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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0314.006 1996-1998 r Hawaii Counter Coun~C: ~es,~ g~ SUBMITTED BY: REV. JONATHAN ADLER~ 3 t~i11 IT IS HEREBY RESOLVED Tr :A T: ~G, : H~V`~~1`, THE HAWAII ~OUNTY COUNCIL TERMINAT V;~ll~( FORTWITH: T r1E "MARIJUANA ERADICATION' PROGRAM AND DISCONTINUES ITS CONTRACT WITH THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT LDEAI IMMEDIATELY WHILE ENJOINING SAID FEDERAL AGENCIES FROM FURTHER IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS PROGRAM ON HAWAII SOIL AND AIRSPACE. -i r-IIS PROGRAM AND ASSOCIATED CONTRACTS HAVE "NOT "MET THr MANDATORY COUNTY CHARTER REQUIREMENT OF A COMPLETE PROGRAM REVIEW EVERY 4 YEARS EVEN ONCE DURING LT'S ~8 YEAR HISTORY OF ACTIVITY AT THE PUBLIC'S EXPENSE. IT HAS NOT PROVEN EFFECTIVE IN KEEPING MARIJUANA FROM CHILD't~N OR STOPPING THE CULTIVATION OF FF BY COMMERCIAL INTERESTS! IT HAS BY MOST ACCOUNTS .DONE MUCH TO UNDER MINE OUR ONCE PROSPEROUS ECONOMY Af~iD BROUGHT HARDER DRUGS INTO THE PICTURE THAT ARE CHEAPER AND EASIER TO FIND. WE HEREBY PROPOSE REPLACING THIS OUT-DATED PROGRAM WITH A NEW COMMUNITY BASED DRUG MANAGEMENT AND EDUCATION PROGRAM WHERE PARENTS TEACH THEIR OWN CHILDREN FROM EXPERIENCE. WE ALSO RESOLVE TO INSTRUCT OUR POLICE FORCE TO "DEPRIORITIZE" MARIJUANA POSSESSION AND CULTIVATION BY ADULTS ON THEIR OWN PROPERTY AS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE: UNLESS IT IS SOLD TO A MINOR (LESS THAN I8 YRS.) OR GROWN ON PUBLIC L/~ DS. POLICE ARE ENCOURAGED TO SHOW 'TOLERANCE "OF ADULT CITIZENS' RIGHTS TO PRIVATELY OR PUBLICLY USE CANNABIS FOR MEDICINE. WORSHIP OR RECREATION AND CULTIVATE AT THEIR HOMES FOR PERSONAL. MEDICALOR CHURCH USE B`f RECOGNIZING. PROTE~ING AND PRESEP,VING THEIR GOD-GIVEN AND LEGISLATED RIGHT T O CHOOSE. BE IT SO RESOLVED AND AGREED BY A M,~1)ORITY OF SITTING COUNCIL MEMBERS. ~e.~~~Qk Q~_ 3 ~Yl c~... 06 m. USG L[ Preseafed_ F~ mot. ~ ,1UN i 9 i -ti NOTICE OF INTENT TO OBEY THE LAW! H.R.S SECT. 712-124. (HAW. PENAL CODE) DATED: APe21t_ I ~q~77 ATTENTION LAVr ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES~~ THE HAWAIIMEDI Ai M_aRlitl NA NST~~ISI?EDICATEDTO OFFERING "MEDICAL M R tUA-NA" TO ALL THE DULY DESIGNATED DISPENSER OUTLETS. ACCORDING TO LAW, I; REVEREND ADLER AS A MINISTER AND BELIEVER, & THE REY,IGION OF iESt iS CHURCH' CERTIFIED BY GOD AS AN ~[ITI30RIZED .A .iNC' MIHISTRy ~ ARE COMMTI'EDTORELIEVINGSUFFERIN AND[MPROVIN.TfiEOLieLTTY OF LIFE FOR ALL THOSE NEEDY PEOPLE WHO CAN PROVIDE A AL D~L~,Ate ~'J~~ OR A STATEN .t~ OF NEED FROM A PHYSICIArI OR PERSON "OTHE_RWI . arrrr-rnur~n~~ BY LAW. (RELIGIOUSP CTTTIO .R) WE AT THE HAWAii MEDICAL MA_RIiUANA INcTTT'UT'E ARE SERTIFIED Ca~E.G-1Z/FR CULTIVATORS WITH OVER ~1 YEARS OF ACTUAL "RELIGIOLT~" CULTIVATION AND GENETIC ~ ' tD 7aT70N EXPERIENCE, IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THE HIGHEST QUALITY AND BEST POTENCY NATURAL MEDICINE AVAILABLE WITH ORGAMC TECHNIQUES. BE AWARE THAT ALL THE ACTIVITIE OF THIS ENTITY ARE AL AND LAWFUL, "ACCORDING TO STATUTE." P THUSLY; WE REQUIRE YOUR UNDERSTANDING, PROTECTION AND _ ACKNOWLEDGEMEN't'ASCONSCIENTIOUSPEACEOFFICERS RN TO UPHOLDTT-IE JAS. AND HAWAII CONSTTTITTiONS WHILE PROTECTING AND SERVING THE COMMUNITY WHO PAYS FOR YOUR TRAINING, MEDICAL BENEFITS, EQUIPMENT, AND WAGES. TOLERANCE OF QTNER PEOPLES` N ED ~GHTS. CHOICES" AND FREEDOMS IS IMPERATIVE FOR GOVERNMENT AGENCIES TO I?(ERCISE IN ACTIONS THAT AFFECT THE HE TT3 AND GENERAL WELFARE OF THE PUBLIC!! THE Pi IR.S'ii ii't' n_F us pvn?rF_Sc rc c~rrr r r EGAD THE RIGHT TO HEAL ONE'S SELF COMES FROM GOD!! WITH ALL RESPECTS AND SINCERITY: REV. JONATHAN ADLER - RP M1 • -1': 1ST HAWAII HEMP & HEALTH GLOBAL. EXPOSITI011I '9? JUNE 13, 14, and 15th HELD AT: THE KONA SURF CONVENTION CENTER *Event scheduled from 12:noon until 8 Pm each day KONA S RF RE ORT (808) 22- 411(konasurf@ilhawaii netl *FEATURING SPEAKERS FROM ACROSS THE WORLD ON HEMP *SLIDES AND VIDEOS FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES *MEDICAL AND HEALTH EXPERT FROM AFAR & HAWAII *FASHION HOW AND HEMP PROD T WITH TOP MODELS FOOD -FUEL - FIBBH - FASI;ION -FACTS -AND FUN.. *OPEN TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND L_AW ENFORCEMENT *HEMP EXPERTS FROM CHINA, RUSSIA, HUNGARY, U.S.A., CANADA, AMSTERDAM, AND HAWAII ALL UNITE TO SHARE *DOCTORS< FARMER < & DEVELOPERS ARE ALL WEL OME VENDORS AND EXHIBITORS PLEASE CALL A.S.A.P. CALL (808) 982-7640 OR 1-800 -BUY HEMP INFO/TICKET PRODUCER:.IONATHAN ADLER /HAWAII HEMP RESOURCE SEND TICKET ORDERS TO: P.O. BOX 742 HILO, HI. 96721 ALL HAWAII ARRANGEMENTS BY HAWAII H MP C'nOP Lunch or Dinner is included each day TICKET PRICES ARE: @$50.00 per day or $125/3 Day Pass INVITER SPEASEBS: DENIES PERON - CtE~ fONRAD - ROA CLARKS STEVE HAliER - JOI~1 HOWELL - .lOtIN STAHL - DR. TODD MIKURIYA - ROQER CHRfSTIE DAVID WATSON -DON 1A/IRTSHAFTER And JlAore! K is time ro revel the troth of Hnfnp's potential ***SPECIAL GUEST APPEARANCES AND SPEAKERS ALSO!! Be Raadir To Laarn 'the Trulh; If WiN Set You Free *The Real Experts will be here to give you "ALL the FA T " xxxxxx "NEVER FORGET YOUR RIGHT TO PURSUE HAPPINESS" xxxxxx ~ s ~ ~ ~ S ~ , May-29-97 02:33P P.O1 LETTER OF REC4GNiTiUN & SUPPURT FUR: THE HAWAII MEC3IGAL. MARIHUANA INSTITUTE 5f 15187 TO WHOM I'T MAY CONCERN; THE uew~u #A~[)tCAi MA„~j,IJi,~ANA INSTITUTE, fiOUNDED BY REV. J(}NAZHAf~ ADLER, HAS BEEN DULY RECOGNIZED BY j~_~MPA.S~SfONAI'E .USE CLUS OF CALIFORNIA AS A ('FRTIFtFlO t;~A,RE-GIY~~, FACILITY WITH THE RIGHTS AND PROTECTIONS CLEARLY STATED IN HRH,, RFfT 712-124Q 1 ANP PROP. 21 S (CALIF.} WE SUPPORT HIS OFFERING OF MEDfCAL MARIJUANA TO THOSE WHO PROVfDE ~ L~?WFt?[~ PR~.SC,f~!P.,TION OR RECOMMENDA"[tON FROM A PRACTITIONER "OTH ~ I E AUT„{~ORt ~ SY LAW"t WE ALSO RESERVE THE RIGHT TO ACCESS HAWAII MEDICAL. MARIJUANA FOR OUR NEEDY PATIENTS AT OUR DISGRESSION .~~ALLY AND LAWFULLY UNDER f30TH CALIFORNIA AND HAWAII STATUTES! WE APPLAUD HIS NFAI 3 MINISTRY AND HIS COMMITMENT TO OFFER fj,ELiEf= TO THE PEOPLE OF HAWAII AND THE WORLDf SINCERELY: DENNIS PERON/ FOUNDER COMPASSIONATE USE Cl_U!3 SAN FRANCISCO, CAUf=. ° n ftauyaii Medical Marijuana Institute ' OPERi9TED B'~ L~1W~ Rccordin~to 1-i.R.S Sect. 712 - 12t.5. 1 iTledical 1Tlac-iiua~a "is le~at" with either a lawful prescriptioc~ from a ?octor or a person "otherwise authorized hu law." Created to offer the best quality "medical marijuana" organically grown on the Big Island by certified earn-giver cultivator experts, using genetic results of 20 years of active "religious" cultivation with the most exotic strains of cannabis available!! ` Distribution Points are designated to he all local HOSPITAL outlets. Pharmacy retail sales to patients and public with properprescription or other legal authorization as provided by law! Authorized and Certified Care-giver cultivators under contract will supplythe ever-present needs of the medical community and patients state-wide with a legal, lawful, and world-class medicine!@ low cost! physicians may refer patients with a statement of need! Pharmacological indications and symptoms that would call for the dnique healing properties of the cannabis flowers could be treated ° safely and effectivelywith no unexpected side effects! It is well-known world-wide that Hawaiian Strains and products of cannabis are the leaders in taste, potency, efficacy, and over-all quality!! It is expected that our products will be at great demand internationally once they recognize that aI1 obstructions are lifted!! Available Strains are updated monthly and current price lists also! Suggested Retail Price is $20.00 per gram = X4.080.00 yer lb: Marinol-Current Retail Price-is $80.00 per milligram = 1452 SOO.Ib. *The natural cannabis product is more effective. enioyable. flavorful. provides quicker deliverv of relief and it's safe!! Call for information: (808) 982-7640 /Fax same# e-mail: bigislex@interpac.net ~ c/o Rev. Jon Adler snail mail: P.O. Box 742 Hilo, Haweii 96721 ~-~]-9z Hemp Foy Fael http://dcuglibcary.ocg/schaFFec/hemp/hempfueLhm~ j Schaffer I,ibrary£ of '~7r?cg f~olicy k ss Contents ~ Feedback ~ Search DRCNet Library ~ Schaffer Library ~ Hemp~Nlarijuana) HEMP FOR FUEL Excerpted from "Energy Farming in America," by Lynn Osburn BIOMASS CONVERSION to fuel has proven economically feasible, first in laboratory tests and by continuous operation of pilot plants in field tests since 1973. When the energy crop is growing it takes in C02 from the air, so when it is burned the C02 is released, creating a balanced system. Biomass is the term used to describe all biologically produced matter. World production of biomass is estimated at 146 billion metric tons a year, mostly wild plant growth. Some farm crops and trees can produce up to 20 metric tons per acre of biomass a year. Types of algae and grasses may produce 50 metric tons per year. This biomass has a heating value of 5000-8000 BTU/Ib, with virtually no ash or sulfur produced during combustion. About 6% of contiguous United States land area put into cultivation for biomass could supply all current demands for oil and gas. The foundation upon which this will be achieved is the emerging concept of "energy farming," wherein farmers grow and harvest crops fox biomass conversion to fuels. PYROLYSIS IS THE TECHNIQUE of applying high heat to organic matter (ligno-cellulosic materials) in the absence of air or in reduced air. The process can produce charcoal, condensable organic liquids (pyrolytic fuel oil), non-condensable gasses, acetic acid, acetone, and methanol. The process can be adjusted to favor charcoal, pyrolytic oil, gas, or methanol production with a 95.5% fuel-to-feed efficiency. Pyrolysis has been used since the dawn of civilization. Ancient Egyptians practiced wood distillation by collecting the tars and pyroligneous acid for use in their embalming industry. Methanol-powered automobiles and reduced emissions from coal-fired power plants can be accomplished by biomass conversion to fuel utilizing pyrolysis technology, and at the same time save the American family farm while turning the American heartland into a prosperous source of clean energy production. Hemp For Fuel http://dmglibcary.ocg/schaEEec/hzmp/hempEuel.htrn source of clean energy production. Pyrolysis has the advantage of using the same technology now used to process crude fossil fuel oil and coal. Coal and oil conversion is more efficient in terms of fuel-to-feed ratio, but biomass conversion by pyrolysis has many environmental and economic advantages over coal and oil. Pyrolysis facilities will run three shifts a day. Some 68% of the energy of the raw biomass will be contained in the charcoal and fuel oils made at the facility. This charcoal has nearly the same heating value in BTU as coal, with virtually no sulfur. Pyrolytic fuel oil has similar properties to no. 2 and no. 6 fuel oil. The charcoal can be transported economically by rail to all urban area power plants generating electricity. The fuel oil can be transported economically by trucking creating more jobs fox Americans. When these plants use charcoal instead of coal, the problems of acid rain will begin to disappear. When this energy system is on line producing a steady supply of fuel fox electrical power plants, it will be more feasible to build the complex gasifying systems to produce methanol from the cubed biomass, ox make synthetic gasoline from the methanol by the addition of the Mobil Co. process equipment to the gasifier. FARMERS MUST BE ALLOWED TO GROW an energy crop capable of producing 10 tons per acre in )0-120 days. This crop must be woody in nature and high in lignocellulose. It must be able to grow in all climactic zones in America. And it should not compete with food crops fox the most productive land, but be grown in rotation with food crops or on marginal land where food crop production isn't profitable. When farmers can make a profit growing energy, it will not take long to get 6% of continental American land mass into cultivation of biomass fuel--enough to replace our economy's dependence on fossil fuels. We will no longer be increasing the C02 burden in the atmosphere. The threat of global greenhouse warming and adverse climactic change will diminish. To keep costs down, pyrolysis reactors need to be located within a 50 mile radius of the energy farms. This necessity will bring life back to our small towns by providing jobs locally. HEMP IS THE NUMBER ONE biomass producer on planet earth: 10 tons per acre in approximately four months. It is a woody plant containing 77% cellulose. Wood produces 60% cellulose. This energy crop can be harvested with equipment readily available. It can be "cubed" by modifying hay cubing equipment. This method condenses the bulk, reducing trucking costs from the field to the pyrolysis reactor. And the biomass cubes axe ready for conversion with no further treatment. Hemp is drought resistant, making it an ideal crop in the dry western regions of the country. Hemp For Fuel http://dmglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/hempfuel.hvn Hemp is the only biomass resource capable of making America energy independent. And our government outlawed it in 1938. Remember, in 10 years, by the year 2000, America will have exhausted 80% of her petroleum reserves. Will we then go to war with the Arabs for the privilege of driving our cars; will we stripmine our land for coal, and poison our air so we can drive our autos an extra 100 years; will we raze our forests fox our energy needs? During World War II, our supply of hemp was cut off by the Japanese. The federal government responded to the emergency by suspending marijuana prohibition. Patriotic American farmers were encouraged to apply for a license to cultivate hemp and responded enthusiastically. Hundreds of thousands of acres of hemp were grown. The argument against hemp production does not hold up to scrutiny: hemp grown for biomass makes very poor grade marijuana. The 20 to 40 million Americans who smoke marijuana would loath to smoke hemp grown for biomass, so a farmer's hemp biomass crop is worthless as marijuana. It is time the government once again respond to our economic emergenry as they did in WWII to permit our farmers to grow American hemp so this mighty nation can once again become energy independent and smog free. For more information on the many uses of hemp, contact BACH, the Business Alliance fox Commerce in Hemp, Box 71093, LA, CA 90071-0093, 213/288-4152. --excerpt from Herer, "Emperor Wears No Clothes," 1991 edition, p. 136 For an updated version of "Energy Fanning In America," "Books In Print" lists "Ecohemp: Economy and Ecolgy with Hemp," Access Unlimited, Frazier Paxk, CA, 805/632-2644. [3] The device invented was named the decorticator and in the mid 1930s it was poised to do for hemp what the cotton gin had done for cotton: create a fast and economically feasible way of "removing the fiber- bearing cortex from the rest of the stalk, making hemp fiber available for use without a prohibitive amount of human labor." ("Popular Mechanics," February, 1938) Contents ~ Feedback ~ Search DRCNet Library ~ Schaffer Library ~ Hemp (Marijuana) 1ST HA~1'~?II HEMP & HEALTH GLOBAL. EXPOSITIOi1T t JUNE 13, 14, and 15th HELD AT: THE KONA SURF CONVENTION CENTER *Event scheduled from 12:noon until 8 Pm each day KONA SURF RESORT (808) 22- 411(konasurf@ilhawaii net) *FEATURING SPEAKERS FROM ACROSS TH WOR D ON HEMP *SLIDES AND VIDEOS FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES *MEDICAL AND HEALTH EXPERT FROM AFAR & HAWAII *FASHION SH W AND HEMP PROD .TS WITH TOP MODE FOOB -FUEL - FIBER -FASHION -FACTS -AND FUN.. *OPEN TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND LAW ENFORCEMENT *HEMP EXPERTS FROM CHINA, RUSSIA, HUNGARY, U.S.A., CANADA, AMSTERDAM, AND HAWAII ALL UNITE TO SHAR *DOCTORS< FARMER < & DEVELOP RS ARE ALL WELCOME VENDORS AND EXHIBITORS PLEASE CALL A.S.Ap. CALL (808) 982-7640 OR 1-800 -BUY HEMP INFO/TICKET PRODUCER: iONATHAN ADLER /HAWAII HEMP RESOURCE SEND TICKET ORDERS TO: P.O. BOX 742 HILO, HI. 96721 ALL HAWAII ARRANGEMENTS BY HAWAII HEMP COOP Lunch or Dinner is included each day TICKET PRICES ARE: @$5.0.00 per day or $12 S /3 Day Pass IIVVI'I'ED SPEAKEES: DEIWy15 PNlON - COIrRl4D - R06 CLARKS STEVE MAGER - .JOHN HOWELL - ~ STAHL - DR. TODD MIKtJR1YA - R0~3ER TIE - DAVID WATSOM - OON WIRTSHAFTER And Moro! tt is tent t+o reveal the truth of tientp's potential ***SPECIAL GUEST APPEARANCES AND SPEAKERS ALSO!! 8t Raadyr To Leant The Trvth; ff WiN Set You Free *The Real Experts will be here to give you "ALL the FA TS" xxxxxx'NEVER FORGET YOUR RIGHT TO PURSUE HAPPINESS" xxxxxx rt * Congressional Record - Senate, October 27, 1993 * Congressional Record - House, November 15, 1993 UnTITED STATES PUBLIC LAW 103-150 103d Congress Joint Resolution 19 Nov. 23, 1993 To acknowledge the 100th anniversary of the January 17,1893 overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, and to offer an apology to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Whereas, prior to the arrival of the first Europeans in 1778, the Native Hawaiian people lived in a highly organized, self-sufficient, subsistent social system based on communal land tenure with a sophisticated language, culture, and religion; Whereas, a unified monarchical government of the Hawaiian Islands was established in 1810 under Kamehameha I, the first King of Hawaii; Whereas, from 1826 until 1893, the United States recognized the independence of the Kingdom of Hawaii, extended full and complete diplomatic recognition to the Hawaiian Government, and entered into treaties and conventions with the Hawaiian monarchs to govern commerce and navigation in 1826,1842,1849,1875, and 1887; Whereas, the Congregational Church (now known as the United Church of Christ), through its American Boazd of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, sponsored and sent more than 100 missionaries to the Kingdom of Hawaii between 1820 and 1850; Whereas, on January 14,1893, John L. Stevens (hereafter referred to in this Resolution as the "iJnited States Minister"), the United States Minister assigned to the sovereign and independent Kingdom of Hawaii conspired with a small group of non-Hawaiian residents of the Kingdom of Hawaii, including citizens of the United States, to overthrow the indigenous and lawful Government of Hawaii; Whereas, in pursuance of the conspiracy to overthrow the Government of Hawaii, the United States Minister and the naval representatives of the United States caused armed naval forces of the United States to invade the sovereign Hawaiian nation on January 16,1893, and to position themselves neaz the Hawaiian Government buildings and the Iolani Palace to intimidate Queen Liliuokalani and her Government; Whereas, on the afternoon of January 17,1893, a Committee of Safety that represented the American and European sugar planters, descendants of missionaries, and financiers deposed the Hawaiian monarchy and proclaimed the establishment of a Provisional Government; Whereas, the United States Minister thereupon extended diplomatic recognition to the Provisional Government that was formed by the conspirators without the consent of the Native Hawaiian people or the lawful Government of Hawaii and in violation of treaties between the two nations and of international law; Whereas, soon thereafter, when informed of the risk of bloodshed with resistance, Queen Liliuokalani issued the following statement yielding her authority to the United States Government rather than to the Provisional Government: "I Liliuokalani, by the Grace of God and under the Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Queen, do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the Constitutional Government of the Hawaiian Kingdom by certain persons claiming to have established a Provisional Government of and for this Kingdom. 'That I yield to the superior force of the United States of America whose Minister Plenipotentiary, His Excellency John L. Stevens, has caused United States troops to be landed a Honolulu and declared that he would support the Provisional Government. "Now to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life, I do this under protest and impelled by said force yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the Constitutional Sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands:'. Done at Honolulu this 17th day of January, A.D.1893.; Whereas, without the active support and intervention by the United States diplomatic and military representatives, the insurrection against the Government of Queen Liliuokalani would have failed for lack of popular support and insufficient arms; Whereas, on February 1,1893, the United States Minister raised the American flag and proclaimed Hawaii to be a protectorate of the United States; Whereas, the report of a Presidentially established investigation conducted by former Congressman James Blount into the events surrounding the insurrection and overthrow of January 17,1893, concluded that the United States diplomatic and military representatives had abused their authority and were responsible for the change in government; Whereas, as a result of this investigation, the United States Minister to Hawaii was recalled from his diplomatic post and the military commander of the United States armed forces stationed in Hawaii was disciplined and forced to resign his commission; Whereas, in a message to Congress on December 18,1893, President Grover Cleveland reported fully and accurately on the illegal acts of the conspirators, described such acts as an "act of war, committed with the participation of a diplomatic representative of the United States and without authority of Congress", and acknowledged that by such acts the government of a peaceful and friendly people was overthrown; Whereas, President Cleveland further concluded that a "substantial wrong has thus been done which a due regard for our national character as well as the rights of the injured people requires we should endeavor to repair" and called for the restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy; Whereas, the Provisional Government protested President Cleveland's call for the restoration of the monarchy and continued to hold state power and pursue annexation to the United States; Whereas, the Provisional Government successfully lobbied the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate (hereafter referred to in this Resolution as the "Committee") to conduct a new investigation into the events surrounding the overthrow of the monarchy; Whereas, the Committee arid its chairman, Senator John Morgan, conducted hearings in Washington, D.C., from December 27,1893, through February 26, 1894, in which members of the Provisional Government justified and condoned the actions of the United States Minister and recommended annexation of Hawaii; Whereas, although the Provisional Government was able to obscure the role of the United States in the illegal overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, it was unable to rally the support from iwo-thirds of the Senate needed to ratify a treaty of annexation; Whereas, on July 4, 1894, the Provisional Government declared itself to be the Republic of Hawaii; Whereas, on January 24,1895, while imprisoned in Iolani Palace, Queen Liliuokalani was forced by representatives of the Republic of Hawaii to officially abdicate her throne; Whereas, in the 1896 United States Presidential election, William McKinley replaced Grover Cleveland; Whereas, on July 7,1895, as a consequence of the Spanish-American War, President McKinley signed the Newlands Joint Resolution that provided for the annexation of Hawaii; Whereas, through the Newlands Resolution, the self-declared Republic of Hawaii ceded sovereignty over the Hawaiian Islands to the United States; Whereas, the Republic of Hawaii also ceded 1,800,000 acres of crown, government and public lands of the Kingdom of Hawaii, without the consent of or compensation to the Native Hawaiian people of Hawaii or their sovereign government; Whereas, the Congress, through the Newlands Resolution, ratified the cession, annexed Hawaii as part of the United States, and vested title to the lands in Hawaii in the United States; Whereas, the Newlands Resolution also specified that treaties existing between Hawaii and foreign nations were to immediately cease and be replaced by United States treaties with such nations; Whereas, the Newlands Resolution effected the transaction between the Republic of Hawaii and the United States Government; Whereas, the indigenous Hawaiian people never directly relinquished their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people or over their national lands to the United States, either through their monazchy or through a plebiscite or referendum; Whereas, on Apri130,1900, President McKinley signed the Organic Act that provided a government for the territory of Hawaii and defined the political structure and powers of the newly established Territorial Government and its relationship to the United States; Whereas, on August 21,1959, Hawaii became the 50th State of the United States; Whereas, the health and well-being of the Native Hawaiian people is intrinsically tied to their deep feelings and attachment to the land; Whereas, the long-range economic and social changes in Hawaii over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have been devastating to the population and to the health and well-being of the Hawaiian people; Whereas, the Native Hawaiian people are determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territory, and their cultural identity in accordance with their own spiritual and traditional beliefs, customs, practices, language, and social institutions; Whereas, in order to promote racial harmony and cultural understanding, the Legislature of the State of Hawaii has determined that the year 1993, should serve Hawaii as a year of special reflection on the rights and dignities of the Native Hawaiians in the Hawaiian and the American societies; Whereas, the Eighteenth General Synod of the United Church of Christ in recognition of the denomination's historical complicity in the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 directed the Office of the President of the United Church of Christ to offer a public apology to the Native Hawaiian people and to initiate the process of reconciliation between the United Church of Christ and the Native Hawaiians; and Whereas, it is proper and timely for the Congress on the occasion of the impending one hundredth anniversary of the event, to acknowledge the historic significance of the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, to express its deep regret to the Native Hawaiian people, and to support the reconciliation efforts of the State of Hawaii and the United Church of Christ with Native Hawaiians; Now, therefore, be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND APOLOGY. The Congress - (1) on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17,1893, acknowledges the historical significance of this event which resulted in the suppression of the inherent sovereignty of the Native Hawaiian people; (2) recognizes and commends efforts of reconciliation initiated by the State of Hawaii and the United Church of Christ with Native Hawaiians; (3) apologizes to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the people of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17,1893 with the participation of agents and citizens of the United States, and the deprivation of the rights of Native Hawaiians to self-determination; (4) expresses its commitment to acknowledge the ramifications of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, in order to provide a proper foundation for reconciliation between the United States and the Native Hawaiian people; and (5) urges the President of the United States to also acknowledge the ramifications of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and to support reconciliation efforts between the United States and the Native Hawaiian people. SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. As used in this Joint Resolution, the term "Native Hawaiians" means any individual who is a descendent of the aboriginal people who, prior to 1778, occupied and exercised sovereignty in the area that now constitutes the State of Hawaii. SEC. 3. DISCLAIMER. Nothing in this Joint Resolution is intended to serve as a settlement of any claims against the United States. Approved November 23, 1993 LEGISLATIVE HISTORY - S.J. Res. 19: SENATE REPORTS: No. 103-125 (Select Comm. on Indian Affairs) CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vo1.139 (1993): Oct. 27, considered and passed Senate. Nov. 15, considered and passed House. "...the logical consequences of this resolution would be independence." - Senator Slade Gorton, US Senate Congressional Record Wednesday, October 27, 1993, 103rd Cong.1st Sess. August 14, 1996 ~/.~~4~7 Hawaii County Council, , "GREEN HARVEST" This is another request that you not accept federal funding ($400,000) of the Marijuana Eradication Program. Please note that the words "Green Harvest" were deliberately omitted from my prior testimony because it would be using good words to mean bad things. Rather than Green Harvest being a military style police action against county citizens in order to seek and destroy a benign plant which throughout world history has been man's best friend in the vegetable kingdom, Green Harvest shall one day soon mean reaping the beneficial harvest of this amazing plant. Green Harvest will come when cannabis is liberated from its sixty years of bondage as a prohibited plant and resurrected as a primary resource for food, fuel, fibre, construction material, medicine, sacrament and "recreational" uses, as it has for millennia. The benefits of cannabis will be bestowed as a blessing upon the people of all nations when the abundance provided by this "tree of life" is recognized and utilized. Green Harvest is coming soon to sustain the 3rd millennium. BLESSINGS OF GREEN HARVEST The blessings of Green Harvest will be manifest when cannabis is liberated and cultivated as: / - the foundation of an agricultural economy for food, fuel, fibre, construction material, medicine, sacrament, and "recreational" uses that will do anything wood, petroleum and cotton do and do it cheaper, better, renewably, and environmentally benign, ~ - an "industrial feedstock" for a multitude of diverse manufacturing industries and a multitude of °cottage industries,° food since its seed is one of the most nutritious and versatile foods in the world used for flour, oil, sprouts, herb & spice, beverages, and more, even for livestock, y - medicine in low cost pharmaceutical preparations, - a means of halting deforestation and the proliferation of petrochemical poisoning of people and planet, - a means of bringing economic and energy "power to the people,° ~ - a sacramental substance for religious and spiritual use, ~ - a benign substitute for harmful and addictive illegal drugs and to minimize the use of harmful, addictive and legal products, recognizing that cannabis is the safe way not the gate way, the solution not the problem. 9 - in home gardens as an herb for culinary, medicinal, sacramental and "recreational" purposes, on family farms- marketed through community co-ops, and in fields of vast acres in every district and elevation using nature's inputs instead of petrochemical inputs, /o - to be administered by a duly elected government through a department of agriculture responsible for permitting, taxing, educating, grading, researching, and assuring food self-sufficiency by establishing complimentary food crop ratios when the cannabis crop is not a seed crop, - to help heal a drug and petrochemical addicted world, to improve health, and to allow greater prosperity for n?ere pecrle in an otherwise subjugated economy. RENOUNCE OR REBEL As a citizen of Hawai~sland, the State of Hawaii, the United States of America, . and the great Planet Earth, I ask that you renounce cannabis eradication which seeks to destroy God's gift to humanity. If not, let the peoples of this land, in time for the 3rd millennium, rise in rebellion at the voting booth, against this crime of the 20th century and those who perpetuate it. er Rothstein ; v J . June 3rd 1997 Honorable Members of the Hawaii County Council, My issue today is not the legalization of marijuana nor the industrial benefits of hemp but the issue of leadership. I am asking members to note the direction our country is moving in regazds to the "drug abuse problem" and as each one of you consider what is best for your constituents 1 ask you to act as leaders and not followers. Leaders will note that President Clinton has repeatedly stated recently that the "the biggest health problem facing our nation today is tobacco....with over 400,000 Americans dying each yeaz from tobacco-related illnesses and nearly 90% of them starting to smoke before the age of 18." In 1995, 1,132 Hawaii residents died from tobacco related illnesses. These deaths were preventable. Obviously marijuana, from which there have been no reported deaths, is a miniscule drug problem by comparison with tobacco. Leaders will note that Governor Cayetano reports that in "1995 alone, Hawaii lost over $328 million as a result of the effects of smoking cigarettes." My estimate of Hawaii County's share of that loss caused by tobacco is about $38 million. There are no official estimates of any similar losses amibutable to marijuana. Leaders will note that the Hawaii State Dept. of Education recently reported that "an alarming 34% of Hawaii high school students are regular tobacco smokers compared to 22% in 1980 revealing a shocking increase in adolescents beginning a long term addiction and life shortening habit. " Leaders will also note that numerous studies indicate tobacco use precedes other drug use. The Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University reported in 1994 that an adult who smoked cigarettes as a child is 3 times more likely to use marijuana and 4 times more likely to use cocaine than one who did not smoke as a child. The 1995 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse stated that youths 12-17 who smoked tobacco were about 8 times as likely to use illicit drugs and 11 times as likely to drink heavily as non smokers. I assume that wise leaders intent on the pursuit of a wise drug abuse policy would spend public money relative to the `problems' associated with the different drugs that aze abused. For this reason I urge Members to act as wise leaders and take a stand on the drug abuse issue. Instead of"carte blanche" accepting Federal funding for marijuana eradication programs yeaz after year I ask that you pursue policies to use federal funding for the support of serious efforts to reduce the access of Hawaii's children to tobacco which is the major drug abuse problem in our county, our state and the nation. As Governor Cayetano said in relation to youth access to tobacco, "The key to a healthy and productive future is in the hands of Hawaii's youth. Let's give them the best opportunity for success by supporting them in reaching their goal. Graham Ellis - c~,.._ :~r M1b\~~~ / EXECUTIVE CHAMBERS NONOLULU BENJAMIN J. CAVETANO September 9, 1996 GOVCRNOR Exactly one year ago, President Clinton addressed the nation on the problem of youth smoking. With over 400,000 Americans dying each year from tobacco-related illnesses and nearly 90 percent of them starting to smoke before the age of 18, the President has become an advocate for further restrictions on youth access to tobacco. Cigarette smoking is the single most preventable cause of death for our people. In 1995 alone, Hawaii lOSt over $328 million as a result of the effects of smoking. Lost wages and decreased productivity caused by premature death due to smoking cost nearly 5132 million, while hospital and other direct health costs due to smoking added close to $160 million. In 1993, nearly 30 percent of 12th graders in public schools reported being regular smokers compared to 22 percent in 1980. What these statistics reveal is an alarming increase in adolescents beginning a long term addiction and life shortening habit. Hawaii's booklet entitled, "Hawaii's Youth Making a Difference for Their Future," is a collection of comments from Hawaii's school children in support of growing up tobacco-free. In excerpts from their letters, they express anger at being targeted by the tobacco industry, fear for what tobacco is doing to their generation, and sympathy for those who have suffered the fatal consequences of a legal but lethal product. My hope is that this booklet is the beginning of a statewide effort to reduce youth access to tobacco. The key to a healthy and productive future is in the hands of Hawaii's youth. Let's give them the best opportunity for success by supporting them in reaching their goal. With warmest personal regards, Aloha, BENJ IN J. CA/YETANO ± } /-`'`\l~ . l u~ OFFICE OF THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR $TATE Of HAWAII STATE CARITOL HONOLULU. HAWAII 96813 MAZIE K. HINONO PHONE'. f808) 566-0255 LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR December 18, 1996 After declining steadily for years, tobacco use in America has leveled off and even shows signs of increasing. A major factor in this disturbing trend is that smoking among children and adolescents is at an all-time high. The average age of first time tobacco-users in the U.S. is only thirteen years. The Hawaii State Department of Education recently reported that an alarming 34 percent of Hawaii high school students are regular smokers. Last year, 1,132 Hawaii residents died from tobacco- related illnesses, 16 percent of deaths for that year. These deaths were preventable. Faced with these kinds of statistics, the Clinton Administration is doing something about it, through a new policy initiative, the first of its kind. For the first time, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a plan to curb tobacco advertisements that deliberately target children and to restrict access of tobacco products to children. On August 23, President Clinton approved the FDA rules implementing the plan. This booklet contains dramatic statements from Hawaii's youth about tobacco use, its impact on their friends and families, and their feelings about being targeted by tobacco industry advertising. We can help our youth here in Hawaii by supporting the FDA's initiative to regulate the marketing and distribution of tobacco products to kids, and by continuing to adopt tough anti-tobacco measures of our own. I commend the 1,500 Hawaii students for speaking out against tobacco and congratulate the Hawaii Department of Health for compiling their statements into this compelling booklet. By working together to prevent smoking, our community can provide a healthier future for Hawaii's children. Aloha, ~ n~ MAZIE K. HIRONO 9 The first duty of government is to protect its citizens. The Constitution of the United States as interpreted over 208 years articulates [he obligation of the federal government to uphold the public good, providing a bulwazk against all threats, foreign and domesflc. The Waz on Some People Who Use Certain Drugs wnstitutes one such threat. Tyrannical, abusive governmental policies present a hazard to society as a whole. Like a corrosive, insidious cancer, The Waz on Some People Who Use Certain Drugs diminishes the potential of our citizens for fidl growth and development and has created the Drug Waz exemption to the Bill of Rights. Through trumped up fear of Drug abuse the 1st amendment rights [o freedom of religion, speech and assembly ,the 4th amendment rights to be free of unreasonable seazches the 5th amendment right not to testify against oneself and not have ones property taken without just compensation, the 9th amendments rights retained by the people and the 10th amendment powers also retained by the people the 13th amendment protections against involuntary servitude and the 14th amendments guarantees of due process and [he equal protection of the laws have all been significantly eroded due to the drug war exemptions. Deceptive measures have been put in place to get people to give up there inalienable rights An inalienable right as defined by Black's Law Dictionary aze rights which are not capable of being surrendered or transferred without the consent of the one possessing such rights e.g., freedom of speech or, religion, due process, and equal protection of the laws. [Morrison v. State, MoApp., 252 S.W2d 97, 101.] The traditions of American government and democracy affirm self-determination and freedom. Government must mirrimize interference in the private lives of citizens, it cannot deny liberty to individuals and uphold the collective culture the people. Drug prohibition and its consequences destroy personal liberty and the well-being of communities. Dramatic increases in crime, violence, anti-social behavior, accidents, unintended pregnancies, drugcxposed infants, and addiction are only part of the price that making drug use illegal imposes on society, sad to say as a result of prohibition efforts drug use is perpetuated and increased. Every citizen risks his ability to think rationally and his potential for a fidl, productive life when confronted by unreasonable fear created by the State and the glamorization by fiat of prohibition of the forbidden fndt. The Waz on Some People Who Use Certain Drugs drains the physical and moral strength of America. It spawns global criminal syndicates and bankrolls those who sell drugs to children. The Waz on Some People Who Use Certain Drugs fosters crime and violence in our inner cities, suburbs, and rural areas. In spite of Billions spent on what Gen. McAfferity now acknowledges as a failed social policy, deaths from illicit drugs increased 47 percent between 1990 and 1994 and number approximately 14,000 a year. On the other hand, drugs such as alcohol and nicotine result in 500,000 deaths a yeaz, yet this same government reaps enormous tax revenues from the sanctioned sale of these addictive and deadly legal drugs, which is why the term a Waz on Drugs is such a blatant lie, i[ is indeed The Waz on Some People Who Use Certain Drugs, a illegal civil war Americas Civil Viet Nam. Additional liabilities of The War on Some People Who Use Certain Drugs is the burden [o our society of approximately $67 billion in social, health, and criminal costs each year. If there were more effective prohibition, the damage to our country would be even greater. And more effective prohibition is planed. Historians have documented America's experience with prohibition over the past two hundred years. The ebb and flow of prohibition and hysteria recurred in roughly thirty-year cycles: an uninformed or forgetfid public becomes indifferent to the dangers of rising governmental excesses only to recoil at its devastating consequences." And what this entails is also coincidental with the growth in bigger more intrusive government in the United Stales The motive of the drug barons, and the drug warriors is to keep there good thing going. Both the bazons and the wamors profit in huge sums; the growth of their'pension insurance' has reached such gargantuan proportions Uta[ US drug conswnption is at a level where 5% of the worlds population uses 50% of the worlds drugs. This War on Some Drugs could not have a more disastrous result. Unforhtnately for all Americans, the 1997 National Drug Control Strategy sets a demented course to continue The Waz on Some People Who Use Certain Drugs and its detrimental consequences. The Controlled Substances Act, Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, is the unconstitutional and hypocritical foundation of the government's Waz on Some Drugs. This law consolidates numerous regulations pertaining to the manufacture and distribution of narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, anabolic steroids, and chemicals used in the illicit production of controlled substances. This is the basis for The War on Some People Who Use Certain Dmgs Exemption to the Bill of Rights The federal An[i-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 established as a policy goal of the United States govemment the creation of a drug-free America. This is a state sponsored belief system, which is maiNy for the benefit of the vested interest of law enforcement, and the continuance of enormous profit for the drug baron merchants of death, who could only make such profit because of prohibition itself The Waz on Some People Who Use Certain Dmgs is only curtx:d by: reducing the number of drug warriors and the laws which spawn them; and this can only be done by de-glamorizing what has been the false glory and perks given to these destroyers of American civil liberties. The unfortunate fact is that due to constant media hype for over the counter medicines for every ill that Americans are so programmed to take drugs that drug use is so deeply embedded in society that we can not hope to eliminate it The goal of a drug free America is unrealistic and prohibitively expensive in the cos[ of civil liberties alone. The policy makers fee] [hat the problem can be solved in short order if draconian measures are adopted. Present governmental policies embrace the extremes of border interdictions, warrant less searches, invasive blood and urine test ,the national Strategy rejects common sense approaches in favor of knee jerk solutions like building more jails and extending jail sentences . We can reduce drug use without compromising American ideals only if we abandon prohibition. The War on Some People Who Use Certain Drugs has plagued America for more than seventy years. To turn that negative experience azound will require perseverance and vigilance. Our nation can contain and decrease the damage wrought by The War on Some People Who Use Certain Drugs and its consequences. But we will have to apply owselves with a resolve marked by continuing education for ow citizens, the determination to resist politicians who traffic in drug hysteria while committing all manner of un-righteous acts, personally taking junkets, and lobbyist moneys, while they chop up and destroy the precious protections granted by the bill of rights., and the patience and compassion to treat individuals caught in the grip of illegal drugs. The metaphor of a "war on drugs" is misleading. Wars are expected to end. Addressing drug prohibition is a continuous challenge; the moment we believe ourselves to be victorious and free to relax ow resolve, tyranny will rise again. Furthermore, the United States should not wage war on its citizens, many of whom are the victims of this Drug War. These individuals must be helped, not defeated. It is the deniers of civil rights, both foreign and domestic, who must be thwarted. A more appropriate analogy for The War on Same People Who Use Certain Dmgs is cancer. Dealing with cancer is a long-term proposition. Decreasing The War on Some People Who Use Certain Drugs in America is a difficult task.. The duty of the federal govemment is to help communities overcome the consequences of the war on some dings. Ultimately, each American must make his or her own decision about whether stop The Waz on Some People Who Use Certain Drugs or not because it will take American resolve to restore what an bloated and out of control drug war bweaucracy has done to ow basic freedoms. When they took the fourth amendment, I was quiet because I don't deal drugs. When they took [he six amendment, I was quiet because I'm innocent. When they took the second amendment, I was quiet because I don't own a gun. Now theybe taken the first amendment and I can't say anything at all. the above is a setting right of the Governments rhetoric found at http: //www. ncj rs. org/htm/chapter l . h[m#overview . ~ . ~ , Y st ,~.4+a .t Jt k~&~ ~ ~ K}a d ar', 5 i~ L i V f $ i rc.6 p~°. IN THE TABERNACLES OF NATURE, GARDENS OF BEAUTY, WHEREVER TWO OR THREE GATHER, BEHOLD HE IS IN OUR MIDST Phone (808) 328-9794 Fax (808)328-9426 Mail P.O. Box 828 Kaawaloa Hawaii, 96704 The Religion of Jesus Church, Alternative Energy Advocacy and The Hawaii Hemp Council, are pleased to announce a joint venture [no pun intended] advancing the idea of the societal change to Hawaii becoming the worlds first petroleum free zone, and the creation of a crime free 1 to 2 Billion dollaz a yeaz agricultural industry . Proposal for the transformation of Hawaii from a petroleum based energy supply to a Hawaii produced pollution free energy supply, created by the utilization of Hemp biomass. This proposal is accomplished by 1. over a fifteen to twenty year period transforming Hawaii from electricity produced by diesel or steam turbine to electricity produced by fuel cell using a methanol produced from Hemp bio-mass 2. to produce the fuel stock from locally grown hemp reinvigorating fallow former sugar and pineapple lands 3. to use this methanol in electric cazs driven by fuel cells, with governmental car fleets and rental car fleets and buses being the first vehicles utilizing this technology. 4. to market and effectively use the valuable byproducts left over after the biomass portion of Hemp stalks aze removed. It is our estimate that 185,000 acres of Hemp will produce enough biomass to produce: 3300 million liters per yeaz [MLPY] of methanol which is enough to replace the 1200 MLPY of gasoline and the 640 MLPY of diesel fuel used in Hawaii today. Hawaii consumers pay around $800,000,000 per year for these petroleum fixels. The fiber left over after that portion of the plant suitable for biomass is used is a remainder of 1.6 billion pounds of fiber from 185,000 acres worth $400,000,000 and 450,000,000 pounds of seed worth $ 90,000,000 for a total crop value of $1,290,000,000 1.29 billion Dollazs. In 1992 Hawaii Island's sugaz crop had a value of $38.2 million. The combined acreage of sugar and pineapple in 1970 was 302,000 acres in addition to sugar lands the Big Island has azound 800,000 acres of pasture land suitable for the production of Hemp. Hemp provides a economic opportunity for the Big Island potentially 33 times the economic resource of sugar. We wish to promote the fair re-emergence of the Sovereign Nation of Hawaii and propose a 10 per cent of gross profit tribute be either paid to or held in trust for what ever internationally recognized entity is finally established as the repository of Hawaiian Sovereignty. Taxes were paid to the Hawauan monarchy in 1827 in the form of un- wrought Hemp. In Hawaii in the 1820's Hemp was reported to yield 13 tons per acre of fiber the above figures were based on a yield of 10 tons of fiber per acre We wish to praise the forward looking position taken by Mayor Steven Yamashiro's Administration [see attached letter requesting expedition of DEA permits from the Mayors administrations Hawaii Island is in dire straights due to the failure of sugar cane and the Mayor is in this case truly looking out for the interest of the citizens of this island. Rev. Dennis Shields The Religion of Jesus Church Roger Christie The Hawaii Hemp Council Michael Allen Alternative Energy Advocacy fuel cell -n. An electrochemical cell in which the energy of a reaction between a fuel, such as liquid hydrogen, and an oxidant, such as liquid oxygen, is converted directly and continuously into electrical energy. Fuel Cells produce electricity by catalytic conversion of a hydrogen bearing fuel source with oxygen the by-products of this catalytic combustion is water carbon dioxide and electricity. a .fit`.. ~..i ~ etr- w rv. I .I • ~n.~ L"1~~i 1 " , rv 4•. /'i M, ,I. nr 1.... 41 ~ .,,.u~.,.t~•ii,.. ~•ii X1.1,.1, w~ ••n _ r' m N_._ Q m to , ~z~ • ova sw save to TMa~kipi....,_..~:._,_ZfA war. ?A r N,umbe~ of dreg-at~~~~ed babies .~_p.-sharply . gythe As80CI~ed PflSt -oo de ~ that xdn ost w- Ar f61o Med~1 Ceutul dings as • t]oanJ: a bt of rt has to do with ifs cods BIIA - Sottial wodaa as the Big v~ to ~ ~ ~g diseovaed. io the aystems ~ above 5ve to oxause (the Wa ot) pot has gone nP so a I9md as repating a dramatic iaaase ffi tsa~ept bt~te ~ give bhtlh'bat jmt sa baEi~ tech month, said D,D. Baddey~ high," WestmomJaad sod "I thinle a big x the ~tbtr of d>b~ ban with dtogs is had ib ~ ae by a t6hd, a arse and diniai sapuvimt tat the pan oft, b pwple who oonnaDy would jet ' ~ their sy~R1 and ssy a facBity ~ nadod 9be Baby SAFE paagam smdet the apte YWCA Faanly Supper Swiea. sanote pot c~'t afford i4 so they Day these a when mochas aad thta oewbatns cm go Depanmtat dHnhb suraated abort 1,DpD }laeEdey sdde fie, hospitals don't. test e5rapm dings th,t have much gaatu Y t0 get off dttags. ptegmat wooam last•yar 1a sce if tDry: every i~ fa dntg esposara eHeps oo the mfaet." a 1be only faalida h1u dnt m ~e sWe wee. b dst for abnstog drop, sdd taara "1, ssovld we'n otissiug who t~ 18•year~ld wo~ac who raently an m ~ aad then u rattly u lambs, chief taeatdve oar of da lmwvs Dow raaoy of them,' sbc said, gave bath to a drug baby iu fib was'ssl;ed available slot m aoy of them ~t a Big aoapto5t Big Islsusd Subpmoo.Abae why she used ia, Island woam who help, sad MaY Contal. >a da: pee; . HdO i 'mss who teattd It's the Delp wsy i ao gM nwy freer Jo Wamtotramd, esaaive duedor of the Ibis pat, ba8ae ot.foodi~ ats, chi; popdve ~ had. wtaiae. a ~ b she said of her life bdog poor ~ n~o5t(SpdProteetiaaT~~Wee pgmcywillpmbably,saernaalyahonSOD,tDrlr,sysssms.Now,uaethamphaaaiae.~s-.welfare,~withatapraraiinase~tionshp ~e faaliry apeosd m the I~'v Islaod, ~ yeas ~ at isaea Cairy ~ , saidl wifb as abttirive boys. wC wind ffB it ' t mw; Wc>rosrtlaod ~g~g ~ ~ is B everywhort, 7f theres anyt6iag that Wads to- be _ ngD }Iospipl, aashorit~ t~mitd .odY ~ wd;t'a chap and it's very appaG>>g ro fDe Thee, ~a Ceaquent," Jiutsy said,. "f DeY said `k's Tally oae at rho moss pasiag two dryexposed ;ofan~ a par, Wet, y~g she said, sptot ag. dais m~,y oa .nods dnt we have io Terms of=saiel noselnad said Now it's a Sigh g five a )a Rma; Weamgtelaod sad s}~ehac. loan ~;uadKStc,ptaGl7aoa'??a~tkbsd......... -1Qtebia s mooot6; i.. baa'saue iohitte That Lett positwefca ~w5earmomaecdstra~t,wa'at't~d the only outtarh ! "l'ast's tally higb;° she said axk, itt and Dada a place to smd`ber:" ¢yf~ I ,r 1:1..,~.~+4-Il~fk~a-Y.;Y•.w ....,::.p I _~.i:~I VIN EtIn! .fC„Y., .t 11 L r! rQ"Ye, ~'C7. ~'.y~' I 1 ..'rL 1 'ti '!I' i 1 (I!II .~~!}:I nF; I:'hb~'iw~Y'. . t. •t<.."I. ,~js •.t: io I „ r, vA t ~ n. i, wl f~, n r K s 1. T 1 I .1 ~ •.IyN t j • 1 I ,IT I ~ HfMYTnI'^{ MM+W? i• 4 4 ' M 1 1 . tli { t ,,,Wd . - A ' I 1 Y"1~l- ~'h I I l.' I 1, ~CJVr~I -'d~IC..C _ ,may, ^l^• I I I ~ .1 .T.•tVW.1}'b,. . ~t .b a ~ ~ ~r ~,'s-cc tilt 0v _ PM P. 01 a i Heavy Habitual Marijuana Smokingg Does Not Cause an Accelerated Decline in FE'V, 1Nith Age DONALD P. TASHKIN, MICHAEL S. SIMMONS, DUANE L SHERRIL4 and ANNE H. COULSON Departmenu of Medldne and Epidemiology, UCLA Schools of`kledklne and PuWlc Health, Los Angeles; and Olvision of Respiratory Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona 7o suers the possible role'of daily smoking o} rnadjwna In the development of chronk tsbstruttlve pulmonary disease (COPD), tNe evaksabed the Meet of habitual sue of marjuara with ar widsout tobacco on the age•reUlad change In lung futution (measurod as FEVt) In comparison with tfse effect of non- smokingand reguar tobacco smoking. A crmwnknce sample of 394 hesfthyyoung Gucastan adults (6696 men; age: 3336yr; mean t SD) Including, at studyentry,l3t Iseavy, habitwl smokers o(mariju- ana abne, 112 tmokers of marijwna plus tobacco, 63 regular smokers of tobacw alone, and 86 non- smokers o(•Ither subsprxe wan rtfwitad from the grcaeer Los Mgeles community. fEVt was mea- sured snail 394 participants at study entry and In 2S5 wbjects (65 on up to six additional occasions at Intervals of i 1 yr (1.7 m 1, i yr) over a pedal of 8 yr. Random-effects models were used to estimate mean rates~f decline In FEVt and to compare these rates between smoking groups. Although men showed a niRrynt affect of tobacco on FEVr decline (p < OAS), in neither men nor women was msrlJwea smoking associated with greater decline In FEVt than was nonsmoking, nor was an addl- Uve effect of marijuana and tobacro noted, or a significant relationship found betwern the number of marijuana cigarettes smoked par day and the rate of decline In FEVt. We conclutle that regular tobacco, bulnatmarlJuana,smoking is assoclatedwith greater ennualrates ofdecline inlung function than Is nonsmoking. these 4ndtngS do not support an association between regular marijuana smoking and chronk COPD but do not exclude the possibility of other adverse respiratory effects. Tashkfn DP, Simmons MS, Sherrill D~, Coulson AH. Heavy habltwl maNJwna smoking does trot cause an accsderated detllne In FEVf with age. w t us.ta nn cars rreo t??r,s+snas~rw. t - Marijuana remains the most commonly smoked illicit substance of marlJuana smokers (goblet-cell metaplasia, reserve<elihypet- ' Sn American aaciety (1, 2). After more than a decade of declio- plash, squamous metaplasia) (IT, lg) [hat are consistent with ingprcvalenceoPmarlJuanauselntheUtti[edSutea,anupswing symptoms of mucus hypersecretion. in its casabas reoendy been demonstrated, specially among young In rnntrast m the rnncordance of findings in recent studies individuals (l, 2). Because the rnnatiluenis of marijuana smoke with respett to the impact of regular marijuana smoking on are similar in matey respects to those of tobacco (3, 4), it is possi• chronic respiratory symptoms, cross•see[ional studies of mariju• ble that habitual smoking of marijuana may lead to some of the ana users in I.oe Angeles (l S) and of smokers of nontobacco (pre. same respiratory effects that derive From regular tobacco use. sumab{y and hereafter referred to as marlJuana) in Tucson (16) ThbpossibilitylasupportedbyseveralaNmalandcellularuudles, haverevea]edconf7ictingeffectsanlung(unetion.TheLgsAn- which have shown that chronic exposuro to marijuana smoke gates study (l5) failed to demonstrate any relationship between can injure respiratory tissue (S-9). Ahhough earlier studka in marijuana use and impalement in testa of lung function, includ- humans yielded conflicting data about the association between ing sensitive indices of smelt airways dysfunction, whereas the heavy marijuana smoking and elinical evidrmce oP respiratory Tuaon study (l6) demonstrated obstructive ventilatory defects illness (10-14), more mmt clinical studin have demonsvated a additht to those attributable to regular tobdcco use Recent anal- relativnshlp between habitual marijuana cast and symptoms of ysis oP longitudinal data From the Tucson study (l9) estimated chronk bronchi[is(13,16} Morewcr, his[opathologicstudies have significant decreroenrs in FE V, in continuing male (but not fe• revealed epithelial d[erationa in biopsies from proximal bronchi male) marijwna smokers 3 f yr after marijuana smoking was (test reported. Moreover, these decrements were twice as large as the estimated decrements in continuing tobactro smokers, and the effects of both habits were addi[Ive. The latter data suggest (asrNvM M alginpl lam Awil fw6 and in nriSrd /am (cane Ia, 1??6) [hat marijuana smoking might be a significant risk factor foe Supporud 6Y Grant No. ROt D.>0301a from the Nadonel Insti[uhs of progressive airflow obstruction. NratudN,uonal snrtlevta an Orae Muse, Tb further evaluate the possibility that continuing marijuana Carrespondelttt ana rRquem for reprwio shoved w addressed to twnrm r. smoking might lead to progressive dMlines in lung func[Ion oo[ Tashkfn. M.D., tsepanmrnt of MrdkJnr, l1CU School cf MedKine, los Art conaiatenUy apparent In C[09YSectiOn81 alUdles, we Invited non- qrtrs, a soo?sts9o. smokers and smoker of marijuana and/or tobacco who were nmlR•srtrenee.reMed vatss.ppta-taa.t99r par[(dpantsinaeohortatudyofthetwlmonaryeffecuo(habitual 1 142 AM[Att?tN JOUaNAt OF afsMBArogr ANO Car ~t GRf Mf~ICINE VOl t53 1997 mafUuaoa tea (IS) ro undmgo repeat Tung flsacNov teulog on p'e also lined • sxaod nndom~erfecu model is which tobacco tnd up to six AddltlOnal OCCBaIOOE al Inttrvala of at least 1 yr. The marf}taw stator t.ereeonattnt towriables, rather Chu, elne-dependent. prcunt rcPofl presents the results of the analysts of that lostgitu- F« the analyds, each subject was dassified as a newt « conltnuiag siinal study Of lung functitm. smoky of cad, tmbsun« separateb, bawd on whether rise subject wu dthp' a noawokm or a smoker of that substance at each and awry time, rapeAivdY, l7thew[a, aubJtets acre Classified at (alKmitttnt METI10D5 smoker for that aubsuitoc The [nttial sample consisted Of betltby volutuems 23 m 49 yr of age, REStiLTS including 144 heavy, habitual smokers of marijuana arose (MSk t33 regular amokcr3 of bolts marlJuaaa and tpbacc0 ON7S),'Nsmoker of Of the 446 eligible subjects !ni[lally enrolled in the study, 394 tobaemonly(75),aad97ssosumoksn(NS)otargsubstante03)•Sub• sutderwentmeasunmentsoflungfunction.f3emognph)cchar- Jecu were IaltiaOY rocnhcd from the $aaal Los Angeles arcs throuih attaisda, smoking atatu0. and FEV, of the 394 study participants ntwspaper and radio snaaantements from 1983 through 1983. Crltmia with rnluabk lung function aze shown io Table 1 by smoking for study entry have been pmiourly tsported(tSy Spedrlmdly exduded cakgory at the Ilene of study Miry (Visit I)- The tobacco-only were persons who reported current or psevlous iatraveoous drug use or smoker were :lightly older then subjects in the other smoking smoking of other dlicit substances (et~. track cocaine, pbarstyelkine, ategories (D t 0.05). The marijuana smokers were heavy daily methamphetamina, hsroin. and opium) noon than 12 times In their lives ¦mokar (mean of more than 3.5 joints/d), whereas the tobacco or within the previous 6 m0. Nersoas with algni0eant oxapadonat es- p«urcsto aubsmttcssp«entialb harasdotuwmspbatory halth,«with smokerasmoked sn aversgeot nearlylto l.S packs of cigarettes a history of thronk resplntary dlneu, teem also eaNUded. pet day. The combined asrtoken of marijuaa9 plus tobacm Fligibleaub)eeuaomplctedadetailMropiratoryasddrueuxquea- smoked less tobacco thw did the tobacco-only smokers (p < tionnaiteadaptsdfromtheAmmkanTaonck5ociety/NatiomdHan, 0.03). wlsems rise catcall intensity and ]ilttime amount of Lang and Blood i«dtate(A'IS/NHLBA gaasdosmain (20)artd the Na• marijuana stnok(ng was not significantly different betwan the tonal InstituuonDrugAburcMIDA)aadonwldcsurvryondrugabuw dual and marijuana-0nly smokers, The mean age and tobacco 12p. An extensive outcry of puletonary function tau west abo per wtuumption of the female subjects in each smoking category ~ formed. Dgails of the testing pratedmu, methods of akWUion, tad were cimilaz to those of the male sub}tits In the same category. comparlsoa with apet:led rcfercna valuatteed in rise study havebeen Baseline hi predicted FPV, did not differ across smokin cate- desaibed pm{OUSIy (IS). A wbid of IIMx paitldpanu (36 MS,12 MTS. g 26 T$ and 40 NS) also ursderw,Ctst fiberoplic brostCbotcopy, bronchoal- Bones. wolar Irvage (BAL), and broaCh41 mueaal ttiopks u variable times 7gblo 2 ahva7 the oumtru of longitudinal assessments by gen- following pulmonary Nation teatiag. xeswu of tM broodwsoopic des. The roan interval bGwtmt conseative visits was l.7 3 1.1 studies haw ban reported previously (17, IB, 2; 23). (SD) yr, with ntirlitttUm grad maximum intervals of approximately Sias 1963• extenatw erforu kaw baeo toads to reoootatx m kart 1 and 8 yr, rcapectJwly. The man interval betwan the first and annualb. by mall and waphoas, all 446 partklpmtts wlm had sutler- lea[ visit for each subject was 4.9 # 2.0 yr. Nearly two-thirds ~ gone inldel tesdog la t983 thtwgh 1983. Meg wu ant nat4r a II.S. of the cohort (253/394) were tested on two or more occasions, FoslalSmv{a arnn~gemewt(hal peorlOedtM sender will Wsatlllcadon Narly all of those not retested bad moved out of the arcs or ~ or the address b whk6 the mad was deBveeed. Parkiptuna who were lucre otherwise lost to follow-Up. The proportion of male and j lost to /odowwp lag., undelivered road wills ao tocwasding address) were female aubjocu who ltndawent mote than one sa of lung fuoc- [racad throngh wrack tebphonenumbers, connCls sdtb todivWuabids- lion tats was similar, and the proportion of sub acts who were ~ drsed by the nbjed p tikdY m kma a4 «bm whasaabaw, Smedepart- 1 mmt of tnot« vehlde roakrs, voter ragistntico ftka, the U.S 8oda1 fated mote than ontt (MS 66.7t?a; MTS 36.34; TS 64.6Wo; NS I Security forwarding sypeas, ant eomtaerclal credit aearehes.A field vJsft 73.37e) did not differ signifipn[ly from those who did not un- j to the tat kssowa rcsldeoce of a partldpem was utlliud V trtlcdarY• dergo follow-up lacing by baseline smakiog Category W > 0.09; ~ The National Death lndes(NDQ wu used to GkatlfydatMinlht study chi-square attslysis). Moreovu, within ach smoking Category, ~ grouR NAt searches were run each ytu t« irsdividuals not known w rap aigaiftcant d1f(ereoca wero found in the age. baseline smok- bytheNDi Onath veestifiut~uaod6aphaloandpubolopsscordswere Ing charactaistia, or baseline EEV, of the subjats who were requeHed to determism the aaa of slntb. studied only once and those with mtiltiple hats, exttpt that MTS Reeonucted ptrddpaats tveie kivllad ro stnderao tubaquem rounds in the follow-up PJOtrD was slightly tighter tobacco smokers (16.0 or exarnlnuloos at periods of> 1 yr, fadudiog an itumval tapin[ory cigatdtedd) than MTS who were studied on)y once (21.7 ciga- i and drug use intervkw and a lout (creed expiratory apirometry. 7MV tettes/d) (p < 0.03). aperienadteehdidamwbowerecr«a•tnioedlntheansdyprotxxltua Fourtcen participants were known to have died during the performed the initial and folbw.up pulmomuy lantYl«t tats. The was follow-up period, Indudla$ 8 M7'S, 2 MS, 3 TS, and t NS [Chown pulmoauy haalon aquipnsul and lesdagpsooadma waettsod thrasglt- causes ofdath iocludcd aoquircd immune doficiency syndrome ~ out the study (15). Questloosulra oars aslmlalucred by ttalmd iota- (A1DS) (1 MS, 1 M7S, and 2 TS); violence (3 MTS); suicide I viewer. MTS); drug twadose (t MTS); breast carat (1 MTS and 1 NS); f and asplsNriatioa from aspirated food (1 TS). Dots Anarysls The aum(fer of subjtxts in each smoking category who re• F« FSV„ nnaomsfteas tnodedng wu used w estimate the tau of roaiaext °tontiouing smoker" of each substance or temporarily tladne in lust' function wile age U st9ation to amokitsg smug r« marlju• quit suAed) smoking a particular aubdana during the follow- ana or tobacco al am point la lore. with smoking wt« u ¦ lore- ~ (`intermittent smoktrs'~ is shown in Table 3. More dependent trowriabla (24, 23). Otlser p«euial txwuiabld wen height clam 811Sk of rmoken ofmarijuana with or without tobacco con- (constant) and fntensny of uw of marijuana (ioivu/dq~ and tobaCto i'mued to srrwke mar cans throughout the follow-u (cigarettedday),the tobacouriisr{jtutea iotmctioa. svd f«saa smok- U P D~rlod, aced ing of each subspace. which were all asaested al eae6 utrvq (time- aPWoodmatdY9M4 aflabaCCO-ordy smokKa continued to smoke, dependent). Ties model also Included data from wbJeas with Daly rate why 73lY vt dual unokm of mbacoo and marlJuaaa con- measuremtnL Then tittgk oltaesvatbaa c«tuibun to [Ise estimate of ltnued l0 smoke inheres Relatively fhv subjects in any smoking theinunrop[butdotsotaffmtheslopetsdmateTheadwnugeo(this category ocean smoking either tobacco or trterijuana during model u Chu it allows f« o« «m«e changes in smoking strsWS over follow-up Ahhotsgh most smokers of marijuana initially (387s corr. Anabta were pmformed t« Cosa and wvsrxo sepantdy, of MS and 67ga of MTS)• including those who quit smoking , i P. 03 4Fhklq Simmons, SIIerIU, rY a~., M6rIIVar1a and Annual Chang! in TEVI I 143 ~ ' rAau 7 ~ p[MQGaAR11C AND SMOgNG cNAaACtsattllrs OF SUa1ECT3 AT VISrt 1 N Mtln Ape raWaw uaMuau F3V, Su01ttt1 (t1/F) t7rl (dtaMeR/d) lnarLM pernWdl Ga+M-M <ttpM MS 101/30 31.5 t0.t• 0-0t0.0~ 3.It0.a 4.1!0.6 56,2! n.v 7051 1.1 MTS ¦1/31 il.a t0.e 1a.{sl.]r 16.0!1.31 3.630,7 Ill t39 10ef 1.1 ' 77 731# 76.7f0.9i 27.5E 1.7 21Af 1.9 O.Of 0.0 0.030.0 106!!.9 N7 53!37 3LOf 0.s O.1f0.0 pAf 0.O 0.010.0 p.OS 0.0 1Wtl,s OYfu,Ngn W aasrnbtlon,: u. mskr rw leave; MS • eeipw elrwkasl Mli+meryuny pWi bb+orn enNU+sl R w abecoa imok~ .n; NS - nanLnMe; plr,N/d • num0e. d pays (a iWrw.quwNmbl pn dq, pinsyr • rumba. d pi,w far pt,cegwvtunul Pe, dsY • e,mbN M nm lma4d. • XM. 1 SI9N&t,sly brnr Mrn ti (P < 0.051. t tyNlctnN' ttplNr p,sn a0+r emvkllg u3lOtra/(p < 0.03} marijuana, reduced their daily amount of marquam Ilte, others of s mar)juana effect was iodeprndrnl of the effect of tobaMq i sveraage redact or1 in nst l~was) daN~i•dly small (0.7tand l~jolnt ~ md3cated by the slmflanty o[ the findings for the different , amoa MS and kWde+ of marijuana smoker (never, continuing, Intermit- g MTS, rceptcYively). Amoaginithd tabactosmok- trnq wfial the analyses Acre confined to tither never tobacco era, including the)ae who subsequently quit choking tobacco, 49t?Y smokers (Figure 3A) or corltnuiag tobacco smokers (Figure 38). of TS and 31it16 of MTS reduced tbeir daily numbs of cigarettes, Similar observatlona were noted In womrn. The slopes for elf ' whereas 1995 of TS and 3dga of MTS iluteaxd thdr daily use categor[oa of merljuaaa cookers aze steeper among [he contin- of tobacco: the mean changes in 7S and M75 veers reduMio05 uing tobaoeo smokers than among the never tobacco smokers, of 4.8 end 0.8 cigarettesld, mpectively. as a consequence of the effort o/ tobacco (not marijuana} on Figure !shows the estimated daline in FEV, with age by the rate of decline in FEV,. smoking status derived from the random-effcctt model fOr men In contras[ ro marijwna, the continuity of tobacco smoking (Figure IA) and women (Figure lBy, with smoking status for did affect the rate of decline in lung funaton, with s consiumt robacco and marijuana, and the tobaxo-mazlJuaaaiatetattlon gradient of iaaea:ing decline frao never through intermittem rnterod as a limadepmdenl coveriable. In men, tobaccoamok- to contnuing robatxo smoking, as shown for men is Ftglrre 4. ing, but not marijuana smoking, wee atspclated with a signifi• Table 4 shows the results of raadome[fecta models, whicSt antty steeper decline in FEV, compared with noltsmoking, in• are plotted in Figures 1 through 4; ! tests were used to determine dieating an accekratM deetine In lung function with ipcreasing whaher the slope coefficients differed from zero The Siskd age for tobacco smoking bul not for msrijuaffa smoking nom- coefficients rcprcaent the daline in FEV, with age for each of pared whh noaamoking. S1mAer findings were obseTVed b women, the rcfercaa groups, sad for the nontefererlee groups they rep although theslope differentt for tobaccodldnot schievealatlsti• resent the vale of decline relative ro each rcfercace group. For cal tigldfkaace. A rltgstive in[elactlan wu !pond betwan mlulju• ammple, thetcsuha for Flgurc lA Indicate that the rcterena group ana and tobacco smoking in men but not in women (Figure lA; (nonsmoker) had a 253 mVyr rate of decline whereas mazi- 7'able 4). Juana smoker had a 30.g ml/yr late of decline, or a difference ' Whrnthclatens(tyofrnazljuaaasmokingonFEV,dccl3ne ofS.Smltyr(asshowa(n'11b1e4)fromthereferencetroup.MTS whh age was examined in men, ao diffeleaca were noted be- had a decline 10.5 ml/yr grater than did NS, which is the thin !wean even quite heavy marijuana smoking pa, 3 joints/d) and of the marijwna and tobacco krma and their interaction (which nonsmoking of marquam (Figure 2A). gimllar llndialµ ware is zero for all groups txeept MTS). Slight differences from the noted in women, In contrast, the amount of tobaaosmokal was figures arc due ro roundoff error. Apcording to the model for algnlPlcantly oorrelaled with decline in FEV, with ago (Figure Figure 2A, FEV, in marijuana smokers declined only 0.036 ml/yr 28), although a dose-reapoax relationship for tobaccA was not faster than in nonsmokers of marijuana for each joint per day demonstrated in women. regularly smoked. to Figure 3A (never smokers or tobacco Daly), Figure 3 shows the effect of the continuity of marijwna FEV, in intermittent and continuing smoker of marijuana de- smoking among men who were nonsmoker of tobacco (Figure cllned0.97 and 1.94 ml/yr faster than in never smokers otmarl- 3A)orcontinuiagtobaccosmokers(Figurc3$),withlnarijuana juaAa, respectively. smok(ag status (never, continuing, inlermitrnp as a corutant covarlable. Neither the continuing nor the intermitunt mariju- ana amokcrexhibited any a{gnitlcantly different rtes of decline in FEV, as oNrlpared with never smoker of anarljnaaa'I'hia lack TA/ta t CONTNWIY OF SMOKING STATUS TAaLE 7 Ny,nlllr d Suellcts in Fach Gugory NVMaEa OF SINIECIS vvrrN ON[ Oa MOaE ylSfrS Initlal MuguarN Tab]cw ylut No. I SbNS n CarWnulrg In1lmiMent Gntnu j ] 1 S 6 7 {qy INermtaene MS E7 71 16 _ e A4N 9a 19 3i 23 27 21 11 26t MTS 67 K 17 b 23 rlmale A7 21 17 16 Ii 9 s 126 TS IZ - 1 37 ToW 1]9 73 ss It 16 3p ZO 391 NS 63 _ 1 5 2 ( ~ 35-.9T TUE 06:35 pM P.04 141 AMEgICAN )OU0.NAL Of RESMRATOEY ANO Ck„rUL CARE MEDICINE VOL 153 1997 YAtEB FEAEAtEi3 p a.oo 9 f.o¢ i a.ra a.eb 1 ~1 A.ae t _ ~ a.oo s.ao 4 ~ a.ao i• I i I ~ a~oo 4.00 . - I ' , I ~L ~ i 4'~ >D Sa f0 f6 a0 ~ to 00 1.60 J0 ~ as b0 66 80 AOE (pa) AOC (yn) ~ AMUaI OaXYb N8 Ta Y8 MTa ArvNl tlf[afY NS Ta Y7 YTS bFN,ena a6.a tai sOJ iaa nvav, Ptq: tat aaJ . !c/ tai I FigYn 1. pedines in FEVI (in litlrs) with ag! (in yeah) by smoking sptuf at any measurement time, Bslimated from linear random•e(I¢cts model in men (A) and women (h• Slops coefliciants sot annual decline in FEV, (in milliliters) la each smoking status are shown at bottom of each panel. The model InOtMes terms sot tobacco and marijuana smoking status and tobacco-marijuana Inlaraction. ~ O15tUSSION ings from this Follow-up study fail to demonstrate that habitual Data from the present prospective studyaf 255 nonsmokus and daily smokina of marijuana in amounts as much as 3 joints (or smokers of marijuana and/ot lobeao (melusling approximrtch jointtquivAlrnts)par day is associate! with grea[cr age-related ISO htavy habitual unokasof marijuana with or without tobacco rates of decline in FEV, tban is nonsmoking (Figures 1, 2A and smoking at gaudy initiation) who watt seated on 2 to 7 separatt 3). These results are fo contrast to the accelerated annual rate occasions ova a maximum spas of 8 yr extend the results of ofdxlinelnltmgfl[nctionthatoccursinregulartobaccosmokers an tattler cross-sectional survey of lung function in 394 smoke of comparable age fflgures 1, 29, and A). Moreover, no additive , ing end nonsmoking young adults, wbieb (sited ashowany im- effects of marijuana and tobacco on the age-ttlated decline w ' pact of hgvy, habitual mariJuanaamokina (average of> 3 Jo)gta, lung function were noted. A nlgativt interaction between mariju• orjoint-equivalents, per 13sy)on lung function. fatgitudirral find- ane and tobacco, however, w•as noted (IBble 4), as sugaected by TABLE 1 AANDOM EFFECTS MODEIS i SLOPE GOFJ`rIpENT3 FOp VARUaLEt aY ALE ~9 VarlaGf nppr CDlMclem i F' urf (SE) r p W Wa 1A NONmOaln• -;3.3 Marijuaru -1.3 (S.q 0.98 ~ 0.33 ToGccn -31.0 (a3) 7.6a 0.00023 Marquana-tobacco Inuraalon -10.0 (t0.0) 1.36 0.071 t 7a Nonrmokfrs• -29.a MaX)uam 3.9 (7.3) 0.~a 0.63 Tobacco -a.a (7,3) 120 0.13 Marljuana_[oWLCO ~nlraalon 7.1 (9.d) 0.72 0,0 ZA NorlXnaken os mfryuaM' -3.36 Maryuaru amount -0.036 (0.37) 0.099 0.92 Ia NonrmMfra of tobaoao• -I.is ~ TotNCCO amount -0m (0.79) y,i3 O.oro6J . 3A arW a Noramokfrr• -2.43 TaWrto _ -t)n (7.7) 3.30 O.000f9 f Merryuana ro.97 0.6) 0.17 0.)c 1 ~ NOnarrrekfri• -IJS Tobago -73.0 (3.7) 1.56 0.00039 f afNnnce group. YePe iffMl(ynl ndCalf! ollknnn Irom ,Neranaf ervuu. S1Wa •earRNfmr an M par gar W rrMnea ti Piv,, . t M mrioa6 Yrarutk a Yrm rot Mrykl (not Nfwnt. ' UNY W aMM rmoairg fmfym: manl WM + r^rrnbar W pmLL (or pYWquva4wl ear dq, tobacco s numoar el ~ ~ MaX)ufm rfdaCtO b~lnl fad rE„aru nid tfbatef (ri¢wa lA ant B): o • M, Nnenrly amfbna i +c ~~y r~k k[iS a la W olhfn. h~;un~moarrp tutor bm4 (Fquref 7 .,,d ap 1 . r,svP +mo4d, 1 • Mlumaknl amoWna 3 - ao„onuou, ynpWny. Sn tea, Iw I 15-97 TUE 06:36 , P. O3 ashWn, Simmons, Sherill, e[ ol.: Mm;u; fnd Mnwl Change in FEVr lay p s.tro ~ a.av I j I.e! F ..aa 'I ` ' r ~ ~ s.eo ~ ~ s.ea i a.oe ( ~ ~ a.w i , ao a8 10 Ia 60 88 e0 2.FO a0 88 10 i8 FO fa a0 AOE (yrs) AOE NO YANYUAxA Ifl0lxTfpA7 fJOINTfAIay MO TOaAC00 to CIOIOAY 77 CIOIOAY AmNu avw M,~y ymp M sN, Pl4e aia seta all Y IN, pq: ~ al.1 NJ ifpure 2. peclines in FEV, (in liters) with aye (in years) by intensity of smoking marijuana (A) or tobacco (B), estlmated (ran random-effects model In men. Slope coefflclenb for annual dedine In FEVI (In milliliters) Fa smokers of 0, 1.5, 3.0 joints/d (A) or 0, 18, and 27 tobacco dgareuesld (8j are shown at the bottom or the figure. 1 ) f the similarity of the annual rate of decline in FEV, in the com- yr) of Tucson, Arizona (19). The latter sample, which included W biped smokers of marijuana and tobacco and In the oonsmok• less then l00 self-reported smokers of nontobaao (marijuana) ~ Ing controlaubjccu, incomrcst to theaccelerated rueof decline either alone or with tobacco at study entry, had lung function ~1 found among thelobaCCO-onlysmokas(FigurelA).Although mcasuredia2to4surveysconductedevery2yroveramaximum the dynamics of recruiting the different smoking groups were span of 8 yr. !n the letter study, the estlmated annual decline similar, we cannot exclude the possibility that the results in'the in FEV, attributed to marijuana smoking reported at least dur- dual smokers of marijuana and tobacco might have been in- ing the initial survq was lag ml/yr, which wasequivalent to ap- fluenced by an inadvertrnt sampling bias. Nonetheless, overall, proximally 54'0 of the predicted FEV„ in contras[ loan expetted t the Ftndings in the present study do not support an association rate of decline of approxfmatcly Iqe of predicted FEV, (n non- betwcen even heavy, regular marijuana smoking and the level- smokers. lathe same study, moreover, the annual decrcmant in - opment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). FEV, among the marijuana smokers was twice as large as the These tindings are at variance with the results of a previous estimated annual declinedueto current tobacco cigerettesmok- longitudinal study In which data were analyzed from a svatlfied ing (68 cop, and the effetts of smoking both types of substances random sample (n ~ 856) of young adult residents (age < 40 were additive (19). y i NEVER TOBACCO SMOKERS CON7INUINO TOBACCO8MOKERS p a.av I E) a.00 li i i 1.80 1.80' ~ 1.00 j• ,.aa s.eo - i ~ a.eo- s.oo I ! { a.eo I 2.80 so ba a0 18 80 fb 00 I 7.ao~ a0 ab a0 aS 80 bb a0 WRYWJNt Ap! (yrf) AmN~ll dari9 M[V[N IxrfaYlTT[Ni (:aNnxylNp tWaASwA__ NMN AOE (yrf) 4 ,t,~Y,y - INT[RWItFMT GONTINUwe b P411, ale Sa et.a F FN, ONO+ f01 ~ spa ass Hgure 3. Declines in FEVr (in liters) with a e m rs r from Itnear random- B ( Y~ ) condnuRy of marijuana smoking (never, Intermittent, and continuing), esumated ) ii effects motel among male never [obaao smoken (w)and csx,tlnuing tobacco smokers (B). Slope coefficients for annual decline in FEV, (in miIIIlI4rs) In never, intermlttant, and continuing marijuana smokes era shown at bottom of each panel. 15-9T TUL 06:3'7 PM P. 06 146 AMERIGN 1WRNAL OF RFSvtaATORY ANp ,.,urtGl Uae MEDIG{NE VOL 155 t9a7 ~'i i.0o cocaine smoking during the follow-up period, and none Initi- ! 9 ~ a[ed intravenous drug abuse. Asthma or otba chest illness was 1111 not Ilried u an adusioaary criterion for panic{pation in the a'60 7beson study (16, 19). It is unikely, however, that the presence ' '~1 ~ oP these illnesses would have accounted for the differentially s.oo - _ greater me of loss of lung function in the marijuana smokers compared with the nonsmoking or tobacco smoking participanu ' ~ in the Tucson study (19). Although a higher me of initiation of a.ao smoking of other illicit substances (eg., crack cocaine, which • j would be included u a aontobaoco substance) by the nontobaceo s.tw smokers in the'Ibcsonfollow-up sample m18ht have contributed to the observed excessive: rates of decline among these smokers, it is of interest that habitual crack smoking has generally not aso ao u as a so ss eo been suodated with impairment io spiromttric indices, at least 1 in erou-sectional studies (26, 27). ) ~ roseoo: ABE (rn) Although a "healthy smoker" effect [night have accounted for - asvaa amw,reewr eourwmxa I NvwY s.ew the absence of 8n abnormally rapid decline in lung function in - arav, pq: ass ass r.s the marijuana smoking volunteers [or the Los Angeles study, this acct Declines In FEV, (In liters) with a in arc) continui pOSSlbilily sCCm3 unlikely, sins lobaCCO-smoking participants ~Y 9c W by ty in the same audy did exhibit aacelented declines in FEV„ and of mbstto smoking (never, Intermittent and tandnulrg), estimated one would not apxt that a "healthy smoker" effect would be from random effects model in men. Sbpe coeMdentt forannual de- conflrted only to [he marijuana smoker. Additional evidence Gina in FEV[ (in mllllllten) for never, Intermittent and continuing against a'9tcalthy smoker" effect in the Los Angeles marijuana tobacco smokers are Chown at the bottom or the figure. smokers is their relatively high prevalrnaof sympmms of chronic and acute bronchitis at Visit 1, which was comparable with the prevalence of these same symptoms in the tobacco smokers in < the same study (IS), as well as in the nontobacca (marijuana) The reason for the discrepancy between the ruulu oP rhea smokers in [he Tucson study 06). two longitudinal stadia Ice unclar- One possible reason [night A weakness of the present study is the relatively low follow- be due to population samptiag difhrcnces, stns the randorNy up me (6S7a), raising the possibility of a differential loss to selected 1)reson sample was more likely [o be rcDrcsentetive of follow-up of the sicker participanlt, who might have exhibited [he marijuana amokiag population u a whole than was the Los greater rates ofdecline in lung function over time Although the Angeleaconvenienceaatnple,whichmayhaveselectivelyunder- latter posslbliiry cannot be excluded, the Cact that nearly all recruited "slcka" smokers. Other possible reasons for these participants who mold Ix contacted and did not move out of discrepant results include difftxenca In emiroomrntal or oc- [hc area returned for retesting, that Follow-up rates were com- f cupationalexposures,concottil[antwbstanceabuse(asldefrom puable across smoking categories, and that baseline lung tobaccoo, such as creek cocaine, phenLycGdine, or heroin), Intco• function was similar in those who did and those who did not sily and continuity of muljuans smoking, and other host Char- undergo follow-up testing diminishes the likelihood of [his ex- ecteristlca, wch as allergy and coommitam illneaa. With regard plamhon for the lack of a dcmonstnbte impact of cominuing to possible confounding by difference io intensity and/or con- marijuana smoking onlung-function decline, particularly since [fruity of marijuana use, it is noteworthy that the marijuana an accelerated decline in FEV, was detected in the robacco• smokextin[hepreeattstudywercparticulerlyheavycurrcn[users smoking participants. ' (mean ofover 3 joints/hand reported hrivy Bfetime use(mean Other potrntial confounding influences that might have af- of43tv36joint-yr,dafitxd as shenumbaotjointsperdaytimec fected [he results of this longitudinal study of lung function the number of years smoked), and moat (8291 of MTS and 730.'s change include systematic differences in technician or equipment of MS) continued to smoke muijuana during the entire follow- performance. However, the same equipment was used through- . I up period. In corers[, the muijuana smoker in lhe'[htxon co• om the entire study, and all tests were performed by two highly hors wero much lighter smokers (t 1 joint/d, on average), and experlerlttd technicians who adhered m a rigorous daily calibra- rcported amuck lowu lifetime intensity of use (mean of g3 [ion and quality control protocol (28), and were crossarained t marijuana jolnt•yr, when caltvlaled as the Dumber of joiau per in spiromary using the same instrument. Moreover, any instru- i daytlmnlhenumbaofytarsamoked)(19).Nthoughtheauthors mentdriRoriotertxhnicianwriabilityinteut><+formancewouid do not specify the continuity of marijuana use io their cohort nor be expaled to differentially influence the results only io the of ever roulJuana users, continuingar quitting marijuanaamok- marijuana cmokers, since subjects in all smoking categories were ing did not influence the detxements io lung function estimated tested at similar times throughout the follow-up period. from theirmode6'thus, dltfermoesfotwrmtandRfetimeamount purfailuretofindevidenceofprogressivelungdyslunction of marijuana use, or in continuity of use during the course of in the continuing marijuana smokers who we followed mntnsts follow-up, do not appear to aetxrunl foe the discrepant results with our own obxrvstions that the proportion of [hex smokers of the two stadia, sines one would not export Ihs more inlmce who reported symptoms of chronic bronchitis was comparable , end prolonged use ansong the Los Angeles marijuana smokers with shat of the tobaew smoker in the same cohort (IS), and to have mulled to the much lower rate of decline in FEV, rela• that many of the mntinuing marijuana smokers have shown live to nonsmoking (and avan tobacco wnokiaa) than slut which ax extensive histopa[holoaic sl[entions on bronchial mucosal ~ was observed in the Tucson study. biopsies a the toWcco-only smoker (17, 18). However, [hex Specifiallyexdudedfromthepraentstudywdeindividuab similar[titabawtentheeffectsofhabitualsmokingofmariju• wilhpree:ist[ttgchronicebeudisease,lnclttdiagauhmaorahis• aneandtobaccoonchronicrrspiratorysymptomsandptoximal mry of intnvanau drug abuse or o(smokhsg wbstanca other bronchial histopathology do not necessarily imply cimi[ar con- lhtultobaoeoattd/otmarijttana.Moreover,onlyaunallminaity sequences with respect m bronchiolar and alveolar injury that ofthefotlow-upumpktromehiseohort(12.6sh)in;tiatedrnck mightleadtosmoking•relatedobstructivesmatlairwaysdiscase J Tashkin, Slmrssorn, SAarill, tr al.: Ma, Marv and MnWI CtrAnge it f tVi 247 / I end/or emphysema. Although ayroy.osns of CAronk bsuncAltia roarljtsena smoke than thry were amutomcd fat which would am believed to be related distopathologacally to hypertrophy of not hart progressed at [1st same rate with much more Drobnged aubmucoaal brorrcltisd mttoowghmds, alteruiasu in dliated bron- exposure In [he face of emerging adaptive mahanisms. ~ chlal epithelial cells, Gad hypaptuja ofmucus-secreting Goblet In conclusion, findings from the present long-tam, follow-up ' cells (29), these aymp[oms of mucus hypasecrction are not study of heavy, habitual marijuana smokers argue against the ' thought to be necessarily linked to the progressive damage to coWept that continuing heavy use of marijuana is a significant and narrowing of peripheral Rirwrys that accompany the evolu- risk factor for [he develoDtnent of COPD. These negative find- tron of smoking-related chronk obstructive airways disease (30). ingb however, do not imply that regular marijuana smotrng is ~ fr is possible that the cantreSUng effects of marijuana and fret of harmfuE pulmonary effaq, 1labltual Inartjuana smok- tobacco smoking rn the present study on proarastve etrenga in ins rs essodated with a 6igha than expected prevalence of aymp- lung funcdoo might be due to the marked dlapadty in the qusn- toms of chronic bronchitis (1S, 16), as well as a hlgha ixidence tier of the two mMtartca that were smoked: an avenge of 4.1 of acute bronchitis (IS). Moreover, Other evidawe aaggtaia the[ jointa/d in [he marijuana-only amokaa venw 27.3 clgatata/d marijuana may bean Important risk factor for thedeveloDment In the tgbacco-only smokero. Although the precise amount of of «spiratary rotation (9, 33), altd possibly respltatory malig- marijuanasmoked cannot be accurately determinM Decease of naraey (3l), Funba atudla arc required to document the reel re- the uncar[aln rollabrtity of ser6reported usage and the common spuatory risks of thb commonly smoked substance. practice of atur{ag jolnta, it a highly likely that Ilse amount of acrual usage of marijuana was far less rhea that of tobeceo. On n1e aueron rhank Mr. Fnorh [te for his serlWO1 esastance and Mr, nDermand br ais iarlsWla rn Vatting and bubnq plrpc:panB. the tither band, dlfferentxs in tl&ation of smoke ebrorsgh tbt more densely packed tobaceo cigsretta (in which cdlulow titters were gertenUy incorporated) and the more looady packed, fiht[- lessmarijuana joints, whkh are usually stacked to a smaper butt References Imgth, appraxlmstely double the taz ykld Of the marilBanalolnl 1. Johnaone, L. D., P. M.O'Mall dlEterences In amokin to k ry, and J.G. Bacnman,1991. Nauonal (IB). Moreoverr 8 pognDhy ( ria cu- wrvq raulu an drug use from The Monitoring the Future Study, mulativepuffvolumaandinhaledvolumaotrnerijuatusmoke 1973-97,voNmr 1.SOCOndarySehoolStudems.Nuionallnyeiwte and a;s (twrfold IORger stroke rotamtion tlane (Or merijrlana than on Drug Abuu, NtH Pub4astion No. 91-7x09. U.S. Govcrnmem for tobaao), added to the differences ht smoke filtration, may Priming Ofr~ce, wAShington, DC. f¢SLLIt in a fourfold greatu fetdltitM of far rat the Itinga Of tuatijU- 2. 7oAnuone, L. D., P. M. tYMalley, aM 7.0. Bachman. 1991. Narionsl ana smokers tompared with smokers of a comparable quantity survey results on diva use from The Moditoring one N[ure Sluay, 1973-99, Volume rr. Cotkge Studmis and Young Aduhs. Narional of whole tobacco (31). This ampfitrcatlon of the exposure otthe Institute m ping Abuse, t'UH Pubantian No.9I.3g10. U.S. Gavdn• lungs to the smoker of ntarijssrsw rsarrows the gap txtueen a i six- meet Printing OfOce, Washington. IJC. fold greater quantity of reported usage of robao0o ro perhaps 3. Hoffman, b., D. K. Rrunoemsnn, G. B. Cwff, and 6. L. Wynder, an only aDProxlmatety twofold greats uposurc of the lungs to t975. Oo the ardnogealdly of marijuana smote. Rr<. Adr. Phyro- i the smoke from tobacco compared with tnarljwna, TANG Q4an- [xem. 9.67-81 trtative differences alone may not entirely explain the disparity a. Novosrry, M., P. Merll, D. Weida, M. F~ml, ad T. Sneed. 19x2. Fnc- lnlon itudinal mica of decline in tun function between thetwo uoaatloo and apilluygu chrtmutographk masr spsenomctrtc ctur g g aaeriaation of rlrersernsal cornpoaenn in tstarpuana and tobacco smoke types otsmokers.$vldencethatqualitadvedlffercnceebetween condencaW,J.Chrofsrorogr.21g:141-tSO. the two lypea of smoke may be more Impof[aat than quantize- 3. Roy, P. E.. F. Hassan-Lapolnse, N. A. Nuy, and hl. tlouta. 1976. rive differcnes with respect to the development of COPA de- Chronic Inhalation of euri)uana as tobaao in nags: palmauy Noes from animal atudka In which morphologic and physiologic pathology. Rst. Common. Chem, Pefao% Phermacd. 11:705-317. } Q FktxMsan, A. W,. D. W. Hayden, M, C. Braude, and H. Rtrsenkrsmz. r evidence of emphysema was found Fn rata exposed tot 6 mo to 1973. Cbroeie ararihvana inhalation toxicity In rats. Tdafrof. Appl, ' tobaxo smoke, but not in rats ptpoACd for the same period t4 pierarauro/. 71:167-175 smoke from a comparable quan[iry of marijuana (32), t. Flelxnrnan, R. W., R. Baker, Gild H. Rosenkranta. 1979. Pulmo• Peripheral deposition of inhaled parities in the lung depends nary pathologic changes in ntr salsoud to man)wro smoke for one largely on particle size !f parlkulates in mazijuana smoke were Yrar• Toarrof. Appl. Pearmaol. 47637-566. wbstantially larger than those in tobacco srstoke, it could be A[- g• Fllgkl, S. E. G., T. P. &Als, D. P. Tashlna. M. G. Paute, A.C. Stalin, sued that these partIC4lAtes do not teach the atnall airways apd 5. F. Ali, J. R. Bailey, and W. Slitter, Jr. 1991. Marijuana tapocure alveoli es efficiently as the submicronle partlelca in tobacco and pObnOnars'dteratione in primates. Plhormrxgr. Biarhem. BtAav, ; 44:677.642, smoke, and are lherCfarc teal likely to Cause tlssueinjury at those 9. Haber, G. L., v. E. Pochay, W. Pers'va, J. w. Shea, W. C. Hinds, slttro primarily atftxtod rn COPD. t'hs the other hand, sandy- M. W. Flnr, and G. C. Sornberger. 1980. Marijuana, to rehydrocaa ' namlc measurements of particles in marijuan0 and tobacco nabinol, and Dulrnonary ?ntiMmu41 deknlas. Ceesf 11:107-414. smoke, made with Isser t>oppler velodmetrY [ahniques, have l4. 0.vbin, V., and L. Comiut. 1975. RaDlnlory runedon and hematol- confirmed that the fttsu median aerodynamic diameter of the ogr. to oanja m Jarnaka: A MWtpl Mthropotogteal sway or Chronic MaribuaM use. Mouton, The Haeue. 8T-102. particles from the two types of smoke aro comparable (approxl- 11, L~pn, G. 5.197J. Studies oo psycho-tgniGll aspaYr of Ipng-term mui- mately 0.5 µm) (3D), thlsa Itefatipg This argument. huana ate in 124 tares, rnl, Addkl. 8:1017-1026. 7'he results OI the present 8-yr Study also Contradl with find- 12. Hall, 7. A. S. 1973. Testimony In Marijuana•Haahish Epidemic add Its ings from a short-term prospatlvestudy (30) that demonstrated tmpaa a United StuelSeeurity. In Hcartngt of the Commiuet on an accelewted~dallna In FEU, (approximately 39e of baseline) tnt ludklAry, Vaned Sates Senate. U.S. Government Printing Of• in 2R healthy male marijuana amokas over only 8 to 9 wk of flee. Waahington, DC. 1a-IS1. much heavier than usual exptsure (mean of 3 jolnts/d, ComparM 17. Hen»ssde:-Bolanos, J., E, w, Swetuon, ad W. J. tbggins. l9'16. Pres• with their customs ascot an oven of r Dint/t1).Ont month ernnon of petmpnary functloo In regular, buoy, long-term mariju- rY !s< j ana smokers pb,tr,atl. Am. Rev. Rapir. Ad. lt7(suppt.);IOO. after caswtion of this unuwilly Auvy ate, the later subj«ts sa, Bomoueo„dv, r. c., C. P, r'aMNetspeulOa. n, Antyyaa, A. L,at<aa. exhibited a return oT their FHV, to baseline Although It iS dlffi- and C. Stehnis. 1976. ErBeets orchrartm aaahiah use on medial su- cuh to explain the discrepanry bavveen these two prospectrva tar to 14 ours compareq witn 38 comrOlr. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sri. ! studies,i[Isposslbktfwtthepartklpantslntheahor[-termstudy 282:1tSa-tT2. 13. Tashkia, D. P., A. H. Cwlson. V. A. Clark, M. Simmom, L. B. Bo~r- (34) experienced a temporarily steep step-decritro in their Lung quq S. Dwnn, G. H. Spiviy, add N. Gang. t98T. Respiratory symp• f'sL (Unction, after dally aposurt of their airways W much more tomsar,aWpgnundonlnbabisws,tw.vy.mokasormuiJuaxakw, DARE FAQ hvp://ww¢..dmnecocg/DARE/faq.html ®RCNet ,~W~ A Di.~erent Look at DARE, Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) Fact Sheet DARE is a school-based anti-drug curriculum from the Los Angeles Police Department and Unified School District. DARE was originated by ex-Chief Daryl Gates in order to place police officers in our schools. With the support of local law enforcement, DARE has grown into an expensive program that consumes upwards of $700 million federal, state, and local tax dollars each year. Does DARE keep children off of drugs? What trends are shown by nationwide sun~eys of adolescent drug usel Researcher Lloyd Johnston of the University of Michigan conducts the nationwide "Monitoring the Ruture" Survey each year for drug use trends. A third of eight-graders, mostly 13-year olds, report using illegal drugs. Marijuana use more than doubled amon g eight-graders between 1991 and 1994. Two-thirds ofeight-graders have tried alcohol. A quarter say they still drink. Twenty-eight percent say they have been drunk at least once. Smoking among eight-graders rose 30% between 1991 and 1994. If DARE is effective on a national basis, should not these trends be in tkie opposite direction? Lloyd Johnston said, "I have to conclude that DARE has had little or no effect except to give police officers something to do." [Las Vegas Sun, 5/1-2/94] An editorial in the Worcester, Mass. Telegram lamented: "One disturbing fact: While DARE has expanded, drug abuse and cigarette smoking among young people have increased nationwide." [Sunday Telegram, 1/28/96]. What do scientific evaluations of the DARE program indicate2 Is the research valid2 Although DARE supporters are quick to claim "popularity saving only one child positive relations with the police valid evaluations of DARE consistently show no program effectiveness in the primary objective of "keeping kids off drugs.' Numer ous studies show that some DARE students [males and suburban children] are more likely to use drugs as compared to non-DARE students. These disturbing findings document the dreaded "boomerang effect", or an outcome exactly opposite that desired. The Res earch Triangle Institute [RTI -Durham, NC 912-541-6000] was commissioned by the Department of ' Justice to evaluate DARE. Although passing extensive peer review for validity, the RTI study was rejected by both Justice and DARE [USA Today, 10/4/94, p2A]. T he RTI findings were published in the American Journal of Public Health [9/94 p 1399], and showed that uAit~ r~~ ht$://www.d[cne000g/DARE/faq.htrnl DARE students used more. _narijuana.. "DARE'S effects were limited to essentially non-existent." - RTI researcher Dr. Susan Ennett. "An important implica tion is that DARE could be taking the place of other, more beneficial drug use curricula that adolescents could be receiving." Are police o~cers suited to lead a program of behavioml psychology to adolescentsZ Should all students receive DARE? Ho~v does the image of the o~cerfare if the central message of DARE is rr~ jected? The following excerpts are from "Truth and DARE: Tracking Drug Education to Graduation and as Symbolic Politics" E. Wysong and R. Aniskiewicz [Indiana University], D. Wright [Wichita State University] Social Problems, Vo1.41 No. 3, August, 1994. Pp 448-472. (with extensive references): "As a result of attempting to prevent all drug experimentation and/or use, Dare's objectives are not only unrealistic but also possibly counter-productive because they are obviously unattainable The finding of significantly higher hallucinogen us a among the DARE group raises the possibility that drug education programs may increase student curiosity about drugs and lead to earlier and greater drug experimentation [On comparison of DARE vs. Non-DARE students]: there was a sharp declin e in positive attitudes toward police, and a growing unwillingness to condemn peer's consumption of alcohol Imposing DARE upon divided studies confirm this prospect and demonstrate that when `socially-deviant youths are required to participate in the school setting in peer-led denunciation of activities they value, they are more likely to become alienated than converted."' Is DARE harmful to children? Are indications of trouble that a parent should be looking out for? The slightly revised 1994 DARE curriculum has been implemented as an untested experimental program, lead by police officers who have insufficient qualifications to teach behavioral psychology. The core of the DARE curriculum are "refusal skills" or eight ways to "Say No." These include techniques such as "Repeated refusal, walking away, or giving the 'cold shoulder'." Role playing with the ultimate authority figure [a police officer in uniform] instills these responses which will be used against other legitimate authority figures. DARE'S instructions to "Just ignore the person." May inadvertently be re-directed toward parents and teachers. Worse, empowering children to decide for themselves on whether or not to use drugs can boomerang" A DARE studen t may "Just say OK" when they themselves decide it is time to experiment with drugs. Parents should e aware of these trends among fight through eight-graders. Please copy and share this sheet with parents, teachers, the media, school, government and pol ice officials. Written by Steve Wallace m.:wmyas a[ u~uu; httP://d[uglib[ary.ocg/5chafEe[/lib[ary/da[emrnu.htrn ~!j , SchafFer Library I~ a . `Yyrug;Polioy An Analysis of DARE A series of articles about the Drug Abuse Resistance Education program in schools Links to Other DARE Pages The following two links are highly recommended for additional information on DARE. DRCNet DARE Paine The Other Side of DARE Does DARE work? No. All the major research on the effectiveness of DARE shows that it has no impact on the rate of drug use by children who go through DARE training. These reports include: 1991 Kentucky study -National Institute on Drug Abuse - "No statistically significant differences" 1990 Canadian Government study "DARE had no significant effect on the use of...marijuana, acid, heroin, crack, glue and PCP" 1993 Research Triangle Institute -National Institute of Justice -Statistical analysis of all DARE research, which says DARE has "a limited to essentially non-existent effect" on drug use. The final edition of the largest evaluation of the DARE program has concluded that the Anti-Drug program does not reduce drug use, and in at least category of pot, the DARE graduates smoked more frequently than the control. The report concluded: "The DARE program's limited effecf`on adolescent drug use contrasts with the program's popularity and prevalence. An important implication is that DARE could be taking the place of other, more beneficial drug education programs that kids could be receiving"How Effective is DARE, American Journal of Public Health Sept 1994 p1399 Among the notable quotations from researchers: * "Its well established that DARE doesn't work" Gilbert Botvin -Cornell Medical Center * "Research shows that, no, DARE hasn't been effective in reducing drug use" William Modzeleski, Top Drug education official at the u~.~ i omgi~oeary.o~gj schaiTec/librery/dammcnu.hun llepartment of Education * "I think the program should be entirely scrapped and redeveloped anew." Dr. William Hansen, who helped design the original DARE And the DARE defenders - Glenn Levant, executive director of DARE, called studies flawed, and suggested that we need to study the problem for the next seven years. He then said "We're like apple pie". "..surveys across the nation show kids who take the DARE course are much less likely to use drugs". Mike Muiller, police officer and DARE instructor, who may have unwittingly shown why DARE is failing. Michael Milken, famous junk bond king found guilty of securities fraud, was among the "noted" volunteers who show young kids how to live. ~ Past and Future Directions of the D.A.RE. Program: An Evaluation Review~(380K -big file) Draft Final Report by Research Triangle Institute September 1994 This is the study done by the Research Triangle Institute to evaluate the effectiveness of the DARE drug-education program in the schools. The basic conclusion was that DARE was highly popular with both police and the school officials, but had no real effect on long-term drug use. A Personal Experience with DARE - DtLRF Scare: Tuming_Children Into Informants? US Rejects unfavorable DARE study STUDIES FIND DRUG PROGRAM NOT EFFECTIVE Yet high-level supporters argue "it's better to have it than not have it" Cliff Schaffer's Home Paee _ ~ b.. Y May 28, 1997 Dear Council person: We are sending you the attached April, 1997, Atlantic Monthly article, "How Marijuana Causes Insanity." The author Eric Schlosser won the 1995 National Magazine Award for reporting. We urge you to read this fascinatigg and well written article before your council makes its decision on the bills affecting the Federal funding of Cannabis Eradication in Hawaii. Thank you ! i More Reefer Madness by ERIC SCHLOSSER Marijuana gives rise to insanity-not in its users but in the policies directed against it. A nation that sentences the possessor of a single joint to life imprisonment without parole but sets a murderer free after perhaps six years is, the author writes, "in the grip of a deep psychosis" IGHT years ago Douglas Lamar Gray bough[ a offenses. In Montana a life sentence can be im- pound of marijuana in a room at the Econo Lodge posed For growing a single marijuana plant ` in Decatur, Alabama. He planned to keep a few or selling a single joint. Under federal 1 ounces for himself and sell the rest to some friends. law the death penalty can be im- Gray was a Vietnam veteran with an artificial leg. Asa posed for growing or selling a young man, he'd been convicted of a number of petty crimes, large amount of marijuana, none serious enough [o warrant a prison sentence. He had even if it is a first offense. stayed out of trouble for a good thirteen years. He now The rise in marijuana owned a business called Gray's Roofing and Remodeling use among American Service. He had a home, a wife, and atwo-year- teenagers became old son. The man who sold him [he drug, Jimmy Wilcox, was a felon just released from prison, with more than thirty con- vie[ions on his record. Wilcox was also _ an informer employed by the Morgan County Drug Task Force. The pound of ~ marijuana had been supplied by the local a prominent sheriff's department, as part of a sting. Af- issue during last year's ter paying Wilcox $900 for [he pot, which presidential campaign, fueled seemed like a real bargain, Douglas Lamar by Republican accusations that President Gray was arrested and charged with "trafficking in Bill Clinton was "soft on drugs ° Teenage mari- cannabis." He was tried, convicted, fined $25,000, sentenced Juana use has indeed grown considerably since 1992; by one to life in prison without parole, and sent to the maximum- measure it has doubled. Bu[ that increase cannot be attributed security peniremiary in Springville, Alabama-an aging, to any slackening in the enforcement of the nation's marijuana overcrowded prison filled with murderers and other violent laws. In fact, [he number of Americans arrested each yeaz for inmates. He remains there [o [his day. Under [he stress of his marijuana offenses has increased by 43 percent since Clinton ! imprisonment bray's wife attempted suicide with a pistol, took office. There were roughly 600,000 marijuana-related ar- survived the gunshot, and then filed for divorce. Jimmy rests nationwide in 1995-an all-time record. More Ameri- Wilcox, the informer, was paid $100 by the county for his cans were arrested for marijuana offenses during the first three services in the case. years of Clinton's presidency than during any other three-year Gray's punishment, although severe, is by no means un- period in the nation's history. More Americans are in prison usual in the United Slates. The laws of at least fifteen states today for marijuana offenses than at any other time in our his- now require life sentences for certain nonviolent marijuana Tory. And yel teenage marijuana use continues to grow. !111 Illu~irauun. by ticnn Mcn chin U'rtl~. i'~:~- i The waz on drugs, launched by President Ronald Reagan property by the govemmen[ without trial-legal weapons in 1982, began as an assault on marijuana. Its effects aze now reminiscent of [hose used in [he former Soviet-bloc nations. felt throughout America's criminal-justice system. In 1980 The long prison sentences given to growers and dealers have there were almost twice as many violent offenders in federal pushed marijuana prices skyward, creating a domestic in- ii prison as drug offenders. Today there are far more people in dustry whose annual revenues now rival those of cotton, federal prison for marijuana crimes than for violent crimes. soybeans, or tom. U. S. public officials, like their counter- More people are now incarcerated in the nation's prisons for parts in Mexico, Colombia, and Bolivia, are being corrupted marijuana than for manslaughter or rape. with ding money. Millions of ordinary Americans have been In an era when the fear of violence pervades the United arrested for marijuana offenses in [he past decade, and hun- S[ates, small-time pot dealers aze being given life sentences dreds of thousands have been imprisoned, yet marijuana use while violent offenders are being released early, only to is increasing and has regained its status as a symbol of commit more crimes. The federal prison system and thirty- youthful rebellion. Instead of debating the wisdom of our eight state prison systems are now operating above their current policies, members of Congress and of the Adminis- rated capacity. Attempts to reduce dangerous prison over- [ration are competing to see who can appear toughest on crowding have been hampered by the nation's drug laws. dings. For years [he war on drugs has been driven by poli[i- Prison cells across [he country are filled with nonviolent cal concerns, without regard [o its consequences. Bu[ at [he drug offenders whose mandatory-minimum sentences do not state and local levels, where the costs of that war are most allow for parole. At the same time, violent offenders are rou- keenly felt and unlikely alliances have begun to form, there [finely being granted early release. A recent study by the Jus- are signs [hat madness may give way [o common sense. [ice Department found [hat in 1992 violent offenders on average were released after serving less than half of [heir The Legacy of Len Bias sentences. A person convicted of murder in [he United States could expect a punishment of less than six years in prison. HE 1986 Anti-Ding Abuse Act marked a profound A person convicted of kidnapping could expect about four ~ shift no[ only in America's drug-control policy but also years. Another Justice Department study revealed that a]- m the workings of its criminal-justice system. The bill most a third of all violent offenders who are released from greatly increased [he penalties for federal ding offenses. More prison will be arrested for another violent crime within three important, it established mandatory-minimum sentences, years. No one knows how many violent crimes these re- transferring power from federal judges to prosecutors. The leased inmates commit without ever being caught. In 1992 mandatory minimums were based not on an individual's role the average punishment for a violent offender in the United in a crime but on the quantity of dings involved. Judges in States was forty-three months in prison. The average pun- such cases could no longer reduce a prison term out of mercy ishment, under federal law, for a marijuana offender that or compassion. Prosecutors were given the authority to de- same yeaz was about fifty months in prison. tide whether amandatory-minimum sentence applied. li Even legislation aimed at reducing violent crime has been This new law did not represent the culmination of a care- subverted by the legal underpinnings of the drug war. Ac- ful deliberative process. Nor did it reflect the thinking of the cording to a report by the Center on Juvenile and Criminal nation's best legal minds. The mandatory-minimum provi- Justice, California's much-hewlded "three strikes, yodre sions were written and enacted in a matter of weeks without out" law has imprisoned twice as many people for marijuana a single public hearing. The most important ding legislation li offenses as for murder, rape, and kidnapping combined. in a generation-[he enforcement of which would more than The vehemence of marijuana's opponents and the harsh triple the size of the federal-prison population and whose punishments routinely administered to marijuana offenders sentencing philosophy would influence state drug laws cannot be explained by a simple concern for public health. across the country-was prompCed by the death of a popular Paraplegics, cancer patients, epileptics, people with nt~s, basketball player shortly before a congressional election. and people suffering from multiple sclerosis have in recent Len Bias was a local hero in Washington, D.C., clean-cut years been imprisoned for using marijuana as medicine. The and all-American, a University of Maryland basketball star attack on marijuana, since its origins early in this century, who had been drafted by the Boston Celtics at the age of ~ has in reality been a cultural war-a moral crosade in de- twenty-two. On June 17, 1986, Bias attended a ceremony in fence of traditional American values. The laws used [o fight Boston to sign a contract with the Celtics. Two days later he marijuana are now causing far more harm to those values died of heart failure, allegedly caused by crack cocaine. than the drug itself. In order to eliminate marijuana use, state When Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill returned to Boston and federal legislators have sanctioned an enormous increase for the Fourth of July congressional recess, everyone seemed in prosecutorial power, the emergence of a class of profes- to be talking about the death of the Celtic' first-round draft sional informers, and the widespread confiscation of private pick. As fears of crack cocaine swept the nation, O'Neill 41 u~nn. i~rn; i , grew worried [hat [he Democratic Party might be labeled involvement in anti-militazy, anti-nuclear power, anti-big soft on drugs. He returned [o Washington in mid-July deter- business, anti-authority demonstrations." Apublic-health mined to pass an omnibus drug-control bill before the up- approach to drug control was replaced by an emphasis on coming election. The legislation had to be drafted within a law enforcement. Drug abuse was no longer considered a ~ month. Eric E. Sterling, who was [hen the assistant counsel form of illness; all drug use was deemed immoral, and pun- for the House Subcommittee on Crime, recently told me that fishing drug offenders was thought to be more important staff members scrambled to assemble a bill The process of than getting [hem off drugs. The drug war soon became u selecting drug quantities to trigger [he mandatory-mini- bipartisan effort, supported by liberals and conservatives mum sentences was far from scientific, according to Ster- alike. Nothing was [o be gained politically by defending ling: "Numbers were being picked out of thin air." drug abusers from excessive punishment. The drug-control bill left the subcommittee in mid- Drug-control legislation was proposed, almost like clock- August, while many academics and government officials work, during every con- were away on vacation. There had gressional-election year in been little rime to study the poten- the 1980s. Election years tial costs of [he legislation or its have continued to inspire ramifications for the criminal-jus- ~ bold new drug-control rice system. In the absence of pub- schemes. On September 25 lie hearings there had been no in- t of last year Speaker of the put from federal judges, prison House Newt Gingrich intro- authorities, or drug-abuse experts. duced legislation demand- President and Mrs. Reagan were ing either a life sentence or calling for tough new drug-control the death penalty for anyone measures, and House Democrats caught bringing more than ~ ~ rushed to provide them. Only six- two ounces of marijuana into teen congressmen voted against the the United States. Gingrich's bill, which passed in the Senate by a bill attracted twenty-six co- voice vote. Reagan signed the final sponsors, though it failed to version of the bill on October 27, reach the House floor. A few just a week before Election Day. months earlier Senator Phil In Smoke and Mirrors, which was Gramm had proposed deny- published last year, Dan Baum, a / ing federal welfare benefits, former Wa!! Street Journal re- including food stamps, to II porter, gives a definitive account anyone convicted of a drug I' of the politics surrounding Rea- crime, even a misdemean- gan's war on drugs. Conserva- or. Gramm's proposal rive parents' groups opposed was endorsed by a wide to marijuana had helped to variety of senators-in- I ignite the Reagan Revolu- eluding liberals such lion. Marijuana symbol- as Barbara Boxer, Tom ized the weakness and t; Harkin, Patrick Leahy, permissiveness of a lib- and Paul Wellstone. A eral society; it was held revised version of the responsible for the amendment, limiting slovenly appearance the punishment to peo- of teenagers and their ' -tf ple convicted of a drug lack of motivation. ,t felony, was incorporat- Carlton Tumer, Rea- ~~s ~ ed into the welfare bill gan'sfirstdrugczar, signed by President believed [ha[ mar- Clinton during the pres- ijuana use was in- ~ idemial campaign. Pos- exMcably linked to sessing a few ounces of "the present young- marijuana is a felony in adult generation's A most states, as is grow- tt; u~ n n. nn~ ing a single marijuana plant. As a result, Americans convict- professor at Yale Law School, in soma cases a house can be ed of a marijuana felony, even if they are disabled, may no seized if it contains books on marijuana cultivation. The U. S. longer receive federal welfare or food stamps. Convicted Supreme Court ruled last year [ha[ the government can seize murderers, rapists, and child molesters, however, will con- property even when its owner had no involvement in, or time to receive these benefits. knowledge of, the crime that was committed. When property is seized, its legal title passes instantly to the govemment. The ForfeilUres and IuformeFS burden of proving its "innocence" falls upon the original owner. In 1994 assets worth roughly $1.5 billion were forfeit- EDERAL prosecutors now have an extraordinary ed under state and federal laws. In perhaps 80 percent of those amount of power in drug cases. A U. S. attorney can de- cases the owner was never charged with a crime. The forfeit- tertttine the eventual punishment for a drug offense by ore statutes have deepened the injustice of the war on drugs deciding what quantity of drugs to list in the indictment, by enabling wealthy defendants to surrender property in re- whether a mandatory-minimum sentence should apply, and turn for shorter sentences; plea-bargain negotiations often whether to press charges at all. Drug offenses differ from rum into haggling sessions worthy of a Middle Eastern souk. most crimes in being subject to federal, state, and local laws. The proceeds from an asset forfeiture are divided among The federal government could prosecute any and every mari- the law-enforcement agencies involved in the case, a policy juana offender in the United States if it so desired, but in a that invites the abuse of power. Fortner Justice Department typical year it charges fewer than one percent of those arrest- officials have admitted in newspaper interviews that many ed. By choosing to enter a particular case, a federal prosecutor forfeitures are driven by the need to meet budget projections. can greatly affect the penalty for a marijuana crime. In 1985 The guilt or innocence of a defendant has at times been less Donald Clark, a Florida watermelon farmer, was arrested for important than the availability of his or her assets. In Cali- growing marijuana, convicted under state law, and sentenced forma thirty-one state and federal drug agents raided Donald to probation. Five years later the local U. S. attorney decided P. Scott's 200-acre Malibu ranch on the pretext that marijua- to prosecute Donald Clark under federal law for exactly the na was growing there. Scott was inadvertently killed dur- ' ing the raid. No evidence of POLITICIANS ARE REFUSING TO ADMIT dis°~°~°e~,°~nda~°~b~e' quent investigation by the THE TRUE COST OF THE NATION'S DRUG LAWS. "WE'RE NOT BEING ventnra county District At- HONEST TO THE PUBLIC OR TO OURSELVES," SAYS STEWART J. LOrney's office found that the drug agents had been GREENLEAF, A PENNSYLVANIA STATE SENATOR WHO WROTE A TOUGH motivated partly by a desire to seize the $5 million ranch. DRUG-SENTENCES LAW THAT HAS FLOODED HIS STATE'S PRISONS They had obtained an ap- raisal of the properly weeks WITH LOW-LEVEL OFFENDERS WNO CANNOT BE PAROLED. "THESE berare t,re raid. ,n New ler- LAWSJUST HAVEN'T WORKED AS WE PLANNED:' ley, Nicholas L. Bi"e° Jr.. ° local prosecutor known as the Forfeiture King, helped same crime. Clark was found guilty and sentenced to life in an associate to buy land seized in a marijuana case for a prison without parole. A Justice Deputment spokesman quot- small traction of its market value. In Connecticut, Leslie C. ed in Smoke and Mirrr~rs later defended the policy of trying Ohta, a federal prosecutor known as the Queen of Forfei[- drug offenders twice for the same crime: "The intent is to ores, seized the house of Paul and Ruth Derbucher when get the bad guys off the street with apologies to none." their twenty-two-year-old grandson was arrested for keeping Under civil forfeiture statutes passed by Congress in the marijuana there. Although the Derbachers were in their 1980x, [he federal government now has the right to seize real eighties, had owned the house for almost forty years, and estate, vehicles, cash, securities, jewelry, and any other prop- had no idea that their grandson kept pot in his room, Ohta in- erty wnnected to a marijuana offense. The government need listed upon forfeiture of the house. People should know, she not prove that the property was bought with the proceeds of argued, what goes on in their own home. Not long after. illegal drug sales, only that it was used--or was intended to Ohta's eighteen-year-old son was arrested for selling LSD be used-in a crime. A yacht can be seized if a single joint is from her Chevrolet Blazer. Allegedly, he had also sold mari- discovered on it. A faun can be seized if a single marijuana juana from her house in Glastonbury. Ohta was quickly plant is found growing there. According to Steven B. Duke, a transferred out of the U.S. attorney's forfeiture unit-but rur. qtr ~~iu. eunruri 9.i neither her car nor her house was seized by the govemment. priced attorneys. Allen St. Pierre, the deputy director of the The only way a defendant can be sure of avoiding a National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, has mandatory-minimum sentence under federal law is to plead spoken [o literally thousands of people who have been ar- guiky and give "substantial assistance" in the prosecution of rested for pobrelated offenses. He receives about a hundred someone else. The willingness to [urn informer has become phone calls each week from people who aze losing theirjobs. more important to a drug offender's fate than his or her role losing their houses, feeling desperate for advice. They tend a: in a crime. The U.S. attorney, not the judge, decides whether be working people: house painters, clerks, carpenters, and me- the defendant's cooperation is sufficient to warrant a reduc- chanics. Their cases tend to be handled, or mishandled, by tion of the sentence. Although this system helps to avoid ex- family attorneys with little knowledge of [he marijuana laws. pensive trials and provides evidence for future indictments, America's prisons are full of poor and working-class marijua- it also leads to longer prison terms for the minor participants na offenders. in a drug case. Kingpins have a great deal of information to Children of the upper middle class are rarely sent [o prison provide, whereas drug couriers often have none. for marijuana offenses today. Their parents usually enroll A little-known provision of the forfeiture laws rewards con- them in private drug-treatment programs before Mal and hire fidential informers with up to 25 percent of the assets seized as attomeys who specialize in dmg cases. Privileged young men a result of [heir testimony. During [he 1980s the United Stales and women are usually treated more leniently in court. The developed a wealthy and industrious class of professional in- daughter of Judge Rudolph Slate, [he man who sentences formers. In 1985 the federal govemment spent $25 million Douglas Lamar Gray [o life for buying a pound of marijuana. on informers. Las[ yeaz it spent more than $100 million. was later arrested for selling the drug. She was granted youth- Informing on others has become not just a way to avoid ful-offender status. The records in her case have been sealed: punishment but a way of life. In major drug cases an in- most likely she received probation. The son of Indiana Con- former can earn a million dollars or more. A recent investi- gressman Dan Burton, an outspoken proponent of life sen- ' gation by the National Law Journal found that [he propor- fences for some marijuana-related crimes, was arrested for I [ion of federal search warrants relying exclusively on transporting neazly eight pounds of pot from Louisiana [o In- I ~ unidentified informers nearly tripled from 1980 [0 1993, in- diana in the tmnk of his car. Six months later Danny L. Burton ' creasing from 24 percent to 71 percent. The growing reliance II was arrested again, this time a[ his Indianapolis apartment. on informers has given an unprecedented degree of influence where police found thirty marijuana plants and a shotgun with to criminals who have a direct financial interest in gaining six shells. Federal prosecutors declined to press charges convictions. Informers have been caught framing innocent against Burton's son; Indiana prosecutors gained dismissal of people. Law-enforcement agents have been caught using the charges against him; and a Louisianajudge sentenced him nonexistent informers to justify search warrants. to community service, probation, and house arrest. As chair- "Criminals are likely to say and do almost anything to get man of the House Government Reform and Oversight Com- what they want," Stephen S. Trott, a federal judge who was mit[ee, Burton is now leading the investigation of ethical the chief of the Justice Department's Criminal Division dur- lapses in the Clinton Administration. He will not comment ing the Reagan years, says in the National Law Journal. on his son's case. "This willingness to do anything includes not only truthful- The harshest punishments are given [o people who won't ]y spilling the beans on friends and relatives but also lying, cooperate with [he govemment. The pressure to inform on committing perjury, manufacturing evidence, soliciting oth- others is immense-as is the cost of resisting it. In 1993 ers to corroborate their lies with more lies, and double-cross- Jodie Israel was arrested for marijuana possession and balk- ing anyone with whom they come into contact, including- ed at testifying against her husband, a Rastafarian marijuana and especially-the prosecutor." trafficker. Federal prosecutors in Montana threatened her The legal and monetary rewards for informing on others with a long prison sentence. Although Israel possessed only have even spawned a whole new business: [he buying and eight ounces of marijuana at the time of her arrest. under the selling of drug leads. Defendants who hope to avoid a broad federal conspiracy laws she could be held liable for lengthy mandatory-minimum sentence but who have no many of her husband's crimes. Israel was thirty-one years valuable information to give prosecutors can now secretly old, the mother of four young children. She had never before buy information from vendors on the black market Accord- been charged with any crime. Judge Jack Shanstrom warned ing to Tom Dawson, a prominent Kansas defense attorney, her in court that without a promise of cooperation "you are some professional informers now offer their services to de- not going to see your children for ten plus years." Neverthe- fendants in drug cases for fees of up to $250,000. less, Israel refused to testify against her husband. She was Most of the people being imprisoned for marijuana offens- sentenced to eleven years in federal prison without parole. es are ordinary Americans without important information to Her husband was sentenced to twenty-nine years without pa- provide, large assets to trade, or the income to pay for high- role. Her children were scattered among various relatives. 9G r 1'1!11. I4N] I ` ~ "A Malley Of Practicalify'> whom we incarcerate,"Greenleaf says,"andnotwastetax- payers' money." I N 1988 State Senator Stewart J. Greenleaf wrote the bill The [rend towazd alternative sentences for drug offenders [ha[ made tough mandatory-minimum drug sentences has lately gained support in some unexpected quarters. Ari- part of Pennsylvania law. Greenleaf, a Republican from zona's recently passed Proposition 200 not only allows the rural Montgomery County, is now the chairman of the Sen- medicinal use of marijuana but also has reformed the state's ate Judiciazy Committee in Pennsylvania-and an outspo- approach to drug control. Since the early 1980s Arizona had i ~ ken critic of mandatory-minimum sentences. "These laws aggressively pursued a drug strategy of "zero tolerance," ad- just haven't worked as we planned," he now admits. Polio- ministering harsh punishments for illegal drug use, not just i clans are refusing to acknowledge [he true cost of the na- for drug trafficking and possession. Failing a urine test was [ion's drug laws. "We're not being honest," Greenleaf says, grounds for prosecution in Arizona: a person could face "to the public or to ourselves." criminal charges in Phoenix for a joint smoked in Philadel- In adopting mandatory-minimum sentences, Pennsylvania phia days or even weeks before. Arizona's prisons grew had simply followed the federal government's lead, aiming overcrowded, and tent cities rose in the desert to house in- to give long prison terms to major dmg dealers. Instead the mates. Proposition 200 declared [hat "drug abuse is a public state's prisons have been Hooded with low-level drug of- health problem" and vowed to "medicalize" the state's drug- fenders who cannot be paroled. Over the past decade the control policy. In order to free up prison cells- for violent of- state's prison population has doubled. Its prison system is fenders, the initiative called for the immediate release of all now operating at 54 percent above capacity. In order to keep nonviolent prisoners who had been convicted of drug pos- pace with the current rate of incazceration, Pennsylvania will session or use. It called for drug treatment, drug education. have to open a new prison every ninety days. Each new pris- and community service instead of prison terms for nonvio- on cell costs about $110,000 to build and about $25,000 a lent minor drug offenders. And i[ called for the creation of a j year to maintain. At the moment nearly 70 percent of the in- state Drug Treatment and Education Fund through an in- mates in Pennsylvania's prisons are nonviolent offenders. creased tax on alcohol and tobacco. Proposition 200 was en- Convicted murderers grant- ~ ed early release have gone onannmberofwell_publi_ POT DEALERS ARE BEING GIVEN LIFE cued killing sprees. "Ex- pensive prison space must SENTENCES WHILE VIOLENT OFFENDERS ARE BEING RELEASED EARLY. be held for those who are IN 1980 THERE WERE ALMOST TWICE AS MANY VIOLENT OFFENDERS truly violent or career crimi- nals."Greenleafhascnmet° IN FEDERAL PRISON AS DRUG OFFENDERS. TODAY THERE ARE FAR believe. "This problem has transcended party hoes and MORE PEOPLE IN FEDERAL PRISON FOR MARIJUANA CRIMES THAN social ideologies: it is a mat- ter of practicality and hscal FOR VIOLENT CRIMES. MORE PEOPLE ARE NOW INCARCERATED FOR resp°nsibihty." MARIJUANA THAN FOR MANSLAUGHTER OR RAPE. As prisons become more and more overcrowded, state legislators across the country are exploring a wide range of dorsed by aging hippies, former members of the Reagan Ad- alternative sentences. At least half a dozen states now allow ministration, the retired Democratic senator Dennis low-level drug offenders to avoid prison terms by entering DeConcini, and the retired Republican senator Barry Gold- drug-treannent programs. In Pennsylvania, where perhaps water among others. On Election Day, Arizona voters 80 percent of all crimes are being committed by either aleo- backed the initiative by a margin of two to one. But the Clin- hol or drug abusers, the state District Attorneys Association ton Administration attacked Proposition 200 as though it and the local chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union were a dangerous heresy, threatening to block its implemen- both advocate emphasizing substance-abuse treatment tation and to prosecute any physicians who recommend mar- rather than imprisonment. Greenleaf favors treatment pro- ijuana to their patients. Clinton's drug czar, Barry McCaf- grams, intensive probation, and ninety-day "shock inearcer- frey, called the Arizona ini[ixtive a subterfuge, part of "a anon" in jail or boot camps for most dmg offenders-alter- national strategy to legalize drugs." natives that are far less expensive than sending people to While the Administration escalates the war on marijuana. prison. Although he worries about the political fallout from law-enforcement officers on the front lines are beginning to his stance, he will not budge. "We have to be smart about question some of its tactics. Steve White served with the 47t u~ n n. i ern ; 3 Dmg Enforcement Administration and its predecessor, the demand, and production costs but also by the legal risks of Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, for twenty-eight selling i[. As the risks increase, so does [he profit. This Iheo- years before his retirement, last yeaz. Twenty-three of those ry has been supported by [he huge rise in marijuana prices years were spent working undercover in Indiana, mainly since the latest war on drugs began. In 1982 the street tracking down marijuana growers. Under White's leadership price for an ounce (adjusted for inflation) was about the Cannabis Eradication Program arrested more pot $75. By 1992 it had reached about $325. Although the growers every year in Indiana than were arrested costs of cultivating marijuana rose somewhat during that in just about any other state. White strongly period, most of the 333 percent price increase represented condemns marijuana use and gives anti-drug sheer profit-the reward for evading punishment. The le- lectures at high schools. But he opposes the gal risks of cultivation have encouraged growers to pro- long prison terms that first-time marijuana duce much more potent strains of the drug, which bring growers now receive. "I'm a big advocate of a higher price and require a lower volume of sales. alternative sentencing," he says. "For most Growers have also found another means of reducing pot growers, prison isn't the answer. These their risk: bribery. Throughout the nation's rural aren't violent people. They usually have heartland local sheriffs are being paid to look the jobs, and homes, and children. Why other way during the marijuana harvest. Even lo- make their families a burden to the cal prosecutors and judges are being corrupted by community?" While has learned over drug money. The large profit margins trans- the years [hat marijuana growers formed U. S. marijuana cultivation in the come from all sorts of backgrounds 1980s from a fringe economic activi- and possess a variety of skills. "Put ~ , ~ ty into amultibillion-dollar indus- Ihem to work, make them do com- : try~lespite the fact that marijuana munity service," he suggests. use was falling at the time. In Indi- "Prison terms only strengthen ~ • . ~ ana the value of the annual marijua- ' their anti-establishment views:' na crop now rivals that of corn. In Most commercial marijuana Alabama it rivals that of cotton. growers will quit the business The threat of long prison sentences after being caught once or twice. has succeeded in making some White feels little sympathy, marijuana growers rich, but it has however, for the unrepentant hardly affected the availability of growers who are motivated by pot. In 1982, when President Rea- big money and the thrill of gan declared his war on drugs. breaking the law. After a third 88.5 percent of America's high conviction for large-scale mari- school seniors said that it was "fair- juana cultivation, he thinks, al- ly easy" or "very easy"' for them to ternative sentences should no obtain marijuana. In 1994 the longer apply. "Make prison a proportion of seniors who real pleasant place," White says, said they could easily "and keep those guys in there obtain it was 85.5 forever." percent. The long prison sentences now given to marijuana offend- s ers have turned marijuana-a hazdy weed [hat grows wild in all fifty states-into a precious commodity. Some marijuana is currently worth more per ounce than gold. A decade i ago the policy analysts Peter Reuter and Mark A. R. Klei- man observed that the price of an illegal drug is deter- mined not only by its supply, rug. rrr r~rn no. rin.~ i , The Benefi is of porary America," it said, "marijuana does not, in our con- DCCI'Iroinitliz8l10o sideredjudgment,rankveryhigh." President Nixon felt betrayed by the commission and re- H ARRY J Anslinger headed the Federal Bureau of jetted its findings. A decade later the National Academy of Narcotics during [he 1930s and supervised the cam- Sciences studied the health effects of marijuana and con- paign to make marijuana illegal under state and fed- cluded that it should be decriminalized, afinding that Presi- eral laws. In "Marijuana: Assassin of Youth" and similar ar- dent Reagan rejected. Nevertheless, ten states have largely ~ titles Anslinger led readers to believe that the drug rendered decriminalized marijuana possession, thereby saving billions its users homicidal, suicidal, and insane. Amid the anxieties of dollars in court and prison costs-without experiencing of [he Great Depression, marijuana use was linked to poor an increase in marijuana use. Ohio currently has the most Mexicans and blacks, "inferior" races whose alleged sexual liberal marijuana laws in the nation: possession of up to promiscuity and violence stemmed partly from smoking pot. three ounces is a misdemeanor punishable by a $100 fine. In "The dominant race and most enlightened countries are alto- July of last year, with little fanfare, Ohio decriminalized the holic," one opponent of marijuana use claimed, expressing a cultivation of small amounts of marijuana for personal use. widely held belief, "whilst the races and nations addicted to The change in the laws was backed by the state's conserva- hemp ...have deteriorated both mentally and physically." tive Republican governor. George V. Voinovich. Marijuana was the "killer weed," a foreign influence on There seems to be little correlation between the severity American life [hat was capable of transforming healthy teen- of a nation's marijuana laws and the rate of use among its agers into sex-crazed maniacs. Anslinger later admitted to teenagers. In the United Kingdom, where dmg penalties are the historian David F. Musto [hat the FBN had somewhat ex- harshly enforced, the rate of marijuana use among fifteen- aggerated [he dangers of marijuana. Anslinger had hoped to and sixteen-year-olds is the highest in Western Furope~ne make marijuana seem so awful and so terrifying [hat young and a half times the rate in Spain and the Netherlands, where people would be afraid to try it even once. the drug has been decriminalized. The UK rate is six times 1 Marijuana's "un-American" reputation has made it im- as high as the rate in Sweden, a nation [ha[ has single-mind- mensely appealing to rebellious, disaffected youth. Lurid pro- edly pursued apublic-health approach to drug control Swe- ~ paganda films like ReeFer Madness, Devil's Harvest, and den now has the lowest rate of marijuana use in Western Eu- Marijuana: Weed With Roots in Heil, which promised a rope. Under Swedish law the maximum punishment for most glimpse of not only the horrors but also the "weird orgies" marijuana traffickers is a prison term of three years. caused by the drug, no doubt encouraged more than one brave Cultural factors exert far more influence on a country's soul to take a puff. The huge difference between the alleged rate of marijuana use than any changes in the law. The Neth- and the actual effects of marijuana has long provided young erlands decriminalized marijuana in 1976-and yet teenage people with grounds for distrusting authority. Praised by use there declined by as much as 40 percent over the next rebels and artists as diverse as Cab Calloway, Jack Kerouac, decade. The rate of use among American teenagers peaked Arlo Guthrie, and Snoop Doggie Dog, marijuana has attained in 1979 and had already fallen by 40 percent when Congress a lofty symbolic importance. A distinct culture has evolved passed [he Anti-Drug Abuse Act, in 1986. As young Ameri- around marijuana, one championed by proud outcasts. The cans became more health conscious, [heir use of alcohol and laws aimed at that culture have only perpetuated it, enshrining tobacco also declined. Since 1979 the rate of alcohol use the cannabis leaf as a symbol of adolescent protest. among American teenagers has fallen by 52 percent-with- In 1970 President Richard Nixon appointed acommis- out any life sentences for selling beer. Sion to study the health effects, legal status, and social im- The conclusions of the National Commission on Marijuana pact of marijuana use. After more than a year of research the and Dmg Abuse are as valid today as they were twenty-five National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse con- years ago: the United States should decriminalize marijuana cluded that marijuana should be decriminalized under state for personal use; possessing small amounts of it should no and federal Taws. The commission unanimously agreed that longer be a crime; growing or selling it commercially, using it the possession of small amounts of marijuana in the home in public, distributing it to young people, and driving under its should no longer be a crime. "Recognizing the extensive de- influence should remain strictly forbidden. The decriminaliza- gree of misinformation about marijuana as a drug, we have tion ofmarijuana-including, as in the Ohio model, the culti- tried to demythologize it," the commission explained. vation of small amounts~ould be the first step toward a ra- "Viewing the use of marijuana in its wider social context, tional and sensible drug-control policy. The benefits would be we have tried to desyndrnlize it." The commission argued felt immediately. Law-enforcement resources would be di- that society should strongly discourage marijuana use while verted from [he apprehension and imprisonment of marijuana devoting more resources to preventing and treating heavy offenders to the prevention of much more serious crimes. The use. "Considering the range of social concerns in contem- roughly $2.4 billion the United States spends annually just to 11111 u•nn. r~r ,r.~- process its marijuana arrests would be available to fund more- ductive and immune systems, young people could be at great- useful endeavors, such as treatment for drug education and est risk. Lying to teenagers about marijuana's effects, howev- substance abuse. Thousands of prison cells would become er, only encourages them to doubt official warnings about available to house violent criminals. The profits from growing much more dangerous drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, and and selling marijuana commercially would fall, as would [he amphetamines. The drug culture of the 1960s azose in the incentive to bribe public officials. But the decriminalization of midst of tough anti-drug laws and simplistic anti-dmg propa- marijuana is only a partial solution to [he havoc caused by [he ganda. In a nation where both major political parties accept war on drugs. Mandatory-minimum sentences for drug of- millions of dollazs from alcohol and tobacco lobbyists, de- fenders should be repealed, allowing judges [o regain their mands for "zero tolerance" and moral condemnations of maz- time-honored powers and ensuring that an individual's pun- ijuana have a hollow ring. According to Michael D. New- ishment fits the crime. The asset-forfeiture laws should be comb, asubstance-abuse expert at the University of Southern amended so that criminal investigations aze not motivated by California, "Tobacco and alcohol aze the most widely used. greed-so that assets can be forfeited only after a wnvicdon, abused, and deadly drugs ingested by teenagers." Eighth- inamounts proportionate to the illegal activity. The use of pro- graders in America today drink alcohol three times as often as fessional informers should be limited and carefully monitored. [hey use marijuana. Drug-education programs should respect The message sent to the nation's teenagers by these steps the intelligence of young people by promoting dmg-free lives would be that our society will no longer pursue a failed policy without seaze tactics, lies, and hypocrisy. And drug abuse and needlessly ruin lives in order to appear tough. should be treated like alcoholism or nicotine addiction. These Decriminalizing marijuana would also help to resolve [he are health problems suffered by Americans of every race, current dispute over its medicinal use. Seriously ill patients creed, and political affiliation, not grounds for imprisonment would no longer risk criminal prosecution while trying to ob- or the denial of property rights. twin their medicine. Although heavy marijuana use may exac- At the Alabama penitentiazy where Douglas Lamar Gray erbate underlying psychological problems and may harm the is imprisoned, perhaps half a dozen inmates are serving life ~ respiratory system through the inhalation of smoke, marijua- without parole for marijuana offenses. One was given a life na is one of the least toxic ' therapentica]lyactivesnb- THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE NATIONAL stances known. No fatal dose of the drug has been estab- lished, despite more than COMMISSION ON MARIJUANA AND DRUG ABUSE ARE AS VALID TODAY s,utxl years of recorded use. AS TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO: THE UNITED STATES SHOULD DECRIMI- Marijuana is less toxic than many common f°nas. Deny- NALIZE MARIJUANA FOR PERSONAL USE AND THE POSSESSION OF ing cancer patients, nr~s pa- bents, ana pazaplegics access SMALL AMOUNTS OF IT; GROWING OR SELLING IT COMMERCIALLY, to a potentially useful medi- cinethatissaferthanmostle- USING IT IN PUBLIC, DISTRIBUTING IT TO YOUNG PEOPLE, AND DRIV- gauy prescribed drugs is in- ING UNDER ITS INFLUENCE SHOULD REMAIN STRICTLY FORBIDDEN. humane. Some of the claims made in the 1970s and 1980s about the effects of marijuana-that it causes brain damage, sentence for loading Ms pickup tmek with ditchweed, a form chromosome damage, sterility, infertility, and even homosex- of wild marijuana that is not psychoactive. Another was giv- uality-have never been proved. Mazijuana use may pose dan- en a life sentence for possessing a single joint. Hundreds of gets that are still unknown. And yet the British medical journal inmates may be serving life sentences for marijuana-related The Lancer, in a recent editorial calling for the decriminaliza- offenses in prisons across the United States. The pointless tion of marijuana, felt confident enough to declare, `"phe smok- misery extends from these inmates to their families and to ing of cannabis, even long-term, is not hatrnful to health:' the victims of every crime committed by violent offenders Although marijuana does not turn teenagers into serial who might otherwise occupy those prison cells. A society killers or irreversibly destroy their brains, it should not be that punishes marijuana crimes more severely than violem smoked by young people. Marijuana is a powerful intoxicant, crimes is caught in the grip of a deep psychosis. Por too long and its use can diminish academic and athletic performance. the laws regarding marijuana have been based on racial Adolescents experience enough social and emotional confu- prejudice, irrational fears, metaphors, symbolism, and polit- sion without the added handicap of being stoned. If marijua- ical expediency. The time has come for a marijuana policy na use does indeed exert subtly harmful effects on the repro- calmly based on the facts. ~ III'L t Congressional Record .a.. ALLEGATIONS OF CIA PROVIDING DRUGS TO AMERICAN CITIES (House of Representatives -September 27, 1996) [Page: H11579] The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a previous order of the House, the gentlewoman from California [Ms. Waters]is recognized for 5 minutes. Ms. WATERS. Mr. Speaker, as you know, I have been involved in trying to move the investigations that finally have been agreed to in order to get to the root of the facts and allegations that have been unveiled in the San Jose Mercury News under the heading'Dazk Alliance,' written by investigative reporter Gary Webb. It has been an interesting journey over the past two weeks. Over the past 2 weeks, not only have we begun to ask questions about these revelations; we aze bombazded with requests to send more information to individuals all around this Nation. I held a community meeting down in South-Central Los Angeles and reached out to about 75 community leaders. About 250 showed up. During the Congressional Black Caucus weekend here in Washington, I had a workshop. Over 3,000 people showed up at the workshop. This morning, I was up in Baltimore for the Human Rights Commission that was meeting there. Seven hundred people were there. This afternoon the Howazd students rallied down near the Reflecting Pool. They had a good turnout. The major press has now gotten involved. Just this evening Tom Brokaw on NBC did quite an extensive piece. Included in that piece was John Kerry and information about his investigation. I have continued to reach out. People aze calling me with all kinds of information. I began to look in the azchieves, just to see what is there, and discovered some very interesting things. I decided to look in the diary that is in the azchives of Oliver North. I discovered that there was a notebook entry, for example, on a conversation with Robert Owen, who was his liaison with the Contras, dated August 9, 1985. The discussion covers a plane being used by Mario Calero, brother of the head of the FDN Adolpho Calero, based in New Orleans, to ferry supplies to the Contras in Honduras. This is what the notation said: 'Honduran DC-6 which is being used for runs out of New Orleans is probably being used for drug runs into the United States.' These are his diary notations that are in the archives. There are many more. It seems as it we aze going to spend many, many hours on this. Mr. ROHRABACHER. Mr. Speaker, will the gentlewoman yield? Ms. WATERS. I yield to the gentleman from California. Mr. ROHRABACHER. If the gentlewoman would yield for a question, was the gentlewoman clear that Oliver North was noting that to move against it? Ms. WATERS. When I checked with the DEA, who he was supposed to give the information to, nobody has a record. Mr. ROHRABACHER. It was a secret operation. He wouldn't be telling any one. Do any of the allegations being made, and obviously there aze some very bad characters involved with drug dealing on various sides of vazious issues, but did any of these drug shipments go through Mena Airport at a time when President Clinton was Governor of Arkansas? Ms. WATERS. Mr. Speaker, reclaiming my time, we aze going to find out exactly where they went. What is interesting about one of the introductions to the John Kerry committee report was, everybody knew that there were drug runs. Several agencies of the Federal Government had distinct knowledge that drugs were being flown into the United States, and the proceeds were being used to fund the Contras. My point is this: Whether the CIA or the DEA or the Justice Department or anybody knew and did nothing, turned their heads, allowed it to go on, or directly participated in it, they ate guilty of undermining the citizens of this country. They are guilty of creating the devastation of many of the communities in this country. We are going to proceed with these investigations. I am going to spend considerable time looking in the archives, going through Oliver North's diaries, looking at information that surfaced in newspapers during the period of time this was going on. We are going to get to the bottom of this. I azn pleased about the involvement now of many of our churches, schools that aze coming on line, universities that aze getting interested, community groups that aze calling from all over. People are calling from the so-called right and the left. We have citizens who say,'Ms. Waters, I do not agree with you on a lot of things, but I agree with you on this. We wan[ you to stick with it, to stay with it. We aze outraged at the idea that our government could have known, could have been involved with this, could have been a part of a plot.' Mr. Speaker, this is just the beginning. I will be with you often as we unveil this information about CIA, DEA, involvement in drug trafficking in America. The Wall Street Journal May 9, 1997 Letters to the Editor Mena, Drugs and the Train Deaths Case Micah Morrison's April 15 article, "Big News From Arkansas." reported ex-prosecutor Dan Harmon was indicted for running his office as a criminal enterprise. Just as newsworthy is the absence of any reference in the indictments to what I believe, based on my investigation, to be Mr. Harmon's involvement in the murders of Kevin Ives and Don Henry, the nationally known train deaths case. Under the Racketeering Influenced Corrupt Organizations law, Mr. Harmon could be charged with crimes committed up to 10 years ago, but his indictment only goes back to August 1991. Just two months before that, in June 1991, then-U.S. Attorney Chuck Banks cleazed Mr. Harmon of drug-coavption allegations strikingly similaz to the ones he now faces. The obvious question arises: Is current U.S. Attorney Paula Casey protecting Mr. Banks? It's hazd to ignore that the August 1991 starting date of Mr. Harmon's indictment shields Mr. Banks from the appeazance of impropriety and excludes evidence related to the train deaths. In 1990, as head of a drug task force in the azea, I gathered a significant amount of evidence against Mr. Harmon, as well as evidence connecting drugs and public officials to the train deaths. I was stunned when Mr. Banks cleared Mr. Harmon and all other public officials in 1991. I believe that, in this regard, the years of covering up the train deaths case continues. Mr. Morrison has eloquently unraveled the complex story surrounding the train deaths, but in one case he left the wrong impression. He wrote, Ms. Duffey left the state when Mr. Harmon filed chazges against her, later found to be baseless." I'm not so easily intimidated. In 1990, my task force uncovered too much. I was brutalized by an Arkansas media that supported Mr. Harmon, who was running for and won our district's prosecutor position. Mr. Harmon immediately subpoenaed the evidence I had against him and other public officials. But to protect witnesses, I refused to comply. Circuit Judge John Cole then issued a felony warrant for my arrest, and my family was warned from two law enforcement agencies that I was going to be killed. Discredited, defeated, and threatened, my t husband and I moved our family to Texas. I didn't understand the power of the political machine back then, but after being persuaded by the FBI to assist in an investigation they opened in 1994, I learned of connections to the CIA, Mena, and drug-smuggling I finally understood; to solve the train deaths case would be to expose the crimes of Mena, and no government agent who has come close to doing either has survived professionally. The Arkansas media have mostly realized their misjudgment of me, with the exception of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. The most important paper in the state either ignores or ridicules the facts surrounding the profoundly disturbing train deaths case. I pray Micah Morrison and The Wall Street Journal will continue to expose the deep-rooted corruption in Arkansas. People deserve to have sources of information that will not back away from the truth. Jean K. Duffey Pasadena, Texas Copyright ©1997 Dow Tones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reproduced with permission ome From mark@idmedia.com Tue ~ 3 07:32:58 1997 Date: Tue, 03 Jun 1997 03:4..:07 -0500 From: Mark Keesee anark@idmedia.com> To: BZ Evans/Twain <purefire@interpac.net> Subject: Updates & Action Alert! Monday, June 2, 1997 The "train deaths" http://www.idmedia.com/ttd.htm Updates: * Arkansas Democrat-Gazette Witness recalls Harmon offer that $10,000, night in bed would free her husband - 6/31/97 * Dan Harmon's Trial Days 1-4 ACTION ALERT My task force officers and I fought the dirty political machine in Arkansas as hard we could in 1990, but it was a loosing battle. Even though a leaked federal memo named Dan Harmon the target of a federal drug and corruption investigation, the media supported Harmon for district prosecutor. And even though a federal grand jury was unanimously ready to indict Harmon, U.S. Attorney Chuck Banks cleared him. I was personally discredited and professionally destroyed, and Harmon inherited my task force when he became prosecutor. He set up his office as an extortion and drug ring. An FBI agent told me they "have known about Harmon for years but are not going to do anything about it." However, by 1995, Harmon's criminal behavior had become blatant and he got careless. His now ex-wife, Holly Duvall, got caught outside Harmon's jurisdiction with cocaine packages from the district's evidence locker. The local paper ran a story, and the feds were forced to make a big show. A year and a half later, Harmon was indicted on racketeering charges, an appearance that something significant was happening, but that changed by the end of the first week of Harmon's trial. I've not been in Arkansas but have talked daily with others who have watched the trail, including Linda Ives. The reports are frustrating. The government's case is based primarily on indicted witnesses who have been given leniency in exchange for their testimony - a built-in defense for Harmon. This was absolutely unnecessary. The indictment could have gone back ten years (to 1987) and included ALL the witnesses provided to the 1990 grand jury. Those witnesses included an attorney, a secretary, two of Harmon's ex-girlfriends, another ex-wife, and at least two friends. Not one of them were indicted for anything, and each had various testimony about Harmon's illegal drug activity, yet the government chose to ignore them. There is no excuse for them having a weak case against Harmon, now. If Harmon wins in the courtroom, he will win big in the media, which has already portrayed him as the victim of over-zealous feds. His hometown paper does not even attempt to appear unbiased. Their associate editor, Lynda Hollenbeck, threw her arms around Harmon in an emotional embrace on his first day in trial. Her article that day is typical: http://www.idmedia.com/courier-jury-selection.htm As far as the rest of the state's media, they wouldn't know news if it reached out and bit them - which it did Friday. As head of Arkansas's Parents of Murdered Children, Linda Ives has watched countless criminal trials. She knows ineffective prosecution when she sees it, and Friday's proceedings nearly brought her to tears. When court was dismissed, she walked outside where the media cameras were waiting to interview Harmon. She sat quietly to the side on a retaining wall while Harmon crowed about how well the trail was going for him. When the interview was completed, Harmon turned to Linda, smirked, and bade her with a drawled, "Well, hello Ms. Ives." Harmon did not expect a response, but he got one. Linda flew off the retaining wall, and yelled, "You SOB, you should be on trial for murder and you know it." Everyone was momentarily stunned, then Harmon took off without responding. Linda bolted after him - cameras and crew in-tow - insisting that he participate in the exchange he started. Harmon did not respond, and most remarkably, neither did the media. Not one question. No one asked, "What is she talking about, Mr. Harmon?" "What murder?" "Who is she?" "Why don't you respond to her?" Of course, they knew the answers, which is why they didn't ask. They also ignored Linda. This incredibly newsworthy encounter was a non-story in the Arkansas media. So, should we bombard them with e-mail. No, I think not. It would make them look like fools to report it now. We need to get other media sources to make them look like fools. If you know of a reporter or news program that would be interested in this story, please feel free to contact them. Linda or I will be happy to give interviews. We can be contacted through our website. http://www.ichnedia.com/ And by all means, if you have not yet sent a fax or e-mail to the Wall Street Journal, as requested in the previous "Action Alert," please do that NOW!!! Of all the things that will be most effective, supporting Micah Morrison will be the greatest. If you missed that "Action Alert," go to: http://www.idmedia.com/comments.htm Thank you to everyone who responds to my "Action Alerts." Sending a few sentences via e-mail may seem insignificant, but don't underestimate the power of public opinion on the media. I'm heading for Arkansas as soon as I forward this to Mark, who will be sending it on to you. I'll be attending the trial each day and will update you with any significant occurrences. Regards to all, Jean Duffey ~O ~ ~ ~ _ 4..,. • ~ ¦ C . 2; ~ ~ ~ V O Apr-. _ • ~ ~ Q. _ .r:. :.u t.c ~ • • ~ ~~ti..i • ~ --f~ r--1- - ~ i rn ~~i - ~ \V :4 c` x'11 b.. 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Date: 04/28/9: '97 Ai'i~ 29 i'i~L ~l Name: Jon Adler Phone (rl 982-7640 ~I Address: COUi~l~io~xl ~7A~^I~Nilo Zip: (b) location: Received By: Walk-in 12:25 p.m. 04/25/97 Name Time Date COMPLAINT: Complainant states that 'County Law Enforcement is cur[ently illegally operating without any mandated program review on the Marijuana Eradication Program. The County Charter 'requires' it every four years. It's never been done:: Police abuses are rampant." **Also sent to Mayor's Office 11M0-018 & Police 11P0-012. Referred to' James Arakaki - Council Chair Instructions: Please contact complainant directly and notify the Office of Information and Complaints of results, J~ - Referred hy• William Davis FOLLOW-UP: Date: RESl1~T S r.~ or M, r DONALD IKEDA ~r• CONSTANCE R KllttiJ Counry Ckrk ~.I Lrglslatm Adlrw J.;. OFFICE OF `rHE COiII~j`TY CLERK Cowry of f{aunii Hmuaii County Building 25 Aupuni Strcct Hib, Hougii 96720 May 12, 1997 , Mr. Jon Adler PO Box 742 Hilo, HI 96720 Dear dler: This is in response to a complaint received by the Mayor's Office of Information and Complaints, which was then referred to our office for a response. Specifically, you believe that the County's law enforcement agencies are currently illeeally operating without a mandated program review on the Marijuana Eradication Program as required every four yeazs by the County Charter. The Hawaii County Charter does state that at least every four years the council shall review every program supported wholly or partially by county funds and authorize its continuation or terminate the program. The Chazter also says that the council shall adopt procedures to implement the mandatory program review. The Council in its Rules of Procedure (Rule 24) has determined that the departmental program review and the budget adoption process will meet the charter requirement. This rule has been in place for many years. As such, the program review you are referring to is accomplished annually at the minimum. As always, I know your questions are based on principles of government accountability. Sincerely, Ce~'~~, ~~-~,u~ Constance R. Kiriu Legislative Auditor cc: Council Chair Information & Complaints Lieutenant Chad Fukui Testimony to the Finance Committee of the Hawaii Ccunty Council Subject: fi;.ceptance of Federal Funds for Herial Marijuana Suppression June 16, 1997 From: William B. Wenner, Volcano physician, 30 years experience in substance abuse problems and treatmbnt. Member and certified by the flmerican Society of flddiction Medicine. Board Member of the Drug Policy Forum of Hawaii. Finance Committee Members; I have included with this page my May 13, 1996 testimony before the Council on this same subject and a letter I wrote on August 1, 199fi hoping to dissuade the Council from supporting the federal marijuana suppression program. Everything said then still applies. There is no evidence that the campaign has anything but negative effects which are now even better documented. particularly the role that marijuana suppression has played in the serious "ice" (smokeable metamphetamine) epidemic. As far as I know, the Council has not fulfilled their legal mandatt to review the effectiveness of the program. I would like to know whether there has been any independent monitoring of the amount of marijuana seized and its destruction. There appears to be an increasing awareness by the public of the lack of effectiveness of the program and increasing outrage over the loss of their constitutional rights to privacy and protection against unwarranted seazch and seizure. Over a period of the last 100 years there have been at least a dozen studies undertaken by scientiSc bodies and "blue ribbbon" committees. None have found that the dangers of the use of marijuana wazranted criminal sanctions. At the present time 24 states have laws on the books to facilitate the use of mars juana for medical purposes including the recent highly Iniblicized initiatives in California and Arizona. These laws have been blocked by federal government action, a fact decried by the editor of the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine. I would hope that .the Finance Committee and the Council as a whnte will decline to continue this unpopular and harmful program and reject ferieral money for marijuana suppression. William B. Wenner, M. D. TESTIMONY TO THE HAWAII COUNTY COUNCIL SUBJECT: FEDERELLLY FU!~lnE?n hnAO~.lISpNA ciiaoocccin?u ( Operation Green Harvest) May 13, 1996 Council Members: My name is William Wenner. I am a physician with a home in Volcano and a medical practice hi Kailua-Kona for the past'seven years. For over thirty yeazs I have been involved in the study and treatment of substance abuse, both alcohol and dru>5s. I am one of a handful of doctors in the State of Hawaii certified by the American Society of Addiction Medicine. Each year since my azrival here I have watched the council approve the federally funded aerial inariiuana suppression without much discussion other than to determine that no local funds are involved and then take no further interest in what happened. There has been no effort to determine the validity of the, what I believe to be largely fictitious, numbers of plants alleged to be recovered---reminiscent of the Vietnam body counts---( my personal observation of the annual visit of the helicopter to the vacant lot next to my house yielding 2-3 plants suggests that a good bit of the plant count comes from "weeding" cazefully mapped abandoned plots). There has been no independent determination of the disposal of the plants and no study of the consequences of the operation. Whatever decision the councll makes this year, I would hope it will do so with the knowledge that it bears responsibllity for the way the operation is carried out and the consequences of the procedure. The fact that local funds are not involved and that the campaign is conducted under the supervision of the Drug Enforcement Administration in no way reduces the council's accountability. The War On Drugs has been based on faulty suppositions as to the effect on use of increasing penalties and interdiction of supplies. The past sixteen years have seen an ever increasing picture of escalating penalties, imprisonment of tens of thousands of people whose only crime is use of a drug that is illegal and expenditure of billions of tax dollars. The result is increasing criminality, violence and drug use. The response has been to double all of the things that are not working. Increasingly, thoughtful people of all political persuasions are calling for achange---an end to the Vietnamizatlon of drug policy. The most transparent hypocrisy is marijuana use suppression. There is probably no one in the council chamber today who has not either smoked mariinana or been in the presence of someone committing this crime. There is probably no one on the police force under the age of fifty who has not smoked marijuana. Nevertheless, we are supposed to believe it is important to track down and imprison growers of even a few plants and morally positive to seize their homes and automobiles---incidentally enriching our Iocal police. The result of the successful marijuana growing suppression in the Hawaiian Islands has been: 1. To increase the price and potency of the marijuana grown. 2. To be s~•.r~ that only desperate people willing to take the risk of imprisonment are involved in the trade, 3. That the street dealer inevitably has other mire dangerous, and in many cases less expensive, drugs to sell. There is general agreement among drug treatment people in these islands that the "ice' (smokeable metamphetamine) epidemic here is duectly related to the scazcity and expense of marijuana. This has been pazticularly devastating in Hawaii because of the absence of any prior knowledge of this substance. Marijuana Ss still avallable to adults willing to pay the price---to the casual occasional user the expense is still not greater than an evening of good scotch. The damage is to the young experimenter of limited means who has been denied meaningful drug education---limited in our school systems to "Just Say No" delivered by a police officer instead of a teacher. I enclose a Eller noting a conference to take place in Honolulu on the serious "ice" problem. I# has been paid there is no such thing as a free lunch. The federally funded helicopter marijuana interdiction is not free. It is hurting the very people this c~nncil is elected to serve. It is taking limited police personnel away from their primary duties, protecting all of us from violence and crime---it doesri t matter that this vacation from real police duties is at federal expense. I urge the council to pass on this year's federal marijuana interdiction subsidy. 4Vho knows? Maybe the money will find its way into a critically underfunded drug treatment program. I thank the council for the opportunity of addressing them. William B. Wenner, M. D. PO Box 895 Volcano, HI 96785 (808) 967-8095 (W) 327-2900 This testimony is delivered ahead of time so that you all have an opportunity to peruse it. I would be happy to clarify anything that is not clear. Wiliiam B. Wenner, M.O. Post OiTice Box 895 Uoicano, Hawaii 96785 August 1, 1996 Hawaii County Council Finance Committee County Building Hllo, Hawaii Dear Council Members: ' This Ietter is written in reference to the upcoming meeting to decide whether to continue to accept federal funds for aerial marijuana suppression. I include a copy of my May 13 testimony before the Council. ibery thing in that testimony is still applicable. I would hope the Finance Committee would also review the results of this year's operation. I have seen no evidence that the Council has been any more involved in the operation than before. if there is to be a continuation of this project, I would hope that a condition would be independent corroboration of the numbers and destruction of plants. Public notice of the time and place of counting and destruction would seem to be reasonable. I know of no one who has any confidence in the figures published in the paper. The amount of money accruing to the local police from forfeiture in marijuana cases should be part of the public record. Police Department enthusiasm for marijuana suppression is at Ieast partiatIy related to financial self interest. I would hope that the finance committee would delay action on this matter until all information as noted above is available. Sincerely, William B. Wenner, M. D. r Hayaa,i i County 1-'-'u n'_ I - Hilo HI r=,qil La.di«= 1_«ntl?men ...f +h« Firs?.nc? Commi±t?« and th? Ha~~~?.ii Count; Courn_ i 1 , I s.inc:_-'el th.a.nk: ;you for tieing the fir=t I_:eun;. I_~'UriCil Iri il? =:t a. l:« ~~f HabJal l iAih r~ =ar«~_ enou qh tie,. th« alleq«'~ abu'___ ?.nd harm =au=_.ed b.:' the vp ion e.l "P1ar i juar~.?. Er.adio.ation Fro~,ar...Rl" CPdEFi tr, =et =.=ide a.r, entir'e rORimitt«« m«?ring to thi_ sub.iect a.nd ir!':pit?~ir!put from the .r_'mmur!it:.• ~'f imp ?,rted =iti~?n=. i u;u t.~ l i l be h«ar i nU th« tru±h r.f' the m?.t t?r pouring firm th? heart_ of s.o~uls rf the pe_'pl« _'f thi=_ i_.land telling you net enl:.' about cannabis burl a.bu=_.?_ suff?r«d b':: r i ±i z?n=_ .t th? ha.n' personn?l pre=_.?cuter=. our t_. thi? -a.nnabi=_ ?ra.dir.tion program 1~~°`iriF'l'~rfl?n±?d. I tru=_.t y'ru !ali 1 1 cc~m? ay:gay from th i e r«?.1 i z i nq th.t this program ha.=. ~r'tt«n erltir?1:. out of t~a.n'd as to t'_ funr_±ion an'd it=_ op?ration=_. t.«~a.usa of th« failur? .f _ pr?adieus Cr~ur,t:. Council=_ to abide b::' _ar, _ : - of th? Haie!I i Country Chart?r v,!hich mind?.te=_ "Frogr_.m Fe';,i?~,:~" «',er,; 4 ?ar Rul« ~4-1 of th? County Council that s.ta.t?_ :'the budq«t r?r, i «l~:l, tr,? ~?p.a.r±m?r,t?.1 prngr:.m r?., i .a.nd th~~..e,:het i eri prece5.s =hall t.? ir,±«rp?r«±ed as mee±ing the ma.r~da.te" I=_ intr_~lera.bl:y ir!=.ulting. It i=_. a blata.r,t .attempt ±o =.ut::,«r± th,? Hat~,a.i I G~ur,t:;' Chart«r. TFn_'=« ~.!hn ..~~~~pt i t a. means of ui,r a,ding '_•-i'= r, nnl; b« _a.l?:d lay,!-tar «.a l~:?r.=, I...I r,?r. 1...i.,a-mak:?r=_. t~?.c.m? lay:~-bra.a4::?r-a it i=_ tim« fr.r the p?opl? to rise i n r?t.«t i i eri a.nd :~u_.t the usurpers. I hop? that ±h i'= Cha.r'aCter i ~.±o: r, dc::.sn' t fit - - a.n:;' of ou ,r~ th i _omR, i t t«? _;r :.:n thi=_ _ourn_il. F'c:y:per =orrupts a.nd vditt;nut thi=_ mind?.t«d r«~.,i?~,~ t P he t°i E. ha,s b?com? se =orrupted t:_: impact th« =ivi1 rights. a.nd th? righ±s to lif«, lib«rty, ~ and pJrsuit of ha.ppir~«'__ of Inrn:n=?nt Haya a.i I I_niJ rl t r?E~I d?r,t=.. I,,le trU=.+ th.t OU V!111 pUt t c. p ± o u c h a. t. u i . b? h i ~ : r . I ..sk y,iith the de«p?..t sine«r«±y' tt,e.± c:u do net t:err. the trust that thc:s? i...~hr t«stif:> h?.'.!? qi'd«n ~iJ I,', ignoring their pal al 1 pr I or' Cr'urn_ i 1 h..:~« den? befr~re = p«c'ple ar? a.frsld, ydlth good r?=.s:_n, tr =.t~ ;came - - -.rid up a.r~d =p?a.H: their piu,7_ for fear ..f poi i:-- a±a.l ia.tic~r~. much threat= ha',e t:??n mad«. It -'f'J don't ...t r?=_penslbl read; ~u m:., yd«11 b? «-ypr5.ir~g such p?epl« harra.=_.R.«nt I+ nc:t --tu.al L:I t,at y.ie the F:«_pl « _'f H.a.y., a.i b:: _:,J toda = - - , Is r' :ri a. tale, ri amiiiJ rit3 t.. nOthiri m~:re r' 1e22 th3.n 3. t:l de b:• the =3.th .:f Jff l'__ _~U `i__~. ;r i~:I:V t~:e m?.n da. A~e .:f the Ha.~~!...i C_~un t~., Ch.».r tEr , !:Jt~~.± in far± ..;.tu.?.i1::: .a.lled for if tF ~:oUnt . Charter tr. r;? 1..,;;lfull: com;li?d uaith is t 't t .erTirl a.ta~ tOU?. a.nd rli ~t t;e r='nev,l?r Untl l _.UCh tlm? +fl? -oRlpr?hen>i''? _ha.rt?r R,a.nda.t?d ~rnrra.m r?~., ' F -d iei,a is ;_~~mplated, r'aiYI,:;IYI] tfll _VRIRIt#~!<_' a.rld thY it CcJTIr_i l , and pas=_.a p;rcn.:' i d?d tt;..t i t= _ _,n;=' u= i orl i ndi ca.t?=_ ±h? I;ai =.dc~m of such T FI? l,!Gr'',. ; _ _.t ;r it lJ .arl d[; t~~da..'.• I,;11 th th I th? rOCF' C'o+tn' .y _ ~agerlda I t?m, - m mlrllmURl oU _a.n dC;, I tr; d?f?r' nd_. =.aq? of ±hie ..utnoriz.ation i:for the ma.c;r to erlt?r in±o .a =ontra.ct 4.!i th tFl? _1,=. q.;;,!arrlm?nt tc iRlpl emen± the P1EF:; IJ rlti 1 _.urh time - r.-;mpr?hensi!~? htEF' r?vieoa I. _ompl?ted, is p;r?=_?r,±?d to thi= _oRlRlitt?= a.nd tr tr;? put~lic i thor;_;ughl;. - , a.rl ir~fcmmed and in•.el l igent I t I.:Ir;ul d t;? a crime fa.r rea.ta t g _r han th? ~=rime the pr~~gr a.Rl i= =.IJ p, p, to rlJr ta.i l fnr ou to not do ?i th?r of the abc,;:,?. The _rr,tra.rt i::+j th the 11,= ; ~ ~a=. rrlment i=_. optional . The Cr;ur,t Ct,art?r i note The requiraRlents of the County Charter sup;?rsc?de th? op;t i ona.l na.tura of th i prr_;gra.m. Gr~~a:ling .a plant that ha.e b?en the ma.insta.y of ma.nkind'= agriculture G: pro':,ing food, fu?1 fib a , r?, m_dicin? =a.cra.ment, ~.0?11 .a s. rra_.±i.:,a,ir?~r.eatiorla.l;=c~cial funrtinr,=. =_.i nc? the t;egi nn i ng of recorded h i __.±~~r::: i n a~:,ery _~wrl tr:: ...f the ~~lorld, i=_ miner v;lhen .oRlpa.r?d tr tfl? failur? of gc'.,ernmerlt c;ffirial= t;. aGide C;.• the 1 a1; :IQ the:' si,.,ear tc uphnl;7 and in the pr r_;c?=_, al lov:l th? of icG force t I .a t th? Ei i 1 of Fight=.. If thi= t;od;: i=_ =r;R,pn=?d of a RIa.JOrith of lal.,.! abidin'a r?pre=arlta.ti~.:.2 th?n :rc;ur action to;da. is ..lean. Cf;hJCEL OR DEFEF'! If a ma..i on tr of .;u de?RI .nur aal.. abu;:,a t _ _ _ h? 1 a~,:l a.nd fail to :.rt right,?r~u.=1: irl ttli_ ma.t±ar, then in truth ~nu a.re la.i~:l t'reak:?r=_. .rld de=_?r~.;: to t;e tr?a.ted a.ccordi n~~l I =_.pe..4: pla.inl::. ?.nd fram tree rlea.r~t ~..!ith~~Ut Rla.lire or di..pr?=.part. i::l;la.t'=_ true i=_ ±rue I:ah?th,,, ou 1iKe t.; hair it ..r nc~t. In a.N.: i nq for a. Char tar ma.nd...±ed pr~;gr.m rep:, i e~..~ I am pr?_anting .i a.hc~r+ iist .;f itam= that I r?e.p?ctfull::. raque_.t t;? incorF;c;rta.t?d ir,tn that r?~.:ial.,d. I-,ft?r +?.ilinu tn =r_~m~l. !,dI th ttl l RI.?. rlda.te fnr• rlaa. r' i tl,•;lo ~~er 3.d?= th l _ rnl F c•= _ _Jncil ca:.!__ ±h? p?.•ol? of thi= -_'urlt; _nmpl?ta and1_omprahen=_.i~:,? re ! i el:•J. F'ursu i rlq th?=.e er~um?ra.tad 1 t?R.= Vdl 1 t hal p t.; p;rn':, I Y\ I'm f i n i s.hed ~ ~t, thc_• 1eq:.l aspects. c.f m> . =.t imnn:.', r~t thi=_ time I ~,~ould 1•r:e t., pro~~ide ,.'ou ~;:~ith mor._• infc;rmr.tion: 1. I asF:: that tf115 CpmmlttBE•, '=_.i:::: of ~,.ahich are nee,:, m«mbera, irn_orp'rrate ir;to the rc•rord c'f the prr;r_edlnq_s r,f thl COmmlttee~ th« t1nd.*- infc~rmatiQrl arld t._•'=.tIRIC'n:.: pre'=«r,ted t.. th« RB.:D Lc'mR,itt«:• ct~aire' J- ~ b ~;hn Ra.:' c'Ur i r;g the 1 as.t ii t'::' I_OU rn_ t 1 _~nme of tfiB ta?.t IRU]rl ma:; t 2 rep'ea.ted. P9nst 4di 1 1 riot , lot of i n':!...1 u.?.t~l c_• into r m a, t i r, r, ~,,,.a s. ~•re=_.ented. To be f_'.ir to this i='_.uB, pl«_,__ abide b:r thi= r u,~IJ £'t I ha~:+« o':,er th« yeas acquired ma.n>• f i n« booth's that haUr_ prn';,Ided me V,~Ith Intnrm...tior~ to br'Ing m« to the poln± I 1-~a~:,e a=_ an a':,r~:•aed cannabi 1 i best i on i st . ~nrone ~.ohc~ read=_. thi=_. ma.teriai is. likely to feel the same ;:ua.'. I ...m prn~:!idinq ~'U !,ai th a 1 1st of these boob: s and cnp:• r.f tt,e i r i nde' _ that ~r~U ma:>' s._•lecti':,e1_ puru'ae .n':+or :.11 ..f tt,eRi. 3. I h.?.'.,« v,~ritten a. fi'!a n_.rt .Brie=_ _a.lled r ` "I_anna.6is:th« tree of 1 ife," I urq« ea.r;-, c,f vc;u ~,:Iho ha':!en't al re.a.d' done so ±G road tfi i s series a, rnp ref lash i ch I'm pro'.!idir;g to the si n._•pd members. rif thi_ council the remai n i ng thr._•e rece i':,ed I t t.,hen I testified dur I nq thu 1 ast CcnJr;cil session. Finally, in light of the "I_rr•«n Har~:,e=t" presentatio'r; I ma.d« .a± this coR,:r,ittF:._.'__. la.± meeting in v:;hlcf; I enumer...t«d the many benefits of a legal =a.nna.bis indu=_.trv on Ha~:~aai i i s.l a.r~d, I present tr. ;n;J th« first =_.tep's t-.' cb.:en t. H.a~,:~a,ii Gount;' go,:,ernmer~t official in that regard. It i=_ a 1 «±ter +rom Ma.yc'r `r...m.a'=_.h i ro' r,ff i c. to federal nff i r«que=_.tirlg Ra±her than 1,JrK i ng a.t pr;7gr.,m= to eradi ra,±e ca.nr~a.t'i , I . . urg« this council to bBgin 1nnb:inq .at program'=. to culti'.,...t« it part Gf the .agricultura.l ba=.e n ~~1:.nd'=_ econnR,~.:~, Rem«mber it is prey=_er,tl;.' legal grni,! hemp v:li±h the appro'..~a.i of ±tie federal gn~,~«rnment. r; permitting proces.^ i in pl.e.c_. Furs.ue it e. th_:' gale ....r; reap "green harp:,«st~~ inste.ad~nt destrn;.'ing ma.n'=_ t;es± frier;; in the plant b: i ngdom. Cln tf-;e ':,ergo c'f tfi« afireshol d of the ..rd mi 1 1 en i um, `.'nu l.adie=_ .ind q._•ntlemen of the Hal,,~aii I_nunty Cc'uncil r.an lcob:: ah«a.d to a br i gh± and proaperniJ= future i f ...u ~ edJCate i`C'U r"?.al'-~a~_. .ibnut ca.n n.abi~=~.:. r;d ...re ='-~urage nu s. in follo~,ai rig ;;aheru the truth lead= .'ou. Clr you ca. r; fc;l loi:d the ta.k:es. rf the last ,tiil .~:e...rs. reg...rdirna ca.nr~a.bis and b:eBp a=_- ir; pc":,er±.:: and pauc i t'. Ha.i:;a.i i i =1 a.nd .an become the Garden of Eden cif the 3rd miller;ium, self-sufficier;t land of pienf:•' :;:istir;g as. tin _;;aR;ple to tf,e r«st c.f ±he ;;:;orld. ~~pi `r'c~ur ~,n±« on this Iss.u« -.,.r; t - - _ _.._.r rha.in of _.er,tg that la~ill change th« ;,;~orl d. Bel le'Je mo fc~r. ;,:;h a.t I ?'r r.~J f~=id... 12 true. C Ha.~;:;a. i i i 1 .nd ,run? , H.a!,d a. i i 1- ,7 u n + I_ rf ' a 3 ~upuni St. H i t Ha.ada i i =,5,~'l f1rRI._rl_ii=;PJrv ERr;GICriTI!~hd F'F,'~i1=F.'Atq kE!.'IE!~:i PEkr=it9ETEk [.~~a.r ReP t.e r. of the Fi n._.nrF Comm. H3A,J31 I r'Vf_r~, GIJ rn.I l , In requesting charter mandated program rel,ie!,d of the "ht.,.riuana. Era.dica.tion Prvgra.m" I respectfull reque_.t that in addl t I on to the ml n Imam requirement cif such program reg.; I g!,J tha.t In ligt,t rt the t!do decade l..,pse in crmpl::ring with s.a.id mandate that the program re,:! i e!,a also i nc 1 uda the fol 1 o!,.,i ny: - ri public hear i ng i n e~..!er,•' di =trio of ±he i sl a.rld. - b:lhat i=_ tt',e pres.er,t procedure fOr finding, ma.nUal l cutting, remo~..!ing, and de_.±ra;:ing confir_a±ed =a.nnabi5. C:~~nS i der i ng that conf i sca.ted Canna.bi i s !l:f,7rth more than i t=_. !.ti~eight ire got d, What procedures are in place to be r_ertair~ that p..l ice per=_.onnel aren't keeping a.r~d _el l ing =_.ome c!f it. - f°,mount of cr~nf I sr..,±ed •.ash that ha'_. baen turned i n as e':! i derlce and the Step ta.b;en to aS.S.ure that ennfisc.ated rash ie. not kept t~ the pollee. - Nona man;• ha.~:~e been appro~aed and ho!,.i ma.n' re.jeCted b.`r the enurt. 1,.1ha.t ...re public compl.inr=. about .?.bu_e=_ of ~~rw~ri! search - Fe~:!iet,,~ of the '-='ntract=. udder ~;:Ihich State arnd counti' government .~_ep± a.di c._.tion fund= from the U.S, gr~.:~ernment. - Rey:! f a!,:I .f al 1 comp 1 i once re t e~ - p_rts =_.u bmi t d by the ~_c~un t;~' to federal go':!ernment ...gene":=_. . - ~:Jha,t the annual number of propert:,' seizure=_ during the .ours- of th i = program, 4Jha.t i tt-,e ~:!a.l u~ , ~;.!hn got the mone:• . !,dha.t ~~~ere the nature o+ the crime=. leading to =_.uch seizure. - Hc~~;! much ma.r i ,iua.na. ~:~aa= ;=onf i s_.a.ted i n =nmpar i S.on tr hard drug= - I,:Ih.>.± le the rele.tionship t~et!,,~een _annabi=_ eradication and the =?::p.3.rn~ing uee of hard drug=- - I,,Iha.t 8.re the pr05. cOnE of an indu~Strial hemp indue.tr:,- in HI. - r; =_mc~ar i .or, be+!,:~aan tt~ey.ata~ai i =_tUd;: o+ the --'-'r,oR'i'-= '-'f tt~e hemp ir~du=_tr, b., i°1=. Helfridge .f HI EC?E !,dhl~-h '-='me to a nega.ti~ _ -:~nc i us i on , ar~d the study dor~e t the 3t.».±e '!i rgi n i a. and 7ther =t..t - =hot, ir~q th .r. mic :.bi 1 i } 7f the hemp indutry - Iaha.t the re.-'rd 7+ lo!a~ hel_7p~ ~r +light _nmpla.ir~ts. - I,.Ih:.". 1 r?=7rd he=.lth =7R~pl.,.lntc re_..rdin~~ :.eri...i <F,r..'.r~u. - D'- --~mpr~h~nei~ ~ :.~le!~.~ the s±.nq 7l _ie=_ ;.nd nr__=durea our-~_~~'.5-r~'- ~.nd _._._1 er~.di-stinn. pe',~e - t.:Iha± .apprc".lal are needed from the +e. feral '~cn:!ernmer,+ permi t 1eq~.l rilltl'.:d.tinr, Of .+.rlna.tii=_. - Ialh.g.t i'= the f:,sc a.bi 1 i t~.~ ..f f_, r. a~1f su~ficienc an ad_iunc± '-=~ur,ty .a.uthorized =a.nna.ti= ..ulti~:!a.±i - i,:Iha.t role ran County gr,~.:'ernment ply. !n the culti':!a±ion cif hemp an i ndu=_.tr' i s.l crap . - i.lhat step=_. ~:dere ta. k:en i n the a=_.t p- t..: i:c,un+ gc,':,:,rnment tc, initiate grr~!,din'~ leg~.l heR~p in Ha.i,:iaii. - Inlfia.t i the =_.ta.tu'_ .,f hemp aE. a ,_rmmer'r i al r_rnp i n ,_,+har. - l.,ltr.t i the _.ta,tu=_. of hem ' a= - ~ c'mmerc i c roan±rle~. F - - al rc,p In ether' - The =omp...ri=_.ar, of pena.ttie=_. for p..'==-=ainq '_.mall -amount of =;.nnat~i= thrnuGhout the _.+:.te_. - Fe"ie~;:~ updated =.tudie5 nn gl.:phc,state and other chemi c.;.l=_. a=_ed in .Kerial =.pr:.;:ir~o. - F:eVIe!:J effect=. r_if Ch BmICa15 UBed Iri a@r'1.a1 =_.pr j'1 r,y Or, Inf ~.n t3, eh~iidren,and the elderly. - Do =omprehen=_.i~:._ re':!ie+.:.~ ..f .ileged =i'..!ii right.. ,!iol...tione from Rl... r'IJU.».na. er'3di,]a.tl~,n pr~igr a.m. - Re~:,ie~:d upda.±ed =_.tudie_ of drift pre.:~ent.ati':!e ehemi;.al added t,_ the =.pra:::. - F' B':! I b,, e f f e c t o f r e- e m l i ri f r' ~ ~m U n e. r, ~ i ~.'J a. - Effect_ aeria.l =_.pr?;inq on or ga.r~ic farmers ~:d...ter =.±r;-~mert e+c, - C,o full in',,_=.±igation ref multitude c.f ;.d~:!er=_. he=.lth effe~.±= from aerial =pra~t'ririq in k:a'u in the .u±umn rf~1';?6. - =:tad.: _,ther i s=_ue_ r.:i Eed ~ =..ul ± of put~l i s to=.t imo _ r.. . `i~~ Ur" for b~ + rr i.i a.l:,ia. i i i ~e.l ...rid ':._„'qil T u rl e t c 1 9 c . Ha.!:da.i i I_oUrit•r [:r~Unrl l Re: Li_t of t~r~r,4::_ c.n the suG.iort ..f cannabis I'm 1ea!aing ~::,i!h~ I_iiU ri t".~ [:1 erk: frr t4'.1 r. l:d?:. b::<. Ir_ _ fc~r u_.? Gr Council memt~?rs only. [ie y.r Tr?Rl tie r''o n} the Flr, ar,Ce 1_C,mm. Ha.VJ ~.I I L.OUn ty I~qU rn_11 ~ I a.m lea.~,!in~ then? G~ a ~_k:_. I,:ii±F, the Fount;:: Ci?r'k fnr' _:r~ur p?ru=_.a.l for' th?' r?st of th? month of June ~ift?;' ::.,hir_h I ~,aiil Petri?.. th?m. The;' ar? import».nt GooN'=_ that ~.uill pro~:!ide :::ou adith much Intorma.tion at~out the =_.uGJect of c.annabi=_, 1 . TFI? ~ ~rnr L,:~?ar No Cloth?'=:h i stor i ca.i record r.f the plant and i t=. proh i tai t i r_'r, Jack Her?r t. H?mp:Lifeline to the Future Chri_. Conr?.d Hemp for Health:m?dicina.l nut itin 1 ~ " F r na Js?=_. of Cann. 4. t•1a.ritnJana.: t; ~igna.l of h1i_.understarlding f_1f+icial report of the Pla±i r,rl..l.Comm. on Ntari_iua.na. C!r.:gr`,bu_.e Indu_tri...l H?mp Hemp tech 1. Smc~b:e .1i rror=_.: th? ~,;,ar on drugs and the Repoli # i r_ i of fa.i 1 ure Da.n Ba.uml filari.iua.na.:the forbidden madicin? f_:rin=_.poon Ba.ka)...r _ t"J ...r I.IUa. fl t"1?dl Clrle rigu R_ r' Roffrr,a.rl Gc.rIC?r Tr?atmer,t t"1a.ri.iua.r,a. Therap' Robert Ra.nda.l l 1CI.P9u=_cle gp.'=.R,, F'.~.in Tt,:.r.:.p:; 11. The I_a.n? for Legalizing Drina=. Rirh;..rd P9ilier Ha.~.a.a.l i . =.l a.r,d ~._41J n JUN-16-97 05:53 AM JU,JE 14 1997-- T su P.ei pport the acceptance of trte J,~;.p, i'unr.s to rin~ance Lne erafllcatlon of ria~rl~uuna r ~ the J1g Island by the Y.Fiwo • 1 County Police Deyt.,. Y3IN^ NA:~.I~. ..aG~Q NAMr: 1i?llrtL'Sa 1'HO:dr: - ~~c ~ S <-~c ~c-°~~r ,,~.,,us ; h; S .J ~'NC ~ _.i~[d ,er~..- >,c.~ ~~Gr i3.F'iL 545- '~c~Cti.c ~p. 3_.7~ -,;1 G O _ 1 _ ~ T ' L,/ \ r FROM POWERHOUSE PHONE NO. 8©88845190 Jun. 15 1997 10:18PM PG , J.T. Power, MD _ PreventiveMedicine ~ Integral Health Care , 16 Y8~78~8~S-435 C~uN}~{ U~- I~,aWAll June 1~, 1997 Finance Committee ' Hawaii County Council Re: Testimony via facsimile on continuation of DEA marijuana eradication program. Dear Finance Committee 7vlembers: I understand your committee is considering renewal of its agreement with the DEA to continue aerial spraying for the eradication of marijuana on the Big Island. I would like to take this opportunity to address some of the public health issues at stake in this debate. It mas• seem to the casual observer that this program delivers an insignificant amount of toxic marerial into the environment, and that such potential health concerns are not worthy of consideration. Ho~t-ever, I would like to point out some medical issues that should be taken into account before dismissing this as inconsequential. First, there is the issue of hepatic dysfunction (various liver disorders) _ caused by chronic low level exposure to a ..•ide array of xenobiotics (wmatural sy-nthetic chemicals which pose potential danger to biological systems) in the environment. In general, the liver has a remarkable capacity for detoxifying and removing these chemicals from the body. Hoverer, there is a great deal of individual genetic ~-ariability in the function of These detox mechanisms. This genetic, biochemical basis for the dramatic diversity of functional detoxification capacities may help explain the wide variance of individual tolerances and reactions to environmental chemicals. 5tudics indicate that lipid•soluble pesticides and herbicides can concentrate in the liver and other fatty tissues, where they persist for long periods of rime and result in altered functional capacity. Dearly S3 billion is spenr yearly in the U.S. on the treatment of `liver disorders of unknown origin'. It is likely that many of those liver disorders are due, at least in part, to non-specific effects from hepatotaxins, including those induced by xcnobiotic exposure. Metabolites of certain herbicides (glyphosate, P.O. Box 6581 • Ironwood Center, Suite 2 • Kamuela, Hawaii 96743 FROM : POWERHOUSE PHONE NO. : 8098845190 Jun. 15 1997 10:19PM P3 or Round-Upl have adverse effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems, leading to a variety of behavioral and mood disorders, especially in those who are more sensitive to xenobiotics due to relatively ineffective detox mechanisms. Second, in addition to this variable sensitivity to environmental toxins in the general population, there are specific population subgroups that are inherently more vulnerable to low level toxic exposures. These groups include pregnant women, children, the elderly and people with compromised immune systems. These subgroups are at increased risk of developing `liver disorders of unknown origin', including hepatic cancer with continued low level exposure. Third, the issue of synergistic and multiplicative toxicities of combined xenobiotics needs to he considered. Recent studies have demonstrated, in some cases, a hundred-fold increase in toxicity with exposure to a particular combination of chemicals, as opposed to exposure to these chemicals independently. This is usually the case with pesticide or herbicide use since most are mixtures. In some cases, the so-called `inert ingredients' are highly toxic when exposure occurs in combination with certain other chemicals. Bear in mind that DEA has used many different toxic agents in its program and has expressed interest in using other xenobiotic agents. And lastly, the cumulative burden of toxic load on the environment needs to be taken into account. As we continue to poison our island environment with broadcast and spot spraying of this `xenobiotic soup', we are creating a literal time bomb as regards public health. Little by little we add to what will someday become an unlivable environment. Some `canaries in the coal mine' are already suffering the ill effects of this cumulative burden. Others of us will not be far behind. We must find more sustainable ways of addressing our public policy issues. I urge your rejection of the continuation of the DEA's marijuana eradication program on public health grounds. There is simply too much at stake to continue on this perilous path. Respec v, JT P ever, MD O6/101 97 22:52 FdS 809 730 ?911 LICHTI C~U02 PAMELA G. EIGHTY 2216 Aha Niu Place rt- Honolulu, Hawaii 96821 f- ~ June I6, 1997 '37 JUG! 16 riil 7 TO: HA\VAI`I COUNTY COL~rCiL FINANCE COVLVIITTEE CCU', ~ ' I COUNTY lJr Hi~~JAL FR0~1 Pr1RgLA EIGHTY, ASSISTANT CLII;ICAL PROFESSOR, UH - \9;~,\'OA SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH RE TESTL~iONY ON CONTACT RE^E\V.4L FOR \f.4RIJl.`.4~A ERADICATION PROGR.~\9 Good morning, Chairman Chun_ and members of the Committee. l would like to testify today about some concerns I have about the continuation of the marijuana eradication programs on the Bis Island I have been researching and organizing conferences on drug policy over the last several }ears. and most recently taught a coure at L-II n4anoa on Harm Reduction as Public Health Policy The marijuana eradication program is an example of old ways of thfnkin~ and throwing money at the drug problems in our state., and I would argue that: 1) It's not working and 2) it may be having counterproductive effects. True, it has suppressed much of the grow~ne oT marijuana, and it has certainly increased its scarcity and price, yet recent surveys have shown that in both Hawaii and the mainland, the number of youngsters using pot has increased steadily over the past three years. In many other jurisdictions, most notably Northern California, citizens ere speaking out against the invasion of privac} ;the encroachment on property rights, the noise, and the cost of these eradication programs. Many of those in rural areas moved there explicitly for peace and quiet and the intrusion of the helicopters is extremeh disturbing and can even cause negative health effects, for example precipitating flashbacks amon¢ Vietnam vets [ts my understanding that the County Council is required to reviet~ and evaluate programs every four years, but that the eradication program ha; never received a serious revie~+ I'm sure it is tempting in these hard economic times to accept the Federal monies for this program. but I believe that it is the Council's responsibility to take its mandate seriously and to really examine whether or not the program is cost-effective. is fulfillins its mission (without unanticipated effects such as driving youngsters to more readily available and cheaper drugs such as `ice"), and whether or not the people of the Big Island support its continuation. Debate is raking now all over this country about the effectiveness of the \b'ar on Drugs and whether we should continue down the same path. Marijuana suppression programs such as the one on the Big Island epitomize some of the worse aspects of the ~'ar on Drugs approach. This is our opportunity to tell the Federal government that their priorities are wrong and that funding should instead be used for effective dru, education. drug treatment, and tae suppression of hard drugs and the violence often associated with them I urge the Committee to recommend rejection of the Federal grant to send a strong message that marijuana eradication is a wastefiil. counterproductive use of taxpayer's dollars which could be used in far more positive and productive ways. Thank you for the opportunity to testify today -elepn cne: (808) 735-8001 Fa:c: (8087 735-2971 e-mail: pglichty@lava.net O6/1~/Oi 22:52 F.41 808 i3~ 29i1 LICHTi l~ 004 by a national organization ~a~hich does not take into account local conditions, cultural values, etc Unlike some other programs; it does not encourage parental involvement via newsletters or other communication; nor are students permitted to take the educational materials home to show their parents. They also felt that the curriculum irafwas "soft" on alcohol and had very little information on the harms of tobacco - probauly the most dangerous and common substance ow' children could be using. The study also faulted the DARE program for its lacl: of definitions of such crucial terms as "misuse" and "wrong" The point, however, is not to bash the DARE proeram, but rather to take an objective look at this use of county and federal dollars and determine how to get "the best bang for the buck" There are other programs available which may be better suited to preventing drug abuse among our children. One cited in the Massachusetts report is called "Here~s Looking at You 2000" which is a very comprehensive K-12 curriculum with 150 lessons which encouraees parental involvement Another highly touted proeram is one called Life Skills which was written up in Time in \ovember 1996. I urge the Committee to carefully examine the record of the DARE program and to look into the other cities such as Oakland and Seattle which have canceled DARE and elected to fund alternative, potentially more effective drug prevention programs. I thank you for permitting me to submit this testimony toda}- I would be pleased to offer the Council further information or assistance. Pamela Lichty, MPH Assistant Clinical Professor University of Hawaii at Manoa School of Public Health 6!16/97 8:23.34 Page 2 of 2 r i ~ ,Tune 16. 1997 '97 JUeJ ~ 6 ri 1 8 00 To: Ha~~ai'i Counts Council, Finance Committee: Special Meeting. CG'~f; - COUNTY u; H/~,VJA{! From: Ed .Tohnston P.O. Boy 636 Pepe' eked, 96783 Regarding: Comm. 314 (Res. 94) Marijuana Eradication Grant As 2nd Vice President of the Rural South Hilo Communiri~ Association I joined that group's Agricultural Conunittee, to assist and promote agriculture vn former sugar lands. A unanimous concem among these farmers is when they discover patches of marijuana being gro~~ n on these fee-simple and/or leased lands. Along the Hamakua Coast this often happens in gulches near legal crops. It is a conllict, and potential liabilit_c, when you have fanners tr< ing to make a living growing taro, ginger; or papa}'a and the~~ have to «om about an illegal patch of marijuana which someone has planted on property near or ithin their o~~n. ~Uhen these illegal patches are reported and the helicopters come in to destro}~ the plants, that is a relief. The farmers I kno«~. ho share a coirunon concem to eliminate these illegal patches; share another concern-- e don't want to track do«n and confront hoever plants a patch of marijuana. There is a great fear of retaliation. The job of eliminating the illegal patches is best left to the Police, DLNR, and National Guard. To do _ this job, the~~ need ~~our support to provide funding to eradicate. The issue of ~~~hether marijuana should be legalized is not the issue here. The facts are that it is classified as illegal and if patches are not destroyed, there will be more of them. Please continue to support the Eradication Grant. June 15, 1997 To -Hawaii County Council From - Ginger Towle Box 2307 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745 phone i~ 329-2051 FAX - 329-6721 Subject- Acceptance of DF:A funds. Funds are being offered by the DEA for the eradication of marijuana on the Big Island by the Hawaii County Police Department. It 1s imperative that we accept this money to continue the fight against drug use. The most important crop we are raising on this island should be all our children in a healthy, safe,and drug free environment. However, they are being contiminated at earlier and earlier ages, We have a serious problem with the influx of hard drugs. But marihuana is different, it's a home grown product, this makes it all the more reprehensible. It's been proven that for many children that marihuana use is the first step to using harder drugs. Our fob, our responsibility, is to protect our children, they are our future. 4;e need to use every means available to clean up our environment. I've submitted a short petition, a token sample which took about 2 hours on Saturday while shopping and at the parade. 'Phere are 48 signatures, 9 other people I asked would not sign. . _ JUNE 14, 1997-- 1 support the acceptance of the D.E.A. funds to finance the eradication of marijuana on the }31g Island by the Hawaii County Police Dept.,. ri3ItdT NAME NAME .DDRES; 1~HONE - _ . - - /~if' psi i ' S~j t~i ~ a ~~6 d~~~ - GG57~ / = 3 a5 ~4 I nl ~ v~~9 J 7G - (fib S ~i~~-~~ ~ ~ ~ 1.11 ~ua ~oE~ ~ 7- 634 ~en1i/~Pr 3a - - S~- t1~ rig S{. C?.C ~3~- s z ~~.d.V1Yti~L ~a~{Vt~+ ~ ti~ ~ ~ 5 ~ 67 ~ S ~i37 5~ ~ ~ ~ 7S' 33~ PanO - 3~ r o ~ t, ~r~_S P NA c7.~o'~~_ V ~ 11/l,~l,t~ -TS-blob F1G/1 ~ 3Z`T-8 P 0 ~'~STL~ 3 - 3Sr ~9-ffs ~ sa.S . , his ~L Co 9~7Yo J'btJ~, o - ~~1 7 M u 7{r - ~cc`{i e n c.e..~.la..tst2i ct ~i ~ l / 3 ; .Q , ` ~ ~ Tv / u ~ ~ ytcQ, 9~ -7 P u. ~ JUNE 14, 1997-- I support the acceptance of the D.~;.A. funds to finance the eradication of marijuana on the Big Island by the Hawaii County Police Dept... 1?dINT NAME :N NAME DDRES." PHONE - . k¢ (,"I i Yn . L ~ ~ 3.11 • ao .-T1cA ~/e,~ l~sc~vi ,osu E ~LZ l / _ S ~1fL~ - 339 ~a9 339 vr..- C D HI'vv~N - 027 ~ ~C71> - 02~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ `l d'~s~ieA r ~~.P ~ ~ y5 5 0 , r~!iS!` -/aye Os9r 2f-c.gnJ -Gs~S~~.w~Cr/1-~,~ ~~97 ~.~n - - J vN ~nfrrf ~6roo ~i d c' r l2 i / ~~Ln / Pe ~~~la ~C~te ~ ~/n~ C'EU• T ~,ev S v~ ~ i 51~~ ~ 3 ~t3 rr r ~ y 6/18/97 RESOLUTION: 95-97: AUTHORIZES THE COUNTY OF t....WAI rY'O,~ENTE.~INTO ^ AN AGREEMENT WITH THE.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA F ATE WIDE ~'P~~6 A11 8 20 NARCOTICS TASK FORCE GRANT." couwrY ~H~~~?aii KEY WORD NARCOTIC SO LET US LOOK UP THE, WORD "NARCOTIC" DEFINITION: (1) a. ANY DRUG THAT DULLS THE SENSES,INDUCES SLEEP AND WITH PROLONGED USE BECOMES ADDICTIVE.-----SOUNDS LIKE ALCOHOL TO ME!!!!!!!!!!!! RESOLUTION: 96-97: "AUTHORIZES THE COUNTY OF HAWAII TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, D.A.R. E./DOE GRANT." WE ALL KNOW THAT THE D.A.R.E. PROGRAM IS BEING QUESTIONED AND CHALLENGED ON MANY LEVELS, ESPECIALLY ON THE WAY IT IS PRESENTED (LAW & ORDER) AND ON THE LACK OF INFORMATION BEING PRESENTED ON THE TWO LEGAL DRUGS ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO. NOW EDUCATION IS THE KEY~M~ T BE DONE WZTH LOVE AND CONCERN NOT MOCK ARRESTS TO INSTALL FEAR AND MISINFORMATION THAT,WHEN FOUD OUT,CONSTITUTES A LIE IN A YOUNG MIND. LET US START USING THE (GRANTS) MONEY ,FOR THE SOUL PURPOSE OF HUMANLY SOLVING OUR PROBLEMS NOT CAUSING MORE BY TURNING ONE AGAINST THE OTHER FORCE SHOULD BE USED TO GET RID OF THE HARD DRUGS,IF IT IS TO BE USED AT ALL WE MUST EDUCATE OUR CHILDREN ON A HUMANE LEVEL LET US SEND OUR MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS,NURSES AND DOCTORS TO THE SCHOOLS NOT OUR POLICEMEN,SHOW VIDOE ON WHAT ALL DRUGS,ESPECIALLY THE LEGAL ONES,CAN DO IF ABUSED. FOR THE REAL CRIME IN ALL OF THIS IS HOW WE ARE REACTING TO IT,FOR WE ARE ALL JUST HUMANS,LET US NOT GET DESENITIZED BY OVERPOPULATION.. NOW IF I AM NOT MISTAKEN HAWAII COUNTY IS PART OF THE UNITED STATES,SO I GUESS WE ARE ASKING TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMEMT WITH OURSELVES, SO LET'S AGREE TO DO IT HUMANLY O~V OIy 4~0 ~ ~~r Stephen K. Yamashiro Wayne G. Carvalho .Nm~or Chief of Pohcr i eiP i. ~.IIIIIC.~ ID1F~~~III POLICE DEPARTMENT 3i9 Kxpiolxoi Street HIl0. H~w~ii 96720.3998 1808)933-3311 Fn 1808)961.2702 January 26, 1995 Mr. Jim M. Rath, Chairman Committee on Finance County Council County of Hawaii Hawaii County Building 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Councilman Rath: This is in response to your letter dated January 3, 1995, in which you asked for a general accounting of the marijuana eradication funds and other information about the eradication program. FEDERAL/STATE FUNDS In 1994, $189,633 in Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) funds and $222,500 in Bureau of Justice and Assistance (BJA) funds, administered through the States Attorney General's office, were expended in the marijuana eradication grogram by the Hawaii County. A report specifying the expenditures is attached for your review. The funded programs are all part of a multijurisdictional task force composed of the four County Police Departments, the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), the Drug Enforcement Administration and other federal law enforcement agencies. Hunda designated for marijuana eradication enforcement can be used for that purpose only. Because of cutbacks in the federal budget, we have been receiving a lesser amount of federal funds in recent years. BJA funding has been cut back from $222,500 in 1994, to $200,000 in 1995, and to $113,000 in 1996 a cutback of $109,500 or 49$ in the past three years. For the same reason, we also expect significant reductions in our DEA funding, although we haven't been told how much yet. Mr. Jim M. Rath, Chairman January 26, 1995 Page 2 Despite the cutbacks in our funding, our eradication program has become more effective and efficient because of our rappelling and herbicide techniques. FUNDED PROGRAMS The marijuana eradication program is a project funded by the Byrne Memorial grant. The Byrne memorial fund was established posthumously for Edward Byrne, a New York policeman killed in the line of duty. The Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Formula Grant comes under the auspices of BJA, and the amount is determined by Congress. It funds many programs in the State of Hawaii. Numerous state agencies submit applications, and the programs eventually funded are selected on the nature and extent of the problem presented and the agencies' response in dealing with the problem. That's the formula under which the grant is made. The Byrne grant provides funds for a variety of programs needed for prevention, treatment, and law enforcement efforts. Some of the programs include: (1) drug enforcement task force programs, (2) DARE, (3) gang prevention programs, (4) substance abuse treatment, counseling, and therapy programs which fall under the jurisdiction of Adult probation, the Judiciary, and the Hawaii Paroling Authority, (5) alternatives to incarceration, (6) violence against children, (7) domestic violence, and (8) community policing. ENFORCEMENT GOALS/OBJECTIVES The goal of the Statewide Marijuana Eradication Task Force is to eradicate marijuana in the State of Hawaii by coordinating all missions and by the sharing of personnel and resources. The goals and objectives of the eradication program extend beyond eradication of marijuana plants. Thay include the execution of marijuana-related search warrants; the arrest and prosecution of offenders; the seizure of evidence, equipment and supplies used to facilitate cultivation; the apprehension of growers through surveillance of marijuana fields; and tha forfeiture of real property connected with the possession, cultivation, sale and distribution of marihuana. Attached please find a schedule of the program accomplishments. Mr. Jim M. Rath, Chairman January 26, 1995 Page 3 A MODEL PROGRAM The grant monies have allowed us to maintain a vigorous and aggressive drug enforcement program. The eradication program has been and remains a successful one. The succaae ws have es~erieaced in the marijuana eradication program through our unified efforts hae resulted in a prototype program used as a model for other law enforcement initiatives throughout the mainland IInited States and other parts o! the world, including New Zealand, Australia, Jamaica, ciuam, and Palau. PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS The limited supply and current exorbitant prices for Hawaii marijuana is a true measure of the success and the effectiveness of the program. In the late 1970's and early 1980's, pounds of Hawaii- produced marijuana were exported from the State of Hawaii, the bulk of which came from the Island of Hawaii. The abundant supply permitted many people to barter marijuana for other drugs such as cocaine and heroin. In 1987, 1.9 million marijuana plants were eradicated statewide, while in 1994, 540,000 were destroyed. Let us not forget that not too many years ago, marijuana growers had taken over many areas of our parks and toresta and threatened with weapons anyone who approached. Ths present snlorcament aampaiga involving lederal, state, and local agencies has returned our forest lands and parka to a state where the public can safely enjoy our forests for hunting and other recreational purposes; where realtors and land owners inspeatinqq properties do not encounter armed pot growers; where there is now little aonaern !or the salety of personnel involved in management and rasearah activities; sad where public utility companies no longer find it aeaessary to hire off-dutp armed police offiaera to protect workers servicing telephone lines in remote Puna subdivisions from gunfire aimed in their direction. in short, our sparsely populated rural areas are now much safer to venture into. Today, the discovery of "booby traps" among marijuana patches is infrequent; although in the recent past, to recite one incident, a person was seriously injured whe;i he lifted a device that turned out to be a live homemade 12 gauge pipe gun. The contraption was placed along a trail leading to a marijuana patch. In past marijuana operations, our officers Mr. Jim M. Rath, Chairman January 26, 1995 Page 4 have sustained minor injuries from devices such as protruding nails and sharpened punji sticks on trails, and leg snares and fish hooks hanging at eye level in marijuana patches. Other more dangerous devices such as wolf and bear traps and explosive devices have been found, but were fortunately disarmed bX trained law enforcement officers before they seriously inured anyone. VIOLENT CRIMES AND MARIJUANA In past and recent years, our County has been faced with many violent crimes evolving from the illegal cultivation of marijuana and trade of the drug. Some of the crimes include murders, aggravated assaults, robberies, and terroristic threatening. The first known marijuana-connected murders in the County took place in 1976 and 1977. Pontiano "Poncho" Rapanal and Joey Carreiro were killed in separate incidences, and their deaths were attributed to the rivalry among "pot growers." In November, 1984, the body of Geronimo Andreas was discovered at "King's Landing." Two people later confessed to the shooting; their motive was a disagreement over marijuana sales. Robin Kim admitted shooting and killing Andre Cleary and Jeffrey Thompson in November of 1987 after an argument erupted over the distribution of profits from their marihuana trade. During November, 1991, John Barton was arrested and charged for the shotgun killing of Kalani Smith, which occurred during a "c~un-fight" involving several people in Leilani Estates. This murder stemmed from a dispute over the control of vacant property (which none of them had legal title to) for growing "dope." Again in 1994, a person was murdered, and through intelligence gathered, police believe the victim was killed during a meeting to purchase large amounts of marijuana. HELICOPTER FLYING RESTRICTIONS As you are aware, the police department has written procedures tnat direct the conduct of our personnel during marijuana eradication operations. A copy of that procedure is also attached for your review. w Mr. Jim M. Rath, Chairman January 26, 1995 Page 5 To ensure compliance with distance and height requirements, the most experienced and qualified officers are chosen as helicopter observers. The contracted pilots are also requfired to be familiar with police flight restrictions, which ors mor• stringent than those o! th• Federai Aviation Administration (FAA). In recent years, complaints concerning our mission helicopters have been minimal; and inspite of our efforts to remain at a reasonable altitude during missions, some people do not approve of helicopters flying over their neighborhood for an7~ reason and will complain regardless of the nature of the flight. POLICE CONDUCT The police may enter private property during missions only for a proper and legal purpose. Evidence such as cultivated marijuana spotted in lain view and within open fields may be easily eradicated, while a residence and the enclosed areas around the residence may be searched only after legal consent or a search warrant is obtained. MARIJUANA - A DRUG/HEALTH RISK Marijuana is known to be a "gateway drug," the introductory drug to further drug abuse. As we find today, the problem with marijuana is more a health issue than a moral issue. In February of 1994, the U.S. Court of Appeals again upheld the DEA's ban against prescribing crude marijuana or reclassifying it as a therapeutic substance. According to the Drug Enforcement Administration, crude marijuana could not meet any of the eight criteria required by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval of a therapeutic substance. 1[oreover, none of the thousands o! scientific studios done on urijuana over the past ZO pears have shoorn it to be beneficial in treating anp medical symptom. Studies show that marijuana is likely to be more cancer- causing than tobacco; that it damages brain cells; that it causes lung problems; that it impairs motor skills; and that it may cause reproductive problems and long-term genetic damage to offspring. "Medical experts across the nation and around the world take the position that the medical use of marijuana has no benefit, and bears substantial health risks. Concentration, motor coordination, memory, the lungs, and the immune system ~ w Mr. Jim M. Rath, Chairman January 26, 1995 Page 6 are all adversely impacted by marijuana use. All the national health organizations who have considered the issue reject marijuana as medicine. These include the American Cancer Society, the American Academy of Ophthalmology, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, the FDA, and the American Medical Association (AMA)." [T a International Drua Stratew Institute Position Paper on the Medical Applications of Marijuana, by Eric Voth, M.D., November 1993.] Not one of the American health associations accepts marijuana ae medicine. Although it is very difficult to determine the precise number of marijuana users and addicts in the United States, one fact is clear: Marijuana has become much more potent over the last twenty years. "Cannabis delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly known as "THC," is the active ingredient in marijuana and other cannabis such as hashish. The THC content in marijuana during the days of Woodstock was something less than 18. In 1974, the average THC content of illicit marijuana was 0.36& and by 1984 had increased to 4.40$. In 1992 in Alaska, marijuana was discovered that had a THC content of 29.86$. Now stop and think about that for a minute. Today's marijuana may be between thirty to sixty times as potent as were the joints of the 1960's." [Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Dept. of Justice, December, 1992.) "Nothing can compete with the forest for pulp as far as saving energy and using the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Many plants such as corn, sorghum, and alfalfa produce more tonnage per acre, are more soil building than hemp, and are already meeting market demands for alternative Puels, such as ethanol fuel. Hemp fiber is inferior for making rope, twine, and other products where durability and strength are important, because unlike plastic and synthetics, hemp absorbs water, becomes heavy and rots easily." [Drug Watch International Position Statement, July 8, 1994.] "The argument that we should grow hemp for fiber is completely absurd. First, if hemp is such a good all-purpose: fiber, why isn't any country in the world seriously growing it? Second, there was a time in the U.S. when it was legal to grow hemp (before 1937), and no one did. By 1937, so few people chose to grow hemp that it wasn't even mentioned in Department of Agriculture or Department of Commerce reports. If it is such a good idea, why didn't anyone do it when they could have?" [Drug Legalization: Myths and Misconceptions, Environmental Issues, U.S. Dept. of Justice, May 12, 1994.] q C Mr. Jim M. Rath, Chairman January 26, 1995 Page 7 SUMMARY We hope this gaper will help you better understand our marijuana eradication program and in addressing the public on these concerns. Thank you for the opportunity to comment. Sincerely, WAY E C O POLICE CHIEF CMC:lk Attachments cc: Mr. Stephen K. Yamashiro, Mayor Mr. Elroy T. L. Osorio, Council Chairman EXPENDITURES DEA GRANT BYRNE GRANT $189,633.00 $222,500.00 AIRCRAFT $160,181.52 $161,649.02 Marijuana eradication missions, aerial reconnaissance flights, rappel training OVERTIME/HAZARD PAY 22,062.26 31,398.90 TRAVEL 3,746.42 13,671.71 Per diem/vehicle/airfare-- DCE/SP mtgs, MJ task force mission, DEA basic drug training, DCE/SP conference, survival training MEALS 1,985.40 2,203.06 Missions, investigations EQUIPMENT 616.93 4,725.00 Scanner, battering ram, radio harnesses, rappel equip, Gore-Tex clothing, pocket survival tools, passive infrared trail monitors, pak-trails SPRAY 0 1,682.00 Rodeo Glyphosate, Latron sticker, red liquid dye MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES 954.20 1,625.34 Miscellaneous expenses during missions and investigations, uniform patches, compasses, duffles, gloves, ice chest, hearing protector BUY/SURVEILLANCE FUNDS 0 4,000.00 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE 0 1,533.98 Repair Vice vehicles, ir_spect flight helmets TOTALS: $189,546.73 $222,489.01 9 E A d u ~ N '1 V l N p ~ O A N ~ N a ~ w ~ m ~ rt m w n~ a n, A n v A o m N n a m ~ a N N ~ y ~ A v ~f ~ a A c a m a N W _ W N W VI ~O N V ~ ~ r ~ yNj ~ d O q Y Y N q q O V ~ ~O O N ~p NI N \ \ V ~ N tNJ q ~ O M p q N O C! r V V V ~ V 1p O > > mVm N pp~ q ~ q ~ W W A W T tOi~ y A O I O CI C S W IV ~ m ti ti l~'f IVJI YN1 Y W A q a o O l") w 3 2 9 H rr-~ ti ti H H t tl 2 I N m ~ ~o a ~ VyaI (p1 pq~~ q ~G N G W O~ N > CO O~ O M q V W v a NI a V q m uqi ~ a W ~ a a ~n m o i. in ~n N W yl N YI ~O Oq1 V 00 r y1 {{a~~ ~ N N N b N r V 01 a to ~p N N q V (ll O ~ ~ ~p ~ a V W N W ~ O q W M m a O ~ O N W ~p V VI A W .G m O V U a W CO V OD UI N q ~O HAWAII POLICE DEPARTMENT PROCEDURES FOR MARIJUANA ERADICATION OPERATIONS I. PURPOSE To establish guidelines relative to helicopter reconnaissance/marijuana eradication missions. II. POLICY For the safety of the public and law enforcement personnel, all members participating in marijuana eradication operations shall strictly adhere to policies and procedures as set forth by the Hawaii Police Department. III. HELICOPTER RECONNAISSANCE MISSION A. The mission is to locate and map marijuana patches for future eradication and search warrant missions. B. Police aerial observers who are taking part in a reconnaissance shall assure the aircraft maintains a minimum altitude of 500 feet above ground level. IV. MARIJUANA ERADICATION OPERATIONS A. The mission is to locate through aerial surveillance cultivated marijuana plants on public and private lands and in and around residential and populated areas. S. The helicopter, during marijuana eradication operations, may be required to fly below the altitude of 500 feet to insert and extract police personnel from marijuana fields and to remove harvested marijuana plants and equipment. C. In situations where the helicopter is required to fly below 500 feet, a distance of at least 150 yards shall be maintained from all homes, buildings, populated areas, and where livestock may be present. D. The helicopter shall maintain an altitude of 500 feet while directly over homes, buildings, populated areas and where livestock is contained. E. Flights over homes, buildings, and populated areas shall be avoided when airlifting by long-line personnel, harvested marijuana, and equipment. s C POLICE PROCEDURES FOR MARIJUANA ERADICATION OPERATIONS PAGE 2 F. In the event of an emergency, the police aerial observer and aircraft pilot may use their discretion in deviating from the established practices and procedures. V. MANUAL ERADICATION A. The police aerial observer will direct ground personnel to cultivated marijuana plants while at the same time observing the requirements as set forth in Section IV C, D, and E. VI. RAPPEL METHOD TO ERADICATE MARIJUANA A. Rappel and STABO techniques to place personnel in marijuana patches are permitted provided the height and distance requirement as set forth in Section IV C, D, and E are observed. VII. IDENTIFYING HELICOPTERS AND VEHICLES A. All helicopters involved in marijuana eradication operations shall be marked with the words "Police" or "HPD" in such a size that it is discernable from at least 500 feet. B. All vehicles taking part in a marijuana eradication mission shall be identified with a decal which reads "Police" and which can be discernable from a distance of at least 500 feet. VIII. IDENTIFYING LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL A. All law enforcement personnel shall be properly identified with the police issued coveralls which will distinguish them as police officers. B. Outside agency personnel assisting in operations shall also be identified with their agency uniform and identification. IX. COMPLAINT LINE A. During marijuana operations conducted by our Department, the public shall be provided a telephone number to call for all mission complaints. a POLICE PROCEDURES FOR MARIJUANA ERADICATION OPERATIONS PAGE 3 X. HERBICIDE ERADICATION A. All herbicidal spray missions shall be governed under Final Environmental Impact Statement dated May 1986 (DEA-EIS-2) Cannabis Eradication on Non-Federal and Indian Lands in the Contiguous IInited States and Hawaii; and the Final Environmental Impact Statement of December 1986, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii, Eradication of Marijuana on State-owned and Managed Conservation District Lands--Islands of Hawaii, Maui and Molokai. XI. SENSITIVE AREAS A. All police personnel involved in marijuana eradication operations shall familiarize themselves with all environmentally sensitive areas on the Island of Hawaii where passing and hovering helicopters may endanger plants and wildlife. (Amended: 10-OS-93) ~/i~/~ ~ LCJ-e rY~oi~~c~ ~ / r~L~tJ_c.ca~ ~ -e.~ J `-9Zpt~ ~K~ ~C~~Za~x~ [!dam-eta`" . ~ .~c,b.E..~. ~'~''~O -~oL Q~~ ..moo,,°. ~ c~ . ~ G~~ G~ ~ ~ ~ ~duy' Q ;~~l p L~ C~~c~h ~ l a ...fir-~G~~~~/ ~ ~ ~j z~ , ~ ~ ~ o~~~ P.O.BOX 1965 Pahoa, Hawaii 96778 June 15, 1997 HAWAII COUNTY COUNCIL Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 TO THE MEMBERS OF THE COUNTY COUNCIL: RE: GRANT MONEY FOR POLICE SUPPORT I am in support of the grant monies being continued, so that the effort to wipe out marijuana will continue. About a year ago my children were playing and climbing trees in the bushes on our own street here in Leilani Estates. One of them fell in the tall grass and scratched his leg on a metal spike sticking up. I believe it was a "booby trap." The children told me that while they were up in the trees they saw several potted plants in neat rows. Another time my children were playing hide-n-seek in the bushes. One of them came out from behind a tree holding a potted plant that was almost two feet tall.* The police were called to investigate. While we were waiting for the police, my new neighbor came toyer to talk with my husband and me, to find out why the kids were in those bushes. *They also saw several more potted plants in the same place. This incident also took place on our street. We have seen the helicopter many times. It's great to see the heli- copter and the workers getting plants and destroying them. This is some- thing that needs to be done, so this place will be safer for our children and a better place to live. Sincerely yours, Mrs. Kim Jackson J O 1 OJO • v 1 0 t KONA C_ AME PREVENTION COI 1MITTEE P.O. Bo.x 2043, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745 Board of Qircctor i:is i 1 t` 9 r u..; A tisU !'resident Ty Hanson ,r V9ce President CCUs v I r ter- ,-{i iAJ v'A: Barbara Carncli Secretary (. • Maggie t!corOse - 7rcasuter )oc Yoshishige 1 Assistant Treasurer, ;f Meg Childs Laura Bollinger,Hanson *SherwoodGreenwcll - Julie K Kala . . . Gavle Keifer Dr.Ted Leaf" Hawaii County Council June 15, 1997 Walter Ponies. • Atarlana Simpson \\Milani Slayton' • , • To AU Council Mombers. Leon Sterling • The Kona Crime Prevention Committee urges you to accept the DEA funds for irradication of GingerTowlc marijuana, Studies have proven that drugs (marijua.na) have a causal re! Allen Wilcox It is our hope that the County Council will accept those funds, to helpationshtp ohs crime needed resources to combat marijuana growing and the dangers associat d with vide our tolice with • Mahalo • • Ty Hanson President Kona Crime Prevention Committee , ' .i i` "Concerned Citizens for a Better Community" Subject: [Fwd: E torial in Chicago "Tribune about YIJ - tribnne.html (1/1)) Date: Sun, O1 Jult 1997 15:52:33 -0400 ~ _ From: jogiil&annie<.jogill@aloha.neb - , - To: ArtBell@aoLcom, billh=tF(88@aoLcom, mljgeo@earthlink.net, oleanr@mani.net. jvif@spacelab.neL cjlbes;@gladstone.uoregon.edu, geminian@maui'r~Y7, Ib i~l'i 8 ~~j backward"'~~4dcomm.com, konagold2@hotmail.com, dtopping@hawaii.edu, F.:d`xJalte+_;I@ao).com, weinstocCa~l~ls.harvard.edu, gwheeler@netcor ^orZr~~#plymartCu~aoLcom. jjh@ilhawaii.net, jbleckei@hpa.edu, solunltd@ix.netcom.com, 6igisleeC~' ~.u}~t. N ~ ~I lauraleeca-lauralee.com, bobkeyring@aoLcom, eninewsl@aoLcom, nono:~Ts4C~aol.com. patricki@lava.net, Bomsinc@aoLcom, rweinsto@emerald.tufts.edu, dickison@lava.net, hsci@carrolLcom, rich.bo~•lan@24stex.com, ghostwolf@usa.net, rms@xroads.corn, pakaloha<a_~gte.net, pcsC~hialo(la.net, xakamas@aoLcom, standeyo@mail.iinet.net.au, syzygyCailhawaii.net, edwards@'rmi.net, wstrieber[~aol.com >NOTE: The following shows how the governmen*_ spends our money, fills up our prisons, and ±reats its own tax payers. ******Please forward this to all your e-mails**** The people of Calif s Ari passed the medical marijuana reform law by a much bigger percentage the Clinton won his second term. Then the Feds tried to pressure the doctors & the states but got their nose bloodied. This shows that the people can put a muzzle on the mad dog ca3led the FEDS........,... This may not be ycur issue but if we don't stand up for other peoples freedoms how do we expect any one else to stand up for our freedoms. All it takes for all of us to Loose all of our .freedoms is for enough good people(like yourself) to do NOTICING. This is exactly what happened to the Jews in Germany. I recommend the book "The Ominous Parallels", by Leonard Piekoff(intro. by Ayn Rand), a gem of a read To All my favorite people Joseph >SUbject: [Fwd: Editorial in Chicago Tribune about MJ - tribune.ht_ml (1/1)] >Thursday 22 May 1997 > What's so bad abont _ > marijuana? > Not much, actually > Dy Stephen Chapman > Chicago Tribune ' >If a major study revealed that people who use marijuana > can expect to die before their time, we would heerr about it > on the news. If people were expiring fir: noticeable > numbers from overdoses of pot, the discovery would > soon be common knowledge. If smoking dope were > proven to cause luny cancer, Clinton administration drug > czar Barry McCaffrey would be shouting from the > rooftops. > > But you rarely see anything reported about research into > the health effects of cannabis. That's not because there > isn't any research going on. It's because the findings are > acutely embarrassing for supporters of the war on drugs. > bfuch of that unending war ceais fists of harassing and > punishing people who use, sell or cultivate pot. Nearly > 600,000 people were arrested on marijuana charges in > 1995. Fifteen states provide life sentences for some > non-violent marijuana crimes. Under federal law, anyone > growing or selling :t large quantity of cannabis is eligible > for one free letha; injection. > This !'^rocious approach is supposedly necessary to > protect us from the hazards posed by pot use. When > voters in California were preparing to vote in November > on a referendum allowing the medicinal use of marijuana, > critics acted as if someone wanted to put LSD in the Los > Angeles water supply. George Bush, Jimmy Carter and > Gerald Ford emerged from retirement to portray the > proposal as a threat to the health of "all Americans." > Likewise, a survey last year that found teenagers using > more drugs, mainly marijuana, evoked screams of panic. > Bob Dole called it a "national tragedy," and McCaffrey > said the study showed that the nation needs to begin > delivering "anti-drug' messages to kids starting itt > kindergarten. (Why not is preschool? Why not in > maternity wards?) > But as the rhetoric against marijuana gets more lurid and > hysterical, the facts grow leas and less alar+n+ng, A > growing pile of authoritative reaeazch, almost entirely > ignored by the mainstream news media, has exonerated > cannabis of almost all the charges against it. > Physicians in California's Raiser Permanente managed care > program recently reported in the American Journal of > Public eealth that they had looked at more than 65,000 > patients over an entire decade and found that pot smokers > had no higher a death rate than abstainers. The > investigators also noted that ^few adverse clinical health > effects from the chronic use of marijuana have been > documented in humans." 2magine the news coverage if > similar findings emerged about tobacco or saturated fat. > Because it is usually net on fire and smoked, marijuana has > long been assumed to be ao friend of the respiratory > system. But a study by doctors at the IICLA medical > school, published in the American Journal of Respiratory > and Critical Care Medicine, discovered that even heavy, > chronic smoking of pot doesn't damage lung function. > Australia's National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, in > yet another survey, found that career potheads are no > more unhealthy than the rest of the population--with the > exception of mild respiratory problems that could be the > result of tobacco use. "The exceptional thing is that the > respondents are unexceptional," the chief investigator told > the Sydney Morning Herald, in news you wont get from > the Partnership for a Drug-Free America. > Among scientists who have examined the real > consequences of pot use, these discoveries came as no > great aurpris®. Two years ago, the prestigious British > medical journal The Lancet concluded, with a remazkable > lack of tact, "The smoking of cannabis, even long term, is > not harmful to health." > When pressed, drug warriors fall back on the claim that > even if pot is not so bad by itself, it serves as a "gateway" ~ to hard drug use. But 80 million Americana have tried cannabis. Most of them have never tried any ocher illicit > substance, and few of the teat have become addicted to > cocaine or heroin. While the pe~~entage of teenagers using > pot has risen in recent years, the number of those who go > on to try cocaine has fallen by more than half. The > gateway looks more like the eye of a needle. > None of this means that pot is good for kids--any more > than alcohol, tobacco or sex is good for kids. Marijuana > use can retard their emotional development and interfere > with their academic achievement at a vital stage of their > lives. But teen pregnancy isn't grounds for locking up > anyone guilty of fornication. So why do we think that > draconian criminal law enforcement is the only possible > way to deter adolescent drug use? > Supporters of the drug war prefer to suppreea the > reassuring evidence about marijuana because it doesn't > serve their cause. Sut the rest of us should be ready to > confront the truth, remembering that it shall make ua free. Statement Win: , t~orry~ous „~O g View Resident ~ ~ J~Jr~6r;i~l 8 5 June 10, 197 CC'~ COUi~~JI~Y v. H~~W;~II First, let me start my statement by saying that I don't give a "flying rats ass" about your petty marijuana wars!!! All I care about is raising our son in a healthy, happy environment, free from chemical poisons, noise pollution, and over crowding. When we moved out here a year or so ago it was to get away from the above mentioned challenges. Imagine my dismay to hear of an all out war going on right here in paradise. Last year, July 1996, sometime, my son and I were out playing in the yard on a beautiful summer's day when all of the sudden our peace and tranquillity was shattered by several helicopters flying over the subdivision. Now, I would not have thought twice about it, but I noticed that they were not just flying over the area but they were making a systematic checks through out the day, the noise pollution that was produced by these menaces was almost unbearable to me, but to my son's delight he was happy to watch for the rest of the day until it came time to take his nap. This, of course, was impossible because the noise pollution was too loud!!!!! The next day again we were outside enjoying the day, when again our peace was shattered by helicopters. This time however I noticed a tether line and some sort of ball attached to it, from my yard I could see several helicopters and something being spared from the helicopter with the tether and ball I grabbed my son and tried to get inside but it was to late, we had both been exposed to whatever they were spraying I could feel a mist settling on my skin!!! Two days after this incident I was admitted to Kona Hospital Emergency Room THROWING UP BLOOD!!!!! The doctors could not give me an adequate explanation as to why this had happened to me. My son also became sick for over a week. When I came home and recuperated, I started calling different groups who might be involved in the spraying, no one would take responsibility. All they would offer is "it's not us". I hoped this would be the last time I would see them, but over the next 12 months, it felt like we were in a war zone -raped from the privileges of peace and enjoyment that we deserve living here in Hawaii' nei. Now to the next challenge at hand, I have read and been told that these helicopters CANNOT FLY BELOW 100 feet, but time and time again I have seen them hovering between 50 to 100 above the ground. I don't understand this!!! RULES ARE MADE FOR EVERYONE not just a select few. Also, since when are helicopters allowed to land at street corners and private roads I have also seen this with my own eyes! ! ! ! ! Now for my biggest complaint of all, when a child is sleeping they should be allowed the sleep of babes, but this is not so here. Their sleep is shattered by obnoxious flying noise-makers disguised as helicopters flying all day over the roof tops of our homes and spraying some kind of !@#$#@%^$#!@ chemical to pollute our water supplies, not to mention killing birds and animals in their wake!!!!! Someone needs to take responsibility for these insidious acts against us, the birds, animals, water supplies, plants and the forest. We are all being exposed and no one knows the long term negative ramifications that these chemicals have in our systems. If these chemicals are as harmless as these groups say, have someone from their organization climb into a vat of this stuff and bathe because that is what happens when they fly over and spray polluting our water catchments. Also, those with families are being depriving their children of nap time with air shattering noise pollution!!!!!!! This is a major problem and it needs to come to light so that the people involved are brought to justice and made to take responsibility for their actions, and not allowed to say "ITS NOT US!". June 12, 1997 From: Patricia Bailey, I\~D FAAEM, FACEP , f Concerned resident ofKa'u District ° G7 ,f uid 16 'rail ~ 57 a.,d local emergency physician To: County Council Members C'~'~~; - Re: Marijuana Eradication Spraying COUi J i~r J,- H;~,V'J,4!I I am pleased to hear you are continuing your efforts to evaluate the facts regarding the aerial eradication efforts before deciding whether to allow this program to continue. Work commitments prevent me from attending the June 16th meeting and I am therefore sending this communication in order to present my viewpoint. I am a physician who has been criticized by the DEA, among other agencies, for compiling the results of questionnaires given to me by residents of OceanView who felt their health had been impaired by the spraying. I only collected data and did not examine these 50 people. The conculsion I reached from the data was that their complaints were plausible. No one will ever be able to prove or disprove their allegations. What I do know first hand is that there has pbfuscation if not outright deceit on the part of agencies involved with promoting and participating in the eradication efforts. First, red dye used as a marker for Rodeo was visible (and photographed) on tree tops and high branches of our beautiful ohia forest. This belies the official assertion that pinpoint ground spraying of plants was all that was performed. Either spraying was performed from heights proscibed by the manufacturer of the product or there was considerable drift, both possibilites which were denied. Second, I coincidentally happened to be the physician on duty when the civilian helicopter with forestry department workers crashed in Ka'u district earlier this year. When I received the report of the paramedics, they notified me there were 3 backpack sprayers and multiple chemical cannisters on board. One of the victims told me the name of the pesticide because he was (rightly) concerned that his clothes had been contaminated by the cannister that had broken open on impact. This pesticide not only is more toxic than glyphosphate but does not degrade rapidly and is now contained in land surrounding the crash site. As a somewhat humorous sidelight, the pilot was carved into the ER from the evacuation helicopter clutching a koa walking stick festooned with fresh marijuana leaves. He would not relinquish this even in the face of his substantial injuries and the need to be evaluated. It is therefore difficult to understand the fervent denials broadcast by the spokeman that the ill-fated flight had anything to do with spraying. I have great faith in the intelligence of you council members and your commitment to make a fair and responsible decision on this matter. Mahalo. ~~~s~97. ~J , 97 JUr! 1B -h(1 8 5y - - - Ci, ~ _ ~y~ OUNI~~= Hr~WAII V - n~ ` ~ _ -~U~ - - - Q '~-n~.~ a~ - - 8- ~,O~,~u~~ - - - - - - - - I_~ _e-ems--~ o~~, ~ a.~Q~, w-~ - - - - - - ~ - Rte- :~~~3 r1-~~ 06/16/1387 08:36 8089397594 DAVID HARTZ PAGE 01 n^ . i- _ °37 JUd~G ri'1 8 42 ?o" • Covw T C"n ~w~:. • ~ r ~i;,~~~:vau ~ ~S . ~ ~ , ~.A. AtR~~. sP ~~v~ Avr.~ ~ Ate Tom. D~ik~~C~ o~~pN v~Ew ~~~3~ ~ $016197 -939 AM _1I1 Janice palma-glenni. ' p.o. box 4549 kailua-kona, hawai'i 9645 , telephone#805-325-3416 fax#808-325-6322 - Wou.'d it be possible to rush this testimony ~o the Financ~e~~~ ' it~'ee andj enter it into the record on [he following topic? Mahalo for yg,gr. time, COUN I ri;;w~'~,l FAX T0: Aaron Chung, Chair, Committee on Finance; meeting June 16, 1997 Re: Authori a~~r Ha~~~ai'i Count. o n r m rij~~a eradi ation agreement• It has come to m~• attention that not oral}~ is the continued marijuana eradication program ineffecti~•e, but it has also been inappropriate as e}~e~~•itnessed b}~ man} of our residents ~~•ho ga~~e testimon}~ regarding these efforts. In~~asion of prig ac}• as well as ~~iolation of human rights ~~•ere some of the unresol~ ed issues cited in this matter.. Education is the onh• long-lasting deterrent to drug abuse, and our count}• efforts should be di~•erted to this end. In addition, greement" bein~nr rated is nebulous ~s h sr -,„d llo~~~ o u- 'oun ~~o~ngage in forth r Abu of it nfor m rat rzo~~~ers ~n i of ~rane;~ a funding. As has been witnessed b}• our count~•, our la~~• enforcement agent}• is presentr• under scrutin}• for its lay management and possible ~ iolation of county la~~ s. An}• agreement Frith he Federal go~•ernment should he iron-clad in its restrictions to prey ent further abuses of authorit}• as Drell as to render an~~ use of mone~• effecti~~e. I am a taspa~•er of the LJ.S. Gov't, not just Ha~~~ai'i County . It behoo~ es us to see that our federal dollars are spent ~~~isel~•. [f this money is a~i~arded to our count}~, 1'~rill be sure t~ alert federal ~fficiuls ~f m} concerns. Alahalo for ~~our attention on this important matter. Sincerer-, ,~.inicc ~.~Gna tUr{ I~-. il: i=: HF'L~ `~I iCc-HILCi ~=CJB 9b1-='~^ F,. s HAWAII POLICE DEPARTMENT TELECOPIER TRANSMISSION NOTE RATE _ 06-15-97 TIME : 1045 hrs TO Council Member Al SMITH DIVISION/SECTION PHONE : F~ ; 966-4699 FFOM Lt. Chad Fukui DIVISION/SECTION Hilo Vice Section FHON$ 961-2253 FAX 961-2372 ~,gEEgAO;; Dear A1: Sorry to bother you on father's day. 1 was trying to get in touch with you yesterday, however, I was the wrong number (966-5699) and it was busy all day. This 'etter was intended to be finalized on Friday, however. we w~_re unable to do so. I hope you will be able_to go over it before Monday's meeting. It would be APPRECIATED. The hard copy will follow. Hope that some of the contents contained within will answer some of your concerns. Again I apGlogize for having tp send you this on Sunday. By tiZa way Happy Fathar's Day.... Please let me know if you received this by either ca11'n na r faxing a short note EF~Y =.ED BY hack.... Thanks..... H - Lf you do ,got: receive !7 pages (inc'_udindr this cover sheet). plea 2 tuie~ni~cne or fa:: immeiciiately. . JLlly 15 '9? 11 ~ 13 HF'L l/L~E-HIU~~ 8(3S '?b1-~37E F. +1Y 0!.N Wayme G. Carvalho Pofice Chid' Stephen % Yamashiro '~y0' fames 5. Correa •~+rye e~ d?'~v~ Dtpuey Police C}irj fl~rzixxlf~r rte ~ttfuttii POLICE DEPARTMENT 349Itapiolani Street Hilo, Hawaii 967263498 1808) 9353311 • Fas 1808) %3-2762 Tune 14, 1997 Mr. Aaron Chung, Chairman Committee on Finance County Council County of Hawaii Hawaii County Building 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Councilman Chuaq: SUBJECT: RESOLUTION N0. 94, AUTHORIZING THE COUNTY OF HAWAII TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FOR A STATEWIDE MARIJUANA ERADICATION GRANT This is in response to your letter of June 4, 1997, requesting our attendance at the Committee on Finance special meeting scheduled for June 16, 1997.. We will be present to answer any questions or concerns of the Committee. In addition, representatives from state and federal law enforcement agencies as well as concerned community members will be present to testify in support of Resolution No. 94 and our marijuana eradication program. We would like to take this opportunity to provide the Committee with the following overview of our program to include a general description of the grants, a general accounting of funds, some statistical and historical data, our marijuana eradication operational procedures and other relevant information. PENDING GR,}),g7' FUNDS The following Federal grants were awarded to the Hawaii Police Department and are pending acceptance: Councilman Aaron Chung Page 2 June 14, 1997 1. Statewide Marijuana Eradication Grant (Task Force): The Bureau of Justice Assistance {BJA) Byrne Memorial Grant administered through the State Attorney General's Office, has agreed to provide $108,294 ($144,392 with matching agency Funds) to be expended through the fiscal period of 1997 through 1998. This is to defray ezpenses relating to marijuana eradication operations and other aspects relating to marijuana' enforcement efforts (re: Resolution No. 94). The program is a project funded by the Byrne Memorial grant. The memorial fund was set. for Edward Byrne, a New York policemen killed in the line of duty. The Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Formula Grant comes under the auspices of BJA, and the amount is determined by Congress. It funds many programs in the State of Hawaii. Numerous state agencies submit applications. Programs are selected based on the nature and eztent of the problem presented and the agencies' previous response in dealing with the problem. That is the formula under which the grant is made. The' Byxn~;^§rant':°pikisrs ~Ak~ of prayraYns,g~ . needed w~cr~t. ~~reyg~ntionR ,,.cs_e~a~~_ _.,s~.'`~~for~.~esaP.r~~~~~~„! ,.yaffort8. "'~`'~Sbm~" b~`"''Ehe programs include: 1) drug enforcement task force programs; 2) Druq Awareness Resistance Education (DARE); 3) gang prevention programs; 9) substance abuse treatment, counseling, and therapy programs which fall under the jurisdiction of Adult Probation, the Judiciary, and the Hawaii Paroling Authority; 5) alternatives to incarceration; fi) violence against children; 7) domestic violence and 8) community policing. Il. Domestic Cannabis Enforcement/Suppression Program (DCE/SP): The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), through a Federal grant, has agreed to provide the Hawaii Police Department with ffi195,000. These monies are to be spent during the period from January 1, 1997, through Aecember 31, 1997, to defray expenses relating to marijuana eradication operations and other aspects relating to marijuana enforcement efforts (pending resolution). GRANT FUNDS EXPENDER During the past three years, the Department has spent the fallowin^, funfls in its marijuana eradication field operations: • JIJfY 1` "?7 11 ~ 15 HPD 'JICE-HILL ~ 803 961-373 P.4 Councilman Aaron Chung Page 3 June 14, 1997 State Bvr,Rg. {'lD311nria~ I2FB 1994 $222,500 X189,633 1995 X200,000 $186,133 1996 ~?51,500 X190,000 The programs are all part of a multi-jurisdictional task force composed of the four County Police Departments, the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Hawaii Army National Guard and other Federal law enforcement agencies. These grant funds are designated as such that they can only be utilized for the sole purpose of marijuana enforcement, which includes eradication operations. Despite cutbacks in overall funding, our program remains effective as a result of our operational procedures. F_NFQR~F.MENT GGAL•S/OBy'j~ Y e The goal of the Statewide Marijuana Eradication Task Force is to eradicate marijuana in the State of Hawaii by coordinating all missions and sharing personnel and resources. The goals and objectives of the eradication program extend beyond eradication of marijuana glants. They include the execution of marijuana related search warrants; the arrest .and prosecution of offenders; the seizure of evidence, equipment and supplies used to facilitate cultivation; the apprehension of growers through surveillance of marijuana fields; and the forfeiture of real property connected with the possession, cultivation, sale and distribution of marijuana. Attached please find the program accorsplishments. Utilizing helicopters to eradicate marijuana in the County of Hawaii began in 1976, and was a multi-agency effort involving personnel from the Hawaii Pclice Department, Honolulu PO17.Ce Departr»+ent, National Park Service, Hawaii Army National Guard, and the United States Coast Guard. These operations were dubbed 'Operation Green Harvest," and took place two to three times. a year. These operations usually covered five consecutive days, and they consisted of four to five military helicopters and anywhere from 50 to 60 law enforcement and military personnel. - TUN 15 ~ ~ - ...................P; ~ r 11 ~ 1_ L~ i.F-RICO BOB 961-2372 , f'ouncilman Aaron Chung Page 4 June 14, 1997 National Guard personnel were activated by the Governor in response to public outcry by the general citizenry within the State of Hawaii, who demanded that the government do something about increased violence occurring as a direct result of mass marijuana cultivation. As law enforcement efforts increased, marijuana cultivators became more sophisticated. This dictated that law enforcement also develop more efficient methods to locate and eradicate marijuana. The use of rope ladders were implemented, and as years went by, techniques were constantly being improved and developed to the present use of "working" helicopters and the rappelling/STA80 technique. In 1985, our Department developed "herbicide eradication." This resulted from meetings with management personnel of plantation companies on our island. They reported an increasing number of incidents, whereby their employees were discovering large marijuana patches within the cane fields. They were also ezperiencing increased vandalism and property damages to their equipment and property, and felt that this was a type of retaliation from the marijuana growers. During this meeting, they voiced their concerns £or the safety of their employees, and readily allowed the police to conduct "herbicide eradication" on plantation-owned lands. The aerial and directed method of applying herbicide to marijuana plants proved effective, and vastly reduced the man hours and number of personnel required to eradicate marijuana grown within the cane field. This led to the approval of using this method in areas designated as conservation lands. With the closures of the sugar plantations and DLNR's increased eradication efforts in conservation lands, our Department discontinued this method -of eradication,.,.,,-The last" "herbicide eradzcation"'mission was conducted" in l~ui~u~t 1995. ~ Present day operations involve law enforcement personnel from the four other County police departments, as well as other State and Federal law enforcement agencies within the State of Hawaii. This concentrated effort is due to the realization that in curbing the problem in our County, it will directly affect the availability of marijuana within their respective jurisdictions. A MODEL PROGRAM The grant monies have allowed us to maintain a vigorous and aggressive drug enforcement program. The eradication program has been and remains a successful one. The success we have SLJfJ 15 '97 1116 HPD VICE-RICO 6EiP 961-2372 P.E Councilman Aaron Chung Page 5 June 19, 1997 experienced in the marijuana ~.~adication program through our unified efforts has resulted in a prototype program used as a model for other law enforcement initiatives throughout the mainland United States and other parts of the world, including Hew Zealand, Australia, Jamaica, Guam and Palau. p??Ar$AM ACCOMPLI~HMEH'P& The limited supply and current exorbitant prices for Hawaii marijuana is a true measure of the success and the effectiveness of the program. In the late 1970's and early 1980'x, pounds of Hawaii-produced marijuana were exported from the State of Hawaii, the bulk of which came from the Island of Hawaii. The abundant supply permitted many people to barter marijuana for other drugs such as cocaine and heroin. In 1987, 1.2 million marijuana plants valued at S1.2A billion were eradicated statewide, while in 1995, 155,153 plants valued at $155.15 million were destroyed, and 139,336 in 1996 valued at139.33 million. Let us not forget that net too many years ago, marijuana growers had taken over many areas of our parks and forests and threatened with weapons anyone who approached. The present enforcement campaign involving federal, state and focal agencies has returned our forest lands and parks to a state where the public. can safely enjoy our forests for hunting and other recreational purposes; where realtors and land owners inspecting properties do not encounter armed pot growers; where there is now little concern for the safety of personnel involved in management and research activities; and where public utility Companies no longer find it necessary to hire off-duty armed police officers to protect workers servicing telephone lines in remote Puna subdivisions from gunfire aimed in their direction. In short, our sparsely populated rural areas are now much safer to venture into. Today, the discovery of 'booby traps" among marijuana patches is infrequent; although in the recent past, to recite one incident, a person was xeriously injured when he lifted a device that turned out to be a live homemade 12-gauge pipe gun. The contraption was placed along a trail leading to a marijuana patch. In past marijuana operations, our officers have sustained minor injuries from devices such as protruding nails and sharpened punji sticks on trails, and leg snares and fish hooks hanging at eye level in marijuana patches. Other more dangerous devices such as wolf and bear traps and explosive devices have been found, but were Fortunately JUN 15 '47 11 17 HPD 4'I CE-HILO 808 961-c87^c P.~ Councilman Aaron Chung Page 6 June 14, 1997 disarmed by law enforcement officers befo.s they seriously injured anyone. J~~J,ENT CRIMES AND MARIJUANA Historically, our County has been faced with many violent crimes evolving from the illegal cultivation of marijuana and trade of the drug. Some of the crimes include murders, aggravated assaults, robberies and terroristic threatening. The first known marijuana-connected murders in the County took place in 1971 when a couple in the Volcano area was killed in a dispute involving marijuana transactions. In 1976 and 1977, Pontiano "Pancho" Rapanal and Joey Carreiro were killed in separate incidences, and their deaths were attributed to rivalry among "pot growers.` Also, during this time period in the Kona District, three juveniles who `ripped off" marijuana from an organized crime group, were kidnapped, taken out to sea on a boat, and threatened with death if they did it again. In November 1984, the body of Geronimo Andreas was discovered at King's Landing in Keaukaha. Two people later confessed to the shooting; their motive was a disagreement over marijuana sales. Robin Kim admitted shooting and killing Andre Cleary and Jeffrey Thompson in November of 1987, after an argument erupted over the distribution of profits £rom their marijuana trade. During November 1991, John Barton was arrested and charged for the shotgun killing of Kalani Smith which occursed during a gunfight involving several people in the Puna District. This murder stemmed from a dispute over the control of vacant property (which none o£ them had legal title to) for growing "dope." Again in 1994, a person was murdered and through intelligence gathered, police believe the victim was killed during a meeting to purchase large amounts of marijuana. There are additional reports of armed confrontation and threats to people while in remote areas of the island, as well as scores of unreported robberies and assaults as a result of marijuana "rip offs.' Although we continue to receive reports of similar incidents, they are not as frequent as during the period when marijuana growth was more prolific. SIJN 15 '97 11 18 HPD 'dICE-RICO 4~8 961-2372 p,8 Councilman Aaron Chung Page 7' June 19, 1997 HELICOPT~+R FLXING RESTRr Tr NG As you are aware, we in the police department have adopted procedures that direct the conduct of our personnel during marijuana eradication operations. A copy of that policy is also attached for your review. To ensure compliance with distance and height requirements, the most experienced and qualified officers are chosen as helicoptex observers. The contracted pilots are also required to be familiar with police flight restrictions which are more stringent than those of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), In recent years, complaints concerning our mission helicopters have been minimal; and in spite of our efforts to remain at a reasonable altitude during missions, some people do not approve of helicopters flying over their neighborhood for any reason and will complain regardless of the nature of the flight. POLICE CONDUCT The police may enter private property during missions only for a proper and legal purgose. Evidence such as cultivated marijuana spotted in plain view and within open fields is eradicated, while a residence and the enclosed areas around the residence may be searched only after legal consent or a search warrant is obtained. - The Department has discontinued its eradication of marijuana through the spraying of aerial herbicide. This method has been removed from the current procedures for marijuana operations. *!aRI~n?AjjJ9,= .11 DRLTGfHLn21,'~ 7S?C Marijuana is known to be a "gateway drug,' the introductory drug to further drug abuse. As we find today, the problem with marijuana is more a health issue than a moral issue. Although the states of California and Arizona have enacted legislation to authorize the use of marijuana far medicinal purposes, in February of 1999, the United States Court of Appeals continues to uphold the DEA's ban against prescriring crude marijuana or reclassifying it as a therapeutic substance. According to DEA, crude marijuana could not meet any of the eight criteria required by the Federal Drug Administration for approval of a therapeutic substance. Moreover, none of the thousands of scientific studies done on marijuana over the past 20 years have shown it to be beneficial in treating any medical symptom, This Federal ban continues today. ' JUN 15 '97 11 18 HPD VICE-HILO 8~8 861-c37c P.9 Councilman Aaron Chung Page 8 June 14, 1997 Studies show that marijuana is 1'.;cely to be more cancer-causing than tobacco, that it damages brain cells, that it causes lung problems, that it impairs motor skills, and that it may cause reproductive problems and long-terra genetic damage to offspring. "Medical ezperts across the nation and around the wgrld take the position that the medical use of marijuana has no benefit, and bears substantial health risks. Concentration, motor coordination, memory, the lungs, and the immune system are ell adversely impacted by marijuana use. All the national health organizations who have considered the issue reject marijuana as medicine. These include the American Cancer Society, the American Academy of Ophthalmology, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, the F.D.A. [Food and Drug Administration], and the American Medical Association [AMA]." [fig international Druq Strateav Institute Position Paper on the Medical Applications of Marijuana, by Eric voth, M.D., November 1993.] Not one of the American health associations accepts marijuana as medicine. Although it is very difficult to determine the precise number of marijuana users and addicts in the United States, one fact is clear: Marijuana has become much mare potent over the last 20 years. "Cannabis delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol, Commonly kngwn as 'THC,' is the active ingredient in marijuana and other cannabis such as hashish. The THC content in marijuana during the days of Woodstock was something less than 1$. In 1974, the average THC content of illicit marijuana was 0.36$ and by 1984 had increased to 4.40$. In 1992 in Alaska, marijuana was discovered that had a THC content of 29.86$. Now stop and think about that fqr a minute. Today's marijuana may be between 30 to 60 times as potent as were the joints of the 1960's." [Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Dept. of Justice, December, 1992.] We hope that this overview will assist your committee in better understanding our marijuana program and in addressing the concerns of tre public. These funds play an integral role in providing for the welfare and safety of our communities. We urge that the committee support and accept this resolution and for their continued support of our marijuana program. IUfd ^_S '9. 1119 HPD'd'ICE-RICO 870 961-2372 P.10 Councilman Aaron Chung Page 9 June 14, 1497 Than'• you far the opportunity to comment. Sincerely, WAYNE G. CARVALHO POLICE CHIEF J S. CO EA D POLICE CHIEF ACTING POLICE CHIEF Attachments cc:Mayor Stephen K. Yamashiro 8inance Committee Members ~ C JUN 15 '97 11 28 HPD VICE-HILL X08 9E1-2372 P.11 HAWAII POLICE DEPARTMENT PROCEDURES FOR MARI3LJANA ERADICATION OPERATIONS I. PURPOSE To establish guidelines teiative to helicopter reconnaissance and marijuana eradication missions Conducted by the Hawaii Police Department. II. POLICY For the safety and welfare of the public and law enforcement personnel, all members participating in marijuana eradication operations and other marijuana enforcement efforts shall strictly adhere to the policies and procedures as set forth by the Hawaii Police Department. Members shall include personnel from other law enforcement agencies assisting the Hawaii Police Department in any aspect of marijuana enforcement efforts. III. HELICOPTER RECONNAISSANCE MISSION A. The mission is to locate and map marijuana plots for future eradication and search warrant missions. B. Police aerial observers who are taking part in_ a reconnaissance shall ensure that the aircraft maintains a minimum altitude of 500 feet above ground level. IV. MARINANA ERADICATION OPERATIONS A. The mission is to locate, through aerial surveillance, cultivated marijuana plants on public and private lands and in and around residential and populated areas. B. The helicopter, during marijuana eradication operations, may be required to fly below the altitude of 500 feet to insert and extract police personnel from marijuana fields and to remove harvested marijuana plants and equipment. C. In situations where the helicopter is required to fly below 500 feet, a distance of at least 150 yards shall be maintained from all homes, buildings, populated areas and immediate areas where livestock may be present. JUN 15 '97 11 20 HPD VIC, iIL0 808 9b'_-2372 P.12 POLICi: ~>ROCEDURES FOR MARIJ'i7AtiA ERADICATION ~P~RPaTIONS PAGE 3 B. Outside agency personnel assisting in operations shall also be identified with their agency uniform and identification. IX. COMPLAINT AND/OR INFORMATION LINE A. During marijuana eradication operations conducted by the Hawaii Police Department, the public shall be provided a telephone number to call for all mission complaints and/or information. B. All complaints and/or comments received during a marijuana eradication operation shall be documented utilizing the approved form, and shall be maintained for a period of at least three years. X. SENSITIVE AREAS AlI police personnel involved in marijuana eradication operations shall familiarize themselves with all environmentally sensitive areas on the Island of Hawaii where passing and hovering helicopters may endanger plants and wildlife. (Amenaeu: vo-ten ~ ~ JUN 15 '97 11~~1 HPD VICE-RICO 8D8 961-c372 P.13 EXPENDITURES 1994 DEA uRANT BYRNE GRANT i~189,633.00 $222,500.00 ATRCRAFT $160,181.52 $161,649.02 Marijuana eradication missions, aerial reconnaissance flights, rappel training OVERTIME/HAZARD PAY 22,062.26 31,398.90 TRAVEL 3,746.92 13,671.71 Per diem/vehicle/airfare-- DCE/SP meetings, MJ task force mission, DEA basic drug training, DCE/SP conference, survival training MEALS 1,985.90 2,203.06 Missions, investigations EQUIPMENT 616.93 4,725.00 Scanner, battering ram, radio harness, rappel equipment, Gore-Tes clothing, pocket survival tools, passive infrared trail monitors, pak-trails Sp~Y 0 1, 682.00 Rodeo Glyphosate, Latron sticker, red liquid dye MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES 954.20 1,625.34 Miscellaneous expenses during missions and investigations, uniform patches, compasses. duffles, gloves, ice chest, hearing protector BUY SURVEILLANCE FUNDS 0 4,000.00 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE 0 1,533.98 Repair Vice vehicles, inspect flight helmets TOTALS: $189,546.73 $222,489.01 0383C _Tllf~l 15 "~7 11~~1 HFL~ -a'T~~E-niLu 'dLJ 961-~3i2 F.l~i ExPENDITUREB 1995 DEA GRA`•T SYRNE GRANT $186,13:1,00 $200,000.00 AIRCRAFT $123,869.19 $163,447.73 Marijuana eradication missions, aerial reconnaissance flights, rappel training , OVERTIME/HAZARD PAY 50,184.30 16,312.11 TRAVEL 8,757.05 9,919.34 Per diem/vehiclelairfare-- DCE/SP meetings, MJ task force mission, DEA basic drug training, DCE/SP Conference, survival training MEALS 0 1,598.15 Missions, investigations EQUIPMENT 0 1,724.50 Miscellaneous equipment for marijuana enforcement/eradication missions MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES 3,322.46 1,066.84 Miscellaneous ea[penses during missions and investigations BUX SURVEILLANCE FUNDS 0 5,000.00 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE 0 931.28 Repair vice vehicles, inspect flight helmets TOTALS: $186,133.00 $200,000.00 0383C JUIY 15 '7I ll~c FIF'L! V1!~t-FilLV I~U'~~ 7n1-r y;~ r. i.: EXPENDITURES 1996 DEA GRANT BYRNE GRANT $140,000.00 $151,500.00 AIRCRAFT $126,736.29 $65,527.70 Marijuana eradication missions, aerial reconnaissance flights, rappel training OVERTIME/HAZARD PAY 44,249.42 52,422.21 TRp,~, 16,089.52 7,144.62 Per diem vehicle/airfare-- DCE/SP meetings, MJ task force mission, DEA basic drug training, DCE/SP conference, survival training ~,mnr,g 0 0 Missions, investigations EQUIPMENT 0 0 Miscellaneous equipment for marijuana enforcement/eradication missions MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES 2,924.77 1,877.37 Miscellaneous expenses during missions and investigations EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE 0 1,151.78 Repair vice vehicles, inspect flight helmets TOTALS: $190,000.00 $128,123.68* *Grant has terminated and budget report is in the process of being finalized. 0383C m n 7 ~ ~ a ~ t0 n~ Y ~ 3+ d tD m w A n n A m ut lf) M n a m N m n w a w N m n r• n (D N 'CS l0 A R9 h N N 7 m A 'ti n N rt O w ~ r A w rr y N W r ~ w w w ~ a ~ m m a a f•h ~•1 Ph a w m w ro n r n m C' a C a m a n+ R di rt w r m W N W W N m N V1 r a~ N to .e. r .e• w O1 iP ~ W V ~D r ~~O a a to m J ~D V OD r l11 V1 N 1G N V \ \ r ~ O ~O N H V O~ ~P ~D N O O~ m m N T N A fA N O~ U~ V W O~ A O r r ~ .y r V O i. T m ~4 N O a p a r N ~D b ~O V1 tl~ O~ m p~ ~O tr tr \ \ V • W m ~ J? r1 W N m P r W ~O OD m m T N m ~ ~ ~i1 d C r ~ W V M H n m r N W O w A N V V v1 ~ r V r V1 ~ r ~ N O a ~ ~1 N 01 ~D ao o ~n r m r ~n a v \ m - a oo ~ y N w m m u1 ~o ~ v~ v a a ~ w cn v n N r ~ x N r - ~ c O W 1T W m O t7~ W ~ ~ J ~ r ~o w v cn r .o v a e. ~o r w p~ ~p 1a t11 ~O l!1 tp J N ~ \ CO O m l7t O+ ~ ~O N Of W V1 lT l11 a a ~P O. O ~C ~ a fail W W 'p ltl N ~ ,p r O~ r m O V N w ~D 1-~ O~ N 111 N fA w O~ m A N a W ~D O tT iP ~ 1r• O~ V7 N W W O. r J C+ O~ r W O~ N ~P W r O C1 W r ~ ~ m a 01 N V1 W lT ~D ao cn m a r a ~a r 1a to m o a to r JC~1 til-HltUti ~ V-1V-Jl : .,:i~.1 ~7 HI IJL tlllV Ur.~ tiU- yuJ3_y1~= :.i 3 HAWAII ISLAND Economic r, _ . Development Board ,~~1 nl'l1~ 9 wlr D . Cis: ~ 1 EeatNaweii•Hllo Cpl , I'I'I ~ :yr ~V ;;7~~ 200 Kan0elehue Ave. lJ Suite 103, Box 281 Hilo, HI 96720 Ph (806)968-5416117 June 16, 1997 Fax (808) 966.6792 West Hawaii • Kane Fire[ Fetle21 Bltlg. The Hon. Aaron Chung ~ 7s-x737 Chair, Committee on Finance Kuakmi Hwy. a2o7 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii County Council HI 96740 Ph: (608) 3294773 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Re: Resolution #94 Authorizing the County of Hawaii to Enter into an Agreement with the United States of America, for a statewide Marijuana Eradication Grant. •Special Meeting June 16, 1997 - 9:00 AM Honorable Chair and Members of the Committee: My name is Richard Henderson and I am President of the Hawaii Island Economic Development Board. The Board's mission is to promote balanced economic development for Hawaii Island. We presently focus on various initiatives in diversified agriculture, science and technology, and tourism product development. We respectfully urge your favorable consideration of the measure before you to enable continuance of several community based programs in cooperation with state and federal authorities. We have considered several non-wood fiber crops as possible candidates for economic development on former plantation lands. Recent studies on industrial hemp (Industrial Hemp Study to the Hawaii State Legislature - ADC, Jan. 1997 and Industrial Hemp: Global Markets and Prices -University of Kentucky, February, 199 do not indicate positive economic potential for non-THC active hemp. The THC-active crop which is grown illegally in Hawaii has a chilling effect on legitimate agricultural pursuits, creates additional costs in social burdens, and damages Hawaii's international reputation. SEV'~ BY ~HIEDB ~ 6-16-97 S~d3.i11 HI 'SL ECOA DEV BD- 9693291:m 3/ 3 PAGE TWO -RESOLUTION #94 As citizens and businesses, we have a serious duty to ensure continuation of this program, and to expand public awareness of the real social and economic impacts. Thank you for the opportunity to submit these comments. Yo s sincer , Richard Henderson _ President