv, �.r.r »•a f_
tN'e>$S`a lw�% �': 9 Y -Y L>?v i. 4>`. ti,XX':X x�ri�:-.. • x -4��: .. ¢ ;f...F f ill �sY��
this ER by Marine Research Consultants: (1) Marine Environmental Assessment
'O'oma 11 Development, North Kona, Hawaii, Marine Community Structure; and
(2) Marine Environmental Assessment 'O'oma 11 Development, North Kona,
Water Chemistry.
Table 4
Net Change in Nutrient Loading to Groundwater
These reports are attached to the ER as Appendices B, and C, and are
summarized below. The findings of these reports are underscored because the
subject area of both reports were studied at least on two other occasions
between 1986 and 1992.
Existing Environment
MARINE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
Physical Structure. Marine community structure had been studied previously off
the 'O'oma 2nd coastline in 1986 and 1990. The strategy of the present
investigation was to replicate as closely as possible the 1986 and 1990 surveys.
Repeating the survey after an approximate 12 -year interval, using the same
techniques in the same locations, provides a descriptive and quantitative
baseline of biotic communities makai of the proposed development that
4-10
One -Mile Shoreline Segment
Three -Mile Shoreline: Segment
Item
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
(lbs/day)
(lbs/day)
(lbs/day)
(lbs/day)
Present "Natural" Loading
38.4
3.25
103.4
b'° 9.89
Changes by the Project
Potable Supply
-0.292
-0.003
-0.887
-0.009
Wastewater Disposal
+2.3
i
+0.7
+2.3
+0.7
Stormwater Disposal
+0.011
0.003
0.011
+0.003
External Water Use
+0.130
+0.007
+0.130
+0,007
(irrigation)
j
`r
��s`
Total Net Change
+2.147
+0.707
+1.554
+0.701
Attributable to Project
% increase
5.6%
21.8%
1.5%
7.1%
•
Source. Tom Nance Water Resource Engineering, 2002
C.h
3r'.�. A f Ai..w•Yom-h+ Fyast .:mS'rol
; ••x .,a• ..F.. x r• k
These reports are attached to the ER as Appendices B, and C, and are
summarized below. The findings of these reports are underscored because the
subject area of both reports were studied at least on two other occasions
between 1986 and 1992.
Existing Environment
MARINE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
Physical Structure. Marine community structure had been studied previously off
the 'O'oma 2nd coastline in 1986 and 1990. The strategy of the present
investigation was to replicate as closely as possible the 1986 and 1990 surveys.
Repeating the survey after an approximate 12 -year interval, using the same
techniques in the same locations, provides a descriptive and quantitative
baseline of biotic communities makai of the proposed development that
4-10
addresses change over time as well as space. An important part of this
investigation was to provide an evaluation of the degree of natural stresses
(sedimentation, wave scour, freshwater input, etc.) that influence the nearshore
marine environment in the area that could be potentially affected by the proposed
project. Typically, water quality and the composition of nearshore marine
communities are intimately associated with the magnitude and frequency of
these stresses, and any impacts caused by the proposed project may either be
mitigated in large part, or amplified, by natural environmental factors. Therefore,
evaluating the range of natural stress is a prerequisite for assessing the potential
for additional change to the marine environment owing to mauka development.
Marine community structure can be defined as the abundance, diversity, and
distribution of stony and soft corals, motile benthos such as echinoderms, and
pelagic species such as reef fish. In the context of time -series surveys, the most
useful biological assemblages for direct evaluation of environmental impacts to
the offshore marine environment are benthic (bottom -dwelling) communities.
Because benthos are generally long-lived, immobile, and can be significantly
affected by exogenous input of sediments and other potential pollutants, these
organisms must either tolerate the surrounding conditions within the limits of
adaptability or die.
As members of the benthos, stony corals are of particular importance in
nearshore Hawaiian environments. Corals compose a large portion of the reef
biomass and their skeletal structures are vital in providing a complex of habitat
space, shelter, and food for other species. Since corals serve in such a keystone
function, coral community structure is considered the most "relevant" group in the
use of reef community structure as a means of evaluating past and potential
impacts associated with land development. For this reason, and because
alterations in coral communities are easy to identify, observable change in coral
population parameters is a practical and direct method for obtaining the
information for determining the effects of stress in the marine environment. In
addition, because they comprise a very visible component of the nearshore
environment, investigations of reef fish assemblages are presented.
The main structural feature of the shoreline makai of the 'O'oma 2"d
development is a basaltic ledge of pahoehoe lava with interspersed pockets of
white calcareous sand. The intertidal platform, which is constantly subjected to
the wash of waves, is flooded in places to form tidepools. None of these pools,
however, appeared to be separated from the ocean on a permanent basis so
they are not classified as "anchialine" (one anchialine pond does exist inland of
the shoreline within a sinkhole, and surrounded by a grove of trees; see below).
Rimming many of the shoreline pools formed in the basalt bench are dense
bands of the intertidal seaweeds Anhfeltia concinna and Ulva fasciata. The
4-11
C' Rn`1 :; e� 9^; 1v'S::' ..,.P�; tq 3{-•,,
submerged portions of the intertidal pools are lined with various forms of
encrusting red algae, and contain numerous urchins of the species Echinometra
matheai, Echinostreohus aciculatus, and Colobocentrotus atratus, as well as
numerous juvenile reef fish. The seaward edge of the lava shoreline is
composed of either basaltic boulder fields, or vertical sea cliffs 1 to 2 meters (m)
in height. The one exception is a small area at the northern border of the
property where a small sandy beach reaches the shoreline.
Beyond the shoreline, the structure of the offshore environment at 'O'oma
generally conforms to the pattern that has been documented as characterizing
much of the west coast of the Island of Hawaii. The zonation scheme consists of
three predominant regions. Beginning at the shoreline and moving seaward, the
shallowest zone beyond the shoreline is comprised of a seaward extension of the
basaltic shoreline bench, along with scattered basaltic boulders that have
entered the ocean after breaking off from the shoreline. Pocill000ra meandrina, a
sturdy hemispherical coral is the dominant colonizer of the nearshore area. This
species is able to flourish in areas that are physically too harsh for most other
species, particularly due to wave stress. The shallow transects conducted off
'O'oma all traversed the Pocill000ra meandrina-boulder zone.
Seaward of the nearshore boulder zone, bottom structure is composed
predominantly of a gently sloping reef bench composed of basalt, interspersed
with lava extrusions and sand channels. In some areas, the bench is
characterized by high relief in the form of undercut ledges and basaltic pinnacles.
Fine-grained calcareous sediment also comprises a component of bottom cover.
Water depth in this mid -reef zone ranges from about 6 to 15 m. As wave stress in
this region is substantially less than in the shallower areas, and suitable hard
substrata abound, the area provides an ideal locale for colonization by attached
benthos, particularly reef corals, and generally the widest assortment of species
and growth forms are encountered in this region. The intermediate depth
transects at each survey station were located on the reef bench.
The seaward edge of the reef platform (at a depth of about 18 m) is marked by
an increase in slope to an angle of approximately 20-30 degrees. In the deep
slope zone, substratum changes from the solid continuation of the island mass to
an aggregate of generally unconsolidated sand and rubble. The predominant
coral cover in the slope zone is typically interconnected mats of Porites
comoressa or "finger coral', which grow laterally over unconsolidated substrata.
Throughout the 'O'oma coastline, however, the growth of P. comoressa has
been greatly reduced by breakage from the concussive force of waves. Moving
down the reef slope, coral settlement and growth cease at a depth of
approximately 25 m; beyond this depth the bottom consists mostly of sand, with
4-12
C
occasional basaltic outcrops. The deep transects at each survey station were
located on the upper portions of the reef slope.
Biotic Community Structure
Coral Communities. The predominant taxon of macrobenthos (bottom -dwellers)
throughout the reef zones off the 'O'oma property are Scleractinian
(reef -building) corals. Results of quantitative line transects conducted within the
three dominant reef zones provide a data base characterizing coral community
structure.
During the 2002 survey, twelve species of hermatypic, or reef -building "stony"
corals, and two ahermatypic "soft corals" were encountered on transects, while
the number of coral species on a single transect ranged from three to eight.
During the previous survey in 1990, fourteen species of corals occurred on
transects, while the number of species per transect ranged from three to seven.
Montipora flabellata and Cvphastrea ocellina were encountered on transects in
1990 but not in 2002.
The dominant species on all of the 'O'oma transects was Pontes lobata, which
accounted for about 60% of total coral cover in 2002. The second and third most
abundant species Pocillopora meandrina and Pocillopora a douxi accounted for
17% and 12% of coral cover. Thus, these three species comprised about 89% of
living coral cover. In total, coral cover accounted for 44.9% of bottom cover in
2002.
On the deep reef transects off'O'oma surveyed in 2002, P. compressa
accounted for relatively small percentages of bottom cover (range of 0.2% to
16.3%). Such low levels of P. compressa cover suggest a relatively recent storm
event that resulted in substantial damage to the mats of finger coral.
With three benthic surveys spanning approximately a sixteen -year period, it is
possible to compare long-term changes to coral community structure. Differences
in community structure parameters is in part an inevitable result of imprecision
during relocation of transect locations. It is also apparent, however, that
differences between years also is indicative of major processes that have
influenced community structure.
In 1986, coral cover at all of the 'O'oma survey sites was noticeably reduced
compared to other nearby areas. The decrease was attributed to the physical
destruction of coral colonies brought on by a severe winter storm that occurred in
February of 1986. The direction of wave propagation (from the northwest) was
such that breaking waves estimated at 5-8 m in height directly impacted the
4-13
Pcrsia e"
'wis? e"mama? i=over.?-m<n4al %Cpa't - :,hhpiBr 4: f'hysiCc= C.v,� ?�Gfa+a::'�"rm'lr,�-,,
'O'oma site. It was apparent the greatest effects of the storm waves occurred at
the deep reef zones, which normally are not subjected to severe water motion.
With respect to coral cover, on only one of the twelve transects was cover higher
in 1986 compared to 1990. Of the eleven transects where cover increased in
1990, the greatest increases occurred in the mid -reef zones, where total cover
increased from between 14% to 43% during the years between surveys. The
number of species remained unchanged on four transects, and increased in 1990
on seven transects. Species cover diversity increased on six transects.
When the 2002 data set is compared to the earlier data, it can be seen that the
coral community is increased in cover compared to both the 1986 and 1990 data.
Total pooled coral cover increased with each survey, from 20% of bottom cover
in 1986, to 37% in 1990, to 45% in 2002. When coral cover on each transect was
compared, cover increased on ten of the twelve transects between 1990 and
2002, and on eleven transects between 1986 and 2002. The largest and most
consistent increase in cover occurred in the reef platform zone (10 m) where
there was an increase between each survey at all four sites. Between 1986 and
2002, coral cover increased from between 26.7% of bottom cover to 57% at Site
3. In the shallow boulder zone, there were also consistent increases with a single
exception.
A good indication of the relatively calm period without destructive storms
between the surveys was the relatively high percentage of Pocilloaora a douxi
on the reef platform in 2002. This species occurs as a large hemispherical
branching growth form that is easily broken by concussive force of breaking
waves. In 2002, P. evdouxi occurred on all of the reef bench transects (6 and 10
m); in 1986 and in 1990 this species was not encountered on transects.
The consistent increase in coral cover with time is not evident on the deep slope
transects (20 m). These data indicate that recovery from storm stress does not
occur at the same rate in all reef zones. Recovery of the mats of Pontes
compressa on the deep slope zone has been substantially slower than the
shallow reef bench zones.
While number of species showed no consistent pattern of change through the
entire transect set, coral cover diversity increased on ten of the twelve transects
in 2002 compared to both 1986 and 1990 (Table 3). Thus, there is a consistent
increase in both coral cover and coral cover diversity over the 1986-2002
interval.
Other Benthic Macroinvertebrates. The other dominant group of
macroinvertebrates are the sea urchins (Class Echinoidea). The most common
4-14
, aq'c- 2"
urchin is Echinometra matheai, which occurred in all reef zones. E. matheai are
small urchins that are generally found within interstitial spaces bored into basaltic
and limestone substrata. E. matheai were most abundant at the mid -reef
transects where the number of individuals ranged from 4 to 56. This species was
least abundant on the reef slope transects. Echinostreohus aciculatus is another
small urchin with thin spines that is found in bored holes on the reef surface.
Trioneustesrg atilla and Heterocentrotus mammillatus are other species of
urchins that occurred on transects. Both of these urchins occur as larger
individuals (compared with E. matheai) that are generally found on the reef
surface, rather than within interstitial spaces.
Sea cucumbers (Holothurians) observed during the survey consisted of three
species, Holothuria atra, H. nobilis, and Actinoovaa obesa. Individuals of these
species were distributed sporadically across the mid -reef and deep reef zones
The most common starfish (Asteroidea) observed on the reef surface were
Linckia spp. Several crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthasterla anti) were observed
feeding on colonies of Pocill000ra meandrina. Numerous sponges were also
observed on the reef surface, often under ledges and in interstitial spaces. The
green conical -shaped sponge lotrocha protea was observed throughout the
mid -depth reef zones.
Frondose benthic algae are conspicuously rare on the reefs of West Hawaii.
Several plants were observed, however, off 'O'oma. Most common were the
encrusting red calcareous algae (Porolithon spp., Pevsonellia rubra. Hvdrolithon
spp.). These algae were abundant on bared limestone surfaces, and on the
nonliving parts of coral colonies. Frondose algae observed on the reef included
Valonia sp., LvnQbva majuscula, Halimeda spp., and Galauxura spp.
The design of the reef survey was such that no cryptic organisms or species
living within interstitial spaces of the reef surface were enumerated. Since this is
the habitat of the majority of mollusks and crustacea, detailed species counts
were not included in the transecting scheme. No dominant communities of these
classes of biota were observed during the reef surveys at any of the study
stations.
Reef Fish Community Structure. Reef fish community structure was largely
determined by the topography and composition of the benthos. On individual
transects, the numbers of species ranged from 14 to 40 in 2002.
The reef fish community off'O'oma is typical of that found along most of the
Kona Coast. Fish community structure can be divided into six general categories:
4-15
♦.•'GtTI: �n:
juveniles, planktivorous damselfishes, herbivores, rubble -dwelling fish, swarming
tetrodonts, and surge -zone fish.
Juvenile fish belonged mostly to the family Acanthuridae (surgeon fish), with
representatives from the families Labridae (wrasses), Mullidae (goat fish) and
Chaetodontidae (butterfly fish). Juveniles were most abundant on the deepest
transects of the reef slope zone (60 feet) in areas dominated by finger coral (P.
compressa), or basalt boulders. The complex habitat created by the spreading
growth form of P. comoressa provides shelter for small fish. Apparent storm
damage to the mats of finger coral in the deep slope zone in many areas
appeared to lower substantially the percentage of living finger coral. Because the
coral framework was not completely flattened, habitat complexity was partially
maintained in the aftermath of the storm event(s). It is apparent that fish
abundance is not related directly to composition of intact living coral, but rather to
the degree of shelter afforded by coralline structures, whether alive or dead.
Planktivorous damselfish, principally of the genus Chromis were abundant in all
areas surveyed, and often comprised more than a quarter of the total number of
individuals encountered along a transect. Agile chromis Chromis agilis) were
very abundant along the outer edge of the shelf and in deeper water, whereas
blackfin chromis (C. vanderbilti) was the primary shallow water species.
Herbivores, primarily the yellow tang (lau'i-pala, Zebrasoma flavescens) and
goldring surgeonfish (kole, Ctenochaetus strigosus) were also abundant. On the
shallower reef terrace, adult whitebar surgeonfish (maikoiko, Acanthurus
leucooareius), orangeband surgeonfish (na'ena'e, A. olivaceus), brown
surgeonfish (ma'Mi, A. nigrofuscus) and parrotfish (uhu, Scarus spp.) were also
common. In areas where coral rubble was abundant, common fish included
potters angelfish (Centroovge otted), and several species of wrasses, notably
fourline wrasse (Psuedochilinus tetrataenia), eightline wrasse (P. octotaenia),
and yellowtail wrasse (aki-lolo, Coris aaimard).
The inner surge zone along the wave- swept basalt terraces supported a large
number of fish, principally herbivores such as rudderfish (nenue, Kvohosus
bi is bbus), surgeonfish (Acanthurus spp.), and unicomfish (mostly umaumalei,
Naso lituratus). Saddle wrasse (hinalea lau-wili, Thalassoma du erre ) were
also abundant in the surge zone. Black durgon (humuhumu-ele'ele,
Melanichthvs nioer) and pinktail durgon (humuhumu-WO-kole, M. vidula) were
also observed congregating in the water column over the reef platform.
Several species of "food fish" (taken by subsistence and/or recreational
fishermen) were observed during the survey. Schools of several hundred
individuals of goatfish (weke, Mulloidichthvs flavolineatus), and blue -lined
4-16
W i.:fiv G��•
vr: rrf... "•}4`c<.. ..: `sly±p.; —, ..,,.�,.
snapper (taape, Lufanus kasmira) were observed while diving. Numerous
grand -eyed porgeys (mu, Monotaxis grandoculis) were observed. Rocky ledges
and large coral heads sheltered fair numbers of squirrelfish (u'u, Mvripristes
berndti). Other food fishes included parrotfish (uhu, Scarus spri.), goatfish
(moana kea and malu, Parupaneus spp.), jacks (papio, Caranx melamphvous),
and grouper (roi, Cephalopholus arous). None of these species were particularly
abundant. Orange -eyed surgeonfish (kole, Ctenochaetus strigosus), while
abundant, were generally not large enough to be considered suitable as "food
fish".
Overall, fish community structure at'O'oma is fairly typical of the assemblages
found in undisturbed Hawaiian reef environments. The presence of large schools
of some food fish indicates that the area has been subjected to moderate
amounts of fishing pressure, by aquarium fish collectors and fishermen. The
southern half of the property has been designated as an area where aquarium
reef fish collection in prohibited. While not quantitatively assessed, it appeared
that fish targeted by collectors were more abundant in the southern transects
than the northern transects.
Anchialine Pond. A single anchialine pond is located about 0.6 miles makai of the
southern boundary of the property. By definition, anchialine ponds are areas of
exposed groundwater with no surface connection to the ocean. The single pond
is located in the center of a sinkhole with a floor elevation several meters lower
than the surrounding lava fields, about 75 meters mauka of the shoreline. The
anchialine pond is under a dense canopy of trees, which contributes a significant
amount of detritus to the pond. At present there is a very limited amount of
exposed water in the pond (several square meters) at low tide, and the pond
bottom is lined with sediment and plant detritus. The water column throughout
the pond was extremely clear, with no apparent turbidity from suspended
sediments or phytoplankton. No layer of surface algae or organic scums that are
often noted in older ponds were present. The appearance of the pond in 2002
was not substantially different than the last time it was examined in 1991.
The pond is presently in a final stage of senescence, and will soon be entirely
filled in. Documentation of the life history of anchialine ponds in Hawaii has
shown that such in -filling is part of their natural progression. Even with the thick
sediment layer in the pond, red shrimp or opae'ula (Halocardina rubra) and glass
shrimp (Palaemon debilis) were abundant. The three snails common to
anchialine ponds (Assiminea sp. Melania sp. and Theodoxus cariosa) were also
observed. Alien fish species, which occur in many anchialine pools on West
Hawaii, and are known to prey on native shrimp, were not observed.
4-17
G=,ray c' tda,•=er; : . , �, �. -s:.h� �saor_' l^t<'apter <t PM- z
Endangered and Protected Species. Three species of marine animals that occur
in Hawaiian waters have been declared threatened or endangered by Federal
jurisdiction. The threatened green sea turtle (Chelonia mvdas) occurs commonly
along the Kona Coast, and is known to feed on selected species of macroalgae.
The endangered hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelvs imbricate) is known infrequently
from waters off the Kona Coast. While turtles undoubtedly occur in the nearshore
areas off 'O'oma, no individuals were observed during the course of the 2002
survey.
Populations of the endangered humpback whale (Meaaotera novaeanoliae) are
known to winter in the Hawaiian Islands from December to April. The present
survey was conducted in November, when whales are not present in Hawaiian
waters.
MARINE CHEMISTRY
During an earlier (and much larger) proposed scenario to develop the 'O'oma 2"d
property, a similar marine assessment program was carried out by Marine
Research Consultants. The earlier work included four increments of sampling
water chemistry constituents conducted in 1990-1992. Hence, by repeating the
same sampling protocol in 2002, it is possible to evaluate not only the existing
state of marine water quality off the proposed site, but also to assess if any
changes have occurred over the past decade. Water samples were collected at
essentially the same locations in 2002 as in the four 1990-1992 surveys. Thus,
comparisons of survey results can serve as a means of determining the
magnitude of variation of water chemistry on a temporal basis, and to predict
what effects the proposed activities will have on the coastal ocean.
Three transect survey sites were established in the vicinity of the 'O'oma II
property for the initial monitoring program in 1990, and were also utilized for the
2002 survey. In the 1990 program Site 1 was located off the public bathhouse
located to the north (this site was selected so as to be able to differentiate inputs
from the 'O'oma II area and neighboring facilities). This site was move slightly
further south than the previous project site. Site 2 is located off the approximate
center of the property; and Site 3 is located near the southern boundary at Puhili
Point (see Figure 9).
Water quality was evaluated at each site on transects that were oriented
perpendicular to the shoreline and depth contours. Water samples were
collected at seven locations on each transect from just seaward of the shoreline
to approximately 500 m offshore (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 m). Sampling
locations were determined by boat -mounted differential GPS. Such a sampling
scheme was designed to span the greatest range of salinity with respect to
4-18
'O'O a s � Rr" 0
0
,�^� �y 's .off f"g, tis: ,t� �,•s a^. Y F t �".marzn r;..
..k :. Y .
<s'ei. iz is
Scarce: Marne Research Cvnsulteni. 2002
Figure 9 1 Marine Water Chemistry Sampling Sites
potential freshwater efflux at the shoreline. With the exception of the two
locations nearest to shore, samples were collected at two depths; a surface
4-19
'C'�irr:u
GourrF� a' ."ctM..ii r. nri!'onmentaf`NDu't Czar ter4: AH YStCB' a.�d tva;tita� ErvnaRrosn;
sample was collected within approximately 10 centimeters (cm) of the sea
surface, and a bottom sample was collected within 1 m of the sea floor. Samples
were also collected from an open ocean station located approximately one
kilometer (km) from shore. The sampling locations (in terms of distance from
shore) were altered slightly from the 1990-1992 monitoring so as to comply with
recently adopted Water Quality Standards specific to the West Coast of Hawaii.
These slight changes in distance from shore where samples were collected does
not affect capability to compare water quality between the two survey periods.
During November 2002, samples were also collected from the anchialine pond,
and from a monitoring well located on the mauka end of the property. In order to
determine chemical concentrations in unaltered groundwater, samples were also
collected from the Kalaoa well operated by the County of Hawaii.
Water quality parameters evaluated included the ten specific criteria designated
for open coastal waters in Chapter 11-54, Section 06 (Open Coastal waters) of
the State of Hawaii Department of Health (DOH) Water Quality Standards. These
criteria include: total nitrogen (TN), nitrate + nitrite nitrogen (NO3 + NO2-,
hereafter referred to as NO3-), ammonium nitrogen (NH4`), total phosphorus (TP),
Chlorophyll a (Chi a), turbidity, temperature, pH and salinity. In addition,
orthophosphate phosphorus (PO4'3) and silica (Si) were also reported because
these parameters are sensitive indicators of biological activity and the degree of
groundwater mixing. All laboratory analyses were conducted by the University of
Washington, School of Oceanography Marine Chemistry Laboratory, which
possesses appropriate acceptability ratings from the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
Water Quality Results. Several dissolved nutrients (NO3-, PO4-3, and Si) displayed
weak horizontal gradients° with highest values closest to shore and lowest values
at the most seaward sampling locations at Site 1. Correspondingly, salinity was
lowest closest to the shoreline. At sites 2 and 3, horizontal gradients of nutrients
that occur in high concentration in groundwater were nearly undetectable. These
patterns are a result of concentrated input of groundwater to the ocean near the
shoreline at Site 1. Low salinity groundwater, which typically contains high
concentrations of NO3-, PO4 -3, and Si, percolates to the ocean at the shoreline,
resulting in a nearshore zone of mixing. In many areas of the Hawaiian Islands,
such groundwater percolation results in steep horizontal gradients of increasing
salinity and decreasing nutrients moving seaward. At the most seaward sampling
stations (500 m from shore) at all three sites, similar values were measured
comparable to open ocean samples. These similarities suggest that at the
"Horizontal gradient" refers to measured changes in a substance as a factor of distance from the shoreline.
"Vertical gradient" refers to measured changes in a substance as a factor of water depth.
4-20
.:fie FTI@ 2"
�oUntS' CF NaWo^i. �n ✓,Yon. Pot2r f@tic" t:h�;(.iE- :. Ft;yS c 2P^ 4,=. . _t , - -.,,
seaward boundary of the sampling transects, there are no distinguishable effects
to water quality from activities on land.
Comparative results from the four monitoring surveys conducted in 1990-1992 at
the approximately same locations as the November 2002 survey indicates that
during all sampling periods, the greatest groundwater efflux occurred at Site 1.
This is borne out by the difference in some parameters between surface and
deeper water samples (vertical gradients). At the sampling stations for Site 1,
values of Si and NO3 were substantially higher at depth, while salinity was lower
in surface samples. The mix of groundwater and ocean water in the cove at Site
1 creates a buoyant surface lens of low salinity, high nutrient water that is evident
to a distance of 100 meters from shore. A distinct surface lens was not apparent,
however, at Sites 2 and 3, where values of surface and deep samples were
nearly identical. At Sites 2 and 3, where groundwater efflux was not evident,
there is no discernible vertical stratification of the water column.
Application of a hydrographic mixing model to the water chemistry data was used
to indicate if increased nutrient concentrations are the result of mixing of natural
groundwater with oceanic water, or are the result of inputs from activities on land.
The model indicates that there are presently no external subsidies of nitrogen to
the ocean other than natural groundwater input in either the 1990-92 or 2002
samplings. There is also no input of POa 3 or NH4' from activities on land that
could subsidize groundwater nutrient concentrations. The lack of discernible
nutrient subsidies in the nearshore groundwater -ocean water mixing zone
indicates that there is presently no input to the ocean from any sources of
nutrients such as fertilizers or sewage effluent from upslope of the site.
Compliance with Department of Health Criteria. Comparing water chemistry
results from the 'O'oma II samples collected in 2002 to DOH standards reveals
that only one measurement of NO3 exceeded the "10%" criteria for "dry"
conditions, while no values exceeded the "2%" criteria. In addition to the specific
criteria for open coastal waters discussed above, the latest version of the DOH
Water Quality Standards also contains a set of criteria specifically applied to the
West Coast of the Island of Hawaii [§11-54-06(d)]. At the present time, baseline
conditions of water quality at 'O'oma do not exceed any of the DOH water quality
standards.
Anchialine Pond. Examination of water chemistry constituents in pond water
show that the salinity is intermediate between upland well water and ocean
water. Similarly, nutrients (with the exception of NH4') are intermediate in
concentration between groundwater and ocean water, indicating that water within
the pond is a mixture of seaward flowing groundwater and ocean water. Samples
of anchialine pond water were collected from the same locations in 1991 and
4-21
2002 show that concentrations of NO3-, PO4-3, and Si were higher in 1991 relative I
to 2002, while NH4'were substantially higher in 2002. The increased
concentration of NI-14' may represent contribution from unauthorized usage of the I
pond area by campers, or may be a result of natural processes associated with
the senescence of the pond.
Elevated nutrient concentrations (relative to the ocean) are a natural condition of
anchialine pond systems, owing to a balance between turnover of pond volume
and grazing by native pond biota. Such a balance is destroyed by the
introduction of alien fish species, which prey on native shrimp. As the pond at
'O'oma is presently inhabited by numerous native shrimp, but not by alien fish,
the apparent elevation in NH4' does not appear to be having a negative effect on
the pond.
Anticipated Impacts
The proposed 'O'oma 2nd project does not include plans for any direct alteration
of the shoreline or offshore areas. Therefore, potential impacts to the marine
environment can only be considered from activities on land that may result in
delivery of materials (fresh water, sediment, nutrients, and potentially toxic
materials) to the ocean through infiltration to groundwater, surface runoff and
wind transport. The project may have an impact on groundwater as a result of: 1)
subsurface disposal of treated wastewater from onsite usage, onsite treatment,
and onsite disposal; 2) disposal of stormwater runoff; 3) percolation of external
water use, and 4) changes in potable water use. TNWRE (Appendix A) has
estimated the changes in groundwater flow rates and nutrient loading that reach
the shoreline from each of these factors, which are discussed in Section 4.3.
While assessing potential impacts to the marine environment that might result
from the proposed development at 'O'oma 2"d, in addition to the quantitative
evaluation of nutrient subsidies, it is important to also consider the physical
characteristics of the marine environment. No strong gradients of nutrient
concentrations were observed during the November 2002 sampling, and during
previous sampling in the 1990's, only the nearshore area near Site 1 displayed
any gradient of groundwater mixing. The shoreline fronting the entire project site
consists of a basaltic reef bench that is exposed to waves. As a result, physical
processes rapidly mix seaward flowing groundwater with oceanic water,
essentially diluting the groundwater to background ocean levels within meters of
the shoreline. Because of the strong mixing characteristics, the small subsidies of
nutrients that may enter the ocean as a result of the project will be virtually
undetectable, with no change over the present conditions. The synthesis of these
results indicate that the impact to the marine environment from the 'O'oma 2nd
4-22
development will be insignificant, and should not change water quality of the
offshore area to any discernible extent.
Mitigation Measures
Although predominant wind patterns in the area flow from off -shore to in -shore, it
will be important to take precautions to reduce any wind borne sediment that
could be carried toward the ocean. This can be accomplished with the use of
best management practices (BMPs) during grading and other land alteration
activities. BMPs can include keeping graded areas moist, erecting silt barriers,
minimizing the extent of land area being graded at any one time, and installing
ground covers on exposed soils to be landscaped as quickly as possible.
Once construction is complete, the prevalent pathway for any external elements
to reach the marine environment will be via groundwater efflux. The use of native
species in landscape treatments that are adapted to the local climate will reduce
the need for extraneous irrigation, thus limiting the volume of water that would
reach groundwater, thereby reducing the volume of nutrients that could reach
groundwater.
The water chemistry study conducted for this report can serve as an initial
baseline for a water quality monitoring program to be conducted in the area. This
water quality monitoring program would provide clear data over a period of time
related to the increased urbanization in the region. It is recommended that the
applicant participate in a joint water quality monitoring program with other land
owners and developers in the region.
4.5 Soils
The Soil Survey of the Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, prepared by the United
States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, has identified two
land types on the project site: pahoehoe lava and a'a lava. Figure 10 shows the
distribution of land types on the project site. The predominant type is pahoehoe
lava, which has a billowy, glassy surface that is relatively smooth, although the
surface may be rough and broken in some areas, with hummocks and pressure
domes. A'a lava is characterized by clinkery, hard, glassy pieces piled in
tumbling heaps.
The Soil Survey indicates that the property is not suited for agricultural use. The
two lava types have a Capability Class Rating of Vllls, defined as soils and land
forms whose limitations preclude the cultivation of commercial plants.
4-23
110Ounty or Hawaii EnWrontrien Otaer,g
0
Figure 10 1 Soils Map
Another soil rating protocol has been defined by the University of Hawaii Land
Study Bureau's Detailed Land Classification—Island of Hawaii. According to this
publication, the soils at 'O'oma are designated "E,". These soil types are not
suited for agricultural uses.
The Hawaii State Department of Agriculture has mapped Agricultural Lands of
Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH). Under this categorization scheme, the
project site contains no "Prime" or "Unique" lands.
4-24
Anticipated Impacts
Short-term Impacts. Construction activity and earth movement will take place on
a relatively flat surface, thereby placing some limits on the extent of grading that
will be required. However, much of the site is covered with pahoehoe lava, which
could present some difficulties as a foundation material in comparison to a'a
lava, which is more easily crushed and shaped by conventional grading methods.
Periodically during the grading and construction phases of site development,
loose lava particles and fill material will be exposed to wind and water erosion.
Long-term Impacts. Most of the property is covered with lava, rather than soils,
per se. Development of the property will not reduce the inventory of agriculturally
significant lands. However, development will require the importation of topsoil for
landscaped areas.
Mitigation Measures
Since the region has a relatively low annual rain fall average (25 inches), wind is
the major factor threatening the erosion of surface lavas when they will be in the
process of grading, and topsoil prior to the grow -in of landscape materials,
Implementation of best management practices (BMPs) during grading,
construction, and landscape activities can range from: the erection of a wind
screen/silt barrier to prevent particles from reaching off-site receptors; wetting of
construction surfaces and exposed soils and crushed lavas; and limiting the bare
surface area exposed to the wind, among others. Specific BMPs will be identified
and selected at the time grading and building permits are submitted to the
County of Hawaii for approval.
4.6 Flood Hazards
Existing Environment
Areas affected by flooding are identified in Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM)
prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The FIRM which
includes the project site (Community Panel Number: 155166 0683 C, dated
September 16, 1988) identifies the project site as being within "Zone X." Zone X
areas are determined to be outside the 500 -year flood plain. Therefore, the
project site will not be affected by flooding.
4-25
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roust, of salve_': r. riv�ranrn. �a�s k;epar: : hr.�.'e�'G: FbYslce: artd katvrat evrvi.`ccntr:�;
4.7 Flora
A Botanical Resources Assessment Study for the project site was prepared by
Char & Associates. Their report is attached to this environmental report as
Appendix D, and is summarized below.
Existing Environment
Scrub vegetation composed primarily of fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum
and scattered shrubs covers about 60% of the parcel. The substrate is pahoehoe
lava with scattered, smaller pockets of 'a'a lava; vegetation cover on the 'a 'a
flows is very sparse,. about 5% cover at the most. Pili grass (Heteropogon
contortus is locally abundant throughout the site, especially on the lower portion
of the property by the Mamalahoa Trail. Plants of Portulaca gUM, alena
(Boerhavia acutifolia), coat buttons (rridax procumbens), and indigo (Indigofera
suffruticosal are common along the makai property boundary, probably because
there is a layer of thin soil over the pahoehoe flow.
Woody components include scattered trees of kiawe (Prosopis pallida , six to 15
feet tall, and shrubs of noni (Morinda citrifolia , klu (Acacia farnesianal,
Christmas berry (Schinus terebinthifolius), and koa haole (Leucaena
leucocephala), three to six feet tall. Native shrubs and sub shrubs which are
common to occasional are 'uhaloa (Waltheria indica , 'Mma (Sida fallax , and
maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana). One naio shrub (Mvoporum sandwicensis)
and two 'a'ali'i shrubs (Dodonaea viscosa were inventoried on the site.
A few collapsed lava tubes occur on the property. These more sheltered areas
provide a shadier microhabitat for plants of hairy swordfern (Nephrolepis
multiflora). Sourbush (Pluchea carolinensisl also prefers these areas.
Closer to the highway and also along the unpaved beach access road, the
substrate has been bulldozed in the past. Fountain grass becomes denser in
these disturbed areas with about 80% to 90% cover. Klu and partridge pea
(Chamaecrista nictitans also increase in numbers here. A few weedy species
associated with disturbed or roadside areas occur here; these are Boerhavia
coccinea, puncture vine (rribulis terrestris , fameflower (r Li fruticosum),
field bindweed (Ipomoea obscura , and slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis .
Anticipated Impacts
The scrub vegetation on the 83 -acre parcel is dominated by the introduced
fountain grass. Introduced trees and shrubs which include kiawe, koa haole, klu,
and Christmas berry occur as widely scattered individuals or small clumps. The
4-26
iou!rf'0€€':'wt-'iFnVUC"a �•,'?mr7.-ar Ci?dpia e.'Yy:ia yr M1';u; c -r, sri.. c;.,,;
native pili grass is locally abundant in some places. Other natives found here are
'ilima, naio, alena, 'a'aIN, 'uhaloa, maiapilo, and Fimbristvlis hawaiiensis, a small
sedge. Maiapilo and Fimbristvlis are endemic, that is, they are native only to
Hawaii. The other species are indigenous, that is, they are native to Hawaii and
elsewhere.
None of the plants found on the 83 -acre parcel is a threatened or endangered
species. The maiapilo and Fimbristvlis are considered "species of concern". This
means that there is a need for more biological and/or taxonomic information
regarding whether a species might need conservation actions in the future.
Species of concern do not receive legal protection under the State and Federal
Endangered Species laws, and use of the term does not mean that the species
will eventually be listed as threatened or endangered.
The maiapilo and Fimbristvlis are not considered high priority candidates for
listing. Maiapilo is found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands and a few of the
Northwest Hawaiian Islands such as Pearl and Hermes, and Midway atolls; the
plants occur along the coast and somewhat inland. Maiapilo is occasional to
common in the West Hawaii region. Fimbristvlis is associated with weathered
pahoehoe flows found in lowland areas from West Hawai'i and around to the
Chain of Craters Road in Ka'u.
Plants of maiapilo and Fimbristvlis occur on or adjacent to the Mamalahoa Trail.
No development is planned for this trail and the adjoining buffer zone areas.
Thus, some plants of maiapilo and Fimbristvlis would still remain on the site.
Given these findings, the proposed uses for the 83 -acre parcel are not expected
to have a significant negative impact on the botanical resources.
Mitigation Measures
It is recommended that native plants be used for landscaping material wherever
possible. Plants such as the maiapilo, 'a'ali'i, and naio, which already occur on
the site, would make excellent planting material. Native species are adapted to
the local environmental conditions and would require less water and little, if any,
soil. Native species such as the 'ilima, beach naupaka (Scaevola sericea , and
'akia (Wikstroemia uva-ursi are already used extensively at the nearby Airport.
The Kona Outdoor Circle and the Amy Greenwell Botanical Garden should be
contacted for a list of native plants available for use in landscaping.
4-27
..✓ +b A.`p;av: "E n�epr7,^a e 'r rstc�7": :h'NPw t Pnk'F y and
4.8 Fauna
A survey of the avifaunal and feral mammalian species present on the project
site was conducted by Phil Bruner, Environmental Consultant in October 2002.
His report is attached as Appendix E, and is summarized below. In addition to the
data obtained from the field survey pertinent published and unpublished sources
are noted in the report. These sources add a broader perspective of the wildlife
resources in this region.
Existing Environment
Native Land Birds: No native land birds were recorded on the survey. Given the
habitats available on this property and the location of the site, the only probable
native land birds that might on occasion forage in this area are the Hawaiian or
Short -eared Owl (Asio flammeus sandwichensis), or Pueo, and the to or
Hawaiian Hawk (Buteo solitarius). They forage in a variety of habitats including
forests, agricultural lands and grasslands. Pueo is not listed as endangered or
threatened on the island of Hawaii. However, the State of Hawaii does list them
as endangered on Oahu. The to is an endangered species and is confined to the
island of Hawaii.
Seabirds: No seabirds were seen on the survey and none would be expected on
this site given its location and easy access to ground predators.
Migratory Birds: Migratory shorebirds breed in the arctic and "winter" in Hawaii.
A few individuals may be seen in May -July but the majority of the migratory
shorebirds are here between August and the end of April. The most abundant
shorebird in Hawaii is the Pacific Golden -Plover (Pluviales fulva). Much research
has been conducted on this species. Three Pacific Golden -Plover were seen
flying over the site during the course of the survey. This bird prefers to forage in
areas with low grass, such as lawns, open bare fields and along the shoreline.
There is little suitable habitat for foraging plover on this site. They often roost on
lava flows at night, perhaps to avoid cats. No other species of migratory
shorebirds were recorded nor would they be expected on this property. None of
the shorebirds that regularly "winter" in Hawaii are listed as threatened or
endangered.
Introduced Birds: A total of 11 introduced species were tallied on the survey.
None of these species were abundant. The most common species recorded were
the African Silverbill (Lonchura cantans) and the Nutmeg Mannikin Lonchura
punctulata). These small finches feed on the abundant grass seeds available at
this site. Previous studies in similar habitat elsewhere in west Hawaii have
4-28
mq. <
�-6 IR . P° #Fth r•. ^ InR`Ct?CIFP:i'G'�361: Cf?�iF' .' c:" GhY,'?: - �C3,':. ! _ ,f:^,! P•-�:
produced comparable lists of introduced birds. None of the introduced birds are
listed as threatened or endangered.
Mammals: The only mammal seen on the survey was the Small Indian
Mongoose (iestes auropunctatus). Three mongoose were observed along
the property boundary adjoining the highway. The tracks of cats Felis catus) and
scats of mongoose were noted in several places on the site. The endangered
Hawaiian Hoary Bat Lasiurus cinereus semotus) was not recorded on the
evening search using the ultrasound detector. The bat can be seen along the
Kona coast, so it is possible that it may occasionally forage on and around the
property.
Anticipated Impacts
The entire site was thoroughly surveyed and birds and mammals found were
those typical of this type of habitat in West Hawaii. No unexpected species were
recorded. There were also no native birds or mammals found on the survey.
Only one species of migratory shorebird was seen and it was only observed
flying over this site. The natural resources of this property are not unusual or
unique. Most undeveloped lowlands in North Kona have similar resources.
Development of the property and the subsequent reduction in the amount of
fountain grass may reduce the number of seed eating species such as Nutmeg
Mannikin and African Silverbill, which are introduced species. There will be no
significant impacts to any native or migratory species of birds or mammals.
Landscaping with trees may attract birds that prefer residential habitats with their
more diversified vegetation.
4.9 Noise
Existina Environment
An environmental noise assessment was conducted for the proposed project by
D.L. Adams Associates, Ltd. A copy of their report is attached to the ER in
Appendix F. A summary of their findings is presented below.
Presently, aircraft fly-bys from the Kona International Airport at Keahole, one mile
to the north, and vehicular traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway are the
dominant noise sources affecting the project site. Another contributing noise
source is wind.
Ambient noise. A "micro -sample survey" of the project site was conducted
between November 4 and November 7, 2002 in general accordance with the
4-29
'�-cq,nty �,,-Havvz"4 Environ tne r"a V�v vc'
Chapter 4: nys a;an h'?ruratEnvironrie<~?
Federal Aviation Administration Circular 150-5020-1. Nine 24-hour
measurements were conducted at 6 locations on the project site (Figure 11). The
results of the survey, presented in Table 5, are expressed in terms of equivalent
sound levels Les, and in units of A -weighted decibels.6
Table 5
Ambient Noise Measurement Locations and Equivalent Sound Levels
5 The equivalent Sound Level (Leq), represents a constant level of sound having the same total acoustic
energy as that contained in the actual time -varying sound being measured over a specific time period. Lq is
commonly used to describe community noise, traffic noise, and hearing damage potential. It has units of
dBA.
6 The human ear is more sensitive to sound in the frequency range of 250 Hertz (Hz) and higher, than
frequencies below 250 Hz. Due to this type of frequency response, a frequency weighting system was
developed to emulate the frequency response of the human ear. This system expresses sound levels in
units of A -weighted decibels (dBA). A -weighted sound levels de-emphasize the low frequency portion of the
spectrum of a signal. The A -weighted level of a sound is a good measure of the loudness of that sound.
Different sounds having the same A -weighted sound level are perceived as being about equally loud.
Measurements taken 11 /4/02 - 11/5/02
8 Measurements taken 11/5/02 - 11/6/02
9 Measurements taken 11 /6/02 - 11/7/02
4-30
Equivalent Sound Level in dBA
Measurement Location
A7
B?
C7
Die
D29
E18,1
E29
Ft8
F29
Time
11 AM --12 PM
50.1
54.4
52.7
47.6-
44.7
_52.2
52.3
49.7
47.3
12 PM _ 1 PM
46.6
48.5
51.5
38.6
42.0
46.8
52.8
40.7
43.9
1 PM - 2 PM
F52.5
52.2
53.8
51.5
40.7
54.7
56.0
52.3
43.3
2 PM - 3PM '
45.2
45:5
48.7
45.6
40.8
51.3
45.7
49.4
43.3
3 PM - 4 PM
r 44.3
48.3
47.8
46.3
35.8
49.0
45.3
48.6
39.2
4 PM = 5 PM
47.7
49.1-
51.0
47.6
47.4
51.7
52.6
48.6
49.4
5 PM - 6 PM
144.1
45:9
47.7
50.7
45.7
52.0
47.7
51.6
46.9
6 PM - 7 PM
51.6
51.0
53.2
49.3
47.0
52.7
48.8
60.8
54.4
7 PM - 8 PM
F,39.4
36.7
42.8
49.2
40.9
42.1
41.7
45.9
41.4
8 PM - 9 PM
49.1
50.2
53.2
39.1
45.3
45.0
51.0
44.2
52.2
9 PM -10 PM
40.9
37.7
42.9
39.4
40.2
43.7
43.1
48.9
49.6
10 PM -11 PM
40.4
38.0 `
42.0
44.2
39.8
49.5
' 42.8
57.7
43.9
11 PM -.12 AM
37.9
34.6
39.7
33.6
37.1
38.7
38.8
44.8
41.5
12 AM - 1 AM
39.2
37.7
42.4
37.4
38.9
43.3
38.6
39.2
40.3
1 AM -2 AM
F38.8
38.7
43.4
33.5
38.6
36.8
36.4
34.2
38.0
2 AM - 3 AM
39.2
38.9
43.9
35.7
40.7
39.0
42.5
35.6
42.8
3 AM - 4 AM
1 36.3
34.8
39.2
35.8
39.0
38.8
37.6
3fi.0
46.3
4 AM - 5 AM
40.3
39,8
44.0
40.5
45.9
41.7
46.1
40.2
51.3
5 AM 6 AM
F40.3
39.4
45.3
48.8
44.2
49.7
45.4
49.2
45.4
6 AM - 7 AM
46.3
46.7
51.0
50.7
50.4
51.0
50.9
50.7
50.9
7 AM - 8 AM
j 48.8
47.7
51.1
49.9
48.9
51.8
51.0
49.8
49.7
8 AM - 9 AM
45.4
46.4
51.5
44.8
48.0
47.8
50.1
47.5
49.4
9 AM - 10 AM
; 43.5
49.4
47.5
46.6
45.1
49.8
42.4
49.0
52.4
10 AM - I I AM
53.5
53.7
53.4
55.1
52.1
57.2
52.2
55.8
52.7
Day Night Average
Sound Level (Ld,, In
49.6
50.0
52.9
51.8
50.8
53.9
52.6
56.7
53,6
DBA)
Source: D.L. Adams Associates Ltd.x,,
..... ) !:
5 The equivalent Sound Level (Leq), represents a constant level of sound having the same total acoustic
energy as that contained in the actual time -varying sound being measured over a specific time period. Lq is
commonly used to describe community noise, traffic noise, and hearing damage potential. It has units of
dBA.
6 The human ear is more sensitive to sound in the frequency range of 250 Hertz (Hz) and higher, than
frequencies below 250 Hz. Due to this type of frequency response, a frequency weighting system was
developed to emulate the frequency response of the human ear. This system expresses sound levels in
units of A -weighted decibels (dBA). A -weighted sound levels de-emphasize the low frequency portion of the
spectrum of a signal. The A -weighted level of a sound is a good measure of the loudness of that sound.
Different sounds having the same A -weighted sound level are perceived as being about equally loud.
Measurements taken 11 /4/02 - 11/5/02
8 Measurements taken 11/5/02 - 11/6/02
9 Measurements taken 11 /6/02 - 11/7/02
4-30
County of Hawaii Environnent art Chapter 4. Phy nd Nafurai E nvironroent
Source: o.LAdams Assodstes, ud..20M Figure 11 1 Noise Measurement Locations
According to the predicted 2005 airport noise contours from the Noise
Compatibility Program for the Keahole Airport, only a small portion of the project
site lies between the 55 and 60 Ld„ contours, as shown in Figure 12 (State of
Hawaii, November 1987). The measured ambient noise levels from Table 5 are
consistent with the predicted noise contours. Measured Ldn levels are all below
60 dBA, which is the State Department of Transportation Airport Division's land
use compatibility maximum for residential and resort uses.
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has established
noise criteria and standards for determining housing project site acceptability.
HUD site acceptability criteria rank sites as "Acceptable," "Normally
4-31
TO
COMMERCIAL
Airport,
HOUSING
150' Hig�way
WAL
• io
4O-Ow il,� ,i�� ° � Ft• �3'* �i� '♦ • j "�,
�e� '•• �:• "tri f � '�,, , 4 � ,.� •�,
�' i+� = � ' .'�: � 'st 3 = ° ` .; .a ,';� � •moi i� ,: T
41
�'� �� , f!�y - Jy ., �:1 #•e. ••1i5�-i�t.i �� '3.�� :S�¢ �a .r
`tts.a �r'1rr. ti Y •s• �. ` a.AAL
`rf•�. SaNrpj�•!i:' .rte + ���,1•�I" �, .
A.
• • ♦ a f1
r'J. s ,ter; K.'� ! •/>ia `i. �1 � i--,.
If
vie
ta-
Y ` , �•�_ �� • T _� _ 3 � � � �- �' ice.
yrrrrs ' c a i" i±i:t"f2?x':,7r 0
! Rgry Chapter 4 P�?vs ca and ��2'tiP'�i �Pt11iYf#Fti#i�iFe
"Acceptable" sites do not require additional noise attenuation other than that
provided by customary building techniques.
The U.S Federal Highway Administration has established recommended
Equivalent Hourly Sound Levels (Leq) based on categories of land use. Activity
Category "B" includes residences, and hotels, and uses a value of 67 dBA (Leq)
at the exterior of a building as the upper limit for acceptable noise. All of the
Equivalent Hourly Sound Levels recorded during the survey are below 67 dBA.
Traffic Noise. Traffic noise level measurements were conducted to assess the
existing acoustical environment at the project site and in the surrounding areas.
The location of sound level meters used during the survey is shown in Figure 11.
Results expressed in terms of equivalent sound levels (Leq) and in units of A -
weighted decibels (dBA), were as follows:
Location Equivalent Sound Level (Lq in dBA)
1 F 65.1
2 74.5
3 62.4
Traffic volume and vehicle mix were also recorded during the measurements at
these locations.
Anticipated Impacts
Project Construction Noise. Development of the project site will involve
excavation, grading, and construction of new buildings and infrastructure. The
various construction phases of the project may generate significant amounts of
noise. Actual noise levels produced during construction will be a function of the
equipment employed during each stage of the construction process. Typical
noise levels for construction equipment will range from low 70s dBA (compactors,
front loaders, concrete mixers, cranes, generators) to mid 90s dBA (backhoes,
tractors, trucks, jack hammers and rock drills). The DOH has established
"maximum permissible" noise levels at property lines for various zoning districts.
The daytime limit is 70 dBA for Industrial Districts. This "maximum permissible"
shall not be exceeded for more than 10% of the time within any two -minute
period. If "maximum permissible" levels are to be exceeded, a permit must be
obtained from the DOH.
Airport Operations Noise. According to the predicted 2005 airport noise
contours from the Noise Compatibility Program for the Kona International Airport
at Keahole, only a small portion of the project site lies between the 55 and 60 Ldp
contours, as shown in Figure 12. The measure of ambient noise levels from
4-33
Table 5 are consistent with the predicted noise contours. Measured Ldn levels are
all below 60 dBA, which is the DOT Airports Division land use compatibility
maximum for residential and resort construction sites. Noise from the Kona
International Airport at Keahole is not expected to significantly impact the project.
Project Generated Traffic Noise. Measured traffic noise levels along with traffic
volume and vehicle mix counts obtained during the field work for the noise
assessment (Appendix F) were used to calibrate the Federal Highway
Administration's Traffic Noise Prediction Model. The noise model, together with
traffic data obtained from the traffic assessment prepared for this ER (Appendix
L), was then used to calculate peak hour traffic noise levels with and without the
proposed project. The predicted maximum traffic noise level increase along the
roadways studied in the year 2013 (project buildout) were determined to be less
than 0.4 dB along Hina Lani Street and Ka'iminani Drive and 1.4 dB along Queen
Kaahumanu Highway. The increase in traffic noise level due to development of
the project is not considered significant and is not expected to adversely impact
the project site or surrounding areas.
Noise Due to On -Site Equipment. Noise from pumps, compressors,
condensing units, and other on-site equipment must be addressed during the
design phase of the project. Noise at the property line from on-site equipment
must be at a level of 60 dBA or less during daytime hours and 50 dBA or less
during nighttime hours in order to be within the State DOH's maximum
permissible property line noise level.
Mitigation Measures
Contractors operating heavy equipment during the construction phases of the
project must comply with State DOH noise requirements. Proper maintenance
and operation of heavy equipment will contribute toward achieving compliance
with requirements.
If on-site equipment present during the operational phase of the project exceeds
DOH maximum permissible property line noise levels, mitigation in the form of
barriers, enclosures, silencers should be included in the design phase of the
project.
4-34
xrr.v _
4.10 Air Quality
An air quality study for the proposed project was conducted by B.D. Neal &
Associates. Their findings are summarized below, and their full report is attached
to this ER as Appendix G.
Existing Environment
Ambient concentrations of air pollution are regulated by both national and state
ambient air quality standards (AAQS). National AAQS are specified in Section
40, Part 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), while State of Hawaii
AAQS are defined in Chapter 11-59 of the Hawaii Administrative Rules. National
primary standards are designed to protect the public health with an "adequate
margin of safety." National secondary standards, on the other hand, define
levels of air quality necessary to protect the public welfare from "any known or
anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant." Secondary public welfare impacts
may include such effects as decreased visibility, diminished comfort levels, or
other potential injury to the natural or man-made environment, e.g., soiling of
materials, damage to vegetation or other economic damage. In contrast to the
national AAQS, Hawaii State AAQS are given in terms of a single standard that is
designed "to protect public health and welfare and to prevent the significant
deterioration of air quality." At the present time, seven parameters are regulated
including: particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide,
carbon monoxide, ozone and lead. Hawaii air quality standards are more stringent
than the comparable national standards except for those pertaining to sulfur dioxide
and particulate matter.
Regional and local climate together with the amount and type of human activity
generally dictate the air quality of a given location. The climate of the project area
is very much affected by its near coastal situation and by nearby mountains. Winds
are predominantly light and variable, although kona storms generate occasional
strong winds from the south or southwest during winter. Temperatures in the project
area are generally very consistent and moderate with average daily temperatures
ranging from about 65°F to 85°F. The extreme minimum temperature recorded at
the nearby Old Kona Airport is 47°F, while the extreme maximum temperature is
93°F. Average annual rainfall in the area amounts to about 25 inches with each
month typically contributing about 2 inches.
Present air quality in the project area is mostly affected by air pollutants from
vehicular, industrial, natural and/or agricultural sources. Much of the man-made
particulate emissions on Hawaii originate from area sources, such as the mineral
products industry and agriculture. Man-made sulfur oxides are emitted almost
exclusively by point sources, such as power plants and other fuel -burning
4-35
o€Naw. ii nChapter 4: phystcat anJ
a.
industries.
8m•irrsana«;
industries. Nitrogen oxides emissions emanate predominantly from area sources
(mostly motor vehicle traffic), although industrial point sources contribute a
significant share. The majority of carbon monoxide emissions occur from area
sources (motor vehicle traffic), while hydrocarbons are emitted mainly from point
sources.
It should be noted that Hawaii Island is unique from the other islands in the state
in terms of the natural volcanic air pollution emissions that occur. Volcanic
emissions periodically plague the project area. This is especially so since the
latest eruption phase of the Kilauea Volcano began in 1983. Air pollution
emissions from the Hawaiian volcanoes consist primarily of sulfur dioxide. After
entering the atmosphere, these sulfur dioxide emissions are carried away by the
wind and either washed out as acid rain or gradually transformed into particulate
sulfates or acid aerosols. Although emissions from Kilauea are vented on the
other side of a mountain barrier more than 50 miles east of the project site, the
prevailing wind patterns eventually cant' some of the emissions into the Kona
area. These emissions can be seen in the form of the volcanic haze (vog) which
persistently hangs over the area.
The major industrial source of air pollution in the project vicinity is Hawaii Electric
Light Company's Keahole Power Plant, which is located about 1 mile to the north.
Air pollution emissions from Keahole Power Plant consist mostly of sulfur dioxide
and oxides of nitrogen.
Queen Kaahumanu Highway, which borders the project site on the mauka side, is
the region's major arterial roadway. Downslope winds during the morning will tend
to cant' emissions from motor vehicles traversing this roadway toward the project
area, while afternoon onshore winds will carry emissions away from the project.
Except for periodic impacts from volcanic emissions (vog) and possibly occasional
localized impacts from traffic congestion, the present air quality of the project area
is believed to be relatively good. The limited air quality data that are available for
the area from the Department of Health indicate that (despite the vog) concentra-
tions are well within state and national air quality standards.
Anticipated Impacts
Short-term impacts. Short-term direct and indirect impacts on air quality could
potentially occur due to project construction. For a project of this nature, there are
two potential types of air pollution emissions that could directly result in short-term
air quality impacts during project construction: (1) fugitive dust from vehicle
movement and soil excavation; and (2) exhaust emissions from on-site construction
equipment. Indirectly, there also could be short-term impacts from slow-moving
4-36
construction equipment traveling to and from the project site, from a temporary
increase in local traffic caused by commuting construction workers, and from the
disruption of normal traffic flow caused by lane closures of adjacent roadways.
Long-term impacts. After construction is completed, use of the proposed facilities
will result in increased motor vehicle traffic in the project area, potentially causing
long-term impacts on ambient air quality. Motor vehicles with gasoline -powered
engines are significant sources of carbon monoxide. They also emit nitrogen oxides
and other contaminates. Federal air pollution control regulations require that new
motor vehicles be equipped with emission control devices that reduce emissions
significantly compared to a few years ago. In 1990, the President signed into law
the Clean Air Act Amendments. This legislation requires further emission
reductions, which have been phased in since 1994. More recently, additional
restrictions were signed into law during the Clinton administration, which will begin
to take effect during the next decade. The added restrictions on emissions from
new motor vehicles will lower average emissions each year as more and more
older vehicles leave the state's roadways. It is estimated that carbon monoxide
emissions, for example, will go down by an average of about 30 to 40 percent per
vehicle during the next 10 years due to the replacement of older vehicles with
newer models.
To evaluate the potential long-term indirect ambient air quality impact of increased
roadway traffic associated with a project such as this, computerized emission and
atmospheric dispersion models were used to estimate ambient carbon monoxide
concentrations along roadways leading to and from the project10.
For this project, three scenarios were selected for the carbon monoxide modeling
study: (1) year 2002 with present conditions, (2) year 2013 without the project, and
(3) year 2013 with the project. To begin the modeling study of the three scenarios,
critical receptor areas in the vicinity of the project were identified for analysis.
Generally speaking, roadway intersections are the primary concern because of
traffic congestion and because of the increase in vehicular emissions associated
with traffic queuing. For this study, the three key intersections identified in the traffic
study were also selected for air quality analysis. These included the following
intersections:
• Queen Kaahumanu Highway at Kaiminani Drive;
■ Queen Kaahumanu Highway at the project access road;
■ Queen Kaahumanu Highway at Hina Lani Street.
10 Carton monoxide is selected for modeling because it is both the most stable and the most abundant of the pollutants
generated by motor vehicles. Furthermore, carbon monoxide air pollution is generally considered to be a micro -stele problem
that can be addressed locally to some extent whereas nitrogen oxides air pollution most often is a regional issue that cannot
be addressed by a single new development.
4-37
r xf H'',.:1, s;e�r: cxsrtti st1"i2�i" "�dr f L i�aiYi-P!L`'x f#'frp'`
The main objective of the modeling study was to estimate maximum 1 -hour
average carbon monoxide concentrations for each of the three scenarios studied.
To evaluate the significance of the estimated concentrations, a comparison of the
predicted values for each scenario can be made. Comparison of the estimated
values to the national and state AAQS was also used to provide another
measure of significance.
Input peak -hour traffic data were obtained from the traffic study prepared for the
ER (Appendix L). This included vehicle approach volumes, saturation capacity
estimates, intersection laneage and signal timings. Input meteorological
conditions for this study were defined to provide "worst-case" results11. Table 6
summarizes the results of the modeling study in the form of the estimated worst-
case 1 -hour morning and afternoon ambient carbon monoxide concentrations.
These results can be compared directly to the state and the national AAQS.
Estimated worst-case carbon monoxide concentrations are presented in the table
for three scenarios: year 2002 with existing traffic, year 2013 without the project
and year 2013 with the project. The locations of these estimated worst-case 1 -
hour concentrations all occurred at or very near the indicated intersections.
Table 6
Estimated Worst -Case 1 -Hour Carbon Monoxide Concentrations
Along Roadways in the Project Vicinity
(Measured in milligrams per cubic meter: mg/m3)
Source: B.D. Neal & Associates, 2002
" Worst-case wind conditions were defined as a wind speed of 1 meter per second with a wind direction resulting in the
highest predicted concentration. A steady wind of 1 meter per second blowing from a single direction for an hour is
extremely unlikely and may occur only once a year or less. With wind speeds of 2 meters per second, for example, computed
carbon monoxide concentrations would be only about half the values given above.
Year Scenario
Roadway Intersection i
2002/Present
2013/WithoutProject
2013Mith Project
AM
PM
AM PM
AM
PM
Queen Kaahumanu HighwayNi
5.2
3.8
s
3.6 2.8 a.
4.0
wel
x"
y
at Kaiminani Drive.
Queen Kaahumanu Highway',
N/A
NIA
N/A N/A
4.3
Y
at Project Access Road,...
�. �,
Queen Kaahumanu Highway
9 y
5.5
4.6
4.3 3.4
4.8
3' IN,
at Hina Lani Street
Hawaii State AAQs: 10 National AAQs: 40
Source: B.D. Neal & Associates, 2002
" Worst-case wind conditions were defined as a wind speed of 1 meter per second with a wind direction resulting in the
highest predicted concentration. A steady wind of 1 meter per second blowing from a single direction for an hour is
extremely unlikely and may occur only once a year or less. With wind speeds of 2 meters per second, for example, computed
carbon monoxide concentrations would be only about half the values given above.
All predicted worst-case 1 -hour concentrations for the 2002 scenario were well
within both the national AAQS of 40 mg/m3 and the state standard of 10 mg/m3. In
the year 2013 without the proposed project, the predicted worst-case
concentrations decreased by about 20 to 30 percent compared to the existing
case. This was due to the decrease in emissions that is expected to occur over
the next several years, which is the result of older motor vehicles being retired.
The proposed project also will cause indirect air pollution emissions from power
generating facilities as a consequence of electrical power usage. The estimated
indirect emissions from project electrical demand amount to less than 1 percent
of the present air pollution emissions occurring on Hawaii Island even if all power
is assumed to be derived from oil.
Mitigation Measures
Short-term Impacts. The major potential short-term air quality impact of the
project will occur from the emission of fugitive dust during construction. To
control dust, active work areas and any temporary unpaved work roads should
be watered at least twice daily on days without rainfall. Use of wind screens
and/or limiting the area that is disturbed at any given time will also help to contain
fugitive dust emissions. Wind erosion of inactive areas of the site that have been
disturbed could be controlled by mulching or by the use of chemical soil
stabilizers. Dirt -hauling trucks should be covered when traveling on roadways to
prevent fugitive dust loss. A routine road cleaning and/or tire washing program
will also help to reduce fugitive dust emissions that may occur as a result of
trucks tracking dirt onto paved roadways in the project area. Paving of parking
areas and establishment of landscaping early in the construction schedule will
also help to control dust.
During construction phases, emissions from engine exhausts (primarily consisting
of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides) will also occur both from on-site
construction equipment and from vehicles used by construction workers and from
trucks traveling to and from the project. Increased vehicular emissions due to
disruption of traffic by construction equipment and/or commuting construction
workers can be alleviated by moving equipment and personnel to the site during
off-peak traffic hours.
Long-term Impacts. After the proposed project is completed, any long-term
impacts on air quality in the project area due to emissions from project -related
motor vehicle traffic should be small. Worst-case concentrations of carbon
monoxide should remain within both the state and the national ambient air quality
standards. Implementing any air quality mitigation measures for long-term traffic -
related impacts is probably unnecessary and unwarranted. Any long-term
4-39
Cr -s "Vi til^. �e !£.;t ke�x>-r l'ti�r.f+•<. p;*ys .:,,RC'`�4 ✓:. 'a:..r.sr-nr�r.;e.•.
impacts on air quality due to indirect emissions from supplying the project with
electricity and from the disposal of waste materials generated by the project will
likely be small based on the relatively small magnitudes of these emissions.
4.11 Visual Resources
Existing Environment
Under Rule 9.6 of the Maui County Planning Commission's Rules of Practice and
Procedure, any development proposed within the SMA Boundaries must be
consistent with the objectives and policies of Chapter 205A, HRS, as amended,
relating to coastal zone management. Objectives and policies related to visual
impacts are listed below:
Objective: Protect, preserve, and where desirable, restore or improve the quality
of coastal scenic and open space resources.
Policies:
Identify valued scenic resources in the coastal zone management area.
2. Ensure that new developments are compatible with their visual
environment by designing and locating such developments to minimize the
alteration of natural landforms and existing public views to and along the
shoreline.
3. Preserve, maintain, and where desirable, improve and restore shoreline
open space and scenic resources.
4. Encourage those developments which are not coastal dependent to locate
in inland areas.
Rule 9.7 of the Planning Commission's Rules of Practice and Procedure further
stipulates that the guidelines contained in Chapter 205A, HRS must be used in
the review of development proposed in the SMA. The pertinent guideline for
visual resources follows:
Any development which would substantially interfere with or detract from
the line of sight toward the sea from the State Highway nearest the coast.
The Hawaii County General Plan lists several sites of natural beauty in North
Kona, including the Honokohau coastline, Keahole Point, and makai view planes
from Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
4-40
w
For purposes of this report, coastal scenic and open space resources are
identified as a visual resource accessible from public viewpoints. To assess
potential impacts to the resource, an analysis was conducted to determine
potential visual impacts associated with the implementation of the proposed
action. Existing visual features of the site are first described, followed by an
inventory of public views. Significant public viewpoints were then selected.
Through the use of first hand observations, photographs, and line -of -sight
analysis for an "as -built" condition, potential impacts were identified and
described. Finally mitigating measures to reduce and minimize impacts from
public viewpoints are then discussed.
Visual Features of the Project Site. The project site is presently vacant,
sparsely vegetated, and slightly sloped from Queen Kaahumanu Highway to the
makai property boundary. There are few distinguishing land marks on the
property that can be detected over a distance over 100 yards or more, other than
an occasional tree or shrub. The dominant landscape colors of the property are
straw (sandy yellow-brown), which is most prominently associated with widely
distributed fountain grass, and black -gray (pahoehoe lava).
Major Public Viewpoints. As one travels along Queen Kaahumanu Highway
between Keahole Point and Honokohau Small Boat Harbor, the project site is
visible for very short periods of time. Beginning at the NELHA Access Road, and
proceeding in a southerly direction, the site is partially visible for approximately
0.3 mile. Although the ocean is visible from the highway in this long-distance
view, the shoreline is not, as it is obscured by the topography of the site. After 0.3
mile, all makai views are interrupted by a combination of a berm and vegetation.
The berm is a remnant of grading conducted for the construction of Queen
Kaahumanu Highway. A cut in the lava flow created the width of the highway and
its shoulder, so the elevation of the highway for most of the length it passes in
front of the project site is several feet below that of the berm (Figure 13).
Traveling in a northerly direction from the vicinity of Hina Lani Street, views
toward the project site are available, and the viewer can visually take in a
panorama from Queen Kaahumanu Highway to the ocean, although the views
are long-range. After traveling another 0.5 mile from Hina Lan! Street, the
southern boundary of the project site begins, and berm reappears on the makai
side of the highway, obstructing makai views. This condition persists for
approximately 0.4 mile, almost reaching the northern property boundary.
4-41
SECTION A Edge of 150 -Foot Setback
from highway right-of-way
5 -Foot Vegetation Hedge
20'
rr -r... . -10e
10s
Qnip --
Queen 0' 20' 40' 60' 80' 100' 120' 140' 160' 180' 200' 220' 240' 260' 280' 300' 320' 340' 360' 380' 400' 420' 440' 460' 480' 500'
Kaahumanu
Hphway
SECTION B Edge of 150 -Foot Setback
from highway right-of-way
5 -Foot Vegetation Hedge _ . - • , , , , , 10'
— 20'
+97_ —
Queen 0' 20' 40' 60' 80' 100' 120' 140' 160' 180' 200' 220' 240' 260' 280' 300' 320' 340' 350'
Kaahumanu
Highway
Typical views from vehicle looking makai from Queen Kaahumanu Highway (north bound). Note vegetation growing beyond existing grade.
NELHA t
OFFICE/ To
MULTI -FAMILY COMMERCIAL Aq-1
HOUSING
150' Hglm•y�I
MAMALAHOA 5'AMCk
TRAIL
\1
OFFICEI
COMMERCIAL
TRANSIENT 1
ACCOMMODATIONS
F TO Bs. J� •�_ 1
RETAILICOMMERCIAL
2 Y
/UYw-/fart
Figure 13 1 Visual Analysis
Anticipated Impacts
Once the project site is developed, its appearance will be altered from its present
natural state to a man-made one. This appearance will be most noticeable from
long-range views across the property, from points north and south of the project
site on Queen Kaahumanu Highway. However, the proposed project will not
affect the line -of -sight toward the ocean, because slope gradients and vegetation
which presently obscure makai views. Sight analysis shown in Figure 13 shows
two sections taken through the property looking in a makai direction. Projected
sight lines have been developed toward the ocean intersecting buildings of the
proposed development plan. Two potential building conditions are shown for
each section. One shows a second floor ceiling height of 20 feet with additional
height for the roof. The second scenario shows a third floor ceiling height of 30
feet with additional height for a roof.
Two sight lines are then shown through each section. The first sight line (black
dots) indicates line of sight with bare terrain. The second sight line (red dash)
indicates line -of -sight with a five-foot vegetative barrier. Under the worst case
scenario, without the vegetative buffer, only the upper portions of the buildings
would be visible, at a distance of between 350 and 500 feet. It should also be
pointed out that buildings in these areas are proposed to be two stories in height.
Mitigation Measures
The proposed development will conform to all County ordinances that regulate
permissible building heights, bulk and setbacks, in addition to a 150 -foot setback
from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway right-of-way. An aesthetically pleasing
architectural design, complemented by landscaping will further mute the
appearance of the project. The low-rise (three stories), low-density development
concept is intended to retain the open, unrestricted character of the North Kona
coast, and to maintain mauka-makai view corridors from within the property.
Because the coastline fronting the project site is not now visible from the
highway, views from the highway will not be adversely affected. Landscape
elements and physical design can, and should, play an important role in
otherwise framing long-range views across the property, and the visual
experience within the property.
4.12 Historic and Archaeological Resources
Rechtman Consulting conducted an archaeological reconnaissance on the 83 -
acre project site (study area) in October 2002. The results of their findings are
summarized below. Their full report is attached to the ER as Appendix H.
4-43
Existing Environment
The current 83 -acre study area is part of a larger property that had been
surveyed for archaeological sites in 1985 by Barrera (Barrera 1985). Barrera
recorded two sites within the study area: (1) the Mamalahoa Trail (State
Inventory of Historic Properties (SIHP) Site 2; and (2) a habitation cave
associated with the Mamalahoa Trail (SIHP Site 10155). The inventory survey by
Barrera (Barrera 1985) which described these sites was formally accepted by the
Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). As a result of this inventory
survey, these two sites were committed to interpretive preservation.
Archaeological data recovery involving these two sites took place in 1988, and
the data recovery report (Barrera, 1989) was accepted by DLNR in 1989.
SIHP 2 (Mamalahoa Trail) is a linear trail feature that extends from Kailua Town
to Kawaihae (Figure 14). This feature consists of two parallel 0.6 -meter kerbs
built of basalt slabs, bounding a pathway 1.8 meters wide (Barrera, 1989).
Historical records indicate that the trail is more properly identified as the "alanui
aupuni," or government road, and was constructed through the 'O'oma area in
1847. The road is shown on the 1928 version of the United States Geological
Survey (USGS) topographic map for the region, and corresponds precisely to
what can be seen on current aerial photographs. Detailed historical information
relative to the road/trail is presented in Chapter 5 (Section 5.2).
SIHP Site 10155 is a large habitation cave that is assumed to have been
associated with travel along SIHP Site 2. The cave measures approximately 15
meters in length, and 10 meters in width, with a roof as much as 2.5 meters high
(Barrera, 1989).
Even though the project site has not been developed, it is not unexpected that
there would be a paucity of archaeological sites in the area. Barrera notes in his
1989 data recovery report that:
"Davis gave some thought to this situation as well, and with a
geographically broad brush, painted a picture of three
physiographic regions encompassing the entire northwest side of
the island. Note that the areas become more desirable as one
proceeds higher in elevation and further from the coast (that is
from dry to wet)."
Davis suggests that there is a "barren zone" mauka of the coastal area that is
characterized by:
4-44
•
•
"...frequently barren non -disintegrated .lavas, and conditions,
extremely limited dry scrub vegetation occurring in kipuka surrounded
by recent lavas, and virtually no soil development."
Cordy and Kaschko also noted this transition in use from the coast to inland areas with a
scheme that involves four separate zones, including a "barren zone (too dry for
cultivation) (Barrera 1989)."
In October 2002, Rechtman Consulting conducted an archaeological reconnaissance, in
large part designed to reconfirm the earlier work of Barrera,
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.•TMI _.ter •,/l
MtOdECT SRE - .�{ .....
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a v
0 1000 2000
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t
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Picture looks north across O oma 2nd parcel
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PROJECT SITE
AAamalahoa ';
Trail ,A/,
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A l' Lys _ .q - • _•_ •_ —,— ..• --
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4-45
7- G
Figure 14 I Mamalahoa Trail
'C erea P
County e+ Hawaii Hrwrormenra? Re,norr Chapter 4: Physical and Na±aa' rvirot:r+4r.
and determine the condition of existing resources. In addition to the two sites
known from Barerra's work, a small lava blister with a single fragment of a cowrie
was found (there was no soil in the blister and no potential for finding any other
remains). The blister is located within the 150 -foot highway setback area, and
was assigned SIHP Site Number 23639. This site was evaluated as not being a
significant resource.
Anticipated Impacts
There are only two significant archaeological sites located within the project site,
and both sites have been committed to interpretive preservation. The site plan
conceived to support the submittal for the Project District and SMA Use Permit
includes the Mamalahoa Trail and associated habitation cave and appropriate
buffer zones for each site. It is not anticipated that development of the project site
will directly affect the condition of either site.
Mitigation Measures
It remains for a preservation plan to be prepared for both sites, and submitted to
DLNR State Historic Preservation Division for review and approval.
4.13 Cumulative Impacts: Physical and Natural Environment
Any discussion of cumulative impacts relating to the project site should consider
those topics that have regional implications. Impacts to groundwater and the
marine environment are subject areas which need to address regional concerns.
For groundwater, two perspectives are important: (1) available domestic supply
and (2) groundwater quality. As discussed in Section 4.3 (Groundwater), it has
only been in the last 10+ years that high level perched groundwater has been
discovered in the area along Mamalahoa Highway and incorporated into the
County's municipal distribution system. We still do not completely understand the
extent of these resources, or the volume of exploitation that the resource can
withstand. In this regard, careful management of this groundwater is essential,
particularly as additional development is considered in the region.
In terms of groundwater quality, this ER has identified the physical connection
between the flow of groundwater and its efflux at the shoreline, and the potential
for groundwater constituents to affect the quality of the marine environment. This
is particularly important because the marine environment is such an integral
element of the lifestyle and economy of West Hawaii. Analysis for this ER has
indicated that the activities anticipated on the developed project site will not of
themselves negatively impact the marine environment. However, it will be
important to monitor the regional quality of the marine environment over a period
GCis
of time. This will require the cooperation of City and State government officials,
major landowners, and developers.
4-47
Socio-Economic Factors
5.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS
This chapter describes the socio-economic environment in which the proposed
development is situated, discusses the probable impacts of the project on the
socio-economic environment and possible measures to mitigate adverse
impacts.
5.1 Population/Employment
Existing Environment
Resident Population. Population is considered in terms of resident population
(those who customarily live in an area), and de facto population, which excludes
residents temporarily absent, but includes visitors temporarily present. The
overall resident population of Hawaii County has risen from 92,053 in 1980 to
148,677 in 2000. This represents an increase of 56,624 residents, or 61.5% for
the Big Island during this 20 -year period. Comparatively over the same period,
the resident population of the entire State of Hawaii increased from 964,691 to
1,211,537, an increase of 246,846, or 25.5%. While the Big Island represented
about 9.5% of the State's total resident population in 1980, it accounted for over
22% of the State's overall growth in the 20 -year period (State of Hawaii, 2002).
Within the immediate region, the combined resident population of North Kona
and South Kohala increased from 18,355 in 1980, to 41,674, or by 127%, double
that of the County as a whole, and 5 times as much as the State.
Anticipated Impacts
The Mikiko Corporation prepared an Employment and Population Assessment for
the proposed project. Their findings are summarized below, and their complete
report is attached to the ER as Appendix I.
POPULATION
The proposed development at'O'oma could affect population in two ways: (1)
additional State and County residents that result from in -migration; and (2) the
visitor population present on the property on any given day.
Development at'O'oma is expected to lead to in -migration to the State and to
the County of Hawaii as follows:
5-1
• Those who purchase homes at 'O'oma may establish full- or part-time I
residency on-site. Some of these persons would have been new to the
State, while most kama'aina buyers would be new to the County only. I
Some of those taking advantage of the construction period and
operational employment generated by the project might move from other
counties or states because of a job opportunity at 'O'oma, thus increasing
the County and/or State resident population. Other household members
might also accompany such in -migrating persons.
In -migrant population impacts are explained as follows:
'O'oma residents - Sold residential units, net of those that might get placed in
visitor rental use, are estimated at 65 by 2010 and about 120 by 2015. The
occupiable units at 'O'oma are estimated to account for up to 21 in -migrants to
the County on an average day after 2015, about 13 of whom could also be new
to the State.
Development employees - Hawaii's labor market is considered to have
sufficient supply and the required skills to satisfy virtually all of the project's
development labor needs. A nominal 2% of FTE specialty staffing needs is
assumed to come from or be employed on the U.S. mainland. This could
represent 1 to 4 or so of the development employees required in any given year.
Such persons might be temporarily resident in the islands during the Project's
development.
Likewise, Hawaii's labor pool is considered to have the necessary laborers to
supply the project's operational employment needs. Therefore, a nominal amount
of employment is expected to be due to in -migrant employees, or 2% of the direct
jobs.
However, due to Hawaii Island's more limited construction labor pool, up to 25%
of direct development jobs are projected to be temporary in -migrants to Hawaii
(those moving between islands as well as the 1 to 4 from out of State). This is
projected to account for some 13 to 50 persons in any given year, depending on
the level of development activity at the time.
Operational employees — All hotel and retail operators interviewed for the
assessment have reported very limited, if any, in -migration of persons from out -
of -State directly resulting from the creation of new jobs in facility operations. For
purposes of this analysis, 2% of project operational employees were assumed to
move from out -of -State due to direct employment opportunities at 'O'oma.
5-2
Some 5% are assumed to move to the County (between islands or from out -of -
State to Hawaii County) because of employment or business opportunities.
These assumptions imply up to 65 direct operational employees relocating to
Hawaii Island, of whom about 26 could have come from out -of -State.
Dependents - In -migrant dependents are estimated at an average of 0.2 per in -
migrant construction worker, since the position on which the "move" is based
would be temporary, and 1.0 per in -migrant operational employee.
In total, by 2015, 'O'oma is projected to be associated with about 70 in -migrants
to the State and about 210 to the County.
Visitors. Visitors are not included in the count of resident population. However,
they will be present on the site after construction is completed, and are included
in discussions of de facto population counts.
In addition to the retail -commercial and office -commercial complexes the project
is expected to offer up to 520 units for visitor accommodations. This would
consist of 400 hotel -type rooms and an estimated 50% of residential units sold at
the project. The latter is an estimate of the number of buyers that could be
expected to put their homes into a rental pool.
By 2010, the visitor units are anticipated to have stabilized at about 70%
occupancy at the hotel(s) and 55% at other units. This would result in an
average of 320 units occupied on any given day in 2010, or up to 350 by 2020,
considering the increasing potential inventory of such units. Based on utilization
of other facilities statewide and within the West Hawaii area specifically, these
occupied rooms could be expected to house up to 690 persons on an average
day in 2015.
Summary. Adding all figures regarding population on the project site (in -migrants
and visitors), the number of individuals resident at the property by 2015 will be
about 900.
EMPLOYMENT
The proposed project could be expected to impact the State and County
economies by: (1) generating development activity, which supports expenditures
for goods and services; (2) attracting visitors and residents (other than
kama'aina) who would make new expenditures, and (3) creating and supporting
jobs and business enterprises in its ongoing operations. The new jobs would, in
turn, generate additional personal earnings in the County and throughout the
State.
5-3
It is estimated that development at'O'oma could represent nearly $280 million
spent in the State over the next 13 years. Development costs would include:
• Professional services — architectural, engineering, landscape design,
development management, legal, etc.
Construction — including materials and labor, and considering
infrastructure as well as facility development, furniture, fixtures and
equipment, and retail tenant improvements.
Other— including administrative overhead, marketing, public relations, off-
site community contributions and other "soft" costs incurred during
development.
Using data provided by the Department of Business Economic Development &
Tourism 12, it is possible to estimate the number of construction period jobs that
would be generated by development at 'O'oma.
Development Employment. 'O'oma could directly generate 1,770 person-years
of development -related work in the State over the study period. This represents
some 140 full time equivalent (FTE)13 Hawaii -based jobs in an average year, with
most occurring in the 2006 to 2010 period when development could be most
rapid. The majority of this work would occur on-site. However, some, such as the
professional services and administrative positions, are likely to be located off-
site, perhaps on Oahu. This estimate includes wage, salaried and proprietary
employment opportunities supported by'O'oma's development.
Considering the indirect and induced employment opportunities that these direct
impacts are likely to support, the total impacts of the project's development could
represent approximately 4,200 person-years of employment until 2015, or an
average of about 300 FTE development -related jobs per year within the State
over the 2003 to 2015 period.
12 DBED&T has conducted comprehensive evaluations of the various industries within the State, their
financial relationships to each other, and their rates of job and personal earnings creation. The latest such
study is dated March 2002 and entitled, "The Hawaii Input -Output Study: 1997 Benchmark Report."
Pertinent information found in this report includes final demand coefficients and "direct -effect" industry
multipliers. Final demand coefficients show the relationship between input, or spending within any given
industry category, and its resulting creation of jobs and earnings. Such coefficients are used to estimate the
direct effects of the construction and development activities planned for'O'oma. "Direct -effect" industry
multipliers show the relationship between direct jobs or earnings and the indirect and induced jobs or
earnings that they can be expected to subsequently support.
13 Full-time equivalent is defined as 2,080 hours of employment (including paid vacation and sick leave) per
year. This is equivalent to 40 hours per week, and may also be referred to as a "person -year" of
employment. Two half-time jobs together would be considered to represent one FTE job.
5-4
Operational Employment. In addition to its development -related positions,
'O'oma is expected to directly support up to 1,300 long-term permanent FTE
jobs in its operations. Direct operational jobs could include a variety of types and
levels of work, including opportunities in management, sales and marketing,
human resources, food service, maintenance and engineering, housekeeping,
retail, professional services, entertainment, and landscaping activities. Such jobs
are considered to be located on-site.
Considering DBED&T's industry multipliers, indirect and induced effects could
add another 820 permanent positions. The indirect and induced employment
impacts of'O'oma would be spread throughout Hawaii's economy, at many
levels of earnings and in a wide variety of industries.
In total, the project is anticipated to support up to 2,100 permanent FTE positions
by its stabilization in 2015.
Mitigation Measures
The increase in both jobs and employment will be directly tied to an increased
demand for housing. The proposed project can satisfy a portion of the demand
with the availability of 240 multi -family homes after full project build -out.
However, Chapter 11 of the Hawaii County Code (Housing) establishes
requirements for the provision of affordable housing for projects involving
rezoning, or resort uses. Specifically, Section 11-4(a) (Requirements for
rezonings involving residential uses) of the Hawaii County Code requires ten
percent of the total units developed to be "affordable ,14. This translates into a
requirement for 24 affordable housing units for the development at 'O'oma.
In addition, Section 11-5(a) (Requirements for rezonings involving resort and
industrial uses) requires the provision of 25 affordable housing units for every
one hundred resort employees generated as a result of the rezoning activity.
According to the Employment and Population Assessment prepared by the
Mikiko Corporation (Exhibit I of Appendix 1) for this ER, approximately 300 resort
employees would be needed at full project buildout. This translates into a
requirement for 75 affordable housing units, or a total of 99 affordable housing
units adding those required for the multi -family housing portion of the project.
Satisfaction of these requirements can be accomplished using the following
alternatives:
14 According to the Hawaii County Code, "affordable housing unit" means a lot or a dwelling unit which is
affordable to qualified households earning not more than one hundred forty percent of the median income
for a family of four in the County of Hawaii.
1. Provision of affordable housing units within or without the land which has
been the subject of the rezoning
2. Payment of an lieu fee, amounting to $4,720 (in 1997 dollars) per required
unit
3. Provision of developable land, with the value of the land to be determined
by appraisal and measured against the projected in -lieu fee that otherwise
would have been required
4. Provision of infrastructure/services to affordable housing units, and must
be measured against the projected in -lieu fee that otherwise would have
been required
5. Any other means which are approved by the County housing agency
An implementation plan to satisfy affordable housing requirements shall be
approved prior to or in conjunction with the project development.
5.2 Cultural Resources
Rechtman Consulting conducted a Cultural Impact Assessment for this ER. Their
full report is attached as Appendix J, and is summarized below.
Existing Environment
Archival -historical research and oral -historical interviews were conducted for the
study, in a manner consistent with Federal and State guidelines. While the
physical study area is limited to the a portion of the 'O'oma 2nd ahupua'a that lies
makai of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the report examined the entire
ahupua'a and its relationship to neighboring lands within the larger Kekaha
region (which includes 'O'oma 2nd). Archaeological studies are important
elements to provide an understanding of the historic -cultural environment, but
other sources of information are important as well. These include oral tradition,
and legend, historic land records, and historic maps, in addition to the interviews.
From these sources, much insight is given into the historic -cultural use of
region's resources, including 'O'oma 2nd. For example, while there are only
limited native accounts that have been recorded about 'O'oma, we do know that
the land was so esteemed, that during the youth of Kauikeaouli (born circa 1813)
(later known as Kamehameha III), the young prince, son of Kamehameha I and
his sacred wife Keopuolani, was taken to be raised near the shore of 'O'oma
under the care of his stewards from infancy until he was five years old. This is a
significant part of the history of this land, as great consideration went into all
aspects of the young king's upbringing.
61V
We also learn from tradition, that the place name of "Puhili" is derived from the
name of a high priest of 'O'oma and Kohanaiki. The place where he lived is on
the plain of Kohanaiki, at the shore, and bears his name to this day. It is on the
boundary between Kohanaiki and 'O'oma. Another place name in the area;
"Wawaloli," is derived from a legend about the courtship between a loli (sea
cucumber) that possessed the dual body forms of a man and a loli, and a young
maiden who lived in the region above shore area.
From historic Hawaiian language newspaper stories, we learn that the population
of the Kekaha region, including 'O'oma 2"d, declined dramatically in the 19"'
century, as common with other areas in Hawaii at the time: The lands of 'O'oma
and Kalaoa, and all the way to Kaulana and Mahai'ula were also places of many
people in those days, but today there are no people (Rechtman, 2003 from Kihe,
1924).
Records from the Mahele 'Aina (Land Division) of 1848, that'O'oma 2nd was not
an area that drew interest in claims for kuleana lands. From these records and
other written accounts of the era, it is known that the makai lands of 'O'oma had
little economic value, and supported no active agricultural efforts, except perhaps
for the grazing of goats and donkeys.
Later in the 19"' century (between 1882 and 1889), Joseph S. Emerson, the
Kingdom Surveyor), compiled extensive records, drawings, letters, and
notebooks about the greater Kekaha region, including 'O'oma 2"d. One of the
pictures that emerges from Emerson's writings is a region with few people,
although there is an avid interest in land transactions and ownership. In addition,
he sketches out many of the trails in the region, including the famed Alanui
Aupuni (Government Trail) (known today as the Mamalahoa Trail) built in 1847 at
the order of Kamehameha III, formerly a resident at 'O'oma as a child. Where
the Alanui Aupuni crosses the lands of 'O'oma, the alignment includes several
construction methods, such as being lined with curbstones, elevated, and with
stone filled "bridges" in areas that level out the contour of the roadway.
Throughout many of the accounts detailed in Rechtman's study, it is clear that
the preponderance of residences were located in the upland areas of the region,
and that there was considerable traffic in mauka-makai direction to allow
residents to avail themselves of the resources found along the shoreline and in
the ocean. Every ahupua'a included one or more mauka-makai trail. In native
terminology, these trails were known as alapi'i uka or ala pi'i mauna (trails that
ascend to the upland or mountain).
5-7
In the twentieth century, the pattern of mauka-makai access by residents
continued, with foot and donkey transportation giving way to jeep traffic after
World War II.
Anticipated Impacts
The proposed development has the potential to impact the two identified cultural
resources known on the site; the Mamalahoa Trail and a cave shelter associated
with the trail (see Section 4.12). These sites are the only known remnants of the
historic use of the project site by native people. Impacts could be direct, as the
result of development activities, or indirect, resulting from increased access and
site visitation traffic.
Mitigation Measures
Past archaeological surveys and studies and correspondence with the State
Department of Land and Natural Resources, Historic Preservation Division
(SHPD) have resulted in commitments to preserve these cultural resources and
maintaining protective buffers during construction activities. Following these
activities, interpretive as well as cautionary signage will be established to both
educate the public about the cultural significance of the resources and to inform
the public about possible penalties for damaging the resources.
In addition, SHPD has imposed a requirement for the preparation of a
Preservation Plan for the Department's approval that addresses the two sites.
Adherence to this plan should adequately protect the resources and effectively
mitigate any potential impacts.
5.3 Cumulative Impacts: Socio -Economic Factors
The corridor between the Kona International Airport at Keahole and Kailua-Kona
is a region that has experienced significant population and economic growth in
the last 20+ years. Decisions by government, including urbanization policies and
location of important public facilities, point toward continued growth for this area.
The proposed project will positively contribute to the employment and fiscal and
economic health of the region, the county, and the state, by providing jobs during
both the construction and operational phases of the project. In this regard, the
corridor will increase in importance as a regional business center serving
residents and visitors alike.
Am
Infrastructure and Public Facilities
6.0 INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC FACILITIES
This chapter describes the infrastructure and public facilities environment in
which the proposed development is situated, discusses the probable impacts of
the project and possible measures to mitigate adverse impacts. To support this
section of the ER, M&E Pacific, Inc. prepared a Civil & Electrical Infrastructure
Assessment Report, which is summarized in Sections 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4.
Their full report is attached to the ER as Appendix K.
6.1 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal
Existing Environment
Wastewater treatment and disposal in the Kona region is mainly via individual
wastewater systems and private treatment facilities. Many of the single family
residential units and public park facilities still utilize cesspool systems. However,
the DOH intends to eliminate the use of such systems. For smaller facilities, a
minimum system utilizing a septic tank and disposal through leaching is required.
For a development the size of the proposed project, treatment by a private
package plant or transmission to a larger treatment facility is necessary (M&E
Pacific, Inc., 2002a).
The three closest treatment facilities to the project site are located at: (1) the
Crown Lands of Keauhou; (2) Kealakehe; and (3) the Kona International Airport
at Keahole. The wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal system at
Keauhou is a privately owned system that is maintained by the area
developer/landowner (Kamehameha Investment Corporation). The wastewater
collected from this system is transported via a series of gravity lines and force
mains to a 3.6 mgd sequencing batch reactor facility. Treated effluent from the
wastewater treatment plant is discharged into a series of basins and used for
irrigation at area golf courses. At present, although there is some capacity
available at this treatment plant, this volume is reserved for future development
by the landowner. This factor, along with the distance to 'O'oma, makes this
treatment facility an unfeasible alternative.
A municipal wastewater treatment facility is located in the Kealakehe area, south
of the project site. The 2.8 mgd facility utilizes aerated lagoons for achieving
secondary treated wastewater generated from the Kailua town area, and from
along Alii Drive south to Disappearing Sands Beach Park. Excess capacity at this
plant is already reserved for other development.
The newly constructed tertiary treatment facility at the Kona International Airport
at Keahole treats the wastewater generated by airport operations and support
M-1
facilities. This treatment plant does have expansion capabilities. However, past
efforts to have the plant expanded for non -airport uses by the County of Hawaii
and others have been denied by the State Department of Transportation. Effluent
from this treatment facility is used for irrigation of the landscape at the airport
entrance and main roadway.
Presently, there are no public or private wastewater transmission lines fronting
the 'O'oma 2nd property. However, in 2001, a County of Hawaii Resolution (70-
01) had been proposed initiating the extension of the municipal sewer system
from the existing Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant, north along the
alignment of Queen Kaahumanu Highway to Kohanaiki. The Resolution has been
deferred since the May 2, 2001 County Council meeting (M&E Pacific, Inc.,
2002a).
Anticipated Impacts
The County of Hawaii Department of Public Works determines wastewater
requirements based on acreage, residential unit counts, and inflow/infiltration for
dry and wet weather conditions. For preliminary design purposes, three
wastewater requirements were considered: Design Average Flow, Design
Maximum Flow, and Design Peak Flow. The following demands have been
calculated based on County of Hawaii standards (M&E Pacific, Inc., 2002a):
Design Average Flow: 0.533 mgd
Design Maximum Flow: 1.875 mgd
Design Peak Flow: 1.957 mgd
A private package wastewater treatment plant (with treatment to level R-2 at a
minimum) is recommended for the 'O'oma 2nd project. On-site sewer mains will
runs along proposed roadways wherever possible, for ease of maintenance.
Interior sewer mains will be a system of 8 -inch lines with trunk sewer diameters
increasing to possibly 12 -inches. It is estimated that approximately 7,800 lineal
feet of sewer lines will be required. A preliminary layout of the on-site collection
system is shown in Appendix K. Treated effluent will be disposed either via
underground injection wells or reused for irrigation (M&E Pacific, Inc., 2002a).
The potential impacts to groundwater and the marine environment associated
with the underground injection of treated effluent are fully discussed in Chapter 4
(Sections 4.3 and 4.4).
6-2
Mitigation Measures
In the event that Resolution 70-01 is approved and implemented as an
improvement district project, participation by the developer to extend the limits of
the system to include the 'O'oma property is a preferred alternative. Under this
scenario, a pump station and force main transmission would replace the need for
a wastewater treatment facility (M&E Pacific, Inc., 2002a).
6.2 Domestic Water Supply
Existing Environment
Section 4.3 contains a full description of the basis of the underground water
resources that supply domestic water supply for the West Side of Hawaii
(TNWRE, 2002). The Hawaii County Department of Water Supply (DOW) is the
major purveyor for potable water. Four major wells serve the North Kona System,
running from Keahole International Airport in the north, to Kealakekua in the
south. An existing 12 -inch waterline runs along Queen Kaahumanu Highway and
provides service to the Kona International Airport at Keahole and the NELHA.
Information received from the DOW indicates that demand on this line is
maximized and is not available to supply potable water requirements for the
proposed development at 'O'oma 2nd. The DOW has acknowledged a modest
commitment of water for the property, but it falls far short of providing water for
the overall development (M&E Pacific, Inc., 2002a).
Anticipated Impacts
The DOW determines water use demand based on land use converted to a
capita per unit or capita per acre basis. For the proposed development at 'O'oma
2nd, the following demands have been calculated for the varying uses, based on
DOW standards:
Multi -family Residential
Office/Commercial
Retail/Commercial
Total
96,000 gallons per day (gpd)
45,000 gpd
160.000 qpd
352,000 gpd 15 (M&E
Pacific, Inc., 2002a)
An alternate source of potable water supply was discussed with the DOW with
the unavailability of the existing 12 -inch line. The DOW desires that a 15 -inch
main line be constructed from Hina Lani Street to the project site (approximately
4,800 feet in length). The 15 -inch line would also need to be constructed up Hina
15 Includes irrigation
Lani Street to an upper level 1.0 million gallon reservoir (approximately 12,000
feet).
On-site water mains will run along the access road from Queen Kaahumanu
Highway and into the development's main entrance. A 12 -inch loop is
recommended with 8 -inch lines supplying each of the major sections of the
development. The total length of on-site water transmission lines is
approximately 9,300 linear feet. A preliminary layout of the on-site water system
is presented in Appendix K.
A discussion of the development's impact to available groundwater resources in
the region is found in Section 4.3 of this ER.
Mitigation Measures
Analysis indicates that groundwater is available to provide needed domestic
supply for future development at 'O'oma 2nd. It is necessary to connect supply
sources and the project site with appropriate transmission facilities. However, the
availability of groundwater resources should not dissuade County officials or
developers from implementing measures intended to reduce consumption, and
increase future resource availability. Such measures include the installation of
low -flow toilets and showerheads, the use of native species suited to the and
conditions of North Kona coastline (which decreases demand for irrigation), and
the restriction of irrigation use to time periods when water loss to evaporation
would be reduced.
6.3 Drainage
Existing Environment
The drainage area considered for the 'O'oma II property is defined on the north, i
south, and west by the project site property boundary. The eastern boundary is I
defined by the crown of the middle of Queen Kaahumanu Highway (stormwater
on the western side of the crown will drain to the west (makat). Stormwater
mauka of the highway will flow down toward the highway, where it is cut off by I
the highway and diverted to a series of culverts that run under the highway. The
nearest highway culverts to the project site are the milepost (MP) 94.43 and MP
95.25 culverts. The MP 94.43 culvert is a 30 -inch diameter corrugated metal I
pipe, and is located approximately 1,000 feet north of the project site near the
airport. The MP 95.25 culvert, which measures 14 feet 10 inches by 9 feet one I
inch, is located just about 1,000 feet south of the existing jeep access road that
intersects the highway near the property's southern boundary. Runoff which
reaches this culvert drains south of project site and does not impact the I
6-4
development area. There are no other storm drain structures close to or within
the 'O'oma 2nd site (M&E Pacific Inc., 2002a).
The County of Hawaii Department of Public Works determines stormwater
discharge flows based on acreage, groundcover conditions, rainfall intensity (by
locale), and a design storm condition. For drainage areas of 100 acres or less, a
10 -year recurrence interval design storm is considered (Qio)• Based on these
drainage limits and design conditions, a discharge flow of 60.79 cubic feet per
second (cfs) can be attributed to the project site (M&E Pacific Inc., 2002a).
Anticipated Impacts
As the project site is developed, some of the area of open, porous ground
surface will be replaced by impervious rooftops, roadways, and parking areas.
This increases the amount of stormwater runoff that would otherwise be
generated by the same land area in an undeveloped condition. Based on a
weighted ground cover type for the future development (impervious vs. grass and
open areas), an approximate future stormwater flow condition of 140.06 cfs has
been established for the project site under a developed condition.
Mitigation Measures
The main design criteria for storm drain systems established by the County of
Hawaii Department of Public Works is the containment of any net increase in
stormwater flow within the property being developed. A storm drain system
consisting of drain inlets and/or catch basins (where there may be a roadway
curb) and drywells is recommended for the proposed project. An underground
injection control (UIC) permit must be obtained from the State DOH Safe Drinking
Water Branch for the use of drywell discharge.
The minimum storm drain line size is an 18 -inch diameter, per County of Hawaii
requirements. However, there may be local areas where an 8 -inch or a 12 -inch
line may be installed as part of a private drainage system. A typical drywell
design will be 6 feet in diameter and 20 feet deep, with an average capacity of six
cfs. The design of the project storm drain system shall endeavor to eliminate any
on-site flooding and ponding conditions. For smaller confined areas where low
flows make it impractical to construct to construct a 20 -foot deep drywell, a
shallower drywell (8 -foot depth and 8 -foot diameter) can be utilized. These
smaller wells have a lesser capacity of 2 cfs.
6-5
6.4 Power and Communication
Existing Environment
Electricity. The Island of Hawaii has been subject to rolling blackouts recently
after several years of relatively stable performance. Hawaii Electric Light
Company, Inc. (HELCo) has indicated that recent failures of private co-
generation plants and legal problems with the expansion of the Keahole
generation plant have left the island short of power at times. HELCo hopes to
resolve these problems as soon as possible. This is an island -wide problem not
directly related to any specific development (including the proposed project at
'O'oma 2"d). HELCo is not denying any new service at this time, but will not
comment on the maximum amount of power the system can now provide (M&E
Pacific, Inc., 2002a).
The project site is not currently served by any existing HELCo facilities. The
nearest source of existing power is the 69 KV transmission overhead line on the
mauka side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The next available source of power
is the existing substation serving the NELHA. However HELCo has determined
that this substation does not have the spare capacity to accommodate the
projected demand for the project at 'O'oma.
Telephone. The project site has no existing telephone facilities. The nearest
source of telecommunications service is the Verizon Hawaii, Inc.'s (VHI) fiber
optic lines on HELCo's 69 KV pole line mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
The next available source of telephone service is a small equipment but serving
a small agricultural subdivision to the north of the proposed project. However,
VHI has determined that this source is too small and too far away to serve the
proposed project.
Cable Television (CATV). The project site is not currently serviced by CATV
facilities. The nearest source of CAN service is Oceanic Cablevision's fiber optic
lines on HELCo's 69 KV pole line mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
Anticioated Impacts
Electricity. HELCo will require a new fenced lot measuring 150 feet by 150 feet
for the substation's 69 KV tower and pad -mounted transformer, preferably
adjacent to the existing 69 KV overhead line, to service the 'O'oma development.
If creating a substation mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway right-of-way is
problematic, the alternate choice for the substation would be within the project
site, makai of the highway right-of-way. HELCo will install an overhead 69 KV
crossing of the highway to the new substation (if located makai of the highway),
W.
with underground distribution throughout the new development. Because the
substation is not housed in a building, it could be visible from the highway.
Preliminary discussions with the County of Hawaii Planning Department have
indicated that the needed substation could be located within the 150 -foot
highway setback area (M&E Pacific Inc., 2002a).
Telephone. VHI tentatively plans to construct a new mini -hut or "pair -gain" on-
site to provide telecommunications service. A mini -hut (or pair -gain) is a
packaged, self-contained, metal -enclosed equipment rack on a concrete pad
which is fed with fiber optic lines and generates thousands of telephone copper
pairs. The equipment rack measures approximately 10 feet (wide) by 15 feet
(long) by 6 feet (high). The entire facility requires a lot (or easement) that
measures 30 feet by 30 feet, or may be placed within a building provided by the
developer. If the facility is placed within a lot (or easement), similar to the HELCo
substation, the lot may be located within the 150 -foot highway setback (M&E
Pacific Inc., 2002a).
There are no existing duct lines across Queen Kaahumanu Highway. As a result,
new telephone ductlines will have to be added at the highway intersection.
CAN. Oceanic Cablevision will require at least one "node" within the project site.
This node is a free-standing cabinet located with a 6 -foot by 6 -foot easement. It
is anticipated that Oceanic's system will also provide high-speed data
connectivity. Similar to telephone facilities, there are no existing ductlines across
Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Therefore new CATV ductlines will need to be
added at the highway intersection.
Mitigation Measures
For aesthetic reasons, underground crossing of Queen Kaahumanu Highway
should be considered for the 69 KV power line, in lieu of an over head crossing.
While an underground crossing of the Highway is possible from a design
standpoint, the State Department of Transportation, Highways Division opposes
an underground crossing because of the traffic disruption it would create.
If communication and/or electric transmission facilities must be located either
within the 150 -foot highway setback area, or elsewhere within the project site, it
may be necessary to construct fencing around the facilities for security and
landscaping to mute their visual impact.
6-7
6.5 Circulation
The circulation system (roadway and traffic conditions) within the vicinity of the
project were surveyed and analyzed by MBE Pacific, Inc. A summary of their
analysis is presented below, and their report is attached to the ER as Appendix
L.
Existing Environment
The roadways of interest in the study area include the Queen Kaahumanu
Highway, Ka'iminani Drive, and Hina Lani Street (see Figure 1 for locations of
these roadways relative to the project site).
Queen Kaahumanu Highway is the major north -south arterial on the west side of
Hawaii. It is a two-lane Class I State Highway with limited access and a design
speed of 70 miles per hour. Intersections on this highway are fully channelized
and are signalized where warranted. The roadway is within a 300 -foot right-of-
way and was designed to be expanded to four lanes at a later date. This
highway and its extension extend from Kawaihae Road in the north to the merge
with Kuakini Highway in the south. It is part of State Routes 11 and 19 that form
part of the circle island route.
Ka'iminani Drive is a collector road within a 60 -foot right-of-way that serves the
Kona Palisades subdivision and also provides mauka-makai access between
Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Mamalahoa Highway. The Queen Kaahumanu
Highway/Ka'iminani Drive intersection is fully channelized and signalized.
Hina Lani Street is a secondary road within an 80 -foot right-of-way. It provides
mauka-makai access between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Mamalahoa
Highway and also serves the Kaloko Light Industrial Subdivision. The Queen
Kaahumanu Highway/Hina Lani Street intersection is fully channelized and
signalized.
Existing Traffic Volumes. The proposed residential and office/commercial land
uses are expected to generate the most traffic during the weekday morning and
afternoon peak hours. The proposed retail/commercial land use is expected to
generate the most traffic on weekends. Therefore, traffic counts were taken on
Queen Kaahumanu Highway at the Ka'iminani Drive intersections during the
weekday morning and afternoon peaks, and during the Saturday and Sundays
midday periods. Traffic turning movement counts were taken at the two study
intersections from Friday, October 25, 2002, to Sunday, October 27, during the
periods noted above.
M
The concept of level of service (LOS) is used to quantify the quality of traffic flow
on roadway facilities. The Transportation Research Board has developed
procedures to calculate level of service value(s) by measuring traffic volumes
against the capacities of different types of roadway facilities. Their Highway
Capacity Manual, Special Report 209 (Third Edition, 1994) describes the various
procedures developed for freeways, highways, signalized and unsignalized
intersections, etc.
The Ka'iminani Drive and Hina Lani Street intersections are currently signalized
and were analyzed as such. The methodology for analyzing signalizing
intersections calculates the levels of service for individual approaches and the
intersection as a whole based on the average stopped delay per vehicle. The
results range from level of service A (best with average delays less than five
seconds) to F (worst with average delays longer than 60 seconds). Many
jurisdictions consider levels of service A to D as acceptable for areas like Kailua,
with level of service F indicating the need for mitigating measures. Table 7
summarizes the LOS at the studied intersections.
Table 7
Level of Service Analysis for Studied Intersections
Existing Conditions
t3veratl
Ka'iminanl bdi;e westbound
QueemKaahurnanu Highway northbound
Queers Kaaftumanu Highway southbound
Source: M&E PacMk, Inc., December 2002
Anticipated Impacts
i
B
Weekday
Weekday
Saturday
Sunday
AM Peak
PM Peak
Midday
Midda
Intersection
$°. ..
B
B
A
Approach
Queen Kaahumanu Highway at Hina Irani Street
Overall
B
B
B
B
Hina Lan! Street westbound
B
B
B
8
Queen Kaahumanu Highway northbound
B
C
B
'B
Queen Kaahonnanu Highway southbound
F B
B
B
B
t3veratl
Ka'iminanl bdi;e westbound
QueemKaahurnanu Highway northbound
Queers Kaaftumanu Highway southbound
Source: M&E PacMk, Inc., December 2002
Anticipated Impacts
i
B
B
B
a "
_B13
B
B.
B
i3'
B
$°. ..
B
B
A
,4 ,.
Proposed roadway improvements. The long-range transportation plan for the
island of Hawaii considers Queen Kaahumanu Highway to be currently over
capacity and in immediate need of mitigation (Frederick R. Harris, Inc., 1998).
The State Department of Transportation plans to widen Queen Kaahumanu
Highway to a four land divided highway. They expect to begin construction of the
first phase of the highway widening project from Henry Street to Kealakehe
Parkway, in 2003. The second phase of the project from Kealakehe Parkway to
the airport is scheduled to begin in 2005 subject to the availability of funds. The
highway will not be built to freeway standards as originally planned, and major
intersections will continue to be fully channelized and controlled by traffic signals.
Although the timing of the second phase of the highway project is not certain, it
was assumed that Queen Kaahumanu Highway would be widened to four lanes
by 2010.
Traffic forecast. The proposed project expects 50% build -out by 2010, and full
build out by 2013. Ambient traffic on the study area roadways can be expected to
increase due to regional growth and adjacent proposed projects during these
intervening years. The traffic which would be generated from the proposed
project in each build out scenario was added to the ambient traffic forecast for
that scheduled year to obtain the total with project traffic forecasts.
Ambient traffic forecast. According to prior State traffic counts, daily traffic
volumes on Queen Kaahumanu Highway has been increasing at about 5.8% per
year. Therefore, existing through traffic volumes on Queen Kaahumanu Highway
were increased 46.4% and 63.8% for 2010 and 2013 ambient traffic forecasts,
respectively. In the absence of traffic forecasts and traffic data for Ka'iminani
Drive, future year increases were assumed to be one-half the rate calculated for
Queen Kaahumanu Highway, and thus were increased by 23.2% for 2010, and
31.9% for 2013.
Forecasting for Hina Lani Street included a combination of assumed increases in
through traffic similar to Ka'iminani Drive, and the addition of traffic to be
generated by the expansion of the Kaloko Industrial Park16.
Level of Service Analysis. Projected -generated traffic was added to ambient
traffic to determine projected future levels of service. 17 The Ka'iminani Drive and
Hina Lani Street intersections are currently signalized and were assumed to
remain so in the future. Due to high traffic volumes at the project access
intersection on the trip assignment forecasts, it was assumed that this
intersection would have to be signalized also. Therefore, all three study
16 Forecasting for the Kaloko Industrial Park is on the Traffic Impact Report prepared by Wilson Okamoto
and Associates for the expansion of the industrial park: Traffic Impact Report for the Kaloko Industrial Park,
Phases III and IV, (July 2000)
17 The traditional procedure of trip generation, distribution, and assignment was used to forecast the number
of trips which would be generated by the proposed project, the distribution of these lips, and the specific
intersection turning movements which would be utilized. For each of the four proposed land uses, trip
generation equations were obtained from the Institute of Transportation Engineers Trip Generation
Handbook (Sixth Edition, 1997) to forecast weekday AM and PM peak hour, and Saturday and Sunday
midday hour trips.
1
intersections were analyzed as signalized intersections.'8 Table 8 summarizes
the results of the level of service analyses for the overall intersection and for
each approach of the intersection for the 2010 ambient (without project), 2010
with project, 2013 ambient (without project), and 2013 with project forecasts.
These analyses assumed four lanes on Queen Kaahumanu Highway. A fully
channelized and two lane (one left turn and one right turn) condition was
assumed for Hina Lani Street and Ka'iminani Drive.
Table 8
Level of Service Analysis for Studied Intersections
Projected Forecast Conditions
Inaraacdon
Approach
Amb TOW Amb TOW Amb TOM Amb "TMWI Amb
Amb
E311aM1 "'
=KeaMnnarxt.�.
'
_
.
Ke'inbmN Drive
overall
I B
8
B
8
B
8
B
B
8
8
B
8
B
8
B
B
NAYMrwawW
B
_88
B
B
B
B
"B `
B
.. B
8
C
B
C
8
B
B
B
OM nand:
B
8
B
B
B
B
B
B
8
a.
B
"8
B
8
am arood
8
B
B
8
B
B
B
"8
A
A
A
A
A
"'A
A
A
KaeMamnt<67,
H"IMMYa Praled
ovmaW :.
WA
"B.,
WA
BIB*
WA
8
N/A
OB•
N/A
B
N/A
FB'
NIA
-8'
WA
CB•
Aooar=xdxx1;'.
WA
B'
WA
CB•
WA
""8--""
WA
"FIC'"
WA
C
N/A
INC`"
WA
A
WA
CIC
WA
:A
WA
.BIA•
WA
8
WA
.. CB•.
N/A
B
N/A
FB•
WA
B
WA
BB•.
QKH4 rid '.:
N/A `
BI"
WA
BW
WA
"" a`"
WA
EC*
WA
C
N/A
DJC
WA
".B"
NIA
DIB'
Denotes that analysis is with mitigation of 2 eastbound left tum, 2 eastbound right Nm, and 2 northbound left Nm lanes for project access mad
source: ME Pacific, Inc, 2000
Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Hina Lani Street Intersection. The Queen
Kaahumanu Highway/Hina Lani Street intersection is forecast to remain at LOS B
in the morning peak hour and Sunday midday hour with the full build out
scenario. For the afternoon peak hour, the intersection is forecast to change from
LOS B to LOS C in 2010, and from LOS B to LOS D in 2013, with traffic from the
proposed project. During the Saturday midday, the intersection LOS is forecast to
remain at LOS B in 2010, and change from LOS B to LOS C in 2013. The Hina
Lani Street approach is forecast to be at LOS E for the weekday PM peak and
LOS D on Saturday for the 2013 total with project forecasts. This analysis
'a It should be noted that traffic signals would probably not be warranted during the early build -out and
occupation of the project site, but will eventually be required.
6-11
indicates that the proposed project would have an adverse traffic impact at the
this intersection during the weekday PM peak hour. The change in level of
service on Saturday is not an adverse impact since LOS C is considered
acceptable.
Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Ka'iminani Drive Intersection. This intersection
would be less impacted by the proposed project. The intersection is currently at
LOS B, and is forecast to remain so for all scenarios (assuming the highway is
widened to four lanes). Analysis indicates that the proposed project would not
have an adverse impact at this intersection.
Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Project Access Road. The project access road
intersection would be in existence only for the 2010 and 2013 total with project
forecasts. The intersection is forecast to operate at LOS during all four time
periods with the 50% buildout scenario. With full buildout, the intersection would
continue to operate at LOS B during the morning peak and Sunday midday
hours. However, it is forecast to operate at LOS levels D and F during the
afternoon peak and Saturday midday hours respectively, two of the busiest times
for the retail center.
Mitigation Measures
Traffic analysis conducted for this ER have indicated that traffic would have
adverse impact upon the weekday PM peak hour traffic operations at the Hina
Lani Street intersection, if mitigating measures are not implemented. It should be
noted that Hina Lani Street may also require mitigation, in the absence of traffic
generated by the proposed project, as the adjacent industrial area is developed.
This is particularly true if additional large retailers occupy space in the area.
Possible mitigation for this intersection would be in the form of two left tum lanes
(westbound out of Hina Lani Street).
The project access road will require several forms of mitigation as the project is
developed. Although traffic signals will not be required at the onset of the project,
it is clear they eventually will be required. Conduits should be built into the
roadway when the intersection is first constructed to facilitate installation of traffic
signals at a later date. It is suggested that the developer be required to perform
periodic traffic assessments (every 3-4 years) to determine when traffic signals
are warranted so they can be installed in a timely manner.
Eventually, the project access road intersection will require mitigation in the form
of two outbound left turn lanes, two inbound left -turn lanes (on Queen
Kaahumanu Highway), and two outbound right -turn lanes. These intersection
6-12
improvements need to be accounted for as part of the initial design of the
intersection.
Finally, traffic LOS analysis for this ER was conducted assuming that the
proposed project access road would be the only means of access for the project
site. A second access point on the north side of the project site for right turn -in
and right -turn out only, would be desirable.
6.6 Solid Waste Disposal
Existing Environment
Solid waste from the region is currently disposed at the County of Hawaii's Puu
Anahulu Landfill, which is located about 17 miles north of the project site. The
landfill was opened in 1993, with an initial 30 -acre increment, with a projected
capacity of six to 11 years. Additional 30 -acre increments are expected to be
required every five years thereafter. The former Kailua (Kealakehe Landfill) is
now used as a transfer station where refuse collected from residential areas is
compacted for transport to the Puu Anahulu Landfill (Wilson Okamoto&
Associates, Inc., 2000). Table 9 shows the volume of solid waste that has been
disposed of at Puu Anahulu during the last five fiscal years of record.
Table 9
Volume of Solid Waste Received
At Puu Anahulu Landfill
FY 97-98 through 01-02
Source: Department of Public Works, County of Hawall, 2002
Anticipated Impacts
No significant impacts to the municipal solid waste collection and disposal
system are anticipated as a result of the construction and operation of the
proposed development.
Solid waste generated by the proposed project will be collected by private refuse
collection companies and transported to the County's Puu Anahulu Landfill for
disposal. Assuming a solid waste generation rate of 5 to 6 pounds per capita per
6-13
Solid Waste
%Increase
Disposal (tons)
from yew
Fiscal Year
previous
78,437
98-99
84,450
7,8
99 `
87,396
33
�.DO-01F
89,927
t11�02 `,
96,549
7C
Source: Department of Public Works, County of Hawall, 2002
Anticipated Impacts
No significant impacts to the municipal solid waste collection and disposal
system are anticipated as a result of the construction and operation of the
proposed development.
Solid waste generated by the proposed project will be collected by private refuse
collection companies and transported to the County's Puu Anahulu Landfill for
disposal. Assuming a solid waste generation rate of 5 to 6 pounds per capita per
6-13
day, it is estimated the annual waste generation rate for the project after
construction is complete would be approximately 820 to 985 tons per year19,
which represents 0.85 to 1.02% of the solid waste generated during the 2001-
2002 fiscal year.
County officials note that a high percentage of solid waste is generated by
construction activities (Cappelas, Personal Communication, 11/18/02).
Mitigation Measures
It is recommended that both the construction and operational phases of the
proposed development be guided by the preparation of recycling plans, in an
effort to: (1) reduce the volume of solid waste reaching Puu Anahulu Landfill; (2)
recycle products that otherwise would be disposed (green waste, bottles, paper,
cardboard, construction waste, etc.); and (3) reuse materials that have been
recycled.
The general contractor in charge of site development should be tasked with
developing a recycling plan governing all construction activities. The managing
entity for the commercial spaces should be responsible for preparing a recycling
plan that all tenants of the development must adhere to.
6.7 Public Services and Facilities
6.7.1 Police Department
Existing Environment
The Kealakehe Police Station, located on Queen Kaahumanu Highway about 2
miles south of the project site, provides service to the North and South Kona
Districts. The station has a force of 56 uniformed officers, with eight patrol units
assigned to each of the three watches within a 24-hour period (Wilson Okamoto
& Associates, 2000). There are also substations in Keauhou and Captain Cook,
that serve as staging areas for officers from the Kona Station working in those
areas
Anticipated Impacts
The County of Hawaii Police Department did not indicate that the proposed
project would have any significant impacts on their operations in west Hawaii.
However, the department did express concern about a change in the design of
19 This estimate is based on the population added to the County as a result of the development: 210 in -
migrants, and 690 visitors (see section 5.1), times the solid waste generation rate.
6-14
the Queen Kaahumanu Highway widening project, from a 'limited access"
highway with grade separated intersections. The department recommends
consideration of a single intersection servicing both the 'O'oma 2nd property, and
neighboring properties on both sides (NELHA and Kohanaiki) (Mahuna, January
28, 2003).
Mitigation Measures
A decision related to the limitation and location of future access points to Queen
Kaahumanu Highway will rest with the State Department of Transportation,
Highways Division. The proposed design for the 'O'oma project provides for a
single access point to the highway, and potential internal connections to
properties to the north and south. At this time, it is unclear what type and level of
development will occur on either property. It could be possible for the property to
the north (which is part of the NELHA complex) to access Queen Kaahumanu
Highway via the NELHA access road.
6.7.2 Fire Department
Existing Environment
Fire protection service for the project area is provided by the Kailua-Kona Fire
Station, located about 4 miles south, near the intersection of Palani Avenue and
Queen Kaahumanu Highway. This station serves areas within a 30 -mile radius
extending from Keauhou to the Kona Village Resort. Nine fire fighters man 24-
hour shifts every other day for a total of three shifts. The station is equipped with
a ladder truck, a tanker, a rescue boat, and an Emergency Medical Service
(EMS) ambulance(Wilson Okamoto & Associates, 2000).
Other fire stations in region are located in Keauhou, South Kohala, and
Waikoloa. There is also a volunteer -operated fire station on the Belt Highway that
provides back-up support to the Kailua-Kona station (Wilson Okamoto &
Associates, 2000).
Anticipated Impacts
In a letter commenting on the proposed project, the Fire Department provided
guidance regarding technical design issues related to access for fire fighting
equipment and provision of water supply capable of supplying required fire flow
(Wery, February 3, 2003).
6-15
Mitigation Measures '
During the detailed design and building permit phases of the project, it will be '
necessary to demonstrate adequate access for fire fighting equipment and
availability of required fire flow.
6.7.3 Recreational Facilities
The Old Kona Airport State Park is located about three miles south of the project
site on the site of the former airport. This park is the only full-service active
recreational park in the region. Facilities include five baseball fields, two soccer
fields, two football fields, and four tennis courts. Gym facilities include a full-
sized basketball court (Wilson Okamoto & Associates, 2000).
Other State parks in the region include Kealakekua Bay Historic Park, Kekaha
Kai State Park, Keolonahihi State Historic Park, and Napoopoo Beach Park. The
playfields at Kealakehe High School are also within the vicinity of the project site
(Wilson Okamoto & Associates, 2000).
County parks in the region include Disappearing (White) Sands Beach Park,
Hookena Beach Park, Kahaluu Beach Park, Manini Point (Napoopoo), Milolii
Beach Park, and Pahoehoe Beach Park. The Kona Community Aquatic Center,
administered by the County of Hawaii, provides facilities for lap swimming, and
also includes a water -play area for young children (Wilson Okamoto &
Associates, 2000).
The Honokohau Small Boat Harbor is located about 1.5 miles south of the project
site on Honokohau Bay. Administered by the Department of Land and Natural
Resources, Division of Boating and Ocean Resources, the harbor provides 262
moorings and support facilities for both commercial and recreational vessels
(DLNR, 2003).
The 1,160 -acre Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, located about 0.5
miles south of the project site, is administered by the National Park Service. The
park contains extensive natural and cultural resources, such as archaeological
sites, wetlands and fishponds. Nearly the entire park is a designated national
historical landmark (Wilson Okamoto & Associates, 2000).
Anticipated Impacts
It is anticipated that the increase in regional resident and defacto population
attributable to the proposed project will place additional limited demand on the
variety of public recreational resources in the region.
6-16
Mitigation Measures
Some area (about 1 acre) has been set aside within the project site for park
space. In addition, about 2.4 acres of the project site has been set aside to
include the Mamalahoa Trail, and a 50 -foot wide buffer, including the width of the
trail.
Increments of the multi -family portion of the project will include recreational
amenities, including swimming pools and recreation centers, and the visitor
facilities will also contain on-site recreational amenities, as well.
In addition, the County will collect higher property taxes as a result of the
development of the project site. Portions of these funds should be used for
maintenance and improvement of existing County recreational facilities.
6.8 Educational Facilities
Existing Environment
The project site is located within the Kealakehe Complex of the State Department
of Education's Honokaa-Kealakehe-Kohala-Konawaena Complex Area. The
public schools found within this complex are the Kealakehe Elementary,
Intermediate, and High Schools. The official enrollment for these three schools
for the 2002-2003 school year, compared to the 1999-2000 school year are
shown in Table 10:
Table 10
Comparative Enrollment Figures for
Kealakehe Complex
2002-2003 as
School . , : 1999-200020 2002-200321 Capacity % of
r
-
Capacity
KealakeheHigh'SchW -'r 1,119 1437" 1,472 98%"
Kealakehe Intermediate School- 930 .:.,.,1;014 1,078 94%..
Kealakehe Eleme1tary,Schodi; 898 985 1,064 91%
20 Wilson Okamoto, 2000
21 Heidi Meeker, January 15, 2003
22 These numbers were reported in the 2000 FEIS for the expansion of the Kaloko Industrial Park. However,
it should be noted that determination of a school's capacity is made by that school's principal, and can
fluctuate from year to year based on many factors, and can rise with the addition of portable facilities
Meeker, January 15, 2003a)
3 This figure represents only grades 9, 10, and 11. The high school began 12"' grade instruction during the
2000-2001 school year (Wilson Okamoto, 2000)
6-17
It is clear from these figures that enrollment is trending upward within the
complex, and that schools are approaching upper limits of capacity.
Anticipated Impacts
The Department of Education (DOE) has estimated that based on plans for a 240
unit multi -family development, the project would increase enrollment by 30 to 40
elementary school students (grades K-5), 10 to 15 middle school students
(grades 6-8), and 15 to 20 high school students (grades 9-12) (Minami, January
27, 2003).
Mitigation Measures
According to DOE, the proposed project would fall under the department's fair -
share contribution program. The DOE will request that the County of Hawaii
include standard school fair share contribution language as a condition of
entitlement as follows:
"The Applicant shall contribute to the development, funding,
and/or construction of school facilities, on a fair -share basis,
as determined by and to the satisfaction of the Department of
Education. Terms of the contribution shall be agreed upon in
writing by the Applicant and the Department of Education prior
to obtaining building permits for any area of development."
6.9 Cumulative Impacts: Infrastructure and Public Facilities
Traffic is an issue of regional importance and interest. In the next few years the
State Department of Transportation intends to widen Queen Kaahumanu
Highway from Kailua to the Kona International Airport at Keahole, in order to
accommodate existing demand and projected traffic growth. The proposed
project will contribute a large number of vehicle trips within this transportation
corridor after its buildout. With the knowledge that other large projects may be
developed in the near future, it will be essential to monitor growth and its impact
on the traffic circulation system. In this regard, the ER calls for the developer of
the project site to conduct periodical traffic studies in order to anticipate when a
traffic signal will be warranted at the intersection of the project access road and
Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Similar efforts may be required at other
intersections, including the Hina Lani Street/Queen Kaahumanu Highway
intersection.
ME
Increased development on the west side of Hawaii will cause an increase in the
volume of solid waste generated. Although the Puu Anahulu Landfill is projected
to have a 50 -plus year lifespan, efficient recycling efforts today could mean that
this lifespan could be extended, instead of shortened.
6-19
Relationship Between
Local Short-term Uses of the
Environment and The Maintenance
and Enhancement of Long-term
Productivity
7.0 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF THE
ENVIRONMENT AND MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF
LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY
In the short-term, over a period of 10+ years, the project site will be in a
construction phase that transforms the property from a vacant land area to one
which is urbanized. During this period of construction, there will be some
temporary impacts, both beneficial and adverse. From a beneficial perspective,
direct economic benefits will accrue as a result of expenditures for labor,
material, and services, associated with construction activities. These
expenditures will create direct employment opportunities at 'O'oma 2"d, and
indirect and induced employment in the region, and elsewhere in the State of
Hawaii.
Other potential impacts associated with the construction phase of the project
include temporary noise, traffic, and air pollution.
In the long-term, the productivity of the project site, and the region, should be
enhanced. Permanent job opportunities available on the site will positively impact
the regional economy, while providing services and retail opportunities for
residents and visitors in the region. In addition, off-site jobs(indirect and induced)
will be supported as a result of activities on-site. Tax revenues, in the form of
employment taxes, general excise taxes, and property taxes, will accrue to State
and County governments.
Long-range planning guidance at both the State and County level indicate that
the property should be urbanized. Since the property is unsuited for agricultural
uses, state agricultural productivity will not be affected by its development.
7-1
Irreversible and Irretrievable
Commitments of Natural Resources
Would be Involved in the
Proposed Action
8.0 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF
RESOURCES
Construction and operation of the facilities planned at'O'oma 2nd will involve the
irretrievable loss of certain environmental and fiscal resources. The cost of using
these resources, however, should be evaluated in light of recurring benefits to
the residents of the region and the County, and the alternative of taking no
action.
Development of the project site as set forth in the proposed development plan,
will commit the property to urban development. Once development is initiated, it
would be impractical to reverse the process without expending substantial funds
(public and private) to demolish the physical plant and replace jobs and income.
Construction of buildings, roadways, and other improvements will narrow the
range of future non -urban uses for this site, although a lack of suitable on-site
resources mean that no agriculturally productive land will be removed or
precluded from use. Construction and operation of the project will also require
the expenditure of labor, materials and energy, most of which are nonrenewable
and irretrievable. However, with the implementation of effective recycling efforts
during construction and operation, it may be possible to avoid some future
energy and natural resource commitments by reusing materials that otherwise
would be relegated to a waste stream.
Additional natural resources, primarily potable water, will be committed to
supporting the activities and landscaping, on the property. This is an important
resource, and must be carefully monitored by appropriate governmental
agencies, to ensure that demand does not overextend available supply.
References
10.0 REFERENCES
Bailadao, Gilbert. October 18, 2002.County of Hawaii, Department of Planning.
Re: North Kona Zone Map Request. gbailado(a)co.hawaii.hi. us.
Baker, H.L., et al. November 1965. Detailed Land Classification — Island of
Hawaii. Land Study Bureau, University of Hawaii. L.S. B ulletin No. 6
Barrera, w., Jr. Chiniago, Inc. January 1985. Ke-Ahole Point, Hawaii.-
Archaeological
awaii.Archaeological Reconnaissance (Revised Version).
Barrera, W., Jr. Chiniago, Inc. 1989. Archaeological Data Recovery at the HOST
Park and NELH, Kalaoa and O'oma Ahupua'a, North Kona, Hawaii Island.
Char & Associates. 1986. Biological Survey. proposed 'O'oma 11 Project, North
Kona, Island of Hawaii.
Char & Associates. 1990. Botanical Assessment 'O'oma 11 Project Site, North
Kona, Hawaii.
Cordy, Ross, Ph.D. Historic Sites Section Division of State Parks, Department of
Land and Natural Resources. April 1985. Working Paper 1 Hawaii Island
Archaeology Ooma & Kalaoa Ahupua'a Kekaha, North Kona.
Cordy, Ross, Ph.D. Historic Sites Section Division of State Parks, Department of
Land and Natural Resources. June 1986. Fieldcheck Ooma 2, North
Kona, Hawaii.
County of Hawaii, Department of Parks and Recreation. Nd. Department of Parks
I and Recreation. hftp://www.hawaii-county.com/parks/parks.htm. January
14, 2002.
County of Hawaii, Department of Planning. 1989. Hawaii County General Plan.
County of Hawaii, Department of Planning. November 1990. Keahole to Kailua
Development Plan. Prepared by: R.M. Towill Corporation.
County of Hawaii, Department of Planning. December 21, 2001. County of
Hawaii General Plan Revision (draft).
County of Hawaii. 2001. General Plan Revision — Maps. http://www.hawaii-
county.com/general plan rev/revision/maps.htm. October 16, 2002.
9-1
County of Hawaii. Nd. County of Hawaii Data Book. http://www. hawaii-
county.com/databook current. October 16, 2002.
County of Hawaii. What is the General Plan Revision Program?. Nd.
http://www.hawaii-
county.com/general plan rev/what is general plan rev program.htm.
January 16, 2003
County of Hawaii. Hawaii County Code, Chapter 11 Housing. November 2000.
http://www.hawaii-county.com/countycode/hawl ltx.html. January 22,
2003
Hawaii, State of, Legislature. Coastal Zone Management. Hawaii Revised
Statutes, Chapter 205A.
Helber Hastert & Fee, Planners. 1986. O'oma 11 Final Environmental Impact
Statement. Prepared for: Kahala Capital Corporation.
Helber Hastert & Fee, Planners. 1991. 'O'oma ll, North Kona, Hawaii, Final
Environmental Impact Statement. Prepared for: Kahala Capital
Corporation.
Hibbard, Don. Administrator, State Historic Preservation Division, Department of
Land and Natural Resources. October 21, 2002. Letter to Scott Ezer, re:
Request for an Update on the Historic Preservation Status for the Parcel
TMK. 7-3-9:22
Mahuna, Lawrence K. Police Chief, County of Hawaii. January 28, 2003. Letter to
Scott Ezer.
Marine Research Consultants. 1986. Baseline Assessment of the Marine
Environment in the Vicinity of the Ooma 11 Resort Development.
Marine Research Consultants. 1990. An Assessment of Nearshore Marine
Community Structure at O'oma, North Kona, Hawaii.
Marine Research Consultants. 1990a. Assessment of Chemistry of Nearshore
Waters in the Vicinity of the O'oma Development, North Kona, Hawaii.
Meeker, Heidi, State Department of Education. January 15, 2003. Re: Kealakehe
Enrollment. Heidi Meeker/Facilities/hidoe/(a)notes.kl2.hi.us.
9-2
Meeker, Heidi, State Department of Education. January 15, 2003a. Re:
Kealakehe Enrollment. Personal Communication.
Minami, Roy M. Director of Facilities and Support Services Branch, Department
of Education. January 27, 2003. Letter to Scott Ezer.
Rechtman, Robert B., Ph. D, and Kepa Maly. February 2003. Cultural Impact
Assessment for the Proposed Development of TMK:3-7-3:22, 'O'oma 2°d
Ahupua'a, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii.
Rosendahl, Paul., Ph.D., Inc. 1986. Preliminary Report Upon Completion of Field
Work: Archaeological Survey and Testing, Ooma 11 Resort Project Area.
Rosendahl, Paul., Ph.D., Inc. 1990. Status of Historic Preservation Concerns
Ooma 11 Project Area, Land of Ooma 2"d, North Kona District, Island of
Hawaii (TMK: 3-7-3-9:04).
State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism.
2002. State of Hawaii Data Book 2001. http://www.state,hi.us/dbedt/.
December 10, 2002.
State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Boating
and Ocean Recreation. Nd. Honokohau Small Boat Harbor.
httr)://www.state/hi.us/dlnr/dbor/hawaiiharbors/honokohau.htm. January
14, 2002.
State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation, Airports Division. November
1987. Final Report, Noise Compatibility Program Keahole Airport, Hawaii.
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. National Park Service. Nd. Kaloko-
I Honokohau National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/kaho/index.htm.
December 10, 2002.
Wery, Desmond K., Deputy Fire Chief, County of Hawaii. February 3, 2003.
Letter to Scott Ezer.
Wilson Okamoto & Associates. 2000. Final Environmental Impact Statement
Kaloko Industrial Park Phases 111 and IV. Prepared for: TSA International,
Ltd.
9-3
►Awl,
Groundwater Resources
(Tom Nance Water Resource
Engineering)
Potential Impact on Water Resources of the
Proposed Ooma II Project in
North Kone, Hawaii
"-d Jnr:
Helber Healert 8 Fee, Planners, Inc.
Grosvenor Center - Suite 2590
733 Bishop SUM!
Honolulu, Hawaii 98813
Pnefaredby:
Tom Hance We%, Resource Engineering
680 At& Moore Boulevard - Suite 408
Honolulu, Hawaii 98813
December 2002
Table of Contents
Introduction ..................................... ..... ... ....... ...
1
Potential Impacts on Water Resources .........................................
1
Potable Water Supply ................................................
1
Wastewater Collection, Treatment, and Disposal ......... ............... I .
1
Disposal of Onshe Surface Runmf.......................................
1
External Water Uses ............................ _ ..................
1
Description of IM Water Resources In the Vicinity of the Come II Project She ............
I
General Overview ................................ ..................
1
Attributes of Basel Groundwater In 916 Vicinity of IM Coma II Project Site ........
4
Discharge of Basel GrouMwater Into the Marine Environment ..................
4
Attributes of High Level Groundwaler In the Keahcto to Kallua Area .............
12
Assessment of the Project's Polemist Impact on Water Reaoucas ............ . .....
12
Assessment of Groundwater Withdrawals for Portable Use ........ . ............
17
Assessment of the Impact of Wastewater Disposal ..................... ....
17
Assessment of Stonewater Disposal ....................... ..... ..
18
Assessment of Landscape Irrigation and Other Miscellaneous External Water Uses ...
21
Summary of the Assessments .... I ...... ... I ......... .. ..... ........ .. .. ...
21
Changes to the Ouenoy of Groundwater Discharge Into the Marine Environment ....
21
Increases in Nutrient Loading ..........................................
22
References................. .............................. ......
23
List of Figures
He
_. I t I a
_E11911-
9Llp1
1
Location of the 83 -Acre Coma II Project She .............................
2
2
Ooma II Preliminary Development Plan ..................................
3
3
Salinity Profiles through the Wale, Column of Wall No. 4282-0IM ...... .. .....
8
4
Temperalure Profllea through the Water Column of Weft No. 4282-01M .........
7
5
Comparison of Groundwalm and Ocean Temperasure ........................
a
e
Tidal Response In the Ooms Monger Wella, November 1 i to 18, 2002 ...........
9
7
Salinity Profiles at Threw Locations Along the Come Shoreline, November I, 2002.
13
a
Temperalum Ropes at Three Locations Along the Dome Shoreline,
November 1, 2002 ................................. .............
14
9
Salinity and Temperature ProOle of Nearshore Well No. 4283-01M,
November 11. 2002 ........................................ .......
15
10
Salinity and Temperature Probe Dhachy, Offshore of Ore Dome 11 Silo,
November 1. 2002 ................... .... .........................
18
11
Location of Slormnater Runoff Samples Collected in Keloko Industrial Park ......
19
0280
List of Tables
Available Data on Web In the Kaloke-Honokohau Area ......................
5
Tidal Amplitudes and Lags In Basal Weise In the Vldnly of the Ooma II Project Site .
10
Representative Groundwater Gualiy From Wells and at Other Locations In IM
Kaloko-Honokohou Area .............................. ..............
11
Water Costly of Sksmwater Runoff Samples Collecled in Phases I and II of the
Kaloko Industrial Perk on December 30, 2001 and January 29, 2002 ...........
20
Introduction
This report presents an assessment of the potential Impact on water resources of the proposed
Ooma II project on TMK 7-3-09:22 In North Kona, Hawaii. The location of the 83 -acre project site Is
on Figure 1. The preliminary development plan is shown on Figure 2. The project would consist of: 23
acres of retail/commercial; 18 acres of office/commercial; 240 multi -family residential units on 21
acres; 400 hotel rooms on 12 acres; and 8 acres of roadways.
Potential Impacts on Water Resources
Four aspects of the project's construction and operation have the potential to Impact water
resources: (1) use of potable groundwater for drinking waler supply and landscape irrigation; (2)
disposal of the wastewater generated by the project; (3) disposal of surface runoff from developed
areas; and (4) the use of water outside of buildings, primarily for landscape Irrigation. Each of these is
briefly described below.
Potable _WateL-Suppl . Potable water supply would be provided from the North Kona system of
the County Department of Water Supply (DWS). Applying DWS' design standards to the proposed land
use, the average supply requirement at full build -out would be 0.38 million gallons per day (MGD).
Based on use by similar developments nearby, actual use is expected to be somewhat lower, most
likely in the range of 0.25 to 0.30 MGD. For this assessment, an ultimate average use rate of 0.35
MGD Is conservatively used as the maximum expectable use rate.
The DWS wells that are most likely to provide this supply are one or more of the four high level
wells above Mamalahoa Highway (Well Nos. 4057-01, 4158-02, 4258-03, and 4358-01 on Figure 1).
Water withdrawn from these wells to supply the project will reduce the total groundwater flow to the
shoreline downgradient.
Wastewater Collection. Treatment. and Disgosal. For the proposed land uses, approximately 60
percent of the water use or 0.21 MGD is conservatively estimated to become wastewater. A collection
system would be installed to deliver the wastewater to a package treatment plant. Although treatment
to R-1 quality for irrigation reuse may ultimately be implemented, this assessment assumes that
treatmerit will be to R-2 quality and disposal will be In Injection wells. In terms of impact on
groundwater and the nearshore marine environment, this represents a worst case.
Disposal of Onsite Surface Runoff. In line with the accepted practice in North Kona, rainfall -
runoff from roof tops and paved areas will be disposed of in dry wells, seepage pits, and possibly
directed to areas left In their natural state. Essentially all such runoff will reach the underlying
groundwater and ultimately discharge Into the marine environment with potential water quality
consequences.
External Water Uses. A portion of the water used for landscape Irrigation and other uses
outside of buildings will percolate to groundwater, also with potential water quality consequences.
Description of the Water Resources In the Vicinity of the Ooma II Project Site
General Overview. Due to high permeabilities of the natural ground surface across the project
site and on the upslope lands, surface runoff does not occur even during the most Intense rainfalls. As
a result, no natural gulches or waterways for surface runoff have been formed. Queen Kaahumanu
Highway fronting the project has no culverts or other drainage conveyances to transmit surface runoff
from the mauka lands beneath or across the highway to the project site- This being the case, the
description of the area's water resources and the assessment of the project's potential impact on these
resources focuses exclusively on groundwater.
I '
i L1
4462.01
r
Airport
1EMA I
W-3 I
o
I
l
-343&3-01 10 10 ;
@ 4461-02
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\__ U NEIHA
Site 1 • • NEIHA W-1
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Figures 1]4463-01M
Tae Sre2•
4262-01 M [•]
Site 3
4360.01
171
3 -ACRE OOMA 11
PROJECT SITE
4160-02 ,---�
Kaloko O
- - Pond Q. 4160 01
` KInd
\ 4te101 ,.
O '1 1 Ind t't�
0 1 '. Psrk 444
1 4161-02 1
` 1 \
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.60
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` Alrnakaj�Honckohau
Pared 4060-01 Business Park
,r-
Honokohau Hart)or -- Mauka Obs. well
Location of Ofhhnm
Temperature Froth -
See Figure 5
North
0 2000 4000
Scala ,n Feel
cownn0 WWTP
PAM Msposel Pit
p 4358 01
4258.03
laM Strnwt
40
1 - 2 -
04158 02
-- Marnalahoa Hlghwry
040_57-01
• 3957-02
83957-01
3657-01
Figure 1
atop of the
was 11 Project Srte
MULTI -FAMILY
_HORSING (RM -2) 1
21 acres 1 150' Hwy. OFFICEICOMMERCIAL (CN)
240 units Setback -- - ----- --
11 acres (8ac. net)
2 sNries
300 stalls j] 150,000 0GLA
n ter, 2 stories
X M,,,.3'++..' 500 stalls
RETAIL/
COMMERCIAL (CN)
'r • ' f �' 21 acres (18 ac. n6t)
225;000 t GIA
- 1 story
f750 stalls
� C .✓n i I : i , � r � Ct •/� !1111 .r.
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i t
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'O'OMA 11
Figure 2 Preliminary Development Plan
Helber Hastert & Fee, Planners
30 August 2002
Knowledge of groundwater conditions comes primarily from the wells shown on Figure 1 and
also listed in Table 1 . These wells delineate two distinctly different modes of groundwater occurrence.
From the shoreline inland to the vicinity of Mamalahoa Highway, groundwater occurs in a thin and
brackish to saline basal lens In hydraulic contact with saltwater at depth and seawater at the shoreline.
Somewhere in a generally linear alignment which is approximately coincident with Mamalahoa Highway,
there is an abrupt change In groundwater occurrence, from the thin basal lens beneath the makai lands
to high level groundwater of exceptionally low salinity beneath the mauka lands. High level
groundwater In North Kona was discovered in 1990. The geologic feature which causes groundwater to
be impounded to high levels behind it Is not yet known. In addition to this feature creating a substantial
reservoir of potable quality water, it also controls the location and manner of leakage of groundwater
into the basal lens downgradient. While the hydraulic relationship between the two groundwater bodies
is not yet understood, the presence of the intervening geologic feature Is undoubtedly the roason for the
anomalous characteristics of the basal groundwater in the coastal area.
Attributes of Basal Groundwater In the Vicinity of the Coma II Prolect Site. Data from basal
wells in the area all Indicate that the flow rate is low compared to areas to the north and south, that
saltwater circulation at depth exerts considerable Influence on temperature, that formation
permeabilltles are exceptionally high, and that development in the area has had an effect on
groundwater quality. Each of these aspects Is discussed more fully below.
• The basal lens beneath the 6 -mile long coastal area from the Old Kona Airport to Keahole Point
is too saline to be a significant source of irrigation supply. The salinity at the top of the lens in
the onsite monitoring well (State No. 4262-01101) is typical for wells in this region. Its 3500
MG/L chloride level is Itself too salty for irrigation, and this level would rise considerably
under a pumping stress.
• The brackish basal lens is relatively thin and Its transition zone is comparatively wide and
gradual. This is Illustrated by the salinity profiles through the water column of Well 4262-OIM
(Figure 3). The thin lens and diffuse transition zone are indicative of a low flow rate through
the lens and significant saltwater mixing.
• Temperatures are anomalously cold and decrease progressively with depth into groundwater
(refer to the temperature profiles of Well 4262-OIM on Figure 4). The temperature at the top
of the lens is about 66° F. This Is 6• to 10' colder than In the high level wells located directly
upslope. At 100 feet Into groundwater, the temperature is about 63° F. This is colder than
ocean temperatures at a depth of more than 700 feet offshore (Figure 5). The source of the
low temperatures in groundwater Is ocean water at depths greater than 700 feet. Cold
seawater is drawn Inland at depth and returns seaward at mid -depth, mixing with and cooling
the basal groundwater in this seaward return flow.
• Permeabililies of lavas in the nearshore area are very high, resulting in considerable tidal
variation in wells at significant distances inland. Figure 6 illustrates this with water level
recordings for the two Ooma monitoring wells. Tidal amplitudes and lags for these and other
basal wells in the region are summarized on Table 2. The magnitude of the tidal amplitudes at
these inland distances is greater than most other areas along the West Hawaii coastline.
• Table 3 is a compilation of water quality data from wells and at selected shoreline locations as
sampled for this assessment and for previous studies. Based on mixing line analyses for
nitrate, total nitrogen, phosphate, and total phosphorus, it is clear that basal groundwater
nutrient levels are increased enroute to the shoreline due to man's activities
Dische ae of @anal Garpundwater into the Marine Environment. To depict the discharge of basal
groundwater into the marine environment along the shoreline makal of the Ooma 11 site, salinity and
temperature profiles were made at the three locations along the shoreline identified on Figure 1. The
4
3
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Figure 3. Salinity Profiles through the Water
Column of Well No. 4262-01 M
5 10 15 20 25
30
0
10
20 1*
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Salinity (PPT)
Nov_ 1, 2002 -Nov. 11,2002
6-
Figure 4. Temperature Profiles through the Water
Column of Well No. 4262-01M
62 63 64 65 66 67
62 63 64 65 66 67
Temperature (Deg F)
-Nov. 1, 2002 -Nov. 11, 2002
-7-
51
101
15(
20(
25(
30(
a�
u_
35C
_c 40C
L
a
0 45C
500
550
600
650
700
750
Figure 5. Comparison of Groundwater
and Ocean Temperature
60 64 68 72 76 80
t9rJ' �®�®
60 64 68 72 76
Temperature (Deg F)
--Well 4262-01M -Ocean Offshore
8-
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
80
61
0
10
20
30
m
40
i
m
M
50
0
.0
Q
0
60
70
80
90
100
61
Figure 4. Temperature Profiles through the Water
Column of Well No. 4262-01M
62 63 64 65 66 67
62 63 64 65 66 67
Temperature (Deg F)
-Nov. 1, 2002 -Nov. 11, 2002
-7-
51
101
15(
20(
25(
30(
a�
u_
35C
_c 40C
L
a
0 45C
500
550
600
650
700
750
Figure 5. Comparison of Groundwater
and Ocean Temperature
60 64 68 72 76 80
t9rJ' �®�®
60 64 68 72 76
Temperature (Deg F)
--Well 4262-01M -Ocean Offshore
8-
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
80
N
8
Water Level (Feet)
-� 6 O O -• N
O N O N O in O
GO O -1 -• N
0 N O N O N O
Table 2
Tidal Amplitudes and Lags In Basal Wella In the
Vicinity of the Oome 11 Project Site
Note: All well whet level rewrdklge by Tan Nance Water Resource Engineering and compered
to the reconfed lids In Honokchou Harbor.
9 10 -
Distance
Mien.
Period
of
Tidal R"...
Stele
Amplitu0e At a Percent
Lag Time
Number
Nemo
(Feet)
Recording
of the Ocean Tide
(Hours)
• Wells Within
or Downgradlenl
of the Project
Site
4263-OIM
Oome Makal
400
Nov. 2002
70
0.70
1282-01M
Dam Mmke
6,500
Nay. 2002
44
1.50
• Wells to the
North 01 the Project
She
- -
W-2 at NELH
300
Oct. 2000
75
0.55
--
W-1 at NELH
5,050
Oct. 2000
48
1.35
4481-02
HELLO
8,900
March 1998
28
2.06
4360.01
Kaiaoa
16,000
March 1996
9
4.92
• Wells to the
South of the Project
Site
4161-01
KAHO-3
1,450
May 2000
56
0.80
4061.01
KAHO-1
1,000
May 2000
49
0.95
4161-02
KAHO-2
3,550
May 2000
51
0.84
4160-02
Kaloko2
11,600
March 1998
18
3.25
Note: All well whet level rewrdklge by Tan Nance Water Resource Engineering and compered
to the reconfed lids In Honokchou Harbor.
9 10 -
Table 3
Representative Groundwater Quality From Wells and at
Other Locations in the Keloko-Honokoheu Area
Sampling
Date
Salinity
Silica
Forms of Nitro en M
Forms of Phosphorus M
Site
Sampled
(PPT)
(pM)
NO3
NH4
TON
Total N
PO4
TOP I
Tolal P
High Level Potable Quality Wells
4057-01 5.26-00 0.109
801
86.0
0.0
14.7
100.7
3.76
0.08
3.84
7-20-01 0.079
776
85.1
0.0
35.1
120.2
3.83
3.16
6.99
4158-02 10-23-94 0.212
697
74.2
0.0
13.4
87.6
3.59
0.00
3.59
5-26.00 0.144
944
80.1
0.0
14.5
94.6
3.54
0.20
3.84
4258-03 6-02-00 0.165
833
70.2
1.2
19.4
90.8
3.85
0.50
4.35
4358-01 3-22-96 0.258
856
75.2
0.1
3.8
78.9
3.50
0.08
3.58
5.26-00 0.182
908
71.8
0.0
11.9
83.7
3.40
0.24
3.64
7-20-01 0.116
831
79.2
0.0
35.3
114.5
4.321
3.68
8.00
Basal Walls of Brackish
Quality
4061-01 Top
5.26.00
9.464
334
55.0
0.3
24.6
80.2
1.84
0.20
2.04
Tap
6.10.00
9.463
304
56.2
3.5
32.1
91.8
1.44
2.96
4.40
Top
12-19-01
8.857
40
38.4
5.7
20.4
64.5
0.20
0.45
OAS
Bottom
5.26-00
12.298
490
21.3
1.3
65.9
88.5
1.92
4.44
6.36
Bottom
8.10-00
10.655
477
54.4
1.4
38.2
94.0
2.64
3.38
6.00
Bottom
/2-19-01
9.156
169
61.6
3.3
37.2
92.3
0.70
1.55
2.25
4161.01 Top
5.26-00
8.259
672
75.0
0.2
14.8
90.0
4.36
0.04
4.40
Top
6-10-00
6.325
701
76.9
1.6
43.2
121.7
4.64
2.64
7.26
Top
12.19-01
6.305
652
79.4
4.2
0.1
63.7
4,35
0.07
4.42
Bottom
6-28-00
8.548
694
77.3
0.3
16.0
93.6
4.52
0.08
4.60
Bottom
6-10-00
6.601
709
76.4
1.5
31.4
109.3
5.28
2.24
7.52
Bottom
12.19-01
6.413
629
76-3
1.8
5.4
83.5
4.05
0.20
4.25
4161-02 Top
5-26-00
5.399
653
87.2
0.5
22.8
110.4
4.08
0.56
4.64
Top
6-10.00
5.361
691
104.3
5.1
42.2
151.6
9.04
2.88
11.92
Top
12-19-01
5.401
616
68.5
1.8
2.0
90.4
4.30
0.05
4.35
Bottom
5.26-00
5.522
671
89.0
0.2
17.7
106.9
4.32
0.24
4.56
Bottom
6-10.00
5.883
698
99.7
0.6
32.5
122.8
5.20
2.32
7.52
Botlom
12-19-01
5.289
632
85.5
1.8
5.6
92.9
4.35
0.35
0.70
4160-02
5-16-94
1.734
670
08.6
0.3
2.9
71.8
5.89
0.03
5.92
3.22.96
1-773
671
78.1
0.3
8.2
86.6
4.42
0.70
5.12
4202-01M: Top
3-15-96
7.962
881
81.8
0.2
15.8
97.8
3.08
0.16
3.24
Top
6-02-00
7.783
672
89.7
1.5
26.6
117.6
5.30
0.75
6.05
Top
6-10-00
7.850
741
91.4
1.0.
35.8
128.2
3.60
0.72
4.32
Top
11.11-02
7.904
670
74.6
0.2
20.7
95.5
2.05
1.10
3.15
Bottom
6-02-00
16.224
547
55.4
3.2
27.9
66.4
2.25
1.00
3.25
Bottom
11-11-02
15.590
562
51.8
0.2
22.6
74.8
1.05
0.75
1.80
4283-01M: Top
11.11-02
9.738
625
64.2
0.1
20.0
84.3
1.10
1.55
2.65
: Bottom
11-11-02
18.937
479
43.6
0.2
19.0
62.8
1.15
0.50
1.65
4481-02
3.15-98
1 4.946
752
79.4
0.3
12.3
92.0
3.841
0.04
3.88
Basal Wells of Salina Quality
3960-01 10-23-94
25.543
318
28.1
0.3
4.9
33.3
1.49
0.02
1.15
8-02-00
25.608
356
30.5
1.6
22.5
54.6
1.40
0.70
2.10
4363-04 6-02-00
26-695
291
65.0
0.9
21.8
68.1
3.80
0.50'
4.30
8-10-00
26.836
287
72.3
1.4
32.8
106.6
4.08
0.56
4.64
Groundwater Discharge at the Shoreline
Honokohau Harbor 6-03-00 20.987 373
39.7
0.0
4.2
43.9
2.30
0.07
2.37
7-20-01 20.431 380
40.4
0.3
10.7
51.4
2.31
2.25
4.56
9-03-01 2D.362 341
38.1
0.3
2.7
41.1
2.05
0.27
2.32
Kaloko Fishpond 6.10.00 9.899 650
63.3
3.0
51.8
118.1
3.84
3.68
7.52
6-10.00 8.566 8115
64.0
1.3
38.4
103.7
3.76
3.44
7.20
South of Kaloko Pond 6-03-00 16.530 523
50.3
1.0
16.4
67.7
2.80
0.65
3.45
6-10-00 14.254 601
57.0
1.8
25.8
84.6
3.20
2.64
5.84
South of Aknakapa Pond 6-10-00 17.373 472
49.6
2.7
32.6
85.0
2.48
2.96
5.44
6-10-00 13.309 388
64.2
12.4
77.01
153.6
15.12
1.76
16.68
Kealakehe WWTP
Effluent
5-26-001.701
643
271.0
7.6
139.7
418.2
101.92
3.24
105.16
6-02.OD
1.694
687
330.8
32.8
217.8
5.81.4
120.40
4.00
124.40
8.10.00
1.680
771
296.S110.11
134.8
441.4
116.88
6.24
123.12
12-19.01
1.835
728
303.5
35.0
136.5
477.0
140.00
1.00
141.00
12-19-01
1.935
692
242.5
41.5
110.0
394.0
142.00
1.00
143.00
yp(8: All samples collected by Tom Nance Water Resource Engineering (Tom Nance) and/or Marine Research
Consultants (Steve Dollar) and analyzed by Marine Analytical Specialiste (red Walsh).
resulting salinity and temperature profiles are shown on Figures 7 and 8. These represent the mixing
of nearshore saline basal groundwater discharged near the shoreline (Figure 9) with the ocean water
directly offshore (Figure 10). The Input of groundwater, particularly at shoreline Site Nos. 1 and 3, is
evident In both salinity and temperature depressions in the upper 6 to 9 feet of water.
Attributes of High Level Groundwater in the Keahole to Kailua Area. Since the discovery of high
level groundwater Inland of Keauhou Bay in 1990, at least 16 wells have been completed above
Mamalahoa Highway in North and South Kona. All of these wells encountered groundwater standing
between 40 and 1280 feet above sea level (Oki, 1999:29 provides a good summary of water level
data). Seven of these high level wells are within the area depicted on Figure 1 and are generally
upgradient of the project site. Four of these seven have been outfitted with permanent pumps and
provide supply to DWS' North Kona system. Their use to date has been somewhat limited by the
transmission capacity of DWS' system. However, es transmission Improvements are completed along
Hina Lani Drive, greater use of the high level wells will occur. Attributes of high level groundwater
Inland of the project site, as demonstrated by these seven wells, are as follows:
• Water levels range from 40 to 292 feet above sea level, with no consistent pattern which
might show a direction of high level flowto the north or to the south (refer to Table 1).
• Chloride levels are typically less than 10 MG/L, essentially the same as found in rainwater
(also in Table 1).
• Compared to basal groundwater downgradient, temperatures are relatively warm, ranging
from 69.4° to 73.8° F.
• Based on pump test results, permeabilities are less than found in the nearshore lavas but still
sufficient to accommodate pumps of 350 to 1400 gallons per minute (GPM) capacities.
DWS' use of high level wells in this area began in 1994 with the North Kalaoa Well (No. 4358-
01). The Queen Lliluokalani Trust Well (No. 4057-01) was added in January 1997 and the two others
(Nos. 4158-02 and 4258-03) in late 1998. , DWS' use of these wells over the last several years has
averaged about 1.5 MGD. Groundwater responses when these wells are ultimately used to their full
capacity may shed light on still unknown aspects of this groundwater occurrence, including the geologic
feature which creates the high level water, the hydraulic relationships among the differing high level
groundwater compartments, and where and how high level groundwater drains Into the basal lens.
Assessment of the Project's Potential Impact on Water Resources
As Indicated in the review of the proposed development at the start of this report, there are
four aspects of the project which have the potential to Impact water resources: (1) drawing potable
supply from inland wells will diminish the rate of leakage from the high level aquifer into the basal lens;
(2) wastewater treated In a private package plant will be disposed of in Injection wells; (3)
slormwater disposed of in dry wells and seepage pits will enter the basal lens as local recharge with
potential water quality consequences; and (4) excess landscape irrigation and other miscellaneous
external water uses which percolate downward may also Impact groundwater quality.
Due to the high salinity of basal groundwater In the Kailua to Keahole Point area, there Is very
little direct use of this resource. Current uses are limited to a small amount of irrigation water
pumped from Well 4461-01 and larger amounts of saline groundwater pumped for aquaculture use from
Wells 4360-01 to 10 In NELHA and Well 3960-01 in the Queen Liliuokalani Trust property. All these
uses are significantly distant from the project site so as not to be directly Impacted by its
development. However, basal groundwater ultimately enters the marine environment. For this reason,
the assessment of potential impacts on water resources focuses on potential changes to the flowrate
and quality of basal groundwater moving beneath the project site and discharging Into the nearshore
Figure 7. Salinity Profiles at Three Locations
Along the Ooma Shoreline, November 1, 2002
Salinity (PPT)
34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4
C
3
6
9
m 12
m
u�
d
RI: 15
O
C
•r'i-
a
m
18
21
24
27
30
-- -Site No. 1 -f Site No. 2 -e -Sita No. 3
- 13 -
34.5
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
Figure B. Temperature Profiles at Three Locations Along the
Ooma Shoreline, November 1, 2002
Temperature (Deg F)
80.3 80.4 80.5 80.6 80.7 80.8 80.9
0
0
3
6
-
3
--
—
6
9
9
12
m
12
ti
ar
io
3: 15
15
0
C_
a
m
18
18
21
21
-
-
24
24
-
27
27
- -
30
30
76 --Site No. 1 Site No.2 Site No. 3
14 -
Figlae9. Salinity and Temperaeae Pmfile of
Neamhom Wetl No. 426MIM. November 11, 2002
Salinity (PPT)
0 5 10 IS 20 25 30 35
0 6
5
10
$ 20
25
30
5
10
f&�
20
25
30
35 I I I I 1 ' 35
64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Tertperature (Deg F)
—Salirnty —Temperature
15
Figure 10. Salinity, and Tempemture Pmtile Directly
Olfshore of the Ooma It Site. November 1. 2002
Salinity (PPT)
344 346 34.8 35.0 35.2 35.4
0 0
10
20
30
a 40 —
m
LL
8
a
3 50 __—
m
0
S
so - -
70
80
90 - -
100
80.2 80.4 80.6 80.8
Temperature (Deg F)
—Salinlry—iemperature�
18 -
f0
20
w
40
50
-- 60
- 70
80
90
100
81 812
environment. The malhods Used for this assessment are similar b Mose used previously for other
nearby projects -- Kaloko Industrial Park; Kelako-Honalrohau Business Park; and DHHL's Kealakehe
CommerdaVlnduatdel Park (the locations of these are shown on Figure 1).
6gladament of Qrmndw,mr WMdmwsj3 for pMpblg Um. For the purpose of this assessment,
it Is assumed that Ms PrOlW8 0.35 MGD Pool supply will came from one or more DWS' four high
level wets M 11w Kelom-Hoekahau ares. Withdrawals from any of Mese well. will diminish leakage of
high level groundwater inb the downgradlent base lens. Results of We groundwater modeling in OM
(1899) for the snare Kone area and In Old, Tribble, SOMO, and Bafka (1599) Provide the most accurate
available quantification of the potential reduction or recharge b Me basal Ism diracty, downgradienl.
The following findings and conclusions from Mees two sbdtas am relevant ice Mus assessment:
• The unknown geologic feature which creates the abrupt change ham basal to high level
groundwater an Ile vicinity of Mamalehoa Highway has been modeled by Orel USGS as a linear
zone of reduced permeability. The very low permeability of this geologic feature causes some
of the high level water to flow around rather than directly through H.
The basal groundwater fbwrate In the K,Mua to Keahole Point area Is computed to be
approximately 3 MGD per coastal mils. For this average rete, about 3 MGD would be Bowing
oul a mile of shoml directly makal of " project Site and about 9 MOD would be discharging
into Bre shored. between Keahole Point and Honnkohau Harbor.
Model results indicate that the flow of basal groundwato along a mile of [his coastal area
world be reduced by sPproxlmately 7 Percent of Ira amount pumped by Ma upgredllnl high level
wens. Along Me was from Keahole Paint to Honokohau Harbor, the reduction would be about 22
percent Of the high level pumpage (Medved from Table 7 and Figure 21 of Oki, Tribble. Souza,
and 9olke (1999)1,
Using Mem results of the USGS' numerical modeling, supplying 0.35 MOD of high levet
gmurdwater for potable use by Me project would reduce Me lbw of groundwater along a mile of the
shoreline directly barroom the site by approximately 0.024 MGD (7% of 0.35 MOD). Between Keahole
Point and Honokohm Harbor, Me reduction would be 0.077 MGD.
Assessment of the ffl lggl o WaafQw4W Disonsal. At full build -ill, the project's private
wasteweler treatment plant (WWTP) would be treating 0.21 MOD of wastewater to R-2 quality
standards and disposing this offs nt Into one or mora IMection wells. The effluent woad be chlorinated
to remove pathogens and the wells would be designed to delver tie treated wastewater Into the saline
zona below the basal lam. However, the nutrient bed M Me effluent would ultimately be discharged
Into Me matins environment.
11 the average nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the R-2 effluent discharged by the County's
Keelskehe WWTP are Mken b be representative of Me effluent Mal would be produced by the projects
privals WWTP (refer to Me We WWTP samples In Table 3), the subsurface disposal 01 0.21 MGD of
effluent would be delivering 11.3 and 6.9 pounds Par day of nitrogen and phosphorus Into the saline
groundwater.
In the more than 3500400t long hovel distance from the point of Injection to discharge Into the
marine environment (a last time of more ten a year), the effluent will diffuse and some of the
mordents will be removed by various nature processes In the subsurface environment. Studlas of the
fate and hihogen and phoaphonro in the Counyb treated eMuent discharged M an open pit mil of the
Kealekohe WWTP Indicate that removal rates ere greater than 80 to 90 percent for nitrogen and
phosphorus, rmpectivelly (Nems, 2002). Applying Imee removal rates, Vse ultimale discharge Into Me
marine envronment wood be 2.3 pounds of nitrogen and 0.7 pounds of phosphorus.
AsSeesment of clormwel DI I. The land sudace of In, 13 -acre Ile is compdsed of
unwealhemd a's and Pahoehou lava with areas of gravel and ander suit which mppon scrub growth.
With no surface runoff in this present condition, rainfall which is not lost to the atmosphere via
evaporation or plant evapotranspiration becomes groundwater recharge. This amount is estimated to
be one-third to onahalf of the average of 15 inches of rain each year, an amount consistent with the
recharge calculations in Oki (1999:44 to 46). Over the 83 -acre site, this rete of local recharge Is
equvalsnl to eppmxlmalety 0.04 MGD.
Development of the site would canven some of the permeable lend surface to 36 acres of
roofs, paved areas, and other Impermeable surfaces. Another 31 apes would be irrigated landscaping
and 17 acres would be left undisturbed. The mpermeeble surfaces would Peale sudace runoff that
would be collected and disposed of b dry well, and seepage pas or directed Into open areas to percolate
naturally. No woler would leave the site as surface mrwff. E.cept for minor svaporeave losses. all
runoff would ultimately reach the basal tons. As a hist order epproslmaaon, It Is assumed Mat the
amount of stomwater reaching basal groundwater after development would be essentially unchanged.
However, changes b hardens concentrations are likely.
To assess the possible changes In nutrient concentrations, stwmweler runoff samples were
collected from eight locations In the nearby Kaieko Indusdal Park on December 30, 2001 and again on
January 29, 2002. Sample site locations are Identified on Figure 11 and Me laboratory results are
compited on Table 4. As Shown In the comparison of Mese runoff samples with high level and basal
groundwater below, stormwater runoff is fresher, has ler less silica, Is 35 to 50 Percent lower In
nikogen, and has slightly higher levels of phosphorus.
Competitive Nutrient Concentrations
Semple
Salinity
(PPT)
Silica
(VM)
Nan
en M
Phos
oa
m
M
NOa
NH4 TON Tool N POs TOP
Total P
Slormwater
Runoff
0.086
67.3
7.2
7.5
45.7
60.4
5.06
0.58
5.64
High Level
Groundwater
0.158
818
77.7
0.2
18.5
96.4
3.74
0.99
4.73
Basel
Groundwater
7.875
886
84.4
0.7
24.7
109.8
3.51
0.68
1.19
Notes: t. Slomwaler meff values are Me average concentrations on the bottom line of
Table 4.
2. High level groundwaler values are the average of all high level wells at the lop
of Table 3.
3. Baal groundwater values we Me average of the four •lop- samples from Well
4262 -DIM in Table 3.
To Illustrate the possible Impact that stormwater runoff from the project may have on
groundwater discharging into Im marine environment, M Is arbMerlly assumed that peroolatlrg rain
water on the undeveloped silo has nutrient levee that ere had Inst of high level groundwater. For this
assumption, the stormwaler runoff values given above, and the same subsurface nutrient removal
Table 4
Water Quality of Stormwater Runoff Samples Collected In
Phaaaa 1 and it of Me Kaloko Industrial Park on
December 30, 2001 and January 29, 2002
Sample
Sample
Salinity
Silica
Forms
of Neaten
MI
Forma of
Phc crus M
NO3
NH4
TON
Total N
PO4
TOP
Total P
Site No.
Data
(PPT)
(pM)
1
12-30-01
0.084
66.7
4.4
0.7
66.7
71.8
5.27
0.23
5.50
1-29-02
0.074
16.7
6.0
3.9
31.0
41.0
3.20
0.38
3.68
2
12-30-01
0.140
107.2
3.1
0.7
66.9
70.7
8.10
1.31
7.41
1-29-02
0.063
15.2
2.8
9.3
28.4
40.5
2.70
0-52
3.22
3
12-3001
0.070
55.9
8.5
26.7
78.7
113.9
9.19
0.49
9.68
1.29-02
0.056
11.1
4.0
7.9
21.5
33.4
2.32
0.18
2.50
4
12.30-0/
0.077
70.5
3.1
5.1
72.0
60.2
4.34
1.12
5.46
1-29-02
0.084
45.7
5.0
5.6
75.0
85.5
8.30
0.90
9.20
5
12-30-01
0.074
54.0
9.4
5.5
37.3
52.2
2.03
0.67
2.70
1-29-02
0.154
144.3
17.3
11.2
32.3
80.8
3.08
0.82
3.70
6
12-30-01
0.130
96.7
12.9
8.7
48.9
70.5
5.03
0.46
6.49
1-29-02
0.088
104.4
12.5
6.1
35.4
54.1
3.44
0.38
3.82
7
12.30-01
0.049
50.3
3.9
19.2
37.1
60.2
2.70
0.06
2.76
1-29.02
0.063
47.3
4.9
6.0
22.4
33.3
18.82
0.68
20.50
8
12-30-01
0.088
158.1
6.8
1.0
47.8
55.6
1.74
0.62
2.36
1.29-02
0.077
130.0
10.8
2.1
30.0
42.9
1.76
0.58
2.34
Maximum
0.154
158.1
17.3
26.7
78.7
113.9
19.82
1.31
20.50
Minimum
0.049
11.1
2.8
0.7
21.5
33.3
1.74
0.06
2.34
Average
0.086
67.3
7.2
ZS
45.7
60.4
5.08
0.58
5.64
Nota: Samples collected by Matthias Kutch and analyzed by Marine Analytical Specialists (Ted Walsh).
20 -
rates used previously for the wastewater disposal calculation, percolating mnoff from the fully
developed elle would increase the discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus into Me murine environment by
0.011 and 0.003 pcuroe per day, respectively.
Assessment of Landscape Imiciallon and Other Miscellaneous E.1annal Water Una Most potable
supply that does not become wastewater would be used for landscape bripalbn and other uses cubkle
of buildings. Most of Odle water would be Met to plant evapotranspiration or direct evaporation, but
some would percolate M groundwater. Its Impact can be approximated with the following assumptions:
Me mn-w wtewater componal of the potable supply, anow*V to 0.14 MGD, would be used outside of
buildings: 20 percent of this water will reach groundwater; and Its nutrient levels will be
approximately tiles that of the Potable water supply. For Mos• assump6nns and again applying the
subsurface removal rates, the amounts of Nbopen and phosphorus, reaching and discharging Into the
marine environment would be 0.13 are OA07 pounds Per day, mslecthsty.
Summary of the Assessments
The ongoing asses•m•n s have provided estimates of changes In groundwater flow and
nutrient Iwdkmg likely to occur as a result of Me project. Since groundwater directly beneath and
dPwngradient of the project Is loo e•fine or Irrigation use, Moss estimated changes are of Bile
consequence to the groundwater Iteall. However, May do represent Manges M the quantity and quality
of groundwater entering the ruamhore marine erwironmanl. The discussion in this section quantifies
the combined Manges from all four aspects of the project and comperes these to Me presont 'naturar
discharge of groundwater In a are -mile long section of Me shoreline directly downgredienl and the
three-mile long shoreline Irom Keshole Point W Horokoheu Harbor.
Changes to the Quarrifily of Gmundwater Discharge Into te Marine Fnvirwme . Based an Me
USGS' numerical modeling results, present groundwater discharge Is about uses MGD for a ore -mile
section of the shoreline and about cone MGD between Keahole Po1M and Honokohau Harbor. Net changes
In dominate resulting from Me project are listed below. Thee reprsaent a seven parcant increase In
marine discharge may tie are-mfie MoreNne auction directly downgradlent and Was Man so percent
for the Nese-mile shoreline section from Kaahole Print and Honokohau Harbor,
Change M MGD Over Change M MGD Over
Ore -Myo Section Three -Mlle Section
• Withdrawal of Potable Water
From High Level Wells -0.024 0.077
Subsurface Disposal of Treated
Wastewater +0.210 +0.210
• Stormwatw Runoff Disposal NO Change Na Change
• Percolation of Ealemal Water Use +0.028 +0.028
Combined Total (n MOD) +0.214 .0.161
Change as % of Prevent Discharge 7.1% 1.8%
Increases In Nutrient Loading. Groundwater 'naturally' orioles nitrogen and phosphorus into
Me marine environment on a continuous basis. Additions to this natural nutrient iced by the project am
listed and totaled below. The increase to Me one -dye section directly downgradient M the project site
Is estimated to be 2.15 pounds Par day of nitrogen aro 0.71 pounds per day of phosphorus. These
represent increases of 5.6 and 21.8 percent, respectively. Over Me three-mile shoreline segment, the
increases amount to 1.5 and 7.1 pemenl. respectively. In reviewing the contributions of various
aspects of the project, it is obvious that subsurlace disposal of R-2 quality wastewater Is by par Me
biggest contributor, aniouMing to more than 99 percent of the project's total nutrient loading. It She
wastewater were instead treated to R-1 quality and than reused for Irrigation, Me project's remaining
nutrient loading to groundwater aro the marine environment would be negligible.
Summary of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loading Due to the Dome 11 Project
Notes: I. Concenlralons of nitrogen srW Phosphome In groundwater discharging In the are -
mile techan we taken to be the average of the tour 'Too' temples of Well 4262
01M In Table 3.
2. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus In groundwater for the three-mile long
shoreline motion we taken to be the average of tiye Tap' samples of Wells 4061-
01, 4161-02, and 426201M in Table 3 and NELH Well W-1. The W-1 well
concentrations are the long-term averages of NELH's Comprehensive
Environmental Monitoring Program.
21 - 22 -
Ona -Mils Shoreline Segment
Three -MW Shorakne Seim m
Item
NNrogen
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
• Present 'Natural' Loading (LboMay)
38.4
3.25
103A
9.89
• Changes by the Project
• Potable Supply (Lbs/Day)
-0.292
-0.003
-0.887
-0.008
• Wastewater Disposal (bslDay)
.2.3
+0J
♦2.3
.0.7
• Stooswaler Disposal (LbWDay)
+0.011
+0.003
+0.011
+0.003
• External Water Use (Lbs/Day)
+0.130
+0.007
+0.130
+0.007
• Total Altrewted to Project
(Lbs/Day)
+2.147
+0.707
+1.554
+0.701
• % Increase
5.6
21.8
1.5
7.1
Notes: I. Concenlralons of nitrogen srW Phosphome In groundwater discharging In the are -
mile techan we taken to be the average of the tour 'Too' temples of Well 4262
01M In Table 3.
2. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus In groundwater for the three-mile long
shoreline motion we taken to be the average of tiye Tap' samples of Wells 4061-
01, 4161-02, and 426201M in Table 3 and NELH Well W-1. The W-1 well
concentrations are the long-term averages of NELH's Comprehensive
Environmental Monitoring Program.
21 - 22 -
References
Brock, R.E. and A.K.H. Kam. 1997. Biological and Water Quality Characlerlstics of Anchiallne
Resources in Kaloko-lMnokohau National Historic Park. Technical Report 112, Cooperative
National Perk Resources Studies Unit. University of Hawaii.
C.W. Associates, Inc. 1988. Inatalletlon Report, Water Quality Monitoring Wells, Natural Energy
Leooralory of Hawaii and Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Perk, Keshole, North Kona,
Hawaii. Consultant report prepared for R.M. TmHll Corporation.
Kauahikaua, J., K. Duarte. and J. Foster. 1998. A Preliminary Gravity Survey of the Kellus-None
Area, Hawaii, for Dellnealion ol a Hydrologic Boundary. Open File Report 98-110, U.S.
Geological Survey, Honolulu, Hewell,
Moore, R. B. and D. A. Clague. 1991. Geologic Map of Huaielal Volcano. MAP62213, U.S. Geological
Survey, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Name, T. 1991. Saltwater Ponds of the Coma II Project: Recommended Circulation System and
Analysis of Erwinaunental Effects. Consultant report prepared for aches Capllal Corporation
Nance, T. 2002. Assessment of Me Polemist Impact on Water Resources of Me Proposed Kaloko-
Honokohau Business Park in North Kona, Hearst. Consultant report prepared for Lanihau
Partnere, I.P.
Oki, D.S. 1999. Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of the Ground -Water Flow System of North
Kona, Island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Waley -Resources investigations Report 99�
/073. Honolulu, Hewail.
Oki, D.S., G.W. Tribble, W.R. Souza, and E.L. Boake. 1999. Ground -Wafer Resources in Kaloke.
Honekohau National Historic Park, Island of Hawaii, and Numerical Simulation of Me Effects of
Ground -Water Withdrawals. U.S. Geological Survey Water -Resources Inve$dgatlons Report
99-4070, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Waimea Water Services, Inc. 1998. Kealakehe WWTP Effluent Reuse and Management Prgect, Final
Progress Raw" on Effluent Discharge, Reuse, and Quality. Consultant report prepared fm the
Department of Pudic Works, County of Hawaii.
23 -
Marine Community Structure
(Marine Research Consultants)
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
'O'OMA II DEVELOPMENT
NORTH KONA, HAWAII
MARINE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
Prepared for
Helber, Hastert end Fee
733 Bishop St., Suite 2590
Hondulu, HI 96913
Prepared by
Marine Research Consultants
4467 Sierra Dr.
Honolulu, H196816
December 15, 2002
I. INTRODUCTION
Clifto's Kona Coast LLC is currently planning the'O'oma II Development on a 83 -acre site on the
West Coast of the Island of Hawaii. The proposed phase of development includes multi -family
housing and transient housing, as well as retail, commercial and office space. The development,
which is bounded to the east by Bre Queen Kmhumanu Highway, lies between the Natural Energy
Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA), to the north, and the Kohana'iki ahupua'a to the south. The
westemmosl boundary of he property is approximately 4,000 feet from the shoreline. Al present the
lands between the development parcel and the ocean are completely undeveloped. The property is
one mile south of the Keahole Airport, and seven miles with of Kailua- Kona (Figure 1).
While all planning and constmction activities will place a high priority on maintaining the existing
pristine nature of the marine environment, t is nevertheless important to address any potential
impacts that may be associated with the planned project. None of the proposed land uses includes
any direct alteration of the coastal areas or nearshore waters. In fact, the seaward boundary of the
proposed phase of development is about 4,000 feet from the shoreline. The potential exists, however,
for the project to affect the composition and volume of groundwater that flows beneath the project
site, as well as surface renofl emanating from the project. As all groundwater that could be affected
by the project subsequently reaches the ocean, it is recognized that them is potential for the project
to affect the marine environment. This concern is especially critical for the'O'oma II Project owing to
the close proximity of the NELHA facilities, which rely m the availability of pristine ocean waters. In
addition, the shoreline fronting the project is a prime recreational area and is heavily utilized for
surfing, swimming end fishing. Therefore, important questions include the potential impacts from soil,
fertilizers, and other chemicals which multi cause alterations to water quality and marine life.
In the interest of addressing these concerns and assuring maintenance of environmental quality, it
has been deemed appropriate to conduct a marine envirormental survey of the nearshore areas off
the'O'orna II property. The survey is composed of two components, an assessment of marine water
chemistry, and a survey of nearshore biological community structure.
This report describes the results of the baseline survey of the nearshom marine communities. The
survey is a continuatim of previous wok performed in the vicinity of t e'O'oma II property. In 1986,
a "Baseline Assessment of the Marine Environment in the Vicidty, of the 'O'orna It Resor
Developmenr provided a detailed description of the physical and biological setting fronting the
property. This baseline was repeated In 1990. The strategy of the present report was to replicate as
closely as possible the 1988 and 1990 surveys. Repeating the survey after approximately a twelve-
year interval, using the same techniques in the same locations, provides a descriptive and
quantitative baseline of biotic communities off the proposed development that addresses charge over
time as welt as space. Such a characterization of biotic assemblages will provide a basis for
esfirnatfing altemtim of comhunity structure as a result of modifying land uses mauka of the
shoreline. This baseline will also serve to Identify any specific biotic communities that may be
especially susceptible (or resistant), to the potential alterations that may result from the planned
development. As this aspect of the survey will be repeating the investigations conducted in 1986 and
1990, It will provide infmnation on the degree of natural variability in community structure.
An important part of this investigation is to provide an evaluation of the degree of natural stresses
(sedimentation, wave scour, freshwater input, etc.) that influence the nearshore marine environment
in the area that multi be potentially influenced by the proposed project. Typically, water quality and
the composition of nearshom marine communities are intimately associated with the magnitude and
'o ow n mrnlw.' vase i
WrY,e lt*xolplCa xy A15nh x
frequency of these stresses, and any impacts caused by the proposed pru)ect may either be ndfigated
in large part, or amplified, by natural environmental (adore. Therefore, evaluating tie range of
natural stress is a prerequisite for assessing the potential for additional change to the marine
environment owing to shoreline modification.
Marine community structure can be defined as the abundance, diversity, and distribution of stony and
soft corals, =life bent os such ss echinoderms, and pelagic species such as real fish. In the context
Of time -series surveys, the most useful biological assemblages for direct evaluation of environmental
Impacts to the offshore marine environment are benthic; (botlmh�dwelling) communities. Because
bentos are generally long-lived, immobile, ant can be significantly affected by exogamous input of
sediments and other potential pollutants, these organisms most either tolerate the surrounding
conditions within the limits of adaptability cur die.
As members of the benftas, stony corals are of particular Importance in nearshore Hawaiian
environments. Corals compose a large portion of the reef biomass and their skeletal structures are
vital In providing a complex of habitat space, shelter, and food for other spades. Since corals serve
in such a keystone function, coral community structure is considered the most WevenP group in the
use of reef community structure as a means of evaluating past and potential impacts associated with
land development For this reason, and because alterations in coral communities are may to identity,
observable change in coral population parameters is a practical and direct method for obtaining the
information for determining the effects of stress in the marine environment. In addition, because they
comprise a very visible component of the nearshom environment, investigations of reef fish
assemblages are presented.
S. METHODS
All fieldwork was carried cut on November 3-4, 2002, and was conducted from a 22 -foot boat. Biotic
structure of benthic (bottom dwelling) communities inhabiting the reef environment was evaluated by
establishing a descriptive and quantitative baseline between the shoreline and the 20 meter (m) (-60
fol) depth contour. Initial qualitative reconnaissance surveys were conducted that covered the area
off the'O'oma property from the shoreline out to the limits of coral reef formation. These
reconnaissance surveys were useful in making relative comparisons between areas, idenfifying any
unique or unusual biotic resources, and providing a general picture of the physiographic structure and
benthic assemblages occurring throughout the region of study.
Following the preliminary survey, four quantitative transect sites were selected offshore of the
development area at approximately the same sites as in the 1986 and 1990 surveys (see Figure 1).
Sleben 1 was located at the northern property boundary, stations It and Ill were located in the central
area, and Station IV was located off Puhili Point, at the southern boundary of the property. At each
station, three transact sites were selected, one in each of the dominant reef zones. Each transact
was oriented parallel to depth contours so as to bisect a single reef zone. Care was taken to place
transects in random locations that were not biased toward either peak or low coral cover. In total,
twelve quantitative transects were conducted.
Quantitative benthic surveys were conducted by stretching a 60-m lag surveying tape in a straight
line over the met surface. An aluminum quadrat frame, with dimensions of 1 m by 0.66 m, was
sequenfially placed over 10 random marks on to transect tape so that the tape bisected the long axis
of the hams. At each quadrat location a color photograph recorded the segment of reef area enclosed
by the quadrat frame. In addition, a diver knowledgeable in the taxonomy of resident species visually
'O-om II oeielamxw PW r
n mdoff tCm ity Aegis t
estimated the percent cover and occurrence of organisms and substratum type within the quadrat
frame. No attempt was made to disturb substrata to observe organisms, and no attempt was made to
Identify and enumerate cryptic species dwelling within the reef framework. Only macrofaunal species
greater than approximately 2 centimeters were noted.
Following the period of fieldwork, quadrat photographs were projected onto a grid and units of bottom
cover for each benthic faunal spectres and bottom type were recorded. Results of the photo -quadrats
were combined with the in-situ cover estimates and community structure parameters (percent cover,
spades diversity) were calculated. The photo -quadrat transect method is a modification of the
technique described in Kinzie and Snider (1978), and has been employed in numerous field studies
of Hawaiian reef communities (e.g. Dollar 1979, Grigg and Maragos 1974), and has proven to be
particularly useful for quantifying coverage of attached bentxrs such as corals and large eptauna
(e.g., sea urchins, sea cucumbers). This method provides for accurate estimates of abundance of
organisms that cover a large percentage of the reef surface through photographic cove
as acourrence of very small and/or rare organisms that are not visible in rete, wall
Photographs. Few, if any
other methods
Provide for such accurate characterization of both extremes of benthic community
structure.
While this methodology is quantitative for the larger exposed fauna, many coral reef invertebrates ere
cryptic or nocturnal. Coupled with the generally small size of cryptic invertebrates, quantitative
assessment of these groups requires methodologies that are beyond the scope of the present
monitoring program.
Assessment of reef fish community structure was conducted in conjunction with the benthic surveys.
As the transact tape was being laid along the bottom, all fish observed within a band approximately 2
meters wide along the transect path were identified by species name. Care was taken to conduct the
fish surveys so that the minimum disturbance was sealed by divers, ensuring the least possible
dispersal of fish. Only readily visible individuals were included in the census. No attempt was made to
seek out cryptic species or individuals sheltered within coral. This transect method is an adaptation
of techniques described in Hobson (1974).
M. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Physical Structure
The main structural feature of the approximately one -hat mile of shoreline of the'O'oma II
development is a basaltic ledge of pahoehoe lava with interspersed pockets of white calcareous
sand. The intertidal platform, which is constantly subjected to the wash of waves, is flooded in places
to form fidepools. None of these pods, however, appeared to be separated from the ocean on a
permanent basis so they are not classified as'anchialme'. One arohialine pond does exist inland of
the shoreline within a sinkhole, and surrounded by a grove of bees. Rimming many of the shoreline
pods formed in the basalt bench are dame bands of the intertidal seaweeds Anhileim conclnna and
Ulva Iesciala. The submerged portions of the intertidal pools are lined with various forms of
encrusting red algae, and contain numerous urchins of to species Echinorneha m lfheei,
Echinostraphus aciculafus, and Colobocenhotus almtus, as well as numerous juvenile reef fah. The
seaward edge of the lave shoreline Is composed of either basaltic boulder fields, or vertical we cliffs
1 to 2 m in height. The one exception is a ams" area at the northem border of the Property whore a
small sandy beach reaches the shoreline.
0 owl M yevelapnenl
Paye J
AYrY,e BWgkxl Cammnity.lsrnsnxr,[
�� yt_ Season t_
Beyond the shoreline, the structure of the offshore environment d'O'oma generally conforms to the
pattern that has been documented as characterizing much of the west coast of the Island of Hawai
(Dollar 1982). The zonation scheme consists of three predominant regions. Beginning at the
shoreline and moving seaward, the shallowest zone beyond the shoreline is comprised of a seaward
extension of the basaltic shadine bench, along with scalered basaltic boulders that have entered
the ocean after breaking oft from the shoreline. Prodffopors meendrina, a sturdy hemispherical coral is
the dominant colonizer of the nearshore area. This spades is able to flourish in areas that are
physically too harsh for most other species, particularly due to wave stress. The shallow transacts
conducted off'O'cma all traversed the Pocdlopore meandrins-boulder zone.
Seaward of bre nearshore boulder zone, bottom structure is composed predominantly of a gently
eloping reef bench composed of basalt, interspersed with lava extrusions and sand channels. In
some areas, the bench is characterized by high relief in the form of undencot ledges and basaltic
pinnacles. Fme-grained calcareous sediment also comprises a component of bottom cover. Water
depth in this mid -reef zone ranges from about 6 to 15 In. As wave stress in this region is substantially
less than in the shallower areas, and suitable hard substrata abound, the area provides an ideal
locale for colonization by attached benthos, particularly reef corals, and generally the widest
assodmenl of species and growth forms are encountered in this region. The intermediate depth
transacts at each survey station were located on the reef bench.
The seaward edge of the red platform (at a depth of about 18 m) is marked by an increase in slope to
an angle of approximately 20-30 degrees. In the deep slope zone, substratum changes from the solid
continuation of the island mass to an aggregate of generally unconsolidated sand and rubble. The
predominant coral cover In the slope zone is typically interconnected mats of Pon'fes compressa or
'finger cord', which grow laterally over unconsolidated substrata. Throughout the'O'ans coastline,
however, the growth of P. compressa has been greatly reduced by breakage from Bre concussive
face of waves. Moving down the red dope, coral settlement and growth cease at a depth of
approximately 25 m; beyond this depth the bottom consists mostly of sand, with occasional basaltic
outcrops. The deep transects at each survey station were located on the upper portions of the reef
slope.
2. Biotic Community Structure
A. Coral Communities
Table 1 shows abundance estimates of invertebrates observed throughout the region of study during
the 2002 survey. The predominant taxon of mecrobenthos (botomdweldem) throughout the reef
zones off the'O'oma property are Sderactinian (reef -building) corals. Results of quanfitafive line
transacts conducted within the three dornmard reel zones provide a data base characterizing coral
community structure. Table 2 shows the quantitative summary of coral community structure from gra
all three transect surveys (1986, 1990. 2002), while Appendices A-1 - Ad show individual transect
results for the 2002 data set.
During the 2002 survey, twelve species of heonatypic, or reef-building'slonY corals, and two
ahennaypic'soft corals' were encountered on transects, while the number of coral species on a
single transect ranged from three to eight. During the previous survey in 1990, fourteen species of
corals occurred on transects, while the number of species per transact ranged from three to seven.
'a'au a Page I
Memrc ewwglcal cg,,.m.vty wnmhx
Montpom flabeflate and Cyphaseea ocelline were encountered on transects in 1990 but not in 2002.
The dominant species on all of the'O'oma transacts was Ponies lobala, which accounted for about
60% of total cored cover in 2002. The second and third most abundant species Pocillopors
meanddna and Pocillopore eydouxi accounted for 17% and 12% of coral cover. Thus, these three
spades comprised about 89% of living coral cover. In total, coral cover accounted for 44.9% of
bottom cover in 2002.
On the deep reef transects off'O'oma surveyed in 2002, P. compressa accounted for relatively small
percentages of bottom cover (range of 0.2% to 16.3%). Such low levels of P. compressa cover
suggest a relatively recant storm event that resulted in substantial damage to the mats of finger coral.
With three benthic surveys spanning approximately a sixteen -year period, it is possible to compare
long -tens changes to coral community structure. Figure 2 depicts coral community structure in
histograms at each transect during each of the three surveys.
Table 3 summarized coral community parameters from the 1986, 1990 and 2002 surveys, as well as
the differences between the two surveys. Differences in community structure parameters is in part an
inevitable result of imprecision of relocation of transect locations. It is also apparent, however, that
differences between years also is indicative of major processes that have influenced community
structure.
In 1966, coral cover at all of the'O'cma survey sites was noticeably reduced compared to other
nearby areas. The decrease was attributed to the physical destruction of coral colonies brought on
by a severe winter dorm that occurred in February of 1986. The direction of wave propagation (from
the northwest) was such that breaking waves estimated at 5-8 m in height directly impacted the
'O'oma site. It was apparent the greatest effects of the storm waves occurred at the deep reel
zones, which normally are not subjected to severe water motion.
With respect to coral cover, on only one of the twelve transacts (1-15') was cover higher in 1986
compared to 1990. Of the eleven transects, where cover increased in 1990, the greatest increases
occurred in the mid -reel zones, where total cover increased from between 14% to 43% during the
years between surveys. The number of species remained unchanged on four transects, and
increased in 1990 on seven transacts. Species cover diversity increased on six transacts.
When the 2002 data set is compared to the eariier date, it can be seen that the coral community is
increased in cover compared to both the 1966 and 1990 data. Total pooled coral cover Increased with
each survey, from 20% of bottom cover in 1986, to 37% in 1990, to 45% in 2002. When coral cover
on each transact was compared, cover increased on len of Bre twelve transects between 1990 and
2002, and on eleven transects between 1986 and 2002. The largest and most consistent Increase in
cover occurred in the red platform zone (10 m) where them was an Increase between each survey
on at all four sites (Figure 2, Table 3). Between 1986 and 2002, coral cover increased horn between
26.7% of bottom cover (Site 1) to 57% at Site 3 (Table 3). In the shallow boulder zone, there were also
consistent increases with a single exception (19861990 Site 1).
An good indication of the relatively calm period without destructive storms between the surveys was
the relatively high percentage of Pocillopore eydouxi on the reef platform in 2002. This species
occurs as a large hemispherical branching growth form that is easily broken by concussive face of
'00o coevn t P,ns
ammo g N"I cammnity,usesm,enr
breaking waves. In 2002, P. eydouxi occurred mall of the reef bench transects (6 and 10 m); in 1986
and 1990 this species was not encountered on transacts.
The consistent increase in coral cover with time is not evident on the deep slope transects (20 m). At
Sites It and III there am small increases in cover with time. However, at Site 1, the lowest cover
occurred at the most recent survey, while at Site IV, cover was lower in 2002 than in 1990. These
data indicate that recovery from storm stress does not occur at the same rale in all reef zones.
Recovery of the mals of Porifes compressa on the deep slope zone has been substantially slower
than the shallow reef bench zones. In addition, at Site 1 firers was more evidence of physical
alteration of the bottom from activities associated with installing a new pipeline for NELHA.
While number of species stowed no consistent pattern of change Brough the entire transect set,
coral cover diversity increased on ten of this twelve transects in 2002 compared to both 1986 and
1990 (Table 3). Thus, there is a consistent increase in both coral cover and coral cover diversity over
the 19862002 interval.
B. Other Benthic Macrcnvedebrates
The other dominant group of maaaimedebrates are the sea urchins (Class Echinoidea). Table 4
summarizes Bre occurrence of ses urchins at all of the survey stations. The most common urchin is
EcMnomeba mefleai, which occurred in all reef zones. E. mafheai are small urchins that are
generally found within interstitial spaces bored into basaltic and limestone substrata. E. mathmi were
most abundant at the mid -reef transacts where the number of individuals ranged from 4 to 56. This
species was least abundant on the reef slope transacts. Echdnoshmphus acloulatus is another small
urchin with thin spines that is found in bored holes on the reef surface.
Tdpneustes grefiaa and Haterocentrofus mammiA tus are other species of urchins that occurred on
transacts. Both of these urchms occur es larger individuals (compared with E. matheel) that are
generally found on the reef surface, rather than within interstitial spaces.
Sea cucumbers (Holothudans) observed during the survey consisted of three species, Holothuris
aha, H. robffis, and Acbnopyge obese. Individuals of these species were distributed sporadically
across the mid -reef and deep reef zones (Table 1). The most common starfish (Astsroldea)
observed on the reef surface wars Llncida spp. Several aowmof-tfoms starfish (Acanfhasterplana)
were observed feeding on colonies of Pocillopas mandrins. Numerous sponges were also
observed on the reef surface, often under ledges and in intarsfillat spaces. The green conical -shaped
sponge lotrocha protea was observed throughout the mid -depth reef zones.
Fmndose benthic algae are conspicuously rare on the reefs of West Hawaii. Several plants were
observed, however, off'O'oma. Most common were the encrusting red calcareous algae (Porolithm
spp., PeysmeNia mbm, HydrdiBron spp.). These algae were abundant on bared limestone surfaces,
and m the nonliving pans of coral colonies. Frondose algae observed on this reef included Valonia
sp., Lyngbya majuscule, Hallmeda spp., and Galeuxurs spp.
The design of the reef survey was such that no cryptic organisms or species living within interstitial
spaces or the reef surface were enumerated. Since this is the habitat of the majority of mollusks and
cvustacea, detailed spades counts were not included in the transecting scheme. No dominant
commmities of these classes of biota were observed during the reef surveys at any of the study
stations.
'0'0 u In pn'a� PW a
mrl ffid.0o1 Camm.ay brt>9„[nt
C. Reef Fish Community Structure
Reef fish community structure was largely determined by the topography and composition of the
benthos. Transect results are presented in Table 5. On individual transects, the numbers of species
ranged from 14 to 40 in 2002.
The reef fish community off 'O'oma is typical of that found along most of the Kona Coast, as
described by Hobson (1974), and Walsh (1984). Fish community structure can be divided into six
general categories: juveniles, planklivorous damselfishes, herbivores, rubble -dwelling fish, swarming
tebodonts, and surge -zone fish.
Juvenile fish belonged mostly to the family Acanthuridae (surgeon fish), with representatives from the
families Labridee (wrasses), Mullidee (goat fish) and Chaetodontidae (butterfly fish). Juveniles were
most abundant on the deepest transects of the reef slope zone (60 feet) in areas dominated by finger
coral (P. compressor), or basalt boulders. The complex habitat created by the spreading growth form
of P, compmssa provides shelter for small fish. Apparent stone damage to the mats of finger coral in
the deep slope zee in many areas appeared to lower substantially the percentage of living finger
coal. Because the coal framework was not completely flattened, habitat complexity was partially
maintained in the aftermath of the stone event(s). It is apparent that fish abundance is not related
directly to composition of intact living coral, but rather to the degree of shelter afforded by corafline
structures. whether alive or dead.
Planktivorous damselfish, principally of the genus Chromis were abundant in all areas surveyed, and
often comprised more than a quarter of the tool number of individuals encountered along a transect.
Agile chromis (ChroMs Solis) were very abundant along the outer edge of the shelf and in deeper
water, whereas blackfin dromis (C. vanderbifir) was the primary shallow water species.
Herbivores, primarily the yellow tang (lau'I-gala, Zebmsoma fievescens) and goldring surgeonfish
(kola, Conochaefus sfrigosus) were also abundant. On the shallower reef terrace, adult whitebar
surgemfish (maikoiko, Acanthums leucoperelus), mangeband surgeonfish (na'ena'e, A. olivaceus),
brown surgamfish (maTil, A. nigmfuscus) and parvo fish (uhu, Scams spp.) were also common. In
areas where coral rubble was abundant, common fish included potters angelfish (Cenfrupyge pollen),
and several spades of wrasms, notably fourfine wraass (Psuedochifinus fetmrsenia), eightline
wrame ( P. octolamis), and yellowtail wrame (ald-Iolo, Cads gaim m).
The inner surge zone along the wave- swept basalt terraces supported a large number of fish,
principally herbivores such as mdderfish (venue, Kyphosus bigibbus), surgeonfish (Acenthums sop-),
and umcomfish (mostly umau nalei, Naso hh retus). Saddle wresse (hinalea lau-will, fhalassoma
dupemsy) were also abundant in the surge zoo. Black durgm (humuhumu-ele'ele, Melanichthys
niger) and pinktag durgon (humuhumu-hi'u-kole, M _vidule) were also observed congregating in the
water column over the reef platform.
Several species of'food fish' (okra by subsistence and/or recreational fishermen) were observed
during the survey. Schools of several hundred individuals of goatfish (wake, Mulknidichfhys
fiavolinea(us), and blue -lined snapper (imps, Lu§anus kasmim) were observed while diving.
Numerous grand -eyed porgeys (mu, Monotaxis grsndocuks) were observed. Rocky ledges and large
coral heads sheltered fair numbers of squirrelfish (u'u, Myriprisfes bemdti). Other food fishes
included panotfish (uhu, Scams spp.), goatfish (moans kea and malu, Pampanaus sop.), jacks
(papio, Camnx melamphygus), and grouper (rol, Cephalopholus argue). None of Bess spades were
0 OMA II se.emp„ar,t Fare r
Wrlrie aolaylol Canmunity Mus t
particularly abundant. Orange -eyed surgeonfish (kole, Conochaefus sfdgosus), while abundant,
were generally not large enough to be considered suitable as 'food fish'.
Overall, fish community structure at'O'ana is fairty typical of the assemblages found in undisturbed
Hawaiian reef enviro ments. The presence of large schools of some food fish indicates that the area
has been subjected to moderate amounts of fishing pressure, by aquarium fish collectors and
fishermen. The southern halt of the properly has been designated as an area where aquarium reef
fish collection in prohibited. While not quantitatively assessed, it appeared that fish targeted by
cutedom were more abundant in the southern transects (Sites III, IV) than the northern transects
(Sites I and 11).
D. Anchialine Pond
A single anchialine pond is located near the southern boundary of the property. By definition,
anchialine ponds are areas of exposed gmundwater with no surface connection to the Ocean. The
single pond on the'O'orm II property Is located in the center of a sinkhole with a flow elevation
several meters lower than the surrounding lava fields. The anchialine pond is under a dense canopy
of trees, which contribute a significant amount of detritus to the pant. At present there is a very
limited amount of exposed water M the pond (several square metem) at low Ode, and he pond bottom
is lined with sediment and plant detritus. The water column throughout the pond was extremely dear,
with no apparent turbidity from suspended sediments or phyloplenkon. No layer of surface algae or
orgarvc scums that are often noted in older ponds were present. The appearance of the pond in 2002
was not substantially different than the last Oma it was examined in 1991.
The pond is presently in a final stage of seneacence, and will soon be anbrely filled in. Documentation
of th life history of anchialine ponds in Hawaii hes shown that such in filling is part of the natural
progression of (hese ponds. Even with the Mick sediment layer in the pond, red shrimp or opae'ula
(Halocerdina rubra) and glass shrimp (Paleenro i deflHis) were abundant The three snails common to
ancMaline ponds (Asalmhea sp. Melena sp. and Thsodoxua cartass) were also observed. Alien fish
species, which occur in many ar d -aline pods on West Hawaii, and are known to prey on native
shrimp, were not observed.
1,41f1L^2=�r*•rr^rFY cT7
Three spades of marine animals that occur in Hawaiian waters have been declared threatened or
endangered by Federal jurisdiction. The threatened green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) occurs
conmurdy along he Kona Coast, and is known to feed on selected spades of matroalgae. The
endangered hawksbill turtle (Erefmochelys knbdcala) is known infrequently from waters off the Kona
Coast. While turtles undoubtedly occur in the neem ore areas off'O'oma, no individuals were
observed during the course of he 2002 survey.
Populations of he endangered humpback whale (Megaptere novaeangUee) are known to winter In
the Hawaiian Islands from December to April. The present survey was conducted in November, when
whales are not present in Hawaiian waters.
'0'o 11 owelPnnwx Pages
wme mx,g CMannity �usesmnt
Implementation of the proposed'O'oma project would involve grading, vegetation removal, new
construction, and other land use changes. There are no plans, however, for alteration of the
shoreline, or offshore environments in any manner. In fact, the seaward boundary of the present
planned project is approximately 4,000 feel from the shoreline. Considerations of the changes to
water chemistry as a result of alteration of groundwater flow and composition will not change the
existing character of the marine environment to an extent that will alter biotic community structure
(see Reports by Tom Nance Water Resources Engineering, and Marine Research Consultants). In
summary, the proposed project does not appear to present the potential for alteration of the offshore
environments. None of the proposed development activities has the potential to induce large changes
In physico-chemical properties that could affect biotic community structure.
As described above, the reefs off'O'oma are constantly exposed to natural stresses, primarily from
slmm waves, that are the major forcing function determining the make-up of reef communities. If
sane unexpected event related to shoreline development did occur, the resulting impact would likely
be negligible In comparison to impacts caused by natural factors. Unexpected changes associated
with a temporary situation of Increased sedimentation during the construction phase al'O'ane are
not likely to result in noticeable change to the nearshors community. Observations of the response of
marine ecosystems to shoreline development at Princeville on Kauai (Grigg and Dollar 1980),
Keauhou Kona (Marna Research Consultants 1990x), and even Waikiki on Oahu (Marine Research
Consultants 1990b) indicate that marine environments are not necessarily impacted by shoreline
development.
It can be concluded that as long as reasonable steps are taken in construction and operational
practices, and because the project does not Imrolve substantial changes in material delivery to the
nearshore ocean, there should be no adverse impacts to the marine environment. Such changes in
water quality would be indicative of potential changes to marine community structure. Thus, any
charges in water quality owing to shoreline development would trigger mitigative action, hopefully at
a level below that capable of inducing change in biotic structure.
SUMMARY
1. Assessment of the bentho and reef fish community structure off the proposed'O'oma II
Development was conducted in November 2002. Twelve transacts were evaluated at four stations
located offshore of to property. Transect surveys were repeated at the same locations as a
previous survey of the same region conducted in 1996 and 1990.
2. Physical structure of the marsh" region consists predominantly of narrow sand beaches that
abut rocky basaltic shorelines that forth he land-ses interface. The reef area is divided into three
major zones; a shallow nearshom zone characterized by basaltic boulders and substantial water
notion from breaking waves, a mid -reef zone which comprises the major "reef -building area', and a
deep reef slope. Substrata on he shallow and mid -reed consist predominantly of solid limestone and
basalt, while substrata on the deep reef slope are predominantly sand and coral rubble.
3. In general, the coral communities off'O'orm are typical of tie type that occurs throughout much of
the west Hawaii coastline. Twelve coral spades were encountered on transacts, and total coral cover
was approximately 45% of bottom cover. The dominant coral spades at all sites was Pontes lobate,
which comprised approximately 60% of total coral cover in all three surveys in 1986, 199D and 2002.
'0 W II oerelopmxml Paye 9
wane Woykal CPfty Asusxnxwt
4. Comparison of coral cover between 1988, 1990 and 2002 indicates a consistent increase in cover
on the reef bench zones with time. The increase Is likely a result of coral community recovery from a
large storm event that occurred just prior to the 1980 survey. With no other significant storms
occurring in the sixteen years between studies, the coral community, is recovering in temps of
increasing bottom cover and species diversity. The situation is different on the reef slope, where
much of the delicate finger coral was destroyed by the concussive force of waves in the 1988 storm.
Recovery on the slope has been far slower than on the reef bench, and the slope does not look
appreciably different in 2002 compared to 1980.
8. Reef fish community structure at'O'oma is fairly typical of tre assemblages found in undisturbed
Hawaiian reef envimnments, and is characterized by aix general categories: juveniles, plenflvorous
damselfishes, herbivores. Mfde4welkn, swermlog tetrodonis, and surge -zone fishes. The
presence or some food fishes indicates that the area has been subjected to low to moderate amounts
of fishing pressure, both by aquarium fish collectors and fishermen. Fish were more abundant at the
two transect sites (III and M located In the region which prohibits aquarium fish collecting.
7. It does not appear that the planned development at'O'oma has the potential to cause adverse
impacts to the marine environment. Stresses from natural farces that are presently the dominant
factors in Influencing community structure appear to be substantially greater than time that could
result from shoreline development. The absence of plans to modify the shoreline or nearshore
environment eliminates the potential for direct alteration of ecosystems. Secondary impacts
associated with charges to water quality nom changes to groundwater chemistry associated with the
development do not present the potential for changes based on eatimates or changes to groundwater
dynamics that will result from the project. In addition, similar existing projects that hews been
monitored for decades reveal no charges to marine environmental quality.
'O W II D"elapnnl am to
AwrMw a*rk>th CamvYty ♦meranenl
REFERENCES CITED
Dollar, S. J. 1979. Ecological response to relaxation of sewage stress o8 Sand Island, Oahu, Hawaii,
Water Resources Research Center Tech. Rpt. No. 124. Water Resources Research Center,
University of Hawaii.
Dollar, S. J.1982. Wave stress and coral community structure in Hawaii. Coral Reefs 1:71-81.
Grigg, R. W. and S. J. Dollar. 1980. Environmental impact assessment of nearshore marine life at
Princeville, Kauai, Hawaii. Prepared for Princeville Development Corpomficn.
Grigg, R. W. and J. E. Maragos.1974. Recolonization of hemhatypic corals on submerged lava flows
in Hawaii. Ecology 55:387-395,
Hobson, E. 5.1974. Feeding relationships of Ielec atean fishes on coral reefs in Kona, Hawaii.
Fishery Bull. 72:915-1031.
Marine Research Consultants. 1990a. Effects of golf course irrigation and fertilization on nearshom
marine "tam o8 the West Coast of the Island of Hawaii. Prepared for Helber, Hasten and Kimura
Planners.
Marine Research Consultants. 1990b. Assessment of marine community structure off Waikiki. in
prep. for O. I. Consultants, Inc.
Kinzie, R. A. III and R. H. Snider. 1978. A simulation study of coral reef survey methods. In:Coral
rests: research meMods. UNESCO, ads: D. R. Stoddart and R. E. Johannes.
Welsh, W. J. 1984. Aspects of nocturnal shelter, habitat space, and juvenile recruitment in the
Hawaiian coxal reef fishes. PhD. Dissertation, University of Hawaii, 475 pp.
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TRANSECT NO.
•
•
FIGURE 2. Total coral cover (♦standard error)) from photo -quadrat transects off the O'oma II Development, North Kona
Hawaii. Surveys were conducted in 1989, 1990 and 2002 at three depths (9, 10 and 20 m). For
locations of transects, see Figure 1.
TABLE 1. Marine Invertebrate occurrence at Survey stations 1n the vicinity of O'oma II during 2002.
For station locations, see Figure 1.
Abundance code: 'R' - rare (0 - 5 Individuals or colonies sited on station)
'O' - occasional (5 - 20 Individuals or colonies sited on station)
'C' - common (more than 20 Individuals or colonies sited on station)
TRANSECT
I ! I ! I
II
II ! II
III
III ! III
IV
IV
IV
Depth
6m 10.1 20m
6m
10m! 20m
6m
10m! 20m
6m
10m
20m
SCLERACTINIA
!
'86
'80
b2
'86
'90
'02
'86 ? '90
(Reef -Building Corals)
'
'90
I
Porites lobate
19.3 s 7.5
23.0
11.2
27.1
Porites lobate
C C! C
C
C i C
C
C C
C
C
C
Porites compressa
R 1 C C
30.9
C! C
C! C
C
C
C
Porites brighaml
R R!
0.2
R
'0.1
R
1.6 I
R
R
Porites canvexa
R ! R
Porites brlghami
i
Pocillopora meandrina
C! C! C
C
C R
C
C I C
C
C
C
Pocillopora eydouxi
C I C j C
C
C!
C
C
C
I C
R
Montipora verrucosa
C I C C
C
C 0
0
C 0
C
C
O
Montiporo patula
C! C i 0
C
0 ': R
0
0! 0
C
0
0
Montipora Jlabelfata
2.8
8.0
1.5 : 0.1
11.2
1.8
R
_ ..__..._.. ...... -__.
Pocfllopora eydouxi
Pocillopora eydouxi
Leptastrea purpurea
O .O j
O
R j R
0
-0
0
0
Cyphostra ocellina
0 i 0 i R
0
R R
0
0 R
0
0
R
Pavona varians
R I R
0
R i
R
R i
R
R
I
2.1
Pavona duerdeni
I R
R
R
Montipora ve'rnrcosa
R
0.7
Fungla scutoria
i R
R
- ....
0.1
---
2.6
1.1
0.1
2.3
0.9
ZOANTHINIARIA
1.8
__
.0.6
.. _
'0".
0.2
0.7
Montiporo flobellota
1.
(Colonial 'soft" corals)
0.1
Polythoa tuberculose
0 i 0! R
R
R R
R
0! R
R
I O
R
ALCYONACEA
1
0.1
!
0.7
(Colonial 'soft corals)
Leptostrea purpurea
Leptastrea purpurea
-_-.._..._..........._----.......
1.1
_-... -- -
- - -
2.1
--
0.2
0.3
Anthelio edmondsoni
0 1 0 1 C
0
0 C
0
0 j C
0
0
C
HOLOTHUROIDEA
!
__....
Povona duerdeni
1
I
---
_..
(Sea Cucumbers)
--
--
---
---
--
Actinopygo obese
! R
0.1
0 R
0.2
0
0
Holothurfa atra
R! R R
1.2
R I R
R
R R
R!
R
i R
Holothuria nobilis
; R i 0
R 1 R
R
R R
It
R
I R
ECHINOIDEA
Antlrrlfn edmmondsonl
Mthelio edmondsoni
(Sea Urchins)
2.1
0.2
,.,
1.1
7.7
1
Dfadema paucispinum
! 0 0
;
0
0
0 1
i
0
0
Echinothrix diadema
R j C! R
R
C R
0
C 1 R
0
C
R
Echinothrix calamaris
! R! R
R
R 1
R
R
i R
Trlpneustes gratilla
C i C i 0
C
C C
C
C C
C
C
C
Echinometra mothoei
C! C i C
C
C i C
C
C! C
C
I C
C
Echinometro oblongo
C! 0
C
72.0
C
C i
C
i C
17.1 ' 16.7
Echinostrephus aciculatus
C! R I R
C
R
C
R
C!
R
7
Heterocentrotus mammillatus
C C C
C
C! C
C
C! C
C
C
C
ASTEROIDEA
3
3
CORAL COVER DIVERSITY
0.11 1.12
1.16
0.81
i
1 1.36
(Starfish)
I
1.26
0.31
0.59
1.18
0.7, 0.21
I
0.91
Linckla multijora
1
STD. ERROR In -110)
R
5.56
5.78
2.101
8.19
5.12,
Linckla diplax
R
13.701
R
6.10
5.50; 6.86
R
8.76
i9ii
Acanthoster pland
R
R
R
10.8 2.1
R
5.7
MOLLUSCS
11.2 1.1
1.3
11.3
2.3 , 21.3
1 11.0
Limestone
Spondylustenebrosus
i R!
R
R
R
It
R
R
10.0 1.5
PORIFERA
1
2.5_
77.2 ; 72.3
-- .. ... _..... .._ _..._...
Sand
_..._..._....--_._
..._.. _.. -
1
._...._.... _ ..
1.3
lotrocho protea
1 C
-
30.0
C
. .... _
11.6
C
6.S
C
---
mist. sponges
C C i C
C
C i C
C
C i C
C
C
C
TABLE Z. Percent cover of coral species and non -coral substratum, number of species, and coral species diversity for photoquadrat transects
conducted off the Ooma Development in 1986, 1990 and 2002. Locations of Transects I - IV are shown in Figure 1.
TRANSECT
I
1
_1
11
II
11
DEPTH
6 m
IBM
20 m
6 m
10 m
20 m
CORAL SPECIES
'66 '00
'02
'86
'90
'02
'86
'80
b2
'86
'90
'02
'86 ? '90
02
'86
'90
b2
Porites lobate
19.3 s 7.5
23.0
11.2
27.1
22.3
4.1
24.6
6.7
20.2
35.3
25.5
13.7 1 45.6
44.5
21.6
21.1
30.9
Pontes compressa
Po
0.1
0.5
3.1
31.2
I
37.9
0.2
0.6
'0.1
1.6 I
5.5
10.0
( 19.6
16 .3
Porites brlghami
0.1
0.3
0.6
Porites evermanni
Por ltesevermarml
0.1
Pociliopora meandeino ..._....__...__.
Pocillopora meandrina
0.1 3.2
5.1
0.1
0.1
10.1
0.6
1.5
2.5
0.6
2.8
8.0
1.5 : 0.1
11.2
1.8
1.3
-
_ ..__..._.. ...... -__.
Pocfllopora eydouxi
Pocillopora eydouxi
I 15.2
I 6.0
13.6
1.2
2.5
5.9
8.1
6.1
5.5
2.6
Montipora patula
Montipora patula
0.2 1.9
1.2
1.0
0.1
3.9
0.1
I 0.1
2.1
1.7
0.2
Montipora verrucose
Montipora ve'rnrcosa
0.2 1.6
0.7
_. _
0.7
1.0
1.5
- ....
0.1
---
2.6
1.1
0.1
2.3
0.9
0.1 0.1
1.8
__
.0.6
.. _
'0".
0.2
0.7
Montiporo flobellota
1.
0.1
Pavona vorfans
Pavona vorions
0.10.6
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.7
Leptostrea purpurea
Leptastrea purpurea
-_-.._..._..........._----.......
1.1
_-... -- -
- - -
2.1
--
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
Povona duerdeni
__....
Povona duerdeni
I
---
_..
_.- -
--
--
---
---
--
--
Polythoo tuberculose
0.1
0.2
0.2
1
1.2
Porftes convexo'
Porites canvexa
0.1
;
0.1
Antlrrlfn edmmondsonl
Mthelio edmondsoni
,
2.1
0.2
,.,
1.1
7.7
1
;
0.1
1.6
Cyphastrea ocellina
Cyphostree ocellina
0.2
0.1
Fungla scutorio ..
Fungia scuiaria
0.1
TOTAL CORAL COVER
TOTAL CORAL COVER
19.6 15.5
36.6
15.6
29.6
12.5
10.5
72.0
16.6
21.6
11.7
13.2
17.1 ' 16.7
68.6
36.2
10.6
17_.9
NUMBER OF SPECIES
1 7
8
1
7
8
5
5
6
5
5
1 6
S 5
5
1
3
3
CORAL COVER DIVERSITY
0.11 1.12
1.16
0.81
0.15
1 1.36
0.76
1.03
1.26
0.31
0.59
1.18
0.7, 0.21
1.09
0.91
0.71
0.71
STD. ERROR In -110)
4.301 3.05
5.56
5.78
2.101
8.19
5.12,
7.87
2.10
13.701
5.05
6.10
5.50; 6.86
1.07
8.76
i9ii
9.13
NON•CORALSUBSTRATA
Limestone
10.8 2.1
9.5
5.7
1.8 1 1.7
11.2 1.1
1.3
11.3
2.3 , 21.3
1 11.0
Limestone
21.0 ? 2.5
2.1
6.1 1 9.1
9.7 9.3
2.S 1.3
21.9 1 1.2
10.0 1.5
3.1
8.3
2.5_
77.2 ; 72.3
-- .. ... _..... .._ _..._...
Sand
_..._..._....--_._
..._.. _.. -
. _.........
._...._.... _ ..
1.3
__
-
6.5
-
30.0
61.2 31.1 i 26.1
. .... _
11.6
Dead Pocillopora
6.S
=21.5
---
Basalt
52.3 80.1
63.2
35.1
59.0 1 18.7
13.5
71.1
23.5 j 57.1
15.2
28.7 i 35.8
27.1
70.2
1.5
52.1
Dead Podllopora
23.9
10.8: 1.3
54.5 17.1
_
11.6
1.0
_.
_ - ...-
-.
Rubble
6.9 ' 1.6
S0.9
2.7
19.0 ,
27.5 1.1
57.1•
30.7
TRANSE
III
111
III
IV
IV
IV
DEPTH
6M
10 m
IO m
6 m
10 m
20 m
CORAL SPECIES
'86 i '90
1 '02
'86
'90
'02
'86
'90
1 ro2dd
ed
02
'86 100 rot
'86
'90
' '02
Porites lobota
11.9 3.5
' 18.5
3.0
18.8
! 32.1
11.5
18.7
23.0
9.7
j 22.9
j 27.1
8.7 23.8
1 30.5
1.2
121.6
17.2
Porites compressa
1.5
! 0.6
1.3
2.3
0.9
'0.1
j 11.8
1.1
2.6
3.5
Porites brighami
0.1
0.3
0.6
Porites evermanni
0.1
Pociliopora meandeino ..._....__...__.
7.6 ± 18.1.
12.1
1.2
_._._
26.8
_.....
12.1
-.._._.
0.7
_.._....
1.7
_...._
6.5
.._._
1.7
.._ _.__
15.1
-
10.7
15.3: 11.6
_ ......_...
11.1
---
1.1
--
0.1
--
1.3
-
_ ..__..._.. ...... -__.
Pocfllopora eydouxi
I 15.2
13.6
2.5
8.1
5.5
Montipora patula
1.0
2.1
I 0.1
2.1
0.1
0.3
Montipora verrucose
- ' - -
0.2 0.2
I
..
_. _
0.7
1.6
- ....
0.1
---
2.6
0.6
- --
0.3
1.2
0.1 ! 0.3
_.
1.5
... _...
0.1
__
.0.6
.. _
'0".
0.2
Montipora /labellato
1.
0.3
Pavona vorfans
0.10.6
0.2
0.1
Leptostrea purpurea
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.3
1 0:2
0.1
Povona duerdeni
I
1 1 1
Palythoa tuberculosa
0.2
0.2
1
1
Porftes convexo'
;
Antlrrlfn edmmondsonl
1.5
,
,.,
1
;
0.1
Cyphastrea ocellina
0.1
0.2
Fungla scutorio ..
TOTAL CORAL COVER
22.8 :.23.9
16.2
5.7
18.5
I 62.7
20.6
23.1
35.6
12.8
' 10.2
50.1
21.1 39.9
61.2
7.0
22.2
NUMBER OF SPECIES
1 6
3
3
7
S
1
6
6
57
6
3 7
7
6
125.6
6
I 1
CORAL COVER DIVERSITY
0.76. 0.79
1.12
1.02i
0.951
1.25
0.85
0.68
1.08
0.781
0.921
1.21
0.61; 0.86.
1.31
1.1
0.591
0.7
STD. ERROR (n■10)
3.87; 2.37
1.58
6.21
7.591
1.07
5.55,
3.321
7.77
1.58
1.771
1.1S
6.98 7.77i
iii
2.871
2.031
3.51
NON•CORALSUBSTRATA
Limestone
10.8 2.1
9.5
5.7
1.8 1 1.7
11.2 1.1
1.3
11.3
2.3 , 21.3
1 11.0
Sand
3.1 1
9.7 9.3
3.1
13.0
Basalt
77.2 ; 72.3
32.0
13.3
( 11.0 I 26.6
1.1 1 17.S
62.5
63.1
15.5
37.0
61.2 31.1 i 26.1
38.6 77.8
Dead Pocillopora
12.3
I 7.7
1.9
13.5
9.7
1
1
Rubble
10.0 ; 1.1
1
70.2
2.3
57.1 I 18.7
23.9
10.8: 1.3
54.5 17.1
1
1
TABLE 5. Reef fish abundance on transects off of ('oma 11, North Kona Hawaii observed in 1990 and 2001. For location of
transects, see Flqure 1.
aEMi am mm zom am mm
am
ions
tom em
O O _O
V2
M110
�
'
nI E
an 1ann� r'+1I�
1no r'+mr11I�I rnr1aI
on
no
x A
<F
Z Z Z p N N O rn
el rl el
Z Z Z p N N O O
(1 el fl
Z p N V O 4
1'1 !1 11 i O
Z
O N O A
m m m N O P
O N P T
al m m N O P
O �i'••
m m m N O P r
,q
S
N
m
Ir,
MR N N MR
Nd O
p
O_
p
P O P 3
P O P yl
P� P
O
a
j 0
3
AMOSTMOW E
O W P N a
O O O P V a
O W W O N O
►+
P N N N
O_
0 0 10
0 0 0+ p m
W
O
O
0
a1TM m
I
N N W P W P
O O O P N N
V N N P O]
'
O O O W
++ O
+ O
3
z
�s P
N J P
O O
d N N O
O O O N N N
N N P
Ll.m¢Os/axlalN x
1,
O
N O N+++
O O O W W a
V+ P O P N
-]
0 O 1 O
+ O O
•
W N+ P W N
N
! [ 0
O
b IPMtO artoM O v
0 z [ O 0
z
oob W Na
Nia a
vi ra+�'SNRv
�-
v 0
N W+
DAE
l
_ W N N
IJ
N
C am
O O O •O p v
N O N
N N
P P
N► u s s N
o o b P P a
o N N
•
aaa,aora aRKtlfmtlat.O [
o O O O
V:
0
[ 0
O N N V
r r N
V O
u O
3
R
N W + a N O
O O O P V N
P N a
a N
Iii
0 o e' a
v li v
P. pmphTns O
P
z
0
N N P
N N
W O
N
z
a+ N O< O
O O O a P P
N a P N P O
-]
TABLE 5. Reef fish abundance on transects off of ('oma 11, North Kona Hawaii observed in 1990 and 2001. For location of
transects, see Flqure 1.
aEMi am mm zom am mm
am
ions
tom em
mm 2flm
V2
M110
IR 90 to
nI E
Attobaluf mrlmrl
x
mU
SII
Cw harm nurim h x 00
O O
O
j 0
AMOSTMOW E
AWartmma blood, z
0 0 10
z
0
O
0
a1TM m
I
1
'
KYPAaRa WyMfxa [! O
0
z
0
O
CIRRMnm
Ll.m¢Os/axlalN x
1,
Cinhhm prmulat. O
0 O 1 O
O
O
! [ 0
O
b IPMtO artoM O v
0 z [ O 0
z
O[
0
z x 0
v 0
DAE
l
AWIIWUN flmmrmat.
a
0
o [
•
aaa,aora aRKtlfmtlat.O [
o O O O
0
0
[ 0
O O
o
O
P. aJ hona0p
O
P. Nf rot. x
Iii
v li v
P. pmphTns O
O O
z
0
0
0
P. caw.0
_
x I 0
SERRNl10AE
cePRWO1Wh PTs
O O
e O
• O x O
x 0
CARANGIDAE
SII
car. me,.Phm. v ;
''�. ;
v ;
0
UfJNICAE
I
w[/aaa ymmlN
O
O
0
0
0
apron Wekem
AhPo. forutm
0
o
1
MyntmsErutlPNls j
O
O
[ O
o
14IEIOAE
I
.
chaam lulR z
0IO
0
O
0
O
C.'naianOWW. O
0
Oo
�,o
c..11wr 1 0
IO o v l 0
0 '
0
0
c, ama0sslms x
0 0
o
• 0
C. m Vdaom . j 0
0 - O o
0
0
0
0 0
xO
c. Gemaal
C WWI
C. Pdaa
1
C. 1raeWmmi
Fwngpr flmwlnm I o
o O o[ o
o
O
o
o o
o[
O
xealotw, apAremN
HemtaekMAm pplMMs
O
TA&F 5. CmtIMMO.
YR I x xl IV
6m
10m
1 01
6m 10m
1 20n, 6m
10m
10m
Men 6m
Ia.
mie
PgIKN1TM01F
Ce,etp pwlM
6m
I
M.
x•
Ia.
m
rehrmwapflanNem
0•
p
o
o
C. fl~
0
o
0
a
o
0
x
o
Mswst b"Mlles
VCA1.10ENiP41E
j
O
O
x
0
AbMyaAaMk
O
O
0,
I O
0
1 O
OO
A.iw0lleles
o
o
p
A. 11NIwm
I
sI jmlo
O
O
•0
O
•
A.IeasayureM
P. ew#,VV
O x
0
O .
O
0
O
x• I'.
O
• 0
uew./bsw.
o
0
i
Is
0
1O
Obtplb wOaMlp
10
x O
O
i 0
• 0
O
1 0
CM1rwnh gills
.
OO
0.
10
x
O
x 0[
1, 0
O
A. Jb d
C,hM.A
1
1
C.m IN
0
0. j • 10
0
1
0
C. ablh
''.
10
O
O
O
O
O
• 1 O
MowMlElthxs taenlaann
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Cfem[Metu)fhl6mu
( h.eW biMeb
O
0
O
0
O
O
0
0
(helIhw 6lm"ulaM
i
O
0
.
0
PMWarNeIlA.e "Iwamk
O
I
.
Nmo lll"alb
. O
0
O
O
Caels peeeet1'
x
0
0
.III
O
1 O
o•
O
0
O
N. ulI.t
C. m.
an
�
. I
1
0
O
C. fb tata
N. hemerare s
Th6lbtann AMnrq x
0.
0
x 0 x 1 0 x 0
.
0 x
0.
0`
0 .. 0.
0.
0
T. OIPo6Mun
IiKaefpruNR
C.Io. Me,
` O
O
x
0•
O•
I O
v 0
O
InMalJn phthhvphape
O
It x 0
III
O
M"1wnwMRa�»feN/eaIs
lel
Is
CTf6lml/Ni EMMllll
.
IxeulalalMh+t"bhxe
x
•
hulsnwE
Sleehp)plh 6MeepW
x
0
. 0
I
NM6'hpnes wn511nAwe
[
O
' O
O
v '� O
SGRIOAF
1
sa//ImNa daV xm
x
xio
x o
.100
e
0
It
Y
O
x p
x o
x o
Is
0
v
C. pn,paNlMtb
O
O.
O x O O
a
O•
O• O
O
O
k"us MroNd"w
O
O
O O
I p
O•
�I
O
S. post.
O
x l 0
0
M. *,
•
• 0
TABLE 5. Cmlhve6,
R
I
1 II
1 01
IV
0Ep1n
6m
10m
M.
6m
10m
6m
10m
M.
6m
Ia.
m
rehrmwapflanNem
0•
10
o
o
0
0
o
0
a
o
0
x
o
Mswst b"Mlles
I O
O
O
x
0
A. tMsteNt
I O
1 O
0
O
A. 11NIwm
I
A.IeasayureM
i 0
O
•
O
• 0
A. 16MpLnl
i
•
A. dh
i 0
• 0
x 0.
1 0
v l 0
.
0
0.
10
x
O
x 0[
0
A. Jb d
•
1
1
A. MaCrll
''.
x
A. ner.A e
O
O
0
• 1 O
x O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Cfem[Metu)fhl6mu
O
O
0
O
0
O
O
0
0
O
C. h eeffeblt
O
0
0
O
O
Nmo lll"alb
. O
0
O
O
O
O
O
O
1 O
0
O
0
N. ulI.t
O
1
0
O
N. hemerare s
111
Is
IMIQOAE
1
IiKaefpruNR
. I O1
` O
0
O•
I O
O
O
O
FknMpw at"aaeeI
lel
Is
CTf6lml/Ni EMMllll
.
r
x
hulsnwE
I
eM�me enealym
1
sa//ImNa daV xm
x
xio
x o
.100
0
It
0
O
x p
x o
x o
Is
0
s."C"
i
MMkhtly+VaMna
I p
x
o
M. *,
O
O
O
x O
O
JQVeWhehp mtwwlonst.
OSIPACNINIUAE
j
Qn"lon mNea9h
'
Cmthlyslnf"ew"
1 0
•
O
x l 0
0
A. melegNs
x
1
1 6
1
M
1
i A
APPENDIX A-1. Percent coral coverage data from photo -quadrat transects conducted off of the O'oma APPENDIX A-2. Percent coral coverage data from photo -quadrat transects conducted off of the O'om;
Development, North Kona Hawaii. Development, North Kona Hawaii.
TRANSECT SITE:
OOMA
MEAN CORAL COVER
MEAN CORAL COVER
36.8 %
T-1 10 m
T-1 6m
STD. DEV.
25.9
STD. DEV.
17.6
November 3, 2002
DATE:
November 3, 2002
SPECIES COUNT
8
SPECIES COUNT
8
5
SPECIES DIVERSITY
1.36
SPECIES DIVERSITY
1.16
SPECIES DIVERSITY
SPECIES
QUADRAT
SPECIES
SPECIES
QUADRAT
2 3
SPECIES
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8 9
10
3
TOTAL
Pontes lobate
18
6
15
10
72
58 26 22
3
23.0
Podtes compresse
3.1
2
5
8 2
2
2
10 12
0.4
Pociilopors meanddna
4
4
4
11
2
2 5 5
18
5.1
Pocillopore eydouxi
21
21
13
18
1
21
3.9
6.0
Montipora patule
1 4
12
1
3 2
2
1.5
Fungis scutada
1.2
Montlpore verrucose
4
6
1
12
0.1
Le tastrea DurDurea
5
0.7
Pavona verians
2
3
15
0.3
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
82
58 18
0.2
Pal hoe tuberbulosa
44 20 65
23 62
42.5
2
31
23
32
0.2
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
45
26
20
41
74
62 26 26 27
21
36.8
Limestone
69
Basalt
6
42 82
50
60
47 80 31
0.0
Dead Pocillopora
Rubble
55
27.4
Rubble
50
0.0
Basalt
55
74
80
59
26
38 74 74 73
79
63.2
Rubble
31
4 42 30
38
55
27.4
0.0
NON -CORAL TOTAL
55
74
80
59
26
38 74 74 73
79
63.2
TRANSECT SITE:
OOMA
MEAN CORAL COVER
42.5 %
18.8 %
T-1 10 m
T-1 20 m
STD. DEV.
25.9
STD. DEV.
DATE:
November 3, 2002
DATE:
November 3, 2002
SPECIES COUNT
8
SPECIES COUNT
6
5
SPECIES DIVERSITY
1.36
SPECIES
1.26
SPECIES DIVERSITY
SPECIES
QUADRAT
SPECIES
SPECIES
1
2 3
4
5
6 7 8
9 10
TOTAL
Podtes lobate
46
27 12
3
TOTAL
28 18 37
4 48
22.3
Podtes compresse
28
16
12 4 2 5
5
3
Podtes compresse
3.1
Pocillopora meanddna
5
8 2
2
15
10 12
19 28
10.1
Pocillopora eydouxi
4
2
12
1
1.2
Mondpors patule
-
21
13
11
1
4
3.9
Monlipore verrucose
3
1 4
4
1
3 2
2
1.5
Fungis scutada
1.4
1
4
3
12
0.1
Le tastrea DurDurea
5
0.1
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
23
3
15
0.3
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
82
58 18
18
15
44 20 65
23 62
42.5
Limestone
31
23
32
40
9 4
6
9.1
Dead Pocillopora
12
49
25 63 60 96
77
0.0
Basalt
69
Basalt
6
42 82
50
60
47 80 31
77 12
48.7
Rubble
55
27.4
Rubble
50
0.0
NON -CORAL TOTAL
18
42 82
82
100
56 BO 35
77 18
1 57.8
TRANSECT SITE`-OOMA
OOMA
MEAN CORAL COVER
18.8 %
T-1 20 m
STD. DEV.
7.6
12.9
DATE:
November 3, 2002
November 4, 2002
SPECIES COUNT
6
5
SPECIES DIVERSITY
1.26
SPECIES DIVERSITY
SPECIES
SPECIES
QUADRAT
I
SPECIES
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8 9
10
TOTAL
Pontes lobate
3
13
13
14
16
12 4 2 5
5
8.7
Podtes compresse
1
5
1
15
18
13 2 6
0.2
Pocillopore meanddne
4
2
18
1
2.5
Podllopore eydouxi
19
11
26 6 2
11
5
18
Pocilopore eydouxi
5.9
Mondpore vemrcosa
6
4
1
4 2 2
1
1.4
Podtes S. canvexa
4
3
12
1
17
5
0.1
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
23
32
15
25
19
16 6 22 23
7
18.8
Limestone
21
29
31
23
43
4.3
Dead Pocillopora
8
Limestone
66
73
49
25 63 60 96
77
0.0
Basalt
69
68
85
75
81
84 94 78 77
79 58
71.1
Rubble
32
55
27.4
Rubble
50
5.0
NON -CORAL TOTAL
1 77
68
85
75
81
84 94 78 77
93
80.4
TRANSECT SITE:
OOMA
MEAN CORAL COVER '
43.2 %
T-2 6 m
STD. DEV.
19.3
12.9
DATE:
November 4, 2002
November 4, 2002
SPECIES COUNT
6
5
SPECIES DIVERSITY
1.18
SPECIES DIVERSITY
SPECIES
SPECIES
QUADRAT
I
SPECIES
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8
9 10
TOTAL
Porites lobate
34
28
49
17
25
52 10 8
13 19
25.5
Pocillopore meanddna
19
5
2
15
18
13 2 6
8.0
Pocillopora eydouxi
18
5.5
6 21
8 11
6.4
Monlipore patule
18
8
26 6 2
16
5
4
Pocilopore eydouxi
1.7
Mondpora verrucose
6
3
2.6
0.9
Pavona vedans
4
3
12
4 2
17
5
0.7
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
63
65
51
32
48
75 33 14
21 30
43.2
Dead Pocillopora
21
29
31
23
12
11.6
Limestone
4.0
Limestone
66
73
49
25 63 60 96
77
0.0
Basalt
16
6
49
68
21
25 67 63
79 58
45.2
Rubble
32
55
27.4
Rubble
0.0
NON -CORAL TOTAL
37
35
49
68
52
25 67 86
79 70
1 45.2
TRANSECT SITE:
OOMA
MEAN CORAL COVER
68.6 %
T-210 m
STD. DEV.
28.9
12.9
DATE:
DATE:
November 4, 2002
SPECIES COUNT
SPECIES COUNT
5
SPECIES DIVERSITY
0.71
SPECIES DIVERSITY
1.09
SPECIES
QUADRAT
QUADRAT
1
1
SPECIES
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8
9
10
68
TOTAL
Podtes lobate
47
54
37
43
43
54 39 68
29
31
44.5
Podtes compresse
46 23 13
18
14
12 11
5.5
Pocillopora meanddna
19
0.7
2
18
14
26 6 2
16
9
11.2
Pocilopore eydouxi
47.9
26
2.6
Monli ora verrucose
Limestone
8
12
4 2
17
5
4.8
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
66
80
65
75
69
96 58 70
62
45
68.6
Dead Pocillopors
13
12
9
6
NON -CORAL TOTAL
4.0
Limestone
66
73
49
25 63 60 96
77
52.1
0.0
Basalt
21
20
35
25
19
4 42 21
32
55
27.4
Rubble
0.0
NON -CORAL TOTAL
34
20
35
25
31
4 42 30
38
55
27.4
TRANSECT SITE:
OOMA
MEAN CORAL COVER
47.9 %
T-210 m
STD. DEV.
28.9
DATE:
November 4, 2002
SPECIES COUNT
3
SPECIES DIVERSITY
0.71
SPECIES
QUADRAT
SPECIES
1
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8 9
10
TOTAL
Podtes lobate
64
68
29
23
32
29 14 24 3
23
30.9
Pontes compresse
31
25
5
4
16
46 23 13
16.3
Monf1pora verrucose
3
3 1
0.7
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
95
93
34
27
51
75 37 40 4
23
47.9
Dead Pocillopora
0.0
Limestone
0.0
Basalt
5
7
66
73
49
25 63 60 96
77
52.1
Rubble
0.0
NON -CORAL TOTAL
5
7
66
73
49
25 63 60 96
77
52.1
•
•
APPENDIX A-3. Percent coral coverage data from photo -quadrat transects conducted off of the O'om;
Development, North Kona Hawaii.
TRANSECT SITE:
OOMA
MEAN CORAL COVER
MEAN CORAL COVER
46.2 %
T-410 m
T-3 6 m
STD. DEV.
STD. DEV.
24.6
14.5
DATE:
DATE:
November 4, 2002
SPECIES COUNT
SPECIES COUNT
5
3
SPECIES DIVERSITY
1.08
SPECIES DIVERSITY
1.13
SPECIES
QUADRAT
QUADRAT
QUADRAT
SPECIES
1
SPECIES
3
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8
9
10
TOTAL
Porites lobeta
20
21
14
20
11
32 23 23
15
6
16.5
Pocillopora meandrfna
22
5
21
29
13
16 6 6
3
Pocillopora meandrfna
12.1
Po�illopora eydouxi
3
18
35
5
21
18 31 13
14
23
15.2
Pavona verians
22
9
4
28
6
31 18 18
4
24
0.4
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
42
44
70
49
24
66 60 42
36
29
46.2
Dead Pocillopora
12
3
19
5
29
14 18
26
35.6
12.3
Limestone
10
6
11
8
14
8
38
59
9.5
Basalt
36
50
5
38
33
20 40 32
12
71
32.0
Rubble
81
96
54 96 84 66
71
62.5
17
9.7
6
0.0
NON -CORAL TOTAL •
56
56
30
51
76
34 40 58
64
71
53.6
TRANSECT SITE:
OOMA
MEAN CORAL COVER
MEAN CORAL COVER
62.7 %
T-410 m
T-310 m
STD. DEV.
STD. DEV.
24.6
12.9
DATE:
DATE:
November 4, 2002
SPECIES COUNT
SPECIES COUNT
5
5
SPECIES DIVERSITY
1.08
SPECIES DIVERSITY
1.25
SPECIES
QUADRAT
QUADRAT
QUADRAT
SPECIES
1
SPECIES
3
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8
9
10
TOTAL
Portles lobeta
34
47
45
26
31
38 39 17
8
39
32.4
Pontes compresse
4
13
0.9
3
B
3
1
Pocillopora meandrfna
0.6
Pocillopore meandrfne
3
18
16
5
21
6 12
23
20
12.4
Poclllopore eydouxi
22
9
4
28
6
31 18 18
5.5
24
13.6
Montipors verrucose
4
11
3
3
4
2
2
Montlpors pelute
1.6
Monti re patula
76
3
64
5
3
6 4
29
35.6
2.1
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
63
77
68
70
65
77 66 51
31
59
62.7
Dead Pocillopora
23
9
5
8
40
6
12
14
7.7
Limestone
81
96
54 96 84 66
71
62.5
17
9.7
6
1.7
Basalt
14
14
14
22
35
34 49
57
27
26.6
Rubble
54 96 84 66
71
64.4
64
41
33 10 43
47
45
0.0
NON -CORAL TOTAL
37
23
19 •-
30
35
23 34 49
69
41
36.0
TRANSECT SITE:
OOMA
MEAN CORAL COVER
MEAN CORAL COVER
35.6 %
T-410 m
T-3 20 m
STD. DEV.
STD. DEV.
24.6
14.1
DATE:
November 4, 2002
November 4, 2002
SPECIES COUNT
6
5
6
SPECIES DIVERSITY
1.08
SPECIES DIVERSITY
SPECIES
SPECIES
QUADRAT
QUADRAT
SPECIES
SPECIES
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8 9
10
TOTAL
Porites lobate
47
42
47
6
4
28 4 14 34
4
23.0
Pontes compressa
16 19 27
5
25
27.4
Poriles compressa
4
13
0.9
Porftes brighami
B
3
1
Pocillopora meandrfna
0.4
Pocillopora meandrfne
23
0.1
Poclllopora meandrina
18
11
11
11
Pocillopors eydouxi
14
Pocillopora eydouxi
6.5
Pod7lopora eydouxi
13
11
8
14 34 12
5.5
24
25
2.5
Montivors verrucose
11
6
5
2
19
2
Montlpors pelute
2.6
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
76
64
64
19
4
46 4 16 34
29
35.6
Dead Poclllopors
11
8
2
2
1.9
Limestone
0.2
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
77
39
60
34
40
0.0
Basalt
13
36
28
81
96
54 96 84 66
71
62.5
Rubble
9.7
6
13.5
Limestone
0.0
NON -CORAL TOTAL
1 24
36
36
81
96
54 96 84 66
71
64.4
APPENDIX A4. Percent coral coverage data from photo -quadrat transects conducted off of the O'om;
Development, North Kona Hawaii.
TRANSECT SITE:
OOMA
MEAN CORAL COVER
MEAN CORAL COVER
50.4 %
T-410 m
T-4 6 m
STD. DEV.
STD. DEV.
18.6
14.1
DATE:
DATE:
November 4, 2002
SPECIES COUNT
SPECIES COUNT
5
6
SPECIES DIVERSITY
1.34
SPECIES DIVERSITY
1.24
SPECIES
QUADRAT
QUADRAT
QUADRAT
SPECIES
2
SPECIES
2 3
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8
9
10
TOTAL
Porites lobata
52
23
46
13
19
16 19 27
34
25
27.4
Poriles compressa
2 8 8
13
4
Poclllopore meandrfna
B
3
11.8
Pocillopora meandrfna
0.4
Pocillopora meandrfne
23
14
8
21
21
4
16
Pocillopors eydouxi
10.7
Pocillopora eydouxi
12
11
13
11
8
14 34 12
5.5
24
8.4
Montipora patula
2
5 '
4
19
1.5
Montlpors pelute
2.1
Montipore verrucose
61
2
3
60
92
7
3
Le tastrea purpurea
1.2
Le tastrea purpurea
2
2
0.2
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
0.2
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
77
39
60
34
40
41 72 39
53
49
50.4
Dead Pocillopora
13
24
11 5
11
19
26 18 18
9.7
6
13.5
Limestone
0.0
Basalt
0.0
Basalt
10
37
40
64
41
33 10 43
47
45
37.0
Rubble
0.0
NON -CORAL TOTAL
0.0
NON -CORAL TOTAL
23
61
40
75
60
59 28 61
47
51
50.5
TRANSECT SITE:
OOMA
MEAN CORAL COVER
64.2 %
22.2 %
T-410 m
T-4 20 m
STD. DEV.
STD. DEV.
18.6
DATE:
November 4, 2002
SPECIES COUNT
4
5
SPECIES DIVERSITY
1.34
SPECIES
QUADRAT
QUADRAT
SPECIES
SPECIES
2
1
2 3
4
5
6 7
8
9
10
TOTAL
Poriles lobeta
20
42 28
46
21
32 66
18
18
14
30.5
Pontes compresse
72
16
2 8 8
13
6 8
Poclllopore meandrfna
B
3
11.8
Pocillopora meandrfna
1
21 32
11
22
8 9
12
11
17
14.4
Pocillopors eydouxi
12
11
13
11
8
40
5.5
Mohllpora verrucosa
30
6
Dead Poclllopora
Limestone
5 '
4
1.5
Montlpors pelute
0.0
0.0
Basalt
61
74
3
60
92
91 84 88 74
0.3
Le tastrea purpurea
Rubble
2
0.2
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
93
79 66
69
67
64 86
41
43
34
64.2
Dead Pocillopora
18
18
12
11 5
27
6
9.7
Limestone
0.0
Basalt
7
21 16
13
21
25 9
32
51
68
26.1
Rubble
0.0
NON -CORAL TOTAL
7
21 34
31
33
36 14
59
57
66
35.8
TRANSECT SITE:
OOMA
MEAN CORAL COVER
22.2 %
T-4 20 m
STD. DEV.
11.2
DATE:
November 4, 2002
SPECIES COUNT
4
SPECIES DIVERSITY
0.70
SPECIES
QUADRAT
SPECIES
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8 9
10
TOTAL
Pontes lobeta
31
24
14
29
5
9 14 4 18
24
17.2
Porites compresse
2
6
3
2 8 8
6
3.5
Poclllopore meandrfna
B
5
1.3
Monti ore verrucosa
2
0.2
QUAD CORAL TOTAL
39
26
16
40
8
9 16 12 26
30
22.2
Dead Poclllopora
Limestone
-
0.0
0.0
Basalt
61
74
84
60
92
91 84 88 74
70
77.8
Rubble
0.0
NON -CORAL TOTAL
1 61
74
84
60
92
91 84 88 74
70
77.8
Marine Water Chemistry
(Marine Research Consultants)
While all planning and construction activities will place a high priority on maintaining the
1. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE
Clifto's Kona Coast LLC is currently planning the'O'oma II Development on a 83 -acre
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
site on the West Coast of the Island of Hawaii. The proposed phase of development
by
Includes multi-famity housing and transient housing, as well as retail, commercial and
'O'OMA II DEVELOPMENT,
office space. The development, which is bounded to the east by the Queen Kaahumanu
NORTH KONA, HAWAII
Highway, lies between Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA), to the
Prepared far
north, and the Kohana'iki ahupua'a to the south. The westemmost boundary of the
Honolulu,
property is approximately 4,000 feet from the shoreline. At present the lands between
WATER CHEMISTRY
the development parcel and the ocean are completely undeveloped. The property is one
733 Bishop St., Suite
., Suite 2
mile south of the Keahole Airport, and seven miles north of Kailua- Kona (Figure 1).
While all planning and construction activities will place a high priority on maintaining the
existing pristine nature of the marine environment, it is nevertheless important to
address any potential impacts that may be associated with the planned project. None of
the proposed land uses includes any direct alteration of the coastal areas or nearshore
by
waters. The potential exists, however, for the project to affect the composition and
volume of groundwater that flows beneath the project site, as well as surface runoff
Marine Research Consultants
emanating from the project. As all groundwater that could be affected by the project
Prepared far
subsequently reaches the ocean, it is recognized that there is potential for the project to
Honolulu,
affect the marine environment. This concern is especially critical for the'O'oma II
Plan
Helber, Hastert and Fee, Planners
Project owing to the Gose proximity of the NELHA facilities, which rely on pristine ocean
733 Bishop St., Suite
., Suite 2
waters. In addition, the shoreline fronting the project is a prime recreational area and is
Honolulu,
heavily utilized for surfing, swimming and fishing. Therefore, important questions include
the potential impacts from soil, fertilizers, and other chemicals which could cause
alterations to water quality and marine life.
In the interest of addressing these concerns and assuring maintenance of
environmental quality, a baseline marine environmental assessment and potential
impact analysis of the nearshore areas off the'O'oma II property was conducted in
by
November 2002. The rationale of this assessment was to determine the contribution of
to the marine environments in the vicinity of the'O'oma II Development,
Marine Research Consultants
and to evaluate the effects that this Input has on water quality at the present time, prior
and
Drive
4487 Sierra Drive
to the commencement of any new construction activities. Combining this information
Honolulu,
with estimates of changes in groundwater and surface water flow rates and chemical
composition that could result from the project, will provide a basis to evaluate the
potential effects to the marine environments. Predicted changes in groundwater and
surface water flow rates have been supplied by Tom Nance Water Resource
Engineering (TNWRE 2002). Results of the combined evaluation will Indicate if, and to
what degree, there is the potential for negative effects to the aquatic environments from
the proposed project.
During an earlier (and much larger) proposed scenario to develop the'O'oma II
property, a similar marine assessment program was carded out by Marine Research
December 15, 2002
Consultants. The earlier work included four Increments of sampling water chemistry
constituents conducted in 1990-1992. Hence, by repeating the same sampling protocol
in 2002, it is possible to evaluate not only the existing state of marine water quality off
the proposed site, but also to assess if any changes have occurred over the past
decade. Water samples were collected at essentially the some locations In 2002 as in
the four 199D-1992 surveys. Thus, comparisons of survey results can serve as a means
of determining the magnitude of variation of water chemistry on a temporal basis, and to
predict what effects the proposed activities Will have on the coastal ocean. The
assessment program can also serve as a baseline if permitting requirements include a
repetitive monitoring program during the course of construction and operation of the
'O'oma II project.
11. METHODS
Three transect survey sites were established in the vicinity of the'O'oma II property for
the initial monitoring program in 1990, and were also utilized for the 2002 survey. In the
1990 program Site 1 was located off the public bathhouse located to the north of the
northern property boundary (this site was selected so as to be able to differentiate
inputs from the'O'oma II area and neighboring facilities). Because the northern
boundary of the present'O'oma project is further south than the previous project site,
Sampling Site 1 was also moved south to the location shown in Figure 1. Site 2 is
located off the approximate center of the property; and Site 3 is located near the
southern boundary at Puhili Point (see Figure 1).
Water quality was evaluated at each site on transects that were oriented perpendicular
to the shoreline and depth contours. Water samples were collected at seven locations
on each transect from just seaward of the shoreline to approximately 500 meters (m)
offshore (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 m). Sampling locations Were determined by boat -
mounted differential GPS. Such a sampling scheme was designed to span the greatest
range of salinity With respect to potential freshwater efflux at the shoreline. Sampling
was more concentrated in the nearshore zone because this area is most likely to show
the effects of shoreline modification. With the exception of the two locations nearest to
shore, samples were collected at two depths; a surface sample was collected within
approximately 10 centimeters (an) of the sea surface, and a bottom sample was
collected within 1 m of the sea floor. Samples were also collected from an open ocean
station located approximately one kilometer (km) from shore. The sampling locations (in
terms of distance from shore) were altered slightly from the 1990-1992 monitoring so
as to comply With the recently adopted Water Quality Standards specific to the West
Coast of Hawaii. These slight changes in distances from shore where samples were
collected does not affect to capability to compare water quality between the two survey
periods.
During November 2002, samples were also collected from an anchialine pond located
approximately 50 in behind the shoreline near the southern boundary of the property,
and from a monitoring well located on the'O'oma 11 development site. In order to
determine chemical concentrations in unaltered groundwater, samples were also
collected from the Kalaau well operated by the County of Hawaii (see report by Tom
Nance Water Resources Engineering for locations of wells and results of waif water
analyses).
O'. It De�ent Page 2
M e Wath UeMitry Assesenent
Water quality parameters evaluated included the ten specific criteria designated for
open coastal waters in Chapter 11-54, Section 06 (Open Coastal waters) of the Stale of
Hawaii Department of Health (DOH) Water Quality Standards. These criteria include:
total nitrogen (TN), nitrate + nitrite nitrogen (NO3- + NO2. hereafter referred to as NO3 ),
ammonium nitrogen (NHe'), total phosphorus (TP), Chlorophyll a (Chi a), turbidity,
temperature, pH and salinity. In addition, orthophosphate phosphorus (00,-) and silica
(Si) Were also reported because these parameters are sensitive indicators of biological
activity and the degree of groundwater mixing.
All fieldwork was conducted on November 1, 2002 using a 22 -foot boat. Samples from 1
and 10 meters offshore were collected from the beach. The sea conditions were calm
with light westerly winds light (5-10 knots) during the survey. Surf of 2-3 feet was
breaking on the shoreline reef. Shoreline and surface Water samples were collected by
opening pre -rinsed, 14iter polyethylene bottles and filling just below ocean surface.
'Deep' water samples were collected using a Niskin-type oceanographic sampling
bottle. The bogie is lowered to the desired sampling depth (approximately 1-2 off the
bottom) with spring-loaded endcaps held open so water can pass freely through the
bottle. At the desired sampling depth, a Weighted messenger released from the surface
triggers closure of the endcaps, isolating a volume of water.
Subsamples for nutrient analyses were immediately placed in 125-mi1liliter (ml)
acid -washed, triple rinsed, polyethylene bottles and stored on Ice. Analyses for Si, NIV.
PW, and NO3 were performed with a Technicon Autoanatyzer using standard
methods for seawater analysis (Strickland and Parsons 1968, Grasshoft 1983). TN and
TP were analyzed in a similar fashion following digestion. Total organic nitrogen (TON)
and total organic phosphorus (TOP) were calculated as the difference between TN and
dissolved inorganic N, and TP and dissolved Inorganic P, respectively.
Water for other analyses was subsampled from 1 -liter polyethylene bottles and kept
chilled until analysis. Chi a was measured by filtering 300 ml of water through
glass -fiber filters; pigments on filters were extracted In 90% acetone in the dark at -20'
C for 12-24 hours. Fluorescence before and after acidification of the extract was
measured with a Turner Designs fluorometer. Salinity was determined using an AGE
Model 2100 laboratory salinometer with a readability of 0.0001%0 (ppt).
In-situ field measurements included water temperature and pH using a field meter with a
readability of 0.01 r1C and 0.01 pH units. Turbidity was determined in the field using a
DRT-13CE field meter, and reported in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Dissolved
oxygen was measured with a Royce Model 91 field meter.
All laboratory analyses were conducted by the University of Washington, School of
Oceanography Marine Chemistry Laboratory, which possess the appropriate
acceptability ratings from the U.S. EPA.
O'txna 11 Development Page 3
Marine Water aerni t Assessment
III. RESULTS
1. Horizontal Stratification
Tables 1 and 2 show results of all water chemistry analyses for samples collected off
the'O'oma II site in 2002. Table 1 shows concentrations of dissolved nutrients In
micromolar (pM) units; Table 2 shows concentrations in micrograms per liter (pglL).
Concentrations of eight dissolved nutrient constituents in surface and deep samples are
plotted as functions of distance from the shoreline in Figure 2. Values of salinity,
turbidity, Chi a and turbidity as functions of distance from shore are shown in Figure 3.
Several patterns of distribution am evident in Tables 1 and 2 and Figures 2 and 3. It can
be seen in Figure 2 that the dissolved nutrients Si, NO3-, PO4', TP and TN display an
elevation in concentration in the samples collected 10 m from the shoreline at Site 1.
Salinity displays the opposite bend, with sharply lower concentrations in the nearshore
samples at Site 1 (Figure 3). Substantially smaller horimmal gradients as functions of
distance from shore were evident at Sites 2 and 3.
These patterns are a result of concentrated input of groundwater to the ocean near the
shoreline at Site 1. Low salinity groundwater, which typically contains high
concentrations of Si, NO3, and P043 percolates to llre ocean at the shoreline, resulting
in a nearshore zone of mixing. In many areas of the Hawaiian Islands, such
groundwater percolation results in steep horizontal gradients of increasing minify and
decreasing nutrients moving seaward.
It can be seen that at Site 1, groundwater (e.g., elevated Si, NO3-and decreased
salinity) is evident in surface samples to a distance of 100 m from shore (Figures 2 and
3). At Sites 2 and 3, input of groundwater at the shoreline is small compared to Site 1.
Concentrations of Si, NO3 and PO4' at the sampling sites nearest to the shoreline at
Site 2 and 3 are an order of magnitude less than corresponding samples at Site 1.
Correspondingly, the lowest salinity at the shoreline sampling station of Sites 2 and 3
was 34.7896., compared to 34.48%. at Site 1 (Figures 2 and 3).
Water chemistry parameters that are not associated with groundwater Input (TON, TOP)
show the same pattern of decreasing concentration with respect to distance from the
shoreline as TN and TP, respectively. Concentrations of NFW are elevated in samples
collected within 10 m of the shoreline at all three sites. Beyond 10 m from shore,
concentrations of NH4* are near the level of detection in all samples.
Similar to the patterns of dissolved inorganic nutrients, the distribution of Chi a also
displays peaks near the shoreline for all samples. Beyond 10 m from the shoreline, the
concentration of Chi a in surface waters is essentially constant across the sampling
scheme (Figure 3). Turbidity is slightly higher in the nearshore samples at all transects,
and is generally similar in magnitude at all three stations, with the exception of the
(Figure 3). Temperature showed slight elevation in the samples nearest the shoreline
(Tables 1 and 2). There was no evidence of cool groundwater emerging at the
shoreline.
O'oma it Development Page 4
Mein. Water Ue Pdo, Assessment
It can be seen in Tables 1 and 2 that chemical concentrations at the most seaward
sampling stations (500 m from shore) at all three sites am similar to values measured in
open ocean samples. These similarities suggest that at the seaward boundary of the
sampling transacts. there are no distinguishable effects to water quality from activities
on land.
2. Vertical Stratification
Tables 1 and 2 and Figures 2 and 3 also show concentrations of water chemistry
parameters as functions of distance from shore in samples collected from surface and
deep water. It can be seen in Figures 2 and 3 that for some parameters, there is a
distinct variation between surface and deep samples. At the sampling stations at Site 1
where surface and deep samples were collected, surface values of Si and NO3 were
substantially higher than deep values, while salinity was lower in surface samples
relative to deep samples from the same location. The mix of groundwater and ocean
water in the cove at Site 1 creates a buoyant surface lens of low salinity, high nutrient
water that is evident to a distance of 100 m from shore at Site 1 (Tables 1 and 2).
A distinct surface lens was not apparent, however, at Sites 2 and 3 where values of
surface and deep samples were nearly identical. At Sites 2 and 3, where groundwater
efflux was not evident, there is no discernible vertical stratification of the water column.
Nutrient constituents not associated with groundwater input (NH4', TON and TOP) do
not exhibit any discernible relationship with respect to vertical stratification (Figure 3).
Turbidity, however, also showed a consistent trend with surface values consistently
elevated relative to bottom values (Figure 3). Concentrations of Chi a at Site 3, on the
other hand, were generally higher in bottom samples relative to surface samples.
Continuous vertical profiles of salinity and temperature acquired with an instrument that
continuously records conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) at each of the
sampling stations at 10 m from the shoreline verify the patterns exhibited in the plots of
surface and deep samples (see Figures 7 and 8 in report by Tom Nance Water
Resources Engineering), At all three sites, vertical gradients of salinity were very small,
with a depression of salinity (- 0.296) and temperature (-0.3nC) in the upper two
meters of the water column. From a depth of 2 m to the bottom, the water column is
essentially homogeneous with respect to salinity and temperature at all sampling sites.
3. Temporal Comparison of Monitoring Results
Tables 3 and 4 show the geometric mean values from four water chemistry sampling
surveys conducted o8 the 'O'ome II site in 1990-1992. To compare the data from 19W
1992 to the 2002 data, both sets of data em plotted versus distance from the shoreline
(Figures 4 and 5). It must be stated at the outset of the comparison of data sets that two
different labs were employed to carry out the analysis, as the laboratory used for the
1990-92 data Is no longer in operation. Therefore, some of the differences may be
attributable to unavoidable variations in laboratory technique. However, in general inter-
O'rana n Development Page 5
Marine water g e"s" Assessment
lab differences are small, and most of the variation can be attributable to environmental
factors. The most evident differences between results occurs for TN, which was
consistently higher In 2002 relative to 1990-92, and NH4', which was consistently lower
in 2002 compared to 1990.92 (Figure 4).
The only substantial difference In the data separated by about 10 years is evident at
Site 1. During the 1990.92 sampling, groundwater discharge was far more prominent at
Site 1 than during 2002. During both sets of data, however, groundwater input at Site 1
was higher than at either of the other two transects. The difference is likely a result of
sampling in the 1990's further north, in the proximity of a large lava tube that terminated
near the shoreline. At Sites 2 and 3, water chemistry is very similar between the two
data sets. The range of SI values at Transects 2 and 3 was 2 - 16 pM in 1990-92
compared to 2.6 pM in 2002, while concentrations of NO3' ranged from 0.04 - 0.29
pM in 1990-92 and 0.02 - 0.23 pM In 2002. Salinity values were slightly lower in 1990-
92
990.92 (range of 32.2 - 34.6%) compared M 2002 (range of 34.7 - 35.2'16.) (Tables 1 and 3).
Comparison of Chi a concentrations during the two sampling periods shows somewhat
of an opposite trend as nutrients. Concentrations of Chi a were consistently higher at all
three transects in 2002 compared to 1990.92 (Tables 1 and 3. Figure 5). However,
values of Chi a were below DOH regulatory limits (Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 11,
Chapter 54) during both periods of data collection (Tables 1 and 3). Turbidity
measurements also exhibited slightly higher values in 2002 compared to the mean
values in 1990-92. As with Chi a, however, all values were below DOH regulatory limits
(Tables 1 and 3).
In sum, with the exception of detection of substantially greater groundwater flux in the
nearshore ocean at Site 1, water chemistry at the'O'oma II site is very similar between
the two sampling periods of 1990.92 and 2002. Such comparison suggests that there is
presently no activity on land that is affecting marine water quality differently than
occurred a decade ago.
4. Conservative Mixing Analysis
A useful treatment of water chemistry data for interpreting the extent of material input
from land is application of a hydrographic mixing model. In the simplest form, such a
model consists of plotting the concentration of a dissolved chemical species as a
function of salinity. The concept of using such mixing models which scale nutrient
concentrations to salinity has been recently used by the State of Hawaii Department of
Health for establishing a unique set of water quality standards for the West Coast of the
Island of Hawaii [Hawaii Administrative Rules, §11-54-06 (d)].
Figure 6 shows plots of the concentrations of Si, NOS, PO4}, and NH4* as functions of
salinity for the samples collected at each station in November 2002, as well as the
geometric means of four sets of samples collected at the same sites In 1990.92. Each
graph also shows conservative mixing lines constructed by connecting the endmember
concentrations of open ocean water collected at the same time as the other water
samples, and groundwater from a potable well located upslope of the'O'oma II site.
01. rs Dauelo.mant Page
Comparison of the curves produced by the distribution of data with conservative mixing
lines provides an indication of the origin and fate of the material in question. If the
parameter in question displays purely conservative behavior (i.e., no input or removal
from any process other than physical mixing), data points should fall on, or near, the
conservative mixing line. If however, external material is added to the system through
processes such as leaching of fertilizer nutrients to groundwater, data points will fall
above the mixing line. If material is being removed from the system by processes such
as biological uptake, data points will fall below the mixing line.
Dissolved Si represents a check on the model as this material is present in high
concentration in groundwater, but is not a major component of fertilizer. In addition, Si
is not utilized rapidly within the nearshore environment by biological processes. It can
be seen in Figure 6 that the most data points for both dates fall in a linear easy close to,
or slightly above, the conservative mixing line for the respective sampling period. Such
a pattern supports the conclusion that Si is behaving as a conservative tracer and that
well water sampled from the upslope well is similar in composition to groundwater
entering the ocean off the'O'oma II site. It is of interest that the salinity of the oceanic
endpoints and data is substantially different between sampling periods. Such a
difference (about 02%0) may represent a real increase in oceanic salinity in 2002
compared to 1990-92 owing to climatic variability, or may represent a consistent
variability in laboratory techniques. However, both sets of data were run on similar
Instruments which are standardized with universal standards, suggesting that the
differences are real.
The plots of NO; versus salinity show a similar distribution as St. In general, most of the
data points for each sampling period fall in a linear away near the respective
conservative mixing line. The spread of the data is substantially greater for the
geometric mean data in 1990.92, particularly for the samples with salinities less than
34.25%0. The consistent pattern of data points on, or below the mixing line Indicates
that there are no external inputs of NOj other than from natural groundwater at the
shoreline off the entire'O'oms II development site.
PO4� is also a major component of fertilizer and sewage. However, p04-3 is usually not
found to leach to groundwater to the extent of NO3 owing to a high absorptive affinity of
phosphorus in soils or rock. It can be seen in Figure 6 that most of the PO4> data
points in 2002 fall in dusters that have little linear relationshiir with the mixing lines.
Many of the samples with the highest concentrations of PO4 occurred at the highest
salinities, indicating that there Is little relationship between groundwater Input and PO4'
concentration. These results suggest that there are not substantial subsidies of PO i
entering the nearshore environment from sources other than naturally occurring
groundwater. The lack of an Inverse relationship suggests that the source of most of the
PO43 in the nearshore ocean is not from the land but rather from biological processes
occurring in the ocean.
The other form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, NH4', shows a different relationship than
Si, NOj7, but is similar to P044. Compared to other nutrients, there is little difference in
Madne WM CIM s" Rs5 wt
NH4* concentrations between open ocean water and well water resulting in a flatter
conservative mixing line (Figure 6). Plots of data points from both sampling dates show
a scattered pattern of distribution with respect to salinity with many of the highest
concentrations in samples with the highest salinities. Conversely, samples with the
lowest salinities contain the lowest concentrations of NW. The lack of an Inverse
relationship suggests that the source of most of the NH4' in the nearshore ocean is not
from the land but rather from biological processes occurring In the ocean. The lack of a
linear relationship between salinity and NH4* also is a good indicator that there is little or
no input to the ocean from leaching of cesspools or other sources, of sewage that might
occur in the upland coastal area.
5. Compliance with DOH Criteria
Shown in Tables 1 and 2 are samples that exceed the general DOH water quality
standards for open coastal waters under "dry' conditions (Chapter §11-54, HAR). The
criteria for dry conditions are applied to the 'O'oma If site as this area probably receives
less than 3 million gallons of groundwater input per mile per day IT. Nance, personat
communication).
Comparing water chemistry results from the'O'oma II samples collected in 2002 to
DOH standards reveals that only one measurement of NOS' exceeded the 10% criteria
for dry conditions, while no values exceeded the 2% criteria. As criteria for wet
conditions are higher than dry condition, none of the values exceed the wet criteria.
In addition to the specific criteria for open coastal waters discussed above, the latest
version of Chapter §1154, HAR (April 2000) also contains a set of criteria spedfically
applied to the West Coast of the Island of Hawai [§11-54-06 (d)]. These conditions
contain a set of geometric mean limits for waters where salinity exceeds 32%., as well
as a linear regression based on scaling nutrient concentrations to salinity for samples
with salinities below 32%.. Conditions for the linear regression Included sample
collection along horizontal transects at five distances from shore (1, 10, 50,100. 500
m), that were met with the present sampling program. However, the prerequisite of the
special conditions were not met, as none of the samples collected in the present Ooma
II data set had measured salinity less than 32%.. Nevertheless, when linear regression
analyses were performed on the nutrient date versus salinity, none of the slopes come
dose to exceeding the specific limits specified in the DOH West Hawaii criteria.
Therefore, at the present time, baseline conditions of water quality at the'O'oma II site
do not exceed any of the DOH water quality standards. However, the sampling scheme
utilized in the present report is designed to comply with DOH parameters should future
sampling require compliance with the specific criteria specified for West Hawaii. Such
conditions include using geometric means of three different sampling days within a
period not to exceed fourteen days.
O'oma 11 Develo t Page 8
Marne Water GeM" Assessment
6. Anchisline Pond
A single anchialine pond is located near the southern boundary of the property. By
definition, anchialine ponds are areas of exposed groundwater with no surface
connection to the ocean. The single pond on the'O'oma 11 property is located in the
center of a sinkhole with a floor elevation several feet lower than the surrounding lava
fields. The anchialine pond is under a dense canopy of trees. At present there Is a very
limited amount of exposed water in the pond (several square meters) at low tide, and
the pond bottom is lined with sediment and plant detritus. The water column throughout
the pond was extremely dear, with no apparent turbidity from suspended sediments or
phytoptankton. No layer of surface algae or organic scums that are often noted in older
ponds were present. The appearance of the pond in 2002 was not substantially different
than the last time it was examined in 1991.
The pond is presently In a final stage of senescence, and will soon be entirely filled In.
Documentation of the life history of anchialine ponds in Hawaii has shown that such
infilling Is part of the natural progression of these ponds. Even with the thick sediment
layer in the pond, red shrimp or opae'ula (Halocardins more) and glass shrimp
(Palasmon debilis) were abundant. The three snails common to anchialine ponds
(Assiminea sp. Melanie sp. and Theodoxus carfoss) were also observed. Alien fish
spades, which occur in many anchialine pools on West Hawaii, and are known to prey
on native shrimp, were not observed.
Examination of water chemistry constituents in the pond water (Tables 1 and 2) show
that the salinity (12.3 %.) is intermediate between upland well water (-0 %o) and ocean
water (-35%.). Similarly nutrients (with the exception of NH4*) are intermediate in
concentration between groundwater and ocean water, indicating that water within the
pond is a mixture of seaward flowing groundwater and seawater. Samples of anchialine
pond water were collected from the same locations in 1991 and 2002. Comparing
values of nutrient from the two periods reveals that concentrations of Si, NO3' and PO 3
were higher in 1991 relative to 2002 (Si = 525 pM in 1991, 590 pM in 2002; NW = 63
pM in 1991, 42 pM In 2002; P043 = 2.5 pM in 1991, 1.8 pM in 2002).
The concentrations of NH4*, however, were substantially higher in 2002 (3.4 pM)
compared to 1991 (0.7 pM). The Increased concentration of NH4* may represent a
contribution to the pond from unauthorized usage of the pond area by campers, or may
be a result of natural processes associated with the senesence of the pond.
Elevated nutrient concentrations (relative to the ocean) are a natural condition of
anchialine pond systems, owing to a balance between turnover of pond volume and
grazing by native pond biota. Such a balance is destroyed by the Introduction of alien
fish species, which prey on native shrimp. As the pond at'O'oma is presently Inhabited
by numerous native shrimp, but not by alien fish, the apparent elevation in NH4* does
not appear to be having a negative effect on the pond.
O'ama if Development Page 9
Marine Water O mis Assessment
N. DISCUSSION and CONCLUSIONS
The purpose of this baseline survey is to provide the information to make valid
evaluations of the potential for Impact to the marine environments from the proposed
'O'oma II Development The information collected for this study provides the basis to
understand the processes that are operating in the nearshore ocean, so as to be able to
address any concerns that might be raised In the planning process.
The proposed'O'oma II project does not include any plans for any direct alteration of
the shoreline or offshore areas. Therefore, potential impacts to the marine environment
can only be considered from activities on land that may result in delivery of materials
(fresh water, sediment, nutrients, and potentially toxic materials) to the ocean through
infiltration to groundwater, surface runoff and wind transport. The project may have an
Impact on groundwater as a result of: 1) subsurface disposal of treated wastewater from
onsile treatment, onsite disposal and onsite usage; 2) disposal of slormwater runoff; 3)
percolation of external water use, and 4) changes in potable water use. TNWRE (2002)
has estimated the changes in groundwater fiow rates and nutrient loading that reach the
shoreline from each of these factors. Presented below are considerations of potential
changes to the marine environment based on data collected for the assessment along
With the estimates of changes to groundwater parameters as calculated by Nance.
1. Sedimentation and Surface Runoff
A potential mechanism for negative impact to nearshore marine environment Is
increased sedimentation from wind and surface runoff as a consequence of grading and
changes in land use. There appears to be little potential for alteration to the pond and
marine communities offshore of'O'oma II from increased sedimentation associated with
the project for several reasons. The climate of the area is among the driest in the
Hawaiian Islands. On an annual basis rainfall is likely to be far exceeded by evaporation
at the proposed project site. Surface water runoff from storm events is infrequent or
even nonexistent. The pahoehoe composition of the land surface is highly porous and is
capable of absorbing rainfall with no surface runoff (TNWRE 2002). Even in the event of
heavy rainfall, the porous nature of the soil ground cover is such that sheet flow carrying
suspended sediment toward the ocean does not occur. Rather, most rainwater that
would enter the ocean as runoff would do so following percolation through the surface
rock layers to the water table, followed by groundwater extrusion at the shoreline
(TNWRE 2002).
Development of the site will convert much of the permeable land surface to
impermeable roadways, roof tops, parking areas, and other asphalt surfaces. On a local
scale, this will create surface runoff. However, all such runoff will likely be collected and
disposed of in dry wells or seepage pits. None will leave the site as surface runoff; all
will percolate to the basal lens, where sediment is effectively filtered from groundwater.
The project site is presently comprised of extensive areas of exposed soil and rock, with
relatively little vegetative groundcover. During the construction phases, it is likely that
permit regulations will limit the area of excavation at any one time, and require dust-
P..
ust-
bsesAneM
control measures. In addition, the predominant direction of wind (land breezes)
generated by thermal convection from solar heating of the land mass is inland, resulting
in transport of dust inland, and not toward the ocean. As a result, it appears that there is
little potential for significant Input of sediment to the marine environment resulting from
the proposed project.
Within the madne environment, the nearshore area contains locally high regions of
cover of calcareous sands of marine origin. Corals and other reef organisms are
capable of removing sediment suspended by natural phenomena, up to threshold levels
of deposition where cleaning mechanisms are overwhelmed and organisms become
buried. Because of the existence of natural sands, and the normal conditions of coastal
ocean turbulence which continually resuspend natural sediment, biotic community
structure Is presently adapted to extremes in sediment stress from natural conditions.
Organisms that do occur in the region are therefore capable of withstanding the stress
associated with large natural sediment bads. In comparison to the frequent natural
sediment resuspension within the study area, any additional input from land resulting
from construction activity would probably not have the potential to accumulate to the
point were organisms could be buried.
2. Alteration of Groundwater Flow
TNWRE (2002) provides a detailed description of the hydrology of the'O'oma area and
the potential for changes that may occur to groundwater discharge to the ocean in terms
of both a one -mile section of shoreline fronting the property, and a three-mile section
extending from Keahole Point to Honokohau Harbor. The aspects of the project
development that have the potential to change the groundwater flowrate and/or
chemistry are listed below, along with a brief description of the changes estimated by
TNWRE:
1) supplying potable water to the project from walls located in the high level aquifer
directly inland will decrease the recharge to the basal lens. In brief, Nance found that
groundwater withdrawals for potable use would reduce the basal groundwater beneath
the project by less than 1% of the total groundwater flow beneath both the one mile of
shoreline that encompasses the property frontage end the three miles of coastline
between Keahole Pt. and Honokohau Harbor. Similarly, removal of potable water will
decrease nutrient delivery to the ocean by less than 1 % of the delivery from 'natural"
groundwater that occurs at present.
2) disposal of wastewater generated on the project site by a seg -contained Ireatment
plant, with subsequent discharge into disposal wells will increase both groundwater flow
volume and nutrient loading. In fact, the large majority of change to groundwater
dynamics from the project occurs through on-site effluent disposal. Of the total Increase
of 7.1 % increase in groundwater flax rate across the one mile of shoreline fronting the
project, 7.0% is a result of wastewater disposal. Similarly, virtually all of the nutrient
subsidies to groundwater flowing under the site will be a result of wastewater disposal.
o'. if Deve]CMn t Page 11
Marine Water C WrMstry Assessment
3) Stormwater runoff and percolation to gmundwater will create a source of local
recharge with potential water quality consequences. As a find order approximation, it is
assumed that the volume of stormwater reaching groundwater at the project site will not
change after development. However, nutrient concentrations of stormwater may
increase. However, such an increase is small, accounting for less than 1% of the
increase in both nitrogen and phosphorus loading (TNWRE 2002). By comparison, the
increase in nutrient loading to the ocean from wastewater disposal is approximately 200
times greater than stormwater disposal.
4) Percolation of other external water uses such as excess landscape irrigation and
other miscellaneous outdoor uses of water are another source of local recharge with the
potenfial to impact groundwater chemistry. While most irrigation water is lost to
evaporation or plant evapotranspiration, some water would reach groundwater. For the
one -mile of shoreline scenario, about 13% of the increased groundwater discharge
would be a result of percolation of external water uses, while about 6% of the nitrogen
subsidy and 1 % of the phosphorus subsidy would be attributed to this source (TNWRE
2002).
Using than estimates of changes in composition and inputs/withdrawals, TNWRE
computed the total changes to the flowrete of groundwater to increase by about 0.214
mild (7.1 %) for the one mile shoreline discharge scenario, and 0.161 mgd (1.8%) for the
three mile shoreline discharge scenario. Changes in nutrient loading to the coastal
ocean would increase by about 2.15 lbs/day (5.6%) for nitrogen, and 0.71 lbs/day
(21.8%) for phosphorus for the one mile scenario. For the three mile shoreline scenario,
the percentage Increases are roughly one-third of the percentage Increases for one -mile
of shoreline.
When the concentrations of nitrogen in groundwater entering the ocean across one mile
of shoreline are calculated using the estimates of altered loading, there is a slight
decrease from approximately log pM to 107 pM. The reduction in the concentration of
N is a result of the greater percentage Increase in groundwater flow rete (7.1%) than
increase in N loading (5.6%). Hence, while the total bading of nitrogen will increase
slightly, the mass of nitrogen per unit volume of groundwater (e.g., concentration) will
decrease slightly.
Conversely, there will be a slight Increase in both the total loading, and the
concentration of phosphorus in groundwater entering the ocean following construction
of the project (4.7 pM) relative to the present situation (3.3 pM). The Increase in
concentration is a result of larger percentage subsidies of P loading (21.8%) compared
to percentage Increase in flow rater (7.1%). When these calculations are performed for
the three-mile shoreline scenario, all of the changes in N and P concentrations are
smaller than for the one -mile scenario.
All of than comparisons indicate that the proposed'O'oma II project will not have an
effect on water quality in the coastal ocean offshore of the project. The range of
measured concentration of TN in shoreline samples collected in November 2002 was
about 12-16 ^ Estimates by TNWRE indicate that the largest percentage increase in
N would be about 6%. If the measured concentrations in ocean water were increased by
such a percentage the range would raise the maximum value of TN to 17 pM. However,
because the percentage increase in flow rate exceeds the percentage increase in the
subsidy of nitrogen, the maximum concentration would actually decrease compared to
the present situation, resulting in what could be interpreted as improved water quality.
The situation with TP is slightly different, in that the maximum projected increase of
about 22% would raise the highest measured concentration from about 0.4pM to 0.5
pM. Such projected increases would still put the maximum measured ocean values
within DOH limits (Table 1).
In addition to the quantitative evaluation Of nutrient subsidies described above, it is
important to also consider the physical characteristics of the marine environment. No
strong gradients of nutrient concentrations were observed during the November 2002
sampling, and during previous sampling in the 1996s, only the nearshore area near Site
I displayed any gradient of groundwater mixing. The shoreline fronting the entire project
site consists of a basaltic reef bench that is exposed to waves. As a result, physical
processes rapidly mix seaward flowing groundwater with oceanic water, essentially
diluting the groundwater to background ocean levels within meters of the shoreline.
Because of the strong mixing characteristics, the small subsidies of nutrients that may
enter the ocean as a result of the project will be virtually undetectable, with no change
over the present conditions. The synthesis of than results indicate that the Impact to
the marine environment from the'O'oma 11 development will be insignificant.
V. SUMMARY
1. Evaluation of nearshore water chemistry off the proposed'O'oma II site was carried
out In November 2002. Thirly-eight water samples were collected from three Sites
located in the vicinity of the project. Water samples were collected on transacts
perpendicular to shore, extending from the shoreline to a distance of approximately 500
m offshore, and at one site 1,900 m offshore. Samples were also collected in an
amddaline pond near the southern boundary of the property. Analysis of fourteen water
chemistry constituents included all specific constituents in DOH water quality standards.
Sampling was similar to that conducted off the same site in 1990-92.
2. Several dissolved nutrients (NO3, PDA 3, and Si) displayed weak horizontal gradients
with highest values closest to shore and lowest values at the most seaward sampling
locations at Site 1. Correspondingly, salinity was lowest closest to the shoreline. At
Sites 2 and 3, horizontal gradients of nutrients that occur in high concentration in
groundwater were nearly undetectable.
3. Water chemistry constituents that are not major components of groundwater (NH4* ,
DON, DOP) did not display discernible gradients with respect to distance from the
shoreline, or depth in the water column. Chi a and turbidity were generally elevated in
nearshore samples with decreasing values moving seaward.
4. Comparative results from the four monitoring surveys conducted in 1990.92 at the
approximately the same locations as the November 2002 survey indicates that during all
"�'�"+""�'• - Mar a Water Che ort, Assessment
Marine WM Oiem Wy Assessment
sampling periods, the greatest groundwater efflux occurred at Site 1. The only major
differences in water chemistry between the two sampling periods were consistently
higher NIV in the 1990.92 samplings and consistently higher TN in the 2002 survey.
These results area likely a result of Inter-taboratory variability, rather than actual
changes in water chemistry.
5. Application of a hydrographic mixing model to the water chemistry data was used to
Indicate If increased nutrient concentrations are the result of mixing of natural
groundwater with oceanic water, or are the result of inputs from activities on land. The
model indicates that there are presently no external subsidies of NW nitrogen to the
ocean other than natural groundwater Input in either the 1990-92 or 2002 samplings.
There is aim no input of POa' or NH,' from activities on land that could subsidize
groundwater nutrient concentrations. The lack of discernible nutrient subsidies in the
nearshore groundwater -ocean water mixing zone indicates that them is presently no
input to the ocean from any sources of nutrients such as fertilizers or sewage effluent
from upslo m of the site.
6. Only are water sample exceeded State DOH standards for NOj during the 2002
sampling. Application of a linear regression model which is a component of DOH water
quality standards specific for West Hawaii showed no excesdance of any constituents.
7. Evaluations of changes to groundwater and stormwater flow rates resulting from the
project pedamed by Tom Nance Water Resources Engineering indicate that there will
be a potential increase of groundwater flow of 7.1% over present conditions in a one,
mile of coastline fronting the project, or a 1.8% increase in a three-mile section of
coastline extending from Keahole Point to Horokohau Harbor. Accompanying the
increase in flow rates are relatively small Increases in nutrient loading. Because the
percentage increase in loading of nitrogen is less than the percentage increase in flow
rate, the nitrogen concentrations in groundwater that enters the ocean will decrease
with the project in place. Even if measured concentrations of nutrients are Increased by
the projected percentage increases with the development in place, nearshore waters
are so well -mixed that there is little likelihood that concentrations will Increase beyond
water quality standards.
8. Overall, results of the water chemistry analysis indicate that presently there does not
appear to be any unusual material inputs or chemical processes occurring in marine
waters directly off the'O'oma 11 site. Changes of land use associated with the project
should rot change water quality of the offshore area to any discernible extent.
9. The water quality study conducted for this report can serve as an initial baseline for
any monitoring programs that may be required for the project.
REFERENCES CITED
Grasshoff, K. 1983. Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag Chemie,
Weinheim, 419 pp.
Strickland J. D. H. and T. R. Parsons. 1968. A practical handbook of
sea -water analysis. Fisheries Research Bd. of Canada, Bull. 167.311
P
O' m 11 oevempnent
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0'w a 11 Develomo
Page 15
Marine WeW Mens MY9DMnt
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FIGURE 1. Map showing location of O'oma II Project Site (in yellow) on West Coast of Island of Hawaii. Also shown are locations of three water
chemistry sampling transects that extend from the shoreline to approximately 500 meters offshore. Transect locations for Sites 2 and 3 are the
same as those sampled in 1990-1992; Site 1 in 2002 was located to the south of 1990-1992 location as a result of the change in northern
boundary of project.
IS
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FIGURE 5. Plots of water chemistry constituents as functions of distance from the shoreline collected on three
transects off the O'oma II Development on November 1 2002. Also plotted are the mean values from
four surveys conducted at the same locations from IW -1992. For site locations, see Figure 1,
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FIGURE 4. Plots of dissolved nutrients in surface samples collected on three transects off of the
O'oma li Development on November 1, 2002 and the mean value of four surveys from
1990 to 1992 at the same sampling stations as functions of distance from the shoreline
For site locations, see Figure 1.
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FICaURE 3. Plots of water chemistry consfitrieMs as functions of distance from the shoreline collected on
three transects off the 'oma q Development on November 1, 2002. "S" indicates surface sample;
"D" indicates deep sample. For site locations, see Figure 1.
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FIGURE 6. Mixing diagram showing concentration of dissolved nutrients from samples
collected off the O'oma It Development in November 2002 as functions of salinity.
Also shown are data that are the geometric means of four samplings conducted
at the same locations in 1990 through 1992. Straight lines in each plot are
conservative mixing lines constructed by connecting the concentrations in open
ocean water with well water from the Kalaau well located directly upslope from the
Ooma site. Solid line shows uses endpoint data from 2002: dashed tine shows
endpoint data from 1991.
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bur monitoring euneys M Odaber 199D, May and November 1991 and March 1992. AbbmiabORIS M
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015
Botanical Resource
Assessment Study
(Char & Associates)
BOTANICAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT STUDY
PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT'O'OMA 11
NORTH KONA DISTRICT, HAWAII
by
Winona P. Char
CHAR & ASSOCIATES
Botanical Consultants
Honolulu, Hawai'i
Prepared for: HELBER HASTERT & FEE
November 2002
BOTANICAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT STUDY
PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT WOMA If
NORTH KONA DISTRICT. HAWAII
INTRODUCTION
Three hundred (300) acres of land at'O'oma 11, North Kona, Hawaii were recently purchased
by Clifto's Kona Coast, LLC. The site is located approximately one mile south of the
Keahole Airport. Included in the 300 acres is an 83 -acre parcel located along Queen
Ka'ahum mu Highway (TMK 7-3-9: 22) which already has an "Urban" State Land Use
designation. Kona Coast, LLC, is proposing a mixed use development for the 83 -acre parcel.
A botanical resources assessment study is necessary to support an environmental report for
required county land use approvals.
Field studies to assess the botanical resources on the 83 -acre parcel were made on 31 October
2002 by a team of two botanists. The primary objectives of the survey were to prepare a
general description of the vegetation on the project site and to search for threatened and
endangered species as well as species of concern.
Prior to commencing the field studies, a review was made of the previous botanical surveys
conducted for the overall 300 -acre site (Char and Kjargaard 1986; Char 1990). Topographic
maps and an aerial photograph (1"= 300) of the 83 -acre parcel were examined to identify
vegetation cover patterns, terrain characteristics, access, boundaries, and reference points. In
the field, a walk-through survey method was used. Notes were made on plant associations
and distribution, disturbances, substrate types, exposure, topography, etc.
RESULTS TABLE 1. Plant species found on the 83-acre'O'oma II parcel.
Scientific name Common Name
The plant names used in the discussion follow Wagner at al. (1990) and Wagner and Herbst
(1999). The few oxen( name changes ane athose reported in the Hawaii Biological Survey FERNS
series (Evenhuis and Eldredge, eds. 1999-2002). Table I is a list of all the plants that were NEPHROLEPIDACEAE (Swordfem family)
inventoried multiflora (Roxb.) Jarrell
on the 83 -acre parcel during the field studies. ex Morton hairy swordfem
Scrub vegetation composed primarily of fountain goes (Pennisetum cetaceum) and scattered
FLOWERING PLANTS
shrubs covers about 605/6 of the parcel. The substrate is pahoehce lava with scattered, smaller
DICOTS
pockets of'a's lava; vegetation cover on the'a'a flows is very sparse, about 5% cover at the
AMARANTHACEAE (Ammanthus family)
most. Pili gnus (Heterapogon contortur) is locally abundant throughout the site, especially
Amaranthus viridis L.
slender amaranth, pakai
on the lower portion of the property by the M-malahoa Trail and Kings Highway. Plants of
ANACARDIACEAE (Mango family)
Portulaca pilosa, alma (Boerhavia amtifolia), coat buttons (Tridax procumbems), and indigo
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi
Christmas berry, wilelaiki
(Indigofera sufjmlicosa) me common along the Kings Highway, probably because there is a
ASTERACEAE (Daisy family)
layer of thin soil over the pahcehoe flow.
Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don
sourbush, pluchea
Tridax procumbens L.
coal buttons
Woody components include scattered trees of kiawc (Prosopis pallida), six to 15 feet tall,
CAPPARACEAE (Caper family)
and shrubs of noni (Mortndo ciMjolia), klu (Acacia fornesiana), Christmas berry (Schinus
Capparis sandwichisna DC
maiapilo, pun pilo
terebinthifolius), and lot haole (Leucaena leucocephala), three to six feet tall. Native
CONVOLVULACEAE (Morning glory family)
shrubs and subshmbs which are common to occasional are'uhaloa (Walthea
indica),'ilim
Ipmnoes obscura (L.) Ker-Gawl.
field bindweedria
Silo ullax and maia ilo C
(� f ), p' ( apporis sandwichiano). One naio shrub (Myoporum
EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge family)
sandwicensir) and lwo'a'eli'i shrubs (Dadonaea viscosaJ were inventoried on the site.
Chamaesyce hula (LJ Millsp.
hairy spurge
FABACEAE (Pea family)
A few collapsed lave robes occur on the property. These more sheltered areas provide a
Acacia famesiana (L.) Willd.
Chamaecrista niclitans (L.) Moench
klu
partridge pea, lauki
shadier micmhabitat for plants of hairy swordfem (Nephrolepis multiflora). Sourbush
Desmodium triflonan (L.) DC.
three -flowered beggarweed
(Pluchea carolinensis) also prefers these areas.
lndigofera suffmticosa Mill.
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
indigo,'iniko
koa haole, ekoa
Prosopis paltide (Numb. & Bonpl. ex
Willd.) Kunth
kiawe
MALVACEAE (Mallow family)
Sida fallax Walp.
IIima
MYOPORACEAE (Maio family)
Myopomm sandwicense A. Gray
rain
2 3
status*
X
X
X
X
X
E
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Scientific name
NYCTAGINACEAE (Four-o'clock family)
Boerhavia acutifolia (Choisy)1.W. Moore
Boerhavia coccinea Mill.
OXALIDACEAE (Wood sorrel family)
Oxalis comiculata L.
PORTULACACEAE (Purslane family)
Portulaca oleracea L.
Portulaca pilosa L.
Telinum fmlicoman (L.) Jun.
RUBIACEAE (Coffee family)
Morinda citrifolia L.
SAPINDACEAE (Soapberry family)
Dodomea viscose Jacq.
STERCULIACEAE (Cacao family)
Waltheria indica L.
VERBENACEAE (Verbena family)
Lantana camam L.
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (Creosote bush family)
Tribulls terresons L.
fiTO:fQ1L1Y1
CYPERACEAE (Sedge family)
Fimbristylis hawaiiensis Hillebr.
POACEAE (Grass family)
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Bcauv.
ex Roem. & Scholl.
Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka
Peanisetum setw ma (Forssk.) Chiov.
Common Name
Status*
alena, name
I
X
yellow wood sorrel,
'ihi'ai
P?
common purslane, pigweed
X
X
talinum, fameflower
X
nom
P
'a'ali'i,'a'ali'i ku
makani
I
'uhaloa, hi'sloa, kanakaloa
I7
lantana, lakana
X
puncture vine, goathead
beach wimgmss
pili, pili grass
Natal redmp. Natal grass
fountain grass
-Status: E = endermic; 1 = indigenous; P = Polynesian introduction;
X = introduced by humans after Western contact (1778).
4
Closer to the highway and also along the unpaved beach access mad, the substrate has been
bulldozed in the past. Fountain grass becomes denser in these disturbed areas with about 80%
to 9(1°/" cover. Kin and partridge pea (Chamaecrista nicfitans) also increase in numbers here. A
lot of bash is associated with these disturbed areas and old dozer roads. These include at least
two abandoned cars, discarded beverage cans and plastic bottles, concrete mbble and rebars,
yard waste such as coconut fronds and tree branches, old lumber, a swing set, stove, a water
heater, and even a kitchen sink. A few weedy species associated with disturbed or roadside
areas occur hem; these are Boerhavia coccinea, puncture vine (Doibulis tenestris), fameflower
(Talinum fruticosum), field bindweed (1 pomoea obscura), and slender amaranth (Amaranthus
viridis).
DISCUSSION
The scrub vegetation on the 83 -acre parcel is dominated by the introduced fountain grass.
Introduced trees and shrubs which include kiawe, koa haole, klu, and Christmas berry occur as
widely scattered individuals or small clamps. The native pili grass is locally abundant in some
places. Other natives found here am'ilima, nam, alena,'a'ali%'uhalos, maiapilo, and
Fimbristylis hawauensts, a small sedge. Maiapilo and Fimhristylis are endemic, that is, they
are native only to Hawaii. The other species are indigenous, that is, they arc native to HawaN
and elsewhere.
X None of the plants found on the 83 -acre pamel is a threatened and endangered species (U.& _
Fish and Wildlife Service 1999a, 1999b; Wagner et al. 1999). The maiapilo and Ftmbristylis
am considered "species of concem". This means that there is a need for mom biological and/or
taxonomic information regarding whether a species might need conservation actions in the
E future. Species of concern do not receive legal protection under the State and Federal
Endangered Species laws, and use of the term does not mean that the species will eventually
X be listed as threatened or endangered.
17
X
X
5
The maiapilo and Fimbristylis are not considered high priority candidates for listing. Maiapilo
is found on all of the main Hawaiian islands and a few of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands such
as Pearl and Hennes, and Midway atolls; the plants occur along the coast and somewhat
inland. Maiapilo is occasional to common in the west Hawaii region. Fimbristylis is
associated with weathered pahoehoe Bows found in lowland areas from West HawaPi and
around to the Chain of Cmtera Road in Kau.
Plants of maiapilo and Fimbristylis occur on or adjacent to the Mamalahoe Trail and Kings
Highway. No development is planned fm these two trails and the adjoining buffer zone areas.
Thus, some plants of maiapilo and Fimbristylis would still remain on the site.
Given these findings, the proposed uses for the 83 -acre parcel are not expected to have a
significant negative impact on the botanical resources. However, it is recommended that native
planta be used for landscaping wherever possible. Plants such as the tnaiapilo,'a'ah'i, and train,
which already occur on the site, would make excellent planting material. Native species are
adapted to the local environmental conditions and would require less water and little, if any,
soil. Native species such as the'ilima, beach naupaka (Scaevola sericea), and'akia
(WiAstroemia tan-oesi) are already used extensively at the Keahole Airport. The Kona
Outdoor Circle and the Amy Greenwell Botanical Garden should be contacted for a list of
native plants available for use in landscaping.
LITERATURE CITED
Char, W.C. and M.S. Kjargaard (Char & Associates). 1986. Biological Survey, Proposed
'O'oma It Project, North Kons, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for Helber, Hastert, van Horn,
& Kimum. June 1986.
Char, W.P. (Char & Associates). 1990. Botanical Assessment,'O'cma H Project Site, North
Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for Helber, Hastert, & Kimum. November 1990.
Evenhuis, N.L. and L.G. Eldredge, editors. 1999-2002. Records of the Hawaii Biological
Survey. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers Nos. 58-70.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999a. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species List, Plants.
March 23, 1999. Pacific Islands Once, Honolulu, HI.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 19996. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. 50
CFR 17.11 and 17.12. December 31. 1999.
Wagner, W.L., M.M. Bmegmann, D.R. Herbst, and I. Q.C. Lou. t999. Hawaiian Vascular
Plants at Risk: 1999. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers No. 60.
Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Schroer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of
Hawaii. 2 vols. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Bishop
Museum Special Publication 83.
Wagner, W.L. and D.R. Herbst. 1999. Supplement to the Manual of the Flowering Plants of
Hawaii, pp. 1855-1918. In: Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer, Manual of the
Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. Revised edition. 2 vols. University of Hawaii Press and
Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.
6 7
AVIFAUNAL AND FERAL MAMMAL SURVEY
INTRODUCTION
AT O'OMA 14 NORTH KONA, HAWAII
The purpose of this report is to provide the findings of a one day (26 October
2002) field survey of an 83 acre site (TMK 7-3-9:22) known as O'oma II located in north
Kona, Hawaii (Fig. 1). In addition to the data obtained from the field survey pertinent
published and unpublished sources are noted in the report. These sources add a broader
Report prepared for:
perspective of the wildlife resources in this region. The goals of the survey were:
Helber Hastert & Fee - Honolulu
I- To document the species of birds and mammals currently on the property.
2- To examine the entire site and nearby lands for the purpose of identifying the
natural resources available to wildlife at this location.
3- To devote special attention to documenting the presence and possible use of
this property by native and migratory species particularly those that arc listed
as threatened or endangered.
Survey and Report by:
-
Phillip L. Bruner
SITE DESCRIPTION
Environmental Consultant
Faunal (Bird & Mammal) Surveys
#1775 BYU-H
55-220 Kulanui Street
The dominant vegetation on this 83 acre property is fountain gross. A few
Late, HI %762
scattered Noni bushes provides the only "trees" on the site. Surrounding lands contain
similar habitat. No wetlands occur on the property. The topography is relatively Bat and
the east side of the site adjoins the highway (Fig. 1).
I October 2002
SURVEYPROTOCOL
The field survey was conducted on a single day. Observations were made in the
early morning and late in the day when birds are most active. The entire site was covered
on foot and all birds seen or heard were noted. Observations of mammals were limited to
visual sightings and evidence in the form of scats and tracks. No attempts were made to
trap mammals in order to obtain relative abundance estimates. The early evening of 26
October was used to search frt the presence of the endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat
(Lasiurur cinereas semotus). A Pettersaun Elektronik AB Ultrasound Detector D 100
was used to listen for echolocating bats.
Weather during the survey was generally clear with a thin layer of high clouds.
The winds were light and overall the conditions fm detecting birds was excellent.
The scientific names used in this report follow Pyle (2002) and Honacki el al.
(1982). These sources also give the accepted vernacular (common) names currently in
use for each species.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Native Land Birds:
No native land birds were recorded on the survey. Given the habitats available on
this property and the location of the site, the only probable native land birds that might on
occasion forage in this ares are the Hawaiian or Short -eared Owl (Alio f/ammeus
sandwichensis), known as Pueo in Hawaiian and the to or Hawaiian Hawk (Buten
solitarius). They Image in a variety of habitats including forests, agricultural lands and
grasslands (Rad et al. 1987, Hawaii Audubon Society 1993). Paco is not listed as
endangered or threatened on the island of Hawaii, however, the State of Hawaii does list
them as endangered on Oahu. The to is an endangered species and is confined to the
island of Hawaii.
Seabirds:
No seabirds were seen on the survey and none would be expected on this site
given its location and easy access to ground predators.
Migratory Birds:
Migratory shorebirds breed in the arctic and "winter" in Hawaii. A few
individuals may be seen in May -July but the majority of the migmmry shorebirds are here
between August and the end of April. The most abundant shorebird in Hawaii is the
Pacific Golden -Plover (Pluvialisfdua). Much research has been conducted on this
specics (Johnson et al. 1981, 1989, 1993, 2001x, 2001 b). Three Pacific Golden -Plover
were seen flying over the site during the course of the survey. This bird prefers to image
in areas with low gnus, such as lawns, open bare fields and along the shoreline. There is
little suitable habitat for foraging plover on this site. They often most on lava Bows
(pers. observation) at night, perhaps to avoid cats. No other species of migratory
shorebirds were recorded nor would they be expected on this property. None of the
shorebirds that regularly "winter" in Hawaii are listed as threatened or endangered.
-2 3
Introduced Birds:
A tom] of I 1 introduced species were tallied on the survey (Table 1). None of
these species were abundant. The most common species recorded were the African
Silverbill (Lonchura cantons) and the Nutmeg Mannikin (Losrchuro punctulam). These
small finches feed on the abundant gmas seeds available at this site. Previous studies in
similar habitat elsewhere in west Hawaii have produced comparable lists of introduced
birds (Bruner 1979, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1995). None of the introduced birds
are listed as threatened or endangered.
Mammals:
The only mammal seen on the survey was the Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes
aurapunctan s). Three mongoose were observed along the property boundary adjoining
the highway. The tracks of cats (Fe/ie cane) and scats of mongooso were noted in
several places on the site. The endangered Hawaiian Hoary Hat (L isiunrs cinereus
semotus) was not recorded on the evening search using the ultrasound detector. The bat
can be seen along the Kona coast so it is possible that it may occasionally forage on and
around the property (Temich, 1986, Kepler and Scott 1990, Jacobs 1991, 1993, and
Reynolds et al. 1998).
CONCLUSIONS
The entire site was thoroughly surveyed and birds and mammals found were those
typical of this type of habitat in West Hawaii. No unexpected species were recorded.
There were also no native birds or mammals found on the survey. Only one species of
migratory shorebird was seen and it was only observed flying over this site. The natural
resources of this property arc not unusual or unique. Most undeveloped lowlands in
North Kona have similar resources. Development of the property and the subsequent
reduction in the amount of fountain grass may reduce the number of seed eating species
such as Nutmeg Mannikin and African Silverbill. Landscaping with trees may attract
birds that prefer residential habitats with their mom diversified vegetation.
TABLE ONE
Introduced species of birds found on a one day field survey of O'oma 11 property in North
Kona, Hawaii.
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Gray Francolin
Francolinur posidicernanus
Rin -necked Pheasant
Pharianus roMhicus
Spotted Dove
Streplopelia chinensis
Zebra Dove
Geopelia striata
Japanese Whi a
Zosterops oniqa-
ConnonMyna
Acridotheres owns
Northern Cardinal
Cardinalis cardlnalis
Yellow -billed Cardinal
Paoana capicsta
African S]Iverbill
Lonchuro canmms
Nutme Mannikin
Lonchuro nctulata
Java Spa w
Padda anwivora
-4- -5-
SOURCES CITED
Benner, P.L. 1979. An avifaunal and fired mamsml survey of Makuhona Properties,
Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. Prep. for Belt Collins & Associates.
1984. An avifauna) and fere) mammal survey of Waikoloa Beach
Resort Properly, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. Prep. for Belt Collins & Associates.
1985. Avifauna)mm
and fend mammal survey of Natural Energy Laboratory
of Hawaii Property at Keahole Point, North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. on. Prep. for
Marine Sciences Group (MSG).
1986. An avifaunal and fend mammal survey of property proposed for
development at Makalawene, North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. Prep. for Phillips
Brandt Reddick & Associates.
1989. Survey of the avifauna and fend mammals at Queen Liliuokalani
Trust Property, Kailua, Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. Prep. for Belt Collins &
Associates.
1990. Survey of the svifaunal and feral mammals at Owns 2 Ahupua'a,
North Kona, Hawaii, TMK 7-3-9:5. Unpubl. ms. Prep. for Bather Hastert &
Kimura.
—199 1. Survey of the avifauna and feml mammals on lands near Kamoa
Point, North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. Prep. for Sidney Fuke & Associates
1995. Survey of the avifauna and feel mammals at Moeauoa, Kailua-
Kona, North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. Prep. for PBR-Hawaii.
Hawaii Audubon Society. 1993. Hawaii's Birds. Fourth Edition. Hawaii Audubon
Society, Honolulu. 112 pp.
Honacki,l.H., K.E. Kinmann and Koeppl ed. 1982. Mammal species of the world: A
taxonomic and geographic reference. Allen Press, Inc. and the Association of
Systematic Collection. Lawrence, Kansas. 694 pp.
Jacobs, D.S. 1991. The distribution and abundance of the endangered Hawaiian Hoary
Bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), on the island of Hawaii. Unpubl. report
submitted to University of Hawaii, Department of Zoology-
- 1993. Foraging behavior of the endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lashirus
cinereas semotus). Final report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Grant No
14-08-0001-92580. Unpubl.
Johnson, O.W., P.M. Johnson and P.L. Benner. 1981. Wintering behavior and site-
faithfulnessofGolden-Ploverson Oahu. 'Elepaio4l(12): 123-130.
Johnson, O.W., M.L. Morton, P.L. Benner and P.M. Johnson. 1989. Fat cyclicity,
Bight ranges and features of wintering behavior in Pacific Golden -Plovers.
Condor 91: 156177.
Johnson,O.W., P.G. Connors, P.L. Bruner, and J.L. Maron. 1993, Breeding Ground
fidelity and mate retention in the Pacific Golden -Plover. Wilson Bull.
105:60-67.
Johnson, O.W., P.L. Bruner, J.J. Rotella, P.M. Johnson, and A.E. Bruner. 2001 a.
Long term study of apparent survival in Pacific Golden -Plover at a wintering
ground on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, The Auk 118 (2):342-35L
Johnson. O.W., P.L. Bruner, A.E. Bruner, P.M. Johnson, R.J. Kienholz, and P.A.
Bmsseau. 2001 It. Features of breeding biology in Pacific Golden -Plovers
nesting on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Wader Study Group Bulletin
25:59-65.
Kepler, C.B., and J.M. Scott. 1990. Notes on the distribution and behavior of the
endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bal (Lariurus cinereus semotus). 'Elepaio
50(7): 59-64.
Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bmner, and D.G. Berrett. 1987. A field guide to the birds of Hawaii
and the tropical Pacific. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey.
409 pp.
Pyle, R.L. 2002. Checklist of the birds of Hawaii — 2002. 'Elepaio 62(6):137-148.
Reynolds, M.H., B.M.B. Nielsen, and J.D. Jacobi. 1998. Survey on the Hawaiian
Hoary Bat in the district of Puna, Hawaii Island. 'Elepaio 57(9):153-157.
Tomich, P.Q. 1986. Mammals in Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. 375 pp.
-6- -7-
Air Quality Study
(B.D. Neal & Associates)
AIR QUALITY STUDY
FOR THE PROPOSED
DEVELOPMENT AT'O'OMA II
NORTH KONA, HAWAII
Prepared for:
Helber Hastert & Fee, Manners
January 2003
B.D. NEAL & ASSOCIATES
AFFXN A. HAWnp • Atr QLLsry •CNE (ON) drece
P.O. n0% 1148- KAII.UA-KONA, BAWAII %743 • J@k.s.ONE (ON) nflft] •FAX (NF) ]JIJItr
EMAIL: adLed@YMLM
CONTENTS
1.0
Summary
1
2.0
Introduction
4
3.0
Ambient Air Quality Standards
5
4.0
Regional and Local Climatology
7
5.0
Present Air Quality
10
6.0
Short -Term Impacts of Project
13
7.0
Long -Term Impacts of Project
15
7.1 Roadway Traffic
15
7.2 Electrical Demand
24
7.3 Solid Waste Disposal
25
8.0
Conclusions and Recommendations
25
References
28
FIGURES
!Swan
1 Project Location Map
TABLES
Table
1 Summary of State of Hawaii and National Ambient
Air Quality Standards
2 Air Pollution Emissions Inventory for Island of
Hawaii, 1993
3 Annual Summaries of Ambient Air Quality Measurements
for Monitoring Stations Nearest -O'oma II Project
1
TABLHB(cont.)
4 Estimated Worst -Case 1 -Hour Carbon Monoxide Concentra-
tions Along Roadways Near 'O'oma II Project
5 Estimated Worst -Case a -Hour Carbon Monoxide Concentra-
tions Along Roadways Near 'O'oma II Project
6 Estimated Indirect Air Pollution Emissions from
'O'oma II Project Electrical Demand
1.0 SUMMARY
Clifto's Kona Coast LLC is proposing to develop the -0-oma II
Project in the North Kona District on the island of Hawaii. The
proposed project will consist of a total of 240 multi -family
residential units, 400 transient accommodation units, and 392,000
square feet of commercial space. Development of the project is
expected to be completed and fully occupied by 2013. This study
examines the potential short- and long-term air quality impacts
that could occur as a result of construction and use of the
proposed facilities and suggests mitigative measures to reduce
any potential air quality impacts where possible and appropriate.
Both federal and state standards have been established to maintain
ambient air quality. At the present time, seven parameters are
regulated including: particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone and lead.
Hawaii air quality standards are more stringent than the
comparable national standards except for those pertaining to
sulfur dioxide and particulate matter.
Regional and local climate together with the amount and type of
human activity generally dictate the air quality of a given
location. The climate of the project area is very much affected
by its near coastal situation and by nearby mountains. Winds are
predominantly light and variable, although kona storms generate
occasional strong winds from the south or southwest during winter.
Temperatures in the project area are generally very consistent and
moderate with average daily temperatures ranging from about 650F to
850F. The extreme minimum temperature recorded at the nearby Old
Kona Airport is 470F, while the extreme maximum temperature is
if 1
93^F. Average annual rainfall in the area amounts to about 25
inches with each month typically contributing about 2 inches.
Except for periodic impacts from volcanic emissions (vog) and
possibly occasional localized impacts from traffic congestion, the
present air quality of the project area is believed to be
relatively good. The limited air quality data that are available
for the area from the Department of Health indicate that (despite
the vog) concentrations are well within state and national air
quality standards.
If the proposed project is given the necessary approvals to
proceed, it is inevitable that some short- and long-term impacts
on air quality will occur either directly or indirectly as a
consequence of project construction and use. Short-term impacts
from fugitive dust will likely occur during the project
construction phase. To a lesser extent, exhaust emissions from
stationary and mobile construction equipment, from the disruption
of traffic, and from workers' vehicles may also affect air quality
during the period of construction. State air pollution control
regulations require that there be no visible fugitive dust
emissions at the property line. Hence, an effective dust control
plan must be implemented to ensure compliance with state
regulations. Fugitive dust emissions can be controlled to a large
extent by watering of active work areas, using wind screens,
keeping adjacent paved roads clean, and by covering of open -bodied
trucks. Other dust control measures could include limiting the
area that can be disturbed at any given time and/or mulching or
chemically stabilizing inactive areas that have been worked.
Paving and landscaping of project areas early in the construction
schedule will also reduce dust emissions. Monitoring dust at the
project boundary during the period of construction could be
considered as a means to evaluate the effectiveness of the project
dust control program. Exhaust emissions can be mitigated by
moving construction equipment and workers to and from the project
site during off-peak traffic hours.
After construction, motor vehicles coming to and from the
proposed development will result in a long-term increase in air
pollution emissions in the project area. To assess the impact of
emissions from these vehicles, an air quality modeling study was
undertaken to estimate current ambient concentrations of carbon
monoxide at intersections in the project vicinity and to predict
future levels both with and without the proposed project. During
worst-case conditions, model results indicated that present
1 -hour and e -hour carbon monoxide concentrations are probably
well within both the state and the national ambient air quality
standards. In the year 2013 without the project, carbon monoxide
concentrations were predicted to decrease despite the expected
increase in ambient traffic volumes. This is because older
vehicles that emit more air pollution will be retired during the
intervening years. With the project in the year 2013, carbon
monoxide concentrations were estimated to increase by about 10 to
25 percent in the project area compared to the without project
case, but concentrations would still likely remain lower than the
existing levels. Due to the small impact the project is expected
to have, implementing mitigation measures for traffic -related air
quality impacts is probably unnecessary and unwarranted.
Depending on the demand levels, long-term impacts on air quality
are also possible due to indirect emissions associated with a
development's electrical power and solid waste disposal
requirements. Quantitative estimates of these potential impacts
were not made, but based on the estimated demand levels and
emission rates involved, any significant impacts are unlikely.
Nevertheless, incorporating energy conservation design features
2 3
and promoting conservation and recycling programs within the
proposed development could serve to further reduce any associated
impacts and conserve the island's resources.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Clifto's Kona Coast LLC is proposing to develop the 'O'oma II
Project on 83 acres of land in the North Kona District on the
island of Hawaii (see Figure 1 for project location). The
development will include 240 multi -family homes, 400 transient
accommodation units, 237,000 square feet of retail space and
155,000 square feet of office space. The site of the proposed
development is one mile south of Kona International Airport along
the makai side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Construction of the
project is expected to commence sometime during 2003, and full
development and occupancy is planned for 2013.
The purpose of this study is to describe existing air quality in
the project area and to assess the potential short- and long-term
direct and indirect air quality impacts that could result from
construction and use of the proposed facilities as planned.
Measures to mitigate impacts either by the project or on the
project are suggested where possible and appropriate.
3.0 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Ambient concentrations of air pollution are regulated by both
national and state ambient air quality standards (AAQS).
National AAQS are specified in Section 40, Part 50 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR), while State of Hawaii AAQS are defined
in Chapter 11-59 of the Hawaii Administrative Rules. Table 1
summarizes both the national and the state AAQS that are
specified in the cited documents. As indicated in the table,
national and state AAQS have been established for particulate
matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone
and lead. The state has also set a standard for hydrogen
sulfide. National AAQS are stated in terms of both primary and
secondary standards for most of the regulated air pollutants.
National primary standards are designed to protect the public
health with an "adequate margin of safety". National secondary
standards, on the other hand, define levels of air quality
necessary to protect the public welfare from "any known or
anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant". Secondary public
welfare impacts may include such effects as decreased visibility,
diminished comfort levels, or other potential injury to the
natural or man-made environment, e.g., soiling of materials,
damage to vegetation or other economic damage. In contrast to
the national AAQS, Hawaii State AAQS are given in terms of a
single standard that is designed "to protect public health and
welfare and to prevent the significant deterioration of air
quality".
Each of the regulated air pollutants has the potential to create
or exacerbate some form of adverse health effect or to produce
environmental degradation when present in sufficiently high
concentration for prolonged periods of time. The AAQS specify a
maximum allowable concentration for a given air pollutant for one
or more averaging times to prevent harmful effects. Averaging
times vary from one hour to one year depending on the pollutant
and type of exposure necessary to cause adverse effects. In the
case of the short-term (i.e., 1- to 24-hour) AAQS, both national
and state standards allow a specified number of exceedances each
year.
4 5
The Hawaii AAQS are in some cases considerably more stringent
than the comparable national AAQS. In particular, the Hawaii
1 -hour AAQS for carbon monoxide is four times more stringent than
the comparable national limit, and the state 1 -hour limit for
ozone is more than two times as stringent as the national 1 -hour
standard. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is
currently working on a plan to phase out the national 1 -hour
ozone standard in favor of the new (and more stringent) B -hour
standard.
The Hawaii AAQS for sulfur dioxide were relaxed in 1986 to make
the state standards essentially the same as the national limits.
In 1993, the state also revised its particulate standards to
follow those set by the federal government. During 1997, the
federal government again revised its standards for particulate,
but the new standards were challenged in federal court. A
Supreme Court ruling was issued during February 2001, and at this
time, it is expected that the new standards for particulate will
be implemented by 2005. To date, the Hawaii Department of Health
has not updated the state particulate standards.
4.0 REGIONAL AND LOLL CLIMATOLOGY
Regional and local climatology significantly affect the air
quality of a given location. Wind, temperature, atmospheric
turbulence, mixing height and rainfall all influence air quality.
Although the climate of Hawaii is relatively moderate throughout
most of the state, significant differences in these parameters may
occur from one location to another. Most differences in regional
and local climates within the state are caused by the mountainous
topography.
The site of the proposed project is located near the midpoint of
the western coast of the island of Hawaii. The topography of
Hawaii Island is dominated by the great volcanic masses of Mauna
Loa (13,653 feet), Mauna Kea (13,796 feet), and of Hualalai, the
Kohala Mountains and Kilauea. The island consists entirely of the
slopes of these mountains and of the broad saddles between them.
Mauna Loa and Kilauea, located on the southern half of the island,
are still active volcanoes.
Hawaii lies well within the belt of northeasterly trade winds
generated by the semi-permanent Pacific high pressure cell to the
north and east. Nearly the entire western coast of the island of
Hawaii, however, is sheltered from the trade winds by high
mountains, except when unusually strong trade winds sweep through
the saddle between the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea and reach
some areas to the lee. Due to wind shadow effects caused by the
terrain, winds in the project area are predominantly light and
variable. Local winds such as land/sea breezes and/or
upslope/downslope winds dominate the wind pattern for the area.
During the daytime, winds typically move onshore because of
seabreeze and/or upslope effects. At night, winds generally are
land breezes and/or drainage winds that move downslope and out to
sea. During winter, occasional strong winds from the south or
southwest occur in association with the passage of winter storm
systems.
Air pollution emissions from motor vehicles, the formation of
photochemical smog and smoke plume rise all depend in part on air
temperature. Colder temperatures tend to result in higher
emissions of contaminants from automobiles but lower
concentrations of photochemical smog and ground -level
concentrations of air pollution from elevated plumes. In Hawaii,
the annual and daily variation of temperature depends to a large
degree on elevation above sea level, distance inland and exposure
to the trade winds. Average temperatures at locations near sea
level generally are warmer than those at higher elevations. Areas
exposed to the trade winds tend to have the least temperature
variation, while inland and leeward areas often have the most.
The project site's leeward location results in a larger
temperature profile compared to windward locations at the same
elevation. At the Old Kona Airport, located a few miles south of
the project site, average daily minimum and maximum temperatures
are 67=F and 830F, respectively [1]. The extreme minimum
temperature on record at this location is 470F, and the extreme
maximum is 93"F. Temperatures at the project site are very
similar.
Small scale, random motions in the atmosphere (turbulence) cause
air pollutants to be dispersed as a function of distance or time
from the point of emission. Turbulence is caused by both
mechanical and thermal forces in the atmosphere. It is often
measured and described in terms of Pasquill-Gifford stability
class. Stability class 1 is the most turbulent and class 6 is the
least. Thus, air pollution dissipates the best during stability
class I conditions and the worst when stability class 6 prevails.
In the Kona area, stability classes 5 or 6 typically occur during
the nighttime or early morning hours when temperature inversions
form due to radiational cooling or to drainage flow from the
mountainous interior of the island. Stability classes 1 through 4
occur during the daytime, depending mainly on the amount of cloud
cover and incoming solar radiation and the onset and extent of the
sea breeze.
Mixing height is defined as the height above the surface through
which relatively vigorous vertical mixing occurs. Low mixing
heights can result in high ground -level air pollution concentra-
tions because contaminants emitted from or near the surface can
become trapped within the mixing layer. In Hawaii, minimum mixing
heights tend to be high because of mechanical mixing caused by the
trade winds and because of the temperature moderating effect of
the surrounding ocean. Low mixing heights may sometimes occur,
however, at inland locations and even at times along coastal areas
early in the morning following a clear, cool, windless night.
Coastal areas also may experience low mixing levels during sea
breeze conditions when cooler ocean air rushes in over warmer
land. Mixing heights in Hawaii typically are above 3000 feet
(1000 meters).
Rainfall can have a beneficial affect on the air quality of an
area in that it helps to suppress fugitive dust emissions, and it
also may "washout" gaseous contaminants that are water soluble.
Rainfall in Hawaii is highly variable depending on elevation and
on location with respect to the trade wind. The climate of the
project area is wetter than might be expected for a leeward
location. This is due to the persistent onshore and upslope
movement of marine air caused by both eddy and seabreeze or
mountain slope effects. Some of the rainfall occurs during summer
afternoons and evenings as a result of this onshore and upslope
movement of moisture -laden marine air, and some occurs in conjunc-
tion with winter storms. At the Old Kona Airport, average annual
rainfall amounts to about 25 inches with each month registering
about 2 inches [1]. Rainfall at the project site is probably
somewhat lower than this amount.
8 9
5.0 PRESENT AIR QUALITY
Present air quality in the project area is mostly affected by air
pollutants from vehicular, industrial, natural and/or agricultural
sources. Table 2 presents an air pollutant emission summary for
the island of Hawaii for calendar year 1993. The emission rates
shown in the table pertain to manmade emissions only, i.e.,
emissions from natural sources are not included. As suggested in
the table, much of the manmade particulate emissions on Hawaii
originate from area sources, such as the mineral products industry
and agriculture. Manmade sulfur oxides are emitted almost
exclusively by point sources, such as power plants and other fuel -
burning industries. Nitrogen oxides emissions emanate
predominantly from area sources (mostly motor vehicle traffic),
although industrial point sources contribute a significant share.
The majority of carbon monoxide emissions occur from area sources
(motor vehicle traffic), while hydrocarbons are emitted mainly
from point sources.
It should be noted that Hawaii Island is unique from the other
islands in the state in terms of the natural volcanic air
pollution emissions that occur. Volcanic emissions periodically
plague the project area. This is especially so since the latest
eruption phase of the Kilauea Volcano began in 1983. Air
pollution emissions from the Hawaiian volcanoes consist primarily
of sulfur dioxide. After entering the atmosphere, these sulfur
dioxide emissions are carried away by the wind and either washed
out as acid rain or gradually transformed into particulate
sulfates or acid aerosols. Although emissions from Kilauea are
vented on the other side of a mountain barrier more than 50 miles
east of the project site, the prevailing wind patterns eventually
carry some of the emissions into the Kona area. These emissions
10
can be seen in the form of the volcanic haze (vog) which
persistently hangs over the area.
The major industrial source of air pollution in the project
vicinity is Hawaii Electric Light Company's Keahole Power Plant,
which is located about I mile to the north. Air pollution
emissions from Keahole Power Plant consist mostly of sulfur
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.
Queen Kaahumanu Highway, which borders the project site on the
mauka side, is the region's major arterial roadway. Downslope
winds during the morning will tend to carry emissions from motor
vehicles traversing this roadway toward the project area, while
afternoon onshore winds will carry emissions away from the
project.
The State Department of Health operates a network of air quality
monitoring stations at various locations around the state.
Unfortunately, very limited data are available for Hawaii Island,
and even less data are available for the Kona area specifically.
During 1999, the Department of Health established an air quality
monitoring site in the Kealakekua area for measuring particulate
matter and sulfur dioxide, but only data for calendar years 1999,
2000 and 2001 have been published to date for this site. As
indicated in Table 3, measurements of sulfur dioxide
concentrations at this location during the 1999-2001 monitoring
period were consistently low with annual average concentrations of
6 to 8 pg/m3, which represents about 10 percent of the state and
national standard. The highest annual second-highest 3 -hour and
24-hour concentrations (which are most relevant to the standards)
for these three years were 49 and 20 pg/m', respectively; these
are less than 5 percent of the applicable standards. No
exceedances of the state/national 3 -hour and 24-hour AAQS for
sulfur dioxide were recorded. The annual average particulate
concentration for 1999 was 15 pg/m', which equates to about 30
percent of the state/national standard. The second-highest 24-
hour concentration of particulate matter, 27 pg/m', is about 18
percent of the state/national standard, and there were no
violations of the state/national AAQS during the 1999 monitoring
period. Monitoring of particulate matter was discontinued at this
site during June 2000.
At this time, there are no reported measurements of lead, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide or carbon monoxide in the project vicinity.
These are primarily motor vehicle related air pollutants. Lead,
ozone and nitrogen dioxide typically are regional scale problems.
Concentrations of lead and nitrogen dioxide generally have not
been found to exceed AAQS elsewhere in the state. Ozone
concentrations, on the other hand, have been found to exceed the
state standard at times at Sand Island on Oahu. Carbon monoxide
air pollution typically is a micro -scale problem caused by
congested motor vehicular traffic. In traffic congested areas
such as urban Honolulu, carbon monoxide concentrations have been
found to occasionally exceed the state AAQS. Present
concentrations of carbon monoxide in the project area are
estimated later in this study based on computer modeling of motor
vehicle emissions.
6.0 SHORT-TERM IMPACTS OF PROJECT
Short-term direct and indirect impacts on air quality could
potentially occur due to project construction. For a project of
this nature, there are two potential types of air pollution
emissions that could directly result in short-term air quality
impacts during project construction: (1) fugitive dust from
vehicle movement and soil excavation; and (2) exhaust emissions
from on-site construction equipment. Indirectly, there also
could be short-term impacts from slow-moving construction
equipment traveling to and from the project sites, from a
temporary increase in local traffic caused by commuting
construction workers, and from the disruption of normal traffic
flow caused by lane closures of adjacent roadways.
Fugitive dust emissions may arise from the grading and dirt -moving
activities associated with site clearing and preparation work.
The emission rate for fugitive dust emissions from construction
activities is difficult to estimate accurately. This is because
of its elusive nature of emission and because the potential for
its generation varies greatly depending upon the type of soil at
the construction site, the amount and type of dirt -disturbing
activity taking place, the moisture content of exposed soil in
work areas, and the wind speed. The EPA [2) has provided a rough
estimate for uncontrolled fugitive dust emissions from
construction activity of 1.2 tons per acre per month under
conditions of "medium" activity, moderate soil silt content (30i),
and precipitation/evaporation (P/E) index of 50. Uncontrolled
fugitive dust emissions at the project site would likely be
somewhere near that level, depending on the amount of rainfall
that occurs. In any case, State of Hawaii Air Pollution Control
Regulations [3] prohibit visible emissions of fugitive dust from
12 13
construction activities at the property line. Thus, an effective
dust control plan for the project construction phase is essential.
Adequate fugitive dust control can usually be accomplished by the
establishment of a frequent watering program to keep bare dirt
surfaces in construction areas from becoming significant sources
of dust. In dust -prone or dust -sensitive areas, other control
measures such as limiting the area that can be disturbed at any
given time, applying chemical soil stabilizers, mulching and/or
using wind screens may be necessary. Control regulations further
stipulate that open -bodied trucks be covered at all times when in
motion if they are transporting materials that could be blown
away. Haul trucks tracking dirt onto paved streets from unpaved
areas is often a significant source of dust in construction areas.
Some means to alleviate this problem, such as road cleaning or
tire washing, may be appropriate. Paving of parking areas and/or
establishment of landscaping as early in the construction schedule
as possible can also lower the potential for fugitive dust
emissions. Monitoring dust at the project property line could be
considered to quantify and document the effectiveness of dust
control measures.
On-site mobile and stationary construction equipment also will
emit air pollutants from engine exhausts. The largest of this
equipment is usually diesel -powered. Nitrogen oxides emissions
from diesel engines can be relatively high compared to gasoline -
powered equipment, but the standard for nitrogen dioxide is set on
an annual basis and is not likely to be violated by short-term
construction equipment emissions. Carbon monoxide emissions from
diesel engines, on the other hand, are low and should be
relatively insignificant compared to vehicular emissions on nearby
roadways.
Project construction activities will also likely obstruct the
normal flow of traffic at times to such an extent that overall
vehicular emissions in the project area will temporarily increase.
The only means to alleviate this problem will be to attempt to
keep roadways open during peak traffic hours and to move heavy
construction equipment and workers to and from construction areas
during periods of low traffic volume. Thus, most potential short-
term air quality impacts from project construction can be
mitigated.
7.0 LONG -TSRH IMPACTS OF PROJ=
7.1 Roadway Traffic
After construction is completed, use of the proposed facilities
will result in increased motor vehicle traffic in the project
area, potentially causing long-term impacts on ambient air
quality. Motor vehicles with gasoline -powered engines are
significant sources of carbon monoxide. They also emit nitrogen
oxides and other contaminates.
Federal air pollution control regulations require that new motor
vehicles be equipped with emission control devices that reduce
emissions significantly compared to a few years ago. In 7990, the
President signed into law the Clean Air Act Amendments. This
legislation requires further emission reductions, which have been
phased in since 1994. More recently, additional restrictions were
signed into law during the Clinton administration, which will
begin to take effect during the next decade. The added
restrictions on emissions from new motor vehicles will lower
average emissions each year as more and more older vehicles leave
the state's roadways. It is estimated that carbon monoxide
emissions, for example, will go down by an average of about 30 to
14 15
40 percent per vehicle during the next 10 years due to the
replacement of older vehicles with newer models.
To evaluate the potential long-term indirect ambient air quality
impact of increased roadway traffic associated with a project such
as this, computerized emission and atmospheric dispersion models
can be used to estimate ambient carbon monoxide concentrations
along roadways leading to and from the project. Carbon monoxide
is selected for modeling because it is both the most stable and
the most abundant of the pollutants generated by motor vehicles.
Furthermore, carbon monoxide air pollution is generally considered
to be a microscale problem that can be addressed locally to some
extent, whereas nitrogen oxides air pollution most often is a
regional issue that cannot be addressed by a single new
development.
For this project, three scenarios were selected for the carbon
monoxide modeling study: (1) year 2002 with present conditions,
(2) year 2013 without the project, and (3) year 2013 with the
project. To begin the modeling study of the three scenarios,
critical receptor areas in the vicinity of the project were
identified for analysis. Generally speaking, roadway
intersections are the primary concern because of traffic
congestion and because of the increase in vehicular emissions
associated with traffic queuing. For this study, the three key
intersections identified in the traffic study were also selected
for air quality analysis. These included the following
intersections:
• Queen Kaahumanu Highway at Kaiminani Drive;
• Queen Kaahumanu Highway at the project access road;
• Queen Kaahumanu Highway at Hina Lani Street.
The traffic impact assessment report for the project [4) describes
the projected future traffic conditions and laneage configurations
of these intersections in detail.
The main objective of the modeling study was to estimate maximum
1 -hour average carbon monoxide concentrations for each of the
three scenarios studied. To evaluate the significance of the
estimated concentrations, a comparison of the predicted values for
each scenario can be made. Comparison of the estimated values to
the national and state AAQS was also used to provide another
measure of significance.
Maximum carbon monoxide concentrations typically coincide with
peak traffic periods. The traffic impact assessment report
evaluated morning and afternoon peak traffic periods. These same
periods were evaluated in the air quality impact assessment.
The EPA computer model MOBILE6 [5] was used to calculate vehicular
carbon monoxide emissions for each year studied. One of the key
inputs to MOBILE6 is vehicle mix. Unless very detailed
information is available, national average values are typically
assumed, which is what was used for the present study. Based on
national average vehicle mix figures, the present vehicle mix in
the project area was estimated to be 46.48 light-duty gasoline -
powered automobiles, 40.98 light-duty gasoline -powered trucks and
vans, 3.68 heavy-duty gasoline -powered vehicles, 0.28 light-duty
diesel -powered vehicles, 8.38 heavy-duty diesel -powered trucks and
buses, and 0.68 motorcycles. For the future scenarios studied,
the vehicle mix was estimated to change slightly with fewer light-
duty gasoline -powered automobiles and more light-duty gasoline -
powered trucks and vans.
16 17
Ambient temperatures of 59 and 68 degrees F were used for morning
and afternoon peak -hour emission computations, respectively.
These are conservative assumptions since morning/afternoon ambient
temperatures will generally be warmer than this, and emission
estimates given by MOBILE6 generally have an inverse relationship
to the ambient temperature.
After computing vehicular carbon monoxide emissions through the
use of M0BILE6, these data were then input to an atmospheric
dispersion model. EPA air quality modeling guidelines [6]
currently recommend that the computer model CAL3QHC [7) be used
to assess carbon monoxide concentrations at roadway
intersections, or in areas where its use has previously been
established, CALINE4 [8) may be used. Until a few years ago,
CALINE4 was used extensively in Hawaii to assess air quality
impacts at roadway intersections. In December 1997, the
California Department of Transportation recommended that the
intersection mode of CALINE4 no longer be used because it was
thought the model has become outdated. Studies have shown that
CALINE4 may tend to over -predict maximum concentrations in some
situations. Therefore, CAL3QHC was used for the subject
analysis.
CAL3QHC was developed for the U.S. EPA to simulate vehicular
movement, vehicle queuing and atmospheric dispersion of vehicular
emissions near roadway intersections. It is designed to predict
1 -hour average pollutant concentrations near roadway
intersections based on input traffic and emission data,
roadway/receptor geometry and meteorological conditions.
Input peak -hour traffic data were obtained from the traffic study
cited previously. This included vehicle approach volumes,
saturation capacity estimates, intersection laneage and signal
timings. All emission factors that were input to CAL3QHC for
free-flow traffic on roadways were obtained from MOBILE6 based on
assumed free-flow vehicle speeds corresponding to the posted speed
limits (35 to 45 mph depending on location).
Model roadways were set up to reflect roadway geometry, physical
dimensions and operating characteristics. Concentrations
predicted by air quality models generally are not considered valid
within the roadway -mixing zone. The roadway -mixing zone is
usually taken to include 3 meters on either side of the traveled
portion of the roadway and the turbulent area within 10 meters of
a cross street. Model receptor sites were thus located at the
edges of the mixing zones near all intersections that were studied
for all three scenarios. This implies that pedestrian sidewalks
either already exist or are assumed to exist in the future. All
receptor heights were placed at 1.5 meters above ground to
simulate levels within the normal human breathing zone.
Input meteorological conditions for this study were defined to
provide "worst-case" results. One of the key meteorological
inputs is atmospheric stability category. For these analyses,
atmospheric stability category 6 was assumed for the morning
cases, while atmospheric stability category 4 was assumed for the
afternoon cases. These are the most conservative stability
categories that are generally used for estimating worst-case
pollutant dispersion within suburban areas for these periods. A
surface roughness length of 100 cm and a mixing height of 1000
meters were used in all cases. worst-case wind conditions were
defined as a wind speed of 1 meter per second with a wind
direction resulting in the highest predicted concentration.
Concentration estimates were calculated at wind directions of
every 5 degrees.
18 19
Existing background concentrations of carbon monoxide in the
project vicinity are believed to be at low levels. Thus,
background contributions of carbon monoxide from sources or
roadways not directly considered in the analysis were accounted
for by adding a background concentration of 0.5 ppm to all
predicted concentrations for 2002. Although increased traffic is
expected to occur within the project area within the next several
years with or without the project, background carbon monoxide
concentrations may not change significantly since individual
emissions from motor vehicles are forecast to decrease with time.
Hence, a background value of 0.5 ppm was assumed to persist for
the future scenarios studied.
Predicted Worst -Case 1 -Hour Concentrations
Table 4 summarizes the results of the modeling study in the form
of the estimated worst-case 1 -hour morning and afternoon ambient
carbon monoxide concentrations. These results can be compared
directly to the state and the national AAQS. Estimated worst-case
carbon monoxide concentrations are presented in the table for
three scenarios: year 2002 with existing traffic, year 2013
without the project and year 2013 with the project. The locations
of these estimated worst-case i -hour concentrations all occurred
at or very near the indicated intersections.
As indicated in the table, the highest estimated 1 -hour
concentration within the project vicinity for the present (2002)
case was 5.5 mg/m'. This was projected to occur during the
morning peak traffic hour near the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu
Highway and Hina Lani Street. Concentrations at other locations
and times studied were 5.2 mg/m' or lower. All predicted worst-
case 1 -hour concentrations for the 2002 scenario were well within
both the national AAQS of 40 mg/m' and the state standard of 10
mg/m'.
In the year 2013 without the proposed project, the predicted
worst-case concentrations decreased by about 20 to 30 percent
compared to the existing case. This was due to the decrease in
emissions that is expected to occur over the next several years,
which is the result of older motor vehicles being retired. For
the 2013 without project scenario, the highest worst-case 1 -hour
concentration was again predicted to occur during the morning at
the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Hina Lani Street.
A value of 4.3 mg/m3 was predicted to occur at this location.
Peak -hour worst-case values at the other locations and times
studied for the 2013 without project scenario ranged between about
3 and 4 mg/m3. All projected worst-case concentrations for this
scenario remained within the state and national standards.
Predicted 1 -hour worst-case concentrations for the 2013 with
project scenario were about 10 to 25 percent higher compared to
the 2013 without project case but still lower than the existing
scenario. Similar to the other scenarios studied, the highest
worst-case concentration was predicted to occur during the morning
at the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Hina Lani
Street. The highest concentration at this location and time was
4.8 mg/m'. The highest concentrations at other locations and
times studied ranged between 3.1 and 4.3 mg/m'. All predicted
worst-case 1 -hour concentrations for the 2013 with project
scenario were well within both the national and the state AAQS.
Predicted Worst -Case 8 -Hour Concentrations
Worst-case 8 -hour carbon monoxide concentrations were estimated by
multiplying the worst-case 1 -hour values by a persistence factor
20 21
of 0.5, This accounts for two factors: (1) traffic volumes
averaged over eight hours are lower than peak 1 -hour values, and
(2) meteorological conditions are more variable (and hence more
favorable for dispersion) over an 8 -hour period than they are for
a single hour. Based on monitoring data, 1 -hour to 8 -hour persis-
tence factors for most locations generally vary from 0.4 to 0.8
with 0.6 being the most typical. One study based on modeling [91
concluded that 1 -hour to 8 -hour persistence factors could
typically be expected to range from 0.4 to 0.5. EPA guidelines
1101 recommend using a value of 0.7 unless a locally derived
persistence factor is available. Recent monitoring data for
locations on Oahu reported by the Department of Health [111
suggest that this factor may range between about 0.2 and 0.6
depending on location and traffic variability. Considering the
location of the project and the traffic pattern for the area, a
1 -hour to 8 -hour persistence factor of 0.5 will likely yield
reasonable estimates of worst-case a -hour concentrations.
The resulting estimated worst-case 8 -hour concentrations are
indicated in Table 5. For the 2002 scenario, the estimated worst-
case 8 -hour carbon monoxide concentrations for the two locations
studied were 2.6 mg/m' at the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu
Highway and Kaiminani Drive and 2.8 mg/m' at the intersection of
Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Nina Lani Street. The estimated
worst-case concentrations for the existing case were well within
both the state standard of 5 mg/m' and the national limit of
10 mg/m'.
For the year 2013 without project scenario, the estimated worst-
case concentrations decreased to approximately 2 mg/m', and all
predicted concentrations were well within the standards.
In the 2013 with project case, the predicted worst-case
concentrations increased by about 10 percent compared to the
without project case, indicating minimal project impact, and all
predicted 8 -hour concentrations remained well within both the
national and the state AAQS.
Conservativeness of Estimates
The results of this study reflect several assumptions that were
made concerning both traffic movement and worst-case
meteorological conditions. One such assumption concerning worst-
case meteorological conditions is that a wind speed of 1 meter per
second with a steady direction for 1 hour will occur. A steady
wind of 1 meter per second blowing from a single direction for an
hour is extremely unlikely and may occur only once a year or leas.
With wind speeds of 2 meters per second, for example, computed
carbon monoxide concentrations would be only about half the values
given above. The 8 -hour estimates are also conservative in that
it is unlikely that anyone would occupy the assumed receptor sites
(within 3 m of the roadways) for a period of 8 hours.
7.2 Electrical Demand
The proposed project also will cause indirect air pollution
emissions from power generating facilities as a consequence of
electrical power usage. The peak electrical demand of the
project when fully developed is expected to reach about 9 Mw
[121. Assuming the average demand is approximately one-half the
peak demand, the annual electrical demand of the project will
reach approximately 40 million kilowatt-hours. Electrical power
for the project will most probably be provided mainly by oil-
fired generating facilities, but some of the project power may
also be derived from geothermal energy, wind power or other
22 23
sources. In order to meet the electrical power needs of the
proposed project, power generating facilities will likely be
required to burn more fuel and hence more air pollution will be
emitted at these facilities. Given in Table 6 are estimates of
the indirect air pollution emissions that would result from the
project electrical demand assuming all power is provided by
burning more fuel oil at local power plants. These values can be
compared to the island -wide emission estimates for 1993 given in
Table 2. The estimated indirect emissions from project
electrical demand amount to less than 1 percent of the present
air pollution emissions occurring on Hawaii Island even if all
power is assumed to be derived from oil.
7.3 Solid Waste Disposal
Solid waste generated by the proposed development when fully
completed and occupied is not expected to exceed about 1020 tons
per year [12]. Currently, all solid waste on the island is
buried at solid waste landfills. Thus, assuming this continues
to be the method for solid waste disposal, the only associated
air pollution emissions that will occur will be from trucking the
waste to the landfill and burying it. These emissions should be
relatively minor.
8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND
The major potential short-term air quality impact of the project
will occur from the emission of fugitive dust during construction.
Uncontrolled fugitive dust emissions from construction activities
are estimated to amount to about 1.2 tons per acre per month,
depending on rainfall. To control dust, active work areas and any
temporary unpaved work roads should be watered at least twice
daily on days without rainfall. Use of wind screens and/or
limiting the area that is disturbed at any given time will also
help to contain fugitive dust emissions. Wind erosion of inactive
areas of the site that have been disturbed could be controlled by
mulching or by the use of chemical soil stabilizers. Dirt -hauling
trucks should be covered when traveling on roadways to prevent
windage. A routine road cleaning and/or tire washing program will
also help to reduce fugitive dust emissions that may occur as a
result of trucks tracking dirt onto paved roadways in the project
area. Paving of parking areas and establishment of landscaping
early in the construction schedule will also help to control dust.
Monitoring dust at the project boundary during the period of
construction could be considered as a means to evaluate the
effectiveness of the project dust control program and to adjust
the program if necessary.
During construction phases, emissions from engine exhausts
(primarily consisting of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides) will
also occur both from on-site construction equipment and from
vehicles used by construction workers and from trucks traveling to
and from the project. Increased vehicular emissions due to
disruption of traffic by construction equipment and/or commuting
construction workers can be alleviated by moving equipment and
personnel to the site during off-peak traffic hours.
24 25
After the proposed project is completed, any long-term impacts on
air quality in the project area due to emissions from project -
related motor vehicle traffic should be small. Worst-case
concentrations of carbon monoxide should remain within both the
state and the national ambient air quality standards.
Implementing any air quality mitigation measures for long-term
traffic -related impacts is probably unnecessary and unwarranted.
Any long-term impacts on air quality due to indirect emissions
from supplying the project with electricity and from the disposal
of waste materials generated by the project will likely be small
based on the relatively small magnitudes of these emissions.
Nevertheless, indirect emissions from project electrical demand
could likely be reduced somewhat by incorporating energy-saving
features into project design requirements. This might include the
use of solar water heaters; designing building space so that
window positions maximize indoor light without unduly increasing
indoor heat; using landscaping where feasible to provide afternoon
shade to cut down on the use of air conditioning; installation of
insulation and double -glazed doors to reduce the effects of the
sun and heat; providing movable, controlled openings for
ventilation at opportune times; and possibly installing automated
room occupancy sensors. Solid waste related air pollution could
likely be reduced somewhat by the promotion of conservation and
recycling programs within the proposed development. This could
reduce solid waste volumes, which would in turn reduce any related
air pollution emissions proportionately.
RRPRRENCRS
1. "Climatic Summary of the United States, Supplement for 1951
through 1960, Hawaii and Pacific", U.S. Department of Com-
merce, Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C., 1965.
2. Compilation of Air Polluta t E 'o F to V 1 I
St ---X Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP -42, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
January 1995.
3. State of Hawaii. Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapter 11-60,
Air Pollution Control.
4. M&E Pacific, Inc., Traffic Impact Analysis -O-oma II
Project, Draft, November, 2002.
5. User's Guide to MOBILE6.0 Mobile Source Emission Factor
Model, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Transportation and Air Quality, Assessment and Standards
Division, Ann Arbor, Michigan, January 2002.
6. Guideline on Air Quality Mod 1 (R 's d) I 1 ding
Supplements A and H, EPA -450/2-78-027R, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1986.
7. User's Guide to CAL )HC Verso 2 0: A Modeling M thodol0ov
for Predicting Pollutant C cen[I ['o Near Roadway
Intersections, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, November
1992.
B. CALINE4 - A Dispersion Model for P ed' t' g Air Pollutant
Concentrations Near Roadways, FHWA/CA/TL-84/15, California
State Department of Transportation, November 1984 with June
1989 Revisions.
9. "Persistence Factors for Mobile Source (Roadway) Carbon
Monoxide Modeling", C. David Cooper, Journal of the Air 6
Waste Management Association, Volume 39, Number 5, May 1989.
10. Guideline for Modeling Carbon Monoxide from R ad v
Intersections, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
EPA -454/R-92-005, November 1992.
11. Annual Summaries, Hawaii AirO 1'tv Data, 1997-2001, State
of Hawaii Department of Health.
12. Personal communication, Scott Ezer, Helber, Hastert 6 Fee, to
Barry D. Neal, B.D. Neal & Associates, December 16, 2002.
26 27
Figure 1. -Project Location
-----]
"., A"USA,O1000®T.mc.Reim" _
Table 1
SUMMARY OF STATE OF HAWAII AND NATIONAL
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
a
Three-year average of annual arithmetic mean.
b
99th percentile value averaged over three years.
c
Not to be exceeded more than once per year.
d98th percentile value averaged over three years.
e
Three-year average of fourth -highest daily 8 -hour maximum.
f
Standard Is attained when the expected number of exceedances is less than or equal to 1.
Note: Standards for particulate matter k2.5 microns) and for 8 -hour ozone have not yet been
implemented.
�J
J
1
Maximum Allowable Concentration
Pollutant
units
Averaging
Time
National
National
State
Primary
Secondary
of Hawaii
Particulate Matter
Pg /M3
Annual
50'
50'
50
(<10 microns)
24 Hours
150'
150'
150` Ad
Particulate Matter
Pg/m3
Annual
15'
15'
-
(<2.5 microns)
24 Hours
65'
65°
-
Sulfur Dioxide
Pg/m3
Annual
80
-
80
24 Hours
365`
-
365`
3 Hours
-
1300`
1300`
Nitrogen Dioxide
Pg/m3
Annual
100
100
70
Carbon Monoxide
mg/m'
8 Hours
10`
-
5`
1 Hour
40`
-
10`
Ozone
µg/m3
8 Hours
157'
157`
-
1 Hour
235f
235f
100`
Lead
Pg /ml
Calendar
1.5
1.5
1.5
Quarter
Hydrogen Sulfide
µg/m3
1 Hour
-
35`
a
Three-year average of annual arithmetic mean.
b
99th percentile value averaged over three years.
c
Not to be exceeded more than once per year.
d98th percentile value averaged over three years.
e
Three-year average of fourth -highest daily 8 -hour maximum.
f
Standard Is attained when the expected number of exceedances is less than or equal to 1.
Note: Standards for particulate matter k2.5 microns) and for 8 -hour ozone have not yet been
implemented.
�J
J
1
Table 2
AIR POLLUTION EXISSION8 INYCRORY FOR
18LARO OF RAMAII, 1993
Air Pollutant
Point Sources
(tone/year)
Area Sources
(tone ear)
Total
(tone earl
Particulate
30,311
9,157
39,468
Sulfur Oxides
9,345
nil
9,345
Nitrogen Oxides
4,054
8,858
12,912
Carbon Monoxide
3,357
23.934
27,291
Hydrocarbons
1,477
203
1,680
Source: Final Report, -Review, Revise and Update of the Hawaii Rmiseions
Inventory Systeme for the State of Hawaii-, prepared for Hawaii
Department of Health by J.L. Shoemaker 6 Associates, Inc.,
1996
Table 3
ANNUAL SUMMARIES OF AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS FOR
NONITORINO STATIONS NEAREST
-O-OMR II PROJECT
Parameter / Location
1999
2000
2001
Sulfur Dioxide / Kealakekua, Kona
Period of Sampling (months)
12
12
12
3 -Hour Averaging Period:
No. of Samples
2859
2899
2869
Highest Concentration (pg/m')
60
50
3
2°4 Highest Concentration 1 m')
43
49
37
No. Of State AADS Exceedances
0
0
0
24 -Hour Averaging Period:
No. of Sa lee
360
365
360
Highest Concentration (ug/ml)
18
25
22
2'a Highest Concentration (ug/m')
18
16
20
No. of State AAQS Exceedances
0
0
0
Annual AveraW Concentration ( m')
6
6
8
Particulate (PN -10) / Kealakekua Rom
Period of Sampling (months)
12
6
24 -Hour Averaging Period:
No. of Sa lee
47
17
Highest Concentration ( /m')
28
23
-
2v4 Highest Concentration ( m')
27
23
No. of State AAQS Exceedances
0
0
Annual Avera a Concentration ( m')
15
iB
-
Source: State of Hawaii Department of Health, 'Annual Summary,
Hawaii Air Quality Data, 1999, 2000 and 2001"
Table 4
ESTIMATED WORST-CASE 1 -SOUR CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS
ALONG ROADWAYS NEAR -O-OMA II PROJECT
(milligram, per cubic meter)
Hawaii State AAQS: 10
National AAQS: 40
Table 5
ESTIMATED WORST-CASE 8 -HOUR CARSON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS
ALONG ROADWAYS NEAR -O-OMA II PROJECT
(milligrams per cubic meter)
Year/Scenario
2002/Present
2013/without Project
2013/with Project
Roadway
Intersection
AN
PM
AM
PN
AM
PH
Queen Kaahumanu
2.6
1.8
2.0
Drive
Highway at Kaiminani
5.2
3.8
3.6
2.8
4.0
3.1
Drive
2.2
Access Road
Queen Kaahumanu
Queen Kaahumanu
Highway at Nina Lani
2.R
2.2
2.4
Highway at Project
-
-
-
4.3
4.1
Access Road
Queen Kaahumanu
Highway at Hina Lani
5.5
4.6
4.3
3.4
4.8
4.3
Street
Hawaii State AAQS: 10
National AAQS: 40
Table 5
ESTIMATED WORST-CASE 8 -HOUR CARSON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS
ALONG ROADWAYS NEAR -O-OMA II PROJECT
(milligrams per cubic meter)
Hawaii State AAQS: 5
National AAQS: 10
Year/Scenario
Roadway
Intersection
2002/Present
2013/without Project
2013/with Project
Queen Kaahomanu
Highway at Kaiminani
2.6
1.8
2.0
Drive
Queen Kaahumanu
Highway at Project
-
-
2.2
Access Road
Queen Kaahumanu
Highway at Nina Lani
2.R
2.2
2.4
Street
Hawaii State AAQS: 5
National AAQS: 10
Table 6
ESTIMATED INDIRECT AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS FROM
'O'ONA II PROJECT ELECTRICAL DEMAND
Air Pollutant
Emission Rate
(tons year)
Particulate
11
Sulfur Dioxide
100
Carbon Monoxide
9
Volatile Organics
cl
Nitrogen Oxides
44
'Based on U.S. EPA emission factors for utility boilers [2).
Assumes peak electrical demand of 9 Mw and that the average
electrical demand is one-half the peak demand, resulting in
40 million kw-hrs per year of electrical power use. Estimated
emission rates assume low -sulfur oil used to generate power.
Archaeological Reconnaissance
(Rechtman Consulting)
RECHY MAN CONiUVTING
HC; 1 Ww 4149 • KtWau, i (awai i 96x49
Plume: (808)966.7636 • (WS) 966.6235
toll free fax: {600)40* -2669 - �-atril: f rcchtmatr%raill.cum
December 19, 2002
RC -0154
Scott Ezer
Principal
Helber Hastert & Fee Planners
733 Bishop Street, Suite 2590
Honolulu, HI %813
Dear Scott:
At your request, Rechtman Consulting, LLC conducted an archaeological reconnaissance on an 83 acre parcel in
'O'omn 2' Ahupua'a, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-7-3-9:22) (Figure 1). The preliminary
development plan for the study area includes a combination of multi -family residential, office and retail commercial,
and transient accommodations. The preliminary development map (Figure 2) shows a 150 foot building setback
from Queen Ka'ahttman►t Highway. The Tax Key Map (Figure 3) indicates that the study parcel is bounded on its
makai side by a 30 foot wide corridor that has been referred to as the Kings Highway by the project surveyors. The
ntauka property boundary is the right-of-way for Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. The southern boundary is the
'O'oma 2"u/Kohanaiki ahupua'a border, and a roughly 44 -acre parcel of state-owned land forms the northern study
area boundary (see Figure 3).
The current study area is part of a larger property that had been surveyed for archaeological sites by Barrera
(1985). Barrera recorded two sites within the current study area, a habitation cave (SIHP Site 10155) and the
M malahoa Trail (SIHP Site 2). Subsequent to the Barrera study, Ross Cordy, Ph.D (an Archaeologist with DLNR)
carried out a field check of a portion of Barrera's study area (Cordy 1986). Cordy investigated a small section of the
current study area and concluded, "that Barrera's survey did find most sites in the inland areas of the parcel."
(1986:5). DLNR-SHPD also provided a recent update on the historic preservation status of the current study parcel
(Attachment 1). They indicated that two sites (SIHP Sites 2 and 10155) on the parcel were to be preserved and that
two additional sites had already undergone data recovery. These latter two sites are not on the current study parcel,
but rather on a parcel makai of the current study parcel. Other recent archaeological studies within 'O'oma 2"u
include two data recovery projects (Barrera 1989; Corbin 2000). The Barrera project took place makai of the current
study parcel, at the two sites referred to in the DLNR-SHPD update letter.
On October 23 and 24, 2002 Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D. supervised a field crew of four archaeologists, and
walked transects with a spacing of 10 meters between crew members in a north/south direction across the entire
study area. All four property corner stakes were identified in the field; adjacent to the southwest property corner
stake was a chiseled "X" and "WKA" in the p hoehoe (Figure 4; these appear to have been placed by an earlier
surveyor). During the reconnaissance both of the sites Barrera recorded were encountered as well as a small lava
blister with a single fragment of a cowrie shell (there was no soil in the blister and no potential for finding any other
remains). The blister (Figure 5), located within the 150 -foot building setback, was assigned SIHP Site number 23639
and is evaluated as not a significant resource. A map (Figure 6) was generated using GPS collected information
showing the location of this blister and the two sites Barrera recorded.
SIHP Site 10155 (Figure 7) is a large habitation cave that was approved for preservation as a result of the earlier
study. This site is assumed to have been associated with travel along SIFIP Site 2, the "M malahoa Trail." SIFIP Site
2 is a linear trail feature that extends from Kailua Town to Kawaihae. It is visible on the landscape as a line of
differential vegetation (Figure 8). Historical records indicate that the "M malahoa Trail" is more properly identified
as the alanui oupuni, or government mad, and was constructed through the 'O'oma area in 1847. This road is shown
on the 1928 version of the USGS topographic map (Figure 10), and corresponds precisely to what can be seen on
aerial photographs (Figure 9) and what was observed on the ground during our reconnaissance. Detailed historical
information relative to the road/trail will be presented in the Cultural Impact Assessment that is tinder preparation.
This historic trail is also slated for preservation.
ItC-0154
t.
^VX
tto�n
5
1
... - r:
A
...
Project Alrea
NI n
3 s
A
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i
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i
r.
i
''Z r► �'�
rJ t t � u
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Figure I. Project area location depicted on portion of U.S.G.S. 7.5 series quadrangle Keahole, HI 19%..
•
l�
u
3
MULTI -FAMILY —
HOUSING (RM -2)
R1 arr"
240 Ututs
2 stwles
300 ;tells
O_FFICFJCOMMERCIAL_ JCN1
7 acreft Y v
105,000 d+ CIA
2 stones
350 stalls
RC -0154
1W"Wy'
OFFICEJCOMMERCIALCN)
Satt]ack
-- _...._.�._...,.
it aCrt+B (BttC. net)
N
150,000 0 GIA
2
�Morias
CC
500 S40%
4
RETAIL/
ERCIAL(CN)
rA.aw»•
t t..a. ,
,ql
21 aces (16 ac. net)
225.000 0 GLA
1 story
750 slake
ry
r,.•�•" TR_ANSIENTACCOM
_ 12 acres (1-3 sites) /DREETAMUCOMMERICIAL (CN)
400 roomit �� 2 acres (1 ac. net)
3 abries 12,000 d, CiA
225 stags t stork,
40 stall,
feel
0 !DO 6�a IXIa
Figure 2. Preliminary development plan prepared by Helber Hastert & Fee.
4
1.0
N
rA.aw»•
t t..a. ,
rnv �� � � �•
PROJECT SITE
Af
+G
_j
AIV
_ �' � ' �
v rafw • sl '� >sarr .w...+r.vr•
r
f{ .e O
'Its�
.s .G wt N 7.
M rl.... I•. r)e l..
n
17,
it {'
re 7r
'O'OMA
II
Tax Key Map
�.
Helber Hastert & Fee, Planners
30August 2002
Q
CTJflA rz -i: Ri C�iCt, M^✓1TN Kr%vr,, JJ✓3l'J+v/ ! ti't
Figure 3. Portion of Tax Key Map 3-7-3-09 showing current study area
RC -0154
•
5
Figure 4. Markings chiseled into p hoehoe near southwestern parcel corner.\
Figure 5. Small lava blister with single cowrie shell fragment.
R('-11154
6
R('-OI54
Figure 6. Distribution of sites within current study area.
�� � •� ,�., gam+, ��� *�`��1"��,;t
- coll
7 Al
4
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its i; a ' w ,+ ' +>
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ill (i -'i � i ' •Il•lii�•//��.� , •' $ r'�c-', � ,
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Figure 10. Portion of 1928 U.S.GS. 7.5 series quadrangle Keahole, Hi showing 5I1ir Jlre L.
RC -0154
I
E
RC -0154
In summary, the earlier Barrera study can be considered sufficient archaeological documentation relative to the
current study. SIHP Site 10155 is s good example of an archaeological site that should be preserved. The corridor
identified on the surveyor's map as the "Kings Trail" has no physical manifestation on the ground, and may reflect
an earlier mapping error. The only trail observed in the project area is the alanui nuptuti (SIHP 2—M malahoa Trail)
built in 1847, and is also a site that should be preserved. DLNR-SHPD will require preservation plans for SIHP Site
10155 and those portion of SIHP Site 2 that cross the project area.
Thank you for the opportunity to provide you with our services. Should you have any questions, or would like
further information please feel free to contact me.
Sincerely,
Bob Rechiman, Ph.D.
Principal Archaeologist
•
H1
I
I i r I i, ��tr f rl;r.rlll��i•.�z�4�'
\. <. '\�•.� r
11
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Mi/ljf' "i•:i!'r;?llfr�'.`" S P uUlm
5
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Figure 10. Portion of 1928 U.S.GS. 7.5 series quadrangle Keahole, Hi showing 5I1ir Jlre L.
RC -0154
I
E
RC -0154
In summary, the earlier Barrera study can be considered sufficient archaeological documentation relative to the
current study. SIHP Site 10155 is s good example of an archaeological site that should be preserved. The corridor
identified on the surveyor's map as the "Kings Trail" has no physical manifestation on the ground, and may reflect
an earlier mapping error. The only trail observed in the project area is the alanui nuptuti (SIHP 2—M malahoa Trail)
built in 1847, and is also a site that should be preserved. DLNR-SHPD will require preservation plans for SIHP Site
10155 and those portion of SIHP Site 2 that cross the project area.
Thank you for the opportunity to provide you with our services. Should you have any questions, or would like
further information please feel free to contact me.
Sincerely,
Bob Rechiman, Ph.D.
Principal Archaeologist
•
Employment and
Population Assessment
(Mikiko Corporation)
Employment and Population
Assessment for'O'oma
North Kona District, Island of Hawaii
December 20, 2002
Prepared for:
Helber Hastert & Fee Planners
Prepared by:
Mikiko Corporation
MG�;�K®
C 0 P P 0 R A 1 1 0 N
December 20, 2002
Mr. Scott Ezer
Helber Hastert & Fee Planners
Grosvenor Center, PRI Tower
733 Bishop Street, Suite 2590
Honolulu, HI 96813
Re: Employment and Population Impact Assessment for'O'oms
Dear Mr. Ezer:
Mikiko Corporation is pleased to present this assessment of the anticipated employment and
population impacts of the proposed developments at'O'oma, Island of Hawaii. This letter
explains the study background and scope, and smnntarizes its key findings. Following this letter
arc materials that present the analytical framework, assumptions, special terminology used
within the report, and detailed analyses and conclusions of the study. Also attached is a
statement of pertinent general limiting conditions.
BACKGROUND
Clifto's Kona Coast, LLC (Clifto's) recently purchased a 3wacre site at-O'oma, North Kona,
Hawaii, approximately I- mile south of the Keahole Airport. Within this site, 83 acres are
designated `Urban" by the State Land Use Commission. Cliflo's is seeking final entitlements
for this portion of the site. Helber Hastert & Fee Planners (HHF) is assisting Cliflo's in
preparing an enviromnenml report to support petitions frr an SMA Permit and a Project
District Permit for the 83 -acre area. The project is planned to include:
Y 240 multifamily units
> A 400 -room business-ariented hotel
➢ 237,000 square feet GLA of mtaillcommercial space
255,000 square feet GLA of office/cc mmercial space
HHF has asked MC to prepare an assessment of impacts of the proposed developments on
employment and population, as explained below. This assessment has been based on
development, market and other assumptions provided to MC by Clifto's, HHF and/or other
Project team consultants.
■ 1001 Bishop Street, Pauald Tower 2300 ■ Honokrlu, HI 96813
■ Telephone 808-942-5493 a Telefax 908-942-7838 ■ MlklkoCoQhewell.o.com
Mr. Stull Exer
December 20. 2001
Page 2 of I
STUDY OBJECTIVES
Key objectives of MC's assistance to HHF are to:
➢ Assess the impacts of the Project with respect to employment and population for the
project site ("on-site', the State of Hawaii ("State') and/or the County of Hawaii
("County"), w explained further in the detailed findings that follow.
➢ Be available for expert witness testimony moth" follow-up smites, w requested by
you or other authorized representative of Clitto's.
SUMMARY OF FINDUVGS
As proposed,'O'oma would generate on-going employment on-site and statewide. It could also
lead to some in -migration to the County and State.
➢ Full-time equivalent employment due to development reaped activites could amount to
an avenge of nearly 130 jobs per year on-site, in 300 per year over the Project period of
2003 to 2015;
➢ FTE employment due to on-going operamns related activites could represent some 1,300
perons on-site and up to 2,100 statewide;
➢ FTE resident populations of the County and Slate could increase by about 210 and 70
persons, respectively; and
➢ FTE on-site visitors could represent some 690 persons in total, of whom aproximately
130 could have already been State residents. Thus, those new to the State could represent
up to 560 FTE visitors.
Thew and other summary findings are shown on the table on the following page.
Mr. Sro0 Bre,
December 10. 2001
Page 3 of I
Please see the attached text, exhibits, appendices and statement of limiting conditions for further
details pertaining to the key assumptions, methodology and findings of this study. Thank you for
the opportunity to participate in the ongoing planning of'O'oma.
Respectfully submitted,
Ann M. Bowlog
President
Mikiko Corporation
Encloauree
Mr. Scott Emr 'O'oma Employment and Population Assessment for 'O'oma
December 10, 2002
Page 4 of4
STUDY APPROACH AND DETAILED FINDINGS
Indirect Impacts - Indirect impacts occur when the businesses or persons who
are directly effected make expenditures for additional supplies or services. For
instance, some of the additional spending by those newly attracted to Hawaii by
'O'oma could be spent on eating out. These elevated dining out expenditures
could thus indirectly increase demand fm produce, seafood and meats from
Hawaii farms, fishermen and/or couching enterprises. 'O'cros would thus have
indirectly supported new business opportunities for area providers of such goods
and services — creating newjobs as well as income.
maao woo+: Inmooz
Summary of Projected Impacts
at Project Stabilization In 2015
STUDY ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
Special considerations for some of the Project's facilities guide the analyses presented
herein. These and other aspects of this study's analytical framework are set forth below:
Raaorf
Cananam deet impacts Tabs aapa4 mbR
1. Time frame — This analysis extends to the year 2015, an approximately 13 -year
FTE amploymane
time horizon. According to the landowner's projections, all residential units am
DeniopmenNebbn
Amrap9 snm MI bM15 130 300 E~H
expected to be sold by 2013, and the commercial properties am also expected to
operamna,rewom
Am .-maty 1,300 2'00 ExMSaI
be stabilized by 2013.
FTE a Want rxtlant
1 Atla. srPbreee a rev
2. Visitor rooms — The Project is expected to accommodate transient visitors both at
aO o the Co
To ma County
damrodama abs arab wraama
Not appacable 210 Exh"J
the 400 -unit business oriented hotel hereinafter, `Hotel" and at those residential
i 1•
To tlw Slab
tld aPPseabla TO ExIdMJ
units whose owners choose to put them into a visitor rental pool.
Average dally vbReralm
dfma
on -ase vbaor popukdon
DEFINITION OF TERMINOLOGY
County snoods
Tad Opo NWapplmda EAMD
and E~K
Within this report, the following definitions apply:
�anpada
EWAdhg tamaalnaa 590 Nd applkahla ErhbxD
and E~K
Direct Impacts - Those economic, population or other impacts attributable to
persons or activities that are a direct result of the proposed development. For
instance, direct employment impacts would include those involved in building the
proposed facilities, such as construction workers, and those who would later work
at them in thein operations.
Most, but not all of direct impacts can be expected to =or on-site. For instance,
a portion of the construction budget is for architects and engineers. While such
persons' employment might be temporarily dependent on the contracts generated
by 'O'oma, they may do the majority of their work from offices in Honolulu or
elsewhere. Likewise, administrative and managerial staff located off-site would
support construction professionals working on-site.
Indirect Impacts - Indirect impacts occur when the businesses or persons who
are directly effected make expenditures for additional supplies or services. For
instance, some of the additional spending by those newly attracted to Hawaii by
'O'oma could be spent on eating out. These elevated dining out expenditures
could thus indirectly increase demand fm produce, seafood and meats from
Hawaii farms, fishermen and/or couching enterprises. 'O'cros would thus have
indirectly supported new business opportunities for area providers of such goods
and services — creating newjobs as well as income.
maao woo+: Inmooz
Varna Employment and Population Assersmenl for 'O'oma
Induced impacts - Induced impacts occur throughout the community when those
persons or companies that have benefited from the direct or indirect impacts of
the Project spend their associated earnings on consumer gods and services. For
instance, a construction worker may spend her earned wages to buy a new pair of
shoes, or to pay for her child's day care. The farmer who sells produce to a
restaurant at 'O'oma may use some of his profit to take his family out to the
movies. The businesses and individuals impacted by such re -spending are said to
enjoy in economic impacts from the Project.
• Tool impacts - Total impacts are defined m the sum of direct, indirect and
induced impacts fors any given variable.
Full-time equivalent - Although some direct, indirect and induced employment
opportunities generated by'O'oma can be expected to be part-time and others to
be on-call, this study measures employment opportunities in full-time equivalent
("FTE') units. For purposes of lids study, one full-time equivalent position is
defined u 2,080 hours of employment (including paid vacation and sick leave)
per year. This is equivalent to 40 hours per week and may also be referred to as a
"person -year" of employment. Two half-time jobs would be considered to
together represent me FTE job.
Visitors and residents may also be referred to m FTE. In this case, one FIE
visitor or resident would represent 365 days of presence in the community. This
could consist of four part-time residents each staying dome months, or 36.5
visitors each staying an average of 10 days.
Assumptions regarding the scale, nature and timing of the Project are made in order to
assess its impacts. This assessment is based on timelines and development programs
provided by CliRo's Kom Coast, LLC (CliRo's), Heiber Hasten & Fee Planners (HHF)
and others as noted
Development Artivides (Exhibit A)
Until approximately 2005, development activities at'O'oma are expected to be primarily
associated with its planning and design, as well as development of both on- and off-site
infrastructure. The majority of development would occur between 2006 and 2010.
Operating Facflidea (Erbibtt E)
In addition to the Retail/Commercial and the Office/Commercial complexes, the Project
is expected to offer up to 520 units for visitor accommodations. This would consist of
the 400 -unit Hotel and an estimated 50% of residential units said at the Project. The
latter is an estimate of the number of buyers that could be expected to put their homes
into a rental pool.
Vldtor M& (Exbibk C)
'O'oma Employment and Population Assessment for 'O'oma
Those patronizing the 520 anticipated visitor units are expected to be primarily from the
U.S. mainland, at 760/ of the overall Project visitor market. Japanese and kame'aina
visitors could represent 4% and 20•/v, respectively.
UtiUration Patterns (Exhibit D)
By 2010, the visitor units arc anticipated to have stabilized at about 70% occupancy at
the Hotel and 55% at other units. This would result in an average of 320 units occupied
on any given day in 2010, or up to 350 by 2020, considering the increasing potential
inventory of such units. Some 201/6 of these rooms could be occupied by kama'ainas, and
are likely to not represent new occupied rooms for the Comfy or State. Excluding this
market segment, the net new occupied moms are estimated at about 280 in 2015.
Based on utilization of other facilities statewide and within the West Hawaii area
specifically, these occupied rooms could be expected to boom up to 690 persons on an
average day, or about 560 excluding kama'aina, at Project stabilization in 2015.
The Project could be expected to impact the State and County economies by (1)
generating development activity, which supports expenditures for goods and smites, (2)
attracting visitors and residents (other than kama'aina) who would make new
expenditures, and (3) creating and supporting jobs and business enterprises in its ongoing
operations. The new jobs would in mm generate additional personal earnings in the
County and throughout the State.
Inda rby Coeffieienzs and Multipliers (Exhibit E)
DBEDT has conducted comprehensive evaluations of the various industries within the
State, their financial relationships to each other, and their rates of job and personal
earnings creation. The latest such study is dated Much 2002 and entitled, "The Hawaii
Input -Output Study: 1997 Benchmark Report" Exhibit E shows the information
extracted from this report for use in the analysis of development activity at'O'oma.
Final demand coelllelents show the relationship between input, or spending
within any given industry category, and its resulting creation of jobs and
earnings'. Such coefficients am used to estimate the direct effects of the
construction and development activities planned for'O'oma.
"Direct -effect" industry multipliers show the relationship between direct jobs
or earnings and the indirect and induced jobs or earnings that they can be
expected to subsequently support.
Pm"ule W=&fim ape DOWT AWyi— qtr popiebm' in<— pct dimmr'e nn qu mg M
m W1 .WL ffi i�.Im Opeo••1 mneibu6•m b n ,imvars li e.. WiN "aa), SeeW 22m230fd"
nfp md2.
maim aapq'rJllY 2 2 mmmmr .2vt.Vl02
'O'oma Employment and Population Assessmentfor 'O'oma
Development Expenditures (Exhibits F and G)
As estimated by Clifto's ural other sources as noted, 'O'oma's development could
represent nearly 5280 million spent in the State over the next 18 years. This budget is in
2002 dollars and includes:
Professional services — architectural, engineering, landscape design,
development management, legal, and similar services.
Construction — including materials and labor, and considering infrastructure as
well as facility development, furniture, fixtures and equipment, and retail tenant
improvements.
Other — including administrative overhead, marketing, public relations, off-site
community, contributions and other "soft" costs incurred during its development.
Because the DBEDT coefficients were calibrated for 1997 dollars, the development
budgets are also re -estimated in 1997 dollars, as shown in the bottom half of Exhibit F.
Exhibit shows the same figures on an average annual basis within each period
considered, rather than as a total for each period. Over the projection period, the Project
could average $21.5 million per year in development expenses, in 2002 dollars, as shown
mid -way down the exhibit.
Development Employment (Exhibit M)
'O'cem could directly generate 1,770 person-years of development -related work in the
State war the study period. This represents some 140 FTE Hawaii -based jobs in an
average year, with most occurring in the 2006 to 2010 period when development could be
most rapid. The majority of this work would occur on-site. However, some, such as the
professional services and administrative positions, are likely to be located off-site,
perhaps on Oahu This estimate includes wage, salaried and proprietary employment
opportunities supported by'O'oma's development.
Considering the indirect and induced employment opportunities that these direct impacts
arc likely to support, the total impacts of the Project's development could represent
approximately 4,200 pemmn-years of employment until 2015, or an average of about 300
FTE development -related jobs per year within the State over the 2003 to 2015 period.
Operational Employment (Exhibit 1)
In addition to its development -related positions, 'O'oma is expected to directly support
up to 1,300 long-term permanent FTE jobs in its operations. Direct operational jobs
could include a variety of types and levels of work, including opportunities in
management, sales and marketing, human resources, food service, maintenance and
engineering, housekeeping, retail, professional services, entertainment, landscaping and
activities. Such jobs are considered to be located on-site.
'O'oma Employment and Population Assessment for'O'oma
Considering DBEDT's industry multipliers', indirect and induced effects could add
another 820 permanent positions. The indirect and induced employment impacts of
'O'oma would be spread throughout Hawaii's economy, at many levels of earnings and
in a wide variety of industries.
In total, the Project is anticipated to support up to 2,100 permanent FTE positions by its
stabilization in 2015.
IN -MIGRANT POPULATION IMPACTS (Exhibit JJ
'O'oma's development could affect population in two major categories, in -migrants and
visitor populations.
7n -Migrant Population (Exhibit .9
'O'oma is expected to lead to in -migration to the State and County as follows:
Those who purchase homes at 'O'oma may establish full- or part-time residency
on-site. Some of these persons would have been new to the State, while most
kama'aina buyers would be new to the County only.
Some of those taking advantage of the construction and operational employment
generated by the Project might move from other counties or states because of a
job opportunity at 'O'oma, thus increasing the County and/or State resident
population. Other household members might also accompany such in -migrating
persons.
In -migrant population impacts are addressed in Exhibit J, and explained as follows:
'O'oma residents — Sold residential units, net of those that might get placed in
visitor rental use, are estimated at 65 by 2010 and about 120 by 2015. To better
understand the usage of these units, developers and marketing agents for other
developments on Hawaii's neighbor islands were consulted. In addition, we
considered 2000 Census data on housing and households for the North Kona area,
Cliflo's projected market mix for residential sties at 'O'oma and other
information sources. Based on this research, the occupiable units at 'O'oma me
estimated to account fm up to 21 FTE in -migrants to the County on an average
day after 2015, about 13 of whom could also be new to the State.
Development employees - Hawaii's labor market is considered to have sufficient
supply and the required skills to satisfy virtually all of the Project's development
labor needs. A nominal 2% of FTE specialty staffing needs is assumed to come
from or be employed on the U.S. mainland. This could represent I to 4 or so of
the development employees required in any given year. Such persons might be
temporarily resident in the islands during the Project's development.
's«Apve i. if.M IW sa„1•f;mu1aro.as•nn1 hi,h mnpo.la nWiaa�m,�etiro mh..e
Mom rfpdf
fn2 4 ,msao npoa: 1M31m02
'O'oma Employment and Population Assessment for 'O'oma
Likewise, Hawaii's labor pool is considered to have the necessary laborers to
supply the Project's operational employment needs. Tbemfi m, a rmotmal amount
of employment is expected to be due to in -migrant employees, or 2% of the direct
jobs.
However, due to Hawaii Island's more limited construction labor pool, up to 250/6
of direct development jobs is projected to be temporary in -migrants to Hawaii
(them moving between islands as well m the 1 to 4 from out of State). This is
projected to account for some 13 to 50 FTE permits in any given yew, depending
on the level of development activity at the time.
Operational employees — All hotel and retail operators interviewed have
reported very limited, if any, in -migration of persons from out -of -State directly
resulting from the creation of newjobs in facility operations. For purposes of this
analysis, 2% of project operational employees were assumed to move from out -
of -State due to direct employment opportunities at'O'oma.
Some 5% ave assumed to move to the County (between islands or from out -of -
State to Hawaii County) because of employment or business opportunities. Them
assumptions imply up to 65 direct operational employees relocating to Hawaii
Island, of whom about 26 could have come from out -of -State.
Dependents - In -migrant dependents aro estimated at an avenge of 0.2 per FTE
in -migrant conshuction worker, since the position on which the "move" is based
would be temporary, and 1.0 per FTE in -migrant operational employee.
In total, by 2015,'O'oma is projected to be associated with about 70 FTE in -migrants in
the State and about 210 to the County.
Adding them figures to visitor populations estimated previously in Exhibit D, the total
population impacts of the Project could represent about 630 FTE persons for the State
and 770 for the County.
'Woms
Overview of Project Development Activities by Period
2003 m 2015
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Project Opemdog Facilities at Benchmark Dates
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Projected Visitor Mil at Hotel and Other Units in Rental Pooh
1005101015
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Vww we by property:
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FAN D
'O'oma
Utilization Patterer, Primary operating Facilities
2003 (o 20/3
fikui.Pri
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and
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2015
Aver.•. rxW.mp..eP:
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ladnatry Coe(Ileleeb and Multipliers for Development Activities
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'Obma
'O'oma
Estimated Development Cate:
Estimated Development Cate:
Total far Each Period
Average Almost in Each Period
2003 to 2015 (1997 and 1002 dollars,
in million)
1003 to 2015 (1997 and 1001 dollars, in millions)
C/ab2rir
2903
2006
2011
mukM1elaun
2905
2010
2015
TMY
CakWrrrran
21103
2006
2011
O 1111
mrWrtkrtbre NISS
2610
"IS
rwr
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2902 tladpl:
PrNnaomlrmiw
AraAHery<.eTl+'vt+F Fmb•VH
m�Frrrtibe, dne4ywemwwrewe�t nr.
$90
532
51,0
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12 13
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F� IoYnwlmd Pawl A /w'p'
'O'pma
ProJeeted 13evelupment Employment
to PnLLOme Egdvalent Job,'
2003101015
clmdm3wr
«m
EMa
8011
aw.em.M.6
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2013
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36
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0
260
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63
16
161
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0
320
TI
591
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0
190
0
190
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0
122
122
295
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3TRPRinarn povmva
0
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151
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170
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79
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9
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'O'ome
PrOl"Ied Opentionai Employment
In Pull -time Equivalent Jobe'
1005 to 1015 (2001 dalton, in milliom)
au (rete. mos 201n 2915
9m wu W.inrgeka.,W
15
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Ml A bs'O'
'Woma
Projected Average fa -Migrant Papulation
1005 w 1015
0n Enptowrew MP I
85NMI
'O'oma
Summary of ON -Site Vlatior and In -Migrant Populations
1005 to 1015
cel^bJA andi/efYwv
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2010
2015
Cy ,vvv,
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2015
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0
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140
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16 ...Iraw Imam
'O oma Employment and Population Assessment for 'O oma
AWMdir l
Derivation of Indirect & Induced Multipliers
for Operational Employment: Type 2 Multipliers
Direct -effect
Indirect & Induced
Woma land usefADplied DBEDT Industry categories
multipliers'
multiplier applied=
Residential units
Landscape services
1.40
Services to buildings & dwellings
1.23
Average for category
131
oil
Hotel
Accommodation
1.88
0.88
Retail/Commercial Complex
-
Landscape services
1.40
Food stores
1.39
Health and personal care stores
1.48
Gas stations
1.43
Apparel & accessory stores
1.58
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores
1.25
Department stores
1.43
Other general merchandise stores
2.15
Misc. store retailers
1.20
Eating and drinking places
1.47
Dry-cleaning and laundry services
1.43
Personal care services
1.29
Avenge for category
1.46
0.46
OMce/Commerclal Complex
Software & information services
1.66
Motion pictuie and sound production
1.44
Telecommunications
2.46
Motor vehicle and parts dealers
1.75
Furniture and home famishing stores
1.44
Electronics and appliance stores
1.46
Building materials & gardening equipment dealers
1.58
Real estate
2.28
Equipment rental
1.64
Automobile rental
2.31
Legal services
2.08
Accounting services
1.51
Architectural and engineering services
2.06
Advertising
1.74
Photographic services
1.43
Other professional services
1.45
Employment services
1.26
Business support services
1.54
Travel arrangement & reservation services
1.72
Doctors and dentists
1.97
Average for category
1.74
C741
t11 Wwtry aateeories and multtaliem or orerented by Hawaii State Deaartment ofilwinas. Economic Development A rourtrm.
'o'ome Ito. Fo muaprra o A ore 12MOM
18
'O'oma Economic and Population Assessment for 'O'oma
General Limiting Conditions
This report is subject to standard report and engagement conditions. Those most
pertinent to readers include:
■ This report is based upon information provided by independent third -party
sources, industry interviews; the Consultant's extensive database and knowledge
of the Hawaii market as well as other sources as appropriate. No information
provided to Mikiko Corporation has been audited or verified by Mikiko
Corporation. Mikiko Corporation assumes such information to be correct and true
for the purposes of this study, However, Mikiko Corporation makes no
representation and/or warranty nor assumes any liability related to the accuracy of
such information, estimates and/or opinions.
■ Since the projections are based on estimates and assumptions which are inherently,
subject to uncertainty and variation depending upon evolving events, Mikiko�
Corporation cannot represent them as results which will actually be achieved.
■ Mikiko Corporation has no responsibility to update this report or any of the
analyses contained herein for economic, market, physical or plan changes
occurring after November 15, 2002, the date of substantial completion of field
work for this study.
■ Possession of this report does not carry with it the right of publication, transfer;__
reuse or modification, except as such rights may have been specifically given to
Helber Hastert & Fee Planners.
General Limiting Conditions, 12/232002
19
•
Cultural Impact Assessment
(Rechtman Consulting)
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RC -0154
Figure 1. Portion of U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute series Keahole Point, HI 1996 showing project area location.
Figure 2. Aerial photo showing boundary of development parcel. NORI H ON FOP
•
•
RGO154
This report begins with a description of the general project area and the proposed development activities. This is
followed by a presentation of the archaeological background for the specific study parcel. A discussion of the cultural
and historical background for 'O'oma Ahupua'a and the Kekaha region was generated based on detailed archival
research. It is a comprehension of this background information that facilitates a more complete understanding of the
potential significance any resources that might exist within the study area. Information from both prior and newly
conducted oral -historical interviews is presented and summarized. While no traditional or on-going cultural practices,
or traditional cultural properties have been identified, there are two significant archaeological resources within the
study area that merit preservation. These resources are described, potential impacts are discussed, and appropriate
mitigation measures are outlined.
PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION AND PROPOSED
DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
The development property is an 83 acre parcel in 'O'oma 2nd Ahupua'a, North Kona District, Island of Hawai'i
(TMK:3-7-3-9:22) (see Figure 1). Elevation across the parcel ranges from 75 to 100 feet above sea level, and the
terrain is characterized by a broken pahoehoe Flow that eminated from Hualalai between 3,000 and 5,000 years ago
(Wolfe and Moms 1996). Current vegetation consists predominantly of fountain grass (Pennisetum selaceum), with
sparse kiawe (Prosopis pallida) and koa haole (Leucaena glauca). A well -traveled jeep road extending from Queen
Ka'ahumanu Highway to the coast cuts through the southern end of the parcel (see Figure 2)
The preliminary development plan for the study area includes a combination of multi -family residential, office
and retail commercial, and transient accommodations. The preliminary development map (Figure 3) shows a 150 -foot
development setback from the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway right-of-way. The Tax Key Map (Figure 4) indicates that
the study parcel is bounded on its makai side by a 30 foot wide corridor that has been referred to as the Kings
Highway by the project surveyors. The mauka property boundary is the right-of-way for Queen Ka'ahumanu
Highway. The southern boundary is the 'O'oma 2"d/Kohanaiki ahupua'a border, and a roughly 44 -acre parcel of
state-owned land forms the northern study area boundary (see Figure 4).
ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
Thrum (1908) compiled the earliest systematic report on archaeological features—heiau or ceremonial sites—on the
island of Hawai'i. Thrum's work was the result of literature review and field visits spanning several decades.
Unfortunately, Thrum's work did not take him into 'O'oma, and his documentation on heiau ends at Lanihau, south
of the study area; and picks up to the north, in the Pu'u Anahulu vicinity. Likewise, the 1906-1907, J.F.G. Stokes
detailed field survey of heiau on the island of Hawaii for the B. P. Pauahi Bishop Museum (Stokes and Dye 1991)
stopped short of doing comprehensive work in the Kekaha region, and no sites were recorded in 'O'oma.
In 1929-1930, the Bishop Museum contracted John Reinecke to conduct a survey of Hawaiian sites in West
Hawai'i, including 'O'oma and the Kekaha region (Reinecke n.d.). A portion of Reinecke's survey fieldwork
extended north from Kailua as far as Kal5huipua'a. His work being the first attempt at a survey of sites of varying
function, ranging from ceremonial to residency and resource collection.
During his study, Reinecke traveled along the shore of Kekaha, documenting near -shore sites. Where he could, he
spoke with the few native residents he encountered. Among his general descriptions of the Kekaha region, Reinecke
observed:
This coast formerly was the seat of a large population. Only a few years ago Keawaiki, now the
permanent residence of one couple, was inhabited by about thirty-five Hawaiians. Kawaihae and
Puako were the seat of several thousands, and smaller places numbered their inhabitants by the
hundreds. Now there are perhaps fifty permanent inhabitants between Kailua and Kawaihae-
certainly not over seventy-five.
MULTI -FAMILY —
HOUSING (RM -2)
21 acres — --
240 units
2 stottes
300 sialrs
w+r,'r \"W
OFFICE/COMMERCIAL jqN)
7 acres
105,000 0 GLA
2 stories
350 stalls
RC -0154
Iso' Hwy OFFICE/COMMERCIAL (CN)
Selbark _ _
It AM9 (Sac. MCA)
150,000 d+ GLA
2 sloths
500 stalls
+�
r
.,,.,.•�•""��+
RETAIU
i
COMMERCIAL(CN)
21 acres (18 ac. net)
225.000 0 GLA
1 story
750 stalls
1
t
TRANSIENT ACCOM (1�
12 acres (1-3 sites)
400 rooms
3 stories
225 stalls
FM
n �m an INO
Figure 3. Preliminary development plan prepared by Helber Hastert & Fee.
4 5
LfR/ETAIUCOMMERCIAL (CNS
2 acres (1 ac. net)
12,000 0 C A
1 story
40 stags
•
1.
zI
h'
:J C� Ar►. !E 7E
'O'OMA 11 c
Tax Key Maps
Helber Hastert & Fee, Planners f,
30 August 2002
o i�r.''A ,-V. ^ l �A� i lis , i►lr; 4'>%� XOIN11t, IYOWAi !:
Figure 4. Portion of Tax Key Map 3-7-3-09 showing current study area.
p
RC -0154
RC -0154
When the economy of Llawaii was based on fishing this was a fairly desirable coast; the fishing is
good; there is a fairly abundant water supply of brackish water, some of it nearly fresh and very
pleasant to the taste; and while there was no opportunity for agriculture on the beach, the more
energetic Hawaiians could do some cultivation at a considerable distance mauka.
The scarcity of remains is therefore disappointing. This I attribute to four reasons: (1) those simply
over looked, especially those a short distance mauka, must have been numerous; (2) a number
must have been destroyed, as everywhere, by man and by cattle grazing; (3) the coast is for the
most part low and storm -swept, so that the most desirable building locations, on the coral beaches,
have been repeatedly swept over and covered with loose coral and lava fragments, which have
obscured hundreds of platforms and no doubt destroyed hundreds more; (4) many of the dwellings
must have been built directly on the sand, as are those of the family at Kaupulehu, and when the
posts have been pulled up, leave no trace after a very few years.
The remains on this strip of coast have some special characteristics differentiating them from the
rest in Kona. First, there is an unusual number of petroglyphs and papamu, especially about Kailua
and at Kapalaoa. Second, probably because of the strong winds, there are many walled sites, both
of houses and especially of temporary shelters... (Reinecke n.d.: 1-2)
The following site descriptions are quoted from Reinecke's draft manuscript of field work conducted between
Puhili Point on the Kohanaiki-'O'oma 2nd boundary, and into Kalaoa 5'h (Figure 5). In the site descriptions below,
Reinecke references the occurrence of at least--6-house sites; 7 enclosures and pens (one of which is an "old cattle
pen"); 1I terraces and platforms (one of which he felt was a "heiau"); 2 caves; 2 ahu; 1 stepping stone trail; 3
waterholes and a well; and 1 I shelters. Apparently, no one was residing in the area at the time of his field survey.
Reinecke's site descriptions, south to north, across 'O'oma 2"d and 'O'oma I" included:
Site 66. Very doubtful dwelling site. Then a row of sand -covered platforms at the border of the
sand and the beach lava, enough for 6-10 homes. Remains of an old, large pen.
Site 67. Dry well on the crest of the beach.
Site 68. Water hole, two small platforms, four or more shelters, pens with very small platform.
Site 69. Large cattle pen. Doubtful old, rough platform at its north end. Remains of two old
platforms by an ahu to the north.
Site 70. Walled platform, S.E. corner terraced, badly broken down. Platform mauka. The walls of
this and of Site 73 are built of thin places of pahoehoe surface lava, rather unusual in appearance.
[Reinecke n.d.:151
6 7
•
♦
h .M
r i
N.
L
C)
4;F
r�
t4
PROJECT SITE
�; �,. ,•.;
.. < :.., .s Hca �.,.-... ,...,....... _
4 l• 4
rr^ •ro �;
:J C� Ar►. !E 7E
'O'OMA 11 c
Tax Key Maps
Helber Hastert & Fee, Planners f,
30 August 2002
o i�r.''A ,-V. ^ l �A� i lis , i►lr; 4'>%� XOIN11t, IYOWAi !:
Figure 4. Portion of Tax Key Map 3-7-3-09 showing current study area.
p
RC -0154
RC -0154
When the economy of Llawaii was based on fishing this was a fairly desirable coast; the fishing is
good; there is a fairly abundant water supply of brackish water, some of it nearly fresh and very
pleasant to the taste; and while there was no opportunity for agriculture on the beach, the more
energetic Hawaiians could do some cultivation at a considerable distance mauka.
The scarcity of remains is therefore disappointing. This I attribute to four reasons: (1) those simply
over looked, especially those a short distance mauka, must have been numerous; (2) a number
must have been destroyed, as everywhere, by man and by cattle grazing; (3) the coast is for the
most part low and storm -swept, so that the most desirable building locations, on the coral beaches,
have been repeatedly swept over and covered with loose coral and lava fragments, which have
obscured hundreds of platforms and no doubt destroyed hundreds more; (4) many of the dwellings
must have been built directly on the sand, as are those of the family at Kaupulehu, and when the
posts have been pulled up, leave no trace after a very few years.
The remains on this strip of coast have some special characteristics differentiating them from the
rest in Kona. First, there is an unusual number of petroglyphs and papamu, especially about Kailua
and at Kapalaoa. Second, probably because of the strong winds, there are many walled sites, both
of houses and especially of temporary shelters... (Reinecke n.d.: 1-2)
The following site descriptions are quoted from Reinecke's draft manuscript of field work conducted between
Puhili Point on the Kohanaiki-'O'oma 2nd boundary, and into Kalaoa 5'h (Figure 5). In the site descriptions below,
Reinecke references the occurrence of at least--6-house sites; 7 enclosures and pens (one of which is an "old cattle
pen"); 1I terraces and platforms (one of which he felt was a "heiau"); 2 caves; 2 ahu; 1 stepping stone trail; 3
waterholes and a well; and 1 I shelters. Apparently, no one was residing in the area at the time of his field survey.
Reinecke's site descriptions, south to north, across 'O'oma 2"d and 'O'oma I" included:
Site 66. Very doubtful dwelling site. Then a row of sand -covered platforms at the border of the
sand and the beach lava, enough for 6-10 homes. Remains of an old, large pen.
Site 67. Dry well on the crest of the beach.
Site 68. Water hole, two small platforms, four or more shelters, pens with very small platform.
Site 69. Large cattle pen. Doubtful old, rough platform at its north end. Remains of two old
platforms by an ahu to the north.
Site 70. Walled platform, S.E. corner terraced, badly broken down. Platform mauka. The walls of
this and of Site 73 are built of thin places of pahoehoe surface lava, rather unusual in appearance.
[Reinecke n.d.:151
6 7
•
i'nvafnhaA P4 -
CA HOILE
::\a.
77.
74.
73.
73. /71.
70. /
60. /
61L
67.
66.
Sita NYobered
SE
i A: 3
e S
O l
S
Figure 5. Approximate locations of sites described by Reinecke (n.d.:37) projected on USGS Keahole Qaud, 1928.
Site 71. A knob partly walled on its slopes, with house site. Adjoining it on the south is a rough
platform with three smooth boulders - heiau and kuula7 Back of this a house platform and a
platform about a fine shelter cave. Another platform and wall are about a slight natural depression
filled with bones, including those of a whale.
Site 72. Ruins of a pen.
Site 73. Apparently a modern dwelling site of unusual construction; two terraces of pebbles, the
upper 29x25x2 in front and 4-5' high elsewhere; the lower 19x IOx25x3, with a three -sided pen at
N.E.; surrounded by a carefully laid wall.
Site 74. A shelter about a shallow cave; remains of another shelter; an ahu.
Site 75. Trace of site; house platform; enclosure on shore. There are many faint traces of sites on
this strip of coast. Toward the north is an unmistakable small site.
Site 76. Modern shelter pen; house or shelter site; shelter mauka by kiawe tree.
Site 77. Platform; tiny pen; sites of some kind marked by stones in lines on the pahoehoe flow.
Site 78. Slightly brackish springs and pools; house site, shelters, stepping stone path leading to the
walled house site... [Reinecke n.d.:161
The current study area is part of a larger property that had been surveyed for archaeological sites by Barrera
(1985). Barrera recorded two sites within the current study area, a habitation cave (SHIP Site 10155) and the
Mamalahoa Trail (SIHP Site 2). Subsequent to the Barrera study, Ross Cordy, Ph.D (an Archaeologist with DLNR)
carried out a field check of a portion of Barrera's study area (Cordy 1986). Cordy investigated a small section of the
current study area and concluded, "that Harrera's survey did find most sites in the inland areas of the parcel."
(1986:5). DLNR-SHPD also provided a recent update on the historic preservation status of the current study parcel
(Attachment 1). They indicated that two sites (SHIP Sites 2 and 10155) on the parcel were to be preserved and that
two additional sites had already undergone data recovery. These latter two sites are not on the current stud parcel,
but rather on a parcel makai of the current study parcel. Other recent archaeological studies within 'O'oma 2" include
two data recovery projects (Barrera 1989; Corbin 2000). The Barrera project took place makai of the current study
parcel, at the two sites referred to in the DLNR-SHPD update letter. During a recent archaeological reconnaissance
survey conducted by Rechtman Consulting, LLC (Rechtman 2002) for the current project, both of the sites Harrera
recorded were encountered and updated descriptions provided. DLNR-SHPD has determined that preservation is the
appropriate treatment for these two sites.
CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Natural and Cultural Resources in a Hawaiian Context
In Hawaiian society, natural and cultural resources are one and the same. Native traditions describe the formation (the
literal birth) of the Hawaiian Islands and the presence of life on and around them in the context of genealogical
accounts. All forms in the natural environment, from the skies and mountain peaks, to the watered valleys and lava
plains, and to the shoreline and ocean depths were believed to be embodiments of Hawaiian deities. One Hawaiian
genealogical account, records that Wakea (the expanse of the sky -father) and Papa- h5nau-moku (Papa--Earth-mother
who gave birth to the islands)—$Iso called Haumea nui-hanau-w5-wa (Great Haumea---Woman-earth bom time and
time again) --and various gods and creative forces of nature, gave birth to the islands. Hawai'i, the largest of the
islands, was the first-born of these island children. As the Hawaiian genealogical account continues, we find that these
same god -beings, or creative forces of nature who gave birth to the islands, were also the parents of the first man
(Haloa), and from this ancestor, all Hawaiian people are descended (cf. Beckwith 1970; Malo 1951:3, Pukui and Kom
1973). It was in this context of kinship, that the ancient Hawaiians addressed their environment and it is the basis of
the Hawaiian system of land use.
An Overview of Hawaiian Settlement
Archaeologists and historians describe the inhabiting of these islands in the context of settlement that resulted from
voyages taken across the open ocean. For many years, researchers have proposed that early Polynesian settlement
voyages between Kahiki (the ancestral homelands of the Hawaiian gods and people) and Hawai'i were underway by
A.D. 300, with long distance voyages occurring fairly regularly through at least the thirteenth century. It has been
generally reported that the sources of the early Hawaiian population—the Hawaiian Kahiki—were the Marquesas and
Society Islands (Cordy 2000; Emory in Tatar 1982:16-18).
For generations following initial settlement, communities were clustered along the watered, windward (kn'olau)
shores of the Hawaiian Islands. Along the ko'olau shores, streams flowed and rainfall was abundant, and agricultural
production became established. The ko'olau region also offered sheltered bays from which deep sea fisheries could be
easily accessed, and near shore fisheries, enriched by nutrients carred in the fresh water, could he maintained in
fishponds and coastal waters. It was around these bays that clusters of houses where families lived could be found
(McEldowney 1979:15). In these early times, Hawai'i's inhabitants were primarily engaged in subsistence level
agriculture and fishing (Handy et al. 1972:287).
Over a period of several centuries, areas with the richest natural resources became populated and perhaps
crowded, and by about A.D. 900 to 1100, the population began expanding to the kona (leeward side) and more remote
regions of the island (Cordy 2000:130). In Kona, communities were initially established along sheltered bays with
access to fresh water and rich marine resources. The primary "chiefly" centers were established at several location -v-
9
•
is
RC -01%
the Kailas (Kaiakeekua) vicinity, Kahalu'u-Keauhou, K.'awetoa-Kealakclxq W "comem. The communities
shared extended familial relation and thea was an occupational focus On it. collation Of marine reme. By the
fouMmd a oury, inland elevations to around the 3,000 -foot level were being turned into s complex and rich symem
Of Ayland agricultural fields (today afaad to as the Knna Field System). By the fifteenth antisq, maide¢y, in the
uplands was becoming FormaanL and Inde was an wrowing mpnaion of the chiefly class from the common
people. In the sixteenth annoy the population stabilized and the ahpm'a lard mmagcmmt eyrac n was es"Mubed
as a rMaaers"m mit (son Ellie 1963; Handy d al. 1972; Karnskm 1961; Kelly 1983; and Taneru i -Tuggle 1985).
In Kau, where there were rpt regularly Bowing strum, to the cant dY:Oa to potable water (wan), was of great
importance and played a cole in delmafnhng the arae of same L The writers; of Kau were found in springs and
ova (fond from dmre to to rrowbin lads), m procured from rain catchments and dewftil. Traditional and
historic mamma abound with deecnptia, sin runes of erste aouraat and aim mcmd Bre the fmsAs were more
extensive end extended mach further seaward than thry do today. Thee fawn, M Only atlrMed rain from the
clouds and provided sheber for cultivated crap, but also in dry time drew the k2hau ed.br*wwl (ndsts and dew) from
the upper mountain slope to the low lands (son also traditatu 4natorical rmetives and ond history interviews in this
Andy).
In the 1920w -1930s, Handy a al. (1972) conducted extensive research and field interviews with elder native
Hawaiians. In Inde of North and South Knes, they recorded native tradition describing agisulNnl practices sad
ritoW Assoc"ted with aria and water collation. Primary, in these Audit and practices was the Imes of Lono—m god
Of agriculture, fertility, and the mnals for inducing minfall. Handy or al., observed:
The mea pO"to and gourd were suitable for cultivation in the drier area of the island.. The cut, of
/.ono was important in those arias, particularly in Kom or, Hawsi'i ... there were temples
dedaaed to Lona. The sweet poW* was particularly the food of the common people. The festival
in honor of Lan, paling and timing the rainy seaun, was essentially a festival for the whole
people, in umwt to the war rite in honor of Ku which was a ritual identified with Ku as gad of
battle. (Handy a d. 1972:14)
Handy et at. (1972) old then the worship of Loon was centered in Kum. Indeed, it was while Lorna we
dwelling at Kewhou, ger he is mid to have introduced ser, swat potatoes, yonµ sugawane, bananas, and 'mm to
Hawaiian farmers (Handy a al. 1972:14). The rituals of loom "The father of waters" and the anneal MakahiB
festival, which hared Luno and which began befmre the coming of the koro (motherly) name and lasted through
the m"y season (Bre mmoswe months), was of ger impmmm to the native maiden" of this region (Hardy d a).
1972: 523). The significance of used, and caemonnl obeervasw" in culfivdim and indeed in all aspala of life was
of good imi mmnce to the well being of the andcal Hawaiians, and cannot be overemphasized, a overlooked what
viewing traditional ,ims of the culsnal landaape.
Hawaiian Land Use and Resource Management Practices
Ova As gmentians, the ruciml Hawaiians developed a sophissicaned system of Ind and reaction manegeme . By
the time 'Umia-Liber sae to ark the island of Hswai'i in u 1525, the ism" (wokv-yunQ was dived into s"
districts or moiva foka (cf. Founder 1973 -Vol. Ih I M 102). On Hawau i, the district of Know is one of six maim
moh-o-ldm within the island The diacid of KOns itself, extends frena the shore acme the more volcanic moOn"in
of Huag W, and continues to the summit of Mona Lane, where Kon is joined by the districts of Ka -0, Hilo, and
Transitions. On traditional reference to the northern and sombern-mat cau"I boundaries of Kms "IIs a of the
Amid's atwl:
Met Ke-ahua-Luno 1 A. 'n o Kurd -kine, a hit'ea i ka 561sf kolo c Manukn I Kaulamemum epi/f
aku i Ka VI—From gr ahudam [the Kona-Kolula boundary) On the rocky Bae of Kmiku, to
Kauiamrmuna next to the crawling (milled gmwth of)'Gki bush" at Mmukh, where Kona
clings to Kalil (Kam Ho'aim N'uwni no Ka -Mini in Ks Hokin o Hawai'7, September 13,
1917; Translated! by Kspa Maly)
RC -0151
Kone, like other large districts on Hawaii, was lurtber divided into'okme or kelane (regions Of ]and smnllor than
the moko—loko, yet comprising a number of smana unite of land). In the region now it.. es Raw'akm (North
Kona), them are... anciml regions (kalam) a well. The soahrm pm. of North Kum was known as "Kone
kai 'npue" (int s"fively camitled as: Kota of the distant horizon ekmds above the ocean), and included the area
exlwdmg from Lmihau (dc present-day vicinity of KAIna Town) to Pu'aihm (now known ar Red Hill). The
amhem-moat portion of North Kam was called "Kekaha" (descriptive of an arid crestal plane). Native residents of
the region affectiasmy related to their home as, Kekaha-war-'ane o ni Kona (Waterless Kekaha of the Kona
District), Or simply as the alma kola. It is within this region of Kekaha, thin the lends of'O'mm as found.
The ahupua'a were dao divided into caller individual parceu of land (such a the 'flit kn'ele, mala, and
bAnpnf, etc.), generally Oriented in a mmda-aakaf direction, and often marked by stow alignments (kuaiwO. In these
smaller led parcels the naive nonan" tended field' end cultivated sop necessary to sauin their families, and the
chiefly wmmuniti" with which they were raoc cud. As long u mH'cient tribute was offered end kayo (rmtncnioa)
were observed, the common people, who lived in a given O)nupm'a had rooves to mass of the resources from
mountain slop" to the ocan. These ease rights was almost uniformly tied to tendency m a particular land, and
canned as, a mull of taking responsibility for stewardship of the annal environment, and supplying the reeds of the
ah'i (see Kamakau 1961:372-377 and Melo 1951:63"]).
Entine ahupaa'a, or portions of the land were generally under the junadiction of appointed knmhiki or laser
chief -landlords, who amweted to an ani 1-'a/ahuyua•a (chief who controlled the ahupm'a amuses). The all i-'al-
ahapm'a in tom answered to an all'1 of motor (chief who claimed the abundance of the entire district). Thus,
ahupaa'a mannum s Supported M rely the Maka'amana and 'slam who lived on the land, but also conolbnted to the
support of the royal community of regional snd/m inland kingdoms. This form of district subdividing was integral to
Hawalim life and was the product of strictly adhered to remaca rmu)lemnmt planning. In this system, the land
provided faits and vegetables W some used in the dia, and the mown provided a wealth of protein reamaus. Alm,
in comunmidm with lag -lea royal residents, divisions of labor (with specialists in vinous ncan pahom on lad and
in pamanad of maria rommees) same to be mildly inhered W. It is in this cultural selling that we find'(Yoms
and the proem study asst
The ahrry a'a of'O'Orna rostorically,'O'ans le and 2") are two of name twenty, adient al eo,'a within the
'okmm of Kekaha-waPole. The place name 'O'eme can be literally translated se coneave. To date, on edition
explaining the Boma of the place rare haw beat lo"td, though it is passible that the name afro to the indexation
Of the shoreline fronting a portion of'O'mm. A few place tomo within 'Ohms were discussed in traditional
recounts, thus we have some indication of the bistories associated with this land.
While Anne are Only limited native recons that have ban recorded aboa'O'oma, we do knew the the IW
was an esteemed, that during the youth of Kauikerouli (Ida known as Kanchemelmr IH), the young prince son of
Kamehemelm I ad his accred wife Xmiamism—w" taken to be raised mar the sham of'O'oms uda the came of
his stewards from monry, mail he was five years old (Kreakm 1961:263-264). Again, this is a.ignlficnn part ofd.
history of this Ind, " great considentim went into all aspects of the young king's upbringing (me Pi 1959 and
Kannakru 1961).
The Em oemenral Setting of'O'oma
The ahula'o of'O'oma tome seven environmental zoos that are generally called wan in the Hawaiian language.
These envimmnc mal zones include the oar -shoe fmshena and shoreline send (kahakar) and the into kai/Arla aka
(shomward/inland plains). There regional zmm were gently desired as plass of residence by the mtiva of the led.
While the kula region of'O'oma NO greater Kekaha is new likened to a volcanic doeµ native and historic
accost" dmdbe or reference sieve of native hardwood shrubs and tree such "'f lei (Osrwmeta mckyllidifolia),
Flamer (Olorpyvoa fares), ukiuhi (Camlpfsa kawdamu), and ohe (ReymMsfa w dwiceorr) extending acro, the
land and growing some distance shoreward. The few rare ard endangered plants food in the region, along with anal
amount communities of native dryland foreA (Char 199 1) give an indication that there war a significant diversity of
plan" growing upon the kula lands prior to the introduction of ungulates.
RCDIH
The Iowa kula Imde receive only about 20 inch. of ninfdl annually, and it is because of their
lerg" region o(which 'O'mma k a pm, u known r "Kekalm" While an the ruAkce. them appas to be Id train or no
o
potaNe water m be found, the very Ian flows which cover the land conhin marry underground pressure that sre
channeled trough subterranean lave tubes which feed the spmhge, fishponds AM anehidure pals on the kola but
(aortal Nb). Also in this mgion, W tae flu led., about a half --mile from the short, is the famed Alanut Aupuni
(fmvemmeat Trail). built in 1847, a the .dmr
Order of Karneha IR. This trail a gae
arnant roadway, was built to
meq the needs of changing owartn
poran in it- "-"I Kingdom, and in many Plato it overlays the older mar
short ala /an (ancient mm Dail that contacted the, blah).
Communing imo the kola aka (inland daMi, the anumarament changes u elevation incmeses. Based an historic
surveys. it appmn thm'O'ama ends n a survey "I" roved Kohl" 2,145 fst eabove Wa level (cf.Register Map
No. 1449) Thin mdse is called om woo karaka (region of nun) ed ". mhek (forms region). Rainfall increaes to
70 as 40 hetes normally, and Mka fond growth accrured. This region provided move resid me with amber for
choanate
r.identid and agrienlh'W toes, and a wide mhpe of mnnal resources that an at weof importance fa religious,
, and ec.vnie pnpmes. In'O'.m, this region is generally between the 1,200 m 2,200 foot elevation, aha
b crossed by the pesent-* MArnalahos Highway. The highway is dashed not or below the meirnt ala ma, or
foot hall, also known r Ke-da'ehu, aha wee pan ofa mgiwul hail system Panama through Kom fimn Ks'G and
Kahafi
The mcfent Hawaiian saw (u do many Hawaiian today) all things within their envimnoent r being
fnarrebmwasd. That which win the uplands shared • relationship with ton waswhich win the bwlwcmmal region,
and even in the ma -'Mi- relationship and identity with plain worked to mase es wall, aha theIApron.'. r a land
ser the toad which bread all thing meet, in Hawaiian life. in an rely menant written by Kihe (in Ka Hdkd
o H4wai-4 1914-1917), with a,,aWiam by Jam Wise and Stevan D.la Sm., to significance of ger dry Baan in
Kekdu and the cartoon ofthe people deputing from the uplands for the coastal region is further described:
...'Ota lea vel a ne'e arm lea In td Kwon, hek a malo'a ka 'area I ka 'a/ beam" "m a ka I$ a a n6
k'maka, mi B7 a Kona pwhe'e air Is a nand i kahakat kihi a lea wai a oto at car krmaka - It was
timing the memo. when the em moved ova Kane, drying and devouring ee land, that the chiefi
and people fled from the uplands to dwell along the dam where wean, could be fond to give life
to the people. (Ka Hlxhi a Hawnl'i, April 5, 1917)
It appcara had the lamlice of traveling between upland and conal communities in the 'O'mru akupm'a
greatly decreased by the middle nineteenth century. Indeed, the only clainmht for Antons lend in 'O'oma, during
the Mahe% 'Acro of 1848—whm native teen were allowed to by claim m lords an which they lived and
mltivaed—rased the was th
he we only resident ifs Vane d to time (see Hek 9162 to KeheiekMi, in this study).
This is perhaps emphfned by the fact tlW at time of ger M]hrk item ser a significant decline in the Hawaiian
popuboon, and changes in Hawaiian land team lad m the relocatin afmany individuals fion various Inds.
Native Traditions and Historical Accounts of'O•oma and the Kekahn Region
This section of the study peaenb mo'okk--relive traditions and historical .Demme (sone translated from the
original Hawaiian by Kepa Maly) ---of the Kekaha region that span seven! eenmrim. Tram son very few accouter, that
have been found m dads nal specifically mention 'O'm w. Tim, narrative that describe neighboring lads within the
Kekaha region help prwn& an u dmbnd'ng of the history of'O'mma, describing femves and the use of resources
that were encountered an the land
It may be, that the reason there are, m few mcmmb for 'O'. ma, I. that it easy have been considered a marginal
settlement ark occupied only after the better situated lands of Keduba--Mme leads with the sheltered bays, and
where fresh "a could be easily ohbined—wee populated. As the blend population grew, m tan did the need m
expand to rave ample or marginal Inde. This though is found los sone of de native mditinew and early historic
eccmmb below. However, an people populated the Kekaha Imam, they came to value its fisheries --- gve of the deep
sea, mar short, and inland fishponds.
RCA154
The native account of Ponie (also written Punidki - cf. Kamakau 1968), in p"haps among the eali.t accounts
Of the Krksha arca, aha in it is foond a rugve caplanain for the late senlement of Kekaha The fallowing nmativee
are parapbrawA from Fomandee's Hawike Aerumhi" and, Folklore (Famand" 1959):
Pun(a: A Tale ofShorb and Ghwta ojKekalm
Penia was born in the dishid of Kohelk and wast ort of the children of Him. One day, punis
deeded m get Mbea for his moth" to me, but she wmead him of Ksi'ak'ale and his hoods of
dohs who guarded the cave, in whish lobster wean found. Thew sharks weve greatly Road by all
who lived along, and fished the sham. of Kohda fo many people had been killed by the sharks.
Heading his mother's wining, Pan" observed ger habit, of the shake and devised a plan by
which to kill each of the darks. Setting his plan in m.i.n, Punia brought about the deaths of all
the mbordinab sharks, leaving only Kai -ale -de behind Pun" tricked Kai'ale'ale into swallowing
him whole. Once Beide KaPale'ak, Pm" robbed two dicks mgetha m make s fire to cook the
ewe potatoes be had brought with him. He elm scraped the imides of Kai'ale'ale,u, causing pest
b*" W the shark. in his weakened same, Kai'ale'ek swam along the cart of Kekdand finally
eached himself a Alda, ton the point of Mslm in the lend of Kedakehe. The people of Aluia,
out open the Mark sed Penia was retested.
At that time Alula wr the only place in all of Kakdu where people could live, for all the ret, of
e am was inhabited by ghmb. Whm Poria
wan rekaed than he nhtak. he beg. walking
long the mil, to return m Kobel' . While m this walk, he new seared ghats with net, all busy
tying smm for sinkers m the bottom of tle nets,
the ghosts and save himself:
aha penia piled out in •chant trying to deceive
Auwe no!oi kuu makuakane
Al..O an, father of thew roseal
o keb lathe e!
Elio wok an man hove"o kris wahi.
We were the only Mo fishm,en of
Owau il o ko'u aakuakme,
[hie place (KMa).
Myselfand my father,
S hanwili akual mauaika isoianei,
Where we used to twiw the fish rp
O kale, aka
n the neo,
The lads. to uhR the palmi
Oka is leuc on
me wain al Is,
min,
The barrient fish of this pbce.
an a
Ua halewale iaanerreua Mated b!
We have invekd over .11 thew ser,
Pan m kuum, ns lea, n puke is.
All the different place, the holes,
Make ko`u nukuskarm, kne m.
ton urn.
Sin. you sea dead, father, l un the
only ane kg.
Hearing rams s weiling, the Show said among the selves, "Our ones will be of wove use onw,
since hem comma a mm who h "alu mind with than
is pbce d wur e will not be letting down onem
in the wrong place." They dim called am to para, "Cemen has" Wban Penia want to the shoatw,
he explained te them, the reason fa his bumming; "1 sm erying become of my feeder, this he the
plea where we used to fah. When 1 mw the lava rocks, I thought of him." Thinking to trick Praia
and Ian where all the ku'um (nes fishing grounds) ware, the ghosts mid punts that they would
work nada him. Pun" wear into the oma, and ane-byone and two -by -two, he call the ghma
bon the water with him, instructing them in dive below the sudme. As each ghow dow into the
water. Praia twisted the nrt enbngling the ghosts. Thie was done until all but., of the ghosts
had been killed Than show fled and gekdn became safe fa human habitatin (Forawder 1959:9-
17).
One of the eadiaw datable aaonb that describes the importance of the Kekaha million fisheries cames, from the
mid-sixtmth century, following-Umi-a-Liloa's unifies an of the bland of HawaN under his ink. Writing in the
RC_O.1
18606, native hiStarim, Samuel Manaiakalmi Kaakau (1961) mm c adere about the reign of'Und, and his visits to
Kckaha
Tani -e -Lila did two things with his own hands, fanning ad fishing and farming wen data no
all the lands. Much of this was dose in Kat He was noted in, his skill in fishing and was all
d
N'ipi i a lis Iewai's (e adman frrhemen). Akar fishing war hit favorite oocupatinn, and it often
took him m the bastes (Ke -late) from Kdahuipa'a m MakeuWrl. He also fished for '.hi and
kala. He wSa esompnkd by farad fidemen Such u Pae, Kabmm rod all of the chiefs of his
kingdom. He set spm fishing, (nosing and other practices... (Kamakau 1961:19-20)
In his se nme of evma at the ed O"On s life, Kammkm (1961) references Kekaha ante again. He records
that Ko't ere of the faithful supporters and a faster ser of'Umi, sand to Kekaha, wham he killed a man who
meembld'Ud. Ko'i that took Use body and ailed b Malum in the a6 sesur a of Keahuolu, lading at Maka-m in
the night Ko'i took the body b Use ave where Tmoi s body fry. Replacing'Umi's body with that of the other man,
Ko'i than crossed the hva beds, assuming to his canoe at Maltese. Fran them, 'One', body wen taken m its' final
testing place... (Kanrkuu 1961:32-33).
As a child in ca 1812, Hawaiian historian Job. Pap 1'i passed along the share of Kekaha in a ailing ship, ss a
Pon of the pn"Ummu n by which Kanelunreha 1 rehvned to Kula -Kam from his residency no O'aho. In his
amatives, Vi described the shiny'vs flows and fishing canoe fleets of the "Kala" (Kekaha) lands
The ship arrived Outside of Kadchululau, where the Fleet for akar fishing had been since the early
rooming houa. The susimaae of thou lads was fish.
When the sun was, rather high, the boy (I'll eaclaimed, "How beautiful this flowing water is!"
Thom who recognised it however. said, "That is not water, but pahoabo:. When the sun shite, it it
glislms, and you mistake it for Sato.. "
Soon the fishing carom from Kawsilae, the Kaho lamit, sed Onme drew clan to the ship so trade
fat the ps'i•ai (had Pei) carried oo board, and shortly a great quantity of situ lay silvery -hued
US the deck. The fishes Same a into pion and mashed; and all those aboard fell m and am, the
women by the Ouch,"
The gentle Els res broom of she Ind was blowing when the ship roiled put the lads of she
Malmiulm• Awdue. Pistachio, Kslroas, Hoops, on to Oomm, Kol mmiki, Kabko, H000kohans,
and Knlskehe• then Soured the colic of Hiiakanoholse... H'i 1959:109-110)
Ka-lani-Kau-ibe-Anuli (Kametomeho ll()
In ca. 1813, Ka -lean Kaki-ke-sodi, who gra up to become Kasehamehe III, was bon. S.M. Kamakau (1961) tells
as that the baby mppard to be atillbom, but that Shortly tiler birth, he was revived Upon the revival of the baby, he
was given m the are of Ka-ikio'ewa, who with Kawe-a-main and family, raised the child in seclusion at'O'oma
fm the fiat five years of the young king's life. Kouikemuli 1ppamtly held Some idem t in thm
e land or 2"s
through the Mahna, u ele'Aihe originally claimed'O'oma 2 -Sethi . personal prop". lyeugh he subsequently gave
it up to the Kingdom (Go croment) later during the Division I. records ofMnhele 'Atm in this weedy).
Karakau provides a with the following description of Kaukemuli a birth ad early life d'O'mne
Ka-Inti-kao-i-kit-aauki was the sand eon of Ke-opro-Imi by Knrebemeha, ad she called him
Kiwda'o after her own fitha. She Sea the dougMa of Kiwdi o and Ke-ku'i-apo-iwa Lilihs, both
chiMtm of Ka -Iola Pupokao—Homslm.wai-lani, and hence she (Kc—opt- lani] was a nPeupio
and a calm chiefeu, and the nfaapi-o rade descended to ba children and could not be mat by
� Katmlwipw'a is airWdio tlw Amid o(Ketula tomdiry dm rratlrwn rib of Pu'uawhulu ie KekeM, Mwkw'ub is rimurN
of akvpua'amMmf'O'au.
RC-0IN
them. While she .. carrying the child [Kau -i -kit -anuli] uveal of ate chiefs begged to have the
bringing up of the child, but she refined until her kabo, Kwla-i-komhale, known a Ka-kini,
aow with the meas request She bade him be st her side when the child was boss lest some one
du get possession of it He was living this We of Kauhou in North Know, and Ke-op-o-lmi
lived a the opposite side.
On the night of the birth the chiefs gathered 'bow the mothm. Early in the morning the child was
born but as e appeared w be stillborn Ka-kini did Sat want m take it. Then come Ka-ikia-'ewa
Roue ounce miles away, close to Kume'o, and brought with him his prophet whn aid, "The child
will not die, he will live." Thi, men, Ka-malo-5hi Or Ka-pihe by arae, ams from the Napa line
Of kahuna dacmded from Makes-kawmaa whose god was Ka-'onohio-k,-la (Similar to the
child of Cad). The child was well elated and laid upon a commanded plea and the Sten (kala)
took A fon (pe'ahi), famed the child, payed, and Sprinkled it with water, at the come time reciting
a prayer addressed to the child orGod, something like Out used by the Kamen Catholics—
"He is standing up, he is'king .nap, he walla" (Kulm-la. ka'in-la, bele is IS).
Or mmher—
Huila ken lani i its Asea,
The heavens lighten with the gad,
f4polapa ken hams i it, keit'
The earth bums with the child,
E kit ke/ki e, home i kapunaka Ian4
O son, Pour down the min that brings the
minbow, (page 2631
Aha ika lank ka Halm e.
Thera in heavy is the Lord.
Oku'u'uhmrekakemau,
Life flows through my spirit
lla n I lou kanawai.
Dedicated to yam law.
The child began to move, than to take mads, and as Ino it came te life. The sea gave the boy
the came of "The red sail' (Ke-enema-'ula) signifying the readwry by which the god! desceds
Ito. the hesvae.
Kaiki-o-'cvot became the boy's guardian and took him to rtes in m out -of -Oe -way place a
'O'oma, Kekahs. Here Kawe-amehi, de lesser cbieN, theyowga brothers and Indent of Ka-iki-
o'ews, and the r fiieds were Pmntned to any the child about and hold him on their I" (Ws).
Kayoloh was the chiefwln meld him; Ko'i.pepeleku and Ulu -anon', mother (were] the num,,
who suckled him. Lata Ks-'wi-kits gave him her brat ager she bad given birth to Ke-kahu-
pi u. Hae at'O'oms he was brought W Until his fifth Year. chiefly occupied with his any boats
rigged like warships ad with Ihte brew common loaded with real powder mound on [their]
decks. The firing off of these anon used him inarenaelY. He escelled in foot acs. On oue
ostia when the bigger boys had posed! in the apart • [races] boy named Ka -hie thought to
Play a practical joke by snaring with and the stake art rap to be gasped by the one who first
reached the gal. He expected Some, of the lager boys m be the winner, but it was the little prince
who first caught the Stick and had his hands seared. "Yost will be bumf dive for dirtying up the
Prime. We we going he roll Ka-pknlu at you!" the boys doestarcd; but the Prise objected,
Saying, "Anyone who ells out him shall aver at with me again or play with one and 1 will aver
give him anything again." Kami-ke-muli was a splendid little fellow. He loved his playroom and
neva ons did than Any hurt, and he was kind ad obedient to his eechem... Wourakau
1961:264]
It is no until the arty twentieth century, that we fid a few detailed native accounts which tell of haditioal
features and residents of'O'orna W vicinity. The writings of John Whelky Hemuss kiss Kihe, s native sen of
Kekaha, in Hawaiian language newspapers (recently tamkated by Kcpd Maly from the original Hawaiian isesu), alae
the he" of the land and see Ore depth of anachmmd that rive residents alt fa'O'ooss ed the larger K, Share
wen-ole-o-na-Kon.
Kihe (who also wrote under the mars of Ka--ohu-hs'aheo-i-nos-kmhiwi- ekolu) was bom in 1853,
RC-0IH
his puma were relive residents of HoekBhu and Kdoko (hie grandfather, Knapahae, was a
famed kasun of the K"m lank). Dining his life, Kihe taught at various schools in the Kekaha
region: erred u legal mmesel to native residents applying far Iomeebd land, in 'O'c rut and
vicinity; worked as a investor on the Hawaiim Antiquities collections of A. Fommderw, and was
a prolific wettest himself. In 6* lata yea of his life. Kpre lived a Pu'u Anabulet and KaWa, and
he is fondly rmremhacd by elder kama'ain of the Kckae. region. Kite, who died in 1939, was
Wo ons of the pommy infommnte a Elin Magnum, who remained some of the writings of Kthe,
publishing tam in abbreviated form in her book "Kona Lagenas" (1926).
Writers today have varying opiniaa and theories pertaining to the history of Kekahq residency pttems, and
practices of the people who called Kekdhs-wai-'oleo-aa-Kora hnrre. Fa ger mop part, our inferpelalioa are
limited by the fngmenml naive of the physical ra m, and Mslaical records, and by a lad[ of fvediuity with the
diverse qualifies of the lard- As a result, root ofm Only em the shadows of what once was, and it is difficult at time,
to comprehend how anyone could have carried out a satisfactory existence in such a mggd land.
Kihe and his co-aulhae provide enders with several ref xemen to places and every in the history of '0'. and
neighboring Imda Through the an ives, we ham of place name origin, area of ceemome significance, how
r morces weremeaged tad amerced, and the pension of tome native families who node this aro their have.
One example of the rich materials recorded by native writers. is finned in "Ka'e Ho'cama Pu 'muni no Ka-M&T
The Heart Stirring Sorry ofKa-Miki). This tradition is a hang and complex seeamt, tut was published over a period
of thin years (1914-1917) in the weekly Hswadien-language newspaper Ka Mobt a Hawaii. The narratives were
primarily recorded for the paper by Hawaiian historian John Win and I.W.H.i. Kite.
While",m-MiH" is not an ancient recount, the stators used. mixture of local stories, Into, and family traditions
in association with place nares an tie together fiagnlente of sitaspecific bipories Uel had been handed down over the
generations. Alm, while the personification of individuals and flick associated place mann may nor be mutely
".noim1," each place mns-peson acro mb we common throughout Hamiim (and Polynesian) Mditions. The
English translation below am a synopsis of the Hawdiee knit, with emphasis upon the rain events uta area being
discussed. Diacritical marks and hypbmuion have been placed le help with pronunciation ofeertain words.
"Kaon Hoorn. Pmmui are Ka-AIM"(7ha Heart stirring Story of Ka -Mkt)
This mo'olelo (tradtion) is cat in tle 1300s (by association with the chief Pili-e-Ka'ako), and is an memen of too
supernormal brothers, Ka-Miki (The quick, or adept, ono) are Ma-Ktikile (Rel lsquinlingl eyes). The Onrntives
describe the birth of the bmthem, their opbnnging, and their journey around the island of Hawaii along the ancient
ata ton and sale heft (udls and path) that encircled the island. fining tlrek johmhry, the brothers competed alongside
the trek they Leveled, and an famed A.M. unrest fasts) ad royd moi, agdrat'olaM (open skilled in fighting
or in other em"ifions, such a rasing, fishing, debating, or solving riddles, the were pnaiced by the ancient
Hawaiian). They deo ehalkni prices whoa dishonorable conduct offended the gds of arhcient Hawel'i. Ka-Miki
.,it Ma -Ka dO wore enytwerce by their amuse Ka-amto-ndihllhY-kala-i-ask. (The pot mtagld growth or
clean tem which spade aeras the uplands), who war Tho of tlu myriad of body fame of the goddess Haran, the
oath -moths, creative face ofneue sale wast em oiled Pap or Hina Among her many nature -fora a vibutax were
madfeatations tot caused her an be called upon a a goddess of pious ad aoapr itma (people, Plassf'Wned Cm
them, and ah place mires an narked below with underlining):
-Xiinh Ig was the holl.d of Ke-uluhe-ami-hhbi-kolo-i-tits. The place to is named for Ksauna is
m tae uplands of Kobsm)ki. an elevated rise from where one cm look mwuds to lowlands. The
con and dap an are all clearly visible from this plea. The nam to Kornai dwelt there we ono
the he could ace the children and grandchildren ofhe and his wife.
We a daughter, win the mother of Kw'thitani aim ailed Ka'd i. There is a plea in the
uplands of Kohnstd, below Kumpe, an the authwesh a hidden aper hole, that is called Kep'ehi.
Winton is a pad then on the shore ofKohaaiki. Heade Weloa rrmecd Kah ndialebu, a naive
of t e area, she livedad worked them Thu the nese of that pond's Welaa and it ransms m a
16
RC-0IH
thin day
I'mmiaoo'o was mother daughter of Kimura and Ka-uluhe-nui-hihi-kolo-i-uka She married
Hevolitno ane who cultivated sweet pmaoes upon Ihe'ilinw covered flu lards of Naruwale, ales
called Nahi'ahu (Nd.eiiahu), an it has been oiled from before and up to the precut time.
Cultivating the lend was the skill of this youth Hslcolono, ad because he was so good in it, he win
able to many the beauty, Pipipfapob.
Pipipi'apo-o's skill was IIW of waving p.dana Theo, ad there are growing many tandems treca
then, even now. The grove of pander trey and s nearby cave, is caltd Pipi napo o to this day,
and you may Oak the natives of Koh a..iki to point it out to you.
Kaeukalua was a. of Kumua and Ka'uluhe. He was m expertat aka lure fishing, and all other
methods of fishing of those days gree by. He married Kahi'mhohca a booty with skin a sell u
the bloemm of the theme, found in the fandmue grove of '0' . This girl was pleasingly
beautiful, and because of her fame, Kmpukdum, the exceptionally skilled con of the an spray of
'Apo ala secured her in his wire. Here, we stall stop speaking of the elders of Ka-Miki... (Imuery
9,19141
The madifion continues, reeuuuding the paining of the brolhen, W preparation. of than, halms OU7 (royal
canpound) at Kohmdki. At the dedication caomnin it win revealed tel oe of the batmen of the Kaha lands, bad
taken cap the habil of killing people, and that he had aim thought to take the lives of KO-Miki and Ma-Ks'iole. We
revisit the story here, and leen the name of. print of'O'oms and Kohmaiki—
...The sin broke forth and the voicea of the rnintas and the'elepio of the terms were heard
rounding and rising upon the mountain elopes. The day became clew, with no clouds to be aero,
it war calm So tore, the noon was Wm end the shore of Ie'i •'Ehu (Kms) was calm. The
flowers oftbe upland forte reddened sod unfolded, and nodded gutty in the kNhau beeoes.
Tire prices gathered together to discuss three events and prepared n apologize to the children of the
chief, asking fa their forgiveness. They .elated 'Etna o, PGhili, Kdlu'olan, W KOIu.-Wrom,
uwila in go before the brothem for this pmpon.
'Elepio was the high print of Honokoha. 7 h place where he dwelt bora the Pence 'Flcmio (an
'ili on the boundary of Hoekohu not lk All. It is in the great grove of 'ulu ffau/a 'e,) on the
boundary between Hoekaluu-mit and tlosukitAau-M... [April 23,19141
Mill was the high print of'O'omm and K to lorouki, the place where he lived is on the plain of
Kohunild, a die deore, and bene hs nsme to tads day. It u on the bureau, between Kohansiki
and Votes.
Kdlu'o win the high pint of Hde'obPu and Kau ,hoe that is the waterless IW of Kalea
(Kama wad 'ole). The place where he lived was in the uplands of Mmlkin on the plain covered
with ygsna guowlh. This place beans his risme to this day.
Kdhm-'calms-anile was to high print ofKeshkehe and Ke d ui '9_m (Kohualu), ed it win he Mc
built the helm, wood Kalux'olapa-uwila which is then song the short of Kcalakehe, not an the
rod the goes In Keilua The mare of this print was 1h ofs shark and a ma. the shark fort win
need Kuala and themis s pane Sam of dee A wk that can be Been neer the hada, W this day.
Masa prigs all went W the dont of the loose and preserved the olTeringe of the black pig, the red
fill, the Mak 'awn, the while rouata, the malo (bin clothes), and all things that had been required
RC -0191
of their clan of prieda. They also offered their prayers arch asked forgiveness for their misspoken
words, They then did fa their pery e; to be fastened the kapa ended... [April 3g, 1914]
Through the 1920s, up to the time of his death in 1929, I.W H.1. Kthe comWued to submit beditionel sesomM
and conurjmWy on the changing limp m the paper. Ka HWi o Ifrw ll'l. In 1923, Kihe paved a aeries of articles,
acne of which fumed the baso of Elia Magoite•s Koro fegeda (1926). One of the accmmb, "Ka Pammwnt o
Waealolf (The Pod of Waenldi), describes thin the pond M Wawafoli. on the shote of'O'ottR was mored for a
supernatural ocean being, who could take the them ofthe ldi (sea cucumber) and of • hand. young nun. Through
this aceome it is leaned that people regularly beveled between the upland, and shoe of'O'osa; Use kula lode were
coveted with 'flints growth; and Nal a variety of fish, seawpde, and "[fish wean harvested along the theme. Also,
the main figures in the tradition ate m rrionaliced u pieces on the Wale of •O'ooa, Kalsom, and neighboring
ahup a'a. Mase individuals and pieces include Kahm'Olape (a hill on the boundary of HSman and H.IeobPn),
Wemloli (a bay between'O'otn and Kalsoe), Hobhila Mn the boundary of Kau and Pu'ukalp, Papa'apo'o (a cave
sit in Hlmanamaan), Kamaksmti ad Mdmmluild (locations unlmo en). The following tans ivee were has listed
by Kepa Maly fiesn One original Hawaiian teats published I. Ka Nubs o Hawul'i (Sepembec 23', October 46 alt I1w,
1913):
Ka Pwwxui o Wiew elch (Oa Pod of Wawaloli)
The place of Nt pod (WawaWli) ie set there onthashore of 1he'O'oma ser It is a little
pond, and is then to this day. It is vey clap as the sandy share, sed fmlha towards the dart
Nese is aim a pad in which one can swim. Then is a tradition of this pad, that is bald dearly in
the hersa of die ekl s ofthis community.
Wawaloli is the rame of • loll (res cucumber) that possessed dual body tomo (tint papalus), that
of • loll, W that of a num!
Above there on flu llima covered Bd lands, them lived a men by the tome of Kelm•dlwa ad his
wife. Katankeoiki, adlheirbanaiPol deugfita, Mdunluiki.
Oft day the young maiden mid her number that she was going down m the sirort to gather limit
(amweede). '6pfhi (limpele), ad pupa (shellfish). Her number consented, and an the maiden
traveled W the droit. Upon reaching the sloe, Melumelulki desired m drink some water, an she
visited the pond and while she wan drinking she caw a reflection in the rippling of the water,
standing ova her She tuned around and caw thal Base wan a handsome young men mere, with e
smile upon his Nu. He said... [September 27, 1923] "...Pardon me, for standing you here se we
meet a this pod, in de afienroon heat which glutens oRof the pahoehce."
She responded, "W lot is the mistake of our nmeting you are a stranger, and 1 am a ebanga, ad
so we have mel a this pond" The youth, filled with desire for the beautiful young maiden,
answered'T sen not a stranger hem along this shore, indeed, l am very familiar with this place for
Nie is my home. And when 1 sew you coming hemp I woorm mat you."
Theme two strangers, having data met, than began W ley out their nor to catch kala, uhu, and
palani, the native fish of this land. And in this way, the beauty of the Plain of Kalsoa "a caught
in the net of the young man who dwell in the an spay of'O'oran.
These two etrangen of de long day also fished for blames, and then for luwele'a. it was during
this dines, that their lines barone entangled like Nese of the fuhemen of Wailm (a prefic
reference to those who become entangled in s love affair).
The desire for the low,'opthi, and Pupa wan completely fotgaten, and the fishing Pulp bee p
the line were polled back in the sea assay. ne handsome youth wan moistened in the mine the
fail, striking the lend sal the beloved him of tba land The sun drew near, entering the edge of
the can ad was taken by I. tis Island. Only then did these two fisher of the long day sake up
mar uta.
RC-0IN
Before the young maiden began her man m the uplands, she told the youth, "Tell me your
name." He answered her, "The tome by which I am known by, is Wawa. But my name, when I go
NW dwell in the pond hem, is Loll. And when you r aii you may mill to me with the chant:
E Loll ad kikewskewe'
Oh grant hili moving beck end forth
I M Immo mea klkewekewe
Doing your work moving back and forth
I ka'. pikn kriamkewe
You ate in my mid moving beck and font
A M manta kil welave
The parents moving beck and forth
IMwalkr"kewskewe
Are it their work moving back and fonh
EpiTtnat'oekikewdkewe
Won't you aria moving beck send forth
Ka kaus peal bUvekewe
To that which we two desire moving back
.nal firth
Poul Maola bbovelewe
Your command is desired moving back and
form
Having finished their conversation, the maiden men went to the uplands. It was dark, and the
kukui lanW had been lit in the Inure. Mslumalulki's patents asked her, "Where are your limn,
'6pthi and pupu7" She replied, "Ito proper that you have asked me, for whan 1 wenn. Ne shoe it
was, filled with people who kick all there wn7 no I was left with nothing, not even s hagnrent
of limo or anything else. So I have returned up here."
Well, the family most had been made reedy, an they all we to cat together. But ager a short while
the maiden stood up. Ha parents inquired of fids, and she said she was; im longer hungry, arch that
hor feel wort sort from traveling the long path. So the maiden wan to star. She did not elect,
well though, and fell a bast in her boom, a she was filled with denim, thus she had no step that
nighL
With the arrival of the first light of day, the Malmnaluiki wee once again down in the shore.
Upas arriving N the place of the pond, she enteral the weer ad called tum an described above.
Then, a Idi appeared and turned into the handsome young mm. They two than returned to their
fishing for the kala, chin sal patent, the native fish iha land.
go it wes that the two lovers met regularly them on the shore of'O'ome. Now Melu ethriki's
potents became auspicious because of the actions of the daughter, and her regular trip W the
short. So they detam(ncd that they should eecraly follow her and spy on her.
One day, the father followed her to the sham, where he saw his daughter sit down by the aide of
de Pod. He then head her call omit —
E Lolind kikewrkeee Oh great Loli moving back ad forth
I ka Moa. kr h aekewd Doing your work moving back and forth
I ku'u pike, bkewekewe You arc the center of my life moving beck
and forth
Pik. mark.'/ k4swekewe It is good moving back ad forth
A Is matin b'kewekswe The parents moving back and form
I Mtr at Jokewskewe Art d their work moving back and forth
Ept'inmi'.ekfkewekewe Won'tyouviscoo,ing back and forth
Kak.vapuafblewekewe To that which we hvo desim moving back
and forth
Punt launhs Jokavekewe Yom commend is desired moving beck and
forth
' "Kikew is most
icounala ly by Be
mom. a. scar "chwnae"7ba carted nnror ia, back and!
with mia die itn(the
ward 11 is rano cwnmmly mid in e rtfmn tufa wig, wM is lane mandated r Twving tank ouch form," u rbc word is used
in the apokm Isignge. Rewe aln means mmsart, dmilar W the plw mma'O'nm.
it 19
RC-0lN
(October4, 1923]
"O Loll, here is your denim, the one You command, Melumaluiki, who's eyes ea nothing else."
Her father thin saw, a tali mining up from the pond, end when it was up, it turned into de youth.
He watched the two for a while, unknown to therm, and saw that his daughter and the youth of the
two body forma (kim papali a), took their plan= in ane another.
The fade maenad b the ultimate road told all of this to Iter mother, who upon beefing it, we,
filled with grail niter, bemuse of the dewitPolnae of her daughter. But Ma she learned thin the
man with whom her daughter slept was of dual body forms. Kamalusidd then told Kabu'Ohpa
that he should -Go down W capture rhe {ori, W bar it In death:' w which he agreed.
One bey, Kalsu'Nalla want town early, and bid, oaan by tK two Imcn. Malumaluiki nrived at
the pond and called out, and he then memorized the ]ince spoken by his daughter. Whin she left,
warning to this uplands, he then want to the pod and looked closely 0 it He than saw a mall
evculter opening mar da, top of the nate in the pod. He that understood thin that win whem the
tali came up from He then slept that night and in the eady opining, he went M the pond and sal
his net in the water. He than began in all am n his daughter had done with the Wine words.
When he finished the chant, the oti began to rise up Oro* tle hole, and was manned in the net.
Kat ached than, carried him up dao the tube, wilting to the "lands. On his way, he saw his
daughter coming down, and he hid until she passed him by.
When the daughter arrived a the pond, she "lied out in the chant as she always did. She called
and called until Me nm was overhead, but the loll did not appear in the pod, aur did he come
imunad in his human farm Than, she dic lidw OW he had pert". died, end she began in wail ora
mourn far the loss of her ]over. Finally a evening case, the beautiful maiden good, and ascended
the Inde to her home.
Now, let us look back to the Kalua'olepa. He ward up to his house and showed the bili to his wife.
Stung The loll, she had her husband, "Take it to the kadmn. Papf"o'o who lives an the kula of
Ho'ohils" So he weal to the kWaua and explained everything that bad occurred to him aril
showed him the tali in his net Seeing this and having of all tnt had happened, Papa'"o'o told
*4 fatten W build an man in which to kala die grant tali tut moves back and forth Doli
kikewekewe). He said, "When the kill is killed, then your daughter will be well, an Im will be the
other daughter, of the families ofth Imd" Than, the ion was lit and do s"m"oml tali Cooked.
When the daughter «shared in her home, Jim em, wen ell swollen flan crying. Her mother asked
her, "What is this, that your syn arc puffy from crying, my daughter?' She didn't answer, she just
kneeled down, givimag no tesp . At tat tins, her father melamed to the house W saw his
daughter kneeling down W he said "Your man, with whom you have ban making love at the
beach he, ban taken by We kuru" Papi spo'o. He he, been cooked in the im that you may live,
thin all offer girls who this loci bas loved my live."
That ped instill thele ne the shore. W the place with the small mood opening is Will an the side
of that pard b this day. It is something tu remember than things ofdays gone by, something that
should not be fargodhe by those of today rind in time m come. t0clober 11, 19231
Ka Laka o Penia Elbe WPW of Pa'aieal
The traditim of Ka Into a Pwfa (The fishpond of Pa'ain) win written by JWRL Kurile, W printed in Ko Hnble o
Hawaii in 1914 W 1924. The mamntiva describe traditional life W practices in various ah"a'a of KekWa, and
specifi"Ily dambee the ancient fishpond PA'aia. The following excapr, from K0e's mo'alelo, include references
an Wewalob, an the shoe of'O'oa and Kalsoi Pa iia, we, destroyed by to H"lahi lava flows of 11101.
20
RCAI%
reputedly in a result of the pond ovemeei s refusal to give the goddess Pelt—traveling in human Imm--any fish
from the pond:
Pa'sin was a great fishpond, something like the panda of Wainanali'i and Kiholo, in ancient
time". At that time the high chiefs lived on the land, and these ponds were filled with fat aws,
'anae, shale, and all kinds offish that swam imide, It is this pond that we, filled by the lava flows
and named into pahoehoe, that is written of here. At that time, at Ho'am Them was a Konohiki
(overseer), Kepa'slam, wh was in charge of Me hsronea (hale pspa's) in which the valoabin of
the King (Kamehameha 9 were kept. He was in charge of the King's food supplies, the fah, the
balm (long houses) in which she fishing canoes were kept, the fishing nem and all things. It was
boss them that [be King's fail. and the m amens wen provisiaaved. The bones of the pond
guardiara and Ko obild were simaled at Ka'elehuluhulu and Ho'ona.
In the cormi and was story of this pond, we see thin its boundaries crowded from Ki elehul Wulu
on the oomth, sod an the snmh, to the place called W..Ioli (between '0'. and Kale.). The
pond war moa data three miles Ing and me and a half miles wide, and today, within them
boundaries. me "a gill ace many water Idles.
While traveling in the farm of an old worn, Pek visited the Kekahe region of Kona, bedecked in
gadmds of the ka'oko'alw (Sidms spp). Upon reaching P'a'eica at Ho'ma, Pale inquired if she
might perhaps have an minions, young Aholehale. ar a few 'ipae (rMim") an take tom with
her. Kepa'alani, — - — W walked along the
kmpa (omen side wall) of Praia till she reached Ka'elchuhhhulu. T1,ere, some fisherman had
remerad fiom ekes fishing, and were carrying their consent "war, the show...
...Now hansom Kepa'slani wan stingy with the fish" of the pond Pa'aies, and infused to give my
fish to Pele, the fishpond Pa'ama and the houses of the King were all destroyed by the lova now.
In ancient times, the canoe has would enter the pond and travel from Ka'elehultd ulu to Ho'ooa,
at Us'u'glohi, W then meNm to the an and go in Ksdlua and live other places ofKma. Than who
traveled in this vanneu would sail gently sasses the pond pushed forward by the'Kka wind, and
than avoid the strong common which pushed out from the paint of Keahole
It war a Ho -oral that Kepa'almi dwelt, that is where the houses in which the chiefs valued]"
(bale Papa's) were kept It war atm we the coha landings of the plana; Today, it is where the
light house of America is sitrated. Pelekame (in Pu'ukals) is wade the lona of KameMmehe
wart located, near a stone nhohmd that in partially covered by tbepohoe6oe of Pale. If this fishpond
had not been covered by the law flows, it would surely be a thing of giant wattb to the
gmenmw4 nodsY... 11.W MA. Kana in Ka Hohn a Howai; compiled end beulated by Maly, tram
the mmtiver written Feb"ry 5.26, 1914 sad May 1.15, 19241.
No Ha'mnanao a ka Manawa (The Recollection ofa Native Son)
IWer in 1924, Kite, described the changes which had occurred in the Kekala region i� his youth. In the following
article, titled No Ho'amma a lea Manawn (in Ka flabi a Hawwl y Jane 5' A 12 1924), Kite wrote about the
villag" that were once inhabited throughout Kek Wa, Mortifying fmilies, practices, W schools ofthe historic period
(a. 1860-1924). In the him, part series (tranhslaed by Maly), he aim shared his personal feelings about the changes
that had occurred, including the demi" carte fsmiii" W the abandonment of dw consul lands of K&.ha
Then ban mi. in the mind of to malr, some questions and thoughts show the nature,
oonditon, living, traveling, W various thing, that bring pleasure W joy. Thinking above the
various; fm,iliee W Me many bmme, with their children, going to play W strengthening tat
bodies.
In the year 1970. when I was Is Young inn a the age of 17 ycaur old, I ween to saner n the
suladmic tenter at the school of Honokbhau. I we, washing under William O. Kaal"'ole who
had sutfaed an ill. (mi i-lolo, • stroke).
RC -0154
Is thoan days at the Hawaiian Government School% the teachers wave all Hawaiian and caught in
the Hawaiian language. In those day% the std" were ell Hawaiian ae well, and the books were
in Hawaiian. The etrhderes wee all Hawaii.... Them wee many, sway Hessa in Mudeoa to Ow
schools, on Japanese, Pormgtaan, On people of other nationalities Everyone was Hawaiian or put
Hawaiian, and them nem only a few part Hawaiian.
The school. included the school have at KA. ,J, where Joseph W. Kala bought, uhd later J.K.
Ka'ailuwale aught thee. At the school of Mahhwen.1. Ka'elemakule Sr., who now, nssides in
Kdlm was the reacher. At the KJggea School, J.U. Knwe'ake was the leacher. There were also
others here, including myself for fear years, J. Kshedru, and J.H. Oloha who wens the last oro to
teadh in the Hawaiian language. At Ka[uk9. Min Ka'simahu'i was the as teacher befnm The
Kauko school was combined ae cum with the Honokfilau school where W.G. Kuaka'ole was the
leaches. 1 taught them for two years we well_ (Kthe indhdea additiont description on the
schools of Kon]
It went when they Mopped inching in Hawaiian, and began introatiag in Fngluh, that signtfwanl
de igen took place among our children. Some of them became puffed rip and Mopped listening to
their parents. The children spoke gibberish (English) and the pasenca couldn't undersand (ed keild
same). Before the tint, the Hawaiian weeny mauyung too many people of other retie. The
children and their parents dwelt together in peace with tla children NO parents speaking
together... [Jure S, 1920]
...Now pushups Chert ere sane Who will not agree with what I are saying, bol these ave my true
thoughts. Things which I have sen with my own eyes, and kru w In be trm... Inn the year 1870
when 1 was substitute Washing M Hahmkfihan for W.G. Knake'ols, I aught mom than 80
Modena. There were both boys and girls, sd this school had the highest condiment of students
studying in Hawaiian M due Uma [in Kckahe]. And the Mud" then were all knowledgable, all
knew how m and end write.
Now the majority of Mae people ere MI ,lead. Of twee things remembered W thought of by the
people who yin remain focus that time in 1870; terse who arc here 53 years Inter, we canmt forge
the many families who lived in the various (' puna) land rection of Kgh .
Prom the lands of Hmokoh Kaloko. Kohuuil[t the We& of 'O'mu, at, sea H Je'ohi'a
Md#Cd-C Kad, Pu'Wals-'Ohtd, Awl ua the lads of KM g Mafhgi'p]g, MakY
Awake', the lends of Klti'3. Ka'urwdu. 101%, Knw'+h i. Kgs44S WnhanaMhlu. ad
Pu'Ini gang's. These many Isnds were filled with people in these days.
Them were men, waren, and children, the houses were filled with lunge familia. Truly them were
many people [in Kekshs]. 1 would travel sound with the young urn sed women in these days,
and we would May together, travel together, til together, and spend the nights I. bounce ace filled with
aloha
The lands of Homkohsu were filed with people in those day% there were mmy w'ommn and
children with wham 1 traveled with joy in the days of my youth, Tlwgs hmilief are all gosh% and
the led is quiet Them sur on, people, Only the rocks ronin, and s few scattered tress growing,
and Only occasionally doss me meet with a nun today [19241 One new and his children we all
that remain.
Kaloko was the sum in those day% but now, it is a land without people. The men, the women, and
the children are ell gone, they have paned away. Only me ran. J.W. Hi ser, recount. He is the
Only native child (kciki kupa) besides this author, who m usins.
At Kohuuikl, Berm were many People m thin hunt between 1870 and 1878. These was happy
22
or..".
years with the families them. In those years Ksiskoili was the haku'ahm (land overseer)...
Now the lad is desolate, there Me no people, the houses are quiet. Only the houses remain
stunting, place simply to be counted. i dwelt Mae with the families of these homes. Indeed it son
here that 1 dwell with my Insist hanei (guardian), due mhe who nixed me. All these families were
closely related to me by blood On my Where' side, I was ted an the families of K.I ko [J. W.H.I.
Kiheb fathu son Kihe, his grare fieter was Kwpaho% a noted kabous of K.loko]. i sm a native
ofihese L.A.
The lands of'O'oma gaud Kelm and all the way to Kauluu and Mahai'ule were also places of
many people in tram days, but today there ere no people. At MsMi'ula is wham the gree
faintness of0ut day dwelt Among the fshemen were Po'Okial ma, N-so'ao senior, Ka'eo of,
KaPa ma, K.'-a•ikmla ma, Pdhia ma, and John Ks elemakule Sr., whonow dwells at l(mlua.
K.'elennkule moved from this place [MMem-ol.) W Kailas where he prospered, but his family is
buried them along the beloved shore (kyeku done). He is the Only one who remain alive
today... At Makalawcm there were many people, medal, women, and then children. It was here
Oat same of the great fishermen of tllose day, lived as well. There were many people, and now,
they Me all gone, Ion for all time.
Those who have passed awry ase Ksha'u ili and, Mama's on, SWIM rasa, Kahhuoau'uuw ma,
Hopula'm mat, "Re nhakewdu mai, Kaani, Kuoni Aihsok ma, and Pahukuls ma. They are all
gone, there only remains the set -in-law of Kasaionu'uam J.H. Mahike, and Jack PwlTaole,
along with their children, living in the puce where Kauuonu'usmh and Aho once lived.
At SOW., on, on pmem remain dive on that larded, dl ere gnus. only is, 'i a renin. It is Ne
same d Ka-upulehu, the old people art d1 goat, lad it ie all quiet.. [lure 12, 19241
Ko Kauai Kmlemalute Maolela Ponoi- Kok" panni b mai no a to (rhe True Story of John K.'elemakule -
Actwlly written by him)
In the period between 1928 nd 1930, John Ka'eimnkule Sr., who was s wtive of Kekah4 living M Mdn u1%
Kaolua and KOMuiki, wine a sariee of articles the wort Published in serial from in Ka Halo, o Hawoi'i. The story
is a rich acemumt of life in Kekahs between 1854 and 1900. Ka'elemdmle'e tests induce us to the native residents
of Webs, end include descriptions of the practices end amtonna of the families who resided tare. In the following
excerpts from Ka'elnakule's neativa (translated by KW Maly), we fid reference ons again to'O'oma ad
neighboring lands, and the practices associated with procuring water in this region;
"Kekuha Wai Ole o na Kron"(Watedd Kekahs of Kon)
...We have sen IM manse "Kekalea wsi ole o on Kon" since the early pm of my story in Ka
HiAu o Hawut'l, and we have else rah it in the beuLLiful traditiOn of Mekalei. An account of the
boy who dwelt in the uplands of Ketene wai'Ole, due was hold by Ka-'clue-ha'aheori-d-knhahim.
'ekolu IMn permeate used by J.W.H.I. Kihe]. 1 think that certain people may wed to know the
realm and nrheaning of this theme. So it is perhaps a good thing for she to explain how it came
about. The sou ere of it is that in this lend of Kekah even in the uplands, between Kaulan in me
ninth W 'O'ores in the south, mere was no, water found even in the ancient time. For • little
while, I lived in the upla dsof KadaM ad I saw that this Wed of Kekaha was ideal watmess
no acmmt was poised in aurid tomb m aw Ifimmusn rwwepeper Ka Hifi, o Havel Y, from May 29. 1928 to March 18,
I elo.lhe ma dged excerpts in this Met. include namtivas Chet deembe Mdai'W. and gamy Muds in Kakshe nim
rt, afunilies,ewohn4ptlwq hxremmid obewvw.a.wd silo idmefid in iexl.lM larger harrniveal.n
inchudc!stns denibA accaans of Ka'elenguk's lin, and business ventures. A porton of me narratives texturing W
fishing customs (November 13,1928 W March I; 1929), and amusing paetkes (March 19 w May 21, 1929) was emulated
by M. Us. Phhkui, ad may be viewed in me Bishop Museum -Hawaiian Ethnological Now. (BPBM Archive)
RC -0154
The water fee bathing, washing ale's lands m feet, was the aver of the ba=ne stump (wni
pusea'a). Thep,ma'a wen anted and squeem l ins, balls a get is juice. The problem with this
water is Rest it makes one iidry, and one does rot Tully gat clan. These acre tat many water
holes, ad the water that Acwnuhkd from run mid up quickly. Also theme would be wmha in
which An, run Bill... The water which Rte people who lied in the pland. of Keaaha drank, cam
found in cave. There are many caves frac which the people of the uplands ges water...
[September 17,1929:31
...The aiptrw had very strict Bayou (reductions) m theme water caves. A woman who had her
manen=1 cycle could rat uta Ra caves. Tho Anxious people kept this ere a s and terata Genn pap
generations. If a woman did int know that her done cam caning and she counted the water cave,
the water would as, Nat i4 it would dry up. The water would atop dripping. That was a sign that
the Ups, of Kampf-the-wteof--life (Kaneilawaiob) had been deseaped Through this, we
less that tla ancient people of Kek.M believed that Kine wen the ere who made the wpm drip
Ban within the sad, even the wter gad surd the a Gem this earn. Thi, is who the ancient
people of Keksha wen 'ole believed, ad thele were people who was Ha'i (guardians) who
watched over and cleared the caves, the house of Kam... [September 24,1929:3]
When the kap of the water cave had bem broken, the primo was called in perform, a mmmny
Arid mete ofkring. The offerings were a nal back pig; a white fah, And irkokhol, yang aro
leaves; and am. When the offering wm papered, the prim[ would chain to Kone:
E Kant i u4a, a Kane i ka4
E Krone I ka wed. eta kapuw,
Eia ka awe, ea ko Imes.
Ea ka a kea.
O Kane in the uplesde, O Kane
at the ehme,
O Kam in The water, here I. the pig,
Here is the'aw& here an, the
two greeos,
Here is the white fish.
Tbu all Ram people of fi a uplands and coastjdnd together in this offering, saying
He .hot Met Asia la m e Kane.
-this is a request offering to yen a KAM.
E hal. i ka Aewm o ke kana4a i haw a4
Fmgive the transgression done by man,
A e hoomemae i ke hate w4
Clem the water boos (source),
A e hoonoi mei i In, wen o Is basis,
Gum the water to income in
the house,
1 ole = kauaha,
Thai the people may live,
No ohm o tea aim was ole
Those who are dependent on
this waterless led.
Asmamna. K is finished...
[Oclaber 1, 1929:3; Kep ] Maly, trasator]
It is not empruing today, when we bee of caves in which cultural materiels ere feud. Along =iia mer
rmidnen, and in em Mona seer, a wide range of use; occurred. Cam in the Kehaha ads ween used An son
Mesa keep RhAAM& sham cod And fresh fee uh met seawn, to We ear take shelter in, m catch water, and m burial
mines.
Land Tenure in 404oma and Vicinity
Though the daditims and early historic acemma cited above, we as that then me descriptions of milt' Iaidencea
And practices of the native families on the Iowa of'O'oma and within grata Kekala. Importantly, we fid chiefly
associssiam with tlx: and of'O'cros 2'", a docancnted by the residency of the chief, Kaildo'ewq Kmwemushi,
deb imagine ad made m, while Bay cave serving m the gu mus of the yang ting, Kauikmouli (Kanahmiue
BI in a 1813-1818; Kamakau 1961 and Gov. Kaisers, 1847 in this Fit*). Among the earfieet govemment records
RC -0154
documenting residency in 'O -oma and vicinity, are these of the Mnhele Nino (Land Division), Interior and Tampion
Deprlments, Roads and Public Warks, and the Government Survey Division.
This section of the study describes land tense (residency and lad use) end identifier families associated with
'O'. and it's neighboring bods. The documentation is presented in chronologically within Ne following
asd5aetio=, The Whek'Aiw (1848): Disposition of'O'my Land Grants in'O'oma and Vicinity (1855-1864), The
Government Homesteading Pmgnm in KekahC Field Surveys of J.S. Finenon (1882-1889), and Tails and Roads of
Kekaha (Govemmenal Communications).
A review, of the recnrm below reveals that tam of the chime by native tenants made during the Mnhele, m any
of the epplkatiom for Royal Patent Gran, included lands that An, A pus of the current development en.
The Maheir'Aaa (1818): Dhposi aw of'O'oma
In Precontect Haw i'i, u1 lad, accent, And mammal resources wart held in trust by the high chiefs (aft'i 'ai ahupua'a
or ali 7 'at mob). The use of land, fisheries And other remosects were given to the hoa'ass, (native tensa) a the
prerogative of the diff and their representatives or land agents (kmlolub), who wen considered beer chief.. By
1845, the Hewiim system of lad dour was being radically alle ed, and the founds ion fm implementing the
Where 'Almacamsatinplace,syp offm-simplerigbtofawnenhp.
As the Mnhele evolved, it defend the and interns of Kauikemmb (King Kamehimeha lit), sono: 252 high-
mmking Ali'! and Kowhiki, and the Government Asa result of the Mahme, ail bd a the Kingdom of Hawi'i use
W he placed in our of dome categories: (I) Crow Lanni (for the occupied of the throne); (2) Government Lands; and
(3) KowhLH Lads (cf. Indices of Awadi 1929). The "fvakeArg" in "Kdema Aef of On Whole (Daember 21,
1849) father defined the fame wrk by which hm'niw (=live amu) could apply for, and be granted fee -simple
interest in "Kuka=" lads (ef. Kamakm in Ke Au Ok. July 9 A 15, 1869; 1%1:403) 3). The Kateaw Act also
Seco ifirmd the rights of hoi alma to aeons, subsistence and collectim of resources necessary to their lift upon the
lad in their given ahupua'a C'Hnabliog Act"', August 6,1950 — HSA DLNR 24).
In the Bake Kakau PM w ka Mahek Atim (add Division Bodo), between Kanehanteha III and him supporters,
we lean that by the time ofthe Whale Nim,'O'orrs was divided into two ahtpra'a,'O'onr Im and 2ie,'O'onue I"
wen claimed by Maim Kek0 iva(brotha of Karchmsda N And V. and Victoria Kammenslu), mme of the children of
Kiri u and M. Kcktiaro'a, Nus, a gradsm of KemeMmdes 1. 'O'ema 2ie was held by Kameivarmis III (Buie
AlAhele, January 27, 1848:13-14). On Mach 8, IMB, Kanduaesha Iff assigned his interest in 'O'oma 2" to the
Government land inventory (Bake Whisk, 1849:183).
Moans Keku fw died on November 24, 1848, And him Atha, Maoio Kekuman'R adminisraum of the ante,
relinquished in commutation, his rights s,'O'oma 1", giving the Iced over to the Government lad inventory (ForsiM
Testimony Voltam 3:408). Thus, both 'O'oma i" and 2n4 were amigned W the Gnvemmenl land inventory
(Cavemmmt I.& - Indica of Awads 1929:10).
1. 2030, the Kumu Pam Associate, digitised the enbe collection of hadwrinen records Gam 0re Whale 'Atm.
Most of the records Are, in the Hawaiian language, and to -date have not been Accurately indexed. An extensive review
of all the accede identifies only roue native tenant who filed a claim of residency sad land me in'O'ms during the
Mfrbele. The claim—Hclu 9162, by Kahelekehi—wm not awarded, and exempt far an entry in Native Register
Volume 8 (Figura 6), Dart u no fuA1a retard of the claim. Below, is a copy of the original Hawaiian kit fi in the
Native Register. The account is of particular inherent as Kahekkaht reported that in 1848, he was the only resident in
'O'oms:
' Session, "Xam"m Hmpai XamiwambHaaai Pae Atm"(Poul Code) 1850.
24 25
RC 01N
Figure 6. Copy of Native Register Vol. 8:543 Held 9162, claim of Kabelekahi for kdemm at'O'omn.
Kahelehahl-Ada 9161
HdWq Namaall Febroary 9, 1848
Greetings in all of you commissioner who quid land rides, l hereby tell you of my claim for lad
I have an more shnpuu simnel them in Kom, it's name is Oome 2. It is an old land gotten by me
from Roonpq and held to this rime. For 15 yees, l have ban the only ome aiding on this land,
there ate no other people, only me. l am the Only ren, time is an one living here to help from me
year to the meet year. Kantdtarnehs IB is [be one above, who has this lard, and W.P. Lelciohaku is
below him, and I am the one man dwelling thee. The survey of the length and width of this land is
at accurately completed. That is what I have to tell yen.
Don by me, Kahelekahi
(Neave Register Vol. 8:543; Unrelated by Kept Maly]
In 1849, S. Hamio, Tax Amends of North Kona, submitted a report to the Bard of Education regarding thou
individuals who were subject to the Tuesday Tu Laws (Pmlua), in be waked se a pet of the School Tu
requirements of the !fine. An the rime of Hmnio's report, three individual fsmilia were identified as widens of
'O'om. Raid" in the neighboring lands of Raleoe ed Kohm i ild wee also listed, they were:
Kai": 1. Kils, 2. Pied, 3. Nal els, 4. Kup000, 5. Ire, 6. Kaeus, T. Keliilimpui, 8. Kiepmlokai,
9. Kadnce, 10, Pain, 11. Kalima k 12. Kaikekaalu i, 11 Kanabele, 14. Katmai, 15.
Raised, and 16. Helekahi'
Oona: I. Kdets, 2. Kemeks and 3. Matadi
Kohanaild: I. Hulikoa, 2. Kinnear, 3. Honolii and 4. Awe [HSA - Sari. 262, Haman 18491.
HdCW in Kalelebhi -de ma wed mad, a claim fora Idked, in'Worm during the Whale (Helu 9162).
RCA 154
Unfortunately, from is no indication of where Kelm, Kamaka, and Mamdi were living in 'O'oma at the time.
Hand m tndinional proems of residency in the region, it is likely that they had primary residences in the uplands,
rear sheltered radia 'ani (agriculhual fields), and kept near shore residences for raeoal fishing, collection of salt, and
Other raomces of the died zone. Of the thea roma given fid'O'oma, descendents of the Kelm and Kamaka linty
are known to still be aiding in the Kekaha region.
Land Grants In'O'ond add Vicially (18551864)
In conjunction with the Mdhels, the King deo authorized the mama of Royal Potent Cr is to applicants for tracts
of land, larger than thou generally available through the Land Commission The process for applications was set forth
by the "Enabling Act' of August 6, 1850, which set nide portion of government lands for grants.
Sectim 4. Resolved thin a cetain portion of the Government lands in each Island shill be set
apart, ed placed in the hands of special agents to be disposed of in lots of from CM M ERY acres
in f c simple to such natives as may not be otherwise burnished with sufficient lands at a minimum
prim of fifty is per acre. LHSA - "Enabling Act" Seri. DLNR 2a]
The Kingdom' policy of providing land gains to native teams was further clarified in a communication from
Interior Department Clerk, A. O. Tharston, on behalf of Room Ara (John Young), Minister of the Interior; W J.
Full., GovemrRmt Land Agent -Kona
February 13, 1851
...His Highness the Minister of the Interim iostr5o'.ns me to inform you that he has and rim hereby
pend yen to be Iwnd Agent for the District of Kona, Hawaii. You will entertain no application
for the purchase of my lands, without fiat receiving some pan, my a fourth or find of the prim;
then On remn of We being agreed upon belwan yourself W the applicant you will survry the
lad, and need the survey, with your repot upon the ams m this office, fm the Approval of the
Board of Finnan, when your ala have been approved you will wfeet the
balance due of the prim; upon the mttipt of which M this office, the Patent will be forwarded to
you.
Natives who have no clet. before the Lend Communard have no I<asl rights in the mil.
Than sure therefore to be allowed the fnnt chance to madam their honeneads Than, who dealeOt
Or Milan W add this. must remain deneMmt asson tle mand, of whatever roudoxicat to land as
throe maim now dr, who loom, w kuksm are, IM., lads Woundly Patented or bel
to Konohikia.
No Fish Pods are to be w1d. neither may landing places.
thim vom will Jur the mithes but 50 dedo t c,,din, 50 men to
individual.
Whenever about to survey land adjoining that of private individuals, notice must be given than or
their agent; to be present and point our their boundaries... [Interior Department Letter Book
3:210411]
Between 1855 and 1864, at least six applications were made for land in the ahapua'a of'O'oma, and four of
them were patmkd. The applications were nude by:
26 27
•/��./F�/p'ae..»®6,,...a.d.,/a:a,
ew�.,.. .:lse.AMm,:r..'wrerts .Y.//�-<- �a✓a.76:.L�
,Z.,.«.%a/L�C,',,al�,� ...
Te{nrr'14i Inv 'a I `xI
+//1W Rr//.•r�.i/�•n .fi'N.c.A ML®6.dv.. nsn, ,r-err/r wR�fi•'
.ewrn.-
Figure 6. Copy of Native Register Vol. 8:543 Held 9162, claim of Kabelekahi for kdemm at'O'omn.
Kahelehahl-Ada 9161
HdWq Namaall Febroary 9, 1848
Greetings in all of you commissioner who quid land rides, l hereby tell you of my claim for lad
I have an more shnpuu simnel them in Kom, it's name is Oome 2. It is an old land gotten by me
from Roonpq and held to this rime. For 15 yees, l have ban the only ome aiding on this land,
there ate no other people, only me. l am the Only ren, time is an one living here to help from me
year to the meet year. Kantdtarnehs IB is [be one above, who has this lard, and W.P. Lelciohaku is
below him, and I am the one man dwelling thee. The survey of the length and width of this land is
at accurately completed. That is what I have to tell yen.
Don by me, Kahelekahi
(Neave Register Vol. 8:543; Unrelated by Kept Maly]
In 1849, S. Hamio, Tax Amends of North Kona, submitted a report to the Bard of Education regarding thou
individuals who were subject to the Tuesday Tu Laws (Pmlua), in be waked se a pet of the School Tu
requirements of the !fine. An the rime of Hmnio's report, three individual fsmilia were identified as widens of
'O'om. Raid" in the neighboring lands of Raleoe ed Kohm i ild wee also listed, they were:
Kai": 1. Kils, 2. Pied, 3. Nal els, 4. Kup000, 5. Ire, 6. Kaeus, T. Keliilimpui, 8. Kiepmlokai,
9. Kadnce, 10, Pain, 11. Kalima k 12. Kaikekaalu i, 11 Kanabele, 14. Katmai, 15.
Raised, and 16. Helekahi'
Oona: I. Kdets, 2. Kemeks and 3. Matadi
Kohanaild: I. Hulikoa, 2. Kinnear, 3. Honolii and 4. Awe [HSA - Sari. 262, Haman 18491.
HdCW in Kalelebhi -de ma wed mad, a claim fora Idked, in'Worm during the Whale (Helu 9162).
RCA 154
Unfortunately, from is no indication of where Kelm, Kamaka, and Mamdi were living in 'O'oma at the time.
Hand m tndinional proems of residency in the region, it is likely that they had primary residences in the uplands,
rear sheltered radia 'ani (agriculhual fields), and kept near shore residences for raeoal fishing, collection of salt, and
Other raomces of the died zone. Of the thea roma given fid'O'oma, descendents of the Kelm and Kamaka linty
are known to still be aiding in the Kekaha region.
Land Grants In'O'ond add Vicially (18551864)
In conjunction with the Mdhels, the King deo authorized the mama of Royal Potent Cr is to applicants for tracts
of land, larger than thou generally available through the Land Commission The process for applications was set forth
by the "Enabling Act' of August 6, 1850, which set nide portion of government lands for grants.
Sectim 4. Resolved thin a cetain portion of the Government lands in each Island shill be set
apart, ed placed in the hands of special agents to be disposed of in lots of from CM M ERY acres
in f c simple to such natives as may not be otherwise burnished with sufficient lands at a minimum
prim of fifty is per acre. LHSA - "Enabling Act" Seri. DLNR 2a]
The Kingdom' policy of providing land gains to native teams was further clarified in a communication from
Interior Department Clerk, A. O. Tharston, on behalf of Room Ara (John Young), Minister of the Interior; W J.
Full., GovemrRmt Land Agent -Kona
February 13, 1851
...His Highness the Minister of the Interim iostr5o'.ns me to inform you that he has and rim hereby
pend yen to be Iwnd Agent for the District of Kona, Hawaii. You will entertain no application
for the purchase of my lands, without fiat receiving some pan, my a fourth or find of the prim;
then On remn of We being agreed upon belwan yourself W the applicant you will survry the
lad, and need the survey, with your repot upon the ams m this office, fm the Approval of the
Board of Finnan, when your ala have been approved you will wfeet the
balance due of the prim; upon the mttipt of which M this office, the Patent will be forwarded to
you.
Natives who have no clet. before the Lend Communard have no I<asl rights in the mil.
Than sure therefore to be allowed the fnnt chance to madam their honeneads Than, who dealeOt
Or Milan W add this. must remain deneMmt asson tle mand, of whatever roudoxicat to land as
throe maim now dr, who loom, w kuksm are, IM., lads Woundly Patented or bel
to Konohikia.
No Fish Pods are to be w1d. neither may landing places.
thim vom will Jur the mithes but 50 dedo t c,,din, 50 men to
individual.
Whenever about to survey land adjoining that of private individuals, notice must be given than or
their agent; to be present and point our their boundaries... [Interior Department Letter Book
3:210411]
Between 1855 and 1864, at least six applications were made for land in the ahapua'a of'O'oma, and four of
them were patmkd. The applications were nude by:
26 27
RCLIH
Gant
1590
Arolivam
Lad
Acetate,
aftkandyeto
Ksuhmi
Hammamuu,
Kdsae and
Oona 1
1,816
8:1855 (cameled)
1599
1. Hall
Oona 2
101.33
8:1855 (cameeled)
1600
Kansan
0oma2
58.5
8:1855
2027
Kamehm
Ooma 2
101.33
11:1856 (same area as Gant 1599)
2031
Komui
Oona 1
21.5
11:1856
2972
Kaskau
Kalms5
h Kama
h Oona l
515
16:1861
["Ida of all Gana
Issued... Previous to
Mach 31, 1886;" 1987]
The grants to Ka'akm ad Kamehum in'O'c m Ys were patented by 1859, an reourded in the following letter
Aprt18, 1859
S. Spencer, Interior Department Clerk.
t lad Kmnekmnekq Mttier feke Interior,
Land, in Pose and Orem 2 in Kra, Hawaii which were aid by the Government Agent:
Royal Patent 1600, Rasher 58 50/100 vacs in Oona $29.25
Royal Pates 2027, Kareha, 10133/100 atm in lbma $38.00
[HSA- Interior Department, Lands]
In the years following ismance of Use fid Royal Patens in 'O'mu and vicinity, naive tenant and od.
continued m aprea intent in the lands of'O'ms, W neighboring a6mgwe'a. Applications were made to either
Ian or purchase pouiom of the temaimng government lands. In 1965, Government Surveyor sad Land Agent. S.C.
W iRts, wtole o toe Minister of the Interior, describing the condition ad about of the lade remaining to the
govcmmmL
September S, 1865
S.C. Wits. Govemmnt SurvcSwaMlnMAgwe1,
t F. W. Hutchinson, Minora rose Interior
Kra Hawaii, Oovemment Lade in this District not Sold;
aim those Sold and Not Patented:
..."Kalaoa 5a"
Na in Ran Magneto book but believed to be Gov't. lad. This lad shove the Oove Rod has been
mid and Patmad Below the rod I have surveyed 515 min which was, mid by Sheldon to
"Kuhnt" & "Kama" who payed him $165.00. As an valuation was made of this lad per acre by
Sheldon 1 atawnda valued it my—Was follows, 300 Ac. a 50 ds, per acre, 215 at 25 as. per Ac.
The balance due according to this valuation including Pascal was, $12.75 which was, payed to me
in Mach 1$64 nand forwnded by m, o you office. The survey of this lad's in your office. If the
payments made are satisfactory, tea mm would be very gad to get their Patent
This t a piece of 3d rale and, used only a Ross pasture, an trtprovemmt on it. Mali of this
survey is about 400 Ac. remaining to the Govt., but of very little value.
"Oorna 1'& 2's"
The best pan of Oen Inde have been mid, then ranine to the Govt. the font part, 2 or 300
Ac., and the naksi part some 1500 Ac, about 500 of which is 3d rat land, the Mance rocks.
"Kohaaiki"
The Rates pan of this lend is all that remains to the Gov'L, this is extensive, extending to the
mmka side of the forest. It may contain 15000 2000 Ac.
RCAIN
The makRi part of this lad containing 220 Ac. has been sold both by Sheldon and myself. In April
1863 1 was surveying in Know when "Nomires" (who lives on the adjoining lad of "Ksloka"i
applied to M to survey the makeri pert of the Gov't. lad Kohmsiki which he wished m purel ane.
1 inquired whether he had applied to Sheldon for this lads (Sheldon was then in Honolulu) he told
me UW he had not, but would do an immediately, if it was necessary he would go to Honolulu for
that purpose. 1 told him that i was then writing to Sheldon ad I would make the application fm
him which I did, but neva got an answer. 1 wrote several times to him about that lime, for
infinnumen about Gov1 lands, but he declined to answer my letters.
On the 30a of May following, 1 surveyed mid piece of Wad for "Nahuina- When 1 was making
this survey "Kapea" (who bought this lad from Sheldon) was present and afterwards went to
Honolulu and payed Sheldon for this lad.
"Nahuine' had the money then o pay for this land, and 1 mid him re keep it until he knew who be
Was Paying it W. I and perfectly atisfied then that Shelder'e transection an Gov't. lad AgL was
M honest. Mr. Sheldon had than been awry tom Kona newly three months, he had previous to
this reigned his office a Judge ad taken up to resiMoe permanently in Honolulu. Afterwards
when requested by Mr. S. Spencer to M a lad AgL far Kay "Nahuina" payed me, for this lend
a 25 cent per Acre. Its only value is for a place for a mitimm, on the bath.
I have been thus particular in giving you the history of this affair, so that you might be, able to
deride which of the Who were intitled in aid Ind... [HSA - Interior Department, lads]
Historical weomds document that the primary use of the hila - lowlands in tM Kekaha region, was for goat
ranching, with limited mule notching. Throughout the IM, most of the Attie reaching occurred on the maakn
slop. neem to old upper government road.
Summary of land Tenure Deeeribd 1. Grant Rerorda
Cana No.'s 1600 (fm Kukan) and 2031 (for Koanui) an, situated on the marker aide of the Alanui Aupuni (the Upper
Government Road,. present-day MaMlahm Highway) is'0'.2w and I'.
Grant No. 1599 (surveyed for Kauhini), was shouted acme to hada lade from O'oma 1' in the south, to
Hamatwmmnma, in the north. Communications firm the I Nk indicate that the parcel war never patented, tough
Ksuhiai had lived m'O'mra 1', through the time ofhis death (before 1888).1.5. Emm oris Register Map No. 1449,
identifies • Triangulation Station in 'O'. 1- a "KauhinL" At almost it. ane time that Kauhmi's genu was
eaveyed, other gent in Kalem and 'O'oM covering • portion of the was denrnbd under Reubini's gram were
patented o Kaluu and Kama (Royal Patens Out No. 2972). In 1888, this confining situation was brought an the
govenmment's attention in • kder firm more twit 70 Wive residents of '0'. ad the arger Rehabs region, when
the Minister of the Interior wan developing homestead Ids for applicants (are commmications MIM).
Out No. 2027 (Por Ksnebeu), amended in 'O'onsa tat,.seeds fimm the makai edge of the Upper Govemmen;
Road, to • shat distance below the himmic Numerical Rad baween Kaloko and Kation, at about 900 flat above s.
level (see Register Map No. 1449).
'O'mu genre Kaekm (Gant Nr. 1600), aim held an interest in Grunt No. 2972 in the led of Kama 56 and
'O'ms 1', which he shared with his relative, Rome. Historic away mcada (a Register Map and Survey Field
Books) do identify "Kms's hose" near the Wawaloli pond (Register Map No. 1419) in'O'ome 2ie. The same louse
is later identified a "Keekf Mao's Hous" (Reed. Map No. 1280).
in 1888, government mov yen J.S. Emerson identified Knma a • mided in'O'ome, neo tM Mae government
toed (se communication belm). This Kama is identified in oral history interviews at Ming an elder of the Kameda
Iim, from whom the often -mentioned Palekiko Karmks and others descend. A to n tow, beach shelter—in the
vicinity of "Kam'- Hone" mmkd neo Ides amort of -9. 2"s on Regina Maps 1449 and 1280--.ircd in use
28 29
RCmU
by family members at lent until the outbreak of World War H (see interviews with Peter Reductions Perk, Gco.
Kinoulu Kahmmui, and Valentine K. Alto).
Wale m formal awards as 9MO of land sppnr to have been made for the tens shm 6ds or beach lauds, it is
logical to season Oat familia living in the uplands of rhe'O'om ed Ka1ana-Kohanaiki abpha'a, made regular
visite m the now ehme lands. The practice of command travel between upland redidmces and near-shome shelters, is
also described by kvpuna PM K. Park, who was been and rained in the maaka auction of'O'om, and by other
kopuaa from neighboring lade.
No records indicating Rat the above Royal Pears (nantem had applied for coastal perces as a part of their
original claims some fared while conducting the present research. A further review of the Makele records was also
made m determine if my of the grant applicants had been Mdkde claimants (a is eotr limn the ease). Their rave
did m appear in the Register or Testimony, volumes fer dee are.
Ka'Aem Kahn (A Native's Perspective)
In 1875, J.P Puuokups, a native resider of Kalem wren a lend to dee editor of the Hawaiian newspaper, Ku Moo,
responding to a Iva which had been previously pumiated in the paper (written by a visitor b Kos). The finer
Muccou apparently described the Keble region as • had lad that presented many ditfimhiea to the residents. It was
also reported that a drought On Hamii had significantly impacted mop production, and that a "farnim" was
mcmrmg. Pmudups, responded lo the summer and described ger situation as he knew it, from living upon the land
His Inner is imported an it provide as with an explaredion as to why people of the region—including'O'me—lived
rowdy in the uplands, fm it was dere that the rich mils enabled reidents to cultivate dee Wei coed resin themselves.
Mai Keilon a hiki i Kilmla (From Kailas to Kihalo)
...The people who live in the sura around Kailue an ret bothered by the famine. They all have
fad. Them son sweat Incomes and fou. Thee sure the fade of thew lands. Thee are at thin hour,
breadfruit bases 9 fruit sun Honokohm on the side of Ksilm, and at Kaloko, Kclandki, Oona and
the Kalaew where live J.P. [the author]. All of thew lands me cultivated- There is lard On which
coffe is cultivated, when, tme and sweat pobmn me cultivated, od land livestock is Wised All
Often living fano Kaflm m Kahan me not in • Immune, thew is nothing we lack for the well being
ofourbdies.
Mokuclat is seen clearly upon the ocmn, like the fe eflami es back of the bkete (share bbd). So it
an in the uphaW where ore may wader gathering what is needed, a fm a KiMlo which opens
like the mouth of • long house imo the wired. It in then dust the have of the boats may safely land
upon the share. The livelihood of the people there is fishing and the raising of live muck. The
people in the uplands arNapm me famed, and n is the cuemm of Roue people of the backads,
they all est in the morning and then go m work. So it is with all of t e native people ofthex lands,
they are a people that an well off.
...As was said e.did, coffee is the plant ofvda on thew ands, and w, is the raising of livestock.
From the payments fm thme produce, the people art well off, and they have bolt wooden hauea.
If you come hen you shall see that it is ea. Fish are ale something which benefits the people.
The people who make the pal d On Maui bring it m Kona and aide it Sona people also made
their poi for the coffee of the mtivm hie... (J.P. Pumkupa, in Ks Ok November 27, 1875;
hmelmed by Kepa Maly)
The Government Homelndlog Program Is Rehabs
Following the Makele and Goan pogroms of the middle 1800;, it was fond duet many native teams still remained
an Inds frr which may had no fink. In 1884, the Hewatie Kingdon initiated • prrgo m to creme Homestead late On
Goverment lande—a primmy goal being m get more Hawaiian Unions in possession of fc-simple property
t teachers—Iiaaalty:sWtl d lir—iaaposic ref maunsll ideedin Hibesywhic6wmkmwnmapbce of
oewary, healiry, and life BY poetic infaeaq 8e KekaN region our deaiMd r • plum of lir and wcg-being.
30
RC -01st
(Hometed Act of 1884). The Hovmrud Act allowed applicants to apply fm lots of up to 20 sura in sin, and
required that they own no other land.
On Hawaii, seven) lands in the Kekdd region of North Rome, were selected and a surveying program was
authorixd to subdivide the lands. Initially, thin lends extended from Kohnnaiki to Kuki o. Because it was the intent
of the Homestead Act b provide residents with land upon which tley could cultivate crops or gaze muimnls, moat of
the IW . noun rad our the mask. rod (nem the pt -day Mamlehm Highway) Chet ren between Kailas and
'Akahip'..
Early in the process, native residents of Kebhsu noon began writing Intm to the Minister of the Interim,
observing that 20 acre pedals were inmffetent "to live on in every me=(.- They noted the( because of the rocky
more of the land, goat; were the only mimes that they auk) ndw, and thus, by to drake their living (cf. Sate
Anclown-Land File, December 26, 1888, and Ind Matte Document No. 255; and communications below).
During the first years of the Homestead Program, all of the remaining government lads in the Kekaha region,
firm KoMmiki to Kuki o 2"t, had been trued an King David Kalabu fm grazing purposes. The following lease
and named, with the noWion that should potions of the land be deeired for Homesteading purposes, the King would
relinquish his lux:
August 2� 1886
General fax 364
eerween His Majesty Knebaha;
and Wafer M. Gibmn, Minister gfthe Imerfor
(Lux of unencumbered government lands between Kmlakche to Kax, 2"1:
...Ove (Goma] No. I d 2 - yearly rent Ten dollars..
Each and very of the above metiond lends are let subjeol on the reform condition that at any
time during the tam of this lase, the Minister of the Interim may to his diecredion peaceably enter
upon, take possession, and dispose of such pied or pica of lad included in the lends hereby
de mined, a may be required her the purposes of carrying Out the anon and intent of the
Homestaed Laws now in fora, or dm my be hereafter be aected'during the tam of this lease...
[Sate Lad Division I. File]
By 1889, the demand fm homestead lost in '0'. and other Keksha ardor was m great that King Kelakam gave
up his interest in the lands:
January 22, 1889
J.W. Robserraa Acting Chamberlain;
m J.A. Nadinger, Chufflerk lnrerrmDeparrwmf
[Regaining nomination of few No. 364 fa lads from Kukio to Kohmaiki]:
...1 have the harm to acknowledge the receipt of your communication, of the 17x, instar,
infomdng m that yen am directed, by His Eaallency the Minister of the Interim, m any. that he
desow m eke possession of the laneds, described in Government taw No. 364, fou Humored
purposes. and requese the maunder tithe lease.
His Majesty the King, is willing, for the purpose of.iati, in carrying out the Homestead Act, to
secede to the turns of the tease. an far we to give up Only such pinions of the lends, as ere suitable
to be apportioned off for Homuteed purposes,
h has cam an the kmwldge of His Majesty, that wveel of the applicants for portions of the
above lands, are already in possession of lands elwwhew, and living in comfortable homes. They
are on poor people, ucr are they entitled to the privilege of obtaining lends under the Homemand
Act bre me duinus of obtaining man of such property, for the propose of wiling or leasing In
the Chinex, which elm is beginning to oumunber the nativa in nearly every district...
RCDIA
His Majesty is desimue of retaining the balance of lands, Bat may be left after, the apportionment
baa been completed; and ai. desuce in las relmlanta of other Govemmat Imide in But section
of the Island...
Keely stached-Dated January 22,1989:
714 lards of Kolansiki and Kslsos end Msk.la have been divided up loon Harnessed Ids, and
taken up.
Lads resulted • an, in Emermlr's Lin of hnde to be sold. Einstein's List ettiche 1.
His Majesty has paid stent to Aug. 22, 1889. Another rent is due in adv. frmn this date...
• Kukio 2
• Mnliniowaii
• Mdeamla
• Kahn.
• Awda
Pwkala
+Make.[.
+Kama 1, 2,3,4&5
• Oma 1 &2
+ Koluaiki
Leas<cancelled by order- Minister of Int. August 2, 1889 (HSA - Interior DepNcent, lands]
One of the signifism issues that anus with the devickpoenl of fna enkeds in the Kekaha region, involved the
lands of'O'ona, Ka[.a end Hanunarwa, which had been surveyed for Kauhini in 1855, under Gram No. 1590.
The grant was, apparently never patented, and questions regarding the gor emmenl's authority to divide portions of the
'O'oma-Ka[.a-Hdmwnlem lands into Homeat al lots were raised Adding to the confusion, in 1888, John A.
Maguire was atm making his move from Kuhsla to Kea, end in the process of establishing his Huehi a Rsoch. Ore
of the lane he reportedly purchased was covered under the mperfemed (he* No. 1590. Thus, hwnmtW applicants
and program meagere met with a wide range ofchdlenges during the program's he".
Hwnseend Cemanoical.
here son a number of linen between native resided; (applicants for Homestead lands) and government agent,
documenting the development of the homesteading ptog on and residency in Kelahe. Tact of land in Kohansiki,
'O'aha, Kelso and neighboring akuyuo'a were lel out to native residents, and eventally to non -alive residents as
well. Tho. Inds which was not sold in native emends were sod or leased to ranching intemb—mod of which
ams under John A. Maguire of Hnehue Ranch.
One requiremat of the Homestead Program was Net lob which wort m be sold as hometleade W the applicants,
needed M be surveyed. LS. Easement, one of the mon knowledgeable and ben-infamrd surveyors b work in Kra,
began surveying The Kekahs region homestead estead lob in 1888. Emanons letters to Surveyor General, W. D. Alexander,
provide valuable historical docurrenlaton about the camnunity and land Writing fmn'O'oma in April 1999,
Emmaus spoke highly of the Hawaiian familia living on the led; he also described bud conditions and weather at
the time. in the letter, we fid diad questions regarding the stakes, of several lends in Kato had an=, and that John A.
Magnin was, planning to ".rale" in Koen (sa communications in Pad 4 of this section of the study). Emerson's
letters along with Nos below from the native tenaas of to land, provide first had account of the lend development
of the communities in Kekshs. 774 following commnniations are among Nos fared in the collection of the Hswai'i
Some Anhiva (NSA).
May 1888
JWH. Iona, Kik,. Jr., ,e aL; to LA. Houston, Minister ofd, Interior
[Petition with 71 signatures, regarding discrepancy, in land good in Keuhini in Kahane and Oona;
and desires that said lad be divided into Honotad Lob for apple=*]:
.. are the undersigned, subjects raiding within the boundaries of Kekahs, from Kohmsiki in
Makslawen4 and Whereas, the hand said to belong W Keuhini is within the boundaries above ret
fath; Whereas, sortie doubt and leniency has cone into our minds concerning the things relating
32
to said Ian of Kauhini, and that it is proper that a very careful investigation be made, beams, we
have neva known said Keuhini to have lads in the K.). and Come I, and because of nueh
double the Covemment sold some piens in said land.17687 acres to Kama, Kaakau and Hueu, and
they have been living with all the dghts for 20 years and over, me pieces that were acquired by
them Therefore, we lave this request before your Excellency, the honorable one, with the
grounds of thin request:
First: The said land of Kauhini is not a land that is clew in every way, m that it an be shown
bvthf Lily and clearly that it belongs to Kmhini and his heirs - said ku ism.
Second: The land said W belong to Kauhini was only surveyed, but the money was ON paid that is
the price for she Ind only the pyinat for the survey was Cid We are rady with wine .s to
Cove this ground as well as other grounds.
Third: Hecave of K. and Kaska. and Hheu's knowing that Kauhini had no tone interal in the
land, therefore, they bought from the Government acme acres of in the pica which Kauhini had
sarvryeel, and the Government readily agreed b all to them. Thi- is rot proof that said land was
M conveyed in Keuhini, and the as .. d i- dead Keuhini was living right there and he made no
Picked against the sale by the Government of dw s 697 arm to Kama (k), Ksdom (k) and Hum
(k), up b the time of his death, and Only now has the question been raised through the Flet of the
survey. and thereby basing the claim that Keuhini had some land.
... We ark your honor that this matter be aced in the Government Deparm eats, an as m find ori
the Muth, there is much Imuble and uncertainty about this Ian.
And ore inquiry to be based upon the. gal questions Does the Ian belong to Keuhini? Or an
the Govemmeof7... [HSA - Interim Department, LiNd51
May 16. 1888
Interior Deportment Clerk; in J.W.N. lines, KiBe, Jr.:
...1 have ban dimW by the Honorable Minister of the Interim, to say, ten your m'N, asking
that Ksuhim's interest in the Inde of Kalea a Oona 1 be investigated and m IN you know the
you are wanted mend, or to bring here to Honolula 2 or 3 good witnesses, and all the ppm
found by You or them, concerning this len of Kauhini... (HSA Interim De eamnent Lands)
May I6, 1888
J.F. Brown. Government SLrveyor to LA. 7Au111.n, Mintrle, of de lmmar
[Regarding disposition of Oren No. 1590, to Kauhini fer Lands in Hananamme, Kelma, an
tloma; Figure 71:
With mfieraee to the letter of inquiry of numerous atva in N. Kana, Hawaii, I beg in report
77th . regards the lend belonging to Kauhmi, l fn that Onnt 15% on rend and signed in due
form, assigned an ]Cauhini something over 1000 acres shown in sketch by yellow tinted boundary
Iia. At the bottom of the page however and in diffemt handwriting is the following remark
"Memo- this to be ancelld" S.S. (Stepben Spencer)?
Later the grants shown in sketch by him lines were issued in the parties indicated in the sketch,
aid this fact together wish the menu anached m the Cant, and the sone vents an belief, of the
natives leads me to third that the Oram to Kauhini was wholly ancelled, bon of this I have not
yet obtained farther pmoftlan 1 have here given... [HSA - Interior Department, I.adel
33
RC -0154
RC -0154
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4 ,
-46
1) 'I �1�: �'s�,� � tat � • .,
!l, �a
o - t
W
e r
'��' r roc ' •�-.., ! . 1, '
i � e � �, r ••�i •' w�
�.� �"'s..- ,a* .,• •� �� ;4� , : �'..� air.
�/ .. � � , ri meq►-.,�^'<`L•� .��. � �,� Z—{ j
��` ,� _ .��' �"" � .� �� '�:!C ;(�, �"'� •W'� "I- 'fit • �_„ .'� 1.
r � � 1
v:....a D.,.•:.. ^F 1 927 AaMcfa Man Nn 1280 ahnwine orieinal boundaries of Grant No. 1590, to Kauhini.
May 1888 - J. W.H.I. Kihe, Jr.; to L.A. Thurston, Minister of the Interior.
...Oh honorable one, I am ready with the right witnesses to come when I receive the order, and if
you agree, oh honorable one, to help with the fares for us on the vessel, and for our support while
staying there and coming back.
Proofs are ample to prove that the land belongs to the Government, when I arrive with the
witnesses, according to what you wish to be done... [HSA — Interior Department, Lands]
[Applying to purchase remnant lands from Makaula to Ooma 2"d, as a native Hui; and that land not
be sold to outsiders.]
...We the undersigned, kamaaina (old residents) who reside from "Makaula" to "Goma 2;' joining
"Kohanaiki," hereby petition and we also file this petition with you, and for you to consider and
conferring with the Minister of the Interior, whether to consent or refuse the petition which we
humbly file, and at the same time setting forth the nature of the land and the boundaries desired.
We ask that all be sold to us as a Hui, that the remnants of all the Government lands from
"Hamanamana" to "Goma 2 (two)," that is from the 'Government remnant of "Hamanamana,
Kalaoa 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Ooma I & 2" running until it meets the sea. Being the remnants remaining
from the "Homesteads" lately, and remaining after the sale of the lands formerly sold by the
Government, these are the remnants which we wish to buy as a "HUI." If you consent, and also
the "Minister of the Interior," for these reasons:
1. The "remnants of Government lands" aforesaid, join our land kuleanas and were lately
surveyed, and for that reason we believe it proper that they be sold to us.
2. The "kuleanas" that were surveyed for us are not sufficient to live on in every respect,
they are too small, and are not in accordance with the law, that is one hundred acres, (Laws 1888).
3. Because of our belonging to, and being old residents of said places, is why we ask that
consent be granted us for the sale to us and not to any one from other places, or we may be put to
trouble in the future. .
With these reasons, we leave this with you, and for you to approve, and we also adhere to our first
offer per acre, and the explanations in regards to said offer.
FIRST: The price per acre to be 10 cents per acre.
SECOND: The nature of the land is rocky and lava stones in all from one and to the other,
and there is only one kind of animal which can roam thereon, and it is goats, and that is the only
thing to make anything out of, and to benefit us if we acquire it
THIRD: If this land is acquired by others, they will probably cause us trouble, because
the kuleanas which we have got are very small and not enough, not 20 acres of the land were
acquired by us; very few of the lots reach 20 acres or more.
And because of these reasons and the explanations herein, we leave before your Excellency for the
granting of the consent or not... [HSA — Interior Department, Lands]
co. February 1889
Petition of J. W.H. Isaac Kihe, Jr. and 21 others;
to L.A. Thurston, Minister of the Interior
[Transmitting first payment for Homestead Land from Makaula to Kohanaiki]:
... We, the ones whose names are below, persons who but for the pieces of "Homestead" lands
from Makaula to Kohanaiki, present to you documents of proof and money as first payment of ten
($10.00) dollars in the hands of J. Kaelemakule, the Agent appointed for the "Homestead" lands in
North Kona, Hawaii.
34 35
RC -0154
•
1
RCAIN
RCDIH
We ask that the Agreements be sent up, with the Government fa five years W 1. Kmkmende, the
Agent hem, m number the same s there are nems below...
I. I.W.H. lease Kite, Jr.
9. P. Nabeanui
17. Keevehawaii
2. S. Mahaduse
10. Kaululimes
18. D. Kwai m
3. D.P. Maria
11. Kenwhlai (w)
19. Mokhmbi
4. S.M. Kmwa
12. CK. Kap
20. Nusuuu
5. H.P. Ku
13. P.K. Kmulu
21. S. Kemula
6. W.N. Kailtino
14.1. H.
22.1. Kaba
7. Z. Kawainui
15. D. Mm
S. Kikane
16.1. Pule
IHSA- Interim Depmlleot Document No. 2271
February 18. 1889
J Kaleaahule, Land Agent; J,LA. Hiaws, Minister ofoe Lnedor
I am sending the commit spat of the appIi.e, fs. Inmseead Inds here in Nath Kone, and their
respective oma, old the arouse they have paid for their initial deposits in oda the the
et{rterncnta wdl be made wurectly...
Pak1110. Keakl Maofl0. Maind.1110. Hate SIB.
Nnlmhu SIO. Manula f10. Kmislimcs $10. Kanshisi(a) g10.
Kaawa $IO. Kanvet $IO. LKademakuk SIO. Kawainoi $IO.
Mokteike $IO. Kmwehawsti $IO. Nehulami $IO. Kala $IO.
Haile $IO. Kap $IO. Kalmdo, $IO. Ins.Kihesl0.
Ksilimo $10. Knobs $10. Ku $10. Ktilahe $10.
[NSA - Interim Depnomat, Lards]
October 7, 1889
J. KaelemaWle, Land Agent; W LA. numan, MfntsreroJlhe Interior
...The applications of Kshmu and Lilince which wem sent down timing the math of August,
pleee have the lots change, became the map afOonu bm artved with new numbers, as Adlows:
KAMM Lot 51; Lilince, Lot 49, m Dona le ... [HSA - Interim Depurant. Lands]
Octah" 10, 1889
J.W.H. Isms K/Ae Smeary; m L.A. 77nawat. Minteer fdia ftnam,:
...I lave some more other who make applications fa homestead lands hem in Nath Kau...
The plata annual by those named are:
Pik. Kmmau a Ooms 1
KehimeOone2
Kawenvi a Oahe 2... [NSA - Interim Department Lads]
Oember 28, 1889
J. Kodeealuk Land Agent; at LA. Ramon, MinisM oftae lowfar.
...The eight lob in Done have all ban taken, roue ere left... Thee lob have been very quickly
wen by the bidders, baathe ismms of the Mice from the Minister... Bear in mind the
.gramma for Kabir std Lilince... [HSA - later. Department, Ladd.]
December3l, 1890
J.W.H.L Kihl,, Jr.; m C.N. Spencer, MtabmroJMe lmermr
We, the undersigns], who we wtMlt hones, and we dominate we have no place m live on, and
whew, the gurmaremt has permitted all the people who have an lads, and the they receive
Ihorneesa* and fa the comes, s, your usable servants make application that our applicants may
be padily granted when we now plan before Yaue Exceikncy dm the Oovexnmant lad whish
ws divided and surveyed by Joseph S. Emanon, be murediately subdivided , the acme being
patioos of Katsoa 5 we Oory on the manta aide of Kano (k), Koane (k), to the junction with
Oona of Kmkau (k), enmaining m arta of one hundred and fifteen acres 015). and it is those
acres which your applicants are applying for before Yom Excellency, and where as your
applicanle are native Hawaiians by bind, reeidmg a Kaimw, North Kona. Island of Hawaii. And
the minds of your servants hope and desim to have a place in, live on in the future, and ten have a
home for JI time, and Your Excellency, your servants humbly place their petition with the hope
that you Will grant this appliation-
M.E. Kuluwaimaka(k)
H. Haoawshice(it)
D.W. Keel (k)
Mr. Ketunoku (k)
[HSA - Interim Department, fronds]
J.1,30, 1890
Petition oJKaihemakawalu and 63 active pendants ofKe4aha;
m C.N. Spencer, Attests, ofdm lasiw
IRcqueatmg that lands available fm Homesteading be subdivided and granted m Ilppliantsl:
...We, the undersigned, old -times living from Kmlakehe to Kolas, who am object to wet,
and who have the right b was as the District of Kay Hawaii, and ales who me molly without
handsk we who with to place this application berme Yale Excellency, Mat d1 of thaw
Government Inde hem in Nate Kau, be given to the naive Hesmiiam who are du nclas and
poor, being the IW which went sub -divided by the Downward which we lying idle and fa which
m Agmemmnts have been given out, and also the lob which were granted Agoo ments and issued
on the Uro when Lorin A. Thurston wen Minister of the Intder, and also the lab which still
remain undivided. All of these Gowmanew land$ am who we are now again asking the the
dividing and subdividing ha caltinud m then cements of Government land., until all of the
Pace sed nerdy ams are provided fa.
Your Excellency, we ask the no co aent whatever be given to permitting lands to be acquired by
the rich through We a enema, a by lease, and if Omm is w be my lens, ton In be leased te the
poor sae, if they arc supplied with homes.
You Exallaoy, we snit the yen irm edawly send copies of all agreements of the Gowmanat
lands which ween eat p and subdivided, which are remaining and ham an documents fr. those
lets And we also mak the a surveyor be melt now to spin survey and subdivide the remaining
Govenmsnt lands, being the Oovernmnt ISM. of Kaulans, MahwAa, Kai. I d 2. mask. of the
Dovtmhme Road, led Kahane 5 d Oona I, reels of the Oovermnent Road joining Ken's and
Komut's.
And now, Your Excellency, we em mak the all of the pieces of Government lad lying idle
outside of tees lads which have been abdivided, sad lads which am to be at"vided,
applied for above, W be dbwed to be leased as use for five Cants Per acs, because they am rocky
and pahoehoe lads only le k and the number of suros bang about thane thousand add ova,
thereby giving the Gavanmerlt sane insane frau them which have been lying At and without
wry value... [HSA - Interior Department, lands]
Jme 22, 1893
J. Kadaacbde, Land Ages; m JA. King, Minister of the I.sm :
...I an faandmg you with this, to copy of the erg.,, of Wm. Habslla and sone
applications a herein below set forth (Figure 8):
8 107, Kana (w), far Lei N 59, Map 6, Dome;
N 109, G.M. Pews, fn, Lot N 56, Map 6, Oram;
N 109, Nernakmkemi, fa Lot 8 58, Map 6, Done,
N 110, Pika Kanims, fin Lot N 57, Map 6, Domes
36
37
RC -0154
t
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R
Figure 8.1902 homestead map No. 6 showing Ooma-Kalaoa Homestead Lots (State Survey Division).
RC -0154
Lot # 57 above set forth, was formerly agreed with D. Kealoha Hoopii, but this applicant left
altogether and lived a long time in Kohala, and has done nothing towards the land, and has never
e3
:• �
�
to a
August 31, /898
�
�
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• �` •fit
� � 1t T `
{
1 1� '
Lease No. 432 — Annual rent $60. — Expires August V, 1906...
Reservation in lease by which the Gov't. may take up portions suited to settlement. [HSA — F.O.
3
& Ex, 1898 — Public Lands]
t4
In May 1902, the Territorial Survey Office issued Register Map No. 2123, depicting a portion of the Kalaoa-
R
Figure 8.1902 homestead map No. 6 showing Ooma-Kalaoa Homestead Lots (State Survey Division).
RC -0154
Lot # 57 above set forth, was formerly agreed with D. Kealoha Hoopii, but this applicant left
altogether and lived a long time in Kohala, and has done nothing towards the land, and has never
signed the agreement to this day. As two years have gone by, I thought it would be better to give
the lands to the new applicant... [HSA — interior Department, Lands]
August 31, /898
Statement of Leases of Public Lands
Under Control of the Commissioner of Public Lands...
...Ooma (mauka) 1160 acres — Coffee, wood lands & grazing
Lease No. 432 — Annual rent $60. — Expires August V, 1906...
Reservation in lease by which the Gov't. may take up portions suited to settlement. [HSA — F.O.
& Ex, 1898 — Public Lands]
In May 1902, the Territorial Survey Office issued Register Map No. 2123, depicting a portion of the Kalaoa-
Ooma Homesteads. 'O'oma 1"' had been divided into 25 lots extending from near the shore (excluding the sbore line)
to the upper limits of the ahupua'a; also excluding the early Royal Patent Grant parcels previously sold to native
tenants.
Applicants for land in 'O'oma V (from makai to mauka) included:
• Kanealii — Right of Purchase Lease # 30; Lot 4-13 (cancelled);
Kanealii's parcel was just mauka of the shore line exclusion.
• Wm. Keanaaina — Right of Purchase Lease #33; Lot 13
(Patented by Grant No. 5472);
The makai end of Wm. Nuuanu Keanaaina's Grant 5472, is situated at approximately 325 feet
above sea level.
• J. Maiola — Right of Purchase Lease # 28; Lot 14 (cancelled);
•J. Maiola's parcel was situated about 525 feet above sea level.
• K. Kama Jr. — Right of Purchase Lease #27; Lot 15
(Patented by Grant No. 5046).
The makai end of K. Kama's Grant No. 5046, is situated at approximately 725 feet above sea
level.
Territorial Survey Map No. 6 (Homestead Lots, Akahipuu Section), surveyed by J.S. Emerson in 1889, depicts
the eight original homestead lots sold to applicants. The lots are in the area extending from 1,022 feet above sea level
to the old M5malahoa Highway. The lots contained approximately 15 to 25 acres each, and were (makai to mauka)
sold to:
• S. Kane — Grant No. 3819, Lot 55;
• Loe Kumukahi — Grant No. 3820, Lot 54;
• Papala (w) — Grant No. 3820 B, Lot 53;
• Kaulainamoku — Grant No. 3821, Lot 52
• L. Kahinu — Grant No. 3805, Lot 51
• J. Hoolapa — Grant No. 3804, Lot 50
•J.M. Lilinoe — Grant No. 4343, Lot 49
• J. Palakiko — Grant No. 3822, Lot 48
Except for the Homestead parcels and the two lots patented to Keanaaina and Kama (totaling ten parcels of the
available 25 parcels), no other land in 'O'oma 1" was sold during this time. The land was retained by the government
and portions leased out for grazing (see General Lease No.'s 590 and 604).
38 39
RC -0154
'O'oma 2nd was also divided into homestead parcels, but only six lots were made in the subdivision (see Register
Map No. 2123). The two makai lots consisted of approximately 1,333 acres the first lot from above the shore to the
1847 Alanui Aupuni, containing approximately 302 acres, and the other lot running mauka from the same Alanui
Aupuni, to about the 800 foot elevation (containing approximately 1,031 acres). In 1899, John A. Maguire, founder of
Huehue Ranch applied for a Patent Grant on both of the makai lots, but he only secured Grant No. 4536, for the lower
parcel of 302 acres, in 'O'oma 2"d. Maguire's Huehue Ranch did hold General Lease No.'s 1001 and 590 for grazing
purposes on the remaining government lands—both below and above the mauka highway—in 'O'oma 2nd.
Between 700 and 1,100 feet elevation, four Homestead lots were subdivided, containing 40.50 to 45 acres each.
Applicants for the lots (makai to mauka) were:
• James Kuhaiki – Right of Purchase Lease # 75, Lot 59
(Patented to Mrs. Hattie Kinoulu);
• Jno. Kainuku – C.O. No. 33, Lot 58 (not granted by 1902);
• Holokahiki – C.O. No. 11, Lot 57
(cancelled; R.P.L. # 59 to Jno. Broad); and
• E.M. Paiwa – Grant No. 4273, Lot 56.
The notes of survey from Maguire's Grant No. 4536 describes the near shore parcel in 'O'oma 2"d. Of particular
interest, it also references one of the prominent cultural -historical features on the boundary between 'O'oma 2"d and
Kohanaiki, an 'bad 'Kahua hale' on white sand..." The "kahua hale" being an old house site. The notes of survey read
(Figure 9):
Grant No. 4536
To J.A. Maguire
Purchase Price $351.00
A Portion of Ooma 2"d, N. Kona, Hawaii Applied for by J.C. Lenhart, June 8, 1899.
Beginning at Puhili Gov't. trig. St. on the boundary between Kohanaiki and Ooma marked by a
drill hole in stone 9 feet South of the South corner of an old "Kahua hale" on white sand at a point
from which
Akahipuu Gov't. trig. Sta. is N 55" 27' 39" E true 32634.7 feet
Keahole Gov't. Trig. Sta. is N 21a 52' 36" W true 9310.5 R
Keahuolu Gov't Trig. Sta. is S 22" 24' 36" E true 20,141.8 ft, and running —
l. S. 79" 26' W. true 298.0 feet along Gr. 3086 Kapena, to a large [mark] on solid pahoehoe by the
sea at Puhili Point, thence continuing the same line to the sea shore and along the sea shore to a
point whose direct bearing and distance is:
2. N. 4" 54' W. true 4192.0 feet;
3. Due east true 2920.0 feet along Ooma I';
4. S. 31" 30' E. true 3920.0 feet along reservation for Gov't. Road 30 feet wide;
5. S 790° 45' W. true 4387.0 feet along Grant 3086 Kapena, to initial point and including an area
of 302 acres.
J.S. Emerson, Surveyor
Oct. 10, 1901.
40
RC -0154
U
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P;,,,,..+ 0 1R00 (Imnt Man Mn 451h ahnwina mnkni nnrfinn nf'n'nma 2 to Inhn A Mavnire
41
RC -0154
Field Surveys of JS Kmaraan (1882-18")
Among &a most interesting himic Government scolds of to study, em—in the Wer nineteenth lsnmry-ere We
communications ad field notebooks of Kingdon Surveyor, Joseph S. Emission, Barn on Oahu, 13. Evemem (like
his brats, Nathaniel Pnanery a compiler of Hawaiian htasry) had the ability to convene in Hsaniim, and he was
greatly I devel d in Hawaiian beliefl, oditons, and causes. As a route of the barred, his names and field
notebooks more ore then coordimb for developing maps. White: in the field, pennon also sought out
knowledgeable alive reidmta of the Inds he surveyed, s guides. Thum, while he was in the field bs also recorded
their traditoa of else mss, rtsideese, trails, a d vrious fmurn oftha altml and sand Irdecepe fecluding
the extent of the !Drat and rota vegrted by grazing} Among the land, that Evanson waked in was; the grater
Kekaha regia of North Kos, including the land, of'O'am and vicinity.
One of the unique fates of the Enema n field notebooks is tlW his amipant J. Perryman, was also a sketch artist.
While in the field, Perryman prepared detailed sketches thin help s bring the hodrape of the period he life. In a tenter
s W.D. Aleander, Surveyor General, Emrean described his methods W woe that he took mishap offof.
...every visible hill, ape, bay, or point of interest in the disteiet, recoding itssal erne, and the
met of the Aepra in which it is sitre.ed Every ism of IoW historical, mythological or
geological mtareat has been carefully sought k noted Pa mm has embellished the paw of the
field book with twenty for snaky exerted views & sketebse from the various trig stators we
have occupied... [Ener en m Aleundr, May 21,1982; HSA - DAGS 6, Box 1)
DWmabg the field books, Emerson also wrote to Alexander, reporting "1 mins compliment my cmude,
Perryman, for his very mist; sketches in ger field book of the god mountain saahery._" (HSA - HOS DAGS 6,
Box 1; Ater. 5, 1882). Wer he noted, "Penyman is just laying himself of in the mltar of topography. His sketches
deserve the higher praise..." (ibid. May 5, 1992). Field book sketches rd the Register Mph Mat resulted from the
fieldwork provide a glimpse ofte savoy side of mane gum 100 years ego.
Field Notebooks and Corroprndmce from the Kekdka Regan
The following doehnentaton is excepted ham the field notebooks and field caevhvniatiom of J. S. Emerson.
E.menm undertook his aigmal surveys of lands in the Kesel teem in 1882-1983 (producing Register Map No.
1278 and 1280). Subsequently, in 181114 U9, Emission retained to KA h. to survey out gam lob to be developed into
Homesteads for mgve midenb of'O'an std vicinity (see above, The Government Homesteading Ptogtan in
Kekaha). Though E,m ewer's Indent red nova taken while s rvaysg we leen about the people who lived a the
lad --sane of them idehdified b p esadhig parr of the mdytind about place on the ludcape. The membered
sloe and plane nines tiled from the field books eancide with sketebse prepared by Penyrsh, which are drown an
figure in the anal study.
JS Emmon Field Norebook Vol. III Reg. No. 253
Wen Hewett himmy JNangula int. Kona D udd
Akahpuu; May 22, 1882
(Figura 10 ad 11)
bib Mand Canmmt
...6- Komui s firm Imine. EG. In Homkolmu -nui.
7-Aimak pen Cape. Extremity. In Honokahau-ai.
11- Benirnini a hems (name). N.G. In Aspio. In Honokohau-rani.
12- Benisimma s b. No. 2. E.G. In Honokdmu-nui.
19- Lam o Palatia Bemvan Kalcko sed Hohekohmu-nhi.
19-Awanuka Bay (Have of rent) Rehat during elonne in this diet
20- KWiihelepo's(firs ham). N.G. In K.loko.
21- Ise Marino. Firm the "Manor" fish in Ksloko.
22 - Kohanadd Bey. By sed wall of fish pond.
23 - Kdokomm fish Ford Tog S. end by Nsanu's gram house.
24- Wall between fish Fold of Kaloko nui arc di.
25 - Kabko is fish pond. Tang N. emecvnity.
Kdoko lei ams originally. bay, shot off firm the sot by. wall by
Ksmehsmehe lar rdr.
26- Kawaimaki s thus base. In KohanalkL
27 - Lan; o Wawahiwaa Rack came In Kohruilri
28- Kooki Mm's gprse hour In Gone.
29 -Palestine hill. Between Oones and Kala. S
30- Ls o Keahole. Extremity. In Ka4oa S.
31 - Ls o Kukamui. Rating place for bses.
32 - Makola Bay.
33- Lae o Grumbles.
34 -Pori Pekkane.
35- lx o K.hekaiso. Kahe-W-is- place of the "iso" which abound then.
[Notebook 253:33,35)
...Kahotc Bay.
Ls o Kalihi in Kelm. S.
Waweioli Bay in Kai. 5.
Ise o Keksiki.
Limu Koko in Ooh I.
Iwe o Puhili in Kohvarild.
Lee o Kelakebs in Ke l keM.
Hsu's frame home in Kaleos 4, makai side ofGov'L Rod.
Kuskalreli s tome house in Kataa S.
Protestant church Staple in Kalov 5.
Karea's tots horse. N sable to Oome. 1
42 43
RC -0154
RC -01 54
Figure 10. J. S. Emerson, field notebook map, Book 253:53 (State Survey Division).
RC -0154
Figure 11. 1 S. Emerson, field notebook map, Book 253:55 (State Survey Division).
44 45
RC -0154
While taking sightings from Keahole, Perryman prepared additional sketches of the landscape. One sketch on
page 69 of the field book (Figure 12) depicts the view up the slope of Hual51ai. Dated June 4, 1882, the sketch is of
importance as it also depicts Kalaoa Village and church; the upper Government road; Kohanaiki Village; and two
trails to the coast, one trail to Honok6hau, and the other near the Kaloko-Kohanaiki boundary. Use of these trails
continued through the 1950s.
The other sketch on page 73 of the field book (dated June 8, 1882) depicts the coastline south from Keahole, to
an area beyond Keauhou (Figure 13). Of interest, we see only the near -shore "Trail" in the foreground, with no trail
on the kula lands. Then a short distance south, a house is depicted on the shore, in the 'O'oma vicinity (identified as
the house of Kama or Keoki Mao on Emerson's Register Maps). And a little further beyond (south) the house, two
trails are indicated—presumably the Alanui Aupuni on the kula lands to 'O'oma, and the near shore trail, seen coming
in from lionokohau.
While surveying the uplands on Hual5lai in August 1882, Perryman drew a sketch of the Ke5hole-Honok6hauiki
coastal lands. This sketch (Figure 14) from field Book No. 254 shows the reverse view of Figure 12. Noting again,
that the only trail given at that time, was the near shore trail, running out of Honokohau-Kaloko, Kohanaiki, 'O'oma
and on to Keahole.
RC 0154
Figure 12. J. S. Emerson, field notebook map, Book 253:69 (State Survey Division).
46 47
is
is
R('OI i4
Figure 13. J. S. Emerson, Feld notebook map, Book 253:73 (State Survey Division).
R(' -OI S4
Figure 14. J. S. Emerson, field notebook map, Book 254:77 (State Survey Division).
48 49
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t ► ;±� tj a
2 V 1
. r
r
Figure 13. J. S. Emerson, Feld notebook map, Book 253:73 (State Survey Division).
R(' -OI S4
Figure 14. J. S. Emerson, field notebook map, Book 254:77 (State Survey Division).
48 49
RCAW
White surveying the'O'oma and vicinity homestead lob in 1888-1889, bromide Camped new Know's louse in
'O'de 10. The following Cammaninddu were sed by Freetown to W.O. Alexander, end tell us mote shod the
people ofthe bad, their beliefs, and commentary an then Corneal event in the Kingdom. Of interest we also find that
1. W.N. Jesse Kilt , whose writing of tradition, and as a representative of the Wave amnio in the Wad application
process --which have been cited evocatively in this m dy—ie be mentioned in Emerwn's meratives.
(Underlining, Wins and bracket son interest to draw anwtion to mLin passages.)
April 1888
—Ow led is Othed' Boma on the sea&GWL read a carverdwid distance front, Kams's f
cishem which supplies a with the water we mord Do W=et is llad and f wood
aboddiont As f write 4:45 P.M. the Ownloneter is 718, bramwter 29.79.17tentim sky b overcart
with black abrin Chmda over the mourtsma. The rainy season comm late to Koss this year and
lira apparently just bottom. We have had Wont three asking dim with a Bend deal of cloud &
drizzle. We ren now Irving • sealk rale which gladden the randenb with water for their
cistms... We have set a large number of aavey signals and identified marry impartial mom; of
Gm'L lands Me Odes Puhispele on the boundary of Ki pulehu to the bou dry lin of Kabko.
11s: swim welcome a and do a great dead b help the work slong. Tomorrow, I expect to go to
Kuili atelion with a transit and make s kw aMmrvsdom & meet the old signal The Kanreime
fell as that Awaken belong, to the Gov't though 1 as it put down a LCA 10474 Namsed re,
KeImmwM.
They also tell m, that ate heir of Kanaina Cask will receive rml for the Ahupuas of Kwlana,
though I have retold a follows to my book, Kadsma Ys Gov't. per civil Cade 379, K J. Malo
per Malek Bk. Title Cad perfected; all Gov'L Plane examine into the facts about Knda d and
instruct me at an what I shall do about it KCaldu Hopulau rma 4 and if it is Gov't land the
G(v'L should receive the rentor sell it offal hords ads. it is a desirable piece of lard, a put of it
Midst... (HSA -PGS BAGS 6, Box 23
April 17. 1888
...The work b being pushed rapidly and steadily forww& The natives render me most valuable
assistance, and find all the important cdnns for mea fast a I Can Incas dem. It is had geeing
udmd on axogd of the oda & atones, to ay nothing of tress etc., but there is a grind dol of
rally fine land belonging to the Government, admirably abpled an Coffee ale. The more I as of it
the bener ft appears.
As to Kaubs , if I her nothing b to contrary from you, l Alwleave it atl a Gov't land
Mr. McGuire Well of Kohels. to umspriepive for that district besides to mile to K Hha
bouaM Cont 1590 KauhiM in Ode. Kahn ate apt wants the Qqt: b nglue Mod to him the
wommit ad= ft, ro K which Comment
of Ore swesse Wad a add b Kinabirm If his file is ass would it M be low b leave Kmkw &
Karr a well as How, in plisMam ofthe'10 where Osvhave lived Ad 20 yearns. and give
McGuire whounifla lade mal b that akar front, him by these two genu
Itis said that Cha. Acbi bas written to the Wives that Grant 159, Ksuhiew, has boa mod1ld.
Will you Team the true Made of the cue and be a kind as b inform me... [HSA - HGS DABS 6,
box 2 fon.-Apr. I9891
In his field book nolo, on May 1', 1888, Emeron noted into he had placed the "Puldm" station the "wooCad
byahu.,bM4fixtmokoofiwi,imboM,.."().S. Emerson Field
Book 291:83).
In the mine field book on May 19s, 1888, while surveying the amp nen the boundary of'O'oma I" and 2"s, at
the 325 And elevation, Emerson cited off of a shadow Wood "Kahokukabi"The point is "on the enhance of the ave.
So
RC -01M
and in ate W..." (l.S. Emerson Field Book 291:137). An "moa kwi' would be a place, where during times of war,
people mid hide and fortify themselves. Function's description indicates that the Cave mine women distance mauka and
makaf of"Kshokukahi"
On May 23, 1888, Emerson surveyed Puhili, the boundary between Kohmmiki and'O'oma 2"s. He observed,
"Lam fmarkl on wild mahoebot. on board bet Koharek' & Owess. by the the end of Shation
mark. drill bed b 9 ft S Cline S Connor Claw old "k_h bate" on ban mund...'(1S. Emerson Field Book
291:151).
Returning to his "old carp Boom," in August 1888, Emerson submitted the following letter to Alexander
Asgwl25s, 1888
...I have m npow that the very idriale and 'oregulm remainder of Gov't. land situated in
Kealakehe is cd up into homesteads, ready for the eomminee to estimate its values. The job has
been made anmually long & tedious by the absurd Mrmgmend of the old kulema scammed
around at random. 1 have also run onl the boundaries of Papaskoko, ready for feeing. Thursday
P.M. I made my way through a heavy min b this piece and set tp dem in flue storm. It owned a
good deal every day since and is refining low. In spite of the weather the wore of tuning up Onto
I' goes bravely on. I have • huge umbmlb b camp under while it nim. [ propose to finish up
Be= I' & ream to Handulu by the next trip of the Nall.
Kaiba teach is the great to de teres for men Me Miss hon ell pans of the country when the
summer arrives from Honolulu. It has in consequence become the WNnd plan b tell and hear
gossip & news. Hem, the sad -Id decor, county ed on a pecking box, nn address the largest
crowd. T.N. Simeone, who able the church money, keeps the pound and bid tad of the court
house wading tel make a sprach, rgnned to the beach last Wednesday morning add n mpowed b
have made a windy harangue b the effect that the King was hews and that the Ministers were
powel Up to that time he had always been the contemptible too ofthe King's parry and was lend in
his denunciation of the CnwemnenL I explain this change in his a& by his wish to noon his
Crov'L billets & his desire to avoid anew a a rebel.
A Wive now told me the other day (Wednesday) thet the CASM was hews in two thing, viz.
I' They rued chickens, bamaW tram sed many o0er thing, that lad not been herefuldc taxed.
Ts They arrested and sent to Moldui may who ween M lepen. For these exam nonny justified
Wilcox for hying to out the ministers.
There is a Moody out native living at Kaloko named Kdliilwlcpo, whom 1 greedy respect. Said he
to roe "What King Kabluma named from his foreign trip he nude a speech at Kai1 W and mid
that 'in foreign lade the foreign God was losing his power. His former worshippers were
desewing him. Tbm the old Hawaiian Bode wen will marc and dem be would worship.'" But mid
Kesliihelepo "The King was mistaken. Our old Croda were once mighty, but the Coning of the
fdeigM with his Croda has robbed green of Mete strength. 111mefime the King dem node the
mistake b oppose the God who is now in power, and Jehovah is opposing him. Hera the King's
pilikb."
You we entirely justified in Calling K. "rut heathen district" (NSA - FIGS BAGS 6, box 2
Jan. -Apr. 1888]
On October 14- INS, Emeron wrote to Alexander, briefing him on convereationa he was having with J.W.H.
Isaac Kibe, his "encyClopnd,- "the san of • famous ander." Lata, Emend) used marry of the elea akin during
his convenahar with Kihe, to develop his Paper an Hawaiian eligion (Emerson 1892).1. W.H. Isar Kibe, was the
san of Kihe, who won the son of Kuapaloa of Kaloko (noes of 1S. Emerson, September 25, 1915; in CoIIMbn of
RC -0W
the Hawaiian Historical Society). While at'O'ana, Kihe described tla various "more forms taken by Oe deceased,
end their mle h the spiritual practices. On October 14e Kihe named for him come of the gods called upon by It ms,
who pnectiod the Kahuna Kuni watery.
Damm
October 14, 1888
J& Emerson; a W.D. Alum Mo;
...1 have just been having a chat with • son of a famous saeaee, with the following for e
eammmy of what he sued
Thee an: four god. worshiped by murdme ed mossen viz.
(I). Kai -a -Luer, to god ofOe Luer, Mokornoko, Hail i and other fomes ofviolam,
(2). Uh,the god ofthe Answea, Keel. Hoopioplo And Laws Mason.
(3). Kalaipshm, god of the Hoounumns, Hookomokomel and Hmkilei.
(4). Hihka-i-kwjeolioPele, the goddess of to Poi uham, Apo leo, Pahiuhm wed Hmmeh
dove... P.& Engen, in collection of the Hawaigan Historical Society]
Tralb sad Rada of Kekshm (Got romeMl Csmmnhatloas)
A/atele (tails and byways) and alalaa (refilmed thmoughfews) me an integer pmt of the cultural ledwape of
Hawei-i. The aI hsk provided moeae fa local and regimal travel, subsistmce activities, cultural and rcligiom
Purposes, and forcomnarovication between extended familia est commonifies. Trails were. end pill remain important
features of the cultural landscape.
Traditional end himmicel Account, (cited in this study) describe at least vee traditional trails that wens of regional
impuurtsse which puss through lime land, of'O'cone. ON trail is the alelea—perm of which were modified in the
15408 and Iona, into what is now "lied the Almead A.,em t (Government Road) Or Mamalahes Trail Or King's
Highway hat craves the makad (neer shote) lends, pinking royal centers, cosual communities, and rewmces
blusher. The other majus thomug hlim of this regia is "KealaeW (Thc path of Ehu), which peens through the
tplanda, gencrally a little above the mmuka Government Rod Or old Manuhh" Highway, out to the 'Ak5hipi u
vicinity, and ten cue down in KOnlo in Pu'u We'an's. From Kiboto, the metal aluloa and Kcalaebo join together
a the Abram AMpm4 ad'mb Kohler, passing through Kawatha and beyond. Tbe mama more provide mwlem
with • arc for cooler traveling, and aosa to inland mmmmhitee and numerous. It also allowed for more direct travel
between the setmnitin of Naim and South Kone (of. Mab 1951; I'i 1959; Kmluxuu 1%I; Ellie 1963; and Mahele
and Boundary Commission Testimonies).
In addition W the alakele and alarm, running laterally with live ,hon , there sus enema eat of truly mat nm from
the draw in to uplrda. By nature of traditional laid lane and residency p sten, every ah jims'a also included one
or come smdm-,eakad trail. In native tsmimlogy, uses Mils were gemralty known m --ala Pi Wer a ala pi i
mmem (trails Vold ammd h the uplands m mcuroain). Sane of Mese trine are described in native sceunts rod and
In" interviews cited in this study.
Along the rails of the Kehaha region of which'O'oma is a parr, an found a wide variety of cultural wome ,
including, but Ido limited in naidences (both porm nmfi and temporary), emoomme cad sclomnes, wall alignnu e ,
agricultural collplesca, rating plan, resonate collation ala, cenanonw immerse, mina (bmal gtes), peooglyphs,
subsidiary trsils, and otic site, of significance in the familia who once lived in It. vicinity of the trails. The trails
twnelvs also exhaam a variety of covesumton methods, generally delmormcd by the cov'IrormenW ane and
mood mPOWAPhy of the hnd "Ancient" bail commission methods included the making ofwan pestle on pahoehor
Or 'a'a Ins surfaces, culhtons and ronlaobble lined little, m cobble stepping mora pavenm da and trails amu
sandy mhos ad dry rocky ails.
RC41U
Following the esriy nineteenth century, weatem contest brought about changes in the methods of travel (became
and oder hoofed weimah wort introduced). By the mid -nineteenth century, wheeled terra were also being used on
Were of the hails In the Kona region pMpne of both near shore and upland als hefe-ala fere were weligood
(01lightsned oln), widened, end mpWhed over, while oder m ima were simply ebeod000d for newer mole direct
mu W. In establishing modified befl—end edy rod-geteme—potions of the roulm were moved far enough inland
an as to make • atraight route. thus, Wring travel away from me shoreline.
It was not until 1847, that derailed commakmiov regarding mad commoners on Hawaii began to be written
and
preserved It was elm a OW time Out the amiam trail system began In be modified and the dignmenb home a
pee of a system of'tods" called the "Afami AupwP Or Gownseen t Rode. Work on the rode was funded in pen
by government appropriations, and through the labor m (inertial contributions of sees residents ad prisoner,
working OB' pemlrke (see eomnami"doru below). VA erm the Alanul Aapant trona the lads of 'O'mna, the
slignumn includes several "nalnxnies methods, such as bung lined with onbswnce; elevated; and with store filled
"bridges" in acre Out level out the coelom ofthe roadway.
It was noted in the amhaeological field reconnaiuence (Recbhah 2002), that to alignment on the ground in
Votes 2'1 does not match One Alignment indicated on meq esrly maps (fm exempla, me Gant Map No. 4536,
Figme 9). The deviation appears W be • result of art surveying urvryife eras, as the eyedinconstruction,9mmbodm causer the lands
of'O'ome and in neighboring atupuu'a matt. The actual aligamat was surveyed in 1956, a e par of the Hawaii
Stale Survey Division's map, C.S.F. No. 20,499 (Figure 15). The figure depicts the trail welling inland and Out sees
the hula land,, as fond to be the ase during the emha x logical reconnaiealxa survey (Recbwun 2002).
The following leilon provide nadem with a historical overview of the Aland Ae,emu, and travel through'O'ome
and the KekaM region. ofpanlouls, intrest W the 'ends of'O'oma, art Orme corrnnnvvicaniona addressing the lower
Government Road which pesse.Ovough the propend development arms.
(Underlining, jetties, and quem brackets have bens added)
June 26.1847
George L Kanemr or Keeni Ana
1 have received your instructions, flux 1 should explain In you about the ahlm (roadways),
alohuta (bridges), lighthouses, mehets, and mimal pounds. I have out yet done all of mese
ming.. 1 have thought about where the aimed telelou (highways) should be mote, from Kailas w
Kaawaloa sed from big 19 Gams whew Our King was camel far 11 end then aflnwand. around
the idmd 11 wall be a mag of 9=1 value, fa the media m be mrlpletd Please instnct me which
is the proper thing for me W m about the slabs, alahata, and the laying mt of tM alaloa... [HSA
- Interim Depamrem Misc., Box 142; Kelm Maly, translator)
For lie find five yara ofhir lid (fill u. 19151, Kaikeo li —raised at'O'ome, by Kmikio'. ed Kewe-.-n raj ran
(sce Kaanmau 19w; W this sooty).
52
53
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!S TATE OF HAWAII.
TO AMERICA" MUST COA4PANY 01P RAWAll; INC.
Corm 2 nd, North itorro Island of Now&FF, Hawaii
OC410- I hICA• 0001 roof
ice 0.4740d) V*"*.
braNn rerrrap /r�rred
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OCPA14TMCNT OP ACCOUNTrNO AND OENEMAL SERVICE5
Figure 15. State Survey Division map depicting old Government Road alignment through 'O'oma 2"".
RC -0154 RC -0154
August 13, 1847
Governor of Hawaii, George L. Kapeau; to
Premier and Minister of Interior, Keoni Ana
Aloha oe a ka mea Hanohano —
I have a few questions which I wish to ask you. Will the police officers be required to pay, when
they do not attend the Tuesday (Poalua) labor days? How about parents who have several
children? What about school teachers and school agents? Are they not required to work like all
other people when there is Government work on the roads and highways?
I believe that school agents, school teachers and parents who have several children, should only go
and work on the weeks of the public, and not on the konohiki days...
...The roads from Kailua and down the pali of Kealakekua, and from Kailua to Honokohau
Kaloko, Ooma, at the places that were told our King, and from thence to Kaelehuluhulu fat
Kaulana in Kekaha], are now being surveyed. When I find a suitable day, I will go to Napoopoo
immediately, to confer with the old timers of that place, in order to decide upon the proper place to
build the highway from Napoopoo to Honaunau, and Kauhako, and thence continue on to meet the
road from Kau. The road is close to the shore, of Kapalilua...
The width of the highways around Hawaii, is only one fathom, but where it is suitable to widen
where there is plenty of dirt two fathoms and over would be all right If the roads are put into
proper condition, there are a lot of places for the strangers to visit when they come here The
Kilauea volcano, and the mountains of Maunaloa, Maunakea- Hualalai.
There is only one trouble to prevent the building of a highway all around, it is the steep gulches at
Waipio and Pololu, but this place can be left to the very last... [HSA —Roads, Hawaii]
Manch 29, 1848
Governor Kapeau, to Minister of the Interior, Keoni Ana:
[Acknowledging receipt of communication and answering questions regarding construction
methods used in building the roads.]
I do not know just what amount of work has been done, but, I can only let you know what has
come under my notice.
The highway has been laid from Kailua to Kaloko, and running to the North West, about four
miles long, but it is not completely finished with dirt. The place laid with dirt and in good
condition is onLy 310 fathoms.
The highway from Kealakekua to Honaunau has been laid, but is not all finished, and are only
small sections... [HSA — Roads, Hawaii]
July 9, 1873
R.A. Lyman; to
E. 0. Hall, Minister of the Interior.
Notifies Minister that the road from Klholo to Kailua needs repairing. [HSA — Interior
Department — Land Files]
August 14, 1873
R.A. Lyman; to
E. 0. Hall, Minister of the Interior:
I have just reached here [Kawaihae] from Kona. I have seen most of the roads in N. Kona, and
they are being improved near where the people live. If there is any money to be expended on the
roads in N. Kona, I would say that the place where it is most needed is from Kiholo to
Makalawena, or the Notch on Hualalai.
54 55
RCDIit
Thi. is the main mad amend tbe imund and is in very bad condition. Hardly anyone lives there,
.d the. arc seism miles of road aeon the lava then, that can only be waked by hiring men to
do it Than is also a rod scrom, a strip of Aa a mile k a halfor 2 in length in the south and of S.
Kohah next to Re boundary of N. Kau, deaf needs wadmrg, std than the read bum bore
]Kawatbn] to Kau will be quite passible... [HSA -Rada, Hawaii]
November I, 1880
J.W. Smith, Road Supervisor. Nand Kom; to
A.P. Comm, Minister oflhe fast/.:
...Heretofore I haw been paying owe dollar per day, but few am. will work for that, the, went
51.50 par dry. Thom few I have refused to pay mom than f IN and have been getting men for that
mrL
The most legot mossure ans needed on the noun toad lean Kessainalchu to Kbplo. and north of
Kilok b the Kolas bamdov distance of abom 20 Tn... [EISA- Roads, Hawaii)
Kailva Nov. 19e, 1880
Gm. McD guff; to
A. P. Cm eq Minhar ofthe /nerd,
...i noticed ening [be appropriation passed by the hat lAgislmne, an item of SSW Por Rods in
North Kau Hawaii — r I w very much interested shot male in this neighbourhood, l take the
liberty to apes my opinion what is wanted he put the roma in good repair and give the most
utiahctronb all concerned.
The Rod from Kailua going north for about eight miles m where it joins the upper Rod, hes
revs bre made, it is only a mule trot winding through the Isis It could cast m make it a good
an end, fully two thousand dolhs, Ad from Kafhra to where it join the South Kon mad,
about 12 mind was made by Gov. Adams, end is h pr.11y much the sense same ft he til it only
little waac of the were of 20 years or mom, it mold ad m make it in god repair about 15
hundred dollen. Than we could haw 20 miles of pod mal... [NSA - Interior Department
Letters)
Marsh 21', IMM
C.N. Amort, Road SVerimendenNn-Chief. Hu. to
Charter Gulick Minium ofhaterfor:
...In accordance with your instruction I beg to hod you the following list of fames an being
there I would select for Supervisors in the different Rod Districts urda my charge:
... Judge J.K. Hospifi, North KmsDhtrim...
Hoping Nae We, may meet with your ppmvel... [HSA - Roads, Hawaii]
March 1886
Petition to Charfn "irk, Mbruser of the lnlevior:
[Sigurd by 53 maidens of North Kay asking that the tppmpriated flmds be expended for the
Kai1n-Kohmaiki Rod]:
We the people whose names are below, subjects of the King, raiding in North Kau, Island of
Hawaii:
The fads have been sppmpnated by the Legislature for the opening of the road from Realms to
Kohsnti, 0,erefore, we humbly request that the road be trade Them The length of this rod being
thutght of is about five miles mina a lam The rod that is thereat the present time ie not fit fa
eitha mm err beast
Your people have comidenre that a so explained, you will kindly giant our request, and end this
trouble in our District...
[those signing included vena of individuals known to have ties 10 the 'O'.. viciniry]:... J.
Kamaka, Kuakshels, Kehuhnui, R. Pelakiko... [HSA - Rads Hawaii; Maly, transistor]
March 9". 1887
C.N. Arnold, Road Superintendent -in -Chief Hanan; to
Chen. GRBek Mhiaer of the Imedor:
[Arnold provides documentation of the early native trail hum Kailus to the upper Kohanaiki
region, and irk' ongoing use at the time. He also rotes that McDougall (resident at Hmchiamu)
and others art presently in the business of dairy mrahing]:
...The endued pottion [cited above) has just come to hand from North Rona. The petiliorea ere
mistaken when they toy that my special appropriation has been made for this mad n them has
never been a Government toed in this pet of the District. There is however an old native "it
which I. always been used an • shat sot from the Iowa part of t e district between Reshot, [sic]
and Ksdose by persons; who were trawling to Kawdue and Wabnes. The opening of a good road
here would be • great comrvenience b the traveling public and also a great accommodation b a
great army people who live on, a nearly on the fine of it I my mention wrong the member.
Merin. McDougall said Clark who ase engaged in dairy rarohing now, tlrt had of the proposed
line. I my also mamlon that 1, with Mr. Smith, made a preliminary survey of it, at the request of
His Majesty, the King, who is also mtraated in the opening of this awed, a itopen up all of His
Kailas lands for settlement I regard the rad an necessary for the above neeeoru.
From Om preliminary survey made, I rationale Rut a wagon rod 12 feel wide will cos from
Kailas tothe Maslen (iovt rod at Kohaniki $6000. The length of the and is 5 % mile.. The
elevation of highest pint (mado Rod) is 1600 feet above fide a Kellam. Mr. Smith Sup. of
Public Works bore all the man of the survey, and can give you full information in Mind to this
matter... [HSA -Rods, Hawaii)
July 10, 1887
C.N. Arnold, Rood SupMmm%dew-m.'Adef Hermit a
L.A. "tuamn, Minharofthehu rm,
...In obedience to your request 1 beg to had you the following list of the District Superviaoes
under myjume iction:
...Nada Kan- Han. J.K. Nahale; Native... (HSA -Roads Hawaii)
March 8, 1888
J. Keelear ule; Supervhor North Kona Road Board; m
LA. "torsion, Minister fthe lmer»r.
(Ka'ekm dmk provides Thurstas with an overview d soak as the made of North Kota, and
describes the Government rode (Ala mi Awlmnl or At. 1.) which pee through the Kekahe
regia]:
Tbe rod that rum from Kailas In Kolumatilit m the north of Kailue perhaps 6 mila. It is
covered withu stonF and k perhsp one of the wont mads hie. The Kid DoW of North Kon
has appropriated $200 for work in the wast area, and that work has been undertaken and the rad
improved. The work continues at this time. This is ore of the inportnnt soda of this district, end it
b ore of Ort fun rods Ren shad be worked m.
The government rod or ala Ins, from pled Redoubt, (Rua is the boundary between this district of
South Kan) (Kn ba hu), arm straight down m Klholo ed reaches the boundary of Oc district
adjoining South Kdulq is Imldh is 20 aid 30 miles. With a troubled heart I explain to your
Excellency that from the place called Kepalw noel W South Koh la until Kiholo - this is a very
56 57
RC -01St
RC -0154
bad section of about 8 miles; This place is always damaged by the animals of the people who
travel along this road. The pahoehoe to the north of Kiholo called Ke A. hou, is a place that it is
justified to work quickly without waiting. Schedule A, attached, will tell you what is proposed to
care for these bad places...
Schedule A: [Appropriations needed]
The road from Kailua to Kohanaiki, and then joining with the inland Government Road — $500.
The upland Road from Kainaliu to the boundary adjoining S. Kohala — $1,500.00. [HSA — Roads
Hawaii; Kep5 Maly, translator]
September 30, 1889
Thos. Aiu, Secretary, North Kona Road Board (for J. Kaelemakule); to
L.A. Thurston, Minister of the Interior.
[Provides Thurston with an overview of work on the roads of North Kona, and identifies
individuals who are responsible for road maintenance (cantoniers) 'in various portions of the
district; several of the individuals named were also old residents and applicants for Homestead
lots. Of interest, Kaelemakule's report indicates that maintenance of the Alanui Aupuni which
crossed into the kula lands of 'O'oma, had not been assigned to anyone. (see report of Dec. 22,
1890)]:
1. In that section of the road which proceeds from Kailua near the shore to Kohanaiki, Mano is
the cantonier.
2. That section of the road from Kukui000hiwai to Keahuolono, Paiwa is the cantonier...
3. That section of road from Kailua to the shore of Honokohau, Keaweiwi is the cantonier ...
4. That section of road from Kukuioohiwai to Lanihau along the upland road, Isaac Kine is the
caretaker...
The work done along these sections is the cutting of brush — guava, lantana and such — which
trouble the road, and the removal of bothersome stones... [HSA — Roads Hawaii; Kepi Maly,
translator]
December 22, 1890
J. Kaelemkule, Supervisor, North Kona Road Board; to
C.N. Spencer, Minister of the Interior
[Reports on the cantoniers assigned to road work in various sections of North Kona. As in 1889,
apparently no one was assigned to the lower Alanui Aupuni through the Voma kula lands.
Though Kaelemakule did include the road section on the land, extending through Kalaoa, on his
attached diagram]:
...I forward to you the list of names of the cantoniers who have been hired to work on the roads of
this district, totaling 15 sections; showing the alignment of the road and the length of each of the
sections. The monthly pay is $4.00 per month, at one day of work each week. The board wanted to
increase it totwo days a week, but if that was done, there would not have been enough money as
our road tax is only $700.00 for this district... You will receive here the diagnim of the roads of
North Kona. [HSA — Roads Hawaii; Kep5 Maly, translator] (Figure 16)
7Wendeth Century Travel in 'O oma and Neighboring lands ofKekaha
Kama aina who have participated in oral history interviews, describe on-going travel between the uplands and coastal
lands of'O'orna and other ahupua a in Kekaha. The primary method of travel between 1900 and 1947, was by foot or
on horse or donkey, and those who traveled the land, were generally residents of the 'O'oma, Kalaoa, Kohanaiki
Homesteads and other lands in the immediate vicinity. After World War II, retired military vehicles became available
to the public, after that time, the Alanui Aupuni (Figure 17) and some of the smaller trails along the 'shore were
modified for vehicular traffic.
Figure 16. Kii o na alanui o Kona Akau (diagram of the roads of
North Kona); J. Kaelemakule Sr., Road Supervisor (HSA — Roads,
Hawaii; December 22, 1890).
58 59
RC -0154
•
-till:
lel
'
•
I
1 '� 7
e+
t a
i
Figure 16. Kii o na alanui o Kona Akau (diagram of the roads of
North Kona); J. Kaelemakule Sr., Road Supervisor (HSA — Roads,
Hawaii; December 22, 1890).
58 59
RC -0154
•
RC -0154
The primary routes of travel through the 1960s, descended from upland Kohanaiki and Kaloko, or came out of
Kailua. In the 1950s, Hu'ehu'e Ranch bulldozed a jeep road to the shore at Kaloko. The ranch, and some individuals
who went to the shore either as a part of their ranch duties, or for leisure fishing along the coast, used this jeep road.
The Alanui Aupuni was modified from Kailua, to at least as far as Honok6hau and Kaloko, and remained in use
through the 1970s. It was not until the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway was opened (ca. 1973) that travel across the kula
kai (shoreward plains) of 'O'oma was once again made possible for the general public.
ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEWS
information is presented from six oral history interviews that had been previously conducted by Kepi Maly. One of
these interviews was conducted in 1996 and the others between 2000 and 2002. Specific to the current study, Kepi
Maly conducted follow-up interviews with two of the participants, kiipuna Kahananui and Park in 2002 and 2003.
The interview transcripts are contained in Appendix A.
Interview Method
The oral -historical information was collected using a standard interview format that included the following process.
Personal and demographic information about each interviewee was obtained, as well as the details about how she or
he came to know the lands of 'O'oma and the larger Kekaha region. Information was obtained from the interviewee
concerning the time and/or place of specific events they recalled The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and
returned to the interviewees for review, correction, and release -approval. Copies of the final interview transcripts,
along with the historical background and summary information were provided to each of the interviewees or their
families.
RC -0154
During the process of review and release, site visits were made and further information was recorded, thus the
released transcripts differ in some aspects (for example, some dates or referenced names were corrected; and
sensitive, personal information was removed). Also, further site-specific information was recorded (either
electronically or through detailed notes) during the site visits. Thus, the final released transcripts supercede the
original recorded documentation.
The following criteria were using in selection interviewees that would be most knowledgeable. about the study
area:
1. Genealogical ties to early residents of lands within or adjoining the study area;
2. The older the informant, the greater the likelihood that the individual had personal
communications or first-hand experiences with even older, now deceased Hawaiians
and area residents; and
3. Recognition within the community as being someone possessing specific knowledge
of lore or historical wisdom pertaining to the lands, families, practices, and land use
and subsistence activities in the study area.
Readers are asked to keep in mind that while this component of the study records a depth of cultural and
historical knowledge of 'O'oma and the Kekaha region, by nature, the documentation is incomplete. In the process.of
conducting oral history interviews, it is impossible to record all the knowledge or information that the interviewees
possess. Thus, the records provide only glimpses into the stories being told, and of the lives of the interview
participants. Every effort has been made to accurately relay the recollections, thoughts and recommendations of the
people who so openly shared their personal histories for this study.
Interview Participants
All of the individuals that participated in the oral history interviews cited in this sudy are directly descended from
traditional residents of 'O'oma and adjoining lands, and many of the personal recollections date back to the 19208.
The interviewees also benefited from the words of their own elders and extended family members, whose personal
recollections dated back to the middle 1800s. Following is a summary of the interviewees used for the current study.
Valentine K. Ako is of Hawaiian ancestry and was born at H61ualoa in 1926. He currently resides on Kauai.
Interviewed in 1996, kupuna Ako visited families and fished at 'O'oma and neighboring lands of Kekaha (ca. 1930s -
1940s). He is well known for his knowledge of Hawaiian fishing customs and fisheries, and is a member of several
cultural committees.
George Kinoulu Kahananui Sr. is of Hawaiian ancestry and was born at H61ualoa in 1925. Raised from infancy at
'O'oma 2nd, he continues to reside on old family land in 'O'oma. Kupuna Kinoulu regularly traveled the uplands and
coastal lands of'O'oma and Kekaha, learned of traditions and practices; and later managed the lands under Hu:ehu'e
Ranch. He continues to fish on the coastal lands of 'O'oma and Kohanaiki. Kupuna Kinoulu is well respected- and
known for his knowledge of the land, and is a valued resources on a number of cultural committees.
Samuel Keanaaina is of Hawaiian ancestry and was born at Kolaoa in 1926, where he remains resident
Descendant of families with 'generational ties to various lands of the Kekaha region, including 'O'oma. Kupuna
Keanaaina regularly traveled the uplands and coastal lands of 'O'oma and Kekaha. He learned of traditions and
practices of the families of the land, and was a fisherman in his youth.
Malaea Agnes Keanaaina-Tolentino (with daughter Cynthia Torres) is of Hawaiian ancestry and was bom at
Kolaoa in 1928. She currently resides in Kealakehe and is the Sister of Samuel Keanaaina, who shared in similar
experiences as her brother. She was raised by her grandparents in Honok6hau Nui and as a youth she regularly
traveled between the uplands and coastal lands of Honok6hau-Kaloko, Kalaoa-'O'oma and Kohanaiki. Kupuna
Malaea has served on several cultural committees and is known for her knowledge of the land.
60
6l
RCDIN
Peter Keks is of Hawaiian ancestry sad was bum a Waiki i in 1940. His family resided for yews in the Kalsoa-
Kohwiki-Haokollm vicinity, and he arremly resider in Kohwdd. Peter traveled the Kekkw region and filed m
'O'nes all neighboring lands. He is currently employed by the National Park Service rad is resporsible for the
mtoucon of the Ka oko-xonok firm fishponds and other cultural Was in the park
Peter Keikua'arta Park is of Hawaiian ancestry and was ban a'O'oma in 191 S. He currently resides in Raises
5a. Born and raised in the upland section of'Obma 24 he regularly traveled with his grardparenls (adoptive pvmb)
W the cristal Inds of'U'Orns, Kpmm Park describes life on the knits and identifies eller familia of'O'ame and
neighboring lands. He also shares important documentation pertaining Or baditions aemciaKd with fishing and
cultivation of the lard. Kuptem Park's elders were noted kukalo wavers, a rnft Ret was passed on to him and his
Belem, and was an activity that sataind Meir family. They collated laukak from'Ohikpus em the kula lands of
Kalses 5a. Kupuna Park is a noted waver and n okee for several almnl programs.
Summary of Oral -Historical Information
Elder boomers of the Kekaha region, ill much the same story as that described in the ammunintioa from the
Period of homestead development, W in the wccmnls given by 1. Poakup in 1875 and J.W.H. lank, Kihe in 1924.
By the late IBoOs, only • few permanent residence remained along the'O'oma (ad KekWs) wakia. Primary
nesidencea wem in the uplands, to the vkinity of the old Marmlahoa Highway. In that region, people were We to
outmode a wide range of aope—bo th native staples and new innoductiona—with which in sustain themselves, ed in
some ose even as cash cope.
By the middle to late I800s, the Into lands, from around the 9Mfst elevation to shore, were primarily used for
90K cattle, and donkey pasturage. The familia of the uplands regularly beveled to the tout vim trails. This was
mostly done to go fishing, Or to rood up caRl4 gals, Or donkeys. Doing period$ of attune dry weather, when
water reeonea dried up, the lumber; been relied on the brackish aster pods in the new -shone lands. In 'Vora nor
WawsloR, the ria craned rn I.S. Enemwn's Register Maps 1280 (son film 7), n K.'s or Kaki Mao's back.
families still took sena, and drank the water fro the spring, thmugb the Mills, Such was the care at various
lootiuos ofthe amt, between Kohanmki,'()' s Kahoa Hood, Katrina, and Inds furthernorth k Kpalaa.
Nem the coastline several sift were described and, during field visits, pointed ,M by kirpuna Peter Kaikuame
PM W Geo. Kinoulu Kehans ed. Thew aft also described by other elder tweer. dim. The fewness included old gat
W a81e carets, rid kakua kale (house sires), shelters, springs, burial sites, W fishery rcenumm. Except fm the rad
maukn/mak trail, the.fknuf Aupunf (mak ' Cmvemseat Road- "King's Trail', and walk, few other fans were
known by the interviewees on the lower kula Inds (the arer of the cutmat proposed development). This is not
surprising a tie intemica us observed, when they were yang, they were Inanuoted not k wander around, and
maha'al (poke their noxa) raw ova and such. Their primary interest white traveling smkaf was to get m the fishing
gaud, and in mase, f gel back home. In the region of the Iowa honearesd lob and shove (well mauka of the
crmm pooled aura), interviewees have described the aaormake of raves, walls, and various features, including
koials. Ocom ioally, when waking she m oge, rounding up odic, hake Y po Or night matters have been hood, Or
even Ban. The explwtiOn being that the people of old, who once lived on the land, were traveling the toile in ane
di stfion w the atha to atfnd to wake ceramic" or b venture out on fishing journeys, mother such amivitin.
When asked about proposed development on tire'O'Ora lands and in other locations of KekWe, the interviewer
all ped with hesitancy. It is difficult frr them to see tha Isndir ps that they have known all their lives, and for which
traditions were handed down, damge. All interviewto believe that flims (burial sifts should be permed in Place;
likewise, should arty hdaa, m other important Bites be locked, they should be protected. It is also believed thin the
Alammi Apuni it mauka/makai anile should be p wervd. Wheever possible all arta, such as shenm, house sites,
I¢tmglyphs, wall., and other feanvo should be protected.
RC -0W
IDENTIFICATION OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES,
BELIEFS, AND PRACTICES
According to the OEQC Guidelham for Assessing Culaval lmpocts, ole gal of a Cultural Impact Assessment is to
identify cultural practices and beliefs and cultund resources that might be impacted by the proposed development of a
particular study area Accordingly, the types of cvtaW practices and beliefs subject f msexament may include
subsistence, commercial, residsmisl, egricultunl, ecass-related, reoreational, and religious end strintom customs. The
types of cultural renounces subject o assessment may include trdilionst anted properties and historic sites, which
support the above-cited culmnl practices .,.it beliefs.
Some additional discussion relative to traditional cultural properties is warrpted. In the Hewai'i Revised
ShNles-Chapter 6E, and in the drag Hawaii Administrative Rules (draft HAR Ill 13-275-2) Met would govern the
Suite Historic Preservation Division, a definition of Traditional Cultural Property is provided.
'Traditional cultural property" means my historic property aasociated with the traditional
practices and beliefs of an ethnic community in members of that community fOr more than !fly
yeas. There traditions shall be founded to an ethnic camnunitY s history and contribute to
maintaining the ethnic ...try'. cultural ideality. Traditional associations art Mase
demonstrating a continuity of Practice a belief until Presert o those documented in Ainorlal
warms, materials, or both.
The Origin of the concept of Traditional Cultural Property is found m National Register Bulletin 38 published by
the U.S. Department of Interior -National Park Service. 'Traditional" in it is wed, implies a time depth of at least So
years, and a genenlited rode of traamimion of inti m ution from one gem tkn m the next, eitherorally or by act.
"Cultural" milers Or the beliefr, practices, lifeways, ad social institutions of a given community. The use of the time
"Property" defines this category ofmaomu as an identifiable place Traditional Cultural Pmpenies arc Out intangible,
they mut have some kid of boundary; and we subject to the same kid of evaluation We my other historic resource,
with ore very impabnt exception. By definition, identifying and ".lusting haditiond cultural properties mut rely
on Boa who have knowledge of these belief., practices, std traditioos or on hishatal wore mstraals that have
recorded this kind of tnf annume.
It is however with the dentition of "Property" where there on be difficulty to the process of identification and
evaluation, beauty it Is precisely the concept of freed boundnin that at times arrestor to urn counter to the
traditional Hawaiian belief synemn. The sk dtheae of a particular Imdsepe farm is often times cosrtnlogially tied
m the rest of the landscape m well as to other fauvist on if To limit aMin pope. a to a spreifeally defined ria
may acridly partition it from what makes it significant in the fret plea. However offensive the erupt of a fixed
boundary may be, it is nmeRmekm the milid tory benchmark fu defining Traditional Cultural Properties and
wnemiltheirvalidity.
Gives the smhaeobgial deb, the extersm, hiMemot archin) background resemch, ed the .11.6. rrnl-
historial information, Only two significant resources have been identified within the proposed development area
Both of thew sue historic vita (SIHP Site 2 [the 1847 makaf Government Rod] and SMP Site 10155 [a Ian tube
temporary habitation shelter and possible former water source]; Figur I8). Neither sift is considered a hadifimal
culnnal Property and Rene wen no spaife coltunl beliefs m practices that were identified relative to the land within
the proposed development $rte.
SIHP Site 2
This is the 1847 solei Govemement Rod and has been variouly mfsmil to as the Mamsla me Trail and the King's
Highway. The site is visible wines the landscape in a kerhatoa alignment (see Figure 17) fanning the makal
boundary of the southern potion of the project ares, W than encring its comes to s slightly mom naata direction
(see Figure I8). This site has hast maintained (kerhebne rplwament W vegetation removal) ova the years as part
of various commonity smite pmjats.
62 63
RC -0154
SIHP Site 10155
This site is a large habitation cave (Figur: 19) that may also have been associated with travel along STHP Site 2.
Within the cave is a substantial amount of habitation debris, and during the recent archaeological reconnaissance
survey (Rechtman 2002) a seemingly old coconut shell "cup" was observed to have been cached within a paka
formed by collapsed rocks. This cup may have served to aid in collecting water from small seeps at the rear of the
cave. During the recent inspection of the site, the rear of the cave was observed to be damp.
RC -0154
Figure 19. Entrance to SIHP Site 10155, view to west.
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS.AND PROPOSED
MITIGATION
CJ
The proposed development has the potential to impact both of the identified resources. impacts could be direct, as the
result of development activities; or indirect, resulting from increased access and site visitation traffic. The landowner
is committed to preserving these cultural resources and maintaining protective buffers during construction activities.
Following such activities, interpretive as well as cautionary signage will be established to both educate the public
about the cultural significance of the resources and to inform the public about possible penalties for damaging the
resources.
The Department of Land and Natural Resources -State Historic Preservation Division- has already placed a
requirement on the proposed development project to prepare a Preservation Plan for the Department's approval that
addresses both the portion of SIHP Site 2 that crosses the study parcel and SIHP Site 10155. Adherence to this plan
should adequately protect the resources and effectively mitigate any potential impacts.
64 65
RC4154
RCUW
66 67
1'i, I.P.
1959
Fragments of Hawaiian Hkary. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.
REFERENCES CITED
Kamakeu, S.M.
ACNP (Advieay Council on Historic Preserved.)
1%1
Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. Ha olulu: Kamehamda Schools Press.
1985
Guidelines fon Consideration of Traditional Cultural Values in Historic Preservation Review.
Draft Report Advisory Council an Historic Preservation. Washington, D.C.
1968
Ka Poe Kahiko: The People of Old. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 51. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu.
Barren, W., Jr.
1985
Oorm It, Hawaii: Archaeological Recommivance. Chinisgo, la. Prepared fa HClber, HWert,
1976
The Works of the People ofO1d. B.P. Bftkrip Museum Special Publication 61. Bishop Museum
Van Han & Kimura.
Press Honolulu.
1989
Archamlogkd Daft Recovery 9 HOST Park and NELH, Kdam and Goma Abalones, North
1991
Tales and Traditions of the People of Old N3 Mo'olelo a ka Po'e Kahiko. Bishop Muscmn
Kon, Hawaii Island. Chiniago, Inc., R.I.
Press, Honolulu.
Beckwith, M.
Kelly, M.
1970
Humana Mythology. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Pren.
1983
No Mala O Kona: Gardens of Koss A History of land Use in Kona, Hawaii. Depsrinlentsi
Report Series 83-2. Drysr6rant of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Prepared
Char, W.
for the Depamnent of Transportation, Sate of l swaiL
1991
Botanical Survey of Haonkalau 1 and 2, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Preferred for
Lanihau Papers, LP.
Megabit, E.D.
1926
Kona Legends. Homlulu: Pandim of the Pacific Press.
Corbin, A.
2000
Attlarological Daft Recovery Excavations, H SHIP Silex 1916 and 18028, The Nehnal Energy
Malo, D.
Iaboramy of Hawaii project Ana, Land of'O'a1r 11, North Kon District. literal of Hassedi.
1951
Hawaiian Antiquities. Honolulu, B.P. Bishop Museum.
PHRI Report 1976-113000. Prepared for NELHA, Kailm-Kora.
Maly, Kept Himsator)
Cordy, R.
ran.
"Mai Kadua a hili i Ki6olo." J.P. Puuokups, in Ku Okou November 27, 1875.
1986
Fieldchedr ofOama 11 Barna Study. Ms. On file Historic Sites Section DLNR-Sfta Parks.
nor.
"Kano Ifamisa Puuane no Ka-Mtki." I. W.H.I. Kibe, in Ka Haku a Hown t, January 8, 1914 -
2000
Eroded Sift the Chef The Andant Harbry of /Jaxwf'l Island. MnmW Publishing: Hoonlulu,
December 6, 1917.
Hawaii.
an.
"Ka Punaual a Wowarloll." 1. W.H.I. Kthe, in Ka Hoke o HawsVi, September 23i°, October 4"
Ellis, W.
& 11", 1923.
1963
Journal of Will"EBb. Honolulu: Advenier Publishing Co., Ltd.
me.
"Na Haonasua o kin Macaws" 1. W.H. leeac Kihe, in Ka Nakv o Hawaii, lone 5" & 12" 1929.
Baseman, I.S.
1892
"The Leiser Hawaiian Cads" In Second Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society fa
ran.
"Ka Loko o Panics" 1. W.N. leant Kihe, in Ka Hicks o Hawafl, February 5-26.19M and May
1114 Year 1892, pp. 1-24. Honolulu, Hawaii.
1-15,1924.
Pomades, A.
M.
"Ko Kcani Keeienakule Mmklo Parini." I.W.H. leant Kihe, in Ka Hoku o Hauwii, Sept 17 At
1916-
Fomanda Collection of Hawaiian Anti patim and Folklore. (9 vole.). Honolulu:
24, & Oct. I, 1929.
1919
Bishop M. Press.
McEldoanry, N.
1959
Seketioru from FonaMerS Hawaiian Antiquities and Fdk-Lon. S.H. Elhast, edits. The
1979
Archaeological and Historical Literatae Search end Research Design: levo Fbw, Control
University Prem of Hawaii.
Study, Hilo, Hawaii. BPBM Repoq Honolulu.
1973
An Aamm of tale Polywonlaa Ran. Ift Origin and Miigratkm. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co.,
Psske, P.L., and
T.F. King
Inc.
1990
Guidelines for Evaluating and Doca nesting Traditional Cultural Properties. National Regftter
Bulletin 38. U.S. Department of the hneior, National Park Service, Washington D.C.
19%
ArdentHWy aftke H.U. Peopk. Mutml Publishing, Australis
Pokui, M.K., and
A.L. Kona
Heady, E.S.C., E.G. Handy, with M.K. Puke
1973
The Palo of Our Song. Chants and Poenm of the Hawaiians. Honolulu: Univenity Press of
1972
Native Plantar in Old Hawaii, Their Life, Lae, and Envimarneat B.P. Bishop Museum
Hawaii.
Bulletin 233. B.P. Bishop Museum Para
66 67
RC -0154
Rechtman, R.
2002 Lefler Report on the Amheeeilogical Field Recmmaiwnce of TMK:3-7-3-927.'O'oma 2n°
Ahupu's, North Room, Island of Hawaii. Reclusion Consulting, LLC Repot RC -0154.
Subnitted to Mr. Soon Es r, Helbm Hastert d Fee, Horolulu.
Reinncke, 1.
ad. Sorvey of Hawaiian Shen, 1929-1930. Manuscript in Deptarroent of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop
Museum, Hmrolulu
Stokes, I.F.O., and T. Dye
1991 Helou of the 191OW of Hewei'i. BbhoP AAGena Bulletin in Anshropokily 2. Bishop Museum
Press, Honolulu.
Tatar, E.
1982 Nineteenth Crnhoy Hawaiian CMM. Pacific Anthropological Record. No. 33. Department of
Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Muennn, Honolulu.
Thmnl T.
1908 Heisom end Heiau Site Throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Island of Hawaii. Hawaiian Almeoac
and Annul 1909:3847. Monolith.
Tomonari-Tuggle, M.
1985 Culhml Resource Managenenl Plan, Cultural Resomee Management at the Kea dou R.I.
PHRI Repot 99.060185. Prepared for Kamehan es, Investment Corp.
Wolfe, E.W., and 1. Morris
1996 Cxobgical Map of the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Deparonent of the interim, U.S. Geological
Survey.
69
Cultural Impact Assessment for
the Proposed Development of
TMK:3-7 3 922
Volume II -Appendix A
Voma 2nd Ahupua'a
North Kona District
Island of Hawai'i
RC -0154
PREPARED BY:
Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D.
and
Kepi Maly (Kumu Porn associates(
PREPARED FOR:
Felber Hastert 6 Fee
733 Bishop Street, Suite 2590
Honolulu, HI 96813
February 2003
MEMNON
RECHTMAN CONSULTING
Ili- I Ri , UV - Kv.l ,,,. I I.n..,i, oe74o
fh,nr la0n +M ' 70h I AC W11),11", 'W
,e•,i udm,,.......... ,..,, I,.m,
PC.0I N
Cultural Impact Assessment
for the Proposed Development of
TMK:3-7-3-9:22
(Volume 11)
'D'oma 2nd Ahupua'a
North Kona District
Island of Hawai'i
RCCMi1111R ebNauts."
Contents
INTRODUCTION ..._ ................ _._..._.......
ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEWS ........... ........... ............. ............................ _.
Peter Keikua'ana Park ..... ......... ...... ...._....._................._.__.........................
PeterKeka.....................................................................................................
M.I.P. Keanaeina-Tolentino (with Cynthia Toms) and Samuel Keansaina
George Kinoulu "Kinn" Kahananui Sr . ........................................ .................
ValentineK. Ado ...........................................................................................
REFERENCE CITED ................. _... _..
Figures
.."........................
............................. 2
.... _..._...... I._ I.....2
........... _.............. 64
.......... �68
.......................... 73
-.— ............ 93
............."....I....... 95
I. Kupuna Peter Keikua'ana at the PJ ]line in Kalasea......................... -........................................................... 2
2. Peter Keka on the sham at Keloko............................................................................................................... 64
3, Malaea Kennasina and Samuel Keaneain. at the old Kcan saina Homestead at Kalnko.......... ............. .. 68
4. George Kirwulu "Kind" Kahananui Sr ....................................................... ................. ........_...........-......... 73
5. Valentine K. Ako at John Ka'elomakule's Mahai'ula home (built 1880) in the background......_ ............. 93
RC -0154
INTRODUCTION
The following oral history interview narratives are excerpted from a larger collection of interviews
conducted by Maly since 1996 in the Kekaha region. The citations focus on 'O'oma, and aspects of life
that where shared in common by the native families of 'O'oma and those of the larger Kekaha region.
One detailed interview and a field trip interview with kupuna Peter Keikua'ana Park, and follow
interviews with kupuna Kinoulu Kahananui were conducted specifically as a part of the present study.
Other interviews and field trip interviews were conducted with kupuna prior to undertaking the present
study, but information from those interviews is relevant to the subject matter.
It is requested here that all who read these interviews respect the interviewees. Please reference the
oral history narratives in their context as spoken—not selectively so as to make a point that was not the
.interviewee's intention. E 'olu'olu 'oukou a nd mea a heluhelu ai i kNa mau mo'olelo 'ohana — e hana
pono, a e mau ke aloha! Your respect of the wishes of the families and the information they have shared
will be greatly appreciated.
RC -0154
ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEWS
Peter Keikua'ana Park
`O'oma-Kalaoa and the Kaha Lands, North Kona, Hawaii
(Oral History Interviews with Kepil Maly
November 2°a 2002 & January 14`h 2003)
Figure 1. Kupuna Peter Keikua'ana Park at the P5- llina in Kalaoa (January 14, 2003).
•
Kupuna Peter Keikua'ana Park was bom on his family's 'O'oma land in 1918. From birth, he was raised
by his grandparents Peter K. and Kahanwale Ka'awa. The family worked their land, cultivating kala
(taro), 'uala (sweet potatoes), and other crops under the shelter of the 'ohi'a forest then present on
'O'oma, within half a mile of the upper Kona Highway. When kupuna Park was born, his family still
lived in a house that was partially thatched with native material. His kupuna still counted the nights of th
moon in the Hawaiian system, and by this system, they cultivated the land, traveled to Wawaloli on the
'O'oma shore line and fished, and sustained themselves.
Kupuna Park graciously shared detailed descriptions of life in 'O'oma in the early part of the 1900s,
identifying customs and practices, and who some of the elder residents were during his youth. He also
described travel across the land and various sites or features which were noticed across the kula lands and
near the coast of 'O'oma.
The initial meeting and interview with kupuna Park was arranged with the assistance of Kekoa
Nazara, kumu kula and haumana of kupuna Park's.
Kcw5a
Kupuw Park gave his personal, verbal reline of this interview to Reps Maly on January 14, 2003
Group: [Discussing differences in Hawaiian lauguage and naming new technologies in the present
day; and then begin discussion regarding his grandfather and life in'O'oma.]
PP: My grandfather, he planted 'u peke, calabash, be now, we don't have the seeds so we kind of
lost it.
KM: 'de. The big hue, the big kind?
PP: Big yeah, big [gemums sin with hands].
KM: Fourteen, sixteen inches cross.
PP: Then we mix poi inside there.
KM: 'Ae.
PP: And do all mar ... like paten they put inside and mash it.
KM: 'Ae, yes.
PP: And them, they keep, oh when that gets sour they mu that thing [chuckles].
KM: de.
PP: Sort of like swipe.
KM: Mea 'am [chuckles]I Yeah, mea 'ono mi ho'i!
PP: Yeah.
KM: [chuckling] Oh, yes. So, we're going just talk awry.
PP: Yeah.
KM: 1 would like to ask you some questions we'll look al orre of the maps get an idea of where you
were hard and when, and things like that.
PP: Oh yeah.
KM: Lel mejust show you the she hada ihu...
PP: I hard the sound like that when they have some people, I think on TV sometimes, I hear the
sound come fiem that.
KM: Yes. In you youth though, you'd mentioned, did you ever hear this you think in your youth?
PP: I don't think I hard.
KM: Don't think so. But yew papa or grandfather?
PP: Grandfather.
KM: Oh. You grandfather used to play the 'irkckO
PP: That's the only music he had. He played 'irkike and then [thinking], well his wood coma
fico his mouth I think.
KM: Yet.
PP: It depends how he opens, and you know the word.
KM: Yes, yes.
RcLlu
PP: Actually this is the [tapping his check], just like the... [pauses]
KM: Resonating chamber, this is the pahu kani.
PP: Yeah, yeah.
KM: 'Ae.
PP: I don't know, maybe an 'oli kind of sound 1 guess.
KM: 'Ae. So, kupuw when yew kupuw kdne...it was your kupuna Mar?
PP: Yeah.
KM: When he would play this, in yew recollection, was the 'rikfki• about sixteen, eighteen inches?
PP: Yeah, about that yeah, kind of long you know.
KM: Eighteen inches paha. And a little bit of a curve to it do you recall or...
PP: Underneath is a little curve, bowed.
KM: And how many koala or aho?
PP: Two, the way 1 recall.
KM: Two, and he would place it in his mouth?
PP: No not in his mouth. Right over here [gatums holding 1A ku across his mouth and cheek].
KM: Right an the edge, the lehe.
PP: It's facing, most be—maybe flat yeah. Because if you go the other way the string would
touch his mouth [gestures holding 'Gkeke].
KM: That's right. So the strings are facing out it's on his mouth?
PP: Yeah.
KM: And off to the side?
PP: Yeah. And then he would strum this thing and a voice comes fmm his mouth.
KM: Ae.
PP: The different songs, I guess.
KM: 'Ae. The voice would sound like the picking of the strings though yeah?
PP: Yeah, yeah.
KM: Could you hear words the you remember?
PP: No, 1 only hear the sound.
KM: It wasjust tone.
PP: 1 don't know what he was, singing.
KM: Hmm, that's amaxing!
PP: That's the only instrument 1 saw him play. Other than that he would chant you know, 'oh
sometimes. And my grandmother would 'oh. In fact I went to the Bishop Museum one year
[thinking]... and there's this lady I think she's still working there yet. She took me to their
archives and she said "You know, I have wme pictures of before..." What happened, my
daughter and I went to the museum, and we came to this spot on the lower floor one comer.
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Then I esu looking am and ad I saw thew picttue, on the wall, you know.
KM:
'Ae.
KM:
Hh-haruo.
PP:
The only thing I have of his that he ... luckily I have it. It's a poi stone.
PP:
And them was this picture, particularly my grandfather's picture, not knowing that's my
KM:
'Ae.
ether. 1 was just looking sic I look at this person in Mat picture 1 said, "Gee, this
' y took his picture cin e this." And I was kind curious. I sem
pp:
And what happened, my step -father when they both died, then he moved down the mad. It's
ben o
t Ivan
thinking 1 just want m see who is flat mm because maybe it's somebody that I know. Not
for that
the hoax up hem, you know where that Kalane School, old one?
realizing it was my grandfather.
KM:
Ih-hmm.
KM:
Heart.
Pp:
You go mauka mad.
PP:
When I went up closer, oh was my grandfather)
KM:
Yeah. Close to Mama Zion..
KM:
R-i'iwa'oe?
PP:
Yeah, yeah.
PP:
Then I called my girl to cane right away, you know. It's my grandfather you know. And the
KM:
Yes.
picture was taken at Kukui'ohiwai, up at Hu'ehu'e.
PP:
It's an old house sitting by the makai side of the road.
KM:
'Ac, Hu'ehu'e.
KM:
Below the old schoolhouse?
PP:
Yeah. And then down Utica, they said and the Name wm Peter K. Ka'swa.
PP:
That's the house was up'O'oma way up in the tree line you know.
KM:
Peter K?
KM:
Ahh.
PP:
K -e -a -w -a. Peter K Ka'awa that was his name.
PP:
And are house is my mother and my step -father's hoax. So he ore that house down, and he
KM:
'As. Amazing!
tom down the old folks hares, and they brought 'urn down. He build one hoax. So actually
PP:
And I mid 'em, "Oh, they got the picture." And who happened, we had a picture like it at
the lumber to that house is part of the grand folks (rouse.
hoe. When I left home when I went high school and after graduated I never came back. I
KM:
Ohh.
worked at the hotel then 1 got married, I never care back to the home. They had the picture
PP:
AM still standing up, I thick Freitas funny, because Palakiko died and then Amy...
you know of those olden days, big one like?
KM:
'Ae.
KN:
Amy Freitas.
PP:
Old, old?
KM:
'Ac.
Yea` Yes.
PP:
Then he had this two stones. He had his own and then the hoed too, the poi board was a
'
mango tree he had carved it.
PP:
But when he was playing the 'vAeV it was the other way,'<ause one person.
KM:
Yes, the papa ku'i 'ai.
KM:
Ohh!
PP:
Then one day the step- father said,"Oh, maybe you should keep this stone instead, because 1
PP:
The other old picture was three of us. Myself, that sista in Kwa'i and we more that died
have my stone, a bigger atmse." So I said, "Oh, okay." So be gave me the stone so I kept the
about I would say few or five years ago already, the three of us.
stone all the years, until oh maybe about, over
KM:
Bather and?
sic years ago. 1 gave it in my girl became she was teaching Hawaiian in Honolulu. I help her
at Iolani School for about six years as a Arrpuw nemuree.
PP:
Lily.
KM:
U11-hram.
KM:
Lily.
PP:
And 1 old her well, wmelimn she's in else she get Hawaiian program and she will tell them
PP:
And myself.
about making poi...
KM:
Yes, uh-hmm.
KM:
Wonderful!
PP:
Then, three of us we took a picture, that time, we were kids yet. They took the picture, and
PP:
So she has the alone. And then when my father-in-law did he had one board too, one small
when I left ho ne...you know when you're young you don't maliez the importance of s IN of
board maybe [thinking] about this big I think [gestures[.
things.
KM:
So about twenty inches by two and a half feet.
KM:
Yea.
PP:
Yeah...
PP:
Sometimes I think now, l wish 1 had my godfather's 'fikekd.
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KM:
...So, kupuna you saw this photograph ofyour papa, and it was Peter K. Ka'awa?
PP:
Yeah, yeah.
PP:
Yeah. Peter K. Ka'awa.
KM:
William Kesnmina.
KM:
K., initial K. or Keka'awa?
PP:
He was at Honokohau.
PP:
Initial K.
KM:
Yea, and this is his lot that he bought at'O'oma. These were homestead lots, this map was
surveyed in 1902, 1 think it's Register Map Number 2123. And this one is older, and a
KM:
Okay, K. m Ka'awa ko isms hope?
pe
woderful map, this is Register Map 2035 [compiled fiom 1446, 1447, 1448 & 1449]. Now,
PP:
Yeah.
so hem's where we start to cane into...
KM:
Okay. What I wanted to do, let me see real quickly [opens Register Map No. 21231 this is
PP:
KOki'o.
Register Map of the'O'oma and Kalaoa homesteads, okay. But this, the map...
KM:
Yea, this goes all the way from KOki'o and it comes mund over to Koo at Manini'awali.
PP:
I think'O'oma is what you call...
PP:
Yeah.
KM:
See, he e's'O'oma ma'ane 7. Grant 'aina to Maguire though. Here's the lob they started to
KM:
But, I wort to just see, what point is this? Pu'ukala, there's Keahole. What I'm going to do,
divide up for homesteads. This is still makat basically of the old, this is the rod section that
let me just close part of this map so that it's closer to you. Here we erne back into'O'oma.
taus out of Kohanaiki 1 Mink here, you know by the old church at Kohanaiki before?
'O'oma here, Kahane, here's Keahole Point.
PP:
Yeah.
PP:
I see.
KM:
Below Hinalani Road, Kohanaiki Homesteads, here.
KM:
Kalihi, Kama I don't know if you remember down by the waterhole down by'O'oma had an
PP:
Koharaiki Mat's an ahupua'a that goes down makai.
old, but this was a long time ego, Kama was Me?
KM:
'As, ma'one'i.
PP:
I don't know that name Kama, but I know some waterholes down them though.
PP:
'O'cons is also an ahupua'a.
KM:
POhili hem's Wawaloli Point right hem.
KM:
'As. Heres'O'ma.
PP:
Ohh. This Puhili I woder when that rocky part that you know get the sand. You know you
PP:
But Raises, I don't know if it went down to the beach.
cane a you go down OTEC.
KM:
That's right. Mat's right, that's coned.
KM:
Ahh
PP:
The sad and they start the lava strip then when you get the other side it's sand you know.
PP:
This, up here is Kalam (indicating present location].
[areas pointed out during field visit of January 14, 2003]
KM:
This is makai [pointing out locations on map], and this is the ocean here.
KM:
Yea.
PP:
Obh, ocean here.
PP.
1 think there was a fens over there.
KM:
Here's Puhili Point.
KM:
Ahh.
PP:
Yeah, Polhill.
PP:
I think they... [thinking] they called that the pa kao [Figure S] or what, they used to keep
KM:
You come you would go along Ho'onk or Keahole Point would be out here.
animals inside.
PP:
Oh, oh. Where's Wawaloli?
KM:
Right here [poinding out arta on shore of'O'oma]. Wait Iers look a another map...
PP:
These were the old lots that they sold [pointing at lots on map].
KM:
That's right. But what happened is, it ends up that not too many people got 'em like ... can
you red this name Kekoa7 [poirrting out manna given on the Kalsoa Inde lands] Wahinekapu,
yeah, 3.W. Wahinekapu. This was a lot and here was Kupuo'o, S. Kupuo'o.
PP:
Kupuo'o, no I don't know that more.
KM:
Yesh. But Wahiockapu7
PP:
Wahinekspu, yeah.
KM:
Oh, Keansaina this is W illim the old man, the grandfather of Mslaea them.
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Figure 2. Interior of "Pd Kao" In Kohanaiki (December 6, 2002)
KM: 'Ae.
PP: And as you continue on that sand you come to the junction that comes up to this road down
here, the rough road. There's one road down here that's where the people...I think they sleep
down there because this gate closes at eight or something like that, so they go that way down
and come back.
KM: You mean this is in Kohanaiki or in 'O'oma?
PP: In Kohanaiki. The road goes down.
KM: ' Kohanaiki, yes..You know this point here Pfihili?
PP: Uh-hmm.
KM: This is right on the boundary between 'O'oma and Kohanaiki.
PP: Ohh.
KM: So that big stone structure, that's on the side there?
PP: Yeah.
KM: That's basically this point here you know when you go down and get the sand, then starts the
rocks.
PP: Yeah.
KM: That's basically Puhili.
[During a field visit of January 14`h, 2003, kupuna noted that he had seen the old platform
during his youth, while traveling the shore line to fish, but that he had never heard about it's
RC -0154
use or purpose. When asked, he observed that he did not recall ever hearing the site referred
to as a heiau, or of its being associated with burials.]
PP: You know they have worked close to there already, they have some kind of installation over
there.
KM: Ae. They have put something in there.
PP: Because over there, the ocean drops down and goes deep, it goes down.
KM: Ae.
PP: So maybe they have pipes coming up over there I think.
KM: Ahh [pauses]. So tutu you said that your grandfather was Peter K. Ka'awa?
PP: Ka'awa, yeah.
KM: He had 'diva in 'O'oma?
PP: lie had ten acres, but the 'aina, lilo (land is lost now)... What they did is they went claim
adverse possession of it, that's why. And I couldn't do anything because I was not. legally
adopted by these grand folks so I couldn't... Probably I could if I went through court and all
that because we can go find church records. People who know yeah, these two children were
adopted by their grand folks. .
KM: 'Ae, lawe hdnai.
PP: Yeah, hdnai by these grand folks, but no more paper those days. Hdnai, but no more the
paper.
KM: No palapala.
PP: No more.
KM: I see on this map [RM # 20351, like this one here what it shows us is... [reading names off of
map] If we come Kalaoa, 'O'oma you know Koniohale, Puak6 this is a grant. These grants
from the 1850s, 1860s thereabouts a Kaiakoili, I don't know if you remember Kaiakoili and
they were with Ha'o?
PP: No, I don't remember that.
KM: Okay.
PP: Kaiakoili?
KM: Yeah, Kaiakoili.
PP: No. There was a person named Koele though.
KM: Ohh.
PP: There's a lot of names I don't hear today.
KM: Ae.
PP: Koele, of course they had Ha'o, Henry Ha'o that name is still yet, the Ha'o name... [recalls
Jack Ha'o's daughter] That family was there too, and Kuhaiki.
KM: Kuhaiki. In 'O'oma?
PP: No Kuhaiki, they stayed at Kohanaiki. 'O'oma was [thinking] us, Kabananui was.
KM: Okay. And, kala mai your full name, uncle what is your full name?
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PP:
Peter Keikua'ana Park. And 1 often wondered if that was right, Keikaa'ana...or whether my
more than half a mile above the government mad, and extended mauka through the forest.]
grandfather's name was Keikw'ana a Kaikua'sna.
KM:
Okay, so about a mile up you get into the forest area?
KM:
'As. You know and in the language sometimes we hear the kupuw my Keikua'aw or
PP:
That's where we were.
Kaikw'aw, K -e -i or K -a -i7
KM:
And what was your work up in there?
PP:
Yeah.
PP:
My grandfather, all he did was plant taro.
KM:
Meika'i, rnaika's.
KM:
For rat!
PP:
Yeah, yeah. Maybe it's the same thing, ballast like present and past
moki'ai everyday.
KM:
Yea, yes. What year and date were you hanau?
Ke.
KM:
'A
PP:
May 10, 1918.
PP:
I remember him on the farm, at farm 1 could remember, every day from Monday till
KM:
OM1, pornaika'i, what a blessing. You coming on well, you've hit eighty-four.
Saturday, he'll be on the farm P -al breakfast and he goes up and he stays and then when lunch
PP:
I hit eighty-four already.
time my gmndnwther she "O" m him and he, "O" back. That's when he knows it's lunch time
he come back. Maybe he takes an how lunch t think. He won't sleep, and he goes back on the
KM:
Obh what a blessing!
from again. He'd take his time end go though. When I saw him he was always having hard
PP:
I don't know how long more [chuckles].
time m walk, but he'd go. And then thou days he'll dig that guava bee, even take him one
KM:
O mahalo ke Akw oro Via saes la. So kupuna when you were bum, you were born at
week, two weeks m dig that guava bee. Ohh!
'O'emas
KM:
No give up yeah?
PP:
'O'oma
PP:
No give up. And I think he never needed to, you can dig around wherever you can fund soil,
but he would dig this guava tree down, Mae apple bees, all that. The only thing we do is we
KM:
And were you bow at the mauka house near the forest or near...?
go cul 'ama'u for mulch the growl.
PP:
Yeah, mawta nem the forest.
KM:
'As. kipulu, mulch?
KM:
You said mauka near the forest line.
PP:
Yeah. After the kala grows healthy and everything and just starts the sero already, they weed
PP.
At that time not the present house that I was saying that they tae down.
the patch then we go cut all the 'ama'u and come, they plea inside then where the kalo is
planted, m the grass no grow. -
KM:
Yes, that they one and brought down.
PP:
It was one shack you know. The kind of shack that they made I think was guava stick, 'ohi'a
KM.
Ac'
Mick and the aiding, were sisal, ti leaf and stuff like that.
PP:
And after one year ready, and go inside huki and est.
KM:
For real, pa'i 'ia me ka lau?
KM:
And your kala, big, comes big?
PP:
Yeah, just like.
PP:
No not to big yet.
KM:
Hale papa's?
KM:
Not to high oh, so three fat or m?
PP:
Yeah, poor kind house, not at house.
PP:
Because dry land. If water, maybe you know get more water, no more water.
KM:
So what were yew kirpuaa ma doing new the forest line? And if I could, from the clamor die
KM:
Yeah. So you lay the 'wra'u out like that?
old alarmi when you were a child...
PP:
Yeah.
PP:
yeah.
KM:
And you waste weed, and you lay down the 'ama'u?
KM:
About how far mauka was the house you think?
PP:
Yeah.
PP:
I would say maybe from where we used to go in and go.
KM:
And it keeps it protected, moisture?
KM:
'Ae.
PP:
Yeah. From weeds and keeps the dampness there when min, damp otherwise the sun.
PP:
it would be about maybe almost a mile.
KM'
Kehau?
[On January 14, 2003, kupwa look Kepi to the old homestead land, and pointed out the
PP:
Yeah, krhau.
former house site and mahiw 'ai (cultivating lands). The bottom of the parcel began a little
IN
KM:
PP:
KM:
PP:
KM:
PP:
KM:
PP:
KM:
PP:
KM:
PP:
KM:
PP:
KM:
PP:
KM:
PP:
KM:
PP:
aC41"
Did they let the lb est...were there any bees above ur was it all open by your time?
[thinking] Just when: the patch was.
Softest when: the patch is, he opened it, an still had trxa em the side?
On the side yeah, around. We lived right nem the 46hi'a line.
'Ae. What kinds of kala did you plant, do you remember?
They planted [thinking] ...I remember was leh m was the main one for poi. Lehua, pala'i 7, I
used in hear the mune.
Ae, pala'i'i.
And maw ke'oke'o.
Ae.
And also dirt [thinking] 1 don't know if it's mono' ele'ele, black you know.
Ae, it is mama 'ele'ele, and ke'oke'o like that
Yeah, they had that.
Maw 'ulu paha?
Yah, maw 'arta. Maw 'ulu was more, forjust 'ai pa's.
'Aipa'a, table kind yeah.
Yeah, because they no make poi. And another one [thinking] poiw the name, [thinking] it
smells, the two fragrant.
Oh, ka Iola, 'ala ka lala?
KC uta [thnking]?
'Ae, I think the fngance right?
Smell yah, it has smell.
Nice kind smell right?
Yeah. It's the nice smell from the tam.
Ae.
They had awe other name they called it,
Not elepulo, 'oop....?
Not 'elepaio. I never bear of 'elepaio. But pala'i'i yeah and [thinking] ...Shucks I can't
remember the name of that two ww but it smelly if you know what I'm saying. [Kupwa
later recdled that it was the kdo 'o'opu kai.]
The ka lata is known for it's fragrance.
Yeah, smell. And them when they cooked the two, the tam was about that big sire like that
[gestures with hands].
Fill in your tsvopelms, hands.
He would dig enough to make poi for we week for us to at And then the next week he
keep on going, you kuki over here, he keep planting you know.
13
KC.M.
KM: Yes, yes,
PP: You huki here, by the time you reach over here, that one growing, come back over hem. The
one that the Fula you left, come just right for h -U again. Then eat that one and go like that
[gestures around to different mahina 'ail.
KM: No'awo k%In 'ano hang.
PP: Yeah.
KM: He .h. lnkaa i keknhi fvohi a kame how, but they already get theirother place.
PP: Yeah. And he keep on making the fame, because you got to keep on going. Keep on, because
if he plant the same place ... I don't know, tam seem to eat all the... [pauses]
KM: Nutrients.
PP: Yeah. No more, I don't know what you do to bring back.
KM: That's why kfrkif them also put kfpulu, the match on top and then when they sale they bum
a little bit you knww it goes back into the 'dina. Did papa use fire occasionally to bum it?
PP: Oh yeah, he does.
KM: See,'cause all the ash and MIT and when they hulk ko'ohuh 'nine e.
PP: Yeah, yeah.
KM: Than it coma back so that's how they can come back eventually 'cause they go around like
you said yeah.
PP. Yeah, yeah.
KM: Plant different locations
PP: Yeah. When 1 think sometime, 1 say, "gee they didn't have backhoe, no more bulldoze,
cannot, all by hand though."
KM: Yes, Vo?
PP. 'd'd, yeah.
KM: Did your papa also plant 'wla like that?
PP: Vats, yah.
KM: Up them too or near the upland?
PP: Yeah.
KM: Upland. What kinds of'wls?
PP: [thinking] Most time it's ... I don't know what's the name of the 'wla, I forget it's name. It's
not the real firm kind, because like they had that Okinawa potato. I think that's the one that
little bitpunapmfa in the middle.
KM: 'Ae, 'ae.
PP: But neve had that variety they had more like the Kohala kind.
KM: Ae.
PP: Kohala is like a yam they call it.
KM: Yes, uhf?
1a
PP: Unot mri meath, then he gerlime toplant too. Don't plant anytime, you know, potato. pp: So when you get the sugar cane, big.
15 16
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PP:
Yeah, uhi. We plant Rhi.
KM:
For mal?
KM:
Do you remember the homes nice yellow waide, or h0aW like that?
PP:
Yeah, they go by the moon. Those days, I never see calendar, the moon was the calendar. If
PP:
Yeah yeah
they can remember the first moon that's Hilo, first noon.
KM:
The'wls, hi'iska or huamoa? Never hew?
KM:
'Ae.
PP:
Gee, 1 don't know what the sore was but... [Kinking]
PP:
Then when you come the eighth moon it's already half way look like, ch.
KM:
Okay.
KM:
'Ae.
PP:
Used to be kind of a lisle bit on the orange color.
PP:
So it would be, I Kink the 'Ole, it's all pau by then.
KM:
Yee, yea.
KM:
'Ae, so 'Ole is when they don't plant?
PP:
And some little bit purple.
PP:
Yeah. Well 1 never hew he plant when 'Ole. He plants potatoes like he does when Mlhealant
for sure though.
KM:
'Ae. And did bepu'e?
KM:
'Ae, Mahealani.
PP:
Yeah,pu'e.
PP:
Because he said the potato would be full that way.
KM:
Pu'e, make mound.
KM:
'Ae, Mahea/ani, full moan.
PP:
Yeah, make momld.
PP:
Yeah. That's why he mys... h< used to interpret, I hear him tell, he said like "Mrrheolani the
KM:
Lepo with pohaht unjust lepo?
potato will be like saying'mahes wau 7" Where will 1 be? [chuckling]
PP:
No, just lepo.
KM:
'Ae.
KM:
Lepo sopu'e.
PP:
He mid he doesn't plant in the... (thinking] Kaloa moon. There is a Moo noon.
PP:
But him, after I think three, four months I see him go and go scrape around that (geatums
KM:
'Ae.
digging into the mouth checking for potatoes].
PP:
No plant.
KM:
'Ae.
KM:
No plant?
PP:
Then if too much he broke one throw away, you know. So the pumices, get big.
PP:
You know why?
KM:
Ah, so come big?
KM:
No.
PP:
Yeah.
PP:
Only nuulers.
KM:
Oh, an be would actually go and check like that ch.
KM:
Ahh.
PP:
Book the potato and just to make mom for the other one, other wise...
PP:
?
You know the potato you plant all soots.
KN:
Small?
KM:
Yes.
PP:
Yeah.
pp:
You go dig no more potato. All look big eh.
KM:
You know from this table that we're w here.
KM:
So los only long runners?
PP:
Yeah.
PP:
Yeah. No stop because long. What he plant on Kdloa moon is bamboo, sugar cane.
KM:
How big do you think the pu'e war?
KM:
Yes.
PP:
Oh no, the pu'e only small, as wide as this paper (the map].
PP:
The puna get big.
KM:
So two feet terms and just rounded up?
KM:
'Ae, logical.
PP:
Yeah. Because sof, so the potato can hua.
PP:
Yeah. So they come long instead of short kind you don't want eat short kind.
KM:
Yes.
KM:
Yes, yes.
PP: Unot mri meath, then he gerlime toplant too. Don't plant anytime, you know, potato. pp: So when you get the sugar cane, big.
15 16
Ac-0lm
KM: G)'thi ka puna?
PP: Yeah, io'ihi kapuma. Bwboo same thing, WYihi kapuna. So Katon.
KM: Katua for tlrox kinds of things.
PP: Yeah.
KM: And MaheolamT
PP: For something that's big and full.
KM: As,, We.
PP: Before Mahealani is Hakes.
KM: 'Ae.
PP: Thue's two Holif, Hdkliili and Holnipalesau.
KM: Hour.
PP: If you planting fruit trees, no pint ... You got to welch. You can plant Hiksi, but be sure that
MAO you plant is MUM. And Hokoili, the sun have to strike the moon. The moon is yellow
but if the moon is while never itt.
KM: Ahh.
PP: So, if the moan set, white yet than the hvits going to fall maybe some will hog but going to
fall.
KM: Yes.
PP: Because pale..
KM: Pal~?
PP: It fell the moon just fell.
KM: Thafs right, palemo.
PP: Or even the not just hit the rrwon, the fruits going to fall. That's why you wonder, somelinnes
I don't know, I look around the trees, l see plenty green mangoes down. You wonder I Roam
too much, maybe they're just shedding some. It's belt, though in s way. you Rel bigger fruit.
But sometimes it holds all. OM full the tree with fruits and they're not big.
KM: Ya.
PP'. Like mourstsin apples, one time we had ob that tree looked once, fall and everything but not
big.
KM: Yeah. Oh, so you still heard yow...and saw your kupuna your kahu hangs, he'd plant with
this so like you mid Hilo he plant?
PP: Hilo he would plant new things,
KM: New things like that?
PP: Yeah Hilo. Or like the neat moon is Husks. Hilo, Hoaka.
KM: lost little sliver, and Men a little more?
PP: Yeah. And the maks of the things (plants) comes out, the shoos.
KM: AM, I see.
aCaUw
PP: For fishing no good.
KM: Ohh.
PP: Hooka is you, cast shadow.
KM: 'Ac. Curt shadows around an, the fish all...
PP: ...all go run away [chuckling].
KM: All run away) [chuckling]
PP: 1 don't know, you know. All these things, it's been said now, "seeing is believing." You got
to see it to believe it, but if you believe what the old folks said... 1 know there's a lot of these
Hawaiians when you thirds, you sce things that's been done, even like engineering. They
never had engineering but if you look thin ad, old Hawaiian trail, Government hail.
KM: Alatoa, Alamsi AupumT
PP: Yeah, Aupuni.
KM: Makai one?
PP: Right.
ICM: Yes.
PP: That road is straight as far m yew eye wn sm.
KM: Yes.
PP: Whether it go down up and down they have curve or the side they put stone.
ICM: Yes. And they even when gra the halu'a like that they build it up yeah?
PP: Yeah.
KM: Fill in, gel the curb stone, kfpaepae yeah on the side.
PP: They keep on going.
KM: Yeah.
PP: Sonne places they preserved that.
KM: Yes, yes.
PP: I know Maunalmi preserves that.
ICM: 'Ae, positions. In the park at Kaloko-Honokohao, they've pnmerved it.
PP: All over the place. But like now when they'm developing.
KM: 'Oki [cut up].
PP: They could care nem, they going bulldoze.
KM: Yeah. What is your mana'o about the old hail, like down at 'O'oma? Is it worth, is it
important you think to preserve them old places?
PP: Well, it's a story, the history.
KM: it's a pat of your history, yes.
PP: Yeah, because it was there.
17 Is
RC-0151
RCa1"
KM:
Your kripurm traveled it.
kids... even though if you have kids now, you're talking like this, they're outside playing,
PP:
Before my k0Isma's days, that was Nem, they used that.
they can hear what you're saying.
KM:
Oh yes, kirpuna po'e kakiko.
KM:
'Ae.
PP:
Even like now they trying to preserve the Great Wall.
PP:
One day, when they grumble, 1 heard my father saying something, I remember them saying
something but they never actually tell you but you hear it Lot of staff I'm telling, some
KM:
'Ae Pd Kuakini.
things 1 was act mid but I heard.
PP:
You know where Nat Lowes building is coming up?
KM:
Yes, I understand.
KM:
Yes.
pp :
And they went say when volcano came down they rush, the Hawaiians would rush to there
PP:
You see how them, they no touch the wall? Now the State says just like you cannot break that
with their gifts.
wail. What they can do maybe is repair it.
KM:
'Ae.
KM:
Yeah. But you ace there s something tam, I hem sometimes. If you take something old apart
PP:
That's why I still... somehow because that thing is in me I guess you know I say the stories
and then they say, "oh go rebuild. repair." Is it just as good as it was when your tin"na built
like that. I always have that respect. And when I hear people take the kind pig head, pig stuff
it?
to dust, that's not right. Became you're not supposed to give that kind stuff, when you give
PP:
Maybe not, l think.
you got to give something good, you don't give k ma.
KM:
Yeah, different, 'oko'a ka mana.
KM:
Uh-ham.
PP:
Maybe lose, you lox the value I think too.
PP:
And then they said when they went, when the volcano came, they went there and themed.
KM:
Yeah.
KM:
Ae.
PP:
Even like 1 heard people get that ku'ula, the fishing ku'ula.
PP:
And now again hard to say whether it was we or not, seeing is believing. But they mid when
the volcano Bowing and then when this guy chanted, the volcano, somehow slows down and
KM:
'Ae.
then it circles.
PP:
And then they saw the some. 'Gum I know this person I know him well because his my
KM:
'Ae.
friend too, that's why. The man who had the ku'via. Al Ks'elemakule Store, he had the
Pp:
It sort of stops, it's just like they, they hem the sound of the chant I think and then after that
ku'ula. Ad every time they fed that ku'ulo, and then when alone time crone, they can see it
the But' is inside there he's surrounded this thing now. Now you know embody can survive
right in Kailua. They"right them.
in that kind of hot staff, tam then he tunea back.
KM:
Who is this?
KM:
He can.
PP:
Ka'elemalmle.
PP:
And came out you know.
KM:
Oh, papa John Ka'elemakule?
KM:
He ran walk over.
PP:
Ka'elemakule.
PP:
Maybe the power, you know.
KM:
'Ae. Oh, an interesting.
KM:
'Ae.
PP:
And then what happened, when he did they took the ku'ula but no work.
PP:
And that's how it was. But today you no hew that kind.
KM:
As.
KM:
No.
PP:
Maybe they never hensi maybe, I don't know.
pp:
You can go over there and chant 1 think the lava still going. [chuckles]
KM:
Poloist 'toe.
KM:
Yeah. So, kuku you heard them kinds of stories?
PP:
When you take a ku'ula like that, Nate a sacred stuff you know.
PP:
ihesd.
KM:
Ym.
KM:
And even you mid when you were young y y y g your papa, your taker Funai would 'air?
PP:
You have u, treat'em like mored, l mean a lot ofthings-A don't know, it's hard to when you
pp:
'Olt. In fact 1 have... Bishop Museum gave me a tape, but you know it's not clear.
think, "1 wonder if this is real, if this is true or nolT' When you are telling it to somebody
who &,m 't have that ... what you call cultural background, that thing...oeh, nah. They used
KM:
Hud. It was recorded in the 1920s I think by Helen Roberts?
to tell... I used to bear them talking stay hot they no tell. You know, when we wee
PP:
Way back. Yeah, yeah.
19
20
RC-0lu
KM: In 1920s by Helen Roberts.
PP: Actually Helen Roberts, she willed her MIT ..that's how my grandfather's picture was there.
KM: Ahh, ace.
PP: And 1 gat the picture...
KM: Good
PP: My g a ndfathef's picture.
KM: May 1 ask you quickly?
PP: Yeah.
KM: lust so I make some to do this. You hanau in 1918?
PP: Yeah.
KM: Your sister Lily is above you?
PP: Yeah.
KM: And Esther?
PP: She was the first.
KM: She was the first so Esther, Lily and you?
PP: Me.
KM: That's all?
PP: No. Then my mother tarried Kahammui.
KM: Joe?
PP: Yeah...
KM: Okay. Now, what was name's name?
PP: My mother?
KM: Your mother?
PP: Agnes English name, Hawaiian name is Kala'i. I think the way it's supposed to be spelled her
more was K -a -I -a apostrophe i, I thiNr, Ksla'i not Kalai.
KM: Kala'i. You think Kala'i, the calm, peaceful, paha?
PP: Maybe calm 1 think.
KM: Calm, Kaht-i. And her last name was?
PP: Apele.
KM: Apele, oh.
PP: That's her maiden name. She was boa in Maui.
KM: She came from Kahikind, KW side?
PP: who?
KM: Apele?
RC -01H
PP: I don't know where, 'cause when I was about film I think, I went to Maui and the aunties
were living in Wailuku.
KM: Wailuku already, okay.
PP: Yeah.
KM: But tha's not with Kalua'u is it?
PP: 1 think that's the same name. You know what there's all kinds, it's the same. Because my
umle tune here he was... the name Apele.
KM: -Ae... Okay so that's where that comes in. Mona was Apele?
PP: Yeah, Apele.
KM: Who was your papa?
PP: Park from Korea.
KM: Park from Korea okay. So your mama was pure Hawaiian and papa was pure Korean?
PP: Yeah, pure Korean.
KM: Okay. Now, your kahn hdnai Ka'aws?
PP: Pure Hawaiian.
KM: Pure Hawaiian. Was he 'ahem to mama or was it...?
PP: Yeah.
KM: Okay.
PP: That's why I still want to go look in the archives about him, been= I want to know ... I wn
told that, not from him now.
KM: Yes.
PP: Fumy he never tell me things so I would know. He served when it was King Kalakaua's
time.
KM: Ae.
PP: Now, that's why I'm not aura, I want to find out, I want to go to the archives and look.
KM: 1 will look fm you when I go okay.
PP: You try look.
KM: I always go down. It's always interesting. Peter K. Ka'aws7
PP: Ka'awa. He also had a nickname you know. John Wt.
KM: Ahh, Hi'u, an he came from Maui too.
PP: John Hi'u?
KM: Yes.
PP: Yeah, he was from Maui.
KM: That's why. Did you ever hear if Ka'aws was pan of a longer name?
PP: No.
21 22
RC -01M
KM: Have you heard that Ka'awa my have been pmt of a longer name?
PP: No. He always when he wrote his mine, he neem did write Peter K. Ka'awa he always just
P.K. Ka'awa
KM: And Job. Hi u7
PP: John HPu, nickname.
KM: Mthu rneyes,'ceusel'dhcard.
PP: You heard that lob. HPu?
KM: Yea. That he was from Maui W.
PP: Yeah, Maui, he was a Maui boy.
KM: Okay. And his wife you mama kohu hlmoi was who?
PP: Kahenewae that's her name.
KM: Kahenawale.
PP: Kahuawale.
RC-0IM
KM: Was she frau hem m...7
PP: She's from here, yeah towards Holualoa side.
KM: Ahh.
PP: Kahmewale, but I saw mine document her last nine was Kamaka. Kahmawale Kamaka and
she said she was ... when the time 1 recall she avid that she was the only heir left at that time. I
don't know who her family, m we were too young to sit down talk story and ask questions.
KM: Yes, of course.
PP: Mom, I wish they went much me how to 'oli, but they neem teach me how to 'oh,
KM: Herm. So you would hem Kahanawale and Ka'awa they would 'oh? In the early rooming
or ... 7
PP: In the evening sometimes.
KM: How about when they went out to plant in their field?
PP: No, I don't mc, don't hear.
KM: In the evening though like that?
PP: Yeah. They did lot of things culturally.
KM: Yes, yes.
PP: Lice when we were sick like fist. Go get kukui, don't break, 'amen, you get two come back.
She pule, she look down the war and pule. And then after that, just like telling God take this
ea from this child and bury it down to the west.
KM: 'Ae. With the setting of the sun.
PP: Yeah, west.
KM: 'de, west.
PP: White she praying she already Pluck (one of the him kukdl, and pule by the time she say
'amen, it's full with the rep. Open you mouth...
KM: So she bring the hm, and two hum on one brunch?
PP: Two yeah, no broke.
KM: 'Ae, no broke. And when she finally breaks it, it wells up, kela wa?
PP: Yeah, the water, sap. When you hear 'amen [gestures rubbing the wai hua in the mouth].
KM: 'Ae, mb all on your unique and what.
PP: The 'ea. And the next one she pule too [gestures applying wai h. once again].
KM: And mbs it again. 'Ahm'awa maid In'au, aka marka'i.
PP: OM1 yeas. The ea imide.
KM: Ole, all gone.
PP: They call it 'res, but I think fever?
KM: Yeah, duush, thrush fever.
23 24
KM:
KM:
pp:
KM:
PP:
KM:
RC -0151
That's what they used to give us that, and ppolo.
Ae.
Papa '6hra.
'Ae. The bah from the 'ohi'a?
Yeah.
They burn the bark?
No, no, aro. The bah ejust chew and gargle and swallow.
When thepu'u 'eha or something?
Yeah. When you catch cold.
Ae.
That's la'au. Today a lot of people don't use the luau medicine, we buy drugs, you pay
[chuckling].
Oh, so wonderful. So you would, you kupun, your kahu hanal, these an: the things—this is
how you were raised?
Yeah. They no buy medicine, all medicine from home. AM then laukuhi for boil.
'A e.
And when gel fever you ger that castor oil leaf.
Ae, kolf.
They pm on your po'o fa take the fever down.
Did they still use Io'i like that tonrenmes?
L67 too, because la cold.
Like that that's right.
And even la'f, if you gel boil if no more that, they scrape the leaf that green.
./e.
And then they put on top, so they get the maka of.. [pauses] The boil.
Draw it out?
Yeah. Then you can holo.
Ae.
And the main thing they get the core out. Then they put the dtrcad and they squeeze, get that,
then they huki. Just like one do [chuckling].
Oh yeah, 'ere.
Cuaaanted ola.
'As ala.
As soon m yen take the sae out yon ola.
Am umIll
25
RC -0151
PP: They had their own way of doing things. If we can only go back and use some of these
things. Like 'oleo they used to plant 'olena. 'Olen I think was more used for some people
who had sinus.
ICM: 'Ae.
PP: And inside the ear sore. Drop the '61ma drops, you swallow the 'dlena juice it's alright too.
And they used to plant pia. You know the pia?
KM: 'Ae, 'ac. And did they use pia for cooking or for ld'au?
PP: No they used to make for act enough for make poi and stuff like that, but they would also
make for wash clothes like that.
KM: Yes, yes. 'Came anarchy yeah?
PP: Yes. Scrape that thing bum- by they mix 'um in the water and let'em stand, then the pia go
down the bottom then throw away the water, kaulu'i, and bum -by this thing all come like
march.
KM: Powdery?
PP: Yeah, powdery, anarchy.
KM: Yesgo they would still make their own Inc. And this was gm" up?
PP: Up there, our place.
KM: Now was that the only house that you lived in with kakis them, or did they have a makai
house also?
PP: No, that's the only house.
KM:. Only house.
PP. After that grass shack we came into that house.
KM: Ahh. With the papa (lumber) on top?
PP: Yeah. And you know the grans shack, he go cut acral.
KM: Yes.
PP: One long one.
KM: The sisal was up hem or a little further down?
PP: Halfway, Palani Road.
KM: That's right, okay.
PP: They cut that sisal halfway. Had name about fifteen, twenty feel Ing, fifteen feet.
KM: Uh-hm n.
PP: He cut in half gouge all that soft stuff inside, use for gutter.
KM: Yes, yet.
PP: The water go inside. And we used to get water inside...
KM: That's how you catch water?
PP: Yeah, yeah. They can use that. They're not going to buy. They used that sisal for goner.
26
RC -GIN
RC -0W
KM:
Of course.
PP:
I think an yeah.
PP:
AM then they what you call, we used a barrel m catch water, and then usually the mosquito
KM:
Ahh. And you learned this, used this, heard it from your kupunal
all inside then.
PP:
Yeah, I hear him talking all the time.
KM'
Lana'
KM:
And all of these different things, when they plant or they go lawai'a?
PP:
Yeah. So when we like water we have to shake the water and the thing go down then you dip
PP.
Yeah.
inside [chuckling] so you can drink.
KM:
Amazing!
KM:
But look ola.
PP:
Oh yeah ola. That's why sometimes I think, what I went through as compared with today, it's
PP:
But he never go to much a. That's why 1 said, to be honest 1 never learned that kind of
skills. My grandfather didn't Y have much skills that 1 could say, oh I learned, he went teach me
a wonder I'm alive yet and we're all alive.
how N make net, he went teach me how, to... The only Ming I can say my grandmother
KM:
yeah, amazing!
taught me how th weave hat. She taught me how to weave mat and weave basket, because we
PP:
Even the kind da on BY. oh they like to lay eggs inside there. Lay alfs Inside and we t"i
go pick coffee.
sometimes with the cloth so they no go imide but.
KM:
'Ae.
KM:
yeah.
PP:
So I learned how to do those things, till today 1 still weave those things.
PP:
But that was a hard life when I Mink of il. But when 1 was growing up, 1 never saw any better
KM:
You folks had ten acres? That was papa's 'aim?
life.
PP:
Yeah, and we never even tarn the whole thing.
KM:
That's right.
KM:
You never fainted the whole thing?
PP:
That was the beat.
PP:
Not even WE
KM:
It was wonderful.
KM:
Was it a homestead land do you know, or...?
PP:
Yeah.
PP:
I... [thinking] might be.
KM:
Now, did you... and if I, theme so many wonderful things that you've been talking about you
[The land was a subdivision of the larger Grant No. 1600, Patented to Kaakau, and elder in
know, these recollections. If you think about the days of the month and the moon that your
Ksmaka family. Kupuna Park's wife, Anna Kamaka-Park, is the daughter of Palakiko
kaha Idmai would plant by you said Hilo come?
Kamaka, and was raised on the Ka'akan-Kama (Kamaka) parcel in Kalaoa, covered under
PP:
Hilo.
another Grant. No. 2972.1
KM:
Then?
KM:
I'll try and find out, but it was in'O'oma?
PP:
Hoe"
PP:
'O'o ns.
KM:
Honks.
KM:
And you said it was close to a mile above the road ansa?
PP:
Then short the Kit. Somebody 1 heard they plant potato at the Ksr nights, you know.
PP:
Yeah.
KM:
Kukahi like that Kuhns?
KM:
Okay. I'm going In try and find a map for you of'O'oma with homesteads.
Pp:
Kukahi. Kulun Kukolu. Kum, four.
[On January 14, 2003, Kepa gave kupune a copy of Homestead Map No. 6, covering the
upper elevation Homesteads from Kohamiki through Hamanamans. The lands described
KM:
'Ae, Ku s)_a ,
above are depicted.]
PP:
Men the other way, after the moon goes back down then that's only two nightsif it's 'Ole
pp:
In fact if we get time 1,11 take you and show you where we lived.
well,'Olekukahi 'Olekulm, then'Olekumu.
KM:
Ohh, okay.
KM:
'Ae.
PP:
Theo things that 1 sew there, was the flout steps still there, and somebody built a house
PP:
Before moon, the rising moon is P6, that's HH_lo, Hoygk , Kukehi, Kulun, Kukolu, Kuoau,
right behind Mem.
eh
'Olekukahi,'Olelmlua,'Olekukcil jjkrmau HOoarmhalu. fjW, 9ku& SELL,aM_ h�ani.
Then you go the other way, Kids. IA'au-k tlailn 45'au-kulua La'au-mu then Kaloa-kukahi,
KM:
You're kiddingl What we'll do is we'll come back if it's okay with you and then 1 can drive
Kilo-kulan, Kabs-muthan come Kan Lono, Mali Muku.
You up, we can go. We can go up just holoholo, nano 'aina.
KM:
'As. And Kane, 'oia ks po Kane?
PP:
Yeah, yeah.
27
29
RCM14
KM: It would be wonderful I [The trip was made on January 14, 2003.1
You werejusl saying well you know what did your grandfather teach you. What I think about
is, you know you're one of the few people alive today, that tram your memory, you can count
off the names of the days. Not many people do dun anymore. And than your grandfather
just some of it wasjust by because you listened, you watched him.
PP: Yeah, yeah.
KM: You know the times that certain things were planted or done.
PP: Yeah.
KM: Not many people live that anymore.
PP: Yeah.
KM: And these other !6'au and things. You know all of them things and the planting styles, the
Po'e.
PP: Yeah.
KM: And by the way when he pu'e did he also wrap the vine around it like that?
PP: When, after s while when the potato grow and to much gone all over huikau with the other
ones.
KM: As.
PP: He bring out all that hill and he... [gesture]
KM: Wrap?
PP: Wrap sem anonld so that, you know some of the vines, the rause come out, the potato going
he all over the place.
KM: Yee.
PP: So he brings it back to the pu'e, so that if hen he can grow back in that.
KM: That's right and soft so he can scrape it.
PP: Yeah.
KM: He taught you that. And what an interesting thing, became you know that if you go in and
take some off the hen you get bigger fruit on the remaining ones?
PP: Yeah, he would take off and he pluck. l see him throw away, only use certain once.
KM: Yes. wonderful.
PP: He do that
KM: So when you ware young boy growing up• you didn't go malui o0 often?
PP: Not o often, because wss fa. And when we go down the beach that's the whole week we got
to stay.
KM: Arid was them a trail that you used?
PP: Yeah, there's a trail.
KM: And was the trail in'O'am down, o was it Kalaoa, Kohamlkt?
PP: No. From'O'oma we came down, and I cm show you the road too where we used to come
RCL1N
now.
KM: Okay.
PP: You know where Kim, lives now?
KM: 'Ac, uncle Kinoulu?
PP: Yeah. That's the red.
KM: Oh, so the road went right down from there?
PP: Yeah. If you go down the road, if you continue that road you come to Kona Acres.
KM: Oh, 1 see.
PP: It comes to this lad over here. That's wby...
KM: So the Kona Acre rod is actually nude on the older road, pat of it?
PP: No, the Kona Acres was like...we were up them and Kona Acres they called that lend, kola,
k.a.I-a.
KM: 'Ae, kala lands.
PP: Kula land. So now when they merle the hones they made ell in the kola arca.
KM: 'Ae.
PP: So, actually we don't call it Ketene, they had their own nice name up hem. That's why 1 say
one day I going to put that sign on my gide that name. [chuckling]
KM: What was that name?
PP: 'Oh&epos.
KM: 'Ohikapua?
PP: 1 don't know if it's here on the map.
KM: No, it's not, but how beautiful!
PP: 'Ohikapua.
KM: 'Ohikapua. Beadifull
PP: And then you know that name'Ohikapm, right where Amy them stay.
KM: Ohh!
PP: You knew Amy?
KM: Yeah, Freitas?
PP: Freitas, yeah.
KM: That place by where thew papa Palakiko Kamaka was?
PP: Yeah. So you saw one old house there?
KM: Yes, the old house.
PP: It fell down now.
KM: Yea it's down.
PP: That used to be the house.
29 30
RC -01M
RC-0IH
KM:
The old Kamah house?
mauka-makai trail, creasing the highway at an area shout 100 yards north of the Natural
PP:
Yeah. And that house was those days was a nice hoax.
Energy Laboratory Rod.]
KM:
Yeah. Two stories
PP:
In fact they mentioned that Kerasin had one place down then:.
PP:
Yeah...
KM:
That's right. See, William had his 'aim.
KM:
And it was on the old and too yeah.
PP:
Yeah. Where was it?
PP:
That road came right, maybe this side, you know where the and coming down now? And
KM:
Right here. Sce Kama wen here, see these'O'oma las got subdivided for homestead.
than that old house over there was?
PP:
Ohh.
KM:
'Ae.
KM:
But Mao what happened most didn't get sold, Maguire ended up loving most for the ranch.
PP.
Little bit more. Maybe the house ova here and the road would be right behind, by your car I
PP:
Ohh, I see, I ace.
Mick
KM:
But you see like even hart one hselq or Grayson, I guess held the Right of Purchase Leese
KM:
Yeah, an a hundred feet our or something.
for this, This is actually Kaiser but Mere were five Kalaoa divided up by the government in
PP:
Yeah. And that's where the mad. And that and come down right where that hoax and nun
the Makele.
over behind of that hoax, one house makk that tum that way and go down the beach.
PP:
Ohh.
KM:
[pointing out locations m Regiata Map No. 2123) Se, it starts see this Kama here. Kama is
KM:
You we Kalam, then you come after Kalma what...?
actually pad ofKamaks.
PP:
"Kalaoa'ai pa'ele'ele."
PP:
Ohh!
KM:
"Ae.
KM:
This is where Kamaka's 'aina came under. And what you're describing here's the old rod
Croup:
[laughing]
that you're talking about here come down and dean down and than angle. 'Cause they had
planned when they subdivided all these lob.
KM:
"Kalam 'ai pa'ele'ele."
PP:
Yeah.
PP:
You heard that name?
KM:
They actual ly planned to make a road straight down to the ocean.
KM:
Yeah.
PP:
Ohh! You know then is a stone wall, and then you can still ace that stone wall crossing the
PP:
You know what's that?
and down here by OTEC.
KM:
Wehe mai oe ka mo'oklo.
KM:
'Ac, that's right this atone wall you can see?
PP:
What 1 heard was that the people those days were pi. They wait till dark, then they eat behind
PP:
Yeah.
the doom so they no need invite somebody to come in. [chuckling]
KM:
That's basically the boundary yeah behveen'O'oma and?
KM:
Yeah.
PP:
I would think maybe this is the wall you're talking about.
PP.
'At pa'ele'ele, se they eat in the dark [chuckles].
KM:
Yea, yea okay. You can we that wall when yen go just past the OTEC road.
KM:
Yeah. Interesting yeah.
PP:
It's still there yeah, yeah.
PP:
Yeah, IN of stuff.
KM:
You we it.
KM:
And that's how you say it right? Kalsm?
PP:
You ace the makai side and if you look mauka you we the mantra aide.
PP:
Kkwa yeah. [The vowels all run together]
KM:
Look mauka you we it. Okay.
KM:
Kate..
[On January 14, 2003, kuplma took Kepa to the places discussed above. 'Ohikapua, in the
PP:
You know one guy up here [pointing mouka], he didn't come from this place. He came from
arcs of the old Karats hoose, is situated in Cont No. 2972, was situated on the old
the other side of the island. He tell me, "How you pronounce Kalma?" "Kalam of course."
Homestead Rod. The end, as described by kupons starts mauka in Verna 2n°, goes makai
"No, it's Kala'os." 1 say,"Kka'oa? Gee you know you don't belong this place. If you belong
between the Homestead Iota 58 and 59, held for Kuhsiki and Kainuku; that mus north stress
to Kalaca, it's Kalam not Kala oa I never head that name."
'Ohms 1', into Kalman and the old Kamaka Hoax, from where it then cuts makk to the
KM:
'Ae. l kou wn Wili I. lehe wale 'ere in Kalaoa?
shore (see Register Map No. 2123). At Ka'ahumsuu Highway, kupuna pointed out the
31
32
RC -015t
PP: Kalaaw.
KM: A'ole Kala'aa?
PP: No, Kuhns.
KM: Thd's good m know.
PP: That o is like short, Kelaos.
KM: It slide, Kalsoe.
PP: Kdwa
KM: So kaki you were saying when you came down you folks would walk down the trait?
PP: Yeah, walk down.
KM: And cane makai into 'O'oma or to Kalaoa section? Where did you go when you went
makar?
PP: We came down and then we came to'Ohikapu, and still straight, down to this place, come to
Wawaloli.
KM: Wawaloli?
PP: Yeah.
KM: Al Wawaloli there's a pond of water right or a pool?
PP: Yeah.
KM: punawai?
PP: Yeah.
KM: And did you folks stay at Wawaloli?
PP: We stayed there, then was a papac7 over then one stone shelter... But an mom now a days.
You know where the toilet is?
KM: Yea, yes.
PP: 1 think right sramd them was.
KM: That's caroms you're right
PP: And then we used to 'au 'au mauks side of the mad but now 1 think there's all kind sniff in
there now.
KM: U1117a.
PP: If you clew that out, the pond stay them.
KM: '.le. And that water was, I hear Wawaloli, mamow kala war?
PP: Yeah.
KM: Hili is 'oe ke iso e?
PP: Yeah. When we were living up Kalwa no more min no more wan three months we go stay
down there.
KM: So you folks did travel from mauka if wa malo'o [periods of dry weather]?
PP: Yeah.
RC -01A
KM: Ho'i oukou i kahaked [relum to the coastal area]?
PP: Kahakai [the share].
KM: He aha ka haw ma kahakao? [What did you do along the shore?]
PP: Then go ka makot [pole fishing] and all that.
KM: Ka makoi, laaai'a?
PP: Lewsi'a [fishing].
[On January 14, 2003, kupuw pointed out the areas described above to Kepa. He noted that
when he was young, then was still evidence of old walls and house sites wand the
Wawaloli vicinity. While he had not specifically heard diet Kauikewuli (Kemehamehe 111),
had been raised at 'O'oma, he noted that there were fomrerly a number of aim in the ams,
that the ocean was sheltered, and that the fishing in the vicinity win good, secondly, the
family would aim gather limo pahe'e from an ares a little much of the Wawaloli ponds.
Among the fishes caught in the area were the humuhum r, paku'iku'i, 'a'oua, and many
others. They would elm see many loll (sea cucumbers) in the makai pond of Wawdoli,
though his family did wt eat them. When asked if the loft might have been kapu to them, or
if he had heard about the tradition of Wawaloli, kupune recalled hearing some womot of the
loll Impact in the area, but he did out recall the specifies. He dm did nor knew if it had been
kap, in his family. He did stele that his father (kahu hawr) would never esleh hilu fish, or est
them, as they were the body form of a family member. To even be in s boom where hifu were
cooked, would make him ill.]
KM: Koalas t'a paha? Ua 'oht pa'akai paha, kapfl [Did you perhaps dry fish? Did you gather
cit and dry the fish?]
PP: Yeah.
KM: No hew mai ka pa'akar? [Where was the salt from?]
PP: We take our own pa'akai that time.
KM: You took?
PP: Ofcomme sometime you find mice am][ ponds.
KM: 'As, kaheka.
PP: Yeah, pa'akai. I think they used m make pa'akai by Kelhole.
KM: 'Ae.
PP: 'Caum 1 we the mortm, cement basic, yeah.
KM: Yes, that's the old Hawaiian kind?
PP: Yeah.
KM: You're right.
PP: They bring water I think, and pow an top there.
KM: Put inside ukuhi ke kat a kaula'i.
PP: Yeah. I think that's how they make their pa'akai.
KM: That's right.
33 34
ac.Om RCDIN
PP: I think Palakiko Kanuka was the lighthouse keeper. KM Arruming!
KM: Yes, pololoi Kamaks up until the thirties about... Pp: Yeah.
PP:
Yeah, yeah. So he was, at least he was kind of little bit well off, because he had like a
KM:
So youjust look, and the fish are all over?
govenvmentjob and he get money. Like us, no more money.
PP:
All over, any place you stand that's the first fish cone up.
KM:
'Ae.
KM:
Hmm.
PP:
My grandfather am ... they him Nem go on the county road maybe ten days a month.
Pp:
And in fact when I got manied, early March, I used to go down. 1 never used to go down dive
KM:
That's right
I just go with the spear. 1 slick my head in the water and 1 shoot the fish right Nem and bring
PP:
They used to be paid with gold coin big like quarter, five dollars.
'em up.
KM:
Amazingl
KM:
Wow! Five dollar gold coin?
PP:
Yeah. Now no can, you go there, no mom nothing.
PP:
Yeah, five dollen and buy kaukau.
KM:
No mom nothing?
KM:
Amazing!
PP:
No more nothing. How en it bel
PP:
1 wish 1 had chance, if I mmembemd I hide one [smiling].
KM:
And you know when you were young, part of this thing about the fish, and you just said,
KM:
Save one yeah [chuckling].
"How can it be?" Who went down to these place like Wewaloli like that with you to fish?
PP:
Yeah.
PP:
Yeah.
KM:
Never.
KM:
Only 'churns right?
PP:
Another thing I never save, invasion money I never save.
PP:
Only 'churns.
KM:
That's right
KM:
Only the people of the land.
PP:
They put the acne in us that you got to return all.
PP:
Yeah.
KM:
Became they put a diRemnt kind of money out, yeah?
KM:
Today, everybody can go, and so everybody take right?
PP:
Yeah, Hawaii.
PP:
Yeah, everybody.
KM:
Hoot. So you folks, certain time of the year you did go makai?
KM:
And what you going get now, nets?
PP:
Yeah
PP:
Nele.
KM:
And so you would ka makoi. He 'aka ke an , o ka i'a?
KM:
Yeah.
PP:
They used to catch like kumuhumu.
PP:
And those days, they only Wee what they can eat.
KM:
'Ae.
KM:
That's right.
PP:
And po'opa'n and what kind the kind fish with the man molar [thinking], 'a'awa? Yeah.
pp:
Even like 'npiki, oh my grandmother, they take that shoyu berm!, they pick the 'apthi, the
KM:
.A.aws?
yellow kind, 'npiki makalena, they kopi that thing.
PP:
Yoh, 'a'aav 1 think just like man Kath behind.
KM:
'Opiki makalena, with the yellow eye around?
KM:
Yeah. Ohh!
PP:
Yeah. Oh I tell you thing, when they h mo that thing, oh the aroma boy. Good smell!
PP:
They would bite the hook. Those days 1 see plenty fish.
KM:
Good smell, that?
KM:
Plenty fish.
PP:
But they sure salt'em an that no spoil yeah?
PP:
Plenty. Hey, you know when we kids you go BUM on the edge, oh nothing but what you call
KM:
Yeah. And so they could bring that 'rpiki home too?
that omnge tail?
pp:
Old, yeah, bring home. Now days 'r pihi is gold. But no here like how it was in those days
KM.
Paku •tku,n?
though, 1 don't know why. Maybe because they clean the na'au, all that. Those days, no, we
didn't.
PP:
Paku'iku'u Plenty come up, oh they no scamd.
35
36
RC -0154
KM: So on more [este [chuckling]?
PP: Yeah. The mann! those days, they eat all the inside too.
KM: Yeah.
PP: Now no can eat I think.
KM: I know pitons. Now when you were young, your kahu hanai ma didn't have a canoe though?
PP: No.
KM: They didn't go that kind lamin.
PP: No.
KM: You km makoi like that?
PP: Yeah, ka makoi.
KM: Did you 'upemm ku'u on the edge?
PP: No. He never even make ML I didn't see him make net.
KM: Okay.
PP: In a serue, as I say with my grandfather, he aver taught, 1 never learned anything big like
maybe building something, or make cabinets or something like that. We make ipu [hat
blocks] for weave, l know that [chuckling].
KM: But the other ipu, you said papa did kanu ipu?
PP: Oh yeah that kind yeah.
KM: And you know you said you used it fe food?
PP: Yeah food.
KM: Was them a way that it was prepared?
PP: Yeah.
KM: How, did you prepare the ipu?
PP: When the ipu come up just right, he hurriedly go there find one Bat stone, and he'd put it
underneath so that the underneath stay Bat If you leave 'em crooked, it grows crooked. You
lave 'mm fill the thing come big, and then when n'o. They know when it's o'o, the stem
dries.
KM'Ae.
PP: They at that. And then what he would do he at on lop.
KM: 'Ae.
PP: AM then after that, I used to sec him scrape all that green stuff outside.
KM: Yes, yen.
PP: So that let the 'umeke dry.
KM: Ae.
PP: But he put water inside, after hemo all the inside, put water. 1 think just to an that he could
clean out the inside.
RC -0154
KM: Right, right.
PP: Then clean and then bumby...and he used to use the kind like coral stone I don't know he
made mund kind.
KM: Yes, puna kea.
PP: Yeah, sandpaper like.
KM: Yes, yes.
PP: And then when all clean ready then they put poi inside.
KM: AM. No need put anything inside to protect it?
PP: No.
KM: So ora it was dry then cleaned, lawn?
PP: fawn.
KM: Herm.
PP: They put the food inside, potato or what.
KN: In the gourd?
PP: Yeah, the gourd.
KM: And nice mord gourd?
PP: Yeah.
KM: You said like maybe sixteeo inches acmes or so?
PP: Like that or little ram, depend.
KM: Yeah.
PP: Or if you like small 1 guess you can lake small ones and make small one.
KM: Now, these ipu he planted?
PP: Yeah, he planted.
KM: Do you remember when he would plant his ipu?
PP: 1 would still think it's a MShaleni noon.
KM: Mdhealmi time,'cause corm nunui.
PP: Yeah, big.
KM: Did he design them at all?
PP: No, I never see.
KM: You never sce design? You know sometimes just like how you said the kfipuna they lay me
pohaku palahalaha...
PP: Yeah.
KM: So that the bottom would be Bat.
PP: Flat yeah.
KM: So you know not kapakahl like. Sometimes they would even pm an 'open or something
37 38
RC -0154
RC -01%
40
39
around to shape it so that it would have shape. Did you ever sm that?
KM:
Yeah.
PP:
1 never saw that. Only saw him making calabash m put food inside.
PP:
Give you fish.' E, take tam, take potato."
KM:
'Ae. Put the food. So 'uala, poi like that?
KM:
Yeah. Xuapo 'caw la" i kelp menu mea.
PP:
Yeah. Our days was real primitive style.
PP:
Yeah. They hardly planted Pose cabbage and stuff like. The only cabbage 1 saw was the
KM:
Oh, btu oto?
Portuguese cabbage it's like tree [chuckles], it cones like a tree.
PP:
When we, we didn't even have a safe to pm our food inside.
KM:
Yeah.
PP:
I don't know if they go that kind cabbage yet still around.
KM:
Yes
PP:
1 learned how to make safe when I went school learned how to build mc. Carpentry, put
KM:
Some Still get.
screen and everything. We Pau at, we no room table, we ext on the Boor, spread the Flour
PP:
Still get?
bag out. You know in those days came forty-nine Pe n&. Then after Nemo, wash and kaula'i,
KM:
•Oko'a, a different kind but it grows up higher.
we make table for a sit down like this with the food on top. Sit down and W can the Boor.
When pan, put the things sway, just fold 'em per away. Funny theme days, I think our cats
PP:
Yeah grows up.
never even come fool around the food stuff. They put'em up a little bit, hang'um.
KM:
Not bad though.
KM:
Yeah.
PP:
I was wondering how come they no plant, when 1 think today what 1 we growing and they
PP:
Morning time then we go warm 'em up, mod then after we stat mt, oh we see the kamaloli
never plant head cabbage... only either onion and chili pepper [chuckling], nioi.
Wide [chuckling].
KM:
Yeah. The mai'a that you folks planted maoli, mat's maoh?
KM:
Ahb.
PP:
Yah, that p!W'u(u.
PP:
I thought to myxlf"sons£--a-gun, we at the kamalali Wide, them."
KM:
P6pd'ulu, ah.
KM:
Oh well, miko.
PP:
Pnpr'ulu but they never had Bluefield those days, I never saw.
KN:
You know the main at how big was the area?
KM:
No, an.
PP:
Ohh, not wide hike this hem. 1 would say maybe from that tree and this wall over here. You
PP:
Pike banana had.
know an can make one big patch you do it by hand.
KM:
'Ae, Pdki+. So you folks had pilpi�'ulu7
KM:
So fifty some odd fat long by?
PP:
Yeah.
PP:
Yah. Fitly by fifty and then or you... you know every day you do, you do.
KM:
No iholaa or ... 7
KM:
Little more, little more.
PP:
Had some iholew, beaux the iholena they plant for medicine too.
PP:
Like that. lost like how this guy claning this side you am over here [pointing to lot adjoining
KM:
'Ae.
hispmperty]?
PP:
You know they used mx uthe po(a fm the 'ea again.
KM:
PP:
'Ae.
Thst's how. Lucky he only get ekoa. But this guy, Hawaiian guy you know, he rally work
KM:
'de, just like that kukui.
hard, boy. Every eka tree he cut..l told him, "Gee if I was strong I came help you but 1 no
Pp:
Or the keiki to cut and take the sap.
earn." I no can even squat down because my knee.
KM:
The ani hfi up.
KM:
Harm. [pauses] You know it's so anezing this mo'olela. So from kahakai, you folks would
Pp;
Yeah, that one they plant. Another one I saw but we never plant that 1 saw somebody
go back msuka and did you kuapo [exchange goods] sometimes? Like between the fishermen
growing, I don't know what kind banana that grow straight up and the hum go up, the bunch
or aomeem from Homkdhau that's how you folks get i'a like that?
go up.
PP:
Yeah, oh yeah.
KM:
Yes.
KM:
Papa give Wo or anything?
PP:
What kind banana that?
PP:
Oh yah, tam, potato. bonen, we give, and then they give. They're sus glad. They get fish,
KM:
I don't know but I've heard.
thou guys down them, they get too much fish. They like some staples. They mole up, they
bring fish, exchange. No buy things in thou days.
40
39
RCUua
PP: They get you know they get.
KM: Yes.
PP: It gnaws up, big the tree and then the hum; instead of the huh hanging down, it goes up
[gesNnng).
KM: Straight up?
PP: And the pola is up you know. All the Instant go up 1&e that
KM: Interesting.
PP: We didn't plant. I saw somebody. And aootbef one, a redone we used to plod.
KM: de.
PP: I don't know what they call that. It's not good for cooking bat good for at, red banana. I
don't know what the name of that though. [thinking] Oh, the name, 'o'opukat, that was the
tam, the fragrant one.
KM: 'O'opukai that was the other Wo, okay, umhala.
PP: Funny how that name came.
KM: Beautiful yeahl And hem you arc at uka a loa'a ka 'a'opukai [chuckles].
PP: 'O'opubd that's some kind of fish?
KM: Yes. 'O'opu.
PP: 'O'ops.
KM: Yeah but you we 'ano like, he kinolan 'Ano like ka 'o'opukai me 'o'opu o kai.
PP: Yeah, 'o'opukai.
KM: Now, kuku you were just talking mai'a and again the planting times. Did you ever we your
papa plat mat's?
PP: Yeah.
KM: What did he do?
PP: To plat the mat'a, before you plat, underneath the bottom he put one stone.
KM: Ahh.
PP: He going gel oro atom underneath the halt and then be Lams. I asked him, "Why you put
smneT—So the base strong."
KM: Fuer?
PP: Yeah, farm, an he put atone. I don't know, there was store undemeath [chuckles].
KM: And the night yon think Mlhmlmi kind night again or?
PP: That me them I think net necessarily M31scalmi.
KM: Did you ever hem him talk and make like he dragging, heavy?
PP: [chuckling) Yeah, just like they tarty the mart all the way to the hole. OM, the heavy!
[chuckling]
KM: that kala met at
RC41U
PP: I tell, "Why, for what dun? He telt, "The bunch come big and heavy!" [chuckling]
KM: Yeah, oh amazing!
PP: Again, that's how.
ICM: Ko Iakou ho'amaa!
PP: I think so. That's why him one thing, I know he was a Catholic 'cause they used to say he
was a Catholic. He an go with us to church, we went church every Sunday. I grew up in the
Monson church an I went every Sunday. I says, "you got to be sick you no can go, if you can
talk little bit you got to go."
KM: [chuckling]
PP: My grandfather, Sunday that's the day he worships, Sabbath day, he stay home he shave his
mustache, groom himself and he read newspaper. He read the Hoku o Hawaii and then Ku
Olean, two papers.
KM: 'de, two nirpepa Hawarl?
PP: Yeah, Ku Okoa. Too bad 1 neva save any of the papers.
KM: Did he ever mad story's m you fnam the paper!
PP: No,
KM: Only fm himself?
PP: Yeah, fm himself.
KM: O, Ka Hoku a Howatt me Ka Okoa nui na mo'nlelo Hawaii.
PP: 1 think so.
KM: You going read in here [pointing to a eddy of Kekaha lands left for kupuna] these ma'olelo
that hies Kihe had kokou, I got out of Ka Hoku o Hanwit, nineteen -teens, nineteen-tweaties
like that
PP: Ohh. You know the story about Kihe?
KM: Pehea mat 'or?
PP: Kihe he came from Pu'u Anahulu m far as I know.
KM: As.
PP: Kihe and me more other man. They were old timem I wonder if you know one of them. I
fagot already his name, poina. Maybe next hour maybe come back to me. [chuckling) Kihe
he was a kahuna you know?
KM: As.
PP: [thinking] Kahuwile.
KM: Kahuwila me Alapa 7 ma.
PP: Yeah, yeah. Two kahunas
KM: Kahuwdla, no Pu'u Anahuhn?
PP. [Describes events surrounding the deaths of both Kahuwila and Kihe – the two reportedly
cursed om: another, and thew predictions of how eachau would die.]
41 42
RC -0W
Daaka (Kihe), he died at Kalaoa here. Did you know he died up there.
KM: No, but 1 know it was in 1929.
PP: My grandmother, when we always want in Kihe's house, she tell, "1 don't want you folks sit
down on Nat guys hunk." Because thu's where they keep all the MIT..
KM: Paolo?
PP: Yeah, their pfi'olo inside. That's why we know that till today when we go people's home I
tell my kids tae, when you go people's house don't "a sit an their stuff, don't sit. Became I
still have Nat... somehow whatever was taught in Nose days. Even like don't sweep the
home out night time, Dever did that- 1 don't sweep no inatter the cimtmebum, sweep 'um
near the door and lave 'am next day sweep am, I don't know why. 1 think, you don't know
why?
KM: Ko lakou ho'omarm mahape hili 'ter ka pdmaika'i ai mawaho?
PP: Yah. Lot of things you an can do. No sweep latae night time, no wldsde in the house. No
whistle even when we go down the beech, same thing M. They scold an, you know, kids they
like scratch the sand in throw stone in the ander. "No, nes, no can do that, an throw some"
KM: You know when you want down a that Wawaloli section did you ever bar a story about
Wawaloli?
PP: No 1 never hear, but that place had a Id of loll though.
KM: Loa ken mo'olelu, gibe wrote a story, I'll ger it for you.
PP: Oh.
KM: May I ask you, thinking atom that? You folks lived monks, did anyone live by you?
PP: Up our place?
KM: Above your place? Did anyone else?
PP: Had one but no tan fa.
KM: Who was that?
PP: Alohikea.
KM: Oh, Alohikal
PP: Yeah. His wife was Mu'olo. But she died, too bad I didn't keep in much with them, they were
kid ofjm like not family to us, but because neighbors I think.
KM: Pili, 'ase, hoaloha.
PP: They all scold us we an cane ser them.
KM: Say aloha. [chuckling)
PP: No mise baby they never had no children. I can picture her how she was kid of big woman
while halt, Mu'olo.
KM: Mu'olo?
PP: Yah. Somebody else I hear slay in thew place up there, Mu'olo.
KM: Ohh.
PP: Now get ane road that you can go up right by ... you can go by Kino and then go up Voms
43
RC -0154
where we used to stay.
KM: 'Ase, ya, yes.
PP: Or you can come by [thinking) you know where ... you know where Kino's place but you
drive over, instead of over get one toed that goes up behind, and you can come back same
place.
KM: And is that where you folks were up Nem also?
PP: Way up them.
KM: Further up.
PP: We have to go through, go maxim to that mad old mad.
KM: Did you go past Kitw's place in that other mad?
PP: That mad, that's government rod too you know.
KM: Yet, the one go up past Kiaoulu?
PP: No the one that wbeire we used to go.
KM: Yes, okay.
PP: Because there's wall both sides you know.
KM: 'Ase.
PP: I think that's a thirty foot right ofway I think.
KM: 'Ase, yes.
PP: That rod went all the way tame am by [thinking) Hoakohau.
KM: 'Ae.
PP: You know oauka side ofthe mad?
KM: Yes, that's right yes.
PP: You know where?
KM: By where Keraina used to be also.
PP: Fronds, you know where Fronde lives?
KM: Yes, yes.
PP: That road coming out that's the one you know.
KM: Ahh.
PP: And then this also that's the rod makai of our property. It goes out over there, but all bushes.
KM: Yeah.
PP: Than this mad goes I think come out by ... probably it will come out by that mad coming
down Costco.
ICM: Hindani.
PP: Yeah, Hinalani.
KM: That wan the old road they put in for the Kohanaiki Homestads,'caue a little fuller over
RC-0IH
had the old Kohamikl Cl mch.
PP: Yeah.
KM: You know and the village there and like where Punihaole lived, I.W. Punihaole Nem and
stun
PP: Yeah.
KM: That's the same Government Road series that comes off of like this map [RM No. 21231 but
over.
PP: No mare this load over here doesn't show on this map?
KM: No, well, it may be this me hue is what I'm thinking when you come down here and then
cuts over into the Kalaoss.
PP: Could be.
KM: Was anyone living makai when you folks went to'O'oma, down maker?
PP: The hitch?
KM: Yeah, down a the beach. Anyone living makar?
PP: No. The last place had house was at'Ohikapu s
KM: 'Ohikapua. You mean on kola by Kamaka's place?
PP: Right up here [about the 900 foot elevation).
KM: Kamaka's?
PP: Yeah. That's the last hose. Wilmot had me shack though.
KM: Wilma Keamams?
PP: Ycah, Keaoaaina.
KM: Down on the to kahakai?
PP: Not really way down kahalmi, halfway.
KM: Halfway?
PP: Yeah, l think would be, if I would my [thinking], it would be little bit go down maybe further
down 1 think was.
KM: So just a Rule fvrdser down?
PP: Yeah.
KM: Okay, okay, so that was his Homestead/Grant Lot.
PP: That old cone had land all over the place too.
KM: Yeah... Now, do you remember the old Alamn Aupum [Govemmalt Road] before, when you
wart down?
PP: Yeah.
KM: Just like you said nice some place kipaepae, they make the curb stoning?
PP: Yeah.
KM: Was good yeah
Rc-0lm
PP: [pointing out location on map] This is the Alanui Auponi.
KM: Yeah, this is the Alanui Aupuni that comes out So from in Kailua by where Ka'iliwai mit
used to live.
PP: Right.
KM: The toad past.
PP: Go mauka.
KM: And Nen passes Kealakebe, Honokoheu, Kaloko?
PP: Yeah, that road would be crossing [thinking, looking at map] it would he crossing makai of
Firestone I think.
KM: You're right just makni of Firestone. This is Register Map No. 1280 and it shows you the
section here, but it's not clear. See, hem's the road coming out of Kailua so the Firestone
would be here, like this.
PP: Ul -hmm.
KM: The main mad came out, but it continued out into'O'oma.
PP: Hem
KM: This we had a stop in here, it didn't it continued on out here like it shows on this one. And so
one section cut down to Kohanaiki.
PP: Uh-hmm.
KM: Wawshiwa'a, Wnwaloli is right in there.
PP: Yeah there is Pohili. Wawahiwa'a is whom you call the Pinches, you know.
KM: 'At. Kohanaiki side that's coned Wiwahiwa'a.
PP: They keep changing the name because called Pinc me. Should be Wawahiwa'a. A lot of the
names I my, "if they keep doing that bumby, we lose all the real Hawaiian names."
KM: And these names, are the Hawaiian names important? Is it worth saving and preserving these
names?
PP: I would think an.
KM: Yeah.
PP: Because those are the original names of the place. I think the National Geographic the kid
has...
KM: Yea, USGS.
PP: Yesh, has all ... I think the names.
KM: Their problem is, is that they mimpell plenty of them you know.
PP: Ohh.
KM: Ad they don't have all the names which is why it's important you know, the place names
help us preserve the story, the families of the lad like that.
PP: Yeah, right.
KM: Yeah. Sec this is the boundary here.
45 46
RC4i154
RC41M
KN:
So this is what they would cell, this is called the King's Trail?
KM:
Moo kananaka wahine?
KM:
That's corrin. This is what they're now calling Mkmaldma or King's Trail.
PP:
Yeah. They see her come up and combing her heir and stuff like that. And then what you cell,
PP:
Yeah.
if you go in the water, then itchy, mme'n.
KM:
And it actually continues out towards the Kahan hunts but then it drops back down and
KM:
Mme'o k%Id w f?
follows along the lue kahakai out to Makalcweoa like that. Wal you [Kekoa, who works] at
PP:
Yeah, mane'o.
Ke'Opulehu.
KM:
A fishes ken kiailona, at no ken mo o lakes?
PP:
Yeah, I think so.
PP:
I don't know. That one there, I don't know. That's all I heard, but 1 never saw, so I cannot
KM:
Out to KalaernsnS. At Kiholo it picks up the big and again and follows out to Kawaihae
say.
where you said Maunalani you see that rod?
KM:
Yea.
PP:
Yeah, Mausalani.
pp:
But like Mannalani, that pond over there by KelShuipue'a, that pond has a big barracuda in
KM:
This is the same mad.
there but I've never seen it. A big one.
PP:
Marienbad still preserved that, it's creasing the and they have stones W.
KM:
Oh yeah?
KM:
Cobblestone, yes.
PP:
Yeah. So they think it's the 'aumakua inside there.
PP:
So you know that'sthe and they preserved it, you know.
KM:
'Aumaka the guardian yeah?
KM:
Yeah. It wait a mquircomrat.
PP:
They hid to catch 'um bin he no bite [chuckles).
PP:
Ohh.
KM:
Yeah. Well, nail Kihe wrote about this also.
KM:
So whm you were young no are was really living maksi at 'O'cu a in something? They
PP:
Ohh.
would only go down seasonally 'oki pa'akai...7
KM:
About the ponds there. And what you're saying, lo'a ken moo wahine.
PP:
Yeah.
PP:
Yeah.
KM:
LawPaT
KM:
He kiwi 'oda.
PP:
Lowai'a.
PP.
Oh.
KM:
No me had a came int here that you remember when you were young?
KM:
A ria wehe mai kekdhi po'e kfipaa, "Fele 'm o Joko a keln, mane's. "
PP:
No 1 never saw anybody with canoe out there. Kaibua was the place that had tames.
PP:
Yeah, nwim o. Maybe that kid, those days, maybe they give gifts W.
KM:
'Ae, yeah.
KM:
'Ae. They mdkai, ha'awi.
PP:
And maybe Kanakarmeika'i them, they stayed at Homkohau.
PP:
Yeah. That's why you no go kapuhn the pod. I did throw imide there, throw net the 'anae.
KM:
'Ae at Honokohau, nibs Kannikaneika'i.
KM:
'Ae.
PP:
Yeah.
PP:
Then Homkohau 1 throw for aww. But my fried his bmther I think, I don't know whether he
KM:
'As,'Cause they Kele lawai'a 'opelu.
had the lease or something to the pod. So when he and I go fishing, ne more fish. Some days
no mine, you knew when ym look, no more fish. So he said, "You know what, we go down
pp :
Yeah. Eva that John get wry tin, Kaloko.
the pond." I tell him, "Hey, you, you can go down the pod?" "Yeah, yeah, yeah that's my
KM:
Oh yeah.
fried Akins."
PP:
When that John ... d ox days the story I hear again tin. Her, they never tell me, but I hear.
KM:
Ohh, Almost, Henry Akom md7
KM:
'As.
PP:
Yeah. "That's my fried." So okay, go down. He get the big coffee basket, he tell me, "Well,
how much you like?" All day fishing but no mom fish that day, a we end up we go down the
PP:
When the pond horn red the memeid is in.
pond. Drive the jeep until the fence, park, walk, follow him. Go inside the pod, go on the
KM:
Oh yeah, nm'o?
stone wall, go imide. He know where, he tell mc, "Yin see'emv" "Yeah" Okay, give 'em
one thmw,'mugh we go home.
PP:
Yeah.
KM:
tM yeah!
47
49
RC -01N
PP: Full, the basket.
KM: Wowl
PP: Big kind.
KM: This is Honokahm pond?
PP: Honckohm Pond
KM: Uncle when you went there you said get jeep an this was in the fifties or sixties?
PP: Yes, I would think so.
KM: Fifties, sixties. And Henry Akons...'ceuse then Francis Foo came in yeah?
PP: Francis Foo took the...
KM: All Kaloko?
PP: Ksloko.
KM: Okay. So Akona. Was anyone living down there when you went down Honckahau? Had any
hale?
PP. Had.
KM: Had hale.
PP: Had the Filipino there.
KM: Yeah, yeah Palacet 00
PP: What was the name of that, oh shucks I point.
KM: Diego?
PP: Diego them was staying, they had a little over there too. But they only stayed but they no
own the W a.
KM: Not Palacat ma, Pdilio?
PP: Ahh Padilio w=,jw a short while.
KM: Yeah Pdilio. Yeah.
PP: But not the Palacat... I don't remember them slaying there. Palatal stayed Kohansiki.
KM: Hmm, thai's right get the little ponawai right in there by Wawabiwa'a side yeah?
PP: Yeah, yeah.
KM: Yes, okay.
PP: That Pslacat, they been in Kona pretty long.
KM: Yeah. But it wasn't...they didn't two the lad?
PP: They didn't own the land.
KM: They stayed, or else they took care of the ponds at tires fm Akan or Fon like that?
PP: Yeah. Like Foo, at one time one Korean man was over there kid of watching the pond for
him and stuff like that But 1 only throw when nobody see.
KM: [chuddes]
Rc-0i H
PP: Right near the water 1 throw, 1 jump over to the ocean, I take my fish [chuckling]. Athue the
fishl.
KM: 'Auwe [chuckling]! But what 'ono? [chuckling]
PP: 'Onol
KM: You m choke?
PP: No, no choke.
KM: Okay. Oh wonderful! May 1 ask you a question, just because I think it would be important to
have a kupum. kama'aina mana'o.
PP: Yeah.
KM: So hem we look now at'O'oma
PP: Yeah.
KM: Arid you know where the road so the highway now comes up along this section here,
Ks'ahumanu Highway.
PP: Yeah, yeah.
KM: Okay. So now one side'O'oms, Kalaoa someone says oh they like build one speed car, rete
truck end stuff. What do you think about that?
PP: Vesta? By Vomit?
KM: Or Kahma,'O'orm-Kalaw. You know right above Ka'ahrnnanu Highway.
PP: [thinking] I don't know, in fact somebody like make golf course down there too.
KM: 'O'oma that's right malmi. So you now where OTEC Rod cuts in and where you said that
wall?
PP: Yeah.
KM: That's near the boundary between'O'oma-Kohanaiki.
PP: Yeah,
KM: That's what they're looking 9 houses and a golf course even anw.
PP: Yeah.
KM: Pehea kou snma'o? [Whet do you think?]
PP: I think they get enough golf contact abeady.
KM: Enough already.
PP: Too much golf courses.
KM: Yeah. They want to build houses a small resort area, shops and stuff you know.
PP: Times have changed too, so 1 don't know.
KM: Yes, they have. May I ask you a gmstion, Man. ka pa ifina [burials and burial sites]
PP: Gina.
KM: Okay. What should happen? Now what is your nsma'o about than even on the kufa lands
here you know as they build Orae hones, or if they go down makai; and say if someone
49 50
RC -0151
RC-0IH
51 52
builds that golf comae and off. What is your thought about how burials, ilita should be
KM:
Got to lave those things alone?
heated?
PP:
Leave alone. That's what 1 think "got to leave 4m done unless you can find a better place to
PP:
1 think they have to treat them with respect.
take them but..."
KM:
Respect. What wniho mblie, leave alone no bother them, or what?
KM:
But it should be up to the family right?
PP:
No, no, no I moo...
PP:
Yeah.
KM:
Hoe's the question I'm sorry. What if mmaro says, "Well no ane knows who this fluid is,
KM:
If you know, if them, arc heirs.
we go dig'em up move'em somewhere."
PP.
Yeah. Became if it was your family over them and somebody disturb them, you don't like the
PP:
No, l don't think so. 1 no think so they should be left right them.
idea too.
KM:
Waiho, wniho mblie?
KM:
That's right, yes.
PP;
Yeah. Because they've beat thea an= of tem just like you know they have a problem
PP:
The other day one Indy called me she told we if I own my own place. 1 says, "Yeah." "Arc
intending to sell it?" I said, "Where am 1 going w stay if I sell?" She said, "Well, maybe
down at Hokulia.
You
someday you want to sell." 1 mid, "Yeah, maybe I'll sell one day." "When will that day bmT'
KM:
Ohh, Oceanside 1250, yes. 'Cause all that 'onto them and ka lad.
"The day 1 go to my other land" She mid, "Do you have another?' "Yea" "Where is itr
PP:
I didn't even know they had graves down there. Hut whom they tell the awry, 1 listen.
"Hudslai Memorial." [chuckling)
Eh—why they want to fool around this there's been hundreds of years then people were
KM:
[chuckling]
thee'
PP:
She said, "Oh, okay thank you," she hung up.
KM:
Ya, hundreds and hundreds. I did the SW<'s work that helped with that ease se that they
have to preserve the Aleloe, the Alanuf Aupuni. 1 was w court several different lima on that.
KM:
a'oi. Tell them, "No thank you, g dye„
You know uncle people all like that, mka
And ym'm right. I mid, here's why you're finding all dose ilioo too, "beaux when they did
PP:
They like make money.
the research they didn't do it thoroughly."
KM:
po' niele, goodbye m!;
So a kala mal ia'a niele 'aw luau, aka mea tui k'ia. But L%lb 'arm e, Boost Y
PP:
Yeah.
ho'n Hang up, waste time
KM:
And an we went and we looked through all the old Mahele '.diva records like this and that we
PP;
Only looking for the money.
talk story with some of the kama'olna. Here's why you're going as this, there were hundreds
KM;
Yah, waste time.
and hundreds of people living there. Even in the 19003.
PP:
1 don't know if this 'bio had anything too.
PP:
Yah, l didn't eve know.
Yes. Well, what did you folks dor You pule mus, not mus, V
KM:
And so where ere they buried? Ai no lokoa i ken 'biro. [They are w the land.]
PP:
PP:
I pule. When I carne over here, l pule because I don't know this 'mina.
PP:
In the cava ova there.
KM:
Ana and pfi'o'u, dare mounds built up.
ICM:
PP:
Yes.
I my because "If anything was buried here, unknown or something like that, to forgive me if I
PP:
Yeah.
do anything, or you can give me a sign"
KM:
Ai 'ole, la'a ka mowne. Kau ke kion o loko, ho'apthapd w me kapbhaku.
KM:
Ya.
PP:
Yeah. I know'emse those days maybe they don't have tools so they have to do the bat they
PP;
So if I know something is ova hem,, I mould preserve or what.
have.
KN:
I know, my Mother wed to live amund here. All inside here he went walking before, Plenty
KM:
'Ae, that's right they work with what they have.
puhaku all over the place.
PP:
There art some places 1 know right up M Kahane has too, people's Ind.
PP:
Stoner
KM:
Ya.
KN:
Yeah.
PP:
Well, the guy who buDdoza, he told me when they were bulldozing he mid "Boy when I
PP:
The kind?
war over them that bulldozer, when the blade went down the came awe up."
KN:
Petroglyph and cava plenty inside hoe.
KM
Ohhl
PP:
He mid, he got sand so...
KM:
People lived all over.
51 52
PP:
KN:
PP:
KN:
KM:
PP:
KM:
KM:
PP:
KM:
PP:
KM:
RC415m
Humby someday they going to dig this place you know, as time goes.
Get up here already somebody whm buy inside the dons shy going right now.
Be the archaeologist go in first and go look.
I sure hope W.
They're supposed to but the problem is, did an aschamlugist call you?
No.
That's the thing. So a we look a these things, as we Wk story some. 1 would like to make
sure that some of your mo'olelo your recollections abort how people lived on the had, o if
there are pis= that people know about...
Yeah.
It's important, because otherwise nabxnle.
Yeah.
Or then they hit the burial or they destroy the plica and then pilika.
Yeah, yeah. That's right, some people they don't know the value.
Yes.
When you come culture side again, a lot of times no good. Bemuse that's the thing if it's
you ancstms, you don't want anybody go fol around, you know. Would be like, like even
my half brother the mother buried in Pilhala an they wanted for find out about my father. I
don't know tan much about my father...
What was Parke fust name orhis?
1 think Pah and Kihon was the Ism.
Kihon.
1 think they go Pah KbLon, Pak is the last name for Kilos, Park Kibon.
see...
...But whm 1 was born 1 never sin no father. I only saw Ones: gnod-folks.
Yes. And then mora later married Joe Kahananui?
Yeah.
Uncle la and maim had five children more.
Five children. I think only one more left, the youngest me. My mother's last baby. My
mother had about eight children 1 think.
'Ae... Now Kahsnumi, was he Muni to Kaananui? He Kupihe7
Yeah, Kupihe. He was adopted, the half-brother Alfred, that's Kahananui.
'Aur.
1 thine that's the one misted to Kim them.
Kinonu,'se. And even him you know I think Kahammlui if I recall he may have original in
Maui also.
53
RC4RM
PP: 1 don't know.
KM: I think in his mo'olelo. My wife's (!ilii, Puku'i did oral history with like Aunty Makapini ma.
PP: Yeah, Makapini.
KM: Kaha tanui ma like that
PP: One lady was staying with Makapini them I forget already the was long ago.
KM: Yea yes...
PP: ...Like my grandfather I'd really like to know. Because they say he served during King
Kallicam's time that's why.
KM: I will look for you... I'm going to gel this transcribed and I'd like to come back. Maybe we
can go koh holo one day.
PP: Yeah go Ink some of the placea.
KM: Go look some of the plain. By the way the name 'O'oma you heard what? Is there a story
for that mink?
PP: I don't know.
KM: Never heard.
PP: Neverhearabout'O'oms.
KM: How about Kohanaiki7
PP: Even Kolamiki, same thing, I never hew. There most be something was minted, and they
named this place. Some places you hew the name because it's belated to something.
KM: 'Aur, that's right Well, and how beautiful though that other name you said'Ohikepua.
PP: 'Olhikepw.
KM: Oh, beautifal. Nele 'ore, Fele pant 'oki ka pua?
PP: 1 don't know who named all these subdivision names. And I said "Oh one beautiful mune
they left out, Ohikaplu."
KM: 'Aur. [pausal Well, these maps, you'll enjoy. This one 1885 about. The newest map, this is
1888, this is 1902.
PP: That's a long time.
KM: Nice old plate nems.
PP: That's even before I was bom.
KM: Yes. And it's an interesting to hew that you kfrk] was still using that 'C&PkC.
PP: And then I have a picture he still with the'Okeke.
KM: Have you seen the book that Helm Robert's wrote?
PP: No. The only reason why 1 got Ilial Helen Robert's is her stuff was willed to the Bishop
Museum, that's when her name came up.
KM: That's right. If I see some of the story or history that your kOko shard with Helm Robert's 1
will copy it for you [copy provided to kupuna on January 14, 20071.
PP: Ohh!
54
RC4151
RC-0151
KM:
Okay, eo I'll bring that for you.
PP:
The squash is higher than me.
PP:
Okay...
KM:
Wow!
KM:
Wonderful, mahnlo nut! Mahal. out i kens mo'olelo, kou wehewehe 'ana i keia mau mea...
'ana.
PP:
1 had to prop up with a stick to hold the vine up there ton because every day this thing was
Aloha keia but hu
growing.
PP:
[thinking] I wonder why did they call that moon KL.
KM:
Amazing! Gee!
KM:
Maybejmt like dropping down.
PP:
Long and not only the bottom part was big, but it went up. It's the regular kind you eat. but
PP:
Yeah. That's the seventeenth moon, Kalu. But what did they mean because some
what happened, this one here was long like that.
moon's ... like my grandfather would my he would plant Bowen in the moon, Mohalu. His
KM:
Wow, that's amazing! By the way, were there certain times that if a type of Bower bloomed
interpretation is mdhala.
or something that you knew you should go to as kat like that to gather something or...?
KM:
'Ac. Blossom, bloom.
PP:
Still yet those things. I think when the lauhala Bower bean then it was good for wnw and for
PP:
Bloom, yeah. That's the time to plant Bowen, Mobalu. Hue you can plant too, Hua.
squid 1 think.
KM:
Hua ka 'mT
KM:
thorn he's.
PP:
Yeah, Hua. Only the kind fruit that hangs up they said, I guns you can plant other times. You
PP:
Time for go get he 'e. They had their own way, their own signs. They know what's ready
like plant tree& you plant in the L i'" moos.
now.
KM:
'As.
KM:
Yeah.
PP:
And Non fmit like fruit taw not like macadamia nut, macadamia nut you can plant any time.
PP:
I think We you go that fire and wma.
KM:
Mea hou kala.
KM:
'Ae.
PP:
Planting like... well, mai'a same thing to became they only plant one mai'a bee. I had me
PP:
When the Bower... but you got to keep at it so you remember these different seams.
time one plant, rot here but at the house that they moved down.
KM:
That's right I know yeah. It's so important.
KM:
Yea, Yea.
PP:
Yeah.
PP:
It bore four bunches two this side and two this side.
KM:
What a blessingl Mahalo nui i ka lokonouka't, maholo i Kekoa no kow maka'ala i keia.
KM:
Anmzingl
Mahalo nut...
PP:
Be rot real big. Then they had one, it bear down it carne like a honeycomb you know the
Group:
[discuaves Hawaiian language]
Polo underneath, oh bigjuat lice a bell.
KM:
It is so important to talk story with you folks. What you knew what you experienced we will
KM:
You're kidding, amazing!
never have again.
PP:
Yeah, the banes went up. I don't know if I still have the picture.
PP:
Yeah. They also up here Hu'ehu'e theme's a mountain that the me mhum were going to move,
'Akahipu'u.
KM:
Wow! Did you plant them at a certain time like what your fain said?
KM:
PP:
No, you just don't know this thing came out
PP:
Youremember t
Vou remember that?
KM:
Luck n6 ho'i.
KM:
So you heard about that mo'olelo?
PP:
Yeah. And then 1 planted one squash 'cause term in the paper this Japanese guy had one
PP:
Yeah. l hear folks Nem talk about it.
squash, I think it was saying how many pounds. It was a big squash he was holding. The
grand
biggest squash an I know the gid at the Hilo Tribune Herald. I told 'em, "Hey, you think this
KM:
Who was going to move that? The po'e...?
guy got the biggest squash, maybe the type of squash be has, but I have a squash that's longer
PP:
The menehunes.
than that This is small you bold in front mine that's six feet-" She told me, "Send me the
proof." Okay, I took the picture I mead her, they put the picture in the paper.
KM:
Ahh!
KM:
Wow, amazing!
PP:
They dug that mountain and that was supposed to be all one night.
PP:
Six fat 1 was standing over there now...
KM:
'Ae.
KM:
It's higher than you?
PP:
They dug the, they claim that hill them is s pu'u down where the golf course now.
55
56
RC-01U
RC-01N
KM:
'Ae.
PP:
Oh, really the guy most have been... When I knew him he was an old man already.
PP:
On top gel they were going to tarty and put the top ova there.
KM:
He was old see he hale 1929 you know and he was umvuliralt already.
KN:
KOili?
PP:
His grave still up them.
KM:
KOM.
KM:
Up at Zion, or...?
Pp:
I dont know what the name.
PP:
No, no by the Watauga Na'auaa behind.
KM:
KOili was what they were going dig that
KM:
Ob yeah?
PP:
Yeah. They were going to put this mountain an top there I think. So they dug and they get the
PP:
Yeah.
koo, or kauila stick mdmmeath.
KM:
Where is the ... I knew that there was a Ho'omana Na'auao here in Keleoa
KM:
'As, kauila.
PP.
Behind in the hashes.
PP:
The rooster went crow.
KM:
Where is the Ho'casns Na'aus, here?
KM:
'Ae, '0'6 lea most.
PP:
No more now.
PP:
Pau.
KM:
No, where was the lot?
KM:
Mon-nuia-hea.
PP:
You know warn you go up, you tum left and you go ova I think the fuel
PP:
Yeah Moui.
mehea
ts p
subdivision, and the next one is Loloa 1 think. I think that's the water pump over them.m. It''u
It's up
KM:
KOku, did you ever hear about, by Kaukaweli, Kukui'uhiwai about a watenhole, a water cave
behind there'
called 14510 ei? Kes uawai o M§kalei?
KM:
And so MM Kihe's gave is still Were?
PP:
No, I neva did.
PP:
Yeah. Kihe's house was up them, you know the foundation.
KM:
You neva did? Oh, I'll bring you the mo'clelo. TOM Kihe wok that up, annumill
KM:
By and by whm we go holoholo would you show me?
PP:
He most have been a writer or something?
PP:
Yeah.
KM:
Yes, in the Hawaiian newspapers. He was amazing, what he wrote.
KM:
Because I'd like to make sure tlW tot's protected aha.
PP:
Ohl He most have been an educated mm.
PP:
Yeah. His grove is built like a time you know.
KM:
He an h5rum 1854 and...
KM:
Okay.
PP:
You mean that's the Kills: that?
PP:
It's, as long as nobody fooled around that cement is still there. Hes the only one that's really
KM:
lksaka.
noticeable over them.
PP:
Iluraka.
KM:
Yea, okay.
KM:
But his whole name was John Whaley Hermosa Isar KAM.
[Site visited on January 14, 2003]
PP:
Yeah hese
PP:
When I want to disinter my mother, my grandfather, my grandmother and my kid sista I put
back all the atone everything, to make look nice. When you look just like the grave still them
KM:
Bhaaks Kine, and even in the early nineteen hundreds he and John Wise and a couple of other
all the remain gone...
people were the me's who traslated, what is called Abraham Fornmder's Collection of
PP:
I don't know when Kihe died and warn he was buried.
Hawaiian Antiquities.
PP:
Oh.
KM:
Nintem twenty nine.
KM:
Bishop Museum, thick volumes, tame big books with all mn'nlelo like that. He was, well
PP:
I don't recall going to his funeral.
known as a knowledgeable man. The man who surveyed the JIM two older maps that I left
KM:
Yeah, you'll ace. I'll bring you some of his mo'clelo. There's a maple of them in this
for you, Enamor.
palapula [materials left far kupusa].
PP:
Yeah.
PP:
He wrote plenty.
KM:
References Kihe W the time and he says, "my walking encyclopedia."
KM:
Yea.
57
58
RC -0154
RCAIM
PP:
Gee, I wonder what hisjob was.
KM:
'Ae. But ase, not man, pule mua.
KM:
What I'll do is.. He salted off as a young boy from when be was seventeen he already, old
PP:
Yeah.
man G.W. Kanaka'ole had a stroke.
KM:
Me ke aloha, pule mua, ru ke Akn a wehe ke ala hek.
PP:
Ohh.
PP:
'A,.
KM:
And he was school teacher Homukuhau aide hike that.
KM:
A lou nana'o, mana'o pono no pulama 'ana o tela po'e...
PP:
You mean Kihe?
PP:
Yeah.... Even like kahahar, you know where the old airport?
KM:
So Kibe became the assistant scbool teacher.
KM:
Yea, Maka'eo aide?
PP.
Ohh'
PP:
Yeah, Maka'eo. There was one time real rough water.
KM:
Then Kihe taught school at various schools around in the Kekahn region.
KM:
'Ae.
PP:
Oh.
PP:
All that and and all the iwi came outside.
KM:
Then he got some seat of education he was kind of like s lawyer. He helped many, of the
'ama,
KM:
All the hvi came up.
families get their homestead land, like that He would write for people from Pu'u
Anahulu through the Kohamiki like that and Honokohau section you know.
PP:
But they don't know who.
PP:
In the meantime he was making Imbues [chuckling].
KM:
No, po'e kahiko lakou.
KM:
Evidently...
PP:
They went take all this rwi up Hualfilai Memorial, they have a big grave, "Unknown."
PP:
...So we go there, and we up, look'O'osm.
KM:
Just one big grave unknown people. Everybody all mix up, huikau inside.
KM:
We go up'O'oma mauka look close to where you folks 'aina was before.
PP:
All inside, only bones they brought over there.
PP:
'O'oma.
KM:
Yeah. Aloha no.
KM:
May I ask you, you said that you had to move your comma?
PP:
Yeah... [further discussion about the relocation of family graves]
PP:
Yeah.
KM:
...That's goad m know too. Mahak, mai. Aloha kilo kur 'arm, an he Akua put me 'ore. Kaki,
KM:
And grandpa and grandam, kahm Fonar urn. Why did you choose b move them?
inn as hews wau ma ka 'i 'ana o ku'u wohq a but kala mai 'oe ta'u.
PP:
You know 1 felt. gone, I'm the only son my anther had. So, l knew nobody knee going
PP:
No. Nut na mea no'olelo, ina wale am, rmloaale... Manua, they don't give those things up,
m do it nobody my tide don't know who they are they won't do it And I don't know who
m kids
just like weaving. Ifyou see this this
wg. yo boy or this gid shows an interest that's the one
will do it And then if second ry that place comes like Hokulik they dig and take 'em all over
they going to give.
the place. So they say, "Oh we don't know this people we bulldoze this place," they're gone.
KM:
That's the one they teach.
KM:
Yeah, okay. So you did it You know papa Ka'elanakule did the suite thing... Remember, in
PP:
Yeah. So now, they want everybody to know. When you look everybody's out for money
'36 dust's what they did they took all Kauha'iha , rob and Ks'elemakule them, all buried
[chuckles]. As xoom they learn, they want to make aha sell already.
there. When he died his kauoka was dig up and them was twenty something people, they took
Yeah,
all of those people, and 14'demekule his grave, his bones or body they took all out to
Mahai'ula-Kmrlaru... He talk everybody in there was the same reason 'cause he knew that
PP:
Not to preserve, to sell make money.
by and by, no one will know and then they going come take, oh "Who's this?" Dlg'ma up
KM:
And that was how your grandmother them how you folks made exon money you make 'eke,
put -um somewhere maybe they don't want to be.
race"a, pirpale.
PP:
Yeah. That's why 1 don't want my mother them to be like that. So before 1 went and dig, I
PP:
Moena mM to sell, but most for the boom.
pule over there sod I talk to them. 1 said, "You know I'm here?" 1 said, "1 don't want you
folks an stay in these bushes, here, and 1 don't know what's going to happen when I'm gone so
KM:
For the house. The comer everything?
1 want you folks to be, to make it easy for me, don't make humbug. I'm going to dig and take
PP:
Yeah. Go around the comer, go around the post [chuckles].
you folks am and take you to where I'm going an be and that's perpetual care so when I'm
gone, 1 know this grave is going to be them, it will be taken care of." So 1 didn't have no
KM:
Amazing, amazing!
problems. Lot of guys I ask, they told me, "oh I dig but I ... no, no, no." "I go down you folks
PP:
No fit anyplace, only made to fit...
don't have to go. l can go get but, l want somebody to dig."
KM:
Only made to fit that room.
59
60
RC -01N
PP: And basket we made, because pick coffee.
KM: Yes. Did your basket was kuahur, kuakolu, three thick?
PP: Double.
KM: Double, so krnlua?
PP: Kunlun, l think.
KM: Did she put apo inside, wire?
PP: Yeah an top.
KM: So pa'a?
PP: Yeah.
KM: When you folks weave yew basket with the apo, do you stmt from the top and go down, or
you star from the bottom comer from the top go down?
PP: Top go down.
KM: Oh, wonderfrll
PP: You put the top and then you got to want the maks.
KM: Yes.
PP: If you count say six, six, six, six, no can be seven, bunby off, no can join.
KM: That's right.
PP: Then that, you mark your comer, mark your corner and then you go down and you weave.
KM: Yes.
PP: And then on the broom you stmt ensamoss each other.
KM: Wonderful!
PP: But they get new way, I have to learn the other way now. They make but from the bottom and
then you came up.
KM: ...I'm curious about when you apo and go down like that.
PP: You put the ring and then you go down.
KM: And did you, where did your khpuns, where did you folks gather you turbots From?
PP: Gee we used to come down here'Ohikapua, a big tree.
PP: Yeah. And no nacre tot much trees. I was thinking how can the whole people up there. Where
did they get their lauhala? We always wane down and there was enough for as to go home
and weave. Because we had to weave hat and take in the store.
KM: Were the lau aim length m...?
PP: Yeah, nice length.
KM: Good length. Six feet or...?
PP: No, aro smaller than that.
KM: Smaller. Few or five?
RCDIH
PP: Yeah. Lauhala at least if you get three feet m four feet, that's plenty fm weave.
KM: Okay.
PP: And then we sell to the store to exchange for food.
KM: Yeah.
PP: One dozen, no'nough. You got to do at least four down for buy kaukau, those days.
KM: Nats, three, Pow dozen?
PP: Exchange.
KM: Hats?
PP: Yeah. Thirty cents a hat.
KM: Amazing yeah! Terrible.
PP: Yeah.
KM: Now you look hat some people sell hat hundreds of dollars.
PP: Ohh boy! Before thirty cents one hat, lucky ifyou can buy one thirty dollars now [chuckling].
KM: Oh you're right. Your sister made me a beautiful hat and my wife. 'Cause 1 always go with
her and I brought her in 1 got her some kenikent jobs as a demonstration. It was so nice so
when we left Kauai she made me a beautiful maka1i7 hat.
PP: She's still doing that.
KM: 1 know, amazing!
PP: But she forgetful, so much. She's going to be eighty-eight this year.
KM: Yeah, a blessing.
PP: Bat she goes to the museum two times a week, two days a week. That keeps her mind going.
KM: Ohh, it's important to have the social interaction, to talk story and things tot you know. At
least with this you got in think about pelu here, race.
PP: Moe, ,ha[chuckling].
KM: Good, mahalo nut...
Group: [discusses next visit m go nbno 'mina]
KM: ...Mahalo nui! By the way, what hotel you worked at?
PP: Kona Ina.
KM: Kwo lam, oh we should talk about that nut fine tot.
PP: In 1939.
KM: And the water was taming off the mountain then right?
PP: Yeah.
KM: You folks had your own reservoir up there right?
PP: Oh yeah they came by Wa!'aha.
KM: Ae.
61 62
PP:
RC -0154
Get five tanks up there. And Gome's place, I think they had another big tank. They had
couple tanks before reached the hotel.
Yeah. 1 interviewed Joe Gomes a couple of years before he passed away.
You did?
Talk about that 'dina there, and Manuel, his father.
Yeah, I think the tank still there.
Yeah, amazing! Wonderful! Good, we see you again soon then.
Okay.
And mahalo. Next time I get to Honolulu 1 will look for some things.
See if you can find something about my grandfather.
'Ae... [end of interview]
63
RC -0154
Peter Keka
Kaloko-Honok6hau Oral History Program
(Interview with Kepfi Maly and Stan Bond, September 11, 2000)
41�ao ��'.w a'�� �`t a �� '�. +ai91lR��t� ey _ t ����u �. a, Y �. '` M�'�'. �"' ' •�,
ON
•��x
nk
1W
Figure 2. Peter Keka on the shore at Kaloko.
Uncle Peter Keka was born in 1940 at Waiki'i, Kohala, when his father was working for the ranch. Both
sides of his family have multi -generational ties to lands of the Honokbhau-Kalaoa section of Kekaha,
North Kona, and have had a working relationship with the fishponds of Kaloko and Honok5hau for at
least three generations.
In the interview Mr. Keka describes customs and practices associated with the lands of Kekaha
(including 'O'oma), and fisheries and fish pond management as he learned from his kupuna and mtikua.
During the interview, several historic maps (dating from the 1980s to 1960s) were referenced. When
appropriate, selected locations described or visited were marked on the maps.
Mr. Keka gave his personal, verbal release of the interviews to Maly on November 1', 2002.
(begin interview transcript):
KM: ...'Ae. This is a portion of Register Map 1280. It was surveyed in late 1980s and finished in
1892. Here's Kohanaiki ma'ane'i.
PK: Yeah.
KM: The church, the old Kohanaiki Church... but that church was pau by your time?
PK: Yeah, never had.
64
•
RC41M
KM: This shows the old trail that comes down, straight down actually out ofKohamiki?
PK: Yeah, but you had the other trail. I1 would go here. [pointing out location on map]
KM: One came closer to the boundary between ... 7
PK: Yeah.
KM: Come out between?
PK: Kohasiki.
KM: Kohmaiki?
PK: Yeah, right out them.
KM: Right, that's Wawahi... ?
PK: Kawiwahi Point.
KM: Wiwahi Point?[Wiwahiwa'aj
PK Yeah, Wkwahi.
KM: Okay, so the hdl actually came...?
PK: Actually came hem and thm went on the beach to'O'oma.
KM: 'Ac, pololei in fad this is a portion of the trail, it ent across.
PK: Yeah. Puhili point ... well 'O'oma isjuel about hem.
KM: 'As. Pololei You right, that's right that's'O'am.
PK: Yeah. Pihoehoe is down them too, why they call it Pihmme because that's where they had
all the stme louses.
KM: Wenn.
PK: Well, we used to build stone houses but; you know that's where most of the scone houses
were? It's all gone now.
KM: All gone?
PK: Whoever took it. I don't know.
KM: You think this hail, did it follow out of Kohmaiki into Kaloko and then cut down? Or do you
think it went straight down?
PK: Gene on the some sad but... them was a wdl.
KM: A boundary wall between Kohanaiki-Kaloko?
PK: Yeah. It would divide Kaloko-Kohamiki.
KM: 'Ac. You can still are some of that well from the highway.
PK: Yeah, when you go down, you can ace the wall. Not the one over, they had me more you
know right shove here.
KM: Did the trail follow the wall basically?
PK: Yeah, it came down with the hail.
KM: Yost came set to basically ... 7
RC -0W
PK: Yeah, here [pointing to uses just behind where we were sitting — in the vicinity of the present
day park picnic area] and War they had couple graves out there.
KM: Near the boundary?
PK: Yeah, Kohmaiki.
KM: 'Ae, right on the Kohansiki?
PK: Yeah. Actually you look at it, Kohmaiki goes dimctly...ard then Kaloko would
KM: 'Ac, Pololei you're right, uncle. Right near the boundary here, between Kaloko-Kohanniki,
has a heiau I Wink on the point. Is that right?
PK: Yeah, l think it's just beyond that ksmve tree.
KM: Okay, I we the kiawe.
PK: Well, you have some on the Nod. it's covered and you have some in the back.
KM: So you folks would walk feet come down, or ride hone m something, krkoke?
PK: Walk feet, kekake my way.
KM: When feel, gotta go feet [chuckling].
PK: Yeah when the donkeys, we had too much to tarty you know you had to walk.
KM: They hepar? About how lung was yomjoumey when you walk down?
PK: It would take maybe about forty-five minutes.
KM: For real?
PK: That would be you know if you cane straight down hese. But if you amid stop and pick
fruits or vegetables or whatever, longer.
KM: What kinds of things would you gather while you were coning makaft
PK: Yam.
KM: People still had Amu 'uala before, ukl befbm7
PK: Yeah, we still had.
KM: In alone mounds and things along the kids?
PK: Yeah, we still had, you know. Whenever we get chance we planted it.
KM: 'Ac, you tak4 put a little back?
PK: Yeah.
KM: Na'avoo she kupuna?
PK: Yeah. Then we would gather some peaches, mangoes, whatever.
KM: Some kola a little some sm ka come makers?
PK: Yeah.
KM: Were there resting Places that you folks would kind of..?
PK: Well, not really.
KM: Pretty short, the forty-five minutes that you just come straight down?
65 66
RC -0154
PK: Yeah, if you come straight here. If you would go off road and then visit some neighbors, then
it would take little longer.
KM: 'Ae.
PK: They would give you something, and then you go back, you [gestures giving something].
KM: You hn'awi [give, share]?
PK: M'awi.
KM: When you came makai, was it primarily you going holoholo, lawai'a?
PK: Yeah. They would know, everybody would know because you know you had already
planned. You be the only one going.
KM: Even that, so there wasn't competition between the fisherman going?
PK: No, no.
KM: Two guys go the same ko'a like, no?
PK: No.
KM: Today's Keka's day, he going down.
PK: Yeah, he going down so they make ready. Then when you come by he would stop and pick
up what they had.
KM: Hmm, maika'i.
PK: And then when you go back you drop off whatever you would give to them in exchange.
KM: That's kuapo, how they exchange back and forth like that. You folks fished in Kaloko,
Kohanaiki, you go 'O'oma?
PK: All that [gestures farther over].
KM: Even Keahole?
PK: Keahole.
KM: All ka makoi and stuff all along the shore?
PK: Uh-hmm.
KM: Amazing! No one go out canoe in your time, or still had?
PK: [shakes head, no]...
RC 0154
Malaea Keanaaina-Tolentino (with Cynthia Torres) and Samuel Keanaaina
Kaloko-Honokohau Oral History Program
(Interview with Kepi; Maly, October 2, 2000 at Kaloko)
Figure 3. Malaea Keanaaina-Tolentino and Samuel Keanaaina at the old Keanaaina Homestead at Kaloko.
Kupuna Samuel Keanaaina and his sister kupuna Malaea Keanaaina-Tolentino are descended from
families with generations of residency in the Kalaoa-Honokohau region, including the land of 'O'oma.
Kupuna Sam Keanaaina was born in 1926, and lived between the family's Kalaoa and Honok6hau
residences. Kupuna Malaea was born in 1928, and at birth, taken to her grandparents home at Honok6hau
Nui (near the present-day Honokbhau junction), where she was raised by her paternal grandparents,
William Nu'uanu Keanaaina Sr. and Malaea Noenoe Ha'au-Keanaaina (also land owners in 'O'oma).
Their parents were William Nu'uanu Keanaaina Jr. and Emily Kopa Kapanui-Keanaaina who lived
on family land at Kalaoa. During their youth both kupuna Sam and Malaea regularly traveled between the
uplands and coastal lands of Kalaoa-'O'oma and Kohanaiki-Honok6hau. From those journeys and the
time spent with their elders, they learned about the land and practices of the native families. During the
interview, they shared some of their recollections of travel through 'O'oma, and fishing in the Kekaha
region.
The interview was conducted near the shore of Kaloko, just makai of the former Keanaaina residence.
The kupuna shared important recollections and descriptions of use of the fishponds and near shore
fisheries; residency and travel between the shore and mauka lands; and descriptions of sites in the region.
Kupuna Malaea granted release of the interview (by signature) on October 16`' 2002; and kupuna Sam
Keanaaina, granted verbal release of the interview on December 6'h 2002.
67 69
•
aCL151
Kupuna Malses—Travel from the mauka lands of Kalaoa, sco ss 'O'oms, and from Kohanaiki and
Hmmkohau:
KM: How did you folks come makai here?
MKT: Some of us walked down, and on donkey and horse. Whoever is good luck, they lucky,
otherwise they going walk.
Cr: And with the trail?
KM: You would come off out of Kolunaiki a...?
MKT: Honokohau )unction.
KM: Hmmlodhou Junction, some down?
MKT: Come down.
KM: Get the hail over there?
MKT: Comes out dramas close to this drive-in [the present-day road into Kaloko].
KM: Yes.
MKT: And there's about three or four more trails I think, that come down.
KM: 'Ac, towards Kohanaiki cane down hail?
MKT: 1 think by Matsuyama.
KM: Oh, Kelaoe a well.
MKT: And the one fuller up.
KM: They would come down and then come along the ocean tmil? Or did they cut across?
MKT: They have to cut come across the trail and come over here or wherever they going.
KM: Yes, cams: you kuku had 'direr, Ha'au was it at Kohauaiki also makei or was that another
kvk,? Was that...?
MKT: No, no that's fla'au, rim, man, or grandpa...
Kupune Sam and Mala sa—Recollection of the lands and families of Kalaos,'O'oma and Kohanaiki:
KM: ...I brought you a nice old map that I thought you'd he interested in. This is tram 1882 but it
has quite a bit of the lands. [opening map] This is an Emerson Register Map [No. 1449], it
eovm from the Ka'upulehu boundary to Kaloko hem,
an it doesn't quite go to Hamkohau. But hem, you can see, here's the church, Keoki Ms'a's
house, you have Punihnle, uncle Iokepa, the old mint Punihaole's house.
SK: Oh, yeah.
MKT: Lowell?
KM: Lowell's pap them.
SK: Yeah.
KM: Here's Kaiakoili.
SK: 1 heard that name but 1 never met the people
RC -0154
KM: They're old kapuna.
SK: 1 know Punihaole used to live here.
MKT: He lived to be hundred.
KM: Amazing! Uncle Lowell, almost one hundred years old, yes. Kuku Kamaka, Uncle Kamaka?
SK: Yeah, they call him Kanaka [chuckling). Every Sunday he walks all the way up to the church.
1 tell, how did you walk? Early in the morning he stay sitting down the people didn't come to
the church. He rings the bell at the time church supposed to start.
KM: Amazing!
MKT: Sometimes he rings 'um Tuesday. I tell him, the people not coming today.
SK: [chuckling]
KM: 'Auwe! Hour. So this is a nice map because it shows the Grant Lands and here it comes
down to... l guess Kapena is your folks'ohana, is that right?
MKT: That's the Kapanui side.
SK Kapene.
KM: And here's Holdout? This is Kohmaiki'11ma down here.
SK: Yeah, way down hert. This is whet [looking at the next land indicated on the map]?
KM: Vona.
SK: The top aide.
KM: This canes down to the ocean here. Here's into 'O'o ta-Kalaes, like the old man Kamaka.
SK: Kamaka.
KM: This is Kama's house over here [pointing to the kuls house on map]. 1 think that's by where
your sista?
MKT: Henry garotte.
KM: Yom sista Amy.
SK: Yeah.
KM: Where the old boom was before?
MKT: That two story house.
KM: Yeah, the old two story ane that's right, kula house.
SK: That's the one down below on the Palisade's side?
KM: Yeah.
SK: It's not there anymom. Was up then for many years and then gone. The wind blow 'em
down, I guess.
KM: I thought you would enjoy this because nice to see the old'aina.
SK: Yes...
KM: ...So you folks would regularly go mauka-makat like that?
SK: Right, on weekends and after school. We like to come down even the whole week but it's
69 70
aCLI"
only vantion time we en get down here. Go to school, so it has to be on the weekends, we
come down. Atemoun, Sunday we go back up the hill again.
KM: Time to go home.
MKT: Go church.
SK: When we go home my father take us to church, we couldn't slay home we got to go church.
My grandfather was the type that was always working mm.
MKT: Yeah.
SK He's not the type that you can play in front of him, if you can play you can do something
[chuckling).
KM: Who's this, your papa" your grandpa?
SK: My grandfather, my grandma's husband.
KM: Yeah, Igtil Malen... Grandpa William Nu'umu (Keaaaioa)?
SK: Yeah...
Fishing along the shore of Kekaha:
KM: ...It's an important to talk sorry, these recollections that you have because it fills in so we
have an ides about how you folks aloha and took care of the land. And was that a thing too,
fishing did yen learn from your kkkk how you fish? Did you take everything you want as
much as you want or did you...?
SK: No, only what we can eat We can't wage it, today you go an much and that's it. We bring
home for everyone who's up in hem and whatever you bring. We can't eat'em today we est
'em tomorrow.
MKT: No waste.
KM: No wale yeah. Before, like now you we people just from all over everywhere come?
SK: Yeah.
KM: And they take everything and then you wonder how come no mom?
MKT: 'Anum.
KM: 'Aamu.
SK [chuckling] Now, I go fishing, I used to throw pain and my hook in there, the humuhumu
carr: right up and picks 'm up and they fighting for this one bait and if one, you bring 'cm
up. But now you throw yaw bait over them it disappesr. 1 don't know what happened. They
go away but they cane back slowly they we what's this thing up in hem. 1 don't know if they
probably frightened off with something else from before. People are coming down here
and...
KM: When you folks were young was it much lea people, and did people respect. If they knew
this is Kean aim's fishery?
MKT: You mem now?
KM: No, before days.
MKT: Oh was aloha, that time.
aC-0W
KM: Herm. Say if Keanaaina was hem ... then people wouldn't come make maha'ai, or would they
ask your grandpa them first?
SK: No, l think they came over, we invite them over.
MKT: Grmdpajat give.
SK: Sometime we stay over night with some other friends. If they don't do what we do, we tell
him, and the next time they don't come down here [chuckling].
Group: [laughing]
SK: We making it better fm the other guys too.
KM: Nice though. [pauses) Before tits was saying too, this land was much more open. Not all pa'a
'ia with this nahelehele.
MKT: This trees, never have that.
SK: Tris are getting too big, before I can we right across.
KM: You could ace right wanes before?
SK: Yeah, if you cone around this end you can see the other end but now you have the trees up in
there now...
Traveling the makai kula lands --pats all awss the lards of'O'oma, Kelaoa and Mahai'ula:
KM: ...Had goats out hem that you remember or hardly an mom,pau?
SK: Then were few goals out this way [pointing north].
KM: Going towards Kohanaiki aide?
SK: Yeah, Kohanaiki and Mahai'ula and all that. I knew some Filipino guys down them. So I
used to go down and ace all the goals. They used to take over the house, and don they build
mother shack for them to live down the beach and leave the other house for the goats upstairs
and downstain.
KM: [chuckling]
SK: I go down them I think what the hell the goals sticking their head out the window. "Hey,
padre, how career "All the goals, they take over the house now. He eat all
the lumbereverything, mom better I bring my own down hem and let them." [chuckling] And
they looking out through the window while we talk.
KM: That's out Kalaoa side or?
SK: No, tharsjust above the airport, pat the airport.
KM: Mahai'ula Kaulma?
SK lust before the airport.
MKT: That's where all the goats are...
George Kinoulu "Kano' Kahananut Sr.
(Oral History Interview — December 116 1999 with Kept Maly, Including
interview notes of, May 15, 2000, April 4, 2002, and January 14, 2003)
71 72
RC -0154
Figure 4 George Kinoulu Kahananui Sr.
George Kinoulu Kahananui Sr. (uncle Kino) was born in 1925 at Hblualoa, North Kona. Ilis birth parents
were James Ako Sr. and Lily K. Kanoholani-Ako (of the Kohanaiki-Kealakehe vicinity). At birth, he was
given in the custom of hunai to relatives of his mother's. Uncle Kino's kahu h5nai (guardians or adoptive
parents) were Joseph Kinoulu Kahananui and Haleaka Lilinoe Kahananui. lie was raised in the land of
'O'oma 2"d, overlooking Kekaha.
Being raised by the elder Kahananuis, uncle Kino's first language was Hawaiian. From his earliest
days, he was hearing stories of the lands of Kekaha, and he traveled the entire region from the uplands to
the shore, between Honokohau and Ka'upfilehu.
While traveling the lands of Kekaha, as a youth in the 1920s and 1930s, kupuna Kinoulu learned the
customs of the native tenants of the land; and about many of the places and practices of the people of
Kekaha. As a youth, he also heard many of the mo'olelo (traditions) of the land, and in this interview he
shared the account of the great fishpond P5'aiea which reportedly once extended from the 'O'oma-Kalaoa
Vicinity to Makalawena. This account describes the visit of Pele to the Kekaha region, and the events that
led to her covering the land with the lava flows of 1800-1801.
During the early interviews, kupuna Kinoulu shared detailed descriptions of travel between the
uplands of 'O'oma and the coastal lands of Wawaloli and vicinity. Describing life on the land he spoke of
the regular exchange (kuapo) of goods between families of the uplands and those who lived by fishing
along the shore and in off -shore fisheries; in those times, the fishponds of Honokohau and Kaloko were
RC -0154
important resources to families living in the uplands of the Kalaoa-'O'oma to Kcalakehe vicinity
All of kupuna Kinoulu's references to home and the mahina 'ai (planting fields) which they worked,
are set in the uplands of 'O'oma. Kupuna also mentions travel to Wawaloli, 'O'oma, for fishing, and as a
part of the larger Ilu'ehu'e Ranch operations. Kupuna Kinoulu's first job was with Hu'chu'e ranch (1941-
1960). The ranch lands included the kula and upper forest grazing lands of 'O'oma I` and 2nd. Within a
few years of employment on the ranch, he was made foreman, and in that capacity he regularly traveled
between the fee- and lease -hold lands of the ranch from Kaloko to Ka'upCilchu. Thus, the interview
includes important accounts for various lands of Kckaha.
On April 4" 2002 kupuna Kinoulu and his sister-in-law, Annie K. Coelho (born 1917), participated in
a field interview, traveling across the coastal lands of Kohanaiki and 'O'oma. During the interview
cultural sites, practices, and fishing customs were discussed further, and site specific references to
locations along the shore made. Additional details pertaining to the coastal lands of 'O'oma and
Kohanaiki were recorded on January 14`h 2003. The key from those two interviews, points pertaining to
'O'oma, are at the beginning of this Appendix under the heading "Summary of Documentation from Oral
History Interviews (1996-2003)."
The interviews were conducted in both Hawaiian and English. The following narratives, excerpted
from those interviews are given as released. Kupuna Kinoulu Kahananui granted his personal release of
the interview records, by signature to Maly, June 27, 2000 and January 14, 2003.
(Describing the practices associated with cultivating the uplands and exchanging produce of the
uplands for fish from the shore.):
KM: ...'Ae. O keia palapala 'Sina, o helu 2035. [pauses] Pehea kou mana'o, i kou wa 'i)pio, i kou
wa hana me ka Hui, ua hele 'oe i keia mau 'aina [pointing to Kekaha region on map]?
KM: ...I kou w5 li'ili'i, ua hele 'oe i kai i Honok6hau?
KK: 'Ae.
KM: He aha ka hana?
KK: Hele wau me ko'u kahu hanai. Hele maua i kahakai, no ka mca, po'e o ke au mamua, po'e
mahi'ai, lawe 15kou i ka 'ai i kahakai. O ka po'e i kai, ha'awi i ka i'a. Bele maua no keia.
KM: 'Ae, 'oia ke ano o ka noho 'ana a na kahiko.
KK: KE15 ka noho 'ana o keia mau 15.
KM: Hmm, maika'i. No laila, kek5hi po'e noho aia ma ka uka nei?
KK: 'Ae.
KM: Kanu 'uala... ?
KK: Kanu n5 mea kanu like 'ole.
KM: 'Ae, a like me kau i wehewehe ma Pu'u Wa'awa'a. Ka mai'a...
KK: 'Uala, mai'a, kalo.
KM: N5 mea like 'ole. Ua hele lakou, iho i kai a loa'a ka i'a?
KK: A ho'i mai. Kuapo. K5hi manawa h5`awina 15kou, hele mai 'ana i kc15 pule a'e, e
ho'om5kaukau ko 15kou i'a malo'o. Ai keia mau 15, nui ka 'upena e.
73 74
RCDIH RC.1m
KM:
'An...
KM:
No need. Host, hoihoi, yeah.
KK:
...My father was the f tmar.
KK:
That was the only meas they get for income.
KM:
He was mahi'si?
KM:
That's right.
KK:
Htmn... While others were lahcai'a [fishenornj
KK:
Money was, well you if you take the price as m who we think today, it was very chap.
KM:
How did you folks go down mdui?
Today it's not the same anymort.
KK:
Lio, on the horse.
KM:
That's right.
KK:
If you figure we used to help my mother to weave, my father he picked the lau hale and come
KM:
On this old hail that corm down from Kohenaiki7
home. We sed to clean, pick up all the hYu, and koe anal *Owili_.
KK:
Kohmaiki hail, all the way down...
KM:
'Ae.
KM:
...You'd go down, kunpo [ftme]?
KK:
Well, in those days, that was the style, and that is the only way that we can live and lam. So
KK:
Kunpo.
there are a lot of interesting times, not like today.
KM:
When you'd bade, you exchanged goods between...?
KM:
Yeah...
KK:
Yah. I k6111 man Id, [awe mai 'm i ka s i loko o ke kilu.
KM:
... Would Hu'ehu'e nm pipi even mehai down here to Kaloko, like that?
KM:
Kilu7
KK:
Yeah.
KK:
Kiln, is the basket.
KM:
Did the pipi go all the way down into the pond area?
KM:
loin?
KK:
Yah, at Kaloko.
KK:
Lau hale basket, kilu.
KM:
Oh, at Kaloko.
KM:
Oh.
KK:
The Kooko Pond. The pipi go down there drink, they go drink down at the water. All this
pipi go down. When we go down there drive pipi like that, what we catch, we catch. We no
KK:
And you put inside them, they get any kind of fish they catch down there they put 'em all.
can catch all, too big, and rough country.
They bring the fish all the way down here up here clean, no spoil.
KM:
Oh, yeah! Like you folks were saying at Pu'u Wa'awa'a, hard yeah the Wil and everything.
KM:
'Ac. Did they make...?
KK:
Yeah.
KK:
Put limit to kmp'em cool that's all [Sab= with hands, layering].
KM:
You eao'tjst go?
KM:
Oh, wonderful yeah?
KK:
Sometime we come home, early, no. Come home clean. In those days had no car only home:
:
No.
and donkey [chuckles]...
KM:
Mahope ha'ule.
KM:
... Where did your folks gather tan halal Because your mama, you kahu h5nai, us ulana Iau
KK:
What we do is we get the tone pipi. And during my time where the Kaloko tank was, the
hale?
middle tank?
KK:
Uh-hr®.
KM:
Yes.
KM:
No hes mai ka [sit hala?
KK:
Right tame them, we have a pen them.
RK:
Oh, they had Iau hale all over.
KM:
Oh.
KM:
All over. Makei? Of below than hese?
KK:
I built that pen. Vredenburg told me "We have to build a pen." We drive all these wild pipi
came inside them. Then from them we...
KK:
Their own place.
KM:
So Pd lm like?
KM:
On the kuls, mauka side?
KK:
Yeah. But before that we go down to Kaloko, we drive the pipi all the way frau them up to
KK:
Kula, yeah.
Hu'ehu'e. Then where W awaloli is,'O'ans, there's a big pond over them.
KM:
They didn't go down to the ocean m'ohi but halal
KM:
Yesyes
KK:
No.
KK:
Then we go down them, we ho'ohuli [round up] all the pipi, the wild pipi but we take'em on
75 76
until this pond. We go down early in the morning, we drive them and than we go up there we
ho'olulu, Cor test, because come'nuinala [afternoon], hot.
KM: Too hot.
KK: We only stay on the rim, and the pipi say below in this place. Then maybe about two, two -
thirty, when ma -u, damp, then froom there we go all the way up m Kau. In Kau we had our
ho'olulu place.
KM: So that far over too?
KK: Yeah.
KM: Wowl
KK: We go all the way from Wnwaloli, cutting across.
KM: Across the kula?
KK: Yeah.
KM: Working mauka?
KK: Work our way up. When we reach up there, then we're pais. We rest there and the next
morning we come down, we pick them up and we take'em all the way to Hu'ehu'c.
KM: Hour. Must have had same interesting plants in places sometimes, interesting gone of the
native trees?
KK: Inflame days the interesting beer was the'blems, wiliwili and halapepe on the lava, and'ulei.
Those were the Hawaiian bees.
KM: That you nee in those lands.
KK: Today you don't see all these plants.
KM: Not on the kula down here?
KK: No. You dont see the'dlei. The 'dla of is still strong. The wiliwili May on the lava and'ohe
['ole makai] stay on the lava.
KM: 'Ae,'ohe tae.
KK: But like the'ulei... The'ulei, they use that'ulet for the net 'opclu net.
KM: 'Opelu net, to make the ... 7
KK: The circle (waha'upma).
KM: 'Ac.
KK: Other than that them were no other Hawaiian bees at that time. Of course, smother bee was
alahe'e.
KK: We have two bees in Grant here.
KM: Oh, you get alahe'e7
KK: Amy wanted so much, she asked for the plant so we got when we built this house and we
plaoted it
KM: Beautiful. Pretty too, when bloom? Mohale, Wala.
KK: Strung'i da that wel But there's a no'olelo for alahe'e.
RC -0154
KM: Oh, yeah?
KK: Yeah. According to the history when the alshe'e blooms, you cannot make lei in give the
wahine who is hapai. He'e walel
KM: Mahape he'e.
KK: Yeah.
KM: Hoihoi, mana me ka'olelo, ma ]is word no ho'i.
KK: I think an.
KM: Yeah.
KK: Ala-he'c el
KM: 'Ac.
KK: You know one ala-he'e, the he'e has die'ale'ala right?
KM: 'Ae, that's right.
KK: Hawaiians they have all these different legends of taboo.
KM: 'Ae......So your excursions coming down here, you would go visit'ohana, you get is and
then you...
KK: Go horse. And during my ranch time, well, I had to go through all of this area.
KM: All though Kaloko and all these 'front north. So the pipi were down on the kula?
KK: On the kula and all over.
KM: And then you would take them, go back mamkn?
KK: Yeah, back mauka. And when I had a court case... I think you heard about that Japanese
company, Nansay?
KM: Yes.
KK: They went for years, fighting, and got nowhere. Somehow, Nansay went to this attorney, and
this attorney called me up, and talked W me. And when he spoke in me about i4 I said
"Okay." He cane hem, face to face, he sat ad we talked story about it, and then we went in
the wort. I described everything, and they won the case, and till today, Nansay no name. And
what Ijuet heard a few weeks ago, somebody bought Namay out, but we don't know who.
KM: Hour. Alan had the little ponds over that side too, e.
KK: 'Ops ponds.
KM: Yes.
KK: That's right mauka side of Wawahiwa'a.
KM: 'Ac.
KK: Right across from Wawahiwa'a. And they had'opae ponds at Kohanaiki, and then to Kaloko.
KM: Huge.
KK: And it is really amazing, as we look today, and how people can make a story from nothing.
KM: Homo, sometimes, not pololei [wmmect]...
77 78
RCLIN
KM: ...'Ae, like me'uc, me mw w'olelo'ne i ka nro'olelo a pili'aa is Kalace?
KK: Yeah.
KM: And paha ka puma pololei o kbit beet, K -a -[-nos?
KK: Kahane... But I don't know how they got Ka-lo-'oa [as pronounced by some people today].
KM: But a ale'm i lobe i kelt pow i kou wen ININ?
KK: A'ole,'o Kalaces
KM: 'Ain. A w lobe paha'oe i kekahi mo'olelo a pili kala man?
KK: Ka mo'ohlo a pili 'w kala, be kewlra keia, o Kahan. Not ka base o kale kanaka Keia
kaoaka, hese a pb'ele'ele. Mahpai. Iota i ho'i mai, piles toes hale me ka po'c mkkaukau i ken
mea'ai. No knees hill, Isms mai ke kedmhiaks a i ka pa, a Isn't mai'oil, belt 'oia a hes 'ai.
A keia reserve, nui Ins tans lupi. Hms'ote, mkkaukau keit ma'at, a walso'ois i loko o ka
hale, bete loin. Hele'aw pan ho't'aw met pipe me keia po'e. A'ole lakou i'ike, toes tomo
'is mahepe mei. Mahape o Ins hale.'At 'oia, a lobe 'is tow motes. Aia India kanska o loko, 'at
'aw'ois i ka po'ele'de. Mabaukw kine mea'si a pro. 'Ai 'oia a pass, a hiamoc aku. Keia
po'e, ho'i. A 'oia ke kumu i kabea'te "'Ai po'ele'ele." Kelac a'ai po ele'ele.
KM: Hurn. No ka mea, w haw a nui'oia, aka he tau po'e hipmeale paha, molowa?
KK: Mulows. A'ole Ispuwalc, molowa.
KM: A makarake lakou i ka 'ai...
KK: Ka 'ai wale no. A'olc i bele mei a kokw. PeH'ota, kaia kanske, taps ai 'oia At pd'ele'cle."
A ka ince as's kaulana, Kalinin. 'Ota kin ince o kdia tastes, 'Ai po'ele'ele. Kalaos-'ai-
po'ele'ele. A'ois ka mo'olelo pololei.
KM: Herm. Hothoil
KK: Nei no ne'olelo ma waho o ken po'e a wehewehe'w. Aka a'e, keit ka moolelo pololei e u
i lobe at mai nes kopuna mei. Mai ku'u mess kahu bloat mai.
KM: 'Ac.
KK: 'Oia ka moolelo o keit kenaka. Nui to nes mana'o, mi'olclo tame o kin wen kahiko. Patten, on
lohe'ne i keia'olelo name, "Punawai tau i ka leas'? Ka mi ass i ka lcev , kin kumu niu.
KM: 'Ain.
KK: Ki'i'm i ka neat a Tawe mai, a'oki a inu kala wai.'Oie ke tone.
KM: Na'auan nes tapers.
KK: 'Ain. "Ku'u pmnwei kau i ka lewd"'Oia ka puma o tela este. A nau no a no'ono'o, he she
ka ha'iw.
KM: He niu.
KK: Niu. Aia no Isn't kekahi menu 'olelo a pili 'me an kin kukui, ka inamona Noi 'oe, cia kin
purrs. "Ku'u i's,'ai no'emt" Me kala, a aana'oe, o wahi'm i ke kukui, mo'a, kou wawahi
'mt, a'ole hld is'ne ke... A ooho'ce, a 'iniki [gestures pinching stall portions of rumors,
between one's fingers to at], tomo Its pa'akai. 'Inti. A 'ami a 'ai poi [gesture making
circular ('ami) motions while taking up pot with fingem].
KM: Herm. Matkal.
RC-0IN
KK: A kekahi ane, a'olelo, "Ma i's, ai ka'unehi i loko."
KM: Home. A'ole wau maopopo.
KK: Ka slot.
KM: 'Ain (chuckles].
KK: [laughing]. So you ser all these riddles, they pointed our things.
KM: They loved that. yeah?
KK: They loved to test you. And some riddles, it's up to you to think and this red chili pepper.
KM: 'Ain, the nmi.
KK: That's all the seeds inside, that's why they say "Ka'mahi i loko."
KM: 'Ain.
KK: The'unahi, that is the chili pepper seeds [chuckle].
KM: 'Ain.
KK: Another expression of this kukui is what? Instead of you digging with a spoon and pound
'em, no, you cmck'em open and you pinch and you eat with a little salt.
KM: 'Ain.
KK: They had outer kind riddla but these are all good riddles they are not sarcastic.
KM: No, no maika'i. They teach you values.
KK: Value and gives you the time to think..
KM: That's right.
KK: What it represents, it might be just pointing something out to you.
KM: Yeah.
KK: Well hem's one, it's not one riddle but this is a story of this person. This 1 think, still exists
till tdsv (said with emphasis], if you can underline that. This man he
was a good listener, a good talker. And hem this kewks, ha'a Wu [boasting]. He says things
like, 'he was good' and all of that. Well, this raced erne and said "Oh yeah, you're right
You're right" He praised him and told him, "Hey, me too, when 1 throw the net, I catch...
You "a head of the fish p17ht'u?" He tell, "Oh on, 1 neva head of it" "Oh yes, that fish is
big. A big fish. When 1 saw the school, 1 was an happy, and when I went throw Ile act, 1
caught... "Ho, plenty pohi'u inside." But he was actually talking about this guy, who was
praising himself.
KM: Yeah.
KK: (chuckles]
KM: So the other guy threw his nes of praise out [chuckles]...
KK: Out and caught him. So it's like a riddle.
KM: Yes, it is. Teaching you [chuckling].
KK: Then this same joker again, in mother story. This same kind of person who goes fishing and
catches plenty fish, he was talking all about it. So the guy says, "Oh yeah, me too. When I go
fishing, hot No worry about the fish. Nui ken Yat But when 1 went catch 'em, all the 'ale ala
79 90
RC-0IN
inside then. You never hear about that i'a, 'als'ala?" The guy said, "No. I never heard of that
Pa." "It's a big white fish, you know" It comes out, he was lying,'ala'ala [gestures with
hand, shaking it down], uo more nothing [chuckles).
KM: [laughing)
KK: Well these Hawaiians, they get so much stories to talk, but not the kind, samastic stories.
There's a riddle that goes along with it.
KM: Yea, it's so interesting...
KK: These old Hawaiian... I don't know if it still exists till today, because today's young
generation, everything is on the go, go, go. And those days, it was not a go, go, go, it was a
matter of thinking. And to make something that was intetesting.
KM: Yeah...
Expresses comems about changes being made to traditional accoam and site descriptions
(discussers — the origin of the place same Keahole; changea in the Kckaha co mtmaity in the
1920s -1930s; lessona learned from his tabu Mimi; and stories of upland Ka'upulehu):
KK: That's why 1 said, it's from nothing. And this person scuts talking about, "Ilia is a heiau, a
atone wall, and this is this, this is that One day told 'um, "You folks don't know
anything." They said, "Yeah, that's what its." 1 said "No. Those some walls are pill boxes
from during the army time, during the war [World War Ill. And that was a pill box. They
made the fence and put all the guns inside there, lining up.
KM: So along the coast line?
KK: On the coast line.
KM: They were afraid...
RC -0154
KK: The enemy would attack. So they were preparing. The same m we go back to that other place
Kalam side. The old man's house. The story went so big, and in our meeting, I told them
"No, that story is not we." Because the story during 1941, the war broke out, and when the
army came, they saw this shack way inside, nobody was staying there. It was Tutu's house.
KM: Hour. So you would go down there for short times?
KK: We would go down there, it was an all POPOPO [deteriorated] house. So these people were
saying that the government went bum all that down... I was born and 1 was raised in here,
and 1 stayed here, the amry burned it for a town, and it was government property. Nobody
owned the place but the government, it was the house right at the point, on the bay with the
lighthouse. Has a little pond, and right mauka side had the house.
KM: So Tutu would]ust go down there stay when he would lawai'a?
KK: I think so, and he would light the lighthouse, because long before, he was the lighthouse
keeper.
KM: Hmm. But later, the light house was automated?
KK: Automated in 1932 when the army took over. But anyway, in 1932, it was pan, gas more in.
When the gas more in, then it was pau. During the war, everything changed. That's how my
brother [Valentine] ought them .... becauac Val was the one who look the coast guard out to
Pat the go inside the light. He old them,
"The light house was honed off in 1932..." ...There is aim a story that's started to go
armmd. that there war an ice house at the point there. 1 don't know where that may came
from, but I know that the only ice house over here in my younger days, wen AmFw. That's
way back, Kamdalonu side. That's the Only ice house had. The arm where some people said
it used to be an ice house, was the old concrete bed for the soh works at Keahole, and that
was where MM Palakiko used to make sell. They heli wai i ka poho a kaula'i ka wai, hang
pa'akai. Just like at Ka'elehuluhulu [describing historic salt basins in the ahupua'a of
Kaulana; now a part of the Kekaha State Park - see Maly 19981.
So dist is my great fear of making up storim which are not an. So what I'm oiling m you, is
what I know from my time. And I aolder than moat of the Other people who are saying
these stories.
KM: From yon personal experiences, or what you were personally old by kuku ma [your elders
them].
KK: Yeah. And that KIM [Palakiko Kamakal did not live too far from hem [uncle Kino's pmsent-
day house al Kalaoa]. We worked together, raised male together. My John hanai and he, they
worked together.
As a matter of fact, tum Kamaka, Palakiko, he was the one man who had sampan. Nobody
else...
...That's the reason that I'm not afraid to talk about it. And this is giving me the opportunity
to share what l have learned and what 1 know from my time. I'm not going back to early time
and make up some kind of story... If we tell the truth, then we know every time what we
mid... What 1 talk is what had happened at that time, not something which never happened.
That's why I'm so glad that we've been able to share this time.
92
RC -0W
KM: 'Ae, mahelo nui ia'm... !
KK: ...I would look at it this way, you learn fmm the peat But we don't make our tins, today, to
go back to that past. We don't want to go bark to Out Lace I tell you, "Go out there end pick
up wood" What you going do? And hem, when you want out them get the wood and bring
'um back. Here 1 am, I cook by the press of a button. By the time you come back cut you
wood, I pan eat already.
KM: Yea. Well you know, it's like you shared with arc before, that your kahu hansi taught you,
"Het t'ino ka lima..."
KK: 'Ai 'inn ke waba! Those were his fanloas words. "Hung 'inn ka time,'ai 'ire ka waha!" He
bas a value in Out Your hod, you make clean, ihi ke kalo [peal the tau], elan it. Than you
pound the poi, no more lepo (din) inside. And Mata whet he was telling, "Hung'irn ka lime,
'ai'ino ka wahal" It's your mouth who will taste it fust, not your body [chuckling].
KM: Theta right it's an true. That is a simple, basic knowledge in everything. If you approach life
by that...
KK: Yeah. Then you going learn about it.
KM: Na'auao nes kupuna!
KK: Yes!
KM: ...Us lohe'm i keia mem mo'olelo, a like me Keahol,. Peha W mana'o Keahole?
KK: Ke -chole no keia an, a ke kai.
KM: A, no tela Ines an o ke kai?
KK: Na an. Mai Kohala a Kona mai a ho'oku'i.
KM: Abolehole?
KK: Aholehole.
KM: Choppy, nes ho'i?
KK: Choppy.
KM: A'oia ke toms. Us like me on i 'ulelo mug ai, 'o tutu Kihe, us kakau'oia i kekahi mo'olelo
o Ke-w-ka, K"u-miki, Ke-su-kam'i,'oia ns'an a wili.
KK: A wili.
KM: Me kela weld.
KK: 'Ae pololei. Ho'opupG no wan i tela, o pololei.
KM: 'Ae.
KK: Nei 'oe a 'imi i ka mo'olelo o keia an, kela ke an pololei. A no lails, On po'e kahiko,
maopopo i ka neWolelo o "hole, webewehe 'new Blum on, tela. A'ole ho'i o keia
wehewehe, 'bei •tela " Pulolei he i's. He most i kapa'is keia s, he aholehole. A'ohe m'e
[chuckles] no keia. No ke aul
KM: No keia wahi? A'ole no nes i's?
KK: A'alc nes e.
RCDIH
KM: Bpili'ana ke au?
KK: Ke an.
KM: 'Oia ke kumu o tela inns, hes, is o...?
KK: Keahole. No ka asses, 0 Keehole'oi-oi is i waho.
KM: 'Ae.
KK: A 'oia ke kumu. [pointng m location on Register Map 20351 A keia wahi me loko pili—nut
ka pili pati, a'ole loa. O keia wahi wale no.
KM: 'Ae. Oia ka home o ke...?
KK: Ka hula o keia an. Ka hunts o keia nun su, a ho'okui lakou.
KM: Us lohe pale 'm martin...? And keia an. he mea ikaika lot. Us lobe pals 'oe mamma, he
loko paha ko keia'gina, a us, uhi'ia i ka -a-j, i ka pale?
KK: Lohe wan i tela, pololei.
KM: Us lohe'oe.
KK: Mai Kaloko a ne'c a hd'es i Ka'upulchu.
KM: 'Ac.
KK: He loko nuil
KM: He loko to nui.
KK: 'Ae.
KM: Us, kakw kekahi po'e kupura i ka nineteenth century...
KK: Ka mo'olclo.
KM: Yeah. Manua nui ka ikaika o ke an o keia wahi o Keshole.
KK: Ub-hlmm.
KM: A a'ale hdci A Ukou ke holo peau, holo mug. So us ho'okomo ka wa's...
KK: 1 loko.
KM: 'Ae, i loko o keia loko i's. Us lohe paha'oe?
KK: A'ole wau i lobe.
KM: Hour.
KK: Ka mea an i lohe mai ku'u kOko, 'oia o Kumka, Pelakiko, mane i wehewehe mai keia
mo'olelo.
KM: 'Ae. He chane'oia me'oukou?
KK: A'ole no he ohan0. an ka men ko'u mw mskm pili no me lakou.
KM: 'Ae.
KK: No ka mea, he keiki hanni an.
KM: 'Ae, is Kehananui ma.
KK: Kahananui.
83 84
RC-0IN
KM: 'Ae.
KK: Hiki hanai an. No leila, We nui 'sea, hole hui laum me kuku Palnkiko Kamaka. Nana i
wehewehe mai keia mu moolele a pan. He mmawa no hele an a maha'ai, bele a nana,
pololei paha...
KM: 'Ae, hoihoi'm.
KK: Pololei ka mo'olelo.
KM: 'Ae.
KK: Ha'i mai'oia, Its netnews msmua, mai Ka'upulehu, keia'ao'ao, a hiki ke'm'eo two o he
loko nui. He loko nui.
KM: 'Ae.'Oiskamo'olelo?
KK: 'Oia Its mo'olelo. Ho'okahi kuahiwi ai is Hu'ehu'e, an ka lalo. O Puhi-a-Pete.
KM: Puhi-a-Pele.'Oia ke kumu o We pele?
KK: 'Ae.
KM: I ho'oiho i kai?
KK: Mai laila mai. Mai keia Puhi-a-Pele. Kona mo'olelo, i keia neau wahine... Poing was, ka ima
o keia man knikamahine. Kaikamahine'opio.
KM: 'Ae.
KK: Amahi'ai'ana.
KM: He wahi mahi'ai?
KK: Mahi'ai, at mala!, keia Puhi-a-Pete. AWee keia kupm, keia luabine. A kama'ilio me lane.
Palehu'ulu'am lam.
KM: 'Ae.
KK: A ninau aku nei keia wahim i ke knikamahine mus. "Na wai ho'i kau'ulu a pulehu nei?" A
pane mai'oia... Ka inon o keia new.
KM: 'Oia!
KK: [thinking] Pointe wou ka ion's o keia mend.
KM: LAT
KK: [shakes head, m]
KM: A'ole?
KK: A'ole. A nimu aku nei 'oia i keia kaikamahim a'e, "A As wai ho'i kin?" Pam mai keia
kaikamahim iaia, "Neu." "A m'u?" "'Ae, nau keia."
KM: Hmm.
KK: 'Elsa wale no'ulu. Ho'amka aku net keia kupu& a ]also aku nei i keia'ulu. A ha'awi We
kaikamehim iais, a pa'ipa'i hole no 'oia, pan. Us "he Is no'oia, "Us mo'a, a'ai kaue."'Ai
lam a pan. A "Ma1Wo s nui." 'Olelo no keis luahine is keia kaikswhine, "Ho'i on a hele
kau pe's ma ka AS kiln 'ehl o keia %na." Kahl s lam a mahi'ai mi. "Kau'm i Ieps,'eha." A
ho'i. Vote 'Ale i'olelo, he she, a he she.
RC-0IN
KM: 'Ae, he she la.
KK: A, kola pu,'ike taken i ka 'uta o ke abi.
KM: 'Ae, ke wem'at.
KK: Pa mai la ka pele. A keia kahe'me ka pele, ken ma lum o Hu'ehu'e a nalowale. A'ole'ike.
Nelowale, a'ole'ike hou. Pau keia. A puke ka pele ms keia talo. Malaila ho'omaks keia pele
kahe a ho'oiho i kahakai, a uhi i keia loko nui.
KM: 'Ae.
KK: Kele ka mo'olelo a Kamaka i wehe mei.
KM: 'Ae —'m!
KK: A keia ka mo'olelo o keia wahi, ke kumu i kapa'in kola wahi o Puhi-a- Pole.
KM: Puhia-Pete.
KK: No keia man kaikamahine.
KM: O keia man kaikamahim, as kakau o TON Kihe i kekahi im e, o Pahinahina...
KK: Mafia paha, pololei.
KM: ...a me Kolomu'o.
KK: 'Ois paha. A'ole We i ho akaka mei i Its wit o keia mu kaikernahine. A poise au i ka we
o keia mono.
KM: 'Ae. A'ale was meopopo ka inn. I don't think TOM Kihe went kakas that name.
KK: So that was the whole history.
KM: Hmm. Hoihoi AM Mahalo i kou wehe'ana i kela mo'olelo.
KK: When this old lady talked to them all about it, and told them, "You'ulu is cooked."
KM: 'Ae as mo'a ka'ulu.
KK: AM then she went disappear.
KM: So m kauoha'oia i keia kaikamahim, "hang lope me ne kihi'ehe."
KK: Lep&. Me na kibi 'aha. Ka iho 'ana mei o keia pele, ho'okahe 'is 'ana o wehe o keia kihi.
Hole me waho.
KM: Pehea, i keia la, us hiki ia'oe ke hele e'ike i keia wahi i pakele'is mi ka pele?
KK: Pa's Weis i ka nahelehele.
KM: 1 ka n"chele.
KK: Kola pu'u, nui ka nalo melt.
KM: 'Ae.
KK: Kele man manaws a'u noho a Iona 'ana nee Its Hui, kapu ai no ka pipi. Makou i W pipi,
ho'onwmona me tail&
KM: Hewn.
KK: Ka manawa i makaukau ai, hele an me We haku a em nS po'e paniolo, ho'ohuli ka pipi. Ka
mamwa komo ma hubs, kanalima, kamono pipi. Monmm.
85 86
RC-0IN
KM: Room.
KK: Lawe mai a Wee mai, papa 'oia lakou, a'ole hme nakeke, a'ole 'uw9, a'ole hent 'mv pa,
paipai wale no. Pipi Isla wale no,'o!a ka makou ho'okomo i loko.
KM: go ke!a'aina at mala!, o Puhi-a-Pete, maika'i?
KK: Me ka'ao'an o keia pu'u [gesturing b the Koki'o side of the pu'u].
KM: Ma ka'an'an o Puhi-a-Pelt. A'da ka wahi a keia keikamehi„e?
KK: Melia pahs,'ma ka wahi.
KM: A ma [ails paha.
KK: Keit nolo, ka melt, mai loan mai o keia pu'u.
KM: 'Oia!
KK: Hele wan, ho'okahi musawa, poison i Isoa a Well. Nui as 'spo'opo'o. A i lose o keia po'e
'apo'opo'o, Mm tail& keia po'e meli.
KM: 'Ole! A'oia now no i keia man."?
KK: A ko'u manswa. Kau not ka ho'uhuli keia po'e kapunhi, ho'omalu, ho-omaha; 'o wau me
ku'u hake, Mamwai, Kele i lok, o keis, makemake ai a ha swi ka makeke, a wawahi a pu.
A'ole bele mai M halo melt.
KM: Maila'i. E hele'm me ka malie, bees meika'i.
KK: Hem mslie'oe, a'ole'uws!
KM: Yeah, you don't want to agitate mo ho'i, kala po'e onto anti. -
KK: No. No, you cannot. The Moment you short yelling then you can tell they no come for you
they go for the hone.
KM: 'Auwe!
KK: And when you see the horse make the neck crooked and ataMt [gestures shaking]... You short
to quiet down and you take that person away from the place until quip down—start
separating.
KM: O, buihoi! O keia Manuwai,'o Vrtdenburg?
KK: Vredenbusg.
KM: Vmdenburg, oh.
KK: Mai Waimen mai.
KM: Us no'ono'o wau, no ka mea, i kou mo'oleio oe ma Pu'u Wa'awa'a, as Welo 'oe, "'o
Manuwai "
KK: Mmuwai.
KM: A us no'ono'o wau boa ka inoa'o Vredenburg.
KK: Theodore.
KM: Theodore Vredenburg. 'Ae, on kakau wau, 'o Theodore VMedenbuMg i loko o ka transcript
[ol history interview of October 16,1999; in Maly 20006].
KK: Yeah, ka mo'olelo. So, ku'u massae bele Mm laila ham, pelt. A'ole au i mmpopo i ka
RC -0154
pamolo, Wo mai, kuhikuhi Mai, 'Ma. A hiki mai ka manawa,'o wau, kona hope ma keia Hui.
A hiki mai kala la. 'Elima nlskahiki an a hent si, a ne'u a lawelawe us Mena i ka wai, mama i
ka'ains.
KM: 'Ae.
KK: A hiki mai kels kakahiaka, ho'oum na'u i keia kanaka a hele mai kahea ia'u, mamake ia'u e
hele i loko a pil'im me in. 'aim, kekahiaka Ku'u Moho'ana, noho maua, kame'ilio,'olelo mai
'oia ia'u, "Mai keia la aku,'o'ce no ku'u hope."
KM: Noun.
KK: Hoole, a'ole wan mekeMmke. A'olc wan makemake i We hero.
KM: 'Ae.
KK: A m 'dlelo 'oia, "A'ole, 'o 'oe no ku'u hope. No ka mea, ksu hana nume'i nei, us, 'oi aka
mamas o on po'e kahiko o keia wahi. Pololei." No ka mea, Isn't eku wau ilia, "Nui ka po'e
Wo me, keia Hui, hane,'elemakule Una. 'Ike likou, kama'aina,'o wau, a'ole." Welt: mai
'oia, "A'ole. Pololei 'oe, ma kaki. Aka na'e, a'ole I9kou i hunts i ka'u mea a makemake ori. 'O
'ce hma i ka mea a makemake ai" A, ku'u lobe 'soa, as notes maua a hiki mai kine wahine
'alelo mai, "Keia pan 'am, ka po'e hang, at wabo, ke kali nei is Was." Ho'cma 'is keia
kanek s wals'au i ka po'e hsu, kali is m9m a hiki mai ko 'olua hiki 'ma mai. Ho'okehi bola
maua i soemea mai, kalabiaka, Iola elan. Pm. Hale mine i weho,'olelo'oia i ka po'e hma,
"Mai kain Is aku,'oia nei ku'u hope. Nam i alalu'i, nine i pailake i as papa hang mane'i nei.
A me he mm so unrest i Ido o ko'oukou, a'ole 'oukou a We mai a kama'ilio me ia'u, a hole
'oukau a kapasTio me is. Nana e'aporo, ai no isia Aka m'e a kama'ilio mai nei We, no ka
mea, hem wau me ka'Na'i'o, a'ole an i moopopo,'oia i hobma i ka po'e mahope o'u.
KM: O keia ke Hui o...7
KK: Hu'ehu'e.
KM: Pehea kou maru'o, o ka puma pololei,'o Huehue, ai'ole Hu'ehu'e?
KK, Hu'ebu'e.
KM: Hu'ehu'e.
KK: 'Oin ka inm pololei.
KM: Msopopo pahs'oe, he aha ka mam'o o Hu'ehu'e?
KK: Vale m i msopopo loa.
KM: Hmm. Un lohe an i kek5hi Wan kilo, he vine no ho'i, he huehue paha? A'ole'ce i lohe?
KK: A'ole. He rmu pohuehm, ni no i knhakai keH.
KM: 'Ae no i kahakai. A keia huehue, ko uks, he Wan ko uka.
KK: Malia phi. A'ole au i lohe.
KM: 'Ae.
KK: Ams ka anuhi,"hu'ehu'e,"like me ke'aina, hu'e'ana'ce[exposed, lifted up].
KM:-Ae.-Oia ka hma a ka pele?
KK: Milia paha, i kel9 marawa.
KM: Hour.
87 88
RC -0154 RCOIH
KK:
Lohe no an i kahi inoa'apiki, Hu'ehu'e, Hu'ihu'i.
KK:
Kali i'eli ai.
KM:
Yeah, you knew, kekahi, sole hiki is Iakou ke...
KM:
Ohh!
KK:
Ke ho'opuaoa i ka'Slelo.
KK:
Pehea la, ma loko o tell wahi? A'ole an i kooa'lina loa. A nolo mai keie kupue i Moa -nut -
KM:
Yeah
a-hea, a'o'b Va. Kmi ka hula'chi. No ka mica, ka mo-olelo a keie po'e menehune, ka po'e
'oisT o wale no. A'ole Iakou mamake ks po'e wahshe'e. A ho'omaka keia kupue a kani like
KK:
Ka moa pololei ia'u i mwpopo, o Hu'ehu'e.
me ka mos, V o, a ha'alele keie po'e mmehune. Pau Iakou.
KM:
Mai knot w1'opio?
KM:
A'ole hiki is lakes ke hana i ka la?
KK:
1 Is wit'opio.
KK:
A'ole, po wale no.
KM:
Hmm. Like me, m Welo'ce,'a Ka'ulupulehu, ka mos pololei?
KM:
'Oia ke know i ha'alele i Its haw.
KK:
Ka-'uls-pulehu.
KK:
Pau It. hana. Ka meolelo o ka exactions, maeake Iakou a hana, kela manawa ham lakes a
KM:
'As, a on ho'opokole'ia.9
pan ka hana. Net IIb n1 weld kupue keia m
po'e mehune a hana ai. Us like me kekahi
mo'olelo at i Kaholu'u, tela pa.
KK:
Ho'epokole is. Ka'upulehu. Ka-'ulu-polehu,'oia Its moa pololei o kola wahi.
KM:
'As, Kaleikini.
KM:
Hem. O Wil 'Sin a pan, ai' ole kekahi wahi.
KK:
'As, kala pa o ka mmehme. Pala no. 'O'b Its moa, pas! A 'ike'oe i kala pa ma waho o tela
KK:
Kekahi wahi mat keie 'spina o Its ahupua'a. No [ails mai ke kai a hiki i ke kushiwi, o Ka-
palm.
'ulu-polehu.'Oia ka inns O keia Ka'ulwpulehu, hele'ne mehape a hoce'ue i Kwuhou.
KM:
'Ae.'Ois kc kumu a'ole hiki is Iakou ke lobos'sin'Akahipu'u ai nodalo i Pu'u Mau'u?
KM:
Hala'm i ka pito o Hualblai?
KK:
Pu'u Mm'u. Manske lakes a Tawe i kbia kuahiwi i po'i i lona o Pu'u Mau'u. [chuckles]
KK:
Ma waho, pili mai me ka'w'ao o Waimea
KM:
Haihoi!
KM:
'As, pili mai me Waikoloe.
KK:
-Oia ka mo'olelo nui o keie po'e menehune. A pelf ho'i at eo'olelo o keia Puhi-a-Pete.
KK:
Waikoloe, a Wes alto i keia wahi.
KM:
'Ac. Mando out [pointing to locations on Register Map No. 2035] Eia ho'i o Phi -a -Pete.
KM:
Horan, hoiboi!
KK:
'As.
KK:
Nui nb na mo'olelo o keia now, 'mina. Kahi mo'olelo, 'Akahi-a-pu'u. 'O 'Akahi-a-pu'u, si
KM:
Eia o'Akahipu'u, me'ane'i.
mahape o keia hole o Hu'ehu e. O lot inns i Impa'is ai o Akahi-a-pu'u, w ka mea, keia moa,
o ka menehune. Mamake Iakou a laws i keia kuahiwi a po'i i maldo, kola pa's Iw o poli. No
KK:
'Ac.
ka mm hollow, po'opo'o. Mamake Iakou a hapai... Keia po'e exactions, hapai keia pu'u,
KM:
Moe-nui-e-lea, six masks.
Pu'u Mm'u,'oia ka inoa o tela pu'u.
KM:
Pu'u Mau'u?
KK.
Ac'
KK:
Pu'u Maws. Nana mai'oe mai kahakai, a'ike'oe i keia pu'u. A i loko na'e he halua. 'Oia ka
KM:
Eia o Klim, Puhi-a-Pete.
mo'olelo, mamake keia po'e mmehimc, hapai i keia, a keia ke kwaka kupue kolohe. He
KK:
'As... [pauses]
kuahiwi ai mahape, Moa-nui-a-lea, ka ino , o kelt.
...Myway being as inquisitive Tike you, to know all of this different stories, 1 don't Wink an
KM:
Hmm, Moa-nui-a-lea?
that anybody else would come ask.
KK:
Memnuia-hea. A 'ike keia po'e mmehune, on 'eli Iakou a ho'oko no i ka Wau, no ka
KM:
Mahalo. Kuku, like 1 said, int hews was, a hui tela mei We. A'ole makemake an a ho'oluhi
ho'omakaukau 'me a hapai i keia. A keia Iwo, ai no em laila. Kama'ilio mei keie
Wee.
mo'olelo... an ke kneaka i wehewehe mei keia me'olelo, "Ai ne tell Wau i Iota. He kauila.
KK:
No, no, no. I took the time off today.
KM:
Hent kwila.
KM:
Mahalo! A aloha i kou ali'i wahine, me na hoahareu.
KK:
'Oia ka Was.
KK:
Mahalo to yen fm coming and joining together to... I Wink in this way of discussing, I've
KM:
Us'ike'm i kekahi o keia po'e kwils?
never sit down like this to [chuckling] tojust talk about them things.
KK:
A'ole wd Pike.
KM:
It's m important.
KM:
Ua'ike pabs'oe, i Its rue?
KK:
Yeah.
89 90
RCDIN RC -01N
KM:
A ink'm mai ke Aka, ke ho'crmu no.
KK:
Yeah. Like Wawaloli, has me chancel. We go down there, and early in the morning, this last
KK:
It's only time...
firm, we caught me ka'au, ounce, the siker fish. We brought 'um home, we shared that
Everybody we. San we still have those mchangm with acme of the old timer and the young
KM:
'Ac... (pauses] Mahalo, maMlo it
generation. We catch, 1 take 'um down Mem and get fruit. I'm welcome to take whatever 1
KK:
No, l Mink that's a good history for the younger generation to grow with.
like. Even that fruit, we bring hack and we share that, we try out to waste. So Mat's from the
old generation to the young generation.
KM:
Yes.
KM:
So it passes on.
KK:
So its' a good ides frr us to sit down and talk. For your part, 1 would honestly say you ne
doing a really good research. Probably because you were brought up m the seme line. You
KY
When you give... I would my to you Kepi, them art s IN of people that I treat the same.
know, hemi and you were brought up on the same lie, you've son the hardship of those
When you eat the fish, you mt the fish. You out going come home and clean. A lot of people,
days...
they do that. They love to catch, but they don't clew, and they give 'um to you. Which is
okay. But the idea from my aide, t catch, I clan, I give you and you ml. That's it.
KM:
Meh do ke Aka.
KM:
Noun. Interesting, bemuse that was how your'ohma...
KK:
Oh yea, without him, we know nothing. Jot like my time, as I say, going fishing. I still go
throw out yet, and 1 still lore W futh and still go in the water. I was out like my brother Val,
KK:
That's how my father was, m I passed this down to my children, the same thing. So we catch,
he go swim, spent, and all that
we clean... We clean at the beach, rel clean, plenty water eh.
KM:
'Ac, brought up ditlkmm. He stayed down Kaihm with the koku Mem.
KM:
Yom'
KK:
My father Mem. 1 we, up here, and off and on, I go down fishing. So I still have that in me. -
KK:
It's all clean. So we throw net or what ever fish we catch, it's all cloned. We spend the time
Of cause new, the fish art net like before. Big difference! You imagine, during the we, I
to clean aha we sham that with everybody,
leave hem early in the morning tun 'o clout, I'm home with this kil, basket of fish. And
KM:
Hrmm.'Oia ke am o no kcpuoa, ha'awi. Mtn i as mo nele ai, hii'awi.
my father used to get after me became 1 leave early. I like to go down early. So I make the
KK:
Yoh. What You give, you going get more.
clock go off et fraur'o clock [chuckling], us three 'a clock in the meaning.
KM:
Herm. So big change. Refuse, when you folks took fish, you took what you could use, what
KM:
'Ae.
you needed?
KK:
You nuke life a joy, happiness within yourself, you get that furling of aloha. As 1 my, in
KK:
Yeah, net to abuse. But even still today, we don't sham. We catch and we sham. That's what
men's life, you should have that, love, pwca, and joy with it, prosperity. So here you coming
was taught to M.
with this. This way, to give you that inspiration And 1 think that is another part where our
life most have that impintion to go with and leen. Not something that is mncastic,
KM:
So how come thrum's ml an much fish new, you think?
ho'opmipuni, or make up, something like that Became we never can tell, there's a guy
KK:
t think them we s lot of people who aka talking about pollution. That's me way. And when
who's going to be older Man you... [chuckles]
they brought this new fish i, the ta'ape. And what I understand is that the Wme eats all the
KM:
Yeah, that's how. Like you mid,'ekolu mea null
baby fish.
KK:
Yeah... Well, you have taken the initiative, the time to make the a value, to come from Hilo
KM:
When you were young, were people still wart of respecting the fisheries. Like new, anyone
to hem to get something which will fulfill your minim.
from my where, can go fish wham ever they like.
KM:
Mahalo Dail
KK:
There was an restriction.
KK:
t value that action. If you don't do dont, thou you have nothing to proms...
KM:
So maybe too army people new, taking to much.
KK:
WNI, 1 don't think it's jet that It's net what the people we taking the fish are Mcrae. But to
me, the fish are more soarcd,'ahiu. Ifyou go dive outside in the deep, you going see the sabot
manini outside Mee. But during our days, we man go from here to there, by the time we go
one mile, you basket fall. We just go Mae, we throw the net, we catch the fish, we take. So
today, I can go onto Pnthili all the way up ta the lighthouse and come home with only a few
rah, the's all.
KM:
Amazing.
KK:
Like me, I don't go all over, I only go to my kema'sim [familiar) placa.
KM:
Place the you've grace to fran when you were yang, and that you papa them went to?
91 92
RC -0154
Valentine K. Ako
(Oral History Interview January 8 & 9, 1996 with Kepil Maly, Personal
Release of Interview Records Dated — May 21t1 19961)
Figure 5. Valentine K. Ako at John Ka'elemakule's Mahai'ula home
(built 1880) in the background, November 8, 1997.
Valentine K. Ako (uncle Val) was born at Holualoa, North Kona, in 1926. He is descended from families
with many generations of residency in North Kona. On the patemal side of his family, he is descended
from the Ka'ilivaua-Napu'upahe'e lines (of Kealakehe), and on his maternal side, he is descended from
the Kanoholani Kai'amakini line. Additionally, the family has many interrelations to the families of
Kona, tying them to many of the ahupua'a of the Kekaha region.
In the 1930s -1940s, Uncle Val spent a great deal of time with his own kupuna and other elder native
residents of North Kona. The primary activities that uncle participated in were fishing and gathering salt
between Keauhou to Mholo.
Uncle Val was taught about the ko'a (fisheries, fishing stations and triangulation marks), and various
resources of the coastal lands that were, and remain important to the natives of Kona. The section of the
interview cited below, includes descriptions of the ko'a (fishing stations) fronting 'O'oma and vicinity.
Today, uncle Val is recognized around the State as one of the important elder Hawaiian fishermen, and is
a participant in a number of marine fisheries programs.
(Interview conducted while sitting at Kaloko Fishpond, describing the fisheries and fishermen of the
Kekaha region in the 1930x -1940s):
KM: ...You pointed out earlier this morning, you had shared the story about the honu [turtles],
' With follow up discussions and verbal release on September 0, 2000.
RC -0154
where the turtle hale was like, where they catch the turtles?
VA: Yeah.
KM: And then... So I took a picture of that area. Now you said on the Kohanaiki side of the
fishpond wall had some ko'a.
VA: 'Opelu ko'a, yeah, on the Kohanaiki side of Kaloko.
KM: And that ko'a is built up of stone, like a platform. and they fish out there?
VA: Yeah. We fished for 'bpelu out there on that ko'a. Even up 'O'oma 1 and 2, there were two
ko'a over there that we also used. And Akuiwa and I fished in that area. And in that particular
area, none of the old 'bpelu fishermen were using that ko'a, so Akuiwa and I were using taro
and flour. So we never intruded with other ko'a. Where other fishermen didn't use the ko'a,
we would use our bait, but we would let the other fishermen know what we were using for the
bait, you know, what the chum was. So that they wouldn't intntde, they could use the ko'a,
but just had to use the same type of palu.
KM: Now, you'd also mentioned that you had to train kind of the fish...
VA: Yes.
KM: You would go steady, moming and evening like that.
VA: It was a must to retain the ko'a, that even if we didn't go out to fish. The old timers always
went out with their p6'olo to feed the fish, to retain them.
ILM1..,,U UIU111;
i�.ia. uu jvu uawi,u u�uu:
VA: Yeah, yeah.
KM: The fish were trained, and you'd use...?
VA: Then you ... a certain time, you would have to go out there at the certain time of the day, you
see. And I know for a fact that it used to be 4:30 in the aftemoon, I would be going out. So
when you feed that the group of fish, the next morning when you feed 'em, they're going to
be there. But how you going—because when you go out to the ground, so you paipai [urge the
fish up] you know, with your paddle and you hit the side of the canoe and automatically, the
whole school will come...
93 94
•
RCAIN
CITED
Maly, Kepi
1998 'Kekaha Wai 'Ole 0 ad Kmu"—A Repel as Archival and Hinarieal DoewO Wy Reaeamh, and
Oral His" Inoavim for KCkRW Kai Sma Park. ABapm'a of Kauhu Mehti'uh,
MWalavOTa, Awaki e, Manini'mNi. and KukPo, Diatrid of N.& Kom, leland of HwaPi.
Pmpmmd far Oeolee MY, Omap 70 Inhmal'aml, Hamlulu, Ha iti. Kmnu Pom Aaeociatea,
Hilo, Hwd'i (KPA Repast HiKe10-030498).
95
Civil and Electrical Infrastructure
Assessment Report
WE Pacific, Inc.)
`O'OMA II DEVELOPMENT
CIVIL & ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
ASSESSMENT REPORT
Vorna, North Kona, Island of Hawaii
JANUARY 2003
Prepared for
Heber, Hastert 8 Fee Planners
Honolulu, Hawaii
Prepared By:
WEM&E Pacific, Inc.
Suite 500, Pauahi Tower
1001 Bishop Street
Pacific, Inc. Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
•obme a Deveuepnent
CMM A ENC61ce1 lMgsaacfun Asspement Report Je Wy 200
Table of Contents
Pa s
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1
1.0.1
Project Description
t
1.1
ROADWAY
3
1.1.1
Existing Conditions
3
1.1.2
Development Demand
3
1.1.3
Proposed Infrastructure
3
1.2
WATER
4
1.2.1
Existing Conditions
4
1.2.2
Development Demand
4
1.2.3
Proposed Infrastructure
5
1.3
WASTEWATER
5
1.3.1
Existing Conditions
5
1.3.2
Development Demand
6
1.3.3
Proposed Infrastructure
6
1.4
STORM WATER DRAINAGE
7
1.4.1
Existing Conditions
7
1.4.2
Development Rurwfl Flow
8
1.4.3
Proposed Infrastructure
9
1.5
POWER AND COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE
10
1.5.1
Electrical System — Existing Conditions
10
1.5.2
Electrical System— Proposed Infrastructure
10
1.5.3
Telephone System — Existing Conditions
11
1.5.4
Telephone System — Proposed Infrastructure
11
1.5.5
CAN System — Existing Conditions
11
1.5.6
CAN System — Proposed Infrastructure
11
FIGURES
Preliminary Illustrative Plan
2
'D'oma M Deveropinwd
C" 9 Ehebtcat hdinobuctunl Assessment Report
APPENDICES
'D'enre M Developmem
Jammy 2007 Ova A Elecbleal Inbasbucbms Assessment Report January 2003
Appendix A — Water System: Calculation and Reference Documents
Appendix B — Wastewater System: Calculation and Reference Documents
Appendix C — Storm Drain System: Calcula0on and Reference Documents
Appendix D — Power and Communication System: Calculation and Reference
Documents
1.0 INTRODUCTION
An 83 acre parcel with oommeroial and residential development is being planned
at 'O'oma, North Kona, Hawaii, TMK 7:3:9-22. This portion of the report
assesses existing conditions, future demands and future infrastructure
requirements for the development of the property called 'O'oma II.
1.0.1 Project Description
Clifto's Kona Coast, LLC intends to develop an 83 acre parcel of land at'O'oma,
North Kona, Hawaii. The project is planned to include:
255,000 square foot (GLA) of officelcommercial space;
237,000 square feet (GLA) of retail/commercial space;
240 multi -family residential units; and
400 transient accommodation units.
The office/commercial space is envisioned as an office park. The
retailloommercial space is envisioned as a shopping center catering to both local
residents and visitors, given the lack of retail opportunities in the area. The multi-
family residential units would be marketed primarily to kx:al residents and Is
expected to be occupied year round. The transient accommodation is envisioned
as a business hotel. Construction on the project is expected to begin in 2005
with 50% compfetion in 2010. Full build out is projected in 2013.
The proposed site plan is shown on Figure 1, Preliminary Illustrative Plan. The
oficelcommerclal land uses would be sited on the northeast and central portions
of the parcel alongside the highway. The retailloommercial land uses would be
situated along the southeast portion of the parcel, also alongside the highway.
The multi -family residential and transient accommodation units would be located
away from the highway on the northwest and southwest portions of the property,
respectively. There would be only one access road located on the southern
boundary of the parcel. An internal roadway system would connect the project
site land uses with the access road.
-1_
'D'onrs N Devatupmant
CM S ENcefcd ereaaeMhM Assessment Report January 2003
1.1 ROADWAY
1.1.1 Existing Conditions
Presently an unpaved jeep road Intersects with Queen Kaahumanu Highway at
an unslgnalized junction on the southern property boundary. There are no
existing roadways or trails that stem from this access into the proposed site.
1.1.2 Development Demand
Based on information from the State Department of Transportation, construction
to widen Queen Kaahumanu Highway to four lanes between Henry Street and
Kealakehe Parkway is scheduled to begin In 2003. The continuation of widening
to the Kona International Airport at Keshole is scheduled to begin In 2005, but Is
not certain due to funding constraints. Existing and new intersections within the
corridor will be signalized when warranted.
Based on the traffic study prepared for this development, a two lane (one
Inbound and one outbound lane) access roadway and one inbound led tum lane
from Queen Kaahumanu Highway is sufficient to meet the 50% buildout scenario
(2010). However, there will have to be a four -lane (taro Inbound and two
outbound lanes) access roadway and two Inbound left tum lanes from Queen
Kaahumanu Highway to meet the 100% buildout demand if the intersection
remains signalized.
1.1.3 Proposed Infrastructure
The Internal roadways of the 'O'oma development Is being planned for private
ownership and maintenance. However, for future consideration of County
dedication, the roads will be built to County of Hawaii standards with curb, gutter
and sidewalks. The roadway will act as an access and maintenance easement
for the County of Hawaii and utility companies. Landscaping at dre entrance and
along the main drive will enhance the ambience of the 'O'oma II development.
Reference Figure 1 for the Preliminary Illustrative Plan.
As noted above the internal roadways will follow the County of Hawaii Public
Works and Subdivision standards. The asphalted surface, base course, and
subbase requirements will be determined during the preliminary design phase
with the recommendations of a geotechnical engineer. The following schemes
are made for the roadway pavement widths (not including sidewalks and
landscaping)
Votes N Dovelopneot
CNN& Elect," Meesbucture Assusmed Report January 2003
Main Driveway:
64 feet
(Ind. planting median)
Roadway Loop:
40 feet
Minor Streets:
36 feet
Alleyways
20 feet
1.2 WATER
1.2.1 Existing Conditions
Potable water infrastructure and source is critical to any new development in the
Hawaiian Islands, and nowhere else more so than in the Kona district of the Big
Island. The Kone area receives minimal trade wind rainfall due to the high
elevation land masses of Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea, and Hualalai.
Total annual rainfall estimated for the Kona area Is approximately 1,200 mgd,
with most of the activity occurring at the higher elevations of 1,200 to 3,500 feet
msl. Most of this rainfall, over two thirds, is lost through evapotranspiration.
Water resources in the Kona area are groundwater based. The Hawaii County
Department of Water Supply (DOW) Is the major purveyor for potable water.
Four major wells serve the North Kona System, running from Keande
International Airport down south to Kealakekua.
An existing 12' waterline runs along Queen Kaahumanu Highway, which fronts
the development, and provides service to gra Kona International Airport at
Keahole and the National Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA). Per
discussion with the DOW, the demand on this 12' line Is maximized and cannot
be used to provide potable water requirements to the proposed 'O'onne
development.
The anent DOW water commitments available to this site would be 92. Each
residential (single family, townhome unit, condominium ung) or business unit is
considered a commitment. We have solicited additional information and
requirements for water commitment from the DOW, but were not able to receive
direction at time of publication (Ret. Leder to DOW, Appendix A).
1.2.2 Development Demand
The DOW determines water use demand based on land use converted to a
capita per unit or capita per acre basis. For the proposed 'O'oma II development,
the following demands have been calculated for the varying uses.
Multi -Family Residential: 96,000 gpd
Office / Commercial: 45,000 gpd
3- -4-
'O'oma a Development
Clea 6 Elecek:alloln seucarn Assessment Report January 3003
Retail I Commercial: 51,000 gpd
Transient Accommodations: 160.000 laid
Total: 352,000 gpd
The calculations based on capita and acreage can be found in Appendix A.
1.2.3 Proposed Infrastructure
An alternate source of potable water was discussed with the DOW with the
unavailability of the existing 12' line along the highway. The DOW desires that a
15' main from Hina Lent Road, approximately 4,800 feet south of the
development access road, be constructed as part of gra offsite infrastructure
work. The 15' main would also need to be constructed up Hina Led Road to an
upper level 1.0 mgd reservoir. This leg of the water line runs another 12,000
linear feet.
Potential cost offsetting or division with the County of Hawaii will require further
negotiations.
On-site water mains will nun along the access road from Queen Kaahumanu
Highway and into the development's main entrance. A 12' loop is recommended
with 8" lines running into each development type. The total length of the on-site
water infrastructure from the highway is approximately 9,300 linear feet. A
preliminary layout of this our -site water system is also shown as part of Appendix
A.
1.3 WASTEWATER
1.3.1 Existing CondKions
Wastewater treatment and disposal In the Kona area is mainly through individual
wastewater systems (IWS) and private treatment facilities. Many of the single
family residential units and public parks and facilities sign utilize cesspool
systems. However, the State Department of Health is presently governed by a
consent decree to eliminate the use of such systems. For smaller facilities, a
minimum treatment of a septic tank with disposal through leaching is required.
For a development the size of'O'oma II, treatment by a private package plant or
transmission to a lager treatment Willy is necessary.
The three closest treatment facilities to the proposed development are located at
the Crown Lands of Keauhou and Kealakehe to the south and Kona International
Airport at Keahole to the north.
'0'oma a Devekp~t
CMN b Electrical Infresbuctum Assessment Report January 7003
The wastewater collection, treatment and disposal system of the Keauhou
Resorts area is a privately owned system that is maintained by the resort
developers; mainly Kamehameha Investment Corp. (KIC). The wastewater from
the resorts lands is transported through a system of gravity lines and force mains
to a 3.6 mild sequencing batch reactors (SBR) facility. Effluent from the
treatment facility is discharged Into series of basins and used for irrigation at the
resort golf courses.
This wastewater system is the farthest from the'O'oma property which makes
this alternative unfeasible. Whereas there is currently some capacity available at
the facility, this volume is reserved for KIC development.
A municipal wastewater treatment facility is located in the Kealakehe area south
of Kealakehe Parkway. The 2.8 mgd wastewater treatment facility utilizes
aerated lagoons for achieving secondary treated wastewater generated from the
Kagua town area and along Nil drive southward to Disappearing Sands. The
excess capacity at this facility is reserved for its adjacent planned area.
The newly constructed tertiary treatment facility at the Kona International Airport
at Keahole treats the wastewater generated from the airport and support
facilities. This facility does have expansion capabilities. However, past efforts to
have the plant expanded for non -airport use by the County at Hawaii and others
have been denied by the State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation, Airports
Division. Effluent from this treatment facility is used for irrigation of the
landscape at the airport entrance and main roadway.
Presently there are no public or private wastewater transmission Innes fronting
the Voris II site. However, in 2001 a County of Hawaii resolution had been
proposed initialing the extension of the municipal sewer system from the existing
Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant. north along the alignment of Queen
Kaahumanu Highway to Kohanaiki (Ref Appendix B. Resolution No. 70.) The
Resolution has been deferred since the 02 May 2001 County Council meeting.
1.3.2 Development Demand
The County of Hawaii Department of Public Works determines wastewater
requirements based on acreage, residential unit counts and InflowPonfiltration for
dry and wet weather conditions. For design purposes, three wastewater
requirements are considered, the Design Average Flow, Design Max Flow and
Design Peak Flow. For the proposed 'Uma 11 development, the following
demands have been calculated based on County standards.
Design Average Flow: 0.533 mgd
Design Maximum Flow: 1.875 mgd
Design Peak Flow: 1.957 mad
-5- -6-
'd'oma N Dovelopment
CNN aENeatrW WhestroctursAawarrmntReport January 2003
The support calculations can be found in Appendix B.
1.3.3 Proposed Infrastructure
For the'O'oma II development and future phases, a private package wastewater
treatment plat is recommended. With the DOH and DOW advocating the use of
recycled water for non-potab4a purposes, a secondary facility that produces R-2
effluent is a minimal requirement. The use of the recycled water for irrigation of
landscaped areas will also assist In offsetting the potable water demand and
associated costs.
On-site sewer mains will run along the roadways wherever possible for ease of
maintenance. To eliminate the need for a package pump station, the collection
system should be designed as a gravity system to the north makai end of the
parcel. For long range planning, the treatment facility may be sited further makai
of the parcel (off -Bile) to allow for growth adjacent to the proposed 84 acres
without the future need for a force main condition.
The Interior sewer mains will be a system of 8' lines with the trunk sewer
Increasing to possibly 12' down to the treatment plant. The total length of the on-
site water Infrastructure is approximately 7,800 linear feet. A preliminary layout
of this on-site collection system Is also shown as part of Appendix B.
In the event Resolution 70-01 Is approved and implemented as an improvement
district project, participation by Clifto s Kona Coast, LLC to extend the limits to
the 'O'oma II property is a preferred alternative. Under this scenario, a pump
station and force main transmission would replace the need for a wastewater
treatment facility.
1.4 STORM WATER DRAINAGE
1.4.1 Existing Conditions
Whereas potable water is a luxury in the Kona area, the same dry weather and
very porous surface conditions support the design of a stream lined, non -
extravagant storm drain system
During normal wet weather conditions, stone water runoff from the mountains
flows down to Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The storm water sheet flow is cut off
by the highway and diverted parallel -wise to a series of culverts that run under
the roadway. The nearest highway culverts to the project site are the MP 94.43
and MP 95.25.
'd'ama N Developmm"
CIO a Vocirkal lneaseucWm Assessment Report January 2003
The 30' Corrugated Metal Pipe (CMP) at milepost (MP) 94.43 is located closer to
the airport and is over 1000 feet north of the project site. A 14'-10- by 9'-1'
culvert located at MP 95.25 is situated approximately 950 feet south of the
existing access road. This runoff should continue to the south not impact the
development area.
Presently there are no other recorded storm drain culverts nearby or within the
'O'oma II site.
1A.2 Development Runoff Flow
The County of Hawaii Department of Public Works determines stonmvater
discharge flows based on acreage, ground cover conditions, rainfall Intensity (by
locale), and a design storm condition. For drainage areas of 100 acres or less, a
10 year recurrence interval design storm is considered.
The drainage area considered for the'O'oma II property is bounded on the north,
south, and west by the development's property boundary, and to the east side by
Queen Kaahumanu Highway. As discussed in Section 1.4.1, stormwater from
the mauka side of the highway runs parallel to the highway and discharges makai
of the highway through a series of culverts none of which are located along the
length of this development.
Based on these drainage limits and design conditions, the following discharge
flows have been calculated using County standards for the existing conditions.
Total Area: 90.72 acres
Total Flow (10 year storm): 60.79 cis
As the area is developed, the amount of open, porous ground surface is replaced
by impervious rooftops and roadway pavement. This Increases the amount of
runoff produced by the same area under the same storm conditions. The primary
design criteria for storm water runoff used by County Public Works Is
containment of any net increase In flow within the source's property. Thus all
increase in flow has to be retained by the developed property via retention basins
or drywalls.
Based on a weighted ground cover type for the future development (Impervious
vs. grass and open areas), an approximate future flow condition has been
calculated for the masterplanned areas.
Total Area: 90.72 acres
Total Future Flow (10 yr storm) 146.06 cfs
Total net Increase 85.27 cis
7- -8-
'O'ome N Development
CMI A El whicsi a firuir rcture Assessmwd Repwt Jerwary toot
The support calculations or existing and future flows can be found in Appendix
C.
1.4.3 Proposed Infrastructure
For the 'O'oma II development and future phases, a storm drain system
consisting of drain inlets and/or catch basins (where there may be roadway curb)
and drywelis is recommended. An underground injection control (UIC) permit
must be obtained from the State Department of Health Safe Drinking Water
Branch for the use of drywall discharge.
The minimum stone drain line size is 18' diameter per County requirements.
However, if the system is maintained as a private system, there may be local
areas where 8' and 12' lines may be installed. The typical drywall design will be
6 foot diameter and 20 foot depth, with an average capacity of 6 cis per well.
The design of the storm drain system shall be done to eliminate any on-site
flooding and ponding conditions. For smaller confined areas where low flows
make it impractical to construct a 20 feet deep drywall, a shorter 8 feet wide by 8
feet deep drywall can be utilized. These smaller wells have a lesser capacity for
stone drain discharge of 2 cis.
In September 2002, a proposed development nearby In the Kaloko district called
or a pilot system where storm drain filtration devices are used in drainage
structures. (Ref Appendix C, TSA Rezoning Ordinance No. 02-114, Section F.)
However, In discussions with the County of Hawaii, Department of Public Works,
the implementation of this program is being re-evaluated in light of maintenance
Issues. During design of the 'O'oma 11 development, the status of the pilot
system will be acknowledged and the storm drain system shall be designed in
conjunction with County requirements.
Based on the runoff quantities calculated in Section 1.4.2, a minimum of 15
drywalls (6 cis capacity) will be required. At this stage, actual grading of the site
has not been conducted, therefore, the future flow runoff may be affected by
flatter slopes, additional pavement areas, etc. To minimize any impacts from
non -point source discharge, this development shall be designed with paved
roadway swales and/or curb and gutters. As staled earlier, under all conditions,
containment of any net Increase in flow to the downstream parcels is required
County approval.
'O'oma N Development
CIvif 6 Elechk4d Inrrssbucfwa Assessment Report January 2003
1.5 POWER AND COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE
1.5.1 Electrical System — Existing Conditions
The Island of Hawaii has been subject to rolling blackouts recently after several
years of relatively stable performance. Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc.
(HELCo) says that recent failures of private co -generation plants and legal
problems with their Keahole generation plant additions have left the island short
of power. HELCo hopes to resolve these problems as soon as possible.
This is a system -wide problem which is not directly related to the 'O'oma II
project. However, all new and ongoing developments requiring power from
HELCo need to be aware of potential power problems. HELCo is not denying
any new service at this time, but will not comment on the maximum amount of
power the system can provide.
The project site is not currently served by any existing HELCo facilities. The
nearest source of existing power is the 69 KV transmission overhead line on the
mauka (east) side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The next available source of
power is the existing substation serving the NELHA. However, HELCo has
determined that tine substation does not have the spare capacity to
accommodate our 9 MVA maximum projected load. Reference power
calculations and HELCo letter dated October 30, 2002, Appendix D.
1.5.2 Electrical System — Proposed Infrastructure
HELCo will require a new fenced 150' x 150' lot for the substation's 69 KV tower
and pad -mounted transformer, preferably adjacent to the existing 69 KV
overhead line. If creating a substation mauka of the Queen Kaahumanu
Highway State rightof-way is problematic, the alternate choice would be to
construct the substation within the 'O'oma property makai of the highway.
HELCo would install an overhead 69 KV crossing of the highway to the new
substation, with underground distribution to new development within the project
site. An underground 69 KV line extension in lou of an overhead drop may be
considered. However, while an underground crossing of the Highway is possible
from a design standpoint, the Department of Transportation, Highways Division is
against any traffic disruption that said construction would create.
Preliminary discussions with the County Planning Department have suggested
the 150' highway setback area along Queen Kaahumanu Highway may be used
or the HELCo substation. This solution shall be pursued as submission of this
portion of the 'O'oma property would not impact the overall developable land
area that Is planned. Whereas the substation is not housed in a building, solid
fences and landscaping may be necessary to soften the visual impact of the
substation
9- -t0-
'O'ome a Development
CIM 6 Epebloel hmbebudime Aeseu tRaPmt January 2003
HELCo estimates a $1.2 million basic overhead service cost and a 2 -year design/
construction schedule for the substation. The $1.2 million Advance will be
refunded to the payee over the next 5 years as bad is added to the substation
and meter revenue is generated.
1.5.3 Telephone System — Existing Conditions
The project site has no existing Verizon Hawaii, Inc. (VHI) telephone facilities.
The nearest source of telecommunications service is VHI's fiber optic lines on
HELCo's 69 KV pole line meuka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The next
available source of telephone service is a small equipment but serving a small
agricultural subdivision to the north of the Proposed project. However, VHI has
determined that source to be too small and loo far away to serve the proposed
project. Refer to VHI letter to ECS, Inc., Appendix D.
1.5.1 Telephone System — Proposed IMrastructun
VHI tentatively plans to construct a new "mini -hut" or "pair -gain' on-site to provide
telecommunications service. A pair -gain or mini -hut is a packaged, set -
contained metal enclosed +110W x 15'L x 6'H, equipment rack on a concrete pad
which is fed with fiber optic lines and generates thousands of telephone copper
pairs. The pair gain requires a 30' x 30' let or may be placed in a Developer -
provided building. The pair gain lot may be fenced and landscaped to soften
visual Impact. Similar to the HEI -Co substation, this 'pair -gain' unit may be
developed in the highway setback area thereby not impacting the current
development plan.
As there am no existing ducts across Queen Kaahumanu Highway within the
project limits, new telephone ductlines will have to be added at the highway
Intersection.
1.5.5 CAN System — Existing Conditions
The project site currently has no CAN facilities on site. The nearest source of
CATV service is Oceanic Cablevision's fiber optic lines on HELCo's 69 KV pole
line mauke of Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Although the existing agricultural
subdivision to the north of the proposed project has CATV service, that is not a
desirable source of CATV service, as fiber lines are available directly across the
highway. See Oceanic Cablevisbn's letter dated October 22, 2002, Appendix D.
1.5.6 CAN System — Proposed Infrastructure,
Oceanic wilt require at least we "node' within the project. This node is a free-
standing cabinet located within a 6' x 6' easement. It Is anticipated that
Oceanic's system will also provide highs -speed data connectivity.
Veins a Development
Lela a Ebeblkel eMasbuch" Asnroaruent Report
Jenusry 2003
Costs of the CAN system Is negotiable as estimated revenue must be balanced
against installed construction cost. An estimated cost of $25,000 per mile of line
extension has been provided by Oceanic. As Mere are no existing ducts across
Queen Kaahumanu Highway within the project limits, new CAN ductlines will
have to be added at the highway intersection.
APPENDICES APPENDIX A
Water System
O'ONA n DEVELOPMENT
WATER REQUIREMENTS
LAND USE
AREA UN"
CONSUMPTION
Ave. Doily Demand
Flm Floor Roq.
Reforence
(acres) IROOMS
(gpd)
(gpd)
Flaw 10pcnt f Durvoon Url r 59"na IR)
No.
Mulfi-Fomity Residential
21; 240
400 gal.un it
811,001)
1,5x0 r t r 300
i }
Office 1 Commercial
15
3,000 gals.acre
45.000
2,000: 2 ? 300
Il)
Retpil / Commercillrl
17'
3,000 golsincre
511,001)
2,000: 2; 300
f3)
Transom Acwmrnodatkm*
12 401)
400 gal.lun it
160.000
2,000 r 2 ? 300
(41
TOTAL AVE, DAILY DEMAND
Awvaps Uagy o mm&nra Flow Rmpimrm eb Taken f n" "Wrof $yVWP 3Mdardt', 2071. DIWs10a 100, Table 100.1ir10.
(1) MA -Family Ww Rise
(2) Npgailm! 00 BUWn
(3) N091401rood tkmnaa
14) F101N Ilflam of Howiiif1l)
0
<
CL > O —f �
to
N IC A u�is W -1+a i t etY a 0 P
2
tz
4 o w
,M( � •�::� � � �, y.s "< ��1;�� � ,yew. � � .� �1 .�.V�..�r�1 ! � Y.
UJ
LLI
0 "' (043y 3a gid QC
so
logo-
uj
O d a z
.cN
uj
O
2 Q Z�
ti 2 .
+� O
CL
O'OMA It DEVELOPMENT
SEWER REOUIREMEMS
LAND USE
Maki -Family Residentts;
Office 1 Commerciai
RetAil f Commercial
Transient Accommodabons
R'OTAL AVE. WW FLOW
MAX. WW FLOW (FF - 3.675)
Dry Weather lnfiltrationnnflow
Design Ave. Row
Design Max. Flow
dVet Weather Inflltrationnnflow
Design Peak Flow
•
•
AREA
UN75 Ave. Daily Flow
Dry Weather l/1
Wei Weather V1 Reference
{acres)
/ROOMS' (gpd)
(god)
(QN)
No.
21
240' 53,760
3.350
2x.250
(1)
1�
1fiA,0(k�
10,500;
18,750
(21
17
! 190,400
11,940
21,250
(3>
c----..._..---........ _
12:
4001 SQ,600:
5,600;
15,00o
(4)
j
501,7801
i
333,120; (7)
1,875,320: (8)
81.750 (Si}
1.956.373: (101
1) Firm WW Std_ 722.1
i:: gDdpr- 4 ppyag ever nome_ 2.1, VeUpLu Fid Mmartmorl omit
:2) ircxn 1VW SW, 22.2.2D, CommjiV 8usmew
140 cpa. 80 GDds.4
3) Flom Y.'W Std. 22.22). Comnanity 9ut"f---
tc0 C". 80 7G-"
-4) Ftom WW Std. 22.2,1
40 gpoN. 2.8 pcoWc aer aoard Nns umn tamtamina rj wxupW4yl
.5) Flom WW S6d_ 22.2d
Flak tnci[u obbshwd frm Fi=.: `2.2A
6) From WW Std. 22.2.5
9 �r.= daisoc m sWerlw..
-7) From WW Std- 2226
0esi7. Aye Fleur - 1vi� WN Floh { Dry Weimer
re) GnMr, WW Sta.:2-ZT
Dm%m Lim Flow-Ma1 , AW ='ter • D. .1V&ater ISI
'91 *tom W W Sx1. 2<=.8
1250 (tad f> ! y1 rn rens x
10) Gram WW Sto. 22.2.9
Deng Peak F1rm -relax. VN? M7w • Wet Weather U
C3 I-- z 3
h _ x o
U fa: .P fir, K C J
lr w Z
IZ LY
,r x W
}: (n .(
r
WWI
Lu
u-
102 -� ,N,
f:
uj
' a CIL
el
uj 96
uj
a- �� —� 0
Zi
U VJ 1zrt � s t 1 � U 12' '� V
4.
ZL-
ti
oaa d.
r r a
W46 -M
Pacift Inc.
Member 12, 2002
W. 06M Al-,
Ctttady of HMO
Depwtowrofwak[ 9up91
345 Kdaana, Steel 9.0
Mkk liawaa 967M
SabjwA O'ematQDevelopmeet
TMK; T-3-09:22
]lank 7w tlr givi 67atr awSk to the wwtc 5110" fiilli fbr the KdhwKcabob arta. As
reommealad by 3m, we no ftgiettiag an iwcw" efattt commiheat paerm51y uigoed10
the &god parcel, How ate the developer acqute additkal WfM1Aktect1 w met their needs?
Par the poputed devclopotem, the fdlew}ng deaardt haw ban, ea]adatd for the vnying [jars.
Muhi-Paetily Iteridenw 96,000)gpd
OKce'Cmnmctid 45,000 jtM
RpaiVCommeranl 31.000gpd
Tremont( Arccmmodatinta 1600Meed
Tinel: 35400050
Your mrly resporne wW1 he ■ppmiaed
git10em17,
0"51 V-! —
HenN Sttgiyama
MAR Pacific, Htc
109 Paaabi Sere?, 9aib 212
M)O.HMMfi 96720
Td 6I{-}61.2776
Fac 20"35-"M
APPENDIX B
Wastewater System
G)
N
N
fV
ylit •1,
'
�
w � ��
_
lorry k1m �i ,' Oranti K. W. to"
MAY- .t r Dir'K4f+I
t r,
Jiro A- sumaaa
unftr of ttfirttii
k �rti
DirrARTMENT OF pUBY C WAR1{,S
25 Arpad xfrmt, As*m m. tQM, HWMX 167204M
April 3, 2001
HONOR RLB C.HAMMA.N ANS► MMBFJts
�
z1Lwy A� cn OUNCn; �=
y({�c��o{cii�rr�rYy
25 AUPUNT !712LEE.1
SOBJECT" RESOLUTION RELATING TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF R'Im'V�CS
DY ASSE93MM'S AT KBALAKMM HONOKOIJACl, AND KALM, MTS ICT OP
MRTHXOXA. HA rAll
.
Attad1W iY a proposed resolution tulating to Ole co2tatmC on of improvemente by astoorocnis
y
pumu" to Section 1.2-l.n ofthc Pfswaii County Cade fbrthe purpose of extemding the mmtmicfPW
jmwer system.
.'.
PItme forward a oopy of this pzvrpased.resolution to die approlniate cornmhue Chau. Your
;
°
favpcsbfe caoRidemtion cif tbis request would be gxoatly xppreciaed. Sltcn2ld you havrr< auy
Can .cems. Plessa contact us,
f w
,. l
•
tt�2�,,,,
.'Af% D0my .r W_e' APPROVED. yPROYG.
•
r.
I tY AYOR
cc: 'W"
)Z p Mme•ee
t.
ri
�J
COUNTY OF ]RAWAVI STATE OF HA.WAI`I
14
RESOLUTION NO. 70 09'
RvtATIwd To rm CORRTRDCPION OF 11"09MOZPTa Or ASSVSs1 m"TH AT Xil\i.AT77Rd�'
^;
. RpwOKOiAD, KALOKo AND 9OIDUMIK2, DISTRICT OF WORM KOtf►. AARAI•I ,��;
WIIE'.oa'TS, the Council of the County of Rawai'i wishes to initiate
!'f
'proposed improvements on certain real property located et Heplekehe,'
gotnkohau. Kaloko and Kohanniki, District of North Kora, Codacy And Stat*
o[ Hawai'3, for improvements eoneisting Of "tensim to the Municipal
eawer system, the cost of which ie to be borne by the County and. the
property owners pursuant to the provisions of Section la -1o, Hawai'i.m
County Code, as amended; end
WHSRHAs, Attachment'•A- describes the necessary preliminary scope Of
work, together with an estimate of the probable ..at thereof, and As
a},
astimats of the *bare at the cost of the'improvvments against each parcel
Cp
Of the reel property subject to aeaesament; end
�7
WHEREAS, Attachment •H" shows a map Identifying the proposed liadcs
yr
- of the Iruprovemeut District; and
- )WIEREAS, the improvement project has now been further and fully
Considered by the Council.
r'
NOW, THBREFnRH, HR IT p.ESOLYED Hy THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF
"
" 'HA4hill that (1) the public Works Director of the County of Rawai'i be And
- is direcded to investigate the information and data provided by the
" Council sed such other infOrmatioa as the Public works Director dears
advisable sad to report to the Council on the necessity, feasibility, and
Method of assessment desirable for tha aforaaantioned sewer system at
wlakehe, lionokohau, and A'aloko, District of North Kma, County and Stata
I>f Havai'i; and to include in his praliudnaiy report all such data,
Iurvey, mope, plana, drawings, details, and specifications for the
{la@rOvementa and any other matters of details intended to, apply theteto in
rccerdence with tits previs3ona of Section 12-10, Hava.i'1 County Code, as
tmarKiad; (2) the Public Works Director shall, upon notification by the
)ouneil, consult with such financial roneultant and band counsel as the
:ouncil may hereafter employ with respect to the proposed improvemant
.iatrict and incorporate into any subsequent report the codments or
acormnendations of such persons.
A2 IT FURTHER R29OLVED that the Clerk of the County of Hswai'i
raosadt copies of this resolution to the Departments of Fine"&, Pubt,ie
'orke and EnVironmental t4a1;agsesnt,
Dated at Hllo, Havei'i, this day of. , 2061
Introduced R
Caunci H.ad+er, my of Hawai'1
COUNTY COUNCM
Comely oflirwail
flit, Hawa{'i
-1 kasay aidy Mar sv rw..r, r RPM)1n" «w b
wtr Wlard w eedlarhemtdepld by Ae COUhr.IL afrbe
ae'Y elHwat'1 ar
rinT:
,V,sry CL5RK CitAD2MAN8PRE91DING OFFfCiP.
R4� C-179/FC
E 06UFIVHN0. 70 OS
'Y
LMTROVI MFMS BY AMSSMENTS AT RIALMaIM, HONOKORAU, KALOKO AND
OvtiNFR
KOA.A-rtA a, DISTRICT Of' NORTH KONA, HAW.AY]
COV
-_ NIA
Coct�ry ofllawei
SCOPE:
2,240,012-0
Extend the bewex system Brom the existing Keslakehe Wasttwater Treatment plant haft 11mig the
-Nat Park Service
alignment rof the Quem Knnhurnanu Highway to Kohanniki. The sawer system will include neccs aji .
gravity scwas, =Molea, pruap station(is) acid forca nusins. Sawer la tats with aleattoisp to be
L.in.ihill Pam=
installed to each propeM serviced by the pmoposed unpirov"ents.
�
7-0-8-u2S
7-4-9,
General 8ervioesAdmin,
hicClcaa liocok0hAu Prep
E811'MA.TE OF PRO13A)BLE COST:
-
14.000 if gravity sewer @ S10011f Q 4,200,000
Horokohau Sewage Pump SU iotr R 2,2[10,1300 ;n
4,000If&Mtmaiu aQ S250fif 1,00{3,000
Allowance: for dmipri do inspection @ 20% - 1,490,go0
Allowance for cwatinarmciras @ 10°"a 888,t)NJO
TOTAL � a 4.768,000
SAY; S 1 d,000,tit)n
ESTEMA'TF OF SHAW OF COST: 5{
TKK�
OvtiNFR
ARN,t
COV
-_ NIA
Coct�ry ofllawei
NIA
2,240,012-0
1.4-8-11111
-Nat Park Service
234.7
967;948
7.4-8-013
L.in.ihill Pam=
549.46
2,265,788
7-0-8-u2S
7-4-9,
General 8ervioesAdmin,
hicClcaa liocok0hAu Prep
50.20
54.73,
244,121
225,688
7.4-8-030' �.�_.
L.arribm Famers
9.90
40,924
7-4"2
Gentry Propt., Lies
4.09
16,825
7-4-9-055
Taylori;.nrn Ltd. Partnership
3.45
14,2277
7-4-020-OOI
Stateof Haw `t
1.24
7.4-020-062
SWC of HawaiS
26.53
109,493
7-4-008-003
Stale of Hawaii Q?1111L)
200'U0
824,733
7-3'-9-OG2
United States of America
249.50
1,028,95
1-3-9-021
United States of America
72.43
297,234
7-3-9-017
Mid Cotporation
22-4.43
925,474
7-3-9 016
Nnruay Intematloti�l
01.96
382.923
7-3-51-060
7-3-51-065
TSA Intera_ational
I SA iatetuatro - - - --- ---
102.58
1.37
423,005
5,64
7--3.51.066
TSA In1cmetional
I,22
5.031
7-3-51-067
TSA Icte=tioaal
1.09
4,495
7-3-31-0168
'T$A InteTuatimul
I..m
4,124
7-3-51-069
TSA Weirratiannal
1.07
4,412
7-3-51<070
TSA lntemational
1,00
4,12
1-n7-1sl I uwi c, a....r.........
A'i'TACIIMENT l#
{ i1►'IPROVFKFNTS BY ASSESSMENTS AT KEALAKXKE,RONOKOHAU,3cALOKO AND
XOHANAIKZ, DISTRICT OF NORT11 KONA, HAWA1-1
S+awi• ?� * •' t �•. Yam
'4� .-.��t .aM1.fi�S'..'.Ltil• - .� -ate � � �'•a,
c
. O
J7lAJr1�, -
d,
T 47
Ntis»�
BAWA1`1 COUNTY COUNCIL
AGENDA
10 rn ststldn
COMMU171 ON MAP(CE
Auto S.Y. (fang. Choir
1`saway Pidedua, "M Chair
Jame Y. Aolmk(, Measber
Lmingrd Ebsiono9; mossher
Jolie Iaednoq Mensbsr
Bobby tem laithmd•TSdd, Member-
GUY
emberGary SdAlik. Member
L Cantle Tyler W, Member
Dominic Yegoog, Member
DATE: April 17, 2001 (rwsd v)
PLACEt Cotmcihoom
TDM-- loo.m.
CALL TO ORDER
STATEMENTS FROM TBE PCBLIC ON COND,1S. 176,177 ,179 AND Igo
Cmpma.176: APPORMIEN'TS TO THE LIQUOR COMMISSION -
= 3 Y. RUI &MIJ ANTI OEORGe A HARM
From Mayor Reny Rim, dated April 3,200 1. anbmatism for confirmation
We foilosvmg apposMmlm to the Liquor Commission:
Kelly Y. Ksw%kM alifeloug resident of lle.ai'4 who is a School
Food Service Mower for the Department of Education and the
cwner of Kelly WS Bakery. Ile M nit afiJialed With my
pblidwl party. Hswn1'amed, he will serve a term to "Pin on
Deomober 31, 2001.
Oeotge A. Hari, a fA-year student of Htwai'l, wbo is employed
by We Blebop inswanee Agency. A pled member ofehe Water
Comnfaara, Mr. HArai M not smetad With eery po8owl parry, If
emdinnr , he will serve t weer m expire an Deeemba 31, 2005.
FC -lo
Page 7
Ard 17, 2001
Comm. 171.1 from Assistant Cooperation Counsel Gcoold taktse, Mend April it, 2001,
rgoesting on wlthdmw Res. 6&01. era received and cia ilttad after the agenda Was
Pound
Coram. 175: ARESOLUTION AUTHORIZING TIM ACCBPTANM OF FIVE
(Res. 6901) DOPPLER FETALMEDASOh7CS FIRSTBRAT MONITORS(from
Uf.a¢ kdrt Evl Bakken of Wymw b 1� literal" Comrr F' 11mf }
From PWd.IRC CMa Leuoysd Elarkmo� dried ApnT A 21911,
trummiaing the abore resolatia. The esdmoted value of the monitors is
13,460.20.
Comm. 179:
RFA,ATING TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF IMPROVFMF--NrS
(Rea. 7041)
BY ASSESSMENTS AT KEAr AKEIM HONUKOIIAU,
KALOFO AND KOHAN.ABU, DISTRICT OF NORTH KONA,
HAWAI't (for the purpose ofeuendmg the municipal a.
Aysrm)
From Dennis K.W. Lee, Director, Department *(Public Works,
dated April 3.2001, tmmtllting the about resoltnim
Comm. 181:
AN ORDNANCE TO AMEND ORDINANCE NO. 00-63, A9
(Bill 48)
AhmDED, THE OPERATING BIIDGE'T FOR THE COUNTY
OF HAWAII FOR TIM FISCAL YEAR END)WO JUNE 30,
2001 (appropriates 1470,2500( rdyhmd insompt eaminga to the
Fire Deputamt't Salerbe de Wages and Bade EMT mining
acui*mew r�gl
Fran Dlmabr*fIrM o Wd18tm TAk" Mad April 4,200 1,
oannoli ft the Above ordiraxe bill and sateux the Lesson fa r-
dueaft the 5470,250 which, itnot used, will Muse m the and of
this fowl year.
Comm. 182: A RMOLUTION AUTHOBUZNG THE ACCEPTANCE OF A
(Rea, 7 t -0I) TREADMILL FOR PAPAALOA OYM (from Jessica
Qftj
From Dnabr ofFinma William T. Takaba, deed April 4, 2001,
nmvnitin9 the above Mohsuon. The MbL*ad vase of the
Yn assucer Ptmum PRG Peolpmnnable osIARM M 5700 and will
he Wed by the Pula A Recreation r We gym's weight mom.
JAMES Y. ARAKAKI
taw,AA.&wagy
-
AARON S.Y. CRCNG
LENMORAD RLARIONOFF
1. CCRTW TYLSc m
JIAQJACOB$ON
soapy MeN, LUTBE TODD
NANCY Fismo 0
GARY SAFARIK
IOI)1':TYCOUNta.
IJOYINIC YAOONG
CutmbafXewlT
Na�wiY Coray9adday
'
LAgpaat So-aN
ffib, %ewnlYJdlls
16 CweN,x.
I
INVOCATION
CALL TO ORDER
ROLL CALL
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
APPROVAL OF MINUTES
ORDFROFBUSINBSS
Jtsval'i Cotmty Caawd p 2
May 2.2001
ORDER OF RESOLUTIONS
Ree. 69.01: Atahatives the
Res. 70-01:
}twd'i Catrdy CorncO QLUJUED
]filo, Hawai•I
May 2, 2001
9:00 Am
Tku RevaTend Tag TWAtt of the Center for SpiribW Coowds present Res. 71-01:
210 am.
Mr. Amkald abaait; .B o&cYs %+anent
Meech 21, 2001. AprE d, 2001 and April 18, 2001 -approved, at ansemkd
PETITIONS, MEMORIALS, COMMUNICATIONS, CERTIFICATES OF MMT AND BXPRESSFONS OF
CONDOLENCE
STATEMENTS FROM THE PUBLIC ON ITEMS LISTED ON THE ORDER OF BUSINESS
Rea.71-0L
Mcnimn, accePasee of five Doppler FcW MWAsonics That Brut
(Domtion m the Jlawai'i Ceunty rim DepesnnenL)
pw Correct. 115
lmr. by: Mr.
vM
Chin/Chin/6p2m Appm: 1C*64
S AYES: Couneife mben Cbswy, EW Mff,, Jacobtm. Leithead-Todd,
Piskcido, Safarik, Yagoag -d Chairman Tyler
NOES: Noce
J ABSENT & EXCUSED: Couoeilmembcr Amkaki
Relating N the wnsevetion OfilrprOventent by anesamems M
Kealakehe. BonekohsA Kaloko" Kohaaaiki, District of North Kon.,
Haftli.
{Sewer bm wmsim (Jmn the xcalakeb. waerw.rer Tmmm= Hart w
Kchanaiki. )
Re: Cnmm. 179
Inv. by. Mr. TvW
Appmved: PC -6i
Authorizes the aaepleace of a Oead,,M for Paps'alm Gym
Re: Gramm )82
Irrrbv: Mr. Chung
A ETEQ Appr;w& FC 67
8 AYES: COnaL --bem Cb -C Elesicff J-ObSeta, I.ehhead-Todd.
Ploodoo, Safnik Yagoog wd Chairman Tyla
NOES: Nave
I ABSENT & BxcUSED: Comtdlmembet AmkafS
Trsm0.7V°ppvMjwm S2,6M au and BOM the West Naw+pi BeOd .
BOt l C11"' Ext pa— soeca and credit estate to the West Hawaii
quipmem mm,t L
Re: Comm. 183
Iter, by: Mr. Chttog
&DO..i1_FD: Appro, FC -69
S AYES: COOT amnmbds Chung. F3erlonOfr Jeeobson, Ldtbead•TOdd,
Pmcdt Safarik Yagmg and Chmhn a Tyler
NOES: None
I ABSFAVr & EXCUSE[} Cwncilmemba AnkaH
APPENDIX C
Storm Drain System
DRAINAGE REQUIREMENTS.
Site fvea
71:52
:I
__..............:..,.::............
at -1" = 400'
.............. ......................... ............ .....,,...;.::......::<,:....:.......
i 3,44.3-4200-
..........................................:..:..1..,....:........................................................:.:.............
.V
.......... ....... .............................
F'latlirs�elsi� 4
79:045
ACd'I Foes
336000
sf
_:..: ;,.....:....................
E
......................................................
7:72'
:arras
i=rc�nt tOP6
MK
f=iom Tii40:
. ..
t33.dtF
Adc4q
TOTALAREA
4
:90,72
scree
...............................................................
..............................:.....................i.....
$IoFe
,..........................._.:,
O U1>9.
.. :
..............,...:. ,............:.._
-... ........... ................. ......... ........... .
From toot
M6x, irzivpl Length 1.
2.204
_ .. .
fl
s
From torso
Tc
................................................... _.........................
17.5
..................................................
rinln
lwrorn Plate 3,
�.........................:.
_.........
G valuos:,
..
_.......................
. ................. ....
............ ......:.
,
i ..:.....................................................
.......................................................:................
Infiltration i
hili
Prim► Table 1
_.:.........:.....
.. .. .. ....................0�0
Rdiei
0,0
nos
_
Froin Table 1
Vegtfal Liiv.�r
0..O..._.:`.:_..........._
...
...........................
:..From Table t
_..............:....:...............L...................:.:.......:....................................................:..:.....:.....:...................................
pev t prnont
0, 15
9�4culdtM •
..... .....
. Froin Table 9
_.....:...
1;6*AL C;
......................................................................................................................
02
:............................. .................... .......... ...
........... ...................... ..................... ....
1 f?-1'ear.ite=icon
_.._............... .
I...............................................
...... ,,..........._..-......_:,....:........._....._.....
_ ... .... ..
�iorh Plate 2
_......................................................................._1'9.......................
AdjUstod I a
3.35
Irdhr
ftoiTi.pl.ate 4
KtnMronrn-51r:rm rlr�i!eaae'ylanAAr'tl.. [:curly or N.7w9ti: O(:1ft6f WO
•
®1
III,'
as .........7 -7.,
I. W
Up lu, pcst�l
Bay:
itawaihue q
f1 N
..E�
............:......_......
� .................... lav
_;..A K
a
I
j r
dp
`"�,�'' Hila
�I � ........ -
+� I f` + f
11jK� r i
KatIQ y[ � 4.�. f 2 .7� ,t h` ;� 7.
3 V
Keotakehuo :6a -�� { * MA NA
,
1 -
1p
a COUNTY Y car ynw►rtr �..
�- Intensity of —hr Rairifall
(Inches)
LECE 0. —... _TM: 10
r
�rintspaj Ra6C9
• i
date i
Pk6mstb t7RAUVAGE REQUIREMENTS
site Accu 21 52
sl'
400'
....
3,443 200
.............................................................
st
:.............. ........... .. ._ ... .
...........................
plartsinate� 79 0A5
__..........................:.............
eCress
;....
t......
33600ff
NMI Aida �188-cbo-
:...__.
.............................
&!
....... ......................... ...........................................................
Ta oai�ua dl t�ury:n K.
.....
I 7:72
.........................
.... ..... ........... .... ...... ...... .......... .......... ...
ecras
._ _ ............. ,. �. , ...
From !opo
..,.:....
Fmrl TMIC snap a3 Slt)
.........................................................................................
acr rs
. .................. ............................. ...........
TOTAL AREA I :90,11,
i......... ...
acres
.............. ................. ......... ............... _.....
... ........ .... ...... .......
S3bpe i A090from
_...._.... _................
.
_..,.... .,
tolo.
....................................
__........... ....................................... ................ ......... .:._............
Max Travel Length 1;70
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................. ..................... ..... ............
.ft
.
..... :............: .
Front topo
... .....................
T = -15:5
min
Ff6irf plats 3
u81t�S p9imdtroof aSS`I >8sl� a3;A9
`I From Table 1
From Table 1
TOTAL C: 0,75 0.19
..................................... ............................................................................. ............ - .........................................................
WEI014TE[7.C: i 6.46
.............:....... _....... :._.................. :....... .......... .._............,....,...................m.,...............—.:,..............,..................................... .. ,.. ......
%-YY6,ar dos190
...................................... .................. :................... ....................... .............................. ..... ....................... .......... ............ .... ........
........... ... .... .......... .......... .
I .......... ..........:................................. ...... ............. ............ ......... . . Plate 2 .
_�'�
Adjustmd I W 3,5 lnlhr I From Plale 4
RelerL c6r SIC(m Drainage Sta:tdero, CO My pi H&1141.0 bEFI RC
a bra t7s�
EqurvarenIt to . 3J3 acres pert - cfs
�J
CJ
P1 t 0 4
4, W ST: .241 132-:68-f6et 11 L61 C, -aldng iiie r�m it, i6f.,
Ong Ahid
A' - 77 I&A
t;14 L.C.. *1 ta
Lista AM Amma;
5�, 16$" ITLofibj al'ong iffiq.zcmd6dpr of'
R- 9214 AwJ!15..Ap.A`1
-hat Lou, )t�c
6.- Thence aloe ii G, at:ifi l'R.P. $214; L.C. kk- 77-15 -A
Lota. Khiricli�ehiii6onR-C'Ur*� W* iffi�
.
9.6rrm& =4 lista me of the choril
V
beibg.
2160, 44, : 37" 44,
-n to th6 ii ht
With a- ridius df.2,460.00 iiia
ii!6ath atA-distafnee of the-iqhotd:
being:
281V 541 121.2" 1,3,80.0,1 ffiD64
8- 311a 39, 45 .1 1,675, 13 1e61316"9 16t 7;.0 al6ns ther0bidiider
.
ofR.P. 9214. L.C. Aw. 7715,Aj�'11
to Ldtia_ KarnAemeba;.
r
9 . ST .46' 14.7. 7,19910 teat nto�ng RY. 75$7; L.Q Aw. I;1,216:
Ap. 36 to M., K&kmmon6hi,
M 78' 521 24.7)t 976.07: Feet 217hg:gP 7581; L.C. A*. 11;2.16;
16.6o M. Kckauo i1ohl to t6
lbint of bc&ning and containing as
Ili
to
W:a'e
Cy
Pali. ficimt
C13
SE . CTIO I W 2. 1h =,Ooilbm *ith Czimty Cde, tfie.Cotmity
'. Cojj;ricjj
(1) Necessary to pmrtnt eircumstaixtes'-which may be adverse to the public health,
saf iy and. W611fare. 6r
4.
P I
Lo
IL
oik
At.
:.MAS.
41.0 0 11 Ai el.
0.
Verland
U
C h'a, t
4
r
ai
P1 t 0 4
4, W ST: .241 132-:68-f6et 11 L61 C, -aldng iiie r�m it, i6f.,
Ong Ahid
A' - 77 I&A
t;14 L.C.. *1 ta
Lista AM Amma;
5�, 16$" ITLofibj al'ong iffiq.zcmd6dpr of'
R- 9214 AwJ!15..Ap.A`1
-hat Lou, )t�c
6.- Thence aloe ii G, at:ifi l'R.P. $214; L.C. kk- 77-15 -A
Lota. Khiricli�ehiii6onR-C'Ur*� W* iffi�
.
9.6rrm& =4 lista me of the choril
beibg.
2160, 44, : 37" 44,
-n to th6 ii ht
With a- ridius df.2,460.00 iiia
ii!6ath atA-distafnee of the-iqhotd:
being:
281V 541 121.2" 1,3,80.0,1 ffiD64
8- 311a 39, 45 .1 1,675, 13 1e61316"9 16t 7;.0 al6ns ther0bidiider
.
ofR.P. 9214. L.C. Aw. 7715,Aj�'11
to Ldtia_ KarnAemeba;.
r
9 . ST .46' 14.7. 7,19910 teat nto�ng RY. 75$7; L.Q Aw. I;1,216:
Ap. 36 to M., K&kmmon6hi,
M 78' 521 24.7)t 976.07: Feet 217hg:gP 7581; L.C. A*. 11;2.16;
16.6o M. Kckauo i1ohl to t6
lbint of bc&ning and containing as
M-272 ai:Teg,
-0
1q, as shown on. the map atmcbed Hereto, marlmd Schibit "A�md byi ma& A.
Pali. ficimt
SE . CTIO I W 2. 1h =,Ooilbm *ith Czimty Cde, tfie.Cotmity
'. Cojj;ricjj
(1) Necessary to pmrtnt eircumstaixtes'-which may be adverse to the public health,
saf iy and. W611fare. 6r
4.
7 �
*�kt'
COUNTY OF HAWSTAT E OF HAWAII ;
(2) Reasonably conceived to fulfill needs directly emanating from the lend use
2082 SEP 30 1`11 4 40
propelled with teapots to
DILL NO.
(A) Protection of the public from the potentially deleterious effects of the
.244
FfANW4 .60ARTYIENT (Draft 5
CCIINff Or I,M1,NAl )
propound use, ur
tJ111111t, ORDINANCE NO. 02 ;U4
(B) Fulfillment of the need for public service demands created by the proposed
use.
AN ORDINANCE AMENDING SECTION 25.8-3 (NORTH KONA ZONE MAP), C
A. The applicant, in successors or ensigns shall be responsible for complying aith all
ARTICLE 8, CHAPTER 25 (ZONM CODE) OF THE HAWAPI COUNTY CODE, BY
CHANGING THE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION PROM OPEN (0) TO
of the stew conditions of mproval.
INDIISTRLIL-CObfMERC1AL MIXED DISTRICT (fdCX-la) AT KALOKO, NORTH
BONA. HAWAI'L COYFAW BY TAX MAP KEY 7-3-51:60.
B. The applicant $hell comply with all requucati nts and cnrdMons of the Stone Land
BE IT ORDAINM BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAI'L
Iin Comenission's Findings or Fact. Conelusions of Law and Decision and Order
SECTION I, Section 25.8.3. Article 8, Qmpter 25 (Zoning Cade) ofthe Hawaii County
ismed m Febnnry t4, 20tt2 /Noting m Land Use Commission Docket
Code, is snrtrul d to change the diania classification of property descibed hmoioelter as
No. ADD -732.
follows:
The dieter a rtassifica0on of the fultowiag area situated in Kaloko, North Krum, Bawai'i,
C. The required water commitment payment shall be submitted to the Department of
shall he htdu.+'trisl-C:ommercie! Mixed District (MCX-lar
Water Supply in accordance with its "Water Commitment Guidelines Policy"
Beginning at the Sotdbarcsl corner of this pared of hand, being also the Smnhesst
within ninety (90) days from the ellective date of this ordinance.
comer of Lot A oft subdivision of a portion of R.P. 8214, L.C. Aw. 7715, Ap. 1 I to Loin
Kamehamelan-_ on the Nonherly bouoday of R.P. 7587, L.C. Aw, 11,216, Ap. 36 to M.
Kekeuonold, the coordfoalea of said point ofbegtmting rfcned to Govvtanern Survey
D. Final Subdivision, Approval for the approzimaaely 82 -lot indnsnial-conuaeivid
Tmlangtdmm $talon "MOANUTAti£A" being 19,772.73 fee[ South and 21,383.03 feet
subdivision shit be secured from the Planing Dirrotor within ten (10) yeas
West, and mmin8 by azimuths measured clockwise from Tum South:
from the effxrive date of this orditauce.
1. 168° 52' 24" 348.50 feet along Lot A. along the rtrnainder of
RP. $214, L.C. Aw, 7715, Ap. 11 to
Lott Kamchameha;
E_ Prior to the submittal of plans for subdivision review, the applicant shall pmpare a
Traffic Circulation and Roadway Improvement Plan for roads and intersections in
2. 25r 57 24" 193.68 feel along Lots A and C. along the
remainder of RP. 8214, L.C. Aw.
the general vicinity of the subject property meeting with the approval of the
7715, Ap. 1 l to Lout Kamehemetra:
Pitarmug Dumim in consultation with the Department of Transportation and fire
3. 168° 52' 24" 2,341.05 feet along Lot C, along rhe remainder of
Department of Puhlic Works. The plan. at a minimum shall assess traffic
R.P. $714, L.C. Aw. 7715, Ap. I 1 to
circulation and/or spaeifq improvements or mitigation measures to the following
Lots Kantehemeba;
toadways and intersections:
-3-
a. Hina LOW Street In the vicinity of the subject property;
b. Quem Kaahumanu Highway -Hind Laai Street intersection;
C. Mamata}os (Hawai'i Belt) Highwely-Hina Laoi Street imvsectim;
d- Him Choi Servet intersections with Kaman and Kamixni Streets;'
e. Identify Ka SUM ""Mein Stied", a cotader roadway identified
within the Kesbole to Kailm Development Plain.
The plan shall also incorporate, to the retreat feasible. roadway Imp envancer
re commeadadou or detailed within da Department of Public Works
memrsvAnm regarding Oau`e of Zone.Applitsumn No. 2002-009 dated
Lime 25, 2002.
F. In order m address and mitigate potential impacts ban non -point course
pal(ama, the applicant stroll participate with the County of Hawaii in a pilot
storm drain Proper fotnoat"t within the Kaloko-Honoknheu region This
pilot program tray potentially include other developments within the Cmmty and
apply to all other gover meat end private developnenn. In that regard, the
applicant shall participate by constructing all endways within the proposed
indrrstdal-eottmnetcisl part to County daditable standards with paved overlies and
atripai on-atie:t �3ting. The drainage system within the road rigbn-of-way, shall
include storm dram filtration devices which mea the approval of Ire Department
of Public Works, in consultation with the Nations) Pak Service, and the
applicablepermitting requirements of the Underground Injection Control (U1C) of
the Federal Safe Drinking Water Ad=Athe National Polluam Diaehage
4
Iilmmatim System (NPDES) of the Fadetel Clem Wet" Act Tthe roadway and
related imMvemaMs covered harem shall be considered eligible for dedication to
the County, of Howsi'i.
G. In accordance with Condition No. 2a of the Sale Land Use Commission's
Findings of Fac, Conclusions of Law mal Decision and Oda issued on
Febwry 14, 2002 regsrdng Lend Use Comrntssim Docket No. A00-732, the
applicant shill( prepare eoveavutus, conditions am restrictions (CC&Rs) for the
subjem property and the individual lots to emne the curtailment and traetrttnt of
spills and odor light indusbieFrebrted materiel from leaching or draining into the
ground or subsurface simm drain collation aress. These CC&Rs shall also
include pertinent sonless, is= Condition Nos. la t rough Ig ami Condition
Nos. 2a tlaurglh 21, of the Sate Lard Use Commission's Findings of Fact,
Conndusionv of Law slid Decision and Oakr issued on Felmary la, 2002
regarding Land Use Connotation Docket No. AOO-732. The CC&Rs shall be
approved by the Hawei'i Stele Department of f feaith open consultation with the
U.S. National Park Service, the Department of Public'Works and the Planning
Department, prior to the isanante of Final Subdivision Approval for any portion
of the industrial-mmtoceial park.
H. The spnpreart shall p'rePare a landscaping plan for the subject property and for
each lm within the proposed indusuiel-caima+ercid perk in accordsae with The
requirements of Condition Nos. 9a through 9d of the Stile Lard Ilse
Commission's Findirw of Fact, Conclusions of Law end Decision and Christ
issued on February 14,2M regarding pend Use Commission Docket No.
A00-732. The landscaping plan WWI also incorporate the goidelines redlined in
Planning Department Rde No. 17 relating u,Landseeping. Tbo landscaping plan
shall include the tong -own, perpetual use of We ilea pmmctcd by the 30 -foot
buffer for the existing Bidens miosrhda, to be used for the perpeuwtlon of the
-S.
species. The loodsceping plan shell be approved by the Finning Ditectorprior r4
the issuance of Final Solld(vision Approval for MY portion of the proposed
u+dasnid-eemmetidal peak or the issuance of Final PIS Appmval far any use,
whichever occurs first.
I. The applicant shell prepare a solid waste management plan which minimizes the
use of the Pn'u"aholu Landfill for the proposed irduatrial-eornmeteiel Pak for
the review and approval by the Department of F.nvim m mW Management, Solid
Write Division. A copy of the approved plan $lull be submitted to de Planning
Department prior to the issusaee of Pinel Subdivision Approval or Final Plan
Approval for any utt, whichever «ass fust
J. Should the ifswai'I County Council adopt s Unified Impact Fees Ordinance
setting forth criteria for imposition of anctiom or cine asseuamem oCimpset fees.
conditions imhded herein shell be $edited wwards the requb==ts of the
U nfied Impact Fors Ordintom
K.
L.
Comply with all other applicable rules, regulations and requirements of the
a1Teezed agencies for the proposed development.
An initial exteroion of time far the pexformanco of conditions within the
ordinance may he grouted by the planning Director upon the following
circumsrmces:
1. The non-Wfirmmce is the result of conditions that could not have been
foresee or are beyond the control of tte applicant, sucemsm or esrilgts,
and that are not the resuh of their fault or neogence.
2. Granting of the time extension •would not be contras' to the Our" Plan
d.
or Zoning Code.
3. Granting of the time examsion vrouid rot be contrary to the original
reasorit for the granting of the change of zanc.
C The time extension &muted stall be for a period not to exceed the period
originally granted for performtanee (i.e., a condition to be performed
within one year may be extended fee up to One additional yeer).
5. If the applicant should require an additional extension of time, the
Planning Director shall submit the appliceut's request to rhe County
Council for appropriate action.
K Should any of the conditions net be met or substantially compiled with in a thinly
fashion, the Director may intima rezoning of the M*hW Asea in Its original or
more opptop�[e designaemn.
SECTION 3. In the event that any portion of this ordinance is deciared lev" such
invalidity shall not affect the other pans of this Ordinance.
SECTION 4. This ordinance shall take a fbet upon its approval.
WTRODUCED BY:
,tea � �i n nz n • =� ,
Hilo Hawaii
Dem of h ikoductfote kug=t 28, 2002
Date of Ist Reuling- August 28, 2002
Date of 2nd Reading: aeptel,bh_L 11, 2002
EHhctive Date: Suptemlim 25, 2002
RF.FERMCc Cons. 690.7
7_
p qp 40W no SOC hoot
AMENDMENT TO THE ZOO. I NG Clu,
AMENDING SECTION 25.8.3 (NORTH KONA ZONE LUP) ARMLE 8, CFUVT R Z.
PWNG CODE? OF THE ,HAWA I COUNTY C'A)nF, BY CI-IANG PIG THE blMr,T
CLASS F IC."CN FROM OPEN (0) TO INDLJSTR AL -CG MAL MJX�J:) f)1STRIG'T (NIGX 1a)
AT KALOKO, NORTH KONA, HAWAI I
PREPARED 8Y 4 MINWG DEOARTN ENI'
'bWNTY OF HAWAJI
OFFICE �7!�.7'HE-Oi1N'iY C LERK
Hil:d: , Htii4ai!
ii?nduced By, )16bb,yJean : Ult eAd t ddd.
Deft
lsiznci hhted;. AUOAl4C 28. 2002,
FIrST Roacliag° August 2ti 2aL�2
published:
REdir Ri s..
gaa:aicdltcs�d�c�g� µ;1��temla�r 11, .:2042
Ta Mayarela.
September::..2,5, .20aa:.......__
CSI ung
X
Published:
bctobeiC 9,. 2002
IMMARKS.
x
ROLL CALL VOTE .
ROLL CALL VOrM
A�c'ES NOES
CSI ung
X
Ektuinni#ff X' .
..
lirookiadn.
x
%ithaad--Todd x y.
>t 1940nolt
T'i3r�cf4id X
x
laoob3on
X
Tyler x
l,aftheud••Todd
YBgong x
7
1 1
tmuAm. i1
I17t1.FI FRt# _CEKTItT'nc�t rhe fore oafr�g,SILL ts+us ctdopred by ehe Ca�in�j► f"riu�cil publish d as
indicated dbvva.
A,PPROVeD AS TO ,
FORM AND LEGALITY"
'CIL C',FIAJrtbliN.
DEPZ6%_o—FtjflON COUNSEL
Mt)Nl'y C)r- hiAWAII
,f^ f.Y�ilMli'CIERIK
Do l`!�
Apprc . d/p apprpveef lhts -- '
of�gt k s .20'I Au Vne-lewl Wry em, trd KrA Tr
Bill No.: tt
R,efarance- C-690.71pc1 -1.02
ROLL CALL VOrM
A�c'ES NOES
ABS FX
r.
x
>t 1940nolt
x
laoob3on
X
l,aftheud••Todd
x
.Pisioeblo
x
SeBirifc
X
Tyler
x
Ya6ws�
x
I17t1.FI FRt# _CEKTItT'nc�t rhe fore oafr�g,SILL ts+us ctdopred by ehe Ca�in�j► f"riu�cil publish d as
indicated dbvva.
A,PPROVeD AS TO ,
FORM AND LEGALITY"
'CIL C',FIAJrtbliN.
DEPZ6%_o—FtjflON COUNSEL
Mt)Nl'y C)r- hiAWAII
,f^ f.Y�ilMli'CIERIK
Do l`!�
Apprc . d/p apprpveef lhts -- '
of�gt k s .20'I Au Vne-lewl Wry em, trd KrA Tr
Bill No.: tt
R,efarance- C-690.71pc1 -1.02
APPENDIX D
Power and Communication System
OOMA DEVELOPMENT
PrHilaihary Utifity Re"ireoeal Evanate
MWER
Comr oatnl
aza
Unit Lead
Sablotal
mail
237,000 SF
12 VAiSF
2.8 MVA
Office
255,000 Sr
IoVA'SF
2.6
Rmidential
240 Unin
10RVA/Vnll
2-4
Hovel
400 Room
3EVA/Room
1.2
9.0MVA
TELEPHONE
Campoatnl
Size
Veit Toad
cbteai
Retail
237,000SP
IM500 SF
474 PR
Office
255,000 SF
I PR'300 SF
850
Residenfiai
240 Units
3 PR'Unit
720
Hotel
400 Room
200 PR
Total
2,244 PR
Say
2,500
No. Of Pages Includin9 Cover.
Following's a quick response to asset aim your predmal report in early November.
Basad on the information recoKmd, the proposed residenesOmmmerdal developmermt almost 1
mile south of the Natural Energy Laboratory In Kenhole will require a new substation for the
esiknaled load of the initial phase of 9.0 MVA.
We VAN require a 150' x 150' property area for the mbstallon. Preferably loealed near the
existing ov
ng ertmad tray smisalon Inst. The estmlWad top for a substMbrs Is 81.2 miton.
ij
\ Fntui--, W d+.esr.
rr: N.Namessi-KELCOWX
Canultwt
fl.ca+ui
EnsMen
EG,
by-
Ousoixer 18, 2002
)dr. Gordon Yadw
Verizon Hawaii, Inc.
161 Ki¢oole Saar
Hilo, Hawaii 96720-2821
Project: Cow Development (ECS No. 126-005)
Subject Requen for Information ✓1.e "t' 4e i%: (<c- Cit ', r�.
Dear Gordon: I0/-=Vi1O7-
`)
We mo starting research for thedue diligence phase of a new proposed residermallcommercial
developmentjust South of the Nesmal Energy Laboratoryalong Queen Keahumwu Highway in
Keshoic. See attached drawings. The estimated demand for the initial phase is 2500 pairs.
Please provide u with amseen to the following questions.
I. Where is yomr prefcmed ss,Mct point? - /yri sh � A 6w e.. 6 9 K✓ P• G Ca.-...
U
2. Is a mini -hut or pair gain required for the project? An there any existing mini -huts or pair
gains nearby? Spate capacity? Ylleufc.r_ p_1 fatA,r r,[r�y, kv' , ,Q"e.-
3. Pkaseprovide a ballpark coat of any mini -hut or pair gain addition or upgrades. We ran
ASsdestimate on-site diseribudon costs. C-.14-
4.
, Do you know of soy existing ducts crossing Queen Kaahummu Highway we may be able
to use? If so, please indicate on one of the drawings.
Mdr . . AxV541."vy
We raced to tum in a pm-fitmf report by emly November. A quick response will be greatly
appreciated. f will call to discus in a few days.
Sim ely,
lees T. Karematsu, P. E.
Principal
GTK:sm
�
Ilaatli FMelne Llala nrmpwry, arc i�.e9is New Saar tWwargne, m timers-feM
PMno:IMAV-mus Fax: famPsr (MAS
r FAX MEMO
Hawaii Electric Light Co., Inc. M HEI Company
October 30, 2002
To:
Glares KasnammWl
Company
ECS, Inc.
City d State:
Honolulu, HI
Phone:
(888)591-8181
FAX:
(888) 591-9095
From:
Shelley Torhite jR
storn"hel com
Subject
Resporos to your fox dated 1011&02(recaNed IOFAM2)
Came Devalopment (ECS No. 126 -ODS)
No. Of Pages Includin9 Cover.
Following's a quick response to asset aim your predmal report in early November.
Basad on the information recoKmd, the proposed residenesOmmmerdal developmermt almost 1
mile south of the Natural Energy Laboratory In Kenhole will require a new substation for the
esiknaled load of the initial phase of 9.0 MVA.
We VAN require a 150' x 150' property area for the mbstallon. Preferably loealed near the
existing ov
ng ertmad tray smisalon Inst. The estmlWad top for a substMbrs Is 81.2 miton.
ij
\ Fntui--, W d+.esr.
rr: N.Namessi-KELCOWX
Canultwt
fl.ca+ui
EnsMen
EG,
by-
Ousoixer 18, 2002
)dr. Gordon Yadw
Verizon Hawaii, Inc.
161 Ki¢oole Saar
Hilo, Hawaii 96720-2821
Project: Cow Development (ECS No. 126-005)
Subject Requen for Information ✓1.e "t' 4e i%: (<c- Cit ', r�.
Dear Gordon: I0/-=Vi1O7-
`)
We mo starting research for thedue diligence phase of a new proposed residermallcommercial
developmentjust South of the Nesmal Energy Laboratoryalong Queen Keahumwu Highway in
Keshoic. See attached drawings. The estimated demand for the initial phase is 2500 pairs.
Please provide u with amseen to the following questions.
I. Where is yomr prefcmed ss,Mct point? - /yri sh � A 6w e.. 6 9 K✓ P• G Ca.-...
U
2. Is a mini -hut or pair gain required for the project? An there any existing mini -huts or pair
gains nearby? Spate capacity? Ylleufc.r_ p_1 fatA,r r,[r�y, kv' , ,Q"e.-
3. Pkaseprovide a ballpark coat of any mini -hut or pair gain addition or upgrades. We ran
ASsdestimate on-site diseribudon costs. C-.14-
4.
, Do you know of soy existing ducts crossing Queen Kaahummu Highway we may be able
to use? If so, please indicate on one of the drawings.
Mdr . . AxV541."vy
We raced to tum in a pm-fitmf report by emly November. A quick response will be greatly
appreciated. f will call to discus in a few days.
Sim ely,
lees T. Karematsu, P. E.
Principal
GTK:sm
74-akS k"a Saee4 Saxe S -r • KnYug, ane. H al W740.TekphWo: ISOO) 3 24+6. Fan 10001 i29.BA59
ECS, Inc. October 22, 2002
613 Met Street Sunk 207
Honolulu, H196814
Attn: filer, Keramatw
R.E: Oma Development
Dear Mr. Karamaua
Think your request for information in ptem mg of the oomn Properties sear Natural Fnergy
Laboratory. Our fiber Trod, rut, m the HE.LCO transmission pole line ahxrg the east side of
Quern Kaahutu nu Highway. The firal construction costs would be weighed against the possible
subscribers per mile- of system needed to reach al l applicable locations
1.)The development would hove to be served from the Quem Kaahomanu pole line whore nor
rsberTnmk passes the project
2. Me have an existing node directly across the KIM that eervex Ile Agriculture lots m the east
(meuka) side of the rued A coaxial In,k could be mterdW from that point approximately,
14,000 fat. If the distance is farther use may have to add another node by =kgx hrkg a fiber tail
into the project area The capacity of the node was approximately 500 service atcotsaa. Them
Sm 20 in tk agriculture lou aro them is some capacity available if its within the I a000 foot
linniution. If Ore hetet siiesten using all our wrvicn it may reepdn a sepantc rode exeaeion
3.)The per mile cost would he approximately $25,000.110 per mile for the first mile than S20K
per mile of fiber or coaxial system.
4. )Then aro no ausung dm:ta crossing Queen Kaahumamu at the project read homage There is
e substandard 2" duct sassing QK at the NEL entry that uav installed m the initial construction
years ago. It is not in use aha coo small for more Then one small cabs. A new duct crossing at
this project, location would mak more sense and we wouldn't went to sty to we the 2" duct
I kpe this will help with you tentative pans. f can be reached in 331 A925 if you leve more
questions,
Aloha,
Robert W. Modic
Consuusim Manager f C S. i 0 C
Traffic Impact Assessment Report
(M&E Pacific, Inc.)
'O'OMA II DEVELOPMENT
TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORT
Vorna, North Kona, Island of Hawaii
DECEMBER 2002
Prepared for.
Hall Hastert & Fee Planners
Honolulu, Hawaii
Prepared By:
M&E Pacific, Inc.
Suite 500, Pauahi Tower
WE 1001 Bishop Street
Pacific, Inc Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
roan, a Develop mmw
Tnrrk rmpeef Aneyere Repot
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Existing Conditions
Existing Roadways
Traffic Volumes
PROPOSED ROADWAY IMPROVEMENTS
TRAFFIC FORECAST
Amtrfent Traffic Forecast
Project Generated Traffic
Total Forecast Volumes
LEVEL OF SERVICE ANALYSIS
CONCLUSIONS
DK ber 2002
Peas No.
1
2
2
2
2
3
4
4
5
6
7
8
'Obm, a OW'O'FMWd
Tftft rmp,cf An,lpb Rspwt
FIGURES
Figure 1
Preliminary Development Plan
Figure 2
Project Location Map
Figure 3
Existing Traffic Volumas
Figure 4
Daily Traffic Volumes on
Queen Kaahumanu Highway
Figure 5
Hourly Traffic Volumes on
Queen Kaahumanu Highway
Figure 6
2010 Ambient Traffic Forecast
Figure 7
2013 Ambient Traffic Forecast
Figure 6
2010 Project -Generated Traffic Assignments
Figure 9
2013 Project -Generated Traffic Assignments
Figure 10
2010 Total With Project Traffic Forecast
Figure 11
2013 Total With Project Traffic Forecast
TABLES
Table 1 Trip Generation Analysis
Table 2 Trip Distribution Analysis
Table 3 Level of Service Analysis
Dacwn6er 2002
'O'om, 0 Devokimmw r
Tgrrte anp,e(Ana4W, R,pwr
APPENDICES
Appendix A Traffic: Turning Movement Counts
Appendix 8 Abstract of Methodology for the
Capacity Analysis for Signalized Intersections
Appendix C Traffic Calculations— Signalized Intersection
Level of Service (LOS) Calculations
D,c bW 2002
'o,oms a Devokpmanf
Trslrfo hnpserAns"ft RsW December 2002
TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORT
FOR THE
'O'OMA 11 DEVELOPMENT
A commercial and residential development is being planned at 'O'oma, North Kona,
Hawaii. This report documents a study that was conducted to identify the traffic Impacts
of the proposed project and to recommend any mitigating measures.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Clifto's Kona Coast LLC intends to develop the'O'oma 11 project on an 83 acre parcel
of land at'O'oma, North Kona, Hawaii. The project is planned to include:
255,000 square foot (GLA) of officelcommercial space;
237,000 square feet (GLA) of retaillcommercial space;
240 multi -family residential units; and
400 transient accommodation units.
An office park is envisioned for the office/commercial space. The retaillcommerrial
space is being planned as a shopping center catering to loth visitors and local
residents, given the lack of retail opportunities In the area. The multi -family residential
units would be marketed primarily to Iceal residents and is expected to be occupied year
round. The transient accommodations are envisioned as business hotels and suite -type
facilities. Construction on the project is expected to begin in 2005 with 50% completion
in 2010. Full build out Is projected in 2013.
The proposed site plan is shown on Figure 1. The office/commercial land uses would
be sited on the northeast and central portions of the parcel. The retafgoommercial land
uses would be situated along the southeast portion of the parcel alongside the highway.
The multi -family residential and transient accommodation units would be located away
from the highway on the northwest and southwest portions of the property, respectively.
There would be only one access road located on the southern boundary of the parcel.
An internal roadway system would connect the pmject site land uses with the access
road.
The project site is on the makai side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway about two miles
south of the Kona International Airport at Keshole. The parcel is identified as TMK
7-3-9:22 and has an 'Urban' State Land Use Designation. Other major cross streets in
the vicinity include Ka'iminani Drive and the entrance to the Natural Energy Laboratory
of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) to the north, and Hina Lani Drive and the entrance to the
Kohanaiki Industrial Park to the south. The project site's location relative to these other
roadway facilities are shown on Figure 2.
'atoms 0 08vWoPrnanr
Tref c rmpssr Anslyers Repwr December 2002
Based on the proposed project's location and development schedule, the study
analyzed three Intersections on Queen Kaahumanu Highway: Ka'iminani Drive, Hina
Lani Drive, and the project access roadway; for two study years (2010 and 2013)
representing the 50% and the full build out.
A survey of the existing roadway and traffic conditions was made.
Existino Roadways
The roadways of interest in the study area include the Queen Kaahumanu Highway,
Ka'iminani Drive, and Hina Lani Drive.
Queen Kaahumenu Highway is the major north -south arterial on the west side of
Hawaii. It is a two-lane Class I State Highway with limited access and a design speed
of 70 miles per hour. Intersections on this highway are fully channelized and are
signalized where warranted. The roadway is within a 300 -foot right-of-way and was
designed to be expanded to four lanes at a later date. This highway and its extension
extend from Kawaihae Road in the north to the merge with Kuakini Highway in the
south. It Is part of State Routes 11 and 19 that form part of the circle island mute.
Kalminani Drive is a collector road within a 60 -foot rightW-way that serves the Kona
Palisades subdivision and also provides mauka-makai access between Queen
Kaahumanu Highway and Mamalahoa Highway. The Queen Kaahumanu
Highway/Ka'Iminani Drive intersection Is fully channelized and signalized.
Hina Lani Drive Is a secondary arterial road within an 60 -foot right-of-way. It provides
mauka-makai access between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Mamalahoa Highway
and also serves the Kaloko Light Industrial Subdivision. The Queen Kaahumanu
Highway/Hina Lani Drive intersection Is fully channelized and signalized.
Traffic Volumes
The proposed residential and office/commercial land uses are expected to generate the
most traffic during the weekday morning and afternoon peak hours. The proposed
retaitcommerdal land use is expected to generate the most traffic on weekends.
Therefore, traffic counts were taken on Queen Kaahumanu Highway at the Hine Lani
Drive and Ka'iminani Drive intersections during the weekday morning and aftemoon
peaks, and during the Saturday and Sundays mlddays.
Traffic tuning movement counts were taken at the two study Intersections from Friday,
October 25, 2002, to Sunday, October 27, during the periods noted above. Traffic
turning movement counts require surveyors to station themselves by each study
1 -2-
'Mona, ff Development
Traffic hapct Analysls Report December 2002
Intersection and record each vehicle movements by 15 -minute intervals. The
worksheets for the traffic counts are included in the Appendix.
The resultant peak hour movements are summarized on Figure 3, with traffic volumes
over Me vehicles per hour (vph) rounded to the nearest five. The Ke'iminani Drive
approach shows a typical commuter pattern with large number of outbound trips in the
morning peak and inbound trips in the aftemoon peak, since It serves a large residential
community. The Hina Lent Drive approach shows consistently high volumes in each of
the four analysis periods due to the large employment and retail activities served. The
predominant direction of travel to and from both of these approaches is south toward
Katlua. The analysis of existing traffic conditions is Included in the 'Level of Service
Analysis' section.
The project site is sufficiently for from Kailua that Queen Kaahumanu Highway exhibits
the operational characteristics of an intercity highway rather than an urban/suburban
roadway. The peak direction of traffic flow is northbound (outbound) in the morning and
southbound (inbound) in the aflemoon peak. The differences In volumes on Queen
Kaahumanu Highway between the two count stations on weekdays could be attributed
to traffic generated by the NELHA.
The State Department of Transportation takes traffic counts every two years at selected
roadway sections on Hawaii. The closest station on Queen Kaahumanu Highway is 850
feet north of the NELHA roadway. Figure 4 shows that daily traffic volumes on Queen
Kaahumanu Highway have been Increasing steadily over a ten-year period at an
average annual rate of 5.8%.
The graph of the hourly distribution of traffic by direction on Figure 5 also shows the
highway's intercity nature. The graph does not exhibit a peak in one direction of travel
in the morning and In the other direction for the afternoon. Rather, traffic volumes in
both directions of travel have a small morning peak then Increase through the day and
peak In the afternoon. The northbound traffic shows two smaller afternoon peaks rather
than one large peak.
PROPOSED ROADWAY IMPROVEMENTS
The long-range transportation plan for the Island of Hawaii considers Queen
Kaahumanu Highway to be currently over capacity and in immediate need of
mitigation.' The State Department of Transportation plans to widen Queen Kaahumanu
Highway to a four lane divided highway. They expect to begin construction of the first
phase from Henry Street to Kealakehe Parkway in 2003. The second phase of the
project from Kealakehe Parkway to the airport is scheduled to begin in 2005 subject to
the availability of funds. The highway will not be built to freeway standards as originally
'Fredxk R. Harris, Inc.,'Hawaii Lug -Range Land Transportation Plan% (May 1998), page 23
and Figure 3A.
'o'oma 0 Davalapment
Traffic Impact Analysis Report December 2002
planned and major Intersections will continue to be fully channelized and controlled by
traffic signals. Although the second project phase is not certain, this study assumed
that Queen Kaahumanu Highway would be widened to four lanes by 2010.
TRAFFIC FORECAST
The proposed project schedule expects 50% build out in 8 years (2010) and full build
out in 11 years (2013). Ambient traffic on the study area roadways can be expected to
Increase due to regional growth and adjacent proposed projects during these
intervening years. The traffic which would be generated from the proposed project in
each build out scenario was added to the ambient traffic forecast for that scheduled
year to obtain the total with project traffic forecasts.
Ambient Traffic Forecast
According to the State traffic counts shown on Figure 4, daily traffic volumes on Queen
Kaahumanu Highway has been increasing at about 5.8% a year. Therefore, existing
through traffic volumes on Queen Kaahumanu Highway were increased 46.4% and
63.8% for 2010 and 2013 ambient traffic forecasts, respectively.
Predicting traffic growth on Ka'iminani Drive and Hina Lent Drive was more difficult
given the dual roles each roadway serves, as mauka-makai connectors and collector
roads for residential and light industrial subdivisions, respectively. In the absence of
traffic forecasts in the long-range transportation plan, traffic volumes turning from and
Into the Ka'iminani Drive Intersection were assumed to be half the rate calculated for
Queen Kaahumanu Highway, given the stable nature of the residential areas. Current
traffic volumes Into and from the side street were Increased by 23.2% for 2010 and
31.9% for 2013.
Ambient traffic volumes at the Hina Lent Drive intersection consisted of three
components: existing traffic, additional traffic from the expansion of the industrial park,
and through traffic on Hina Lent Drive. The traffic forecasting procedure in 'Traffic
Impact Report for the Kaloko Industrial Park, Phases III and IV; (Jury 2000) by Wilson
Okamoto and Associates, Inc., was utilized to calculate the additional traffic at the Hina
Lan! Drive intersection to be generated by the expansion of the industrial park. The
Wilson Okamoto report forecast the additional trips In the weekday morning and
afternoon periods. Since several large retailers are expected within the light industrial
park and the Wilson Okamoto study did not calculate traffic on the weekends, the total
number of trips forecast to be generated in the PM peak was assumed for the Saturday
midday, and 60% of the trips for the Sunday midday hour. The same forecasted trip
volumes were assumed for 2010 and 2013 since the industrial project cues assumed to
be fully occupied by 2010. The through volumes on Hina Lani Drive were increased by
23.2% and 31.9% for the 2010 and 2013 ambient forecasts, respectively, the same rate
Increases assumed for Ka'lminani Drive. The incremental Increase in through traffic
-3- -4-
'dome a Dawbyment
Traffte kepactAmtj" Report Doostn1w 2002
volumes was added to the new land uses generated trips and existing traffic volumes to
obtain the ambient traffic forecast for the Hina Lan! Drive intersection.
The resultant ambient traffic forecasts for the two study years are shown on Figures 6
and 7, with volumes over five vph rounded to the nearest five. The analysis of ambient
traffic forecast conditions is included in the 'Leval of Service Analysis' section.
Prosed Generated T
The traditional procedure of trip generation, distribution, and assignment was used to
forecast the number of trips which would be generated by the proposed projects, the
distribution of these trips, and the specific Intersection turning movements which would
be utilized.
The trip generation step forecasts the volume of vehicle trips which would be generated
by the proposed projects during the four analysis periods and two study years. For
each of the four proposed land uses, trip generation equations were obtained from the
Institute of Transportation Engineers Trio Generation Handbook (Sixth Edition, 1997) to
forecast weekday AM and PM peak hour, and Saturday and Sunday midday hour trips.
The trip generation equations for residential condo/towmhouse (code 230) were used for
the multi -family residential units as follows:
AM peak hour Ln(T)=0.79'Ln(X)+0.298;
PM peak hour Ln(T)=0.827'Ln(X)+0.309;
Saturday hour T=0.826(X)+42.827;
Sunday hour T=0.32(X)+50;
where, T = volume of hourly trips generated, and
X = number of housing units.
The trip generation equations for suburban hotels (code 310) were used for the
transient accommodation as follows:
AM peak hour
Ln(T)=1.24•Ln(X)-1.998;
PM peak hour
Ln(T)=1.21l2•Ln(X)-1.783;
Saturday hour
T=0.694(X)+4.3;
Sunday hour
T=0.70(X)-29.9;
where, T = volume of hourly trips generated, and
X = number of transient accommodations units.
The trip generation equations for office parks (code 750) were used for the
office/oommefdal space as follows:
'n'orne 11 Development
Trema enpeef Amlyeta Report aaewnMr 2002
AM peak hour Ln(T)=0.836•Ln(X)+1.54;
PM peak hour T=1.213(X)+106.215;
Saturday hour T=0.14(X);
Sunday hour T=0.12(X);
where, T = volume of hourly trips generated, and
X = 1000 square foot (GLA) of space.
The trip generation equations for shopping centers (code 820) were used for the
retsillcommer ial area as follows:
AM peak hour Ln(T)=0.596'Ln(X)+2.329;
PM peak hour Ln(T)=0.SWLn(X)+3.403;
Saturday hour Ln(T)=0.651'Ln(X)+3.773;
Sunday hour T=3.12(X);
where, T = volume of hourly trips generated, and
X = 1000 square foot (GLA) of apace.
The handbook also provides the percentage of Inbound and outbound trips for each
land use in each peak hour. The trip generation results for She two build out scenarios
are summarized on Table 1. The retallfcommercial land use Is forecast to be the largest
trip generator during the weekday PM and weekend periods. It is expected to generate
over 1500 hourly hips on Saturdays with full build out. As a result, the Saturday midday
and weekday PM periods are forecast to generate the most traffic. The
office/commerclal land use will be the largest trip generator during the weekday morning
peaks.
The trip distribution step divides the generated trips by directions of travel to/from the
project site, Including trips remaining Internal to the project site. Slightly different
distribution factors were developed for each land use but each favored the south
direction of travel. The number of Internal trips generated by the residential and
transient accommodation units were used to adjust the Internal hips from the office and
retail land uses. The trip distribution volumes for each of the four land uses are
summarized on Table 2.
The trip assignment step assigns the distributed trips as turning movements to the three
study intersections. An adjustment was made to the trip assignments to account for
by-pass trips that are traveling on the adjacent roadway (Queen Kaahumanu Highway)
and are diverted to the commercial center as stop on their regular Journey. These trips
do not add M the volume of through traffic on the roadway but are expressed as turning
movements Into/out of the commercial center and negative volumes on the through
movements they were diverted from.
-6- -6-
'O'o-s a Dershwe,ant
Traft snpect AM/ysb Repot December 7007
The results of the trip assignment procedure for the 50% build out year (2010) and full
build out year (2013) are graphically shown on Figures 8 and 9, respectively. The traffic
volumes are not rounded. The 2010 forecast shows that the proposed pmject will add
over 500 vph on the highway south of the project site during the weekday PM and
Saturday peak hours. For the 2013 forecast, more than 900 vph will be added to the
same roadway segment during these two periods.
Total Forecast Volumes
The project generated volumes from Figures 8 and 9 were added to their respective
ambient traffic forecasts from Figures 6 and 7, respectively, to obtain the total with
project traffic forecasts on Figures 10 and 11. Traffic volumes over five vph are
rounded to the nearest live. The traffic volumes at the project access roadway
intersection would be highest on weekday afternoons and Saturday middays.
LEVEL OF SERVICE ANALYSIS
The concept of level of service Is used to quantify the quality of traffic flow on roadway
facilities. The Transportation Research Board has developed procedures to calculate
level of service value(s) by measuring traffic volumes against the capacities of different
types of roadway facilities. Their Highway Capacity Manual, Special Report 209 (Third
Edition, 1994) describes the various procedures developed for freeways, highways,
signalized and unsignalized intersections, etc.
The Ka'iminani Drive and Hina Lani Drive Intersections are currently signalized and
were assumed to remain so in the future. Due to the high traffic volumes forecast at the
project access intersection on the trip assignment forecasts, it was assumed that this
intersection would have to be signalized also. Therefore, all three a" intersections
were analyzed as signalized Intersections. It should be noted that traffic signals would
probably rat be warranted when the project Is first occupied but will eventually be
required. To facilitate Installation of traffic signals at a later date, conduits should be
built Into the roadway when the Intersection is built.
The methodology for analyzing signalized intersections calculates the levels of service
for individual approaches and the intersection as a whole based on the average stopped
delay per vehicle. The results range from level of service A (best with average delays
less than five seconds) to F (worst with average delays longer then 60 seconds). Many
jurisdictions consider levels of service A to D as acceptable for areas like Kailue, with
level of service F indicating the need for mitigating measures. The County of Hawaii
recommends a minimum level of service C for proposed projects, while recognizing that
many of their signalized intersections are already at level of service D. The procedure
used to calculate the levels of service for signalized intersections is summarized in the
Appendix.
'O'oms a Development
TrMlk /-pact AnOWS Report December 2002
Table 3 summarizes the results of the level of service analyses by showing the level of
service for the overall intersection and for each approach of the intersection, for the
existing, 2010 ambient 2010 total with project, 2013 ambient, and 2013 total with
project forecasts. The existing analysis assumed the current laneage with two lanes on
Queen Kaahumanu Highway while the ambient and total with project analyses assumed
four lanes. A fully channelized and two lanes (one left tum and one right tum) on the
side roads were assumed for all alternatives.
The Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Hina Lani Drive intersection is currently at level of
service B during all four analyses periods. It is forecast to remain at level B in the
morning peak hour and Sunday midday hour with the full build out scenario if the
highway is widened to four lanes. For the afternoon peak hour, the intersection is
forecast to change from level of service B to level C in 2010, and from level B to level D
in 2013, with traffic from the proposed project. During the Saturday midday, the
intersection level of service is forecast to remain at level B in 2010 and change from
level B to C in 2013. The Hina Lani Drive approach is forecast to be at level of service
E for the weekday PM and level D on Saturday for the 2013 total with project forecasts.
This analysis Indicates that the proposed project would have an adverse traffic Impact at
this intersection during the weekday PM peak hour. The change in level of service on
Saturday is not an adverse impact since level of service C is considered acceptable. It
should be noted that Hina Lani Drive may also require mitigation on Its own (possibly in
the form of two left tum lanes) as the adjacent industrial area is developed, particularly
with large retailers. There is a very high number of deft turns forecast on this approach.
The Queen Kaahumanu HlghwaylKa'Iminani Drive Intersection would be Was impacted
since most of the project generated trips are forecast to travel to the south. The
intersection is currently at level of service B during all four analyses periods and is
forecast to remain so for all scenarios. If the highway Is widened to four lanes. This
analysis indicates that the proposed project would not have an adverse traffic impact at
this Intersection.
The project access road Intersection would be In existence only for the 2010 and 2013
total with project forecasts. The Intersection is forecast to operate at level of service B
during all four time periods with the 50% build out scenario. With the full build out
scenario, the Intersection would continue to operate at level of service B during the
morning peak and Sunday midday hours. However, it is forecast to operate at levels D
and F during the afternoon peak and Saturday midday hours, respectively, two of the
busiest times for the retail center. The following improvements would be required to
mitigate the problem: two outbound left tum, two outbound right tum, and two inbound
left tum (on Queen Kashumanu Highway) lanes. These additional lanes could be built
at the onset of the project or provisions made so that they could be readily added when
required.
The proposed project as planned can be expected to generate a large volume of trips.
A second access madway on the north side of the project site would be desirable. This
-7- -8-
'D'ome a Dwvkpmeaf
TrWft hy"ef Anelya6 Report Decembor 3007
access Intersection could be made right -tum -in, right -tum -out to minimize disruptions to
highway traffic.
CONCLUSIONS
The proposed project Is forecast to generate a large number of trips when fully built out.
Most of the trips would come from the planned retaiaoommercial center. The trips
generated by the proposed project is not expected to adversely affect traffic operations
at the adjacent Ka'iminani Drive Intersection. However, It would have an adverse
Impact upon the weekday PM peak hour trefac operations at are Hina Lent Drive
Intersection, If mitigating measures are not implemented at the lager Intersection.
The project access road Intersection would require several forms of mitigation as the
project develops. Traffic signals may not be required at the onset of the project but will
eventually be required. Conduits should be bulk into the roadway when the intersection
Is built to facilitate Installation of traffic signals at a later date. As part of the project
approval, the developer can agree to conduct studies to determine when traffic signals
are warranted and then Install them. The Increase in project generated traffic will
eventually require mitigation in the form of two outbound log tum, two outbound right
tum, and two Inbound leg tum (on Queen Kaahumanu Highway) lanes. A second right -
turn -In, right-tumout access on the north side on the project site would also be
desirable.
-9-
FIGURES
DRAFT
MULTI -FAMILY
HOUSING (RM -2) �t
H".OF'FICFJCOMMERCIAL (CN)
2.40 units 11 561biK e _ 1 aeras c„ iMane,
0)
1es �� 150,V)0 CLA
7:
2 $1o4s
.. r 5co SIAttS
1
RETAIL!
COMMERCIAL (CN)
21 acrne. ('3 Bc. r, at)
V, , I 225,000 rh GLA(, �d
756 etallis
real
a 10 eft
FIGURE 1
PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
h }a
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91
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PROJECT SITE _
a
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t� y . t � \ � •'! W1.�y!.j� 'wry^•ti��`"�:...:, tis ...r.,-.
1• ' C. lW.�.M.v.1M. 'W.
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64
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Q. rt
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FIGURE 2
PROJECT LOCATION MAP
OFFICE/COMMERCIAL (CN)
7 �
actl2a
11;5,0000 GLA
2. stoes
•
360 stales
E
~
f..
"r TRANSIENT ACCOM (V) j/
lr rv�12 acres (1.3 sites)
.
L R_ ETAILICOMMERCIAL (CN)
400 rooms
�.
2 acnes (1 aC. ne1)
sklrips
12,000 »•' GLA
221:. stalls
t ;atnry
A0 3taN s
real
a 10 eft
FIGURE 1
PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
h }a
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91
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PROJECT SITE _
a
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-. nww.«......r�.'�_ ;9 .'fir -s:` _.._ ' �,I '� i,x. I •+4,1J> t
t� y . t � \ � •'! W1.�y!.j� 'wry^•ti��`"�:...:, tis ...r.,-.
1• ' C. lW.�.M.v.1M. 'W.
'w'•I Nh aha! t t � `v_`•`^.
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4102 M1 +..,. k.
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64
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FIGURE 2
PROJECT LOCATION MAP
Kalminani Wive
Him Lani Shret
DAILY
VOLUMES
0
O O
�ty
0 0
O O
M
J
�� 40C QWM
525 Kaahumanu
J
1 _ 85—_
215
Queen
�— 6C0
49D
Kaahurtunu
35
ttl5
Highway
495 _""
SSD �—
v`gima ��d'U
AM PEAK
im
275
` — 675
275 —e
785
PM PEAK
Keanlnanl Drive
�— 15D
56D
45 J
S5C --
SATURDAY MIDDAY
ainilmnl Wive
m$
J \ 125
SDs
451
4GS—
SUNDAY MIDDAY
HFne Lani Street
365
210 —1
560 --
Queen
Kaahumanu
T
G)
Fina Leal
Street C
DAILY
VOLUMES
0
O O
TRAFFIC
0
O
0 0
O O
0
O
J
�� 40C QWM
525 Kaahumanu
145 — 1
57u —
Hina Lani Street
Iry
375
` 49S
133
509
FIGURE 3
EXISTING TRAFFIC VOLUMES
Queen
Kaalnenanu
Highway
DAILY
VOLUMES
0
O O
TRAFFIC
0
O
0 0
O O
0
O
`1 Z
t
r
c
G
K
z
v`gima ��d'U
Sv
O
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Kalminani Drive
J � • —1,.s
45 —1
725 —
AM PEAK
•— 910
7D45
Projec t site
Kelminanl Drive
J , —zac
275 � 111_0 _.
114s—
PM
145---+PM PEAK I
Project Site
+— 1195
—nls
$5 ---� logo
SATURDAY MIDDAY I
Pro)act Site
Kalminanl Drive
n
w
w
J � \__._155
735
60 —i 930
693—+
SUNDAY MIDDAY
Project Site
905
Hina Lahl Street
n� �^
mei
im
�-4y0
240 —"r
005—
Hina
05---+
Hina Lani Stoat
a
J l �4'S
—e3o
30s ---,
815 ---.
Hina Lent Street
o�
\—;0S
255 —1
R3; — -
Hina Lani Street
n I
I` ♦.....510
7L
Lis —!
rls
FIGURE 6
2010 AMBIENT TRAFFIC FORECAST
f._ N —-
Ousen
Kaahumanu
Highway
Omen
Kaahumanu
Highway
Oman
Oman
Kaahumanu
Highway
Kalminanl Drive
s0
u+
t •� 985
45_—.i 1040
810—
AM
10—AM PEAK
Project Sha,
Kalminard Drive
om
Ol 6
a— 300
J 4 9§0 ^( --1220
295 1170
1285
PM PEAK
Project Site
O P
1 l 195
�— 915 .— 1045
60--/ 1125
900—+
SATURDAY MIDDAY
Project Silo
Hine Lanl Sheet
O M
n w
11 �-460
910
310
Hina Lanl Street
0.
�— 710
855
260 —
335 -
Kalminanl Drive
n
I ♦— J65--SYO
J \ —025
1 N—
Hina Lanl Sheet
60-- -1 995
Street
Hina Lonl Stree(1--
765—
82c �-
N -- —
Quoan
Kaiminanl Drive
Mina Loci Street
296
00
ti
FIGURE 7
Kaahumam
2013 AMBIENT TRAFFIC
FORECAST
�1I
`�-805
Queen
— 4
A:!245
149 —�
J
Kaahumanu
�--17 i-257
� ,^py
Queen
—�
Highway
Project Site
Kaahun
9D0
91 -_--- 131 �
Hina Lenl Street
y
een'—
mo
69—
9—AM
Queen
Naahemana
—�_..__
AMPEAK I V
02
KYhumMl
Highway
(49) ---
Project She
49 -_'-v
Highway
Hine Lanl Sheet
O M
n w
11 �-460
910
310
Hina Lanl Street
0.
�— 710
855
260 —
335 -
Kalminanl Drive
n
I ♦— J65--SYO
J \ —025
Kalminanl
w
Hina Lanl Sheet
60-- -1 995
Street
200 —�
765—
82c �-
SUNDAY MIDDAY
Quoan
Kaehumane
Project Site
296
FIGURE 7
Kaahumam
2013 AMBIENT TRAFFIC
FORECAST
Kalminanl
w
Drive
Hina Lanl
Street
Queen
. _„ _ )
o
Quoan
Kaehumane
296
CaA
Kaahumam
Highway
(43)--�
l y
E6
H
Highway
Y
149 —�
I I
PM PEAK
Project Site
Kalminanl Drive
Hina Lenl Street
y
een'—
�— 9 +—(ldil
Queen
Naahemana
—�_..__
62 J'^^ 9.4
02
KYhumMl
Highway
(49) ---
r
49 -_'-v
Highway
97 --.. 162 —'1
I
193—
93—SATURDAY
SATURDAYMIDDAY
Project She
Kalminanl Drive
Hina Lani Street
m
�,2 t521I
�
Queen
l
-- 79
'— 1..,
Queen
Koahumar,
--
_Kaahumanu
Highway
I1
_c
Highway
48 —� 144 �
E8 »
SUNDAY MIDDAY
Project Site
FIGURE 8
2010 PROJECT -GENERATED TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENTS
Kalminanl Drive
I — 09)
a
2 .3
e9 —.
AM PEAK
Project Site
Kalminanl Drive
--!u71
-248�--_490
1( QA —i
PM PEAK
Project Site
Kalminant Drive
P
l3-- 12291
139 �,02
1761_
1G9 _� -1Ed—t
SATURDAY MIDDAY
Project Site
Kaiminani Drive
16 11071
93 Yll
{— N —
Nina Lard Street
Queen
Kaahun
Ls ..._..♦ Highwe
137
Hina Lanni Street
]rel -- .-
43+3 -
Queen
Kaahumanu
Nina Lani Street
1_ Queen
- 3_3 Kanhum:
97 J Highway
3119
Nina Lani Street
an
i33i —�
98 145• _S { 2fn—
SUNDAY MIDDAY N
Project Site
FIGURE 9
2013 PROJECT -GENERATED TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENTS
Kaimineni Drive
aM
N '1
110 Roo
255
95—v 1 11 r
U15-130--5
AM PEAK I�
Project Site
Kalmioani DrNe
uln
` 275—/ LOBO ---. j
.2 150 —\
PM PEAK
Project Site
Kalminanl Drive
a. »
III
75s
-440
55 --v 1040
955 —+ 160 _5 �
SATURDAY MIDDAY
Project Site
Hina Lani Street
J�Q9G
245._....•
875—
Nina
75may.
Hina Lent Sheet
0
nN.
1 I ` 475
3RD
375. /
11:50 —.
Hina Lani Street
00
iii W-_705
- 795
300 —/
'030 —_
4 - N
Queen
Kaahumanu
Queen
Queen
Kalminanl Drive Hina Lani Street
us r.
Queen
Kaahumanu
I
r--15i---•g65
5±1;
Queen
Highway
J
"6"5 A-105 J
r.P+n
Kaahumanu
fin—/ ]120—+
1
r 219--�
Highway
1hl dl
SUNDAY MIDDAY
Project Site
FIGURE 10
2010 TOTAL WITH PROJECT TRAFFIC FORECAST
4— N.
KalinImml
Drive
Hina Lsnl
Street
na
OyI h
as
N <
J
115 —9755D5
`
�— 5D5
—10551--"-455
f
—1:90
45—�- k125—�
150
1000—^ 270 •
675—
1,)35—
AM PEAK '^
AM
Prejeel site
Kalmlhanl Drive
Him Lanl Street
00
4 h
N a� 325 ...–_-. ,160
w �_ 411C
490
` Mals
295 —1 --7160423
1440 — 25C r
o v.
1335
PM PEAK =
Project Site
Kalmlmnl Drive
Hine Lent Street
21LI
7;1
l� 1050 700
J 0
l mi=ll
5C—/ 1211---w 1
355J
1070— 265 '—'♦
7325 —+
00
SATURDAY MIDDAY
Project Slte
Kelminani Drive
Him Last Street
0 o
00
524
�-- 900 �37G
60-� 965—�
250
065—� 145—_�
7070—..
m
SUNDAY MIDDAY
Project Site
FIGURE 11
2013 TOTAL WITH PROJECT TRAFFIC FORECAST
Queen
Kaahumanu
Highway
Queen
Queen
Queen
Kaahumanu
Highway
TABLES
TABLE t
TRIP GENERATION ANALYSIS
TIME PERIOD
Land Uw
Units
Tri Generation nation
Ln
T -Number
of Trim
D]..Il.
of Travel
Pamwt
Number
of Td
50%BUILDOUT (2010)
WEEKDAY AM PEAK HOUR
Multi -Family Residemial
12D units
Ln(T",79Ln8X)+0.298
4.08
59
Enter
17
10
Lave
83
49
Transient Accomooations
20D rooms
Ln(Ti-1.241.n(XH.999
4.57
97
Enter
01
69
Laavo
39
38
OBIONComnlelael
127.1 its(GLA
Ln0)•U.83SL.n(X)41.54
5.59
269
Enter,
89
279
Leave
11
30
ReoWComme,col
1185 kaf GLA
InRM.5%Ln(X)+2.329
5.17
177
Enter
61
108
Leave
39
69
TOTAL
Enter
416
Leave
185
WEEKDAY PM PEAK HOUR
Mulk•Famiy, Residential
120 units
LnM-0227Ln(Xj40.309
427
71
Enter
67
46
Leave
33
24
Tranaent A=modatbm
201) mens
Ln(7)-1 2121r(XE1.763
866
105
Enter
53
56
Leave
47
50
O"'awcommernel
127.5 kill GLA
T -1213(X)+106.215
261
Enter
14
31
Lvwe
ab
224
Retal!CUmman4e
118.5 kat GLA
_h0)-0.660Ln(X)+3AM
6.55
702
Enter
48
337
Leave
52
365
TOTAL
Enter
477
Leave
W13
TRIP GENERATION ANALYSIS (CONTINUED)
TIMEPERIOD
Land UM
Unita
Trip Generation Equation
Ln
T -Number
ofTnim
Dmectlen
of Travel
Percent
Number
o1Tri s
50%BUILD-OUT (2010)
SATURDAY MIDDAY HOUR
Mulii•Family F4esklentlel
120 um1s
T=0286(X)442.627
77
Lraer
64
42
Lowe
46
31
Tremiero A=nWalion5
200 moms
7-0.894(X))4.3
143
Enter
56
80
Lowe
44
63
OffrA C"MenCtai
1275 kat GLA
T+0.14(X)
18
Enter
74
13
Leave
26
5
RetadlCommetial
118.5 kill GLA
Ln(T4e0.651Ln(X)-3.773
6.86
074
Enter
52
507
Leave
46
468
TOTAL
Enter
641
Leeve
571
SUNDAY MIDDAY HOUR
MUIWFamly RaBloennal
120 unds
T=O.32(X)v50
Be
Enter
49
43
Leave
51
45
Transient AccomodeBons
2O0 moms
7-0.700(X)-29-9
110
FJner
45
51
Leave
54
59
(NfioNCommemiai
1275 net GLA
T -012(X)
is
Enter
42
6
Leave
rA
9
Relail/Camremial
118.5 net GLA
T=3.12(X)
370
Enter
52
192
Lowe
46
177
TOTAL
Er4er
263
Leave
291
TRIP GENERATION ANALYSIS (CONTINUED)
TIME PERIOD
UM Uu
Units
Tn Grxlwatim E w0on
Ln
T.Numtaa
efTri c
Direction
of Trawl
Pwmnt
Number
of Trips
100% BUILD -OUT (2013)
WEEKDAY AM PEAK HOUR
Mufi.Fnmuy ReNclen"i
240 unks
Ln(T)a0.79Ln(X)1O.298
4.63
102
Enter
17
17
Lmw
83
85
Tmmtiem An o4ntion.,
400 room.,
Ln(TW 741rXX).1998
543
228
E-rtw
61
139
Leave
39
89
Ofhwlc mmemlal
255 ksf GLA
Ln(T1=0.B36Ln(X)'1.54
6.17
479
Enter
69
427
Leave
11
53
RemIl Com,nemlal
237 ksf GLA
LNT)-0.5960(X)-2.329
5.59
267
Enter
61
163
Leave
39
104
TOTAL
Enter
746
Lire.
331
WEEKDAY PM PEAK HOUR
Mum-Fem9y RESloornrsl
240 Units
Ln(T)-0.827Lr4XH0-X?9
4.64
127
Emer
67
as
Lea.
33
42
Tromml ALCetl1004!n l0
400 roans
Ln(T)a1.212Ln(X}1.763
5.50
244
Enter
53
130
Lae.
47
115
OOicsiCmimerval
255 kaf GLA
T=1.213(X)'106.215
416
Emer
14
68
Lea.
89
357
Roal9Commorcial
237 ksf GLA
Lnj"ABOLn(X)`3.403
7.01
1110
Enter
4R
533
Lea.
62
577
TOTAL
Enter
806
Lm.
1091
TRIP GENERATION ANALYSIS (ANALYSIS)
TIME PERIOD
Land Use
Units
TOP GenenwnE usual
LnM
T>•Number
f Tn
Direelfon
ofTw.l
PercentI
Number
afT
100% BUILD -OUT (2013)
SATURDAY MIDDAY HOUR
Mulli-Femky F1eiwdM wl
240"s
1=0208(X)'4262!
111
Enter
54
00
Lewo
46
51
Transient Accomodetions
400 rooms
Tn0.694(X)+43
282
Emer
56
168
Leave
44
124
OMcolc n wnel
255 ksf GLA
T. 14(X)
36
Enter
74
26
Leava
20
9
RL1aWCemmererol
237 kit GLA
Lrl(7)-0.651Ln(X)-3.773
7.33
1530
Enter
52
795
Leeve
48
734
TOTAL
Enter
1040
Lee.
919
SUNDAY MIDDAY HOUR
MWI6Femlly Residential
240 units
Ta0.32(XI-50
127
Enter
49
62
Lw.
51
05
Tremont Accomo0etlom
400 rooms
1-0.700(X)29.9
250
Emer
46
115
Leave
54
135
Offcedcommendol
256 ko(GLA
TA0.12(X)
31
Emer
42
13
Lae.
58
18
Rela3/C0rnnrarwd
237 ksf GLA
T=3.12(X)
739
Emer
52
385
Lowe
48
355
TOTAL
Emer
575
Lm.
572
TABLE2
TRIP DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
TIME PERIOD
Direelion
No. el
NORTH
SOUTH
INTERNAL
INTERNAL
No. of
Diraclien Na of
NORTH
SOUTH
I INTERNAL
No. of
No-olNo.
Mo. of
of
No. of
No. of
No. of
No. of
Lend Use
of Travel
hlps
%
Trips %
Trips%
%
Trips
of Tnvol Trips
% TN
%
Trips Yr
Tins
50%BUILDAUT (2619)
1001061SUIL41AfR (2013)
BOY. BUIIDAUi
(2010(
(2013)
WEEKDAY AM PEAK HOUR
WEEKDAY AM PEAK HOUR
SATURDAY
MIDDAY
HOUR
MIDDAY
HOUR
Multi-Femiy Ramloeliel
Enter
10
29
3 57
6
15
2
Enter
I 42
28
12
57
24 15
9
0
L.
40
28
14 57
20
+5
7
Leave
]5
28
10
S7
20 15
5
7nuf4.nnl A=nlaOnMne
Fnter
58
30
18 50
30
20
12
rfll
OC00
I:nlnr
2:
50
40 20
16
32
L.
38
30
11 4]
IN
N'
N
L.
8:1
311
14
.'41
31 21)
13
OI6roY.ommevwl
En@r
23R
33
77 NI
I
X
Enter
Ll
33
4
67
a
D
0
Leave
30
30
D 50
11
m
6
Lwve
5
33
2
67
3
0
RmaNCommomr41
Ensor
IN
33
34 87
57
61
7
Enter597
15
25
122
75
367
18
33
Loevc
69
30
21 110
41
10
7
Lot
460
25
111
75
335
22
Total
Enter
416
746
131
2151
28
Enter
641
Enter
162
438
40
74
Lemon
186
331
Fa
Uri
2N
Ip3na
.571
Leena
141
3HP
40
WEEKDAY ►M PEAK HOUR
WEEKDAY PM PEAK HOUR
SUNDAY
MIDDAY
HOUR
MIDDAY
HOUR
NIUN-Famiy Reackroal
Enter
4B
28
13 n
27
15
7
Enter
43
28
42
57
25 t5
6
6
Laava
24
28
7 57
13
15
4
Leave
45
20
13
57
26 15
7
lrmnabnl AcnnwOnwfri
Fne,
56
30
17 50
211
20
'1
Enter
5•
30
15
50
25 1 20
10
4
I .
50
3n
15 N1
215
AI
111
1.—
SN
30
111
Sn
;KI TO
19
OKloro'Cnmmmnel
fldmr
37
J011
150
22
+0
a
1 -mer
6
:13
I
6r
4
0
0
Leare
224
33
11 61
144
67
9
Loft.
9
91
3
tit
6
t
4
Rewillcummamell
Eller
337
33
108 67
275
67
10
Enter
192
23
44
6792P
10
14
27
Leave
385
33
118 67
234
67
0
Leave
177
23
41
N
121 0
16
Tub]
Errlcr
477
605
140
245
32
Enter
293
Enle,
T4
183 (
36
59
LtshC
003
1D91
220
42-
31
Leave I
202
LCM
T4
182
3'
TRIP DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS (CONTINUED)
TIME PERIOD
drwWon
No. m
NORTH
SOUTH
INTERNAL
Direction
No. of
NORTH SDUTN
INTERNAL
No. of
No. of
Mo. of
He of
No. of
No. of
4nd Use
of Travel
TR
%
I TR
%
Tris
%
Trips
Trivial
Trips,
%
Tris %
TN %
Trips
1001061SUIL41AfR (2013)
100%BUILD-OUT
(2013)
WEEKDAY AM PEAK HOUR
SATURDAY
MIDDAY
HOUR
MUM.Femly Residential
Ensor
17
26
5
5T
10
15
3
Enter
W
28
17 57
34 15
0
Lona
85
28
24
57
40
15
13
1va..
51
26
14 57
28 15
0
1rerGdll ACCdagOmlNr1S
Emer
139
30
41
w
NI
2tr
2X
I:nlnr
141
30
47 50
78 20
32
L..
84
30
27
Sn
45
20
18
Leave
124
30
37 50
62 20
25
OfiosGammsmM
Enter
427
33
135
67
2M
16
Enter
20
33
8 57
18
0
Leave
53
27
14
53
28
N
11
Leave
S
33
3 G7
6
0
RolaipComnwrual
Emv
163
30
40
61
OD
0
15
Enter
795
25
101 75
572
33
Leave
IN
25
30
W
63
11
11
Leave
734
25
173 75
521
Al
TOW
Enter
746
230
4,%
61
Enter
IND
264
702
74
Laevo
331
05
1&1
53
Leena
Big
227
616
73
WEEKDAY PM PEAK HOUR
SUNDAY
MIDDAY
HOUR
MUIN-Fanpy Raudor4el
En1w
85
27
23
58
49
15
13
Enter
62
27
17 58
36 15
6
Leave
42
V
11
SS
24
15
6
Laavn
65
27
17 58
3S 15
10
1nn&entA owffipne
Emcr
13D
30
38
50
65
20
25
Enter
115
30
35 1%
SS 20
4
Laaae
+15
30
34
150
57
N1
23
1 1—
131,
SII
Al 50
68 20
27
081aa"CdrunMfftl
E7xu
58
33
115
15T
20
14
bre"
1:1
33
4 61
6
0
Leave
357
3]
IIA
67
230
13
Leave
18
33
6 G7
12
0
RMmwO nae rtatl
Eme
533
33
171
67
347
15
Emae
385
25
80 75
265
27
Laevo
577
33
181
67
374
26
Leave
355
25
61 75
241
33
Total
Ensu-
605
248
490
18
Enle,
575
145
3T1
59
I C.M'C
1D91
312
6gy
fj6
LCM
1572
1415
. 1
711
I
APPENDICES
D
D
D
D
Z
Qg
QQg
C
C
m�sz
gx4ogg$?ggxg
�m
Zx
Zx
=
6
Q
N
j
mmmm
mWmm
�g
ns N
m m m m
m W m W
J i
P O
-1 N
W D m m
mmmm
m m m m
c 2
e
K
D
9
P
{l
�D
mmWm
mmmm
yY
CSF
OIC
_u
mmmm
mnmm
e
y>�
mmmm
mmnm
3�m
6 0
mmmm
mmmm
noon
u�K
6 0
9
mmmm
mmnm
N
e
mmmm
oomo
Dmmm
mmmm
m
s
nmmm
mWnm
3+~
PeA
O
mmom
mmOm
mmnm
-e3
Doo
1mmW
mmOW
9
Q��00
DmOm
noon
P Y
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
TRAFFIC TURNING MOVEMENT COUNTS
TRAFFIC TURNING MOVEMENT COUNT
Goma Development
6:45-7:00
65
7
Kai, nartl pave
36
mea, Kac'ivmcao 4rM.a✓<-------
153
3 4 >
LOCATION:
Kaenineti mire
Ta Wa�rtie9
( ( LT. K.. U3
DATE:
OMWI 25.2032. weer
170
<. .a
TIME:
51cea:30&3:30 -5a0y
2 ---^
--- 5
WEATHER:
Clear. pry. Sunny
1 •-->
<-- 6
RECORDER:
John mr finny
Queen Kaalun-aau Hchway
TIME
MOVEMENT
NUMBER
176
PERIOD
1 2 3
4 5
6
ITOTAL
6:45-7:00
65
7
52
36
20
153
333
7:00-7:15
89
12
45
37
15
170
368
7:15-7:30
83
6
46
52
4
135
326
7:30-7:45
133
9
47
89
8
176
464
7:45-0:00
113
8
44
67
20
146
398
8:00-8:15
114
8
34
63
24
133
376
8:15-8:30
135
11
14
46
33
145
384
6:30-8:30
805
66
346
445
142
1214
3018
7:30.8:30
495
36
139
265
85
602
1622
3:30-3:45
227
53
13
18
53
171
535
145- 4:00
204
71
17
18
47
132
489
4:00- 4:15
191
52
20
26
71
176
536
4:15-4:30
161
47
11
17
56
124
416
4:30-4:45
162
39
18
19
53
137
448
4:45- 5:00
194
52
17
36
53
158
510
5:00- 5:15
168
39
17
22
46
139
431
5:15- 5:30
175
37
16
22
53
125
428
3.30-5:30
1502
390
129
170
432
1162
3793
3:30- 4:30
783
223
61
79
227
6031
1976
TRAFFIC TURNING MOVEMENT COUNT
Dome Development
TRAFFIC TURNING MOVEMENT COUNT
Dome Development
113
14
Kalmmm4 Drive
38
ouen Keshar.a.0 Hrn+
<-----
3 4 —>
LOCATION:
1talrxnM m.e
T. wain..
To Kerma
DATE:
ci,. a. M, sahiday
93
<- -->
TIME:
10c00•2:c.,,
2 ---
A--- 5
WEATHER:
Gear. Ory, Suety
1—>
<— 6
RECORDER:
john maiarg
ween Kmhuma , High"y
TIME
I MOVEMENT NUMBER
NUMBER
^
316
10:45-11:00a
123
TRAFFIC TURNING MOVEMENT COUNT
Dome Development
1015.10:30a
113
14
KA-mmeN Grin.
38
Caem Kaah,man�la�wreyi
<_____..
3 4 >
LOCATION:
KVYnnarn ai.e
TO Y/ai!nea
to Kal'ua
DATE:
20
93
237
TIME:
ro;Coa-2:aoa
2-..'
^--- 5
WEATHER:
Clew, Dry, Sony
1 --•>
c-• 6
RECORDER:
Jahr Maiony
queen K.aMHiphv.ay
TIME _
I MOVEMENT
NUMBER
99
1015.10:30a
113
14
12
38
32
130
339
10:15.10:30a
74
6
14
30
20
93
237
111:30-10:45a
112
8
20
42
33
102
317
10:30-10:45a
115
8
20
31
43
99
316
10:45-11:00a
123
4
17
30
23
124
321
10A5 -11:00a
78
8
24
28
14
114
264
11:00.11:159
115
11
13
43
31
122
335
11:00.11:15a
89
11
19
38
28
105
290
11:15-11:30a
110
7
15
39
28
110
309
11:1541:30.
91
10
20
28
36
110
295
11:30-11:45a
137
12
16
39
26
123
353
11:30-11:45a
59
12
21
36
21
114
263
11:4542:00n
125
13
16
20
26
131
331
11:45.1200n
91
9
21
21
29
110
281
12:00n -12:15p
Break
12:00n-12d5p
Break
12:15-12:30p
119
14
16
22
34
128
333
12:154210p
100
8
17
22
41
118
306
12:30.12:45p
143
15
18
33
37
149
395
12:30.12:45p
103
11
17
28
29
120
308
12:45.1:00p
89
9
14
22
38
167
339
12:45-1:O0p
105
11
17
36
31
104
304
1:00-1:15p
119
18
15
18
39
120
329
1:00.1:15P
122
8
13
24
20
103
290
1:15-1:30p
127
16
20
26
40
152
381
1:15-1:30p
111
13
25
27
40
124
340
1:30-1:45p
132
27
16
30
25
114
344
1:30-1:45p
142
18
19
25
24
132
360
1:45-2:0
135
19
16
28
30
123
351
5030
1:45-2:00p
10:00a.2:00p
7
15
18
28
115
336
10:00a -2:00p
1787 194 239 464 471 1875
1533 164 277 424 424 1653
4475
t0:00a-i1:00a
551
44
77
187
148
558
1565
10:O0a•11:00a
466
47
92
159
125
503
1392
11:00a-12:009
487
43
60
141
111
486
1328
11:008-1200a
330
42
81
123
114
439
1129
12:15p -1:15p
470
56
63
95
148
564
1396
1215p -1:15p
430
38
64
110
121
445
1208
1:00P -2:00p
513
80
67
102
134
509
1405
1:00p -2:00P
518
56
72
94
112
474
1326
TRAFFIC TURNING MOVEMENT COUNT
Roma Development
6:45-7'00
70
30
Hina Lan+Street
47
9uam Kaenumane waneN
t.•—'.-•..•
3 41 - >
LOCATION:
wra tem smei
To WirT.
KA&Ua
DATE:
aro" 25, mn. Feuer
107
<- -->
TIME:
ea0a,e1W:30"30n
2---'
A--- 5
WEATHER:
tight Clouee3uany
1 —>
<— 6
RECORDER:
Tom Lamenshl
Queen Keenunanu HVIWRy
TIME
MOVEMENT
NUMBER
146
PERIOD
11 2 3
4 5
6 ITOTAL
6:45-7'00
70
30
35
47
68
160
410
7:00.715
83
39
46
30
57
107
362
7:15.7:30
84
30
30
60
54
113
371
7:30-7:45
187
25
42
82
62
146
544
7:45.8:00
109
31
30
69
48
97
384
8:00-8:15
133
25
38
96
43
119
454
7:30-8:30 1 550 105 152 336 215 4901 1848
3:30.3:45
140
78
48
86
109
168
629
3:45-4:00
152
77
56
59
60
126
560
4:00-4:15
126
56
Si
71
88
134
536
4:15.4:30
140
58
57
61
90
139
545
430.4:45
167
45
55
84
72
156
579
4:46- 5:00
124
44
45
46
68
123
450
5:00.5:15
154
52
43
89
62
138
538
515.5:30
156
41
44
74
53
116
484
3:30. 5:30
1159
451
409
570
622
1100
4311
3:30-4:3D
558
209
222
277
367
5671
2260
TRAFFIC TURNING MOVEMENT COUNT
Ooma Development
10:15.10:30a 129 24 27 79 92 113 464
10:30-10:459 96 26 25 65 89 90 391
10:45-11:00a 143 26 35 65 DO 117 476
11:00-11:15a 103 43 35 99 120 104 5D4
11:15-11:30a 131 27 37 85 101 106 487
11:30-11:45a 110 47 28 107 96 122 510
11:46-12:OOn 107 33 43 80 121 125 509
12:D0n-1215p Break
12:15-12:30p 107 32 44 106 86 131 5D0
12:30.12:45p 106 40 41 94 84 89 454
12:45-1:DOp 87 25 52 88 105 168 525
1:00.1:15p 98 29 40 80 97 110 454
1:15.1:30p 104 17 51 90 99 118 479
1:30.1:45p 128 40 37 83 88 98 474
1:45-2:00p 118 34 43 87 96 115 493
/0'ROa-2:OOp 16% 470 560 1266 1453 1705 7120
iO:ODa-11:009 570 146 144 372 480 523 2235
11:OOa-12:OOa 451 150 143 371 438 457 2010
12:15p -115p 398 126 177 362 372 498 1933
1:OOp-2:OOp 448 120 171 340 380 441 1900
Hina Lani Street
L&run Kmh,an� Hgh. yV
<••-'--•--
3 4 —•>
LOCATION:
�+ Lents en
To Waimea
I I TO Keih�a
DATE:
acme A M, S.!vd,
—>
TIME:
19Dea2ahe
2 ---"
A— 5
WEATHER:
Light ClouAaSunny
1 -->
<— 6
RECORDER:
Torn La' W01
Queen Kaahu:naru Hlyi'way
TIME
MOVEMENT
NUMBER
PERIOD
1 2 3
4 5
8 ITOTAL
10:15.10:30a 129 24 27 79 92 113 464
10:30-10:459 96 26 25 65 89 90 391
10:45-11:00a 143 26 35 65 DO 117 476
11:00-11:15a 103 43 35 99 120 104 5D4
11:15-11:30a 131 27 37 85 101 106 487
11:30-11:45a 110 47 28 107 96 122 510
11:46-12:OOn 107 33 43 80 121 125 509
12:D0n-1215p Break
12:15-12:30p 107 32 44 106 86 131 5D0
12:30.12:45p 106 40 41 94 84 89 454
12:45-1:DOp 87 25 52 88 105 168 525
1:00.1:15p 98 29 40 80 97 110 454
1:15.1:30p 104 17 51 90 99 118 479
1:30.1:45p 128 40 37 83 88 98 474
1:45-2:00p 118 34 43 87 96 115 493
/0'ROa-2:OOp 16% 470 560 1266 1453 1705 7120
iO:ODa-11:009 570 146 144 372 480 523 2235
11:OOa-12:OOa 451 150 143 371 438 457 2010
12:15p -115p 398 126 177 362 372 498 1933
1:OOp-2:OOp 448 120 171 340 380 441 1900
TRAFFIC TURNING MOVEMENT COUNT
Dome Development
10:15-10:30a
89
Hina LaN Street
23
nueen KaaM,eanu a'SAwsyl
<.._-._ 3 4 >
LOCATION:
H:ee cem soew
To Waknea I I T. Kaana
DATE:
awac rr av:, s�waq-
<- –>
TIME:
m:cnasaoo
2 --" -- 5
WEATHER.
Lyn crouausasaa sunmy
1 —> <– 6
RECORDER:
Tem Lemarxkl
0ueen Kanhumaru 1-10way
TIME
MOVEMENT
NUMBER
PERIOD
1 2 3
4 5 6 (TOTAL
10:15-10:30a
89
28
23
34
73
98
345
10:30-10:45a
98
29
24
36
58
103
355
1D:45 -11:00a
101
18
30
59
75
104
387
11:00.11:158
95
27
39
68
75
89
393
11:15-11:30a
84
29
31
67
94
121
426
11:30-11:450
81
15
34
60
66
92
348
11:45-12:DOn
85
19
26
88
66
116
420
12:OOn-12:15p
Break
12:1542:30p
90
28
34
66
68
108
394
12:30-12:45p
87
37
33
65
64
111
397
12:45.1:DOp
116
23
31
90
64
114
438
1:00.1:15P
119
31
40
82
91
98
481
1:15-1:30p
100
30
32
73
65
113
413
1:30-1:45p
111
35
39
87
69
101
443
1:45-2:0
126
37
37
81
74
105
460
10:OOa.2:OOp
1502
414
470
995
11 17
1574
6072
1D:OOa-11:OOa
502
130
133
236
376
495
1872
11:OOa-12:OOa
345
90
130
283
321
418
1587
12:15p -115p
412
119
138
303
287
4311
1690
V00p-2:OOp
457
133
148
323
299
4171
1777
APPENDIX B
ABSTRACT OF METHODOLOGY
FOR THE CAPACITY ANALYSIS FOR
SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS
ABSTRACT OF METHODOLOGY
for the
LEVEL OF SERVICE Aehem PSIS OF SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS
A very complex methodology is used to determine the capacity and level
d service of signalized signals. The procedure is divided into the five modules
shown on Figure 9-3. The input data required for the analysis is shown on
Figure 9A. The level of service uiterla is shorn below:
LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS)
CRITERIA FOR SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS
Level of Service SM04D91a0ehiclej$aeagdsJ
A < 5.0
g 5.1 to 15.0
C 15.1 to 250
D 25.1 to 40.0
E 40.1 to 620
F > 60.0
1, I\ W i M1ICW'_E
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. c= tan, i- P [dj'PCM@f
. F]p.@�tVf NY�ivi
LEVEL M ee MJ AWi%F
• A'v9gWiP Mara
. Wisrw-o MMe M ia,PCa
rirc. 94pi.unrin.mf anal Ma}mm'rdne
RP[RNNdiYSN {lJI4X{iR
MalnMil wrFWir Merlrye
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heMl er�NOM YC'n'.MiM »a�'»M.H
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hY-ba!%v
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YMi'S A'M �.[N mn[.Mai'
bi.i irye alb
F;df al'rxhdel XiM1i%N'Wer
Slin✓WwlenlMMNn! <Tt lf9M. v%
tAw:wye 1n+em.
rF-w' ::NI+Y IxuwM
rmnM> f efe+u CC"rn:e
expnn MNe.imi
MMea yan:er sa.
FiFNrr 94. 1:,pw dem needy im each emetusit 1 r e Bron,
rt Ne
APPENDIX C
TRAFFIC CALCULATIONS
SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION
LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS) CALCULATIONS
.41 i:'•03-2Mi
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EXHIBIT
B
Division 4. Project Districts (PD)
Section 25-6-40. Purpose and applicability. The project district (PD) development is
intended to provide for a flexible and creative planning approach rather than specific land use
designations, for quality developments. It will also allow for flexibility in location of specific
uses and mixes of structural alternatives. The planning approach would establish a continuity
in land uses and designs while providing for a comprehensive network of infrastructural
facilities and systems. A variety of uses as well as open space, parks, and other project uses
are intended to be in accord with each individual project district objective. A project district is
an amendment to this chapter which changes the district boundaries in accordance with the
individual project district.
Section 25-641. Criteria for establishing a project district. A project district may
be established as an amendment to this chapter whenever the public necessity and convenience
and the general welfare require that a comprehensive planning approach for an area should be
97
adopted in order to establish a continuity in land uses and designs while providing a
comprehensive network of infrastructural facilities and systems. In addition, a project district
may only be established if the proposed district:
(1) Is consistent with the intent and purpose of this chapter and the County
general plan; and
(2) Will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area,
community or region.
Section 25-642. Minimum land area required. The minimum land area required for
a project district shall be fifty acres.
Section 25-643. Permitted uses. Any uses permitted either directly or conditionally
in the RS, RD, RM, RCX, CN, CG, CV or V districts shall be permitted in a project district;
provided, that each of the proposed uses and the overall densities for residential and hotel uses
shall be contained in a master plan for the project district and in the project district enabling
ordinance.
Section 25-6-44. Application for project district; requirements.
(a) An application for a project district may be filed by a property owner or any other
person with the property owner's consent. The application shall be on a form prescribed for
this purpose by the director and shall be accompanied by:
(1) A filing fee of $5,000.
(2) A description of the property in sufficient detail to determine its precise
location.
(3) A master conceptual plan of the property, showing the project district
boundaries and the land uses and acreage of land involved.
(4) A description of the proposed project district, including land uses,
densities, infrastructural requirements, and development standards.
(5) A description of each of the open space areas proposed for the project
district for cultural and/or environmental purposes, including those open space areas preserved
because of natural hazards.
(6) A metes and bounds description of the property prepared by a surveyor.
(7) A list of the names, addresses and tax map key numbers for those property
owners and lessees of record of surrounding properties who are required to receive notice
under section 25-24.
(8) A county environmental report; provided that a county environmental report
shall not be required where an environmental impact statement or an environmental assessment
and negative declaration have been prepared and issued in compliance with chapter 343,
Hawaii Revised Statutes, as amended.
(9) Any other plans or information required by rules adopted by the director in
accordance with chapter 91, Hawaii Revised Statutes.
(b) Within ten days after filing an application for a project district, the applicant shall
serve notice of the application on surrounding owners and lessees of record as provided by
section 25-24.
(c) Within one hundred twenty days after a project district application has been
accepted by the director, the director shall forward the application to the commission, together
with the director's recommendation on the proposed project district, and together with a
proposed project district ordinance which establishes the project district and provides project
N-1
district standards and conditions, including permitted land uses, accessory uses, densities,
heights, setbacks, and variances from the requirements of this chapter, and from chapter 23
(subdivision control), if applicable, as contained in the master conceptual plan for the project
district.
(d) The commission shall review any project district application and shall forward its
recommendation on the application to the council through the mayor for the council's
consideration and action.
(1) In reviewing the application, the commission shall hold at least one public
hearing in the district in which the proposed project district is located. The commission shall
provide reasonable notice of the date of the hearing to the applicant. The commission shall
also publish notice of the hearing in accordance with the requirements of this chapter.
(2) Within ten days after receiving notice of the date of the public hearing, the
applicant shall serve notice of the hearing on surrounding owners and lessees of record as
provided by section 25-2-4. The applicant shall also serve notice on owners and lessees of
record of interests in other properties which the commission may find to be directly affected
by the proposed project district.
(3) Within ninety days after receipt of the application from the director, unless
a longer period is agreed to by the applicant, the commission shall transmit the proposed
project district ordinance together with its recommendation thereon through the mayor to the
council. The commission shall recommend approval in whole or in part, with or without
modifications, or rejection of such proposal.
Section 25-6-45. Conditions imposed on project district.
(a) The council may impose conditions on the use of the property subject to the project
district, provided the council finds that the conditions are:
(1) Necessary to prevent circumstances which may be adverse to the public
health, safety and welfare; or
(2) Reasonably conceived to fulfill needs directly emanating from the land uses
proposed with respect to protection of the public from the potentially deleterious effects of the
proposed uses, or fulfillment of the need for public service demands created by the proposed
uses.
(b) In addition to the conditions described in subsection (a), the council shall include
the following conditions in any project district ordinance:
(1) A description of each of the uses proposed in the project district;
(2) The overall densities for the residential and hotel uses established in the
project district;
(3) Any infrastructure requirements for the project district; and
(4) Any open space requirements for the project district.
Section 25-646. Review and approval of site plans.
(a) After adoption of a project district enabling ordinance, the applicant shall submit to
the director detailed site plans for the project district development. The site plans shall
conform to the project district enabling ordinance and shall include the following:
(1) Plans for required infrastructure improvements;
(2) All items required for a plan approval application, as provided by section
25-2-72; and
(3) Any other information required by rules adopted by the director in
accordance with chapter 91, Hawaii Revised Statutes.
(b) Within sixty days after acceptance of the site plans, the director shall either deny
or approve the plans.
(c) The director may approve site plans for a project district only if the applicant has
complied with all of the conditions contained in the project district enabling ordinance and the
site plans conform to the standards contained in the project district enabling ordinance. The
director may approve the site plans subject to conditions, or the director may approve the site
plans subject to certain changes when, in the director's opinion, such conditions or changes are
necessary to carry out the purposes of the project district, this chapter and the considerations
contained in section 25-6-47.
(d) If the director fails to render a decision on the site plans within the prescribed
period, the site plans shall be considered approved without further certification by the director.
Section 25-6-47. Review criteria and conditions of approval. In reviewing site
plans for a project district, the director shall consider the proposed development and uses in
relation to the surrounding properties, improvements, streets, traffic, community
characteristics, and natural features, and may require conditions or changes to assure:
(1) Adequate light and air, proper siting and arrangements of all structures and
improvements are provided;
(2) Existing and prospective traffic movements will not be hindered;
(3) Proper landscaping is provided that is commensurate with the development
or use and its surroundings;
(4) Unsightly areas are properly screened or eliminated;
(5) Adequate off-street parking is provided to serve the development or use;
(6) Access to the parking areas will not create potential accident hazards; and
(7) Within reasonable limits, any natural and man-made features of community
value are preserved.
Section 25-6-48. Construction in conformity with approved site plans. Every
structure, development and use contained in site plans for a project district approved by the
director shall be constructed and developed in accordance with the terms, specifications and
conditions of approval for those site plans.
Section 25-649. Plan approval issued by approval of site plans. Plan approval
shall be considered issued when site plans for a project district are approved by the director, as
provided by sections 25-646 and 25-647, and no further action is required for the issuance of
plan approval under this chapter.
Section 25-649.1. Amendments. Any amendment to the conditions and standards
contained in a project district enabling ordinance shall be processed in the same manner as the
project district enabling ordinance, unless the council in the project district enabling ordinance
authorizes the amendments to be made by the director. A request for any amendment shall be
submitted in writing to the director, in lieu of the application required for a project district.
The request shall be accompanied by a filing fee of $250.
Section 25-649.2. Appeal of director's actions on project district site plans. Any
person aggrieved by the decision of the director in the issuance of a decision regarding project
district site plans may appeal the director's action to the board of appeals, in accordance with
its rules, within thirty days after the written decision is issued by the director.
EC
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS
COUNTY OF HAWAII
HILO, HAWAII
P�nn"II .
CUU.'J "- �✓iENT
emorandum
DATE: June 13, 2003
TO Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director
Planning Department
FROM Galen M. Kuba, Division Chief (%
Engineering Division
SUBJECT Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-010 )
SMA Use Permit Application (SMA 03-005 )
Applicant: Clifto's Kona Coast, LLC
Location: Ooma 2nd, N. Kona
TMK: 3 / 7-3-009:022
We reviewed the subject application and our comments are as follows:
DRAINAGE
1. All development generated runoff shall be disposed of on-site and shall not be
directed toward any adjacent properties.
2. The applicant shall be informed that if they include drywells in the subject
development, an Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit may be required from
the Department of Health, State of Hawaii.
3. A drainage study shall be prepared, and the recommended drainage system shall
be constructed meeting with the approval of DPW.
EARTHWORK
1. All earthwork and grading shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sediment
Control, of the Hawaii County Code.
2. The applicant shall comply with chapter 11-55, Water Pollution Control, Hawaii
Administrative Rules, Department of Health, which requires an NPDES permit for
certain construction activity.
EXHIBIT
Memorandum to PD
June 13, 2003
Page 2 of 2
ROADWAYS
The Hawaii Belt Highway, fronting the subject property, is under the jurisdiction of
the Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT). Comments and requirements
concerning this road should be obtained from the HDOT.
2. We found no statement in the application regarding the ownership of proposed
streets. Streets serving commercial properties or collector streets should be
constructed to dedicable standards and dedicated to the County upon request by
the Director of the Department of Public Works, or be open to public traffic.
Collector street connections to adjoining parcels should be provided. All security
gates should be setback from collector streets to allow for allow storage of vehicles
and a turn around on the collector -street side of the gate. Any landscaping in the
road right-of-way shall be maintained by the development. A larger site plan .
should be submitted and typical road cross sections provided showing landscaped
areas and indicating proposed street ownership.
3. All streets within the proposed development shall follow the guidelines
incorporated in the Hawaii Statewide Uniform Design Manual for Streets and
Highways and the requirements of DPW.
4. Concrete curbs, gutters, and sidewalks should be required in areas of pedestrian
traffic.
5. In the interests of pedestrian bicyclist safety, bike lanes should be considered
throughout this project.
6. A traffic circulation plan (including pedestrian and bicycle) and access control
plan should be submitted for approval.
7. For dedicable streets, install street lights, signs and markings meeting with the
approval of the DPW, Traffic Division.
Should there be any questions concerning this matter, please feel free to contact Kiran
Emler of our Kona Engineering Division office at 327-3530.
KE
copy: ENG-HILO
PLNG-KONA
Harry Kim F�^r �1 ��•:,
Mayor
Barbara Bell
Director
&Turtfv of pufunii
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
25 Aupuni Street, Room 208 a Hilo, Hawaii 967204252
(808) 961-8083 • Fax (808) 961-8086
MEMORANDUM
Date June 3, 2003
To CHRISTOPHER YUEN, Planning ' ect
From BARBARA BELL, Direct
SUBJECT: Applicant: Clifto's Kona Coast LLC
Change of Zone Application ((REZ 03-010)
Request: MG -3a to Project District
Special Management Area Use Permit Application (SMA 03-005)
Request: Development of a Commercial/Residential Complex
Consisting of Offices, Retail Uses, Multi -Family Housing and
Facilities for Transient Accommodations
TMK: 7-3-09:22
We have reviewed the subject application and comments are attached.
Enclosure
cc: SWD
W WD
080202CmLREBdv w pmr dept 7- 8ponlo013MM82202
EXHIBIT
9
o3se9'�
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SOLID WASTE DIVISION
• COUNTY OF HAWAII - 108 RAILROAD AVENUE - HILO, HI 96720
2-�-
HILO (808) 961-8339 WAIMEA (808)887-3018 KONA (808)327-3507
Date: 5 Co p3
MEMORANDUM
TO: Christopher Yuen, Director
Planning Department
FROM: e
Solid W ste Division
SUBJECT: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
Relating to the subject application for CLI oS ). M CoW , this division has
dMili of &Av,
a) NO comments 7-3 —D`I
and/or
b) THE FOLLOWING clarifications/comments, as indicated:
( ) Commercial operations may not use transfer stations for disposal.
(x) Aggregates and any other construction/demolition waste should be reused to its
fullest extent.
( ) Ample room should be provided for recycling.
x) Greenwaste may be disposed of only at the drop sites located at the Kailua and
Hilo Transfer Stations.
WASTEWATER DIVISION
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
108 RAILROAD AVENUE - HILO,HAWAII 96720
(808) 961-8338 - FAx (808) 961-8644
MEMORANDUM:
DATE: June 3, 2003
TO: Chris Yuen, Planning Director
FROM: Peter Boucher, Division Chief SLG
Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-010)
SUBJECT: Applicant: Clifto's Kona Coast LLC
Tax Map Key: (3) 7-3-009:022
Wastewater Division has reviewed the subject Change of Zone Application and has the
following comments:
■ Information provided in Section 6.1 of the County Environmental Report is incorrect.
Adequate excess capacity is available at the Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant to
treat the projected flows from the proposed project.
■ We welcome the developer's preference to participate in the proposed North Kona
Improvement District currently deferred at County Council. We will include the project
in future planning efforts
Should you have any questions, please contact me at 961-8338.
cc: Barbara Bell, Director
DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY • COUNTY OF HAWAII
345 KEKUANAOA STREET, SUITE 20 • HILO, HAWAII 96720
TELEPHONE (808) 961-8050 !; ($P$) 9;6 r8667M l? ,
July 8, 2003
TO: Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director
Planning Department
FROM: Milton D. Pavao, Manager
SUBJECT: CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 03-010)
REQUEST: MG -3A TO PROJECT DISTRICT
SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION (SMA 03-005)
REQUEST: DEVELOPMENT OF A COMMERCIAL/RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX
CONSISTING OF OFFICES, RETAIL USES, MULTI -FAMILY HOUSING AND
FACILITIES FOR TRANSIENT ACCOMMODATIONS
APPLICANT - CLIFI'O'S KONA COAST LLC
TAX MAP KEY 7-3-009:022
We have reviewed the proposed Change of Zone and Special Management Area Use Permit application: and have the
following comments.
Based upon the prevailing water situation in the area, water is not available from the Department of Water Supply for
the development. Additional source, storage, and transmission facilities are required to be constructed.
The applicant may either construct a private water system or improve the existing water system facilities. To improve
the existing facilities, the following improvements would be required but not limited to:
1. Source facilities.
2. Transmission pipeline from the new source facilities to existing facilities.
3. Transmission pipeline improvements along Queen Kaahumanu Highway.
4. Storage reservoir.
5. Distribution pipelines.
Should there be any questions, please call Ms. Shari Komata of our Water Resources and Planning Branch at
961-8070.
cmc yours,
Mi on D. aVao,P.E.
M ager
SHK:sco
copy - Mr. Cliff M. Morris; Clifto's Kona Coast LLC
Mr. Sidney Fuke
... Water brirrcg6 rrocgreii...
EXHIBIT
E
DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY
COUNTY OF HAWAII
345 Kekuanaoa Street, Suite 20 - Hilo, Hawaii 96720 - (808) 961-8050
Customer Service: (808) 961-8060 - FAX (808) 961-8657
Engineering Division: (808) 961-8070 - FAX (808) 961-8080
MEMORANDUM
July 14, 2003
TO: Phylhs Fujimoto, Plam)ing Department
CC: File
FROM: Shari KomataC*�
RE: Clifto's Kona Coast LLC
Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-010)
TMK 7-3-009:022
To clarify the water availability for the aforementioned parcel; the current water availability,
which is subject to change, is that water is available for the existing zoning and 6 additional units
for a change of zone. Therefore, the existing 83.0 -acre parcel with MG -3A zoning is currently
able to receive 27 units of water at a maximum 600 gallons per day per unit. The Department
will grant additional 6 units for the approved change of zone.
Harry Kim
Mayor
In RiR� 7
,LENT County of Hawaii
F' POLICE DEPARTMENT
349 Kapiolani Street • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3998
(808) 935-3311 • Fax(809)961-2389
May 23, 2003
Lawrence K. Ntahuna
Police Chief
Harry S. Kubojiri
Deputy Police Chief
TO CH P YUE P NN--ING DIRECTOR
FROM Mjr. HI KCCSTANT POLICE CHIEF,
AREA II OPERATIONS
SUBJECT Applicant: Clifto's Kona Coast LLC
Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-010)
Request: MG -3a to Project District
Special Management Area Use Permit Application (SMA 03-005)
Request: Development of a Commercial/Residential Complex
Consisting of Offices, Retail Uses, Multi -Family Housing and
Facilities for Transient Accommodations
Tax Map Key: 7-3-09:22
Our staff's review of the Change of Zone request by Clifto's Kona Coast LLC
remains the same as our earlier input. Queen Kaahumanu Highway is the
north -to -south corridor between North Kona and South Kohala. It was originally
designated as a limited -access highway. Access onto the highway was supposed
to be via grade -separated intersections.
Due to current traffic congestion problems, we recommend that all development
along Queen Kaahumanu Highway be required to either install the grade -
separated intersections or access to Queen Kaahumanu Highway be made via
secondary roads and already existing intersections.
Should you have any questions, please contact Captain John Dawrs, Kona District
Commander, at Phone No. 326-4211.
TJH:dmv
EXHIBIT
F
031568
LINDA LINGLE
GOVERNOR
7
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sl
vcpm.9�
,LIN `'U�� 17 Rm 1? 56 STATE OF HAWAII
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FL�'IIP" I- I �UENT 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET
„'',All HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097
r_-1
Mr. Christopher Yuen
Director
Planning Department
County of Hawaii
101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3
Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3043
Dear Mr. Yuen:
Subject: Clifto's Kona Coast LLC
June 12, 2003
Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-010) and
Special Management Area Use Permit Application (SMA 03-005)
TMK: 7-3-09: 22
RODNEYK HARAGA
DIRECTOR
Ammg Deputy Or .,
GLENN M OKIN10TO
IN REPLY REFER TO.
STP 8.0780
In response to your letter requesting our review of the subject proposed development, we are
providing the following comments:
1. The subject development is outside of the high noise exposure contours (greater than 60
DNL, generated from aircraft activity at nearby Kona International Airport at Keahole).
However, areas in the development which have noise levels over 55 DNL should be
disclosed.
Our Highways Division is in the process of finalizing its concerns on the Traffic Impact
Assessment Report (TIAR) for the subject development. We will provide those comments
under separate cover as soon as possible.
We appreciate the opportunity to provide comments.
Very truly yours,
EXHIBIT
INDA LINGLE
GOVERNOR
993 AN F
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:-_NT
SA o� „�♦
' F
a
STATE OF HAWAII
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
P.O. BOX 916
HILO, HAWAII 96721-0916
DATE:
June 3, 2003
TO:
Christopher J. Yuen
Planning Director, County of Hawaii
FROM:
Aaron A. Ueno
District Environmental Health Program Chief
SUBJECT:
Applicant: Clifto's Kona Coast LLC
Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-010)
Request: MG -3a to Project District
Special Management Area Use Permit Application (SMA 03-005)
Request: Development of a Commercial/Residential Complex
Consisting of Offices, Retail Uses, Multi -Family Housing and
Facilities for Transient Accommodations
Tax Map Key: 7-3-09:22
CHIYOME L. FUKINO, N.D.
DIRECTOR OF HEALTH
The applicant should contact the Army Corps of Engineers (COE) to identify whether a
Federal permit (including a Department of Army (DA) permit) is required for this project.
A Section 401 Water Quality Certification (WQC) is required for "Any applicant for
Federal license or permit to conduct any activity including, but not limited to, the
construction or operation of facilities, which may result in any discharge into the
navigable waters...," pursuant to Section 401(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Act
(commonly known as the "Clean Water Act (CWA)").
If the project involves the following activities with discharges into State waters, an
NPDES general permit is required for each activity:
a. Discharge of storm water runoff associated with construction activities,
including clearing, grading, and excavation that result in the disturbance
of equal to or greater than five (5) acres of total land area;
EXHIBIT
_; (tdjF�pi6
Christopher J. Yuen
Page 2
June 3, 2003
b. Construction dewatering effluent;
C. Non -contact cooling water;
d. Hydrotesting water; and
e. Treated contaminated groundwater from underground storage tank
remedial activity.
The application for NPDES general permit coverage should be submitted to the Director
at least 30 days prior to the discharge to State waters.
If there is any type of process wastewater discharge from the facility into State waters,
the applicant may be required to apply for an Individual NPDES permit. The application
for an Individual NPDES permit should be submitted to the Director at least 180 days
prior to the discharge of process wastewater to State waters.
Should you have any further questions regarding this matter, please contact the
Engineering Section of the Clean Water Branch in Honolulu at (808) 586-4309.
Underground Injection Systems (Ph. 586-4258) which receive wastewater or storm run-
offs from the proposed development need to address the requirements of Chapter 23,
Hawaii State Department of Health Administrative Rules, Title 11, "Underground
Injection Control."
Construction activities must comply with the provisions of Hawaii Administrative Rules,
Chapter 11-46, "Community Noise Control."
a. The contractor must obtain a noise permit if the noise levels from the
construction activities are expected to exceed the allowable levels of the
rules.
b. Construction equipment and on-site vehicles requiring an exhaust of gas or
air must be equipped with mufflers.
C. The contractor must comply with the requirements pertaining to
construction activities as specified in the rules and the conditions issued
with the permit.
Christopher J. Yuen
Page 3
June 3, 2003
Should there be any questions on this matter, please contact the Department of Health at
933-0917.
The applicant would need to meet the requirements of our Department of Health Air
Pollution Rules, Chapter 60. 1, Title 11, State of Hawaii for fugitive dust control. If there
is need to discuss these requirements, please contact our Clean Air Branch staff
Ph. 933-0401.
Disposal via re -use needs to comply with current guidelines for the treatment and use of
recycled water and Chapter 11-62 of Hawaii Administrative Rules.
W ORD RREZ03-01 OSMA03-005.mi
LINDA LINGLE
GQJENOR RNOR
OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
Mr. Christopher J. Yuen
Planning Director
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Mr. Yuen:
4
STATE OF HAWAII
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
P.O. BOX 2360
HONOLULU, HAWAII 96806
Subject: Clifto's 'O'oma 11 Mixed Use Development
North Kona, Hawaii TMK: 7-3-9:22
PATRICIA HAMAMOTO
SUPEFINTENOE\-
Am
I
"r -N,
May 28, 2003
The Department of Education (DOE) has reviewed the County Environmental
Report for an 83 -acre mixed-use development in 'O'oma, North Kona. The report
supports applications for change of zone and Special Management Area Use
(SMA) permits.
The 'O'oma project plans to have 240 units of multi -family housing on 21 acres of
the project. To offset the impacts from children residing in the project on area
schools, the DOE requests that the county of Hawaii include standard school fair -
share contribution language as a condition of rezoning and the granting of a
SMAU permit. The proposed wording of the condition is:
The Applicant shall contribute to the development, funding, and/or
construction of school facilities, on a fair -share basis, as determined
by and to the satisfaction of the Department of Education. Terms of
the contribution shall be agreed upon in writing by the Applicant and
the Department of Education prior to obtaining building permits for
any area of development.
EXHIBIT `
03S'79i
AN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND EQUAL OPPORTUNI EMPLOYER
Mr. Christopher Yuen
Page 2
May 28, 2003
Thank you for the opportunity to review the 'O'oma II plans. Should you have any
questions, please call Ms. Heidi Meeker of our branch at 733-4862.
Sincerely yours,
Raynor M. Minami, Director
Facilities and Support Services Branch
RMM:hy
cc: Rae M. Loui, OAS
?,703
Gam. i ;•FIVT
May 22, 2003
77-180 Knui PUCE - KAIUJA-KoNA • HAwAi'196740 • 808.331-2765 - ktsc@hawaii.rr.com
promoting a safe environment for all modes of land transportation in the districts of North and South Kona
Chris Yuen, Director
Hawai' i County Department of Planning
25 Aupuni Street,
Hilo, Hawai' i 96720
Dear Director Yuen,
Re: Clifto's Kona Coast Application —TMK 7-3-09:22
We've reviewed the subject application to create a Project District and obtain an SMA Permit for an unimproved 83 -
acre parcel now zoned as General Industrial. The developer proposes to construct 240 multi -family housing units,
three small hotels, and office and retail/commercial space on the property.
Although the developer's proposal is detailed and, on initial reading thorough, our careful review disclosed several
issues of prime concern to the Kona Traffic Safety Committee, and others that should also be addressed.
Traffic Concerns
The application fails to adequately address the effect of the additional traffic during and following the
construction phase on the already jammed Queen Ka'ahumanu Hwy that, between 7:00 and 9:00 a.m.,
and 3:00 and 6:00 p.m. on weekdays, is often backed up from Palani to Kaiminani. In particular, the
application does not address the delays already experienced at the Palani Road intersection. In fact, the
proposal does not even mention the Palani/Queen Ka'ahumanu intersection. Accordingly, we
recommend that construction not be allowed to begin until Queen Ka'ahumanu Hwy is widened to four
lanes from the airport to Henry Street.
The application fails to, address the effect, during the construction phase, of the additional heavy
commercial truck traffic, including gravel trucks, on Hina Lani Street, which, at the upper end, exceeds
the grade allowed for such vehicles. The added noise and increased traffic in the residential area at the
upper end of Hina Lani Street will be intolerable. Accordingly, we recommend that the developer's
construction traffic be prohibited from using the upper end of Hina Lani Street.
3. The application fails to address the need for a parking area for hikers'vehicles. We recommend that the
plan include a parking area for hikers.
4. The parking is insufficient, as the proposal provides only 300 parking slots for 240 residential units, and
225 slots for 400 transient rooms. At least 400 slots should be available for the residential area, and at
least 350 for the transient rooms.
EXHIBIT
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5. The proposal calls for only one access road, but acknowledges, at page 6-13, that a second access point
on the north side for right turn -in and right turn -out only would be desirable. We believe it should be
required.
6. Although underground power and cable TV lines across Queen Ka'ahumanu Hwy would be preferred for
aesthetic reasons, their installation would add to the traffic congestion. Accordingly, we recommend that
they be installed during the widening of the Highway in order to minimize the disruption to traffic.
Other Concems
The noisiest area of die project should be devoted to office, not residential use.
Consideration should be given to the effect of the annual Ironman World Championship Triathlon on
access to the property.
Submitted by,
Kona Traffic Safety Committee
1.,03 JUL 9 am i? 59
PL�NIN ir.� .;EN'i
CC!
ly 9, 2003
77-180 KEKAI Puce - KAauA-KoNA - HAWAI'196740 - 808.331-:765 • ktsc@hawaii.rr.com
promoting a safe environment for all modes of land transportation in the districts of North and South Kona
Chris Yuen, Director
Hawai' i County Department of Planning
25 Aupuni Street,
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Director Yuen,
Re: Clifto's Kona Coast Application — TMK 7-3-09:22
Members of the review team have reviewed Sidney Fuke's June 12, 2003 letter to Christopher Yuen
responding to comments, including those submitted by KTSC, on Clifto's applications for rezoning. We find
the responses inadequate and insufficient, as follows:
Neither the response nor the application took into account the congestion at the intersection of
Palani Road and Queen Ka'ahumanu Hwy, which would surely be aggravated by the
construction traffic. The response attempts to downplay the effect of the project by asserting that
completion of the planned 4 -lane highway would render any traffic impact insignificant. But, the
first phase of the 4 -lane highway project won't begin until "later this year," and won't be
completed for some time, and the beginning of the second phase is scheduled for 2005, but is
"subject to availability of funds." Meanwhile, the project won't be fully completed until 2013.
Thus, even if the state's highway project progresses as planned, and the 4 -lane highway serves to
minimize the effect of construction traffic (both of which are highly unlikely) there will be
increased traffic congestion from the start of the applicant's project until at least 2010, the date
the applicant presumes the second phase of the state's project will be completed.
The response asserts: 1) that construction traffic will be short-term; and (2) "that construction
traffic is not anticipated to significantly utilize the mauka portion of Hina Lani Street." First,
construction until the year 2013 is hardly "short term." Second, the key words in number 2 are
"anticipated" and "significantly." If, as the response asserts, most of the existing quarrying sites
and concrete mixing plants are in areas where the primary roads would be Waikoloa Road and
Queen Ka'ahumanu Hwy, the developer should have no problem with prohibiting use of Hina
Lani by construction traffic.
3. Although the developer plans to adhere to the County Zoning Code requirements for parking,
common sense should indicate that 300 parking slots for 240 residential units is insufficient, given
the great number of two -.car households. Furthermore, 225 slots for 400 transient rooms will not
be enough when the hotels' occupancy rate is over 600, on the reasonable assumption that most
occupants will have rental cars.
n uw. nuua aauw ou¢, wuauww ouov... ._ .u..�eu .um ve¢. ,ivw .mss. i.�a+o nm eage2 ci
4. Accommodating hikers' parking needs by the different project areas on a case-by-case basis will
not work unless there are more parking spaces provided as recommended.
We appreciate the developer's offer to "consider" having a right -turn in, right -turn out at the
north end if the State is amenable, but would prefer a "promise" to do so, if the State is
amenable.
6. It's interesting that the response acknowledges that the project could be developed before the
highway improvements are completed, in which event the utilities would "probably be installed
... at the anticipated edge of the improved 4 -lane highway." Further, the response asserts, "much
of the construction work may not significantly disrupt traffic flow...." But "may not" is hardly
"will not," and we continue to fear significant additions to the already congested traffic.
7. We acknowledge that the developer's site plan conforms to "acceptable" State and Federal noise
guidelines, but question to whom are such guidelines "acceptable?" To the developer? In any
event, our recommendation that the noisiest area of the project be devoted to office rather than
residential use was not based on State and Federal noise guidelines. It was based on common
sense.
8. We appreciate the developer's awareness of the need for appropriate planning and coordination
in order to accommodate the annual World Championship Triathlon in order to minimize
conflicts.
Submitted by,
Kona Traffic Safety Committee
SidneyFuke, Planning Consultant
100 Pauahi Street, Suite 212 • Hilo. Hawaii 96720
Telephone: (808) 969-1522 • Fax: (808) 969-7996
June 12, 2003
Mr. Christopher Yuen, Director
Planning Department
COUNTY OF HAWAII
101 Pauahi Street
Hilo, HI 96720
Dear Mr. Yuen:
213 -AN 1 p on 1 1 7R
F
Subject: Applications for Rezoning (03-010) and SMA (03-005)
Clifto's Kona Coast, LLC., TNM: 7-3-10: 22
Panning • Vanan:e • Zor.,
Subtlrvision. fano Use
Environmental aexrt;
Thank you for providing me with agency comments to date regarding the subject
applications. In response to said comments, please note the following:
Police Department
It would be ideal to have the intersection at the subject site — as well as all other
major intersections along the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway — be grade separated.
However, due primarily to cost and perhaps level of service, this has been difficult to
accomplish. The State Department of Transportation has proposed a 4 -lane highway
from the Kona Airport to Kailua, which includes the subject area. The traffic impact
study analysis report (TIAR) for this project assumed a 4 -lane highway at build -out.
In that regard, in a June 9 letter to this office (excerpts of which are enclosed), the
consulting traffic engineer noted that because of the State's 4 -lane project:
"future intersections should also be made at -grade since it is not wise (safe) to
mix at -grade intersections and grade -separated interchanges on the same
roadway."; and
• "The need for frontage roads next to a four lane highway is less critical than
for a two lane highway."
Although the proposed access is situated at a State -approved location, the
applicant is amenable to revising its plans to provide for interior connections to properties
to the north and south. This would facilitate greater internal circulation between the
proposed development at Kohanaiki and NELHA, while minimizing impacts to the
Highway.
Kona Traffic Safety Committee
Although the Committee's comments generally parallel the Police Department's,
EXHIBIT
Mr. Christopher Yuen
June 12, 2003
Page 2
it did articulate similar and/or other concerns in greater detail. As such, I would like to
respond to the comments in the order listed in the Committee's May 22 letter to you:
Traffic Concerns
The TZAR did take into account commuting traffic. However, the analysis
was predicated upon completion of the planned 4 -lane highway, and based
upon that, the overall traffic impact was deemed not to be significant.
The State has plans to implement the 4 -lane project in two phases. The
first phase would be from Henry Street to Kealakehe Parkway later this
year. The second phase would be from the Parkway to the Airport. This
phase is scheduled to begin in 2005, subject to availability of funds.
The applicant's project is anticipated to have a 50% build -out by 2010 and
be fully completed by 2013. Notwithstanding the current funding
shortage, it is reasonable to presume that at least by 2010, the 4 -lane
highway would be completed. The completion of the first phase should
help mitigate the existing and projected impacts at the Palani Road
intersection.
2. Relative to construction traffic, this will be short-term. Notwithstanding
that situation, however, construction traffic is not anticipated to
significantly utilize the mauka portion of Hina Lani Street. Most of the
existing quarrying sites and concrete mixing plants are located in areas
where the primary roads would be Waikoloa Road and on to the Queen
Ka'ahumanu Highway.
3/4. Relative to parking, the requirements of the County Zoning Code will be
adhered to. No variance is anticipated. Then, too, rather than establishing
a parking area exclusively for hikers, such parking — if appropriate — can
be accommodated on a case by case basis by the different project areas.
5. The only access allowed by the State to the subject site is at the south end.
Should the State be amenable to granting a second access at the north end,
the applicant would consider having a right -tum in, right -turn out access.
6. For traffic mitigation, it would probably be better to have the underground
utilities installed in conjunction with the widening of the Highway.
However, in the event the project is developed before the Highway
improvements in this area, the utilities will probably be installed not
adjacent to the existing Highway but at the anticipated edge of the
Mr. Christopher Yuen
June 12, 2003
Page 3
improved 4 -lane highway. In that event, much of the construction work
may not significantly disrupt traffic flow in this area of the Highway.
Other Concern
In preparing the site plan, acceptable State and Federal noise guidelines
were used. Only a portion of the project falls within the 55Ldn contour
line (Figure 12, page 4-32), and this level is well within acceptable noise
standards and/or guidelines.
2. The applicant is aware of the economic and related values of the annual
Ironman World Championship Triathlon. As with other intersections
along the Highway, with the appropriate planning and coordination
between the event coordinators and the project developers, conflicts can
be minimized. This would be no different than the required coordination
between the event organizers and the State/County during the impending
construction of the Highway.
Department of Education
Inasmuch as education is a State function, fair share assessment for education has
been usually required as part of State Land Use Commission and not part of County
entitlements. The property is already within the State Land Use Urban district and zoned
Industrial (MG -3a) by the County, and none of those entitlements have such a
requirement. As such, this policy decision would have to be determined by the County
Council in conjunction with the zoning process.
Should you have questions or further comments on this matter, please feel free to
contact me. Thank you very much.
�incerely
SIDNEY M. FUKE
Planning Consultant
Copy — Police Department
Kona Traffic Safety Committee
State Department of Education
Clifto Kona Coast, LLC w/ enclosures
SidneyFuke, Planning Consultant
100 Pauahi Street, Suite 212 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Telephone: (808) 969-1522 • Fax: (808) 969-7996
June 24, 2003
Mr. Christopher Yuen, Director
Planning Department
COUNTY OF HAWAII
101 Pauahi Street
Hilo, HI 96720
Dear Mr. Yuen:
• Planning • Variance • Zoning
• Subdivision • Lana Use Pernns
PM• Environmental aeoorts
2 49
Subject: Applications for Rezoning (03-010) and SMA (03-005)
Thank you for providing me with agency comments to date regarding the subject
applications. In response to said comments, please note the following:
State Department of Transportation
In preparing the site plan, acceptable State and Federal noise guidelines were
used. Only a portion of the project falls within the 55Ldr, contour line (Figure 12, page
4-32), and this level is well within acceptable noise standards and/or guidelines.
Although unlikely, in the event a habitable structure fall beyond the 55Ldn level, the
developer will make appropriate disclosure to the prospective homeowner.
Upon receipt of comments relating to the traffic impact analysis report, we will
respond accordingly.
State Department of Health
During the construction phase of this project, the applicant's consultant will apply
for all appropriate land use and related permits. These include, if needed, the National
Pollution Discharge Elimination Systems (NPDES), Underground Injection Control
(UIC), and other associated permits.
Furthermore, the applicant will instruct all contractors of the need for compliance
with the State's appropriate regulations regarding construction dust and noise control.
County Department of Environmental Management
The Solid Waste Division has requested a recycling plan for construction activities as
well as for commercial and residential users of the site. Applications of this nature
generally are conditioned with a requirement for an DEM -approved Solid Waste
Management Plan prior to the issuance of any land disturbance permit. The concept of
recycling can be included in this Plan, as requested by the DEM.
Mr. Christopher Yuen
June 24, 2003
Page 2
Relative to the Wastewater Division's comments, the applicant has no objections
in participating in the proposed North Kona Improvement District that would equally
assess property owners in the region and result in the extension of the wastewater
transmission lines and related improvements to the Keahole Airport.
Denartment of Public Works
A drainage study/plan will be prepared prior to or in conjunction with the
submittal of any land disturbance application. The plan will be implemented, including
the application — if appropriate — for a UIC permit for all proposed drywells within the
project site.
Likewise, the appropriate grading/grubbing permit will be secured before any
land disturbance activity occurs on the site.
All roads within the project site would be built to County requirements. The
applicant plans to have the major access roads dedicated to the County, and as such
intends to construct those roads to dedicable standards. Some of the minor streets would
be built to private road standards. Although a connection to the north boundary is shown,
the plan can be adjusted to reflect a continuous north -south connector road. Landscaping
will be provided within the road rights-of-way. If the roads are dedicated to the County,
generally the maintenance (including landscaping) responsibility falls to the County.
Should the County elect not to maintain the landscaping, the County would have the
option of not accepting the road or developing a landscaping maintenance agreement with
the adjoining property owner(s) or developer.
The applicant is aware of the need for pedestrian safety and bike lanes. As such,
pedestrian friendly walkways and bike lanes will be implemented throughout the project.
It should be noted, however, that to maintain the character of this area, the conventional
"urbanized" form of curb, gutter, and sidewalk section may be substituted with some
other pedestrian ways. Nonetheless, some form of improvements to achieve
vehicular/pedestrian segregation will be constructed. This plan, if needed, can be
submitted in conjunction with plans for subdivision or Plan Approval.
The applicant and/or its developers will install all street lights and traffic signs
and markings in conjunction with the development of the project.
Mr. Christopher Yuen
June 24, 2003
Page 3
Should you have questions or further comments on this matter, please feel free to
contact me. Thank you very much.
tSincerel
'U
SIDNEY M. FUKE
Planning Consultant
Copy — State Department of Transportation
State Department of Health
Department of Environmental Management
Department of Public Works
Clifto Kona Coast, LLC w/ enclosures
I
Sldne^ke, Planning Consultant
100 PalaM streol. Suite 212 • Hilo, Hawaii PaI20
Telophone: (s✓16) 969.15£2 • Fax: (BOB) 969.7996
July 10"nVUL I Y
F _.,..i
W. Christopher Yuen, Director CL
Plamling Department �
COUNTY OF HAWAII
101 Paushi Street
Mo; Hi 96720'
Dear Mr. Yuen:
• PW Wp • Yuiave • ZoNng
• SubdKtien • Lmd Uu Pw u
• Eft4MM nW span
Subject: Applications for Rezoning (03-010) and SMA (03-005)
Cli_ o's K nn. Coast LLC TMX: 7-3-16 22
9
Ibis is in response to the.Department of Water Supply's memo to you, dated July
8, 2003, regarding the subject applications. In response to said comments, we provide the
following for your consideration:
1. According to the engineer's report contained in the County Environmental
Report, "cturent DWS water commitments available to the site would be
92.' (Page 4, Appendix K, Civil and Electrical Infrastructure Assessment,
M&E Paeifie; Inca: {Xsheuld be, noted that these water comments
have not been secured. However, it is the applicant's understanding that
based on prevailing policies, the site would be ILigibk for 92 unitsof
water oommitinents:) -The report also projected that the water -requirement
upon full build -out would be 352,000 gallons per day (gpd) or 586 units of
water. (Page 5). Thus, there is a shortage of 494 units of water.
2. The applicant is aware of this situation and recognizes that the project can
be developed-onlyvp•to-the amount of available water. In thi"tuatien,
the project is expected to be constructed in phases. Optimistically, a fifty
(50) percent build -out is projected by 2010 and full build -out by 2013. As
such, there will be time to develop new or improve existing water sources
by the developer.
3. In that regard, there are several options that are available to the developer,
options that admittedly still require more examination. These include
constructing a wells) and a desalination plant on site; working with
NELHA and/or other private developers in this area; and working with the
Department of Water Supply in expanding its existing source or
developing new sources. Increasing the overall capacity of this area could
possibly be done by constructing a new 15 -inch line from the Mamalaboa
Highway/Hina Lani Street intersection to the site. Because of -its -cost and
ring of beneficiaries, this option would probably require the participation
of other developers in the region.
13
07/14/2003 09:51 BOB -969-7996 S. FAKE, PLANNING PAGE 02
U
Mr. Christopher Yuen
July 10, 2003
Page 2
4. Finally, there is an existing brackish well on the site that is capable of
pumping 100 gallons per minute, which translates to approximately
144,000-gpd. Although the well is brackish, it demonstrates the potential
for 240 units of on-site water source, with the appropriate desalination
facility.
Notwithstanding the above, the applicant would have no objection to a condition
of the •project district rezoning that would limit. the issuance of any building permit er...
development to the amount of water available to the site; and further, that no water
variances from the water source requirement be allowed. With such a condition, the
project's water use would be commensurate to water availability.
I trust that the above has adequately addressed this issue. If not or if there are
further questions or comments on this matter, please feel free to contact me. Thank you
very -Much,
lit lY,
NEYWL
Planniag Consultant
Copy — Department of WaW Supply
Clift Kana Coast, LLC
M&E Pacific, Inc. w/ enclosure