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Home My WebLink AboutCOM 0314.009 1996-1998f (14 BENJAMIN J. CAVETANOGOVERNOR OF HAWAII e, STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES ENFORCEMENT P. O. BOX 936 June 24, 1997 HILO, HAWAII 96121-0936 The Honorable James Arakaki Chairman, Hawaii County Council 25 Aupuni St. Hilo, Hi 96720 Dear Chairman Arakaki: RE: Resolution No. 94 Authorizing the County of Hawaii to Enter into an Agreement with the United States of America for a Statewide Marijuana Eradication Grant The Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Conservation and Resources Enforcement under a similar agreement with the United States of America conducts marijuana eradication on state owned lands. we also assist county police departments under the statewide marijuana task force. Several questions were raised at the June 16, 1997, County Finance Committee meeting pertaining to DLNR/DOCARE's eradication of marijuana utilizing the herbicide glyphosate. Specifically, Council Member Curtis Taylor requested the following information: - Environmental Impact Statement or EIS for the eradication of marijuana on state owned and managed conservation lands for Hawaii, Maui and Molokai by aerial pin -point application (Attached). November 1, 1996, Video Demonstration Spray Test for Department of Agriculture (pesticides branch) and the Department of Health showing pin -point accuracy of a typical herbicide application. Further details of this spray test accompanies this letter in attachment and was submitted by toxicologist J.P. Michaud PHD for review. Operations Procedures Manual and Sensitive Area Maps. These documents detail sensitive law enforcement procedures directly relating to marijuana eradication. DLNR does not make these documents available to the general public. However, we will allow interested council members to review them by contacting Hawaii Branch Chief Lenny Terlep at 974-6208 too make an g DO) Dd. Dom law2 6 Page 2 an appointment. No copies of these documents will be allowed and we ask that council members respect law enforcement confidentiality by not disclosing any information which could be used to disrupt or compromise the safety of law enforcement officers. Lastly Councilwoman Bobby J. Leithead-Todd requested correspondence regarding medical complaints from residents in Hawaiian Ocean View Estates. Specifically health complaints to Patricia Bailey, MD. and how, if any, these complaints were dealt with or otherwise substantiated by the Department of Health. (DOH Administrator June Kunimoto - Memorandum April 4, 1997 to Dr. Patricia Bailey and related correspondence.) Should council members have questions regarding DLNR's herbicide eradication program please call me at 974-6208. I will be more than happy to address the council members' concerns directly. Sincerely, �ce Terlep L - Hawaii Branch Chief Attachments - DCE/SP Demonstration Video on file in Clerk's Office CC: Michael D. Wilson, Chairperson BLNR Gary D. Moniz, Acting Enforcement Chief Wayne Carvalho, Chief of Police HCPD Attachments List Video - 11/1/96 Spray Test Environmental Impact Statement Notice of Pesticide Use/Misuse Inspection Letter -To L. Terlep from U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 9/30/1996 Letter -To J. Correa from L. Terlep 10/7/96 Letter -To Michael Wilson from Patsy Mink and response 10/16/96 Inter Agency Meeting on Health Related Concerns for MJ Eradication w/attachments 10/28/96 Defoliant Spray Mixture Application/ Demonstration Observation from Toxicologist J.P. Michaud 11/1/96 Complaint letters from Adelaide Cain to Pres. Clinton & Gov. Cayetano w/response from Governor 10/96 & 11/96 Letter to B.Anderson from Wm. Nelson 1/14/97 Letter to L. Terlep from J. Kunimoto 2/24/97 Letter to P. Bailey, MD from June Kunimoto 4/4/97 Letter to M. Wilson from A. Levin and response w/Herbicide Attachment 4/30/97 Memo to SAC R. Gorman from SA Aiu 10/30/96 State of Hawaii ISLAND OFFICE ADDRESS: Ii,E L&-�,Kc,r-J �4, -W.. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE cu-� Plant Industry Division90- Pesticides BranchNOTICE OF PESTICIDE USE/MISUSE INSPECTION OAT HOUR ____ A PM NAME OF INDIVIDUAL 1 i,h aU1 C P ( c r- e- Pi�2wn._i( TITLE -- r<wtC�l L�re� NAME (Firm, Farmer, Homeowner, etc.) ADDRESS (Number, Street, City, State and ZIP code) _1,,P�� F�� as C --tit-<< s, Cr ><.,�r��,/w' .ti .( (��,-� I,a f Cry,?7 O SIG,NAT7REI OF STATE INSPECTOR I _ TITLE Cl �� Je l�+l.' :n n Gi 1� Z- V (� >"r'1 � _--� REASONf OR INSPECTION For the purpose of inspecting sites where pesticides are being used to collect data on the use of pesticides and to detemtinc �. whether pesticides are being used in compliance with the Hawaii Pesticides Law (Chapter 149A, HRS) and Administrative Rules, Chapter 66, Pesticides, of the Department of Agriculture. Ll For the purpose of inspecting sites where pesticides have been used and to determine whether the pesticides were used in torr. pliance with the Hawaii Pesticides Law (Chapter 149A, HRS) and Administrative Rules, Chapter 66, Pesticides, of the Department of Agriculture. VIOLATION SUSPECTED: L cf- (C a n c'-j� J i� i I � � I 1 L — -- CONSENT — —------— —� ❑ Voluntary Consent Necessary to Enter for Inspection and/or Sampling. j17J- f � The undersigned hereby voluntarily consents to an inspection of �'' i [�lL�q-;,-I �1.� 5��.-: L�_;; I`,, :D of which I am Owner, Agent or Person -In -Charge, for the purposes of gathering information and/or samples'in connection with the administration and enforcement of the Hawaii Pesticides Law (Chapter 149A, HRS) and Administrative Rules, Chapter 66, Pesticides, of the Department of Agriculture. --- Ip SIGNATURE , TITLE '— DATE F.,, P-33 - DISTRIBUTION: Original — DOA Record COPY (R.I. 10/84) 2 — Owner/Agent Copy 3 — Inspector's Copy BENJAMIN J. CAYETANO WWRN Patricia Bailey, M.D. P. O. Box 2438 Kealakekua, HI 96750 Dear Dr. Bailey: STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH R. O. BOX 916 HILO, HAWAII %721-0916 April 4, 1997 KAMUELA HILO KONA HONOLULU V FAX4•Sg7 MAUI KAUAI OCEA LAND MGMT. ST. PKS. DOFAW AQUATICS PROSECUTOR PROBATION LAWRENCE MIKE Dner Rp{ryLAe LTM With regard to the concerns you raised last year about the spraying of herbicides on Big Island marijuana plants, I have received further information that I believe will help answer your questions about the health effects of the defoliant spraying on the local population. In October 1996, the Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services, and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ASTDR) in Atlanta, Georgia were all asked to assist in evaluating the potential threat to public health resulting from Big Island herbicide spraying by the Drug Enforcement Agency and the Department of Land and Natural Resources. An on-site defoliant spray application demonstration was observed by the Department of Health toxicologist. The toxicologist gave a detailed description of the application and his observations of the demonstration. Based on the specific "pin point" accuracy of the application technique, the 1,000 foot buffer zone between the spray sites and residences, and the low toxicity of Glyphosate, both the ATSDR's Regional office and Emergency Consultation Section concurred that this spraying event is unlikely to result in human exposure or to have any negative health effects. The spray demonstration was video-taped, and you are invited to view the video at anytime. Please let me know if you are interested, and I will make the necessary arrangements. Thank you for sharing your concerns so we can follow up on them with the Department of Health and Human Services. Sincerely, June T. Kunimoto District Health Administrator be: Bruce Anderson, EHM / Lenny Terlep, DLNR V D.O.C.A.R.E. Hawaii Branch Interdepartmental Memorandum From the Desk of: /%i! /0�2��9b Date: 10-28-96 Lawrence L. Terlep Hawaii Branch Chief To: Gary D. Moniz Acting Enforcement Chief Re: Inter Agency Meeting -Health Issues Marijuana Eradication Thank you for attending the Inter Agency meeting in Hilo at the Department of Health office on October 25, 1996. Please update Michael Wilson on the particulars of what we discussed and encourage him to jointly meet with the DEA for the press conference to represent out views. The attached list of participants along with the agreed responsibilities in the event of future health related complaints and how they will be dealt with is for your use. Thanks again. Attachments- Rodeo Spray Complaints Direction and Response Attendance List Fax Mail Hand Delivered 6:7 fa -4Y, ,,t, Zrz)rnoN ble�✓1 SGZ�Gt�Ci a Zi K L�✓/,./ ,Z)Oca aC �-Nz 6 01v DoN X74-Gz n Tt �J 5 -, 57 / s -s6- y2 -,DD oz?/ 3��_0V'8 SENT BY. U-25-acc,' r-C DRAFT dutlyJ��dod�neaitin Hilo uist UrrA October 25, 1996 Inter Agency Meeting on Health Related Concerns for Marijuana Aerial Era, Direction and Response Focal Point DEA, Bobby Aiu 961-2290 DLNR, Lenny Terlep 974-6208 complaints A) Illness. Referr�be--made�Xv complainant to seek medical attention. B) Pesticide overspray. Referral to be made to State of Hawaii, Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Branch (Glenn Sahara, 933-4445). Referrals include plant/animal kill or catchment water. C) Toxicolocv. Referral to be made to State of Hawaii, Department of Health, Hazardous Evaluation and Emergency Response office (HERR), (Toxicologist, 586-4249, toll free no. 974-4000). Notes: A) DLNR to check with Jack ldmundron. B) Water catchment concerns to be referred to Glenn Sahara of the Department of Agriculture for follow-up. C) Questions regarding aerial spraying for marijuana eradication be referred to Bobby Aiu of the DEA or Lenny Terlep of DLNR. Use Hotline number, Enterprise 5469, when they cannot be roached. Past.IS' Fax Note 7671 our ;a �zc ,#.o TO � fine. Ktnrir„oto rrom Aertn 1,trrro „n.,e. DHA, 1l alfa Ica. tn[„ GAw Page 1 RODEO SPRAY COMPLAINTS TO DOCTOR Case# Age Sex Symptom / Description Onset Duration Continuing 1 44 1 M Eyes itchy,irritaing,burning;;9%7 9' 2 Wks yes headache most das• nausea 3x' ]Aug.. 1 mo. Tyes cysts-ear,forearm,thigh /11 1-1/2wk I yes Diarrhea Aug 3-4 wk intermit JA 14 K Eyes itchy unknow I yes Skin --ache worse 9/7 2 wk yes 2 7 F Eyes--burning/red 9/19- 1 no Head pounding, never had headache 3 days 3 41 F Eyes, headache, nausea 4 Constant headache 9/21 2 days yes Nausea 9/21 2 days yes Muscle ache, weak low grade fever 9/21 2 days Zes 5 46 F Funny ressure in forehead, 9/17-1 couple f hours 6 66 M Eyes -swelling; lips swellingg; vocal cords muffled hives in Jul- Inter- yes armpits, groin,stomach; very tire' 7 48 F Eyes itchiing, red; constant headache; nausea, upset stomach, n sebleeds 8 63 F aa headache skin ngi lin gw/moistur 9/17 -19/20 No dizziness; weak in knees, low -gra k of o e Yes 9 41 F1ptbgry, Eyes swollen, itchy; muschel ache nn ,9 1 Yes Quesy stomach, diarrhea 9/16 9/18 No inus,migraine, snot ness at breath 79/ 1D Yes 10 36 F headache, sinuses,pressure in ear dizz weak irritable;nausea July 2mos intermit 11 6 M Eyes itchy,puffy; sneezes in A.M. July 2 mos intermit 12 59 M Eyes feels dirtv;mild constipatio Mid -Se t. 1 wk no Mild piercing pain in occipital area ;fid -se t. 1 day no ent znt ant Page 3 RODEO SPRAY COMPLAINTS TO DOCTOR .Emory ass TTTlcontinues es nt 1y Cas e# Age Sex Symptom / Description Onset Ouration ConUnwng 20 JO F Tpp of.Mead like situs, very shhat , nnurt to touc to of head 9/17 da s Y No Sharp lower abd. pain 9/17 3 days no 21 35 F Eyes blurred, headache,nausea Sept 22 56 F Blurred vision, headache,nausea, :Lakfng hands 23 Blurred vision, headache, nausea, 24 M Burning eyes, headache, diarrhea 25 urning,itc i.ng eyes; nausea 9/16 9/22 Yes F26—T-4 5 F Burning eyes, headaches, diarrhe 27 1 M iBurning eyes, headache, diarrhea y 1��46 Yes 28 78 F Occ. burning eyes,slight headach Yes depression, irritability. Yes 29 42 ' watery burning eyes; migraine diarrhea. 30 Breathing and heart trouble 31 32 1 F IBurning dry eyes 9/19 1-1/2 d No Dull headache9/19 8-9hrs No Light general nausea 9/194 16 hrs. No Numbness in arms 9/19-2 20 hrs intermit e Odd raspy cough 9/19-2 occatio al No 32 1 44 F Burning puffy eyes 9/15 Yes Headache, running nose,sinuses; sore throat 9/15 Yes Slight vomiting 9/15 9/18 Slight n w Mental irritability 9/17 Yes, sli h better_9, 2 33 L33 76 F Slight Headache --never had befor 9/17 Comes & Goes in body lame ay No .Emory ass TTTlcontinues es nt 1y b is sam �t as M Page 4 RODEO SPRAY COMPLAINTS TO DOCTOR Case# Age Sex Symptom / Description Onset Duration Continwng e s 34 78F Eyes burning 3-4 wks Yes ciieEab�i i ustlioacf9sRression, 3-4 wk Ye - 35 4 F Headache, red cuts around mouth, fev 9/17 24 hrs W W N N N t W QD tD h ro I—v cnc c c -.o �••v w n cn mn � n c M i n x w N n � � o• O rt p•C NC E O h O m Vm o Z N N Y- w Y• n r n n � m IQ Y•C m p C y n O O w w O rt -1 h O ry m NM 9 O N 3 r^o w XY• p rn 3 � p o � £z m<9 wm nm m7 G t pro rtm M m`G n ti n n R ww aR. m ON nr+ m r om I -•m b R O 7 m Y+G O m nw m a r• A r -n m G rtR o�< o O mo m� • r• n 3 nN rn p lD Y m o m 7 Y 3 m C £ m o -•m w lA G m oz w rt ^S 'J y � H m ip rt v CD O N \ N N N O d c United States Animal and Biotechnology, °3 Department of Plant Health Biologics, and Agriculture Inspection Environmental ' Service Protection OCT 2 47 PH '96 September 30, 1996 Mr. Lenny Terlep Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Conservation and Resource P.O. Box 936 Hilo, HI 96721 Dear Mr. Terlep: I wish to thank you for the hospitality and consideration shown to us during our recent visit to observe an aerial Cannabis eradication mission on the Island of Hawaii. Through our observations we believe we have gained a good understanding of the low level for potential human health and environmental impacts of Cannabis eradication programs using the unique aerial application technology that has been developed in Hawaii. Everyone associated with the mission was friendly, professional, and extremely helpful. We were very impressed with the obvious display of cooperation among the numerous law enforcement agencies represented in the group carrying out the mission. We were also impressed with the consideration shown to sensitive natural resources and the concerns of the general populace. We believe that the Hawaiian program is an outstanding example that serves as a model Cannabis eradication program. Thank you again for your time. Sincerely, Jack Edmundson Environmental Protection Officer Environmental Analysis and Documentation APHIS - Protecting American Agriculture r-� au-itc Linda Abbott Ecologist/Modeler Environmental Analysis and Documentation Leslie Rubin Toxicologist Environmental Analysis and Documentation An Equal Opportunity Employer BENJAMIN J. CAVETANO GOVERNOR Mr. Lenny Terlep Dept. of Land and Natural Resources State Building Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Lenny: STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P. 0. BOX 916 HILO, HAWAII 967210916 February 24, 1997 I am in the process of writing a response to Dr. Susan Bailey regarding the latest LAWRENCE MIKE DIRECTOR O HEALT information I received from Department of Health and Human Services in Atlanta, Georgia on the spraying of herbicides last October, a copy of which is enclosed. Sincerely, line�T. Kunimoto District Health Administrator encs. DEPARTMENT OF HEALT' I. HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service ,i FI Ir.L 71` -'kc: D.:Wi i0 I Agency for Toxic Substances L:VK ,I and Disease Registry Atlanta GA 30333 JanWry,JAN421 191706 Dr. Bruce Anderson Deputy Director State of Hawaii, Department of Health P.O. Box 3378 Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 Dear Bruce: I would like to take this opportunity to thank you for requesting the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's (ATSDR) assistance in helping to evaluate the potential threat to public health by the spraying of herbicides on the marijuana plants located on the big island of Hawaii by the DEA/DLNR last October. After I received your request, I contacted June Kunimoto, the District Health Administrator, and J. P. Michaud, who is with your Hazardous Evaluation and Emergency Response Office, for further information. Since I was not familiar with the spraying application or conditions, I relayed the following questions to J. P. Michaud: 1) was air monitoring and water sampling done during the spraying? (If sampling was not performed, I recommend that both be done during the next spraying episode.) 2) What population was affected and in what geographical area? 3) what kind of exposure evaluation was done, if any? 4) Was any biological exposure sampling performed on potentially exposed individuals? On October 28,1996 J.P. described the spraying application technique that was utilized and the safety factors involved. we discussed the toxicity of the herbicide, Glyphosate, which was used in the spraying. He further informed me that he was going to personally observe a defoliant spray application demonstration later in the week which would help determine potential exposure information. A short ATSDR with a observations. time after the demonstration, J. P. furnished detailed description of the application and his 10'd S00'oN 20:12Z 16,60 ddH 6t b-9S5-50H:QI H'JNHcH 3SNDdS3d '()N3 u. -i-1 _- -I - -_--- _-- _i1-1 • ISI - -•- I -_ -- 1 i1T11'J= :-17 -2 - Based on the specific "pin point" accuracy of the application technique, the 1000 foot buffer zone between the spray sites and residences, and the low toxicity of Glyphosate, both the ATSDR's Regional office and the Emergency Consultation Section concur that this spraying event is unlikely to have resulted in human exposure or detectable health effects. 1 ATSDRIs initial questions were either satisfactorily answered and/or were not relevant to the spraying application. Again thank you for requesting ATSDR's assistance. I hope this consultation is helpful and I encourage your agency to continue using ATSDR as a resource. Sincerely, William Q. Nelson Senior Regional Representa ive ATSDR, Region IX 75 Hawthorne Street, Suite 100 San Francisco CA 94105 (415) 744-2194 CC! Regional file June Kunimoto J.P. Michaud Scott Wright (ATSDR) 80'd S00'0i1 -20:2T 26160 ddy 6VZb-98S-808:QI HDNhdH 3SNMd83d October 29, 1996 TO: Gary ;D��niz, Acting Enforcement Chief FROM: Lawre L. Terlep, Hawaii Branch Chief SUBJECT: Response to Patsy T. Mink's Letter of October 16, 1996 The Department of Land and Natural Resources confirms that the Division of Conservation and Resources Enforcement (DOCARE) conducted marijuana eradication on the dates in question as part of the federal Domestic Cannabis Eradication and Suppression Program (DCE/SP). The task force consists of local, state and federal law enforcement agencies. Marijuana discovered on state lands such as our forest reserves and conservation lands were sprayed from helicopters with our pin point sprayer and manually removed where spraying is not allowable, ie., near homes, highways. Complaints were received by the Department's Enforcement Division and by the Departments of Health and Agriculture. Hawaii Branch Chief Lawrence L. Terlep reported that his office received only two calls complaining of helicopter noise and one call about dead birds which was unsubstantiated. The last call was from a male complaining that his girl friend was sick. He hung up the telephone when Mr. Terlep offered to help. Health related complaints will be referred to the Department of Health. Complaints of contamination of water or reports of dead birds will be handled by the Department of Agriculture's Pesticide Branch and the Health Department's Hazardous Evaluation Response Office Toxicologist. Lastly, no substantiated facts have linked complaints of illness directly to DLNR's eradication efforts. We will, however, continue to refer future complaints to the appropriate agencies for action, if necessary. Please feel free to contact this office for further clarification or information. D9� PATSY T. MINK J '/ SECOND DISTRICT, HAWAII I OA �( OFFICE: I WASHINGTON 2 V ,2135 RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING WASHINGTON, DC 20515-1102 12021 2254906 Cn FAX: 1202)225-6987 Congroz of the aniteb 6tateg jbcoe of iRepregentatibeg DISTRICT OFFICE: Wa4ington, IDC 20515-1102 5106 PRINCE KUNIO FEDERAL BUILDING P.O. Box W126 HONOLULU, HI 9WSO-6977 18081561-1986 FAX: 18081538-0233 October 16, 1996 THE HONORABLE MICHAEL WILSON CHAIR DF I AND & NATURAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE ON STEERING AND POLICY COMMITTEE ON BUDGET COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM AND OVERSIGHT ton IISE I O Li"I JT - ErA I ENT O PO BOX 621 E= HONOLULU HI 96813 N' Fn y ri Dear Chair Wilson: 7C RE: Spraying of RODEO Herbicide ZE Marijuana Eradication T Ln I am writing on behalf of Hilo and Naalehu constituents who have safety concerns regarding the use of the herbicide RODEO, which they inform me is being sprayed from helicopters for the purpose of eradicating marijuana. It is reported that spraying activities commenced on July 11, 1996 and again on September 16th, 17th and 18th in Kau, Ocean View and Puna, resulting in illness in people, dead birds, and contaminated water containers. Please verify whether your department has received similar complaints and what actions, if any, have been taken to alleviate these serious problems. I was also notified that the manufacturer of the herbicide has objected to the use of RODEO as a spray. I deeply appreciate your reply and attention to this important matter. Very truly yours, ^ A �1 PATSY T. MINK Member of Congress PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER N 0 0 LJ;- � Cn rn ErA I ENT O PO BOX 621 E= HONOLULU HI 96813 N' Fn y ri Dear Chair Wilson: 7C RE: Spraying of RODEO Herbicide ZE Marijuana Eradication T Ln I am writing on behalf of Hilo and Naalehu constituents who have safety concerns regarding the use of the herbicide RODEO, which they inform me is being sprayed from helicopters for the purpose of eradicating marijuana. It is reported that spraying activities commenced on July 11, 1996 and again on September 16th, 17th and 18th in Kau, Ocean View and Puna, resulting in illness in people, dead birds, and contaminated water containers. Please verify whether your department has received similar complaints and what actions, if any, have been taken to alleviate these serious problems. I was also notified that the manufacturer of the herbicide has objected to the use of RODEO as a spray. I deeply appreciate your reply and attention to this important matter. Very truly yours, ^ A �1 PATSY T. MINK Member of Congress PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER Observations of November 1, 1998 DEA/DLNR Defoliant Spray Mixture Application Demonstration Spray Test Field Conditions Winds: 5-10 mph, gusts 12-14. Vegetation: ground cover, low scrub and a sparse presence of tall trees, Cloud cover: Intermittent with full sunlight on-site during spraying demonstrations. Open Target and Drift Tests Spray was delivered from two nozzels on the bottom of a basketball sized vessel at the end of a 120 foot hose and cable arrangement which was suspended from a helicopter. The distance from the spray nozzels to the target plant ranged from zero to 2-3 feet. The precision and control of the spray nozzle position was at best within an inch or two of the center of the target, and at worst, within a foot or two of the target. This level of precision from an airborne platform is truly remarkable and rivals or exceeds that attainable by various ground-based application techniques. Fine droplets can drift farther than coarse droplets which settle out quickly. The spray nozzels, in a basketball -sized vessel at the and of the 120' tube and cable, were selected to minimize fine droplet formation. Spray delivery pressure was set to -- 50 psi which also minimizes fine droplet formation, and 5 psi gated positive shut-off valves prevent leakage between sprays. The spray vessel did drip at -1 drop per second for --5 to 10 seconds after spraying, however, most of this fell on the target plant since the helicopter maintained position over the target plant while this occurred. A potted plant was placed in the middle of a paved road. This allows greater surface winds than in actual field application conditions, making this a more stringent test of overspray radius. Two sets of white cardboard squares (-- 2.5' on a side) were placed in two concentric rings at 12, 3, 6, and 9 o'clock around the target plant. The first ring of white squares was at approximately a five foot radius from the plant, and the second ring was at approx. a ten foot radius. Repeated sprays of the plant in the middle of the road, lasting 1-2 seconds each, left a ring of red dye with an approximately 3 foot radius. All of the white cardboard squares were initially free of red dye. Gusty surface winds carried a few large droplets from the wet leaves of the plant to the adjacent squares after spaying had ceased. Field Target Overspray Tests Two separate potted plants were placed among scrub cover which ranged from knee high to chest high. The first plant was sprayed twice and the grass immediately around the base of the plant was reddened to a radius of approximately 2-3 feet. The second plant was also sprayed twice in gusty conditions and one non -target plant 3-4 feet away from the target plant was also lightly sprayed and stained red. �0' d S00' 0 1 FS: -,T ! 5 60 2idd SGZG-98S-808 QI HDIN3H 38MISJ83`d ' ANI oos ppR Wd_T:T "n -o f OTD- :;,2 i_f� Observation of Actual Field Conditions Actual spray application sites observed in the field were substantially more vegetated with tall trees and scrub plants (-3-6') than was the field test spray site. Consequently, the winds at the level of the target plants ('3-6') would be considerably less in actual field conditions than the winds at that level in the demonstration spray test which we observed on November 1, 1996. The brown areas, indicating foliage kill zones, of previous sprays were small (--10-20' diameter) and localized with distinct borders. No plant damage outside of these small sites was evident from an aerial perspective at — 100' altitude. Visibility and lighting were excellent during the spray site surveys. Spray Composition The herbicide glyphosate was diluted with water to 0.0078 times full strength (0.78%). The surfactant and dye were each diluted to 0.00156 x full strength (0.16%). Extensive scientific evidence does not indicate that these materials are any more than slightly toxic. For more information, please see the attached discussion of toxicity. In summary, I can see no indication whatsoever that the specialized method of herbicide spray delivery I observed under the stated conditions would produce any hazardous overspray or drift at distances over ten yards from the spray sites. The use of a 1000 foot buffer zone between spray sites and residences should preclude even remote chances of the herbicide and associated additives from being deposited on or near any nearby residences. The localized pin -point accuracy of the spray delivery combined with the non -mist nozzle design and low delivery pressure also add to the safety of the operation. These methods combined with the remarkably low toxicity and high biodegradability of the herbicide and the types of additives used, renders significant or even detectible health impacts extremely unlikely to humans or animals living nearby. JP Michaud, Ph.D. Toxicology, M.S. Industrial Hygiene Hazard Evaluation and Emergency Response Office Department of Health .0' d S00' nH 00: cT 16 0 3dH 6t'cr��QI H_hIH3H 3�N0d5:3 ' A 13 _. =nc, Z'_- -00 IJ=f'.:T L. -- LTO.'. 3 2� Overview of Toxicity of glyphosate and additives used in DEA/DLNR defoliant spray mixture November, 1996 A few words on Toxicology Before discussing toxicity, it is important to appreciate a couple of the fundamentals of toxicology. First, every chemical can be toxic at a sufficiently high dose. Many chemicals, like water or nitrogen, have very low toxicity and very large doses are need to cause problems. Other chemicals such as table salt or sea salt (a combination of chemicals), are only slightly toxic and require grams of the stuff to cause a problem for most people. Other chemicals such as hydrogen cyanide or botulin toxin require only minute amounts (thousandths or millionths of a gram) to cause injury or death in most people. To give you an idea of how small one millionth is, one inch is about one millionth of sixteen miles. A millionth of a gram of most things is hard to see without magnification. Second, everything you can touch, taste, smell, or "see" (except the light itself), is made of chemicals or components of chemicals. All natural materials are made of chemicals or their components, there is none which is not. Some naturally occurring chemicals, botulin or tetrodotoxin for instance, are among the most toxic things we know of. Nature, the most creative of chemists, makes many of the most powerful poisons on earth. Third, some poisons work in very specific or selective ways that only affect certain life processes in certain plants or animals, while other poisons are a lot less selective about what they damage. By analogy, if someone went into your TV set and very carefully removed only the transistors, your TV set wouldn't work. That's like a selective poison which wouldn't hurt an old sewing machine or lawn mower because they don't need transistors to work. If someone soaked your TV and sewing machine and lawn mower in the ocean for a week, it is pretty likely none of them would work properly. That's like a non-selective poison. Toxicity of Glyphosate - and a little more toxicology The herbicide in RODEO and ROUNDUP is called glyphosate. Glyphosate, like everything else, has some toxicity. The question of how toxic it is to plants, people, pets and the environment depends, in part, on how selective a poison it is. The way glyphosate works is very selective for plants and not for animals. Glyphosate keeps plants from making something they need to live, aromatic amino acids. Since plants can't eat (with a few notable exceptions), glyphosate is poisonous to the.m. For animals which can easily get plenty of these amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) by eating a normal diet, glyphosate is not particularly toxic. It is only slightly toxic to mammals. According to controlled laboratory studies, glyphosate was less toxic than table salt as determined by rat oral LD50 tests. For the toxicologically inclined reading this, the rat oral LD60 for table salt is reported as 4,000 mg/kg body weight, and the rat oral LD,, for glyphosate is reported as 5,600 mg/kg body weight. This means that it took more glyphosate than it did table salt to kill half of the rats tested, Repeated testing has told us that glyphosate is less toxic than table salt in b0' d S00 * 41 00:(-:T -16,60 dldH 6b�b-98S-808: QI H,11• Hag 3SNOd83'S ' r1N3 adr 7=-_ . OtiOL �??_,_,_,�--_ �:da'.:I,g these tests, In other tests, where the test agent is given at very high doses, or by injection into blood or other body spaces, or fairly high doses for long periods of time, glyphosate and many common chemicals can produce non -lethal toxic effects. People have permanently damaged their livers, and even killed themselves, with large doses of ethanol which is less toxic than glyphosate, It is important to remember that everything, even natural salt or herbs or water, is toxic at a high enough dose, At doses high enough to cause serious problems, any substance will produce toxic, unpleasant, and even horrible effects. This is just as true for the natural aldehydes in a pure, ripe, organically grown fruit as it is for any other chemical. At low enough doses many substances, even "toxic" ones, can be ingested or inhaled without any significant or detectable injury or ill effects. "Complete" and "absolute" answers are very hard - if not impossible - to come by in science, and especially so in biology. The word "safe" to some people, means "zero risk". Virtually nothing we do or come in contact with has zero risk associated with it. Yet we still find many activities and chemicals we come in contact with to have an acceptable level of risk. Reasonably enough, most of us would like to know what levels of risk are associated with new activities and chemical or biological exposures, Although science can not provide exact numbers for the risks associated with all possible events, or chemicals, it is a powerful tool in giving us estimates of risk and the relative safety of different activities and exposures. For most of the over 16 million chemicals we know about, including the natural ones, we don't have much or even any information on how poisonous they are. Glyphosate isn't one of these big unknowns because it has been extensively studied for toxicity, much more so than most chemicals. Many naturally occurring chemicals are much more toxic than glyphosate and many are much less studied. Still, it is definitely a valid and important question to ask how toxic is glyphosate and how likely are we to be exposed to it. The science of toxicology, and extensive testing, tell us that as a poison to mammals, glyphosate is quite unremarkable. Many common substances are considerably more toxic. Nicotine for instance is approximately 5,000 times more toxic to mammals than glyphosate by oral LD50 and other toxicity tests. Toxic risk is a combination not only of how toxic a substance is, but also of how likely it is for that substance enter our bodies. Most people are much more likely to come into contact with (breathe) nicotine and/or associated carcinogens from sidestream and second hand smoke than they are to contact glyphosate as a result of a precision aerial spraying program in non- residential areas. Due to DEA/DLNR's remarkably localized spraying of a RODEO type formulation, not only is the risk of being poisoned by glyphosate extremely low relative to other sources of risk, but any added risk is also extremely low. Risks are higher, but still very low for individuals actually handling freshly sprayed plants. Glyphosate is approved by the EPA for use in school yards. Additional safety aspects of glyphosate are that it is poorly absorbed into the body, and it is water soluble so it is easily eliminated from the body. In the environment, glyphosate has low bioavailabilty because it is largely sorbed on soil particles, and the fraction which is bioavailable is readily biodegradable (aerobically and anaerobically) by naturally occurring microbes in our tropical forests and soils. SO' d SOO' oN TO: SI X6.60 bdd HJPlU"dEl 3SM1103S3'd 113 _ •�onn,�,'=-�L'= - -'s �oc H -z7 :T _6-o . OTO- __. ':!.H i�d In 0 In addition to glyphosate, RODEO&Iso contains the wetting agent (surfactant) POEp (polyoxyethyleneamine) which has an irritant potency similar to that of dishwashing liquid, a more common and widely used surfactant. Both undiluted POEA and undiluted dishwashing liquid will irritate the eyes if they get into the eyes. The DEA/DLNR have used a variety of surfactants mixed with glyphosate, dye and lots of water in a RODEO type formulation. In response to the public concern about the safety of the DEA/DLNR marijuana spraying operation, the DEA and DLNR have selected a surfactant (triton B 1956) which is so mild that it used in eye drops and baby wipes. They have also selected a red marker dye (FWT Red Liquid 50) which is certified by NSF International to ANSI/NSF Standard 60 for use in potable water. Adding this dye to the spray alerts people to what has been sprayed and what hasn't. This helps people avoid exposure to plants which have already been sprayed. To estimate the risks to human health that the DEA/DLNR's RODEO type solution can produce, we must consider not only how toxic this solution is to humans (only slightly toxic, as is table salt) and how dilute it is, but also how likely it is that people will come into contact with it. Water is used to dilute the glyphosate to 0.78% (0.0078 x full strength). Surfactant and dye are diluted to 0.16°x6. Due to the precision application techniques demonstrated by the DEA/DLNR (see attached report), the dilution, the small total acreage treated, and the 1000 foot residential buffer zone used, the likelihood is extremely low that people not tending marijuana crops will come into contact with enough herbicide solution to have any significant or even detectable health effects. Marijuana growers attempting to recover a freshly sprayed crop may experience some skin irritation if they get enough on themselves for a long enough time, or eye irritation if they get some in their eyes. Although washing their skin and flushing their eyes with clean water should take care of most of such problems, it is always advisable to seek the advise of a physician if one is experiencing medical problems. Symptoms may have a variety of causes and physicians are best qualified to offer medical diagnosis and treatment. If the DEA/DLNR were spraying a floating mist of paraquat from airplanes in high winds, I would be deeply concerned. They are not. To put things in perspective, the herbicide glyphosate is approved by the EPA for use in school yards and is widely used throughout Hawaii, the surfactant triton B is used in eye drops and baby wipes, and the dye FWT Red Liquid 50 is used to trace the movement of drinking water supplies, In summary, the use of an herbicide, a surfactant and a dye with extensive evidence of such low toxicity, delivered to remote target plants with the remarkable precision demonstrated by the DEA/DLNR, would be expected to produce only minor health risk to marijuana growers, and significantly less risk to anyone living in the nearby area. Lastly, a fundamental rule of clinical toxicology is to treat the patient, not the poison. Many symptoms have a wide variety of causes. All significant symptoms of ill health deserve serious consideration. Anyone with significant symptoms of ill health would be well advised to be seen by a physician. JP Michaud, Ph.D. Toxicology, M.S. Industrial Hygiene Hazard Evaluation and Emergency Response Office, Department of Health 90'd 500'oPl --0 .i 15,60 add 6V7 t7-99 HJP,Ih.'dH 3SNgdS3� rJ3 , Hip T -E -r . OTGL r=aidr��a�al oaa n 96:529422 'Sc DEC -2 ,D 7 :,.'� EXECUTIVE CHAMBERS HONOLULU BENJAMIN J. CAYETANO Go L,Nea November 27, 1996 Mrs. Adelaide C. Cain P.O. Box 6433 Ocean View, Hawaii 96737-6433 Dear Mrs. Cain: Thank you for your recent letter in which you expressed concern about aerial spraying of the herbicide Rodeo (glyphosate) to eradicate marijuana plants. I appreciate your concerns and have received some preliminary information on the subject that I would like to share with you. In your letters to President Clinton and to me, you described the spraying from helicopters as "indiscriminate." On the contrary, the Department of Health (DOH) informs me that the spraying is very precise and every effort is made to control spray drift. The helicopters are targeting marijuana plants with almost pinpoint accuracy and application methods assure virtually no downwind drift of spray. More specifically, the helicopter crew lowers a basketball -sized metal spray unit on the end of a 200 -foot hose line directly onto or within six inches of a marijuana plant. The spray unit is set to release large, heavy droplets which, unlike a fine spray mist, will not be carried by winds. A test spraying of a plant which was surrounded by white paper showed that the red -dyed spray does not travel more than six feet from the plant, even in the middle of a windy open area. The spray drift in the middle of a sheltered forest is much less. The accuracy of this procedure is as good as, or better than, a person standing on the ground could achieve. The DOH further informs me that Rodeo is biodegraded by bacteria in water, soil, and sediment. Rodeo is therefore highly unlikely to migrate through the environment and to cause significant environmental damage. Similarly, it is highly unlikely to migrate, expose human beings, and cause the health complaints which you reported. Mrs. Adelaide C. Cain November 27, 1996 Page 2 We regret that a World War II and Korean War veteran such as yourself is feeling poorly. The health effects and environmental damage you have observed may be due to a combination of environmental factors. It seems unlikely, however, that Rodeo sprayed from helicopters for marijuana eradication is a significant factor. Nevertheless, I have instructed the DOH to investigate your concerns thoroughly. If you have further questions, please contact the Hawaii District Health Office at 974-6006. With warmest personal regards, loha, BENJAMIN J. CAYETANO bc: Lawrence Miike Ms. June Kunimoto, DOH -Hawaii �/ Mr. Lawrence Terlet, DLNR-Hawaii 17 October 1996 P. 0. Box 6433 Ocean View, HI 96737-6433 Governor Ben Cayetano __ State Capitol Honolulu, HI 96813 Dear Governor Caystano: Enclosed is my letter written to President Clinton re the harmful physical side-effects being experienced by me, personally, and many other individuals in our very large sub -division in Eouthern Ka'u - Hawaiian Ocean View Estates - due to the indiscriminate aerial spraying of the herbicide RODEO in an effort to eradicate marijuana growing. This herbicide is released from helicopters and is being absorbed by the air - and water in our catchment cisterns. As yet, there is no County water pumped into this area. Many complaints, including symptoms of extreme lethargy, sleepiness, headache, diarrhea, respiratory and sinus problems, burning eyes, nausea, eta., a3re affecting citizens of all ages. In addition, trees are being defoliated, gardens ruined, small birds and beneficial insects routed and killed and, in general, our sub- division turned into an undesirable place to live. I understand that some officials responsible for the program are questioning our complaints and castigating us unfairly as 'pot -growers' and 'dope addicts". More than 2,000 people live in this area - many of them older, conservative, retired individuals - and we resent, very much, this generalization. As a justification for this operation, it hardly suffices. As a 78 -year-old, 25 -year resident of Ocean View, and 38 -year resident of Hawaii, who had hoped to spend my remaining years in this once -lovely area, I ask your help in ceasing this very harmful program. Mahalo nui loa. Sincerely, (Yre.) Adelaide C. Cain rector, /�D h — Tel: 939-8563 -ALE COORDINATE Miin Enc: Letter to President Clinton -_-,_•-�geCC--^nLCr;Cn beau lre]) r=';Y \i C: CCC: GCVe n1O r) .y signature re-wnse (if MY, nrn r ..: etsl ]er _ 199G nofklr 9 C—/,S frM IS enCC::ntere+ In Rtetlna SUSM-se case pavlse oY telepnone IceeakatekYk -;Y, please refer ti: �kj President 'William Clinton The 'White House Office 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. ,fashington, D.C. 20500 SUBJECT: Protest Against Spraying of Harmful View Estates, Ka'u, Island of Hawaii Dear President Clinton: 16 October 1996 P. 0. Box 6433 Ocean View, Hawaii 96737-6433 Herbicide (RODEO) on Hawaiian Ocean As a resident of Hawaii since 1958 and Ocean View Estates since 1970, I am asking your cooperation in helping us force cessation of this harmful spraying - from heliciptere - of herbicide RODEO sometime known as ROUNDUP - all-over our very lar8a subdivision. This practice was initiated recently, by the DSA and the Department of Land and Natural Resources in a continued effort to eradicate any mariulna grown here. We have learned that this area is being used as a "training area and model for other states conducting similar operations. For years, we have unsuccessfully protested any helicipter surveillance whatever since the low-flying aircraft are a nuisance and an invasion of our privacy. Admittedly, some years ago, this was a prime area for marijuana growers, but, since the eradication program began, lees and lees of that substance has been grown. Now, with the price of marijuana becoming exorbitantly high, erstwhile users erm buying much cheaper hard drugs such as cocaine, crack, ice and heroin. This is not a paean in praise of marijuana as I am neither a grower or user. However, it would seem that the enormous amounts of money being spent in this spraying program might be targeted toward the more harmful drugs. The physical side-effects of this herbicide, (active ingredient glyphosate), are having a very harmful and unpleasant effect on many of the approximately 2,000 people living here. Personally, about a month ago, I noticed a sudden onset of extreme lethargy, sleepiness, and almost exhaustion after only slight physical exercise 'lever having the "nap habit", and being a very active and alert 73—year-old, I was naturally very puzzled and concerned. In addition, I began having headaches, diarrhea, burning eyes and mental depression and irritability. In talking with others, I discovered many were similarly affected, and my attention was directed to the use of RODEO as a very possible cause. Other complaints were respiratory and sinus problems, runny noses and general malaise. On 2 October 1996, I went to the Ka'u Family Health Center in Pahala, and was seen by Faron Bauer, :a, who advised me that there had been other similar complaints by people of this area. A blood test was taken and Dr. Bauer reported to me that no physical condition on my part was discovered which could lea4 to the problems I was having. He suggested we keep up our protests andapplauded our efforts. Several protest meetings have been held and *s. Susan Smith, Island SCO Concerns, - 2 - PO Boz 6738, is leading the movement. On behalf of more than 100 people attending one meeting, she has made a formal complaint to a :.r. Glen Sarsha, of the Department of Agriculture. A sudden disappearance of the smaller birds has been noted. A friend tells me of the total cessation of her nightly "cricket serenade", the defoliation of some of her trees, and destruction of her vegetable garden. 'mother adds that his pet fish in his home aquarium have died, along with his vegetable crops. This herbicide is advertised by its maker as to be used in watery areas such as lakes, ponds, rivers, to destroy unwanted weeds and other vegetation. Ocean View has no such areae and has a hot, dry climate. The DSA, Department of Land and Natural Resourceso and the Department of Agriculture contend this herbicide is not harmful but it would seem that the many complaints coming from affected citizens here would prove otherwise. Many here are older, retired individuals who have bought acreage and built their homes in this area, hoping to spend their final years in what used to be an unusually healthful environment with relatively pure air and potable drinking water in our catchment cisterns. Now, all that seems to be coming to an end and some wre even considering giving up their homes and moving. -:elsewhere. As a WAC veteran of both World War II and the Korean Oonflict, I protest this indiscriminate and harmful sprayin, activity. I spent 18 months in Italy (12th 'Air Force) from January 1944 until July 1945, and do not want to go under at this late date due to the irresponsible actions of my own government. Neither do Iwant to leave my long-time home. Any cosideration or help you can give us in this matter will be deeply appreciated. Sincerely, (Mre.) Adelaide C. Cain Tel: 808-939-8563 Copies to: Senator Daniel K. Inouye Senator Daniel Akaka Representative Patsy Mink Representative Neil Abercrombie Governor Ben Cayetano State Senator Andrew Levin State Representative Robert Herkes Mayor Stephen Yamashiro ,-:rs. Susan Smith Keiko Bonk-Abrameon Enol: Extract from Magazine "Solutions" in Orgsnic Gardening are adapted to grow best only in ccrtain climates dunno tntam times of the year. 'In Florida, We grow CHERRY BELLE in the fall and through the winter, but in tfie spring it becomes very spindly and pencil shaped, so we switch to other varieties,' says Stephens. So try growing a variety that's specifically recommend- ed for spring planung in Missouri: The horticulture answer service of the Mis- souri Botanical Garden suggests WHITE ICICLE, BLRPEE tyHITE, CHERRY BELLE and SC IUET GLOBE. (The first three are avail- able from W. Adee Burpee Co., 300 Park Ave., Warminster, PA 18974, free catalog; you can order SCARLET GLOBE from Mellinger's Inc., 2310 SL. W. South Range Rd., North Lima, OH 44452; free catalog.) _ �15 ROUNDUP SAFE? 1Q1 Can you please tell me how harm- ful, beneficial or benign to the en- vironment the herbicide product Roundup is? The ads you see in newspa- '� pen and on TV make it sound like it's as safe as water, but I cannot find objective information about its effects. I Sedles, itrginio Although those massive ad cam- lAI paigns make Roundup seem as harmless as water, the truth is that WS a pretty nasty chemical herbicide. To begin with, Roundup is toxic to earth- worms, fish, and a number of beneficial insects including -parasitic wasps, lacewings, ladybugs and predatory mites, explains Caroline Cox, editor of the ex- t ceilent Journal of Pesticide Reform, pub- lished by the Northwest Coalition For Ahemauves to Pesticides (NCAP). Roundup's _ active ngrede am glvpote,arects pr,—, other ways too, cites Cox: Research con- ducted by T.B. Moorman and colleagues at the USDA Southern Weed Science Laboratory in Stoneville, Mississippi found that glyphosate reduces soybeans' and clover's ability to fix nitrogen: a study conducted by G.S. Johal and J.E. Rahe of the Center for Pest Manage- ment at Simon Fraser University in Burnabv, British Columbia found that glyphosate makes bean plants more sus- ceptible to disease; and at Dalhousie University in Halifax. Nova Scotia, D. Estok and colleagues found that glyphosate reduces the growth of bene- ficial sod -dwelling mvcorrhual fungi. Moving up to mammals, sperm pro- duction in rabbits was CUE 5070 when they were exposed to glyphosate in re- search conducted by M1. Youwf and col- S O L..U'r ! o N S leagues at the University' of Alexandria in Egypt and the University of Tromso in Norway. And the effects of glyphosate on humans are no bargain either. In Cali- fornia, where pesticide -related illness must be reported. Roundup's active in- gredient was the third most commonly !ported cause of pesticide illness among agricultural workers, and the most common cause of pesticide illnecr in landscape workers. According to two New Zealand toxicologists, the symptoms experienced by workers exposed to Roundup includ- ed eve and skin irritation, headaches, nausea and heart palpitations. On top of all this, Roundup can linger in the soil for a long time under some conditions, says Cox. In p study conducted by Monsanto (Roundup's manufacturer), lettuce, carrots and bar- ley were planted in soil where Roundup had been used a year earlier, and 'when they harvested those crops, Roundup was detected in them," reports Co,, Want more? Cox has written a fact - sheet on glyphosate that is scarier than a Stephen King novel—you can get a copy by sending $3 to NCAP, P.O. Box 1393, Eugene, OR 97440. �tt AC elk-L(S SAVE THE L1MA5! (�� 1_ I(1' When was the last time a new lima �QJJ bean variety was invoduced? And why are so few different apes available? I would also appreciate some ups on grow- ing these contrary things. Jay Stanley Dane ,(2nou IOI We had a 21 foot row of pole lima .... beans, but the blossoms dropped off and no pods formed. W'hy? Margaret Heinsbach Saint Rase, Louinana –IC]I As best we can tell, the "newest" lima bean to become available to home gardeners is EXCEL, a bush lima that bean pods containing three to four large, pale green beans each. It's not re. ally a new lima, however. It was devel- oped 30 years ago by Elwvn Meader, Ph.D., professor emeritus of the Univer- sity of New Hampshire—but two seed companies started selling it for the first time in 1994, which makes it "newly available." You can order EXCEL from Southern Exposure Seed Exchange, P.O. Box 170, Early. v dle, VA 22936 (cat- alog and garden guide 52), or Deep Di- versin, Box 13159, Santa Fe• NM 87506 (catalog 54: free price list). Jav, you must not be familiar with • Southern Exposure Seed Exchange, bc- cause they have introduced four 'new' lima varteues since 1990. One you may be especially intefe . In is ILLINOIS GIANT, a pole lima—y� 'eveloped in yournate—whose.large beans•are light green with maroon splashei It combines yAe drought and heat resittance of CHRISTMAS with the productivity of the legendary DR. MARTIN (two old-time de- pendable varieties). And Deep Diversiry recendy introduced HOPI TAN and INDIAN RED, two other heirloom limas that were previously hard to find. But it is we that reaUy new lima bean varieties are tare. \lost large seed com- panies don't have lima bean breeding programs because the home garden de- mandjusE isn't there, asserts George C. Emery, Ph.D., a senior plant breeder at Ferry Morse Seed Co., who formerly worked on lima beans. "lima bean seed sales to home gardeners are even falling off in the South, where most lima beans are grown," confirms Phil Anderson, sales manager for Sacramento Valley Milling Co., one of the few companies that still develops new lima varieties, but primarily for large growers in the food processing industry. Jeff McCormack, Ph.D., owner of Southern Exposure Seed Exchange, has a theory about the lack of new limas: "With more two income families, people don't have as much time to shell out lima beans, compared to preparing snap beans." Or maybe Editor McG is right and nobody in their right mind eats limas. "on general principles of taste and mushy mouth feel.' Oh, and those dropping blossoms probably fell off because temperatures just got too hot, supposes Dr. McCor- mack. Despite the snowy name, he rec- ommends CHRISTMAS (available from Southern Exposure) for high yields in hot, humid conditions. Other growing tips: Limas need warm soils for best ger. mination, and a relatively long, warm, humid growing season of about 120 frost-free'edays to reach full mmi-ity. (Two bush limas, EXCEL and JACKSON WONDER (also available from Southern Exposurc) mature faster, making them good choices for cool climates.) Limas will thrive in anv soil that drains well, but they need (ort of water and do best in a rainy climate, says Dr. Emery. Send )our gardening questions to: Joanna Poncavage, Solutions, OG, 33 E. Minor St., Em,naus, PA 18098. 60Ue me cannot respond to questions tndividuath',.:r U nswer cs many ar Eve can nghd :`7 _ 24 ORCA.NIC CARDENINC'�- April 30, 1997 Mr. Andrew Levin Senator, Third District State Capitol Honolulu, HI 96713 Dear Senator Levin: KAMUUA PHI.O KONA H0NC:1_U1.0 �'tfT MAUI KA! ! 4; OCGA— LA`.D 1, 1G: !7. ST. F,%S. Thank you for your letter of March 29, 1997, regarding questions on DLNR's Marijuana Eradication Program that utilizes pin point spray application by helicopter. First, I have attached for your review the Material Safety Data Sheet from Monsanto dealing with aerial application for Rodeo, the herbicide used to eradicate marijuana. Aerial application may be made as specifically recommended by the label. Secondly, residents of Ocean View report night flights. DOCARE does not and has never conducted any aerial pin point spraying during the evening hours or at night. Thirdly, DLNR is not forthcoming as to whether they have sprayed an area, even after spraying has taken place. We will make every attempt through a press release that is coordinated through the Department's Public Information Office to release information on districts that pin point spraying occurred after the fact. No information will be released prior to spraying for security reasons. Thank you again and please let me know if you need further clarification on this matter. Very Truly Yours, Michael Wilson Chairperson, DLNR Do not treat weeds or brush under poor goo _ coalitions such as draught stress, disease or insect damage, as reduc� - 'at may result. Reduced results may also occur when treating weeds or bisari covered with dust. Reduced control may result when applications are made to any weed or brush species that have been mowed, grazed or cut, and have not been allowed to regrow to the recommended stage for treatment. Rainfall or irrigation occurring within fi hours after application may reduce effectiveness. Heavy rainfall or irrigation within 2 hours after application may wash the product off the foliage and a repeat treatment may be required. When this product comes in contact with soil (on the soil surface or as sus- pended soil or sediment in water) it is bound to soil particles. Under recom- mended use situations, once this product is bound to soil particles, it is not available for plant uptake and will not harm aft -site vegetation where roots grow into the treatment area or if the soil is transported off-site. Under recom- mended use conditions, the strong affinity of this product to soil particles pre- vents this product from leaching out of the soil profile and entering ground water. The affinity between this product and soil particles remains until this product is degraded, which is primarily a biological degradation process carried out under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions by soil micmllora. This product does not provide residual weed control. For subsequent residual weed control, follow a label -approved herbicide program. Read and carefully observe the cautionary statements and all other information appearing on the labels of all herbicides used. Buyer and all users are responsible for all loss or damage in connection with the use or handling of mixtures of this product or other materials that are not expressly recommended in this label. Mixing this product with herbicides or other materials not recommended in this label may result in reduced perfor- mance. ATTENTION AVOID DRIFT. EXTREME CARE MUST BE USED WHEN APPLYING THIS PRODUCT TO PREVENT INJURY TO DESIRABLE PLANTS AND CROPS. Do not allow the herbicide solution to mist, drip, drift or splash onto desirable vegetation since minute quantities of this product can cause severe damage or destruction to the crap, plants or other areas on which treatment was not intended. The likelihood of plant or crop injury occurring from the use of this product is greatest when winds are gusty or in excess of 5 miles per hour or when other conditions, including lesser wind velocities, will allow spray drift to occur. When spraying, avoid combinations of pressure and nozzle type that will result in splatter or fine particles (mist) which are likely to drift. AVOID APPLY- ING AT EXCESSIVE SPEED OR PRESSURE. NOTE: Use of this product in any manner not consistent with this label may result in injury to persons, animals or crops, or other unintended consequences - When not in use, keep container closed to prevent spills and contamination. I1JJ9 ■!4411111110 ■IP 6'1C11t"Its APPLY THESE SPRAY SOLUTIONS IN PROPERLY MAINTAINED AND CALIBRATED EQUIPMENT CAPABLE OF DELIVERING DESIRED VOLUMES. NAND -GUN APPLI- CATIONS SHOULD BE PROPERLY DIRECTED TO AVOID SPRAYING DESIRABLE PLANTS. NOTE: REDUCED RESULTS MAY OCCUR IF WATER CONTAINING SOIL IS USED, such as WATER FROM PONDS AND UNLINED DITCHES. MIXING These surfactant she r he used In excess of I quart per acre when mak- ing broadcast applied, Colorants or marking dyes approved for use wish herbicides may be added to spray mixtures of this product. Colorants or dyes used in spray solutions of this product may reduce performance, especially at lower rates or dilutions. Use colorants or dyes according to the manufacturer's label recommendations. Clean sprayer and parts immediately after using this product by thoroughly flushing with water and dispose of rinsate according to labeled use or disposal instructions. Carefully observe ail cautionary statements and other information appearing in the surfactant label. ■ AERIAL EQUIPMENT IN See the supplemental label for use of this product by air in California. Use the recommended rales of this product and surfactant in 3 to 20 gallons of water per acre as a broadcast spray, unless otherwise specified. See the "Weeds Controlled' section of this label for specific rates. Aerial applications of this product may only be made as specifically recommended in this label. AVOID DRIFT — 00 NOT APPLY DURING INVERSION CONDITIONS, WHEN WINDS ARE GUSTY OR UNDER ANY OTHER CONDITION WHICH WILL ALLOW DRIFT. DRIFT MAY CAUSE DAMAGE TO ANY VEGETATION CONTACTED TO WHICH TREATMENT IS NOT INTENDED. TO PREVENT INJURY TO ADJACENT DESIRABLE VEGETATION, APPROPRIATE BUFFER ZONES MUST BE MAIN- TAINED. Coarse sprays are less likely to drift; therefore, do not use nozzles or nozzle configurations which dispense spray as tine spray droplets. Do not angle noz- zles forward into the airstream and do not increase spray volume by increasing nozzle pressure. Drift control additives may be used. When a drift control additive is used, read and carefully observe the cautionary statements and all other information appearing in the additive label. Ensure uniform application—To avoid streaked, uneven oroverlapped appli- cation, use appropriate marking devices. Thoroughly wash aircraft, especially landing gear, after each day of spraying to remove residues of this product accumulated during spraying or from spills. PROLONGED EXPOSURE OF THIS PRODUCT TO UNCOATED STEEL SURFACES MAY RESULT IN CORROSION AND POSSIBLE FAILURE OF THE PART. LANDING GEAR ARE MOST SUSCEPTIBLE. The maintenance of an organic coating (paint) which meets aerospace specification MIL -C -384L3 may prevent corrosion. ■ BOOM EQUIPMENT ■ For control of weed or brush species listed in this label using conven- tional boom equipment—Use the recommended rates of this product and surfactant in 3 to 30 gallons of water per acre as a broadcast spray, unless oth- ervise specified. See the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label for specific rates. As density of vegetation increases, spray volume should be increased within the recommended range to ensure complete coverage. Carefully select correct nozzle to avoid spraying a fine mist. For best results with ground appli- cation equipment, use flat tan nozzles. Check for even distribution of spray droplets. This product mixes readily with water. Mix spray solutions of this product as ■ HAND-HELD and HIGH-VOLUME EQUIPMENT ■ (allows: fill the mixing or spray tank with the required amount of water while Use Coarse Sprays Only adding the required amount of this product (see "Directions for Use' and "Weeds Controlled" sections of this label). Near the end of the filling process. For control of weeds listed in this label using knapsack sprayers or high - add the required surfactant and mix well. Remove hose from tank immediately volume spraying equipment utilizing handguns or other suitable nozzle after filling to avoid siphoning back into the water source. During mixing and arrangements—Prepare a 314 to 2 percent solution of this product in water, applicator, foaming of the spray solusen may occur. To prevent or minimae add a nonionic surfactant and apply to foliage of vegetation to be controlledFor foam, avoid the use of mechanical agitators, place the filling hose below the specific rates of application and Instructions for control of various annual and surface of the spray solution, terminale by-pass and return lines at the bottom perennial weeds, see the "Weeds Controlled" section in this label. of the lank and if needed use an approved anti-fo er or deforming agent. Applications should be made on a spray -to -wet basis. Spray coverage should Keep by-pass line on or near bottom of tank to minimize foaming. Screen size be uniform and complete. Do not spray to point of runoff. in nozzle or line strainers should he no finer than 50 mesh. Carefully select cot- This product may be used as a 5 to B percent solution for low-volume directed reel nozzle to avoid spraying a fine mist. For best results with conventional sprays for spot treatment of trees and brush. It is most effective in areas where ground application equipment, use flat fan nozzles. Check for even distobu::an (here Is a low density of undesirable trees or brush. If a straight stream nozzle of spray droplets. Is used. startthe application at the top of the targeted vegetation and spray from When using this product, mix 2 or more quarts of a nonmmc surfactant per NO top to cottom in a lateral zig-zag motion. Ensure that at least 50 percent of the gallons of spray solution Use a nomonm surfactant labeled for use with herbi Leaves are contacted by the spray solution For flat fan and cone nozzles and tides. The surfactant must tortoni SO percent or more active ingredient. with,^.and-dnected mist blowers, mist the application over the foliage of the tar - Always mad and follow the manufacurer's surfactant label recommendations geted vegetation. Small, open -branched trees need only be treated from one for best side, If the foliage is thick or there are multiple root sprouts, applications must results. be made from several sides to ensure adequate spray coverage - V / Y)LU— at)Gg1T,tz NORMAN MIZUGUCHI PRESIDENT ANDRE\N LE. VI VICE PRESIDENT _ES II'ARA. IA DIKE Vi r„ARTIIEY MAJORITY LEADERS YJH,TrIEL >r, EnSCI MINORITY LEADER _ C C`�I�P `�EtTET#E C�i�E TnetEPn#1T � it u el'�L [) SPR L3 1 31 PII °91 of toe 1APR l all : 3 4 ,state of ciafutlll FIRST' ,STRIC MALAMA SOLOMON 3-rCI"JD CISTL CT WAYNE METCALF THIRD Jla "R'.CT ANDREW LEVIN FOI_RTI- Y6TRI 'T ROSALYN H BAKER A FTH ��--R JDE-ANAKA jYTF 'I9 -,T.. -T AVERY CHUMBLEY SEIEI 1 - J TIC_ LEHUA FERNANDES SAILING EIeFTH , SAM SLOM NTH J)Is-A..- MATT MATSUNAGA TENTH -I'-AT LES IHARA JR ELEVEN "I_rRIC- BRIAN TANIGUCHI -,',EI FTI D STTIC I CAROLFUKUNAGA THIRTT'NTA CI,TRIc- ROD TAM FOumFE', H DIST=IC SUZANNE CHUN OAKLAND RATL-LJTH D STRIC' NORMAN MIZ'JGUCH: SIxTEENT-I DISTRIC- NORMANSAKAMOTO 3Ee EI JTEEI JT I Cs: - C - SAID ICE E GH CF_Er!TF .IST=.c. RANDYIWASL NINE rL JTi LI 'T' - CALVIN KAWAMOIO TmENTI_TH TRI_ BRIAN KANNO T.NENTY -,RL-.'I$T� JAMES AKI -..TNT- -. ROBEA_ SUNDA EI,- Rc- MIME MCCARTNLY 'V, I. '= - MARSHALL G_ RHI -NI" T ANDEAsw PAUL F nAC AC C" STATE CAPITOL� HONOLULU, HAWAII `�� 91YATURAt RESOURCES March 29, 1997 STATE OF iIAN/AII Mr. Michael Wilson Department of Land P. O. Box 621 Honolulu, HI 96809 Dear Mr. Wilson: & Natural Resources Two issues have arisen with respect to the aerial spraying done by DLNR, and I would appreciate your input. First, I am told that there are warnings on Roundup, and perhaps on Rodeo, which explicitly state that the products are not to be used for aerial spraying. Is that true? Second, residents of Ocean View have reported night flights of helicopters. May I please know whether any aerial spray- ing of marijuana is done in the evening or during nighttime hours. One other complaint that I wanted to bring to your attention was that DLNR is not forthcoming as to whether they have sprayed an area, even after the spraying has taken place. Is there any reason why residents should not be told after the fact, even if DLNR and DEA want to keep the information confidential prior to the eradication effort. May I please hear from you. Very truly yours, ANDREW LEVIN Senator, Third District AL:ck c c=. a 7 cmn 3 6 Q O BEWAMW J. CAYETA'W I \ wveA.aA o� w.w.rr • J� STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES ENFORCEMENT P. O. BO% 936 KILO. HAWAII 96721 0936 October 7, 1996 James Correa Deputy Chief Hawaii County Police Department 349 Kapiolani Street Hilo, HI 96720 —� i wv 1 Dear p uty Chief Correa, Thank you for your telephone call of October 7, 1996 regarding the Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Conservation and Resources Herbicide Marijuana Eradication Program. Briefly, DOCARE in compliance with the conditions set forth in the EIS prepared an operations procedure manual to guide itself during the eradication process. Of course these documents are confidential for Law Enforcement Agency use only. The Glyphosate Rodeo has been approved in the EIS for our program and has been approved by the EPA for Marijuana Eradication. Additionally, a red dye is added along with a surfactant. Rodeo is used to control undesirable aquatic vegetation in wildlife habitats and refuge areas, etc. ('Technical Fact Sheet provided) The monitoring of DOCARE's eradication program is done locally by the Department of Agriculture Pesticides Branch. The most recent monitoring was done on September 16, 1996 both by the State Department of Agriculture and the United States Department of Agriculture. Lastly, I have provided for your use excerpts of the EIS which may further assist you. Again, if I may be of further assistance please don't hesitate in calling me at 974-6208. Sincerely, awrence L. Tertep Attachments 0 Memorandum Subject DOMESTIC CANNABIS ERADICATION/SUPPRESSION PROGRAM OPERATION WIPEOUT GFR4-97-9008 (WCM2D) To Associate SAC Richard Gorman Los Angeles Field Division Thru: ASAC Sidney A. Hayakawa Honolulu District Office Date October 30, 1996 From SA Robert Aiu, DCE/SP Coordinator d / Honolulu District Office Recently, several complaints have been received regarding the herbicidal spray operations of the Hawaii Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program (DCE/SP). These complaints surfaced after the last spray mission conducted on the Big Island of Hawaii during the week of September 16 through 20, 1996. Besides DEA, other agencies involved in this mission included the State Department of Land and Natural Resources, the Hawaii Police Department, and the Hawaii National Guard. Through prior arrangements made by DEA HQS/DOS, this mission was observed and monitored by a group from Washington, DC which is involved in the process of updating the national EIS. This group consisted of the following people: Jack Edmundson, US Dept. of Agriculture Environmental Protection Officer; Linda Abbott, US Dept. of Agriculture Ecologist; Leslie Rubin, US Dept. of Agriculture Toxicologist; Patrick Durkin and Patricia Durkin, Syracuse Environmental Research Analysis (SERA) Toxicologists (contracted by US DOA); DEA Chief Council staff Staci Khan; and DEA HQS/DOS Program Analyst Carol Harrison. Also monitoring the mission for the State of Hawaii was Glenn Sahara, State Dept. of Agriculture Pesticide Specialist, who is also a certified US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) representative. All of the complaints allegedly originated from residents of the Hawaiian Ocean View Estates subdivision (HOVE) in Kau on the Big Island. These complaints generally stated that our spray operation caused residents to become sick, destroyed vegetation other than marijuana, and killed wildlife in the area. On October 5, 1996, a Honolulu TV station televised a news segment wherein some of these HOVE residents voiced their complaints. ASAC Sidney Hayakawa responded on behalf of the Hawaii DCE/SP, and explained that the mission had been monitored by the US and State of Hawaii Departments of Agriculture. On October 24, 1996, a front-page story was printed by the Hawaii Tribune Herald, one of the major daily newspapers on the Big Island of Hawaii. OF r (2) The news article stated that a Dr. Patricia Bailey, an emergency room physician who resides in HOVE, had collected incident reports from about 40 people who claimed they were affected by the spray. The article further stated that Dr. Bailey speculated that the spray was poisoning nearby water catchment tanks, and residents. This article was printed without any prior contact by the newspaper with DEA or any other law enforcement agency. As a result of the notoriety, a meeting of the following officials was held on October 25, 1996 in Hilo at the State building: Gary Moniz and Lawrence Terlep (State and Big Island enforcement chiefs for the State Dept. of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR); June Kunimoto, JP Michaud, and Aaron Ueno (State Dept. of Health officials); Lt. Chad Fukui (Hawaii Police Dept.), Glenn Sahara (State Dept. of Agriculture/USA EPA representative); Jay Sason (representing the County of Hawaii mayor's office) and Al Castro (representing the Governor of Hawaii). I represented DEA at this meeting. Several points were discussed during the meeting, including the following. - The mechanics of the DCE/SP spray operation was explained, including the use of Rodeo (chemically known as glyphosate, and marketed by Monsanto; Roundup is also glyphosate, but does not contain a surfactant or sticking agent). - JP Michaud (State DOH, PH.D. in Toxicology) advised the group that glyphosate is a relatively safe herbicide; is low in toxicity, even less than table salt; if ingested, it will remain in the body for only a couple of days at the most; for glyphosate to be identified in a person's system, that person must be seen within the hour of contamination by a doctor, because the chemical breaks down so quickly. - Glenn Sahara advised that Rodeo is approved for spraying and for use in and around waterways. Sahara stated he personally met with a group of HOVE complainants, including Dr. Bailey and a Susan SMITH (discussed later in this memorandum). The information he received from the group was inconclusive as to whether our spray operation did or did not cause any damage to humans, wildlife, or foliage. According to Sahara, only SMITH agreed to file a formal complaint. - June Kunimoto (State Dept. of Health Administrator for the Big Island) explained that she would be requesting assistance from Mr. William Nelson, EPA Region 9 administrator, in evaluating whether the complaints received are consistent/inconsistent with our application of Rodeo. Ms. Kunimoto received a list of about forty complaints from HOVE residents compiled by Dr. Bailey. I suggested that Jack Edmundson, the US Dept. of Agriculture officer, be contacted for his evaluation of the mission he and his team observed while they were in Hawaii. (Our spray operation received a very positive rating from the team - refer to attached letter dated 9/30/96). (3) I also advised the group that we were preparing a public response to the allegations and that this would be forthcoming within a week. Every member of the panel, upon hearing our explanation of how we operate - plant by plant and direct spot spraying, no broad/sweep spraying - discounted the complaints and was very supportive of our mission. Mr. Castro, representing the Governor's office, was concerned that Dr. Bailey, as a contract physician with the Kau and Kona Hospitals, may have compromised the State with her irresponsible, uncorroborated statements in the press regarding her link between glyphosate and the illnesses reported to her. On October 30, 1996, I interviewed Dr. Bailey. Due to her being off -island, this was my first opportunity to do so. She stated she had not personally examined any of the forty complainants, and therefore had not made any medical diagnoses. Her involvement was the compilation of the complaints, which had been attributed to the spraying of Rodeo, which she admitted could not be proven. Dr. Bailey explained that she contacted the Poison Control Center for a list of side effects of Rodeo. Upon comparing these side effects with the complainants' symptoms, she noticed that they were almost identical. Based on this analysis, she attributed the illnesses to the spraying of Rodeo. However, Dr. Bailey did acknowledge that vog (the pervasive and continuing haze caused by the erupting volcano) could cause the same symptoms, and could be a "significant" factor. When I explained the type of spraying we did and that we did not spray anywhere near, let alone in, subdivisions or residential areas, she stated she was glad to know this and characterized our operation as a "very safe way of doing things". She apologized for the adverse press release and the fact that as a doctor, she had lent credibility to the complaints. Dr. Bailey offered to do whatever she could to "turn this thing around" and even said she thought we were being "unfairly accused". Dr. Bailey stated she would spread the word about how we operated to allay some of the misconceptions. Two other points require further explanation. The first is that we were accused of spraying in HOVE during the dates September 16 through 18, 1996. In fact, spray operations occurred only on September 16, 1996 in the vicinity of HOVE, but not in the subdivision itself. Secondly, one of the leaders of this group of complainants, Susan SMITH, was arrested by DEA, ATF, and the Hawaii Police in a joint investigation in 1994. In plea bargaining, the case against her was dismissed, however her husband, Nile SMITH, was convicted on drug and firearms violations in Federal Court. He was already a Federally -convicted counterfeiter at the time. At that time, both SMITHS were totally anti -law enforcement. If I can provide further information, please contact ASAC Hayakawa or myself. I ERADICATION OF MARIJUANA ( ON STATE-OWNED AND MANAGED CONSERVATION DISTRICT LANDS ISLANDS OF HAWAII, MAUI AND MOLOKAI 0 FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ;3TA,TEMENT DECEMBER 1986 C� FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES STATE OF HAWAII ERADICATION OF MARIJUANA ON STATE-OWNED AND MANAGED CONSERVATION DISTRICT LANDS ISLANDS OF HAWAII, MAUI AND MOLOKAI er . Landgraf AdministMIPK, D' Sion of Forestry and Wildlife Department of Land and Natural Resources December 1986 Prepared by KRP INFORMATION SERVICES Honolulu, Hawaii PROJECT: ERADICATION OF MARIJUANA LOCATION: CONSERVATION DISTRICT LANDS OWNED AND MANAGED BY THE STATE OF HAWAII ISLANDS OF HAWAII, MAUI be MOLOKAI APPLICANT: DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES P. O. BOX 621 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96809 APPROVING AGENCY: BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES P. O. BOX 621 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96809 ACCEPTING AUTHORITY: THE HONORABLE GEORGE R. ARIYOSHI GOVERNOR, STATE OF HAWAII CONTACT: LIBERT K. LANDGRAF, ADMINISTRATOR DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES 1151 Punchbowl Street HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813 PHONE: (808) 548 2861 CONSULTANT: KRP INFORMATION SERVICES P.O. BOX 27506 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96827 PHONE: (808) 545 3633 CONTACT PERSON: JACQUELINE PARNELL CHANGES MADE AS THE RESULT OF COMMENTS ON THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT The herbicide proposed to be used in the eradication program will be limited to Weed Oil. Glyphosate will be used only if Weed Oil becomes unavailable, and only after field tests in Hawaiian forest areas. Diesel oil will not be used in the foreseeable future. Minor corrections have been made throughout the text to clarify meaning or correct errors. A new appendix has been added on invertebrates proposed for listing as endangered and threatened species. Comment letters on the draft EIS and response to them are reproduced in Appendix E, part 2. PREFACE The Board of Land and Natural Resources, approving agency for the applicant action, has determined that the proposed action, which will include the use of chemicals for the eradication of marijuana growing on state-owned and managed Conservation District lands on the islands of Hawaii, Maul, and Molokai, will require an environmental impact statement (EIS) under Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes, Section 343-5, and the Environmental Impact Statement Rules, Chapter 200, Title 11, Administrative Rules, for the following reasons: 1. The proposed use is a conditional use in the Conservation District; and 2. The proposed use meets significance criteria defined in Section 11-200-12 of the EIS regulations. The proposed eradication program will be very similar to that approved for the Island of Kauai in 1985. In 1984, the Department determined that the use of chemicals in the eradication of marijuana growing on State-owned and managed lands in a Conservation District would require a Conservation District Use Permit (CDUA) from the Board of Land and Natural Resources. The Department also determined that the action could have a significant environmental impact, and that an environmental impact statement would be prepared as part of the application. The application and the EIS that were prepared addresses Conservation District lands owned and managed by the State of Hawaii on the island of Kauai. The Department now intends to expand the eradication program to the islands of Hawaii, Maui, and Molokai. The EIS for Kauai, which was accepted by the Governor on August 19, 1985, identifies the potential adverse environmental impacts of the action and proposes a number of measures to mitigate these potential effects. These mitigatory measures were incorporated as conditions to the Conservation District Use Permit that was approved by the Board on August 23, 1985. The Board also directed that a Department operations plan be prepared. This operations plan was developed in January, 1986. It provides specific guidelines for site selection, field operations and monitoring for the eradication program. There are also two Federal EIS's that address chemical eradication of marijuana. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has prepared two programmatic EIS's. I One evaluates actions on Federal lands in the Continental United States (July 1985); the other evaluates actions on non -Federal lands in the contiguous United States and i Hawaii (May 1986). Much of the information in this document is taken from these previously published and approved State and Federal ELS's, and the Operation Plan for Kauai. This report is being prepared to accomplish the following: 1. To comply with Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes; 2. To inform the public of the proposed action and methods for the eradication of marijuana on Conservation District lands and to obtain public response to the proposed action; 3. To assess the environmental setting of the areas where this action is to occur; 4. To assess the possible environmental impacts of the proposed action; 5. To set forth measures that can mitigate the potentially harmful environmental consequences of the proposed action; and, 6. To evaluate alternatives to the proposed action and assess possible impacts i of these alternatives. i I TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Table of Contents i List of Tables iv List of Figures v Acronyms and Abbreviations vi SUMMARY vil PART I DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT BACKGROUND I-1 OBJECTIVES I-7 THE PROPOSED ACTION I-7 PART II ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION NO ACTION II -1 CONTINUE CURRENT MANUAL ERADICATION PROGRAM II -1 CHEMICAL ERADICATION METHODS II -1 CHEMICAL ERADICATION COMBINED WITH III -1 MANUAL ERADICATION II -2 LEGALIZING THE USE OF MARIJUANA II -2 EXPANDING/INTENSIFYING ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS II -3 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHOD, II -3 PRESCRIBED BURNING METHOD 11-4 USE OF CHEMICALS OTHER THAN GLYPHOSATE, WEED OIL, 111-6 AND DIESEL OIL II -4 PART III DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ELEMENTS ISLAND OF HAWAII III -1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION III -1 CONSERVATION LANDS III -1 DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT III -1 Climate and Weather III -1 Landforms, Soils and Vegetation III -2 Wildlife III -3 Endangered and Threatened Species 111-4 Water Quality and Aquatic Systems III -4 Air Quality 111-6 Cultural Resources III -6 Special Areas III -6 Visual Resources 111-7 Noise III -7 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ISLAND OF MAUI III -8 GENERAL DESCRIPTION III -8 CONSERVATION LANDS III -8 DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT III -8 Climate and Weather 111-8 Landforms, Soils and Vegetation I11-8 Wildlife III -10 Endangered and Threatened Species III -11 Water Quality and Aquatic Systems III -11 Air Quality III -12 Cultural Resources III -13 Special Areas III -13 Visual Resources III -13 Noise III -14 ISLAND OF MOLOKAI III -14 GENERAL DESCRIPTION III -14 CONSERVATION LANDS III -14 DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT III -14 Climate and Weather III -14 Landforms, Soils and Vegetation III -15 Wildlife III -16 Endangered and Threatened Species III -16 Water Quality and Aquatic Systems III -17 Air Quality III -17 Cultural Resources III -18 Special Areas III -18 Visual Resources III -18 Noise III -19 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ELEMENTS III -19 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS III -19 SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS III -22 PART 1V THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROPOSED ACTION TO LAND USE PLANS, POLICIES AND CONTROLS FOR THE PROJECT AREA STATE PLANS AND POLICIES IV -1 DOFAW RULES FOR FOREST RESERVES IV -3 PART V ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATORY MEASURES INTRODUCTION V-1 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LANDFORMS, SOILS AND VEGETATIVE COVER V-3 WILDLIFE V-10 WATER RESOURCES AND AQUATIC SYSTEMS V-12 AIR QUALITY V-15 VISUAL RESOURCES V-15 NOISE V-15 HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES V-16 PUBLIC HEALTH AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY V-16 ECONOMIC ELEMENTS V-20 SOCIAL ELEMENTS V-20 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS V-20 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY V-21 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES V-21 PROBABLE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED V-22 AN INDICATION OF WHAT OTHER INTERESTS AND CONSIDERATIONS OF GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES ARE THOUGHT TO OFFSET THE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTION V-22 PART VI LIST OF NECESSARY APPROVALS VI -1 PART VII UNRESOLVED ISSUES VII -1 PART VIII AGENCIES, ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS CONTACTED VIII -1 PART IX DEIS DISTRIBUTION LIST IX -1 PART X DEIS RESPONDERS X-1 LIST OF REFERENCES APPENDIX A DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE RULES FOR FOREST RESERVES APPENDIX B CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND SAFETY DATA APPENDIX C INVETEBRATES PROPOSED FOR LISTING AS ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES APPENDIX D PLANT TAXA PROPOSED FOR LISTING AS ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES APPENDIX E COMMENT LETTERS AND RESPONSES iii LIST OF TABLES Table Page III -1 1984 DOMESTIC CANNABIS ERADICATION SUPPRESSION PROGRAM STATISTICS III -20 V-1 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS ON NATURAL ELEMENTS V-23 V-2 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS ON PEOPLE V-26 V-3 MITIGATORY MEASURES AND OPERATIONAL FEATURES V-29 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page I-1 MAP OF STATE-OWNED CONSERVATION DISTRICT LANDS ON HAWAII I-2 1-2 MAP OF STATE-OWNED CONSERVATION DISTRICT LANDS ON MAUI I-3 I-3 MAP OF STATE-OWNED CONSERVATION DISTRICT LANDS ON MOLOKAI I-4 1-4 MANUAL ERADICATION OF MARIJUANA I-12 1-5 SPOT APPLICATION ON THE GROUND I-12 I-6 HELICOPTER VIEW OF MARIJUANA PATCHES I-15 I-7 HELICOPTER VIEW OF MARIJUANA PATCHES I-15 I-8 HELICOPTER SPRAY APPARATUS 1-16 I-9 HELICOPTER IN OPERATION I-16 I-10 HELICOPTER SPRAY APPARATUS IN USE 1-17 I-11 HELICOPTER SPRAY APPARATUS IN USE I-17 I-12 MARIJUANA PATCHES AFTER SPRAYING 1-18 I-13 MARIJUANA PATCHES AFTER SPRAYING 1-18 v ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BLNR Board of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii DEA U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration DLNR Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii DOA Department of Agriculture, State of Hawaii DOCARE Division of Conservation and Resources Enforcement, DLNR DOFAW Division of Forestry and Wildlife, DLNR DPED Department of Planning and Economic Development EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency HSPA Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association SCS U.S. Soil Conservation Service USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USGS U.S. Geological Survey vi SUMMARY BACKGROUND The proposed eradication program will take place on state-owned and managed Conservation District lands on the islands of Hawaii, Maui and Molokai. The target vegetation is the cannabis plant, commonly know as marijuana or hemp. In Hawaii, it is also called pakalolo. According to the 1984 Annual Report of the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control of the Ninety -Eighth Congress, marijuana is considered to be the number one drug problem in Hawaii. It has also become a problem of public safety and danger to the environment. Because cannabis cultivation is illegal, most sites chosen for cultivation are in areas remote enough to avoid detection by the general public, but accessible enough to carry in heavy gardening equipment In Hawaii, law enforcement officials estimate that 100.0 of the marijuana is grown in small private backyard settings, 10 to 20% on sugarcane lands, and 70 to 80% in forested areas. The great majority of cannabis cultivation sites occur in the more remote portions of forested or agricultural areas. Marijuana growing is harmful to sensitive environmental areas. Cultivation of marijuana for sale is an intensive agricultural operation. Growers destroy native vegetation in the process of cultivation, including felling trees to provide more sunlight to their crops, and use herbicides, snail and slug pellets, mouse and rat poison, and commercial chemical fertilizers. Marijuana growers also employ a number of methods to protect their crops from intruders, including booby traps, making some areas of state-owned and managed Conservation District lands dangerous for legitimate users, such as hikers and hunters Law enforcement officials use a variety of programs in their efforts to control marijuana. These include interception of marijuana shipments, including the highly successful "Operation Pele" which has concentrated on the U.S. mails; enforcement actions against both sellers and buyers; and eradication of marijuana by both mechanical and chemical means. vii Local law enforcement officials have had great difficulty in keeping up with the great increase in marijuana growing, even though the numbers of persons arrested and the amounts of marijuana confiscated and eradicated are considerable. Despite massive efforts, law enforcement officials acknowledge that there is still a great deal of marijuana being grown and shipped out of Hawaii. Marijuana eradication has been accomplished by "Operation Green Harvest." The traditional Green Harvest operations utilize helicopters to spot marijuana patches from the air. Enforcement officers rappel to the ground, cut the marijuana plants, load the plants into slings to be carried away by helicopter, and are picked up by rope by the helicopter at the end of the operation. Because the Green Harvest operations are expensive, dangerous, and require considerable personnel, law enforcement officials have sought alternative methods of eradication. In 1984, owners and managers of sugarcane plantations on the island of Hawaii requested police assistance in eradicating marijuana grown in the cane fields. Landowners conferred with the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association and Hawaii County Police, looking for something that would destroy the marijuana without damaging the sugarcane. Their proposal was to spray an emulsion of diesel fi oil and water on the plants. The first "Operation Wilt" took place on the Big Island in May, 1984. Law enforcement officers reported that they destroyed 43,349 plants in six operations. On Kauai, 12,189 plants were destroyed in three days. in both counties all of these operations were on private lands at the request of and with the permission of landowners. 4 i The success of chemical eradication programs on plantation lands led the Department of Land and Natural Resources to consider a similar program for state-owned and managed lands in the Conservation District on Kauai in 1985. Successful eradication efforts on Kauai utilizing weed oil have led, in turn, to the proposed expansion of the program to state-owned and managed Conservation } District lands on Hawaii, Maui and Molokai. OBJECTIVES The objective of the eradication program is to preserve the character and resources of the state-owned and managed Conservation District lands in order to viii make these areas safe for public recreation and other uses, and to protect native plant and animal habitats from further destruction by people engaged in the cultivation of marijuana. The state also has the duty and responsibility to stop illegal activities and eradicate contraband on its lands. An additional objective of the proposed eradication program is to put potential growers on notice that they will be risking much time and effort, with little chance of securing a harvest, if they plant on state-owned and managed Conservation District lands. THE PROPOSED ACTION Alternative methods of eradication being proposed include both manual removal and chemical spraying. Alternate disposal methods include either hauling the marijuana away for disposal or leaving it on the site (for chemical eradication methods only). At present, only manual methods of eradication and physical removal are being used. The proposed action will add chemical eradication methods and on-site disposal to current practices. Spot applications of chemicals will be made by ground crews with knapsack sprayers or by a helicopter equipped with a modified -hose sprayer. In places where the spraying of chemicals would not be prudent, marijuana will be removed by hand or mechanical means. The spraying will target individual plants. There will be no broadcast -spraying over a general area. The chemicals that will be used are weed oil, a commercial preparation similar to diesel oil, and glyphosate, sold commercially as Roundup. If permission can be obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Hawaii State Department of Agriculture, diesel oil may also be utilized. (Although oils are commonly used in conjunction with pesticides as wetting agents, diesel oil by itself cannot be sold for use as an herbicide for marijuana eradication because it is not registered for that use with EPA.) Paraquat will not be used. Because it cannot be predicted where marijuana plants would be found and because swift follow up is necessary for the success of the program, eradication would be approved on a case-by-case basis by the Chairperson of the Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR.) or his designated representative. ix ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATORY MEASURES The major concern relating to the use of chemicals in the eradication of marijuana plants is the potential impact on plant and wildlife habitats; soils and groundwater resources; fresh water resources and aquatic creatures; and human health. The method of application is critical. Broadcast spraying by fixed -wing aircraft has the potential of being extremely destructive and therefore will not be done. All application will be either by helicopter with a modified -hose sprayer or by ground crews using knapsack sprayers. Even these measures will have some adverse and i unavoidable impacts. Before any spraying is undertaken, an operations plan will be developed for each island to provide guidelines for the field operations program. The Operations Plan for marijuana eradication prepared by DLNR for Kauai specifies the procedures to be followed for both manual and chemical eradication operations. For chemical } eradication, it provides specifications for: Training; Chemical Mixing, Equipment t Calibration and Chemical Application; Weather Conditions; Public Notification; Personal Health and Safety; Spills and Other Emergencies; Record Keeping; and Monitoring. These specifications are presented in Table V-3 at the end of Part V and will be part of similar operations plans for Hawaii, Maui and Molokai. I Chemical spraying will be carefully controlled, following the mitigatory measures x identified in this report and summarized in Table V-3. It is expected that these measures will form the basis for conditions of approval of the state-owned and managed Conservation District Use permits, as was the case for the Kauai application. ; Records will be kept on chemical spraying activities and a monitoring program will be established. Results of the monitoring program will be evaluated and changes in eradication methods made, if necessary. DLNR will consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and others to identify essential habitats and other sensitive areas. They will determine the areas where: 1. Spraying by helicopter would be allowed; 2. Spraying by portable knapsack units would be allowed; 3. Only manual eradication methods would be allowed. ON No chemical spraying will be done until this process has been completed and approved by the BLNR-designated authority. xi PART I DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT BACKGROUND Location The proposed eradication program will take place on state-owned and managed Conservation District lands on the islands of Hawaii, Maui and Molokai. These Conservation District land areas are shown in Figures I-1, I-2 and I-3. Target Vegetation The Final Environmental Impact Statement prepared by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) for the eradication of marijuana on non -Federal lands (DEA 1986) provides a comprehensive description of marijuana and its growing characteristics. The target vegetation is the cannabis plant, commonly know as marijuana or hemp. In Hawaii, it is also called pakalolo. Cannabis, properly called Cannabis sativa, is a broadleaf, herbaceous annual that has adapted to a wide variety of environmental conditions and flourishes in temperate and tropical climates. There appear to be few areas where cannabis cannot be grown. The only limiting factors may be the length of the growing season, the possibility of detection, and the availability of water. The DEA notes that cultivated cannabis typically needs a growing season of up to 120 days, although there is some evidence that faster maturing strains have been developed. Under favorable growing conditions, it can grow to a height of 18 feet in the typical 4- to 6 -month growing season. Current domestic cultivation efforts have focused increasingly on the production of sinsemilla, a type of cannabis produced by plants in which polination has been artificially inhibited. Extra effort is required to cultivate sinsenilla which has a significantly higher level of the psychoactive ingredient THC (tetrahydro- cannabinol) than is produced by standard cultivation methods or is found in marijuana varieties growing wild. The extra effort is rewarding to the growers because the higher potency — up to more than 10% THC content — has a much higher market value. KAILUA CAPTAIN COOK M in FIGURE 1-1 HAWAII STATE—OWNED CONSERVATION DISTRICT LANDS _ i*� ) NA'ALEHU ftw��W.wl VOLCANO HILO I KRP Information Services I-2 w v LL I-3 cv) a wa (1) W 0 Z 0 z j j 0 ui LL I- Q F- U) • A 1-4 F Extent of Problem According to the 1984 Annual Report of the Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control of the Ninety -Eighth Congress, marijuana is considered to be the number one drug problem in Hawaii. It has also become a problem of public safety and danger to the environment. Because cannabis cultivation is illegal, most sites chosen for cultivation are in areas remote enough to avoid detection by the general public, but accessible enough to carry in heavy gardening supplies and equipment. In Hawaii, law enforcement officials estimate that 10% of the marijuana is grown in small private backyard settings, 10 to 20% on sugarcane lands, and 70 to 80% in forested areas. The great majority of cannabis cultivation sites occur in the more remote portions of forested or agricultural areas. Marijuana growing is harmful to sensitive environmental areas. Cultivation of marijuana for sale is an intensive agricultural operation. Growers destroy native vegetation in the process of cultivation, including felling trees to provide more sunlight to their crops, and use herbicides, snail and slug pellets, mouse and rat poison, and commercial fertilizers. Officials of The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, the group who manages the 5,320 -acre Waikamoi Preserve on Maui, report that illegal farming activites in the area have become a threat to the rare birds that live there. They note that growers have chopped down large ohia tress and cleared other valuable foliage, inviting destructive weeds and spoiling birds' habitats (Maui News, 8/13/86). Marijuana growers also employ a number of methods to protect their crops from intruders, including booby traps, making some areas of state-owned and managed Conservation District lands dangerous for legitimate users, such as hikers and hunters. The manager and other workers at the Waikamoi preserve have been threatened. The threats are so serious that the Conservancy has stopped allowing the public to go into the western area of the preserve (Honolulu Advertiser 8/12/86). Law enforcement officials use a variety of programs in their efforts to control marijuana. These include interception of marijuana shipments, including the highly I-5 successful "Operation Pele" which has concentrated on the U.S. mails; enforcement actions against both sellers and buyers; and eradication of marijuana by both mechanical and chemical means. Local law enforcement officials have had great difficulty in keeping up with the great increase in marijuana growing, even though the numbers of persons arrested and the amounts of marijuana confiscated are considerable. Big Island Police Chief Guy Paul is quoted in a Honolulul Advertiser article of October 7, 1986, as stating that there have been 431 arrests, including shippers and growers, for marijuana over the six months from January to June of 1986, and that many of these were multiple offenders. Eradication efforts are also extensive. DEA statistics published in the DEA 1986 EIS indicate that 447,778 plants were eradicated in Hawaii in 1984, an amount larger than in California and second only to Indiana for cultivated plants. Almost 65% of the plants seized were sinsemilla. In 1985, a record 563,621 plants were eradicated in Hawaii County alone (Honolulu Advertiser, 9/16/86). Maui County police have conducted nearly a dozen raids, of two to three days each, during the first nine months of 1986 using National Guard helicopters. The harvest has netted 88,815 plants (Honolulu Advertiser, 10/7/86). k One 4 -day effort on the Big Island in September, 1986, netted 122,500 marijuana plants, estimated to weigh 20 tons, and involving 95 acres of land (Honolulu Advertiser, 9/16/86). The article notes that if the 122,500 marijuana plants had been planted in open fields, like a legal crop, they would have covered an area about the size of Waikiki. Despite these massive efforts, law enforcement officials acknowledge that there is still a great deal of marijuana being grown and shipped out of Hawaii. Marijuana eradication has been accomplished by "Operation Green Harvest." The traditional Green Harvest operations utilize helicopters to spot marijuana patches from the air. Enforcement officers rappel to the ground, cut the marijuana plants, load the plants into slings to be carried away by helicopter, and then picked up by I rope by the helicopter at the end of the operation. I-6 Because the Green Harvest operations are expensive, dangerous, and require considerable personnel, law enforcement officials have sought alternative methods of eradication. In 1984, owners and managers of sugarcane plantations on the island of Hawaii requested police assistance in eradicating marijuana grown in the cane fields. Landowners conferred with the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association and Hawaii County Police, looking for something that would destroy the marijuana without damaging the sugarcane. Their proposal was to spray an emulsion of diesel oil and water on the plants. The first "Operation Wilt" took place on the Big Island in May, 1984. Law enforcement officers reported that they destroyed 43,349 plants in six operations. On Kauai, 12,189 plants were destroyed in three days. In both counties all of these operations were on private lands at the request of and with the permission of landowners. The success of chemical eradication programs on plantation lands led DLNR to consider a similar program for state-owned and managed lands in the Conservation District on Kauai in 1985. Successful eradication efforts on Kauai utilizing weed oil have led, in turn, to the proposed expansion of the program to state-owned and managed Conservation District lands on Hawaii, Maui and Molokai. OBJECTIVES The objective of the eradication program is to preserve the character and resources of the state-owned and managed Conservation District lands in order to make these areas safe for public recreation and other uses, and to protect native plant and animal habitats from further destruction by people engaged in the cultivation of marijuana. The state also has the duty and responsibility to stop illegal activities and eradicate contraband on its lands. An additional objective of the proposed eradication program is to put potential growers on notice that they will be risking much time and effort, with little chance of securing a harvest, if they plant on state-owned and managed Conservation District lands. THE PROPOSED ACTION Although DOFAW is the applicant in the proposed action, actual eradication operations will be undertaken by DLNR's Division of Conservation and Resources Enforcement (DOCARE) in cooperation with the county police departments and DEA. I-7 Spot applications of chemicals will be made by ground crews with knapsack sprayers or by helicopters equipped with boom sprayers. In places where the spraying of chemicals would not be prudent, marijuana will be removed by hand or mechanical means. The spraying will target individual plants. There will be no broadcast -spraying over a general area. The chemicals that will be used are weed oil, a commercial preparation similar to diesel oil, and glyphosate, sold commercially as Roundup. If permission can be obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Hawaii State Department of Agriculture, diesel oil may also be utilized. (Although oils are commonly used in conjunction with pesticides as wetting agents, diesel oil by itself cannot be sold for use as an herbicide for -marijuana eradication because it is not registered for that use with EPA.) Paraquat will not be used. Weed oil has been selected as the principal chemical to be used because of the successful application of diesel oil on sugarcane lands by the police departments of both Kauai and Hawaii counties described earlier. (Note: the diesel oil used in this experiment was taken from stocks on hand and was neither sold nor purchased for use as an herbicide.) In these applications, oil was mixed with water in a i concentration of 35 to 40 percent oil plus one quart of a surfactant or sticking agent. This mixture of oil and water was sprayed at low altitude from a helicopter through an extended boom. The marijuana plants died within a few hours, compared to several days or a week for other herbicides. The combination of large droplets and precision spraying results in very little drift, and has been very effective in eradicating marijuana without causing injury to the cane. A similar operation, using weed oil, has been used in the eradication of marijuana growing on state-owned and managed Conservation District lands on Kauai. This operation is described in more detail in Part V of this report. Under certain circumstances, glyphosate will be utilized. Glyphosate is highly effective, has short persistence in soil and water environments, and very low toxicity to animals. Because it cannot be predicted where marijuana plants would be found and because swift follow up is necessary for the success of the program, eradication would be M I approved on a case-by-case basis by the Chairperson of the BLNR or his designated representative. The following information will be provided: 1. Exact location of target site. 2. "Name and distance of nearest town or landmark." (A requirement for filing a CDUA application.) 3. "Area (size) of proposed use." (A requirement for filing a CDUA application.) 4. Type of treatments; i.e., chemical or physical means, and air or ground application. 5. Type and formulation of chemicals along with the manufacturer's directions for use. 6. Weather conditions under which chemicals would not be used. 7. Time period to carry out the operation. Before any spraying is undertaken, an Operations Plan will be developed for each island to provide guidelines for the field operations program. DLNR will consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the other agencies listed in Item 1. on page V-2 to identify essential habitats and other sensitive areas. They will determine the areas where: 1. Spraying by helicopter would be allowed; 2. Spraying by portable knapsack units would be allowed; 3. Only manual eradication methods would be allowed. No chemical spraying will be done until this process has been completed and approved by the BLNR-designated authority. Chemical spraying will be carefully controlled, following the mitigatory measures identified in this report and summarized in Table V-3. It is expected that these measures will form the basis for conditions of approval of the Conservation District Use permits, as was the case for the Kauai application. Records will be kept on chemical spraying activities. A monitoring program will be established to determine: I-9 I 1. The effectiveness of the marijuana eradication program. 2. The effects on soils, groundwater, wildlife, and non -target vegetation. Results of the monitoring program will be evaluated and changes in eradication methods made, if necessary. Alternative methods of eradication being proposed include both manual removal and chemical spraying. Alternate disposal methods include either hauling the marijuana away for disposal or leaving it on the site (for chemical eradication methods only). At present, only manual methods of eradication and physical removal are being used. The proposed action will add chemical eradication methods and on-site disposal to current practices. A description of alternative methods of eradication and the chemicals proposed to be used follows. Eradication Methods Physical Manual Methods. Manual eradication involves the use of hand and portable power l tools to cut down marijuana plants. The most common method is to uproot small plants; larger plants are cut down with hoes, axes, machetes, weedeaters, and both mechanized and hand saws. The advantages of this method include the low cost of equipment and the high degree of selectivity. For larger plots, however, the labor E and time requirements of manual eradication are greater than for other methods of eradication. Figure I-4 illustrates the manual method of eradication. The use of manual methods is also constrained by the time and effort required for the workers to reach the site. The distance and the nature of the terrain and its vegetation are key factors. In remote areas, helicopters are used to transport law enforcement officers to the sites. Mechanical Methods. Mechanical eradication methods use self-propelled machinery to destroy the marijuana plants. Mowers, reapers, or bush hogs with high-speed rotary blades may be used to cut, shop, flail, or shred the plants. This process is nonselective in that all plants on the site are cut down when the I-10 equipment is used. Most mechanical equipment is not safe to operate on slopes of more than 30 to 35 degrees. Mechanical methods also are constrained in areas where soil is highly susceptible to compaction or erosion. In addition, site obstacles such as logs, stumps, and rocks reduce efficiency. Accessibility of the site and the availability of the equipment are other important considerations. Chemical Chemical eradication methods involve the application of herbicides or other chemicals to destroy the marijuana plants. A wide variety of chemicals are available for controlling annual broadleaf weeds such as marijuana. The chemicals that are effective in destroying cultivated plants and that are under consideration for use in eradicating marijuana from state-owned lands are glyphosate and weed oil. Diesel oil may also be used if permissions can be obtained from EPA and the State Department of Agriculture (DOA). Two delivery methods are proposed: ground spot application and aerial spot application by helicopter. Ground Spot Application. Ground spot application involves the localized application of chemicals by portable spray units to individual plants or small clumps of plants. This is illustrated in Figure I-5. Treatment effectiveness depends on the rate of application and the coverage on the marijuana plants. The advantage of this technique is that non -target plants are easily avoided. It has essentially the same disadvantages as the manual eradication methods. This method is more labor-intensive and time-consuming than aerial broadcast application. Aerial Spot Application. Aerial spot application involves the application of chemicals by aerial spraying a plot or a number of plots. This method is proposed for use in areas that are remote or not readily accessible by surface means. It is less costly than other methods because relatively few people are needed to treat large areas. Topography and accessibility are also less constraining for aerial applications than for ground spot application or for manual methods. Aerial spraying will only be done from helicopters because they are more maneuverable and can offer greater accuracy. Chemicals are sprayed on target crops using a specially designed modified -hose sprayer that effectively reduces too I-12 Figure 1-4 (ahove) 'Manual Eradication of Marijuana Figure I-5 (left) Shot ,Application on the Ground drift onto offsite or nontarget areas. The spray is controlled by the pilot. The system is designed to create a minimum of air turbulence in the vicinity of the nozzle orifices to maintain a uniformly large droplet size and to prevent creation of aerosols. The bulk of the herbicide spray droplets produced by this system are quite large, in the range of 400 to 1,200 microns (in contrast to insecticide droplets, which are in the range of 20 to 300 microns), so little of the herbicide drifts outside of the buffer zones around the target areas. Aerial application of herbicides is done by specially trained and licensed aircraft pilots. Spray equipment must meet rigorous spray delivery specifications. The system must have an automatic vacuum shutoff to prevent overspraying. The delivery system must be calibrated to ensure delivery of the proper droplet size and distribution. Weather conditions and spray delivery performance are monitored by onsite inspectors to minimize the chance of off -target drift, volatilization, runoff, or leaching of applied herbicides. (Assignment of responsibility for ensuring compliance with spray delivery specifications and for monitoring activities is made by site-specific analyses on a case-by-case basis.) Offsite drift can be a problem when winds exceed 8 mph, when the humidity is low, or when the temperature is high enough to reduce the size of the droplets. Applying the herbicide when it is raining or when rain is imminent could contribute to runoff or dilution of herbicide and leaching through the soil. Therefore, spraying is allowed only under favorable weather conditions. (Part IV describes the mitigatory measures that apply to aerial application methods.) Three major factors were considered in the design of the spray system. 1. Drift and Overspray: this occurs as a result of the air currents generated by "prop -wash." A pressure regulator is used to maintain a low pressure system to avoid aerosol effect. An adjustable nozzle is used to control spray patterns and assist in controlling the aerosol effect. 2. Dripping: positive shut-off valving is located at the nozzle and to minimize dripping while the system is off. I-13 3. Site-specific Application: a system design allows the spray nozzle to be manipulated directly over the target vegetation. The spray apparatus is powered with a hydraulic pump which is controlled with a pressure regulator to eliminate high pressure aerosol effects. The spray solution is contained in a 55 -gallon drum within the helicopter and is routed through a hydraulic hose approximately 100 feet in length which is suspended beneath the aircraft. At the end of the hose, there is a nozzle and an electrically activated valve which is controlled by the pilot. The nozzle and valve is contained within a metal tube with sufficient weight to stabilize the hose and nozzle as it is suspended. This tube also protects the nozzle orifice and valve body from being damaged when contact is made with the ground or trees as it is maneuvered into position for spraying. This system allows the spray to be released directly over the target vegetation and away from the effects of "prop -wash." The location of the valve minimizes dripping and allows instant activation and shut-off. The photographs on the following pages were taken of an actual spraying operation on Kauai. Figures I-6 and I-7 show typical marijuana patches in the forest. These are quite small, ranging in size from 5 feet across to narrow strips not more than 10 or 12 feet long. Figure I -S shows the spray apparatus. The helicopter in action is shown in Figure I-9. The vertical dark line on the left side of the picture is the hose line. The spraying is very precise, as can be seen in Figures I-10 and I-11. The final photos, Figures I-12 and I-13, show the area one month later. The marijuana is completely dead. However, other vegetation has already begun to reappear. Enforcement officers will undergo training in cooperation with the Cooperative Extension Service's Pesticide Applicator Training Program or other agencies to receive proper instruction in plant identification and the safe handling of the chemicals to be used. I-14 Figure I-6 Helicopter Views of Marijuana Patches in Forested Mountain Area. Figure I-7 I-15 Figure I-8 Helicopter Spraying Apparatus I-16 Figure I-9 Helicopter in Operation. The straight vertical line on the left side of the picture is the hoseline. The spray nozzle is below the tree canopy. 9 I Figure I-10 I -I.7 Figure I-11 Figure I-10 (above) and Figure I-11 (left) show the spray apparatus in use. Notice that there is very little drift. Figure I-10 I-17 Figure I-11 Figure I-10 (above) and Figure I-11 (left) show the spray apparatus in use. Notice that there is very little drift. Chemicals Proposed to be Used Paraquat will not be used. The principal chemical that will be used is an oil and water emulsion. Either diesel oil or weed oil, a commercial preparation similar to diesel oil, will be used. Under certain circumstances, glyphosate, sold commercially as Roundup or Rodeo, will be utilized. Glyphosate The following description of glyphosate is taken from the DEA 1986 EIS and Monsanto's Material Safety Data (see Appendix B). Glyphosate is the common name for N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine. Herbicidal formulations of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate are manufactured under the trade names Roundup and Rodeo, registered trademarks of the Monsanto Chemical Company. Roundup is a general purpose herbicide while Rodeo is designed for aquatic vegetation management. The following discussion presents information on the parent chemical, glyphosate. It can be assumed that Roundup is characterized by the same properties unless otherwise noted. Glyphosate is a white, odorless solid with a negligible vapor pressure and a solubility of 1.2% in water at 25°C. Roundup is a viscous liquid that is completely soluble in water. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, nonselective herbicide applied as a solution in water to the foliage of target plants. It is effective on deep-rooted perennial species and on annual and biennial species of grasses, sedges, and broadleaf weeds. The exact mechanism by which glyphosate kills plants is not known. However, it has been postulated that glyphosate interferes with the biosynthesis of phenylalanine. Glyphosate is absorbed readily by plant foliage and is translocated to underground roots or rhizomes. Plants die slowly; wilting and yellowing of annuals may not appear for two to four days. Glyphosate is a relatively new herbicide. The environmental fate and potential ecological effects of the use of glyphosate in forests have yet to be studied extensively. The limited data currently available are almost entirely from greenhouse and laboratory studies of agricultural systems and laboratory animals I-19 and have been generated largely by the manufacturer. These data indicate high effectiveness, short persistence in soil and water environments, and very low toxicity to animals. The following information on weed oil and diesel oil is taken from Chevron's Material Information Bulletins. (See Appendix B) Weed Oil Weed oil is a light -bodied highly aromatic petroleum oil manufactured by various companies. Its typical composition is paraffin (including naphthenes) approximately 55%, aromatics (Cg+) approximately 45% and emulsifier or surfactant 0.03%. It is miscible with hydrocarbon solvents and emulsifiers in water. Weed oil is typically diluted with two parts water. The label states that it is good for general control of most annual and many perennial weeds. Best results are obtained by spraying weeds when they are small. Spray should be sufficient to cover weeds with a thin film of oil. Sprayed plants wilt and die within a few hours. The label notes that weed oil will damage or kill all green plant growth. It should also be kept out of lakes, streams and ponds or fish and other aquatic life may be ) killed. The Chevron Materials Information Bulletin on Chevron Weed Oil states that it is expected to cause no more than minor eye irritation and no more than minor skin irritation following prolonged or repeated contact. Breathing the vapors at concentrations above the exposure standard can cause central nervous system depression. It is not expected to be acutely toxic by ingestion. However, ingestion of this product or subsequent vomiting can result in aspiration of light hydrocarbon liquid which can cause pneumonitis. The major hazard associated with weed oil as with other volatile petroleum products is that of fire. The liquid evaporates and forms vapors (fumes) which can burn with explosive violence. Invisible vapor spreads easily and can be set on fire by many sources such as pilot lights, welding equipment, and electrical motors and I-20 switches. The fire hazard is greater as liquid temperature rises above 85 degrees Fahrenheit. Diesel Oil There are two kinds of diesel oil sold in Hawaii—Diesel Oil #1 and Diesel Oil #2. The bulk of the oil sold is Diesel Oil #2 because it is less expensive. According to Chevron Hawaii, Diesel Oil #2 is used mostly for tunnel work because it has less fumes. In oils, the greater the aromatic proportions, the higher the toxicity and the longer that residues will be present. Diesel Oil #1 is more toxic than Diesel Oil #2, however, weed oil is more toxic than either of these (Personal Communication, Hilton, HSPA). The typical composition of Diesel Oil #1 is as follows: Paraffins (incl. naphthenes) 74-88% Aromatics: C8+ 12-20% Olefins 0-3% Naphthalenes 0-3% Eradication Alternatives Three marijuana eradication methods --manual, chemical, and a combination of manual and chemical methods are being proposed. Alternative 1 - Manual Eradication Method Alone This alternative results in "no change" from current management direction or level of management intensity. Enforcement officials will continue using manual eradication techniques to eliminate illegal marijuana cultivation on state-owned and managed Conservation District lands on Hawaii, Maui and Molokai. Applicable mitigatory measures, described in Part V, will be followed. Alternative 2 - Chemical Eradication Method Alone Under this alternative both ground and aerial application methods will be used. All mitigatory measures, as described in Part V for chemical methods, will be followed. Only trained personnel will be allowed to conduct chemical eradication activities. The operation will be conducted to maximize the safety of both law I-21 enforcement officers the public. Applicators will use respirators, rubber gloves, loose trousers, and safety boots, as appropriate. Alternative 3 - Operations Flexibility (Preferred Alternative) This alternative permits use of the full range of eradication methods, based on site-specific criteria. Manual methods and both ground and aerial spot chemical application methods will be used. Selection of the specific eradication method used will be based on a number of environmental factors including: 1. Proximity to water bodies. 2. Proximity to human habitation and developed recreation areas. 3. Topography. 4. Soil type. 4 5. Presence of unique resources, such as endangered or threatened plants f or significant cultural resources. Marijuana Disposal Alternatives Alternative 1 - Haul Marijuana Out After Manual Eradication Operations and Burn/Bury d This alternative emphasizes traditional disposal methods such as removing marijuana by backpack, helicopter, or trucks and taking it to an incinerator, where it can be burned safely, or to a landfill for burial. i Alternative 2 - Leave Marijuana on Site After Chemical Eradication Operations Under this alternative, the action of the chemical itself will be the disposal method. Notification that the area will be sprayed will be posted at all major points of access to the area. Additional notification and posting requirements are described in Part V. Alternative 3 -Operations Flexibility (Preferred Alternative) Under this alternative, all methods for disposal of eradicated marijuana will be available, including haul and burn, haul and bury, or posting of the area. Disposal methods are based on site-specific and situation -specific conditions. 1-22 Mitigatory Measures Mitigatory measures are taken to avoid, compensate for, rectify, or reduce the identified adverse impacts of a proposed action. A number of measures to mitigate potential impacts of marijuana eradication efforts have been incorporated as operational features in the alternative eradication methods described. In addition, other mitigatory measures to further reduce the likelihood of adverse impacts have been identified in Part V. 1-23 PART II ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION A number of alternative methods for control of marijuana grown on state-owned and managed Conservation District lands have been considered in the preparation of this report. These are as follows: NO ACTION Under the No Action alternative, marijuana growers will continue their illegal activities on state-owned and managed Conservation District lands on Hawaii, Maui and Molokai. They will continue to clear land and use pesticides. The area will continue to be unsafe for other uses and an illegal activity will be, in effect, condoned by the State. This is an unacceptable alternative because this illegal activity interferes with the public's use of the state-owned and managed lands and DLNR's obligation to enforce the laws of the State of Hawaii and the United States. CONTINUE CURRENT MANUAL ERADICATION PROGRAM Marijuana grown on state-owned and managed Conservation District land is usually in remote areas, several miles from a roadway, in difficult terrain. The current method of eradication involves flying in personnel by helicopter and lowering them to the ground via rope ladders. The marijuana plants are then cut down manually, using knives, machetes, chain saws, and other hand -operated tools. Both the enforcement officers and the killed plants are then removed by helicopter. The process is difficult, dangerous, and expensive. A number of personnel have received serious injuries during these "Green Harvest" operations. It is also slow and time consuming work, involving many helicopter trips, making it an expensive, as well as difficult, operation. There is also evidence that the transport of marijuana plants by helicopter results in some scattering of seeds that later root and produce more plants. Manual eradication will continue to be used in some areas, for example, near streams and/or critical habitats. CHEMICAL ERADICATION METHODS Chemicals under consideration for spray application are diesel oil, weed oil, and glyphosate, sold as Roundup. Diesel oil is quick -acting, effective, and inexpensive. i Weed oil has the same effectiveness but is more expensive and more hazardous to applicators. Glyphosate is effective but slow -acting. It is also more expensive than diesel oil. CHEMICAL ERADICATION COMBINED WITH MANUAL ERADICATION. This method takes advantage of the effectiveness of chemical spraying for most applications and utilizes manual means where spraying might have adverse impacts on essential habitats or waterways or where chemical spraying might be inappropriate for other reasons, e.g., rainy weather or isolated patches. The number of personnel and consequently the risks to health and safety will be reduced considerably by the use of chemicals on marijuana plants. If the proposed action is not adopted, the high risks and costs will continue to hamper successful accomplishment of an eradication program. LEGALIZING THE USE OF MARIJUANA i Legalization has been suggested as an alternative to eradication. Neither Congress nor the Hawaii State Legislature has shown any indication that this would be a realistic alternative. (Although bills to legalize marijuana were introduced in the 1985 session in Hawaii, none was reported out of committee.) Further, as a { signatory to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, the United States is required to prohibit or control the domestic production of marijuana; to take appropriate measures to prevent illicit drug trafficking; and to seize and destroy illicitly cultivated marijuana. 6 If the State of Hawaii should legalize marijuana usage, it is unlikely that the Legislature would authorize growing it for sale on state Conservation District lands. And, even if it did, growing of marijuana on state-owned and managed lands would be illegal until the proper permits were obtained from the BLNR. Even if this were to be considered a viable alternative, it would undoubtedly take several years before a law takes effect during which time present activities would continue to be illegal. n -z 6 EXPANDING/INTENSIFYING ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS It has been suggested that an expanded and vigorous program of apprehending and prosecuting marijuana growers similar to the successful program in operation on National Park lands would provide more of a deterrent than crop loss, and might result in the long-term reduction of illegal cultivation on state-owned and managed lands. Also suggested was an increased inspection and monitoring program of postal parcels leaving the state. It should be noted that the federal program for national parks has more trained law enforcement people per acre of responsibility. Further, enforcement programs at all levels of government have intensified. In Hawaii in 1986 several dozen exporters have been caught using airlines and post offices to ship marijuana. Prosecution has increased and sentences have become increasingly more severe, with more jail time and longer terms. Law enforcement agencies are confiscating land, money and vehicles (Honolulu Advertiser, 10/7/86). It is the intention of law enforcement officials to continue and expand apprehension and prosecution programs in conjunction with a vigorous eradication program. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHOD Biological control is the management of a pest using natural enemies. This alternative is attractive. However, it is a lengthy process to begin. There have been some efforts in this area but much more research is required. According to the DEA 1986 EIS, there has been some investigation of the use of a naturally occurring fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. cannabis, identified after the fungus severely infected an Italian hemp crop in 1959. It has substantially reduced the area devoted to the cultivation of hemp in Italy. There appears to be little research being conducted on the consequences of using a naturally occurring fungus on marijuana in the United States. Even if a highly specific agent is found, extensive testing would be necessary before it would be available for use. Risks to Hawaii's endemic species need to be lI-3 considered. A fungicide could also be applied by the growers to reduce the effectiveness of this method. PRESCRIBED BURNING METHOD ' Prescribed burning is the use of fire under specified conditions to obtain a management objective. Marijuana plants have a high moisture content and would be difficult to burn, therefore requiring added fuel, such as gelled gasoline. Given the location of the marijuana plots and the danger to native forests and wildlife, including the possibility of a widespread forest fire, the negative aspects of this alternative outweigh any possible benefits. USE OF CHEMICALS OTHER THAN GLYPHOSATE, WEED OIL, AND DIESEL OIL The herbicide selected for use are considered to be the least toxic and persistent of those available. Therefore, DLNR is not considering the use of 2,4-D, paraquat, or any other herbicide as a matter of policy. H-4 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ELEMENTS ISLAND OF HAWAII GENERAL DESCRIPTION The island of Hawaii, largest of the Hawaiian chain, has a total area of 4,038 square miles. Five large shield volcanoes form its land mass; the highest is Mauna kea, which rises to an elevation of 13,796 feet. The other volcanoes are Mauna Loa (13,677 feet), Hualalai (8,271 feet), Kohala (5,480 feet), and Kilauea (4,093 feet) (Atlas of Hawaii). The island has an extensive length and width of 93 and 76 miles, respectively. Sixty-eight percent of the land area is 2000 feet or higher in elevation, with 20 percent between 500 feet and 2000 feet, and 12% less than 500 feet. The population of the island of Hawaii was 106,403 as of July 1, 1984 (Data Book 1985). CONSERVATION DISTRICT LANDS As of early 1985, 1,303,016 of the total 2,581,888 acres (or 50.6%) of land on Hawaii was classified as Conservation District (Data Book, 1985). According to the Land Management Division at DLNR, there are 508,490 acres of state-owned lands on Hawaii in the Conservation District. These are shown in Figure I-1. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT Climate and Weather Average monthly temperatures on Hawaii vary greatly. In coastal areas, temperatures range from 75.8°F at the Hilo airport to 79.8°F at Kawaihae during the warmest month. At higher elevations, temperatures range from 63.2°F at Volcano, 66.8°F at Waimea, to 42.5°F at the summit of Mauna Kea. The summit of Mauna Kea has the lowest monthly average minimum temperature in the state of 23.5°F, along with the lowest monthly average daily temperature of 31.3°F (both for the month of February). Kawaihae, on the leeward coast, has the highest statewide monthly average maximum temperature of 91.9°F and the highest monthly average daily temperature of 80.8°F (both for the month of September). The average annual precipitation for various sites on Hawaii range from 127 inches at the Hilo airport, 103 inches at the Volcanoes National Park, 40 incises at Waimea, to a low of 8 inches at the summit of Mauna Kea. Landforms, Soils and Vegetation The island of Hawaii is the largest of the Hawaiian islands. It has the only active volcanoes (Kilauea and Mauna Loa) in the state. Its lush, green rain forests, warm sunny coastal areas, and snow-covered mountain peaks provide a variety of scenery and climate. The U.S. Soil Conservation Service has identified a number of soil types associated with the Conservation District areas. These soils and their natural vegetation are described generally as follows: Lava Flows Association: This association consists of excessively drained, nearly barren lava flows and somewhat excessively drained and well drained, coarse- textured and medium-text tired soils that formed in volcanic ash pumice and ' cinders. These soils are on mountains at an elevation ranging from near sea level to 13,000 feet. The natural vegetation includes, but is not limited to lichen, moss, j ohia, amaumau fern, mamane, naio, Kentucky bluegrass, and sweet vernal. This soil association makes up about 50% of the island area. t Akaka-Honokaa-Kaiwiki Association: This soil association consists of moderately fine textured soils that formed in volcanic ash. These soils are on mountains at an elevation ranging from near sea level to 6,000 feet. The natural vegetation is primarily ohia lehua, tree fern, koa, and false staghorn fern. The total area of this association is about 11% of the island. Kekaka-Keei-Kiloa Association: This association consists of well -drained, very shallow soils that formed in organic matter over pahoehoe lava or fragmental as lava. These soils are on mountains at an elevation ranging from near sea level to 7,000 feet. The natural vegetation includes ohia, tree fern, koa, guava, and Christmas berry. The total area of this association is about 21% of the island. III -2 Amalu-Kahua-Kehena Association: This association consists of moderately fine textured soils that formed in volcanic ash. These soils are on the Kohala -Mountains at an elevation ranging from near sea level to 5,500 feet. The natural vegetation includes kikuyugrass, hilograss, sedges, ohia, and guava. This association makes up about 2% of the island. Hanipoe-Maile-Puu Oo Association: In this soil association are medium -textured to moderately fine textured soils that formed in volcanic ash. These soils have a dark surface layer that is high in organic matter content. They are on mountains at an elevation ranging from 2,500 to 8,000 feet. The natural vegetation includes ohia, koa, naio, mamane, tall fern, rattail, brome, kikuyugrass, and orchardgrass. The total area of this association is about 696 of the island. Wildlife Seabirds found on Hawaii include the Townsend's (Newell's) Shearwater ('A'o), Hawaiian Petrel ('Ua'u), Bulwer Petrel ('Ou), Hawaiian `toddy (Noio), and the White- tailed Tropicbird ((Koa'e-kea). There are eight migratory shorebirds: the Bristle- thighed Curlew (Kioea), Pectoral Sandpiper, P.uddv Turnstone ('Akekeke), Wandering Tattler ('Ulili), American Golden Plover (Kolea), Black -bellied Plover, Sharp -tailed Sandpiper, and the Sanderling (Huna-kai). Migratory waterfowl include the Pintail (Koloa-mapu), Green -winged Teal, American Wigeon, and the Northern Shoveler (Koloa-moha). Hawaii's resident waterfowl include the Hawaiian Goose (Nene) and the Hawaiian Duck (Koloa). Water Birds include the Hawaiian Coot ('Alae-ke'oke'o), Cattle Egret, Black - crowned Night Heron ('Auku), and the Hawaiian Stilt (Ae'o). The island is abundant with forest bird species. These include the Hawaiian Crow ('Alala), Japanese White -eye, Hwa -mei (Melodious Laughingthrush, Chinese Thrush), Red -billed Leiothrix (Japanese Hill Robin), Hawaii Thrush ('Oma'o), Hawaii 'Elepaio ('Elepaio), Hawaii Amakihi ('Amakihi), Hawaii Creeper, Hawaii 'Akepa ('Akepa), 'Akiapola'au, 'O'u, Palila, 'Apapane, and the 'Piwi. Field birds include the Mockingbird, Lavender Fire -Finch, Warbling Silverbill, Skylark, Spotted Munia, Northern Cardinal, Black -headed Munia, Saffron Finch and the Yellow -billed Cardinal. 11I-3 Hawaii's birds of prey include all three species known to the Hawaiian islands; the Hawaiian Hawk ('Io), Barn Owl and Hawaiian Owl (Pueo). There are also numerous exotic game birds including 12 types of quail and pheasant and the turkey (Pelehu). The only endemic mammal on Hawaii is the Hoary Bat (Pe'a, 'Ope'ape'a). Other mammals include the feral pig, mouflon, feral sheep and goat, feral dog, feral cat, wild cattle, Small Indian Mongoose ('Tole-manakuke), and Norway (Brown) and Polynesian rats. Endangered and Threatened Species Hawaii is the home of 13 species of bird that are on the endangered or threatened list. The only bird considered to be threatened is the Townsend's (Newell's) Shearwater. The endangered species include the Hawaii Creeper, Hawaii 'Akepa, Hawaiian Petrel, Hawaiian Goose, Hawaiian Duck, Hawaiian Coot, Hawaiian Stilt, Hawaiian Crow, Akiapola'au, O'u, Palila and the Hawaiian Hawk. The endemic Hoary Bat is also endangered. A number of invertebrates have been proposed for listing as endangered or threatened species (see Appendix C). I Endangered plants include the Vicia menziesii Spreng, Haplostachys haplostachya, Stenogyne angustifoloa Gray var. angustifolia, Lipochaeta venosa Sherff, Kokia drynarioides (Seem.) Lewt., Gardenia brighamii Mann, Argyroxiphium sandwicense DC. var. sandwicense, Scaevola coriacea Nutt., Abutilon menziesii Seem., and Mezoneuron Kavaiense (Mann). There are an additional 165 plants currently under review for threatened and endangered status (see Appendix D). i Water Quality and Aquatic Systems With its vast watershed areas and forest reserves, the island of Hawaii has water resources nearly equaling the total of Hawaii's other principal islands. The Big Island receives a daily rainfall of 14,100 million gallons, or about 5,146 billion gallons a year. The Wailuku River near Hilo is one of the only two rivers in the State that have an average discharge reaching 150 to 185 million gallons per day, according to the 1983 Atlas of Hawaii. Perennial streams on Hawaii constitute F about 75% of the state's total (Data Book 1985). A large percentage of Hawaii's landmass is underlain by fresh basal water. According to Thomas Arizumi, Supervisor of the Department of Health's Drinking 111-4 Water Program, "all basal aquifer waters of the Hawaiian Islands have been recognized as having a pristine quality." Dike -confined water is present at the highest elevations of all the major mountains on the island, and significant sources of perched water are located in the Ka'u and Hamakua areas. Important watershed areas on the island include the Piihonua and Waiakea Uka Watersheds in the Hilo area, the Kohala Mountain Watershed above Waimea, and the Haao Spring Watershed in Ka'u. Surface water sources in each of these areas are utilized for domestic purposes and should be strictly protected against any form of contamination. The U.S. Geological Service and the State Department of Health both provide services which provide baseline data and/or water quality analyses. Both agencies report that the water quality of groundwater and surface water sources is excellent. According to Gary Kawasaka, Head of the Engineering Division for the Hawaii County Department of Water Supply, "Hawaii has not experienced any major water contamination problems and all domestic water supplies meet nationwide primary water requirements." Biological collections from stream surveys on Hawaii found 11 species of fishes and crustaceans. The collections, taken from two altered and six unaltered streams, found no significant difference in the number of species present in the two stream types. However, the population density of stream macrofauna was higher in unaltered streams. Endemic freshwater snails (Lymnaea Spp and Newtonia Spp.) are also found in streams. The endemic hihiwai (Neritina granosa) is often gathered for food. Native Crustacea species found in Hawaii streams are the mountain opae, Atya bisuloata and the prawn, Macrobrachium grandimanus. The large freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium lar is the only exotic Crustacea species. Native fish species include o'opu naniha (Awaous genivittatus), nakea (Awaous stamineus, akupa (Eleotris sandwicensis), aholehole (Kuhlia sandvicensis), o'opu alamo'o (Lentipes concolor), and nopili, (Sicydium stimpsoni). Exotic fishes include mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis), guppy or molly (Poecilia Spp.), and swordtail (Xithophorus Spp.). III -5 Air Quality Air quality in the forests and mountains of Hawaii is generally excellent. Air sampling in selected areas around the state indicates that Hilo has the lowest average of total suspended particulates (15) of all locations tested. Major factors contributing to the level of air pollutants are internal combustion engines related to transportation, industrial and agricultural activity. In addition, agricultural burning constitutes nearly 20% of air pollutant emissions (Data Book 1985). Cultural Resources Archaeological remains of the ancient Hawaiian culture provide significant insights into the past. State and County ordinances provide for historical preservation of significant sites. Eighty-seven historic sites on Hawaii are presently listed on the National and State Historic Registers (Data Book, 1985). Hawaii is particulary important in historic sites by nature of its link between ancient and modern Hawaiian culture. As the birthplace of Kamehameha the Great, it played a paramount role in the transition of the Hawaiian Islands after western contact. It is likely that the sites presently inventoried represent but a fraction of the island's potential historical resources. ! Special Areas 1 DLNR maintains and manages a number of state parks on Hawaii. These include: Hapuna Beach State Recreation Area Lapakahi State Historical Park ` Kilauea State Recreation Area Mackenzie State Recreation Area Lava Tree State Monument Wailoa River State Recreation Area Wailuku River State Park Akaka Falls State Park Mauna Kea State Recreation Area Kalopa State Recreation Area Kamehameha I Birthsite State Monument Kealakekua Bay State Historical Park Manuka State Wayside Mookini Heiau State Monument Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area Lands on Hawaii that are part of the Hawaii Natural Area Reserves System include: III -6 Puu O Umi in the Kohala Mountains Mauna Kea Ice Age on Mauna Kea Laupahoehoe in the North Hilo District Waiakea 1942 Lava Flow in the South Hilo District Puu Makaala north of Kilauea Crater Kehaualea in the Puna Area Kipahoehoe in the South Kona District Manuka in the Ka'u District The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii currently manages the 3,300 acre Hakalau Preserve on the windward slopes of Mauna Kea. Management of the site is to be transferred to the USFWS in the near future. The higher elevations of all mountains on Hawaii provide a habitat for a number of endangered forest bird species. The largest area on Hawaii encompasses the windward areas of both Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, and the southern and western flanks of Mauna Kea. Other critical areas are located in the Ka'u District, the South Ilona District, and at the summit of Hualalai in North Kona. Visual Resources The scenic beauty of Hawaii's largest mountains, Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, coupled with the majesty of the Kohala mountains and Hualalai create a vista unequaled in the Hawaiian Islands. Frequent volcanic activity on the Kilauea flank and summit can be seen from many areas of the Hilo and Puna districts. In addition, coastal views from many of the mountain areas remain as popular visitor attractions. Views of Maui from North and South Kohala also bring visitors to those areas of the Big Island. Noise On Hawaii, urban centers are scattered around the island. These areas, along with the Pohakuloa military training area, are the only significant sources of noise. The mountains and forest reserves provide a quiet setting that is an attractive component of their value as visitor destination areas. III -7 ISLAND OF MAUI GENERAL DESCRIPTION The island of Maui is the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands. Two shield volcanoes with a connecting isthmus make up Maui, which has a total of 728.8 square miles. The older of the two volcanoes is now the West Maui Mountains. The highest point is Puu Kukui, at 5,788 feet. The second volcano, Haleakala, reaches an elevation of 10,023 feet at the Haleakala National Park Visitors Center Lookout at Puu Ulanula. Forty-one percent of the island is above 2,000 feet elevation, 34 percent lies between 500 and 2,000 fee, and 25% is less than 500 feet. According to the 1985 Data Book, the island of Maui had an estimated population of 74,571 as of July 1, 1984. CONSERVATION DISTRICT LANDS As of early 1985, 193,679 of the total 465,800 acres, or 41.5% of land on Maui was classified as Conservation District (Data Book, 1985). According to the Land Management Division at DLNR, the state owns a total of 76,306 acres of land on Maui in the Conservation District. These are shown in Figure I-2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT Climate and Weather Average monthly temperatures on Maui in the coastal areas range from 71T in February and March to 790F in August and September. Average temperatures at the summit of Haleakala, the island's highest elevation range from an average low of 42T to an average high of 500F. The highest temperature of record is 98OF at ` Kihei, and the lowest is 140F at the summit of Haleakala. Rainfall varies significantly depending upon location: average annual precipitation in inches varies from 13.79 at Kihei to 70.65 at Hana (Data Book 1985). Landforms, Soils and Vegetation Maui was formed through the merging of the East Maui and West Maui volcanoes. It is divided into three main areas — West Maui, East Maui and Central Maui. West 1 Maui is the older of the two volcanic areas, which is evidenced by its deeply dissected valleys. Central Maui, the isthmus that connects East and West Maui is smooth and nearly level. It is mainly used for sugarcane culture. wm-* The U.S. Soil Conservation Service has identified a number of soil types associated with the Conservation District areas. The soil and natural vegetation are described generally as follows: Hydrandepts-Tropaquods Association: This association consists of well drained to poorly drained soils on the intermediate and high uplands of East and West Maui. They developed in material weathered from volcanic ash, cinders, and basic igneous rock. The soils are gently sloping to steep. Elevations range from 1,000 to 6,000 feet. Natural vegetation includes ape, clubmoss, eucalyptus, guava, koa, lalapapa, ohelo, ohia lehua, pamakani, ricegrass, false staghornfern, treefern, and sedges. This association makes up about 10°0 of the island. Rock Land -Rough Mountainous Land Association: This association consists of very shallow soils on intermediate and high uplands on East and West Maui. These soils are steep and very steep. Elevations range from sea level to 10,000 feet. Natural vegetation on Rock land includes kiawe, klu, piligrass, and ilima in the higher wetter areas. Rough mountainous land is thickly vegetated with ferns, guava, hilograss, kukui, and ohia lehua. This association makes up about 41% of the island. Hana-Makaalae-:dailua Association: This association consists of well -drained, moderately fine textured and fine textured soils on the intermediate uplands of East Maui. They developed in material weathered from volcanic ash. These soils are gently sloping to steep. Elevation ranges from near sea level to 2,500 feet. Natural vegetation includes Christmas berry, ferns, guava, guineagrass, hilograss, Kaikiclover, and kikuyugrass. The association makes up about 7% of the island. Honolua-Olelo Association: This association consists of well drained, fine textured soils on the intermediate uplands of West Maui. They developed in material weathered from basic igneous rock. These soils are gently sloping to moderately steep. Elevations range from 500 to 3,500 feet. The natural vegetation includes guava, ferns, hilograss, koa, lantana, ohia lehua, and pukiawe. This association makes up about 1% of the island. Kamaole-Oanapuka Association: This association consists of well -drained, very stony and extremely stony, moderately fine textured and medium -textured soils on 11I-9 the low and intermediate uplands of East Maui. They developed in material weathered from volcanic ash. These soils are gently sloping to moderately steep. Elevations range from 100 to 2,300 feet. Natural vegetation is bermudagrass, I feather fingergrass, ilima, kiawe, koa haole, and Natal redtop. The association makes up about 3% of the island. 1 Wildlife Seabirds found on Maui include the Wedge-tailed Shearwater ('Ua'u-kani), Great Frigatebird (4wa), Iiawaiian Noddy (Noio), Hawaiian Petrel ('Ua'u), Bulwer Petral ('Ou, 'Ou'ou), White-tailed Tropiebird (Koa'e-'kea), and the Brown Noddy (Noio- koha). Migratory shorebirds on Maui include the Sanderling (Hunakai), Pectoral Sandpiper, Sharp -tailed Sandpiper, Ruddy Turnstone, Wandering Tattler (Ulili), American Golden Plover (Kolea), and the Black -bellied Plover. There are a number of migratory waterfowl which include the Mallard, Pintail (Koloa-mapu), Green - winged Teal, American Wigeon, Northern Shoveler (Koloa-moha), and the Lesser Scaup. There is only one resident waterfowl, the Hawaiian Goose (Nene). Water birds include the Hawaiian Stilt (Ae'o), Cattle Egret, Black -crowned Night Heron, and i the Hawaiian Coot ('Alae-ke'oke'o). } There are a variety of forest birds on Maui. These include the Hwa -mei (Melodious ) Laughingthrush, Chinese Thrush), Japanese White -eye, Red -billed Leiothrix (Japanese Hill Robin), Maui 'Amakihi, Maui Creeper ('Alauwahio), Maui Akepa ('Akepeu'ie), Po'ouli (Masked Honeycreeper), Maui Nuku-pu'u, Maui parrotbill, 'Apapane, Crested Honeyereeper ('Akohekohe), 'I'iwi, and the Japanese Bush - warbler. There are five field birds on Maui: the Mockingbird, Skylark, Spotted Munia, Northern Cardinal, and the Warbling Silverbill. i Birds of prey include occasional sightings of the Hawaiian Hawk ('Io) and the i Hawaiian Owl (Pueo). There are also numerous game birds. III -10 Mammals which populate the island include the feral pig (Pua'a), Axis deer (Kia), wild cattle, feral goat, feral dog (Ilio), Small Indian Mongoose (Tole-manakuke), Norway (Brown) and Polynesian rat (Tole). The Hoary Bat (Pe'a, 'Ope'ape'a) is occasionally reported on Maui, but it is unknown whether they reside on the island or migrate among the islands (Atlas of Hawaii, 1983). Endangered and Threatened Species Maui is the home of one threatened species of bird, the Townsend's (Newell's) Shearwater, and 11 endangered species of birds. These include the Hawaiian Dark- rumped Petrel, Hawaiian Goose, Hawaiian Coot, Hawaiian Stilt, Maui Creeper, Maui Akepa, Maui Parrotbill, O'u, Nukupuu, Po'ouli and Crested Honeycreeper. A number of invertebrates have been proposed for listing as endangered or threatened species (see Appendix C). Plants considered to be endangered include Gouania hillerbrandii Oliver, Nanu (Gardenia brighamii Mann), Dwarf naupaka (Scaevola coriacea Nutt), Ko'oloa'ula (Abutilon menziesii Seem), and the Uhiuhi (Mezoneuron kavaiense Mann). There are presently 164 additional plants under consideration for threatened and endangered status (see Appendix D). Water Quality and Aquatic Systems Maui has adequate water resources to meet its future needs. The average daily rainfall is 2,820 million gallons. Major streams on the island include Honokohau, Kahauloa, Iao, Waikamoi and Palikea. Two large basal aquifers underlie the West Maui and East Maui mountain areas. According to Thomas Arizumi, Supervisor of the Department of Health's Drinking Water Program, "all basal aquifer waters of the Hawaiian Islands have been recognized as having a pristine quality." Dike -confined water is present at the highest elevations of each of the major mountain areas, and significant sources of perched water are located in the Makawao, Nahiku and Kaupo hydrographic areas. Important watershed areas on the island include the Piiholo, Waiakamoi, Awalau and Wailua Watersheds in East Maui Mountains, and the Honokohau and Kahana Watersheds in the West Maui Mountains. Surface water sources in both of these areas are utilized for domestic purposes and should be strictly protected against i any form of contamination. In fact, all of the domestic water on the "up -country" slopes of Haleakala is provided by surface water sources, primarily from the Waiakamoi Watershed. Since the Waiakamoi Watershed has been noted as a major site of marijuana growing, special care should be given to this area. The U.S. Geological Service and the State Department of Health both provide services which supply baseline data and/or water quality analyses for all islands. Both agencies report that the water quality of groundwater and surface water sources is excellent. According to Vince Bagoyo, Director for the Maui County Department of Water Supply, one well in the Paia area was recently closed due to contamination problems. No similar problems have been found in other wells. Biological collections from stream surveys on Maui found 13 species of fishes and crustaceans. The collections indicated a higher number of species found in ` unaltered streams as opposed to those that had been altered, a condition with varies from other islands. Furthermore, population densities of native species were higher in East Maui streams than those in West Maui. Endemic freshwater snails (Lymnaea Spp and Newtonia Spp.) are also found in streams. The endemic hihiwai (Neritina granosa) is often gathered for food. j Native Crustacea species found in Maui streams are the mountain opae, Atya bisuloata and the prawn, Macrobrachium grandimanus. The large freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium lar and crayfish, (Procambus Clarkii) are the only exotic Crustacea species. Native fish species include o'opu naniha (Awaous genivittatus), nakea (Awaous stamineus, akupa (Eleotris sandwicensis), aholehole (Kuhlia sandvicensis), o'opu alamo'o (Lenti es concolor), and nopili, (Sicydium stimpsoni). Exotic fishes include Chinese catfish (Clarius fuscus), tliapia (Sarothenobon Mossambica) and guppy or molly (Poecilia Spp.). Air Quality a Air quality in the forest reserve areas is generally excellent. Atmospheric pollutants are associated with intensely urbanized areas. Recent sampling indicates, for instance, that the annual range for total suspended particulates at Kahalui is 24 to 121 micrograms per cubic meter, the highest range in the state (Data Book, 1985). 11I-12 I Cultural Resources Historic and archaeological sites of importance continue to be discovered throughout the Hawaiian Islands. State law, as well as County ordinances, require newly discovered sites to be properly identified, and if found to be significant, preserved. Hawaiian fishponds such as Loko-Nui and Loko-Iki represent valuable links to the past. Special Areas The state manages and maintains ten parks on Maui. These include: Halekii-Pihana Heiaus State Monument Iao Valley State !Monument Kaumahina State Wayside Launiupoko State Wayside Papalaua State Wayside Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area Puaa Kaa State Wayside Wahikuli State Wayside Waianapanapa State Park Wailua Valley State Wayside There are six sites on !Maui listed on the Hawaii Natural Area Reserves System. These are: Hanawi in the Hana District Ahihi-Kinau near La Perouse Bay Kahakuloa in West Maui Honokowai in West Maui Panaewa in West Maui Lihau in West Maui The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii manages the 5,230 acre Waikamoi Preserve on the windward slopes of Haleakala. Any eradication efforts in the preserve would be coordinated through the State and individuals from the Conservancy. The higher elevations on the windward slopes of Haleakala have been noted as areas which provide a critical habitat for known endangered forest bird species on Maui. Visual Resources The scenic beauty of Maui's forest reserves and mountains is a major visitor attraction. Areas of particular importance include views of Haleakala's summit, the 55 mile Hana coastline and the Iao Valley area. A variety of topography, III -13 ranging from the lush rainforests of Hana to the barren gullies of West Maui create an abundance of scenic views. Noise Because Maui's population is relatively concentrated in the areas of Kahului, Wailuku, Lahaina and Kaanapali, high ambient noise levels are restricted to those areas. The peaceful solitude of many of Maui's forest and mountain regions are a particular attraction to the island's visitors and resident population. ISLAND OF MOLOKAI GENERAL DESCRIPTION The island of Molokai, fifth largest in th State, has a total of 261 square miles. The island is made up of two geologically distinct areas. East Molokai, characterized by its rugged montainous topography, reaches a maximum elevation of 4,970 feet. West Molokai, which rises to only 1,381 feet, is much drier and consists mostly of rolling hills and plateaus. Late in the geological history of the island, a small volcano emerged to form what is now Kalaupapa Peninsula, which is separated from the rest of the island by near perpendicular cliffs (Atlas of Hawaii). The island's extreme length is 38 miles, with an extreme width of 10 miles. As of July 1, 1984, Molokai had a population of 6,215 (Data Book 1985). CONSERVATION DISTRICT LANDS As of early 1985, 49,768 of the total 165,800 acres (30°6) of land on Molokai was classified as Conservation District (Data Book, 1985). According to the Land ;Management Division at DLNR, there are 14,445 acres of state-owned lands on Molokai in the Conservation District. These are shown in Figure I-3. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT Climate and Weather Average temperatures on Molokai range from 70.2°F in February and March to 77.6°F in August and September. The highest temperature of record is 90°17 and the lowest is 480F, both measured at the Molokai Airport. Measurements of average III -14 I annual precipitation range from 14 inches at Kaunakakai to 29 inches at the Molokai Airport. Landforms, Soils and Vegetation Molokai's two geologically distinct areas display a variety of landforms. West Molokai, which makes up about 50% of the total land area, provides an excellent environment for the production of many agricultural products. The area is largely used for pasture, pineapple, and diversified agriculture cultivation. East Molokai is mostly mountainous the contains numerous lush valleys. This area provides the water supply on Molokai and is a hunting ground for a number of isle residents. The U.S. Soil Conservation Service has identified a number of soil types associated with the Conservation District areas. These soils and their natural vegetation are described generally as follows: Rough Mountainous Land-Amalu-Olokui Association: This association consists of very steep gulches and valleys and gently sloping to hilly, poorly drained upland soils. The soils formed in material weathered from basic igneous rock and are high in organic -matter content. Elevations range from near sea level to 5,000 feet. The natural vegetation is of the rain forest type. This includes treefern, ohia lehua, false staghornfern, lapalapa, and sedges. This association makes up about 20% of the island. Kahanui-Kalae-Kanepuu Association: This association consists of well -drained, fine textured and moderately fine textured soils on the uplands on the island of Molokai. They developed in volcanic ash and in material weathered from basic igneous rock. These soils are gently sloping to moderately steep. Elevations range from 500 to 3,750 feet. The natural vegetation includes guava, hilograss, Christmas berry, and yellow foxtail. At the higher elevations ohia lehua, sweet vernal and pukiawe are common. The association makes up less than 5% of the island. Very Stony Land -Rock Land Association: This association consists of gently sloping to very steep stony and rocky land on upland and in gulches and valleys on the island of Molokai. Elevations range from near sea level to 3,000 feet. The natural vegetation includes mainly kiawe, piligrass, Japanese tea, klu, and Natal redtop. The association makes up less than 30% of the island. Wildlife The Wedge-tailed Shearwater ('Ua'u-kani) and the Hawaiian Noddy (Noio) are the only seabirds found on Molokai. Migratory shorebirds include the Bristle-thighed Curlew (Kioea), American Golden Plover (Kolea), Black -bellied plover, Wandering Tattler ('Ulili), Sharp -tailed Sandpiper, Pectoral Sandpiper, and the Ruddy Turnstone ('Akekeke). Molokai also has a variety of migratory waterfowl including the Pintail (Koloa-mapu), Green -winged Teal, American Wigeon, and the Northern Shoveler (Koloa-moha). The Hawaiian Stilt (Ae'o), Hawaiian Coot (Alae-keokeo), Cattle Egret, and Black -crowned Night Heron represent the islands's species of water birds. Forest birds include the Hwa -mei (Melodious Laughingthrush, Chinese Thrush), Japanese White -eye, Red -billed Leiothrix (Japanese Hill Robin), Molokai Thrush (Oloma'o), Maui 'Amakihi ('Amakihi), Molokai Creeper ('Kaka-wahie), 'Apapane 1 ('Apapane), 'riwi ('riwi), and Japanese Bush warbler. The Mockingbird, Skylark, Spotted Munia, Northern Cardinal, and the Warbling Silverbill are field birds found j on Molokai. Birds of prey include the Barn Owl and the Hawaiian Owl (Pueo). There are also numerous exotic game birds. Mammals on Molokai include the feral pig, goat and dog, Axis deer (Kia), wild cattle, Small Indian Mongoose (tole-manakuke), and the Norway (Brown) and Polynesian Rat (Tole). Endangered and Threatened Species Molokai has four endangered species of bird: the Hawaiian Coot, the Hawaiian Stilt, the Molokai Thrush, and the Molokai Creeper. The Townsend's (Newell's) Shearwater is the island's only threatened species of bird. A number of invertebrates have been proposed for listing as endangered or threatened species (see Appendix C). III -16 Endangered plants on the island include Kokia cookei Deg., Gardenia brighamii Mann, and Scaevola coriacea Nutt. There are an additional 100 plants currently under review for threatened and endangered status (see Appendix C). Water Quality and Aquatic Systems Rainfall on Molokai averages 565 million gallons per day (mgd). Ground water resources are estimated to be 63 mgd in sustainable yield with actual use of less than 1 mgd. Estimated sustainable yield of surface water is 52 mgd with 2 mgd of use. The mountainous landmass in East Molokai is underlain by fresh basal water. According to Thomas Arizumi, Supervisor of the Department of Health's Drinking Water Program, "all basal aquifer waters of the Hawaiian Islands have been recognized as having a pristine quality." Dike -confined water is present at the highest elevations of the island, and perched water sources are located in the uplands in the area stretching from Kaunakakai to Kamalo. The East Molokai Mountains supply the entire island with fresh water. According to Vince Bagoyo, Director for the Maui County Department of Water Supply, Molokai has not experienced any major water contamination problems and all domestic water supplies have an excellent quality. Biological collections from stream surveys on 'Molokai found 9 species of fishes and crustaceans. Native crustacea species include the mountain opae, Atya bisuloata and the prawn, Macrobrachium grandimanus. The large freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium lar is the only exotic crustacea species. Native fish species include Native fish species include o'opu naniha (Awaous genivittatus), nakea (Awaous stamineus, akupa (Eleotris sandwicensis), aholehole (Kuhlia sandvicensis), o'opu alamo'o (Lentipes concolor), and nopili, (Sicydium stimpsoni). There are no exotic fishes species on Molokai. Air Quality With its relatively small population and lack of industrial activity, Molokai's general air quality is excellent. III -17 Cultural Resources Until the recent development of the Kalua Koi Resort on the western shore of Molokai, the island has not been subjected to any significant development. Consequently, the island's shoreline has been preserved. Today, unlike other islands, its southern coast is lined with historic fishponds. These ponds exist as reminders of the relationship the Hawaiian held with the sea for hundreds of years prior to Western "discovery." Following is a listing of the fishponds and their approximate acreage: Kupeke 30 acres Niauhala 34 acres Kaopeahina 19 acres Ualapue 22 acres Pahiomu 20 acres Kipapa 10 acres Kanoa 50 acres Alii 27 acres Kalokoeli 28 acres If the preservation of these fishponds provides any indication of the richness of culture on Molokai, future historical and archaeological sites may be expected. To date, 55 national and state historic sites on Molokai have been registered (Data Book, 1985). Special Areas DLNR maintains and manages only one state park, the Palaau State Park, on the island of Molokai. Two sites, Olokui and Puu Alii, located in the mountain region of East Molokai, are listed on the Hawaii Natural Area Reserves System. The 2,774 acre Kamakou Preserve, also located in East Molokai, is managed by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii. This preserve site and additional lands to the east are considered to be vital habitats for endangered forest bird species on Molokai. Visual Resources Visual resources on the island include Halawa Valley on the island's east end and the rugged coastline of Molokai's north shore, stretching from Kalaupapa to Pelekunu Valley. The relatively pristine character of these areas, has in recent years, attracted more and more visitors, especially those willing to risk the overland hike to the remote areas. Noise With no significant industry or extensive population, noise levels, even in urban areas, are not significant. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ELEMENTS ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS The DEA EIS on marijuana eradication on non -Federal lands (May 1986) states that: Approximately 15 percent of the marijuana available in the United States is domestically grown. Approximately 87 percent of this domestically grown marijuana is found on State, private, or Indian lands, and the remainder on Federal lands (GAO, 1984). Much of this domestically cultivated marijuana is of the highly potent sinsemilla variety. Because of its higher potency, sinsemilla commands a higher price on the illicit drug market, ranging from $1,200 to $2,600 per pound as opposed to $700 to $800 per pound for Colombian marijuana (GAO, 1984). The DEA estimates that a single sinsemilla plant yields on average approximately 1 pound of marketable product. DEA Eradication/Suppression Program statistics, shown in Table III -I, report that 447,778 marijuana plants were eradicated in the State of Hawaii in 1984, of which 289,357 were sinsemilla (the largest number of any state, surpassing even California). Following the formula used by DEA of $1000 per plant, the value of just the sinsemilla plants seized and destroyed equaled $289,357,000. The value of just the plants reported in the newspaper articles in 1986 cited in Part I equals $211,315,000 for Maui and for Hawaii. Because growing marijuana is illegal, no reliable statistics exist on its relative value to the economy. However, the DEA has estimated that if all the cannabis eradicated in the United States had reached the street, the revenues to growers of domestically produced marijuana would certainly have exceeded $1 billion. Given the estimated value of $289 million for just the confiscated sinsemilla plants in Hawaii, it is obvious that the value of the total crop is substantial. It should be III- ' 9 L I H ! O Y M Y PO dNN N. -Ip Op NN N N OCO NO N.40� � � NOmOb 00 ON (O O Y w d d d n N 7 Y Y b O M N V bNd� V b�^N�� ^1 O�NIOPN V+.Vi yWj �CONNV O^ ��r.l iM r-1 M W Y e O.dObNCp00 NNdPN O O N n01�1N O N P NI�1 H1. ^INO. 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N O J] Y O C M v v o u 0 m P M b 0 N V1 P M P N M P V N N P O w tl N �r owns ago v`.ad ria iNi�dM .Pi I u u.ryi .i ri H rr Y .1 Y hl M r 1 O Y • U •Yq+ O yp �(pp O� NnOPPwP1 w�ChD Nba n n b■ Y6 qY K y� C > m A M N r�•la O M N N N V M N O Y C tl• 154 I ~ M• N Y ••1 • O Y tl u tl N M a a u Y w .i Yr9i • O pp ee OU • U 4 pp d N a■ y P o x'400cl Ctl� moi. •� a e L o e a9 tl Y o O � 9 � aY o YY acc ,n Yp a .i w o .. k u� .di y q F H V = o x N C• C9ErY� O O III -21 noted that not all marijuana enters the market place; some is consumed by the growers and their associates. SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS The socioeconomic groups affected by the eradication of marijuana on state-owned and managed Conservation District lands consists of the general public and four specific subgroups: state land users, state land managers, marijuana growers and marijuana users. General public. Policies affecting state-owned lands concern all residents of the a State of Hawaii, since they are all potential users of state-owned lands and all share in the ownership of these resources and their revenues. Use of state-owned lands for growing marijuana results in the destruction of wildlife habitats and other resources. The DEA 1985 EIS cites a 1982 poll by Newsweek Magazine indicating that the majority of Americans (77%) do not favor legalizing marijuana consumption. It notes that: j Even many of those who are tolerant of moderate marijuana use are opposed to drug dealing. That same Newsweek poll reported that 85 percent of the population think that growing marijuana for sale to j others should be treated as a criminal offense, and many who would tolerate the cultivation of cannabis on private lands are probably b opposed to growing it on Federal lands. Nearly all Americans seem to ¢ oppose cannabis cultivation on public lands for private profit. State land users. State land users include all those who use state lands for { legitimate economic, cultural, scientific and recreational purposes. The actions of marijuana growers interfere with these uses. There have been many reports of booby traps and shootings in areas of marijuana plots. Even if persons are not directly affected, they are reluctant to use remote trails for fear of being harmed. State land managers. State employees are subject to essentially the same risk as the state land users. However, they are not as free to avoid dangerous areas because of their duties. t Marijuana users. There have been a number of studies conducted and reports published on the adverse and potentially dangerous effects of smoking marijuana. Although there has been disagreement and controversy over some of the III -22 conclusions of these reports, there is strong evidence that continued use of marijuana may have detrimental effects to the health of users. Marijuana growers. The impact of eradication programs on marijuana growers will be principally loss of income. This may have social ramifications, such as an increase in state welfare case loads or even diversion of their efforts to other criminal activity. Because of the nature of the problem, any analysis of effects would be purely speculative and is outside the scope of this document. III -23 PART IV THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROPOSED ACTION TO LAND USE PLANS, POLICIES AND CONTROLS FOR THE PROJECT AREA STATE PLANS AND POLICIES The use policies of state-owned and managed Conservation District lands are in the jurisdiction of the Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR). Both the Hawaii State Plan and the State Conservation Lands Functional Plan adopted by the BLNR set forth objectives, policies, and implementing actions to guide the management of all Conservation District lands, including those privately owned. The BLNR has also adopted a number of different regulations to enable it to carry out its mission. The proposed marijuana eradication program is consistent with these adopted objectives, policies and implementing actions in that it is designed to stop an illegal activity that is harmful to native ecosystems with a minimum negative impact on the environment. Hawaii State Plan The Hawaii State Plan is the guiding document for all state agencies. A number of objectives and policies in the plan are relevant to the proposed marijuana eradication project. These are to be found in several sections, including three relating to the physical environment, Sections 11, 12, and 13, and in Section 26 relating to public safety. The particularly relevant environmental objectives and policies are as follows: Section 11: (a) Planning for the State's physical environment with regard to land- based, shoreline, and marine resources shall be directed at achievement of the following objectives: (1) Prudent use of Hawaii's land-based, shoreline, and marine resources. (2) Effective protection of Hawaii's unique and fragile environmental resources. (b) To achieve the land-based shoreline, and marine objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: (4) Encourage the beneficial use of statewide forest resources without generating costly or irreparable environmental damage. (6) Encourage the protection of rare or endangered plant and animal species and habitats native to Hawaii. IV -1 Section 12: (a) Planning for the State's physical environment shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of enhancement of Hawaii's scenic assets, natural beauty, and multi-cultural/historical resources: (b) To achieve the scenic, natural beauty, and historic objective, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Promote the preservation and restoration of significant natural and historic resources. Section 13: (a) Planning for the State's physical environment with regard to land, air, and water quality shall be directed at achievement of the following objectives: j (1) Maintenance and pursuit of improved quality in Hawaii's j land, air, and water resources. (2) Greater public awareness and appreciation of Hawaii's environmental resources. (b) To achieve the land, air, and water quality objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: l (2) Promote the proper management of Hawaii's land and water resources. (3) Promote effective measures to achieve desired quality in Hawaii's surface, ground, and coastal waters. (4) Encourage actions to maintain or improve aural and air quality levels to enhance the health and well-being of Hawaii's people. (8) Foster recognition of the importance and value of the land, air, and water resources to Hawaii's people and their cultures. Section 26: (a) Planning for the State's socio -cultural advancement with regard to public safety shall be directed towards the achievement of the following objectives: ! (1) Assurance of public safety and adequate protection of life and property for all people. (b) To achieve the public safety objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Support law enforcement programs aimed at curtailing criminal activities. (2) Develop coordinated management programs for public safety and criminal justice throughout the State. State Conservation Lands Functional Plan Relevant objectives, polices and implementing actions in the State Conservation Lands Functional Plan include the following: Policy A(1). Exercise an overall conservation ethic in the use of Hawaii's resources by protecting, preserving, and conserving the critical IV -2 and significant natural resources of the State of Hawaii and controlling use of hazardous areas. Implementing Action A(1)(d). Provide for effective enforcement of rules and regulations and permit system applicable to the Conservation District. Policy C(3). Protect and manage the lands with historic or natural resources value. Implementing Action C(3)(c). Establish criteria and evaluate areas of public land with historic or natural resource value and establish management practices to ensure the protection of areas from further degradation. Policy C(4). Provide opportunities and facilities to meet public needs for a wide range of recreational and educational activities within Conservation lands. Implementing Action C(4)(a). Where possible, make available areas of unique biota or geology for public appreciation and enjoyment. Implementing Action C(4)(b). Provide opportunities and access to use forest lands for outdoor recreation and education by constructing and maintaining facilities for hiking, hunting, camping, nature walks, viewing scenery, and horseback and trail bike riding. DOFAW RULES FOR FOREST RESERVES The DLNR has adopted rules regulating activities within forest reserve areas, Title 13, Administrative Rules, Chapter 104. These rules provide for the preservation of public property and resources. These rules are included in Appendix A. IV -3 PART V ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATORY MEASURES INTRODUCTION The major concern relating to the use of chemicals in the eradication of marijuana plants is the potential impact on plant and wildlife habitats; soils and groundwater resources; fresh water resources and aquatic creatures; and human health. The method of application is critical. Broadcast spraying by fixed -wing aircraft has the potential of being extremely destructive and therefore will not be done. All application will be either by helicopter with a modified -hose sprayer or by ground crews using knapsack sprayers. Even these measures will have some adverse and unavoidable impacts. The Operations Plan for marijuana eradication prepared by DLNR for Kauai describes the procedures to be followed for both manual and chemical eradication operations. For chemical eradication, it provides specifications for: Training; Chemical Mixing, Equipment Calibration and Chemical Application; Weather Conditions; Public Notification; Personal Health and Safety; Spills and Other Emergencies; Record Keeping; and Monitoring. These procedures are presented in Table V-3 at the end of Part V and will be used as guidelines for similar operations plans for Hawaii, Maui and Molokai. Although it is unlikely that herbicides applied by a helicopter with a modified -hose sprayer or by ground crews using knapsack sprayers would affect any endangered or threatened species because of the small size of the plots on which the marijuana is grown, additional precautions will be taken to increase the certainty that there will be no adverse impacts on critical areas. These steps are described in the Operations Plan which establishes a process to delineate treatment areas to ensure that especially sensitive areas are not harmed. The major areas of concern are those containing habitats essential for endangered and threatened species, areas containing plants and insects that are candidates for listing as endangered or threatened species, surface water sources, and areas with highly permeable soils that are existing or planned sources of potable water. V-1 The operations Plan establishes the following procedure to ensure protection of these areas: 1. The Chairperson shall establish a panel to prepare a sensitive -areas map. Three types of areas shall be identified on the map: (1) spraying by helicopter allowed; (2) spraying by portable knapsack units allowed; and (3) only manual eradication measures allowed. The panel should include representatives of the Forestry and Wildlife Division, Water and Land Development Division, Aquatic Resources Division, State Parks and Historic Sites Division, Natural Area Reserves Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Drinking Water Program of the Department of Health, and the County Department of Water Supply. 2. The panel will prepare a map identifying essential habitats and other sensitive areas where no spraying by helicopter will be allowed and other areas where spraying may take place under special conditions 3. The map will be drawn at a scale large enough and with sufficient descriptions of landmarks that it can be used by enforcement officers to select the appropriate eradication method when marijuana is discovered in any particular place. 4. The map shall not be made public because of the confidential nature of the eradication program. One copy shall be held by the Chairperson and another by the implementing entity. 5. The panel will also establish a monitoring program to determine the effects of the marijuana eradication program on soils, groundwater, surface water, wildlife, and non -target vegetation. Results of the monitoring program shall be evaluated by the panel, and changes in eradication methods made, if necessary. A special field test to monitor the effects of spraying weed oil by helicopter on soils and the degree of drift to nearby vegetation is being undertaken by DLNR. The results of the tests will be made available to interested parties when completed. V-2 i LANDFORMS, SOILS AND VEGETATIVE COVER Cultivation of marijuana involves disturbance of the soil similar to that of other agricultural operations. When compared to the impact of cultivation of marijuana, the impacts of eradication measures are slight. General cultivation practices include the use of soil additives, such as lime and fertilizer, that are required to make the normally acid, low -nutrient forest soils more productive. The soil water regime is affected by irrigation from streams and gravity -fed or pump storage reservoirs made from portable swimming pools. In addition, poisons such as arsenic, which are used to control rodents that eat the plants, may leach into the soil. Cultivation practices also may limit or disrupt soil organisms. Populations of soil microorganisms existing under cultivation conditions are probably quite different in number and species composition than those of the soils surrounding the marijuana site because of soil disturbance and compaction and the various chemical fertilizers and rodenticides. Soil microorganism populations (for example, burrowing rodents, earthworms, and insects) may be absent or limited due to weeding, animal trapping, and soil compaction. Potential soil impacts from marijuana eradication include soil disturbance and compaction due to foot and vehicular traffic; soil drying and erosion due to plant removal and increased sunlight and rainfall penetration; and impacts on soil organisms such as bacteria, fungi, insects, and burrowing animals, caused by soil disturbance or by herbicides. Herbicides may also affect the speed of vegetation of the site. When compared to the impacts of cultivation practices discussed above, soil impacts of marijuana eradication are not likely to be significant. Most marijuana cultivation sites will revegetate during the next growing season. On intensively cultivated sites, soil moisture and nutrient conditions that are maintained at artificially high levels by irrigation and fertilizers should provide ideal conditions for natural plant succes sion. Nontarget herbaceous vegetation already existing on the site will provide the first stage of secondary succession. V-3 Manual Eradication Operations Soil impacts that may result from the foot traffic of ground crews involved in manual eradication operations are not likely to be significant. Any onsite nontarget vegetation will remain onsite after manual eradication to mitigate soil drying and erosion potential. Any vehicles involved in the operations onsite may cause slight soil impacts. Chemical Eradication Operations Site Revegetation. Indirect impacts on the soil resulting from the removal of protective plant cover and the resultant soil desiccation or susceptibility to erosion are possible under chemical eradication methods. Where marijuana is the only vegetation onsite, herbicide treatment will kill all plant cover regardless of the herbicide used. Where considerable nontarget vegetation exists onsite other than annual, broadleaf weeds, impacts on that vegetation and the resulting speed of site revegetation depend on the mode of action, selectivity, and persistence of the herbicide used. The eradication of marijuana will allow whatever grew there before to reemerge. On Kauai, new vegetation was apparent a month after spraying. This could be native vegetation or it could be one or more exotic species or noxious weeds. Since marijuana is itself an exotic species, there would not necessarily be an increase in } exotic species in the area. However, if the previous vegetation cover consisted of t a mixture of native plants and exotic species, it could be expected that the more aggressive exotic species would dominate in the revegative process. t Populations of soil microorganisms may be affected by the alternative herbicides. However, those effects are not likely to be significant in magnitude or duration at i the application rates recommended for marijuana eradication. Glyphosate is adsorbed very rapidly and strongly by soil clays and organic matter. It degrades relatively rapidly in soil. This degradation takes place microbiologically. Experimental evidence shows glyphosate to have little or no effect on soil microflora. Therefore, it is unlikely that soil microfauna would be affected since there will be no reduction in their food supply (DEA, 1986) V-4 The volatile components of weed oil evaporate rapidly. A study conducted in California to determine the air pollution impacts of oil sprays concluded that 90% of foliage surface residues of weed oil evaporated in 26 to 45 minutes after application (Woodrow, 1986). Weed oil and diesel oil spraying should have little or no adverse environmental impact because bacterial microbes in the soil cause a breakdown of oil molecules. In Introduction to Soil Microbiology, (Alexander, 1977) the author describes this process as follows: The microflora responds to the addition to soil of paraffin, petroleum, petroleum products, and other aliphatic hydrocarbons, and the resultant community causes the added substrate to disappear. These transforma- tions are of great significance in the terrestrial cycle of carbon because waxes and other constituents of plant tissue contain aliphatic hydrocarbons. It has been estimated that approximately 0.02 percent of plant tissues may be considered as hydrocarbon or hydrocarbonlike in structure. Another source of supply is the soil microflora itself that can synthesize a variety of hydrocarbons or hydrocarbonlike molecules; for example, some species of bacteria and algae and the spores of fungi contain either aliphatic hydrocarbons or materials structurally similar to hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon oxidizers also probably metabolize the oils used as carriers for pesticide sprays, which, even when applied to the foliage, ultimately reach the soil. In addition, the soil under asphalt -paved highways possesses a large bacterial flora capable of utilizing the asphalt. The short persistence of hydrocarbons of many types is indicative of vigorous populations, and counts in excess of 105 per gram have been recorded when paraffin is used as the growth substrate. Among the substances used by the flora are paraffin, kerosene, gasoline, mineral and lubricating oils, asphalts, tars, and natural and synthetic rubbers. Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, and many other aliphatic hydrocarbons of the type structure CnH2n+2 are decomposed as well... (p. 2081 The effectiveness of microbes in degrading oils is being utilized for pollution control. A feature article on hazardous waste management in the March 1985 issue of the National Geographic Magazine describes how oily wastes from petroleum refining at Chevron's El Segundo, California facility are "attacked by hydrocarbon - hungry bacteria, naturally occurring in the soil. The bugs convert the hydrocarbons into harmless carbon dioxide and water." V-5 Limiting factors to microbiological activity are temperature, moisture and acidity of the soils. In warm, moist forest soils, only acidity would appear to be an inhibiting factor. Alexander notes that "many of the strains are sensitive to acidity and frequently show little growth below pH 5:' Although much of the soil in Hawaii's forested areas could be expected to be acidic, marijuana does not do well in these acid soils. For marijuana to be present, either the soils will be naturally neutral or will have been treated with lime or some other substance. At a neutral pH level, microbes would be expected to highly active. Intense repeated spraying or an accidental spill could cause adverse impacts. Chevron warns that "complete soil saturation may leave area bare or sterile." Under a worst-case accident scenario, soils could become saturated as a result of an accidental spill of the full 55 gallons of the mixture of chemicals used for aerial spraying or that a helicopter carrying this full load could crash. Under this worst- case scenario, it must be assumed that in the area immediately surrounding the initial spill that all vegetation would be destroyed and soils would be saturated. Under the crash scenario, there would also likely to be a fire, causing additional damage. Recovery would be slow, but eventually the area would revegetate. Precautions to be taken if materials are accidentally released or spilled are specified for each chemical in Appendix B. For the oils, it is advised that open flames in the vicinity of a spill or release be eliminated. Spills should be cleaned up as quickly as possible. Large spills should be absorbed with absorbent clay, diatomaceous earth, or other suitable material. A fire or vapor hazard may exist since these cleanup materials will only absorb liquid; they will not absorb vapor. Contaminated materials should be placed in dispoable containers and buried at an approved disposal area. For glyphosate, spills should be scooped or swept up and disposed of at a landfill. Large spills should be contained where possible and picked up by suction or vacuum truck and disposed of by incineration or in an approved landfill. Given the methods that will be employed and the likely infrequency of disasters or repeated application in the same spot, soil saturation appears unlikely. Further, experience in the use of oil for weed eradication and the Kauai operation indicates AM. that vegetation reappears in a fairly short time after spraying. This may also mean regrowth of marijuana plants, and subsequently the need to respray the area. However, it appears unlikely that intense cultivation efforts by growers will resume since they will know their plots are known to law enforcement officials. Oil sprays kill broadleaf plants within a few hours. Glyphosate causes complete plant kill in approximately 4 to 10 days at the 1.5 power active ingredient per acre application rate (DEA, 1986). Marijuana cultivation sites vary in the amount of non -target vegetation present. Most have considerable peripheral vegetation. Impacts on onsite nontarget vegetation that may result from marijuana eradication operations include direct effects, that is, killing of nontarget plants by cutting, mowing, trampling, or herbicides, and indirect effects, such as those stemming from soil impacts that may retard natural vegetation of the site. The amount of nontarget vegetation present, the size of the marijuana cultivation site, and the method of marijuana removal will determine the impacts on onsite nontarget plant species and the speed and pattern of site revegetation. Impacts on offsite plants, particularly those trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants along the edges of the site, will result principally from herbicide drift. Manual methods would not affect offsite vegetation. Once marijuana is removed, increased sunlight penetration should lead to site revegetation and increased production of ecotone (edge) vegetation. Ground spot application methods would remove only the target species from a site. There should be little impact on any non -target plants, although both onsite target plants and plants immediately surrounding individual marijuana plants may be damaged by drift. Aerial spot application methods would remove all target and some non -target plants growing on a site. Particular impacts on non -target plants depend on the herbicide's selectivity, persistence, and mode of action as previously discussed. With aerial application of herbicides, a portion of the peripheral understory vegetation may be defoliated or killed. Trees defoliated in the spray operation will V-7 be affected to the extent they are already stressed or diseased. It is unlikely that healthy trees will be killed, even though substantial defoliation occurs. Temporary leaf brownout could occur in a narrow band approximately 5 to 25 feet wide for understory vegetation, narrower for canopy trees (DEA, 1986). Spotting of foliage could occur over a wider band, depending on the vegetation and type of herbicide applied. Because of the strict meteorological and operational constraints that apply to aerial applications (see Table V-3), offsite spray deposition should be minimal—even over short distances. Agricultural crops grown in the vicinity of marijuana cultivation sites could experience slight impacts, such as leaf -spotting from herbicide drift. Mitigatory measures described in Table V-3 specify precautions that minimize offsite drift. On sites where non -target plants grow interspersed with the marijuana, aerial techniques using glyphosate would kill or suppress all the onsite vegetation. However, revegetation from seeds should occur quite rapidly because both herbicides are inactivated in most forest soils. Where oils are used, leaf -browning may occur depending on the susceptibility of the non -target plants. However, a number of non -target plants may remain alive. Spraying of herbicides to eradicate marijuana involves the risk of injury to sensitive plants, particularly endemic species. The degree of risk depends on the proximity of the sensitive plants to the marijuana cultivation sites, the amount of herbicide that moves offsite, and the distance it travels. Standard application practices and mitigatory measures described in Table V-3 are employed to minimize offsite herbicide drift. They include: I. Use of a nozzle that produces a relatively uniform distribution of large droplet sizes under low pressure. Large droplets have a far lower tendency to drift than smaller droplets. 2. Careful monitoring of weather so that adverse conditions such as windspeeds greater than 8 miles per hour, thermal inversions, unstable air, and the combination of high temperature and low humidity may be avoided. 1$3�' 3. Observance of buffer distances to avoid drift to sensitive habitats such as streams. No negative impacts to onsite non -target vegetation would result from strictly controlled manual eradication. Removal of marijuana will result in invasion of the site by non -target plants and reversion to a revegetation cover. With manual eradication impacts to offsite vegetation would be minimized. Herbicide impacts on nontarget vegetation depend on the herbicide's selectivity, mode of action, and persistence of residues in soil. Glyphosate is listed as a very broad spectrum herbicide effective on deep-rooted perennial species and on annual and biennial species of grasses, sedges, and broadleaf weeds. Unlike the contact, desiccant action of paraquat, glyphosate's action is systemic. It is quickly adsorbed through leaf surfaces and translocated to all plant parts. Root uptake, however, is precluded by rapid soil inactivation of glyphosate. Glyphosate is very effective in preventing sprouting from perennial species. Glyphosate has little residual action outside the treated plants because of its rapid inactivation by soil adsorption and rapid microbial breakdown. Therefore, site revegetation should occur almost immediately from seed stored in the soil (DEA, 1986). The oil sprays kill by contact and are not persistent. As noted earlier, areas sprayed with oil emulsions revegetate in a fairly short time. The proposed methods of application, through precision spraying via a modified hose -sprayer lowered by helicopter, or by individuals using knapsack sprayers, are designed to ensure that the spray reaches only the targeted plants. In addition, spraying will be done during hours of low wind, less than 8 mph. Inversion conditions will be avoided to minimize the possibility of drift. Removal of the marijuana plants will allow revegetation. In essential habitat areas, only manual methods of eradication will be used. V-9 WILDLIFE The impact of marijuana eradication on wildlife will vary depending on the type of cultivation site. In general, because marijuana cultivation sites tend to be small and widely dispersed and because growers go to great lengths to discourage all wildlife, no additional significant impacts are likely to occur to any wildlife species population from any of the eradication alternatives. Manual Eradication Operations Impacts from manual eradication operations on wildlife should be similar to those from any brush clearing activities. Beneficial wildlife impacts may result from manual eradication of marijuana. ?temoving marijuana eliminates the need for growers to use wildlife deterrents and opens up the area for revegetation by nontarget herbaceous and woody plants that are beneficial to a wide variety of wildlife species. While manual eradication operations may cause wildlife to flee the area { temporarily, no direct injury or fatality to any individual animals is likely to occur. However, marijuana removal may affect the survival of one or more individuals, particularly if ground -nesting birds or small mammals are living on or immediately adjacent to the site itself. No impacts on large mammals, peripheral canopy -nesting birds, or amphibians are anticipated using manual eradication methods. Chemical Eradication Operations Although relatively few data exist on the toxic effects of glyphosate to wildlife species, glyphosate is generally recognized to be a chemical of low toxicity in the environment. Glyphosate has negligible volatility and a low order of acute toxicity. Animal feeding studies with glyphosate have indicated low toxicity to rats, mallard ducks, and quail and little or no potential for bioaecumulation. Teratogenicity was not detected at test dosages. The oil sprays would be expected to affect wildlife much the same as humans—minor eye irritation, minor skin irritation, and headache and nausea from inhalation. V-10 A negative impact associated with both manual eradication and spraying is that caused by the use of helicopters. The downwash and noise could disturb and disrupt birds nesting and interfere with reproduction. A direct hit with oil spray will harm any insect on or near marijuana plants and could result in additional disruption of habitats of other creatures. Destruction of bird nests or small mammals may also occur. Birds may also ingest seeds from plants that have been sprayed. It is unlikely that either of these alternative eradication methods would affect any endangered or threatened species because of the small size of the plots on which the marijuana is grown. However, steps have been proposed that should increase the certainty that there will be no impacts to endangered or threatened species. These steps include the following: 1. Before any herbicidal eradication efforts are undertaken, qualified personnel will delineate areas where those endangered and threatened species are found or are likely to be found. No herbicides will be used in areas where an impact on state or federally designated endangered or threatened species is likely to occur. 2. In cases where eradication must be undertaken in known or suspected endangered or threatened species habitat, qualified personnel will conduct a site-specific assessment of the presence and distribution of the species and recommend the use of an eradication method that would not affect the species. 3. In no case where there is a reasonable likelihood of an endangered or threatened species being adversely affected by an eradication operation will that operation be undertaken. Under a worst-case accident scenario, all wildlife in the immediate area could be killed or injured as a result of an accidental spill of 55 gallons of the mixture of chemicals used for aerial spraying or a helicopter crash. In the case of a crash, fire would also be likely, possibly causing a forest fire. Under this worst-case scenario, it must be assumed that in the area immediately surrounding the initial spill that both animals and their habitats would be seriously harmed. Downstream fauna could also be injured or killed. Recovery would be slow, but eventually the area would revegetate. Only in the unlikely event that the accident occurred at a V-11 spot where the last members of an endangered species were found would there be serious, permanent damage. WATER RESOURCES AND AQUATIC SYSTEMS In remote areas, the marijuana plots would be expected to be located in areas with adequate water supplies, such as near mountain streams. The possible effects on water quality and aquatic systems resulting from marijuana eradication by manual methods and chemical spraying include sedimentation from runoff and herbicide contamination. Sedimentation occurs when significant amounts of vegetation cover are removed so that the soil is transported during the rainstorms. Herbicide contamination can result from drift, from failure to follow established procedures, or from accidents. Because of the small size and widely scattered distribution of marijuana plots on state lands, these effects are expected to be slight and of localized nature and short duration. Manual Eradication Operations No impacts on water quality and aquatic systems are anticipated as a result of 4 manual eradication techniques. The size of most cultivated marijuana sites is insignificant compared to the total surface area of even a small watershed. Chemical Eradication Operations Herbicide contamination of surface water is of concern to the public, especially when water is diverted to irrigation or domestic use downstream of the application site, or when the water supports native species. Small amounts of herbicide could reach aquatic systems from drift from aerial applications or from accidental application. Guidelines and standards for herbicide application minimize the probability of direct application of herbicides to water surfaces. (See Table V-3.) Special equipment is used to produce large droplets and to minimize offtarget movement of drift. In addition, streamside cover will intercept a portion of the spray drift. These factors, however, do not eliminate the potential for direct contact with water surfaces because very small streams, ephemeral stream beds, and seep areas may be hidden from view, especially during aerial application. V-12 Indirect routes of contamination include runoff from rainfall occurring immediately after an herbicide application or from contaminated sediment reaching the system in small amounts over time. The magnitude of contamination from indirect routes is influenced by soil type and topography. Coarse, rocky soils with low clay content have low water -retention capability and are more readily leached. Steep slopes increase the quantity of surface runoff and decrease retention time, thereby concentrating any sediment or chemical runoff into a shorter time span. In contrast, a soil matrix with organic matter or clay typically binds many chemical compounds, preventing the movement of chemicals away from application sites. Continuous ground cover of vegetation and plant litter minimizes surface runoff, and high aeration of soil and high organic matter content foster growth of soil microbes and fungi, which can biodegrade chemicals. Direct application and drift to surface waters or ephemeral stream channels are the most important routes of herbicidal contamination of water bodies. If a stream is contaminated with herbicide, the risk for aquatic organisms is dependent on the concentration of the herbicide in the stream and on the duration of exposure. The concentration in the stream is dependent on how much enters the stream, as well as on how fast it is adsorbed, degraded, or diluted. Stream sediments and organic detrital matter provide sites for adsorption, which can reduce the effective concentration in the water. Adsorbed molecules are not biologically available. The temperature, chemistry, and oxygen content of the stream affects the rate of biodegradation of the chemical. The velocity and mixing properties of a stream determine the duration of exposure to the critical concentration. The DEA 1986 EIS cites a study on the pattern of glyphosate behavior in water which indicates that concentrations in a forest stream diminished rapidly, partially through adsorption to bottom sediments, where extensive microbial breakdown occurred. After aerial application of 2.9 pounds per acre to an open stream, maximum concentrations were 0.2 parts per million (ppm) in a beaver pond, 0.08 ppm within six hours, and 0.005 ppm by day three. The study concluded that concentrations of glyphosate observed in streams were at no time high enough to ` cause injury to aquatic organisms. V-13 Ground Spot Application Methods. When herbicides are applied directly to individual target plants, they are unlikely to drift or fall directly onto surface water. Because of the adsorptive capacity of soils, the small numbers of plants likely to be sprayed, and the unlikely occurrence of marijuana plants close enough to water to enable a direct application to a water body, the use of spot application equipment is unlikely to result in any measurable contamination of water bodies. Aerial Spot Application 'Methods. Under a worst-case accident scenario, 55 gallons of the mixture of herbicide used for aerial spraying are dumped completely into a stream. Under this worst-case scenario, it must be assumed that in the area immediately surrounding the initial spill there will be fish kills. Aquatic vegetation will adsorb herbicides, reducing the concentrations in the water column, but this vegetation could die in the process. This may reduce water quality depending on the rate of subsequent decomposition of the flora and will affect the levels of I aquatic invertebrates that depend on the flora for substrate. Other invertebrates such as aquatic insects may also be killed. At worst, what could result is a localized zone of measurable, and probably visible, disturbance. However, these effects will be reversible and will not have a measurable impact on the total stream community since most streams depend primarily on vegetation that has fallen into the stream for their energy supplies. r x Since both glyphosate and the oil sprays are biodegradable, there should be no long-term adverse effects to either aquatic habitats or potable water supplies. i i Another concern is the possibility of groundwater contamination. The important factors in determining pollution potential are groundwater occurrence and j movement and the type and permeability of soils. t Glyphosate has little potential for groundwater contamination because of its strong adsorption to soils. This strong adsorption accounts for the observed lack of mobility and low leaching tendency of glyphosate in soil (DEA, 1986). In a special study on weed oil and diesel oil conducted by the consultants to DEA in 1984, the authors point out that, at normal application rates: V-14 ... neither product is likely to move down through the soil below the top inch unless rain follows immediately after spraying. Therefore, groundwater contamination immediately following a spray operation is not likely to occur. ... there is a long-term possibility of groundwater contamination, particularly if an area is sprayed repeatedly. Areas most susceptible to groundwater contamination would be those with low porosity soils (gravels and sands), high water tables (i.e., close to the soil surface), and low populations of oil -degrading organisms (Scerzenie, et al. 1984). The field tests being made by DLNR described earlier will provide specific data on the persistence of Weed Oil in soils. The appropriate mitigatory measures listed in Table V-3 will be followed. AIR QUALITY The use of helicopters and diesel oil spray will add hydrocarbons to the air. However, these added amounts of hydrocarbons will be negligible on other than a local, immediate basis. According to Monsanto, glyphosate will not vaporize. This reduces the likelihood of vapor inhalation by applicators or nearby animals, as well as vapor drift to adjacent non -target vegetation. More information on risks from herbicide drift is contained in other sections of this document. VISUAL RESOURCES The eradication efforts are likely to have only minimal, short-term impacts on visual resources. As noted earlier, the cultivation sites are located in remote areas and are difficult to find. Some visual impacts may result from leaf browning on the periphery of treated marijuana sites. NOISE There will be some unavoidable noise impacts from the helicopter operations. Low-flying helicopters can be annoying and distressing, particularly to those seeking a quiet wilderness experience. Most of the complaints about helicopter noise are directed at sight-seeing tour operations. Because there are many companies providing these services, flights are a frequent and regular occurrence in some areas. The eradication operations will not take place on a regular basis. They can be expected to be concentrated during the months of the harvest season. They will V-15 also fly at higher altitudes until they reach the areas where marijuana is grown which, as noted earlier, are generally away from locations used by the public. The impacts should therefore be short term and localized. HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES None of the alternatives is likely to seriously harm any historic or archaeological resources. The location of known archaeological sites will be made available to law enforcement officials. The forest areas were generally utilized as resource areas by the Hawaiians, but agricultural areas and habitation sites may potentially exist on other state-owned and managed Conservation District lands. One concern is the accidental spraying of archaeological sites with herbicides. Chemical sprays could interfere with the radiocarbon dating of artifacts. The radiocarbon dating techniques measure the ratio of elements left in the artifact to determine its age. The application of herbicides alone would affect only the surface of the object and would not impair the dating process which involves the subsurface portions of artifacts. However, oil products would seep below the surface. As long as archaeologists are alerted to the fact that an artifact may have been contaminated with oil, organic solvents can be used to remove the material. However, it is then difficult to get all the solvent out of the material and the solvent itself may contain carbon 14 which can interfere with the dating process (Pers. comm., Labat-Anderson, Inc. 1985). The chemical eradication program will likely have no effect on historic sites other i than on potential radiocarbon samples. In fact, manual eradication which uproots plants is more likely to disturb archaeological deposits, if by chance plants are growing in significant sites. The chemical eradication program, by greatly reducing manual eradication, will likely greatly reduce any possibility of adverse effect to significant sites. PUBLIC HEALTH AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY There are two health concerns. One is the risk to law enforcement officers and individuals who may inadvertently be exposed to herbicides. The other is the risk to someone who might intentionally or inadvertently smoke marijuana that has been sprayed. V-16 Risk is a product of three factors: the probability of injury, the potential severity of the injury, and duration and frequency of exposure to the individual. The probability of injury depends on the inherent dangers present at cultivation sites and the characteristics of the tools or herbicides being used. Severity depends on the potential damage that booby traps, tools, or herbicides could cause on or off the site. The exposure depends on the amount of time an individual is exposed to these hazards. In general, the greatest risk associated with marijuana cultivation and eradication operations is the risk to law enforcement personnel securing the site and checking for booby traps and to the public encountering "protected" marijuana cultivation sites on public lands. The risk to law enforcement personnel from booby traps is assumed to be the same for all alternatives except aerial spraying. A goal of all the alternative eradication methods is to reduce the risk that marijuana cultivation operations pose to the public. There are a number of risks to enforcement officers applying chemicals. These include flying at low levels in a helicopter, rappelling down from (and returning to) the helicopter for backpack spraying application, and risk of exposure to chemicals. There is no question that helicopter operations of this kind are risky. There have been serious injuries to personnel involved in "Green Harvest" operations. However, police officers note that the "Green Harvest" methods of manual eradication involve a much larger number of personnel for much longer periods of time than "Operation Wilt" and that the overall risk is thereby much reduced. Applicators wear protective clothing and follow standard safety procedures. Hearing protection devices are provided to helicopter operators and passengers. The amount of risk to individuals who may be exposed to the herbicides depends on the toxicity of the chemical used and the amount and length of time of exposure. Herbicides are generally less toxic than insecticides to humans and other animals because of basic biological and physiological differences between plants and animals. Herbicides are designed to interfere with vital plant processes such as seed germination, hormone (auxin) -mediated growth and development, and photosynthesis, which are processes that do not occur in animals. Nevertheless, V-17 like all chemicals, herbicides are toxic at some levels. Persons who are immunologically sensitive to chemicals would be at greater risk. A risk analysis for herbicide eradication methods was conducted for the DEA EIS's. The conclusions for glyphosate are as follows: Glyphosate has generally low toxicity to mammals, as reflected in its acute LD50 values of 5,400 mg/kg body weight in rats and 3,800 mg/kg in rabbits. It is only slightly irritating to the skin and eyes, and there is no evidence of any pulmonary toxicity. A 2 -year chronic feeding study did not indicate any oncogenic or other chronic effects at the highest dose tested (31 mg/kg/day). Studies have also shown that glyphosate is neither teratogenic nor mutagenc, and a recent 3 -generation reproductive study reviewed by EPA set a no -observed -effect level (NOEL) of 10 mg/kg/day. In a review of preliminary data from cancer studies using mice and rats, EPA found one study to be positive for cancer. However, in these cancer studies on both sexes of two species of test animals, the incidence of only one tumor type in one sex of one species was found to increase in relation to treatment with glyphosate. This increase in tumors occurred only at very high exposure levels (much higher than usual in long-term studies of pesticides) and the positive findings depended upon the presence of tumors in only 4 of 149 treated animals. To the extent that it is actually an oncogen, EPA has stated that these results indicate that glyphosate is likely to have only a weak oncogenic effect. More recently, EPA's FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel found that the data on glyphosate's oncogenic potential are inconclusive. The panel proposed that glyphosate not be classified until a data call-in for further studies in rats and/or mice provides clarification of unresolved questions. Based on the information currently available, EPA has indicated that it does not expect any significant risk from the level of gyphosate to which humans are likely to be exposed in cannabis eradication acitivies (DEA, 1986). The retesting referred to by DEA has now been completed and is going through EPA's review process. The data have indicated nothing out of the ordinary and no change in registration is anticipated (Personal communication, Adamczyk, EPA, 1986). V-18 As noted earlier, the major risk from the oil sprays is from dermal contact, inhalation of vapors, and accidental ingestion. There would be a serious health risk only if the exposed person vomited and aspirated the oil mixture into his lungs. Studies have indicated that long-term exposure to certain petroleum products is related to various cancers, such as skin cancer (from dermal contacts) and lung cancer (from extended breathing of the fumes). Since contact with the oil sprays by both law enforcement officers and other individuals (growers or legitimate state land users) would be of short duration, the level of exposure would be relatively insignificant. The risk of someone smoking the marijuana after it has been sprayed and the potential health effects of such an action are difficult to assess. The probability of someone harvesting the marijuana sprayed with oil appears to be extremely low. The plant dies very quickly, turning brown within a few hours; it is therefore unappealing for consumption and has an unpleasant odor. This contrasts to the effects of glyphosate or paraquat where the plant reacts at a slower rate. After several hours the plant loses the odor; during this time the toxic residues on the plant also are degrading and the plant turns brown and wilted. Most of the information on the effects of diesel oil relate to direct breathing of fumes, rather than from inhaling smoke resulting from burning. However, breathing of combusted diesel oil fumes is common; it has had widespread use as a stove fuel, and almost every city -dweller has had the unpleasant experience of being stuck in traffic behind a diesel oil -burning bus or truck. The risk associated with glyphosate is very low. A risk analysis on the effect of smoking glyphosate -contaminated cigarettes assumed that a heavy marijuana user smoked 5 marijuana cigarettes per day every day for 30 years (54,750 cigarettes) and that 10 percent of these cigarettes are contaminated with one of the herbicides. The explanation of how the dose from each cigarette was estimated is presented in the section of the federal ELS on Analysis of Risk to Marijuana Smokers. The risk from glyphosate is less than one in a million (DEA, 1986). V-19 ECONOMIC ELEMENTS The use of oil sprays has already been demonstrated to be cost-effective by the counties of Hawaii and Kauai and state enforcement officials. Impacts of eradication of marijuana on state and county economies should be directly related to the effectiveness of the operation. It is difficult to predict the economic effect, due to the unreliability of existing data. If the state and county law enforcement programs are successful in reducing the amount of marijuana { available to potential consumers, it can be expected that the laws of supply and t demand will continue to apply and the price of marijuana will go up accordingly. The diminished supply may command such a high price that it will offset the economic loss to growers and/or alternate methods of marijuana cultivation may be developed. On the other hand, increased community educational efforts on prevention of drug abuse may result in a reduced demand accompanying the diminished supply. An effective eradication program on state-owned and managed Conservation District lands may result in growers moving their operations to private lands on Hawaii, Maui and !Molokai, or indoors under artificial lights. j SOCIAL ELEMENTS Marijuana eradication efforts will be perceived differently by various social groups ¢ constituting the general public. Some people strongly oppose marijuana use and 4 will support any eradication method. Others support total legalization of marijuana and would oppose any eradication effort. Still others oppose marijuana but also oppose any use of herbicides. Hikers, hunters, and other people who use public lands for recreation are expected to respond positively to the improved safety conditions that will result from a successful eradication program. The i majority of people could be expected to support eradication of marijuana grown on state-owned lands if it is done sensitively and does not appreciably harm the environment. i CUMULATIVE IMPACTS Cumulative impacts are those impacts on the environment that occur from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of j time. One type of cumulative impact is geographical. Given the small size of most marijuana plots and their wide dispersement, there is unlikely to be any r significant cumulative impact. While it is possible certain sites may have to be V-20 revisited for eradication, it is more likely that growers will either discontinue operations or move to new sites. Another possible cumulative impact is that of actions by other agencies or individuals in conjunction with the state eradication program. For example, an area where marijuana is grown on state-owned and managed Conservation District lands near agricultural lands may receive a larger application of herbicide because of spraying activities on both parcels. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY The relationship between short-term uses of man's environment and the maintenance of long-term productivity depends upon site-specific information. Glyphosate persists in soil, but becomes biologically unavailable relatively rapidly. The hydrocarbon in the oils are broken down by soil microbes. Removal of the plant cover and resultant soil desiccation or susceptibility to erosion are possible under chemical eradication methods. However, none of these activities are expected to result in long-term effects on the soil's productivity. The preferred alternative of operational flexibility allows DLNR to choose from a full range of eradication and disposal methods based on the sensitivities of each site. To the extent that marijuana cultivation may restrict natural regeneration of vegetative growth in the forest, clearcuts, or natural clearings, eradication activities could serve to free the site from an artificially maintained agricultural situation, thus enhancing long-term productivity. IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES The time, manpower, and cost spent on the eradication of marijuana represent an irreversible and irretrievable commitment of government resources. From an environmental standpoint, it is not expected that any of the eradication methods will irreversibly or irretrievably commit resources. V-21 PROBABLE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED The temporary brownout of vegetation that occurs under the herbicide alternative and the noise associated with all eradication methods are temporary adverse effects. The worst-case accident scenario described represents the most probable adverse effects, and adherence to the mitigatory measures and operational features built into the alternatives should minimize these adverse effects. The potential for, degree, and severity of any adverse effects will be examined in site- specific analyses as well before eradication operations are undertaken. AN INDICATION OF WHAT OTHER INTERESTS AND CONSIDERATIONS OF GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES ARE THOUGHT TO OFFSET THE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTION The DLNR is obligated to enforce laws on state property. The use of public lands for private cultivation of marijuana is in violation of the law. Further, these activities interfere with the use and enjoyment of state-owned lands by residents of and visitors to Hawaii, Maui and Molokai. The activities of the marijuana growers are destructive to the environment, and their efforts to protect their plots, such as using booby traps and other weapons, endanger innocent citizens. Although some environmental damage may ensue fro -n eradication of marijuana crops, it will be offset by the improvement in the environment upon removal of this exotic vegetation and accompanying chemicals used in its cultivation, and by the improvements in public safety. 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'p O O`Ci' ' o c Y dco aC+ r PC o o o cL L aV ° 'V m m 'o 2 C "'' m O G C m +' O V bD � C V .L.+ N 7 C U> O L O v w L -C N 0 O C) V C. bD a Qai m8 YC No C ° O V 'a E m Ly 0 E10 wtL Sm _ �4) 4) >E r CU T md O m m ''o O L rci .0 L i •0 V C L d y d a) m ,° ° O d rte. y. Y p O V y C N p m E° Up S a$° x c O 3 m w E o a O N !-:3? a a N Y-33 L 0 Y E OI y mr 0 Y E m 0 a Q o E m Y c m o d H v L a ,o C C cc2d W Uh O W c C m V c 0 Y m b w > W Lm Y C L O m C E� d � � O O U ro 0 m o m U Yro YO U Y L E L L w m O t U O C C N O C O T O v CO co 0 C y ti V O y Y w O EY O •Yi Y "v N'0 Ot CN 0 r;o p o C Y w O U 0 d aO� r�� E �Eo,cC, d •L O Cd y U 7 aL+ C 'O U+ Y 3 7 N Y-33 L 0 Y E OI y mr 0 Y E m 0 a Q o E m Y c m o d H v L a ,o C C cc2d W Uh O W c C m V PART VI LIST OF NECESSARY APPROVALS APPROVAL NEEDED Federal Clearance under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, as applicable State Conservation District Use Permit Experimental Use Permit for diesel oil VI -1 APPROVING AGENCY OR BODY U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Board of Land & Natural Resources Department of Agriculture U.S. Environmental Protection Agency PART VII UNRESOLVED ISSUES The three chemicals that are proposed to be used in the eradication of marijuana are glyphosate, Weed Oil and diesel oil. Glyphosate and Weed Oil are registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and licensed by the Hawaii State Department of Agriculture. Since diesel oil is not registered, clearance is being sought from EPA and DOA for its use in this program. There is a lack of empirical data on Weed Oil because it was registered with EPA before the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) was passed and on diesel oil because it has never been sold as an herbicide and thus has not previously been regulated under FIFRA. Monitoring programs that are undertaken as part of the marijuana eradication program will provide data for further evaluation of the safety and efficacy of these chemicals. PART VIII AGENCIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND INDIVIDUALS CONTACTED The following list includes those agencies, organizations, and individuals to whom copies of the ELS Notice of Preparation were sent, who provided comments, and/or who were consulted during the preparation of this report. An asterisk indicates those from whom a written communication was received. The letters and the corresponding responses are contained in Appendix E in the order of the list presented below. FEDERAL Department of Agriculture *Soil Conservation Service *U.S. Forest Service - Pacific Islands Forester Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Department of the Interior *Fish and Wildlife Service National Parks Service *Geological Survey Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Environmental Protection Agency STATE OF HAWAII *Department of Agriculture Department of Hawaiian Home Lands *Department of Defense *Department of Health Department of Planning and Economic Development Department of Transportation Department of Land and Natural Resources Animal Species Advisory Committee Office of Environmental Quality Control Office of Hawaiian Affairs *University of Hawaii Environmental Center *University of Hawaii Dept. of Agricultural Biochemistry Libraries Hamilton Library, University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Hawaii at Hilo Campus Library Maui Community College Library State Legislature Honorable Mark Andrews, Chairman House Committee on Planning, Energy, Ecology and Environmental Protection Honorable Bertrand Kobayashi, Chairman Senate Committee on Health Honorable Richard Henderson Honorable Herbert J. Honda VIII -1 Honorable Virginia Iabel Honorable Andrew Levin Honorable Robert K. Lindsey Honorable Gerald K. Machida Honorable Richard Matsuura Honorable Wayne Metcalf Honorable Bill Pfeil Honorable Malama Solomon Honorable Joseph M. Souki Honorable Harvey Tajiri Honorable Dwight Takamine Honorable Mamoru Yamasaki COUNTY OF HAWAII *Office of the Mayor *County Council Planning Department *Police Department *Public Works Department *Water Department COUNTY OF MAUI *Office of the '.Mayor *County Council *Planning Department Police Department Public Works Department *Water Department CITY do COUNTY OF HONOLULU Police Department COUNTY OF KAUAI Police Department ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS American Lung Association of Hawaii American Lung Association of Hawaii, Hawaii Council American Lung Association of Hawaii, Maui Council *Karen Anna *Belly Arbor Bernice P. Bishop Museum *Ronnie Bressler Conservation Council of Hawaii Conservation Council of Hawaii, Hawaii Island Chapter Conservation Council of Hawaii, Maui Chapter East Maui Irrigation District Environmental Law Center of the Pacific *F. E. Cameron *Tom Cobian *Joseph Eloheim *Carol Fenn *Constance H. Gaffney Haleakala Ranch Hana Ranch, Inc. /NUM *Hawaii Audubon Society Hawaii Island Chamber of Commerce Hawaii Beekeepers Association *Hawaii Medical Association Hawaii's Thousand Friends Hawaiian Botanical Society *Hawaiian Entomological Society Hawaiian Malacological Society Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Hawaiian Trail and Mountain Club *John R. Henderson *Sunny Holmes Hunters' Association Maria Hustace *Susan Marie Lutich *Bruce Jacobs/Dolores Slater *Martin Jenson Kaupo Ranch Life of the Land *Maui Chamber of Commerce Maui Sportsmen Club Molokai Chamber of Commerce Molokai Ranch, Ltd. The Nature Conservancy *B. Nickels *Jacque Prell *Mark Sheehan Sierra Club, Hawaii Chapter Sierra Club, Maui Group Sierra Club, Moku Loa Group *Jette Slater *Steve Slater *Statton Ulupalakua Ranch *Elaine S. Wender The Wildlife Society, Hawaii Chapter Hawaiian Electric Company INDIVIDUALS CONSULTED Thomas Adamczyk, Environmental Protection Agency Thomas Arizumi, Department of Health Vince Bagoyo, Jr., Maui County Department of Water Supply Selwyn Chinn, U.S. Geological Survey Guy Kawasaki, Hawaii County Department of Water Supply Po Yung Lai, Department of Agriculture VIII -3 PART IX EIS DISTRIBUTION LIST The following is a list of agencies, organizations, and individuals to whom a copy of the draft ELS was sent. FEDERAL Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service U.S. Forest Service - Pacific Islands Forester Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service National Parks Service Iionolulu Office Haleakala National Park Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Geological Survey Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Army-DAFE (Facilities Eng.-USACH) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Navy STATE OF HAWAII Department of Agriculture Department of Accounting & General Services Department of Hawaiian Home Lands Department of Defense Department of Health Department of Planning and Economic Development DPED Library Department of Social Services and Housing Department of Transportation Department of Land and Natural Resources Animal Species Advisory Committee State Historic Preservation Office Office of Environmental Quality Control Office of Hawaiian Affairs State Archives State Energy Office UNIVERITY OF HAWAII Environmental Center Department of Agricultural Biochemistry Water Resources Research Center IX -1 STATE LEGISLATURE Honorable Mark Andrews, Chairman House Committee on Planning, Energy, Ecology and Environmental Protection Honorable Bertrand Kobayashi, Chairman Senate Committee on Health Honorable Richard Henderson Honorable Herbert J. Honda Honorable Virginia Isbel Honorable Andrew Levin Honorable Robert K. Lindsey Honorable Gerald K. Machida Honorable Richard !Matsuura Honorable Wayne Metcalf Honorable Bill Pfeil Honorable Malama Solomon Honorable Joseph 11. Souki Honorable Harvey Tajiri Honorable Dwight Takamine Honorable Mamoru Yamasaki LIBRARIES State Main Library Hamilton Library, University of Hawaii at Manoa Legislative Reference Bureau Regionals Kaimuki Regional Library Kaneohe Regional Library Pearl City Regional Library Hilo Regional Library Lihue Regional Library Wailuku Regional Library Hawaii University of Hawaii at Hilo Campus Library Bond Memorial (Kohala) Library Holualoa Library Honokaa Library Kailua-Kona Library Keaau Community -School Library Kealakekua Library Laupahoehoe Community -School Library Mountain View Community -School Library Pahala Community -School Library Pahoa Community -School Library Thelma Parker Memorial Library/Waimea Area Library Maui Maui Community College Library Kahului Library Lahaina Library Makawao Library IX -2 Molokai Molokai Library COUNTY OF HAWAII Office of the Mayor County Council Police Department Department of Parks & Recreation Department of Planning Department of Public Works Department of Research & Development Department of Water Supply COUNTY OF MAUI Office of the Mayor County Council Police Department Department of Parks & Recreation Department of Planning Department of Public Works Department of Water Supply Economic Development Agency CITY & COUNTY OF HONOLULU Police Department COUNTY OF KAUAI Police Department MEDIA Honolulu Star Bulletin Honolulu Advertiser Sun Press Hawaii Tribune Herald West Hawaii Today - Kona Maui News Ka Molokai ORGANIZATIONS American Lung Association of Hawaii American Lung Association of Hawaii, Hawaii Council American Lung Association of Hawaii, Maui Council Bernice P. Bishop Museum Conservation Council of Hawaii Conservation Council of Hawaii, Hawaii Island Chapter Conservation Council of Hawaii, Maui Chapter East Maui Irrigation District Environmental Law Center of the Pacific Haleakala Ranch Hana Ranch, Inc. Hawaii Audubon Society Hawaii Island Archery Club Hawaii Island Chamber of Commerce Hawaii Beekeepers Association Hawaii Medical Association IX -3 Hawaii's Thousand Friends Hawaiian Botanical Society Hawaiian Electric Company Hawaiian Entomological Society Hawaiian Malacological Society Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Hawaiian Trail and Mountain Club Hunters' Association Kaupo Ranch Keanae-Wailua Nui Commenity Association Life of the Land Maui Chamber of Commerce Maui Hunt Club Maui Sportsmen Club Molokai Chamber of Commerce Molokai Ranch, Ltd. Safe Solutions The Nature Conservancy Sierra Club, Hawaii Chapter Sierra Club, Maui Group Sierra Club, Moku Loa Group Sportsmen of Hawaii Ulupaluakua Ranch The Wildlife Society, Hawaii Chapter INDIVIDUALS Karen Anna Kelly Arbor Steve Blake Ronnie Bressler F. E. Cameron Eve Clute Tom Cobian Dechen Dronkar Joseph Eloheim Carol Fenn Constance H. Gaffney Michael Glaze John R. Henderson Sunny Holmes Maria Hustace Margaret Kelleher Gladys Kanoa Susan Marie Lutich Bruce Jacobs/Dolores Slater Martin Jenson Attwood Makanani John Mitchell Yanzoh Molem B. Nickels Jacque Prell Mark Sheehan Jette Slater Steve Slater Statton Elaine S. Wender IX -4 F94T.VdR COMMENTS AND RESPONSES ON THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT The following agencies, organizations, and individuals reviewed and commented on the draft Environmental Impact Statement. Those who made substantive comments concerning the proposed action received written responses to their concerns. They are indicated by an asterisk (*) in the following list. All of the letters received, together with the responses to all substantive questions, are reproduced in Appendix E, following the comments on the EIS Preparation Notice.. FEDERAL AGENCIES Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service *National Parks Service, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park *Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (telephoned response) U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Navy STATE OF HAWAII Department of Accounting & General Services Department of Defense *Department of Health *Department of Planning and Economic Development Department of Social Services and Housing, Hawaii Housing Authority Department of Transportation State Energy Office UNIVERITY OF HAWAII *Environmental Center *Water Resources Research Center STATE LEGISLATURE *Bill Pfeil, Representative COUNTY OF HAWAII *County Council *Police Department Department of Parks & Recreation *Department of Planning Department of Public Works COUNTY OF MAUI *Mayor Tavares *County Council Department of Public Works *Office of Economic Development X-1 CITY do COUNTY OF HONOLULU *Police Department ORGANIZATIONS *Center for World Peace *East Maui Irrigation District *Hawaii Audubon Society Hawaiian Electric Light Company *Hawaiian Malacological Society *Keanae-Wailuanui Community Association *Life of the Land *Molokai Ranch, Ltd. *The Nature Conservancy *Safe Solutions *Sierra Club, !Maui Group *Sierra Club, Moku Loa Group INDIVIDUALS *Lehua Altemus *Kelly Arbor *Doobie Basztura *Ronnie Bressler *Steven Broos *Eve Clute *Diana Dahl *Patricia Dillberg *Bonnie Fish *'.Michael L. Glaze *David & Lori Grace -Cherry *William Graham *Mary K. Groode *Margaret Kelleher *Caitlin LaBoyteaux *James McCall Kathleen W. Moser *Jan Newhouse *Roz Ritter *Jack Schweigert *Jette Slater *Steve Slater *Julianne Sutton *Niles Szwed *Aerie Waters *Jae Webster *Elaine S. Wender *Elizabeth Wertheim, et al. X-2 LIST OF REFERENCES Adamczyk, Thomas. 1986. Registration Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. Personal Communication. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. 1977. Conservation District Inventory. Honolulu, Hawaii. 1982. State Conservation Lands Plan, Technical Reference Document. Division of Forestry and Wildlife. 1984. Hawaii Wildlife Plan. Honolulu, Hawaii. 1984. State Conservation Lands Functional Plan. Honolulu, Hawaii. _ 1985. Final Revised Environmental Impact Statement for the Eradication of Marijuana on State -Owned and Managed Conservation District Lands, Island of Kauai. Honolulu, Hawaii. 1986. State of Hawaii Endangered Plant List. Edited by Carolyn A. Corn. Honolulu, Hawaii. 1986. Operations Plan for the Eradication of Marijuana Plants from State -Owned and Managed Conservation District Lands. Honolulu, Hawaii. 1986. State Wildlife Plan. Honolulu, Hawaii. . 1986. State of Hawaii Endangered Plant List. Edited by Carolyn A. Corn. Honolulu, Hawaii. Hawaii Department of Planning and Economic Development. 1985. The State of Hawaii Data Book 1985. Honolulu, Hawaii. The Hawaii Tribune Herald. August 21, 1986. 1111,000 marijuana plants harvested." Hilo, Hawaii. August 26, 1986. 1115,000 marijuana plants uprooted.' Hilo, Hawaii. Hawaii Water Resources Regional Study. 1979. Hawaii Water Resources Regional Plan. Honolulu, Hawaii. The Honolulu Advertiser. July 3, 1986. "Kauai police net largest pot haul." Honolulu, Hawaii. . August 12, 1986. "Pot growers peril Maui preserve, harass workers, says nature group." Honolulu, Hawaii. . September 16, 1986. "Waikiki -size pot crop." Honolulu, Hawaii. The Honolulu Star -Bulletin. August 23, 1986. "Kauai Police Reap $27 Million in Green Harvest." Honolulu, Hawaii. Hilton, Wayne. 1985. Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association. Personal Communication. The Maui News. August 21, 1986. "Three-day operation nets pot plants." Wailuku, Maui, Hawaii. Takahasi, Kiyoshi J. 1977. Elements Needed in Design of a Ground -Water -Quality Monitoring Network in the Hawaiian Islands. Geological Survey Water -Supply Paper 2041. Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Health, Honolulu, Hawaii. Timbol, Amadeo S. and John A. Maciolek. April 1978. Stream Channel Modification Biological Services, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Honolulu, Hawaii. University of Hawaii Department of Geography. 1983. Atlas of Hawaii, Second Edition. Honolulu, Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey. Water Resources data, Hawaii and Other Pacific Areas. Vol. 1 - Hawaii. Annual Water Years Reports. U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control. 1985. Annual Report for the Year 1984. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1972. Soil Survey of Islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, State of Hawaii. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1972. Soil Survey of Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. 1985. Final Environmental Impact Statement on the Eradication of Cannabis on Federal Lands in the Continental United States. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. 1986. Final Environmental Impact Statement: Cannabis Eradication on Non -Federal and Indian Lands in the Contiguous United States and Hawaii. Washington, D.C. Woodrow, James E., James N. Selber and Yong -Hwa Kim. 1986. Measured and Calculated Evaporation Losses of Two Petroleum Herbicide Mixtures under Laboratory and Field Conditions. Environmental Science Technology, Vol 20, No. 8. APPENDIX A DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE RULES FOR FOREST RESERVES TITLE 13 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES SUBTITLE 5 FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE PART 1 FORESTRY CHAPTER 104 RULES REGULATING ACTIVITIES WITHIN FOREST RESERVES Subchapter 1 General Provisions §13-104-1 Purpose and applicability §13-104-2 Definitions §13-104-3 Penalty Subchapter 2 Public Use §13-104-4 Preservation of public property and resources §13-104-5 Litter and sanitation §13-104-6 Report of injury or damage §13-104-7 Fire use restrictions §13-104-8 Hunting and fishing §13-104-9 Firearms or other weapons 313-104-10 Swimming and bathing §13-104-11 Vehicles and transportation §13-104-12 Animals 913-104-13 Audio devices and noise §13-104-14 Explosives 513-104-15 Disorderly conduct §13-104-16 .Residence on forest reserve land 513-104-17 Compliance with laws Subchapter 3 Permits §13-104-18 General provisions for permits §13-104-19 Camping permits §13-104-20 Special use permits §13-104-21 Collecting permits §13-104-22 Commercial harvest permits §13-104-23 Access permits Historical Note: Chapter 104 of Title 13, Administrative Ri es,, is based substantially upon Regulation 1 [Eff. 12/9/43; am 8/12/76] and Regu- lation 10 [Eff. 12/12/59] of the Division of Fores- 104-1 S13-104-1 try, Department of Land and Natural Resources. [R SEP 2 8 1981 1 Subchapter 1 General Provisions 913-104-1 Purpose and applicability. (a) The purpose of these rules is to regulate activity within forest reserves established pursuant to sections 183-11 and 183-15, Hawaii Revised Statutes. (b) These rules shall apply to all persons entering the boundaries of a forest reserve. [Eff. SEP 2 8 1981 ] (Auth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §183-2) §13-104-2 Definitions. As used in these rules, unless context requires otherwise: "Administrator" means the administrator of the division of forestry and wildlife. "Authorized representative" means the adminis- trator, foresters, conservation enforcement officers, and other persons authorized by the board of land and natural resources to act for the board. "Board" means the board of land and natural resources. "Division" means the division of forestry and wildlife. "Department" means the department of land and natural resources. "Forest reserve" means those lands designated as forest reserves by the department pursuant to sec- tions 183-11 and 183-15, Hawaii Revised Statutes, and other lands for plant sanctuaries and basey4rds under the custody and control of the division. §13-104-3 Penalty. Any person violating any of the provisions of these rules shall be penalized as provided in sections 183-4 and 183-18, Hawaii Revised Statutes. [Eff. SEP 2 8 1981 ) (Auth: HRS 9183-2) (Imp: HRS §§183-4, 183-18) Subchapter 2 Public Use §13-104-4 Preservation of public property and resources. The following activities are prohibited within forest reserve: 104-2 §13-104-6 (1) To remove, injure, or kill any form of plant or animal life, either in whole or in part, except as authorized by the board or its authorized representative; (2) To remove, damage, or disturb any natural feature or natural resource (e.g. natural stream beds) except as authorized by the board or its authorized representative; (3) To remove, damage, or disturb any historic or prehistoric remains; (4) To remove, damage, or disturb any notice, marker, or structure; (5) To enter, occupy, or use any building, structure, facility, motorized vehicle, machine, equipment, or tool within or on the forest reserve except as authorized by the board or its authorized representative; (6) To engage in any construction or improve- ment except as authorized by the board. (7) To sell, peddle, solicit, or offer for sale any merchandise or service except with written authorization from the board. (8) To distribute or post handbills, circulars, or other notices. [Eff: SFnp A iQQ1 ) (Auth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: ITR §§183-2, 183-17) §13-104-5 Litter and sanitation. The following acts are prohibited within a forest reserve: (1) To drain, dump, or leave any litter, animal waste or remains, or any other material which pollutes or is likely to cause pollution in the forest reserve including streams and other water sources; (2) To deposit any body waste in areas without comfort stations without digging a hole and covering all signs of the waste; (3) To deposit any body waste within 150 feet of a spring, stream, lake, or reservoir; and (4) To dump or leave a derelict or abandoned vehicle or any other large refuse such as refrigerators and stoves. [Eff: SEP 2 A 19A1 ) (Auth: HRS 9183-2) (Imp: HRS §183-2) §13-104-6 Report of injury or damage. All incidents resulting in injury or death to persons or damage to property shall be reported by the person or persons involved as soon as possible to the board or its authorized representative. This report does not 104-3 S13-104-6 relieve persons from the responsibility of making any other accident reports which may be required under federal, state, or county statutes, ordinances, and rules. [Eff: SEP 2 gg 1g 1 (Auth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §183-23) §13-104-7 Fire use restrictions. The following acts are prohibited within a forest reserve: (1) To build any fire on the ground; (2) To build any fire without a portable stove or other self-contained unit; (3) To build a fire against any structure, large hollow log, tree, stump, or in any area of plant life where the fire may be difficult to extinguish; (4) To leave a fire unattended without extin- guishing all traces of heat; (5) To deposit or discard any potential fire producing material such as embers, coals, or ashes that are too hot to touch; [ (6) To set on fire or cause to be set on fire any grass, brush, or tree, except for department fire control measures; (7) To start a fire in windy conditions in a place or manner that is likely to cause grass, brush, or trees to be set on fire; and (8) To use any motor vehicle, motorized equip-, ment, or other machine powered by steam engines, internal combustion engines, or electric motors unless equipped with effi- ciently operating fire or spark arresting equipment. [Eff: SEP 2 8 1981 1 (Ruth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §§183-2, 185-1) §13-104-8 Hunting and fishing. The hunting, fishing, trapping, or disturbing of any fish, animal, or bird is prohibited except as permitted by depart- ment hunting or fishing rules. [Eff: SEP o 8 1981 ] (Auth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS 9193-2 §13-104-9 Firearms or other wea ons. Firearms including air or gas operated, bow an arrow and other weapons are prohibited except as permitted by department hunting rules and are subject to all applicable federal, state, and county statutes, ordinances, and rules. [Eff: (Ruth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §183 �)19R1 ] 104-4 S13-104-12 §13-104-10 Swimming and bathing. Swimming and bathing in all waters within a forest reserve are permitted at an individual's own risk, except in waters and at times where the activities are prohi- bited by the board or its authorized representative in the interest of public health and safety. The excepted waters and times shall be designated by posted signs. [Eff: SEP 2 8 1981 l (Auth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §183-2) §13-104-11 Vehicles and transportation. (a) The following acts are proh bited within a forest reserve: (1) To drive, operate, or use any motorized ground vehicle, glider, hang glider, air- craft, balloon, or parachute carelessly and without due caution for the rights or safe- ty of others and in a manner that endangers any person or property; (2) To launch or land airplanes, gliders, heli- copters, balloons, parachutes, or other similar means of transportation without a special use permit from the board or its authorized representative; provided, how- ever, that landing is authorized without a permit in case of an emergency; (3) To drive, operate, or use any motorized ground vehicle, including recreational off-road vehicles, in,areas and on roads or trails not designated for that purpose; (4) To park any motorized ground vehicle or trailer except in designated areas; (5) To drive or ride a horse, mule, or other animal in areas and on roads or trails that are posted against such activity; and (6) To drive, operate, or use any motorized ground vehicle without a.functioning street legal muffler. (b) Any vehicle or property left unattended within a forest reserve for longer than seventy-two hours without prior written permission from the board or its authorized representative shall be considered abandoned. Any abandoned vehicle or property may be impounded or towed away by the board or its autho- rized representative at the expense of the owner. [Eff: 17 2 G 1001 ] (Ruth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §183- ) 913-104-12 Animals. (a) Dogs, cats, and other animals are prohibited within a forest reserve unless 104-5 S13-104-12 crated, caged, on a leash, or otherwise under res- trictive control at all times except for hunting dogs when permitted by chapters 122 and 123, Adminis- trative Rules. (b) All dogs used for hunting shall be crated, caged, leashed, or otherwise under restrictive con- trol during transportation to and from hunting areas within the forest reserve. (c) Dogs, cats, or other domestic animals, ob- served by an authorized representative of the board to be running at large or in the act of killing, injuring, or molesting humans, wildlife, or property, may be disposed of in the interest of public safety and the protection of the forest reserve. [Eff: SEP 2 8 19811 (Ruth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §183-2) §13-104-13 Audio devices and noise. Creating noise or sound within a forest reserve, either vocal- ly or otherwise (i.e. public address systems, radios, television sets, musical instruments) or use of any noise producing devices (i.e. electric generating plants or other equipment driven by motors or en- gines) in a manner and at times which creates a nuisance is prohibited. [Eff: SEP 28 1509 1 (Ruth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §183-2) §13-104-14 Explosives. The use or possession of fireworks, firecrackers, or explosive devices within a forest reserve is prohibited. [Eff: SEP 2 81981 1 (Auth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §183-2) §13-104-15 Disorderly conduct. Disorderly con- duct, as defined in section 711-1101, Hawaii Revised Statutes, is prohibited within a forest reserve. [Eff: SEP 2 8 1981 l (Ruth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §§183-2, 711-1101) §13-104-16 Residence on forest reserve lands. Residing within a forest reserve is prohibited except with written permission from the board. [Eff. SEP 2 8 1981 l (Auth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §183-2) §13-104-17 Compliance with laws. All persons entering the boundaries of a forest reserve shall comply with all federal, state, and county laws, 104-6 §13-104-18 ordinances, and rules. (Eff. SEP 2 8 1981 (Auth. HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §183-2) Subchapter 3 Permits §13-104-18 General provisions for permits. (a) The board or its auTizzed representative may issue the following types of permits: (1) Camping; (2) Special use; (3) Collecting; (4) Commerical harvest; and (5) Access. (b) All permits are subject to the following provisions: (1) Permits are subject to denial, cancella- tion, or termination at any time by the board or its authorized representative upon violation of these rules or any conditions of the permit or any federal, state, or county statutes, ordinances, and rules or for danger to the public or because of natural causes. (2) Permits shall not be transferable. (3) Persons or organizations to whom permits are issued shall be held responsible for all conditions stipulated on the permit. (4) All persons eighteen years of age or older shall be eligible to secure a permit and all minors shall be allowed use of the premises provided that they are under the direct supervision of one adult for every ten minors. (5) The size of groups as well as the length of time any permit may be in effect may be limited by the board or its authorized representative. (6) The board or its authorized representative may require the permittee, at the permit - tee's own cost, to provide police protec- tion in the interest of the public safety and welfare and for the protection of pro- perty when the number of persons using the forest reserve is one hundred or more. (7) Fees and charges as set by the board may be assessed when permits are granted for the exclusive use of areas or facilities, or when charges are necessary to defray the cost of special facilities, services, or supplies provided by the State, or as 104-7 §13-104-18 otherwise determined by the board or its authorized representative when necessary to carry out the provisions of chapter 183, Hawaii Revised Statutes. Charges may be waived by the board or its authorized representative if the waiver is in the public interest. (8) All permittees shall, upon request, show the permit to any law enforcement officer, the board, or its authorized representa- tive. [Eff. SEP 2 8 1981 ] (Auth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §183-2) §13-104-19 Camping permits. (a) All persons, groups, organizations, or associations wishing to camp within a forest reserve shall obtain a camping permit authorizing the use of the specific area and facilities for camping purposes. (b) Camping permits shall be obtained from the district offices of the division during regular work- ing hours of the department. (c) Persons applying for a permit shall provide their names and addresses and shall produce identifi- cation satisfactory to the board or its authorized representative. The board or its authorized repre- sentative may require the names, addresses, and tele- phone numbers of all persons included on a permit. (d) Each permit will reserve the use of a designated area for the stated date or dates of use. Camping is permitted only in designated areas or sites. (e) No person, group, organization, or associa- tion shall remain at any one specific camping site for longer than fourteen days; provided that the board or its authorized representative may extend the length of stay for good cause; provided further that the length of stay (including the extension as well as the permitted stay) shall not exceed thirty days. (f) After the expiration of a permit, a period of thirty days shall pass before another permit may be issued to the same person for the same designated area. This restriction shall apply to all persons named on the expired permit. The board or its authorized representative may waive a portion of the thirty day period for good cause. (g) Camping with recreational trailers or other camper units is permitted only at locations desig- nated by the board or its authorized representative. (h) Permits may be denied, cancelled, or termi- nated for the following reasons: 104-8 §13-104-21 (1) When the size of the group exceeds the capacity of the existing site or facilities; (2) When there are inadequate facilities to meet the immediate needs of the camper or campers; (3) When repairs or improvements are being made at the campsite; or (4) When a state of emergency is declared by the board or its authorized representa- tive. [Eff: SEP 2 8 1981 ] (Auth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §183-2) §13-104-20 Special use permits. (a) Special uses are permitted within a forest reserve only by a permit issued by the board or its authorized repre- sentative. Special uses are all types of uses other than those provided for herein and which are consi- dered compatible with the functions and purposes of each individual area, facility, or unit within a forest reserve. Special uses include but are not limited to activities such as meetings, weddings, concerts, shows, and other community events or activities. (b) Applications for special use permits shall be received by the board or its authorized represen- tative at least fifteen working days in advance of the date the permit is to be in effect, unless other- wise received and accepted by the board or its autho- rized representative. (c) A request for a special use permit shall be considered on its own merits including its effect on the premises, facilities, and the public's use and enjoyment of the forest reserve. [Eff: SEP 2 81981 ] (Auth: HR$ §183-2 ) (Imp: HRS §183-2) §13-104-21 Collecting permits. (a) Persons wishing to collect forest items (e.g. ti leaves, bam- boo) for personal use and at no charge shall obtain a collecting permit authorizing the collection in a specific area. (b) Collecting permits shall be obtained from the district offices of the division during regular working hours of the department. (c) Persons applying for a permit shall provide their names and addresses and shall produce identifi- cation satisfactory to the board or its authorized representative. (d) Collecting permits shall specify: (1) The date or dates of collection; 104-9 §13-104-21 (2) The quantities and items to be collected; (3) The areas of collection; and (4) Any other terms and conditions deemed necessary by the board or its authorized representative. (e) Permits shall not be issued for collecting items for sale. (f) No permits shall be issued for the collec- tion of endangered or threatened wildlife or plants except as provided by chapter 124, Administrative Rules. [Eff. SEP 2 8 1981 ] (Auth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §183-2) §13-104-22 Commercial harvestpets. (a) The board or its authorized representative may issue permits for the purpose of purchasing, harvesting, and removing forest products (e.g. timber, seedlings, greenery, tree fern, cinder, and lava rock). (b) Permits shall be obtained from the district offices of the division during regular working hours of the department. (c) Each application for a harvest permit shall be considered on its own merits including its effect on the premises and the public's use and enjoyment of the forest reserve. (d) Permits will not be issued for harvesting material for direct resale. (e) The value of the raw material to be har- vested shall not exceed $1,000. The quantity to be harvested shall be decided by the board or its autho- rized representative. (f) The time of entry for harvesting shall not exceed 14 days, except that the board or its autho- rized representative may extend this time for good cause. (g) No more than one permit within a thirty day period or three permits within a calendar year may be issued to the same person, group, organization, or association for harvesting the same product. (h) Each permit shall specify:, (1) The products to be harvested; (2) The amount to be harvested; (3) The dollar value of the products; (4) The designated area to be harvested (5) The date or dates the harvesting may take place; and (6) Any other terms or conditions deemed necessary by the board or its authorized representative. [Eff. SEP 2 8 11101 ] (Ruth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS §183-2) 104-10 §13-104-23 §13-104-23 Access permits. (a) Permits for access to or entry into forest reserves may be required by the board or its authorized represen- tative for the following purposes: (1) To comply with the requirements of private landownefs or lessees who permit access to forest reserves through their land; (2) To control the number of people using a forest reserve or an area within a forest reserve in order to minimize the impact upon environmentally sensitive areas; (3) To control the types of uses of a forest reserve or an area within a forest reserve in order to minimize the dangers of incom- patible uses in the same area (e.g. horse- back riding and motorcycle riding); and (4) To control periods of use of a forest reserve, especially during periods when fire danger levels are high. (b) Access permits shall be obtained from the district offices of the division during regular work- ing hours of the department. (c) Persons applying for an access permit shall provide their names and addresses and shall produce identification satisfactory to the board or its authorized representative. The board or its autho- rized representative may require the names, addres- ses, and telephone numbers of all persons included on a permit. (Eff.P_�)t981 ] (Auth: HRS §183-2) (Imp: HRS 8 104-11 APPENDIX B CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND SAFETY DATA V IN Material Information Bulletin (Approved — "Essentially Similar" to Form OSHA 20, Material Safety Data Sheet) CHEVRON Weed Oil HARMFUL OR FATAL IF SWALLOWED CAUTION! COMBUSTIBLE KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN TYPICAL COMPOSITION EXPOSURE STANDARD Paraffins (incl. naphthenes) Aromatics Cg+ Emulsifier <155% >,45% —0.03% CMS 276506 The OSHA 3exposure standard and the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) (1980) is 5 mg/m (milligrams of material per cubic meter of air) for a daily 8 - hour exposure. This is the OSHA exposure standard and the TLV for mineral oil mists. PHYSIOLOGICAL & HEALTH EFFECTS EMERGENCY do FIRST AID PROCEDURES Eyes Expected to cause no more than minor eye Wash eyes with fresh water for at least 15 irritation. minutes. If irritation continues, see a doctor. ,a", Expected to produce no more than minor skin Wash thoroughly with soap and water following irritation following prolonged or frequently skin contact. Launder contaminated clothing. repeated contact. Inhalation Breathing the vapors at concentrations above If respiratory irritation or any signs or symp- the exposure standard can cause central toms, as described in this bulletin occur, move nervous system depression. See Additional the person to fresh air. If any of these effects Health Data. continue, see a doctor. Ingestion Not expected to be acutely toxic by inges- If swallowed, DO NOT make person vomit. tion. Note to Physician: Ingestion of this Call a doctor immediately. product or subsequent vomiting can result in aspiration of light hydrocarbon liquid which can cause pneumonitis. Chevron Environmental Health Center/P.O. Box 1272, Richmond, CA 94802 Emergency Phone Number (415) 233-3737 CRR-67451AII10M-10—B1Wrin1ed in U.L.A. n+,, n� n.,.r A /R� ADDITIONAL HEALTH DATA See Page 3. SPECIAL PROTECTIVE INFORMATION Eye Protection: Avoid contact with eyes. Eye contact can be avoided by wearing chemical safety goggles. Skin Protection: Avoid prolonged or fre- quently repreated skin contact with this material. Skin contact can be minimized by wearing impervious protective clothing including gloves. Respiratory Protection: If operating condi- tions create airborne concentrations which exceed the exposure standard, the use of an approved respirator is recommended. Ventilation: Use adequate ventilation to keep the airborne concentrations of this material below the exposure standard. FIRE PROTECTION Liquid evaporates and forms vapors (fumes) which can catch fire and burn with explosive violence. invisible vapor spreads easily and can be set on fire by many sources such as pilot lights, welding equipment, and electri- cal motors and switches. Fire hazard is greater as liquid temperature rises above 85oF. Flash Point: (PM) 660C (Min.) Autoignition Temp.: 2600C Flammability Limits: 1.0-6.0% Extinguishing Media: CO2, Dry Chemical, Foam, Water Spray. Fire Fighting Procedures: For fires involving this material, do not enter any enclosed or confined fire space without proper protective equipment, including self-contained breath- ing apparatus. See Hazardous Decomposition Products. Read the entire bulletin. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS See Page 3. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EnvironmerrLal Impact: This material is not expected to present any environmental prob- lems other than those associated with oil spills. However, because of its dispersan4 properties, this material forms emulsion.. with water. For help with any spill, leak, fire, or exposure involving this material, call day or night (415) 233-3737. Precautions if Material is Released or Spilled: Eliminate all open flames in vicinity of spill or released vapor. Clean up spills as soon as possible. Absorb large spills with absorbent clay, diatomaceous earth, or other suitable material. A fire or vapor hazard may exist since these cleanup materials will only absorb liquid; they will not absorb vapor. Waste Disposal Methods: Place contaminat- ed materials in disposable containers and bury in an approved dumping area. REAC'T'IVITY DATA Stability (Thermal, Light, etc.) : Stable. Incompatibility (Materials to Avoid): May react with strong oxidizing materials. Hazardous Decomposition Products: Normal combustion forms carbon dioxide and wate vapor and may produce oxides of sulfur; incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide. Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Solubility: Miscible with hydrocarbon sol- vents; emulsifies in water. Appearance (Color, Odor, etc.): Amber liquid. Boiling Range: 180-3430C Melting Point: n/a Specific Gravity: 0.893 (Min.) Vapor Pressure: < 1 mm Hg @ 250C Vapor Density (Air = 1): NDA Percent Volatile (Volume %): NDA Evaporation( = 1): NDA Viscosity: 2.5 cSt (d 400C n/a = Not Applicable NDA = No Data Available The above information is based on data of which we are aware and is believed to be correct as of the date hereof. Since the information contain,. herein may be applied under conditions beyond our control and with which we may be unfamiliar and since data made available subsequent to the date hereof may suggest modifications of the information, we on not assume any responsibility for the results of its use. This information is furnished upon the condition that the person receiving it shall make his own determination of the suitability of the material for his particular purpose. 97 '9R-6745(B)(I0M-9-79) Prime` in U.S.A. 2 JUrr LCIVICIYI Material Information Bulletin CHEVRON Weed OR ADDITIONAL HEALTH DATA CMS 276506 Signs and symptoms of central nervous system depression may include one or more of the fol- lowing: headache, dizziness, loss of appetite, weakness and loss of coordination. Affected persons usually experience complete recovery when removed from the exposure area. Data available for a similar material indicate that this material is not expected to be acutely toxic. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS READ AND OBSERVE ALL PRECAUTIONS ON PRODUCT LABEL. DO NOT USE OR STORE near flame, sparks or hot surfaces. USE ONLY IN WELL VENTILATED AREA. Keep container closed. DO NOT weld, heat or drill container. Replace cap or bung. Emptied container still contains hazardous or explosive vapor or liquid. CAUTION! Do not use pressure to empty drum or explosion may result. CRR-67451C1110M-4-811 Primed m U.S.A. I B&BWEED OIL P.O. BOX 218, Carp inIeria, Ca., 93013 B & B WEED OIL — ACTIVE INGREDIENT: PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS — 1D0% Sub -packaged In accordance with California Administrative Code, Title 3, Agricul• ture Section 2396, 8 & 8 Is an aromatic petroleum eflecllve for weed killing. Effectiveness depends on the application by user. Seller makes no warranty, expressed or Implied, concem• ing the use of this product other than as indicated on the label. Buyer assumes all risk of use and/or handling of this material, when such use andlor handling is contrary to label instructions. FOR THE BEST RESULTS WE RECOMMEND THE FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS: ADD FROM 1 TO 3 PARTS OF WATER FOR CONTROLLING WEEDS IN THE GROUPS FROM "OLD" OR "HARD TO KILL" TO THE "YOUNG" OR "EASY TO KILL" GROUP. THE MIXTURE MUST BE AGITATED IMMEDIATELY PRIORTO BEING SPRAYED. „r CAUTION CAUTION AVOID EXCESSIVE CONTACT WITH BODY, REMOVE CLOTHING QUICKLY IF SATURATED WITH OIL. NOT FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION IN ANY FORM. DO NOT ALLOW SPRAY OR SPRAY DRIFT TO CONTACT VALUABLE PLANTS OR EDIBLE FRUITS OR VEGETABLES. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED. AVOID INHALATION OF VAPORS OR SPRAY MIST. DO NOT CONTAMINATE WATER BY CLEANING OF EQUIPMENT OR DISPOSAL OF WASTES. KEEP OUT OF ANY BODY OF WATER. DO NOT APPLY WHERE RUNOFF IS LIKELY TO OCCUR. DO NOT REUSE EMPTY CONTAINER. DISPOSE OF IN ACCORDANCE WITH STATE AND LOCAL REGULATIONS. "NORMAL APPLICATION AREAS" •'WEEDS EFFECTIVE ON' ' Non -cultivation areas such as Citrus All known California weeds and grasses Groves, Canal Ditches, Road areas, Including but not limited to, "Chick Power Line areas, Fence Lines, Airports Weed", "Bermuda Grass", "Star This. and any Industrial Plant or Building Ile", "Malva Weed (Cheese Weed)" and where weeds are a problem. "Orchard Grass". FLASH POINT 196°F. CAUTION: KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN "STATE REG. N0. 11103-50001 ZA" B & B WEED OIL 5025 8th St. Carpinteria, California, 93013 o >: o p; 4 v o, v v _ -- E o 003 C'-. 0 o v v� ° ° o u o- foo p��cQ vEY°v-c. - Q a o 3 v o c°y v °'E o c. 0 0° v 0 O L O`U =OTODU OOULOU0,CL6 La° c - o> ,crn oE n`a°E°u YE01 Y y Y0 c O°o_°V o o V �_ o 00 TO am pUp Ecp O D ^�Tr �y O a 0 On -cu-a- 0VSc�ac -ama oo M Q 3E o Eo ovEoaTiocn�o., 0 v<0 V a a. o oc °° vna p E„cu.„. N O E c' E o� E v 0 -o°-L °•' V F- as oc N Y O V o.LR UQp O�y'.O m o t fi v � 3 E oy - ° v° O °-., a N u v °S a_o Y°t a° 3 0 r 0.0°00 a.3a �i=o=�a�°000000 o V o- o n„ m L N n p` CP n n P O P rw- s Q LU ow Q o Z z O u LO LL o W Q w w vO rQ- Q W LL N N Ln Q O d Q O Q v E v H Z m rn 0 Q o° Q �� :DN Q c Z mi a u O W Q w W u < Y V uj � p- a E° o E9co°�E Env LY °'_ c' ap .cE 5o F'-_cEooVo Ea„� 0= s -o-MM o Vmca� tomo p,v EM „ m c '' <: T N O uLT n O C Q O .. O° v �`� CQ Cd. OtL VS V C° OC Y Y D'L Y V L O .� O y y :E 0 O 5 L O O L c Y GL < a Y a v u� °'E o E 3 E Y C° c J C9 : Qi D 0 U U'C. 0'0 Y Y Y Or < o° aN„v EL 9 V `v ° Y �� Nu ov L W Euo cZ ac`v'ioa u c O 1 L c Z x O V Y W V O Y O v d O Na Y H O C O o.oao'a°v E oL vmv F -Vo. LTEogr�vdS�`v =N E ° n E n o a o Ov = o c 3: r° i 9 a G° 3 O o \/ ✓� vi o < y c c rn 68 c W N o° � z a ry u CQ 'O N o CL u C P E Q � 0 m ✓� o < y c c rn 68 c >, T 'E o N o° U . ` v N wQ CQ n N o nu > V° L> E C `- 21 N Q O w 1_ ` L P O Q Q V S V Q O O 0, V Z V Oi _ O VJ �'^ u OiLL u. V n 7 O O W c F- O O O �- i- u Y v .c O Y O O y H L Q °, 4 c Y 0 0 O O O Ot V V V .. a 0 J -0 L w w Y a: Z.- 0 °T a Y ocu] mo ` wQ r o iox v) Q v_ o o > J a O ° > ° p ~° a p o.t 3 'c0,m0°oo Q 2„� v.$o r>`o3 O°°o Z m n E„a Y> O y.a c - o V O pT 4 NaE ° OC'a UQ -L W pv O OY QTE Z Z 0 a 0 ° _u a O v o O > `�OW °Q T 4u p Zo c ,,;vaEY� ti'O O c oY°a E- Y o3 o_c Qmp�o°._'_° 3o N a 0``'03_ 0 Vc no o Q H�3 o � O >0 ou 3o'�-c sv Z uo 0 0°n u°0 c D_ U u - 0 ECONOMIC POISON REGISTRATION LAWS LET THE SELLER BEWARE — is the attitude of the courts with regard to the sale of economic poisons. There- fore, all products sold for use as a pesticide, herbicide, etc.. must be registered with the U.S. EPA. We are required to register certain Special Products as eco- nomic poisons with the states in which we market as well as with the Environmental Protection Agency. Where the particular state's Department of Agriculture has listed our product as a "restricted use" pesticide, state law may also require the local dealer or distributor to be licensed by the state. Only one product is registered currently: Sold Only in Bulk: EPA Calif. Ariz. Nev Chevron Weed Oil X X X X BULK TANK CAR, TANK TRUCK & TRAILER OR TANK TRUCK DELIVERIES When this product is sold in bulk, as indicated above, please adhere to the procedure set forth below: 1. Attach the appropriate product tag (MOT series) to the outlet valve of each compartment in a tank truck, tank truck and trailer or tank car containing the product. An appropriate label (EP series) must also be attached to anv Chevron U.S.A. bulk tank containing CHEVRON WEED OIL. The driver making the tank truck or tank truck and trailer delivery of any economic poison must present a copy of the product label (P series) to the customer at the delivery site. This label should be attached to the transfer invoice or S -800-A. In thecase of tank car deliv- eries, the product label (P series) should be mailed directly to the customer along with the shipping notice. 3. If a delivery vehicle returns to a Chevron U.S.A. plant with a retain of this product, the quantity must be pumped into barrels having the appropriate label attached. 4184 104.1 1 Economic Poisons — Generali 4. Appropriate product tags (MOT series) for vehicle ouL-1 let valves can be obtained from the Richmond Station -1 ery Warehouse, 841 Standard Avenue, Richmond, CA 94820. Specify product name and code. Chevron Weed Oil MOT -273-31 5. Appropriate product labels IEP and P series) for use on bulk deliveries of this product can be obtained from the Packaging Coordinator, Chevron U.S.A. I nc. 573 Mar- ket Street, San Francisco. CA 94105. Please order b. product name and specify the plant supplying the prod uct. Chevron Weed Oil EP -70 P-70 (Richmond production) Chevron Weed Oil EP -72 P-72 (EI Segundo production) GENERAL Products registered as economic poisons cannot be sold tof a consumer except for those end uses stated on the labels.! Similarly, nonregistered products (such as CHEVRON DIESEL FUEL) cannot be sold for direct application to( — plant or weed growth. SUCH SALES ARE PROHIB-; ITED BY FEDERAL LAW. l We repeat, "LET THE SELLER BEWARE." Don't v; - late these procedures in any way or Chevron may be s ject to lawsuits, imposition of large fines and penalties, or+ one or more of our plants may be closed. SPECIAL NOTE Under no conditions are sales personnel. Jobbers, Commis- sioned Agents or others to make any agricultural use rec- ommendations on a registered economic poison. Cus- tomers are to be advised that the product label covers the I usage and instructions for the product. Chevron .mm.r �rw.wr;m.. owwa wm+rs.runroonu n..nrc.n mr.a.r::.num. rsno r�.. 104.12 4/84 Economic Poisons — General CHEVRON WEED KILLER APPLICATIONS Recommended application rates for Chevron Need Oil should be adhered to in order to provide the customer max- Imum weed control with little or no plant damage. CONDITIONS OF SALE: Chevron U.S.A. Inc. (manufacturer) warrants that t hese materials conform to the description on the label and are reasonably fit for use as directed. Manufacturer neither snakes; nor authorizes any agent or representative to make, anv other warranty of FITNESS or of MERCHAN- T..% BILITY, guarantee or representation, express or implied, concerning these materials. Critical and unforseeable factors beyond the manufac turer's control prevent it from eliminating all risks in con. :section with the use of these materials. Such risks include, Lu i are not limited to, damage to plants and crops to which the material is applied, lack of complete control, and dam- e�gv caused by drift to other plants or crops. Such risks occur even though the products are reasonably fit for the uses stated and even though label directions are followed. Buser and user acknowledge and assume all risks and lia- i,ility (except those assumed by the manufacturer under 1 above) resulting from handling, storage, and use of these materials. Users should also note the following points: 1. Too high a spray pressure produces fine sprays that drift, and therefore will not deposit on the weeds. 2. Proper agitation is necessary when Chevron Weed Oil is mixed with water. Emulsion break time is important in order to insure a uniform spread of the oil film over the weed leaf to promote killing of the weed. 3. Nozzle spacing. spray rig travel speed and spray pres- sures govern application rates per acre. We outline examples below for a spray rig with nozzles spaced 18" apart. Generally, the spray rig manufacturer specifies the type and size nozzles — spray pressures — and tra- vel speeds to achieve the application rate desired. s eed of Travel 3MPH 4 MPH 5 MPH j Gals -Desired Nozzle Pound Nozzle Pound Nozzle Pound Per Acre GPM Number Pressure GPM Number Pressure GPM Number Pressure 50 .45 46 65 .60 59 70 .76 59 100 100 .91 67 8o 1.21 78 85 1.62 78 125 .q x.Lx, �W.x,.xLx n, 314fxfp�wT x��xY.x�inlilxrlp uxplx M1xWMLxxCN�vx.x, LCMx,�q, xMllp4vixWRO CHEVRON WEED OIL TYPICAL TEST DATA• Gravity, *API Viscosity @ 40°C, c$t Flash Point, OF, PM Aromatics, % ASTM D 1319 Aniline Point Mixed, OF Distillation, OF ASTM D86 Initial 50% 90% End Point PRODUCT DESCRIPTION CHEVRON WEED OIL is a light -bodied highly aromatic petroleum oil which may be diluted up to 2 parts water with one part oil for general control of most annual and many perennial weeds on ditch banks, along roadways, fence lines, railroad right of ways and in orchards, vine- yards or groves where non -cultivation is practiced. Also used as a pre -emergence weed killer on row crops such as sweetcorn, onions and tomatoes. Best results are obtained by spraying weeds when they are small. Spray, sufficiently on all weeds to be killed to completely cover them with a thin film of oil. Active Ingredient Petroleum Oil .......................... 99.97% Inert Ingredient0.03'0 ............................. 4/84 104.13 Economic Poisons CHEVRON WEED OIL will damage or kill all green plant growth. Do not use on any desirable crop or ornamental plant. Fish and other aquatic life may be killed by this product. Keep out of lakes, streams or ponds. Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment or disposal of wastes. Apply this product only as specified on label. Do not use where weather conditions favor drift of spray to any crop or plant. Complete soil saturation may leave area bare or sterile. CHEVRON WEED OIL is not recom- mended as a carrier for 2, 4-D or similar chemicals. CONDITIONS OF SALE 1. Chevron U.S.A.. Inc. (manufacturer) warrants that this material conforms to the chemical description on the label and is reasonably fit for use as directed thereon. M anti turer neither makes nor authorizes any agent or represent ative to make any other warranty of FITNESS or of MER CHANTABILITY, guarantee or representation, express or implied, concerning this material. 2. Critical and unforeseeable factors beyond the manufac force's control prevent it from eliminating all risks in con- nection with the use of chemicals. Such risks include, but are not limited to, damage to plants and crops to which the material is applied, lack of complete control, and damage caused by drift to other plants or crops. Such risks occur even though the product is reasonably fit for the use., stated on the label and even though label directions are followed. Buyer and user acknowledge and assume all risks and liability (except those assumed by the manufacturer above) resulting from handling, storage and use of this material. WARNING STATEMENT HAZARDS TO HUMANS & DOMESTIC ANIMALS CAUTION KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN Harmful or fatal if swallowed CONTAINS PETROLEUM DISTILLATE. Avoid breathing of vapor or contact with skin or eyes STATEMENT OF PRACTICAL TREATMENT If swallowed, DO NOT MAKE PERSON VOMIT CALL A DOCTOR IMMEDI ATELY Ingestion of this product or subsequent vomiting can result in asua- acn of fight hydrocarbon liquid which can cause pneumonitis Note to Physician: Emergency Information e call 1415) 233-3737 PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL HAZARDS COMBUSTIBLE DO NOT USE OR STORE near flame, sparks or hot surfaces USE ONLY IN WELL VENTILATED AREA Keep container closed- Clea up sterile immediately. Liquid evaporates and forms vapor Ifumesl whid: can catch fire and burn with explosive violence. Invisible vapor spreads earily and can be set on fire by many sources such as pilot tights, weeding equipment and electrical moors and switches. Fire hazard is greatr,r as liquid temperature uses above 85'F 00 NOT weld, heat or drill container. Replace cap or bung Emptied _un tamer still contains hazardous or explosive vapor or liquid. Chevron *Subject to change without notice. sonrc.�.e. aurcx nun.<.c.u.....uuc.s.rnwroxwr.nx.,n„s.xmn..c., m..w,mx .+�xnowz. 104.14 4/84 Economic Poisons CHEVRON WEED OIL, continued TYPICAL USES GENERAL WEED CONTROL: Use sprayer with mechanical agitator. Fill with oil to desired levels: add water (Chevron Weed Oil can be diluted up to one part oil to two parts water); continue to run agitator until solution is used. For best results, spray pressures should range between 20-50 psi. Too high a pressure will cause drift and may damage crops. PRE -EMERGENCE USE: Use 20-40 gallons straight oil or rdixture 1 part oil to 2 parts water, at rate of 30-60 gal- lons per acre. DITCH BANKS, ROADSIDE AREAS, NON -CROPPED AREAS, RIGHT OF WAYS, ETC.: Apply 50 to 150 gal- lons per acre plus water, depending upon the density of the weeds. Best results are obtained when the weed is at the tender stage. Repeat as needed. CITRUS GROVES (LEMONS, ORANGES, ETC.) AND VINEYARDS: Apply 35 to 100 gallons per acre plus water, depending upon the density of the weeds. Best results are obtained when the weed is 2-4 inches high. In vineyards do not apply after vine begins to fold. Use low pressure, approximately 20-30 psi, to minimize drift. Repeat as needed. PERENNIAL GRASSES (SUCH AS BERMUDA GRASS AND JOHNSON GRASS): Apply undiluted at rate of 25 to 150 gallons per acre. Use higher pressure to ensure full coverage (45-50 psi). Repeat treatment at first sign of regrowth; reduce rate of application for regrowth. POTATO DEFOLIATION: Apply 15 to 35 gallons per acre (diluted one part to 2 parts of water if desired) and cover foliage thoroughly. CAUTION: Apply to mature potatoes only after tops have started to turn brown, or vascular discoloration of the potato will result. Avoid drift to other plant growth during application. COT'T'ON BOLL DESICCANT: Apply (air or ground) 10 to 15 gallons per acre. Primary use to dry the cotton boll when the lack of frost prevents the boll from opening in normal manner. Normally takes 4 to 5 days for boll to pop. CAUTION: Excessive application rates will stain the partially open boll. Avoid drift to other plants. Will defoliate any plants contacted. ALFALFA: For control of annual weeds. Apply 25-75 gal- lons per acre diluted one part oil to two parts water, to alfalfa which has been established one or more years. For applications by air, apply 15 to 35 gallons of straight oil per acre. The alfalfa and young weeds will be killed to ground level. The alfalfa will regrow from the crown. CAUTION: Do not apply to first-year stand of alfalfa. Avoid drift to other plant growth. Alkali or dry soil, weak plants and abnormal weather conditions may retard crown regrowth of alfalfa, thus reducing the stand. MILO MAIZE DESICCANT: Apply (by ground or air) 12 to 20 gallons of straight oil per acre. Primary use is to reduce moisture content in Milo Maize prior to harvest. For best results. apply at temperatures above 60°F and 10 days or longer before harvest. CAUTION: Excessive application rate will fully desic- cate plant and release maize. Avoid drift to other desired plant growth. LEGUMES: To desiccate mature small seed legumes. (alfalfa, clover, trefoil), apply up to 15 gallons per acre by air and up to 40 gallons per acre by ground rig (mav be diluted one part oil with up to two parts watery. Heavy crop growth may require more than one application to assure complete coverage of plant parts. It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a man- ner inconsistent with its labeling. STORAGE AND DISPOSAL PROHIBITIONS Do not contaminate water, food, or feed by storage disposal or cleaning of equipment. Open dumping is prohibited. PESTICIDE DISPOSAL Pesticide, spray mixture, or rinse water that cannot be used according to label instructions must be disposed of according to applicable federal, state, or local proce- dures. CUSTOMER BENEFITS Advantages of Chevron Weed Oil Versus Diesel Fuel: 1. Weed Oil is two to three times greater in phvtotoxicity. 2. Provides a more uniform plant kill. 3. Can be applied in lower volumes, therefore less expen- sive. 4. Has higher aromatic content. 5. Supplemental herbicides not required. Advantages of Chevron Weed Oil Versus Persistent Herbi- cides: 1. Weed oil does not contaminate if applied at recom- mended concentrations. 2. Does not transfer to crops. 3. Low toxicity to birds and wildlife. SPECIAL NOTE Under no conditions are our sales personnel, Jobbers, Com- missioned Agents or others to make anv agricultural use recommendations on a registered economic poison. Cus- tomers are to be advised that our label covers the usage and instructions for the product. See page 104.11 for specific instructions to follow when selling registered economic poisons. Chevron produCl. Ylease Indke sum Ills inrurnrdrmn , ywcn TO InPln If YOU resell Ills {IrO Cl. this eullelin shauld be given TO line duyal Ills loon Inay he reproduced wilhoal permisvon Chevron U.S A Inc. Material Information Bulletin Chevron (Approved - "Essentially Similar" to Form OSHA 20, Material Safety Data Sheet) wo CHEVRON Diesel Fuel No. 1 CPS 270003 HARMFUL OR FATAL IF SWALLOWED DANGER! COMBUSTIBLE KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN TYPICAL COMPOSITION EXPOSURE STANDARD Paraffins (incl. naphthenes) 74-88% Aromatics: Cgg+ 12-20% Olefins 0-3% Naphthalenes 0-3% The suggested Threshold Limit Value is 200 ppm (parts of vapor per million parts of air) for a daily 8 -hour exposure. There is no OSHA expo- sure standard. PHYSIOLOGICAL do HEALTH EFFECTS Eyes May cause eye irritation. Skin Expected to produce no more than minor skin irritation following prolonged or frequently repeated contact. EMERGENCY do FIRST AID PROCEDURES Wash eyes with fresh water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation continues, see a doctor. Wash thoroughly with soap and water following skin contact. Launder contaminated clothing. Inhalation Breathing the vapors at concentrations above the exposure standard can cause central nervous system depression. See Additional Health Data. If there are signs or symptoms, as described in this bulletin, due to breathing this material, move the person to fresh air. If breathing has stopped, apply artificial respiration. Call a doctor immediately. Ingestion Not expected to be acutely . toxic by If swallowed, DO NOT make person vomit. ingestion. Note to Physician: Ingestion of this Call a doctor immediately. product or subsequent vomiting can result in aspiration of light hydrocarbon liquid which can cause pneumonitis. Chevron Environmental Health Center/P.C. Box 1272, Richmond, CA 94882 Caa—t 451AI110M-10-81l P,inted in U.S.A. Emergency Phone Number (415) 233-3737 "s r- 1 ,.. 3 No. 533 - Ser. 11/:^ ADDi'IIONAL HEALTH DATA Signs and symptoms of entral nervous system depression may int_.ude one or more of the following: headache, dizziness, loss of appetite, weakness and loss of coordination. Affected persons usually experience complete recovery when removed from the exposure area. Data available for a similar material indicate that this material is not expected to be acutely toxic. SPECIAL PROTECTIVE INFORMATION Eye Protection: Avoid contact with eyes. Eye contact can be avoided by wearing chemical safety goggles. Skin Protection: Avoid prolonged or frequently repeated skin contact with this material. Skin contact can be minimized by wearing impervious protective clothing including rubber gloves. Respiratory Protection: Wear approved res- piratory protection such as an organic vapor cartridge respirator or an air -supplying respirator unless ventilation equipment is adequate to keep airborne concentrations below the exposure standard. Ventilation: Use adequate ventilation to keep the airborne concentrations of this material below the exposure standard. FIRE PROTECTION Liquid evaporates and forms vapors (fumes) which can catch fire and burn with explosive violence. Invisible vapor spreads easily and can be set on fire by many sources such as pilot lights, welding equipment, and elec- trical motors and switches. Fire hazard is greater as liquid temperature rises above 850F. Flash Point: (P -M) 107-120OF Autoignition Temp.: NDA Flammability Limits: NDA Extinguishing Media: CO2, Dry Chemical, Foam, Water Spray. Special Fire Fighting Procedures: For fires involving this material, do not enter any enclosed or confined fire space without proper protective equipment, including self- contained breathing apparatus to protect against the hazardous effects of normal products of combustion or oxygen defi- ciency. Read the entire bulletin. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS See Page 3. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Environmel,.al Impact: Certain geographical areas have air pollution restrictions concern- ing the use of materials in work situations which may release volatile components to the atmosphere. Air pollution regulations should be studied to determine if this material is regulated in the area where it is to be used. Precautions if Material is Released or Spilled: Eliminate all open flames in vicinity of spill or released vapor. Clean up spills as soon as possible, observing precautions in Special Protective Information. Absorb large spills with absorbent clay, diatomaceous earth or other suitable material. A fire or vapor hazard may exist since these cleanup materials will only absorb liquid; they will not absorb vapor. Waste Disposal Methods: Place contam- inated materials in disposable containers and bury in an approved dumping area. REACTIVITY DATA Stability (Thermal, Light, etc.) : Stable. Incompatibility (Materials to Avoid): May react with strong oxidizing materials. Hazardous Decomposition Products: Normal combustion forms carbon dioxide and water vapor; incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide. Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Solubility: Insoluble in water; miscible with hydrocarbons. Appearance (Color, odor, etc.): Pale yellow liquid. Boiling Range: 150-2900C Freeze Point: -400 Specific Gravity: 0.784-0.811 Vapor Pressure (mm Hg & Temp.). NDA Vapor Density (Air = 1): NDA Percent Volatile (Volume %): NDA Evaporation ( = 1): NDA Viscosity: 8 cSt @ -30OF NDA = No Data Available The above information is based on data of which we are aware and is believed to be correct as of the date hereof. Since the information cor ineu herein may be applied under conditions beyond our control and with which we may be unfamiliar and since data made available subsequent to the date hereof may suggest modifications of the information. we do not assume any responsibility for the results of its use. This information is furnished upon the condition that the person receiving it shall make his own determination of the suitability of the material for his particular purpose. 533 CRR-6745(BIII0M-9-791 Pnntad m U.S.A. 2 SUPPLEMENT Material Information Bulletin CHEVRON Diesel Fuel No. 1. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS READ AND OBSERVE ALL PRECAUTIONS ON PRODUCT LABEL CPS 270003 Contains Petroleum Distillate. DO NOT USE or STORE near flame, sparks or hot surfaces. USE ONLY IN WELL VENTILATED AREA. Keep container closed. DO NOT weld, heat or drill container. Replace cap or bung. Emptied container still contains hazardous or explosive vapor or liquid. CAUTION! Do not use pressure to empty drum or explosion may result. WARNING! Not for use as portable heater or appliance fuel. Toxic fumes may accumulate and cause death. CRR-6745:1C)HOM-4-81) Primed in I.S.A. 3 NO, 533 - Fev. 1�2/8e prop I❑ Please mal,e sure this information is given in them II you resell this product, Inn Bun000 shnntd he given m the Buyer Ihis farm may be eproduced vahow Perri Chevy nn U S 0. Inc Material Information Bulletin (Approved — "Essentially Similar" to Form OSHA 20, Material Safety Data Sheet) CHEVRON Diesel Fuel No. 2 HARMFUL OR FATAL IF SWALLOWED PROLONGED OR REPEATED CONTACT WITH SKIN DANGER! CAN BE HARMFUL COMBUSTIBLE KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN TYPICAL COMPOSITION EXPOSURE STANDARD A blend of paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics and olefins CPS 272102 No OSHA exposure standard or Threshold Limit Value has been estab- lished for this material. However, due to the possible carcinogenic effect, exposure should be reduced to the lowest feasible level. PHYSIOLOGICAL & HEALTH EFFECTS Eyes Expected to cause no more than minor eye irritation. Skin Prolonged or frequently repeated contact may cause skin irritation or may cause the skin to become cracked or dry from the defatting action of the material. See Additional Health Data. EMERGENCY & FIRST AID PROCEDURES Wash eyes with fresh water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation continues, see a doctor. Wash thoroughly with soap and water following skin contact. Launder contaminated clothing. it Prolonged breathing of high vapor concentra- If there are signs or symptoms, as described in tions can cause central nervous system depres- this bulletin, due to breathing this material, sion. See Additional Health Data. move the person to fresh air. If breathing has stopped, apply artificial respiration. Call a doctor immediately. Ingestion Not expected to be acutely toxic by inges- If swallowed, DO NOT make person vomit. tion. Note to Physician: Ingestion of this Call a doctor immediately. product or subsequent vomiting can result in aspiration of light hydrocarbon liquid which can cause pneumonitis. Chevron Environmental Health Center/P.O. Box 1272, Richmond, CA 94802 Emergency Phone Number (415) 233-3737 Page 1 of 3 CRR-6745(A)(10M-10-81)Printed in U.S.A. No. 525 - Rev. 1282 A001'110NAL HEALTH DATA See Page 3. SPECIAL PROTECTIVE INFORMATION Eye Protection: Avoid contact with eyes. Eye contact can be avoided by wearing chemical safety goggles. Skin Protection: Avoid prolonged or fre- quently repeated skin contact with this material. Skin contact can be minimized by wearing impervious protective clothing including gloves. Respiratory Protection: This material may be an inhalation hazard, and unless ventilation is adequate, the use of an approved respirator is recommended. Ventilation: Use this material only in well ventilated areas. Other: If eye or skin contact can occur, washing facilities for eyes and skin should be available nearby. FIRE PROTECTION Liquid evaporates and forms vapors (fumes) which can catch fire and burn with explosive violence. Invisible vapor spreads easily and can be set on fire by many sources such as pilot lights, welding equipment, and electri- cal motors and switches. Fire hazard is greater as liquid temperature rises above 85oF. Flash Point: (P -M) 850C (Typical) Autoignition Temp.: NDA Flammability Limits: n/a Extinguishing Media: CO2, Dry Chemical, Foam, Water Spray. Special Fire Fighting Procedures: For fires involving This material, do not enter any enclosed or confined fire space without proper protective equipment. This may include self-contained breathing apparatus to protect against the hazardous effects of normal products of combustion or oxygen deficiency. Read the entire bulletin. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS See Page 3. ENVIRONMIiNTAL PROTECTION Environmen Impact: This material is not expected to present any environmental problems other than those associated with oil spills. 1 Precautions if Material is Released or Spilled: Eliminate all open flames in vicinity of spill or released vapor. Clean up spills as soon as possible, observing precautions in Special Protective Information and on prod- uct label. Absorb large spills with absorbent clay, diatomaceous earth, or other suitable material. A fire or vapor hazard may exist since these cleanup materials will only absorb liquid; they will not absorb vapor. Waste Disposal Methods: Place contami- nated materials in disposable containers and bury in an approved dumping area. REACTIVITY DATA Stability (Thermal, Light, etc.) : Stable. Incompatibility (Materials to Avoid): May react with strong oxidizing materials. Hazardous Decomposition Products: Normal combustion forms carbon dioxide and water vapor; incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Solubility: Miscible with hydrocarbons; insoluble in water. Appearance (Color, Odor, etc.): Pale yellow liquid. Boiling Range: 157-3710C Melting Point: n/a Specific Gravity: 0.82 @ 60/60OF (Typical) Vapor Pressure: 0.04 psia @ 400C Vapor Density (Air = 1)- NDA Percent Volatile (Volume %): NDA Evaporation ( = 1} NDA Viscosity: 1.9-4.1 cSt @ 400C n/a = Not Applicable NDA = No Data Available The above information is based on data of which we are aware and is believed to be correct as of the date hereof. Since the information contained herein may be applied under conditions beyond our control and with which we may be unfamiliar and since data made available subsequent to the date hereof may suggest modifications of the information, we do not assume any responsibility for the results of its use. This information is furnished upon the condition that the person receiving it shall make his own determination of the suitability of the material for his particular purpose. 525 CRR -6746101110101-9-791 Printed in U.S.A. 2 JUrr LCIVICIV I Material Information Bulletin CHEVRON Diesel Fuel No. 2 ADDITIONAL HEALTH DATA CPS 272102 Signs and symptoms of central nervous system depression may include one or more of the fol- lowing: headache, dizziness, loss of appetite, weakness and loss of coordination. Affected persons usually experience complete recovery when removed from the exposure area. There is no evidence to indicate that this produce can cause cancer in humans. However, a similar product caused a slight increase in tumors when repeatedly applied to the skin of mice for the expected life span of a mouse (approximately 2 years). Another related product was examined in several mutagen testing systems. Only the Mouse Lymphoma Assay showed a positive result. While brief or intermittent skin contact with this product is not expected to have serious effects, such contact should be reduced to a minimum by following the precautions outlined in this bulletin and promptly washing the skin in cases of accidental exposure. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS READ AND OBSERVE ALL PRECAUTIONS ON PRODUCT LABEL. Contains Petroleum Distillate. DO NOT USE OR STORE near flame, sparks, or hot surfaces. USE ONLY IN WELL VENTI- LATED AREA. Keep container closed. DO NOT weld, heat or drill container. Replace cap or bung. Emptied container still contains hazardous or explosive vapor or liquid. CAUTION! Do not use pressure to empty drum or explosion may result. WARNING! Not for use as portable heater or appliance fuel. Toxic fumes may accumulate and cause death. CRR-6745WHIOM-4-811 Pnnled in U.B.A. 3 No. 525 - Rev. 12/82 Monsa lt0 MATE' 'AL SAFETY DATA MONSANTO PRODUCT NAME GLYPHOSATE TECHNICAL PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION Synonyms: Chemical Name: Chemical Formula: Active Ingredient: Inert Ingredient: CAS Reg. No.: EPA Reg. No.: DOT Shipping Name: DOT Hazard Class/ I.D. No.: DOT Label(s): Hazardous Substance(s)/RO(s): U.S. Surface Freight Classification: 1 of 4 MONSANTO COMPANY 800 N. LINDBERGH BLVD. ST. LOUIS, MO 63167 Emergency Phone No. (Call Collect) 314-694-4000 None N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine C3H8NO5P Glyphosate Technical is a wet -cake of glyphosate, 95% minimum assay (dry basis) Glyphosate Technical wet -cake typically contains 10-20% water 1071-83-6 Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Weed Killing Compound, N.O.I.B.N. WARNING STATEMENTS Keep out of reach of children. CAUTION! HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED! PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES Do not get in eyes, on skin or on clothing. Avoid contamination of seed, feed and foodstuffs. EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES IN CASE OF CONTACT, immediately flush skin or eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. For eyes, call a Physician. G-4048/382 fel PR Monsanto MATE^IAL SAFETY DATA Page 2 of 4 OCCUPATIONAL CONTROL PROCEDURES Eye Protection: Wear chemical safety goggles to minimize eye contact during mixing and dump- ing operation or other activities when exposure is likely. Skin Protection: Glyphosate Technical does not present a significant skin concern requiring special protection. Respiratory Use NIOSH approved equipment when airborne exposure exceeds established Protection: limits for nuisance dusts. Consult respirator manufacturers to determine the ap- propriate type of equipment for a given application. Ventilation: Provide ventilation to control exposure levels below nuisance dust limits. Airborne Exposure Limits: Product: GLYPHOSATE TECHNICAL - 100% by wt. Although no specific exposure limit has been established for this material, OSHA and ACGIH have established limits for nuisance dusts. OSHA PEL/TWA: Total 15 mg/m'; Respirable 5 mg/m' ACGIH TLV/TWA: Total 10 mg/m'; Respirable 5 mg/m' Exposure should be kept below these limits. FIRE PROTECTION INFORMATION Flash Point: Non -Flammable, Non Combustible. Heating above 212F in a closed con- tainer can generate pressure due to steam formation from water present. Extinguishing Media: In case of FIRE, use water spray, foam, dry chemical or CO2, Special Fire Fighting Procedures: None. Unusual Fire And Explosion Hazards: None. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS SUMMARY Oral LD50 (Rat): 5600 mg/kg, practically non-toxic Dermal LD50 (Rabbit): > 5000 mg/kg, practically non-toxic Eye Irritation (Rabbit): (FHSA) Score = 6.9/110, slightly irritating Skin Irritation (Rabbit): (FHSA) Score = 0.1/8.0, practically non -irritating Three different types of microbial mutagenicity tests were performed using glyphosate. A total of 8 strains (7 bacterial and 1 yeast) including 5 S. typhimurium strains and one strain each of B. subtilis, E. coli and S. cereveciae (yeast) were treated. No mutagenic effect was observed in any strain. Male mice were given 200, 800 or 2000 mg glyphosate per kg body weight and subsequently mated with untreated females. No evidence of mutagenicity was observed in this dominant lethal mutation assay. Glyphosate was fed to rats and beagle dogs for 2 years at dietary concentrations of 30, 100 and 300 ppm. No evidence of carcinogenicity was detected in these animals. Similarly, mice fed 300 ppm glyphosate for 1.5 years showed no evidence of carcinogenicity. Monsanto MAT-91AL SAFETY DATA Page 3 of 4 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS SUMMARY (Continued) J A 3 -generation rat reproduction study was conducted with glyphosate fed at dosages of 3, 10 and 30 mg glyphosate per kg body weight. No treatment-related effects were observed in parental or pup body weight gain, behavior, survival or reproductive performance. Glyphosate was administered to pregnant rabbits at dosages of 75, 175 and 350 mg/kg/day on days 6 through 27 of gestation. No evidence of fetal toxicity or birth defects in the offspring (teratogenic response) was observed. Pregnant rats were treated with glyphosate at dosages of 300, 1000 and 3500 mg/kg/day on days 6 through 19 of gestation. No evidence of birth defects in the offspring was observed. A neurotoxicity study was conducted with glyphosate in chickens. Ten adult hens were dosed orally with 1.25 g/kg, 2 -times daily, for 3 consecutive days. This regimen was repeated to give a cumulative dose of 15.0 g/kg of glyphosate. No behavioral or microscopic treatment-related changes were observed. Glyphosate is not an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. PHYSICAL DATA Appearance/Odor: White, odorless solid. Solubility: 1.2% in water at 25C. Insoluble in organic solvent. Melting Point: 200C, Decomposes. Vapor Pressure: Negligible. REACTIVITY DATA Stability: Formulations of glyphosate are quite stable under temperatures up to 140F. However, they will freeze at -20F, but will go back into solution upon thawing. Heated facilities are not required. Incompatibility: Non -corrosive to stainless steel, polyethylene, plastics. Corrosive to mild steel, galvanized steel and zinc. This material and solutions of this material react with such containers and tanks to produce hydro- gen gas which may form a highly combustible gas mixture. This gas mixture could flash or explode if ignited by open flame, spark or other ignition sources. Hazardous Decomposition Products: None. Hazardous Polymerization: Does not occur. This product can react with caustic (basic) materials to liberate heat. This is not a polymerization but rather a chemical neutralization in an acid-base reaction. 1- W F— W IL Q Cn J Q cc W cQ G Monsanto MATF91AL SAFETY DATA SPILL, LEAK & DISPOSAL INFORMATION Page 4 of 4 Avoid skin and eye contact - Use goggles, gloves, and boots. Scoop or sweep up and dispose of in approved landfills. Large spills should be contained where possible and picked up by suction or vacuum truck and disposed of by incineration or in an approved landfill. ADDITIONAL COMMENTS Environmental Toxicity Information: 96 -hr LC50 Bluegill: 120 ppm, practically non-toxic 96 -hr LC50 Trout: 86 ppm, slightly toxic 96 -hr TL50 Carp: 115 ppm, practically non-toxic 96 -hr TL50 Atlantic Oyster: > 10 mg/kg, no more than slightly toxic 96 -hr TL50 Shrimp: 281 ppm, practically non-toxic 96 -hr TL50 Fiddler Crab: 934 mg/I, practically non-toxic 96 -hr LC50 Harlequin Fish: 168 ppm, practically non-toxic 48 -hr LC50 Daphnia: 780 mg/I, practically non-toxic 5 -day LC50 Ducks: > 4640 ppm, practically non-toxic 5 -day LC50 Quail: > 4640 ppm, practically non-toxic A series of residue and metabolism studies have shown that glyphosate is very slowly absorbed across the gastro-intestinal membrane and that there is minimal tissue retention and rapid elimination of resi- dues in several animal species, including mammals, birds and fish. Thus, it is concluded that glypho- sate will not bioaccumulate in the food chain. DATE: March, 1982 REVISED: New SUPERSEDES: None MSDS NO.: 1071-83-6 FOR ADDITIONAL NON -EMERGENCY INFORMATION, CALL: 314-694-4000 Although the information and recommendations set forth herein (hereinafter "Information") are presented in good faith and believed to be correct as of the date hereof, Monsanto Company makes no representations as to the completeness or accuracy thereof. Information is supplied upon the condition that the persons receiving same will make their own determination as to its suitability for their purposes prior to use. In no event will Monsanto Company be responsible for damages of any nature whatsoever resulting from the use of or reliance upon Information. NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR OF ANY OTHER NATURE ARE MADE HEREUNDER WITH RESPECT TO INFORMATION OR THE PRODUCT TO WHICH INFORMATION REFERS. This form has been approved by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration as "equivalent to" OSHA Form 20. Monsanto MATER'_ L SAFETY DATA MONSANTO PRODUCT NAME ROUNDUP® HERBICIDE MONSANTO COMPANY 800 N. LINDBERGH BLVD. ST. LOUIS, MO. 63167 Emergency Phone No. (Call Collect) 314-694-4000 1 of 4 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION Synonyms: None Chemical Name: Not Applicable, Formulated Product Active Ingredient: *Isopropylamine salt of Glyphosate ............................41.0% Inert Ingredients:............................................................59.0% 100.0% *Contains 480 grams per liter or 4 pounds of the active ingredient Isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine per U.S. gallon. Equivalent to 356 grams per liter or 3 pounds per U.S. gallon of the acid, glyphosate. CAS Reg. No.: Not Applicable, Formulated Product CAS Reg. No. Active Ingredient: 38641-94-0 EPA Reg. No.: 524 -308 -AA DOT Shipping Name: Not Applicable DOT Hazard Class/ I.D. No.: Not Applicable DOT Label(s): Not Applicable Hazardous Substance(s)/ RO(s): Not Applicable U.S. Surface Freight Classification: Weed Killing Compound, N.O.I.B.N. WARNING STATEMENTS Keep out of reach of children. WARNING! CAUSES EYE IRRITATION. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED. See Additional Comments section for Physical or Chemical Hazards. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES Do not get in eyes, on skin or on clothing. Avoid contamination of seed, feed and foodstuffs. EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES FIRST AID: IF IN EYES, immediately flush with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Call a physi- cian. IF ON SKIN, flush with water. Wash clothing before reuse. c-4048/382 iD D O a N 4 O cc i I W I— W U_ Q J Q [Y LU Monsanto MATF'3IAL SAFETY DATA Page 2 of 4 OCCUPATIONAL CONTROL PROCEDURES Eye Protection: During mixing or pouring operations or other activities in which eye contact with undiluted Roundup" herbicide is likely to occur, splash goggles should be worn. Skin Protection: In case of skin contact, wash exposed area thoroughly. In cases in which pro- longed or repeated skin contact with Roundup herbicide may occur, long- sleeved shirt, long pants and rubber or plastic gloves are recommended. Clothing soaked with Roundup solution should be promptly removed and laundered before reuse. In manufacturing and processing operations, the use of a face shield is recom- mended when handling undiluted Roundup herbicide in a pressurized system where equipment failure might result in facial contact with liquid splash or aero- sol spray. Respiratory Protection: Respiratory protection is not required for normal use and handling. During periods of abnormal exposure to heavy spray or mist, use a NIOSH approved dust/mist respirator. Ventilation: No special precautions recommended. Airborne Exposure Limits: Product: ROUNDUP herbicide — 100% by wt. OSHA PEL/TWA and ACGIH TLV/TWA/STEL not established. FIRE PROTECTION INFORMATION Flash Point (TCC): > 200F. Water-based formulation, Non -Flammable, Non -Combustible. Extinguishing Media: In case of FIRE, use water spray, foam, dry chemical or CO2. Special Firefighting Procedures: None. Unusual Fire And Explosion Hazards: None. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS SUMMARY Oral LD50 (Rat): 5400 mg/kg, practically non-toxic Dermal LD50 (Rabbit): > 5000 mg/kg, practically non-toxic Eye Irritation (Rabbit): (FHSA) Score = 18.4 on a scale of 110, moderately irritating Skin Irritation (Rabbit): (FHSA) Score = 4.3 on a scale of 8.0, moderately irritating Inhalation LC50 (Rat): 3.28 mg/I for 4 hour aerosol exposure, slightly toxic Tests on the biologically active ingredient in this formulation (glyphosate) showed that glyphosate did not cause any mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic (birth defects), adverse reproductive changes, or neurotoxic effects. PHYSICAL DATA Appearance: Clear, viscous amber -colored solution. Odor: Practically odorless to slight amine -like odor. pH: 4.8 Specific Gravity (Water = 1): 1.17 Monsanto MATERI! . SAFETY DATA Page 3 of 4 REACTIVITY DATA Stability: Stable for at least 5 years under normal conditions of warehouse storage. Heated facilities are not required. Incompatibility: Non-corrosive to stainless steel, aluminum, polyethylene, plastic, fiberglass. Corrosive to mild steel, galvanized steel and zinc. This product or spray solutions of this product react with such containers and tanks to produce hydrogen gas which may form a highly combus- tible gas mixture. This gas mixture could flash or explode if ignited by open flame, spark or other ignition sources. Hazardous Decomposition Products: None. Hazardous Polymerization: Does not occur. The product can react with caustic (basic) materials to liberate heat. This is not polymerization, but rather a chemical neutralization in an acid-base reaction. SPILL, LEAK & DISPOSAL INFORMATION Open dumping is prohibited. D This product, spray mixture or rinsate that cannot be used or chemically reprocessed should be dis- m posed of in a landfill approved for pesticides. DO Triple rinse container and offer for recycling, reconditioning, or disposal in approved landfill. D Consult federal, state or local disposal authorities for additional or alternative requirements. D Avoid skin and eye contact—see Occupational Control Procedures. fTr1 Soak up small amounts with absorbent clays (kitty litter, oil dri, etc.). Sweep or scoop up spilled material and dispose of in approved landfill. p Wash down surfaces (floors, truck beds, streets, etc.) with detergent and water solution. D D ADDITIONAL COMMENTS Environmental Toxicity Information: 96 -hr TL50 Bluegill: 14 mg/I, slightly toxic 96 -hr TL50 Carp: 3.9 ppm, moderately toxic 96 -hr TL50 Trout: 11 mg/I, slightly toxic 96 -hr LC50 Catfish: 16 mg/I, slightly toxic 96 -hr LC50 Crayfish: > 1000 ppm, practically non-toxic 96 -hr LC50 Fathead Minnow: 9.4 mg/I, moderately toxic 48 -hr LC50 Daphnia: 5.3 mg/I, moderately toxic Carp contained in a static pond were unaffected at any time during the 90 -day observation period by exposure to an aerial application of ROUNDUP herbicide at the intended use level. Tissue residue analyses indicated that glyphosate will not bioaccumulate. Physical or Chemical Hazards: Spray solutions of this product should be mixed, stored and applied only in stainless steel, aluminum, polyethylene, plastic and fiberglass containers. DO NOT MIX, STORE OR APPLY THIS PRODUCT OR SPRAY SOLUTIONS OF THIS PRODUCT IN GALVANIZED STEEL OR UNLINED STEEL (EXCEPT STAINLESS STEEL) CONTAINERS OR SPRAY TANKS. 'o. w Q () J Q Fr UJ Monsanto MA]TRIAL SAFETY DATA ADDITIONAL COMMENTS (Continued) Page 4 of 4 1 This product or spray solutions of this product react with such containers and tanks to produce hydrogen gas which may form a highly combustible gas mixture. This gas mixture could flash t explode, causing serious personal injury, if ignited by open flame, spark, welder's torch, lighten cigarette, or other ignition source. DATE: March, 1982 REVISED: New SUPERSEDES: None MSDS NO.: M00007588 FOR ADDITIONAL NON -EMERGENCY INFORMATION, CALL: 314-694-4000 Although the information and recommendations set forth herein (hereinafter "Information") are presented in good faith and be to be correct as of the date hereof, Monsanto Company makes no representations as to the completeness or accuracy thereof. Information is supplied upon the condition that the persons receiving same will- make their own determination as to its suitability for their purposes prior to use. In no event will Monsanto Company be responsible for damages of any nature whatsoever resulting from the use of or reliance upon Information, NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR OF ANY OTHER NATURE ARE MADE HEREUNDER WITH RESPECT TO INFORMATION OR THE PRODUCT TO WHICH INFORMATION REFERS, This form has been approved by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration as "equivalent to" OSHA Form 20. ik gTAI tri tweciiii Complete Directio"}pr: li eg No 524 308 AA AVOID CONTACT WITH FOLIA GREEN STEMS, OR FRUIT OF CROPS, DESIRABLE PLANTS AND TREES, SINCE SEVERE INJURY OR DESTRUCTION MAY RESULT. This product has been approved for use in California except as stated otherwise 19842 897.10002.22/53 Read the entire label before using this product. Use only according to label instructions Read "LIMIT OF WARRANTY AND LIABILITY" before buying or using It terms are not acceptable. return at once unopened LIMIT OF WARRANTY AND LIABILITY (Not applicable to consumer applications applied `v the homeowner for noncommercial purposes permitted by the supplemental labeling for one quart containers.) This company warrants that this product conforms to the chemical description on the label and is reasonably fit for the purposes set forth in the com- plete Directions for Use label booklet (" Directions "1 when used in accordance with those Directions under the conditions described therein. NO OTHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR PARTI CULAR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY IS MADE. This warranty is also subject to the conditions and limitations stated herein. Buyer and all users shall promptly notify this company of any claims whether based m contract. negligence, strict liability. other tort or otherwise Buyer and all users are responsible for all loss or damage from use or handling which results from con ddrons beyond the control of this company, including but not limited to incompatibility with products other than those set forth in the Directions, application to or contact with desirable vegetation, unusual weather (i weather conditions which are outside the range con- sidered normal at the application site and for the time period when the product is applied with the normal range being determined on the basis of the average range for the prior 40 years computed from the best ,ilable information, and it weather perils. including . not limited to hurricanes. tornadoes and hoods) as well as weather considerations set forth in the D iec tions. application -in any manner not explicitly set forth in the Directions, moisture conditions outside the moisture range specified in the Directions, or the presence of products other than those set forth in the sections in or on the soil, crop or treated vegetation THE EXCLUSIVE REMEDY OF THE USER OR BUYER, AND THE LIMIT OF THE LIABILITY OF THIS COMPANY OR ANY OTHER SELLER FOR ANY AND ALL LOSSES, INJURIES OR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE OR HANDLING OF THIS PRODUCT (INCLUDING CLAIMS BASED IN CONTRACT NEGLIGENCE. STRICT LIABILITY. OTHER TORT OR OTHERWISE) SHALL BE THE PURCHASE PRICE PAID BY THE USER OR BUYER FOR THE QUANTITY OF THIS PRODUCT INVOLVED, OR. AT THE ELECTION 'OF THIS COMPANY OR ANY OTHER SELLER. THE REPLACEMENT OF SUCH QUANTITY OR. IF NOT ACQUIRED BY PURCHASE, REPLACEMENT OF SUCH QUANTITY. IN NO EVENT SHALL THIS COMPANY OR ANY OTHER SELLER BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCL DENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES The buyer and all users are deemed to have accepted the terms of this LIMIT OF WARRANTY AND LIABILITY which may not be varied by any verbal or written agreement. PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals Keep out of reach of children. WARNING! CAUSES EYE IRRITATION. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED. MAY CAUSE SKIN IRRITATION. Do not get in eyes, on skin or on clothing. Wash thoroughly after handling. FIRST AID: IF IN EYES immediately flush with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes Call a physician. IF ON SKIN immediately flush with plenty of water Remove contaminated clothing. Wash clothing before reuse IF SWALLOWED. this product will cause gastro intestinal tract irritation Immediately dilute by swallowing water or milk Call a physician In case of an emergency involving this product. Call Collectday or night. (314) 694-4000. Environmental Hazards Avoid direct applications to any body of water Do not contaminate water by disposal of waste or cleaning of equipment. Physical or Chemical Hazards Spray solutions of this product should be mixed stored and applied only in stainless steelaluminum fiberglass- plastic and plastic lined steel conlamers DO NOT MIX, STORE OR APPLY THIS PRODUCT OR SPRAY SOLUTIONS OF THIS PRODUCT IN GALVANIZED STEEL OR UNLINED STEEL (EXCEPT STAINLESS STEEL) CONTAINERS OR SPRAY TANKS. This product or spray solutions of this product react with such con- tainers and tanks to produce hydrogen gas whicn may form a highly combustible gas mixture This gas mix - (E •e could flash or explode. causing senous personal ,,ry, if ignited by open flame. spark, welders loch lighted cigarette or other ignition source Storage and Disposal Do not contaminate water. loodstults. seed or lead by storage and disposal. See container label for STORAGE AND DISPOSAL instructions ACTIVE INGREDIENT, °Isopropylaminesalt ofglyphosate 4100 INERT INGREDIENTS 5900 10001 'Contains 480 grams per frtre or 4 pounds of the active ingredient isopropylamine salt of N{ phosphonomethy0 glycine per U.S gallon Equivalent to 356 grams per lure or 3 pounds per U.S. gallon of the acrd. glyphosate. ®Roundup herbicide is protected by U.S. Pat No 3,799 758 and U.S. Pat. No 4,405,53). Other patents are pending. ©MONSANTO COMPANY 1984 In case of an emergency involving this product. Call Collect, day or night. (314) 6944000. MONSANTO COMPANY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS Momma ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, 63167 U.S.A. 1— DO NOT APPLY THIS PRODUCT USING AERIAL SPRAY EQUIPMENT EXCEPT UNDER CONDITIONS AS SPECIFIED WITHIN THIS LABEL Roundup' herbicidea water soluble liquid mixes readily with water to be applied as a foliage spray for the control or destruction of most herbaceous plants It may be applied through most standard industrial or field type sprayers after dilution and thorough mixing with water in accordance with label instructions This product moves through the plant Irom the point of foliage contact to and into the root system Visible effects on most annual weeds occur within 2104 days but on most perennial weeds may not occur for 7 days or more Extremely cool or cloudy weather following treatment may slow down activity of this product and delay visual effects of control Visible effects are a gradual wilting and yellowing of the plant which advances to complete browning of above ground growth and deterioration of underground plant parts Unless otherwise specified on this label delay applica- tion until vegetalron has emerged and reached the stages described for control of such vegetation under the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label Um emerged plants arising from unattached underground rhizomes or root stocks of perennials will not be affected by the spray and will continue to grow. For this reason best cont it of most perennial weeds is obtained when treats ant is made at late growth stages approaching maturity. Always use the higher rate of this product per acre within the recommended range when (U weed grr is heavy or dense. or (2) weeds are growing in an undis turbed (non cultivated) area Do not treat weeds under poor growing conditions such as drought stress, disease or insect damage. as reduced weed control may result. Reduced results may also occur when treating weeds heavily covered with dust. Reduced control may result when applications are made to annual or perennial weeds that have been mowed, grated, or cut. and have not been allowed to regrow for the recommended stage for treatment. Rainfall or irrigation occurring within 6 hours after application may reduce effectiveness. Heavy rainfall or irrigation within 2 hours after application may wash the chemical off the foliage and a repeal treatment may be required Roundup herbicide does not provide residual weed control. For subsequent residual weed control, follow a labelapprovedherbicide program Read and carefully observe the cautionary statements and all other infor matron appearing on the labels of all herbicides used Nonionic surfactants which are labeled for use with herbicides may be used to improve wetting of foliage. Do not reduce rates of Roundup when adding surfac rant. Use 0.5 percent surfactant concentration when using surfactants which contain at least 50 percent ac- tive ingredient or a 1 percent surfactant concentration for those surfactants containing less than 50 percent active ingredient. Read and carefully observe surfac Cant cautionary statements, and other information ap searing on the surfactant label. Buyer and all users are responsible for all loss or damage in connection with the use or handling of mix tures of Roundup with herbicides or other materials that are not expressly recommended in this labeling. Mixing this product with herbicides or other materials not recommended on this label, may result in reduced Roundup performance. For best results. spray coverage should be uniform and complete. Do not spray weed foliage to the point of runoff Keep people and pets off treated areas until spray solu- tion has dried to prevent transfer of this product onto desirable vegetation. m Registered Trademark of Monsanto Company ATTENTION AVOID DRIFT EXTREME CARE MUST BE USED WHEN APPLYING THIS PRODUCT TO PREVENT INJURY TO DESIRABLE PLANTS AND CROPS Do not allow the herbicide solution to mistdrip, drift. or splash onto desirable vegetation since minute quan- tities of this herbicide can cause severe damage or destruction to the crop, plants, or other areas on which treatment was not intended. The likelihood of injury occurring from the use of this product is greatest when winds are gusty or in excess of 5 miles per hour or when other conditions, including lesser wind velocities, will allow spray drift to occur. When spray ing, avoid combinations of pressure and nozzle type that will result in splatter or fine particlesmust) which are likely to drift. AVOID APPLYING AT EXCESSIVE SPEED OR PRESSURE. NOTE Use of this product in any manner not con sistent with this label may result in injury to persons, animals or crops, or other unintended conse- quences. Keep container closed to prevent spills and contamination. APPLY THESE SPRAY SOLUTIONS IN PROPERLY MAINTAINED AND CALIBRATED EQUIPMENT CAPABLE OF DELIVERING DESIRED VOLUMES DO NOT APPLY UNDER WIND OR OTHER CONDITIONS WHICH ALLOW DRIFT TO OCCUR. HAND GUN APPLICA- TIONS SHOULD BE PROPERLY DIRECTED TO AVOID SPRAYING DESIRABLE PLANTS. NOTE REDUCED RESULTS MAY OCCUR IF WATER CONTAINING SOIL IS USED, such as WATER FROM PONDS AND UNLINED DITCHES MIXING This product mixes readily with water. Mix spray solu tions of this product as follows: Fill the mixing or spray tank with the required amount of water. Add the proper amount of this product (see "Directions for Use" and "Weeds Controlled" sections of this label) near the end of the filling process and mix well. Remove hose from tank immediately after filling to avoid siphoning back into the carrier source During mixing and application foaming of the spray solution may occur. To prevent or minimize foam. avoid the use of mechanical agitators. place the filling hose below the surface of the spray solution. terminate by-pass and return lines at the bottom of the tank and it needed use an approved anti foam or defoaming agent TANK MIXTURES Always predetermine the compatibility of labeled tank mixtures of this herbicide with water carrier by mixing small proportional quantities in advance Mix labeled tank mixtures of Roundup herbicide with water as follows: I Place a 20 to 35 mesh screen or wetting basket over filling port. 2 Through the screenfill the sprayer tank one half full with water and start agitation. 3 If a wettable powders used. make a slurry with the water carrier and add it SLOWLY through the screen into the tank Continue agitation. d H a flowable formulation is used. pre -mix one part flowable with one part water. Add diluted mixture SLOWLY through the screen into the tank. Continue agitation. 5 If an emulsifiable concentrate formulation is used. premix one part emulsifiable concentrate with two parts water. Add diluted mixture slowlythrough the screen into the tank. Continue agitation. 6 Continue filling the sprayer tank with water and add the required amount of Roundup herbicide near the end of the filling n'1 I Where nononic surfactant is recommended add; this to the spray tank before completing the filling; process 8 Add individual formulations to the spray tank as; follows wettable powder flowable err ihadlPl concentrate. drift control additivewater sol liquid followed by surfactant I Maintain good agitation at all times until the contents Of the tank are sprayed If the spray mixture is allowed to settlethorough agitation is required to resuspend the mixture before spraying is resumed di Keep bypass line on or near bottom of tank tni minimize foaming. Screen size in nozzle or fine strainers should be no finer than 50 mesh Carefully select proper nozzle to avoid spraying a fine mist For best results with conventional ground applications' equipmentuse flat fan nozzles Clean sprayer and parts immediately after using this o Product by thoroughly flushing with water. i SOILTEXTURE The recommended use rates of other herbicides labeled for use with this product in tank mixtures generally vary with soil texture. Rate tables throughout this label, unless the soil texture is specifically named. refer to only three soil texture groups: Coarse. Medium and Fine. The following is a complete listing of soil textures included in each of these three soil texture groups: SOILTEXTURE GROUP SOILTEXTURE COARSE. sand. loamy sand. sandy foam MEDIUM loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam FINE: silty clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay clay Refer to the above table to determine the correspond Ing soil texture group for the soil to be treated. APPLICATION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES This product may be applied with the following appli- cation equipment: Aerial — fixed wing and helicopter Boom—conventional broadcast spray Controlled Droplet Applicator (CDA)— handheld or boom mounted applicators which produce a spray consisting of a narrow range of droplet sizes. Hand-held and high-volume spray equipment — knap- sack and backpack sprayers. pump up pressure sprayers. handguns, handwands, lances, and other handheld spray equipment used to direct the spray onto weed foliage and vehicle mounted high volume spray equipment for spray to wet applications Selective equipment—recirculating sprayers, shields,. sprayers and wiper applicators See the appropriate part of this section for specific rates of application and instructions I ■ AER IALEQUIPMENT ■ USE the recommended rates of this herb ode in 3 to 15 gallons of water per acre unless otherwise specified on this label See 'WEEDS CONTROLLED' section of this label for specific rates Aerial applications of this )duct may only be made in fallow and reduced .,Uage systems, silvicullural sites, and rights-of-way. Refer to the individual use area sections of this label for recommended volumes and application rates. Avoid direct application to any body of water. AVOID DRIFT — DO NOT APPLY DURING INVERSION CONDITIONS, WHEN WINDS ARE GUSTY, OR UNDER ANY OTHER CONDITION WHICH WILL ALLOW DRIFT DRIFT MAY CAUSE DAMAGE TO ANY VEGETATION CONTACTED TO WHICH TREATMENT IS NOT INTEND- ED TO PREVENT INJURY TO ADJACENT DESIRABLE VEGETATION. APPROPRIATE BUFFER ZONES MUST BE MAINTAINED. Coarse sprays are less likely to drift. therefore. do not use nozzles or'nozzle configurations which dispense spray as fine spray droplets Do not angle nozzles forward into the airstream and do not increase spray volume by increasing nozzle pressure Drift control additives may be used. When a drift con tiol additive is usedread and carefully observe the cautionary statements and all other information appearing on the additive label. Ensure uniform application — To avoid streaked. uneven or overlapped applicationuse appropriate marking devices. Thoroughly wash aircraftespecially landing gear. after 3ch day of spraying to remove residues of this pro duct accumulated during spraying or from spills PROLONGED EXPOSURE OF THIS PRODUCT TO UNCOATED STEEL SURFACES MAY RESULT IN CORRO SION AND POSSIBLE FAILURE OF THE PART LAND- ING GEAR ARE MOST SUSCEPTIBLE The mantel ance of an organic coating (Paint) which meets aerospace specification MIL C 38413 may prevent corrosion ■ BOOM EQUIPMENT ■ For control of annual or perennial weeds listed on this label using conventional boom equipment — Use the recommended rates of this product in 10 to 40 gallons of water per acre as a broadcast spray unless other- wise specified on this label See "Weeds Controlled' section of this label for specific rates. As density of weeds increases, spray gallonage should be increased within the recommended range to insure complete coverage. Carefully select proper nozzle to avoid spray ing a fine mist For best results with ground applica tion equipment. use flat fan nozzles. Check for even distribution of spray droplets. ■ CONTROLLED DROPLET ■ APPLICATION )CDA) The rate of this product applied per acre by vehicle ,mounted CDA equipment must not he less than the amount recommended in this label when applied by conventional broadcast equipment For vehicle mounted CDA equipment apply 3 to 15 gallons of water pet acre. For the control of labeled annual weeds with hand- held GOA units, apply a 20 percent solution of this product at a flow rale of 2 fluid ounces per minute and a walking speed of 1.5 MPH (1 quart per acre). For the control of labeled perennial weeds, apply a 20 to 40 percent solution of this product at a flow rate of 2 fluid ounces per minute and a walking speed of 0.75 MPH (2 to 4 quarts per acre). Controlled droplet application equipment produces a spray pattern which is not easily visible. Extreme care must be exercised to avoid spray or drift contacting the foliage or any. other green tissue of desirable vegetation as damage or destruction may result. ■ HAND-HELD and HIGH-VOLUME ■ EQUIPMENT Use coarse sprays only Mix this product in water and apply to foliage of vegetation to be controlled For applications made on a spray to wet basospray coverage should be uniform and complete- Do not spray to the point of runoff Use a I percent solutionunless otherwise specified For best results. use a 2 percent solution on harder to control perennials. such as bermudagrass. dockfield bindweed. hemp dogbane milkweed and Canada thistle. Less than complete coverage of weeds may result from the use of spray equipment designed for motorized spot treatments Where less than complete coverage of annual weeds occursuse a 5 percent solution. Do not reduce recommended concentrations of Roundup when adding surfactant An agriculturally approved marking dye may be added to recommended rates of Roundup when making applications with handheld equipment Reduced control of perennial weeds may result from apphca tions made with a dye Use dyes according to Manu facturer s recommendatmns. Prepare Ili, desired volume of spray solution by mix mg the amount of this product in water shown'in the following table Spray solution DESIRED AMOUNT OF ROUNDUP` VOLUME 1% 1'7ao 20. 50. I gallon 113 oz 2 oz 2'i oz 1 oz 25 gallons I qt lb qt 2 qt 5 ql 100 gallons 1 gal 112 gal 2 gal 5 gal 2 tablespoons = I ounce For use in knapsack sprayersit is suggested that the proper amount of this product be mixed with water in a larger container. Fill sprayer with the mixed solution. For handheld WIPER APPLICATORS see the' Selec five Equipment" section and for hand-held CON TROLLED DROPLET APPLICATORS see the "Controlled Droplet Applicator (CDA)" section of this label ■ SELECTIVE EQUIPMENT ■ This product may be applied through a recirculating spray system, a shielded applicatoror a wiper applicator aver dilution and thorough mixing with 94 ^ater to listed weeds growing in any nom crop site leaked on this label and only when specilicallr recommended in cropping systems A recirculating spray system directs the spray soluhen onto weeds growing above desirable vegetation while spray solution not intercepted by weeds is collected and returned to the spray tank for reuse A shielded applicator directs the herbicide solution onto weeds while shielding desirable vegetation ham the herbicide A wiper applicator applies the herbicide solution onto weeds by rubbing the weed with an absoibenl material containing the herbicide solution AVOID CONTACT WITH DESIRABLE VEGETATION Contact of the herbicide solution with the desirable vegetation may result in damage or destruction Applicators used above desired vegetation should be adjusted so that the lowest spray stream or wiper con tact point is at least 2 inches above the desirable vegetation. Droplets, mistfoam. or splatter of the herbicide solution settling on desirable vegetation may result in discoloration. stunting, or destruction. Applications made above the crops should be made when the weeds are a minimum of 6 inches above the desirable vegetation. Better results may be obtained when more of the weed is exposed to the herbicide solution. Weeds not contacted by the herbicide sou tion will not be affected This may occur in dense clumps, severe infestationsor when the height of the weeds varies so that not all weeds are contacted In these instances, repeat treatment may be necessary See the "Weeds Controlled' section of this label for recommended stage of growth for specific weeds NOTE • Maintain equipment in good operating condition Avoid leakage or dripping onto desirable vegetation • Adjust height of applicator to insure adequate con tact with.veeds • Keep nozzle tips and wiping surfaces clean • Keep spray patterns aligned into recovery chamber of the recirculating sprayer - • Keep shields on shielded applicators adjusted to protect desirable vegetation. • Maintain recommended roller RPM on roller applicators while in use. • Keep wiper material at proper degree of saturation with herbicide solution. • 00 NOT use wiper equipment when weeds are wet • DO NOT operate equipment at ground speeds greater than 5 mph. Weed control may be affected by speed of application equipment. As weed dem sity increases. reduce equipment ground speed to insure good coverage of weeds. • Be aware that on sloping ground the herbicide solu tion may migratecausing dripping on the lower end and drying on the upper end of a wiper applicator. • Variation to equipment design may affect weed control With wiper applicators. the wiping material and its orientation must allow delivery of sufficient quantities of 'he recommended herbicide solus ,n directly to the weed • Care must be taken with all types of wipers In insure that the absorbent material does not bec oversaturated, causing the herbicide to drip on desirable vegetation. • Mix only the amount of solution to be used during a one day period. as reduced activity may result from use of leftover solutions. With all equipment. drain and clean sprayer and wiper parts immediately after using this product by thoroughly flushing with water RECIRCULATING SPRAYERS Recirculating sprayer calibration Is made on the basis of ground speed and delivery volume. Two procedures can be used to calibrate: (1) determine the discharge being delivered per minute, then operate at the designated ground speed. or (2) select the desired ground speed and then adjust the sprayer to deliver the recommended volume per minute (this may require nozzle changes). Use the appropriate table below. Do not operate at nozzle pressure above 20 PSI Table 1. Use this table when calibrating Box or Row type recirculating sprayers, Box or Row type sprayer calibration is based on the total discharge collected per row Use only straight stream or 15° fan type nozzles. "VOLUME PER MINUTE PER ROW MPH Ounces 2 26 to 35 3 38 to 51 4 51 to 68 5 65 to 86 `NOTE. Be certain the amount collected is for all spray streams treating one row, Table 2. Use this table when calibrating Broadcast type recirculating sprayers Broadcast recirculating sprayer calibration is based on the discharge collected per minute from one nozzle on a 20 inch spacing VOLUME PER MINUTE PER NOZZLE MPH Ounces 2 7 to 9 3 10 to 13 4 13 to 18 5 16 to 22 When applied as recommended under the conditions described for recirculating sprayersthis product will control the following weeds growing a minimum of 6 inches above desirable vegetation Perennial Broadleaf Weeds — To SUPPRESS the following weeds, mix in a ratio of 4 quarts of this pro- duct in 20 gallons of water and apply as directed Dogbane (hemp) Milkweed Apocynum cannabinum Asclepias syriaca Perennial Grasses and Annual Broadleaf Weeds — To control the following weeds mix in a ratio of 3 quarts of this product in 20 gallons of water and apply as directed Cocklebur Pigweed, Redroot Xanthium Amaranthus pensylvanicum retroflexus lohnsongrass Sunflower Sorghum halepense Helianthus annuus Annual Grasses — To control the following weeds, mix in a ratio of 2 quarts of this product in 20 gallons of water and apply as directed Com (volunteer) Shafterane let mays Sorghum bicolor SHIELDED APPLICATORS When applied as directed under conditions described for shielded applicatorsthis product will control those weeds listed in the "Weeds Controlled' section of this label Shielded applicators which apply the herbicide solu. tion as a spray band should be calibrated on a broad- cast equivalent rate and volume basis. To determine these Bandwidth Herbicide in inches Broadcast Herbicide Row width X RATE = Band RATE in inches per acre per acre Band width Broadcast Band VOLUME in inches VOLUME of % = of solution Row width solution per acre in inches per acre Use nozzles that provide uniform coverage within the treated area EXTREME CARE MUST BE EXERCISED TO AVOID CONTACT WITH DESIRABLE VEGETATION. For specific rates of application and instructions for control of various annual and perennial weedssee the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label WIPER APPLICATORS Wiper applicators include either roller or wick devices which physically wipe appropriate concentrations or amounts of this product directly onto the weed. Equipment must be designedmaintained. and operated to prevent the herbicide solution from con tatting desirable vegetation. Operate this equipment at ground speeds no greater than 5 mph Performance may be improved by reducing speed in areas of heavy weed infestations to insure adequate wiper saturation Better results may be obtained if 2 applications are made in opposite directions Do not add surfactant to the herbicide solution. For Roller Applicators — Mix I gallon of this product in enough water to prepare 10 gallons of herbicide solution (10% solution). Apply this solution to peren nial weeds or annual broadleaf weeds listed in this "Wiper Applicators" section Mix 1 gallon of this product in enough water to pro- vide 20 gallons of herbicide solution (5% solution). Apply this solution to annual grasses listed in this "Wiper Applicators" section. Roller speed should be maintained at 40 to 60 RPM. For Wick or other Wiper Applicators — mix I gallon of this product in 2 gallons of water to prepare a 33% solution. Apply this solution to weeds listed in this "Wiper Applicators" section. In severe infestations, reduce equipment groLA speed to insure that adequate amounts of this pros are wiped on the weeds. A second treatment in Ine opposite direction may be beneficial. j Do not permit herbicide solution to contact desirable vegetation. When applied as recommended under the conditions described for "Wiper Applicators', this product CONTROLS the following weeds: ANNUAL GRASSES Corn (volunteer) Shatterane f Zea mays Sorghum bicolor Rye (common) Texas panicum } Secale cereale Panicum texanum t:. ANNUAL BROADLEAVES Bristly starbur Sicklepod Acanthospermum Cassia obtusifolia j hispidum Spanishneedles Elders; bipinnata 1 When applied as recommended under the conditions II described for "Wiper Applicators'; this product SUP- PRESSES the following weeds: ANNUAL BROADLEAVES Dog fennel Ragweed (giant) Eupatorium Ambrosia trifida capillifolium Sunflower Florida beggarweed Helianthus annuus Desmodium Thistle (musk) tortuosum Carduus nutans Pigweed, Redroot Velvetleaf Amaranthus Abutilon theophrasti retroflexus Ragweed, (common) Ambrosia artemisufolia PERENNIAL GRASSES Bermudagrass Smutgrass Cynodon dactylon Sporobolus poiretu Guineagrass Vaseygrass Panicum maximum Paspalum urvillei Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense PERENNIAL BROADLEAVES Dogbane (hemp) Nightshade (silverleat) Apocynum cannabinum Solanum elaeagnifolium Milkweed Thistle (Canada) Ascelepias syriaca Cusium arvense This herbicide controls many annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds. ANNUAL WEEDS Apply to actively growing grasses and broadleaf weep Use I quart of this product per acre it weeds are I, than 6 inches tall. If weeds are over 6 inches tall, apply 1.5 quarts of this product per acre. Allow at least 3 days after treatment before tillage. See "Direr tions for Use" for specific volumes of water. When applied as recommended under the conditions described, this product WILL CONTROL the following ANNUAL WEEDS: Balsamapple" Mustard (tumble) Momordica charantia Sisymbrium altisslmum alley Oats (wild) Hordeum spp. Avena fatua Barnyardgrass Panicum Echinochloa crus-galli Panicum spp. Bassia (fivehook) Pennycress (field) Bassia hyssopilolra Thlaspi arvense Bluegrass (annual) Pigweed, Redroot Poa annua Amaranlhus retrollexus Biome Bromus spp. Chickweed Stellarra media Cocklebur %anthium pensylvanicum Corn (volunteer) Zea mays ' Crabgrass Oigdaria spp. Falseflax (smallseed) Camelma microcarpa Fiddleneck Amsmckia spp. flax -leaf fleabane Coryza bonariensis Fleabane Engerom spp. Foxtail Setaria spp. Groundsel (common) Seneclo vulgaris Horseweed Conyta canadensis KOchia Kochia scoparia Lam asquarters (common) Chenopodium album Lettuce (prickly) Lactuca serrmla London rocket Seymbrium to Mustard (tansy) Descuraima pinnata "Apply 2 quarts of this product per acre. "'Apply with handheld equipment only. Annual weeds generally will continue to germinate from seed throughout the growing season. Repeat treatments may be necessary to control later ger- minating weeds. Repeat treatments must be made prior to crop emergence. Pigweed (smooth) Amaranthus hybridus Ragweed (common) Ambrosia artemisufolia Ragweed Want) Ambrosia bifida Rye Secale cereale Ryegrass (Italian)" Lolium multdlorum Sandbuf (field) Cenchrus spp. Shattercane Sorghum bicolor Shepherdspurse Capsella bursa -pastoris Smartweed (Pennsylvania) Polygonum pensylvart Sowthistle Sonchus oleraceus Spanishneedles° Edens bipinnata Sunflower Helianthus annuus Thistle (Russian) Salsola kali Velvetleaf Abutilon theophrasti Wheat )volunteer) Tnhcum aestivum PERENNIAL WEEDS Apply this product as follows to control or destroy nmst perennial weeds NOTE If weeds have been mowed or tilleddo not treat until regrowth has reached the recommended stages. Repeat treatments may be necessary to control weeds regenerating from underground parts or seed Repeal treatments must be made prior to crop emergence When applied as recommended under the conditions described, tfa product WILL CONTROL the following PERENNIAL WEEDS. Alfalfa Medicago saliva Alligalorweed" Alternanthera phdoxeroides Artichoke (Jerusalem) Helianthus tubemsus Bahiagrass Paspalum notatum Bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon Bindweed (field) Convolvulus arvensis Bluegrass (Kentucky) Poa spp. Brackenfern Pteridmm aqudmum Bromegrass (smooth) Biomus mermis Cattail Typha sop Clover (red) Tnfolmm pratense Clover (while) Tnlolium repens Dallisgrass Paspalum dilalatum Dandelion Taraxacum officurale Dock (curly) Rumex ci spus Dogbane (hemp) Apocynum cannab num Fescues Festuca spp Guineagrass Pamcum maximum Horsenettle Solanum carohnense Horseradish Armoracia rushcana Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense Kikuyugrass Penmsetum clandestinum Partial control Knapweed Centaurea lepers Lantana Tanta carrafa Milkweed Asclepias spp. Muhly (wirestem) Muhlenbergia frondosa Mullein (common( Verbascum thapsus Napiergrass Pennisetum purpureum Nightshade (silverleaQ Solanum elaeagndolium Nutsedge (purple, yellow) Cyperus rotundus Cyperus esculentus Orchaidgrass Dactylis glomerata Paragrass B loch fora mutica Quackgrass Agropyron lotions Reed canarygrass Phalans wundmacea Ryegrass (perennial) Lohum perenne Smadweed (swamp) Polygonum coccmeum Sweet potato, wild' Ipomoea panduiae Tall fescue Fesfuca amndnaceae Texas ladeweed Hehanthus ciliaris Thistle (Canada) Cusium arvense Timothy Phleum pratense Torpedogiass' Panicum repens Vaseygrass Paspalum urvillai Wheatgrass (western) Agropyron smdhu Woollyleal bursage Fransena tomentosa Alligatorweed — Apply 4 quarts of this product per acre or apply a 11e percent solution with handheld equipment to provide partial control Apply when most of the plants are in bloom Repeat applications will be required to maintain such control. Bermudagrass — For control. apply 5 quarts of this product per acre and for partial control apply 3 quarts per acre Treat when bermudagrass is actively growing and seedheads are present. Retreatment may be necessary to maintain control Allow 7 or more days after application before tillage See "Directions for Use" and "Mixing and Application" sections of this label for labeled uses and specific application instructions ruegiass (Kentucky) / Bromegrass (smoothl / drehardgrass — Apply 2 quarts of this product to 10 to 40 gallons of water per acre when the grasses ate as lively growing and most plants have reached boot to early seedhead stage of development For partial con trol to pasture or hay crop renovation apply I to IS quarts of this product plus 0.5 to I percent nomomc surfactant by total spray volume in 5 to 10 gallons of water per acre Use 0 5 percent surfactant concenha Icon when using surfactants which contain at least 50 percent active ingredient or a I percent smlaclam concentration lot those surfactants containing less than 50 percent active ingredient Apply to acirvdi growing plants when most have reached 4 to 12 inches to height Allow 7 or more days after apphca hon before tillage See 'Directions for Use and ht❑ ng and Application' sections and 'PASTURES" in the "Cropping Systems" section of this label for labeled uses and specific application instructions Brackenfern - Apply 3 to 4 quarts of this product per acre as a broadcast spray or as a I to 112 percent solution with hand-held equipment Apply to fully expanded fronds which are at least 18 inches long Canada Thistle — Apply 2 to 3 quarts of this product per acre Apply to actively growing thistles when most are at or beyond the bud stage of growlh Atle: harvest mowing or tillage to the late summer of fall allow at least 4 weeks for initiation of active growth and rosette development prior to the application of this product Fall treatments must be applied before a killing frost Allow 3 or more days after application before tillage See "Directions for Use and "Mixing and Application's sections of this label lot labeled uses and specific application instructions Field Bindweed / Silverleaf Nightshade / Teras Blueweed — Apply 4 to 5 quarts of this product per acre west of the Mississippi River and 3 to 4 quarts per acre east of the Mississippi Rivet. Apply when weed is actively growing and is at or beyond full bloom. For silverleat nightshade, best results can be achieved when application is made after berries are formed Do not treat when weed is under drought stress as good sail moisture is necessary for active growth. New real development indicates active growth. For best resuhs apply in late summer or fall. Fall treatments must be applied before a killing frost. Allow 7 or more daysafter application before tillage. See "Directions for Use and "Mixing and Application" sections of this label for labeled uses and specific application instructions. Guineagrass — Apply 3 quarts of this product per acre or use a 1 percent solution with handheld equipment. Apply to actively growing gumeagrass when most has reached at least the l leaf stage of growth. Ensure thorough coverage when using handheld equipment. Allow 7 or more days after application before tillage See ''Directions for Use'' and "Mixing and Application' sections of this label lot labeled uses and specific application instructions. Hemp Dogbane/ Knapweed/ Horseradish — Apply 4 quarts of this product per acre. Apply when actively growing and most weeds have reached the late bud to flower stage of growth. Fallowing crop harvest or mowing, allow weeds to regrow to a mature stage prior to treatment. For best results, apply in late summer or 11 fall. Allow 7 or more days after application before tillage. See "Directions for Use" and "Mixing Application" sections of this label for labeled uses and specific application instructions. lohnsongrass — Apply I to 3 quarts of this product per acre. to annual cropping systems apply I to 2 quarts of this product per acre. Apply I quart of this product plus 0.5 to I percent nonionic surfactant by total spray volume in 5 to 10 gallons of water per acre. Use 0 5 percent surfactant concentration when using surfac tants which contain at least 50 percent active ingre dient or a I percent surfactant concentration for those surfactants containing less than 50 percent active in- gredient. Use 2 quarts of this product when applying 10 to 40 gallons of water per acre. In non -crop or areas where annual tillagetno till), is not performed, apply 2 to 3 quarts of this product in 10 to 40 gallons of water per acre. For best results, apply to actively growing plants when most are at least 18 Inches in height and have reached the boob to head stage of growth. Allow 7 or more days after application before tillage. Do not tank mix with residual herbicides when using the 1 quart per acre rate. See "Directions for Use and "Mlx- mg and Application" sections of this label for labeled uses and specific application instructions Lantana — Apply this product as a I to I'a percent solution using handheld equipment only. Apply to ac- tively growing lantana at or beyond the bloom stage of growth. Use the higher application rate for plants that have reached the woody stage of growth. Allow 7 or more days after application before tillage. Milkweed (common) — Apply 3 quarts of this product per acre. Apply when actively growing and most of the mukweed has reached the late bud to flower stage of growth Following small grain harvest or mowing, allow milkweed to regrow to a mature stage prior to treat- ment. Allow 7 or more days after application before tillage See "Directions for Use and "Mixing and Application sectionsof thus label for labeled usesand specific application instructions. Nutsedge (purple, yellow) — Apply 3 quarts of this product per acre as a broadcast spray. or apply a I per cent solution from hand-held equipment to control existing nutse.dge plants and immature outlets attached to treated plants Treat when plants are In flower or when new nutlets can be found at rhizome lips Nodels which have not germinated will not be controlled and may germinate following treatment Repeat treatments wilt be required for long-term control Wad 7 days after treatment before tillage linage well stimulate nutlet germination. Quackgrass — In Annual Cropping Systems, or in Pastures and Sods followed by Deep Tillage: Apply I to 2 quarts of this product per acre For the one quart rate. apply 05 to I percent nonm oc surfactant by total spray volume in 5 to 10 gallons of water per acre Use the 0.5 percent surfactant concentration when using surfaclants which contain at least 50 percent active ingredient or a I percent surfactant concentra- tion for those surfactants containing less than 50 per- cent active Ingredient. For the 2 quart rate. apply In 10 to 40 gallons of water per acre. Do not tank mix with residual herbicides when using the I quart rate. Spray when quackgrass is 8 to 12 inches In height and actively growing. Do not till between harvest and fall applications or in fall or spring prior to spring appllca- bon Allow 3 or more days after application before tillage. In pastures or sods. for best results use a moldboard plow. Pasture or Sod or Other Noncrop Areas Where Deep Tillage is Not Planned Following Application: Apply 2 to 3 quarts in 10 10 40 gallons of water per acre. Spray when the quackgrass is greater than 8 inches tall and actively growing. Do not till between harvest and fall application or in fall or spring prior to spring applica. lion. Allow 3 or more days after application before tillage See Directions for use and "Mixing and Application" section of this label for labeled uses and specific application instructions. Reed Canarygrass / Ryegrass (perennial) / Timothy Wheatgrass (western) — Apply 2 to 3 quarts of this product per acre For best results apply to actively growing plants when most have reached the boot to head stage of growth Allow 7 or more days after ap- plication before tillage See 'Directions for Use and Mixing and Application sections of this label for laheled uses and specific application Instructions Sweet Potato, Wild — Apply this product as a 2 percent solution using handheld equipment Apply to actively growing weeds that are at or beyond the bloom stage of growth Repeat applications will be required Allow the plant to reach the recommended stage of growth before retreatment Allow 7 or more days before tillage Tall Fescue — Apply 3 quarts of Ihrc product In 10 to 40 gallons of water per acre to acli.ely growing plants when most have reached boot -lo -early seedhead stage of development For partial control ,n pasture or hay renovation apply 2 quarts of this product plus 0.5 to 1 percent by total spray volume of nomonic surfactant In 5 to 10 gallons of water per acre Use 0 5 percent sur factant concentration when using surfactants which contain at least 50 percent active Ingredient or a I per cent surfactant concentration for those surfactants containing less than 50 percent active Ingredient Apply to actively growing plants when most have reached 4 to 12 inches In height Allow 7 or more days after application before tillage. See Directions for Use and 'Mixing and Application sections and "PASTURESin the "Cropping Systems" section of this label for labeled uses and specific application Instruction Torpedograss — Apply 4 to 5 quarts of this product per acre to provide partial control of torpedograss. Apply to actively growing torpedograss when most plants are at or beyond the seedhead stage of growth Repeat applications will be required to maintain control. Fall treatments must be applied before frost. Allow 7 or more days after application before tillage. See "Direc. tions for Use" and "Mixing and Application' sections of this label for labeled uses and specific apphation instructions. Wirestem Muhly/Kikuyugrass — Apply 2 to 3 quarts of this product per acre. Spray when most kikuyugrass or wirestem muhly is at least 8 inches in height (3 or 4 leaf stage of growth), and actively growing. Do not fall plow or spring till prior to spring application. Allow 3 or more days after application before tillage. See "Direc- tions for Use" and "Mixing and Application" sections of this label for labeled uses and specific application instructions. Woollyleaf Bursage — For control apply 2 quarts of this product plus I pint of Banvel" per acre For partial control apply I quart of this product plus I pint of Banvel per acre. Add 0 5 to I percent nomonlc surlac tant by total spray volume and apply 3 to 20 gallons of water per acre. Use 0.5 percent surfactant concent, lion when using surfactants which contain at least percent active ingredient or a I percent surfactant concentration for those surfactants containing less than 50 percent active ingredient. Apply when plants are producing new active growth which has been imh ated by moisture for at least 2 weeks and when plants are at or beyond flowering. See "Directions for Use and "Mixing and Application" sections of this label for labeled uses and specific application instructions. Other perennials listed on this label — Apply 3 to 5 quarts of this product per acre. Apply when actively growing and most have reached early head or early bud stage of growth. Allow 7 or more days after application before tillage See "Directions for Use" and "Mixing and Application" sections of this label for labeled uses and specific application Instructions. '"Banvel Is a trademark of the Vels,col Chemical Company WOODY BRUSH AND TREES When applied as recommended under the conditions describedthis product CONTROLS or PARTIALLY CONTROLS the following woody brush plants and bees. Quercus palustris Alder Hawthorn Aloes sop Crataegus spp Ash" Hazel Fraxmus sop Corylus spp. Aspen (quaking) Honeysuckle Populus tremuloldes Lomcera spp. Birch Kudzu Betula spp. Pueraria lobata Blackberry Locust' (black) Rubus spp. Robina pseudoacacia Cascara" Maple: Rhamnus purshuma Red" Catsdaw" Acer rubrum Acacia greggl Sugar Ceanothus: Acer saccharum Deerbrush" Vine* Ceanothus Acer circinatum mtegerrimus Redstem" Multillora Rose Ceanothus sanguineus Rosa multiflora Cherry: Oak: Bitter Black" Prunus emarginata Quercus vetutina Black Northern Pin Prunus serotina Quercus palustris Pin Post Prunus Pensylvamca Quercus stellata Coyote brush Red Bacchants consangumea Quercus rubra Dewberry Southern Red Rubus trivialis Quercus talcata Elderberry White' Sambucus spp. Quercus alba Elm* Persimmon" Dimas spp. Dlospyros spp. Poison Ivy Sweelgum Rhus radicands Ligmdambar styra a Poison Oak Swordfern' Rhus toxicodendron Polystichum mumtum Poplar* (yellow) Thimbleberry Eniodendron tulipdera Rubus parvitlorus Raspberry Trumpet Creeper Rubussl Campsis radicans Salmonberry Virginia creeper` Rubus spectabilis Parthenocissus Sassafras quinquefolia Sassafras aibidum Willow Sourel Salix spp. Oxydendrum arboreum Sumac: Poison* Rhus vernix Smooth* — Rhus glabra Winged' Rhus copaltrna °Partial control "See below for Control or Partial Control instructions NOTE If brush has been mowed or filled or trees have been cut, do not treat until regrowth has reached the recommended stages of growth. Apply this product when plants are actively growing. and unless otherwise directedafter full leaf expam cion. Use the higher rate for larger plants and/or dense areas of growth. On vinesuse the higher rate for plants that have reached the woody stage of growth. Best results are obtained when application is made in late summer or fall after fruit formation. Ensure thorough coverage when using handheld equipment. Symptoms may not appear prior to frost or senescence with fall treatments. Allow 1 or more days after application before tillage. mowing or removal. Repeat treatments may be necessary to control plants regenerating from underground parts or seed. Some autumn colors on undesirable deciduous species are acceptable pro- vided no major leaf drop has occurred. Reduced per formance may result it fall treatments are made following a frost. See "Directions for Use': and "Mixing Application" sections of this label for labeled uses and specific application instructions. Apply this product as follows to control or partially control the following woody brush and trees. Alder/Blackberry/Dewberry/Honeysuckle/Post Oak/ Raspberry — For control, apply 3 to 4 quarts per acre of this product as a broadcast spray or as a I to 116 percent solution with hand-held equipment. Aspen (quaking) / Bitter Cherry / Black Cherry / Hawthom/Pin Cherry/Southern Red Oak/Sweetgum/ Trumpet Creeper — For control, apply 2 to 3 quarts of this product per acre as a broadcast spray or as a I to I'@ percent solution with hand held equipment. Birch/ Elderberry/Hazel/Salmon berry /Thimbleberry — For control. apply 2 quarts per acre of this product as a broadcast spray or as a 1 percent solution with handheld equipment. Catsclaw — For partial control. apply as a I to I'r per cent solution with handheld equipment. Coyote Brush — For control, apply a 112 to 2 percent solution with handheld equipment when at least 50 percent of the new leaves are fully developed Kudzu — For control, apply 4 quarts of this product per acre as a broadcast spray or as a 2 percent solution with handheld equipment. Repeat applications will be required to maintain control. Multiflora Rose — For control, apply 2 quarts of this product per acre as a broadcast spray or as a I percent solution with handheld equipment. Treatments should be made prior to leaf deterioration by leaf feeding insects. Poison Ivy/Poison Oak — For control. apply 4 to 5 quarts of this product per acre as a broadcast spray or as a 2 percent solution with handheld equipment. Repeat applications may be required to maintain con trot. Fall treatments must be applied before leaves lose green color. Red Maple"' — For control, apply as a I to 112 per cent solution with handheld equipment when at least 50 percent of the new leaves are fully developed. For partial control, apply 2 to 4 quarts of this product per acre as a broadcast spray. Sugar Maple/Norlhem Pin Oak/Red Oak — For con fool, apply as a I to Ira percent solution with hand held equipment when at least 50 percent of the new leaves are fully developed. Willow — For control, apply 3 quarts of this product per acre as a broadcast spray or as a I percent solution with hand-held equipment. Other Woody Brush and Trees listed on this label` For partial control. apply 2 to 4 quarts of this product per acre as a broadcast spray or as a I to 112 percent solution with handheld equipment. Apply when plants are actively growing and after full teal expam sion- Use the higher rale for larger plants and/or dense areas of growth. Best results are achieved when application is made in late summer or fall after fruit formation. Fall treatments must be applied before a killing frost. Symptoms may not appear pilot to frost or senescence with fall treatments. DIRECTIONS FOR USE It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in any manner inconsistent with its labeling. STs See "General Information's and 'Mixing and Applica tion Instructions" sections of this label for essential product performance information and the following NON CROP SECTIONS tar specific recommended uses EXTREME CARE MUST BE EXERCISED TO AVOID CONTACT OF SPRAY WITH FOLIAGE Of DESIRABLE TURFGRASSES, TREES, SHRUBS. OR OTHER DESIRABLE VEGETATION SINCE SEVERE DAMAGE OR DESTRUCTION MAY RESULT NOTE It spraying areas adjacent to desirable plants. use a shield made of cardboardsheet metal or 98 plyboard while spraying to help prevent spray Iran contacting foliage of desirable plants Repeat treatments may be necessary to control wee^.s regenerating from underground parts or seeds Roundup herbicide does not provide residual ween control. For subsequent weed control, follow a labei approved herbicide program. Read and carefully observe the cautionary statements and all other information appearing on the labels of,l herbicides used. INDUSTRIAL, RECREATIONAL AND PUBLIC AREAS When applied as directed for "Non -Crop Uses", un,,o conditions described, this product controls anneal and perennial weeds listed on this label growing in areas such as airports, ditch banks, dry ditches, dr, canals, fencerows, golf courses, highways, indus isi plant sites, lumberyards, parking areas, papas petroleum tank farms and pumping installations pipelines, power and telephone rights of way. railroads, roadsides, schools, storage areas, inner public areas and similar industrial or non crop areas For specific rates of application and instructions for control of various annual and perennial weeds arid woody brush and trees, see the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label. This product may be applied with recirculating sprayers, shielded applicators, or wiper applicators in any nonrcrop site specified on this label. See the "Selective Equipment" part of "APPLICATION EQUIP MENT AND TECHNIQUES" section of this label far information on proper use and calibration of this equipment. TANK MIXTURES NON -CROP SITES When applied as a tank mixture, this product provides control of the emerged annual weeds and partial con I of the emerged perennial weeds listed in this lauel When applied as a tank mixture, the following residuat herbicides will provide pre -emergence control of the weeds listed in the individual product labels ■ ROUNDUPliplusKROVAR"I ■ IN ROUNDUP plusKROVARII ■ ■ ROUNDUP plus PRINCEP'"CALIBER` 90 IN ■ ROUNDUP plus PRINCEP 4L ■ ■ ROUNDUP plus PRINCEP SOW ■ IN ROUNDUP plusSURFLAN"75W ■ IN ROUNDUP plus SURFLANAS ■ When tank mixing with residual herbicides add an agriculturally approved nonionic surfactant at 0.5 to I percent by volume of spray solution. Use 0.5 percent surfactant concentration when using surfactants which contain at least 50 percent active ingredient or a I percent surfactant concentration for those sordid tants containing less than 50 percent active ingie client. See the "Mixing and Application Instructions' section of this label before preparing these tank mixtures. L Read and carefully observe the label claims, caul-^afy statements, recommended use rates and all o, ,n formation on the labels of all products used in these tank mixtures. Use according to the most restrictive label directions for each product in the mixture. CONTROL OF EMERGED WEEDS Annual Weeds —Apply 1 quart per acre of this product in these tank mixtures when weeds are less than 6 inches tall and 1.5 quarts per acre when weeds are more than 6 inches tall. Perennial Weeds — For partial control of perennial weeds using these tank mixtures apply 2 to 5 quarts per acre of this product. Follow the recommendations in the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label for stage of growth and rate of application for specific perennial weeds. PREEMERGENCE WEED CONTROL The following are the labeled rates for the recom mended residual herbicides for non -crop uses: PRODUCT RATE/ACRE Krovar 1 4 to 6 Has. Krovar II 2 to 5 lbs. Princep Caliber 90 5.3 to 11.1 lbs. Princep 80W 6 to 1216 lbs. Pnncep 4L 4.8 to 10.0 qts. Surflan 75W tab to 51h lbs. Surtlan AS 2 to 4 qts. Refer to the individual product labels for specific noncrop sites, rales, carrier volumes and precaution- ary statements. Mix only the quantity of spray solution which can be used during the same day. Do not allow these tank mixtures to stand overnight as this may result In reduced weed control. APPLY THESE TANK MIXTURES THROUGH CONVEN TIONAL BROADCAST EQUIPMENT ONLY. "Krovar is a trademark of[ I.du Pont de Nemours and Company '*Princep is a trademark of Cioa Geigy Corporation "Caliber is a trademark of DO Ceigy Corporation. '"Surflan is a trademark of Elanco Products Company ■ Tank Mixture ■ ■ ROUNDUP"rPLUS BANVEL ■ Use in GROUND APPLICATION EQUIPMENT ONLY Refer to the specific product labels for cautionary statements of all products used in these tank mixtures. See the "Control of Perennial Weeds" part of the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label for the weed growth stage needed to obtain best results. Apply 2 quarts of this product and 0.5 pound a . of Banvel" in 10 to 20 gallons of water per acre. When applied as directed under the conditions described, this product plus Banvel, will control the following perennial broadleaf weed. Bindweed (field) Convolvulus arvensis '"Banvel is a trademark of the Velsicol Chemical Company FARMSTEAD WEED CONTRO' When applied as directed for "Non -Crop Uses." under conditions described, this product controls undesir able vegetation listed on this label around farmstead building foundations, along and in fences, shelter belts, and for general nonselective farmstead weed control. For specific rates of application and instructions for control of various annual and perennial weeds, see the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label. ORNAMENTALS THIS PRODUCT IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR USE AS AN OVER THE TOP BROADCAST SPRAY IN ORNAMENTALS. When applied as directed for the conditions described for "Non -Crop Uses', this product controls undesir. able vegetation listed an this label prior to planting ornamentals, in established ornamentals, and within and around greenhouses and shadehouses. For specific rates of application and instructions for control of various annual and perennial weeds, see the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label. Where repeat applications are necessary, do not exceed 10 6 quarts of this product per acre per year. Site Preparation — Following replant appl l cations of this product. any ornamental species may be planted Precautions should be taken to protect non -target plants during site preparation applications Greenhouse/Shadehouse Use — This product may be used to control weeds listed on this label which are growing in greenhouses Desirable vegetation must not be present during application and air circulation fans must be turned off Post Directed Spray — Use as a directed spray toward the base of established woody ornamentals species listed below Arborvitae Lilac Thuja spp Synnga sap. Azalea Magnolia Rhododendron spp Magnolia spp Boxwood Maple Buxus spp. Acer spp Crabapple Oak Malus spp. Quercus spp Euonymus Privet Euonymus spp Ligustrum spp Fir Pine Abies spp Pmus spp Pseudotsuga spp. Spruce Hollies Picea spp Ilex spp. Yew Taxus spp SILVICULTURAL SITES RIGHTS-OF-WAY and CHRISTMAS TREES NOTE: NOT RECOMMENDED FOR USE AS AN OVER - THE -TOP BROADCAST SPRAY IN SILVICULTURAL NURSERIES, OR CHRISTMAS TREE PLANTATIONS. When applied as directed for "Non Crop Uses" undr conditions described, this product controls uncles,: able vegetation listed on this label. This product also suppresses or controls undesirable vegetation listed q" this label when applied at recommended rates I6 release of established coniferous species listed r label. For specific rates of application and Instructionsff control of various brush, annual and perennial weed see the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label For specific rates of application for release of listed cop, ferous species, see the "Conifer Release" part of it � section of the label. Where repeat applications are necessary do not exceed 10.6 quarts of this product per acre per year Aerial Application — This product may be appllcl. using aerial spray equipment for silvicultural site preparation, conifer release and rights of way trer ments. See the "Application Equipment and Tec niques" part of the "Mixing and Application" section of this label for information on haw to properly spray this product by air. i DO NOT APPLY THIS PRODUCT BY AIR TO RIGHTS' OF -WAY SITES IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA In order to reduce the aerial application drill hazard' aquatic sites°, to non target sites, or any site contal ung desirable vegetation always maintain appropriate buffer tones. A buffer zone of the following minlmu distances should be maintained: • Helicopter using a Microfoil" boom should main- tain at least a 50 -loot buffer zone. • When using other aerial equipment 1. Maintain at least a 75 -foot buffer zone for apple cations using 2 quarts or less per acre of thrc product. 2. Maintain at least a 125 -foot buffer zone for appi, cation using more than 2 quarts per acre of this product. 3. Maintain at least a 400 foot buffer zone for appl' cations on rights of -way when applied from 75 feet or more above ground level. These distances should be increased it condition favoring drift exist. *Aquatic sites include all lakes, ponds, and stream used for significant domestic purposes or angling 'Mucrolod is a trademark of Unum Carbide Agncullural Products. Inc. ■ SITE PREPARATION A Following preplant applications of this product. al., silvicultural species may be planted. ■ POST DIRECTED SPRAY l In established silvicultural sites, use as a spray on ti. - foliage of undesirable vegetation. Care must be exec cised to avoid contact of spray, drift or mist wi'; foliage or green bark of desirable species. ■ CONIFER RELEASE For release. apply only where conifers have beE established for more than one year Vegetation shoul not be disturbed prior to treatment or until visual symptoms appear after treatment Symptoms of treat mend are slow to appearespecially in woody species treated in late fall Injury may occur to comferstreated for release especially where spray patterns overlap or the higher rates are applied or when applications are made during periods of active conifer growth. ohcahons must be made after formation of final ,lifer resting buds in the fall or prior to initial bud swelling in spring. Some autumn colors on undesirable deciduous species are acceptable provided no major leaf drop has occurred. Use the following rates for con der release to control or partially control the weeds listed in the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label for release of the following conifer species: Douglas fir Pines" Pseudotsuga menziesu Pinus spp Fir Spruce Abos spp Picea spp. Hemlock Tsuga spp. *Includes all species except Eastern White Pine. Loblolly Pine or Slash Pine. Apply 116 to 2 quarts of this product per acre except in Washington and Oregon, west of the crest of the Cascade Mountains. For spring treatments west of the crest of the Cascade Mountains apply I quart of this product per acre before conifer bud swell for control of annual weeds. For fall treatments in Washington and Oregon, west of the crest of the Cascade Mountains, apply t to 14 quarts of this product per acre before any major leaf drop of deciduous species. For release of western hemlock apply I quart of this educt per acre. ,z release of the following conifer species: Loblolly Pine Slash Pine Pinus taeda Pinus ellmtto Eastern White Pine Pinus strobus Late Season Application —Apply 14 to 2 quarts of this product in a mortal of 5 gallons of spray solution per acre during early autumn. Applications made prior to September t or when conditions are conducive to rapid growth of conifers will result in potential for increased injury in the form of tip and / or needle burn. Injury may decrease with later applications. Some autumn colors are acceptable at time of application. Apply prior to frost or leaf drop of undesirable plants. Applications made according to label direction will release Loblolly Pine, Eastern White Pine and Slash Pine by reducing competition from the following species: Ash Maple (red) Fraxinus spp. Acer rubra Cherry: Oak: Black Black Prunus serotina Quercus velubna Pin Post Prunus Pensylvamca Quercus stellata Elm Southern Red Ilmus spp. Quercus falcata hawthorn White Crataegus sop Quercus alba Locust (black) - Persimmon Fatima pseudoacacia Diospyros slap Poplar (yellow) Sumac: Lotodendron tulipilera Poison Sassafras Rhus vernix Sassafras albidum Smooth Sourwood Rhus glabra Oxydendrum arboretum Winged Rhus copaltina Sweeigum Liquidambar styraciflua Apply only to those sites where woody brush and trees listed in this label constitute the majority of the undesirable species. NOTE TO USER This product must not be used in areas where adverse impact on Federally designated endangered / threat ened plant or aquatic species is likely. Prior to making applications the user of this product must determine that no such species are located in or immediately adjacent to the area to be treated. ■ INJECTION AND FRILL APPLICATIONS ■ Woody vegetation may be controlled by injection or frill application of this product. Apply this product using suitable equipment which must penetrate into living tissue. Use this product without dilution and apply at least 1 ri (I / 2B oz.) of herbicide solution far each 2 to 3 inches of trunk diameter breast height (DBH). Space applications evenly around the circumference of the trunk. Application should be made during periods of active growth and full leaf expansion. This treatment WILL CONTROL the following woody species Oak Sweetgum Quercus spp. Liquidambar styraciflua Poplar Sycamore Populus spp. Platanus occidentalis This treatment WILL SUPPRESS the following woody species: Black gum Hickory Nyssa sylvatica Carya spp. Dogwood Maple (red) Cornus spp, Acer rubrum TURFGRASSES AND GRASSES FOR SEED PRODUCTION ■ PREPLANT AND RENOVATION ■ When applied as directed for "Non -Crop Uses," under conditions described, this product controls most existing vegetation prior to the planting or renovation of either turfgrasses or grass seed production areas. For specific rates of application and instructions for control of various annual and perennial weeds, and woody brush and trees, see the "Weeds Controlled' section of this label. For maximum control of existing vegetation, delay planting to determine if any regrowth from escaped underground plant parts occurs. Where repeat treatments are necessary, sufficient regrowth must be attained prior to application. For warm -season grasses, such as bermudagrass, summer or fall application provide best control. UlZe AO NOT DISTURB SOIL OR UNDERGROUND PLANT ?TS BEFORF TREATMENT. Tillage or renovation techniques such as vertical mowing, coring or slicing should be delayed for 1 days after application to allow proper translocation into underground plant parts. TURFGRASSES Where existing vegetation is growing in a field or unmowed situation, apply this product to actively growing weeds at the stages of growth given in the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label. Where existing vegetation is growing under mowed turfgrass management, apply this product after omit ting at least one regular mowing to allow sufficient growth for good interception of the spray. Desirable turlgrasses may be planted following the above procedures. GRASSES FOR SEED PRODUCTION Apply this product to actively growing weeds at the stages of growth given in the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label prior to planting or renovation of turf or forage grass areas grown for seed production. DO NOT feed or graze treated areas within 8 weeks after application. ■ ANNUAL WEED CONTROL IN ■ DORMANT BERMUDAGRASS TURF Annual Bluegrass (Poa annus) — Apply '/4 pint (12 I1. oz.) of this product plus 0.5 to 1 percent by total spray volume nonionic surfactant in 5 to 20 gallons of water per acre. Use 0.5 percent surfactant concentration when using surfactants which contain at least 50 per cent active ingredient or a I percent surfactant con centration for those surfactants containing less than 50 percent active ingredient. Application to actively growing annual bluegrass in dormant bermudagrass turf must be made prior to initiation of bermudagrass greenup in the spring. ROADSIDE BERMUDAGRASS RELEASE When applied as directed for "Non -Crop Uses" this product will provide partial control of rhizome Johnsongrass in bermudagrass growing on roadsides. See the "Johnsongrass" part of the "WEEDS CON TROLLED" section of Roundup "Complete Directions for Use" booklet for the correct growth stage and specific application conditions needed to obtain best results, Use LO to 1.5 quarts of this product in 10 to,10 gallons of water per acre. Apply to Johnsongrass growing on roadsides where bermudagrass (common and coastal varieties) exists and is desired for ground cover. Bermudagrass injury may result from treatment, but regrowth will occur under moist conditions. Repeat applications during the same season are not recom mended, since severe bermudagrass injury may result. BAHIAGRASS SEEDHEAD AND VEGETATIVE SUPPRESSION When applied as directed for "NON -CROP USES" and "TREE AND VINE CROPS', this product will provide E significant inhibition of seedhead emergence and will suppress vegetative growth for a period of a, imately 45 days. Apply Roundup in the spring I to 2 weeks after the bahragrass has been initially mowed to a uniform height of 3 to 4 inches. Apply 8 fluid ounces per acre of Roundup plus 0.5 to I percent nonionic surfactant by total spray volume. Use the 0.5 percent surfactant con. centration when using surfactants which contain at least 50 percent active ingredient or a I percent sur factant concentration for those surfactants containing less than 50 percent active ingredient. Make applica tions in 10 to 25 gallonsof water per acre. Applications must be made prior to seedhead emergence. Make only one application per year. ;. See - General Information" and "Mixing and Applica lion Instructionssections of this label for essential product performance information. See the following CROPPING SYSTEM SECTIONS for specific recommended uses. EXTREME CARE MUST BE EXERCISED TO AVOID CONTACT OF SPRAY WITH FOLIAGE. GREEN STEMS OR FRUIT OF DESIRABLE CROPS. PLANTS. TREES OR OTHER DESIRABLE VEGETATION SINCE SEVERE DAMAGE OR DESTRUCTION MAY RESULT. Repeat treatments may be necessary to control weeds regeneralmg from under ground parts or seed. Except as otherwise specified on this Zabel, repeat treatments must be made before the crop emerges in accordance with the instuctions of this label. Except as otherwise specified in a Crop section of this label the combined total of all treatments must not ex. teed 8 quarts per acre of this product per year. Do nor plant subsequeni crops other than those on the label for one year following application. Do not graze treated cotton fields or feed treated cotton forage to livestock. For other cropping systems, except following spot treatment in forage grasses and legumesdo not harvest or feed treated crops for 8 weeks after application Allow 14 days following spot treatment or selective equipment use before grazing domestic livestock or harvestinv forave. vrnCGPa and legumes When applied as directed for "Cropping Systems". under the conditions described, this product controls annual and perennial weeds listed on this label, prior to the emergence of these crops ALFALFA CAULIFLOWER ARTICHOKE CELERY (JERUSALEM) CHICORY BARLEY* CORN (All)* BEANS (All) COTTON" BEET GREENS FORAGE BEETS GRASSES* (Red, Sugar) FORAGE BROCCOLI LEGUMES* CABBAGE HORSERADISH CARROT KALE LENTILS POTATO LETTUCE (Irish, Sweet) MUSTARD RADISH GREENS RICE** OATS* RUTABAGA OKRA SORGHUM ONION (Milo)* PARSNIPS SOYBEANS* PEANUTS* SPINACH PEAS (All) WATERCRESS* PINEAPPLE WHEAT* 'Spot treatments may be applied in these crops "'Do not treat rice fields or levees when the fields contain flood water. 'Apply only prior to planting. Allow at least 3 days between application and planting Spot Treatment (Only those crops with' can be spot treated) — Applications in growing crops must be made prior to heading of small grains and miloinitial pod set in soybeans, silkmg of corn. boll opening on cotton and pegging of peanuts. For forage grasses and forage legumes see Spot Treat ment in the "Pastures' section of "CROPPING SYSTEMS' in this label. For dduhon and rates of application using Boom or Hand Held Equipment, see "Mixing and Application' and "Weeds Controlled` sections of this label. NOTE FOR FORAGE GRASSES AND FORAGE LEGUMES. NO MORE THAN ONE-TENTH OF ANY ACRE SHOULD BE TREATED AT ONE TIME. FOR ALL OTHER CROPS, DO NOT TREAT MORE THAN 10% OF THE TOTAL FIELD AREA TO BE HARVESTED. THE CROP RECEIVING SPRAY IN TREATED AREA WILL BE KILLED, TAKE CARE TO AVOID DRIFT OR SPRAY OUTSIDE TARGET AREA FOR THE SAME REASON Selective Equipment — This product may be applied through recirculating sprayers, shielded applicators, or wiper applicators in cotton and soybeans. Shielded and wiper applicators may also be used in tree crops and grapes. Wiper applicators may be used in parsi rutabagas, forage grasses and forage legumes. in cluding pasture sites. See the "Selective Equipment' part of the"APPLICA TION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES" section of this label for information on proper use and calibration of this equipment. Allow at least the following time intervals between application and harvest Cotton, Soybeans...................... 7 days Apples. Avocado, Cherry, Citrus, Grapes, Parsnips, Pear, Rutabagas, Stone Fruit ............... 14 days Nut Crops ..... .......21 days ASPARAGUS When applied as directed for Cropping Systems" under the conditions describedthis product controls weeds fisted on this label in asparagus 1M For specific rates of applications and mstruchons I{ control of various annual and perennial weeds sec Ili "Weeds Controlled section of this label Prior to Crop Emergence — Apply this product or0r ,I crop emergence for the control of emerged lahe'r annual and perennial weeds. DO NOT APPLY WIT WEEK BEFORE THE FIRST SPEARS EMERGE Post Harvest — Apply this product after the lo. harvest and all spears have been removed If speal are allowed to regrowdelay application until Term have developed. Delayed treatments should be applre' as a directed or shielded spray in order to avoid corI tact of the spray with ferns. stems or spears Dieu contact of the spray with the asparagus may result if, serious crop injury. f NOTE Select and use recommended types of sprj� equipment for post emergence post harvest applica lions A directed spray is any application where !'- spray pattern is aligned in such a way as to acre direct contact of the spray with the crop A shrelde,; spray is any application where a physical tamer it positioned and maintained between the spray art the crop to prevent contact of spray with the crnc' CRANBERRIES ---------------- Wiper applicators may be used in cranberries 1 accordance with instructions in this section See 'General Information" and "Mixing and Apphc; Tom Instructions' sections of this label for essenlrj Product performance information See the "Selective Equipment part of the 'APP TION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES section o label for information on recommended use an,. calibration of this equipment For Wick or other Wiper Applicators — Mix I gallon cc this product in 4 gallons of water to prepare a 20 peg( cent solution. Apply the solution to emerged weeds Apply after cranberry fruit set aid no alei Than 311 days before harvest In severe infestations reduce equipment giour.o speed to insure that adequate amounts of this product are wiped on the weeds A second treatment if Ili opposite direction may be beneficial Do not permit herbicide soluhnn to contact de�uable vegetation FALLOW AND REDUCED TILLAGE SYSTEMS FOR AERIAL APPLICATION IN CALIFORNIA. REFER T - SUPPLEMENTALLABEL, EMERGED ANNUAL WEEDS Use this product in fallow and reduced tillage system prior to the emergence of crops listed in this labe Refer to specific product labels for crop rotation restrictions of all products recommended for tank mu mg as outlined in this section. This product does not provide residual weed c - therefore, delay herbicide applications until max. .r emergence of annual weeds, but before weeds at greater than 6 inches tall. Reduced control may to observed when application is made to weeds which have been cut to less than 6 inches tall Avoid spraying when weeds are subject to moisture stress, when dust is on foliage, or when straw canopy covers the weeds. This product may be applied using ground or aerial spray equipment for weed control in fallow or reduced 'age systems. See the "Application Equipment and .echnrques" section of this label tot instructions. For Ground Applications: Apply in 3 to 10 gallons of water per acre. For Aerial Applications: Apply in 3 to 5 gallons of water per acre. Mixing Instructions: Fill spray tank with the required amount of water. Add the recommended amounts of herbicide and surfactant, and mix well before using SPRAY SOLUTION RATE TABLE Nonionic Surfactant Rate Volume fl. oz./ acre _ gallons/ acre 0.5& 1% 3 2 4 5" 3.2 6.4 10 6.5 13 *Maximum aerial application volume. When applied as directed under the conditions described for fallow and reduced tillage systems, this product, plus an approved agricultural nomomc sur- factant will control the following emerged annual weeds. Use 0.5 percent surfactant concentration when using surfactants which contain at least 50 percent ac five ingredient or a I percent surfactant concentration r those surfactants containing less than 50 percent active ingredient. Apply 112 pint of this product plus 0.5 to 1 percent non- ionic surfactant by total spray volume per acre to con- trol the following emerged annual weed. Foxtails Setaria spp. Apply 1/4 pint of this product plus 0.5 to I percent nom ion¢ surfactant by total spray volume per acre to con- trol the following emerged annual weeds. Bluegrass (annual) Mustard (tansy) Poa annua Descuraima pmnata Brome (downy)° Mustard (tumble) BrDpi WIMP) Sisymbrium altissrmum Bailey (volunteer) Mustard (wild) Hordeum vulgare Brass ca kaboi Barnyarcigrass Rye Echmochloa crus galli Secale cereale Chickweed (jagged) Stinkgrass Holosteum umbellatum Eragrostis cilianensis Mustard (blue) Wheat Chorispora tenella Tnticum aestivum 'Far control in no -till systems use 16 fluid ounces per acre. Apply I pint of this product plus 0.5 to I percent nom ionic surfactant by total spray volume per acre to con- trol the additional emerged annual weeds Bulbous bluegrass Cocklebur Poa bulbosa Xanthom Chickweed pensylvanicum Cerasbum vulgatum Crabgrass Johnsongrass (seedling) Digitana spp. Falseflax (smallseed) Pennycress (field), Carl mcrocarpa Fanweed Groundsel (common) Thlaspi arvense Senecio vulgaris Pigweed, Redroot Johnsongrass (seedling) Amaranthus retroflexus Sorghum halepense Ryegrass (annual) Lambsquarters Lolmm multiflorum Chenopodium album Shepherdspurse London Rocket Cal bursa -pastors Srsymbrium ino Wilchgrass Oats (wild) Panicum capillare Avena fatua - ■ TANK MIXTURES ■ ■ ROUNDUPe'p1usNONIONIC SURFACTANT ■ plus BANVEL ■ ROUNDUP NONIONIC SURFACTANT ■ plus 2,4-D AMINE DO NOT APPLY BANVEL OR 2.4 D AMINE TANK MIX TURES BY AIR IN CALIFORNIA. The addition of Banvel in a mixture with this product may provide short term residual control of selected weed species. Some crop injury may occur it Banvel is applied within 45 days of planting. For use instruc bons, refer to Banvel label. These recommended tank mixtures may be applied using ground or aerial spray equipment. Use only the following recommended rates of Roundup in these tank mixtures See the "Application Equipment and Techniquessection of this label for instructions. Mixing Instructions: Fill the spray tank with the required amount of water Add the recommended amounts of herbicide and surfactant and mix well before using. This product plus Banvel or 2,4 D amme will control the annual grasses and broadleaf weeds previously listed for Roundup alone (except !r pint applications) plus the following broadleaf weeds For those weeds prewously listed at 'a pint per acre, use the 14 pint rate in these tank mixtures Apply1, pmt of this product plus 0.25 Iba. o1 Banvel plus 0.5 to 1 percent nomomc surfactant by total spray volume per acre to control the lollowing broadleaf weeds Kochia Pigwil Redroot Kochia scoparia Amaranthus retroflexus Umbsquarters Thistle (Russian) Chenopodium album Salsola kah Lettuce (prickly) Lactuca sernola Apply I pint of this product plus 0 25 Ib. a of Banvel or 0.5 to a.e of 2,4-D amine plus 0 5 to I percent nomomc surfactant by total spray volume per acre to control dense populations of the following annual broadleaf weeds: Kochia' Thistle (Russian) Kroma scoparia Salsola kali Lettuce (prickly) Lactuca sernola `Controlled with Banvel tank mixture only 102 EMERGED PERENNIAL WEEDS .men applied as directed under the conditions described. this product plus Banvel will control the following perennial broadleaf weed Bindweed (field) Convolvulus arvensis ■ Tank Mixture ■ ■ ROUNDUP�plusBANVEL ■ PRIOR TO PLANTING SMALL GRAINS Use in GROUND APPLICATION EQUIPMENT ONLY Refer to the specific product labels for crop rotation restrictions and cautionary statements of all products used in tank mixtures. See the "Control of Perennial Weeds" part of the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label for the weed growth stage needed to obtain best results. Apply 2 quarts of this product and 0.5 pound a.r. of Banvel in 10 to 20 gallons of water per acre. Some crop injury may occur if Banvel is applied within 45 days of planting. PASTURES Apply this product prior to planting forage grasses and legumes Pasture or Hay Crop renovation — When applied as a broadcast spray this product controls the annual and perennial weeds listed in this label prior to planting forage grasses or legumes. Remove domestic livestock before application and wait R weeks after application before grazing or harvesting. Spot Treatment — When applied as a spot treatment as recommended. this product controls annual and perennial weeds listed in this label which are growing in pastures, forage grasses and forage legumes com posed of bahiagrass, bermudagrass, bluegrass. brome fescue, orchardgrass. ryegrass. timothywheatgrass alfalfa or clover. Wiper Application — When applied as directed this product controls or suppresses the weeds listed under "Wiper Applicators" in the "Selective Equipment" section of this label. Remove domestic livestock before application and wait 14 days after application before grazing or harvesting. Apply in areas where the movement of domestic livestock can be controlled. No more than one tenth of any acre should be treated at one time, Further ap plications may be made in the same area at 30 day intervals, Remove domestic livestock before cpplica tion and wait 14 days after application before grazing livestock or harvesting. See "General Information'. "Mixing and Application Instructions" and "Weeds Controlled" sections of this label SUGARCANE When applied as directed for "Cropping Systems." under the condition described. ;his product controls those emerged annual and perennial weeds listed on IJ this label growing in or around sugarcane or in Twirl, to be planted to sugarcane. This product will , control undesirable sugarcane NOTE Where repeat treatments are necessary, do not exceed a total of 10.6 quarts of this product per acre per year. Do not apply to vegetation in or around ditchescanals or ponds containing water to be used for Irrigation Broadcast Treatment — Apply this product in 10 to 40 gallons of wafer per acre on emerged weeds growing in fields to be planted to sugarcane. For specific rates of application and instructions for control of various annual and perennial weeds see the Weeds Controlled— section of this label For removal of last stubble or falcon cane apply 4 to 5 quarts of this product in 10 to 40 gallons of water per acre to new growth having at least 7 or more new leaves Allow 7 or more days after application before tillage. Spot Treatment in or Around Sugarcane Fields — For dilution and rates of application using Hand Held Equipment. see "Mixing and Application and 'Weeds Controlled" sections of this label For control of volunteer or diseased sugarcanemake a I percent solution of this product in water and spray to wet the foliage of vegetation to be controlled NOTE When spraying volunteer or diseased sugarcane the plants should have at least 7 new leaves Avoid spray contact with healthy cane plants since severe damage or destruction may result ■ TANK MIXTURES ■ Minimum Tillage Systems CORN When applied as recommended under the conditions described. these tank mixtures control many emerged weeds. and give preemergence control of many annual weeds when corn will be planted directly into a cover crop. established sod. or in previous crop residues. Refer to specific product labels for crop rotation restrictions and cautionary statements of all products used in these tank mixtures. Lasso' EC herbicide may be substituted for Lasso herbicide in these tank mix. tures. For mixing instructions. see the "Mixing and Application Instructions" section of this label. ■ ROUNDUP'"plusLASSO' ■ Dc not use these tank mixtures on sand or loamy sand soils ■ ROUNDUP plus LASSO plus ATRAZINE ■ or ■ ROUNDUP plus LASSO plus BLADEV ■ or ■ ROUNDUP plus LASSO plus PRINCEP" ■ or ■ ROUNDUP plus ATRAZINE plus PRINCEP ■ Apply these tank mixtures in 10 to 40 gallons of water per acre after planting or during planting in such manner that the planter does not disturb the treated soil. Do not apply these mixtures after crop emergence. REDUCED CONTROL MAY RESULT IF THIS PRODUCT IS USED IN TANK MIXTURES CONTAINING FLUID FERTILIZERS. CONTROL OF EMERGED WEEDS Annual Weeds — Apply to actively growing grasses and broadleaf weeds Use I quart of Roundup herbicide per acre in These lank mixtures If weeds are less than 6 Inches tall If weeds are over 6 inches tall. apply 15 quarts of this product per acre For emerged annual weeds controlled see the "Weeds Controlled' section of this label Perennial Weeds — At normal application dates In minimum tillage systems perennial weeds may not be at the proper stage of growth for control. See the "General Information' section of this label for the proper stage of growth for perennial weeds Use of 2 to 4 quarts of Roundup herbicide per acre In these tank mixtures. under these conditions provides top kill and reduces competition from many emerged perennial grass and broadleaf weeds. For emerged perennial weeds controlled. see the "Weeds Controll ed section of this label. To obtain control. follow recommendations on this label for stage of growth and rale of application for specific perennial weeds. To ob tain the desired stage of growthit may be necessary to apply Roundup herbicide alone in the late summer or tall and then follow with a label approved seedling weed control program at planting. NOTE. When using these tank mixtures, do not exceed 4 quarts of Roundup herbicide per acre. USE OF THESE TANK MIXTURES FOR BERMUDA GRASS OR JOHNSONCR.ASS CONTROL IN MINIMUM TILLAGE SYSTEMS IS NOT RECOMMENDED. For ber mudagrass control. follow the instructions under "Control of Perennial Weeds" section of this label and then use a label approved seedling weed control pro- gram in a minimum tillage or conventional tillage system. For Johnsongrass control. follow the Instructions under the "Control of Perennial Weeds" section of the label and then use a label approved seedling weed control program with conventional tillage PREEMERGENCE WEED CONTROL ■ LASSO' ■ For weeds controlled preemergence see the Weed Control with Lasso' section of the label tot Lasso herbicide See the following table for recommended rates of Lasso in this tank mixture with Roundup herbicide on various sod types Lasso' BROADCAST RATE PER ACRE SOIL TEXTURE lasso' GROUP (Quarts) COARSE 2 5 to 3 MEDIUM 3 FINE 3 5 to 4 "Refer to the Sod Texture section of the label to deter mine the corresponding soil texture group for the sod to be treated tri, Use the higher rate of Lasso herbicide In the recom mended ranges In areas of heavy grass infestation of when organic matter content Is 3 percent or more ■ LASSOreplusATRAZINEP For weeds controlled preemergence. see the "We Control with Lasso and Lasso plus atrazine (Tank Mix r lure)" sections of the label for Lasso herbicide See the following table for recommended rates of Lasso plus atrazine SOW in this tank mixture with Roundup herbicide on various soil types. Last plus atrazine BROADCAST RATE PER ACRE tt SOIL TEXTURE Lasso"' atrazine BOW 1 GROUP" (Quarts) (Pounds) COARSE Sandy Loam only 2 to 2.5 1.25 to 1 5 MEDIUM 2.5 to 3 1.5 to 2 r FINE 2.5 to 3 2 to 2.5 *Refer to the Soil Texture section of the label to determine the corresponding soil texture group for j the soil to be treated. "When using atrazine 4L or AAtrexi" 4LC use equivalent rates. One quart equals 1.25 pound of atrazine 8OW. Use the higher rate of Lasso herbicide in the recom mended ranges in areas of heavy grass infestation or when fall panicum or crabgrass will be present Use the higher rate of atrazine in the recommender' ranges on soils with greater than 3o' organic malt+ ■ LASSO' plus BLADEX ■ For weeds controlled preemergence see the 'Weed r Control with Lasso and Lasso plus Bladex (Tank Mix- ' lure)" sections of the label for Lasso herbicide See the following table for recommended rates of Lasso plus Bladex in this tank mixture with Roundup !. herbicide on various soil types Lasso' plus Bladex BROADCAST RATE PER ACRE SOIL TEXTURE Lasso" Bladex "r' 4L GROUP' (Quarts) + (Quarts) COARSE 2 to 2 5 1 to 1 6 MEDIUM 2.5 to 3 1.2 to 1 6 FINE 25to3 16 to 22 'Refer to the Sol Texture section of the label to determine the corresponding sod texture group lot the soil to be treated. When using Bladex SOW use equivalent rates One Quart Bladex 4L equals 1 25 lbs of Bladex BOW Use the higher rate of Lasso herbicide in the recom- mended ranges in areas of heavy grass Infestation or when tall panicum or crabgrass will be present. Use the higher rate of Bladex in the recommend, ranges on soils with greater than 30o organic mat NOTE Do not use this mixture on sand or loamy sand soils with less than 2% organic matter. vifladee is a trademark of the Shell Chemical Compa"y ■ LASSO' plus PRINCEP" ■ For weeds controlled preemergence see the 'Wee Control" sections of the labels for Lasso and Princep See the following table for recommended rates of Lasso plus Princep in this tank mixture with Roundup herbicide on various soil types. Lassa°- plus Princep BROADCAST RATE PER ACRE SOIL TEXTURE Lasso' Princep BOW GROUP" (Quarts) (Pounds) COARSE Sandy Loam only 2 to 2 5 1.25 to 1 5 MEDIUM 2.5 to 3 1 5 to 2 FINE 25to3 2 to 25 Refer to the Sod Texture section of the label to determine the corresponding soil texture group for the soil to be treated. " When using Pnncep 4L use equivalent rates. One quart equals 125 pounds of Pnncep 80W Use the higher rate of Lasso herbicide in the recom mended ranges in areas of heavy grass infestation or when fall pamcum or crabgrass will be present. Use the higher rate of Pnncep herbicide in the recom mended ranges on soils with greater than 3% organic matter Lasso is a reg6iered Iracemark or Monsanto Company Pinup is a hademarlr of Ciba Geigy Corporalmn AAtrex is a fiademark of Ciba Geigy Corporation ■ ATRAZINE PLUS PRINCEP ■ For weeds controlled preemergence see the "Weed Control sections of the labels for atraeme and Tripped See the following table for recommended rates of ahazme 80W and Prmcep 80W in this tank mixture with Roundup herbicide on various sod types Atrazine BOW plus Princep BOW BROADCAST RATE PER ACRE SOIL TEXTURE atrazine 80W- Princep 80W' GROUP (Pounds) (Pounds) COARSE Sandy Loam only 1.25 1 25 MEDIUM 1.25 to 1 75 1.25 to 1 75 FINE 1.5 to 2 1.5 to 2 "Refer to the Sod Texture of the label to determine the corresponding soil texture group for the soil to be treated. "When using atrazine 4L. AAtrex 4LC or Princep 4L use equivalent rates. One quart equals 1.25 pounds of atrazine BOW or Princep 80W. Use the higher rate of these products in the recom mended ranges on sods with greater than 30v organic matter ■ TANK MIXTURES ■ Minimum Tillage Systems SOYBEANS When applied as directed under the conditions described. these tank mlxturus control many emerged annual weeds. suppress many emerged perennial weeds and give preemergence control of many annual weeds when soybeans will be planted directly into a cover crop, stale seed bed. or in previous crop residues such as wheat stubble. These tank mixtures will not control regrowth from perennial weeds. Refer to specific product labels for crop rotation restrictions and cautionary statements of all products used in these tank mixtures. Lasso EC herbicide may be substituted for Lasso herbicide in these tank mix lures. For mixing instructions, see the "Mixing and Application Instructions" section of this label. ■ ROUNDUP' plus LASSO' ■ or ■ ROUNDUP plus LASSO plus LOROX" ■ or ■ ROUNDUP plus LASSO plus LEXONE" ■ or ■ ROUNDUP plus LASSO plus SENCOR" ■ Apply these tank mixtures in 10 to 40 gallons of water per acre after planting or during planting in such man net that the planter does not disturb the treated soil. Do not apply these mixtures after crop emergence. REDUCED CONTROL MAY RESULT IF THIS PRODUCT IS USED IN TANK MIXTURES CONTAINING FLUID FERTILIZERS CONTROL OF EMERGED WEEDS Annual Weeds — Apply to actively growing grasses and broadleaf weeds. Use I quart of Roundup per acre In these tank mixtures if weeds are less than 6 Inches tall. II weeds are over 6 inches tall, apply 1.5 quarts of this product per acre. For emerged annual weeds con trolled, see the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label. Perennial Weeds — At normal application dates in minimum tillage systems, perennial weeds may not be at the proper stage of growth for control. See the "General Information" section of this label for the proper stage of growth for perennial weeds. Use of 2 to 4 quarts of Roundup herbicide per acre in these tank mixtures under these conditions provides top kill and ni reduces competition from many emerged perenal grass and broadleaf weeds. For emerged perennial weeds controlled, see the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label, To obtain control, follow recommenda- tions on this label for stage of growth and rate of application for specific perennial weeds To obtain the desired stage of growth, it may be necessary to apply Roundup herbicide alone in the late summer or tall and then follow with a label approved seedling weed control program at planting. NOTE: When using these tank mixtures, do not exceed 4 quarts of Roundup herbicide per acre. USE OF THESE TANK MIXTURES FOR BERMUDA - GRASS OR )OHNSONGRASS CONTROL IN MINIMUM TILLAGE SYSTEMS IS NOT RECOMMENDED. For ber- mudagrass control, follow the instructions under "Control of Perennial Weeds" section of this label and then use a label approved seedling weed control pro gram in a minimum r Ilage or conventional tillage system. For lohnso igrass control, follow the 104 instructions under the "Control of Perennial Weeds section of the label, and then use a label approved seedling weed control program with conventional tillage. PREEMERGENCE WEED CONTROL ■ LASSO' ■ For weeds controlled preemergence. see the 'Weed Control with Lasso' section of the label lot Lassc herbicide See the following table tot recommended rates of Lasso in this tank mixture on various sod types Lasso' BROADCAST RATE PER ACRE_ SOIL TEXTURE Lasso' GROUP" (Quarts) COARSE 2 5 to 3 MEDIUM 3 FINE 3.5 to 4 "Refer to the Soil Texture section of the label to dent mine the corresponding soil texture group lar the soil to be treated. Use the higher rate of Lasso herbicide in the recom mended ranges in areas of heavy grass infestation. of when organic matter content is 3 percent or more ■ LASSO° plus LOROX ■ For weeds controlled preemergence, see the "Weed Control with Lasso and Lasso plus Lorox 50WP" sec tions of the label for Lasso herbicide. See the following table for recommended rates of Lasso plus Lorox 50WP in this lank mixture with Roundup herbicide on various sod types. Lasso plus Lorox BROADCAST RATE PER ACRE SOIL TEXTURE Lasso'" Lmox SDWP GROUP" (Quarts) (Pounds) COARSE Sandy Loam only 2 to 2.5 1 to 15 MEDIUM 2 5 to 3 15 to 2 FINE 25to3 2 to •'Refer to the Sod Texture section of the label to deter mine the corresponding soil texture group for the soil to be treated Use the higher rate of Lasso in the recommended ranges in areas of heavy grass infestation or when fall paneum oT crabgrass will be present. Use the higher rate of Lorox 50WP in the recom- mended ranges on suits with greater than 3% organic matter. Do not use this mixture on sand or loamy sand or on soil with less than 1% organic matter as crop injury from Lorox may occur. "lorar is a trademark of E I duPonl de Nemours and Company 0 ■ LASSO' plus LEXONE ■ of ■ LASSO plus SENCOR r For weeds controlled preemergence see the "Weed Control with Lasso and Lasso plus Lexone or Sencor" sections of the label for Lasso herbicide. See the following table lot recommended rates of Lasso plus Lexone 50WP or Lasso plus Sencor 50WP in this tank mixture on various sod types Lasso' plus Lexone 50WP or Lasso' plus Sencor 5OWP BROADCAST RATE PER ACRE Lexone 50WP or SOIL TEXTURE LassoSencor 5OWP GROUP (Quarts) (Pounds) COARSE Sandy Loam only 2 to 2 5 0 5 to 0.75 MEDIUM 25to3 075to1 FINF 2 5 to 3 1 to 1 5 Refer to the Soil Texture section of this label to determine the corresponding sad texture group for the soil to be treated "When using Lexone 4L or Sencor 4 Flowable use equivalent rates. One quart equals 2 pounds of Lexone 5OWP or Sencor 50WP Gn the silty clay or heavy clay soils of the Mississippi Delta. use 1 5 to 2 pounds of Lexone or Sencor per acre Use the higher rate of Lasso herbicide In the recom- mended ranges in areas of heavy grass Infestations or when fall pamcum or crabgrass will be present. Use the higher rate of Lexone or Sencor herbicides in the recommended ranges on sods with greater than 20b organic matter. Do not use this mixture on sand or loamy sand soils as crop injury from Lexone or Sencor may occur On not use on muck soils - Do not apply on alkaline soils with a pH of more than 74 Crop injury may occur if any atrazine was applied on the soil the year before use of this Lexone or Sencor tank mixture. DO NOT REPLANT CROPS OTHER THAN SOYBEANS FOR 120 DAYS AFTER APPLICATION °Lexone ,s a trademark of E I dnPont de Nemours and company "Sencor is a trademark of the parent company of farbenlab,ken Bayer GmbH. Leverkusen PRE -HARVEST APPLICATIONS When applied as directed under the conditions describedthis product controls annual and perennial weeds listed on this label prior to the harvest of COTTON Fm specific rates of application and instructions for control of various annual and perennial weedssee the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label Ground Applications — Apply this product in 10 to 40 gallons of water per acre on emerged labele annual and perennial weeds Timing of Application — Apply this product for pre harvest weed control after 800. of the cotton bolls have opened. NOTE DO NOT APPLY TO CROPS GROWN FOR SEED Allow a minimum of 7 days between application and harvest. Do not feed or graze treated areas within 8 weeks after application. This product is recommended for weedcontrol in established groves, vineyards. or orchardsor for site preparation prior to transplanting crops listed in this section. Applications may be made with boom equip- ment, CDA, shielded sprayers. handheld and high volume wands, lances, or orchard guns, or with wiper applicator equipment, except as directed in this section. See the "Application Equipment and Tech- niques" section of this label for specific information on use of equipment. When applying Roundup alone, refer to the "WEEDS CONTROLLED" and "FALLOW AND REDUCED TILLAGE SYSTEMS" sections for recommended rates to be used. NOTE Repeat treatments may be necessary to control weeds originating from underground parts of untreated weeds or from seeds. This product does not provide residual weed control. For subsequent weed control. follow a program using residual herbicides or use repeated applications of this product. Do not apply more than 10.6 quarts of this product per acre per year. EXTREME CARE MUST BE EXERCISED TO AVOID CON- TACT OF HERBICIDE SOLUTION, SPRAY, DRIFT, OR MIST WITH FOLIAGE OR GREEN BARK OF TRUNK. BRANCHES, SUCKERS, FRUIT, OR OTHER PARTS OF TREES OR VINES. CONTACT OF THIS PRODUCT WITH OTHER THAN MATURED BROWN BARK CAN RESULT IN SERIOUS CROP DAMAGE. Reduced control may result when applications are made to annual or perennial weeds that have been mowed grazed or cut and have not been allowed to regrow to the recommended stage for treatment For specific rates of apphcations and instructions see the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label ■ TANK MIXTURES ■ TREE AND VINE CROPS When applied as a tank mixture, this product provides control of the emerged annual weeds and partial con- trol of the emerged perennial weeds listed ,n this label The following residual herbicides will provide pre emergence control of those weeds listed in the in- dmdual product labels- ■ ROUNDUP' plus GOAL'" 16E ■ ■ ROUNDUP plus KARMEX"WP ■ ■ ROUNDUP plus KROVAR'" 1 ■ 11ROUNDUP plus NROVAR'" II r ■ ROUNDUP plus PRINCEP"CALIBER` 90 19 ■ ROUNDUP plus PRINCEP 41, p IN ROUNDUP plus PRINCEP BOW ■ f ■ ROUNDUP plusSOLICAM'" 80WP ■ ROUNDUP plus SURFLAN'"AS ■ ROUNDUP plus SURFLAN 75W ■ i ■ ROUNDUP plus PRINCEP ■ t (80W, or 41L, or CALIBER 90) plus SURFLAN (AS or 75W) ■ ROUNDUP plus GOAL (I 6E) ■ plus SURFLAN (AS or 75W) ■ ROUNDUP plus GOAL 06E) ■ plus PRINCEP (BOW, or 4L, or CALIBER 90) "See the Roundup plus Goal plus Prmcep tank mix- ture section below for specific use instructions gg When tank mixing with residual herbicides add an I agriculturally approved nonionic surfactant. Use 0 5 ! percent surfactant concentration when using surfac tants which contain at least 50 percent active mgre j client or a 1 percent surfactant concentration for those ! surfactants containing less than 50 percent active in- gredrent. See the "Mixing and Application Instruc tions" section of this label. Do not apply these tank mixtures in Puerto Rico. CONTROL OF EMERGED WEEDS Annual Weeds — Apply I quart per acre of this product in these tank mixtures when weeds are less than 12 inches tall For weeds greater than 12 inches fall .ap' 1.5 quarts per acre. I Perennial Weeds — For partial control of perennial weeds using these tank mixtures apply 2 to 5 quarts per acre of this product Fallow the recommendations i in the 'Weeds Controlled" section of this label for stage of growth and rate of application for specific perennial weeds. PREEMERGENCE WEED CONTROL The l0res,ng are the labeled rates for the recom mended residual herbicides PRODUCT RATE/ACRE Goal 16E 1 25 to 5 qts Karmex WP 2 to 8 lbs Krovar 1 2 to 8 lbs Krovar II 2 to 8 Ihs Prmcep Caliber 90 1 1 to 10 6 Ihs Prmcep 8OW 11r to )2 lbs Prmcep 41. 2 to 9 6 qts Sol¢am 80WP 21) to 5 lbs Surllan AS 2 to 4 qts. Surflan 75W 2131c 51r lbs NOTE: These residual herbicides may provide post emergence activity on certain annual weed species. Refer to the individual product labels for specific crops, rates, geographical restrictions and preca tionary statements. Read and carefully observe the label claimscau- tionary statements rates and all other information on the labels of all products. Use according to the most restrictive label directions for each product In the mixture. For specuhc rates of application and instructions see the "Weeds Controlled" section of this label ■ ROUNDUP plus GOAL plus PRINCEP ■ (California only) Roundup may be tank mixed with Goal plus Prmcep for broad spectrum postemergence and preemergence control. Refer to the following table for approved crops and rate ranges lot each product in this tank mix. Refer to the individual product labels for weeds con. (tolled, geographical restrictions, precautionary statements and speahc use rates. RATE RANGES" GOAL PRINCEP ROUNDUP I -6E"" SOW" CROP (quarts) +(quarts)+ (Pounds) Grapes 1 to 1.5 1 to 4 2.5 to 5 Almond 1 to 1.5 1 to 4 1.25 to 2.5 Use equivalent rates of Caliber 90 or Prmcep 41. °Rate dependent on weeds present, ""Rate dependent on soil type and weeds present. 1 iloal Is a trademark of Rohm and Haas Company "narmeF and"Kro,ar are trademarks of E. L du Pont the Nemours and Company '"Prmcep and 1riCaliber are trademarks of Ciba-Gelgy Corporation "Sohcam is a trademark of Sandoz Inc wSuntan ,s a trademark of Elanco Products Company TREE CROPS Citrus': citron, grapefruit, kumquat, lemon, lime orange, tangelo. tangerine. Nuts**: almond. filbert, macadamia, pecan, pasta thio, walnut. Pome Fruit°: apple, pear. Stone Fruit": apricots, cherries, nectarines. peaches plums/prunes. For cherries, any application equipment listed in this section may be used in all states. For citron, apply as a directed spray only, Any application equipment listed in this section may be used in apricots, nectarines, peaches, and plums/ prunes growing in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, New Jersey, North Dakota, Okla homa, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Washington, except for peaches grown in the states specified in the follow Ing paragraph. In all other states use wiper equipment only. For PEACHES grown in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee only, apply with a shielded boom sprayer or shielded wiper applicator which prevents any contact of this product with the foliage or bark of trees. Apply no later than 90 days after first bloom. Applications made after this time may result in severe damage. Remove suckers and low hanging limbs at least 10 days prior to appllca tion. Avoid applications near trees with recent pruning wounds or other rAecbamcal injury Apply only near trees which have been planted In the orchard for 2 or more years. EXTREME CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO EN SURE NO PART OF THE PEACH TREE IS CONTACTED. Tropical Fruit avocado`, banana, coffee", guava, mango° papaya, lea. Allow a minimum of 1 day be- tween last application and harvest of guava and papaya. In coffee and banana delay applications 3 months after transplanting to allow the new coffee or banana plant to become established. NOTE: "Allow a minimum of 14 days between last applica tion and harvest. "Allow a minimum of 21 days between last applica tion and harvest of these crops. VINE CROPS Grapes': any variety of table, wine, or raisin grape may be treated with any equipment listed in this section. Applications should not be made when green shoots, canes, or foliage are in the spray zone. In the northeast and Great Lakes regions, applications must be made prior to the end of bloom stage of grapes to avoid injury. NOTE: 'Allow a minimum of 14 days between last application and harvest. CALIFORNIA Roundup' herbicide has been approved by the US. Environmental Protection Agency for the uses. crops and sites listed in this label and by California under label designation 19841. Approval of the items listed below is pending under the State of California registra tion requirements. With the exception of these items, this booklet contains the material approved by Califor I in label 19841 These use conditions, crops and sites may not be treated with this product in California until approval Is received. • Control of Catsclaw and Virginia Creeper. • Use in Pineapple and Watercress. • 1% surfactant concentration with less than 50% active ingredient for Bluegrass, Tall Fescue, Dormant Bermudagrass, Woollyleaf Bursage and non -crop tank mixtures. • Inhibition of Bahiagrass seedhead emergence and suppression of vegetative growth. • Roundup plus Goal plus Princep, and Roundup plus Goal plus Surflan tank mixtures for use on tree and vine crops in California only. • Use as a directed spray on citron in tree crops. • Use of dyes in handheld and high volume equipment. • Round plus Surflan AS in non crop sites. • Silvicultural applications with Microfod boom will 50tootbuffer zone. 106 ROUNDUPeerb,ido Complete Oirecl.ors ,or Use ,n NON CROP AREAS such as ndu9nal RCRealanal and Pool, areas Farmstead Weed Control O'name,hri, Silv,cunural Sites and R,ghIS of Way iurigrasses and Grasses for Seed Production in CROPPING SYSTEM5 Alla lla Com Panmps Ari on, Ceuon Pear un IJet .sale", Cranberries PeaslEngWn "P,, Asaaragus Forage Grasses P,nea,,Ie Barley Forage legumes Potalooh,,, sweet Beans Edbre lain HorseradisM1 Raoi,h Beer Greens Kale R,e 9eels pea sugar Lenbb Ru,aba, Brawn Lelwce Sorghum on.Ic Cabbage Me,tmd greens soybeans Carrot oats swna" Caolo%wer Ot,'a Sugarcane Celery Omon Wal,rea Cfncory Whets, Fallow and Reduced rinser, Sysle„u Pasture, Preharvest A00ocaLo11 to Conor sugarcane ,n TREE CROPS citrus las listed, Rome Fru,r ms e,ledr Cherry Shim, For as "'tea Nuts las listed) Tropical Fruit As 6sledr to GRAPES — Wine Table and Rau:n in MINIMUM TILLAGE SYSTEMS for Corn Soybeans Th., produn has been aporored mr me in aemm,a ucepl a, stated otherwise on page, 106 and 107 EPA Reg No 524 ants AA 1964 2 Be? 10 002 22 53 In case of an emergency Involving this product. Gall Collect. day of night. (314) 694 4000 APPENDIX C INVERTEBRATES UNDER REVIEW FOR THREATENED AND ENDANGERED STATUS FEDERAL REGISTER 5/22/84 J Tuesday May 22, 1984 ,. Part III Department of the ;. Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Invertebrate Wildlife for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species 21664 Federal Register / V,,_. 49, No. 100 / Tuesday, May 22, 1984 / _ roposed Rules ' DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Invertebrate Wildlife for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Notice of review. SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service identifies Invertebrate animal taxa native to the United States being considered for addition to the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife. Although "candidate" species receive no substantive or procedural protections under the Endangered Species Act. the Service encourages federal agencies and other planners to take such taxa into account in environmental planning under the National Environmental Policy Act and similar statutes. Also identified in this notice are those invertebrate taxa that were previously under consideration for listing, but that are currently presumed either to be extinct, to not be valid species or subspecies, or to be more abundant and widespread than previously thought and/or not subject to identifiable threats. DATE Comments may be submitted until further notice. ADDRESSES: Interested persons or organizations are requested to submit comments to: Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. Comments and materials relating to this notice are available for public _ inspection by appointment during normal business hours at the Service's Office of Endangered Species, Suite 500, 1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia. '7.1 - . Information relating to particular taxa may be obtained from appropriate Service Regional Offices listed below: Region 1. --California, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, American Samoa. Guam. Territory of the Northern Marianas, and Trust Territories of the Pacific. Regional Director (ARD/FA). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Suite 1692. Lloyd 500 Building. 500 N.E. Multnomah Street, Portland, Oregon 97232 (503/231-6131 or FTS 8/429131). Region 2.—Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. Regional Director (ARD/AFF), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 1300, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103 (505/ 76fi-3972 or FLS 8/474-3972). Region 3.—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio. and Wisconsin. Regional Director (ARD/AFF), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal Building, Fort Snelling, Twin Cities, Minnesota 55111 (612/725-3596 or FTS 8/7253596). Region I.—Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Regional Director (ARD/FA), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, The Richard B. Russell Federal Building, 75 Spring Street, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30303 (404/221,1583 or FTS 8/242-3583). Region 5.—Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. Regional Director (ARD/FA), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Suite 700, One Gateway Center, Newton Corner, Massachusetts 02158 (617/965-5100 ext. 316 or FTS 8/829-9316, 7, 8). Region 6.—Colorado, Kansas, - Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. Regional Director (ARD/FA), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 25486, "Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 (303/234-2496 or FTS 8/ 234-2496). Region 7. Alaska. Regional Director (ARD/AFF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1101 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503 (907/263-3539 or FTS 8/263-3539). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: John L Spinks, Jr., Chief, Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 20240 (703/235-2771), or the appropriate Regional Office. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 of seq.) requires a " determination of whether species of wildlife and plants are endangered or threatened based on the best available scientific and commercial data. For many years, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (hereafter the Service) has been gathering data on taxa of invertebrates (sponges, crustaceans, arachnids, insects and mollusks), native to the United States, that have appeared, at least at times, to warrant consideration for addition to the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife. The accompanying table identifies many of these taxa (including, by definition, biological subspecies) and assigns each to one of the following three categories. Category 1 comprises taxa for which the Service currently has substantial Information on hand to support the biological appropriateness of proposing to list the species as endangered or threatened. Currently, data are being gathered concerning essential habitat needs and, for some taxa, data concerning the precise boundaries for critical habitat designations. Development and publication of proposed rules on such species is anticipated. Category 2 comprises laze for which information now in possession of the Service indicates that proposing to list the species as endangered or threatened Is possibly appropriate, but for which conclusive data on biological vulnerability and threats) are not currently available to support proposed rules at this time. Taxa in this category for which there have not been authenticated records since 1963 are indicated by an asterisk (•); some of these are possibly extinct, but further biological research and field study are needed to ascertain their status with any confidence. It is likely that many of the taxa in this category will not warrant listing, while some will be . found to be in greater danger of extinction than some taxa in category 1. It is hoped that this notice will encourage the necessary research on vulnerability and/or threats for these taxa. Category 3 comprises taxa that are no longer being considered for listing as endangered or threatened. Such taxa are included in one of three subcategories depending on the reasons for removal from consideration. "3A. Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, however, such species might acquire high priority for listing. Al this time, the best available information indicates that the taxa included in this category, or the habitats from which they were known, are in fact extinct or destroyed, respectively. 3B. Names that, on the basis of current taxonomic understanding, usually as represented in published revisions and monographs, do not represent taxa meeting the Act's definition of "species." Such supposed taxa could be reevaluated in the future on the basis of subsequent research. 3C. Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than was previously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat. Should further research or changes in land use indicate significant Federal Regisle. / Vol. 49, No. 100 / Tuesday, May 22, 1984 / Proposed Rules 21665 decline in any of these taxa, they may be reevaluated for possible inclusion in category 1 or 2. the Service hereby solicits data concerning the taxa in the accompanying table. Especially sought is information— (1) Indicating that a taxon would more properly be assigned to a category other than the one in which it appears; (2) Nominating a taxon not included in the table; (3) Recommending an area as critical habitat for a candidate taxon, or indicating why it would not be prudent to propose critical habitat for a taxon, or why critical habitat may not be determinable for a taxon; (4) Documenting threats to any of the listed laza; (5) Pointing out taxonomic changes for any of the taxa: (6) Suggesting new or more appropriate names; or (7) Noting errors, such as in the indicated distributions. The Service intends to consider all data received in response to this notice, to make appropriate amendments to the accompanying table, and to indicate intentions with regard to future listing actions. Substantive changes in status may be announced by periodic notice in the Federal Register. - The following table is arranged in a general systematic order, beginning with sponges and ending with mollusks. For each taxon, the assigned category appears on the left,. followed by the common name, the scientific name, the family name, and the known distribution, usually indicated by abbreviations of Slate names. For mollusks the authority and date for the scientific name is given, because of unusual instability in systematics of those groups. The species may no longer occur in some of the areas shown. Some taxa have been included that have not yet been formally described in the scientific literature. Such taxa are indicated by the abbreviation -sp.- after the generic name, or "ssp." after the generic and specific names. A provisional vernacular name in English or Hawaiian is given for most species. Some are vernacular names actually in common use, and in some groups whose systematics most need revision these are about as informative as the current scientific name in Latin. Most of the taxa are rare, however, and the obscurity of many almost guarantees that no name has much history of use. Group names such as snail amphipod, or dragonfly have been appended to many names to clarify distinctions from other invertebrates or plants with similar or confusing names such extra qualifiers would probably be dropped from any name that came into truly common use. These provisional names may be changed or discarded if their use is later found to be inappropriate. This notice was prepared by the zoologists In the Service's Office of Endangered Species in Washington that specialize in invertebrate species, and the Endangered Species Program staff of the Service's Regional Offices and Field Stations. List of Subjects In so CFR Part 17 Endangered and threatened wildlife, Fish. Marine mammals, Plants (agriculture). Dated: April 24,19M. G. Ray Amet4 Assistant SecretaryforFish and Wildlife and Parks G t"WY ell wmrnon Mma I SC ,V. Mme I Fa V, ) Diaad,moR ' .. SPONGES . ]B -Muscas Sponge...._.._............._._.._._.._.. A11slerdrry4 dcega.—_._._...__....___.-.... Spongillidaa MI. 2-Lvd,Mepon9e....... _......... .......... ......_._._ Cw sarsYe/w cvdnn-_tiF.____.___._.____..... Sponginadae SO. i--Oxla"'ON e ............ _............... .____—_ 0 _._._._.__ SporpllNCee Fl Madw. esrrrnea eporga..__.._.......___...._—__ FpnydelU s.Oldis SporpillkLa FL 2--P n roarw epoage...____._.._..__......__— I ,OvnM)0/La kYW4 a_—._..-_.._. ......._. SpongdliEsa. PA 2— .Kie sponge.....___._.....__._._......._.___ SGOY9ea hefwoaWila.__.._.._..........._._.._ .. SponpiNlEm NY. 38-Sporgy apOrKle._------ _........ -_._..._._ SS00194, yxvgxpse. .SpongtllidM SG FLATWORMS (T,rpel ) 2-�No wmr,pn Mmol _._._.......... Menke NrynN.ife. ' .......... KenFiilas O(i. 2—a,9 w,nmon Mmel .__._._.._ _ Kenkiidee MO. W 2 -(NJ wmmon Mme). ...... _....... _...__......_._.__— ProcopYe Np+k_.._.....__.. _ Kenkiidse MD, VA OA—HO LngBf'eg/OU!NwelBlp VWlral,.... _� $p1eMw(aI1I ApF/Ifd'l ... .. _.... _ VA P1eMnaaa_ 2-Ranon Gve planarian ..... _...._....... _.._._..__ SpManpUM p/rpd_____.._-_____......__.__ PU,waGe_— PA 3A-8 g 1 • g,oun t. pU,wun..._._. SPMYhpUM .n,EG4a ....__. Plrrradea VA nn eRANCHIOPOOS IC!.e SuDc4sa aranon,OpW j 2 -MOM lake trkva stomp._........_....._...._...._._...__ A,w* monba._....... ................___.__......................... MemYWa....__...—..._. CA ISOPOOS (CY Ur ans. Grier iwpo u 2--GInon Cave sopx_ .............. .... .... _..._._._ Ca fw AaMlidaa_ Ky. 2-8e1 Gve eoPod __........_._.._..... ... _. _. _...___ LItliSNIM maawgd AMWd . O 2-R, _ C 2 -Rye Cove Gve eODod...._—_ VA2-Lea Co,^!Y Caw ieopDd (ices u4rlun ....__VAAMPHIPOOS (GusUwana, Grier AmdYPda) 2� ,W W.0 eve ampnpOd ....._...._. _._ Alban^awry+IrvGvv»o_...._...... G/M.._..._....._MO. I 2-0klaMma caw ampnrppd........ AUmag ,v psxwda..... Garudid.__..__ OIC._....._..........._..._._ aacau'lee/YlrxlrL GW.._.._.__._ KS, MO. OK. O� AMma1Wa Spm amDMw ..................._....._ [Ia/kiOnYr 1/011bl49y....._.......__......._......................_.. IN, mDhpo..._....._ Ga/9 MLMP .......... ...................... ... Cm'Wneueao ._....__.._ C,a,IgOnYc4dae...__._..__ IL,Y. N.0. Al IL, TN. VA .._....._....._..._. .._..._....._ Garyveyr apamh...._......_....._..._.._._.........._.._..._.. , Ge,pOnyelidaa_..__.___ MO, PA. 2—Fluraa uw ampl;gd _..._..._. ......_..............._..._ Gnga/,yrg/vldma/xs............._.._... ....._...._............. Garlgony,.edee _...._._.........__ FL 2—Hobna' uua ampnrpw_.._...........................___._ GangaxK /KrAln_.__._...._..__....._.._._._.._._.___. GangooYvgaa.._..._ aC-wno. uw arnpnlyp ....._ .....__ Ge/Ipmyr /m,.a........._ ..... _... ........ __' GangonYclgae......... .._. IA, 14 IN. Ml Cx ]G—Packud's eve an,Dngpd ........... ...._ CnngonYr packs d........ ..__..... .... . _.... _... Gangonycndse........_ ........_...._ IN. KY. 2—ul,n/rs caw •mpnrpod......... ._....... ...._.....__._.... Gar/trine ... ..._._....... ..... .......... _.. GMrneNee.._... _... .... ._— ......... IL .............. _ GemmarMw._................__........_ KY 1—Noel's am9Np..... .......__.......... .__......._._.__._ Ge+vr,uw .......... 2— 2—Gmom�e ampngOO...................__..........__...... . Gamnwu Na'b¢r.4a.._..__... .............. ...... .. _......._.. GeMMr ........._....._...._...._._ Tx. 2 -Paco, emDnwDO _. _...... ... .... _..._._...._....._.._...� GanvM,w M'oa...._........_.._..._........ _. _.._.................. (ie baa ..... ._.................. Tx 2 -Kauai mDnpod.... ....... ... $DWaaw /,ee(a kokvn,. ... .._.... ._ ._ TM,IMaa M ]C -A u'9 wM eve ampnqud ...... _ _. Srygonman (�SYponecYeel aMynerwes ..... Cn„pO,ryOddea MD NY, PA. -T Jana rmpilnw!amplup0! .. _.. ... .. SlYytxrrp,rkq l�Apppl•,ypnp)Malls._. .. ..... Cn,gwrypafea. ...... VA. 2—Antons eve anpn,Ypd ... ................... ............_... Sgg"tvwns -------------- ._ ......... ...... ._I ...__..._._ Geryarycedea .. 21666 Federal Register 49, No. 100 / Tuesday, May 22, 1984 -?roposed Rules C."gor, ana omvnon nMw swftft'unt I Fm* I - Dhwnbm 2-8a4s 3 caw mVh 2-6.n'6 . w,,,. 2-04vrcaW C wol 2-8owman's ". Mlpl 2--Co.W, 2 --Caw Co. 2-E�W Sorkv Mm ,t^4nww rt. y a a.~- 2--EZM's Cv omhpod.--- 3C-Shwwwvary u amp-Apod. 2 -Coq's m" wrphppd. 2-Dwaa Sw*jwio am~ 2-Nw.'s m" wplid 2 --(No mm�wn m.) _ 2 -Ma Caw 2-TkmtaW Mrpt*p� 3C-10. wMhipod 2--Lonq4.,g.d ow arrylgop-,�_ DA-Rubi C.. am,Wd 2-MrXa ', nw .,.,I -- 3c-sgN,wwn V.Jiw a wm*dpod Awn C�tynw 2-N~s � Owpod._ 2--OnondW& Co" anVtopod� 3C-Or.g. � affo*.d- 2-0svk mw am~_ 2 -Pack's nw wW*.d— ffVNpW --_ 2-Wlsppn.in v a a"hpod — 2-RoddWI4. uw afrpripod . 2-AYOvw wO &Vt.Kd_ 2--Spnng taw omphpW � 2-Sl.rnuG'o taw anvNpod... 2 -SW" .. &.ph,otl —_ 3G-Pobtwc 9w 1. atVho� — 2-W.ngw "" nVhoo&— CRAMSHES AND SHRIMPS (CwMoaaw. Otdo myfoh--._-_ I 2- common tarts) 2-aqS� F� my� 2-,C..,mbwo W,&" 2-N. R� 2-Chdwga myfWh--._ 2-40�y =yf�. ac--C Yf�---- 2�4 my�—___ 2-N�Iw 2�W. Spnnq. G. myfuh 2-P.D. bW my�__ 2-4N* . .) ____ 2-T.. I-Sm (Tony/ mw odwo I SPIDERS ~,wdc ONo 2- W Caw 2 -Tanya WpO 2-K" Qpinwd wbo.. 2�(auM caw watt apb.t (p ', "'. "M '..�) -_ 2--A.ry w opidet--.-_ 2-1x4. Pt" IutnM call spd .-- 2� C� . . ......... PSEUDOSCORPONS IAr.cirdda. Ota.. P".do.corpbrva) AO HOPFIERS AND SAISTLEWLS jftp . Omar 2- ... n " Ip b41MW ... .... . ........ 2 -Powis ckbg" pall.wa ...... MAYFLIES jltu.Q.. Ory Ephenwcows) 2-Sowr'* Mw -JW may.............____._....._._ 2 -Antocin a.no4.m.irw myfl, 2'-Y. Wftrynroy. 2*�. . not~ twyy .......... ... . 2'-Spico w .. . . ....... 2 -Ary pm«n«~ 2'-Cobraao b✓'owr'w "yrty ..... ..... . z--wftt vry.. Dvro mYfty 3A-Jitbu.l p*MMp. wm~nq mayrq ....... . ... 2-mr 'hy ....... . ..... pomft.bau AYrb plhaa.yas Abu— &AV" pooft, - T,phix" maw -- clmb. boidd — c4ftarla boudwd— Cam C'mbow &.WodoctAm- O�W d�- 0� OYGrlatlff cwO * cwbuiwa Hwww. TX Mo. TX OK KS. Mo. VA. M. TX AR. FAD. WV. VA. At. KY, TN. TX MD. PA, VA. WV. TX. CA. Mo. on. VA. LA TX IL CA. TN. VA. AR. VA. WV. VA. TN. MO. OR. AR, MO. OK viv. TX DC, MD. PA. VA. VA. TX AL W. PA. IL. mo. DC. MD. PA, VA. CA. CA. AL CA. PA. Want lona TN NC. NC, GA TN TN. Nm. TN. FL NC. sc, us. TX FL FL PL HI. FL FL CA CA. GA, FL. GA, SC, NC. LA. AL'. IL'. TN'. NC' 1L. N. OO'. FL GA. Federal Regi / Vol. 49, No. 100 / Tuesday, May 2i., .A4 / Proposed Rules 21657 Gleamy imI domnpn none I Sc1en «nw I Fwray _.- D4Inb.Aiw, 2-camW grLLfAlenrq 2-slaawelw fa-mB m.ylh__---. ]A -Pe Il . Riwr 2 -FN» ..W" nvylly.._._-___._.____ 2-DNarss 4c ycN n mayfly-_ DRAGONFLIES AND DAMSELFLIES (kwea& O' w OOco4) 2-e.n.n. w,a am,xR/....--------- l-Sen F.ndeoo IckUd 2-Adyt mn.4Pbn 2•-Fel14. m.g .g n a.m«my_.��. 2•-P" nwaalaanon d&m y._..�_� 2'-Wa4nse meaalagk cm «My.--- dA-.krponrm mean@WW 2 -Moll mb W.WM rpn aam»My.-- 9A-Nebb4s mea.4Piw1 dMrl«IIN 2-NgroMmflum meq.l.grbn GnuNM_.-_ 2-e4cklins nlep.lfanpn d.nmNM. 2-0 n n*gal Wn Gm m"My. 2-0cefmc me WW. wm n --- 2-P . maa.4Pm dw«emy .-...-__.. 2-0.Y'o s keck m.ael.PWn dertluMly,_.____ 1-A.Yf spkewl 2-ApebcNm4 Id ftg fty..... b.pgMy._- 2-SvT emw.W Icfdm ._..._... 2 -Sip TKkchel ask dnamdy _. 2 -Bended boa bloomer arymlN.._______ 3B -R tiIts tm aeamlh_�,-- 2-0wa. d 2-TonWleil Tenne»se W asaaMN 2-&g e'b cMW aegm._._ 2---E c'z IV%gtail aea &aljj._ 2•_-EM.1 " bnakal.a o ft. _ 2 -AKIN M4keWIa.do 2-Anrgn I wMkw.11 le fly __ 2-V.neaeled ckLl.a?'eponlly__-- 2-Wab.an boned skbnnw a.aorMy--- STONEFLIES (Inst* ONw PMmptwy 2 -Lake Te Wndac aWr»Ih JA -Robert's allbp.nen bq«rly___�_ 2-4c 2-MNtwIII ube Spmps leuc4en flanedl' _— lednfn 2-Wahke s q Ilipntla» blonalN ___ 2-Fendah eiotw MarlM.—.-_.-- 2-Gsorai. beWmuirmn slorway 2-0N l &Pr IAwn 2-H.non'a .Pp.WpW btoroBy—___ 2 -Lem River wrvopteryK GRASSHOPPERS. CRICI(EfS AND KATYDIDS (Im Order OrM pbre) - 2-WaIv pokK-heeded 2 -Mk W baa pa»Inmw _----- 2-Siskhw &keeltis pablkppw.._. 2' S Wnara a P.ssnoppaF-_-._ 2 -An. market' araselpppw.___._.-.- 2-0esed monkey Passh p -_.__ 2-.SUleunvlarW'b dM 2-Keumfru Caw 2 -KM ar+N 2- L tlxepla 2-v.ke b« crkkel._-.... 2- auai N Gve aickalcric . ._.-..-� 2 -Am 9-.m e0 bush Pkkal...__._- 2-Adieu a•fnl Mt V tr C ak L- 2 -Kelso a4nt »nd be.dw cMkeL_.._....^— 2 -SII U l pool sato beado 2-Semwell 2-X.deck camel PrAel-___.-_ 2 -Kelso 14. Jeru»lem 2 -Port Cpceptgn Jwu»4m qr 2-NN. 2-. Veaey JeraWem Plckeal_._ e m 2 -Scare. pJ pygmy P.»Noppw_..._...._._...__— 2-Tmeys K.& p PassAopper....._-.___._._ 2 -Ninos m d lorydid. 2-Pvw K.y rd.afwd luhdka._.... - ....... � 2 -Keys enorlanrgedcawn.b .hdW......_._- ]A -Remove cowfMeO 4e1ydW......._...__......_.. 3A-Anaorn an« meWb.ck kelyad..__..._ 2 -Santo Maraca enekKoeck IurydW._.._..._..-_ COCKROAp1ES anesab, Order 114nod«) ,-Tuna ova roem.................._..... ... ___......._.- 20ROAPTERANS Ilnsec4. Ordw Zao We) 2-Swsxeye xcaeP.n...._�__...._....... _......... - NdmaePrwel MonrosCrnraM AowWv«eoF Amelbtu 4du E-gogm Cp mcae Abpw4 m Lw axCr Leohi 1m MM Ab r "A SCAw We d Seb+NMfe aA Bvbr Nn rae+:aynryr f GwrpNdae GomPNd« Aakfas.- APWWae— APiAWN....- AcidWe.._ PsFWanfffc 4aatirde-_______ CsmnarraLwo Aowerife'_- E C GomwnoQis scywxka4nd•_-_ -. C Gomwrud.Yw venin - C cr*v brr bearAns C L=I,,,I 4a decplw__.-.-..--__.___..... C n u 4rirJe-- rho 7AervrMKOP)aso a.+aaf. c C 7AfmoroyNAe wngeau W/IhOIenIF«aadrxuxif.-_-_-_.._._ Meood/w,efb Mborw.-_ F F AMacY.v«fb vefara'^--.-__.. FFamdepmoph" b0.—.--.._-_- F F ArmppWrneM Amrppe4ruM mrrlx-__.-_-__ 5Y«igaeYnfaa SferKpeerohe Te s4na«. 1 rerrmpa wf wlpemNFJ`__—_--.-- 7 BsbwpLNas Bsloeepneau slupso_.-.__—____ CapcfpeeloraW r«asu—_-.___-___- IQarPNe nrA9aWf_..-. 1 1 _ 1 Neab 2P -.".o AL MS FL. GA SO, IL•. AZ'. TN.. MA. NY. NJ. CA M. W. W. W. W. HE M. W. M. M. M. FL GA NFL ow, W. . TX NY. NJ. MA Rt. NFL .. FIC, Sc. MA NY. SC. AL NO, M VA TN. AL NC. _ .. FL AL SC. NC. TN. .. NC-. MA*. NY. PA VA KY, NC. TIL .._ M. VA AL TM. FL W - OH•, IN- TK. CA NV. WTMT. OR. WA GA NO. AL TN. MA TX 10. MI OR. Tx•, oK• AZ. CA2NV. I . . .. HI HL HI FL KS•, IL', MO', NS', OK'. HI. UVOK HL HL AZ A2. CA CA. GA CA CA OA AZ CA FL HL FL FL HI'. CA G•. CA "! HL '21668 Federal Register ' 'ol. 99, No. 100 / Tuesday, May 22, 191 Proposed Rules Glepwy aM wmngn wnr &.neRc wme FGnmy DiakWulbn TRUE BUGS (kpecaa, Ortler MWW Ma) - - 2-4&."Swrgs bels pup BebeNeM awb2N.�.-_._.__�_. 2 --Ma Lw rr VWW aar bug __.. Ad"VVS epanaa. BMwbmapW_�____. G. ' 2-1(t W44"gr nears ser bug, ANeaY aMwrr/r____.....-_ L ypaekae _.. HI. 2-IALMMNWanr I,W- N�av AMWaW___.____ �- _�-_ 2-Vabrn fjgh w NM bup ,_ AWSO&M o Weer._-_._ LYY Was _. NI. 2-Fn,rl� F"SIaN M*M" aar b-1—AYa+r Ni'afr+tia__-.__..____-.___ LYprkae...-__ ___ _ MI, 2�Wl y'a ny" ser N9. Ajr A #At --.-. L a *.. L eidae ype HI. 2-*MAr ii w � rM bug ANNiar w(#erwWe Lypaekae. HI. - 2-N*"n �r � Aft"r MI. ` 2-N . NwCh"r Rales mod bup NApe _.._ �ypy �" Mi... �� •._.... 2--ftm-s Owa,YWa aNE put ftrry� LYCrkaa MI, ' HI. r �� 2-PSLYr'oomin naaM pup__. Q`YM/r AIM1kIA'�_. Lypaekae .•.. ... ,.. ngwiAm pyGWl MI. ... . LY9aakaa.�_�_ M.OYa� Z dN Mq. � MI. 2 -Ar rew erdr bug. Gwtiv rY w MI MaawVMdr_ U- "AMepr irf Wp (w EfDifAe),Pfp'bNyNe Miler HI. .. 2- .W. Mi pup. K&W*ft KelYlfe Ae1141a�PInNI HI. .. .. .. . �� 2 -CAW W w"n Wl pup_ AaWW a L MakeeHleC)._ .. . MHdr. • I- Meadow wnwid pup. AM&Yar &(vPplpi+_..__ MI. w . . Nauowidae 2 -Anspor naupork pup A1NpuYlri r,wAale___ 2-Pukleu prNd bw- EnpkVN P+/olaTla W. .. .. . G, W. - . _..r. NMepddae ReAnYtlN 2- w,pNaa p _.. pup AW ane HI. ReANMae 2 -ML TMrka a4 V W.WSM pup NePY"dae . RRe6Nild. ft b r rtNwtl mb" 2-Aoper(Y eirglra tl N9 Ahukt a 2� ' wirpNr ever pup AWWbYaW aelian j MI. ... .., MI. 2 --Ann's akeM N9 SNcr4 sfaGY__ --_ MI. Rowes edawipee 2-Aae dro W b,, pup /UNrflar a'a'lapfrY , MI. . Rbppakl& & b 1-Ilawwn mowlk O,N - Mwfv Aee�i_ RpuRalM •. -. CICADAS AND ALIES (k�eo(a, Ordw HMWPlerN NI. ... 2A-Aebeered pr le Yapnpps FdalafNe Absrra.--�— CkJMBdN _ . IL• .. _ .. .. . 2-KaurpwaLWad pprw PWKlwppr oiiiupw4k-ft ". . Cpddae 2-Okarua wile wnpn Pla MI. , cw 2--L"' a pares oww- PPw oftw Yrs *". MI. . q I 2 d. Plentn CII 11101WCuutlae MI. MI. 2-erpela Pdnl paw npA1AlwLooY CbSdere pkarw PI PP 2- FML MI. . Tn 2 -ML Tamales aMn«q wn Al dpFlYW .. _ MI. NI. • .. DNPWddr 2-Yp VaWY rraowf6 pian q AWPa)PHa uRa MI. - .. DpNacfdae .2-BrkvwaM'a rMarYdfr pYMlgppar A' a p�'bMea' Dphr , MI. '. 2-AIaAYb IMgaydlM PwmrwPer AWwJdY PMYAIiaa HI. Dphatldaa 2-'ikKiwod n"wyd'M PYnpbppar Abw.)4w crtwO k MI. DPAaddN 2--Kuad,a'a nerayd,e pd er /JawuyHM_ MI. DPWddae -pc s DplrWae Mi. AWWWY&r k+4blea M. Dp,wdaa 2-Kewarmoeldr,e p4npcwrd N4pedleeWaY�_ DpirWu HI. . LACEWINGS AND PMec401dr 2 .._ __ _ _ roaoUrwarlen epwpiladY AYeod4raae Aa4aFalee 2--CoW Paeu,,IWM Y PasudopeecBa ecoka NemsobMr MI. , • . _ - i. Wof*Ylly 2-Lupe-win2 eWan p^V* ",M, kbps la MI. iw Manes ",dop _Vdipaty 2-�:wrtq a paaudopsecvr ap«yillellY p$ftvbp cN ae+rM MI. Nemaropidr.__ 2-IW^permnnon NP+e.roanaPwlPlWly � Paagsy MI. MwPbidaa w 2-MdoMr antiKm EAAIA w pa•/Inla__'. ,MI. ... MrIlaWPniodw, _ eEETIES (Wo -M Oe Cokopwa) ._ 2 -PM pNW-__ IMAVpal Ar.bW aa . pRlaaula 2-aD«edridd N, - .. rulaIewYi _ 2�a«emsb VIPKM1pNM ., MaNCkae _ Alle'KL lawanN'IY-�,__ 2� W'e W.M p W _ APq,W,n bo#M CA. . . Cam Carabidae___ 2�duuml Blw Rides WO nd peeps ecAwen' ' aYwwblyYr. dC-A(." rapNbrlleb "hwn Oeelle m(Yaa�v V& Vh GaMlyWaa_ m4Naw,Ne._ 2--S.4V "n .pNW L17�aaar2A•AN- MO MD, MS, OH, PA, AL•, AR', IN•, KS'. KY•, U'. CenmpYridr _. 2�'e iorgh m pNW.___ Nagdeb uAN. Cr�/ddaa... MI', MO', TN', VA'. . 2�lara,len FNpbrurrry kmplbm peNYe._ PYypMArryNs (CNKIu, apuM u aPP.)----._� CA. MI. - CeMCyydae-�.� 2'-S,, M $.a1 p W IMIYr%LbN----.___.�__.___ CNYaw *..._—_ WA'. '1 . 2-klaM tlunea Aper Uaepe__._ f.'aird r4 ra+boN __..___._.�._..____.._..: ID. .. CI Wr__. 2'-CarKa Aper beets_.___ C»a2Ma taaiaH_.�._.�.____-._ 2-C*Iu 'a Aper rats._ CiP6WY Ckitlepdae_�_.�.__ TX'. pfypwpy ATYW ....__-rte___ 2-Cdumda RNs Aper beNa.__..__._..__-._. Ci 4 aPAar4ay._...__.__..._._______..__.... Ccmdel ae.__..�___, CidrtleMae.__._._____.. TV. ID. WA, OR', 2--Narpraaum peach tlps pests..___,_ Chn w& AwaaYa abraelp...____.�..__.__..._._._ 2'-Opkvbua Ckir ws*.._.... _...__.. MA MO. NY, NJ. RI, PA•. Nijwwfe obaabaa.._._....__..__....__... 2 N -coral Pits Ourve AAs DNW.__,-.___ Co Ynpe(a apN,Mry GldndalkMe..___._�._.__. CCYMNkae.-_____..-.___ CA', __._.._....____..___. 2-C. Ole LfgN pestspry,dey nyrpkypoxJa ______....... _. M mn Upr WeW._.._.._._..__ CcuMakdr....._ VT, NH. VT. NY, NJ. ON, PA. VN*. MS. C.i'a\'N(e IMWdI(a pNnr..._........_.__. _ '- opical dwaMd Aper pests CkaileW njvpwerl4 a�pAopca.._....__._._.._... CxI 11IMN_..__._�_..__ C¢MNkse TX, NM, Mmes'! 1'-NegwenJa lipar bNMCvowfa PWolafa ftvl yM__..-._..__._------- _....._____.... C'I AdN....-.__.._.-. TK'. K' Tx- ....._..-.._._.....____ --- 2�3raenrl lyr boeM ..._-.-_....� _ Q.'ndaY rMUppab •wJ4iM......_..._-..__.. CAYMNIdM_._.__.��_._.... C MaMN.._.___._ MD. CP MA•, NH', NH', VT. CA 2-ONu Mean „eMLMvnmsa«sa . _. _. ......_.. JG-Mladl D. 1nl.__._....._.._..-_.�.__ _ CUMnNdN..._...__...._..-. HI. . DytIrAN4/pWIQppYy__.._.._........._._._�...._.... CUMkdMe._......�____. G. 2-OaKu MIrITPNA Ism +eeW..._..._._...._._ Nlle/MAdeN AkY•n._._....._._..._._.._..__._..__. C-OWIW aa._._.._.-__ NI. CucJbnkaa.____.-__.. CA Mbb[Va.. ,w ...._.._....._...._._�_. Naapfaau piAwd'._._.._..___._._._. .........._...._... -Kasai MaobM rNv1 ..._....._....__..___.._.�. MeaoManLauWrec.....__-............_..___....._._.._...._ CwwlbrM..........____._..._. Curcvlbnkee HI. HI'. 2-Munp'a rMaela:ut wM....._......__....__...�._ ................_.. .._. ...___�._.. CurCWoniM. HI. .. -Large'& EIN,gr..........._...._.... ........... ... __....... _. 2-Wrowud CAaal WcMua weNe..___.._.-_.. ....... _..._._.__.. CurcW,ondee.......... ___.._._. G. CbdameA 4 a tPP. _......_......_...._. _. ........ - lacaaan'a penlarlN«n wrvp...___..__._'___.... Pm(artArvm,SNPAdAni......._..............--- ......._.._...._..__ Curwlbn .... ........... _......... . HI. . i Federal Rego ier / Vol. 49, No. 100 / Tuesday, May 22 1884 / Proposed Rules 21G69 rAIIIpv W COAt,gn Mme I Shen I Nme F.IM/ DimbibIAb1 2-0bsn0d penYN.t.n wesys _.._.. 2-4fuu n Hlryniogalug gnu, pea 2 -Nitre stenobupie 2'-Btwv.Mesel bgor�pacuM wneW 2-4)ao4hy'a EI Segundo puna wNv 1-DOY-'s If4otgeMe dry rawil 2A-Furt Roe, bponoacuw wwW.... 3A -Yore L." bipapdge weal. 2—Deam Vasey syabW divbnp br" 2' -Fp seed die" 2 -Texas cava Rrbsdd baa".-__ 2 --E mNe hedtoponn diving bw", 2-Fdswta• hydlapats &Ang baa" 2 -Wooly tydropaue dpA q 2 -Leach's W Gme dwq 2-Smpe hydroborW **V bsse_. 2-Spanphys hydopwue dMng brt 2'-,i1pv/ Sprigs hNopo u, dwn 2- aNWeue owe, sd"_ .2A-4Aao tae hypav dWq 04011 2-C ry foot hypoW dNbq nese 2-Nrnow h,7cAue diving bane 2-Tm Wnd4t m dwq OsaW 2-Syt. "gfuo"b&eW 2 -Hatch's dr baa"_....___ 2-+ersien Eapraa,ea cl r bee"e, 2-N ),W /Pcv&ap Wk beetles_ 2-W. nine Oeede ___ 2-Peddrs ryWapue nine bee"_ 2 -Pomo dubnph an none b"". 2-Cit"m's du"rapNen Mne Wada_ 2--llde 04"$ an riots baste_ 2-1oa,el dubbeph.n fdd& base_ 2-Oubme n dl" bMe ( d 2 -Swan's w"m's M" paella_ 2-Muron's San Ceres rift bww- 2-&owes'" mlapg4osga d" bre 2-&—'s bpooeaws w" boo" _ 2-pmacee opDassrutle nine 04400. 2--Smp amOernlr rune bombe _ 2-DeW's Nds ,veno spring dtne bw 2-Muem rwnl Wr pb now beetle. 2-DoupOa We,rlrM nine bas"_ 2�.'s Wartyle nine Des"_ .. 2.' -Warm sprig aft,nef W" bre_ Y-Sae(4 isle MW pear/ Wptla._: 2-Burrrs's glee wsur prey pasts_ 2-S K'a also r dw penny Oaene__ 2-Venepaled false "W perry bre. 2'-0dvn's ehgam wcn.W br"_ .. • 2 -Red Hae unique Whoop bath___ 2-llugMad's meting watw Dee"_ 2'-4X*1 PnWrq VWw Dee"_ 2-McVOMn'a QytwpClDaD4a ntxte tug, 2-Mwnan•a tete n tnnN minds moss e 2 -Anions bnrss mass ese 2 -Teras One dm mM4 noes Weds.. 2-W llmrWs *loos nrr bade_ 2-W rmho/Earminds ute Deeds_ 2-mderu pangs bion *'Oros mor base 2-L n Sonnei miMe mass bee_ 2- .&1, cn a thfibW Mata aCMrga 2-UMh Wr ynbod t Mw s w4v.w b 2 -Altar CyrrDi00ylen ratty sure,gw 2 -RC iufove %n ratty scm"ngw w DN". 2—Seclueva ratty acavdnpw bee 2-EvwyaM Drmrwiq Dr4Py._ 2 -Tu" Mounci bety 2 -BIW qftty I.WW 2-p lightest aWy beetle " 2-4opa Drs_ 2-Mojm eeen dr bas 2-A,O WSW boae_._.___-_ 2' 1M ete deity Ore x -Mr. eef b 2-Marrbnn's E -_ 2--1h i'rn prolsdt.0 bbre_.-_wn,, aDD. Pe 2-aupenny 2-Mounhwar ry'— beets 2 -Cg aapaean w,a0 Oeeee.._._-. 2-lwaacoM-LVne sepialiao eac�nD e 2-Hady'4Wrpera iu.b o beW..-_ ..,_ 2 -ed seprlhWUD n re ..... .... ... 2'-Ergtow dnanrh dravab 2* -T f q utanah su,40 2--F D'. sno a4 sumo Drds.._ 2 -Fwd's ap IoO. scwdb Z-Aphpdnn lataet, dunaural 2-Pme K"alawwur dun, Seth..._ 2-w,2oduD'a Wsard dap 2-Cuaw IanMe eaernrnW su,se W 2-K.iso ,aalmrdd a e,v Des14.... 2 -Kano PAr plaraW "suss bedne _. Rhyrtwponue lGsr M appl Slencnm W Pnlprnar— TigwnuKwy lyy_ ivgapeq,e dsvddxWhw drdhe inpwloscvb abywY— (Ga 17 2 sod, -- OcAmeb" ApMM& W Alp.& m Aey1s& An ApNaa m Anomd4 d. Arcnr4 .. AnarM4 M APnodr+ A Aphpart a Aieevrd a Aeenl , r 72 EIWee HI. HL HL CA'. G G W. CA'. CA, MJ2 FL'. TX NH'. AL G G G UT. AR'. UT. W. G M. G MN, NY'. WA, Cwrey M. HI. G CZ G G 011_ LA. ME ME. AL' A2. AFL AR G NS. NV. NV. ML NC OR. OR AL IL W. AL AL MI. TXIMs. Canada'. Ms. VA NM TK. CK IK GCA G AZ. A2. Ms FL FL FL FL 10. HL HL G W. Nm -W. Mev q W. G G H AZ. . CA G NV. NV. FL'FL' . FL G• OA FL SC. FL FL FL CA 21670 Federal Register / Vol 19, No. 100 / Tuesday, May 22, 1984 / ' ,posed Rules cc.pay .rd oumwl rum. SCMnNic Mm. F.mYy Dl.ltlblbn 2-400 Fbrke YrrdYn 2-WhI..W D..r.c.r.0 2 -Palk ..rld bu .urW be.W _-._- 2-Sa O 1WM Ov,.-Irq .ural b.tw _- 2-0nmoh.pa. lorbiee mmr,q.l cont 2-W.01Y GNI m.r aerie Web..____- 2-Se.M Vtt- y tt nw-fiar r b..b._. 2--SPon.d W. VM4y DWr.. ,tm, im. 2-8.,"1. pUrynyWn 4101r0 O«W...._-" 2-Abuoa.w pdYWMn^ wrW b.W__ 2-And.w.' Wrr scamb O..W.-_.--. 2-0.Aed'. duty .ur.0 2-Frpa1'..prlrp orlon wrW b..W._-. 22'-cP glm.ronowt/uar.npwW-- 2 -CA." omrwnel 2-Artwran arY+q b..ft __. 2-B4ri brdum row O..b ___. FLIES (Io.ctw Ordr opt" .. 2-M1 A '..m.otr..o.d BY.._^, 3A-v.IM mrd.. M- 2' -An p00..b" 2- 1=h @H~ robOrny_ 2-Hvd'4 m.upopon robxtly. 2-N.W t.b.pptl.d Wterid By 3A- Wctlw .pn.Yp b94tI29ed n, -,- 3A -tarty p iiaii Sy 3A-N.-.u.n Cnr.bdrW", duns By__ 2-WIIIw Sprin, .non A, __ 2-StgMmyt molt By 2--Dekrq'. rrvop sw n By. . Uwn n ny 2-Fk "a0wnyl.n nburd M 2'-T.w .Iwpm� Leiria By 2-8mun'. dvw W ly_ 2-8rmm n wyonn Yburid BY' 3A-VoW uonsnyi.n Mb.rW Ily—�— BUTTEFFLIES AND MOTHS (Inwct% Olds Lwldwwa) 3A 2lvin .rrrA•r man �iraan trtaroao>an rarppyrid man 3M-0wtrul oeeDrra mom _ 2 -examen bops mom 0 .�- 3A-Kpn. p.m kopw mom. __ 3A-H..ii Sial I 3A-%Na's p l p p to koper mom _ 3A -'On'. pioir by m t,t.___ 2-Dit rW petrxho.n IW rtYw mom_-__ 2-dynM ups aAwM _ 1- SanO PMn. rnonnlr .kpper btmrllY.__ 2�moan .tipper amMN_ 2 -AW. baur 2 -Caro '. 2-M.nwr. Nw WnM1Y 3A -kaon due ban ft-__ 2 -MUM biw bueubY 2 -Mao Bey Otr bn.rlN__ 3A.-Ptan bu. barony_____. 3C -Sop elfin banally____ 3F .elan ".ray 3C-Danaon'It bmMlY_.. 2-1(ama btr bmerby.--__— ac-cA wl.dm bnany-_ 2-0"n 'a tnPPW towlt"..___- 2-Henna Npper ban.my ___iiia..___ 3C H.faM. terfbMM WO" 2- ft-DMr 2 -San Emigdk blw 2-Bw.m'. bintre.k prtluM__. 3C-He,mun neiatreak bRMrny._..__ 3C-Kanen'. ytnp. wcw DanMN... ;A-AcwW m.nrt.de elippr WnMI 3A-Amanen Cnatrrvl ropbnFd mom 3A�nleopnapal Crania nepOOAid n 2-AbarWen app. mom_..__.-__ 3A= Pob' 3A -Ar . 3A�(arla epos rgNad rtnrR......__ 3A-l.yun qty noppwd rtMt....__. 3A-Rp'w11eN Wan n0[Wl m0111..._ Srh. do..' __ Sr A n.r.rd. _.._- — rror AarnY' Nov# ulu .yrwbu.M_ LotdVkrr rWr�__ c W. ptldn Co.Aa. P. oftRtiipf_. Erlorr ly munbW bocW�q_ GooftomlG.. EYYrn rdaiY Annpopor. Avol cyw arrrw apncnn Gnp.lon.rmd mY.bi.__ wt*.YnYrab__ Gwadd� Nkmaljxrrr7rw._ Puup.ni row AAk*9II w rbWLL— AWAV dlMwgy Amps till turd Aa pAmy* Ardwwn— Srw•.Md. daLLJ Swwryl. vt A w AIMM*Mk tainnw4_ hl-& abo... aild._- Ca cpyoa kwvdqu.4_ R.ww brrdu— SmNgdr. Eu.w...nn drbr EtWWW 1-SApM..odm -I Eyahibn. (-Sre�N..'oObq Loy EWdd.. (-SAIFW.aONq rb /wrWryNl+ 1101"Imw OrP+n. Wt. L•Irll'b MJ/bHM mtA'derrryl� Awypk iwrlo,Ne.pblrra-_ AIob.1Y (-G/dphp-4Lyw.a( Maas. (-Glbplrys -Aewrl I 1-GfttitiI-Aiwaa) L)v.blp meA.M LLanau upa nen LL,o.n. dorm. dyldnY-_,_ A4v -C&#o Pho"b (-Gdupflm mdo" A Pm&A- l-Fwqus p.cW. E Snyngn.dr BobarrV— VaW AbErm.' A4Wffilv sw*vw, nrtm a br.dMMY Alv.d. SnLVgW rnwAowm�__ EopdorW pwqwt ECAadrrtre rrrl.eprr.P. Aowrd..n.M� AProlb owxor.'..---- Apom rearm -____ FL _ GA. _. CA FL ._ W. GA FL AL MS. -_- FL _. FL CA. UT. CA CA. - - CA Mw . .. NV. — FL ..... ..... FIL _- FIL __. FL _.� ICY, IN, MI, MO, et, Grrdk AL'. AP'. CT-. DC', FL', GA•, IA', IL'. KS'. LA', MD'. MA'. MN', MS*, HH', Nl•, NY', NC, OH', PA'. SC-, SD', TN*, TX', VA*. WI'. MO. Grad., AR', Or, DC; GA'. IL'. KS-, 1(Y'• MI'. NY', NC, OH', PA', TX'. VA'. WV'. CA Medm. CA CA CA HI. HI• HI-. CA FL CA. FL _.� TX'. CA. M..I O. .. FIL NH' VT•. . NI. PA'. •. HI•. ... HI'. _ MN, to SD, NO. Ill, Grtla. .. _ CO. _- CA W. . MD, VA NC. SO GA CA. NN, AZT, Mmdw?. FIL CA. CA NV _ FL FL DA DA CA. CA CA _ NY, NH, M. MI, WI, MA', PA'. CA ME .�. CA, MEX. NH, MA W. MD, VA, NC, GA, FL. CA CA. FL HI. -_ TX. TX -._ MD'. _. MD'. GA', W', CT'. NY', PA% ON', CO', NM', Gud.•. HI•. HI'. _ HP, _ HI' Federal Regi / Vol. 49, No. 100 / Tuesday, May 22, _984 / Proposed Rules 2161 Cat."Y am common name Sdem,R n.. F.rd1Y IN.Indroon 2 -Marded undm.nry moth .................................. _....... ClAynla mamvau ............. ................ . _..................... NodWae............. _................ .... NC. SC. VT', NY'. W'. W. VA'. KY', IN'. IL', 2-A.amn um. Tdh...... __.... .._...................... 4rodw pal.ave..._____..__......._......................_._...... NocWiEae..._..._..................... _... MO•. W. NH'. 4T'. MA'. NY'. PA'. MD'. VA'. TN'. 2-HeMM'e noctu Motn............... _..........._.._.... .... EMlRoaceI✓GrU...__..__.......__................................... NoctWoa....._.._......._._............... NJ. VA. JA1.OnIbeE IW.fq,pPan nOC1uC TOM..._ ............. 1114COeaiPa mnAoe....._....�...__.................._......._..... NwtW as ... _..........__..... MI'. 3A -Me Ial,a.ary n POlL MOM .... _._........... _ Hokowi'W m rwis_....,.._................... ..............___. .,...... NwM...._........._........ ............ HI'. - 3A-Leynn dppaew h haCl rnolh.......... I)p" uYaaIRNMO_...._._........_......................._.......... Nw4dae....�._........_.._._._._.. HI'. 3A -HYO nyp.run mcN MOM.......__._ ........ .... _._._ Nypna nanei.......___..__..___-..._....._...._.._.._.... NOctuldes.._._..__.___.....,,_.,.._. HI'. 3A -tis. Brea mct MOM........_._..-.. _._._..__. IhM'Ia pJpiOu.._-.._._.._.___._.._._.._...._........._.. NoduEae....__.....___..._........._.. HI'. 3A-KNduaMM rronl.d mMp N3PNu eerdcllM...__._.._....__._..._.......__...__.___ NocWgaa......__._._._.........__..... Hl'. 2-ienm.n nocnW moM_....... .._� LNvp.,ana usMwY_._.. . .....................n .._.__. NortuMas..._..._ .._.y..._.. CT. W, NC, SC. 2--C r m nocluid moM... ......... ._.._...__.___ FHf b o�'OmaOb..__._._._..._...____ _.... Nwfudae....._._..__....._.... FL, SC, ME, Al IN, Ghee. 2-Flonda W." pun.rlly..... _..... _..�...._.._._ A`a as ds*alas NYWP bdae...._............ _.... FL 1-Unmmp "Mulls, WnarflY._.—..__._._.� BOd>i. aCOVMIN_._�_.�._...._.__..._.._._..._..... ___ NYmPNROM..... _.............. ... CO. 3C-Aa`maa.aM euneny...._._...._._..__..._..__. O-Vy*ss nRrad _..._. ... Nr1141MIis........... ___........ CO. 3A�tMMb woof rynpn eunrMY...-....__� c4wwas aawnala sdNrwN... _.... ....... ............. _._. NYTM.Rda.._..._._....._...._.._ CA'. 1-Bry tlledtgap0l punMN..._.__-_._____� Eu*1YdW1 e6MM brrwi.__.._...... _....... _...... NYMPMtiOee__._._.._. CA . Monet., aap01 pun wly......_.__...._.__..__. Elplryabyea diM NymquliCa......_____......._.. CA/NV. 3C 3C-Wngnll rJ.aOk.ptxn dmMly....._..__.__._ svpirlatr_....-__...._,..._-._...._. E,q'OMyea .deha ws2XrhAs,....-__._.__.__ da......�_. CA - - 3C-CosoM. vi0 dmarly-._..___.____._ lirvrRea aroYgar OaeP4M._.____..___..._. .....••. Nyrryntlidaa......... �,.__._._. "pvm AZ, CA NM, NV, M..IwO W 3G-MaHWIuM Wn.rrly _._�.______�'�_ NeY�Y�JIe f�E W/cXlal mA:MM'....___..._._....._ NyMPMud.......__�.__.......__.... MI, M. ON'. 3C--CMyws arcpc pinerlN..._..__.._._.. Onwu cMyns saWau , WA . 2 -Tawny aeeaant putterly._..._._._..__._ PhYdl=OalW..__._.._._......_..__..__. NyMPMli4.......... __.__ NC, VA NY, OH, MI, WI. NO. $0. CO, MN. 3C -Minty cMCRaapd bmwlly...._..._.____ FbYbyu miodk_____..__._...-._...._...._�. NympMlida...._.__.__.._....._.._ Gn . GA', WV', PA', W'. TX 2-0moty eyed down dmmny...._.__._..____ SMoWs ele,ae s Ammon.____...___.. NYMPwicia._._� IL,C IA NE CO'. ar tN'...........______ 3A -A". 3Pa.'b tlaSp eAaw._._ .._.._... NYnVnaliOae......._........._._._ CA . ".11a, 3A-A,aa pre- pettMy-..._.-..... SpAw4 aCiaSle llOafL__.__.____ NymphaliEN.�..._......_.._ CA'. 20.Caj" ces bfi«Iy-- obrMrKW..�___...__._._. Speyaaw Ny CA - - - 2 a aa..npol Wnerfly........... _.._..__ , W ca" nlap.�_._.. ......_____ SPWOOM Mlida...._.__._...___._. NympMkIae....�___......... _. CA .. . , Ten 3C-Tehadud Mounan M.erapol dfiarly ___ dWWWa Spywri agbia MAaRipiv..___._.�.___._ Nylrplu4tlaa__--- G 2' punrly.___�___ Sp"Iis h)e Amo wrpayn.___._....____ _._. NyrnquYOaa�_�..�-_..... CO, NM. .. AH Isp. ary 2�isgal ndnary Dunerly Sodyaru Jyeas—.r_____.-_.._.__ NympMlida. ME•, NW. MA, NI, NY, W. MD, DE, VA NC', WV. - PA ON, IN, MI, IL MO, MN, WI, IA OK, KS, 3C-Apa aiHer apol puneMy ......_.._..__...___ Spa/a'1. xWOm�4uao'uerla_.___.....__.__.._. NYTWwIiN..__..__..____._. NE, SO, N0, CO, MT, Cwwle. C NW 2�4e W..rspot pmamy..__..-._-._.......__ SPayaru nptalrlia ruaade.Pana�_,_...._._ NyIIpu4Eae..._____.___ AZ', Mexico. " 38-BRN-ObcK VHanP01 WnMH..... SPa"''l.roh0'rlisNyrnpn.IMea___._..�_ A.Z. M. 3C-MOw M.eupot Wttarly.,.—__._. hP9aru nc*WW larvbvu NYMpnamae_.._.____._ AZ, HM, CA, 2 -Great Man a tl alt W"Wty.--.__ Spga.0 mkO-is Nymphsedae._...._.__._..__._ CO, llr. Spaaie:aena 2-IApUJa nNerq,l CA -. 2-Mrrr'a wcovrun moth__.._,.____. Fucenu __._.._..__.._._ OIalb.ulWas._��__._._ CA. 2 ` Fnnoen M KNew moo _ rd/eplcliM edlnntr(w�_______�___.. ObtIV.Nid.s...._.__.._.__.. CA. 3A--Sponoeee'. M^uauen htwdI/ °2-Buhl ea moo Prrl.etiy obd'vu sewYOew�____..___.____. Camu9a 0vacbm..__...._..___.___ _ CA'. '. '.. .-. Pepilbnida..__.___.__.__. S_._ CA. AnO.1ws 00M ........ I JF-CauR�`a m19a pP pis tl Piarioaa..._.__.___..._....___ CA. 2-A,trew'e mud. dMMTy--.--_—._ EARYWI _..._. hyeMneM.wl._,__.._----- Psamss . CA. 9C--MeRw Ymb« erny....._._._...____ `2-�Mo1dM1. g. ---- H')'A den /W.m..._„u__.___...___.._._.. arualraPu..__�_.�._..-_ PwNae_.___..._.�_._.... ,- PQ Caripbean . . WnMlg. hmfoeo Badge neaNevlan n,0. 2'-( ................._._ Hall ft NMybpu..Aphprpdq__.__..._.._... P/raliEas..�_...._.__..v PynlMde.__._._�___.� HI. HI. 2' -'CM t,p edylapn moo......_....._._______ areMornG'e..._....._.......... __..........__. Pyralkae ....___ HI'. hl swamp nedAapbn mom____ Had*,, HadybPn__. 2'-0OW. 2'-0bl panty ned h.00aptan ma. 2'-F•ibweY>Wnane ten R,o.. H.OyMpe evyAwa...___.�._.._..... _..............__... Nadylapla Aauweyh______..._..__....._._..._. Py alidas.._�._.____.___. PyrelNe..._._._.__.._____... HI'. HI'. 2'-Grtlard'a 'oM Iwylepun moo Npwn u yiXmf'_____.__.__._...__........_ ......... PYtelka....__.___.___...._.._ HI'. 2'-Kibwe pa'ino Ivadybpun moo.._._.._ H^jyb HI'. .... an tegb moM..._._...____.__. H-Y"u:ydu-.._._.�_ Heeytspu 4yvnena_._._._..._.__.._. ....._.._.. PyrelNea.._._..._.__.__. MP 2'�M, moat.___.—._. 2'-Maw"n agl+Reh/.____...._.._.__......_ ......._._.. _. Pyr.Ndas.._.�._.___...._.__._.. HP. n is imI4, MI, 2--M. ian pwn belmlbr moM H.H.d,AWye NedyNpu mppyoru___.._.__...._ ...___....... poswe..-._�._..................... HI'. .. 2'-M.M patina Mdylepun moM....__ NedyKpa musim/e.....__�.__..__....,..._..__...._ Pyra4We- 2'-HHraoan b'Ju Mdekptan moM ...�.._-._-_ IMaNaple PriK1Y/Ofi'.._....... ..._...._.........._ PYMIMa....._._.._...._.. Hr. - 3A-TeleprapAc hedylepun h,o..... Hadytapu Mbpsphe..__._,.�_._...._ _......_..__.._... PyraWae.____..___....._ HI'. .' 2 -Blue margarOrwn motR...__..._-___.___._ AWPuo%ye ............. PYWWae......... _....._____...__.... HI. . 2 --Gwen Targaroden moth._.-.______ wrPaa,ord. erar4 ._..._._...__ Py,.Wse._.__.__.._..... HI. - neupA4a ueOdan Moo f)a]OYe dyaQp..__ __�___ Pyyalidaa.__._._.____...._..... MI. neatrwl c 5)nanMaddn uaun.aa__._.._..__.._..-.____._..... SeeiV.da __...:_._......... _... VA', PA', SC'. ME', M$'. NY'. 1-w x ante -__-_____.....____ 1-Wuafa a mom._....._.__._.____ fryrosaywx.a.:ntl_�,�._._._.._...__..._._..._.. Spldnpoaa:.__._.___....__ - CO. NM-, 3A -Bl 's ...... Aundau Duekl)NrY._r.-___._....__..__..._...... $pnngWa......_.._.-._.......__ - .' HI'. . WU Wapfrnx 3A -Ce N green adYv of Kawl 7epslpru i^ua9d'Sas _,�____._..........._.... SpnMggp...._._.___._.__...__. HI'. 1 3-'O,,a eyA bel mW mo1R_-___ iARMwu __...... __......_...... Ti.cnuiiEse._._—._...:...._.._.. VA'. 2-'py pM bel Mlw moM SpWemu dYMhha._. Tpebidae_.......__._....... Hl. 2�irew.paMad'oM'oM baaoller moo __. $pMfNi.la plaepbapioy __.___........_.v..._._.__._ _._ TaN a. ..... HI. 2-Watlu bM+dbr moo.._._..- ..... __.._.....--. SpNumu MYWAOSMna ............._.............. _.._......... ___.____............... Toroddae..._._............... ... HI. CADDISFl1ES (ItieaV. Order TncMWar.) 2 Mt. 11cod p IN a dachyoentW uddsny......_._ fabeU/cnnhu Y.Ad......... __...._...................._..... BpNWC.rltrkaa..._.........._......._. 3-Anewn agepebs uddsly.._.........___..._..-..- Ape us artewe._.._.._....._ .... .... ............. .____ Gloaaoso.a .... ................ MO. 2'-Oeruvng's agap.lus Cadanll........ A Iu, da'arurP—��. __... _..__................. _.... .._ GIos. Wae _.._._.._....._... OH'. 2-Amsn , agaperus csdd fl. ...... ___........ __.._. Ap ns; nMdaal,—__-._------- _---- ._........... _..... Glo.aofom.tbaa... _...._...._...... AS. 2 --San MafC wo(Mblan C]Ede1lY...__._... P ftpae 4Ce..... .......__.._........_..._.. Gbsao.am Ip ...... .__........ TX 2- wt a aMOnwmpayG, caadnty_.__...._.__.�_ CMwnalopa)cyM Am._...-_.._. -------- .... ..... ..... ...._.. Hycf o sychlda. _....._._.....___. TX 2-JbNNi<haunalOpeYaM <1ada1N........... _...... U'MYIMlOM1�PAa /NhM_........._....._._. ..... ........... ... ... Hyo'opaycNdaa._..._._....._._.... TN. 2-Vannda s cn.uma,pryene uOdclly..___.......... LAuarul Mywr PA 2--�'alewrw dpecvon>n utldisly ........_.._. mft......._..._...._._.._.._.._._..._..... (,�MaChON n4IP'nib..._...... ..... .__................. -_.. sycwas...._..._..__....._.- Hy&O ,cache........_....._...._..._ 2-SGvni non _.__......_ /brnepbeea.yyN._._..._...__..._....._..._... _.... HY&W.Y Wae_.__..._............... OR 2-80I.b S . cawn 1, __..try......._.. utN..........__.__.._._ yc ap4ui......__.._......... _.............._.._..... HydopaygFdea.............. _..._..._ TN TN 2-R.. r"ywwn en. vWaa Hydwt6dmp NSOrgsryw raised.._. .... ....._.._...._...._____.._. HY&W-V nM.a...._.._._.._...._... ON "d ,I.._.___.._.._._._..._. 2-Aassn i IrydopsycM udaialy.......__ _.-..._._ rw.wY._.._______...._.__............._.... Hydopaycaca....__............ _....... OK. 2'-K+p'a Gaw paaPayaw udMM... .... _.... ... _ p r4pj Vft ParepaycM eanrRn.__... ....... _.._..... ......... _...... H"*wsY.Jyd..__....__..._........ CA'. HydopO *......_..._......_._._..... TN. 2-Kne'a r,oh,dan mpo CaadallY.._...._._.:._......_ AWmpw Aiu1....._._..___.._....._......._..........._...._._... Hydwl,ROB....... ._........_.__........ MO. 2-Ahq ocrvoa n mpo udtlnny _.........._..._.. LPJMXrMia.,a,........... ...... _....... ....._...._..... _.._. HydropeMa....... ...._.... ._....... OR. 2---0 ..a o mob huh map caddnly.............. _.. MwbKiue c tl.........._.........._......................... ....... .... HYMopWld.a.............. _..... ......... . MO. AS 21672 Federal Re 2-V�-* 2*-FWitl. � 2--L� � Wg-wn "dftft, 3AA� � cao*Lqy.._ bV� C40d%fty__ 2--Cm� "M� cmdchg�r__ 2-X.Va Cmn� wyWd� cadft" _ 2-6.w MOu CrYPW"n caddmN. 2-KWV's C� *o0swipm cdftty 2---Qr� Spv%p Ma,n4M famm cad 2-4A Hood 1.M.. 2-TNmNofr P a f� �"._ 2�� GNph�y� �ffy.. 2��M W~A. 2-W D� ftrAphik. cadchaty 2-CoWmb4 Wal � 2-T�� P� Ogcp� m 2*-Cls� ph�A� codftfjy_ 38 -(No 2-�>pdoiophMod" "ddie,_ 2--C�.'s poly cdd�,_ 2-H"� � cddw(iy 2-SWWpu 2 -AMY . Ojscwh� caddo-I U� CLa MYGOOPNl.O C*ddoN Cd"ft_ lhvboop� cddt,.- 2-4i,ddwk4, 0,,coph� ,d*a,- 2C43% CM d"cWhftm mdftft- BEES AND WASPS Qn"ct., Ordw Hrmr,w"j 2--YNbw-0NgW 2 -Ni ICWOd� �M 2N�w. 041.k� w,w______ Z-AMM10A W"4b" 2*-JA y�t 2'--CNwow� y�f� 2* -C. yMw-fscW b" _.-..__.- 3'-Ca-CaYb-fa� 3A�.d yM�JmW 2--D�W VN�4� 3AEq� 2'--E4" Y��-I� �___ 2-�. V�4� � 2-Vvo.-f� 2�ykaw4� v�ffutl 2-GA.fV 2--H. yNI.w4KW 3A-Wl.ry 2-� YNb4� M-Mb� Y"�4.W 2*-H.vtiM ysgaw4.oW 2--�umi ye�4wW 2'-K" y*lo..fscW 2*- �M . ....... .... 2'�.W �4� � ....... 3A�"�.d YNlow.IWW 3A �AO yw�4 3A I I -I � y�j� 0... ....... 3A�W y 3A-MINMN yNlcw.I.uE D..._......_... aAsfwwy 3A 2 -PP AP� w=W-(3� y�& -I.O JA-�� yw�CeO 2'�W "�4A'Vtl bs. .. ......... r , 01. 49, No. ioo / 04.ftv C*V�w C,Mdm AX.WW O� rd� pbsbo* rAmmom fttw A*#Ww 1Rnwm) a,"-- Ebmimm,ft bi" Fr dlwW P"R.M pad,Y.& m vkC r E4MAn AftO AWOPuwpft A484O opb N"wM-wA, AI*sqpwCp* N"vpO^Vm N.Wpmsq. AW,q.vwpw N.KWO.pi, ftlga'Pwpb Aulop ftwpmsdvm� A4KpV.wm A4vcpMMqw. Aimgawpy A400pMAV6 M� A*Iwmw� N_qwv� A4N,McaVa N�,Cpw Nawpusepw Np AV,Opvwpo N-OpmWOO N"OPMOAlk A*Popuwpd A4wpM,qm may= la " ad Rules OR%G. FL OR CA. FL OR OR OR FL'. FL'. ON.. OK*, FV. OR. CA. OR CA. OR OR OR CA, OR Oft OR. ow� MA OR sc, AK OR. MT. CA'. OR OR. OR. CK CA. CA. OR FL CA. CA. HL HL M.. HL HI.. H.. Hr. I.. HV. HV. M'. HV. Hl'. HI'. Hl'. mV. HL MV. HI. I.. Hr. HV. HI.. HM H.. HV. H11. HV. HM HM HI., NO. Hv. 4r. Hr. W. Hl'. Federal Regis...: / Vol. 49, No. 100 / Tuesday, May 22, 1984 / Proposed Rules 21071 C.I.N'Y and cpnwllon name I ScIwBKc MIM I F.* I DWbro le", 3A-RwyAose YW Ik'ad 2'�aleM yeikm4ac l Me......__.._. 2'-eM1NIgM yNbw-lauC pee- 2'--S-PW vaY ,Ked 2' -Sp kc *klacsd pee.____ 2'-Spllaaad9i5 Yab'w.fKwd tka, ._ 2'�riyve /Nbw-IaosO pea.-._._.__ 2'-VKinen yeaow•laoad pae______ 2-Vo4ele yNbw faOW bee-_�__.. 2-4I1Beup mutllUd 2H&w&I ll dakanMwwn spMdd 2-791. dakwrMwan WOW Weep--. 2- ktfan's eLtemkl* apMcial WMp_.__ 2 ; SIKKI�p01 KIMYYIIe WhW d 2-VA"MW ectemran phacid wa0p__- 2-6,. aoas eclalnww appecid "W.- 2 -8i ka, .Wei d 2-NwMebO leek, w.p..--.- 2-Ks" na Irkm an aWlKld 2-SMlla-aped M'pr:Maa, plwrid way 2'-MOKn ppew wap'_-. 2 -Na aw oeyswwe vapid wap. 2- pdyrvma vespal SNAILS (Moewen, ON, Gastropoda) 2 -(No aomrrun nems) 36Newmrnp's knorkw 2 -SL G." wa._. 2-414o wllvnon rlanW) 2-(NkI canvnon MIM) 2 -Co W pyaopa anal _ 2-Femv,y Spmq IYydaba anal-_--- 2-Helicoidsp*Vsnail. 2 -(No conwwn Mrlla)._---_._ 2-4No CIXnmpl na.) 2� SPnN 2-Wekiwa Spdrlp wl__ 2- U,,,I uw 2 Mu ,VMWyw w*l I- knl Of RO spkp Wil.__ 2- kfaanpal Valley brpn al-_ 2-lor,g,pael Spkp ahA-- 1-MiKWngWM Nevada SPMV rwi 1-lAryeglan0 Nevada aw" xwY_ 3C-4Np p9M1rd1 NIM) s I-Socpro aPM anol..__ 2--6k Island nal.. t-thpadaa Wire 1-RoaweA oprkq t 2-Grwl Cok n tura Rivar pin 2 -(No opnarlon Mme) 2-(W CdM10n MIM) 2-0boes Marst. arwl _..-- 2-Tl .I,el MenOowa weed. - 2 -(No cannon name) .___- 2 --(No common name) -- 2- (Nk, pRngn rams) 2-( o CRrmgn nems) .._.__ 1 -Vela Amaryose 1- 1,se RkpiOe wail....--__ 1-Bnxaeu Hd SPnN wal..— 2-0.9 'e 2 -WNW Raw 1 2-Ghlorrva yKkWp waw aMl__. 1 --Pam W RCLka Tryorke 1- pS;, ao0a Tryolka I -SIMM aokd Try m............_. I- rkas WMw Tryolka 2-Amw9oaa TryorlW 2-8. M .4. nnel.._..... 2-8... w1.....-..__..___..... I -Ano eawnRlea 1NII...........-.... 2 -Ano" Y rirR n,A..._.._..... ...... 2- lwn Pova anao............ _....... _... 2y-A lwn snel............ .......... ..... 36--InaeM rnR watl..... ........... __.. 1 -Spm mw are) .................._.... _._ 28 �1Ma eam river anew ................ 2rI,,en. roanal .................. 2-Armpwan mR a4 ................. 2-Donpl a mR and... t. ....._........ 2 ay.1 e, RIVR tro1.................. . 211, RrrvR ,awl_.._.._._ ............... 2 -Elk BrvR 6a even ..... _........ ...... .. 2-R all g,.r stle mw wY ...... 2_vap9 0 river a A .......... ..... _....... 2-Venu<O,a M1W ".- .... ......... 2 -Gent Cot Ma Raw "t........ 2-Uan ban naA........................... 2 -Fen SpnN, p al EpMw" (-Cyadvaaro) d+ljasa...__. Sovacidw_ EcNnrwa SWwidae_ EcAmaMe(-Or9raabo) AAipla___._ EeMvMs hsaovabc, GlWmaAr_-_-__ E.Mtwn rvApi+.__._..___-__.____ sWlKidaa._______ SphwkL" __ Sppecldee... .._ Hydrdidae_ Mspa npnlb*.a' "._ -._.. SWwtidaeY�cpnrya..._�_._-__�_ ._RAW_._�_ daa rawb_. w _ rXQnarea riY*kwnW-. �_ Oayn Veapdr .. vespid vaAvn p,Wwmk G0. 1811.._._....-__-_ A,gr,w1L hwam beer* Henpik 1877_..._ Amw7an dns'n Mail". Isla----- ApAKabcan aadlene, Tha,peon, 1988 Ap/wpnc;cermwm$jPiW", 30981-.---- ANIecNacwlAlam$ Thonpwn, Ism_ M'uo,/aoen a)m,apfu TpsngKrk 1988.._ Om-Awwd, AMiatpyla Tnnpac ,. 1965_ O Owd, mea Tholpaork 1988. ca,:kws'd' monvanh, (00. INS). Orw*'w* parva Tnpnpa,n. GYovlea'a ppgroa' Tpppaon, 198a_ OHovWb wM2nipy(V,Men, 193)_ Ckxk fk aakhaw T wglen 1988_ coovow manna pilwxy. 1958 _. Fbylkwob a✓alkab Piady. 1925 Fknirvn &Yffrop rra Plady. 1899_ FAnisal, awn wW Pliably mind aektwr. 1692 y.. Tlanyaron"p.—. .,yd _ Hydpbwae_ Hydrdidae_ Hydrabidae F0ftfA.YI1kIpYp1"p.��_ m-Amnexall) 'nY. 1883) A-MTLW Fk1916Ytla (�Amwa4) I,II"IlairJN (P9abry, Hydlpbatlr_ 1918). Fddeyarh rap*b walker. 1909 Hy*opWw_ HydrdWdu_ Fwalika , p. .�__. FIMw4aY p..�.-_.-___ Hy&dAdM_ LNnskeemaaedac,TW(Ivcx,,.1899)- Hydrobidae_ HydLplidw_ Afa,Me,a HySobidee- WThITNpW. 1977.77_ AlwaNv pafoa Tp 1977. Hydobadae_ Thcwy Tlwlywon 1977 Nydrobidoe_ Afwsfpti p, TNmlpwy 1971__ Mansforri p1dat, Th Hydrobiidea_ wha SIWIW,lwa 4nm Hydabidae_ Tlymp,on. 5_ Tryvn, 1865___ Spnelco" lenax Tlwrrwaon, 1999. enaxT S&bim Hydobidae_ nem Sd,dW&W Hydabiiee_ Hydpbl�ee- 'Gena and apKlK rmnikwa41ed_—�._____�_ pecie and wbei_ Gwv* and spathe ad______ Hydoba0e,_ Gam*amt tev:I* h#W(IVlldas 1035)_..____ Toweir cleade7Y(Paaluy, 1a361 LKWWWHydnobik0aa_ LMaidaid" LHnOdNdee _. rOwY' Naflwan $linpaon 1995__-._-_ Tgprat irlfelar (PisOry. 1998)._-.r_—__. LMpMkiOae r11a'1'p.-_....___-. Utio06nidae Utio-- Trlcria W._._._._..__..._._..__. .._._._.._ UttorkWidN UltaNiWaN Too as p.---'---' ...._...-._ .._.�. .. . Ueoraluv0ae T101v,i' III ------------- idridee Tryc✓isle..._._.._.........._.._._._-. ....._._.._._ LMIpIdflldN Utto ' AAsnw.ee y.n..e. Berry, f W 7 _..__._............... _._. Aminkneall, aa,ky,ewk Atheanka AaeanweIvIr nthon..___.______.._.._.._.._..___.__ Afakanlo anrmr 1851).._............_.__..._ Plaaownde (.1,Wnn. Aflwmie aaav IHapeman, IBa11............ __.._.... .... Plweo GOrtChaLa LeL 1961...._.... ....... ... __..._. 01(i. %wlrpCMde "nkcwkkne GoOlny, W, awMirWM akianen,ie KHbry. 1903.... PlRapowide 16eY• 19311........241 ......................___... ._. Pla L pAwla Lpfrub pvnroramm 18211...... laCe kki PlavxwMa e......m,._...__.- wnWiinn RVaslMrpy. _.. Lilmse, Pleaocw,da me pokdos Lbfwm aIm(M'a(say. 10211 ........ ........ _.__..__ ...... PlewKelWa IL..IN1)..._ L/a'Waie dmprvana Ilea. ..................... _...... _. 'enexIAy.-a*Halde n.n. I 1810.___.....___._._. malaocwi0e pleamentl bin. 1131 ................................__._.... burse ) Plakn c Loins" Inky (Cowed. 2q._ ................_...................... Plewocerlde kla py ne, (t.N. 8 Liflu'a ILaa, 1152)....._............_........._.......... P1400MnW Lana. Nled/oaa l(%omad. lB3q ........ ....... ....._..__..._. "Aadv' PleurKwiO, LKMaa vRmcpae Repndallde rah//i aid.nIm., 1 11 ............._....._.... LAnyweidas LaMgW eek, 1877 wShIgn............__............ Meek, 1971 (.SWpnav4 uran'raa LyCan. LymMaidao Gu, 1911). 1 ") . $M9nppla pgd'S" IHR*wnll. 10901 ...... ...... ........... _... LymnasiOH HI'. HI'. W. HI'. HI'. HI'. HI'. HI'. NI'. CA HI. Hl. N1. H1. HI. HI. HI. CA', NV, HI. HI. W. HI. HI. ID, UT. CA. WA. OR UT. FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL TX NV. NV. Illy. NM. NM. ID, OR, WA GA GA TN AL GA TN. GA AL NV. 10. 10. TX NV. CA NV. _ W. NV. W. NV. NM. u NM, TX TN. GA. TN. AL F GA IN. TN, VA TN. TN. KY. TN. TN. TN, TN, AL TN. TN. TN 10. OR, WA UT. UT. I 21674 Federal Re 3r / Vol. 49, No. Ioo / VNvyY .na QII.IIO1, ,IMIN sciwb C nmr 2-C• FA« rumbpn wW_ IJynp7u mAP1.41'mi (PUby, Ia03)__.___,_, 2�l.a.m LAA• .n.11 __ FJa"'m (-CL W, ) P4AA«I.er.• Nwawaon, G 1972 2-GrwnRW r.rndrom rW. r4%/ aWonria wcormus BWnll 1VM___ t�'l A.r 4Nuc0 rmabprll «W_ GMar. and SpaeM. YMo.clged.______ 2-W7orn^9 Rim a7aA IT. a amcru 1974) 2�Nlbbl. wi._ MrW ua.Jrwlea CWCN ta25_ 38-Oi-Wp y Pa MW. Ryu "M aottprw Clm 1924._��. 2-210n C-,- .tui_. ftw sb a F", 1905 1-Sr1K• MW ptq" M,y RIYm w ---- 2-F IAM4 mJ. s"'W rym (-AW&-A Adpwbf.Y ((2anWmaN i G Bwli'. 1934 2 -Shan S«m.n b•• wW Sp Abbdd.b (MpN•m. 10,9). 3A-(Nomnvnon nmol__ _ CNaa. (y Sowly)-- 2 --Son CNnury I•I.ra b9Adaop WW Si«ba pY7lanYa (Steft 1,991 _ 2-(N' cq«non rlun.l _ pw,po alaburlanW Clapp. 1915 2 -{No oomnrn ^nn.l MO Mynd V r -U 2-I(anW MM•r vwl_ CaOJwrr. Ag1/AN AwlAbwrb piA, 19H_ 3C -Fl tr•• MW . LOAM 4� ("Y . 1774) - 2 -<Nu oomran nmrl NaYxaW dwAm GMM 1997._____ 2 --(No om.rrn n.m.l yJ.AbldY MAodar Kb L IM._ 2 -(No IN. 6 B•a«. 1832) 1-SY, Coop«.IaW- 2-(No cannon Nm.l G8'PAl'.b'Aa pA NuMmt IW 2-4No mrrcmn nml•1.__ P.Wba, c4pPJ IPJA'. 1688) 2 -Mt Maly d6•r«J arW D• m.YYd e•A«. 1938. 2 -YM:. wW_ AmI..V.& Ot.W Cppp.r. 1eee. 2-(W mmnon n.nl.l --_ AaAmunu9r pu (ay.. 19511 _ 2-Nc , tWo lard wa _ AJaapdon &t1 paaby, IW 2--C r '. A4dodoyl OWplMdv; 18321___ 2 -(No cpmmion ynrl. AA1•pdsr d.rYa. aayrir KAMdit tme_ 30-,'WM. Jdd►bo9W land 6W AYdbdbr A5l..ba.. (AMI«. 19381_ . 2-L4&Warr MdnYN n:ddHwBw wi Afmwdn fiWg uw (Pf*my ud Fwru. 1906) 2--(N mnwon colla) --- F&1"JlipoolAF4 IF11ai1«. 1048) 2 -Sb" mwy�M Mrd wal pap977a p vprba RY , 1972 "No ponlnlm nw.•)- $f«Ar1YIa A✓d FuBrptwt 1974._ 2-4Nop n•nW. SMpbama MtricM pyby. 1940 2- *,a /a ^.^oa-.Pwb and WW Ina, SAww&ul, p.Lb7I V;• ISM) 2-414o mnyrm nam•1 7Aody mar/aapdq a O%bry. 1W0)_ 2-Wyu 6.x Owd Iva ray Tdpdp" boa14Y7YA9 OftIvy and Fw K 1907}._ 1� Indra ". VO*Wi W A&vk 1 Tdmep•, 1962 2-4Np con.non nam•) QBW1 *mbrnalr pftft INS 2 -Canard yNN bmW mwyN wW Cbapyl.b AbV u 9mio0ra Rt q 1937__ 2-Id.bo Mdd moml.N mad Cm hd /dYl, , oo hN Nwcomq 2-,(W pOnwan ANN) _Qdwh.6li�iAi,ANif. pimpr9A 1880' 2-WM bodd mo W%.ya. late Bwry, 1972 xax#wla9 2-WNan'a y1dA0 tMa9aN AIW 000h r ora Sdmt 1875.__ 2-"o n-, lw wW. whob pw i,, P,IW 1939_ Acro S S y may HA"%ocpa,A,a'i+ apypY •YPw.tld Pi by, 19A 38 M-4 3B�'..p M•ndorba wag * Naom l4bd1MA7IjpY .nor Aamd«1d. A G Srti9t 193e. 2--INO d PayNNM• MW /AyniWopjpla aripm I1V•g1. (earl.dt 1919)__ 2 -(No ror1.l,on nulrl A4� arrpv pomowrb A G Sm9R 1971 2 -{No mrmnon n.m•1 WUF4tYApi trey wlY A 1 WO_ x --(No can.rian r,mv) /NioiYAry9pY a.idodwrla (P1iAb'y 1 Fwd, y & 191x} 2 -(No cm nwral -_..._ IlmftkW pjpY mrla B•rry. 2-Kdln's wnnMi. wW P (B2) ackl /4iaYWIogJFpN At-kiyuwl. A•v,. IB•n 1819)._ 3-(W ramrn wtr) _ NaloaplyN n.dr4v1. bA1,W (NMib, Nonrr lull. 2--(W comnm nA•al N-61-ww7" mqn � (11". Is=. -- 2 -(Na Larim4n nmal mw-,Wwp�pYbWimaya(Ban.d1,19161.- i-Bared dun• a1W NNmbmop6pY.A16AAna (1J.mpNl 1911)_- 1-COrKanV.td m.J AA'ewbN, AMda (N•.00nq 1884) 2-FrimW wi. ,_- Mwlw4wlY May, 0%.pN418bt) :-Caob'. MaJ� dyJwA Vm (N. =y lx lea) 3e-Gaad•I wW_ 44ww* "iwovwm4 ready. Wda 1930- 2 -(No cpnanon ram.) AiiyrJalY a.•a balmy PJ.bry and 1pw•. 1831 2-Cyloni. MCCgy Albrb,IA NµI./ morolw 1915 2 -(No con+nion rang) A4vvbd. N.rlap/AY WJNt 103 1937 3G�1arA•dn. wuA_.__ AdiuwblY d,«ob• (W. G. sw,". lest) - 2--Cob•do aa.m MW _ AJiaavAyd. Awnw r Bang, 1929 2- ncMy p•« a1W.__ AJivybnY pprAra. /bat 1975 7 WrA.9rd YAW .r1aJ. Adi wb wdYya (W. G. Bwry. laSM �. 3C -Tryon'. MW_.___ AiaarmY yeti lrJ••oaAJ>19x1. 2�No conyrim r,ma)..__ AYr1.da'1i, pJaAan,,(SW Ia79).__ 2�No cwmrn ram•) AbradrW ba WY nmm (W. G every. lu,j - 2�y mut MW ___, ArpMdM.. Ad•.Y Pro^ Ba . 1931 2-J Yoawm. Mad.. _- AbrYOM,4 Ail4bwrd )Nwrawl.Al ha••. 19161 2-1No cpmmn ram•1.-.,- iiarYdrW mwmw.m w7M IN", 2 -(No cornnan rYm.)--_-_.__ A1aNdwr na 1, AA«ad«y A,&,fml Mr i9 S. Ndm. 1014 SrN9t 1933 I 2-Tmiry brrW anai (-La9lorlW ror9rm dm Mtou TW AAmad«14 MYw TaN,d,11952 MUJI. 2�No cpnrMn mm ) _._.. _ 5dIwu14 ANrr1a. PY.pr7 aM Fwra. 1915 _ 2-iNo m,man raor) .___....____..__.__ SwaraY AMpMe MilNr, 1970.... CU S AND MUSSELS (MdB+.c.. (gay BnMAg 2-Sp.cYCN uu MAr1y mu.N__...... ___ CunbwYnd. monpdvrta 1Sq. ion) 2 -AM . p.«I .M__.__._-_ _ AloTW "/ynrana• A4An � ]-(Na wmnun nMnAl-- -_-_ AbwndarY .&OpugA•. (R•anoMN. 18]1).._ 1984 J Proposed Rules IAaordy.____ iAA wy TX M. M. UT H. G AL FL tR. FL VA TN. IO. G AL W. TK G TX TK All. AL TX B. AR OIC 10. AR G G IG Ia 91 9% IG. UT. G G I G G G G ✓ � G G G G G G G G G G G 1 G G G G G G G G OR G G G G G G AZ TX at a_". MO. NE ON, TK VA AL GA KY. TK Federal- Register / Vol. 49, No. 100 / Tuesday, May 22, 1984 / Proposed Rules 21675 rel•pYY •nd CgM10r1 NIN SCM tit NrN F•Tily DIaIftwon SA -(No almallon ^vN6-._.___--.--_..- 2 -(No alrermon ___..___ 2 -(No alrvrmon Nmel .__..�_____.___.-___.._ 2 --(No aronrm NIM).__... � ..__-._..__ 2 -Vine,, a WNy muW 2 -Tor Fts aplry mane 1 -Tr Rwr apvry maaW Mewed" Aelaroobn Ma 10.'701 Abwnd Ma nKnw6 ABw•m, 19U._..__-..._.__. Aysneginy twmas" (Lea. 18111...___.-._.._.. AyanrdonY ropmst CWha, 1901 ..----- _____ — AIaL j0. wmpmi m Walk, 1901 __.._.....__.._._. Af* i wINnMON M IM WaIker, 1912__ Fs m CO&W (CPM•4 I8371___._._.�.__.. EAOW ("'WhPw) Aw`4"a" JOM,arl and CWk•, 19e3. Unwfid•.......__._._....._____. lkwrvda•_-._.._-__..._._... UrYaJda....____.__._...__._. UN9n4aa ...... Un,,,das .,......__.._._.._._...._ Urao odaa........_..___..__._... U j Ndu._____..__.____._. UNrid•a.-_._...o....._.._._. MA MO. NC, NN, W. PA VA VT, Can•Oa GA NC, TN. NC. SC. FL AR, OK. VA NC. x i• •pay mreaa...._..___.�____._.- 2 ylvun antra mua•e.__._.__..__._....-._.,. Dlpgo (Q Myrm) *wN" (L•0. I&H).._.___-.._ Gon/KWYM ptlla 1C91V•d. 1878)..._._...'_-..__. Uriorlba•....._.__.._..._............._ uNONd•..._._........__..........___ GA GA, NC. SC. 2- •slam I." pe•ry masa.._..___-._ 2=Eulwn 1.o- II po dy mune._-_._._._.-._. 2�spe Feer Pike Wuly muW._._...____^_. 2-Waoumar lana Warty muaa..__,_._ 3A�Loa9very part msaa_^_____.._. 2-Wsccamsw Wlh•.__.__-^_-. 3A- C -It WM ml�aN 3A -(No oomrr.on Mmol— 2-419 oamnwn Nm.l ._ -..-- 2 -(No wlr.nm ^aural..----_ 7A-Nolab Warty myoal_^..___-.____ JA --Atom Perp mwe ___.___-____..._ 3A-Leavn'• WM mvas•I ._...-_- 3A -Sloss Wary m+sea ...._ 5A -Le WrM mussel^_..___. 1-Pem" ^rasa - 3A�me+•yed PO" ruyse.._�__,-,�__ 3A-Norq Pa" misnl.._ SA-Sywrd's may mVaae _- 2-P91ple=1'$ paw Peary maW_-_.-_ G1pro9'ria aEard(Corlrad, ISM) ... _.._.._._- CIMV •'r array (Lek 1570)_..____-.___..__.. E4ptc maaupioWy FW W. IW2._____._.._.--.__ EVW 0.P.._.-___.-_._ ENOW agent (Lea 1e521._�____.-_._..-.. EAOW W0. MaFwmy(Lea, IM).—.....UNONdu.__.._..._..__..^_ EA,c aml (-Q'+noma) r ,/bmb (La•. ie011._. EpomUa a (-Dywn+W) mwnraN wu (Lea 18571- Epbraenr (-DW-r901 bavld,m (Lea, 18]1)._ -- fpbburrU (-DysMrrw) ap+eslam, (Lea. 1854). EpwEfavru I�Orslwnial Mnuv (Rduwpw. ISM). FywNunM (-DYanwnial ftymana M1•a. 1830.1... EAUWnarru (� DYrwmel la/ewr' (UerEack, 1915).. E{vdavN(�0)'arn+Mel laAh'ILaa 1MJI....__.- EpaberN I�DYsnPlnal apwW (WMhar, 78101 ---. Eploba" (wA/mo ir) prNa (Cooed. 18Ut ...-. Epkbla a (�GY+nanie) prawula (Say. 18291.- EM"w,M (-Dl'wraae) prdpk" (Lea 1851) EP064r (-Dyararda) syw•n,DV (Lea 1052). EpboarM (-Dyx,4mW) Art=y swl:au (Lea 1024). UNorYdn____..__......___.._ UNonidu.....--__...... Unondaa._.__............. UmicfiGo_.__�_-___.. UNonda•...,_:._.._._..__...._. UNonldn�_______._.._.-. UnbNdaa,_._____._._.._ UroNdaa._ _.___ UNondae_.-__.._____.._- UNol,ldo•.._._�-------- UrJuldw__.__.___.^._.. Urldndn._._.__._.._�. UNorlidn_^__._..._,.-.� UnpMdu...._-____..__- UtumKoo.�__ UNmdae._.^_ UNondn_.^.. Unl Nd••_ ___ U0omW&a� •-.-AL, AR. KS, MO. OK. AL Vi. KY, VA NG NC, GA NC. Al TN. AL. TN. . AL, KY, TN, VA AL, TN, KY, VA AL. TN. AL TN. vA . AFL MO. AL. TN. . AL. TN, KY. AL, MS AL. TN. AL TN. AL. TN. TN. KY. 2-C • oV pwy mrW.,�_ 2-(W common Nmal 2 -Neoax Wary mwaa �-. x -(No mrrmmorm Nm•1-•_- _. 2-(W mymllaVl Mme) ^-- 2. `_",. anW ____ 2-SIaR peaay rM1A•a 2 --Coe adch Way mvnN _ 2-LIIINwmpeat gsd pea 2 -Na n c erg-- 1 -Cu * msa•I..__ _ 1-iAuan•A'a msaal__ _ 2 --(No crnmon NTMI-__�__..�.. 2 -(No amnion ^0.^r) 1- kmdga Tags mmN 2-4149 ammMn mmol- _ 2-Ro99h r•GGn', loot Wry mraael 2-41o99h map• lnl party m.eaa 1--Sw aMl.._- x-SaWNMnu ar •aa_._.. MrnFbM I- Last") yet (Sjfi W .1020).. Lanptiy pamyAe (Cao W, 76311 �_ Lnpakif M"agw m Fdar 1927- Lamoa+b ~#dFrysoM1 1027 UNmEw�,-�._-... Uror du___^ MI. TN, VA . AL MS. . KS, MO, OK AR T)L AL. TN, VA M. MO. OK AL TN, VA AL. TN, KY. KY. VA AL. IN. KY, MI. ON, TK AL MS. AL. MS. TN. VA AI. KY. TN. AL MS AL MS. AR• OK TN. VA ' OK AL. MS. IA IL. IN. KY. MI. MO. ON. TN, A0. UNBndea.._..__..�.-,- Unanidae Unorldee....___--.-__ laaa*.w bylaw (Lea 1070) Lptdea Irrr9aan (Ra0n WA. 18201 Lea,," ob4e"A ea (Lae, 1840) __ Obey,, ranee (Lamreh• 161B)-__ Paget, /.&* (Lea 1836)- -__..� PJwvvb&W day (L• ck 1fi191 ft-vbv Mon (Lek 1559)- PyvPeeru aw atIaM Frleraork 1927 PyvaWrm vgbmo!Gonad. 10341--.--_ pbwatlwnla yubuw (Re6mada, 1820).--.-.-. Pbv beme yida"m (Lea, 1831)---_ Pown'" inAalW (Lea 10311-----_._-_. QUN& y ryL.lyb $#V&U (WAIIN. 1698)._._.__ O"alvy nagaa (Coovq 1&MI--..-_.- Unirid••. UNwidaa...__.____._._ Uriri=e '• UnbNdao.,_.__.- _AL Urip9du.. - UNaidaa_^__.___.....- UniorW&, ...-_ Uririd••.—..._,.. UriDnW,a..•._.__^•..-•.- Uriaid•a_,__.__.^.._.. UNPnd•o.._..___.._. UN9nda•. Unlo wj". Olaevl, sW- (Lea 1931)-•--___.__,-._. Unbridaa.- S:�fwlicprN (-EaMloneya) amDigw (5•y. 2--CAxlsw ?easy msec (ABranm'• Veba. p"rtj mnaw). 1025). Vrtbea p/rp4w (AMa•rM1 1961)_.- UNpidao..-_._.___..._.__ AL FL 2 -(No r)Ilarlrl NTMI _._..____..__.._..._.__.. 2-0romsnn'a pe•nymwa-__ 2--F9mw ,W P W pydy m+aea___.`_...._._ 2�No conmrm NTMI -`-"_ _.__ V2.bsa (-Mbmmya) yda6 (Lea 1531)-__.._..._.- VJla I-M�eta) MIMS"(Waiw. 19251 _..._r Wboa (-Adn Ya) pwWPa (Lea 1561._._._._ PUCvm IMranKvrtnun PMN. Ie65._.^-._^. UNongl".._____... UrAredso._..._.____-..- Uniondae..__ SPh•enidea.-___.__...- KY. Ml, OK TN, VA KY. VA CA OR. (FKb9 s1-13861 Filed 5-21.0.4: W5 •m1 BILLING CODE 4810-55-M APPENDIX D PLANTS UNDER REVIEW FOR THREATENED AND ENDANGERED STATUS ISLANDS OF HAWAII, MAUI AND MOLOKAI FEDERAL REGISTER 9/27/85 2587D PLANTS FOR THE ISLAND OF HAWAII UNDER REVIEW FOR T&E STATUS (F.R. 9/27/85) 1. Acacia koaia Koa oha 2. Adenophorus periens Pendant kihi fern 3. Argemone glauca var. inermis 4. Argyroxiphium kauense* Ka'u silversword 5. Asplenium fragile var. insularis 6. Bidens campylotheca* Campylotheca bidens 7. Bidens micrantha ssp. ctenophylla* 8. Bobea timonioides 'Ahakea 9. Bonamia menziesii* 10. Botrychium subbifoliatim Makou 11. Canavalia kauensis Jack -bean 12. Cheirodendron trigynum var. subcordatum Olapa 13. Claoxylon sandwicense var. sandwicense Poola 14. Clermontia drepanomorpha Kohala clermontia 15. Clermontia lindseyana 16. Clermontia loyana 17. Clermontia pyrularia 18. Colubrina oppositifolia Kauila 19. Coprosma montana var. orbicularis 20. Coprosma serrata 21. Cyanea bryanii Bryan cyanea 22. Cyanea carlsonii 23. Cyanea fernaldii 24. Cyanea giffardii 25. Cyanea marksii 26. Cyanea nelsonii 27. Cyanea platyphylla 28. Cyanea pycnocarpa 29. Cyanea rollandioides 30. Cyanea shipmanii 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. fV 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. Cyanea stictophylla Cyanea submuricata Cyanea tritomantha Aku'aku Cyrtandra giffardii* Cyrtandra hawaiiensis Cyrtandra lysiosepala Cyrtandra menziesii* Ha'i wale Cyrtandra platyphylla Cyrtandra ramosissima* Delissea fallax* Delissea parviflora* Delissea undulata* Diellia erecta Diplazium molokaiense var. lysiosepala var. hiloensis Dodonaea eriocarpa var. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. Dodonaea eriocarpa var. Dracaena hawaiiensis Halapepe Euphorbia celastroides Euphorbia celastroides Euphorbia celastroides confertior forbesii skottsbergii var. kohalana var. nelsonii var. saxicola Geranium cuneatum var. hololeucum* Native geranium Gouldia terminalis var. congesta Gouldia terminalis var. quadrangularis Hedyotis coriacea Kio'ele Hedyotis littoralis Hedyotis mannii Hesperocnide sandwicensis Hibiscadelphus giffardianus Kilauea hau kuahiwi Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis Hualalai hau kuahiwi Hibiscus brackenridgei Native yellow hibiscus Ischaemum byrone Isodendrion hosakae Aupaka Isodendrion subsessilifolium Aupaka Labordia hedyosmifolia var. kilaueana Labordia hedyosmifolia var. magnifolia �abordia hedyosmifolia var. robusta Labordia hedyosmifolia var. skottsbergii -2- 69. Labordia hirtella var. imbricate 70. Labordia hirtella var. microcalyx 71. Labordia nelsonii Manena 72. Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis 73. Lepidium bidentatum var. remyi* parvifolia var. Remy's anaunau puauluensis 74. Lipochaeta perdita volcanica var. kohalae 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. ISM 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. Nehe Lycopodium mannii Metrosideros collina var. Neowawraea phyllanthoides* Mehamehame Naraudia ovata Big island ma'oloa Nothocestrum breviflorum Nothocestrum latifolium 'Aiea newellii Nothocestrum longifolium var 'Aiea Ochrosia kilaueaensis* Holei Ophioglossum concinnum Adder's-tongue Panicum fauriei Faurie's panic grass rufipilosum Pelea clusiaefolia var. pickeringii Pelea grandifolia var. montana Pelea grandifolia var. ovalifolia Pelea hawaiensis Manena Pelea lanceolata Pelea oblongifolia Pelea parvifolia var. apoda Pelea puauluensis Pelea volcanica var. kohalae Pelea zahlbruckneri Peperomia cookiana var. minutilimba Peperomia cornifolia Peperomia lilifolia var, obtusata Peperomia maunakeana Peperomia rigidilimba Phyllostegia brevidens var. heterodoxa Phyllostegia brevidens var. longipes Phyllostegia floribunda var. forbesii Phyllostegia macrophylla var. velutina Phyllostegia parviflora var. glabriuscula Pittosporum hawaiiense Plantago princeps var. laxifolia -3- 107. Platydesma remyi Remy pilokea 108. Portulaca hawaiiensis Hawaii portulaca 109. Portulaca sclerocarpa Ihi-makole 110. Pritchardia montis-kea 111. Pritchardia schattaueri 112. Sanicula sandwicensis 113. Scaevola kilaueae Kilauea naupaka 114. Sesbania hawaiiensis 'Ohai 115. Sesbania tomentosa 'Ohai 116. Sida ledyardii 117. Sida nelsonii 118. Silene hawaiiensis* 119. Silene lanceolata* 120. Smilax melastomifolia var. melastomifolia 121. Solanum hillebrandii 122. Solanum incompletum Thorny popolo 123. Sophora chrysophylla var. circularis 124. Sophora chrysophylla var. glabrata 125. Sophora chrysophylla var, grisea 126. Sophora chrysophylla var. kauensis 127. Sophora chrysophylla var. unifoliata 128. Stenogyne affinis var. affinis 129. Stenogyne angustifolia var. meeboldii 130. Stenogyne angustifolia var. spathulata 131. Stenogyne calaminthoides var. oxyodonata 132. Stenogyne diffusa 133. Stenogyne hirsutula 134. Stenogyne macrantha 135. Stenogyne microphylla 136. Stenogyne mollis 137. Stenogyne oxygona 138. Stenogyne rugosa var. subulata Ma'ohi'ohi 139. Stenogyne scandens 140. Stenogyne scrophularioides 141. Stenogyne sessilis var. hexantha 142. Stenogyne sessilis var. wilkesii 143. Tetramolopium arenarium* 144. Tetramolopium consanguineum* 145. Tetramolopium conyzoides 146. Tetramolopium humile var. sublaeve* -4- 147. Tetraplasandra hawaiiensis var. hawaiiensis 148. Tetraplasandra hawaiiensis var. microcarpa 'Ohe 149. Tetraplasandra kavaiensis var. dipyrena 'Ohe'ohe 150. Tetraplasandra kavaiensis var grandis 'Ohe'ohe 151. Tetraplasandra kohalae 152. Tetraplasandra meiandra var. bisobtusa 153. Tetraplasandra meiandra var. hiloensis 154. Tetraplasandra meiandra var. rhynchocarpoides 155. Tetraplasandra meiandra var. simulans 156. Trematolobelia wimmeri 157. Trichomanes draytonianum 158. Urera konaensis 159. Vigna sandwicensis 160. Wikstroemia perdita* 161. Zanthoxylum bluettianum A'e, hea'e 162. Zanthoxylum dipetalum Kawa'u 163. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense 164. Zanthoxylum maviense -5- 2587D PLANTS FOR THE ISLAND OF MOLOKAI UNDER REVIEW FOR T&E STATUS (F.R. 9/27/85) 1. Acacia koaia Koa oha 2. Adenophorus periens Pendant kihi fern 3. Alectryon macrococcum Mahoe 4. Bidens molokaiensis* Ko'oko'olau 5. Bidens wiebkei* Ko'oko'olau 6. Bonamia menziesii* 7. Botrychium subbifoliatum Makou 8. Brighamia rockii Pua 'ala 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Canavalia molokaiensis Molokai jack -bean Canavalia peninsularis Jack -bean Canavalia stenophylla Jack -bean Chenopodium pekeloi Molokai goosefoot Claoxylon sandwicense var Poola Cocculus virgatus Ctenitis squamigera Cyanea solanacea Popolo Cyanea solenocalyx Molokai cyanea Cyrtandra biserrata* Cyrtandra conradtii Cyrtandra filipes* Cyrtandra halawensis* Cyrtandra limosiflora* Diellia erecta Diplazium molokaiense Dodonaea eriocarpa var Dodonaea eriocarpa var sandwicense • molokaiensis • pallida Dodonaea sandwicensis var. simulans Dodonaea stenoptera var. stenoptera 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. Dubautia plantaginea var. acridentata Eugenia molokaiana Nioi Euphorbia celastroides var. stokesii* Euphorbia degeneri var. molokaiensis Euphorbia multiformis var, kapuleiensis Euphorbia skottsbergii var. audens Euphorbia skottsbergii var. skottsbergii* Euphorbia skottsbergii var. vaccinioides* Gnaphalium sandwicensium var. molokaiense* 'Ena'ena Gouania fauriei Gouldia terminalis var. rotundifolia Haplostachys bryanii* Haplostachys linearifolia* Hedyotis elatior var. elatior Hedyotis littoralis Hedyotis remyi var, plana Hedyotis schlechtendahliana Hedyotis thyrsoidea Hesperomannia arborescens* Lanai hesperomannia Hesperomannia arbuscula* Maui hesperomannia Hibiscus brackenridgei Native yellow hibiscus Hibiscus immaculatus White Molokai hibiscus Hibiscus kokio var. pukoonis Ischaemum byrone Isodendrion molokaiense Aupaka var. reticulata Labordia hirtella var. laevis Labordia hirtella var. laevisepala Labordia molokaiana var. molokaiana Labordia molokaiana var. setosa Labordia tinifolia var. forbesii Labordia tinifolia var. parvifolia Labordia tinifolia var. tenuifolia Labordia triflora Lipochaeta degeneri* Small -leaved nehe Lobelia dunbariae* Marsilea villosa Neowawraea phyllanthoides* Mehamehame Neraudia sericea Nothocestrum latifolium 'Aiea -2- C3 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96 97 98. 99. 100. Panicum fauriei Faurie's panic grass Pelea hawaiensis Manena Pelea parvifolia var. sessilis Pelea reflexa Pelea sandwicensis Peperomia degeneri Peperomia fauriei Peperomia forbesii Peperomia lilifolia var. obtusata Peperomia treleasei Peucedanum sandwicense var. sandwicense Makou Phyllanthus sandwicensis var. degeneri Plantago princeps var. denticulata Plantanthera holochila* Pritchardia gaudichaudii Lo'ulu Pritchardia hillebrandii Lo'ulu-lelo Pritchardia munroii Pteris lidgatei Schiedea lydgatei* Ma'oli'oli Schiedea pubescens var. pubescens* Ma'oli'oli Sesbania arborea 'Ohai Sesbania molokaiensis 'Ohai Silene alexandri* Silene lanceolata* Stenogyne angustifolia var Tetramolopium conyzoides Tetramolopium rockii Tetraplasandra hawaiiensis 'Ohe Trichomanes draytonianum Vigna owahuensis Oahu vigna Vigna sandwicensis Viola robusta Zanthoxylum maviense hillebrandii var. microcarpa -3- 2587D PLANTS FOR THE ISLAND OF MAUI UNDER REVIEW FOR T&E STATUS (F.R. 9/27/85) 1. Acacia koaia Koa oha 2. Acaena exigua Lili-wai 3. Adenophorus periens Pendant kihi fern 4. Alectryon macrococcum Mahoe 5. Argyroxiphium macrocephalum Maui silversword 6. Argyroxiphium virescens var. virescens* Greensword 7. Asplenium fragile var. insularis 8. Asplenium leucostegioides 9. Bidens campylotheca* Campylotheca bidens 10. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha* Ko'oko'olau 11. Bobea timonioides 'Ahakea 12. Bonamia menziesii* 13. Botrychium subbifoliatim Makou 14. Brighamia remyi* 15. Canavalia forbesii Jack -bean 16. Canavalia haleakalaensis Jack -bean 17. Chenopodium oahuense var. discospermum 18. Claoxylon sandwicense var. sandwicense Poola 19. Cleome spinosa ssp. nov./ined.* Wild spiderflower 20. Clermontia munroi 21. Cocculus lonchophyllus 22. Ctenitis squamigera 23. Cyanea angustifolia var. lanaiensis 24. Cyanea arborea 25. Cyanea aspleniifolia 26. Cyanea grimesiana var. lygatei 27. Cyanea grimesiana var. mauiensis 28. Cyanea kunthiana 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 90 67. Cyanea mceldowneyi Cyanea scabra Cyanea solanacea Popolo Cyrtandra cordifolia var. Cyrtandra filipes* Cyrtandra lysiosepala var. Cyrtandra lysiosepala var. Cyrtandra lysiosepala var. gynoglabra Cyrtandra malacophylla var. Cyrtandra pickeringii Delissea undulata* Diellia erecta Diplazium molokaiense Dodonaea eri-ocarpa var. pallida Dubautia laxa var. blakei Dubautia platyphylla var. leptophylla* Dubautia reticulata* Embelia hillebrandii Eragrostis mauiensis Maui love grass Euphorbia arnottiana var. integrifolia* Euphorbia skottsbergii var. vaccinioides* Geranium arboreum* Red -flowered Hawaiian geranium Geranium multiflorum var. multiflorum* Native geranium Geranium multiflorum var. ovatifolium* Large -leaved hina hina Geranium multiflorum var. superbum* Native geranium Gouldia terminalis var. crassicaulis Gouldia terminalis var. parvifolia Gouldia terminalis var. pubescens Haplostachys haplostachya var. haplostachya Haplostachys linearifolia* Haplostachys truncata* Hedyotis elatior var. herbacea Hedyotis foliosa Hedyotis formosa Hedyotis littoralis Hedyotis mannii Hesperomannia arbuscula* Maui hesperomannia Hibiscus brackenridgei Native yellow hibiscus Hibiscus kokio var. kokio Pualoalo, koki'o-'ula'ula grayi haleakalensis* lysiosepala malacophylla -2- 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. Hibiscus kokio var, pukoonis Ischaemum byrone Labordia cyrtandrae var. nahikuana Labordia glabra Labordia hedyosmifolia Labordia hirtella var. Labordia membranacea Kamakahala Labordia pedunculata Labordia tinifolia var. Labordia tinifolia var. Lipochaeta kamolensis* Lipochaeta lobata var. Lycopodium haleakalae Lycopodium mannii Lycopodium nutans var, rockii microphylla euphorbioidea lanaiensis hastulatoides Lysimachia sp./sp. nov. ined. Morinda trimera Noni-kuahiwi Neowawraea phyllanthoides* Mehamehame Neraudia melastomaefolia Ma'oloa Neraudia sericea Nothocestrum latifolium 'Aiea Nototrichium humile* Ophioglossum concinnum Adder's-tongue Pelea balloui Pelea cinerea Manena 93. Pelea grandifolia var. ovalifolia 94. Pelea hawaiensis Manena 95. Pelea mucronulata Alani 96. Pelea multiflora 97. Pelea olowaluensis 98. Pelea orbicularis 99. Pelea ovalis 100. Pelea tomentosa 101. Peperomia degeneri 102. Pereromia expallescens 103. Peperomia kulensis 104. Peperomia subpetiolata 105. Peperomia treleasei 106. Peperomia waikamoiana var. brevipilosa -3- 107. Peucedanum sandwicense var. sandwicense Makou 108. Phyllostegia brevidens var. ambigua 109. Phyllostegia brevidens var. degeneri 110. Phyllostegia brevidens var. hirsutula 111. Phyllostegia brevidens var. longipes 112. Phyllostegia brevidens var, pubescens 113. Phyllostegia hillebrandii 114. Phyllostegia parviflora var. canescens 115. Pittosporum confertiflorum var. longipes 116. Plantago princeps var. laxifolia 117. Plantanthera holochila* 118. Pouteria auahiensis Ala'a 119. Pouteria rhynchosperma Ala'a 120. Pritchardia glabrata 121. Pteris lidgatei 122. Remya mauiensis* Maui remya 123. Sanicula sandwicensis 124. Schiedea haleakalensis* Ma'oli'oli 125. Schiedea hookeri* Ma'oli'oli 126. Schiedea implexa* Ma'oli'oli 127. Schiedea pubescens var. pubescens* Ma'oli'oli 128. Schiedea salicaria* Ma'oli'oli 129. Sesbania tomentosa 'Ohai 130. Silene cryptopetala* 131. Silene degeneri* 132. Smilax melastomifolia var. melastomifolia 133. Solanum haleakalaense 134. Solanum incompletum Thorny popolo 135. Sophora chrysophylla var. elliptica 136. Sophora chrysophylla var. kanaioensis 137. Stenogyne affinis var. degeneri 138. Stenogyne angustifolia var. mauiensis 139. Stenogyne cinerea 140. Stenogyne crenata Crenate -leaved stenogyne 141. Stenogyne glabrata 142. Stenogyne haliakalae Haleakala stenogyne -4- 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. Stenogyne rotundifolia var. oblonga Stenogyne vagans Stenogyne viridis Tetramolopium arbusculum Tetramolopium arenarium* Tetramolopium capillare* Tetramolopium conyzoides Tetramolopium lepidotum* Tetramolopium remyi* Tetraplasandra hawaiiensis 'Ohe Tetraplasandra kavaiensis 'Ohe'ohe Tetraplasandra kavaiensis 'Ohe'ohe Tetraplasandra kavaiensis Tetraplasandra kavaiensis var. microcarpa var. dipyrena var. intercedens var. nahikuensis var. occidua leptomera Tetraplasandra meiandra var Trichomanes draytonianum Vigna sandwicensis Waltheria pyrolaefolia Wikstroemia monticola var. Wikstroemia villosa* Zanthoxylum glandulosum Zanthoxylum maviense occidentalis -5- APPENDIX E PART 1 COMMENT LETTERS AND RESPONSES TO NOTICE OF PREPARATION i E Y Y a- #o le �e � irfil:• ^4o p J r .]O N csa t O m 5 v 0 Z v a Y �+ N P U � k Q `o 7 e e7 m a 'e b � m d u o u � PW � P 3 0 Q I • � U n n �' J q 3 i; /i e � c c •q$ i$'{�i LL _ P L9`ly= d am] d T G R L �. 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Y O u r 9 V W Y 9 • V 0 Y u; O Y m ■ < LY Y 6 L L V r Y V 77 6 u r L .pi .Oi Vi J a V u • -m H e a vdi O ff^ rG y F• r d O C e L .Y0 a m• y 4 r 0 Y r w O x g a 6 O. ■ � � m W M •+ 'U+ p S J y � T m V y` V M 9 u rq 9 m O r M • L Y w U Y U y u S U •0 x a 2 O r> O V uu m u r • u V u N V J _JI Y „� m V u u y V ■ Y Y q y J 9 9 ,GY u Lq y Y V O u 0 S p w O -Ji ■; G O m 0 a O r-Oi N 9 Y m y G Y Y O W � O- w Y O O O G m m m O n C fu n1 V C S m Cp \ L L r .1 N V n a) •Ui r .Pi � � N O � � '� ^ ^ •'^ ^ ^ -+ �• N ev yJ Li N N n n n n ry A Y O Z O E O T G w L 4 7 '•L• E C O ✓ .• qd v a a a ry fi q a ry a g E U E r m 9 v u r m O T9a O4 ma U Oi C q u u� 6 9 9 u A O d� O L^ a a L• > Y ✓ O. V� w Y w O O •p Y O 6 E H m G O d �• C O 6 rq 0 L L U • � 4 Y � O P 2 O d •� ; G u0• V y Y u V 4 O •� V V C V q 4 L L• u O � O P d '•• YO C q u C Y q N Y y 4 Y J O O 9 d M� m L .'• L d n d d ry L v r d 9 Y a q 3 L Y 3 w O O ✓ u L L m u E E E Y 0 m ✓ M T N E T C u a .. u W g .l x4 > u '•L• L n E o u O u c i O Y R Y Y q 40 L u C O 66 G 2 E N ? 4 O G •+ a u L. L A Y O Z i 1 Position Statement -Health Committee position Statements -Health Committee ) 2 Page 4 Page 3 3 by the tri -fly, while at the same time there is a need 4 to accelerate the distribution and sale of Hawaii grown Maui and remote areas of the island. We therefore urge 5 agricultural products. At this time, however, there is the responsible government parties to address the importance 6 an over-riding concern for the public's long-term health of providing an air ambulance service utilizing a helicopter 7 and therefore recommends that this program not be used based service to transfer the patient to the hospital where 8 in Maui County. ever surface transport is required. 9 10 V. NON-PROFIT HUMAN -SERVICES IV. THE ERADICATION OF THE TRI -FLY IN HAWAIIAN AGRICULTURAL 11 The Maui Chamber of Commerce encourages its members to PRODUCTS 12 fully support non-profit human -services agencies in their The Maui Chamber of Commerce opposes the implementation 13 fund-raising activities. of aerial spraying of insecticides by the federal govern- 14 Supporting Statement ment in the eradication of the tri -fly in Hawaiian agri- 15 Your Maui Chamber of Commerce understands that the Federal cultural products. Your committee strongly supporta the 16 budget process has had a profound impact on the non-profit conviction that the delineation of need for and implemen- 17 human -service delivery system in a far reaching manner. tation of such programs should be made at the local community 18 Declining funding sources and the increased cost of operations. government level. 19 have made it difficult for special services to be provided Supporting Statement .0 These services directly affect the health and well-being The proposal by the United States Government to implement 21 of the people of Maui. a multi -faceted program which is designed to eradicate 22 the tri -fly complex of insects in agricultural products 23 Therefore, in view of the declining funds available to produced in Hawaii is of vital importance, both to our 24 support the non-profit human -services industry, it is important citizens and to the agricultural industry. 25 that all Chamber members realize that they play an important Of particular concern to the Board of Directors of the 26 role in assisting in the funding of these agencies. The Maui Chamber of Commerce 1s that portion of the proposal 27 health and well-being of a community can be directly correlated which suggests the use of aerial spraying of insecticides 28 with the ability of the private sector to support thoa0 developed to eradicate the infestation and destruction 29 private agencies provide direct care services to people. caused by this complex of insects. While the proposal 30 appears well -intended, there is sufficient concern about 31 Therefore, the Chamber of Commerce urges all its members the potential adverse effects of aerial spraying that the 32 and the community at large to accept this responsibility Board recommends that the federal government not implement 33 and work to actively to provide the funding necessary for this program in Maui County. 34 these non-profit agencies to carry out their mission. The members of the Board are particularly sensitive to 35 both the need to control the infestation and damage caused i � � } \\ / \)\ E!, !i ;}- _- ( - / � � :3 �a o �o its Z cc n y ^n 3 v a P i O `O j L V ry C j ■■■` fi oZ0 m o T 5 � u °E' 3 m � c ob °8 G � OE v'r q m J u m QxU is g m o 2 u { , Round -Up cannot be torted for DSHS because a ®�� gsrca lLJ �p 1 / four etre 'costly Ihmg' 6].CJ01 and tales four days:o ret after in, California Ila"pro:eaures'That aside.1b, hasest tooth<rmht,h-Watermelo MONSANTOs$ or8o0 Lotion how enlo«emem labs car teal lar a ss.rfaaant whose identity has never been revealed but nonetheless Poisoning BILLION -DOLLAR mayleave a bail of cmmte" rabbits and trout. M one time, EPA contomempsated a regulatory wry achwn aosogl Roundte, because with the Itl$l3Q $COOP per year POISON cacintgMn but .ppar- l suspected but EPA appar- a suspected dances California's less watermelon fiasco Round -up hs a comronl Used herbreioe p Y ently dtM the entlyacceptedMownw's usurance llytthis Sidon result accepted in residues in raw agricultural commodities or pose a ha- s. not am accident. the moved d earelsaras by a few farm.tc, as Hawed. Round-UPI,a(aloe doll m "Wa a ern 'DootmdeY) and to applpend entre de Independent researchers Bhahamal Khan and Chrirto- s dbaepr d agriculture and bup is a billion dollar a YSaer baaprs¢ss for its maker, nbrsnenta.(wall Sereat.lounnal. pher Young have reported that N-nitrosogiyfihovteappar- tlar lbs Enwmmeobl Pro Grecs. Agmen Ag woad have to believe. Ova a million Aril •8t). IC is used by Lha state and cutantY ently formed in toils %hen treated with sodium mime and ��' practical lar meirz aero highway dept. aloe roma end in Pecks. Ids g Round -Up s active ingredient I haste.' This ni eats a p' B 6Yp 88 itis 1 State NWtn ant aldo toad In mer -east fdle5, coffee turtle and for when soils low it organic nutter and city [potent became ar Deaf bead e f bn other agricultural end tl uses. Its be art heavily (utilized with urea and treated with Round- amhasardhe by the produced by' by , produced an used anon oro narilumsa if state aril arijus Up. Khan and Young also reported Nish per = arboddr rpoe on, Udo. ne federal plate go through. Varcau mil. in their study, with 7pans Per mil- was very prsfter WYas the company Dail the ompa yfir Pres. 's ly on Dive Abuse Poi 1 Also noted as the fur- It u eWs (ua Trended HOno- Gari ton TurpaL geld th ors rprarvbw to [he abrso- runner. In tri of the lance mutagen, rtlam.m. of the later to a known muuBen, N-rsi- al relationship pipe -pool iT<ms) age t • erbase -de, \- ass tided lulu Star-Bullelin (Jose 27. '95), "Rlaastl-un Is se Votourco,ine. to e t fee application esective far tW entire as - safe you can take a beth in that Stuff." Perhaps the beginning of the end of miracle Round -Up toe it sms lit How safe is Round-opt�r came 1918, when a summary of a surds re- attest W eaotamini ming Monsanto has find flea i� to p�A pugs from foe t 5part,Nigerian Ported that doses as low as 15 mglk8 115 parts per million) water or b etaae tante. No iota erre made regarding Enth delocb, los d rolisanrp rasldrelaen data scientific Fear review, and ma0c exemanatdm. as repward of Round Up apparently caused reductions in daily body feptisy or sere damage Cancer feta se law. Bot m �mana of their 'trace ought gain, blood h<moglobm. red blood cell count and ear math ova da ]ems• ough secret data were released Roger Senlasist. re rel .other vital sign distortions in a 28d., study with rats." eaeR caused y stake prti+ds man take a pesticide coortlinemr for Ne U.S. Forest elyphososs n.cea with sodium of erode tan headsb de Service, wnicn made Its waw Intoe Forest Ser- ingndlrn[ of M -fret ll loaf) to produce began b�-agka�rb� u vice environmental assearms: Por Round -up use. k-nl trod ogi..I..[ e. N.nY N-nf[ro.r c ppends are Potent antral carcinogens (for eanpro 1 f the S states eats—In li of the l5 state According [hese "Ina wit Thl. Ic pohens Ll problem, monitored. monitored. In sale is amount seceded EPA standards. tolland u{ Int, !xdentalr :1 doz Subaru a dermal vudy. rabbits were elven of formula diluted to its six vel particularly particularly hien aigrl<ulcur.l area of tris P• ids. o 6 del EPA sties ads andvezez ev 1. These d and ave rimes Its six level. These dilutions produced x- Tw teas Two hterhandane toxic<s nave indicated tgxdb ci tadamdtml b tmmltllq abs sib o tom sere local skin theriaca and lto effects. Further ne glyphosate Me ites etrait eaberra. In one astry m io[ie Wamo.one aberrations were [yds_ stuiff went du the surfacUnt K-ob.hwdto he reathe m lWsa nchresrseai mare Udae bks the and the ,.dva and t heonswe{e duds were theyroducl and that the testiche are more akin glmmns.r<. more eo( e sa No The N idedl he dirmatalmon' zthess caused by the skin reacte It was skin reaction. was tom hero ateathose to .... cb,�0 ..emoaian . ebrsvand maddi i give it adad don't directions:angry dude( Lha luded that the rabbit was an urdertunab choice for the Choi Is� o vi ruse., r.rid otter tae k meat. 1be1 Shed free yepleetself testing ofder maleffects with this product. . .was antproxaryoricmos oogant hemic, ao m,riresponse. of Plant chromosomes herald Provide useful 11 .esiul <m1. ®taabcammudtb Nib aresatvdy s c% rated sale rya study i num, Monsanto Inrently yielded ion.) ane study, Roundup Nal W" Rot product bat sYmleasdmbaches in lesions in that test mi bsenth edeeinoge.cesion obaen¢d neoplastic yielded positive . u[aes eresults Patches of total aCptanla cone 5 d iia laid Ws but were b. was unable. for unexplained reasons. to correlate that me , a (autt en chromatid exchange (muugenicshY) test on d -histo lyaphrcY coos No Praia. Examinations. phenomenon.rt.with their pato, pees b hpu pies a )obcog tt s b was cl e• since M or. oto, study in dogs wad clearly hued ?-E to pseud the public tried b Lada W m produce ., i.,... uul fr each used were it, Th.EB s.ndad. for tau car tin Ulan Canada'sgond made acne a i information and only lauded two year; y ].,re which glyphosate residues &mea yph. aEPAte In one food. !rid car vnmx o "c BnR+a sae pl5ida al "orales fair ,il bout sl which a g6to su Yen slry d lreal ivip.lgW}M)ud A'�ggcable ht 1comi-1he k#ed. carat1 calami t -tai r, associated. • e stle.. MA ua+" ratba Na. al dordui agave and according MTheir vee ed set /due Irmaog faastse o. Beadily determined. thel.Ipp.wadcao ie�al dfsaab emit Unlet Carbide. Thu two-year oacaxicity stud. Their two-year Aral toxicity ate y ty dy onrats . dogd[ to. aeutichr ,}s quo.- Wiew, dao Stals :foretca d apitsdlme said d trot pedes torhe s -a f ct hardly reassuring n fat: hardly rtion sing alonge test and contheir admission a e i of pr abi ma. TaaHng for glyphosess /s •wry .meth. and Tie zinke in gleh of rssisea very 'a"Lberel ad ibeptidyprwes arta ".ail earn to the mei Tbas e a their thatthecontrol population offered nearly double the nor he red nude double [late-ten.u.i ng press. mile \erns tea[ Lha s sppppooe[mt. for analog co h... daW tWt Lot mW Ie1lflflpm 1�1f1( t6t Ih mal mgtllsey rite eah tol.rmce. erve Wan d i Mi bar pafeeug Poo N Calkkks pie Bls to Round -Up absorbed Pesticide sethat of he Tref dad, y. fol ambeu of he public t.d. piebyskidsson fined by is W above— levels :Bove that in the water they swam m—a bioconcen- in mon- he labels ease • serol thousand dollar. ave hey {1Th am Ad! etmW a plc In[iwn 6ctor of 1.6 time. are lit also sellable for such Pfee d people p US. The thids Although Round -UP proponents have claimed that the no, he.eeber tea peau (m glYphocrte are = Slyph " Leon mode cne caner dchatfmay Me pe a� Cayda math pen by iJr poitpped herb.ode breaks down almov unitarian ... sl when it hits Y inseedLou" 'n ... et chat Y c more nidus see mamr dby ap,MumPsm and the b' chaveri Gspcaatioas The the second, se reported [hat theacti active .of lent "moved ps.ble yph...Roundup Problmr ehan�glYPnwu[. itself. corporation contrtWfe big ams b moved readily from the treated leave of low- CON LUSloe polhdas was pay Nem Wok by sack n branch" develop90 fent on car branches other leaves, buds. and N[ ca Nding �da�, a6�>e send n days, 92 to the vete brunch...,"end, `aha 9ph.,. ted P<t &I.. ,,as still rho fry .. to) 1 efa situation fon hfrh roundup eel Y' Pbosahe) L be (oom • Lir sat ptsV rid of "raeyittiv<" bas ad 'expensive' present nt told glyphosate phenost reported that, 'ecus n aveere information ciirthe ly s lack ar valid in health fan a rii[bla •oe the public regarding the health and e bels lye people tabs pee, horsed and ca.sack the trop betides. the d(eda o/ haste reached their maimum of glyphs to reached their maximum eIpp ossanul effectssof of coat I. pay fNp bill s aheknea, Mirth about two Years akar lhh ac -be. than eric touae. c available mo It lens co r 'se concern chat t, ddedsodtide genlY tis<'mgmd:e.e much more pnistml Ihan {enerallybe- more persistent es man unreasonably advera<. such effaces Union t tothecompany Nut•. Geed by the herbicide ours. full I .e Nueh of ervir..eat cnern cne pecans in rialto and ens rorty nal <((ecce of 66lYYa Ihrvui� peed and mQhjmca caused gang the death d than 2.000 to Monent0 evedevl saw fit novo iv<Sand fist in- Y B 9 ,,ace has been Performed DY eanuncis In 19]g ne nae Psaple (ov=ation about studies of Round-Up's efforts on trout, taw has amended to require [naz regi r. In Bhopal, India, bat Deesbe, Nth ai which were performed for them by U5. Fish & Wildlife data be available to the Public for review temkal, modyl Yoepute, eltich is Service. Even the Fish and Wildlife Service saw fit to soften stat ar re:iscru eon. lk r, industry signLasedbmakeahiscon.Tyep.- the results of their study when they published', but a 1976 isder cne.. Iwdi.: 1.be"cr.d. a cre[z pray b me pushb{ a see ".trade" maenad report < uivocabl soled. "1Mxrewitsw eel p n 9 Y BB [`wmiu by industry In y ..ed the lease of data to the pub l tcv.Inc. 1978. Chan" fashion. a clone relative d aldearb,fer we m the WM CoW*0 that a change in the formulation of Blyphisam would eicisens for a getter Environment and apple trop ,mss California COWtim for apple ,ready improve its evirri.ptal f,,y.'- The Fish and ....rail comet of ren sec son. ere ....enol, .viog the California Department of Food and b Peaidde rail] Las b had discovered bar, like Moru"un- Wildlife Serviceanto's susceptible to the fermna,,' fueP Agriculture and Nrn.anco Lung outn copies of "a cases b Muck the tae of lnLda. which rabbit,, input were eznnertl Y zurfactam in Round -Up. and that the 'toxicity of the sur- roue stet" studio nies cs[ixens nave vee epee EPa fat cn.ze and ie h. until cher the coalition uy, baa real Mee.. properly sad, (.cunt .,cd to the unnnulalyd find.:: war milar to that ase made available. he p"blsc c ono[ feel Corporate peed s nano{ mens• lawn for the..hif,formulation." The, s. r d ....... ed the toil- cooter tante tn., glypho.ce is .. narmleax a the peo of Ammer gra Noted wiNa a:, of RoundUpin water w reduced after a,.ng the i[ a claimed to be One cannot het, but uenpet[ teat there h iecni ne [o nide dome. coostroo d 10kaxxpY ad mixture, 5e lilt w(fae(anl is evidently somewhat persistent soople a cmpan, ,It so n such len,[ha co see, praameM, openly adlabor.11.g W a, well health and safety data secrec. .especially Increase prof" regardless of the died In late 1479—as wme people began to reahre these when he subl.c[ of these secrec. fa a m the public Tbae is Reach talk of hi be a severe Problem with the zuCpmedly men'sur- predicsedzoo r of $1 bellion . y... In prosecuting pumbers of tveaioe, lsdoie beam mined with to produce Round Uy income to the manufacturer. and Sher drugs but the big rerporatps glyphovte Althouch EPA has taken the position that the existing Excerpts frlln NCAP News, Fall 1900 and W rC News "Pesuclde Profile" Oct '02 Ins Ulm Carbde, Dam lambd and ksoomatk a5yeI aWicarb, hhptxhlor a nai,wcal method for identifying glyphosate in the envi. abi Yds pesticides. . a 80 rot .5 adequate for mforcem<ne PurpoSa." Orlin-W More un "Round -UP" next issue est Are, V111.B<L tk den Baum, head of the WSahmgmn via Department of Sooal and Y.G+hh stet m<, Lab has taken the position that next issue: ala in California! forest e�roe -:-1111 cheese, and killer' bees. �agcltfy rlac«n�liow� Rum At shake, on. D. ..... 9uwr We pre. 5 E COnewlan, in tlFyIIC lee Ie..Wah. Remington 911027 'camel does =base 2, Amer=e fel a -effect teve-� Ivo.) ra ee eek er bra. arm,ema atF :F„a a n Ti, tnerxee A.,era Titre each :yve or s .cn•i- ret ezpoeula and each Animal specxem tsetse, so 1: to tr.eanangl ee ,.I... the particular study used Sa cited. Second, the quality of "observation•' varies -I:ly. the ,CEI for • particular kind of toms In A ➢.r.,cul ar sDec:ea mar vary 1000 -fold depend ing n wnecMr It 1e Wead on g:oae observation, hlstapatnolagy, or c"nlcal chemiatry, ane ,hasher or nut the right organ or biochemical component .us a:ud Sed, '.bled, there exists no safe dome (threw no Id) for any mutagen exCancer Initiator because these 1nj urtea are not re w!ted be'reen posures and are therefore Cumulative throughout life. tbs 1dsa that people cart be exposed to pesticides safely In Used 3, an A ..Ur or faulty as.umptlana. True. lnolud.: I. 1. P.._1,16 SCldea regl1atared alch tea EP1 lure a ii etrin nt beet to, :;;Tj 5e [ry t e , ... Do cP a not to rau[Sn.l1 the registration of product. for sh1N It lacks data or to withhold registration =rely for the lack of data. Prior to 1972, ae Gating for cdemin a camtlativ in]ur7 Co an1=1. • a n9ulnd for re.%tolde regia trot ion. Since the postage of major amendments to U1. Ped...I Lis-[cl.ld., FW.g is Sdo, And Rodentleld. Act (PIPRA) In 1972, Low EPA ata bean charged with reviewing and =r-glatering mere than 3$,000 P.aticl Ines. ragletratlmu were tarried o r from Vrevlcua riAto” ag.nc iee, a well a ragl.tering new p-.efclde.. Reregletntlons and new reglstraciora were to be done oN7 attar testa on Animals Indicated that that pesticide was unllbly to c cancer, a tatl birth defects, sterility, as dr0toAleltl, ar mans athar injurle-. Saw. ewer 13 years Leer, no pe.cicldo eaaittrmtlon maw Wee cancelled for lack of safety to.", end only 99 active Ingredient .have been revload for trie publication of regi.tretfon atanda,d. listing the data gape whirl most be filled before they can be reregistered. At the current rate of about 19 peP year, it .111 taxa at least 37 m • year. to rwylaw tad more tided, Pop active Ingredients In current us.. Actual rareglstra t ion cannot take ,Is.. until the EPA has received And evaluated the new tut data .aqua. ted In the regi.eretlon atondard.. I'm Into jogging as a way of keeping healthy, but I'm starting to loom that the air along our roadsides is stlmeti= unfit to breathe! Recently 1 was jogging uu "City of Refuge High ray in Honaunau. Straining end ...rung myself slowly toiled my way Weill. and breathing deeply, 1 Suddenly came around a curve in the road. almost colliding with a Highway Department road crew as they were slowly. methodically. silently, and Insidiously spraying herbicides along the barren ground. Wearing protective masks tlhalhgives. Nese roadside Poisoners were spraying dengerotn chemicals on the gravel shoulders of the road at 10 a.m. This is the third time this mishear I have seen herbicide spraying on City of Refuge Highway, then tourists come over. they ought to be issued a warning: CAUTION: Driving with open wendows (or in a convert- ible) may be hazardous to your health because of road.ide spraying, These areoiP sorts, to movements a well as vegetation. If Mesa chemicals they were spraying were safe, there wouldn't be any need for Protective masks like the hignwav crew wears to protect Mat valvas. The Satl truth is Chet the roadside spraying Is very subject to drift because of all the cars weeding It , creattre, wind, even if the natural edri arefPc is faro. It was very nice recently to mac moccold. weeds mowed down tar a charge. Heroicided vegetation 1s a visual eyesore: the vegetation looks like it U rotting to disci turning front green to black. Rdedmide wages are hot ad harmful. or bad W Look at. to justify this nazardoin. Costly. and unnetavaN program of raaidide spraying. S.B.. Captain Coop We eats what you sat! ALOHA VILLAGE STORE ALOHA CAFE ALIC4.1h NLATM cafe -33 RAINALMI NAWAI) score 322-3783 722-9941 on this Sa .30: Label The truth EPA. Ped.,Al eu+ua e a 'ansa. oupies ox atatemente 1n the iabeling which <omatl tote mi.omidlog Soetud.: (v) Clave As to the RAS. ty of the =etlelde or Ste SnVedlmta, Including statement. ..on As •'mate,^ "naapoieono........i Mj df•laua,w •narmlea.," o ^nontezlc to humane Aad pato" kith or Without much a quallfyi ng phrase as ^when used u dire read •. A letter from EPA Region T commenting on an enviren- ..tAl I".% AIR, .... t of the vem"piru n Departnent of Ecology in April 19W mS6o, "W Would like to rtes PURI.. that EPA registrat;cr of a chemical does not ...0 that there 1. cero risk from It. u mad •the implication that Ad Urene. to label restriction. eLmlnetem All threat to human health 1s not wmrr.oted". Peetleide label. see .1111 tom ad on the l.thal dose after Erlof .rpo.ur., and the degree of ip.loty indicated on the lure! Us o eorrQatlen .12h the risk of l.u-dose cumulative o duepalred damage much Am new ... ..stem injury. cancer, fetal inlury or loam, and mutation. which may not appear for generations. /. After A oe.ticlde bas been .,[feted from the body a!1 Po: ac roan PRM re one. respire a tieaue .mage can ca ported es. t -And -rue In auris. include damage to the une-vo yet.., the Immune ryat.n, and the genes 1n any 2leeus, Scchwa damage may not produce symptoms immediately And m -.est only after the Ind ucitg chemical has been largely excreted. tstrwater btaytrtw Intgnmtic", 1M.n The Smitibr9 to the Po#uobnl .Mat m Yak do to klrn Your MtiN bar of • gdefellewd quelity —.YoW rlearwmtw ImYa Ia11an Tbw Y to pvdtmm rte ImeawaW, Aeaerms cook Purifier. dkwaeaalaeM Ia fillsos.OeWnY.N polmosmd.dim,abohm gbh,E. middee.M pdsoreu tlrniaY rota TCE, redlaettMt Clm.Yid llaltY odteR Ptae.etar requires no electric tad mey be toed with elthw muni ar Oetcfament Meter systems Ask for Introductory WwLai .mQaiLLTODAY 82214110. xcllcle for Cash A aluminum cans m scrap altveirkgn a brass A copper A lead A radiator9 A • stainless steel - ATLAS R ECYCLINQ C ENTER pNW61165 Pesticide Tro6lems [hist [Starting Thirteen chemicals have been identified in our drinking water. But where? The Department of Health has received eleven written requests by me asking where this bow water is on each island. The Deportment of Healtn will neither cpn- fihtnnor deny the Presence of all these 13 Chemicals. but after giving data about DBCP. EDB And Til, they carefully and repeatedly write that all Information has been given. Governor George Ariyosru has been re- quested 8 times for these water data. He has reworded with 2 public -relations letters. area rot wild, NQ acequate inf.manon for oath Island. Does "quiet and affective" really solve our problme, or just make them secret? Ask him about your Big Island water. The message that Comes out of the Gover- nor'a IMesUgatory, Panel on Pestioxe9 Is clear. Pesticide inspectors must keep their Touting shut. Harbor Metwom found out about Silurian growing WaL babies were harmer. Our state already has high rates of certain cancers and miscarriages ammg various ethnic groups. Even higher rates of birth defects occurred On Molokai: Lanai; Waialue. Oahu: and North spirals. Hawyii. Toucher by theme horrible realities, Mr. Marsala broke the riles about being quiet and effective. Public Droit gupParted Mr. Matsu - de's allegations shl forger serious issued, hone of Which were addresser by the gover- ner's Panel. M ekahple Lg Cee "confidential" letter by Dan Inouye Which warns industry (but hot ere Public) of serious chme, load problems in May of 1982. Inouye relayed information Mich he con- sidered reliable: "State enforcement and test- ing procedures are notoriously lax..." And ...Pineeppla growers have been ignored for years, with Ube tacit approval of State in- wectdn... " "Tacit approval" was the gi.t of Ube charge made by Mr. Matsuod Dan Inouye's letter Supports Mat Mr. walsooa was :Nang to Say. The governors panel did rept investigate this "confidential" 19W infOrenmtlnn. Why Should they? Inouye wog warning industry, not the Public. Our PestXire Problems are lust starting. Sill Dougherty. 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CO TL �v�1C7 °: •�3 E� � �¢&'`° w C� 0 A L m "IN MCHVED Ttme = -2— 9 Date__._ C- .Z _1 County Council TO THE HONORABLE JAMES ARAKAKI CHAIR, HAWAII COUNTY COUNCIL FROM LAWRENCE L: TERLEP HAWAII BRANCH CHIEF DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES Please distribute to Councilmembers. DCE / SP DEMONSTRATION VIDEO Copy Tape 1 of 1 Time: 3 min. 20 sec.