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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0560.000 2002-2004Harry Kim Mayor COUNTY OF HAWAII Dixie Kaetsu Managing Director Petert. Hendricks Depuy I Uag irecior 2�Gy FE6 25 IC]I�l 25 Aupuni Street, Room 215 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252 (808) 961-8211 • Fax (808) 961F6653 KONA: 75-5706 Kuakini Highway, Suite 103 • Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i 96740 (808) 329-5226 • Fax (808) 326-5663 February 23, 2004 Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members: Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-023) Applicant: Western United Life Assurance Company Request: A -la, CN -40, RS -7.5, RS -10, Open to Project District As required by Chapter 4, Sec. 6-4.3(C), Hawaii County Charter, transmitted herewith for the County Council's consideration and action is the Planning Commission's letter and enclosures regarding the above -referenced request. Sincerely, ( Harry Kim 0 Mayor LwulacOl may Enclosures cc: Planning Department Bill ")_,+g Comm. No. 560 Ref. To: Ref. Uate 2�1i4 Harry Kim Mayor February 23, 2004 County of Hawaii PLANNING COMMISSION 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3043 (808)961-8288 • Fax(808)961-8742 Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members: Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-023) Applicant: Western United Life Assurance Company Request: A -la, CN -40, RS -7.5, RS -10, Open to Project District Tax Map Key: 2-3-44:19, 2-3-49:53, 2-3-37:1 20L4 FEB 25 nn 7 57 C The Planning Commission, after a duly held public hearing on February 6, 2004, voted to recommend for your approval the proposed legislative bill to change the district classification for approximately 171.504 acres of land from the Agricultural 1 -acre (A-Ia), Neighborhood Commercial — 40,000 square foot (CN -40), Single Family Residential — 7,500 square foot and 10,000 square foot (RS -7.5 and RS -10) and Open (0) to Project District (PD). The property is located on the west (mauka) side of the Komohana Street — Ponahawai Street intersection and makai of the Mohouli Street Extension, Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii. The Commission concurs with the following Planning Director's reasons for recommending favorable consideration of the change of zone: The Project District (PD) is intended to provide for a flexible and creative planning approach rather than specific land use designations. It will also allow for flexibility over time in the location of specific uses and mixes of structural alternatives. The planning approach would establish continuity in land uses and designs while providing for a comprehensive network of infrastructure facilities and systems. A variety of uses as well as open space, parks, and other project uses are intended to be in accord with each individual Project District objective. A Project District is an amendment to Chapter 25, Zoning Code, which changes the district boundaries in accordance with the individual Project District. Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 2 A Project District may be established whenever the public necessity and convenience and the general welfare require that a comprehensive planning approach for an area should be adopted. In addition, a Project District may only be established if the proposed district: (1) Is consistent with the intent and purpose of the Chapter 25 (Zoning Code), Hawaii County Code and the County General Plan; and (2) Will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region. The Change of Zone request from Agricultural 1 -acre (A -1a), Neighborhood Commercial - 40,000 square foot (CN -40), Single -Family Residential 7,500 square foot (RS -7.5), Single -Family Residential 10,000 square foot (RS -10), and Open (0) to Project District (PD) is consistent with the intent and purpose of the General Plan and the Zoning Code. The requested change of zone to a Project District would conform to the General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map, which designates the property as an Urban Expansion Area (UEA) and Medium Density Urban. The UEA land use designation allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low density, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. The Medium Density Urban designation allows for village and neighborhood commercial and higher density residential uses. The purpose of the requested change of zone to a Project District is to provide a mix of land uses ranging from single-family and multi -family residential units, transient accommodation units, office and retail commercial uses, and open space and recreational areas. The proposal is to provide up to 600 single-family and multi- family residential units, up to 150 transient accommodation units, and approximately 350,000 square feet of retail/office commercial space. Open space and active recreational uses will be located at the southeastern side of the Alenaio Stream drainageway. The proposal is to improve the banks of the drainageway for use as a linear park with bicycle and pedestrian walkways. According to the applicant, the objective of the project is to develop an urban residential community that is self-sustaining, pedestrian -friendly, and in harmony with the natural environment. The development will include a mix of uses, including residential uses of varying densities and structure types and commercial areas in proximity to the residents. This proposed project, to be called "University Terrace," will be a mixed-use Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 3 community incorporating design concepts intended to promote a more livable and pedestrian friendly community. The proposed Project District, which will be designed to provide a mixture of land uses, will therefore be consistent with the General Plan land use pattern for this section of the City of Hilo as well as applicable goals, policies and standards of the General Plan. The Zoning Code is one of the tools to implement the General Plan and is one of the County's primary land use control mechanisms. The Zoning Code sets out the various types of uses allowed by providing for certain zoning districts. In this particular case, the applicant proposes to establish a Project District to provide flexibility in the location of these land uses without identifying where these uses would be specifically located on the property at this early stage of development. This method or concept of identifying varying land use designations would be consistent with the intent of establishing a Project District. This proposed development is consistent with the Economic Element of the General Plan in that the proposed development will provide additional and expanded employment opportunities for the residents of the area as well as the entire island. The employment opportunities from the proposed development as a result of this zoning request will generate both short-term (construction) and long-term (operational) employment. The proposed project would provide opportunities to increase the activity of secondary industries, thereby increasing job opportunities for the island's residents. Further, the magnitude of this project will directly benefit the residents of this County as the real property tax base will substantially increase. It will provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life. The applicant intends to provide a mix of single-family and multi -family residential units. Up to 600 single-family and multi -family residential units will be added to the housing market for the Hilo area. The addition of these units will provide an opportunity for residents to live close to services, facilities, and places of employment within the region. The applicant will also be required to comply with the County's Affordable Housing Policy (Chapter 11, Article 1, Hawaii County Code). The request would, therefore, implement the Housing goals of the General Plan by maintaining a housing supply which allows a variety of choices, and to attain a diversity of socio- economic housing mix throughout the different parts of the County. Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 4 The Planning Department received a letter dated December 12, 2003 from the Sunriseridge Homeowner's Association (Exhibit N, Background Report) objecting to the proposal that apartments be developed in this area, stating that "Homes and lots in our area begin in the $350,000 price range. They range from 10,000 square foot and up lot sizes. Your planned housing should be of similar size and value." The General Plan, on the other hand, states that the County should strive to have a mix of housing types and opportunities. The City of Hilo needs additional housing opportunities for all income groups, including those not able to afford single-family homes. The Land Use element of the General Plan also states that urban -type uses shall be developed in areas adequately served by essential services and other infrastructure. These services and infrastructure are vitally important to areas being developed for urban uses. Essential services and infrastructure, which include electricity, sewer, water, and roads, are or can be made available to the area. From the comments received from agencies, various improvements would be required for the development of this project. Therefore, conditions will be included to assure that these services and infrastructure are provided in a timely manner to accommodate the uses proposed in this Project District. With the requirement that the applicant provide these essential services and infrastructure, the granting of this change of zone would not unreasonably burden the public agencies to provide roads and streets, sewer, water, drainage improvements and police and fire protection to accommodate the development of this project. The request for a Project District will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region. The property is located within well- established residential areas that are zoned for single-family residential use. In close proximity to the property are lands zoned and developed for commercial uses, such as the medical facilities located immediately makai of Komohana Street. The applicant's objective is to develop a mixed-use project while still protecting the important cultural and environmental resources of the area. The applicant has recognized the benefits of planning and designing a project in a manner that is sensitive to the natural features and unique heritage of the land. The overall design theme provides generous open space with active and passive type recreational uses. This open space area will consist of approximately 49 acres that will include the Alenaio Stream drainageway. The project proposal is to improve the banks of the drainageway for use as a linear park with the provision of bicycle and pedestrian pathways. The southeastern side of the drainageway will be designated for open space and active recreational uses. Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 5 The Project District will be provided with all essential utilities and services. For its wastewater disposal, the applicant will provide hook up to the County's sewer line located along Punahele Street. Proposed on-site improvements include a pump station at the base of the Ponahawai Street extension. Electrical and telephone services are available to the project area. Other public services and facilities, including the provision of park areas, will be made a condition of approval of this Project District. The applicant will also be required to pay a "fair share" contribution towards the development, funding, and/or construction of school facilities within the school service area. While the proposal is to connect vehicular traffic to Wiliwili Street, the Director cannot support this at this time, because most of Wiliwili Street is substandard, with only 16 feet of pavement. There will be pedestrian connections from the proposed project to the side streets. The primary access will be from the planned Ponahawai Street extension. Therefore, it should be pointed out that the basis for supporting this request is that approval of this Project District would facilitate the completion of the Ponahawai Street extension; thus, improving the negative traffic implications if the project were granted without the condition to construct the roadway in its entirety. A condition of approval is included that would require the Ponahawai Street extension to be constructed from Komohana Street to Mohouli Street prior to issuance of any certificate of occupancy for the project or prior to receipt of final subdivision approval, whichever occurs first. The applicant had also proposed to connect to Komohana Street in two other locations: across from Pu'u Honu Place (the "north project entrance") and near Alenaio Stream (the "south project entrance"). The Department of Public Works opposed these two additional entrances, and the Director concurs, to help preserve the function of Komohana Street as an arterial street by limiting the number of intersections. As stated above, potential impacts associated with this project development, such as traffic, drainage and other design concerns, will be mitigated through conditions of approval. Therefore, the request would not unreasonably burden the public agencies to provide roads and streets, sewer, water, drainage, school improvements, police and fire protection, and other essential services. The proposed Project District zone change would allow for uses that complement the surrounding residential and commercial uses of this section of the City of Hilo. Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 6 In view of the recent Hawaii State Supreme Court's "PASH" and "Ka Pa'akai O Ka'Aina " decisions, the issue relative to native Hawaiian gathering and fishing rights must be addressed in terms of the cultural, historical, and natural resources and the associated traditional and customary practices of the site: Investigation of valued resources: The applicant presented the following information from which the Planning Commission and County Council can determine the valued cultural, historical, and natural resources within the area sought for rezoning: • Archaeological Inventory Survey Komohana Golf Course, Lands of Ponahawai and Punahoa 1-2, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii, by Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (199 1) • Letter Report of Archaeological Field Inspection for TMK: 2-3-37:1 by Hann & Associates, December 12, 2002 • He Wahi Moolelo no Ponahawai a me Punahoa ma Hilo, A Collection of Traditions and Historical Accounts for Ponahawai and Punahoa, District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii by Kumu Pono Associates, May 2003 • Botanical Survey, TMK: 2-3-44:19 and 53, Geometrician Associates, LLC. 2003 • A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species of the Ponahawai Mixed Use Planned Community Site, South Hilo District, Hawaii, Rana Productions Ltd. June 2003. The valuable cultural historical and natural resources found in the rezoning area: The archaeological survey conducted by Paul H. Rosendahl, PhD. in 1991 for the proposed Ponahawai Golf Course revealed two sites: 1) a probable residence and animal pen (Site 14946); and 2) a portion of the Hilo Boarding School and Old Mission Ditch (Site 14947). In 1991, during the review of the golf course permit, the Department of Land and Natural Resources, Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD) noted that the project would have "no adverse effect" on historic sites if a portion of Site 14947 was mitigated through preservation and interpretation of a portion of the ditch and data recovery for the remainder. These two recommendations by DLNR-SHPD will be incorporated as conditions of the Project District. Another letter report by Haun & Associates (December 12, 2002) indicated that 15 historic sites were found on the eight- Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 7 acre lot identified by TMK: 2-3-37:1. The sites were interpreted as probably associated with historic sugar cane cultivation. DUM-SHPD concurs with the recommendation by Hann that an archaeological inventory survey be done prior to development of the eight - acre lot. A cultural historical study was done by Kumu Pono Associates in May 2003. The study cited no cultural practices on the property. There is an existing hill on the lower portion of the property referred to as Puu Honu. Since this prominent feature is supposedly part of the Halai Hill Complex, the development of the project shall avoid the destruction of this hill. No rare, threatened or endangered plant or animal species were present on the property. Possible adverse effect or impairment of valued resources: Since no rare, threatened or endangered plants or animal species were found on the property, there will be no adverse effect on the existing flora or fauna in the area. If the applicant follows the recommendations of the DLNR-SHPD, there should be minimal impact to archaeological and historic resources. Feasible actions to protect native Hawaiian rights: Conditions of approval will protect any significant archaeological sites found on the property during the course of development. Further, the applicant will also be required to preserve the existing Puu Honu on the property because of its significance of being a vital part of the Halai Hill Complex. The Planning Commission expressed concerns regarding the potential impact that the proposed development would have on the existing residential community located immediately to the north. Therefore, besides the conditions recommended by the Planning Director, the Planning Commission is further recommending a condition that would provide a buffer between the project and the existing residential community. For your favorable consideration, an amendment to Section 25-8-3 (City of Hilo Zone Map), of the County Zoning Code is transmitted. Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 8 We are enclosing copies of the staff Background and Planning Director's Recommendation for your information. Since Fred aldones, Chairman Planning Commission Lwulac02PC Enclosures cc: Ms. Virginia Goldstein Stephen K. Yamashiro, Esq. Mr. Mike Teramoto Department of Public Works Department of Water Supply Department of Land & Natural Resources-HPD/Kona Rodney Haraga, Director/DOT-Highways, Honolulu R WmtemUn itedREZ. doe -1 /12/04 COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT RECOMMENDATION WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 03-023) Upon careful review of the request, the Planning Director is recommending that a favorable recommendation for a Project District request be forwarded to the County Council. This recommendation does not, however, sanction the plans submitted with the application as they may be subject to change given the specific code and regulatory requirements of the affected agencies. Since this recommendation is made without the benefit of public testimony, the Director reserves the right to modify and/or alter this position based on additional information presented at the public hearing. This favorable recommendation is based on the following findings: The Project District (PD) is intended to provide for a flexible and creative planning approach rather than specific land use designations. It will also allow for flexibility over time in the location of specific uses and mixes of structural alternatives. The planning approach would establish continuity in land uses and designs while providing for a comprehensive network of infrastructure facilities and systems. A variety of uses as well as open space, parks, and other project uses are intended to be in accord with each individual Project District objective. A Project District is an amendment to Chapter 25, Zoning Code, which changes the district boundaries in accordance with the individual Project District. A Project District may be established whenever the public necessity and convenience and the general welfare require that a comprehensive planning approach for an area should be adopted. In addition, a Project District may only be established if the proposed district: (1) is consistent with the intent and purpose of the Chapter 25 (Zoning Code), Hawaii County Code and the County General Plan; and (2) Will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region. The Change of Zone request from Agricultural 1 -acre (A -la), Neighborhood Commercial - 40,000 square foot (CN -40), Single -Family Residential 7,500 square foot (RS -7.5), Single -Family Residential 10,000 square foot (RS -10), and Open (0) to Project District (PD) is consistent with the intent and purpose of the General Plan and the Zoning Code. The requested change of zone to a Project District would conform to the General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map, which designates the property as an Urban Expansion Area (UEA) and Medium Density Urban. The UEA land use designation allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low density, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. The Medium Density Urban designation allows for village and neighborhood commercial and higher density residential uses. The purpose of the requested change of zone to a Project District is to provide a mix of land uses ranging from single-family and multi -family residential units, transient accommodation units, office and retail commercial uses, and open space and recreational areas. The proposal is to provide up to 600 single-family and multi- family residential units, up to 150 transient accommodation units, and approximately 350,000 square feet of retail/office commercial space. Open space and active recreational uses will be located at the southeastern side of the Alenaio Stream drainageway. The proposal is to improve the banks of the drainageway for use as a linear park with bicycle and pedestrian walkways. According to the applicant, the objective of the project is to develop an urban residential community that is self-sustaining, pedestrian -friendly, and in harmony with the natural environment. The development will include a mix of uses, including residential uses of varying densities and structure types and commercial areas in proximity to the residents. This proposed project, to be called "University Terrace," will be a mixed-use community incorporating design concepts intended to promote a more livable and pedestrian friendly community. -2- The proposed Project District, which will be designed to provide a mixture of land uses, will therefore be consistent with the General Plan land use pattern for this section of the City of Hilo as well as applicable goals, policies and standards of the General Plan. The Zoning Code is one of the tools to implement the General Plan and is one of the County's primary land use control mechanisms. The Zoning Code sets out the various types of uses allowed by providing for certain zoning districts. In this particular case, the applicant proposes to establish a Project District to provide flexibility in the location of these land uses without identifying where these uses would be specifically located on the property at this early stage of development. This method or concept of identifying varying land use designations would be consistent with the intent of establishing a Project District. This proposed development is consistent with the Economic Element of the General Plan in that the proposed development will provide additional and expanded employment opportunities for the residents of the area as well as the entire island. The employment opportunities from the proposed development as a result of this zoning request will generate both short-term (construction) and long- term (operational) employment. The proposed project would provide opportunities to increase the activity of secondary industries, thereby increasing job opportunities for the island's residents. Further, the magnitude of this project will directly benefit the residents of this County as the real property tax base will substantially increase. It will provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life. The applicant intends to provide a mix of single-family and multi -family residential units. Up to 600 single-family and multi -family residential units will be added to the housing market for the Hilo area. The addition of these units will provide an opportunity for residents to live close to services, facilities, and places of employment within the region. The applicant will also be required to comply with the County's Affordable Housing Policy (Chapter 11, Article 1, Hawaii County Code). The request would, therefore, implement the Housing goals of the General Plan by maintaining a housing supply which allows a variety of choices, -3- and to attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix throughout the different parts of the County. The Planning Department received a letter dated December 12, 2003 from the Sunriseridge Homeowner's Association (Exhibit N) objecting to the proposal that apartments be developed in this area, stating that "Homes and lots in our area begin in the $350,000 price range. They range from 10,000 square foot and up lot sizes. Your planned housing should be of similar size and value." The General Plan, on the other hand, states that the County should strive to have a mix of housing types and opportunities. The City of Hilo needs additional housing opportunities for all income groups, including those not able to afford single- family homes. The Land Use element of the General Plan also states that urban -type uses shall be developed in areas adequately served by essential services and other infrastructure. These services and infrastructure are vitally important to areas being developed for urban uses. Essential services and infrastructure, which include electricity, sewer, water, and roads, are or can be made available to the area. From the comments received from agencies, various improvements would be required for the development of this project. Therefore, conditions will be included to assure that these services and infrastructure are provided in a timely manner to accommodate the uses proposed in this Project District. With the requirement that the applicant provide these essential services and infrastructure, the granting of this change of zone would not unreasonably burden the public agencies to provide roads and streets, sewer, water, drainage improvements and police and fire protection to accommodate the development of this project. The request for a Project District will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region. The property is located within well-established residential areas that are zoned for single-family residential use. In close proximity to the property are lands zoned and developed for commercial uses, such as the medical facilities located immediately makai of Komohana Street. ms The applicant's objective is to develop a mixed-use project while still protecting the important cultural and environmental resources of the area. The applicant has recognized the benefits of planning and designing a project in a manner that is sensitive to the natural features and unique heritage of the land. The overall design theme provides generous open space with active and passive type recreational uses. This open space area will consist of approximately 49 acres that will include the Alenaio Stream drainageway. The project proposal is to improve the banks of the drainageway for use as a linear park with the provision of bicycle and pedestrian pathways. The southeastern side of the drainageway will be designated for open space and active recreational uses. The Project District will be provided with all essential utilities and services. For its wastewater disposal, the applicant will provide hook up to the County's sewer line located along Punahele Street. Proposed on-site improvements include a pump station at the base of the Ponahawai Street Extension. Electrical and telephone services are available to the project area. Other public services and facilities, including the provision of park areas, will be made a condition of approval of this Project District. The applicant will also be required to pay a "fair share" contribution towards the development, funding, and/or construction of school facilities within the school service area. While the proposal is to connect vehicular traffic to Wiliwili Street, the Director cannot support this at this time, because most of Wiliwili Street is substandard, with only 16 feet of pavement. There will be pedestrian connections from the proposed project to the side streets. The primary access will be from the planned Ponahawai Street Extension. Therefore, it should be pointed out that the basis for supporting this request is that approval of this Project District would facilitate the completion of the Ponahawai Street Extension; thus, improving the negative traffic implications if the project were granted without the condition to construct the roadway in its entirety. A condition of approval is included that would require the Ponahawai Street Extension be constructed from Komohana Street to Mohouli Street prior to issuance of any certificate of occupancy for the project or prior to receipt of final subdivision approval, whichever occurs first. -5- The applicant had also proposed to connect to Komohana Street in two other locations: across from Pu'u Honu Place (the "north project entrance") and near Alenaio Stream (the "south project entrance"). The Department of Public Works opposed these two additional entrances, and the Director concurs, to help preserve the function of Komohana Street as an arterial street by limiting the number of intersections. As stated above, potential impacts associated with this project development, such as traffic, drainage and other design concerns, will be mitigated through conditions of approval. Therefore, the request would not unreasonably burden the public agencies to provide roads and streets, sewer, water, drainage, school improvements, police and fire protection, and other essential services. The proposed Project District zone change would allow for uses that complement the surrounding residential and commercial uses of this section of the City of Hilo. In view of the recent Hawaii State Supreme Court's "PASH" and "Ka Pa'akai O Ka Aina" decisions, the issue relative to native Hawaiian gathering and fishing rights must be addressed in terms of the cultural, historical, and natural resources and the associated traditional and customary practices of the site: Investip,ation of valued resources: The applicant presented the following information from which the Planning Commission and County Council can determine the valued cultural, historical, and natural resources within the area sought for rezoning: • Archaeological Inventory Survey Komohana Golf Course, Lands of Ponahawai and Punahoa 1-2, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii, by Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (199 1) • Letter Report of Archaeological Field Inspection for TMK: 2-3-37:1 by Harm & Associates, December 12, 2002 • He Wabi Moolelo no Ponahawai a me Punahoa ma Hilo, A Collection of Traditions and Historical Accounts for Ponahawai and Punahoa, District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii by Kumu Pono Associates, May 2003 • Botanical Survey, TMK: 2-3-44:19 and 53, Geometrician Associates, LLC. 2003 • A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species of the Ponahawai Mixed Use Planned Community Site, South Hilo District, Hawaii, Rana Productions Ltd. June 2003. The valuable cultural, historical, and natural resources found in the rezoning area: The archaeological survey conducted by Paul H. Rosendahl, PhD. in 1991 for the proposed Ponahawai Golf Course revealed two sites: 1) a probable residence and animal pen (Site 14946); and 2) a portion of the Hilo Boarding School and Old Mission Ditch (Site 14947). In 1991, during the review of the golf course permit, the Department of Land and Natural Resources, Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD) noted that the project would have "no adverse effect" on historic sites if a portion of Site 14947 was mitigated through preservation and interpretation of a portion of the ditch and data recovery for the remainder. These two recommendations by DLNR-SHPD will be incorporated as conditions of the Project District. Another letter report by Haim & Associates (December 12, 2002) indicated that 15 historic sites were found on the eight -acre lot identified by TMK: 2-3-37:1. The sites were interpreted as probably associated with historic sugar cane cultivation. DLNR-SHPD concurs with the recommendation by Haun that an archaeological inventory survey be done prior to development of the eight -acre lot. A cultural historical study was done by Kumu Pono Associates in May 2003. The study cited no cultural practices on the property. There is an existing hill on the lower portion of the property referred to as Puu Honu. Since this prominent feature is supposedly part of the Halai Hill Complex, the development of the project shall avoid the destruction of this hill. No rare, threatened or endangered plant or animal species were present on the property. -7- Possible adverse effect or impairment of valued resources: Since no raze, threatened or endangered plants or animal species were found on the property, there will be no adverse effect on the existing flora or fauna in the area. If the applicant follows the recommendations of the DLNR-SHPD, there should be minimal impact to archaeological and historic resources. Feasible actions to protect native Hawaiian rights: Conditions of approval will protect any significant archaeological sites found on the property during the course of development. Further, the applicant will also be required to preserve the existing Pun Honu on the property because of its significance of being a vital part of the Halai Hill Complex. The accompanying draft bill to amend Section 25-8-33 (City of Hilo Zone Map) is provided for your favorable consideration. Please note the proposed conditions of approval attached to the draft bill. 12 MestemUnitedREZ.dm- 1/12/04 WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 03-023) CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL A. The applicant, successors or assigns shall be responsible for complying with all of the stated conditions of approval. B. This project area shall be called the University Terrace Project District. C. The University Terrace Project District shall consist of not more than 172 acres for single-family and multi -family residential, transient accommodations, office and retail commercial, open space and recreational uses, and ancillary related improvements. D. The maximum number of single family and multi -family residential units allowed shall be 750 units, which includes a maximum of 150 transient accommodation (short term rental) units. E. The maximum square footage of the commercial and office uses shall be 350,000 square feet. F. A minimum of 49 acres shall be used for open space and recreational uses. G. The uses disclosed in the application, as listed below, and those required as conditions to this Ordinance will be allowed in the University Terrace Project District. The provision of other uses not listed will require an amendment to this Project District Ordinance. All uses allowed as a matter of right in the RS zoned district. 2. All uses allowed as a matter of right in the RM zoned district. 3. Retail commercial uses (food, pharmaceuticals, sundry stores, restaurants, and other service type establishments). 4. Office commercial uses (medical, personal services, and other professional office spaces). 5. Open space and recreational uses, including ball fields, linear park, and pedestrian and bikeways. 6. Infrastructure improvements. H. A detailed Master Plan of the Project District, which includes the location and number of residential lots and units, commercial uses, open space and recreational areas, pedestrian and bikeways, landscaping, parking, and other related improvements on the property, shall be submitted to the Planning Director within one year from the effective date of the Project District Ordinance or prior to submission of plans for plan approval or subdivision approval, whichever occurs first. I. Prior to the issuance of a water commitment by the Department of Water Supply, the applicant shall submit the anticipated maximum daily water usage calculations as recommended by a registered engineer, and a water commitment deposit in accordance with the "Water Commitment Guidelines Policy" to the Department of Water Supply within one year from the effective date of this Project District Ordinance. The applicant shall construct all water system improvements required by the Department of Water Supply to county-dedicable standards. J. Construction of the proposed multiple family residential and commercial developments shall commence within five (5) years of the effective date of the Project District Ordinance. Construction of the Ponahawai Street Extension from Komohana Street to Mohouli Street and related intersection improvements shall commence within five (5) years of the effective date of the Project District Ordinance, and shall be completed within ten (10) years of the effective date of the Project District Ordinance, or before issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy for any structure within the Project District, or before Final Subdivision Approval for any residential subdivision within the Project District, whichever occurs first. Final Plan Approval shall be secured in accordance with the requirements of the Chapter 25 (Zoning Code), Hawaii County Code, prior to the commencement of construction of the stated uses. Development plans shall identify existing and proposed structures, fire protection measures, paved driveway accesses and parking stalls, and other improvements associated with the proposed uses. Landscaping shall be included in the development plans to mitigate any potential adverse noise or visual impacts to adjacent properties in accordance with the Planning Department's Rule No. 17 (Landscaping Requirements). K. The following design standards shall apply: -2- 1. Landscaping for the development shall comply with the Planning Department's Rule No. 17, Landscaping Requirements. 2. The height limit for structures within the project shall not exceed the following: a. Single -Family Residential Development: thirty-five (35) feet. b. Multiple Family Residential Development: forty-five (45) feet, provided approval is granted by the Planning Director as part of the approval of the site plan in accordance with Section 25-6-46, Chapter 25 (Zoning Code), Hawaii County Code. C. Office and Retail Commercial Development: forty (40) feet, provided approval is granted by the Planning Director as part of the approval of the site plan in accordance with Section 25-6-46, Chapter 25 (Zoning Code), Hawaii County Code. 3. The minimum yards (setback) shall be as follows: a. Single -Family Residential Development: (1) On a building site with an area of 7,500 square feet to and including 9,999 square feet: (a) Front and rear yards: 15 feet; and (b) Side yards: 8 feet. (2) On a building site with an area of 10,000 square feet to and including 19,999 square feet: (a) Front and rear yards: 20 feet; and (b) Side yards: 10 feet. (3) On a building site with an area of 20,000 square feet or more: (a) Front and rear yards: 25 feet; and (b) Side yards: 15 feet. b. Multiple Family Residential Development: (1) Front and rear yards: 20 feet; and (2) Side yards: 8 feet for a one-story building, plus an additional 2 feet for each additional story. 52 Office and Retail Commercial Development: (1) Front and rear yards: 15 feet; and (2) Side yards: none, except where the side yard adjoins the side yard of a building site used for purposes allowed in RS or RM zones, the yard setback appropriate for the RS or RM district shall be used. 4. The minimum off-street parking and loading space requirements of Chapter 25, Hawaii County Code shall be complied with. The American Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements shall also be complied with. L. All project utilities shall be underground. M. Sewer lines shall be installed within the development to connect with the County's sewer system, meeting with the approval of the Department of Environmental Management, and prior to the issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy. N. The Ponahawai Street Extension shall be a minimum right-of-way width of eighty (80) feet and built to County dedicable standards, including the provision of curbs, gutters, and sidewalks. Upon its completion, the roadway shall be dedicated at no cost to the County. O. The Ponahawai Street Extension shall be the only roadway access allowed from Komohana Street or from Mohouli Street. The location and design of the roadway access with Komohana Street shall meet with the approval of the Department of Public Works. P. The following improvements shall be made by the applicant concurrently with the completion of the Ponahawai Street Extension: a. Provide separate left -turn, through, and right -turn lanes on makai bound Ponahawai Street Extension at Komohana Street. b. Widen Komohana Street to provide exclusive left -tum and right -turn lanes to the Ponahawai Street Extension in the northbound and southbound directions, respectively. C. Modify the traffic signal system at the intersection of Ponahawai Street and Komohana Street to include the Ponahawai Street Extension. C! d. Provide stop control on Ponahawai Street to Mohouli Street, with separate left -turn and right -tum lanes to Mohouli Street. C. Widen Mohouli Street at Ponahawai Street to provide an exclusive left -turn lane and a median shelter lane in the makai bound direction. f. Widen the mauka leg of Mohouli Street to provide a mauka bound auxiliary acceleration lane to mitigate the LOS "F" condition on right -turn movement from Ponahawai Street, during the PM peak hour with the proposed project. g. Widen the northwest bound approach of Mohouli Street to provide dual left -tum lanes to mauka bound Kaumana Drive. h. Widen the mauka leg of Kaumana Drive to provide an auxiliary merging lane in the mauka bound direction. Modify the traffic signal system to provide a protected left -tum phase on Mohouli Street. j. Widen westbound Mohouli Street to provide dual left -turn lanes to southbound Komohana Street. k. Modify the traffic signal system to provide a protected left -turn phase on westbound Mohouli Street from Komohana Street. Q. All accesses to the property shall meet with the approval of the Department of Public Works. There shall be no vehicular access to the existing side streets. R. No lots shall have direct access from Komohana Street and Mohouli Street. Further, no single family residential lots shall have direct access from the Ponahawai Street Extension and other proposed arterial streets. Unless otherwise specified by the Planning Director in consultation with the Department of Public Works, all streets within the project shall be constructed to dedicable standards, including the provision of curbs, gutters and sidewalks. T. Duct lines for future traffic signals shall be installed at the intersection of Ponahawai and Mohouli Streets meeting with the approval of the Department of Public Works. U. Streetlights and traffic control devices shall be installed as required by the Department of Public Works. -5- V. A revised Traffic Impact Analysis Report (TIAR) certified by a licensed engineer shall be submitted prior to receipt of a Certificate of Occupancy or Final Subdivision Approval for the project, whichever occurs first. All additional mitigation measures called for in the revised TIAR shall be implemented. W. Because of potential roadway noise, there shall be a minimum 70 -foot setback from the Komohana Street right-of-way, and a 90 -foot setback from the Mohouli Street right-of-way, for any residential structures. X. A minimum four -acre area, meeting with the approval of the Planning Director and the Department of Parks and Recreation, shall be developed as an active neighborhood park prior to the issuance of a certificate of occupancy for any multi -family residential development, or the occupancy of any single-family homes. The park shall include an improved ball field and a restroom facility. The park may be dedicated to the County of Hawaii or retained in private ownership. Y. To ensure that the Goals and Policies of the Housing Element of the General Plan are implemented, the applicant shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 11, Article 1, Hawaii County Code, relating to Affordable Housing Policy. This requirement shall be approved by the County Housing Agency prior to issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy for the multiple family residential development or the occupancy of the first single-family dwelling, whichever occurs first. Z. All development -generated runoff shall be disposed of on-site and shall not be directed toward any adjacent properties. A drainage study certified by a licensed engineer, shall be prepared and submitted to the Department of Public Works. prior to issuance of Final Plan Approval or Final Subdivision Approval, whichever occurs first. Drainage improvements shall be constructed, meeting with the approval of the Department of Public Works. The applicant shall maintain the two major floodways free of debris and obstructions, including trees that could be uprooted and clog the culverts during storms. AA. Any construction within the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) designated flood zones shall conform to Chapter 27, Flood Control, of the Hawaii County Code. S9 BB. There shall be no construction of residential structures and related improvements or other substantial buildings, or subdivision roads (unless the roads are protected from flooding in a manner meeting with the approval of the Department of Public Works) within areas designated Zone "AE" or "A" on the Flood Insurance Rate Map. Restrictive covenants in the deeds of all lots shall give notice of the terms of this rezoning condition. This restriction may be removed by amendment of this Project District Ordinance by the County Council. A copy of the proposed covenant(s) to be recorded with the State of Hawaii Bureau of Conveyances shall be submitted to the Planning Director for review and approval prior to issuance of Final Subdivision Approval. A copy of the recorded document shall be filed with the Planning Department upon its receipt from the Bureau of Conveyances. No residential lots may be created which lack a buildable area. As represented by the applicant, the main Alenaio Stream drainageway shall be kept as an open space area, except for drainage improvements which may be required pursuant to the drainage study, and park improvements, including bicycle and pedestrian paths. CC. All earthwork activity, including grading and grubbing, shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sedimentation Control, of the Hawaii County Code. DD. The applicant shall contact the U.S. Department of Army Corps of Engineers to identify whether a Federal permit is required for any possible work involving the discharge of fill material into wetlands or Alenaio Stream. EE. The applicant shall contact the State Department of Health as to whether a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) general permit is required for this project. FF. A Solid Waste Management Plan shall be prepared and submitted to the Department of Environmental Management for review and approval prior to the issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy. GG. An archaeological inventory survey of TMK: 2-2-37:1 shall be conducted and the findings submitted to the Department of Land and Natural Resources - State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR — SHPD) prior to any construction or land disturbance activity on this eight -acre parcel. -7- HH. An archaeological mitigation plan, which includes data recovery and preservation components, shall be prepared for the archaeological site identified as Site 14947 (portion of Hilo Boarding School and Old Mission Ditch). This plan shall be approved by DLNR — SHPD and the Planning Director. The plan shall be implemented prior to issuance of a grading or grubbing permit. II. Should any unidentified sites or remains such as artifacts, shell, bone, or charcoal deposits, human burials, rock or coral alignments, pavings or walls be encountered, work in the immediate area shall cease and the Department of Land and Natural Resources — State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) shall be immediately notified. Subsequent work shall proceed upon an archaeological clearance from the SHPD when it is found that sufficient mitigation measures have been taken. JJ. Pu'u Honu shall be preserved as a natural feature. KK. The applicant shall contribute to the development, funding, and/or construction of school facilities, on a fair share basis, as determined by and to the satisfaction of the State Department of Education. Terms of the contribution shall be agreed upon in writing by the applicant and the Department of Education prior to obtaining building permits for any area of the project. A copy of this agreement shall be filed with the Planning Department. LL. The applicant shall make its fair share contribution to mitigate the potential regional impacts of the subject property with respect to parks and recreation, fire, police, solid waste disposal facilities and roads. The fair share contribution shall be initially based on the representations contained within the change of zone application and may be increased or reduced proportionally if the lot or unit counts are adjusted. The fair share contribution for each lot or unit shall be based on a maximum density for each lot or unit as determined by the zoning resulting from this Project District Ordinance. The fair share contribution shall become due and payable incrementally prior to the issuance of Final Plan Approval or Final Subdivision Approval as the project is built out. The County Council shall determine the fair share contribution in a form of cash, land, facilities or any combination. The fair share contribution may be adjusted annually beginning 12 three years after the effective date of this ordinance, based on the percentage change in the Honolulu Consumer Price Index (HCPI). In lieu of paying the fair share contribution, the applicant may contribute land, and/or construct improvements/facilities related to parks and recreation, fire, police, solid waste - disposal facilities and roads within the region impacted by the proposed development, subject to the approval of the Planning Director in consultation with the affected departments. The applicant shall be given credit against the fair share assessment for any improvements to the road system in the immediate vicinity (Komohana Street, Mohouli Street, and Kaumana Drive) to mitigate deficiencies that would have occurred without the project, as identified in the revised TIAR. MM. Should the Council adopt a Unified Impact Fees Ordinance setting forth criteria for imposition of exaction or the assessment of impact fees, conditions included herein shall be credited towards the requirements of the Unified Impact Fees Ordinance. NN. Comply with all other applicable laws, rules, regulations and requirements of other affected agencies. 00. An annual progress report shall be submitted to the Planning Director prior to the anniversary date of the approval of this Project District Ordinance. The report shall include, but not be limited to, the status of the development and the extent to which the conditions of approval are being satisfied. This condition shall remain in effect until all of the conditions of approval have been satisfied and the Planning Director acknowledges that further reports are not required. PP. An initial extension of time for the performance of conditions within the ordinance may be granted by the Planning Director upon the following circumstances: (1) The non-performance is the result of conditions that could not have been foreseen or are beyond the control of the applicant, successors or assigns, and that are not the result of their fault or negligence. (2) Granting of the time extension would not be contrary to the General Plan or Zoning Code. 6M (3) Granting of the time extension would not be contrary to the original reasons for the granting of the Project District. (4) The time extension granted shall be for a period not to exceed the period originally granted for performance (i.e., a condition to be performed within one year may be extended for up to one additional year). (5) If the applicant should require an additional extension of time, the Planning Department shall submit the applicant's request to the County Council for appropriate action. Should any of the foregoing conditions not be met or substantially complied with in a timely fashion, the Planning Director may initiate rezoning of the area to it original or more appropriate designation. -10- COUNTY OF HAW ORDINANCE NO. STATE OF HAWA.I`I BILL NO. (PLANNING DEPT.) AN ORDINANCE AMENDING SECTION 25-8-33 (CITY OF HILO ZONE MAP), ARTICLE 8, CHAPTER 25 (ZONING CODE) OF THE HAWAII COUNTY CODE, BY CHANGING THE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION FROM AGRICULTURAL 1 -ACRE (A -la), NEIGHBORHOOD COMMERCIAL — 40,000 SQUARE FOOT (CN -40), SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENTIAL — 7,500 SQUARE FOOT AND 10,000 SQUARE FOOT (RS -7.5 AND RS -10) AND OPEN (0) TO PROJECT DISTRICT AT SOUTH HILO, HAWAII, COVERED BY TAX MAP KEY 2-3-44:19, 2-3-49:53 AND 2-3-37:1. BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII: SECTION 1. Section 25-8-33, Article 8, Chapter 25 (Zoning Code) of the Hawaii County Code, is amended to change the district classification of property described hereinafter as follows: The district classification of the following areas situated at South Hilo, Hawaii shall be Project District: LOT A: Beginning at the South corner of this parcel of land on the northeast side of Mohouli Street Extension, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "HALAI" being 3550.79 feet south and 3067.04 feet west and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true south: 1. 1190 41' 180.00 feet along Mohouli Street Extension; 2. 290 41' 30.00 feet along Mohouli Street Extension; 3. 1190 41' 170.00 feet along Mohouli Street Extension; 4. 290 41' 5.00 feet along Mohouli Street Extension; 5. 1190 41' 250.00 feet along Mohouli Street Extension; -1- 6. 290 41' 5.00 feet along Mohouli Street Extension; 7. 1190 41' 540.00 feet along Mohouli Street Extension; 8. 2090 41' 210.35 feet along Lots 75 to 78, inclusive of Kaumana Gardens Subdivision Unit 2, File Plan 935; 9. 2540 30' 368.44 feet along Lots 56-A, 56-B, and 3 of Crescent City Heights Subdivision; 10. 3240 40' 50.00 feet along Liko Lehua Street; 11. 540 40' 101.37 feet along Lot 58; 12. 3240 40' 363.00 feet along Lot 58; 13. 2340 40' 518.55 feet along Lots 58, 57, D, and C; 14. 1440 40' 262.53 feet along Lots C, B, and A; 15. 2540 30' 981.48 feet along Lots 35 to 47, inclusive and Lot 50 of Crescent City Heights Subdivision; 16. 1360 15' 200.00 feet along Lots 50 and 49 of Crescent City Heights Subdivision; 17. 2260 15' 50.00 feet along Wiliwili Street; 18. 1360 15' 5.98 feet along Wiliwili Street; 19. 2260 15' 325.00 feet along Roadway Lot and Lot 4; 20. 1360 15' 371.76 feet along Lots 4, Lot 60-E, Lot 59-E; 21. 2360 50' 289.92 feet along Lots 14, 15, 16, and 17; 22. 3160 15' 65.70 feet along Omao Street; 23. 2260 15' 50.00 feet along Omao Street; 24. 2430 20' 146.46 feet along Lot 26; -2- 25. 1360 15' 525.97 feet along Lots 26, 25, 23, 21, and 19; 26. 2430 20' 1324.47 feet along Lot 17, Hualilili Street, Lots 18 and 20, Malanai Street, Lots 16 and 18, Spring Street, Lots 15 and 16, Hoomana Street and Lot 16; 27. 3040 00' 270.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 28. 2270 00' 210.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 29. 3170 00' 210.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 30. 2270 00' 120.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 31, 1990 02' 170.15 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; Thence along Komohana Street on a curve to the right with a radius of 1960.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 32. 3380 45' 59" 334.85 feet; 33. 730 40' 10.00 feet along Komohana Street; Thence along Komohana Street on a curve to the right with a radius of 1950.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 34. 3440 40' 68.06 feet; 35. 3450 40' 443.23 feet along Komohana Street; Thence along Lot B on a curve to the left with a radius of 32.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 36. 1200 40' 45.25 feet; 37. 750 40' 285.75 feet along Lot B; -3- 38. 3450 40' 668.26 feet along the remainder of Lot B; 39. 2550 40' 334.33 feet along Lot B; Thence along Komohana Street on a curve to the left with a radius of 3040.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 40. 3400 26' 50" 153.56 feet; 41. 690 00' 5.00 feet along Komohana Street; Thence along Komohana Street on a curve to the left with a radius of 3045.00, the chord azimuth and distance being: 42. 3370 54' 45" 43. 640 20' 44. 300 00' 45. 1560 00' 46. 660 00' 47. 3360 00' 115.58 feet; 2302.53 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 70.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 500.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 400.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 450.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 48. 660 00' 700.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman to the point of beginning and containing an area of 112.129 Acres. LOT B: Beginning at the north corner of this parcel of land, also being the east corner of Lot 57 on the south side of Liko Lehua Street, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "HALAr' being 2769.81 feet south and 3573.93 feet west and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true south: M I . 3240 40' 363.00 feet along Lot 57; 2. 540 40' 120.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 3. 1440 40' 363.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 4. 2340 40' 120.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman and along Liko Lehua Street to the point of beginning and containing an area of 1.000 Acre. LOT C: Beginning at the west corner of this parcel of land on the northeast side of Mohouli Street Extension, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "HALAI" being 3550.79 feet south and 3067.04 feet west and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true south: 1. 2460 00' 700.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 2. 1560 00' 450.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 3. 2460 00' 400.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 4. 3360 00' 500.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 5. 2100 00' 70.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 6. 2440 20' 2302.53 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; Thence along Komohana Street on a curve to the left with a radius of 3,045.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 7. 3350 46' 41" 111.27 feet; -5- 8. 830 10' 67.64 feet along Lot 12 of Sunrise Ridge Subdivision Unit 1-B, File Plan 1693; Thence following along the middle of Alenaio Stream along Lot 14 of Sunrise Ridge Subdivision Unit 1-B, File Plan 1693, the direct azimuth and distance being: 9. 44° 30' 155.00 feet; 10. 350 17' 960.00 feet along Lots 15, 16, 20, and 21 of Sunrise Ridge Subdivision Unit 1-B and Lots 27 and 20, inclusive of Sunrise Ridge Subdivision Unit 2-B, File Plan 1693; 11. 590 01' 27" 1633.86 feet along Government Land; 12. 650 46' 26" 260.53 feet along Government Land; 13. 1190 41' 199.44 feet along Mohouli Street Extension; 14. 2090 41' 25.00 feet along Mohouli Street Extension; 15. 1190 41' 750.00 feet along Mohouli Street Extension to the point of beginning and containing an area of 45.287 Acres. I XI M-11 Beginning at the southeast corner of this parcel of land on the southwest side of Komohana Street, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "HALAI" being 1837.52 feet south and 21.68 feet west and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true south: 1. 750 40' 334.33 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 2. 1650 40' 668.26 feet along the remainder of Lot B; 3. 2550 40' 285.75 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; M Thence following along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman on a curve to the right with a radius of 32.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 4. 3000 40' 45.25 feet; 5. 3450 40' 12.24 feet along Komohana Street; 6. 2550 40' 10.00 feet along Komohana Street; 7. 3450 40' 73.40 feet along Komohana Street; 8. 540 00' 11.48 feet along Komohana Street; 9. 100 30' 18.00 feet along Komohana Street; 10. 3330 00' 83.14 feet along Komohana Street; 11. 3450 40' 248.93 feet along Komohana Street; Thence along Komohana Street on a curve to the left with a radius of 3040.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 12. 3430 46' 50" 200.11 feet to the point of beginning and containing an area of 5.000 Acres. LOT E: Beginning at the north corner of this parcel of land, also being the east comer of Lot 2 on the southwest side of Komohana Street, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "HALAI" being 109.52 feet north and 797.67 feet west and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true south: 1. 3200 40' 42.10 feet along Komohana Street; 2. 500 40' 10.00 feet along Komohana Street; 3. 3200 40' 146.28 feet along Komohana Street; 4. 500 40' 5.00 feet along Komohana Street; -7- Thence along Komohana Street on a curve to the right with a radius of 1945.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 5. 3220 51' 30" 148.76 feet; 6. 2350 03' 10.00 feet along Komohana Street; Thence along Komohana Street on a curve to the right with a radius of 1955.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 7. 3260 50' 30" 122.25 feet; g 2380 38' 5.00 feet along Komohana Street; Thence along Komohana Street on a curve to the right with a radius of 1960.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 9. 3310 14' 59" 178.94 feet; 10. 190 02' 170.15 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; it. 470 00' 12. 1370 00' 13. 470 00' 14. 1240 00' 15. 1530 14' 30" 16. 1360 15' 120.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 17, 2260 15' 125.00 feet along Lot 17; 18. 1360 15' 60.00 feet along Lot 17; 19. 2260 15' 165.00 feet along Waipuna Place and Lot 10; -8- to Benjamin Pitman; 210.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 210.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 270.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 100.63 feet along Lot 16; 120.00 feet along Lots 15 and 14; 17, 2260 15' 125.00 feet along Lot 17; 18. 1360 15' 60.00 feet along Lot 17; 19. 2260 15' 165.00 feet along Waipuna Place and Lot 10; -8- 20. 3160 15' 5.00 feet along Lot 11; 21. 2320 49' 135.25 feet along Lots 11 and 12; 22, 3220 49' 5.00 feet along Lot 1; 23. 2320 49' 184.44 feet along Lots 1 and 2 to the point of beginning and containing an area of 8.088 Acres. All as shown on the map attached hereto, marked Exhibit "A" and by reference made a part hereof. SECTION 2. In accordance with Section 25-2-44, Hawaii County Code, the County Council finds the following conditions are: (1) Necessary to prevent circumstances which may be adverse to the public health, safety and welfare; or (2) Reasonably conceived to fulfill needs directly emanating from the land use proposed with respect to: (A) Protection of the public from the potentially deleterious effects of the proposed use, or (B) Fulfillment of the need for public service demands created by the proposed use. SEE ATTACHED CONDITIONS SECTION 3. In the event that any portion of this ordinance is declared invalid, such invalidity shall not affect the other parts of this ordinance. M SECTION 4. This ordinance shall take effect upon its approval. Hawai `i Date of Introduction: Date of 1st Reading: Date of 2nd Reading: Effective Date: INTRODUCED BY: �IL M)IMBc, uuJNTY OPRRA)WAI`I -10- =�VAIlny � i�111111111 �� ■■. ., . .ria=� e13aa All • �'� ��/Ilii/���■ •■•�w••• �� • `��� V���•.lo11� a' II ih /►f y�armFilm , •,> >, 112 • • •� AMENDING SECTION 25-8-33 (CITY OF HILO ZONE .. CODE)ARTICLE 8, CHAPTER 25 (ZONING CODE, CLASSIFICATIONBY CHANGING THE DISTRICT FROM AGRICULTURAL (A-1 a), NEIGHBORHOOD COMMERCIAL (CN -40), SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL (RS -7.5), SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL (RS -10), AND OPEN (0) TO PROJECT DISTRICT (PD) AT •. 1 st AND 2nd, SOUTH• COUNTY, HAWAII PREPARED BY: PLANNING DEPARTMENT OF ..2004 BWe temUnitedRELdoc-1/12/04 COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT BACKGROUND REPORT WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 03-023) WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY has submitted an application for a Change of Zone for 171.504 acres from the Agricultural 1 -acre (A-Ia), Neighborhood Commercial - 40,000 square foot (CN -40), Single -Family Residential - 7,500 square foot and 10,000 square foot (RS -7.5 and RS -10) and Open (0) district to a Project District. The property is located on the west (mauka) side of the Komohana Street - Ponahawai Street intersection and makai of the Mohouli Street Extension, Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii, TMK: 2-3-44:19,2-3-49:53 and 2-3-37:1. REQUEST The applicant is requesting the following zone changes and acreage to the Project District: a. A -la: 112.129 acres b. CN -40: 5 acres C. RS -7.5: 8.088 acres d. RS -10: I acre C. Open: 45.287 acres PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2. The proposed project, referred to as "University Terrace," will consist of the following: a. Up to 600 single-family and multi -family residential units. 1) Single-family residential units will be located on the mauka side of the project site, adjacent to the Mohouli Street Extension. (Note: These areas are delineated as Sites 1, 2 and 11 on the Master Plan - page 5 of the Environmental Report). Additional single-family residential units may be located at the northern portion of the property between Omao Street and Hoomana Street (Site 5). A portion of these units will be targeted for first time homebuyers. Approximately 35.6 acres are proposed for single- family residential dwellings. 2) Multi -family residential units are proposed along the mauka side of Komohana Street in the vicinity of Punahele Street (Site 7) and along the Alenaio Stream (Site 10). These units will be targeted for young professionals and college students due its proximity to the University of Hawaii Hilo Campus. Approximately 22.1 acres will be used for multi- family residential units. 3) The precise mix of the 600 residential uses is intended to remain flexible. b. Up to 150 transient accommodation units, for longer stay visitors, e.g., visiting researchers and university faculty (Sites 3, 4 and 6). Approximately 10.8 acres are proposed for transient accommodation units. c. Approximately 350,000 square feet of retail/commercial area will be located along the mauka side of Komohana Street (Sites 8 and 9). Low density, pedestrian friendly retail and other office uses are envisioned. These include food, pharmaceuticals, sundry stores, restaurants, and other service type establishments. Office spaces may include medical, personal services, and other professional office spaces. Approximately 41.1 acres are proposed for commercial uses. d. Open space (Site 12) will be located at the southeastern side of the Alenaio Stream drainageway. The proposal is to improve the banks of the drainageway for use as a linear park with bicycle and pedestrian walkways. The southeastern side of the drainageway will be designated for open space/active recreational uses. Approximately 49 acres will be in open space use. The proposed University Terrace will be a mixed-use community incorporating "new urbanism" design concepts intended to promote a more livable and pedestrian friendly community. According to the applicant, the objective of the project is to develop an urban residential community that is self-sustaining, pedestrian -friendly, and in harmony with the natural environment. The development will include a mix of uses, including residential uses of varying densities and structure types and commercial areas in proximity to the residents, -2- minimizing the need to travel outside of the community for goods and services. In addition to the main roadway spines, pedestrian and bikeways are planned to encourage less dependence on the automobile. The project will be phased with the eastern section closest to Komohana Street to be constructed first. A 10 -year project build -out period was used beginning in year 2005 with full build -out in year 2014. Western United Life Assurance Company is the landowner of the property. (See Exhibit A - Project District Cbange of Zone Application and Environmental Report) STATE AND COUNTY PLANS 4. General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map: Medium Density Urban (majority of property) and Urban Expansion Area (along makai side of the Mohouli Street Extension. 5. State Land Use District: Urban, 6. County Zoning: A -la, CN -40, RS -7.5, RS -10, Open. Project District: The Project District (PD) zone is intended to provide for a flexible and creative planning approach rather than specific land use zone designations. It will also allow for flexibility in location of specific uses and mixes of structural alternatives. The planning approach would establish continuity in land uses and designs while providing for a comprehensive network of infrastructure facilities and systems. A variety of uses as well as open space, parks, and other project uses are intended to be in accord with each individual Project District objective. A Project District may be established as an amendment to the Zoning Code whenever the public necessity and convenience and the general welfare require that a comprehensive planning approach for an area should be adopted in order to establish a continuity in land uses and designs while providing a comprehensive network of infrastructure facilities and systems. In addition, a Project District may only be established if the proposed district: a. Is consistent with the intent and purpose of this chapter and the County General Plan; and -3- b. Will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region. The minimum land area required for a Project District is fifty acres. (See Exhibit B, Section 25-640, Project District Section of Zoning Code) 8. Coastal Zone Management, HRS, Chapter 205A: The entire State of Hawaii lies within the Coastal Zone Management area. The intent of the Coastal Zone Management Program is to guide and regulate public and private uses in the coastal zone management area with respect to recreational resources, historic resources, public access to the shoreline, scenic and open space resources, coastal ecosystems, marine resources, economic uses, coastal hazards, managing development, public participation, and beach protection. 9. Special Management Area: The project site is not within the County's Special Management Area (SMA). The SMA is a part of the Coastal Zone Management Program regulated by the County. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT SITE AND SURROUNDING AREA 10. Subject Property: The project site is located across from the Ka Waena Lapaau Medical Center and between Komohana Street and the Mohouli Street Extension. The property is vacant and also includes the Alenaio Stream, which runs through the southern portion of the property. Portions of the property were previously in sugar cane production until the early 1970s. There is a hill on the lower northern portion of the property commonly referred to as Puu Honu. In April of 1991, Use Permit No. 85 was granted to KTA Consulting Group (previous landowner) for the development of an 18 -hole golf course and related improvements on the property. The applicant's request to nullify the Use Permit will be heard concurrently with this request. 11. Surrounding Zoning and Land Uses: The adjacent residential properties to the north are zoned Single -Family Residential 7,500 square feet (RS -7.5). The Sunrise Ridge Subdivision consisting of 10,000+ -square foot lots and zoned RS -10 is located adjacent to the south along the mauka portion of Komohana Street. The Ka Waena Lapaau Medical Center and other medical complexes and offices are located along the makai side of Komohana Street and zoned ME Neighborhood Commercial — 20,000 square feet (CN -20). The Sunrise Estates subdivision, consisting of one -acre sized lots and zoned Agricultural 1 -acre (A-1 a), is located to the south of the property. 12. U.S.D.A. Soil Type: Hilo Silty Clay Loam (HoD) and Keaukaha Extremely Rocky Muck (rKFD) Series. The Keaukaha Series consists of well -drained, thin organic soils overlying pahoehoe lava bedrock. It is undulating to rolling and follows the topography of the underlying pahoehoe lava. Rock outcrops occupy about 25 percent of the area. In a representative profile, the surface layer is very dark brown muck about 8 inches thick. It is underlain by pahoehoe lava bedrock. The soil above the lava is rapidly permeable. The pahoehoe lava is very slowly permeable, but water moves rapidly through the cracks. Runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard is slight to moderate. 13. Land Study Bureau's Productivity Rating: "C" or Fair, "D" or Poor and "E" or Very Poor. 14. Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawaii (ALISH): Prime Agricultural Land and Unclassified. The northern portion of the property between Komohana Street and Wiliwili Street is designated Prime Agricultural Land. 15. Flora: A Botanical Survey was conducted by Geometrician Associates, LLC in April 2003. The objectives of the survey were to 1) describe the vegetation; 2) list all species encountered; and 3) identify threatened or endangered plant species. No rare, threatened or endangered plant species as listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are present on the site. No unique or valuable wildlife habitats were found on the property. 16. Fauna: A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species was conducted by Rana Productions, Ltd. in June 2003. The primary purpose of the survey was to determine if there were any federally listed endangered, threatened, proposed, or candidate avian or mammalian species on or in the immediate vicinity of the property. No species listed as endangered, threatened, proposed, or as a candidate for listing under either the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or the State of Hawaii's endangered species program were found on the property. 17. Noise Impacts: An Environmental Noise Report was completed in June 2003 by -5- D.L. Adams Associates, Ltd. The report states that the dominant noise sources during construction will probably be earth moving equipment, such as bulldozers and diesel powered trucks. Surrounding residential properties may be impacted by the construction noise due to their proximity. Noise from construction activities should be short term. Construction will be limited to normal working hours and will comply with the State Department of Health regulations. The project has a potential to generate traffic noise. The report states that in order to minimize potential traffic noise impact on the project, greater setbacks from Komohana Street and Mohouli Street should be incorporated if residential housing is to be located along these roadways. 18. Air Quality: An air quality study was conducted by B.D. Neal and Associates in July 2003. Overall, the present air quality is relatively good. Air quality in the project vicinity is mostly affected by emissions from motor vehicles, industry and natural sources. The study states that for a project such as this, there are two potential types of air pollution emissions that could directly result in short-term air quality impacts during project construction: 1) fugitive dust from vehicle movement and soil excavation; and 2) exhaust emissions from on-site construction equipment. The study states that the project may have potential long-term impacts due to indirect emissions associated with the project's electrical power and solid waste disposal requirements, but these are not expected to be significant. Nevertheless, the study states that emergency conservation design features and promoting conservation and recycling programs within the proposed development could further reduce any associated impacts and conserve the island's resources. 19. Water Quality: The Alenaio Stream is an intermittent stream that is the primary drainageway through the property. Alenaio is considered a tributary to the Wailoa River. During construction, best management practices will be used to minimize the potential for runoff into the stream area. According to the applicant, the project will not increase runoff into the Alenaio Stream drainageway and is not expected to adversely impact stream/downstream water quality. 20. Rainfall: Annual average rainfall in the area is approximately 130 inches. In 21. FIRM: The Alenaio Stream drainage channel is a designated floodway (Zone AE - areas inundated by a 100 -year flood, base flood elevations determined). A secondary drainageway in the middle portion of the property is designated Zone A (special flood hazard areas inundated by the 100 -year flood, but for which no base flood have been determined). The remainder of the property is designated Zone X (area outside of the 500 -year flood plain). 22. Groundwater: During construction, the applicant intends to utilize best management practices to minimize the potential for runoff into the stream area. According to the applicant, ".-the project will not increase runoff into the Alenaio Stream drainageway and is not expected to adversely impact stream/downstream water quality," and that "no adverse impact to groundwater is anticipated." 23. Wetlands: A preliminary investigation of potential wetlands was conducted by Geometrician Associates in June 2003. The investigation revealed that there are a few small pockets of wetlands on the property. The conclusion was that the wetlands are not large or widely distributed on the property. The most likely wetland areas are within or directly adjacent to the main channels of the Alenaio Stream and the large pond on the property. The study recommended that future wetland delineation focus on the large pond and several other smaller pothole water features scattered on the property. The study concluded that the most important wetland factor is the Alenaio Stream. Therefore, the study recommends that the stream channels be precisely mapped. Once the precise locations of the channels are known, the limited area of small wetlands directly adjacent to these channels can be efficiently delineated. The applicant states that whenever possible, wetland areas will be excluded from development or will be incorporated into the open space features. 24. Archaeological/Historical Resources: An archaeological inventory survey was conducted for the previous golf course project in 1991 by Paul H. Rosendahl, PhD. During the survey, two sites were identified. Site 14946 is a possible residential site and associated animal shed, which was assessed as significant solely for information content. No further work was recommended. The second -7- site, Site 14947, is a ditch system with one primary channel that remains partially intact. The primary channel is the Hilo Boarding School and Old Mission Ditch. The ditch is early historic and probably also prehistoric. The site was assessed as significant for information value, as an excellent example of a site type and culturally valuable. The report recommended further data collection followed by preservation with some level of interpretative development of a representative sample of the site. The report states that further data collection should more accurately characterize feature dimensions, construction techniques, and possible associated artifacts and features. An archaeological field inspection was conducted for the eight -acre commercially zoned property (TMK:2-2-37:1) in 2002 by Haun & Associates. This field survey identified 15 sites with 25 component features, including 19 mounds, a road, a low wall, a retaining wall, a terrace and two platforms. The report concluded that the sites were probably associated with historic plantation cultivation of sugar cane. No pre -contact sites or features were encountered. Haim and Associates recommended that an archaeological inventory survey be required prior to development of the property. According to Haun, the survey would likely collect sufficient information to support a recommendation of no further work or preservation for the sites within the eight -acre area. 25. Cultural Resources: A cultural historical study was done by Kumu Pono Associates in May 2003. The primary objective of the study was to provide a detailed overview of key facets of history in the Ponahawai-Punahoa vicinity. Kumu Pono Associates cited no cultural practices on the property in the report. PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES 26. Roadwaysffraffic: The primary access to the project site will be from a proposed mauka-makai road from the Mohouli Street Extension to Komohana Street. The roadway will be an extension of the existing Ponahawai Street to the east of the property. Komohana Street has a right-of-way width of 90 feet. The new Mohouli Street Extension has a right-of-way width that varies between 120 and 180 feet. A secondary road extending from Komohana Street on the southeastern side of the property and intersecting with the proposed mauka-makai Ponahawai Street Extension is proposed for construction. Another access is also planned from Wiliwili Street, which has an existing right-of-way width of 30 to 45 feet with a 20 -foot wide pavement close to the property. The pavement width of Wiliwili Street from Kaumana Drive is 16 feet. A Draft Traffic Impact Analysis Report (TIAR) was prepared for this project by The Traffic Management Consultant in June 2003. The TIAR recommended the following traffic improvements to provide access to the project site and to improve the traffic circulation in the area (see Applicant's Appendix J). a. Extend Ponahawai Street from Komohana Street to a stop -controlled T -intersection with Mohouli Street. b. Provide separate left -turn, through, and right -tum lanes on makai bound Ponahawai Street Extension at Komohana Street. C. Widen Komohana Street to provide exclusive left -turn and right -tum lanes to the Ponahawai Street Extension in the northbound and southbound directions, respectively. d. Modify the traffic signal system at the intersection of Ponahawai Street and Komohana Street to include the Ponahawai Street Extension. e. Provide separate left -turn and right -tum lanes on Ponahawai Street at Mohouli Street. f. Widen Mohouli Street at Ponahawai Street to provide an exclusive left -turn lane and a median shelter lane in the makai bound direction. g. Widen the mauka leg of Mohouli Street to provide a mauka bound auxiliary acceleration lane to mitigate the LOS Y" condition on right -turn movement from Ponahawai Street, during the PM peak hour with the proposed project. h. Widen the northwest bound approach of Mohouli Street to provide dual left -turn lanes to mauka bound Kaumana Drive. Widen the mauka leg of Kaumana Drive to provide an auxiliary merging lane in the mauka bound direction. j. Modify the traffic signal system to provide a protected left -turn phase on Mohouli Street. In k. Widen westbound Mohouli Street to provide dual left -tum lanes to southbound Komohana Street. 1. Modify the traffic signal system to provide a protected left -turn phase on westbound Mohouli Street. M. Signalize the intersection of Komohana Street and the South Project Access Road. n. Widen Komohana Street at the South Project Access Road to provide an exclusive left -tum lane in the northbound direction. o. Provide separate left -turn and right -turn lanes on the South Project Access Road at Komohana Street. p. Signalize the intersection of Komohana Street and Pun Honu Place/North Project Access Road. q. Widen Komohana Street at the North Project Access Road to provide an exclusive left -tum lane in the northbound direction. 27. Water: According to a telephone conversation with the staff of the Department of Water Supply, water can be made available to the property with the construction of certain improvements. 28. Wastewater: The property is located in close proximity to the County sewer line along Punahele Street. The State Department of Health stated that all wastewater generated from the project shall be disposed into the County sewer system. The County Department of Environmental Management recommends that "alternative solutions be proposed for connecting to existing sewer system." According to the applicant, the project is anticipated to generate approximately 90,000 gallons per day flow. The project is proposed to hook up to the existing County sewer line along Punahele Street. Proposed on-site improvements include a pump station at the base of the Ponahawai Street extension, with 8 -inch main sewer lines within the rights-of-way along Ponahawai Street and the South Project Access Road. Off-site improvements include an 8 -inch line along Komohana Street from the south boundary of the project area north to the intersection of Ponahawai Street and Komohana Street. A 4 -inch force main line will continue north along Komohana Street, which would then exit a manhole at the high point into a -10- gravity fed line to the Punahele Street line. 29. Solid Waste: The Hilo landfill is nearing full capacity. Upon closure of this landfill, the current plan is to haul the waste to the West Hawaii landfill site at Puuanahulu. 30. Drainage: The Alenaio Stream and a second drainageway referred to as North Alenaio Stream traverse the property in a mauka-makai direction. Both of these drainageways convey stormwater through the existing 120 -inch culvert under Komohana Street and toward the Hilo Bay. The applicant's proposal is to incorporate the Alenaio Stream drainage channel "...into the open space feature of the development and will be defined by grassed banks topped by pathways for recreational use to maintain a natural, aesthetically pleasing drainageway. The channel will be designed to accommodate the 100 -year flood flow of 7,000 cfs, without increasing off-site drainage or creating adverse downstream impacts." The North Alenaio Stream drainage system "...will be constructed to carry surface runoff from the existing residential development north of the site, including flows from the Omao Road channel. These flows will be directed into culverts or concrete lined channels crossing the subject property to the existing 120 -inch culvert crossing Komohana Street." The applicant further states that "all additional runoff created by the proposed development will be mitigated on site, as required by the County. The net increase in flow will be handled by infiltration basins, drywells, retention ponds, etc. prior to connection into the 120 -inch culvert. There will be no net increase in flow through the Komohana Street culvert." 31. Electrical and Telephone Services: Electricity and telephone services are available to the site. 32. Schools: The Hilo High School complex with its feeder schools will accommodate students from the project site. According to the applicant, the project's 600 residential units will generate approximately 270 additional elementary through high school students. The University of Hawaii at Hilo Campus is located approximately two miles south of the property. The university has a current enrollment of about 3,000 students with a projected growth to 5,000 -11- students over the next five to seven years. The applicant stated that "...the proposed residential units could provide convenient housing for university students, faculty and staff." 33. Police and Fire: Police and Fire stations are in close proximity to the property. 34. Parks: There are a number of active and passive public park and recreational facilities within a three-mile radius of the project site. AGENCIES' AND ORGANIZATIONS' COMMENTS 35. Police Department (September 30, 2003 Memo): "Staff has reviewed the application and has concerns regarding the increased vehicular traffic that will be generated by the project. Improvements being proposed in the plans should be considered, as they will help mitigate any foreseeable impact on traffic in the surrounding areas. "...we do have concerns on how this development may affect the Alenaio Stream flooding situation. All possible measures should be implemented to mitigate this concern." 36. Office of Housing and Community Development (September 24, 2003 Memo): "Housing conditions, pursuant to the requirements of Chapter 11, Article 1, Hawaii County Code, relating to Affordable Housing Policy, are applicable to the residential portions of this application." 37. Department of Public Works: (See Exhibit C - October 10, 2003 Memo) 38. Department of Environmental Management: (See Exhibit D - September 23, 2003 Memo) 39. Fire Department: (See Exhibit E - October 29, 2003 Memo) 40. Department of Parks & Recreation: (See Exhibit F - October 13, 2003 Letter.) 41. State Department of Health: (See Exhibit G - October 2, 2003 Memo) 42, State Department of Education: (See Exhibit H -October 9, 2003 Letter) 43. Department of Land and Natural Resources Historic Preservation Division: (See Exhibit I — November 15, 2003 Letter) 44. Department of Land and Natural Resources Land Division: (See Exhibit J - October 23, 2003 Letter) -12- 45. U.S. Army Engineer District: (See Exhibit K - October 21, 2003 Letter) 46. HELCO: (See Exhibit L - October 16, 2003 Letter) AGENCIES - NO WRITTEN RESPONSE 47. Department of Water Supply, Natural Resources Conservation Service PUBLIC COMMENTS 48. Ka Waena Lapa'au Association (Day-Lum Rentals): (See Exhibit M - August 8, 2003 Letter) 49. Sunriseridge Homeowners Association: (See Exhibit N- December 12, 2003 Letter) -13- PROJECT DISTRICTAPPLICATION COUNTY OF HAWAII 1103 1111+ 21 9M F SO PLANNING DEPARTMENT (Type or legibly print the requested information) PL�'�r; APPLI&I�t:' WESTERWIUNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY * APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE: ADDRESS: c/o White & To 820 Mililani Street, Suite 711 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER: N / A EXHIBIT TE: 6/30/2003 LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS: List of officers attached PHONE:(Bus.) (808) 547-5151 (Res.) (509) 981-2844 (Fax) (808) 599-4517 LANDOWNER(S): WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY -LANDOWNERSIGNATURE(S):� �Tro DATE: 6/30/2003 (May b etter) LANDOWNER(S)ADDRESS601 West 1st Ave., Dept. 160000, Spokane, WA 99201 REQUEST:Ag-la, CN401 RS7.5, RS10,OPTO Project District (Existing zoning) (Proposed Zoning) TAX MAP KEY: 2-3-44 19 2-3-49.53 2-3-37:01 STREET ADDRESS OF PROPERTY: ' NA SIZE OF PROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREA(S) TO BE REZONED: 171.5 acres AGENT: Virginia Goldstein A nnl7T7cc. P.O. Box 1116 Volcano, Hawaii 96785 TELEPHONE: (Bus.) 985-9405 (Res. Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent. Western United Life Assurance Co ORIGINAL: Virginia Goldstein COPIES: Attn: Mike Teramoto 'By: Mike Teramoto/Its: Attorney -in -Fact c/o White & Tom (Recorded Limited Power of Attorney 820 Mililani Street, Suite 711 attached) Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 (See Instructions on Reverse Side) UNIVERSITY TERRACE ATTACHMENT 2 — REQUEST In addition to the request to change the zone designations, this application also includes a request to change the alignment and function of the proposed Ponahawai Extension as shown on the City of Hilo Zone map. We propose a more northerly location to be specifically aligned upon determination of the Alenaio Stream Drainage channel location. We also request that Use Permit 85, allowing the development of an 18 -hole golf course and related improvements be withdrawn, as we will not be developing a golf course. NAME, ADDRESS AND OCCUPATION OF PRINCIPALS (WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY) FISCAL YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2002 Western United Life Assurance Company, a Washington corporation, was registered in Washington on June 11, 1963. Western United Life Assurance Company was given authority to transact business in Hawaii on August 16, 1991. The directors of Western United Life Assurance Company are: I. John Van Engelen 5. Robert Stephen Corker 2. C. Paul Sandifur, Jr. 6. Bradley M. Marten 3. Reuel Swanson 7. John Trimble 4. Iry Marcus 8. Gary D. Brajcich The officers of Western United Life Assurance Company are: 1. President: John Van Engelen 2. Vice President: C. Paul Sandifur, Jr. 3. Vice President: Dale Whitney 4. Vice President: Scott Cordell 5. Vice President: William Zehner 6. Vice President: Linda Mason 7. Vice President: David Luhn 8. Secretary: Reuel Swanson 9. Controller: David Luhn 10. Actuary: William Zehner 11. Assistant Vice President: Deanna Tucker 12. Assistant Secretary: Preston Ramsey, Jr. 13. Assistant Secretary: Dennis Whalen 14. Assistant Secretary: Robert Luby 15. Treasurer: Joseph Christensen 16. Assistant Secretary: Tom Carper 17. Assistant Vice President: Sandy Ekholm 18. Assistant Secretary: Phil Rowe 19. Assistant Secretary: Preston Ramsey, III 20. Assistant Secretary: Michael Brixey During the preceding five (5) year period, the addresses and principal occupations of the individuals identified above were: Name and Address Occupation(s) John Van Engelen President, Western United Life 4410 W. Excell Assurance Company Spokane, WA 99208 C. Paul Sandifur, Jr. Vice President, Western United Life 1224 W. Riverside Ave., Assurance Company #1103 Spokane, WA 99201 Reuel Swanson Secretary, Western United Life 12116 N. Morton Drive Assurance Company Spokane, WA 99218 Iry Marcus Director, Western United Life 2212 S. Blake Road Assurance Company Spokane, WA 99216 Dale Whitney Vice President, Western United Life 15717 NE 41st Street Assurance Company Vancouver, WA 98682 -2- Scott Cordell Vice President, Western United Life 12107 N. Morton Drive Assurance Company Spokane, WA 99218 Joseph Christensen Certified Public Accountant 17125 E. Daybreak Lane (prior to April 2001); Greenacres, WA 99016 Treasurer, Western United Life Assurance Company (April 2001 to present) David Luhn Controller, Western United Life 4309 N. Ella Road Assurance Company Spokane, WA 99212 William Zehner Vice President, Western United Life 20607 N. Market Road Assurance Company Colbert, WA 99005 Deanna Tucker Assistant Vice President, Western United 11613 E. 35th Life Assurance Company Spokane, WA 99206 Sandy Ekholm Assistant Vice President, Western United 10409 E. Grouse Mt. Lane Life Assurance Company Spokane, WA 99206 Linda Mason Vice President, Western United Life 4805 E. Buckeye Assurance Company Spokane, WA 99217 Preston Ramsey, Jr. Assistant Secretary, Western United Life E. 10018 Ferret Dr. Assurance Company Spokane, WA 99206 Preston Ramsey, III Assistant Secretary, Western United Life 315 S. Shoreline Dr. #3 Assurance Company Liberty Lake, WA 99019 Michael Brixey Assistant Secretary, Western United Life 5107 N. Hawthorne Assurance Company Spokane, WA 99205 -3- Robert Luby Assistant Secretary, Western United Life 6109 S. Moran Drive Assurance Company Spokane, WA 99223 Phil Rowe Assistant Secretary, Western United Life 312 S. Saint Charles Assurance Company Veradale, WA Eddie Schimpf Assistant Secretary, Western United Life 2918 W. Weile Avenue Assurance Company Spokane, WA 99208 Dennis Whalen Assistant Secretary, Western United Life 1217 N. Wright Blvd. Assurance Company Liberty Lake, WA 99019 Tom Carper Assistant Secretary, Western United Life 4614 W. Parkview Lane Assurance Company Spokane, WA 99205 The sole shareholder of all of Western United Life Assurance Company's stock is Metropolitan Mortgage & Securities Company, Inc., a Washington corporation. None of the officers or directors who are identified above are owners of any shares in and to Western United Life Assurance Company, nor do such officers or directors have any interest in and to the property which is subject of the subdivision registration herein. -4- ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT Universit Terrace MASTER PLANNED COMMUNITY AT PONAHAwAI, SOUTH HILO, HAWAII WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY METROPOLITAN MORTGAGE & SECURITIES, INC. Environmental Report Universit� Terrace MASTER PLANNED COMMUNITY AT PONAHAWAI, SOUTH HILO, HAWAII Prepared for: WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY METROPOLITAN MORTGAGE & SECURITIES, INC. Prepared by: KIMURA INTERNATIONAL July 2003 university Terrace, Fonahawai Environmental Report CONTENTS A. SUBJECT REQUEST..............................................................................................1 PROJECTSUMMARY.................................................................................................. 1 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION............................................................................................. 2 2. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES AND REASONS FOR THE REQUEST ............................... 9 3. TIMEFRAME............................................................................................................. 9 4. POTENTIAL PERMITS AND APPROVALS.................................................................. 10 B. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE/COUNTY PLANS.......................................11 1. STATE LAND USE................................................................................................... 11 2. GENERAL PLAN...................................................................................................... 11 a. Consistency with General Plan Goals and Policies ......................................... 11 b. Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map ......................................................... 14 3. ZONING..................................................................................................................14 4. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN........................................................................ 18 5. SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA............................................................................... 18 C. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA......................................................19 1. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS/ENvIRONMENTAL SETTING ..................................... 19 a. Description of Subject Property........................................................................ 19 b. Location............................................................................................................ 19 C. Climate..............................................................................................................19 d. Topography and Slope...................................................................................... 20 e. Lava Hazard Zone............................................................................................. 20 f. Soils...................................................................................................................20 g. Flood Insurance Rate Map............................................................................... 25 h. Drainage...........................................................................................................25 i. Air Quality........................................................................................................ 28 j. Noise................................................................................................................. 30 k. Water Quality.................................................................................................... 31 2. HISTORIC RESOURCES............................................................................................ 32 a. Archaeological..................................................................................................32 b. Cultural Resources............................................................................................ 34 3. NATURAL RESOURCES........................................................................................... 36 a. Botanical Resources.......................................................................................... 36 b. Terrestrial Fauna.............................................................................................. 39 4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS.................................................................... 41 a. Existing Conditions........................................................................................... 41 b. Economic Impact.............................................................................................. 44 university Terrace, Ponahawai Environmental Report 5. SURROUNDING LANDS........................................................................................... 45 a. Land Use........................................................................................................... 45 b. Zoning...............................................................................................................45 D. PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES............................................................. 47 1. ROADS AND TRAFFIC............................................................................................. 47 a. Access................................................................................................................47 b. Traffic Impact Analysis Report......................................................................... 48 2. WATER.................................................................................................................. 52 a. Existing Conditions........................................................................................... 52 b. Project Impacts and Mitigation........................................................................52 3. SEWAGE DISPOSAL................................................................................................ 53 a. Existing Conditions........................................................................................... 53 b. Project Impacts and Mitigation........................................................................ 53 4. SOLID WASTE........................................................................................................ 53 a. Existing Conditions........................................................................................... 53 b. Project Impacts and Mitigation........................................................................ 54 5. ELECTRICAL...........................................................................................................54 a. Existing Conditions........................................................................................... 54 b. Project Impacts and Mitigation........................................................................ 55 6. OTHER UTILITIES AND SERVICES........................................................................... 55 a. Telecommunications......................................................................................... 55 b. Gas.................................................................................................................... 55 7. POLICE AND FIRE PROTECTION.............................................................................. 55 a. Police................................................................................................................55 b. Fire....................................................................................................................56 8. SCHOOLS................................................................................................................56 9. PARKS....................................................................................................................57 E. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS .................................... 59 1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT TERM USES OF ENVIRONMENT AND MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY ........................... 59 2. MITIGATIVE MEASURES PROPOSED TO AVOID, MINIMIZE, RECTIFY OR REDUCE IMPACT.......................................................................................................................... 59 3. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ................................................ 60 4. IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF NATURAL RESOURCES THAT WOULD BE INVOLVED IF THE PROPOSED ACTION IS IMPLEMENTED ............................... 60 F. AGENCIES—COMMENTS..................................................................................63 G. REFERENCES........................................................................................................65 I university Terrace, Ponahawai Environmental Report Appendices A Preliminary Drainage Report for University Terrace Master Plan, Hilo, Island of Hawaii M & E Pacific. 24 June 2003. B Draft Air Quality Study for the Proposed University Terrace Project, South Hilo, Hawaii. B.D. Neal and Associates. July 2003. C Draft Environmental Noise Report, Ponahawai University Terrace, Hilo, Hawaii D.L. Adams & Associates, Ltd. June 2003. D Letter report Subject: Archaeological Field Inspection, Sure Save Parcel (TMK 3- 2-3-037:001) Haun & Associates. December 12, 2002. E He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai a me Punahoa ma Hilo, A Collection of Traditions and Historical Accounts for Ponahawai and Punahoa, District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii Kumu Pono Associates. May 2003. F Botanical Survey, TMK 2-3-44:19 and 53 Preliminary Investigation of Potential Wetlands at Ponahawai, Hilo Geometrician Associates, LLC. 2003. G A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species of the Ponahawai Mixed Use Planned Community Site, South Hilo District, Hawaii Rana Productions Ltd. June 2003. H Economic Impact Assessment, University Terrace Project, Hilo, Hawaii County SMS. June 2003. Draft Traffic Impact Analysis Report for the Proposed University Terrace The Traffic Management Consultant. June 2003 university Terrace, Ponakawai Environmental Report List of Figures 1 Location Map...........................................................................................................3 2 Tax Map...................................................................................................................4 3 Preliminary Concept Plan........................................................................................5 4 State Land Use.......................................................................................................12 5 General Plan..........................................................................................................15 6 Zoning....................................................................................................................16 7 Soils........................................................................................................................21 8 Land Study Bureau (LSB) Classification..............................................................23 9 ALISH....................................................................................................................24 10 Flood Insurance Rate Map.....................................................................................26 11 Traffic Study Intersections.....................................................................................50 List of Tables 1 Proposed Master Plan Uses......................................................................................7 2 Potential Permits and Approvals..............................................................................9 iv University Terrace, ronakawai Environmental Report A. SUBJECT REQUEST PROJECT SUMMARY Item Description Project Name University Terrace, Ponahawai 2-349:53 1.0 acres RS -10 Landowner Western United Life Assurance Company, a division of Metropolitan Mortgage and Securities, Inc. Existing Uses Unimproved and overgrown with thick vegetation and large, Address Inland side of Komohana Street, Ponahawai, South Hilo, Statement of Objectives and Reasons Hawaii Tax Map Key Third Division 2-3-44:19 2-3-49:53 2-3-37:01 Acreage and Zoning Parcel Area Zoning 2-3-44:19 162.5 acres A -la, RS -7.5, and Open 2-349:53 1.0 acres RS -10 2-3-37:01 8.0 acres CN40 and A -la 171.5 Existing Uses Unimproved and overgrown with thick vegetation and large, mature trees. Statement of Objectives and Reasons County Project District Application for the Request Proposed Project (proposed units, Single and multi -family residential (up to 600 units); up to timeframe, costs, parking, traffic 150 transient accommodation units; commercial impacts, on and off site infrastructure) (approximately 350,000 SF gross leasable area); and open space State Land Use Designation Urban Zoning Designations Single Family Residential, Commercial, Agricultural, Open Flood Insurance Rate Map Zone AE (areas inundated by 100 -year flood, base flood elevation determined), Zone A (areas inundated by 100 -year flood, no base flood elevation determined), Zone X (outside flood hazard zone). university Terrace, ronakawai Environmental Report Project Description The proposed University Terrace is a mixed-use community incorporating "new urbanism" design concepts, intended to promote a more livable and pedestrian friendly community. The plan includes single- and multi -family residential uses, commercial areas, and open space in the form of linear parks, pedestrian walkways and bicycle paths. The project is on a 171.5 -acre undeveloped site in Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii (Figure 1). The site is identified by TMK Third Division, 2-3-44:19; 2-3-49:53; and 2-3- 37:01 (Figure 2). This Environmental Report (ER) is being submitted as part of a Project District (PD) application to the County of Hawaii. A preliminary concept plan is shown in Figure 3. A Project District designation would allow flexibility in the mix and location of the various land uses, with the basic parameters of the conceptual plan. This Project District application and ER assume the following basic parameters: • Up to 600 (single and/or multi -family) residential units • Up to 150 transient accommodation units (for longer-term visitors, e.g., visiting researchers, and university faculty) • Up to 350,000 square feet of retail/commercial space • Open space south of and along the Alenaio Stream drainage channel The concept plan in Figure 3 shows retail commercial areas located near Komohana Street. Low density, pedestrian friendly retail and other office uses are envisioned. These include food, pharmaceuticals, and sundry stores, restaurants and other service type establishments. Office spaces could include medical, personal services, insurance, legal and other professional office spaces. Up to 150 transient accommodation units, targeted at long -stay guests, are also included in the areas designated Townhouse. The master plan will include up to 600 single family and/or multi -family residential units. Multi -family housing will be targeted at young professionals and college students due to the site's proximity to the University of Hawaii Hilo campus. Single family residential units will be located on the mauka portion of the site, closer to Mohouli Street. A portion of the residential units will be targeted at first time homebuyers (e.g., nurses, police officers, firefighters, teachers, etc.). The Alenaio Stream drainage way bisects the project site from Mohouli Street to Komohana Street. The plan proposes to improve the banks of the drainage way for use as a linear park with bicycle and pedestrian walkways. The southeastern side of the drainage way is designated for open space/active recreational uses. university Terrace, ronahaw Environmental Report 4D I* B 'l. O N' D A .K CT -ale& Pt 1 KaYl�lnalwl ° rE iclsnd � r , Mokupane Pt J- lilwOkati tl.Cocoanut Pt ,- - Qar0lt x'[ ,4GolR y WwtAonae Course a 14 Mooheau 5. k O Bayfront VRaGF1- ofHilo - �a 3 T — • n W FJ ,t Pam wy'F B7 • q. la Ha n? C� !r s _ .�-._. Y ~' fJr'1 C90 r � , la 42 1 1 r r4 • }rf� S0. 16 � A VA v • .iJf� t 1 1 44\ f� t Project Site -r 4`1 Ny TWO r L 41 v f �'. `V � _ - . - �� - '•�. a t ,� �, `.,e.7 - i - t it .v • ' -i' - a A �I � � A � 1 u e - � t 3a!' Court' _ 4 '�- l ,. Com;.• Source: USGS, DeLorme Maps 0 1000 2000 Figure 1 SCALE IN FEET a D N April 2003 Location Map 3 Source: County of Hawai'i o 250 500 Figure 2 . UNTax Man SCALE IN FEET June 2003 ■- 4 Univer-51t.9 Terrace, ronaka% Environmental Report 19.17 V Pa rce 9.962 acs I .,4e, Uluwai Street ;S -77 Ir in V "I �- I 07. 0 -SFD or -MF 8.1 acs 5 0 S 2.5 cs 4 ac 4, M 11 1 3 -A 2* 5.. s Punahele Street for . . ........ . siona acs 7 a I /�a� Ln (0 0 0 F'rce j I -N I I@ U\�' -1" acs iude Wk �A' N -'4 ink$ er e 23. r In 9 4 0 en acs Signalized Intersection I Acre 0 Four Way Stop 0200 400 800 A*. Vehicular Point of Entry Feet V'ABike/Ped Point of Entry July 2003 Bike/Ped Linkages PO/7ah ,�_- wa/ St Flood Hazard Areas a A .4.512 112 . . .... ------- 600000 Linear Park along banks of floodway UNIVERSi'TY TERRACE . PONAHALYAI 5 Figure 3 Master Plan university Terrace, Fonahawai Environmental Report The proposed circulation system includes a major arterial spine (Ponahawai Street Extension) extending from the intersection of Komohana Street and Ponahawai Street, through the project site to Mohouli Street. A secondary road extends from Komohana Street on the southeastern side of the property and intersects with the proposed Ponahawai arterial. As a traffic calming measure, the Ponahawai arterial will include multiple stop signed intersections to slow traffic moving along this corridor. The use of non -vehicular transportation will be encouraged through a network of bicycle and pedestrian walkways and trails. The linear park will provide continuous mauka-makai bike and pedestrian walkways connected to other bike and pedestrian paths through residential and commercial areas. New Urbanism design concepts will include residential neighborhoods with pedestrian scale blocks, multiple entry points, and pedestrian/bike networks that connect neighborhoods to other destinations within the community. The development will be designed to public safety standards. More detailed design and development standards will be defined in the final master plan. Table 1 below summarizes the various land uses, acreage and range of units, as illustrated in Figure 3. The table presents a range in the number of single and multi -family residential units that may be developed within the Project District. It is emphasized that the precise mix (i.e., single vs. multi -family) of the 600 residential units is intended to remain flexible at this time. Up to 150 transient accommodation units will be located in the areas designated for Townhouse. university Terrace, ronakawai Environmental Report Table 1: Pn)POsed Master Plan Uses A RANGE RANGE SF Residential MF Residential Number of units' Number of units Area Proposed Use Acres RS -10 RS -75 10 unksl 15 unitsi Townhse/ Commercial (10,000 (7,500 acre acre 15 unitsrac (gross SF lots) SF lots) leasable area in SF) 1 Single Family residential 5.0 17 23 2 Single Family residential 6.5 23 30 3 Townhouse (transient 5.9 59 80 accommodation units) 4 Townhouse (transient 2.5 35 accommodation units) 5 Single Family or Multi- 8.1 28 38 81 122 family residential 6 Townhouse (transient 2.4 35 accommodation units) 7 Multi -Family residential 9.4 94 141 (professional apartments) 8 Commercial 11.7 100,000 9 Commercial 23.4 250,000 10 Multi -Family residential 12.7 127 191 (student housing) 11 Single Family residential 16.0 56 74 12 Open 49.0 Other Open Space— 9.9 Gulches Roads and Misc. 9.0 TOTAL 171.5 124 165 361 542 150 350,000 *Range in number of units, based on differing lot size and density A University Terrace, ronahawai Environmental Report 2. Statement of Objectives and Reasons for the Request The objective of the project is to develop an urban residential community that is self- sustaining, pedestrian friendly, and in harmony with the natural environment. The development will include a mix of uses including residential uses of varying densities and structure types, and commercial areas in proximity to the residents, minimizing the need to travel outside of the community for goods and services. In addition to the main roadway spines, pedestrian and bikeways are planned to encourage less dependence on the automobile. The development is largely targeted towards the growing needs of the University of Hawaii at Hilo community. In addition, the site's proximity to nearby medical facilities will make it convenient for older residents. Natural topographic features of the project site, such as the Alenaio Stream drainage channel and the pu'u, present opportunities for open space, active and passive recreation, and scenic amenities. The development hopes to capture these features and advantages. The use of the Project District with its flexibility in location of uses and types of structures, in addition to accounting for open space set asides, is ideal for a project and site such as this. The Project District will also provide marketing flexibility over the length of the development period. Timeframe A ten-year project build out period was used for the market analysis, beginning in year 2005 and full build out in year 2014. The project will be phased, with the eastern section closest to Komohana Street built first. university Terrace, Ponailawai Environmental Report 4. Potential Permits and Approvals The following permits may be required as part of this project. Table 2: Potential Permits and Approvals Type Project District Application Agency County of Hawaii, Planning Department HRS Chapter 6E Historic Preservation Review Department of Land and Natural Resources, State Historic Preservation Division Section 404 Department of the Army permit U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (if stream channel or wetland areas are impacted) Stream Channel Alteration Permit State of Hawaii Department of Land and (if realignment or modification to the Alenaio Natural Resources, Commission on Water Stream Channel is required) Resource Management Section 401 Water Quality Certification State of Hawaii Department of Health, Section 404 permit required) Clean Water Branch National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System State of Hawaii Department of Health, (NPDES) permit Clean Water Branch Underground Injection Control (UIC) Permit State of Hawaii Department of Health, Safe (for construction Noise permit Letter of Map Revision (LOMAR) (f revisions to FEMA FIRM are required) Drinking Water Branch State of Hawaii Department of Health, Noise, Radiation, and Indoor Air Quality County of Hawaii Department of Public Works and National Flood Insurance Program/Federal Emergency Management Plan Approval County of Hawaii, Planning Department Consolidation-Resubdivision/Subdivision County of Hawaii, Planning Department Construction and grading permits County of Hawaii, Public Works Department 10 university Terrace, Ponakawai Environmental Reoort B. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE/COUNTY PLANS State Land Use All lands in the State have been classified in one of four land use districts (Urban, Rural, Agricultural, Conservation) by the State Land Use Commission, pursuant to Chapter 205, HRS. As shown in Figure 4, the entire project site is in the Urban District. 2. General Plan The General Plan for Hawaii County (November 1989) is a statement of development objectives, standards and principles for the long-range comprehensive physical development of the county. The General Plan is currently being revised, with the last draft dated December 2001. Until the updated General Plan is adopted by the County Council, the 1989 General Plan will continue to be the official guiding document, and is therefore discussed in this section. The 1989 General Plan identifies goals, policies and standards in the areas of the economy, energy, environmental quality, flood control and drainage, historic sites, natural beauty, natural resources and shoreline, housing, public facilities, public utilities, recreation, transportation and land use. a. Consistency with General Plan Goals and Policies The project is in conformance with the following General Plan goals and policies: Item A: Economic Goals: • Provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life. Policies: • The County of Hawaii shall continue to encourage the expansion of the research and development industry by working with and supporting the university... • The County shall identify and encourage primary industries that are consistent with the social, physical, and economic goals of the residents of the County. Source: State of Hawai'i Land Use Commission, State GIS 0 250 500 a�N SCALE IN FEET July 2003 12 Figure 4 State Land Use university Terrace, ronahawai Environmental ReDort Item D: Flood Control and Drainage Goals: • Conserve scenic and natural resources • Prevent damage to man-made improvements • Reduce surface water and sediment runoff Policies: • It is the responsibility of both the government and private sector to maintain and improve existing drainage systems and to construct new drainage facilities. Item E: Historic Sites Goals: • Protect and enhance the sties, buildings and objects of significant historical and cultural importance to Hawaii. Item H: Housing Goals: • Attain safe, sanitary and livable housing for the residents of the County of Hawaii. • Attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix throughout the different parts of the County • Maintain a housing supply which allows a variety of choice. • Develop better places to live in Hawaii County by creating viable communities with decent housing and suitable living environments for our people. • Seek sufficient production of new affordable rental and fee -simple housing in the County in a variety of sizes to satisfactorily accommodate the needs and desires of families and individuals. • ...encouragement and expansion of appropriate home ownership opportunities... Policies: The County shall encourage a volume of construction and rehabilitation of housing sufficient to meet growth needs and correct existing deficiencies. Increase rental opportunities and choices in terms of quality, cost, amenity, style and size of housing, especially for low and moderate income households. The County shall work with, encourage and support the private sector efforts in the provision of affordable housing. 13 university Tcrracc, ronakawai Environmental Report Item M: Land Use Goals: • Designate and allocate land uses in appropriate proportions and mix and in keeping with the social, cultural and physical environments of the County Policies: The County shall encourage the development and maintenance of communities meeting the needs of its residents in balance with the physical and social environment. b. Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map Figure 5 illustrates the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) map of the 1989 County of Hawaii General Plan. The LUPAG map indicates the general location of various land uses in relation to each other. It is broad and flexible, and intended to guide the direction and quality of future developments in a coordinated and rational manner. The LUPAG map designates two thirds of the project area for "Medium Density" development, with the southern -most portion of the site as "Urban Expansion Area." Medium Density areas are defined as "village and neighborhood commercial and residential related functions (3 -story commercial; residential—up to 35 units per acre). The Urban Expansion Area is defined as a "mix of high density, medium density, low density, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined " The proposed development will include low and medium density residential development, commercial use, and open space, which are consistent with these LUPAG designations. The Alenaio Stream drainage channel is overlaid on the LUPAG as a flood plain. No changes are being proposed to the LUPAG map in this area. This development is also consistent with the updated County General Plan and LUPAG, which are pending adoption by the Hawaii County Council. 3. Zoning Figure 6 illustrates the current County zoning designations for the project site. According to the County's zoning map, the majority of the site is zoned A-1 a, Agriculture, which in 1999 was redesignated to FA, Family Agricultural District. There are also small pockets zoned RS -7.5 and RS -10 Residential and CN -40 Neighborhood Commercial. The Alenaio Stream drainage, which crosses the southern portion of the site, is zoned Open. 14 university Terrace, ronahaw Environmental Report V Sources: Land Use Pattern Location Guide Map, 1989, County of Hawaii, Plannnig Dept.; Panel Overlay - Kimura International Figure 5 250 500 a DD N General Plan SCALE IN FEET July 2003 15 university Terrace, .ronaka Environmental Report • Source: County of Hawai'i, Planning Dept., 1999 o .250 500 Figure 6 UN DD N SCALE IN FEET July 2003 Zoning 16 (university Terrace, Ponahawai Environmental Report The zoning designations are described in the Hawaii County Code Chapter 25, Article 5 as follows. A-1 a, Agricultural District, minimum one acre: The agricultural (A) district provides for agricultural and very low density agriculturally -based residential use. Minimum building site area is one acre. Although still shown as "A-1 a" on the County zoning maps, the zoning code was revised in 1999 to designate a new "FA (Family Agricultural) district." The FA district provides for a blend of small-scale agricultural operations associated with residential activities. The FA district is intended to be in areas within the State land use agricultural district, where public services and infrastructure are appropriate to support the very low density residential needs of a rural community and where substantial number of parcels are less than five acres in size, and where a mix of uses will not conflict with or be detrimental to existing agricultural uses in the surrounding area. In addition, this district is intended to be primarily comprised of agricultural lands less than five acres in area, which are not classified as A or B lands under the land study bureau's master productivity rating, or classified as prime, unique, or other important agricultural lands. This district may include lands so classified if the lands are situated within an urban expansion or other urban designation under the general plan land use pattern allocation guide (LUPAG) map. RS -7.5, Single Family Residential, 7,500 SF lot size: The single family residential (RS) zoning district provides for lower or low and medium density residential use, for urban and suburban family life. The RS -7.5 district has a minimum building site area of 7,500 SF. RS -10, Single Family Residential, 10,000 SF lot size: Single family residential (RS) zoning district with a minimum building site area of 10,000 SF. CN -40, Neighborhood Commercial, 40,000 SF lot size: The neighborhood commercial (CN) district applies to strategically located centers suitable for commercial activities to supply goods and services to a residential or working population on a frequent need or convenience basis. This district is distinguished from a central commercial district that provides general business and broad services to a city or region. For CN -40 districts, minimum land area for each building site is 40,000 SF. Open: The O (open) district applies to areas that contribute to the general welfare, the full enjoyment, or the economic well-being of open land type use. Some uses permitted in this district include community buildings, natural features and vistas, historical areas and private recreation uses. 17 (Jniversity Terrace, ronakawai Environmental Report 4. Community Development Plan The Hilo Community Development Plan (CDP) or "Hilo Plan" was adopted in 1975 and provides the information to expand on the goals, policies and standards of the county as a whole and the courses of action for the South Hilo District developed by the General Plan. Although the intent of the community development plan was to provide a ten-year framework, the plan has not been revised since 1975. The proposed project is generally consistent with the land use recommendations of the Hilo Plan. The Hilo Plan divided the Hilo urban area into 25 planning areas. The project site is in Planning Area 22, Kaumana. The plan acknowledged the need for future residential expansion, and stated that "As the population of Hilo grows, there will be need for the allocation of more single-family residential lands." The Hilo Plan also stated, "The trend toward development of multi -family housing will continue in the future due to urban growth, mobile populations and the rising costs of land and improvements." The Hilo Plan identified considerations for determining future housing expansion areas including the locations of existing residential areas, location of other land uses (i.e., commercial, industrial and parks), and the presence of employment centers, schools and public facilities. The University Terrace project site meets these criteria for an appropriate housing expansion area, as it is surrounded by existing residential neighborhoods, and is in close proximity to the city center, employment areas and the University of Hawaii at Hilo. The Kaumana planning area was also identified as an area for future neighborhood commercial use, consistent with the proposed commercial areas. 5. Special Management Area The project is not within the County's Special Management Area, which is located near the waterfront, generally makai of Bayfront Highway. iD University Terrace, ronahawai Environmental Report C. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA Physical Characteristics/Environmental Setting a. Description of Subject Property The subject property is 171.5 acres in size, and is located along the inland side of Komohana Street, in the Ponahawai area of the City of Hilo. The property is undeveloped and overgrown. It is bounded by the Kaumana Gardens subdivision to the north, Komohana Street to the east, lava flow area to the south, and Mohouli Street to the west. The property is identified on State of Hawaii tax maps as Third Division, TMK 2-3- 44:19; 2-3-49:53; and 2-3-37:01. The property is owned by Western United Life Assurance Company, a division of Metropolitan Mortgage and Securities, Inc. b. Location The project site is located in the Ponahawai ahupua'a, South Hilo District, on the eastern or windward side of the Island of Hawaii. The site is surrounded by residential subdivisions and limited commercial development. Residential subdivisions in the area include Crescent City Heights, Kaumana Heights, Ainako, Komohana Heights, Sunrise Ridge and Sunrise Estates, Phase I. Landmarks in the vicinity include the Ka Waena Lapa'au Medical Center, Hilo Hospital, Hilo High School, and downtown Hilo. Access to the site on the east is via Komohana Street, while Mohouli Street provides access to the western portion of the property. C. Climate Climatic conditions in the South Hilo District are predominantly humid and tropical. Normal temperatures range from a daily maximum of 81.5 degrees Fahrenheit to the daily minimum of 66.4 degrees Fahrenheit. Normal relative humidity is 79 percent. Precipitation in Hilo is quite substantial, averaging about 130 inches per year, with monthly totals ranging from a high of 50 inches to a low of 0.13 inches. (Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, 2001). 19 university Terrace, Fonakawai Environmental Report d. Topography and Slope The site is between 410 and 240 feet above mean sea level on the slopes above Hilo Bay. The topography of the project site features an uneven terrain with a gentle to moderate upward slope in a southwesterly direction away from Komohana Street. A prominent topographic feature in the area is the intermittently flowing Alenaio Stream drainage, which extends from the easternmost comer of the project site and cuts generally through the south side of the project site. Another prominent feature are two small cinder cones (pu'u)—part of the Halai Hills—which are situated in the extreme northeast comer of the project site. The easternmost of the two pu'u has been extensively quarried for cinder and other construction rock, and has been nearly completely removed over the years. Both pu'u have been scarred by numerous haul roads and bulldozer cuts. e. Lava Hazard Zone The Island of Hawaii is divided into lava hazard zones ranked from 1 through 9 (with 1 being the most hazardous). The hazard ranking is based on the probability of coverage by lava flows. The Hilo area is in Hazard Zone 3, defined as "areas gradationally less hazardous than Zone 2 because of greater distance from recently active vents and/or because the topography makes it less likely that flows will cover these areas." The Hilo area is vulnerable to lava flows from Mauna Loa, nevertheless, its distance from the east rift vents warrants the Zone 3 rather than Zone 2 designation. f. Soils U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Report According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service (now known as the Natural Resource Conservation Service), the soil on the northern third of the project site is Hilo silty clay loam (0-10% slope). This soil represents the Hilo series of well -drained soils formed in volcanic ash layers. Soil on the remainder of the site is Keaukaha extremely rocky muck (6-20% slopes), representing the Keaukaha series of well -drained, thin organic soils overlying pahoehoe bedrock. These soil types are shown in Figure 7. 20 Source: Natural Resources Conservation Service Hawaii 0 250 soo Figure -7. a�NSOUS SCALE IN FEET July 2003 21 University Terrace, Ponahawai Environmental Report Land Study Bureau The University of Hawaii Land Study Bureau's (LSB) Detailed Land Classification (1972) classifies soils by land type in which classifications are provided for an overall crop productivity rating, with and without irrigation, and for selected crop productivity ratings for seven crops (i.e., pineapple, vegetables, sugarcane, forage, grazing, orchards and timber). LSB overall ratings for cultivated crop production range from A to E, with A being the best. As shown in Figure 8, the LSB classification of the project area is Class C (fair), D (poor) and E (very poor). Because these lands are already in the State "Urban" land use district, and have a fairly low LSB rating, their urbanization will not adversely impact the overall availability of high productivity agricultural lands. Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawaii (ALISH) Designation The Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawaii (ALISH) land classification system was developed by the State Department of Agriculture in 1977. The ALISH system identifies three broad classes of lands, including "Prime Agricultural Land," "Unique Agricultural Land," and "Other Important Agricultural Land." As shown in Figure 9, a portion of the site is designated Prime Agricultural Land. This area represents a little less than half of the project site. The remainder of the site is not considered prime, unique or other important agricultural land. The area was under sugar cane cultivation until about 1970 by C. Brewer and Company, when it was removed from cultivation. The site was subsequently sold and has since remained fallow. In the Hilo area, as in other parts of the State, diversified agriculture has provided an alternative to sugar cultivation. During the period from 1982 to 2001, diversified agriculture has increased by 4.8% annually, while sugar production has declined 3.75% annually. The growth of diversified agriculture has been a significant economic force on the Big Island. Although a portion of the site is considered prime agricultural land, its development will not have a significant impact on the local environment or economy. The project site is located in the State Urban District, and is designated for medium density development and urban expansion in the County General Plan. The site is surrounded by existing residential and commercial office uses. It is also in close proximity to shopping areas and the University of Hawaii at Hilo campus. As such, the site is more appropriate for urban expansion than agricultural use. Moreover, there are other areas in South Hilo and along the Hamalcua Coast with prime agricultural land that is being utilized for, and is more appropriate for diversified agriculture. 22 Source: University of Hawai'i Land Study Bureau, State GIS o 250 500 Figure 8 PA� N LSB Classification SCALE IN FEET July 2003 23 Source: Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawai'i (ALISH), State GIS 0 250 500 Figure 9 SCALE IN.FEET a D N July ALIS H 2003 24 university Terrace, Fonahawai Environmental Report g. Flood Insurance Rate Map Figure 10 shows the current Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designations for the site. According to the FIRM, the Alenaio Stream drainage channel is a designated floodway or Zone AE, areas inundated by a 100 -year flood, base flood elevations determined. There is a second drainageway north of Alenaio Stream that is in Zone A, special flood hazard areas inundated by the 100 -year flood, but for which no base flood elevations have been determined. According to the FIRM, the remainder of the site is not within a flood hazard area. h. Drainage Existing Conditions The flood hazard areas shown on the FEMA FIRM are the existing flood limits of record, and were recognized as the existing flood limits in the preliminary drainage report (M&E Pacific, 2003, see Appendix A). The Alenaio Stream drainage channel and the second drainageway, known as North Alenaio Stream, are designated on the FIRM maps. Alenaio Stream's 100 -year storm water flow was estimated in 1990 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to be 7,000 cubic feet per second (cfs). The 100 -year storm water flow within the North Alenaio Stream drainageway was estimated to be 400 efs (Keith Companies, 1992). Both these drainageways convey stormwater across Komohana Street to the east, toward Hilo Bay. At present, off site storm water generated mauka of the newly constructed Mohouli Street is directed through culverts into the Alenaio Stream drainage channel, and crosses the subject property. Additional run off from existing residential areas to the north enter the subject property through a concrete lined open channel nearby and parallel to Omao Road. Previous studies indicate that approximately 250 cfs flows from the Omao Road channel. The improved terminus of Alenaio Stream is located off-site, southeast of the intersection of Kilauea Avenue and Ponahawai Street approximately a mile downstream of the project area. It empties into the Waiolama Canal and was designed to overflow onto the adjacent open space being utilized as soccer fields. During periods of heavy rainfall, the runoff overflows onto the soccer fields. 25 univcrsity Tcrracc, I onahawai Environmental Report LEGEND 0 AREAS OUTSIDE THE 100 -YEAR AND 500 -YEAR FLOOD PLAIN 0 SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREAS INUNDATED BY THE 100 -YEAR FLOOD No base flood elevations determined "AE" County of Hawaii FLOODWAY Property Line Project Site nc- iource: Flood Insurance Rate Map, State County of Hawai'i, Dept. Public Works, March 2003 a 250 sao scnLN a D N July 2003 26 .W Figure 10 FIRM university Tcrrace, Ponakawai Environmental Report Proposed Drainage Improvements North Alenaio Stream Drainage A hydraulic analysis verified that the existing culvert capacity exceeded the 100 -year storm flow of 400 cfs. A storm drain system will be constructed to carry surface runoff from the existing residential development north of the site, including flows from the Omao Road channel. These flows will be directed into culverts or concrete lined channels crossing the subject property to the existing 120 -inch culvert crossing Komohana Street. All additional runoff created by the proposed development will be mitigated on site, as required by the County. The net increase in flow will be handled by infiltration basins, drywells, retention ponds, etc. prior to connection into the 120 -inch culvert. There will be no net increase in flow through the Komohana Street culvert. Alenaio Stream Drainage The Alenaio Stream drainage channel is being incorporated into the open space feature of the development, and will be defined by grassed banks topped by pathways for recreational use to maintain a natural, aesthetically pleasing drainage way. The channel will be designed to accommodate the 100 -year flood flow of 7,000 cfs, without increasing off-site drainage or creating adverse downstream impacts. County of Hawaii storm drainage standards require that unlined rock channels have a maximum velocity of 15 feet per second (fps). Although an unlined channel is preferred for aesthetic and environmental reasons, the preliminary analysis noted that channel lining or energy dissipating structures may be required in certain areas of the drainageway to reduce the flow velocity below 15 fps. On-site detention or retention areas may also be incorporated into the design to minimize off-site impacts. These issues will be investigated further during project design. An updated topographic survey will be conducted. Regulatory requirements for improvements to the Alenaio Stream drainageway may include, but are not be limited to: • Stream Channel Alteration Permit, State Department of Land and Natural Resources, Commission on Water Resource Management • Department of the Army Section 404 Permit, Army Corps of Engineers • Section 401 Water Quality Certification, State Department of Health, Clean Water Branch • Letter of Map Revision (LOMAR), County Department of Public Works and Federal Emergency Management Agency 27 (Aniversity Terrace, ronahawai Environmental Report Project Impacts and Mitigation Off Site There will be no impact to existing off-site drainage, both in terms of flow quantity and drainage patterns. There will be no downstream impact from the project. The Alenaio Stream channel will be designed to accommodate the 100 -year storm water flow of 7,000 cfs. Any increase in on-site flow from improved areas will be mitigated on site. The project will not result in an adverse flood impact on surrounding residences, the Kamehameha Avenue soccer fields at the terminus of the stream channel, or the downtown Hilo area. The project will not impact the existing drainage flow patterns in the area. On -Site The urbanization of the site will increase impermeable surfaces and increase on-site runoff compared to current conditions. Any additional run-off generated by the project will be disposed of by on-site drywells or seepage pits as required by County and State regulations. The drywells are proposed to be located within road rights of ways with sub - pavement culverts directing the run-off into the dry wells. Air Quality An air quality study was conducted for the project by B.D. Neal and Associates (Appendix B). Existing Conditions Overall, the present air quality in the project area is believed to be relatively good. Air quality in the project vicinity is mostly affected by emissions from motor vehicles, industry and natural sources. Perhaps the dominant factor for the past several years has been volcanic emissions from Kilauea Volcano, although the prevailing winds carry emissions away from the Hilo area much of the time. Most of these emissions occur as sulfur dioxide and then convert into particulate sulfate, which causes a volcanic haze (vog) during kona (southerly) wind conditions. National and State ambient air quality standards (AAQS) have been established for particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone and lead. The State also has a standard for hydrogen sulfide. The Hawaii standards are generally more stringent than the comparable national AAQS. The State Department of Health operates a network of air quality monitoring stations, but only very limited data are available for Hawaii County. The limited data indicates that concentrations in the project area are within State and national air quality standards. 28 university Terrace, ronakawai Environmental Report Project Impacts and Mitigation Short -Term Project construction could have short-term direct and indirect impacts on air quality. Potential air pollution sources include 1) fugitive dust from vehicle movement and soil excavation; and 2) exhaust emissions from on-site construction equipment. Indirectly, there could also be short-term impacts from slow-moving construction equipment traveling to and from the project sites, from a temporary increase in local traffic due to construction, and the disruption of normal traffic flow caused buy lane closures of adjacent roadways. There may be fugitive dust from grading and dirt moving activities during site clearing and preparation. Adequate fugitive dust control can be accomplished by frequent watering of bare dirt surfaces. In dust -prone or dust sensitive areas (e.g., near existing residential areas), control measures such as limiting the area that can be disturbed at any given time, applying chemical soil stabilizers, mulching and/or wind screens may be necessary. Control regulations stipulate that open -bodied trucks be covered at all times when in motion if they are transporting materials that can be blown away. Road cleaning or tire washing can minimize trucks tracking dirt onto paved streets from unpaved areas. Paving of parking areas and/or establishment of landscaping as early as possible can also lower the potential for fugitive dust. Monitoring dust at the project property line could be considered to quantify and document the effectiveness of dust control measures. On-site mobile and stationary construction equipment will also emit air pollutants from engine exhausts. Nitrogen oxide emission from diesel engines can be relatively high compared to gasoline -powered equipment, but no violation of air quality standards is anticipated. Project construction can obstruct normal traffic flow and temporarily increase vehicular emissions in the area. Roadways will be kept open during peak traffic hours and heavy construction equipment and workers will be moved during periods of low traffic volume. Overall, most potential short -tern air quality impacts from project construction can be mitigated. Long -Term After the project is completed, there will be increase motor vehicle traffic in the project area, potentially causing long-term impacts on ambient air quality. An air quality modeling study was undertaken to estimate current and future levels of carbon monoxide at various intersections, both with and without the project. During worst case conditions, the model indicates that present 1 -hour and 8 -hour carbon monoxide concentrations will meet both State and federal standards. In the year 2014 without the project, carbon 29 university Terrace, ronahawai Environmental Report monoxide concentrations were predicted to decrease, even though traffic volumes are forecasted to increase. This is because newer vehicles in the future will emit less pollution. With the project in year 2014, carbon monoxide concentrations were estimated to increase by about 20 to 30 percent at the intersections compared to the without project condition. However, concentrations would still be lower than the existing condition. With or without the project, worst-case concentrations should remain within both national and State standards. The air quality study concluded that due to the project's small impact, mitigation measures for traffic -related air quality impacts are probably unnecessary and unwarranted. The project may also have potential long-term air quality impacts due to indirect emissions associated with the project's electrical power and solid waste disposal requirements. These are not expected to be significant. Nevertheless, emergency conservation design features and promoting conservation and recycling programs within the proposed development could further reduce any associated impacts and conserve the island's resources. I Noise An Environmental Noise Report was completed in June 2003 by D.L. Adams Associates, Ltd. (Appendix Q. Existing Conditions The project area and vicinity are currently exposed to daytime ambient noise levels of 45 to 70 dBA (A -weighted decibels), with the dominant noise sources being traffic. Other noise sources include wind, birds, and both small and large aircraft. State Department of Health Community Noise Control standards vary by land use and time of day. The Class A zoning district (residential, conservation, preservation) standard is 55 dBA during the day and 45 dBA at night. Class B zoning districts (multi- family residential, apartment, business, commercial, hotel) noise standards range from 60 dBA during the day to 50 dBA at night. Project Impacts and Mitigation Short -Term Project construction will involve excavation, grading and construction of new buildings and infrastructure, and will generate construction -period noise. The dominant noise source during construction will probably be earth -moving equipment, such as bulldozers and diesel powered trucks, assuming pile driving equipment will not be required. 30 university Terrace, ronahawai Environmental Report Surrounding residential properties may be impacted by construction noise due to their proximity. Noise from construction activities should be short-term. Construction will be limited to normal working hours and will comply with State Department of Health regulations. Long -Term The project has a potential to generate traffic noise. Predicted traffic noise level increase due to the project for the year 2014 along local roadways in the vicinity were determined to be less than 1.9 dB, which is below the threshold of perceptible change in noise level for most people. This increase is not considered significant. In order to minimize potential traffic noise impact on the project, setbacks from Komohana Street and Mohouli Street should be incorporated if residential housing is to be located in these areas. A 70 -foot wide setback from Komohana Street and a 90 -foot wide setback from Mohouli Street are required for residential development, to meet federal and State design goals and regulations. Unless residential structures are constructed closer than 70 feet from Komohana Street and 90 feet from Mohouli Street, no further traffic noise mitigation will be necessary. If single or multi -family residences are placed within the setback areas, fixed windows and air conditioning should be provided for these homes. Noise from on-site equipment such as pumps, air -handling units, compressors and condensing units will be addressed during the project design phase. Noise at the property line from on-site equipment will meet the State's maximum permissible sound limits for daytime and nighttime hours, based on applicable zoning district class as determined by the primary land use designation. If on-site equipment noise exceeds this limit, mitigation in the form of barriers, enclosures, silencers, etc. should be included in the design. k. Water Quality Existing Conditions Surface Water The Alenaio Stream is an intermittent stream that is the primary drainageway through the project site. According to the Hawaii Stream Assessment (Commission on Water Resource Management, 1990), Alenaio Stream is considered a tributary to the Wailoa River. It flows into Hilo Bay via the Waiolama Canal and Wailoa River. Groundwater The Department of Health regulates activities that affect the quality of groundwater resources under HAR Title 11, Chapter 23 Underground Injection Control. The purpose 31 university Terrace, ronahawai Environmental Report of this chapter is to establish a state underground injection control (UIC) program in order to protect the quality of the state's underground sources of drinking water (USDW) from pollution by subsurface disposal of fluids. The DOH has established an Underground Injection Control (UIC) line. Areas makai of the UIC line are considered exempt aquifers. In areas mauka of the UIC line, conditions are specified to govern the location, construction and operation of injection wells so that injected fluids do not migrate and pollute USDW. The project site is located within the State's USDW area, and therefore any proposed injection wells are subject to DOH approval and regulation. Project Impact and Mitigation During construction, best management practices will be used to minimize the potential for runoff into the stream area. The project will not increase runoff into the Alenaio Stream drainageway and is not expected to adversely impact stream/downstream water quality. No adverse impact to groundwater is anticipated. The project will be connected to the municipal sewer system. The urbanization of the site will increase impervious surface areas and on-site stormwater runoff. The additional on-site runoff will be disposed of by on-site drywells or seepage pits as required by the County. Because the project site is located mauka of the UIC line, the construction of drywells to accommodate stormwater runoff will require a UIC permit. However, because the project is limited to residential, commercial and recreational areas, the potential for contaminants in the runoff is lower than with industrial or light industrial uses. Potential contaminants in on-site runoff are associated with landscape and maintenance activities. These can be mitigated by minimizing clearing of natural areas, maintaining a naturally vegetated buffer area around the Alenaio Stream channel, and relying on mechanical, rather than chemical means of landscape maintenance. The construction of the drywells will comply with all Hawaii County and State regulations and standards. An Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit will be required from the State Department of Health Safe Drinking Water Branch. 2. Historic Resources a. Archaeological 1991 Archaeological Inventory Survey An archaeological inventory survey for the majority of the site (TMK 2-3-3-44:09) was done for a previous golf course proposal and associated Use Permit application. The inventory survey covered approximately 222 acres, including some lands not within the current project area. The survey report (Paul H. Rosendahl, PhD, Inc., February 199 1) noted evidence of prehistoric activity in the project area in the form of remnant section of 32 University Terrace, ronahawai Environmental Report the Hilo Boarding School and Old Mission Ditch, which is identified on historic maps. Evidence of possible historic use and occupation was observed at a second location within the project area, and consists of the remains of a possible small residence first identified in 1982. The study notes that the project area was extensively cultivated for sugarcane production. During the survey, two sites (SIHP Sites 14946 and 14947) were identified. Site 14946 is a possible former residential site and associated animal shed. In the 1991 survey report, it was assessed as significant solely for information content. No further work was recommended. Site 14947 is a ditch system ('auwai) with one primary channel that remains partially intact. The primary channel is the Hilo Boarding School and Old Mission Ditch. The ditch is early historic and probably also prehistoric. This site was assessed as significant for information value, as an excellent example of a site type and culturally valuable. The PHRI survey report recommended further data collection followed by preservation with some level of interpretive development of a representative sample of the site. Further data collection should more accurately characterize feature dimensions, construction techniques, and possible associated artifacts and features. 2002 Archaeological Field Inspection of Sure Save Parcel The 1991 PHRI archeological inventory survey did not include an eight -acre parcel along Komohana Street known as the "Sure Save parcel' (TMK 2-2-037:001). A separate archaeological field inspection of this parcel was conducted in 2002 by Haun & Associates. A letter report of the findings is included in Appendix D. The survey identified 15 sites with 25 component features, including 19 mounds, a road, a low wall, a retaining wall, a terrace and two platforms. Haun & Associates note that the sites are probably associated with historic plantation cultivation of sugarcane. No pre - contact sites or features were encountered, and it is unlikely that such sites, if formerly present, would have survived historic modification of the parcel. Based on the results of the inspection, Haun & Associates recommend that an archaeological inventory survey be conducted prior to development of the parcel. The survey would likely collect sufficient information to support a recommendation of no further work or preservation for the sites. An archaeological inventory survey of this eight -acre parcel will be conducted, and the findings submitted to the DLNR-SHPD. 33 University Terrace, Ponahawai Environmental Report Project Impacts and Mitigation In an April 2, 1991 letter to the Hawaii County Planning Director, the Department of Land and Natural Resources State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) stated that the formerly proposed (golf course) project will have "no adverse effect' on the significant site, if combined preservation and archaeological data recovery mitigation occurs. The letter stated that "representative portions of the historic ditch should be preserved with an appropriate buffer zone, and some degree of interpretation should be planned if the ditch is in an appropriate location. Additional data on the ditch should be collected. " At that time, the SHPD recommended that the following be made conditions to any approved use permit: 1. A mitigation plan which includes data recovery and preservation components shall be prepared to treat the one significant site. This plan must be approved by the State Historic Preservation Division and the County Planning Department, before it is implemented. The plan must also be implemented before a grading and grubbing permit is issued. 2. During ground disturbing activities, if any historic remains are uncovered on the surface or in buried deposits, the State Historic Preservation Division should be contacted immediately to assess the situation and determine if further work is needed. This is particularly important because dense vegetation covers much of the property and there is a possibility that some unidentified historic remains are present. The SHPD will be consulted regarding the current University Terrace mixed use development. The 1991 recommendations for the site will be reconfirmed, and all SHPD recommendations and conditions will be complied with. A mitigation plan including data recovery and preservation components will be prepared and submitted for approval by the SHPD. Should any unanticipated archaeological sites or feature be uncovered during construction, work within the affected area will cease immediately and the SHPD notified. b. Cultural Resources A cultural historical study for the area, entitled "He Wahi Mo,olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo, A Collection of Traditions and Historical Accounts for Ponahawai and Punahoa, District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii " was conducted by Kumu Pono Associates (May 2003). The primary objective of this study was to provide a detailed overview of key facets of history in the Ponahawai-Punahoa vicinity. The research was conducted through review of both published and manuscript accounts in English and Hawaiian for the 34 university Terrace, Fonakawai Env onmental Report immediate study area and neighboring lands. Research was conducted in both private and public collections. The cultural historical study, included as Appendix E, included traditional and historical accounts of the ahupua'a of Ponahawai and Punahoa. Ponahawai and Punahoa are two of the five traditional ahupua'a that make up the region known as Hilo One. Both ahupua'a were noted for their natural resources, including offshore fisheries, fishponds and estuarine systems, streams and springs. The area's fertile agricultural land supported a wide range of crops such as taro, breadfruit, bananas and sweet potatoes. Mountain resources in the area included birds, plants and timber. The cultural historical study first presents an overview of the cultural historical landscape of the area known as Hilo One, the region of the Hilo District extending from Wailuku River to Waiakea. This section includes a discussion of Hawaiian settlement, population expansion and land management practices. The report notes that by the middle 1800's, land use in Ponahawai-Punahoa and the larger Hilo Town vicinity dramatically changed from its traditional subsistence system. Much of the area was planted in sugar cane and was part of a plantation system that extended across most of east Hawaii. Plantation activities on the land continued through about 1970. This agriculture activity significantly altered much of the landscape in Ponahawai and Punahoa, including the study area. The next section of the report covers native traditions and historical accounts, or mo'olelo. These historical accounts span several centuries, and are organized chronologically. According to native legend, Ponahawai was named for a chiefess, the sister of Kukuau. The goddess Hina and her daughters lived on the lands surrounding the hills on Punahoa and Ponahawai. This section of the report also includes a discussion on the series of three pu'u or volcanic cones in the area. Hala'i (the first hill) is located just makai of and outside the study area. Pu'u Honu, the third hill in this series, is further mauka. There is some uncertainty regarding the name of the second or middle pu'u, which is located between Hala'i and Pu'u Honu. The name of this middle pu'u is referenced in various historical accounts as "'Ope'ape'a," " Pu'u o Kamali"' or "Pu'u Ali'i." This middle hill is believed to be situated just mauka of Komohana Street, and is the pu'u that was mined by C. Brewer prior to 1970. Both this middle pu'u and Pu'u Honu, the mauka-most pu'u, are situated within the project area. The cultural historical study also provides observations of non -Hawaiian visitors and residents, and accounts for the construction and use of the historic irrigation channel, the transformation of the area to sugar cultivation, and a chronology of lava flows from Mauna Loa during the nineteenth century. The last two sections of the report provide a detailed discussion of land tenure in Ponahawai and Punahoa. 35 (university Terrace, Ponakawai Environmental Report 3. Natural Resources a. Botanical Resources Existing Conditions A botanical survey of the project site was conducted in April 2003 by Geometrician Associates, LLC. A copy of that study is included as Appendix F. The objectives of the survey were to 1) describe the vegetation; 2) list all species encountered; and 3) identify threatened and endangered plant species. The area was surveyed in March 2003. No rare, threatened or endangered plant species were present, and no unique or valuable wildlife habitats found. No existing or proposed federally designated critical habitat was present. The study notes that the original vegetation of the general area was lowland rainforest. However, the area has a history of agricultural use. The 1881 lava flow, which covers the southem portion of the project site, "reset the clock" for both geology and vegetation in the area it covered. Land that may have been converted to gardens and groves returned to the primal state dominated by native `ohi`a trees and uluhe fem. In historical times, sugar cane cultivation, grazing, a homestead -type farm, and agricultural processing all appear to have taken place on the property. However, there appears to have been little active farming for several decades. The current vegetation consists of alien trees, shrubs, vines, grasses and herbs. A botanical survey was conducted for the property in 1990 (Gerrish, 1990) as part of a previous golf course proposal. That study identified three basic vegetation types, which were confirmed by the 2003 survey. The 2003 study identified seven basic vegetation types: Vegetation Type 1: Areas associated with 1881 lava flow, dominated by short to medium stature `ohi`a trees with an understory dominated by the uluhe fem. The same alien trees described by Gerrish are present and are becoming more widespread. In the understory, alien grasses such as broomsedge and molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora) are present. Vegetation Type 2: This vegetation type is dominated by large Albizia moluccana that form a closed canopy forest. The understory is a mixture of patches of thimbleberry (Rubus rosifolius), the melastome (Pterolepis glomerata), warabi fem (Diplazium esculentum), and California grass. The fringe or margins of this forest type is dominated by California grass. This vegetation type is found on and near the cinder cones mauka of Komohana Street near the northwest end of the property. KZ university Terrace, ronakawai Environmental Report • Vegetation Type 3: There are several areas within and near the areas covered by Vegetation Type 2 that are covered densely by stands of a short ornamental bamboo. Little other understory growth is present. • Vegetation Type 4: An area between Liko Lehua Street and the Mohouli Extension is covered by a dense stand of Alexander palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae). The stand of palms forms a closed canopy forest with very little understory growth. • Vegetation Type 5: Several stands of rose apple (Syzygium jambos ) appear to be associated with low areas where water intermittently flows. The Syzygium form a dense canopy cover and the understory is poorly developed. • Vegetation type 6: Numerous stands of waiawi (Psidium cattleianum) are scattered throughout the property; as with Types 3-5, this plant dominates the canopy layer and the understory is poorly developed. • Vegetation type 7: Numerous open, grassy areas are scattered throughout the site. California grass, Wainaku grass, and broomsedge are the dominant plants, depending on location. A list of all plant species found during the survey is in Appendix F. Wetlands The April 2003 botanical survey did not include wetland identification or delineation. However, the study noted that wetlands are likely present on the property, mostly in association with small lakes and ponds created during the filling of former quarries. The study noted that wetlands may also be present in drainages that are tributary to the Alenaio Stream Channel, and that wetland indicator species of plants were present. As a result, a preliminary investigation of potential wetlands was conducted as a follow- up study (Geometrician Associates, June 2003). This study is also included in Appendix F. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetland Inventory maps series does not depict any wetlands within one mile of the site. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) regulates wetlands that meet specific criteria related to 1) hydrology, 2) hydrophytic vegetation, and 3) hydric soils. All three criteria must be met in order for an area to be defined as a jurisdictional wetland regulated by the USACE. Formal wetland delineation is conducted in accordance with the USACE Wetlands Delineation Manual and can be a substantial undertaking. To date, no jurisdictional wetlands, as defined by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, have been delineated or designated on the property. The purpose of the June 2003 investigation was to provide preliminary information on what areas are most likely to be jurisdictional wetlands, i.e., meeting all three USACE 37 university Terrace, Ponahawai Environmental Report wetland criteria. The study looked for hydric soils in the areas of the property with the most hydrophytic vegetation and at least some possibility of periodic inundation. Focusing in on the areas that appear to meet all three wetland criteria can help determine whether wetlands are likely to be widespread on the property, and provide guidance on the scale of effort that might be required for a full wetlands delineation and determination. The preliminary study involved soil investigations at several types of areas: In moist basins near the Alenaio Stream channel that have hydrophytic vegetation but no indisputable hydrological indicators; Surrounding a pond near which hydrophytic vegetation is present and a local water table clearly exists; The area planned for the most intense development, just mauka of Ponahawai Street. Soil samples were taken at eleven sites. The location of the sites are shown in Appendix F. Hydric soil was found at only three of the eleven sample sites. The study noted that for this site, the prevalence of wetland indicator (plant) species is not a reliable indicator of wetlands. Instead, it is probably related to the constant high rainfall in an open canopy forest where evaporation is reduced and humidity and soil moisture remain high. The preliminary wetland analysis notes it is likely that at least a few small pockets of wetlands are present on the property. However, based on the limited distribution of wetland soils, it appears that wetlands are not large or widely distributed on the property. The most likely wetland areas are within or directly adjacent to the main channels of the Alenaio Stream and immediately surrounding the pond. Other low areas, despite the prevalence of wetland plants, are unlikely to contain wetlands. The study recommended that future wetland delineation focus on the large pond and several other smaller "pothole" water features scattered on the property. Other than these, the most important wetland factor is the Alenaio Stream. Therefore, the study recommends that the stream channels be precisely mapped, either separately or as part of detailed topographic survey. This would streamline wetlands determination and delineation. Once the precise locations of the channels are known, the limited area of small wetlands directly adjacent to these channels can be efficiently delineated. Project Impacts and Mitigation The project will not impact threatened or endangered plant species or native plant species or habitat. Because a formal wetland delineation has not been completed, specific impacts on wetland areas, if any, are unknown. Prior to development, the Alenaio Stream channels will be mapped, and wetland areas adjacent to the channels and the existing ponds will be delineated in accordance with the USACE criteria. It is likely that most, if W University Terrace, Ponahawai EnAronmental Report not all of the wetland pockets are within the existing Alenaio Stream flood hazard area, which will remain undeveloped. Therefore, the presence of wetlands is not expected to have a significant impact on the proposed master plan or the availability of developable areas. Whenever possible, wetland areas will be excluded from development or incorporated into the open space features. If the Alenaio Stream is realigned, some wetland areas may be impacted. Should fill activity be proposed in any jurisdictional wetland, a Department of the Army Section 404 permit will be obtained from the USACE. b. Terrestrial Fauna An ornithological and mammalian survey of the site was conducted in June 2003 by Rana Productions Ltd. (Appendix G). The primary purpose of the survey was to determine if there were any federally listed endangered, threatened, proposed or candidate avian or mammalian species on, or in the immediate vicinity of the project site. A one-time survey cannot provide a total picture of a wildlife utilizing any given area. However, the findings of the mammalian survey are consistent with the results of other surveys within the lowland areas of South Hilo in the recent past. Existing Conditions Mammalian Survey The survey of mammals was limited to visual and auditory detection, and by searching for animal tracks and signs. No trapping program was undertaken to quantify the presence of mammalian species. With the exception of the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, or 'ope'ape'a, all terrestrial mammals currently found on the island of Hawaii are alien species. Three mammalian species were detected on site. Numerous domestic dogs (Canis f. familiaris) were heard barking from subdivisions to the north and west of the site, and both dog and cat (Fells catus) sign and scat were encountered within the site. A total of nine pigs (Sus scrofa) were seen during this survey, as well as numerous pig trails, wallows, beds and other disturbance. Although no rodents were detected during the survey, it is likely that roof rats (Rattus r. rattus), Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), European house mice (Mus domesticus) and possibly Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans hawaiiensis) use various resources within the project site. However, without conducting a trapping program, it is difficult to assess their population densities. 39 (Aniversity Terrace, Ponakawai Environmental Report The endangered Hawaiian hoary bat was not detected. Although no Hawaiian hoary bats were recorded during the survey, it is likely that bats do use resources within the site. Bats are regularly seen in and around Hilo, as well as along the coastline from Puna to North Hilo. Avian Survey The survey of avian species included fifteen count stations along two parallel linear transects within the project site. Counts were concentrated in the early morning hours, traditionally the peak of daily bird activity, and an additional two hours on two evenings. Time was also spent searching the site and surrounding area of species and habitats not detected during count sessions. Eight avian species representing six separate families were recorded during station counts. The species include the Spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis), Zebra dove (Geopelia striata), Hwamei (Garrulax canorus), Red -billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea), Japanese white -eye (Zosterops japonicus), Common myna (Acridotheres tristis), House finch (Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis), and Northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). All species recorded are alien to Hawaii. No threatened or endangered species were recorded within the site. Avian diversity and densities were low. One species, Japanese white eye, accounted for 50% of the total number of all birds recorded during station counts. An average of 29 birds were recorded per station count. Project Impacts and Mitigation The eight avian species detected are species that one would expect within disturbed, alien -species dominated lowland areas of South Hilo. Although none were observed, the study noted the possibility that small numbers of the endangered endemic Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis) and the threatened Newell's Shearwater (pufnus auricularis newelli) overfly the project site between May and October. The primary causes of mortality in both these species are predation by alien mammalian species and collision with man-made structures. Nocturnally flying seabirds, especially fledglings on their way to sea, can become disoriented by exterior lighting, resulting in collisions with man-made structures. There is no habitat within the site suitable as nesting habitat for either of these listed seabird species. The project's primary potential impact on the Hawaiian Petrel and Newell's Shearwater is the increased threat that birds will be downed after becoming disoriented by exterior lighting at the proposed development. Although not detected during the survey, it is also likely that the endangered Hawaiian Hawk (Buteo solitarius) forages over portions of the site, at least occasionally. This endemic species is readily seen in and around Hilo. A potential impact of this project on Hawaiian Hawks would be if a tree containing a hawk nest was proposed for removal. 40 University Terrace, Fonahawai Environmental Report Given that large 'ohi'a trees are the usual preferred nesting trees, this scenario is unlikely, though still possible. Recommendations The faunal study had the following recommendations to mitigate potential project impact: 1. External lighting within the development should be shielded to reduce the potential for interactions between nocturnally flying seabirds with lights and man- made structures. This recommendation also complies with the County of Hawaii's current policy recommending the shielding of exterior lights to lower ambient glare to the Mauna Kea observatories. 2. An audio playback survey should be conducted immediately prior to initiating clearing activities to ensure that the clearing of site vegetation will not impact nesting Hawaiian Hawks. Ideally, these surveys should be conducted in either late January -February, prior to the onset of the nesting season, or during June -July when the adults will have chicks in the nest. 4. Socio -Economic Characteristics a. Existing Conditions Demographic Characteristics According to the 2000 U.S. Census, the Hilo Census Designated Place (CDP) had a population of 40,759 individuals. The Hilo CDP covers roughly the greater Hilo area. The population of the Hilo CDP is a relatively stable and homogeneous group. The population is relatively young, with a median age of 38.6 years. The work force is relatively well educated, with 85.9% having a high school diploma and 24.3% with a bachelor's degree or higher. Of the population 18 years of age or older (32,054), 58.8% are in the labor force (18,848). The largest segment of the work force is employed in education, health and social services at 25.7% (4,306), twice the size of the next group in the retail trade at 12.7% (2,13 1). The private sector employs 62.1% (10,416) of the workforce, with government employees comprising 29.2% (4,904). Median annual household income in the CDP is $39,189. Population growth was calculated by projecting 2000 population figure by the rate of growth anticipated for the County over the successive five-year periods from 2000 to 2015. The population of the Hilo CDP was projected to increase by approximately 16 percent between 2000 and 2015 (Avalon Development & Consulting, 2003). This increase is slightly higher than the 13% projected for Hawaii County and the State of Hawaii over the same period. 41 university Terrace, Fonahawai Environmental Report The 2000 census also tallied 16,026 housing units in the Hilo CDP, comprised of 13,829 single family residences, 1,402 condominium units, 804 rental apartments and 311 units devoted to student housing. Regional Assessment Historically, the South Hilo District and the City of Hilo have been the dominant areas for urban development and population for the entire Island of Hawaii. More recently, however, the Kona and Kohala Districts have grown increasingly less dependent on the Hilo area. The city of Hilo, however, remains the County seat, and is the location of all major government activity. Hilo's deep -draft harbor and its airport function as primary transportation gateways for the island. In addition, the University of Hawaii at Hilo and Hawaii Community College play a major economic role. The growth of diversified agriculture has been a significant economic force on the Big Island, and now accounts for over 38 percent of the $356.9 million in annual market value. More than a third of the State's total agricultural production of $511 million (200 1) was generated on the Big Island, second only to Oahu. The Hilo economy is expected to reap further benefits from diversified agriculture as fallowed sugarcane lands along the Hamakua Coast are subdivided into smaller parcels. (Avalon Development & Consulting, 2003). The visitor industry in East Hawaii is relatively understated in comparison to the world- class resorts in West Hawaii. However, despite the decline in visitor's Statewide after the events of September 11, 2001, visitor arrivals in Hilo have actually increased since 2000, due primarily the continuing eruption at the Kilauea volcano. Inter -island and international cruise ships have also brought in additional visitor expenditures during stops in Kona and Hilo. Astronomy and research related activities contribute approximately $50 million annually to Hawaii County. The Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center is currently developing two sites in East Hawaii—a coastal site at Keaukaha and an inland site approximately six miles away in Panaewa. These centers will provide the infrastructure for a world-class aquaculture and marine science program at the University of Hawaii at Hilo. Other research facilities are associated with the observatories atop Mauna Kea. Research facilities in various stages of planning include an Institute for Astronomy proposed at the UH Hilo; Mauna Kea Astronomy Education Center (MKAEC) planned at the university's Research and Technology Park; Submilimeter Array Hilo Base Facility under construction at the Research and Technology Park; and two U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) facilities at the Research and Technology Park. The USDA facilities are scheduled to begin construction in 2003, with completion by 2006. These 42 university Terrace, ronahawai Environmental Report research facilities will have a combined annual operating budget of $20 to $25 million, and employ approximately 38 scientists and more than 100 technicians and support staff. The University of Hawaii plans to expand its Hilo campus, and is projecting an increase in student enrollment from 3,000 to over 5,000 over the next five to seven years. Most of the additional students are expected to come from out-of-state. UH -Hilo now has the third highest percentage of foreign students of any university, public or private, in the United States. (First Hawaiian Bank, 2002). Planned construction includes a $60 million China -U.S. Center, scheduled for groundbreaking in late 2003; a $70 million student Life and Events Center; and a $30 million Science and Technology Center. Recently completed facilities include a new $20 million office/classroom building, and a $10 million Marine Science building. A First Hawaiian Bank report notes that more students and programs at the university also mean that Hilo's economic base will be broadened and deepened. Summary The Hilo area is forecasted to experience steady and positive economic growth. Hilo has a relatively stable economic base due to a significant portion of the workforce being employed by State and County government. The economic base is also diversified, with no single industry dominating the area economy. Other major segments of the economy are: • Diversified Agriculture — This sector is anticipated to expand, particularly with the recent sale of C. Brewer lands along the Hamakua Coast that will provide opportunities for a new generation of farmers. • Visitor Industry — Trips to East Hawaii will continue to increase, particularly with the ongoing eruption of Kilauea. Air travel to Hilo will be augmented by expanding inter -island and international cruise ship arrivals. • Research — Astronomy and agricultural research is projected to create additional jobs for skilled technicians and support staff. • Education — Expansion of the University of Hawaii at Hilo will generate additional teaching positions and support staff. Given the modest but steady expansion projected for the East Hawaii economy, the population of Hilo is anticipated to grow in the 1% to 2% range annually between 2000 and 2015. 43 University Terrace, Fonahawai Environmental Report b. Economic Impact An Economic Impact Assessment of the project was conducted (SMS, June 2003) and is included as Appendix H. A ten-year project build -out period was assumed, and the development was projected to be completed by the end of 2014. Construction -Period The study estimated that construction, from infrastructure development through finish work on homes and commercial facilities would involve some 867 person-years of work and support 2,019 person-years of direct, indirect and induced employment in the Hawaii economy. Given the ten-year development schedule, this means that construction employment would average 87 full-time jobs annually, and support another 115 indirect and induced jobs in the economy. Direct construction incomes are expected to amount to $38.4 million (in 2003 dollars). The average annual direct construction payroll is estimated at $3.8 million. Operational Period On-site operations employment would include various building services (management, security, landscaping), along with retail and service jobs in the commercial area. A total of 590 direct operations jobs are projected at project build -out. These jobs in tum would support an estimated 240 indirect and induced jobs, of which 154 are expected to be located in Hawaii County (for a County -level impact of 721 continuing jobs). Operations jobs at the project site would support a payroll of $11.2 million. Indirect and induced jobs would support an additional payroll of $7.1 million. Workers in operations - related jobs (including direct, indirect and induced jobs) would support some 702 households in Hawaii County, with a population of 1,935. The project will generate new revenues for the State of Hawaii due to taxes on construction and construction -related incomes, amounting to $16.3 million. The County of Hawaii would gain new revenues from increased property taxes. These would grow over time, to reach a cumulative total of $4 million by 2015. As of that year, the new revenues for the County would exceed $700,000 annually. The project is not expected to be a significant source of new costs for the County, as it would not, in itself, attract new residents to Hawaii. The up to 150 transient accommodation units would house longer-term visitors (e.g., visiting researchers or 44 university Terrace, Fonahawai Environmental Report university faculty). However, these longer-term visitors are being brought to the Big Island by their host institutions, not by the proposed housing facilities. 5. Surrounding Lands a. Land Use Land uses immediately surrounding the property to the north and south are predominantly single-family residential. The northern residential area is part of the long-established Kaumana residential section of Hilo. To the south are more recently established subdivisions, Sunrise Ridge and Sunrise Estates. Medical complexes and two other office complexes are located to the east and northeast. b. Zoning Immediately surrounding properties to the north are zoned for residential use (RS -7.5 and RS -10). Property to the east across Komohana Street is designated neighborhood commercial (CN -20) and residential (RS -7.5) use. Areas to the south and west, across Mohouli Street are in the agricultural district (A -1a). The zoning designations of these surrounding lands are compatible with the proposed mixed uses within the project area. 45 university Terrace, Fonahawai Environmental Report D. PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES 1. Roads and Traffic a. Access Existing Conditions Hawaii County has about 1,300 miles of public roads, of which approximately 300 miles are State highways, with the remainder County roads. The major highway system on the island is the Hawaii Belt Highway. The City of Hilo is a terminal point of the Hawaii Belt Highway, which encircles the island and links Hilo to communities along the northern Hamakua Coast and the eastern Puna area. The Saddle Road crosses the island, augmenting the Hawaii Belt Highway. The project site is bordered by Komohana Street to the east and the new Mohouli Street extension to the west. The Mohouli Street extension was completed in 2002, and continued Mohouli Street from Komohana Street to Kaumana Drive. Access to the project site is available directly off of Komohana Street. At present, a jeep track enters the property near the northern boundary of the Alenaio Stream drainage channel. A second entrance now heavily overgrown with vegetation extends from Ponahawai Street at its intersection with Komohana Street. Several streets in the residential subdivisions to the north dead end at the project's north property boundary (see Figure 3). With the possible exception of Wiliwili Street, none of these residential streets are being proposed as access into the project area. Proposed Access Primary access into the project area will be available from both Komohana Street and Mohouli Street via a proposed extension of Ponahawai Street. This Ponahawai Street extension will connect Komohana Street to the east and Mohouli Street to the west, crossing the entire length of the property. It will be the primary access to the site and serve as a spine road through the project area. The City of Hilo Zone map shows a similar Ponahawai Street extension. However, that road extends from Komohana Street, crosses Mohouli Street, then turns southwest to Kupulau Street. It borders the Alenaio Stream drainage channel, south of the proposed alignment. This Project District application includes a request to amend the City of Hilo Zone map to allow the proposed alignment of the Ponahawai Street extension. 47 University Terrace, ronakawai Environmental Report A secondary access from Komohana Street is proposed via a new roadway south of the Ponahawai Street extension. This access road eventually joins the Ponahawai Street extension/spine road within the project area. Access to the project site from the north is proposed via Wiliwili Street, a local roadway. The Wiliwili Street entrance will provide direct access from Kaumana Drive, located north of the project site. b. Traffic Impact Analysis Report A traffic impact analysis report (TZAR) for the project was prepared by the Traffic Management Consultant (TMC, 2003) and is included as Appendix I. The TIAR evaluated future year 2014 traffic both with and without the project, identified project impacts at full build out, and recommended traffic improvements to mitigate project impacts. Study Area The study area included major intersections within the project vicinity, as shown in Figure 11. The following intersections were evaluated: 1. Kaumana Drive and Mohouli Street/Ainako Avenue 2. Mohouli Street and Ponahawai Street Extension (proposed) 3. Mohouli Street and Kukuau Street 4. Mohouli Street and Komohana Street 5. Komohana Street and Kukuau Street 6. Komohana Street and South Project Access Road (proposed) 7. Komohana Street and Ponahawai Street 8. Komohana Street and Pu'u Honu Place/North Project Access Road (proposed) 9. Komohana Street and Waianuenue Avenue Existing and Future Traffic Conditions Traffic counts were conducted at the study intersections to assess existing AM and PM peak hour traffic. Future traffic both without and with the project was estimated. Future traffic conditions external to the project were estimated based on forecast models from the State's Hawaii Long Range Transportation Plan, ongoing Saddle Road improvements and Puainako Street Improvements. Highway capacity analysis was conducted according to procedures outlined in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), published by the Transportation Research Board (2000). The HCM defines Level of Service (LOS) on a scale from LOS A to F, indicating increasing degrees of roadway congestion. Intersection LOS is based upon delay time. "Volume -to -capacity" (v/c) ratio is a measure indicating the traffic demand relative to the roadway's capacity. A v/c of 0.50 indicates that the traffic demand is utilizing 50 percent of the roadway's capacity. 48 �niversit.9 Terrace,.ronakaw PmArnnmantni Rannrt • Source: The Traffic Management Consultant, 2003 0 250 500 Figure 11 dDDNTraffic Stud Intersections SCALE IN FEET July 2003. 50 university Terrace, ronahawai Environmental Report Kaumana Drive and Mohouli Street/Ainako Avenue Widen the northwest bound approach of Mohouli Street to provide dual left -turn lanes to mauka bound Kaumana Drive Widen the mauka (southwest) leg of Kaumana Drive to provide an auxiliary merging lane in the mauka bound direction Modify the traffic signal system to provide protected left -tum phase on Mohouli Street Komohana Street and Mohouli Street • Westbound Mohouli Street should be widened to provide dual left -turn lanes to southbound Komohana Street • The traffic signal system should be modified to provide a protected left -tum phase on westbound Mohouli Street Komohana Street and the South Project Access Road • Signalize the intersection of Komohana Street and the South Project Access Road • Widen Komohana Street at the South Project Access Road to provide an exclusive left -turn lane in the northbound direction • Provide separate left -tum and right -turn lanes at the South Project Access Road and Komohana Street Komohana Street and Pu'u Honu PlacelNorth Project Access Road • Signalize the intersection of Komohana Street and Pu'u Honu Place/North Project Access Road • Widen Komohana Street at the North Project Access Road to provide an exclusive left -turn lane in the northbound direction Conclusions The TIAR concluded that ongoing Saddle Road improvements are expected to increase traffic flow on Kaumana Drive between East and West Hawaii. The increase in regional traffic is expected to be distributed among the recently constructed and planned roadways between Kaumana Drive and Komohana Street. The 2002 extension of Mohouli Street from Komohana Street to Kaumana Drive improved access to the Kaumana area by diverting traffic from Kaumana Drive/Waianuenue Avenue. Similarly, the extension of Puainako Street from Komohana Street to Kaumana Drive is also expected to redistribute traffic between Kaumana Drive and Hilo. The extension of Ponahawai Street from Komohana Street through the project site to Mohouli Street is also expected to improve access between downtown Hilo and the mauka areas. 51 university Terrace, ronakawai Environmental Report The recommendations in the TIAR listed above are expected to mitigate the traffic impacts resulting from the proposed University Terrace project. With these improvements, all the study intersections are expected to operate at LOS C or better during AM and PM peak hours, except for the Mohouli St./Ponahawai St. intersection in the AM (LOS D) and the Komohana St./Mohouli St. intersection in the PM peak (LOS D). If the County does not permit traffic signals at the Komohana Street intersections, restricting traffic to right -tum in and right -tum out movements only will be considered. 2. Water a. Existing Conditions The County of Hawaii Department of Water Supply operates and maintains twenty-three separate water systems. The Hilo Water System is served by three main sources; the Olaa Flume Source, the Panaewa Well and the Piihonua Well. These three sources supply the average City of Hilo consumption of 6.0 million gallons per day (mgd). The combined normal capacity of the three sources is over 20 mgd. Water service to the project area is from the Piihonua well source and is distributed by an 8 -inch waterline from Ainako Street-Kaumana Drive and 12 -inch lines along Komohana and Mohouli Streets. b. Project Impacts and Mitigation Future water demand will be calculated at 600 gallons per day (gpd) per residential unit, and will need to be calculated as the development proceeds. For example, a total of 600 residential units will result in an increased demand of 360,000 gpd. Any additional water required will likely come from the Piihonua reservoir on Wailuku Drive. Ultimate build- out of the project may also require source improvements. A 12 -inch waterline along the proposed Ponahawai Street extension and an 8 -inch line along the proposed secondary road are proposed to serve the needs of the project development. Further smaller stub outs and distribution lines will extend from these lines and will be designed as each portion of the project is developed. 52 univensity Terrace, ronahawai Environmental Report 3. Sewage Disposal a. Existing Conditions The project area is not served by the County sewer system. The closest lines are along Punahele Street to the north and in the Sunset Ridge subdivision to the south which exits crossing Komohana Street to Kukuau Street. The State Department of Health will require that the proposed community be connected to the municipal system or have its own treatment facility. b. Project Impacts and Mitigation Based upon the residential build out of 600 residential units and other proposed commercial uses, the project is anticipated to generate an approximately 90,000 gallons per day (gpd) flow. Proposed on-site improvements include a pump station at the base of the proposed Ponahawai Street extension, with 8 -inch main sewer lines within the rights-of-way along the Ponahawai and south project access road. Off-site improvements include an 8 -inch line along Komohana Street from the south boundary of the project area north to the intersection of Ponahawai and Komohana Street. A 4 -inch force main line continues north along Komohana Street, which then exits to a manhole at the high point into a gravity fed line to the Punahele Street line. 4. Solid Waste a. Existing Conditions The County of Hawaii's solid waste management system maintains two landfills, one in East Hawaii and another in West Hawaii. The County -operated landfill in the airport industrial area serves the entire east section from Honokaa to Waiohinu in Kau. The Puuanahulu site, serving West Hawaii, is operated under contract by Waste Management of Hawaii. In addition, there are 21 transfer stations on the island, serving the rural areas. Solid waste from the transfer stations are trucked to each landfill depending upon location. There are no transfer stations in the city of Hilo, nor are there municipal hauling services on the island. Residential waste is hauled individually or through commercial hauling services to the East Hawaii landfill. No fees are charged for individual households transporting their own solid wastes, however commercial haulers or non -household users are charged a tipping fee. 53 university Terrace, Ponahawai Environmental Report The analysis of Year 2014 peak hour traffic without the project concluded that several of the study intersections would operate at Level of Service (LOS) D or below. Traffic improvements were recommended for year 2014 even without the project for the Kaumana Drive and Mohouli Street intersection, the Mohouli Street and Komohana Street intersection, the Komohana Street and Kukuau Street intersection, and the Waianenue Avenue and Komohana Street intersection. The improvements included widening approach streets, exclusive turning lanes, signalization and traffic signal timing. For the "with project" scenario, the TIAR estimated trip generation during the AM and PM peak hours, based on the proposed land uses. Traffic impacts of the project were analyzed. It was assumed that the improvements recommended for the "without project" condition were already implemented by year 2014. Proposed Mitigation (With Project) These additional traffic improvements were recommended to provide access to the project site and to improve the traffic circulation in the study area: Ponahawai Street Extension • Extend Ponahawai Street from Komohana Street to a stop -controlled T - intersection with Mohouli Street Ponahawai Street and Komohana Street • Provide separate left -tum, through, and right -turn lanes on makai bound Ponahawai Street Extension at Komohana Street • Widen Komohana Street to provide exclusive left -turn and right -turn lanes to the Ponahawai Street Extension in the northbound and southbound directions, respectively • Modify the traffic signal system at the intersection of Ponahawai Street and Komohana Street to include the Ponahawai Street Extension Ponahawai Street and Mohouli Street • Provide separate left -turn and right -turn lanes on Ponahawai Street at Mohouli Street • Widen Mohouli Street at Ponahawai Street to provide an exclusive left -tum lane and a median shelter lane in the makai bound direction • Widen the mauka (northwest) leg of Mohouli Street to provide a mauka bound auxiliary acceleration lane to mitigate the LOS "F" condition on right -tum movement from Ponahawai Street, during the PM peak hour with the proposed project 49 University Terrace, Fonahawai Environmental Report Islandwide, the overall waste generation per capita in the County was estimated at 6.2 pounds in 2000. The Hilo landfill is nearing full capacity. The remaining space is estimated to be enough for approximately two years of operation at the current rate of waste disposal. So far, the State Department of Health has not renewed the waste facility permit that expired in 1998. The landfill must be closed when it is full. Unless an approved site is located in East Hawaii, the waste must be transported to the Puuanahulu site. The landfill has enough capacity to accommodate the waste streams from both the west and east sides of the island for about 30 more years. There are thirteen recycling companies in Hawaii County. The County of Hawaii pays diversion grants to companies that deliver designated recyclable materials to end users. Additionally the County established an experimental recycling station in Keeau, East Hawaii. b. Project Impacts and Mitigation Assuming that the per capita disposal rate remains the same at 6.2 pounds, and assuming that the household size for Hawaii is 2.5 persons, it is anticipated that the project at build out will generate 9,300 pounds of solid waste per day. Programs for recycling will be encouraged within the project 5. Electrical a. Existing Conditions The Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO) supplies electricity for the island of Hawaii. HELCO owns and operates several power generation plants that utilize different sources of energy ranging from steam and other combustible gases, hydropower and wind energy. In addition, HELCO purchases power from four other private sources --Hilo Coast Power Company (coal), Hamakua Energy Partners (oil), Puna Geothermal Venture (geothermal) and a small independent power producer utilizing hydropower. HELCO also owns and operates the electrical distribution system that consists of main cross -island transmission lines with 69 kV capacity. Other regional distributions systems consist of varying voltage levels. HELCO's long-term plans include the eventual conversion to lines of 12.47 kV capacity. The distribution system consists of both overhead pole lines and underground systems. Peak electrical demand in 1999 was 170.2 megawatts. Average annual residential use for that year was 6,563 kilowatt hours per customer. Electrical transmission lines along Komohana Street are three phase, 12.47/7.2 kV capacity and are served by the Komohana Street substation. A two phase, 2.4 kV/13.8 54 University Terrace, Fonahawai Environmental Report kV line serves Wiliwili Street. Electricity would be available from either transmission line. b. Project Impacts and Mitigation It is anticipated that 12.47 kV lines will be brought into the proposed development. The main lines may then be stepped down to 7.2 kV for the smaller project areas. It is intended that the development will include underground lines within the project. At build -out, improvements to a substation may be required. Further detailed discussions with HELCO will be held as the project's master plan is prepared. 6. Other Utilities and Services a. Telecommunications As in the rest of the world, the County of Hawaii has experienced an accelerated transformation in telecommunication technology and service. Telephone services are now provided through both wired infrastructure (`9andlines") as well as wireless cell towers. Since 1998, the entire island of Hawaii has had digital switching capabilities. This has enabled the existing telephone infrastructure to accommodate high-speed data transfers, internet and World Wide Web services. Verizon Hawaii provides the wired telephone service, while it and other providers offer cellular service. Verizon Hawaii has both a copper cable and fiber optic cable lines located along Komohana Street. Sandwich Isles Communications Co. has plans to install a fiber optic line along Waianuenue Avenue. b. Gas There are no municipal gas lines adjacent to the project area. Propane gas tanks provide service to both individual residences such as at Sunset Ridge as well as the medical facilities along Komohana Street. 7. Police and Fire Protection a. Police The site is served by the County Police Department's South Hilo Patrol Division. The Division is headquartered at the South Hilo District Station, at 349 Kapiolani Street, less than one mile from the site. The station has 79 uniformed officers on three shifts. In a preconsultation response letter (see Chapter F), the Police Department indicated they have concerns regarding the increased vehicular traffic that will be generated by residents 55 (jniversity Terrace, Fonakawai Environmental Report of the project as well as those utilizing Ponahawai Street as a thoroughfare from Mohouli Street. b. Fire The County Fire Department's First -In District is the Central Fire Station located on Ponahawai and Kinoole Streets. Each shift has an average of six firefighters. The station has one fire engine and one ambulance. A second station is located on Kaumana Drive near the intersection with Mohouli Street. In addition to the fire and rescue operation, the unit headquarters the hazardous materials operation. Schools Public schools in the South Hilo district include two high schools, three intermediate and eight elementary schools. The closest public schools in the project area include Hilo High School, about a half -mile north of the project site, and the Waiakea High School, Waiakea Middle School and Waiakea Elementary School, about two miles to the south. DeSilva Elementary School is located just west of the project site. According to the State Department of Education, current enrollment for school year 2002-2003 is: • Hilo High School -4,590 students • Waiakea High School --1,300 students • Waiakea Middle School (grades 6-8)--913 students • Waiakea Elementary School --759 students • DeSilva Elementary School --330 students The private Saint Joseph High and Elementary Schools are located to the east of the project site. The 600 proposed residential units will increase demand on public educational facilities in the area. Assuming standard student ratios per 100 dwelling units, the project's 600 residential units will generate approximately 270 additional elementary through high school students. School Facility Students per 100 Dwelling Projected Increase in Units* Enrollment (600 residential units) Elementary (Grades K-5) 25 150 Middle (Grades 6-8) 10 60 High (Grades 9-12) 10 60 Total 270 *Source: State of Hawaii Department of Education 56 university Terrace, rona6wai Environmental Report The University of Hawaii at Hilo main campus is located about two miles directly south of the project site. The University is the only public institution of higher education in the County of Hawaii, and incorporates a two-year community college, a four-year university, and continuing education. The University of Hawaii at Hilo complex has a current enrollment of about 3,000 students, which is projected to increase to 5,000 over the next five to seven years. Major programs include the College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resource Management; the College of Arts and Sciences; the College of Hawaiian Language; and the College of Continuing Education and Community Service. Distance learning classes and continuing education are also offered. The project itself will not increase enrollment at the University of Hilo, although the proposed residential units could provide convenient housing for university students, faculty and staff. 9. Parks There are a number of public park facilities within a three-mile radius of the project site. These include Wailuku River State Park and Carvalho Park north of Hilo High School, Mooheau and Bayfront Beach Park fronting Hilo Bay, the Wailoa River State Recreational Area also near Hilo Bay, Hoolulu Park in the civic center, Lokahi Park near Waiakea High School, University Park adjacent to UH Hilo, Ainako Park and other smaller community parks. Golf courses in the area include the Banyan Golf Course near Banyan Drive and the Hilo Municipal Golf Course about five miles south of the project site. 57 university Terrace, ronahawai Environmental Report University Terrace, Ponahawai EnAronmental Report E. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS 1. Relationship between Local Short Term uses of Environment and Maintenance and Enhancement of Long -Term Productivity Every project involves tradeoffs between short term uses and potential long-term uses. The short-term use, or development of residential and commercial uses on the site, will preclude future use of the site for agriculture, open space, as well as other urban land uses. However, the project will retain significant open space and recreational areas. It will also provide residential units in the area, addressing an existing need. The need for student housing for University of Hawaii Hilo students is especially great. Long term impacts of the project are expected to be favorable, given that the project is consistent with existing zoning, development plan, and other land use regulations. Any short-term, construction related impacts would be mitigated by the enhancement of long- term productivity of the site. Mitigative Measures Proposed to Avoid, Minimize, Rectify or Reduce Impact Mitigation measures proposed to avoid or minimize environmental impacts were discussed in Chapters C and D of this environmental report. Short-term, construction related impacts will be mitigated by sound construction practices, which meet County and State noise, air and water quality regulations and requirements. The Alenaio Stream will be improved in a way that maintains a natural appearance, and will be incorporated into the open space component of the development. Stream channel improvements will be designed not to increase off-site runoff or flooding problems. Detention basins will be included if needed. There will be no increase in off-site runoff. An archaeological mitigation plan, including data recovery and preservation components, will be prepared and submitted to the State Historic Preservation Division. Additional surveys and wetland delineation, if appropriate, will be conducted around the existing pond and adjacent to the main stream channels. Whenever possible, wetland areas will be excluded from development and incorporated into the open space features. If any wetland are impacted by the project, a Department of the Army permit will be obtained. Traffic improvements will be made to various roadways and intersections to mitigate the project's traffic impacts. The project will include water, sewer and electrical improvements needed to serve and accommodate the proposed development. 59 university Terrace, ronahawai Environmental Report 3. Alternatives to the Proposed Development Several alternatives to the proposed development were considered, including the no action alternative. The no action altemative would retain the site in its current undeveloped state. This alternative would not have short-term, construction related impacts or require expenditures or site improvements, but would also not provide additional housing in the region. A proposal for an 18 -hole golf course and related improvements was proposed by another developer in 1991. This proposal would have converted the site to a productive use, while retaining the open space character of the area and its natural scenic qualities. A golf course would be compatible with the surrounding residential and medical office uses, provide a recreational and visitor attraction, and could accommodate flooding within the Alenaio Stream channel. However, the previous golf course proposal was abandoned because of changing market conditions and the loss of its anticipated out -of -country financing. Another alternative would be all single family residential development. This alternative was not pursued because a mixed use community was seen as more desirable. Moreover, there is a demand for commercial and multi-family/transient accommodation uses, especially due to the proximity of the university. 4. Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Natural Resources that Would be Involved if the Proposed Action is Implemented With any development, there are irreversible and irretrievable commitments of natural resources. For example, the construction of the proposed residential and commercial development will result in an irreversible and irretrievable commitment of capital, land, labor and energy of the design and development of the project. The commitment of these resources, however, should be evaluated in light of the expected benefits to the community from the project. The project will transform the 171.5 -acre site from its present fallow agricultural/open state to an urban environment. However, the termination of active sugar cultivation occurred years ago, independent of the proposed development. The proposed development is consistent with the current State Land Use "Urban" designation, as well as with County General Plan land use designations and zoning. The project site is surrounded by residential and other urban uses, and as such, is more appropriate for urban expansion than agricultural use. There is ample prime agricultural land for diversified agriculture in other locations. The housing opportunities provided by the project, the associated employment created, and the tax revenues generated offsets the loss of the land's potential agricultural use. .E University Terrace, Ponahawai Environmental Report The development of up to 600 new residential units, 150 transient accommodation units and commercial areas will create a demand on utility systems, existing roadways, schools and public services. However, any new commitment of publicly supported services and facilities will be more than compensated for by increases in tax revenues. 61 university Terrace, Ponakawai Environmental Report F. AGENCIES -COMMENTS As part of the preparation of this environmental report, pre -consultation letters were mailed out to the following agencies and individuals. A total of nine written responses were received, and are reproduced in this chapter. Federal U.S. Army Engineer Division U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service State Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, Office of Planning Department of Hawaiian Home Lands Department of Land and Natural Resources • Land Division • State Historic Preservation Division Department of Health • Environmental Management Division • Office of Environmental Quality Control Department of Transportation, Statewide Transportation Planning Office Office of Hawaiian Affairs University of Hawaii, Hilo • Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs County of Hawaii Mayor, County of Hawaii Civil Defense Department of Environmental Management • Solid Waste Division • Wastewater Division Board of Water Supply Fire Department Police Department Office of Housing and Community Development Department of Parks and Recreation Department of Public Works 63 (Aniversity Terrace, ronahawai Environmental Report Department of Water Supply Mass Transit Agency Community and Other Organizations Hawaiian Electric Company Verizon Hawaii Oceanic Time Warner Cable Elected Officials Honorable Fred Holschuh, Council District 1 Honorable Bobby Jean Leithead-Todd, Council District 2 Honorable James Arakaki, Council District 3 Honorable Aaron Chung, Council District 4 Honorable Gary Safarik, Council District 5 Honorable Robert Jacobson, Council District 6 Honorable Joe Reynolds, Council District 7 Honorable J. Curtis Tyler III, Council District 8 Honorable Leningrad Elarionoff, Council District 9 64 6 MRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service P.O. Box 50004 Honolulu, HI 96850 Our People ... Our Islands ... In Glenn T. Kimura, President Kimura International, Inc. 1600 Kapiolani Blvd., Suite 1610 Honolulu, HI 96814 United States Department of Agriculture May 14, 2003 Subject: University Terrace Environmental Assessment Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii Early Consultation Dear Mr. Kimura, PT@FB?n MAY 16 2003 I.' Thank you for the letter asking for preliminary comments regarding your Environmental Report (ER) for the proposed University Terrace project. There are three main items that we as an agency would like to have included in your ER. They are as follows: Flooding Loss of Prime Agriculture Land Endangered Species Flooding The proposed project area is prone to flooding as shown on the FEMA FIRM map. Please address the impact of the project on flooding in the local area and in the downtown Hilo area. Will the project increase storm runoff and how will the Alenaio stream banks be improved? Be aware that the Waipahoehoe stream and Alenaio stream are connected and those areas inside the proposed project are natural debris basins for the stream system. Loss of Prime Agriculture Land Approximately two thirds of the proposed project area is labeled Prime Agriculture Land by the United States Department of Agriculture. Please note the loss of this Prime Agriculture Land in your report and the consequences for the local environment. Endangered Species There are many endangered species of plants and animals on the Island of Hawaii. Please focus on the effects of the proposed project on the endangered species in and around the project area. The Natural Resources Conservatior Sarwce provides leadership in a partnership effort to help people conserve, maintain, end impm,,p �v- natural resources and environment. ��; Provider and Fmployer We look forward to reviewing the draft Environmental Report. If you have any questions regarding this matter please contact me or Harry Toki, District Conservationist, Hilo Field Office, at (808) 933-8353, Sinc rely, IRPENC;E T. Y AMOTO State Conservationist cc: Christopher W. Smith State Soil Scientist, USDA-NRCS The Natural Resources Conservation Service provides leadership in a partnership effort to help people conserve, maintain, and imorove our natural resources and environment. - amity Provider and Employer LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR OF HAWAII HA-2003-014.RCM STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96809 May 21, 2003 Kimura International Glenn T. Kimura, President 1600 Kapiolani Blvd., Suite 1610 Honolulu, Hawaii 96814 Dear Mr. Kimura: PETER T. YOUNG CHAIRPERSON BOARD NFL IUTURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION ON WAnR WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMEM DAN DAMSON MPUTYDMECTNR-LAND ERNEST V.W. LAU DEPUW DM MC - WATER AQUATIC RESOURCES B TING AND OCEAH RECRFATgN BUREAUOF CONVEYANCES COMMISSION ON WATER RE90URCE MANAGEMEM CONSERVATION AND COASTAL LANDS CONSERVATNkIAND MERINE3 ENFORCEMEM ENGMEERW FORESTR PMSMRVATF HISTgUC PRESERVATpN IUNNMAWE LSLAN RESERVE COMMISSION UID STATE PAR16 MAY 2 3 2003 uWL -7LZU u uv ....�....................... LD -NAV Subject: Early Consultation for Preparation of Environmental Assessment for Proposed University Terrace at Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii - TMK: (3) 2-3-37: 01, 2-3-44: 19 and 2-3-49: 53 Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on the subject matter. A copy of your letter (summary) dated April 24, 2003 pertaining to the subject matter was distributed to the following Department of Land and Natural Resources' Divisions for their review and comment: - Division of Forestry and Wildlife - Na Ala Hele Trails - Engineering Division - Commission on Water Resource Management - Land - Hawaii District Land Office Attached is a copy of the Engineering Division and Hawaii District Land Office comment. The Department of Land and Natural Resources has no other comment to offer at this time. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact Nicholas A. Vaccaro of the Land Division Support Services Branch at 1-808-587-0384. Very truly yours, DIERDRE S. MAMIYA Administrator C: HDLO LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR MAY 2 3 2003 'u 1t - STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DMSION P.O. Box 621 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96809 May 5, 2003 MEMORANDUM I PETER T. YOUNG CHAIRPERSON SOARD DF UND DAN DAVIDSON J DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR UND ERNEST Y.W. LAU DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR TME COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE WNAGEMENT Ref. No.: HA -2003-014 Author: LD -PEM Suspense Date: May 12, 2003 TO: Division of Aquatic Resources Land Division Branches: Diuigidn offdttstr`y &-Wildlife Planning & Technical Services X Na Ala Hele Trails X Hawaii District Land Office _ Division of State Parks Division of Boating & Ocean Recreation X Commission on Water Resource Management X Engineering Division FROM:ierdre S. Mamiya, AdministratorA"`t^'",t/ SUBJE Early Consultation - Environmental Assessment — University Terrace. South Hilo, Hawaii, Tax Map Key: (3) 2-3-37:01; 2-3-44:19; and 2-349:53 Please review the subject document covering the subject matter and submit your comments (if any) on Division letterhead signed and dated within the time requested above. Should you need more time to review the subject matter, please contact Nick Vacarro at Ext. 7-0384. If this office does not receive your comments on or before the suspense date, we will assume there are no comments. Thank you. (�j We have no comments. ( ) Comments are attached. Signe(5h, Date: MICHAEL 0. BUCK ADMINISTRATOR DMSION OF FORESTRY AND WILDUFE MAY 1 2 LWDA UNGLE GWERWR OF NAWAII 7ul0' 3 STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION 75 Aupuni Street, Room 204 Hilo, Hawaii 98720 PHONE: (808) 974.8203 FAX: (808) 974-8222 May 19, 2003 PETER T. YOUNG GwRRER90N BOARD OF AAHD NATURALEEBOUROE9 COMNIBBAN ON WATER gEBWRCE ANNAOEMEHT DAN DAVIDSON DEPUTY GREDTOR. LNA ERNEST Y.W. LAU 4EWTYDIRE9-WATER I AOWTID RESOURCES 80 WR AND DDEAH RECRE s BUREWAOF TVRRHVEYANCES COMM198AH OH WATERSOUMECENVNOENENT CONSERVAIAH AND RE80URDE9 ENFdiGEMENT ENDINEERIND HISTOF RYAMOW AM HIBTORIO PRESERVAIAN KANOOLAWP TBWA RESERVE OOMMISSAN AA STATE PARHe MEMORANDUM � r MAY 232003 TO: Diedre S. Mamiya, Administrator �If FROM: Harry M. Yada, Hawaii District Land Agent SUBJECT: Early Consultation — Environmental Assessment — University Terrace, South Hilo, Hawaii, Tax Map Key: 3`°/ 2-3-37: 01; 2-3-44: 19; and 2-3-49: 53 Although this office does not have specific comments on the proposed project as part of their early consultation, we would like to request that this office be kept in the loop during the planning process. The subject development is adjacent to lands owned by the State of Hawaii and we would be concerned about access, drainage, utility and other issues that may have direct impact on such lands. Otherwise, we thank the applicant for the opportunity to comment during the early consultation stage. Should they have any questions, please feel free to contact myself at the Land Division, Hawaii District Branch Office at 974-6203. n Early Consultation - Environmental Assessment — University Terrace. South Hilo, Hawaii, Tax Map Key: (3) 2-3-37:01; 2-3-44:19; and 2-349:53 Please review the subject document covering the subject matter and submit your comments (if any) on Division letterhead signed and dated within the time requested above. Should you need more time to review the subject matter, please contact Nick Vacarro at Ext. 7-0384. If this office does not receive your comments on or before the suspense date, we will assume there are no comments. Thank you. ( ) We have no comments. e) Comments are attached. Signed: Date: LINDA UNGLE � JMAY - '- � OEPOTr aREOTOR POR uND 232003 TIy ERNEST Y.W. LAU l6 1 D IRECTOR PORR MISSI La `.; 4yS.RWIYg® RESOURCEM GEMENT 0 3 STATE OF HAWAII' — --------------------- " Eso=` .T.1c SOMMIS AND OCEAN RECREATION COMMI93XM ON WATER RESOURCE DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES "uN"NT c ENWATFOMEMON AND RESOURCES LAND DIVISION EN' E'fOR�"' . . CONVEYANCES P.O. BOX 621 ENGINEE EORERTRYAND AnFE ON HONOLULU, HAWAII 96809 WSTORX:PRESUNDREN RAWMISS ISUNO RESERVE CpIM193KX1 UND STATE PAg144 May 5, 2003 Ref. No.: HA -2003-014;-7r? Author: LD -PEM 3 Suspense Date: May 12, 2003 MEMORANDUM TO: Division of Aquatic Resources Land Division Branches: X Division of Forestry & Wildlife _ Planning & Technical Services X Na Ala Hele Trails X Hawaii District Land Office _ Division of State Parks _ Division of Boating & Ocean Recreation X Commission on Water Resource Management t�C 'Etigin�eril4� Division FROM: kq ierdre S. Mamiya, AdministratorA",2. Early Consultation - Environmental Assessment — University Terrace. South Hilo, Hawaii, Tax Map Key: (3) 2-3-37:01; 2-3-44:19; and 2-349:53 Please review the subject document covering the subject matter and submit your comments (if any) on Division letterhead signed and dated within the time requested above. Should you need more time to review the subject matter, please contact Nick Vacarro at Ext. 7-0384. If this office does not receive your comments on or before the suspense date, we will assume there are no comments. Thank you. ( ) We have no comments. e) Comments are attached. Signed: Date: LINDA LINGLE GOVERNORO MM11 MAY 14 1003 V CHIYOME L. FUKINO, M.D. E DIRECTON O N TH y00 A STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH In mply, Olem mal W. P.O. Box 3378 nil: HONOLULU, HAWAII 96801-3378 May 12, 2003 03-572A CAB Mr. Glenn T. Kimura, President Kimura International, Inc. 1600 Kapiolani Boulevard, Suite 1610 Honolulu, Hawaii 96814 Dear Mr. Kimura: This letter is to transmit the following comments for your preparation of an Environmental Assessment for the University Terrace Project in South Hilo: Control of Fugitive Dust: There is a significant potential for fugitive dust emissions during all phases of construction. Proposed construction activities will occur in proximity to existing residences, public areas and major thoroughfares, thereby exacerbating potential dust problems. It is recommended that a dust control management plan be developed which identifies and addresses all activities that have a potential to generate fugitive dust. Implementation of adequate dust control measures during all phases of development and construction activities is warranted. Construction activities must comply with the provisions of Hawaii Administrative Rules, §11-60.1-33 on Fugitive Dust. The contractor should provide adequate measures to control dust from the road areas and during the various phases of construction. These measures include, but are not limited to, the following: a) Plan the different phases of construction, focusing on minimizing the amount of dust -generating materials and activities, centralizing on-site vehicular traffic routes, and locating potential dust -generating equipment in areas of the least impact; b) Provide an adequate water source at the site prior to start-up of construction activities; I Mr. Glenn T. Kimura May 12, 2003 Page 2 c) Landscape and provide rapid covering of bare areas, including slopes, starting from the initial grading phase; d) Minimize dust from shoulders and access roads; e) Provide adequate dust control measures during weekends, after hours, and prior to daily start-up of construction activities; and f) Control dust from debris being hauled away from the project site. If you have any questions, please contact Mr. Barry Ching of my staff at 586-4200. Sincerely, tV-1. nom. - ED K. NAGAMINE Manager, Clean Air Branch BC:jhm LINDA UNBIE GOVERNOR OF HAWAII ....., ) 7(W fflfl�rn MAY 2 9 2003 CFIDIRECTOLR Of HEEALLTH U A, ui:1L-5 i� * ._. .......................... .. STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH In reply, please ieM b: P.O. BOX 3378 END l CWB HONOLULU, HAWAII 988013378 05058PKP.03 May 27, 2003 Mr. Glenn T. Kimura President Kimura International, Inc. 1600 Kapiolani Boulevard, Suite 1610 Honolulu, Hawaii 96814 Dear Mr. Kimura: Subject: University Terrace Environmental Assessment Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii Early Consultation The Department of Health, Clean Water Branch (CWB) has reviewed the subject document and offers the following comments: 1. The Army Corps of Engineers should be contacted at (808) 438-9258 to identify whether a Federal license or permit (including a Department of Amey permit) is required for this project. Pursuant to Section 401(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Act (commonly known as the "Clean Water Act'j, a Section 401 Water Quality Certification is required for "[a]ny applicant for Federal license or permit to conduct any activity including, but not limited to, the construction or operation of facilities, which may result in any discharge into the navigable waters...." 2. A National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) general permit coverage is required for the following activities: a. Storm water associated with industrial activities, as defined in Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, Sections 122.26(b)(14)(i) through 122.26(b)(14)(ix) and 122.26(b)(14)(xi). b. Construction activities, including clearing, grading, and excavation, that result in the disturbance of equal to or greater than one (1) acre of total land area. The total land area includes a contiguous area where multiple separate and distinct construction activities maybe taking place at different times on different schedules under a larger common plan of development or sale. An NPDES permit is required before the commencement of the construction activities. C. Discharge of treated effluent from leaking underground storage tank remedial activities. d. Discharge of once through cooling water less than one (1) million gallons per day; Mr. Glenn T. Kimura May 27, 2003 Page 2 e. Discharge of hydrotesting water. f. Discharge of construction dewatering effluent. g. Discharge of treated effluent from petroleum bulk stations and terminals. h. Discharge of treated effluent from well drilling activities. Discharges of treated effluent from recycled water distribution systems. Discharges of storm water from a small municipal separate storm sewer system. k. Discharge of circulation water from decorative ponds or tanks. The CWB requires that a Notice of Intent (NOI) to be covered by a NPDES general permit for any of the above activities be submitted at least 30 days before the commencement of the respective activities. The NOI forms may be picked up at our office or downloaded from our website at htto://www.state.hi.us/doh/eh/cwb/forms/eenl-index.htrnl. 3. The applicant may be required to apply for an individual NPDES permit if there is any type of activity in which wastewater is discharged from the project into State waters and/or coverage of the discharge(s) under the NPDES general permit(s) is not permissible (i.e. discharges into Class 1 or Class AA waters). An application for the NPDES permit is to be submitted at least 180 days before the commencement of the respective activities. The NPDES application forms may also be picked up at our office or downloaded from our website at httn://www.state.hi.us/doh/eh/cwb/forms/indiv-index.html. 4. Hawaii Administrative Rules, Section 11-55-38, also requires the owner to either submit a copy of the new NOI or NPDES permit application to the State Department of Land and Natural Resources, State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) or demonstrate to the satisfaction of the DOH that the project, activity, or site covered by the NOI or application has been or is being reviewed by SHPD. Please submit a copy of the request for review by SHPD or SHPD's determination letter for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the CWT at 586-4309. Sincerely, PENISAftAUJYE JHEEF Clean Water Branch KP:ndp LINDA LINGLE DOVERNOB HNVAN Mr. Glenn T. Kimura, President Kimura hitemational 1600 Kapiolani Blvd. Suite 1610 Honolulu, Hawaii 96814 Dear Mr. Kimura: (� ONIYOIELFUNINO.MD.. ` JUN O 9 2003 1 DHEDTORDFIEA STATE OF HAWAII;;; tT�L') DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P.O. BOX 3378 In reply, please mi W: HONOLULU, HAWAII 86801 H Powpd / W B mluxti WPB 03W96 June 4, 2003 Subject: University Terrace Environmental Assessment Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii Early Consultation We have reviewed the letter on the subject project submitted by your office which requests early comments for the University Terrace Environmental Assessment project. The project proposes single and multi -family residential uses, commercial areas, and open space in the form of linear parks, pedestrian walkways, and bicycle paths. Our initial comments are that in the draft and final versions of the Environmental Assessments, wastewater treatment and disposal should be addressed thoroughly - connection to the County sewer service system being the most desired option. All wastewater plans must conform to applicable provisions of the Department of Health's Administrative Rules, Chapter 11-62, "Wastewater Systems." We do reserve the right to review the detailed wastewater plans for conformance to applicable rules. Should you have any questions, please contact the Planning & Design Section of the Wastewater Branch at direct toll free no. 974-4000, extension 64294. Sincerely, HAROLD K. YEE, P.E. Chief, Wastewater Branch LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR OF HAWAII STI ( MAY O 9 2003 GENEVIEVE SALMONSON jY v� DIRECTOR i. , OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CONTROL 235 SOUTH 6ERETANIASTREET SUITE 702 HONOLULU, HAWAII 86613 TELERHONE(606)56641W FACSIMILE (WS) 5664186 E -mall: wgc®he fth.etete.hi.. May 8, 2003 Mr. Glenn Kimura Kimura International, Inc. 1600 Kapiblani Boulevard, Suite 1610 Honolulu, Hawaii 96814 Dear Mr. Kimura: The Office of Environmental Quality Control has received your April 24, 2003, letter concerning the University Terrace Environmental Assessment, Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii, Early Consultation, and submit the following comment for your consideration. 1. TERMINOLOGY: Your letter makes use of terminlogy not familiar to our Office. We remain unclear as to what is meant by an "environmental report" as no such term is defined in Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes. We are also unclear as to what is meant by a "Project District Application" and whether this term is synonymous with the process of amending a county general plan under Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes. An amendment to a county general plan - however denominated - requires an environmental assessment under Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes. Please clarify what these terms mean especially in relation to the State environmental process as articulated in Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes and implementing administrative Hiles thereunder. 2. TRIGGER CONDITIONS UNDER CHAPTER 343, HAWAII REVISED STATUTES: We are unclear as to the landowner for the project site, whether the proposed circulation system would involve the use of state or county lands or funds, what the State land use designation of the parcel is, whether the site is in a historic district. 3. RECREATIONAL USE OF THE ALENAIO DRAINAGE CHANNEL: Please consult with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Department of Land and Natural Resources with respect to safety issues. 4. GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS ON SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN, GLASSPHALT, AND NATIVE PLANTINGS FOR LANDSCAPING: We ask that you visit our website at httt)'//www.state.hi.u&Aiealtli/oecic/index.litniI for guidance on smainable buildings, use of glassphalt and native plantings. Thank you for the opportunity to review this document. If there are any questions, please call Mr. Leslie Segundo of my staff at (808) 586-4185. Sincerely, yrt� SALMONSON Director :AI 1'fAY 3 0 2003 lJL7�L I.:W PHONE (808) 5841888 .�w.�w.e...r.w FAX (Bos) 594-1855 I wk,101. STATE OF HAWAI'1 OFFICE OF HAWAIIAN AFFAIRS 711 KAPI'OLANI BOULEVARD, SUITE 500 HONOLULU, HAINAN 98813 HRD03/953 May 27, 2003 Glen T. Kimura President Kimura International 1600 Kapiolani Blvd, Ste 1610 Honolulu, HI 96814 Re: University Terrace Environmental Assessment Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii. Dear Mr. Kimura, OHA is in receipt of your April 24, 2003 request for early consultation on the above referenced project. We suggest that you contact the following people: Ululani Sherlock, ORA CRC, 933-0418. 101 Aupuni st. Ste 209, Hilo, HI 96720-4221 Paul Neves, Royal Order of Kamehameha, Kealoha Pisciotta, Mauna Kea Anaina Hou, 934-7668 We also suggest that you contact local Hawaiian Civic Clubs as well as cultural practitioners. Staff at the University of Hawaii at Hilo Hawaiian Master's program may be able to assist you. Thank you for this opportunity to comment. If you have further questions, please contact Pua Aiu at 594-1931 or e-mail her at i)aiu@oha.org. Sincerely, Peter L.ee Director Nationhood and Native Rights Harry Kim MgYor May 6, 2003 County of Hawaii POLICE DEPARTMENT 349 Kapiolani Street • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3998 (808)935-3311 • Fa (808)961-8869 Mr. Glenn T. Kimura, President Kimura International, Inc. 1600 Kapiolani Blvd., Suite 1610 Honolulu, HI 96814 Dear Mr. Kimura: SUBJECT: UNIVERSITY TERRACE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PONAHAWAI, SOUTH HILO, HAWAII EARLY CONSULTATION Lawrence K. Mahuna Police Chief Harry S. Kubojiri Deputy Police Chief MAY 0 8 2003 i ................... We would like to reserve comment on the above -subject project until such time we have the opportunity to review the completed study. We, however, do have concerns regarding the increased vehicular traffic that will be generated by the residents of the project as well as those utilizing Ponahawai Street as a thoroughfare from Mohouli Street. In addition, the increased probability of Alenaio Stream flooding with the development, affecting both residents along the stream and Kamehameha Avenue and its surrounding area, is of great concern. We look forward to reviewing the completed study and recommendations. Should you have any questions, please call Captain Ronald Nakamichi of our South Hilo Patrol Division at 961-2214. Sin LAWRENCE K. MAHUNA POLICE CHIEF RN Harry Kim Mayor May 6, 2003 Countp of ""abnai' i DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 6 • Hilo, Hawai'i 96720 (808) %1-8311 9 Fax (808) 961-8411 Glenn T. Kimura, President Kimura International 1600 Kapiolani Blvd., Suite 1610 Honolulu, HI 96814 Re: University Terrace -Environmental Assessment Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii Dear Mr. Kimura: Patricia G. Engelhard Director Pamela N. Mizuno Deputy Director MAY 0 7 2003 IJ Thank you for the opportunity to be included in the early consultation phase of the project. While we support the concept of a "mixed use community", we are concerned about the project's impact on the Alenaio Stream. This drainage way terminates at the Waiolama Canal, which under heavy rainfall overflows onto the soccer fields along Kamehameha Avenue. Although we acknowledge that the soccer fields will be inundated whenever the Waiolama Canal overflows, we nevertheless are concerned about increasing runoff into the feeder Alenaio Stream. We would appreciate your comments on this concern and the opportunity to review the upcoming draft of the environmental report. Sin rel Patncla ngelhard Director (Aniversity Terrace, Ponahawai Environmental Report C% REFERENCES B.D. Neal and Associates. Draft Air Quality Study for the Proposed University Terrace Project, South Hilo, Hawaii. July 2003. County of Hawaii. The General Plan, Hawaii County. November 1989. D.L. Adams & Associates, Ltd. Draft Environmental Noise Report, Ponahawai University Terrace, Hilo, Hawaii. June 2003. First Hawaiian Bank. Economic Forecast, Big Island Edition 2002. Gerrish, Grant Ph.D., Botanical Survey, Komohana: TMX 2-3-44-09. October 6-7, 1990. Geometrician Associates, LLC. Botanical Survey, TA1K 2-3-44:19 and 53. April 2003. Preliminary Investigation of Potential Wetlands at Ponahawai, Hilo. June 2003. Haun & Associates. Letter report Subject: Archaeological Field Inspection, Sure Save Parcel (TMK 3-2-3-037:001). December 12, 2002. The Keith Companies -Hawaii. Use Permit Application Komohana Golf Course. October 1990. Kumu Pono Associates. He Wahi Mo 'olelo no Ponahawai a me Punahoa ma Hilo, A Collection of Traditions and Historical Accounts for Ponahawai and Punahoa, District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii. May 2003. M & E Pacific. Preliminary Drainage Report for University Terrace Master Plan, Hilo, Island of Hawaii. 24 June 2003. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. Archaeological Inventory Survey Komohana Golf Course, Lands of Ponahawai and Punahoa 1-2 South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii. February 1991. Rana Productions Ltd. A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species of the Ponahawai Mixed Use Planned Community Site, South Hilo District, Hawaii. June 2003. SMS. Economic Impact Assessment, University Terrace Project, Hilo, Hawaii County. June 2003. 65 (jniversity Terrace, FonAawai Environmental Report State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism. The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001. htti)://www.state.hi.us/dbedt/ State of Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management and the National Park Service. Hawaii Stream Assessment, a Preliminary Appraisal of Hawaii's Stream Resources. December 1990. The Traffic Management Consultant. Draft Traffic Impact Analysis Report for the Proposed University Terrace. June 2003 APPENDIX A PRELIMINARY DRAINAGE REPORT for UNIVERSITY TERRACE MASTER PLAN, HILO, ISLAND OF HAWAII M & E Pacific Executive Summary Preliminary Drainage Report for University Terrace Master Plan Hilo, Island of Hawaii TMK: 3rd Div. 2-3-44:por. 09 M & E Pacific, Inc. 1001 Bishop Street Suite 500 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813-3588 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................1 2.0 Existing Condition................................................................................................................1 3.0 Proposed Condition.............................................................................................................1 3.1 Drainageway No. 1 — Alenaio Stream........................................................................... 2 3.2 Drainageway No. 2 — North Alenaio Stream............................................................... 2 4.0 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................3 5.0 Recommendations................................................................................................................ 3 1.0 Introduction M & E Pacific, Inc. has been contracted to prepare a Preliminary Drainage Report for the University Terrace Master Plan, in Hilo, Island of Hawaii. The proposed University Terrace consists of housing for single family, multi -family, town houses, commercial development and open areas. A hydraulic analysis based on 100 -year storm flows will be performed for the proposed development which encompasses over 150 acres in area (see Figure 1-1). The proposed project is located in Hilo and bounded by Komohana Street to the east, and Mohouli St. to the west, and sandwiched between two existing subdivisions to the north and south. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM), Community Panel Number 1551660880C (revised September 16, 1988) (see Figure 1-2) identifies two drainageways on this parcel: 1) Alenaio Stream flows in a northwest to southeast direction through the development; and 2) a second drainageway flows north of Alenaio Stream. Both drainageways convey stormwater across Komohana Street and to the east toward Hilo Bay. 2.0 Existing Condition A hydrologic analysis had been performed for the subject area by The Keith Companies Hawaii for Ponohawai County Club and Resort for a previously proposed golf course development in 1992. This report documents the flows for the two drainageways. Flow for the major drainageway, Alenaio Stream, is referenced to a 1990 Army Corps of Engineers design memorandum and has an estimated 100 -year storm water flow of 7,000 cfs. The second drainageway has 100 -year storm water flow estimated to be 400 cfs. The FEMA FIRM boundaries are recognized as the existing flood limits of record and therefore will be considered the existing conditions in this analysis. Considerations for future flows are presented in the following sections. 3.0 Proposed Condition The major criteria for development conditions for this project are: A. Standard stormwater management design requirement call for a "no impact' to existing conditions. This requirement is for both flow amount and drainage pattern. 1. Flow — any increase in flow coming for improved areas are required to be mitigated on site. Therefore upon development completion, the Q through Drainageways No. 1 and No. 2 should remain 7,000 cfs and 400 cfs, respectively. 1 2. Drainage Pattern — the drainage flow pattern shall not be impacted by development. To allow maximum development of these lands, the Alenaio Stream limits through the property may be considered for relocation to the South. This movement will require a Stream Channel Alternation Permit (SCAP) to bring the project in compliance with Federal and State regulations. B. Design criteria for storm water channels are based on County of Hawaii Storm Drainage Standard, October 1970. Unlined rock channels have a maximum velocity of 15 feet per second (fps). Where streams are to be relocated in soil, lining will be required if velocities exceeds 5 fps. 3.1 Drainageway No. 1 — Alenaio Stream A hydraulic analysis utilizing the HEC -RAS computer model (based on a Manning's roughness coefficient of 0.04 and a Q=7,000 cfs) was initiated to address impacts of the development to the Alenaio Stream. The analysis was done in compliance with the design criteria that any flow increase to the system will be mitigated on site and therefore the downstream culverts leaving the site would remain at a flow of 7,000 cfs. One goal was to determine the velocities of the existing stream flow. Since the area is generally made of rock materials, lining of the stream may not be required for flow velocities under 15 fps. For areas where the velocity exceeds 15 fps, or where flow is over non -rock materials with a velocity greater than 5 fps, lining such as grp or gunite shall be considered. Alternatives methods of reducing flow velocities should also be considered. Energy dissipaters along the stream can be installed to reduce velocities. Also, an enhanced, detailed grading and landscaping plan that addresses vertical transitional slopes could assist in reducing flow velocity in these critical areas. These areas need to be further investigated during the design phase of this project with an updated topographic survey and a landscaping plan. 3.2 Drainageway No. 2 — North Alenaio Stream Similar to the main Alenaio Stream, a hydraulic analysis was conducted and verified that the existing culvert capacity exceeded the 400 cfs, 100 year storm flow. To implement the proposed development in this area, a storm drain system shall be installed to carry surface runoff from the northern existing development, inclusive of the channel located at the end of Omao Street, into the existing 120" culvert crossing Komohana Street. All additional runoff created by the proposed development, in compliance with the County drainage standards, shall be mitigated on site thereby producing no increase in flow through the Komohana Street culvert. The net increase in flow shall be handled by infiltration basins, drywells, retention ponds, etc., prior to connection into the 120" culvert. 2 4.0 Conclusion With proper improvements to mitigate all additional runoff created by the proposed development, there should be no impact to the downstream conditions of Alenaio Stream. The culvert crossings under Mohouli Street will be maintained and therefore no negative impacts to upstream conditions are foreseen. Lining of Alenaio Stream will not be required where velocities can be maintained below 15 fps. Transitional areas to the existing culverts under Komohana and Mohouli streets may require lining due to high velocities and directional changes in drainage patterns. During construction, best management practices (BMPs) shall be provided to keep downstream pollution and project area erosion to a -minimum. 5.0 Recommendations It should be noted that subsequent to the latest FIRM update, some mass grading for the aforementioned golf course and improvements to upstream and downstream roadway crossing have occurred. These construction activities may have impacted the drainage pattern through the subject parcel. For a more in-depth analysis and preliminary design of the drainage conditions along Alenaio Stream within the project boundaries, it is recommended that an updated survey be conducted to determine conformity with the FEMA FIRM flood limits. Subsequently, the hydraulic model(s) should be revised in accordance with updated topographic survey ground conditions. In addition to a comprehensive drainage report during design, regulatory requirements (permits) for this drainage way include, but are not limited to: ➢ State Department of Health Water Quality Certification Permit ➢ Corps of Engineers Work Within Navigable Waterways ➢ Best Management Practices ➢ Environmental Assessment ➢ State Stream Channel Alternation Permit k? i. t- �a I: 1 ' T 11 I i M & E PACIFIC, Ima. i JUNE 2002 M & E PACIFIC, INC. APPENDIX B AIR QUALITY STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED UNIVERSITY TERRACE PROJECT B. D. Neal and Associates F-. AIR QUALITY STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED UNIVERSITY TERRACE PROJECT SOUTH HILO, HAWAII Prepared for: Kimura International, Inc. July 2003 B.D. NEAL & ASSOCIATES Applied Meteorology `Air Quality* Computer Science P.O. BOX 1808 ` KAILUA-KONA, HAWAII 96745 • TELEPHONE (808) 329-1627 • FAX (808) 331-8428 EMAIL: bdneal@kona.net CONTENTS Section Page 1.0 Summary 1 2.0 Introduction 4 3.0 Ambient Air Quality Standards 5 4.0 Regional and Local Climatology 7 5.0 Present Air Quality 10 6.0 Short -Term Impacts of Project 12 7.0 Long -Term Impacts of Project 14 7.1 Roadway Traffic 14 7.2 Electrical Demand 24 7.3 Solid Waste Disposal 24 8.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 25 References 28 FIGURES Figure 1 Project Location Map TABLES Table 1 Summary of State of Hawaii and National Ambient Air Quality Standards 2 Air Pollution Emissions Inventory for Island of Hawaii, 1993 3 Annual Summaries of Ambient Air Quality Measurements for Monitoring Stations Nearest University Terrace Project i TABLES(cont.) Table 4 Estimated Worst -Case 1 -Hour Carbon Monoxide Concentra- tions Along Roadways Near University Terrace Project 5 Estimated Worst -Case 8 -Hour Carbon Monoxide Concentra- tions Along Roadways Near University Terrace Project 6 Estimated Indirect Air Pollution Emissions from University Terrace Project Electrical Demand ii 1.0 SUMMARY Western United Life Assurance Company is proposing to develop the University Terrace Project in Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii. The proposed project will consist primarily of 600 residential units, 150 transient accommodation units and 350,000 square feet of commercial space. The project site is on 179 acres of undeveloped land mauka of Komohana Street in the vicinity of Ponahawai Street. Construction would likely begin sometime during or after 2009, and the project would be in full use within ten years. This study examines the potential short- and long- term air quality impacts that could occur as a result of construction and use of the proposed facilities and suggests mitigative measures to reduce any potential air quality impacts where possible and appropriate. Both federal and state standards have been established to maintain ambient air quality. At the present time, seven parameters are regulated including: particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone and lead. Hawaii air quality standards are more stringent than the comparable national standards except for those pertaining to sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. Regional and local climate together with the amount and type of human activity generally dictate the air quality of a given location. The climate of the Hilo area is very much affected by its windward and coastal situation. Daytime winds are predominantly trade winds from easterly to northerly directions, while nighttime winds are mostly mountain drainage winds from the southwest. Wind speeds typically are relatively light varying l between about 5 and 10 miles per hour. Temperatures in the Hilo area are very moderate with average daily minimum and maximum temperatures ranging from 66°F to 82°F. Rainfall is substantial with an average of 129 inches per year. Except for periodic impacts from volcanic emissions (vog) and possibly occasional localized impacts from traffic congestion, the present air quality of the project area is believed to be relatively good. The limited air quality data that are available for the area from the Department of Health indicate that concentrations are within state and national air quality standards. If the proposed project is given the necessary approvals to proceed, it may be inevitable that some short- and/or long-term impacts on air quality will occur either directly or indirectly as a consequence of project construction and use. Short-term impacts from fugitive dust will likely occur during the project construc- tion phase. To a lesser extent, exhaust emissions from stationary and mobile construction equipment, from the disruption of traffic, and from workers' vehicles may also affect air quality during the period of construction. State air pollution control regulations require that there be no visible fugitive dust emissions at the property line. Hence, an effective dust control plan must be implemented to ensure compliance with state regulations during the period of construction. Fugitive dust emissions can be controlled to a large extent by watering of active work areas, using wind screens, keeping adjacent paved roads clean, and by covering of open -bodied 2 trucks. Other dust control measures could include limiting the area that can be disturbed at any given time and/or mulching or chemically stabilizing inactive areas that have been worked. Paving and landscaping of project areas early in the construction schedule will also reduce dust emissions. Monitoring dust at the project boundary during the period of construction could be considered as a means to evaluate the effectiveness of the project dust control program. Exhaust emissions can be mitigated by moving construction equipment and workers to and from the project site during off-peak traffic hours. After construction, motor vehicles coming to and from the proposed development will result in a long-term increase in air pollution emissions in the project area. To assess the impact of emissions from these vehicles, an air quality modeling study was undertaken to estimate current ambient concentrations of carbon monoxide at intersections in the project vicinity and to predict future levels both with and without the proposed project. During worst-case conditions, model results indicated that present 1 -hour and 8 -hour carbon monoxide concentrations are within both the state and the national ambient air quality standards. In the year 2014 without the project, carbon monoxide concentrations were predicted to decrease even though traffic volumes are forecast to increase. This is because newer vehicles used on the roadways in the future will emit less air pollution. With the project in the year 2014, carbon monoxide concentrations were estimated to increase by about 20 to 30 percent at nearby intersections compared to the without project case, but concentrations would still be lower than the existing case. With or without the project, worst-case concentrations should remain within both national and state standards. Due to the small impact the project is expected to have, implementing mitigation 3 measures for traffic -related air quality impacts is probably unnecessary and unwarranted. Depending on the demand levels, long-term impacts on air quality are also possible due to indirect emissions associated with a development's electrical power and solid waste disposal require- ments. Quantitative estimates of these potential impacts were not made, but based on the estimated demand levels and emission rates involved, any significant impacts are unlikely. Nevertheless, incorporating energy conservation design features and promoting conservation and recycling programs within the proposed development could serve to further reduce any associated impacts and conserve the island's resources. 2.0 INTRODUCTION Western United Life Assurance Company is proposing to develop the University Terrance Project on 179 acres of land in Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii (see Figure 1 for project location). The development will include up to 600 single-family and/or multi- family residential units, up to 150 transient accommodation units, approximately 350,000 square feet of gross leasable retail and office space, and other associated facilities, open areas and park space. The site of the proposed development is on undeveloped land mauka (west) of Komohana Street between Alenaio Stream to the south and existing residential areas to the north. Moholuli Street is the western border of the site. Construction of the project is expected to commence sometime during or after 2004, and full development and occupancy is expected to be achieved by 2014. 4 The purpose of this study is to describe existing air quality in the project area and to assess the potential short- and long-term direct and indirect air quality impacts that could result from construction and use of the proposed facilities as planned. Measures to mitigate project impacts are suggested where possible and appropriate. 3.0 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS Ambient concentrations of air pollution are regulated by both national and state ambient air quality standards (AAQS). National AAQS are specified in Section 90, Part 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), while State of Hawaii AAQS are defined in Chapter 11-59 of the Hawaii Administrative Rules. Table 1 summarizes both the national and the state AAQS that are speci- fied in the cited documents. As indicated in the table, national and state AAQS have been established for particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone and lead. The state has also set a standard for hydrogen sulfide. National AAQS are stated in terms of both primary and secondary standards for most of the regulated air pollutants. National primary standards are designed to protect the public health with an "adequate margin of safety". National secondary standards, on the other hand, define levels of air quality necessary to protect the public welfare from "any known or anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant". Secondary public welfare impacts may include such effects as decreased visibility, diminished comfort levels, or other potential injury to the natural or man-made environment, e.g., soiling of materials, damage to vegetation or other econom- ic damage. In contrast to the national AAQS, Hawaii State AAQS are given in terms of a single standard that is designed "to 5 protect public health and welfare and to prevent the significant deterioration of air quality". Each of the regulated air pollutants has the potential to create or exacerbate some form of adverse health effect or to produce environmental degradation when present in sufficiently high concentration for prolonged periods of time. The AAQS specify a maximum allowable concentration for a given air pollutant for one or more averaging times to prevent harmful effects. Averaging times vary from one hour to one year depending on the pollutant and type of exposure necessary to cause adverse effects. In the case of the short-term (i.e., 1- to 29 -hour) AAQS, both national and state standards allow a specified number of exceedances each year. The Hawaii AAQS are in some cases considerably more stringent than the comparable national AAQS. In particular, the Hawaii 1 -hour AAQS for carbon monoxide is four times more stringent than the comparable national limit, and the state 1 -hour limit for ozone is more than two times as stringent as the national 1 -hour standard. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently working on a plan to phase out the national 1 -hour ozone standard in favor of the new (and more stringent) 8 -hour standard. The Hawaii AAQS for sulfur dioxide were relaxed in 1986 to make the state standards essentially the same as the national limits. In 1993, the state also revised its particulate standards to follow those set by the federal government. During 1997, the federal government again revised its standards for particulate, 2 but the new standards were challenged in federal court. A Supreme Court ruling was issued during February 2001, and at this time, it is expected that the new standards for particulate will be implemented by 2005. To date, the Hawaii Department of Health has not updated the state particulate standards. 4.0 REGIONAL AND LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY Regional and local climatology significantly affect the air quality of a given location. Climatological parameters that influence air quality include wind, temperature, atmospheric turbulence, mixing height and rainfall. Although the climate of Hawaii is relatively moderate throughout most of the state, significant differences in these parameters may occur from one location to another. Most differences in regional and local climates within the state are caused by the mountainous topography. The entire state of Hawaii lies well within the belt of northeasterly trade winds generated by the semi-permanent Pacific high pressure cell to the north and east of the islands. Areas along the eastern coasts of the islands are particularly affected by the trade winds and are usually well -ventilated nearly year round. Although Hilo is situated along the eastern coast of Hawaii Island, the high mountains of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea significantly modify the trade wind influence. The nearest long- term wind data available for the project area are collected at the Hilo Airport located about 3 miles to the east. These data are probably reasonably representative of the project area. Mean annual wind speed at the airport is about 8 mph, which is lower than many windward locations in the state, and wind directions 7 are bimodal showing either a northeast or southwest preference [1]. Northeast trade winds typically occur during the daytime, while winds from the southwest typically occur during the nighttime due to cold air drainage from the mountains. Winds from the south or southwest also occur occasionally in association with winter storms. Air pollution emissions from motor vehicles, the formation of photochemical smog and smoke plume rise all depend in part on air temperature. Colder temperatures tend to result in higher emissions of contaminants from automobiles but lower concentrations of photochemical smog and ground -level concentra- tions of air pollution from stack sources. In Hawaii, the annual and daily variation of temperature depends to a large degree on elevation above sea level, distance inland and exposure to the trade winds. Average temperatures at locations near sea level generally are warmer than those at higher elevations. Areas exposed to the trade winds tend to have the least temperature variation, while inland and leeward areas often have the most. At nearby Hilo Airport, average annual daily minimum and maximum temperatures are 66°F and 82°F, respectively. The extreme minimum temperature on record is 53°F, and the extreme maximum is 94°F [2]. Temperatures at the project site are probably slightly cooler due to the higher elevation. Small scale, random motions in the atmosphere (turbulence) cause air pollutants to be dispersed as a function of distance or time from the point of emission. Turbulence is caused by both mechan- ical and thermal forces in the atmosphere. It is often measured and described in terms of Pasquill-Gif ford stability class. L Stability class 1 is the most turbulent and class 6 the least. Thus, air pollution dissipates the best during stability class 1 conditions and the worst when stability class 6 prevails. In the Hilo area, stability classes 5 or 6 occasionally occur, developing during clear, calm nighttime or early morning hours when temperature inversions form due to radiational cooling or to drainage flow from the mountainous interior of the island. Stability classes 1 through 4 occur during the daytime, depending mainly on the amount of cloud cover and incoming solar radiation and the onset and extent of the sea breeze. Mixing height is defined as the height above the surface through which relatively vigorous vertical mixing occurs. Low mixing heights can result in high ground -level air pollution concentra- tions because contaminants emitted from or near the surface can become trapped within the mixing layer. In Hawaii, minimum mixing heights tend to be high because of mechanical mixing caused by the trade winds and because of the temperature moderating effect of the surrounding ocean. Low mixing heights may sometimes occur, however, at inland locations and even at times along coastal areas early in the morning following a clear, cool, windless night. Coastal areas also may experience low mixing levels during sea breeze conditions when cooler ocean air rushes in over warmer land. Mixing heights in Hawaii typically are above 3000 feet (1000 meters). Rainfall can have a beneficial affect on the air quality of an area in that it helps to suppress fugitive dust emissions, and it also may "washout" gaseous contaminants that are water soluble. Rainfall in Hawaii is highly variable depending on elevation and on location with respect to the trade wind. The Hilo area has a 01 wet climate. Normal annual rainfall for Hilo Airport is about 129 inches [2). This is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year, although the summer months are slightly drier. 5.0 PRESENT AIR QUALITY Air quality in the vicinity of the proposed project is currently mostly affected by emissions from motor vehicles, industry and natural sources. Perhaps the dominant factor for the past several years has been the volcanic emissions from Kilauea Volcano, although the prevailing winds carry emissions away from the Hilo area much of the time. Most of these emissions occur as sulfur dioxide and then convert into particulate sulfate which causes a volcanic haze (vog) to blanket the area during kona wind conditions. The major industrial sources in the area are oil - burning power plants which primarily emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Motor vehicles emit carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons (an ozone precursor) and smaller amounts of other pollutants. Table 2 presents an air pollutant emission summary for the island of Hawaii for calendar year 1993. The emission rates shown in the table pertain to manmade emissions only, i.e., emissions from natural sources are not included. As suggested in the table, much of the manmade particulate emissions on Hawaii originate from area sources, such as the mineral products industry and agriculture. Manmade sulfur oxides are emitted almost exclusively by point sources, such as power plants and other fuel -burning industries. Nitrogen oxides emissions emanate predominantly from area sources (mostly motor vehicle traffic), although industrial point sources contribute a significant share. The majority of carbon monoxide 10 emissions occur from area sources (motor vehicle traffic), while hydrocarbons are emitted mainly from point sources. The State Department of Health operates a network of air quality monitoring stations at various locations around the state, but only very limited data are available for Hawaii Island. The only data available for the Hilo area are for sulfur dioxide and particulate collected at the Adult Rehabilitation Center at 1099 Waianuenue Avenue, which are probably reasonably representative of the project area. Table 4 summarizes the data from this location for the years 1999 through 2001. Sulfur dioxide concentrations monitored were relatively high compared to other locations in the state, but maximum concentrations remained within the standards. Annual second- highest 3 -hour concentrations (which are most relevant to the air quality standards) ranged from 301 to 402 µg/m3, while the annual second-highest 24-hour concentrations ranged from 284 to 363 µg/m3. Annual average concentrations were only about 2 to 6 µg/m3. There were no exceedances of the state/national 3 -hour or 24-hour AAQS for sulfur dioxide during the three-year period. Particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM -10) is also measured at the Hilo monitoring station. Annual second- highest 24-hour PM -10 concentrations ranged from 16 to 19 µg/m3 between 1999 and 2001. Average annual concentrations ranged from 11 to 12 µg/m3. All values reported were within the state and national AAQS. 11 Given the limited air pollution sources in the area, it is likely that concentrations of other air pollutants are near natural background levels, except possibly for locations adjacent to agricultural operations or near traffic -congested intersections. Present concentrations of carbon monoxide in the project area are estimated later in this study based on computer modeling of motor vehicle emissions. 6.0 SHORT-TERM IMPACTS OF PROJECT Short-term direct and indirect impacts on air quality could potentially occur due to project construction. For a project of this nature, there are two potential types of air pollution emissions that could directly result in short-term air quality impacts during project construction: (1) fugitive dust from vehicle movement and soil excavation; and (2) exhaust emissions from on-site construction equipment. Indirectly, there also could be short-term impacts from slow-moving construction equipment traveling to and from the project sites, from a temporary increase in local traffic caused by commuting construction workers, and from the disruption of normal traffic flow caused by lane closures of adjacent roadways. Fugitive dust emissions may arise from the grading and dirt -moving activities associated with site clearing and preparation work. The emission rate for fugitive dust emissions from construction activities is difficult to estimate accurately. This is because of its elusive nature of emission and because the potential for its generation varies greatly depending upon the type of soil at the construction site, the amount and type of dirt -disturbing 12 activity taking place, the moisture content of exposed soil in work areas, and the wind speed. The EPA [3] has provided a rough estimate for uncontrolled fugitive dust emissions from construction activity of 1.2 tons per acre per month under conditions of "medium" activity, moderate soil silt content (30%), and precipitation/evaporation (P/E) index of 50. Uncontrolled fugitive dust emissions at the project site would likely be somewhere near that level, or possibly lower due to the wet climate. In any case, State of Hawaii Air Pollution Control Regulations [9] prohibit visible emissions of fugitive dust from construction activities at the property line. Thus, an effective dust control plan for the project construction phase is essential. Adequate fugitive dust control can usually be accomplished by the establishment of a frequent watering program to keep bare -dirt surfaces in construction areas from becoming significant sources of dust. In dust -prone or dust -sensitive areas, other control measures such as limiting the area that can be disturbed at any given time, applying chemical soil stabilizers, mulching and/or using wind screens may be necessary. Control regulations further stipulate that open -bodied trucks be covered at all times when in motion if they are transporting materials that could be blown away. Haul trucks tracking dirt onto paved streets from unpaved areas is often a significant source of dust in construction areas. Some means to alleviate this problem, such as road cleaning or tire washing, may be appropriate. Paving of parking areas and/or establishment of landscaping as early in the construction schedule as possible can also lower the potential for fugitive dust emissions. Monitoring dust at the project property line could be considered to quantify and document the effectiveness of dust control measures. 13 On-site mobile and stationary construction equipment also will emit air pollutants from engine exhausts. The largest of this equipment is usually diesel -powered. Nitrogen oxides emissions from diesel engines can be relatively high compared to gasoline - powered equipment, but the standard for nitrogen dioxide is set on an annual basis and is not likely to be violated by short-term construction equipment emissions. Carbon monoxide emissions from diesel engines, on the other hand, are low and should be relatively insignificant compared to vehicular emissions on nearby roadways. Project construction activities will also likely obstruct the normal flow of traffic at times to such an extent that overall vehicular emissions in the project area will temporarily increase. The only means to alleviate this problem will be to attempt to keep roadways open during peak traffic hours and to move heavy construction equipment and workers to and from construction areas during periods of low traffic volume. Thus, most potential short- term air quality impacts from project construction can be mitigated. 7.0 LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF PROJECT 7.1 Roadway Traffic After construction is completed, use of the proposed facilities will result in increased motor vehicle traffic in the project area, potentially causing long-term impacts on ambient air quality. Motor vehicles with gasoline -powered engines are 14 significant sources of carbon monoxide. They also emit nitrogen oxides and other contaminates. Federal air pollution control regulations require that new motor vehicles be equipped with emission control devices that reduce emissions significantly compared to a few years ago. In 1990, the President signed into law the Clean Air Act Amendments. This legislation requires further emission reductions, which have been phased in since 1994. More recently, additional restrictions were signed into law during the Clinton administration, which will begin to take effect during the next decade. The added restrictions on emissions from new motor vehicles will lower average emissions each year as more and more older vehicles leave the state's roadways. It is estimated that carbon monoxide emissions, for example, will go down by an average of about 30 to 40 percent per vehicle during the next 10 years due to the replacement of older vehicles with newer models. To evaluate the potential long-term indirect ambient air quality impact of increased roadway traffic associated with a project such as this, computerized emission and atmospheric dispersion models can be used to estimate ambient carbon monoxide concentrations along roadways leading to and from the project. Carbon monoxide is selected for modeling because it is both the most stable and the most abundant of the pollutants generated by motor vehicles. Furthermore, carbon monoxide air pollution is generally considered to be a microscale problem that can be addressed locally to some extent, whereas nitrogen oxides air pollution most often is a regional issue that cannot be addressed by a single new develop- ment. 15 For this project, three scenarios were selected for the carbon monoxide modeling study: (1) year 2003 with present conditions, (2) year 2014 without the project, and (3) year 2014 with the project. To begin the modeling study of the three scenarios, critical receptor areas in the vicinity of the project were identified for analysis. Generally speaking, roadway intersections are the primary concern because of traffic congestion and because of the increase in vehicular emissions associated with traffic queuing. For this study, four of the intersections identified in the traffic study were also selected for air quality analysis. These included the following intersections: • Komohana Street at Mohouli Street; • Komohana Street at Kukuau Street; • Komohana Street at South Project Access Road; • Komohana Street at Ponahawai Street. These are considered to be either representative of the project area or are locations where traffic is most congested or where the project will likely have the most impact. The traffic impact assessment report for the project [5] describes the projected future traffic conditions and laneage configurations of these intersections in detail. The main objective of the modeling study was to estimate maximum 1 -hour average carbon monoxide concentrations for each of the three scenarios studied. To evaluate the significance of the estimated concentrations, a comparison of the predicted values for each scenario can be made. Comparison of the estimated values to 16 the national and state AAQS was also used to provide another measure of significance. Maximum carbon monoxide concentrations typically coincide with peak traffic periods. The traffic impact assessment report evaluated morning and afternoon peak traffic periods. These same periods were evaluated in the air quality impact assessment. The EPA computer model MOBILE6 [6] was used to calculate vehicular carbon monoxide emissions for each year studied. One of the key inputs to MOBILE6 is vehicle mix. Unless very detailed information is available, national average values are typically assumed, which is what was used for the present study. Based on national average vehicle mix figures, the present vehicle mix in the project area was estimated to be 45.0o light-duty gasoline - powered automobiles, 42.3% light-duty gasoline -powered trucks and vans, 3.6% heavy-duty gasoline -powered vehicles, 0.2% light-duty diesel -powered vehicles, 8.3% heavy-duty diesel -powered trucks and buses, and 0.6% motorcycles. For the future scenarios studied, the vehicle mix was estimated to change slightly with fewer light- duty gasoline -powered automobiles and more light-duty gasoline - powered trucks and vans. Ambient temperatures of 59 and 68 degrees F were used for morning and afternoon peak -hour emission computations, respectively. These are conservative assumptions since morning/afternoon ambient temperatures will generally be warmer than this, and emission estimates given by MOBILE6 generally have an inverse relationship to the ambient temperature. 17 After computing vehicular carbon monoxide emissions through the use of MOBILE6, these data were then input to an atmospheric dispersion model. EPA air quality modeling guidelines [7] currently recommend that the computer model CAL3QHC [8] be used to assess carbon monoxide concentrations at roadway intersections, or in areas where its use has previously been established, CALINE4 [9] may be used. Until a few years ago, CALINE4 was used extensively in Hawaii to assess air quality impacts at roadway intersections. In December 1997, the California Department of Transportation recommended that the intersection mode of CALINE4 no longer be used because it was thought the model has become outdated. Studies have shown that CALINE4 may tend to over -predict maximum concentrations in some situations. Therefore, CAL3QHC was used for the subject analysis. CAL3QHC was developed for the U.S. EPA to simulate vehicular movement, vehicle queuing and atmospheric dispersion of vehicular emissions near roadway intersections. It is designed to predict 1 -hour average pollutant concentrations near roadway intersections based on input traffic and emission data, roadway/receptor geometry and meteorological conditions. Although CAL3QHC is intended primarily for use in assessing atmospheric dispersion near signalized roadway intersections, it can also be used to evaluate unsignalized intersections. This is accomplished by manually estimating queue lengths and then applying the same techniques used by the model for signalized intersections. Currently, only one of the study intersections (Komohana Street at Kukuau Street) is unsignalized. In the W future in the traffic report, signalized. with -project scenario and in accordance with the all four study intersections were assumed to be Input peak -hour traffic data were obtained from the traffic study cited previously. This included vehicle approach volumes, saturation capacity estimates, intersection laneage and signal timings (where applicable). All emission factors that were input to CAL3QHC for free-flow traffic on roadways were obtained from MOBILE6 based on assumed free-flow vehicle speeds corresponding to the posted speed limits. Model roadways were set up to reflect roadway geometry, physical dimensions and operating characteristics. Concentrations predicted by air quality models generally are not considered valid within the roadway -mixing zone. The roadway -mixing zone is usually taken to include 3 meters on either side of the traveled portion of the roadway and the turbulent area within 10 meters of a cross street. Model receptor sites were thus located at the edges of the mixing zones near all intersections that were studied for all three scenarios. This implies that pedestrian sidewalks either already exist or are assumed to exist in the future. All receptor heights were placed at 1.5 meters above ground to simulate levels within the normal human breathing zone. Input meteorological conditions for this study were defined to provide "worst-case" results. One of the key meteorological inputs is atmospheric stability category. For these analyses, atmospheric stability category 5 was assumed for the morning cases, while atmospheric stability category 4 was assumed for the 19 afternoon cases. These are the most conservative stability categories that are generally used for estimating worst-case pollutant dispersion within suburban areas for these periods. A surface roughness length of 100 cm and a mixing height of 1000 meters were used in all cases. Worst-case wind conditions were defined as a wind speed of 1 meter per second with a wind direction resulting in the highest predicted concentration. Concentration estimates were calculated at wind directions of every 5 degrees. Existing background concentrations of carbon monoxide in the project vicinity are believed to be at low levels. Thus, background contributions of carbon monoxide from sources or roadways not directly considered in the analysis were accounted for by adding a background concentration of 0.5 ppm to all predicted concentrations for 2003. Although increased traffic is expected to occur within the project area within the next several years with or without the project, background carbon monoxide concentrations may not change significantly since individual emissions from motor vehicles are forecast to decrease with time. Hence, a background value of 0.5 ppm was assumed to persist for the future scenarios studied. Predicted Worst -Case 1 -Hour Concentrations Table 5 summarizes the final results of the modeling study in the form of the estimated worst-case 1 -hour morning and afternoon ambient carbon monoxide concentrations. These results can be compared directly to the state and the national AAQS. Estimated worst-case carbon monoxide concentrations are presented in the table for three scenarios: year 2003 with existing traffic, year 20 2014 without the project and year 2014 with the project. The locations of these estimated worst-case 1 -hour concentrations all occurred at or very near the indicated intersections. As indicated in the table, the highest estimated 1 -hour concentra- tion within the project vicinity for the present (2003) case was 6.1 mg/m3. This was projected to occur during the morning peak traffic hour near the intersection of Komohana Street and Mohouli Street. Concentrations at other locations and times studied were 4.7 mg/m3 or lower. All predicted worst-case 1 -hour concen- trations for the 2003 scenario were within both the national AAQS of 40 mg/m3 and the state standard of 10 mg/m3. In the year 2014 without the proposed project, the highest worst- case 1 -hour concentration was again predicted to occur during the morning at the intersection of Komohana Street and Mohouli Street. A value of 4.1 mg/m3 was predicted to occur at this location. Peak -hour worst-case values at the other locations and times studied for this scenario ranged between about 1 and 3 mg/m3. Although traffic volumes are expected to increase over time compared to the existing case, worst-case carbon monoxide concentrations were predicted to decrease. This is because tailpipe emissions on an average per vehicle basis are forecast to decrease with time as older, more -polluting vehicles are retired. All projected worst-case concentrations for this scenario remained within the state and national standards. Predicted 1 -hour worst-case concentrations for the 2014 with project scenario were projected to increase by about 20 to 30 percent compared to the without project case but would be lower or 21 nearly unchanged compared to the existing case. All predicted worst-case 1 -hour concentrations for the 2014 with project scenario were within both the national and the state AAQS. Predicted Worst -Case 8 -Hour Concentrations Worst-case 8 -hour carbon monoxide concentrations were estimated by multiplying the worst-case 1 -hour values by a persistence factor of 0.5. This accounts for two factors: (1) traffic volumes averaged over eight hours are lower than peak 1 -hour values, and (2) meteorological conditions are more variable (and hence more favorable for dispersion) over an 8 -hour period than they are for a single hour. Based on monitoring data, 1 -hour to 8 -hour persis- tence factors for most locations generally vary from 0.4 to 0.8 with 0.6 being the most typical. One study based on modeling [10] concluded that 1 -hour to 8 -hour persistence factors could typically be expected to range from 0.4 to 0.5. EPA guidelines [11] recommend using a value of 0.7 unless a locally derived persistence factor is available. Recent monitoring data for locations on Oahu reported by the Department of Health [12] suggest that this factor may range between about 0.2 and 0.6 depending on location and traffic variability. Considering the location of the project and the traffic pattern for the area, a 1 -hour to 8 -hour persistence factor of 0.5 will likely yield reasonable estimates of worst-case 8 -hour concentrations. The resulting estimated worst-case 8 -hour concentrations are indicated in Table 6. For the 2003 scenario, the estimated worst- case 8 -hour carbon monoxide concentrations for the three locations studied ranged from 1.6 mg/m3 at the Komohana Street at Kukuau Street intersection to 3.0 mg/m3 at the Komohana Street at Mohouli Street intersection. The estimated worst-case concentrations were 22 within both the state standard of 5 mg/m3 and the national limit of 10 mg/m3. For the year 2014 without project scenario, worst-case concentrations ranged between 1.2 and 2.0 mg/m3, with the highest concentration at the Komohana Street and Mohouli Street intersection. Concentrations at all three locations studied decreased substantially compared to the existing case. All predicted concentrations were within the standards. For the 2014 with project scenario, worst-case concentrations increased compared to the without project case, but all predicted 8 -hour concentrations for this scenario were well within both the national and the state AAQS. Conservativeness of Estimates The results of this study reflect several assumptions that were made concerning both traffic movement and worst-case meteorological conditions. One such assumption concerning worst- case meteorological conditions is that a wind speed of 1 meter per second with a steady direction for 1 hour will occur. A steady wind of 1 meter per second blowing from a single direction for an hour is extremely unlikely and may occur only once a year or less. With wind speeds of 2 meters per second, for example, computed carbon monoxide concentrations would be only about half the values given above. The 8 -hour estimates are also conservative in that it is unlikely that anyone would occupy the assumed receptor sites (within 3 m of the roadways) for a period of 8 hours. 23 7.2 Electrical Demand The proposed project also will cause indirect air pollution emissions from power generating facilities as a consequence of electrical power usage. The electrical demand of the project when fully developed is expected to reach about 17 million kilowatt-hours per year [13]. Electrical power for the project will most probably be provided mainly by oil -fired generating facilities, but some of the project power may also be derived from geothermal energy, wind power or other sources. In order to meet the electrical power needs of the proposed project, power generating facilities will likely be required to burn more fuel and hence more air pollution will be emitted at these facilities. Given in Table 6 are estimates of the indirect air pollution emissions that would result from the project electrical demand assuming all power is provided by burning more fuel oil at local power plants. These values can be compared to the island -wide emission estimates for 1993 given in Table 2. The estimated indirect emissions from project electrical demand amount to less than 1 percent of the present air pollution emissions occurring on Hawaii Island even if all power is assumed to be derived from oil. 7.3 Solid Waste Disposal Solid waste generated by the proposed development when fully completed and occupied is not expected to exceed about 2000 tons per year [14]. Currently, all solid waste on the island is buried at solid waste landfills. Thus, assuming this continues to be the method for solid waste disposal, the only associated air pollution emissions that will occur will be from trucking the 24 waste to the landfill and burying it. These emissions should be relatively minor. 8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND The major potential short-term air quality impact of the project will occur from the emission of fugitive dust during construction. Uncontrolled fugitive dust emissions from construction activities are estimated to amount to about 1.2 tons per acre per month, depending on rainfall. To control dust, active work areas and any temporary unpaved work roads should be watered at least twice daily on days without rainfall. Use of wind screens and/or limiting the area that is disturbed at any given time will also help to contain fugitive dust emissions. Wind erosion of inactive areas of the site that have been disturbed could be controlled by mulching or by the use of chemical soil stabilizers. Dirt -hauling trucks should be covered when traveling on roadways to prevent windage. A routine road cleaning and/or tire washing program will also help to reduce fugitive dust emissions that may occur as a result of trucks tracking dirt onto paved roadways in the project area. Paving of parking areas and establishment of landscaping early in the construction schedule will also help to control dust. Monitoring dust at the project boundary during the period of construction could be considered as a means to evaluate the effectiveness of the project dust control program and to adjust the program if necessary. During construction phases, emissions from engine exhausts (primarily consisting of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides) will also occur both from on-site construction equipment and from vehicles used by construction workers and from trucks traveling to 25 and from the project. Increased vehicular emissions due to disruption of traffic by construction equipment and/or commuting construction workers can be alleviated by moving equipment and personnel to the site during off-peak traffic hours. After the proposed project is completed, any long-term impacts on air quality in the project area due to emissions from project - related motor vehicle traffic should be small. Worst-case concentrations of carbon monoxide should remain within both the state and the national ambient air quality standards. Implementing any air quality mitigation measures for long-term traffic -related impacts is probably unnecessary and unwarranted. Any long-term impacts on air quality due to indirect emissions from supplying the project with electricity and from the disposal of waste materials generated by the project will likely be relatively small based on the magnitudes of the estimated emissions compared to the current island -wide emissions. To further moderate any impacts, indirect emissions from project electrical demand could likely be reduced somewhat by incorporat- ing energy-saving features into project design requirements. This might include the use of solar water heaters, water heater timers or possibly hot water on demand systems; designing building space so that window positions maximize indoor light without unduly increasing indoor heat; using landscaping where feasible to provide afternoon shade to cut down on the use of air conditioning; installation of insulation and double -glazed doors to reduce the effects of the sun and heat; movable, controlled openings for ventilation at opportune times; and possibly automated room occupancy sensors. Solid waste related air pollution could likely be reduced somewhat by the promotion of 26 conservation and recycling programs within the proposed develop- ment. 27 1. Atlas of Hawaii, Second Edition, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1983. 2. "Local Climatological Data, Annual Summary With Comparative Data, Hilo, Hawaii, 199311, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Envi- ronmental Data Service, National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC. 3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources, Fifth Edition, AP -42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1995. 4. State of Hawaii. Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapter 11-60, Air Pollution Control. 5. The Traffic Management Consultant, Traffic Impact Analysis Report for the Proposed University Terrace, Draft, July 2003. 6. User's Guide to MOBILE6.0, Mobile Source Emission Factor Model, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Assessment and Standards Division, Ann Arbor, Michigan, January 2002. 7. Guideline on Air Qualit Models (Revised), Includin Supplements A and B, EPA -950 2-78-027R, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1986. 8. User's Guide to CAL3QHC Version 2.0: A Modeling Methodology for Predicting Pollutant Concentrations Near Roadway Intersections, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, November 1992. 9. CALINE4 - A Dispersion Model for Predictin Air Pollutant Concentrations Near Roadways, FHWA CA TL -84 15, California State Department of Transportation, November 1984 with June 1989 Revisions. 10. "Persistence Factors for Mobile Source (Roadway) Carbon Monoxide Modeling", C. David Cooper, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Volume 39, Number 5, May 1989. Pd: 11. Guideline for Modeling Carbon Monoxide from Protection Agency, -454/R-92-005, November 1992. 12. Annual Summaries, Hawaii Air Quality Data, 1999-2001, State of Hawaii Department of Health. 13. Personal communication regarding University Terrace electrical demand, from Leslie Kurisaki, Kimura International, Inc. to Barry D. Neal, B.D. Neal & Associates, June 10, 2003. 14. Personal communication regarding University Terrace solid waste disposal demand, from Leslie Kurisaki, Kimura International, Inc. to Barry D. Neal, B.D. Neal & Associates, June 27, 2003. 29 Fd Jul D4 11:18 2003 Scale .,center) 1 miles m �► ., Local Road MajorConnector State Route Trail Point of Intere6t -� �-�:- Table 1 SUMMARY OF STATE OF HAWAII AND NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS a Three-year average of annual arithmetic mean. b 99th percentile value averaged over three years. cNot to be exceeded more than once per year. d 98th percentile value averaged over three years. eThree-year average of fourth -highest daily 8 -hour maximum. f Standard is attained when the expected number of exceedances is less than or equal to 1. Note: Standards for particulate matter (<2.5 microns) and for 8 -hour ozone have not yet been implemented Maximum Allowable Concentration Pollutant Units Averaging Time National National State Primary Secondary of Hawaii Particulate Matter Ng/m3 Annual 50a 50a 50 (<10 microns) 29 Hours 150° 150° 150` Particulate Matter Pg/m3 Annual 15a 15a - (<2.5 microns) 29 Hours 65° 65° - Sulfur Dioxide Pg/m3 Annual 80 - 80 29 Hours 365` - 365` 3 Hours - 1300` 1300` Nitrogen Dioxide Ng/m3 Annual 100 100 70 Carbon Monoxide mg/m3 8 Hours 10` - 5` 1 Hour 90` - 10` Ozone Ng/m3 8 Hours 157e 157e - 1 Hour 235E 235` 100` Lead µg/m3 Calendar 1.5 1.5 1.5 Quarter Hydrogen Sulfide µg/m3 1 Hour - - 35` a Three-year average of annual arithmetic mean. b 99th percentile value averaged over three years. cNot to be exceeded more than once per year. d 98th percentile value averaged over three years. eThree-year average of fourth -highest daily 8 -hour maximum. f Standard is attained when the expected number of exceedances is less than or equal to 1. Note: Standards for particulate matter (<2.5 microns) and for 8 -hour ozone have not yet been implemented Table 2 AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR ISLAND OF HAWAII, 1993 Air Pollutant Point Sources (tons/year) Area Sources (tons/ ear) Total (tons/year) Particulate 30,311 9,157 39,468 Sulfur Oxides 9,345 nil 9,345 Nitrogen Oxides 4,054 8,858 12,912 Carbon Monoxide 3,357 23,934 27,291 Hydrocarbons 1,477 203 1,680 Source: Final Report, "Review, Revise and Update of the Hawaii Emissions Inventory Systems for the State of Hawaii", prepared for Hawaii Department of Health by J.L. Shoemaker 6 Associates, Inc., 1996 Table 3 ANNUAL SUMMARIES OF AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS FOR MONITORING STATIONS NEAREST UNIVERSITY TERRACE PROJECT Parameter / Location 1999 2000 2001 Sulfur Dioxide / Hilo 3 -Hour Averaging Period: No. of Samples 2816 2277 2876 Highest Concentration (pg/m') 652 438 461 2nd Highest Concentration (pg/m') 402 301 348 No. of State AAQS Exceedances 0 0 0 24 -Hour Averaging Period: No. of Samples 362 284 363 Highest Concentration (pg/m') 111 94 101 2nd Highest Concentration (pg/m') 88 73 89 No. of State AAQS Exceedances 0 0 0 Annual Average Concentration (µg/m') 2 4 6 Particulate (PM -10) / Hilo 24 -Hour Averaging Period: No, of Samples 42 41 55 Highest Concentration (µg/m') 30 18 20 2"d Highest Concentration (µg/m') 19 16 19 No. of State AAQS Exceedances 0 0 0 Annual Average Concentration (µg/m') 11 11 12 Source: State of Hawaii Department of Health, "Annual Summaries, Hawaii Air Quality Data, 1999 - 2001" Table 4 ESTIMATED WORST-CASE 1 -HOUR CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS ALONG ROADWAYS NEAR UNIVERSITY TERRACE PROJECT (milligrams per cubic meter) Hawaii State AAQS: 10 National AAQS: 40 Year/Scenario Roadway 2003/Present 2014/Without Project 2014/With Project Intersection AM PM AM PM AM PM Komohana Street at 6.1 4.7 4.1 3.3 Mohouli Street 4.8 4.0 Komohana Street at 3.1 2.0 Kukuau Street 2.3 1.4 2.9 2.0 Komohana Street at South Project Access _ _ _ _ 2.4 2.6 Komohana Street at 4.8 3.1 3.1 Ponahawai Street 2.3 3.6 2.9 Hawaii State AAQS: 10 National AAQS: 40 Table 5 ESTIMATED WORST-CASE 8 -HOUR CARSON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS ALONG ROADWAYS NEAR UNIVERSITY TERRACE PROJECT (milligrams per cubic meter) Hawaii State AAQS: 5 National AAQS: 10 Year/Scenario Roadway Intersection 2003/Present 2014/Without Project 2014/with Project Komohana Street at 3.0 2.0 2.4 Mohouli Street Komohana Street at 1.6 1.2 1.5 Kukuau Street Komohana Street at _ _ 1.3 South Project Access Komohana Street at 2.4 1.2 1.8 Ponahawai Street Hawaii State AAQS: 5 National AAQS: 10 Table 6 ESTIMATED INDIRECT AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS FROM UNIVERSITY TERRACE PROJECT ELECTRICAL DEMAND' Air Pollutant Emission Rate (tons/year) Particulate 6 Sulfur Dioxide 42 Carbon Monoxide 4 Volatile Organics <1 Nitrogen Oxides 19 aBased on U.S. EPA emission factors for utility boilers [3). Assumes electrical demand of 17 million kw-hrs per year and low -sulfur oil used to generate power. APPENDIX C DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE REPORT, PONAHAWAI UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO, HAWAII D. L. Adams & Associates, Ltd. CD. L. ADAMS ASSOCIATES, LTD. ACOUSTICAL CONSULTANTS DRAFT Project No. 03-31 ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE REPORT PONAHAWAI UNIVERSITY TERRACE HILO, HAWAII June 2003 Prepared for Kimura International, Inc. Honolulu, Hawaii PALI PALMS PLAZA • 970 NO. KALAHEO AVENUE • SUITE A-311 KAILUA, HAWAII 96734 • (808) 254-3318 • FAX (808)154-5195 CONTENTS Section Description page 1.0 Executive Summary 1 2.0 Project description 2 3.0 Noise Standards 2 4.0 Existing Acoustical Environment 4 5.0 Potential Noise Impact Due to the Project and Noise Mitigation 4 6.0 References 7 Appendix A Acoustical Terminology A -I Tables 1 FHWA Recommended Equivalent Hourly Sound Levels Based on Land Use 2 Measurement Locations and Sound Pressure Levels 3 Projected Future Peak Hour Traffic Noise Level Increases Figures 1 Project Location and Study Area 2 Maximum Permissible Sound Levels for Various Zoning Districts 3 Locations of Noise Measurements 4 Noise Sensitive Locations 5 Typical Sound Levels From Construction Equipment DLAA Project No. 03-31 Page i 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 The Ponahawai University Terrace project site is proposed to provide a mixture of single and multi -family residential housing, mixed commercial, and open spaces in close proximity to the University of Hawaii Hilo campus. 1.2 The project area and vicinity are currently exposed to daytime ambient noise levels of 45 to 70 dBA, with the dominant noise sources being traffic. Other noise sources include wind, birds, and both small and large aircraft. 1.3 The dominant noise sources during project construction will probably be earth moving equipment, such as bulldozers and diesel powered trucks, assuming pile driving equipment will not be required. Noise from construction activities will occur on the subject property. Noise from construction activities should be short term and must comply with State Department of Health noise regulations. 1.4 Predicted traffic noise level increases due to the project for the year 2014 along local roadways in the vicinity of the completed project were determined to be less than 1.9 dB, which is below the threshold of perceptible change in noise level for most people and not considered significant. DLAA Project No. 03-31 Page 1 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Ponahawai University Terrace project site is proposed to provide a mixture of single and multi -family residential housing, mixed commercial, and open spaces in close proximity to the University of Hawaii Hilo campus. Design concepts of `hew urbanism" are planned to be incorporated, intended to promote a more livable and pedestrian friendly community. The Ponahawai University Terrace site is comprised of undeveloped properties totaling approximately 179 acres (the "Project"), as shown in Figure 1. The Alenaio Stream drainage way bisects the project site from Mohouli Street to Komohana Street. The primary access to the Project will be via an extension of Ponahawai Road to Mohouli Street. Secondary access will be provided by a road extending from Komohana Street on the southeastern side of the property and intersects with the proposed Ponahawai extension. Bicycle and pedestrian walkways and trails are planned for non -vehicular transportation. The proposed development plan calls for up to 600 residential units, 150 transient accommodation units, and 350,000 SF of commercial retail and office space. 3.0 NOISE STANDARDS Various local and federal agencies have established guidelines and standards for assessing environmental noise impacts and set noise limits as a function of land use. A brief description of common acoustic terminology used in these guidelines and standards is presented in Appendix A. 3.1 State of Hawaii, Department of Health, Community Noise Control The State of Hawaii Department of Health Community Noise Control Statute [Reference I] defines three classes of zoning districts and specifies corresponding maximum permissible sound levels due to stationary noise sources such as air- conditioning units, exhaust systems, generators, compressors, pumps, etc., and equipment related to agricultural, construction, and industrial activities. These levels are enforced by the State Department of Health (DOH) for any location at or beyond the property line and shall not be exceeded for more than 10% of the time during any 20 -minute period. The specified noise limits which apply are a function of the zoning and time of day as shown in Figure 2. With respect to mixed zoning districts, the statute specifies that the primary land use designation shall be used to determine the applicable zoning district class and the maximum permissible sound level. DLAA Project No. 03-31 Page 2 3.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The U.S. EPA has identified a range of yearly day -night equivalent sound levels, Ld., sufficient to protect public health and welfare from the effects of environmental noise [Reference 2]. The EPA has established a goal to reduce exterior environmental noise to an Lda not exceeding 65 dBA and a future goal to further reduce exterior environmental noise to an Lda not exceeding 55 dBA. Additionally, the EPA states that these goals are not intended as regulations as it has no authority to regulate noise levels, but rather they are intended to be viewed as levels below which the general population will not be at risk from any of the identified effects of noise. 3.3 U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) The FHWA defines four land use categories and assigns corresponding maximum hourly equivalent sound levels, L,q, for traffic noise exposure [Reference 3], which are listed in Table 1. For example, Category B, defined as picnic and recreation areas, parks, residences, motels, hotels, schools, churches, libraries, and hospitals, has a corresponding maximum exterior L.q of 67dBA and a maximum interior Lcq of 52 dBA. These limits are viewed as design goals, and all projects meeting these limits are deemed in conformance with FHWA noise standards. 3.4 Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT) The HDOT has adopted FHWA's design goals for traffic noise exposure in its noise analysis and abatement policy [Reference 4]. According to the policy, a traffic noise impact occurs when the predicted traffic noise levels "approach" or exceed FHWA's design goals or when the predicted traffic noise levels "substantially exceed the existing noise levels." The policy also states that "approach" means at least 1 dB less than FHWA's design goals and "substantially exceed the existing noise levels" means an increase of at least 15 Db. 3.5 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HUD's environmental noise criteria and standards in 24 CFR 51 [Reference 5] were established for determining housing project site acceptability. These standards are based on day -night equivalent sound levels, Lda, and are not limited to traffic noise exposure. However, for project sites in the vicinity of highways, the Ldn may be estimated to be equal to the design hour Legch>, provided "heavy trucks (vehicles with three or more axles) do not exceed 10 percent of the total traffic flow in vehicles per 24 hours and the traffic flow between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. does not exceed 15 percent of the average daily traffic flow in vehicles per 24 hours." For these same conditions, Ldp, may also be estimated as 3 dB less than the design hour L1e DLAA Project No. 03-31 Page 3 HUD site acceptability criteria rank sites as Acceptable, Normally Unacceptable, or Unacceptable. "Acceptable" sites are those where exterior noise levels do not exceed an Ld" of 65 dBA. Proposed housing projects on "Acceptable" sites do not require additional noise attenuation other than that provided by customary building techniques. "Normally Unacceptable" sites are those where the Ld" is above 65 dBA, but does not exceed 75 dBA. Housing on "Normally Unacceptable" sites requires some form of noise abatement, either at the property line or in the building construction, to ensure the interior noise levels are acceptable. "Unacceptable" sites are those where the Ld. is 75 dBA or higher. The term "Unacceptable" does not necessarily mean that housing cannot be built on those sites. It means that more sophisticated sound attenuation will likely be needed. 4.0 EXISTING ACOUSTICAL ENVIRONMENT Ambient noise level measurements were conducted on June 10, 2003, at the locations shown on Figure 3, to assess the existing acoustical environment at the project site and surrounding areas. These measurements were taken with a Larson -Davis Laboratories, Model 824, Sound Level Meter. The results, presented in Table 2, expressed in terms of equivalent sound levels, L,q, in units of A -weighted decibels (dBA), were obtained. Presently, traffic is the dominant noise source at the measurement locations. Other noise sources include wind, birds, and both large and small aircraft. Traffic volume and vehicle mix were also recorded during the measurements at Locations I through 6 and 8. 5.0 POTENTIAL NOISE IMPACT DUE TO THE PROJECT AND NOISE MITIGATION 5.1 Project Construction Noise Development of project areas will involve excavation, grading, and construction of new buildings and infrastructure. The various construction phases of the project may generate significant amounts of noise. The surrounding residential properties may be impacted by the project construction noise due to their proximity, as shown on Figure 4. The actual noise levels produced during construction will be a function of the methods employed during each stage of the construction process. Typical ranges of construction equipment noise are shown in Figure 5. In cases where construction noise exceeds, or is expected to exceed the State's "maximum permissible" property line noise levels [Reference 1 ], a permit must be obtained from the DOH to allow the operation of vehicles, cranes, construction equipment, power tools, etc., which emit noise levels in excess of the "maximum DLAA Project No. 03-31 Page 4 permissible" levels. In the State of Hawaii, noise permits are required for construction projects. Specific permit restrictions for construction activities are: "No permit shall allow any construction activities which emit noise in excess of the maximum permissible sound levels ... before 7:00 a.m. and after 6:00 p.m. of the same day, Monday through Friday." "No permit shall allow any construction activities which emit noise in excess of the maximum permissible sound levels ... before 9:00 a.m, and after 6:00 p.m. on Saturday." "No permit shall allow any construction activities which emit noise in excess of the maximum permissible sound levels on Sundays and on holidays." The use of pile drivers, hoe rams, jack hammers 25 lbs. or larger, high pressure sprayers, and chain saws may be restricted to 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., Monday through Friday. 5.2 Project Generated Traffic Noise Measured traffic noise levels along with traffic volume and vehicle mix counts obtained during the measurements were used to calibrate the FHWA's Traffic Noise Prediction Model [Reference 6]. The noise model, together with the traffic data [Reference 7], was then used to calculate the peak hour traffic noise levels with and without the project. The results are presented in Table 3. Predicted traffic noise level increases for the year 2014, with and without the project, were calculated and included in Table 3. As can be seen, the predicted maximum traffic noise level increase along the assessed roadways due to the project is 1.9 dB, which is below the threshold of change in noise level that is perceptible to most people with normal hearing. The increase in traffic noise level due to project development is not considered significant. 5.3 Potential Traffic Noise Impact on the Project The proposed project should incorporate setbacks from Komohana Street and Mohouli Street if residential housing is located in these areas. A 70 foot wide setback from Komohana and a 90 foot wide setback from Mohouli is required to meet the FHWA, HDOT, HUD, and EPA design goals and regulations. Unless residential structures are constructed closer than 70 feet from Komohana and 90 feet from Mohouli, no further traffic noise mitigation will be necessary. If single DLAA Project No. 03-31 Page 5 or multi -family residences are placed within these setbacks, fixed windows and air-conditioning should be provided for these homes. 5.4 On -Site Equipment Noise from pumps, air handling units, compressors, condensing units, and other on-site equipment must be addressed during the design phase of the project. Noise at the property line from on-site equipment must be within the State's maximum permissible sound limits for daytime and nighttime hours according to the applicable zoning district class as determined by the primary land use designation. If on-site equipment exceeds this limit, mitigation in the form of barriers, enclosures, silencers, etc. should be included in the design. DLAA Project No. 03-31 Page 6 6.0 REFERENCES: Chapter 46, Community Noise Control, Department of Health, State of Hawaii, Administrative Rules, Title 11, September 23, 1996. 2. Toward a National Strategy for Noise Control, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, April 1977. 3. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Procedures for Abatement of Highway Traffic Noise, Title 23, CFR, Chapter 1, Subchapter J, Part 772, 38 FR 15953, June 19, 1973; Revised at 47 FR 29654, July 8, 1982. 4. Noise Analysis and Abatement Policy, Department of Transportation, Highways Division, State of Hawaii, June 1977. Department of Housing and Urban Development Environmental Criteria and Standards, Title 24, CFR, Part 51, 44 FR 40860, July 12, 1979; Amended by 49 FR 880, January 6, 1984. 6. Federal Highway Administration's Traffic Noise Model, FHWA-RD-77-108; U.S. Department of Transportation, December 1978 Peak Hour Traffic Data, The Traffic Management Consultant, June 11, 2003. DLAA Project No. 03-31 Page 7 dBA CLASS C ZONING DISTRICTS (AGRICULTURE, COUNTY, INDUSTRIAL) 70 DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME CLASS B ZONING DISTRICTS (MULTI-FAMILY DWELLINGS, APARTMENT, BUSINESS, COMMERCIAL, HOTEL. RESORT) 60 DAYTIME CLASS A ZONING DISTRICTS (RESIDENTIAL. CONSERVATION, PRESERVATION, PUBLIC SPACE, OPEN SPACE) DAYTIME 50 CLASS B ZONING DISTRICTS (MULTI-FAMILY DWELLINGS, APARTMENT, BUSINESS, COMMERCIAL, HOTEL. RESORT) NIGHTTIME CLASS A ZONING DISTRICTS 40 (RESIDENTIAL. CONSERVATION, PRESERVATION, PUBLIC SPACE. OPEN SPACE) NIGHTTIME NOTE: SOUND LEVELS INDICATED BY ZONING DISTRICT ARE THE *MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE' SOUND LEVELS DUE TO EXCESSNE NOISE SOURCES SUCH AS STATIONARY MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT AND EQUIPMENT RELATED TO AGRICULTURAL CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ACTMTIES THAT SHALL NOT BE EXCEEDED FOR MORE THAN 10% OF THE TIME WITHIN ANY 20-MINUTE PERIOD DURING THE TIME PERIOD SHOWN. (DAYTIME: 7:00 AM, TO 10:00 P.M., NIGHTTIME: 10:00 P.M. TO 7:00 A.M.) D. L. ADAMS ASSOCIATES, LTD. C ACOUSTICAL CONSULTANTS FIGURE 2 - STATE OF HAWAII MAXIMUM 970N TWA M"ENUE.SWE A 31)."11M H WM 96?U ISM12543319 FM I806195A3:95 ENus rx>~ourwm.m�, PERMISSIBLE SOUND LEVELS FOR VARIOUS ZONING DISTRICTS NOISE LEVEL IN dBA AT 50 FEET 60 70 80 90 100 110 COMPACTORS (ROLLERS) - FRONT LOADERS y 0l7 j BACKHOES wz 1 _.._. ._.. _..._ 0 0 TRACTORS D SCRAPERS GRADERS 8 w PAVERS TRUCKS I 4 � I m CONCRETE MIXERS I - lig 5 CONCRETE PUMPS g CRANES (MOVABLE) w CRANES (DERRICK) � I PUMPS C Q z0 0 GENERATORS j Q COMPRESSORS 7— PNEUMATIC WRENCHES U a JACK HAMMERS AND ROCK DRILLS Q j _ �w j c � w PILE DRIVERS (PEAKS) VIBRATORS 0 SAWS NOTE: BASED ON LIMITED AVAILABLE DATA SAMPLES L, ADAMS ASSOCIATES. LTD. CD. ACOUSTICAL CONSULTANTS FIGURE 5 - TYPICAL SOUND LEVELS FROM CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT 9M 14. Khe EO AE . sort A 311. Ww l Wgl %n5 16081'2548718 EAk 18081254.5295 EMAIL: nvwoY(aZ ,C. TABLE 1 Federal Highways Administration Recommended Equivalent Hourly Sound Levels Based On Land Use [Reference 3] Activity Category L,n(h) Noise Reduction Exterior -to -Interior Lands on which serenity and quiet are of extraordinary significance and serve an important A 57 (Exterior) public need and where the preservation of those qualities is essential if the area is to continue to serve its intended purpose. Picnic areas, recreation areas, playgrounds, active B 67 (Exterior) sport areas, parks, residences, motels, hotels, schools, churches, libraries, and hospitals. C 72 (Exterior) Developed lands, properties, or activities not included in Categories A or B above. D --- Undeveloped Land Residences, motels, hotels, public meeting rooms, E 52 (Interior) schools, churches, libraries, hospitals, and auditoriums. TABLE 2 Measurement Locations and Equivalent Sound Levels Measurement Location Time of Measurement Duration of Measurement Equivalent Sound Level L in dBA 1 10:26 AM 10 Minutes 70.3 2 10:48 AM 15 Minutes 68.2 3 11:15 AM 15 Minutes 70.0 4 11:37 AM 15 Minutes 66.2 5 12:09 PM 15 Minutes 70.2 6 1:33 PM 15 Minutes 67.8 7 1:58 PM 10 Minutes 44.6 8 2:44 PM 10 Minutes 63.2 TABLE 3 Peak Hour Traffic Noise Levels and Predicted Noise Level Increases (Lcq in dBA) MEASUREMENT LOCATION Predicted Predicted I Year 2014 Year 2014 (22 It from Existing Without With centerline of Proposed Proposed Mohouli Street) Project Project Peak Traffic AM PM AM PM AM PM IFAM Noise Level 72.8 71.6 73.8 73.2 75.0 74.6 Predicted Year 2014 Increase - - - - - - 1.0 1.6 2.2 3.0 Above Existing Predicted Year 2014 Increase ---1.2 - - - 0.4 1.4 Due to Project MEASUREMENT LOCATION Predicted Predicted 2 Year 2014 Year 2014 (27 It from Existing Without With centerline of Proposed Proposed Komohnna Street) Project Project Peak Traffic AM PM AM PM AM PM Noise Level 69.0 69.0 70.0 70.0 69.6 70.7 Predicted Year 2014 Increase 1.0 1.0 0.6 1.7 Above Existing Predicted Year 2014 Increase - - - 0.4 0.7 Due to Project TABLE 3 Continued... MEASUREMENT LOCATION Predicted Predicted 3 Year 2014 Year 2014 (18 It from centerline of Existing Without Proposed With Proposed Kom ohana Street) Project Project Peak Traffic AM PM AM PM11 AM PM Noise Level 71.7 70.8 72.6 71.8 72.6 72.6 68.9 67.2 69.3 67.7 Predicted Year - Predicted Year 2014 Increase - - - 2014 Increase - - - 1.4 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.8 Above Existing Predicted Year Predicted Year 2014 Increase 2014 Increase - - - - - - - -- E0.8 Due to Project MEASUREMENT LOCATIONPredicted Predicted Year 2014 Year 2014 (26 rt from Existing Without With centerline of Proposed Proposed Ponahawai Street) Project Project Peak Traffic AM PM 770M AM PM Noise Level 67.9 1 65.8 11 68.9 67.2 69.3 67.7 Predicted Year 2014 Increase - - - 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.9 Above Existing Predicted Year 2014 Increase 0.4L Due to ProjectL___i___j[71[ TABLE 3 Continued... MEASUREMENT LOCATION Predicted Predicted 5 Year 2014 Year 2014 (24 ft from Existing Without With centerline of Proposed Proposed Komohana Street) Project Project Peak Traffic AM PM AM PM AM PM Noise Level 72 8 71.0 73.5 71.7 74.3 73.6 Predicted Year 2014 Increase 0.7 0.7 1.5 2.6 Above Existing Predicted Year 2014 Increase [E[7 Due to Pro'ect MEASUREMENT LOCATION Predicted Predicted 6 Year 2014 Year 2014 tis ft from Existing Without With centerline of Proposed Proposed Mohooli street) Project Project Peak Traffic AM PM AM PM11 AM PM Noise Level 69.7 69.6 70.6 71.0 11 70.7—E7 1.1 Predicted Year 2014 Increase 0.9 1.4 1.0 1.5 Above Existin Predicted Year 2014 Increase Due to Project TABLE 3 Continued... MEASUREMENT LOCATION Predicted Predicted 9 Year 2014 Year 2014 (26 ft from Existing Without With centerline of Proposed Proposed Kaumana Drive) Project Project Peak Traffic AM 7 AM PM AM PM Noise Level 65.6 64.0 67.0 65.9 66.4 65.0 Predicted Year 2014 Increase lii�E 1.4 1.9 Above Existing Predicted Year 2014 Increase LEIT11 0.6 0.9 Due to Project APPENDIX A ACOUSTICAL TERMINOLOGY Sound Pressure Level Sound or noise consists of minute fluctuations in atmospheric pressure capable of evoking the sense of hearing. It is measured in terms of decibels (dB) using precision instruments known as sound level meters. Noise is defined as "unwanted" sound. Technically, sound pressure level (SPL) is defined as: SPL = 20 log (P/Pref) dB where P is the sound pressure fluctuation (above or below atmospheric pressure) and Pref is the reference pressure, 20 micropascals, which is approximately the lowest sound pressure that can be detected by the human ear. For example, if P is 20 micropascals, then SPL = 0 dB, or if P is 200 micropascals, then SPL = 20 dB. The relation between sound pressure in micropascals and sound pressure level in decibels (dB) is shown in Figure A-1. The sound pressure level that results from a combination of noise sources is not the arithmetic sum of the individual sound levels, but rather the logarithmic sum. For example, two sound levels of 50 dB produce a combined level of 53 dB, not 100 dB; two sound levels of 40 and 50 dB produce a combined level of 50.4 dB. Human sensitivity to changes in sound pressure level is highly individualized. Sensitivity to sound depends on frequency content, time of occurrence, duration, and psychological factors such as emotions and expectations. However, in general, a change of 1 or 2 dB in the level of a sound is difficult for most people to detect. A 3 dB change is commonly taken as the smallest perceptible change and a 5 dB change corresponds to a noticeable change in loudness. A 10 dB increase or decrease in sound level corresponds to an approximate doubling or halving ofloudness, respectively. A -Weighted Sound Level The human ear is more sensitive to sound in the frequency range of 250 Hertz (Hz) and higher, than in frequencies below 250 Hz. Due to this type of frequency response, a frequency weighting system, was developed to emulate the frequency response of the human ear. This system expresses sound levels in units of A -weighted decibels (dBA). A -weighted sound levels de-emphasizes the low frequency portion of the spectrum of a signal. The A -weighted level of a sound is a good measure of the loudness of that sound. Different sounds having the same A -weighted sound level are perceived as being about equally loud. Typical values of the A -weighted sound level of various noise sources are shown in Figure A-1. A-1 Appendix A Acoustical Terminology (Continued) Statistical Sound Levels The sound levels of long-term noise producing activities, such as traffic movement, aircraft operations, etc., can vary considerably with time. In order to obtain a single number rating of such a noise source, a statistically -based method of expressing sound or noise levels developed. It is known as the Exceedence Level, L,,. The Exceedence Level, L,,, represents the sound level which is exceeded for n% of the measurement time period. For example, Lio = 60 dBA indicates that for the duration at the measurement period, the sound level exceeded 60 dBA 10% of the time. Commonly used Exceedence Levels include L„ L10, L50, and L90, which are widely used to assess community and environmental noise. Figure A-2 illustrates the relationship between selected statistical noise levels. Equivalent Sound Level The Equivalent Sound Level, Leq, represents a constant level of sound having the same total acoustic energy as that contained in the actual time -varying sound being measured over a specific time period. Leq is commonly used to describe community noise, traffic noise, and hearing damage potential. It has units of dBA and is illustrated in Figure A-2. Day -Night Equivalent Sound Level The Day -Night Equivalent Sound Level, La., is the Equivalent Sound Level, Leq, measured over a 24-hour period. However, a 10 dB penalty is added to the noise levels recorded between 10 pm and 7 am to account for people's higher sensitivity to noise at night when the background noise level is typically lower. The La. is a commonly used noise descriptor in assessing land use compatibility, and is widely used by federal and local agencies and standards organizations. Qualitative descriptions, as well as local examples of La., are shown in Figure A-3. A-2 SOUND PRESSURE SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL IN IN DECIBE:LS(dBA) MICROPASCALS 120 10,000,000 DGSOOTHECUE 110 TEXTILE MILL PRINTING PLANT 100 JACKHAMMER AT 15 m 71,000.000 PRINTING PLANT 90 HEAVY TRUCK AT 15 m CONCRETE MIXER AT 15 m BO INSIDE AUTO AT 54 kmthr 100,000 VACUUM CLEANER AT 3 m 70 AUTO (100 km/hr) AT 30 m 80 LARGE TRANSFORMER AT 15 m 10,000 URBAN RESIDENCE 50 SMALL TOWN RESIDENCE 40 SOFT WHISTLE AT 2 m 1000 30 UNOCCUPIED BROADCAST STUDIO NORTH RIM OF GRAND CANYON 20 100 10 THRESHOLD OF HEARING 0 20 D. L. ADAMS ASSOCIATES, UD, FIGURE A-1 - THE RELATION BETWEEN SOUND PRESSURE, �_``(( P, AND SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL SPL ACOUSTICAL CONSULTANTS ALSO SFK)VVN ARE TYPICAL VALUES OF A-WEIGHTED SOUND LEVELS OF VARIOUS HAWAtl 96734 970N.4-33180AX(80.515,E5295 NOISE SOURCES. MAIL: 18081254-3318 FAX: I808)?Sa-5295 EMNI: IIawdlG�tllaa.can 80 -- — — — — — — — — — ——--— — — — — Ly — — — — — — — — — — — —— — — — —— L7o Q m 70 Leq � UJI —_ ——— ——— — — — — —— --- J — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 O co 60- 0 LU = INSTANTANEOUS A -WEIGHTED V,SOUND LEVEL —--———— —————————— — — —Lso 50 40 TIME D. L. ADAMS ASSOCIATES, LTD. FIGURE A-2 - COMPARISON OF AN INSTAMANEOUS Ucc- SOUND LEVEL AND THE CORRESPONDING ACOUSTICAL CONSULTANTS STATISTICAL SOUND LEVELS 970 N. KAWEO AVENUE. SUIS A311, KAILUA HAWN 96734 (8081254-3318 W,(800)254-5295 EMAJL:hawoi@aoo.com Ldn (dB) ED. L. ADAMS ASSOCIATES, LTD. c: ACOUSTICAL CONSULTANTS 970 N. KALAEO AVENUE, SUTE A,31 1. KAAlA W,WNI 96734 18081254-318 FAX -18081264-5295 EMAIL: hawcX ggdl=y EEG FIGURE A-3 - QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE DAY - NIGHT EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVELS (Ldn) AND EXAMPLE L&4 AT SELECTED LOCATIONS ON OAHU CITY NOISE MAJOR METROPOLIS DOWNTOWN 50' FROM CURB OF H-1 0 CAMPBELL IND. PARK EXIT VERY NOISY LANAI OF WAIKIKI HIGH 70 RISE ON KUHIO AVE 50' FROM THE CENTERLINE NOISE URBAN OF PUNCHBOWL ST. 0 RESIDENTIAL QUEENS MEDICAL CENTER URBANKALIHI, HICKAM HOUSING 60 AREAS, CAMP CATLIN, HALSEY TERRACE, FT. KAMEHAMEHA SUBURBAN EWA BEACH TO IROQUOIS POINT SMALL TOWN, 50-- A QUIET SUBURBAN ED. L. ADAMS ASSOCIATES, LTD. c: ACOUSTICAL CONSULTANTS 970 N. KALAEO AVENUE, SUTE A,31 1. KAAlA W,WNI 96734 18081254-318 FAX -18081264-5295 EMAIL: hawcX ggdl=y EEG FIGURE A-3 - QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE DAY - NIGHT EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVELS (Ldn) AND EXAMPLE L&4 AT SELECTED LOCATIONS ON OAHU APPENDIX D LETTER -REPORT SUBJECT: ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INSPECTION, SURE SAVE PARCEL (TMK 3-2.3.037:001) Haun & Associates Haun & Associates Archneologiral, c ulnae[ end Histotiml Resource MmOment Services HCR 1 Sox 4730, Kesau, Hawaii 96749 Phone: 962-7755 Fax: 982-6343 December 12, 2002 Mr. Bill Arsenault Western United Life Assurance Company 601 West 1" Avenue Spokane, WA 99201 Subject: Archaeological Field Inspection Sure Save Parcel (TMX: 3-2.3-037:001) Land of PonohawaL South Hilo District, [stand of Hawai'i Dear Mr. Arsenault: Via Fax (4 pp.) At your request, Haun & Associates conducted an archaeological field inspection of the c. S -acre Sure Save parcel (TMK: 3-2-2-037:001) locaud in the Land of Ponobawai, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii. The parcel is bounded by Komobana Street to the east and undeveloped lands to the north, soul, and west (Figure 1). A seasonal drainage extends through the northern portion of the parcel in an eastnortivast by west southwest direction. The vegetation within the project area consists of secondary growth vegetation consisting of ham (Hibiscus rilioceus L.), false staghorn fern (Dicronopieris linercis Bran.), tree ferns (Ciborium splendens Gaud.), bamboo (Sambusa spp.N guava (Psidium cadeiammr Sabine), coconut (Cocos nucijeria L.), several unidentified trees, and grasses and vines_ The soil within the parcel is comprised of Keaukaha exttttmely rocky muck on 6-20% slopes (Sato et at. 1973). This soil is characterized by a dark brown muck surface layer over pahoehoe bedrock, with rock outcrops occupying 254/6 of the ground surface. The project area was inspected on December 12, 2002 with a crew of foto under my di - section. The survey identified 15 sites with 25 component features (see Figure 1). The 15 sites consist of 11 single feature sites and four complexes of features (Table 1). The fea- tures consist of 19 mounds, a road, a low wall, a retaining wall, a terrace, and two plat- forms. Feature function includes agriculture (n=17), foundation (n=2), fence (a-5), ums- portation (n=1) and erosion control (n61). The majority of the mounds (n=16) appear to represent field clearing features associated with historic sugarcane cultivation. Site 2 is comprised of a low platform with historic debris, a low wall, and four small mortared stone mounds, which appear to be post sup - pons. The platform potentially represents the remains of a historic building foundation. The mounds align wish the wall segment and all were probably part of a fence line. Ponabawai field Inspection The road (Site 1) includes bridge abutments on either side of the seasonal drainage in the northern portion of the parcel, and expends 55.0 m to the south, termill.ti„e at a large, low platform with scattered historic debris. This platform appears to be an equipment yard or building foundation, potentially associated with historic sugarcane cultivation. The re- taining wall (Site 11) is situated along the southern bank of the seasonal drainage. This discontinuous stacked stone wall likely served to control erosion of the drainage bank The sites are probably associated with historic plantation cultivation of sugarcane. No pre -contact sites or features were encountered and it is unlikely that such sites, if for- merly present, would not have survived historic modification of the parcel. Based on the results of the inspection, an archaeological inventory survey would be re- quired prior to development of the parcel. The survey would likely collect sufficient in- formation to support a recommendation of no further work or preservation for the sites. if you have any quescow or comments, please contact me at 952-7755 Sincere y, 7 Alan E. Haun, Ph.D. Principal Investigator cc: Steve Yamashiro Reference Cited Sam, H, W. Ikeda, R. Paeth, R Smythe, and M. Takehiro 1973 Soil Survey of the Island of Hawaii, United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, In Cooperation with the University of Hawaii Agricultural Ex- perimenr Station. Ponahawai Field Inspection Figure 1. Site Location Map Ponahawai Field Inspection Table 1. Summary of Identified Sites 4 rr.tr>.nrr�rw�.wwww �o�..mw■��=�■r��nrrr�rwa�.ww�■ �ir������o�rr�rrowawwrww ���mrtsslt�rrrrw■�iww■o■ ®����icwowt�rrwowwww APPENDIX E HE WAHI MO'OLELO NO PONAHAWAI A ME PUNAHOA MA HILO, A COLLECTION OF TRADITIONS AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS FOR PONAHAWAI AND PUNAHOA, DISTRICT OF HILO, ISLAND OF HAWAII Kumu Pono Associates HiPonaha78-051203 HE WAHI MO`OLELO NO PONAHAWAI A ME PUNAHOA MA HILO A Collection of Traditions and Historical Accounts for Ponahawai and Punahoa, District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii y °`so nye K r a'• +! s Y \� ' r rf lrl4nkj D n a a " f D a I � . H r 6r '1 � �• Fp aleJ``Y a a, _/ 1 3 r +3 •• L 1 tVtt`t Q4bLro x o Sea 'Miles Porton of Map - "Waiakea or Byron Bay" from original by Lt. C.R. Malden, 1825 (Fitzpatrick 1986:65) Depicting Settlement and Land Use Across Waiakea, Kukuau, Ponahawai, Punahoa and PHhonua. Kumu Pono Associates Historical & Archival Documentary Research ' Oral History Interview Studies Researching and Preparing Studies from Hawaiian Language Documents • Mahele 'Rina, Boundary Commission, & Land History Records ' Integrated Cultural Resources Management Planning Preservation & Interpretive Program Development HiPonaha78-051203 HE WAHI MO`OLELO NO PONAHAWAI A ME PUNA HOA MA H/LO A Collection of Traditions and Historical Accounts for Ponahawai and Punahoa, District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii (TMK 2-3-44:19; 2-3-49:53; 2-3-37:01) Kepa Maly - Cultural Historian & Resource Specialist 8 Onaona Maly • Researcher Prepared for Glenn T. Kimura Kimura International 1600 Kapi'olani Blvd., Suite 1610 Honolulu, Hawaii 96814 May 12, 2003 02003 Kumu Pono Associates Kumu Pono Associates Historical & Archival Documentary Research • Oral History Interview Studies Researching and Preparing Studies from Hawaiian Language Documents - Mahele Aina, Boundary Commission, & Land History Records - Integrated Cultural Resources Management Planning Preservation & Interpretive Program Development 554 Keonaona St. • Hilo, Hawaii 96720 - (ph/fax) 808.981.0196 - (e-mail) kumupono@hawaii.rr.com EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At the request of Glenn T. Kimura, of Kimura International, Kumu Pono Associates conducted a general review of historical documents pertaining to the land of Ponahawai, in the District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii. This study was undertaken in conjunction with preparation of an environmental assessment (EA) for the proposed development of the University Terrace. The project proposes to develop a 179 acre parcel situated primarily in the ahupua'a (a native land division) of Ponahawai, with a small portion situated in the Ahupua'a of Punahoa 2ntl. The project proposes a mixed-use development including, single and multi -family residential uses, commercial areas, open space in parks, and pedestrian walkways and bicycle paths. The study area extends from approximately 250 to 400 feet above sea level, and is bounded on upland (mauka) side by the Mohouli Street extension; on the shoreward (makal) side, by Komohana Street; on the Waiakea side by the Sunrise Ridge subdivision and open land; and on the Wailuku side by the Punahoa Homestead lots. The primary objective of this study was to provide readers with a detailed overview of key facets of history in the Ponahawai-Punahoa vicinity. While detailed, the study is not exhaustive, and does not repeat everything previously reported. The research of Kelly (1982), Jensen et al. (1991), and Wolforth (1999) should be consulted to complete the historical picture. This paper includes several important primary sources—particularly the testimonies of native residents collected in the 1800s—and reports on such documentation that would help readers better understand native Hawaiian customs, traditions, and historic events associated with the lands of Ponahawai, Punahoa and neighboring lands of the Hilo Bay vicinity. In preparing the archival -historical documentary report for this study, the authors reviewed both published and manuscript accounts in English and Hawaiian—referencing documentation for the immediate study area as well as those of neighboring lands. Research was conducted in both private and public collections, and focuses on several archival resources which have not received much exposure in past studies. Among the narratives cited herein, are traditional and historical accounts pertaining to the hills of Hala'i, Pu'u o Kamali'i (or Pu'u Ali'i), and Pu'u Honu. The latter two hills are situated within the proposed project area. One of the most significant historical events associated with the Ponahawai-Punahoa uplands occurred in 1881, when a lava flow from Mauna Loa traveled to within one mile of Hilo Bay. As the flow approached town, governess Ruth Ke'elikolani, a descendant of the Kamehameha line traveled to a place called Pu'u o Kamali'i, an area mauka of Hala'i—by reference to the native account, a place in Ponahawai, or very near the Ponahawai-Punahoa boundary—where she personally asked Pele to spare Hilo from the lava flow. The flow stopped shortly thereafter, thus saving Hilo. Earlier accounts also associated with the three hills, further describe them as the abode of children of the goddess Hina, and their followers. By the middle 1800s, land use in Ponahawai-Punahoa and the larger Hilo Town vicinity was dramatically changed from its traditional subsistence system. In the late 1830s, the kula lands of Ponahawai—the area extending mauka from the present-day Ululani Street to Hala'i—had been planted with sugar cane, and by 1840, "30 tons" of sugar had been produced from the young Ponahawai fields. Sugar continued to be planted in Ponahawai through the 1800s, extending further mauka, towards KaOmana. By the early 1900s, lands He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo !i (HiPonaha78-051203) of Ponahawai and upper Punahoa were part of a plantation system that extended across most of East Hawaii. Plantation activities on the land continued through ca. 1970. As a result of the plantation development, much of the landscape in Ponahawai and Punahoa, including the study area, was significantly altered. Historical documentation also describes an 'auwai (irrigation ditch system) being developed during the early period of the plantation activities to support the cultivation (Site No. 14947). Archaeological research (Jensen 1991 and Wolforth 1999) revealed that the 'auwai crosses into the present project area, on the Puna side of Pu'u Honu, from Punahoa Ahupua'a into Ponahawai Ahupua'a, and then continues makai to where it is cut off by Komohana Street (ibid.). This section of the 'auwai was determined to be a significant historical resource, meeting all criteria of the of the State Historic Preservation Division, and it was recommended that: At a minimum, representative portions of the historic ditch should be preserved with an appropriate buffer zone, and some degree of interpretation should be planned if the ditch is in an appropriate location... [letter of April 2, 1991; D. Hibbard, SHPO to N. Hayashi, HCPD] The historical narratives cited in this study add to the previous historical research, and in combination with such research, provides readers with a historical overview that spans many centuries and facets of the cultural -historical landscape'. In addition to the Executive Summary above, readers who desire further details on the summary of information cited in this study, are directed to please see pages 180.182. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo iii (HiPonaha78-051203) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Background 1 Approach to Conducting the Study 1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE CULTURAL HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE 4 Natural and Cultural Resources 4 An Overview of Hawaiian Settlement 4 Hawaiian Land Use and Resource Management Practices 5 Ahupua'a—A Hawaiian Land Division 6 NATIVE TRADITIONS AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF PONAHAWAI, PUNAHOA AND NEIGBORING LANDS OF HILO ONE 9 1. Mo'olelo 'Aina: Traditions of the Waiakea-Pi'ihonua Section of Hilo One 9 "Ka'ao Ho'oniva Pu'uwai no Ka-Mikl" 9 Ponahawai and Kukuau, Lands Named for Their Chiefesses 12 The Hills of HAM% Pu'uhonu, 't3pe'ape'a and Pu'u o Kamali'i 14 The 'Alae Birds of Pohakunui 21 Ponahawai and Punahoa: Chiefly Associations and Early Residents of the Land 22 11: Observations of Foreign Visitors and Residents (ca. 1823-1900) 25 "The Journal of William Ellis" (1823) 25 Hilo and Environs Described in 1825 30 Changing Landscapes, Declining Populations and Advent of Sugar Plantations (Ponahawai Planted in ca. 1839) 35 Water Drawn Across the Lands of Punahoaand Ponahawai (ca. 1770-1926) 36 Lava Flows of the Nineteenth Century 42 Homestead Lots of the Kaumana-Ponahawai Vicinity 47 MAHELE `AiNA– LAND TENURE IN PONAHAWAI AND PUNAHOA (1848-1854) 48 Ponahawai and Punahoa Disposition of Land and Residency 50 Ponahawai 50 Punahoa 10 and 2nd 52 Ponahawai and Punahoa– Claims and Awards of the M3hele 'Aina 53 BOUNDARY COMMISSION PROCEEDINGS: KAMA'A/NA WITNESSES DESCRIBE PONAHAWAI, PUNAHOA AND NEIGBORING LANDS 160 Ponahawai and Punahoa— Testimonies and Certificate of Boundaries 161 He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo iv (HiPonaha78-051203) Testimony from the Ahupua'a of Kaumana 173 Testimony from the Ahupua'a of Kukuau 2nd 174 CONCLUSION: PONAHAWAVA STORIED LANDSCAPE 180 REFERENCES CITED 183 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Proposed University Terrace - Ponahawai, District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii (Portion of Master Plan Map - Kimura International, April 28, 2003) 2 Figure 2. Portion of 1932 Hilo Quadrangle (based on surveys of 1912-1914). 14 Figure 3. Portion of Map - "Waiakea or Byron Bay" from original by Lt. C.R. Malden, 1825 (Fitzpatrick 1986:65) Depicting Settlement and Land Use Across Waiakea, Kukuau, Ponahawai, Punahoa and PNhonua 32 Figure 4. Portion of Map of the Hilo Sugar Company Fields (ca. 1920; Co. of Hawaii Dept. of Public Works, Ref. No. GIH-23-10).Detail of Punahoa-Ponahawal Ditch Section, Punahoa-Pi'ihonua Ditch Section, and Hala`i Hills. 38 Figure 5. Detail from Register Map No. 892; C.J. Lyons, 1882. Sketch showing Lava Flow of 1881. Points fixed by previous survey flow, by information from F.S. Lyman, C. Furneaux, and others. (State Survey Division) 44 Figure 6. Portion of 1926 Tax Map of Hilo Town (revised 1929); Detail of Ponahawai-Punahoa Section Lands showing Kuleana and Historic Reference Points (Real Property Tax Office Honolulu) 51 He Wahi Mo'oleto no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo v (HiPonaha78-051203) INTRODUCTION Background At the request of Glenn T. Kimura, of Kimura International, Kumu Pono Associates conducted a general review of historical documents pertaining to the land of Ponahawai, in the District of Hilo, Island of Hawai'i (Figure 1). This study was undertaken in conjunction with preparation of an environmental assessment (EA) for the proposed development of the University Terrace. The project proposes to develop a 179 acre parcel situated primarily in the ahupua'a (a native land division) of Ponahawai, with a small portion situated in the Ahupua'a of Punahoa 2nd. The project proposes a mixed-use development including, single and multi -family residential uses, commercial areas, open space in parks, and pedestrian walkways and bicycle paths. The study area extends from approximately 250 to 400 feet above sea level, and is bounded on upland (mauka) side by the Mohouli Street extension; on the shoreward (makaQ side, by Komohana Street; on the Waiakea side by the Sunrise Ridge subdivision and open land; and on the Wailuku side by the Punahoa Homestead lots. Approach to Conducting the Study Though limited in scope, the archival -historical documentary research reported herein was performed in a manner consistent with several important guidelines of Federal and State agencies for such research. These include, but are not limited to the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's "Guidelines for Consideration of Traditional Cultural Values in Historic Preservation Review" (ACHP 1985); the Hawai'i State Historic Preservation Divisions' guidelines for the evaluation and documentation of cultural sites (cf. Title 13, Sub - Title 13:275-8; 276:5 – Draft Dec. 21, 2001); and the November 1997 guidelines for cultural impact assessment studies, adopted by the Office of Environmental Quality Control (which also facilitate the standardized approach to compliance with Act 50 amending HRS Chapter 343; April 26, 2000). The primary objective of this study was to provide readers with a detailed overview of key facets of history in the Ponahawai-Punahoa vicinity. These lands are a part of the storied landscape of the larger Hilo One region—Hilo One is a traditional name for the region of Hilo District, extending from Wailuku River (where begins Hilo Palika), to Waiakea at Kanukuokamanu (where begins Hilo Hanakahi). Hilo One is interpretively translated as Hilo - of -the -sandy -shore, and is descriptive of the region of Hilo Bay fronted by the sandy beach. While detailed, the study is not exhaustive, and does not repeat everything previously reported. Research conducted by Kelly (1982), Jensen et al. (1991), and Wolforth (1999) should be consulted to complete the historical picture. This paper includes several important primary sources—particularly the testimonies of native residents collected in the 1800s— and reports on such documentation that would help readers better understand native Hawaiian customs, traditions, and historic events associated with the lands of Ponahawai, Punahoa and neighboring lands of the Hilo Bay vicinity. While the present research was not undertaken as a formal cultural assessment study (which would have included a broader scope of research and oral history interviews), it does provide readers with a wide range of historical references, including, but not limited He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 1 (HiPonaha78-051203) Figure 1. Proposed University Terrace - Ponahawai, District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii (Portion of Master Plan Map - Kimura International, April 28, 2003) He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kum Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 2 (HiPonaha78-051203) to: land use records of the Land Commission Award (L.C.A.) records from the Mahele 'Aina (Land Division) of 1848 to 1850; Boundary Commission testimonies of native residents from 1873-1874; and historical texts authored or compiled by—J. P. I'i (1959); S. M. Kamakau (1961, 1964, 1976, and 1991); Wm. Ellis (1963); R. Dampier (1971); H. Bingham (1969); (1969); C.S. Stewart (1970); S.J. Lyman (1992); C. Wilkes (1845); A. Fornander (1916-1919 and 1996); Wise and Kihe (1916; Maly, translator); Handy, Handy and Pukui (1972); and historical notes collected from elder kama`aina in the 1920s by Theodore Kelsey. The archival -historical resources were located in the collections of the Hawai'i State Archives (HSA) and Survey Division (SD); the Bishop Museum Archives (BPBM); University of Hawai'i-Hilo Mo'okini Library; Lyman House Museum Library (LHML); private family collections; and in the collection of Kumu Pono Associates. Perhaps the most important component of this study, are the narratives recorded by kama'aina (native residents) of Ponahawai, Punahoa and neighboring lands between 1848 to 1874, in which those people who were of the land provided first-hand descriptions of Hawaiian residency and land use; shared their knowledge of features of the cultural landscape; and described native practices of access and resources collection. Most of the narratives cited in this study have had little or no exposure since the dates of their original recordation. He Wahi Mo`oleto no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historicat overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 3 (HiPonaha78-051203) AN OVERVIEW OF THE CULTURAL HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE This section of the study provides readers with a general overview of the Hawaiian landscape—with emphasis on the Hilo One region—including discussions on Hawaiian settlement; population expansion; and land management practices that are the basis of the sustainable relationship shared between the Hawaiian people and the land. Natural and Cultural Resources In Hawaiian culture, natural and cultural resources are one and the same. Native traditions describe the formation (literally the birth) of the Hawaiian Islands and the presence of life on and around them, in the context of genealogical accounts. All forms of the natural environment, from the sky and mountain peaks, to the watered valleys and lava plains, and to the shore line and ocean depths were believed to be embodiments of Hawaiian gods and deities. One Hawaiian genealogical account, records that W5kea (the expanse of the sky– father) and Papa-h5nau-moku (Papa—the strata that gave birth to the islands)—also called Haumea-nui-h5nau-w5-w5 (Great Haumea born time and time again)—and various gods and creative forces of nature, gave birth to the islands. Hawai'i, the largest of the islands, was the first-born of these island children. As this Hawaiian genealogical account continues, we find that these same god -beings, or creative forces of nature who gave birth to the islands, were also the parents of the first man (Haloa), and from this ancestor, all Hawaiian people are descended (cf. David Malo 1951:3; Beckwith 1970; Pukui and Kom 1973). It was in this context of kinship, that the ancient Hawaiians addressed their environment and it is the basis of the Hawaiian system of land use. An Overview of Hawaiian Settlement Archaeologists and historians describe the inhabiting of these islands in the context of settlement which resulted from voyages taken across the open ocean. For many years, archaeologists have proposed that early Polynesian settlement voyages between Kahiki (the ancestral homelands of the Hawaiian gods and people) and Hawai'i were underway by AD 300, with long distance voyages occurring fairly regularly through at least the thirteenth century. It has been generally reported that the sources of the early Hawaiian population— the Hawaiian Kahiki—were the Marquesas and Society Islands (Emory in Tatar, 1982:16- 18). For generations following initial settlement, communities were clustered along the watered, windward (ko'olau) shores of the Hawaiian Islands. Along the ko'olau shores, streams flowed and rainfall was abundant, and agricultural production became established. The WOW region also offered sheltered bays from which deep sea fisheries could be easily accessed, and near shore fisheries, enriched by nutrients carried in the fresh water, could be maintained in fishponds and coastal fisheries. It was around such bays as that of Hilo One, that clusters of houses where families lived, could be found (McEldowney ms., 1979:15). In these early times, the residents generally engaged in subsistence practices in the forms of agriculture and fishing (Handy, Handy and Pukui, 1972:287). As a general summary of lowland residency and cultivation of food resources in the Hilo One region, Handy, Handy and Pukui (1972) reported that: He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 4 (HiPonaha78-051203) Hilo as a major land division of Hawaii included the southeastern part of the windward coast ... the northern portion, had many scattered settlements above streams running between high, forested kula lands, now planted with sugar cane. From Hilo Bay southeastward to Puna the shore and inland are rather barren and there were few settlements. The population of Hilo was anciently as now concentrated mostly around and out from Hilo Bay... The Hilo Bay region is one of lush tropical verdure and beauty, owing to the prevalence of nightly showers and moist warmth which prevail under the northeasterly trade winds into which it faces... In lava -strewn South Hilo there were no streams whose valleys or banks were capable of being developed in terraces, but cuttings were stuck into the ground and on the shores and islets for many miles along the course of the Wailuku River far up into the forest zone. In the marshes surrounding Waiakea Bay, east of Hilo, taro was planted in a unique way, known as kanu kipi. Long mounds were built on the marshy bottom with their surface two or three feet above water level. Upon the top and along the sides of these mounds taro was planted. Flood waters which occasionally submerged the entire mound are said to have done no harm, as the flow was imperceptible. This swampy land is now abandoned to rank grass. Kipi (mounds) were also formerly made along Alenaio [Alanaio] Stream above Hilo... [Handy, handy and Pukui 1972:538-539] The "Alenaio" Stream referred to above is written as Alanaio in the early native texts, and is the boundary between Ponahawai and Kukuau 2nd. Native testimonies in 1873, describe the water as belonging to Ponahawai, and earlier claims of the Mahele 'Rina (1848), reference the "kipi method of planting (see testimonies in this study). Hawaiian Land Use and Resource Management Practices Through their generations of residency, the ancient Hawaiians developed a sophisticated system of land- and resource -management. By the time 'Umi-a-Liloa rose to rule the island of Hawaii in ca. 1525, the island (moku-puns) was divided into six districts or moku-o-loko (cf. Fornander 1973–Vol. 11:100-102). The district of Hilo is one of six major moku-o-loko on the island of Hawai'i. The district of Hilo itself, extends from the shore up to the 9,000 foot level on Mauna Kea, and up to the summit of Mauna Loa, where it joins the districts of Ka'u, Kona and Hamakua. Towards the east, Hilo joins Puna at Mawae, and on it's north western boundary, Hilo joins Hamakua at Ka'ula. Within this district, today simply described as North and South Hilo, there were at least three traditional regions. The area from Waiakea to the Puna boundary was known as Hilo Hanakahi—Hilo, land of Hanakahi, one of the noted chiefs of Hilo, whose reign was one of peace. The middle section of Hilo, fronted by the sandy beach of Waiakea Bay, extending from Kanukuokamanu (at the mouth of Wailoa Stream) to Wailuku River was simply known as Hilo One—Hilo of the sandy shore. The remainder of Hilo, extending from the cliffs on Wailuku River to Ka'ula was called Hilo Paliku—Hilo of the upright cliffs. The entire district of Hilo has been most famed for its rains, and is commemorated in many traditional mele (chants) and 'olelo no`eau (poetical sayings) by reference to the rains. This may seem to some to be an undesirable epitaph, but in the Hawaiian mind, the rains were god given, and manifestations of the gods Kane and Lono. Rains gave life to, and healed the land, thus a land of water was a rich one. Indeed, in some accounts, the place name, He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 5 (H1Ponaha78-051203) Ponahawai is said to describe water which swirls or swells up, or is descriptive of water found in an opening in the forest (cf. Pukui et al., 1974; and T. Kelsey Notes, 1921, in this study). Punahoa too is a water associated name which is literally interpreted as "Companion spring" or perhaps "Friends' spring" (cf. Pukui et al., 1974). The tradition of Hina-a-ke-ahi may give us a possible clue as to the source of the place name, for this goddess was a friend and companion of the people of the land. During a time of famine and draught, Hina- a-ke-ahi sacrificed herself for her people. She went underground at Hala'i Hill and traveled towards the shore, and at two or three locations, she caused springs (puna or punawal) named Hina 'Au'auwai, to rise to the surface (cf. T. Kelsey notes, 1921, in this study). Native tradition records that lands with "wai' (water) names were themselves associated with the god Lono (G.W. Kahiolo in Ka Hae Hawaii, July 10, 1861), thus another level of cultural significance might be associated with these lands. We also find that one of the famous sayings of Hilo describes the beauty of the rains—source of the waters given by Lono—that seem to resonate from the leaves of the 'ohi a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) trees which at one time grew luxuriantly from shore to mountains— No ka pehi mau o ka ua iluna o ka lihilihi o ka lehua i ka wa a na manu a kani hone ana a muk7rT i ka wai a kilihune iho la i ka liko o ka lehua... o ka ua kani lehua o Hilo ia! — Because the frequent pattering of rains upon the lehua blossoms is accompanied by the sweet singing of the birds as they sip the nectar which drips upon the young budding lehua leaves... the rain of Hilo is called the rain which resounds upon the lehua blossoms of Hilo! [Wise and Kihe in Ka Hoku o Hawaii; February 24, 1916 (Maly, translator)] Ahupua`a—A Hawaiian Land Division Hilo, like other large districts on Hawai'i, was further divided into smaller manageable units of land, and were tended to by the maka`ainana (people of the land) (Malo 1951:63-67). Of all the land divisions, perhaps the most significant management unit was the ahupua'a. Ahupua`a are subdivisions of land that were usually marked by an altar (ahu) with an image or representation of a pig (pua'a) placed upon it, thus the name ahu-pua'a or pig -altar. Ahupua'a may be generally compared to pie -shaped wedges of land that extended from the ocean fisheries (the wide section) fronting the land unit, to the mountains (the narrow section) or some other feature of geological significance such as a valley, hill or crater. The boundaries of the ahupua`a were generally defined by the topography and cycles and patterns of natural resources occurring within the lands (cf. Lyons, 1875; in "The Islander"). The ahupua`a were also divided into smaller manageable parcels of land (such as the 'ili, ko'ele, mala, and kDtapai, etc.) in which cultivated resources could be grown and natural resources harvested. As long as sufficient tribute was offered and kapu (restrictions) were observed, the common people, who lived in a given ahupua`a had access to most of the resources from the mountain slopes to the ocean. These access rights were almost uniformly tied to residency on a particular land, and earned as a result of taking responsibility for stewardship of the natural environment, and supplying the needs of ones' ali'i (cf. Malo 1951:63-67; Kamakau 1961:372-377; and Boundary Commission Testimonies – ca. 1865-1891). Entire ahupua`a, or portions of the land were generally under the jurisdiction of appointed konohiki or lesser chief -landlords, who answered to an ali'i-`ai-ahupua`a (chief who controlled the He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 6 (HiPonaha78-051203) ahupua'a resources). The ali`i-`ai-ahupua'a in turn answered to an ali`i 'ai moku (chief who claimed the abundance of the entire district). Thus, ahupua'a resources supported not only the maka`ainana who lived on the land, but also contributed to the support of the royal community of regional and/or island kingdoms. This form of district subdividing was integral to Hawaiian life and was the product of strictly adhered to resources management planning. In this system, the land provided fruits and vegetables and some meat in the diet, and the ocean and onshore fishponds provided a wealth of protein resources. Also, in communities like that of the Ponahawai-Punahoa vicinity, with long-term royal residents, divisions of labor (with specialists in various occupations on land and in procurement of marine resources) came to be strictly adhered to. It is in this cultural setting that we find Ponahawai, Punahoa, and the present study area. In 1979, Holly McEldowney conducted an archaeological and historical literature search for lands of the Hilo Bay region. In this study McEldowney presented a basic pattern for land use according to five environmental zones. Excerpts from McEldowney's study, below, describe activities within specific elevational zones—the present project area would fall within McEldowneys' Zone II : Zone / Coastal Settlement The highest number of people in the early historic period, and subsequently the highest site probabilities, are found in this zone from sea level to roughly 20 to 50 ft elevation or 1/2 mile inland. Early descriptions, as well as the distribution of known sites, suggests that structures representing both permanent and/or temporary use occur along the entire coast. In 1823, Ellis estimated that 2,000 people lived in 400 houses or huts along Hilo Bay. Consistently, this village was described as a nearly continuous complex of native huts and garden plots interspersed with shady groves of trees, predominantly breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) and coconut (Cocos nucifera)... Gardens, outlined by windbreaks or small plantations of banana (Musa hybrids), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), and wauke (Broussonetia papyrifera) were primarily planted with dryland taro, mixed with sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) and minor vegetable crops. Other economically valuable trees, mostly Polynesian introductions (e.g., Eugenia malaccensis, Pandanus odoratissimus, Thespesia populnea, Aleurites mo/uccana) grew singularly or as components of these groves (McEldowney 1979:15-16). Zone 11 Upland Agricultural Zone The extent of this zone varies in early journals, but most confirm that an expanse of unwooded grasslands or a "plain" behind Hilo town extended up to approximately the 1,500 ft elevation (i.e., the edge of the forest). Scattered huts, emphasized by adjacent garden plots and small groves of economically beneficial tree species, dotted this expanse. The cumulative effects of shifting agricultural practices (i.e., slash -and -burn or swidden), prevalent among Polynesian and Pacific peoples, probably created and maintained this open grassland mixed with pioneering species and species that tolerate light and regenerate after a fire... With remarkable consistency, early visitors to Hilo Bay describe an open parkland gently sloping to the base of He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 7 (HiPonaha78-051203) the woods. This open but verdant expanse, broken by widely spaced "cottages" or huts, neatly tended gardens, and small clusters of trees... Estimates as to the extent of this unwooded expanse ranged from between five and six miles (Goodrich 1826:4) to between three and four miles (Coan 1882:29) above the coast or village, with most falling between four or five miles. The constituents of gardens and tree crops in the village basically continued in the upland except that dry -land taro was planted more extensively and bananas were more numerous... This same pattern occurred between Waiakea Pond and the Pana'ewa Forest in the four or five miles of open country dominated by tall grasses. Here stands of kukui (Aleurites moluccana), pandanus, and mountain apple became more conspicuous, with large areas of dryland taro planted in rocky crevices on the younger Mauna Loa flows... (McEldowney 1979:18-20). McEldowney's descriptions of native Hawaiian land use—residency and agricultural systems—is supported in numerous traditional and early native accounts cited in this study. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 8 (HiPonaha78-051203) NATIVE TRADITIONS AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF PONAHAWAI, PUNAHOA AND NEIGBORING LANDS OF HILO ONE This section of the study introduces readers to some of the mo'cle/o—native traditions and historical accounts—of the Hilo One region that span several centuries. Though only a few accounts specifically referencing the ahupua`a names of Ponahawai and Punahoa were found, more traditions of places or features within and adjoining the lands were located. Traditional patterns of residency, land use, and the evolving social -political structure of pre - and post -western contact Hawai'i, make it safe for us to assume that similar practices as described in neighboring lands of the Hilo One region occurred in the ahupua`a of Ponahawai and Punahoa. The traditions and historical accounts cited in this section of the study are generally organized chronologically, by date or period of events described, and cross many centuries. The narratives are also presented in two categories, those associated with native traditions and lore, and those which describe the land and communities—generally from non - Hawaiian perspectives. Underlining is used below to draw reader's attention to selected texts of importance to the Ponahawai-Punahoa vicinity, or the broader historical context of referenced events. 1. Mo`olelo `Aina: Traditions of the Waiakea-Pi`ihonua Section of Hilo One "Ka`ao Ho`oniva Pu`uwai no Ka-Miki" "Ka'ao Ho`oniva Pu`uwai no Ka-Miki" (The Heart Stirring Story of Ka-Miki) is about two supernatural brothers, Ka-Miki (The quick, or adept, one) and Maka-'iole (Rat [squinting] eyes), who traveled around the island of Hawai'i along the ancient ala loa and ala hele (trails and paths) that encircled the island. During their journey, the brothers Ka-Miki and Maka- 'iole competed alongside the trails they traveled, and in famed kahua (contest arenas) and royal courts, against '61ohe (experts skilled in fighting or in other competitions, such as running, fishing, debating, or solving riddles, that were practiced by the ancient Hawaiians). They also challenged priests whose dishonorable conduct offended the gods of ancient Hawai'i. Ka-Miki and Maka-'iole were empowered by their ancestress Ka-uluhe-nui-hihi-kolo- kuka (The great entangled growth of uluhe fern which spreads across the uplands), a body - form of the goddess Haumea (the creative force of nature—also called Papa and Hina— who was a goddess of priests and competitors). The tradition was presented to the native newspaper, Ka Hoku o Hawaii, by noted Hawaiian historians, John Wise and J.W.H.I. Kihe, between 1914 to 1917. It is set in about the 1300s, at the time when Pili-a-Ka'aiea (Pili) was sovereign chief of all Kona. It was while on their journey that the brothers arrived at the royal court of the chief WaiAkea-nui-kumu-honua, who was the brother of the chiefess Pana'ewa-nui-moku-lehua, and the chief Pi'ihonua-a- ka-lani. The traditions associate place names with people and events in history, and describe a broad range of sites and travel across the Hilo landscape. The narratives also share with us the poetry and attachment that Hawaiians share with the forests, rains and streams which were such an integral part of the Hilo landscape. He Wahl Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 9 (HiPonaha78-051203) While the tradition does not specifically name Ponahawai or Punahoa, it is clear that the area described includes those lands. Also, it should also be noted, that Kaumana (discussed below) is a land -locked ahupua`a which bounds sections of Ponahawai. ...Ka-Miki, Maka-'iole, and their companion, Keahi'alaka, departed from the compound of Kapu'euhi and continued their journey, descending on the ala loa to Hilo. Reaching the Hilo Boundary, the travelers approached a large compound, where they saw a man coming towards them with a club. This man was Kukulu-a-hcne'e-a-hina-pu [Kukulu]. Kukulu was a guardian of the chiefess and lands called Pana'ewa-nui-moku-lehua [Pana'ewa of the great lehua forest]. Pana'ewa was a sacred chiefess of Hilo and sister of the chiefs Waiakea-nui- kumu-honua and Pi'ihonua-a-ka-lani. The compound of the chiefess and surrounding community were forbidden to strangers, and Kukulu regularly killed unaware travelers [thus the name Pana'ewa — "Unjust place"]. Kukulu challenged Ka-Miki ma but he was quickly defeated... lehua... [February 17, 1916]. When Ka-Miki arrived at the court of Waiakea, arrangements were made for him to compete with the 'alohe—experts of the land, at the kahua [contest site] of Kalepolepo. 'Upeloa the champion, land administrator and war counselor of Waiakea, and an expert fighter with '6ka'a Wau [war clubs] was called to Kalepolepo... After much boasting, 'Upeloa and Ka-Miki met on the contest field, and in no time, 'Upeloa was defeated and completely bound up... ...Chief Waiakea heard that 'Upeloa had been defeated and was greatly surprised that his war counselor and war club fighting expert had fallen. Waiakea then called to his messenger Kapunak6 to go get Kaumana, the foremost teacher of lua, ha'iha'i, kaka Way [bone breaking fighting, and spear fighting], and all manner of fighting and bring him to the kahua. Upon arriving before his The place called Kalanakcma'a, situated in Kukuau, was named for Kalana- kcma'a-o-uli, the foremost '61ohe student of Kaumana, and champion of Waiakea. Kalanakama'a was the ward of Kipuka 'china [k], Hale -aloha [w] and Hale-loulu [k], who dwelt above Hilo on the mountain lands. When Kapunako arrived before Kipuka 'china, he spoke about the great rains and rivers of Hilo, a poetic reference to the many skilled '61ohe for which Hilo was famed. It was in this way that Kapunako described the overwhelming skills of Ka-Miki and his victory over'Opeloa. Kipuka 'china then asked: Mama Hilo i ka wai7 (Is Hilo lightened of the waters?) Kapunako responded: He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 10 (HiPonaha78-051203) Ae mama Hilo i ka wai We, ua kau i ka lani ka holo (wa'a] ua o Hilo, na ka Malualua a kN ala i pulu ka liko o ka /ehua a me ka mamane! (Indeed one can move swiftly through Hilo, for the streams are without water, the water trough [i.e., the clouds] of Hilo are set in the heavens. It is the Malualua that fetches moisture for the budding /ehua and mamane.) Kipuka 'china then asked in amazement: Nawai a nele o Hilo i ka wai? He lau ka pu`u, mano ka Mona, he kini na kahawai o Hilo, a `au i ka wai o Hilo a pau ke aho! (Who could possibly make Hilo destitute of water? There are lau 1400, poetically many] hills, mano [4,000, many] places to descend, and kini [40,000, many] streams to cross, indeed one is wom out swimming through the waters of Hilo!) It was in this way that Kipuka 'china learned that a master 'olohe had come to Hilo challenging its many `olohe. Using his ipu hokiokio [gourd nose flute], Kipuka 'china awakened Kalanakama'a, for this was the only way in which Kalanakama'a could be safely awakened, or he would kill whoever dared to wake him. [February 24–March 2, 1916] Kalanakama'a joined his teacher Kaomana, and met with the assembly at Kalepolepo. Carrying his club Pupu-kani-oe-i-ka-ua-o-Hilo [Land -snail singing in the rain of Hilo], Kalanakama'a entered the kahua with Kaomana and a great cry arose praising the abilities of these Hilo champions. Ka-Miki and Kalanakama'a exchanged taunts, Ka-Miki stated that Kalanakama'a would become the kama`a lau-9 i hili kuanaka 'ia [twined ti leaf sandals] that Ka-Miki wore upon his feet. Outraged, Kalanakama'a leapt to attack Ka-Miki with his club Pupu-kani-oe-i-ka- ua-o-Hilo, Ka-Miki leapt out of the way, and took 'OpNoa's club from Maka-'iole. Seeing his student miss, Kaomana called out to Kalanakama'a telling him how to strike Ka-Miki— 'olelo no`eau: Kau i ka lani ka holoua o Hilo, NO 'ia i ke aho a ka ua he 'lo ka hauna la`au a ki'i ai, a`ohe wahi pa We, pa ma ke poo a ho'ea i na wawae, pa no pau ka 'oni, `oni no he a7waiwa ia, he hialbloa no ka naele, alaila hos hou ka hauna la`au a ke koa kua makani. Placed in the heavens is the water trough of Hilo, entwined in the cordage of the rains, '/o [Hawk] is the war club strike to use, for there is no place that can't be hit. Strike at the head and reach to the feet, for once struck, there will be no movement. If there is any movement, he is indeed a skilled expert of the depths [deepest knowledge], then return and strike again in the manner of the windswept koa tree [March 9, 1916]. Ka-Miki then attacked Kalanakama'a and quickly over came him. Kaomana then leapt to the kahua and was beaten as well. After Ka-Miki defeated Kaomana, word spread throughout the region, and Pi'ihonua called his council together, wondering how they might help regain the honor of Hilo from this stranger. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 11 (HiPonaha78-051203) Hanakahi told Pi'ihonua that it would be best not to fight. Pi'ihonua then said that perhaps it had been a mistake to honor Hanakahi with his title as champion, and marriage to 'Ohele [March 16, 1916]. Hanakahi told Pi'ihonua all of the things that Na-Mau'u-a-Pa'ao had told Pi'ikea about Ka-Miki, and said it would be unwise to compete and thus leave all of the champions of Hilo in disgrace. Hanakahi himself was a master 'olohe trained by Maulua, of Hilo-PalikO. He was skilled in kakala'au [spear fencing], pololu [long spear fighting], the laumeki [barbed spear fighting], and all manner of knowledge. Hanakahi told his chief, "It is my desire to go before Ka-Miki, not in the manner of a competitor, but in the spirit of friendship, and to learn from them the things that they have been taught by their teachers. If I succeed, I will be the foremost `dlohe of all Hilo, and I will serve as their guide as they journey from one border of Hilo to the next border of Hilo." Hanakahi then asked his chief, "Do you agree?" Pi'ihonua told Hanakahi to go and compete first, and then if he was securely bound, to surrender and ask for friendship. Hanakahi approached Kalepolepo, and the contest between Ka-Miki and himself was announced. 'Oka'a la'au [club -spear fighting] was selected as the method of fighting, and when Hanakahi asked Ka-Miki, "How shall the victory be determined?" Ka-Miki said, "By the breaking of one's spear." Ka-Miki greatly admired the nature of Hilo-Hanakahi, and as they competed, Ka- Miki dodged each of the thrusts. To those gathered at the kahua, it was as if Ka- Miki was the teacher and Hilo-Hanakahi was the student. Hilo-Hanakahi tried each technique he had learned from his teacher, but was unable to score against Ka-Miki. Worn out, Hilo-Hanakahi collapsed and was taken off of the kahua borne in a net. Hilo-Hanakahi acknowledged the nature and skills of Ka-Miki and surrendered to him, thus ke 'ahi kanana [the fierce tuna] of Hilo befriended Ka- Miki ma upon the kahua. Hilo-Hanakahi returned to the chief Pi'ihonua, and they spoke of the events which had taken place at Kalepolepo. Pi'ihonua then sent his messenger to invite Ka-Miki and companions to his compound, in the manner of aikane [companions] [March 23, 1916]. Ka-Miki ma were well hosted by Pi'ihonua, and Ka-Miki asked Hilo-Hanakahi to accompany them to the border of Hilo and Hamakua, at Ka'ula. Pi'ihonua agreed, and the group then departed for Wailuku... [March 30, 1916]. Ponahawai and Kukuau, Lands Named for Their Chiefesses A few years after the publishing of Ka-Miki, Theodore Kelsey, a resident of Kukuau, was collecting traditions from native Hawaiian residents of the district. Throughout his life, Kelsey collected a wealth of information from elder kama`aina throughout the islands. Portions of the Kelsey collection have been curated by June Gutmanis (since deceased), the Lyman House Memorial Museum (LHMM), Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum (BPBM), and the Hawai'i State Archives. Selected manuscripts have been viewed by the author in the above collections, and are cited below. In 1921, Theodore Kelsey was working with several elder Hawaiians in Hilo and Puna, recording traditions of places, the meanings of place names, and uses of the Hawaiian He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kum Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 12 (HiPonaha78-051203) language. Among his informants were Reverend H.B. Nalimu, James and Philip lokepa, J.P. Hale, Mrs. Kukona Porter, and Kiaaina, who at the time was over 100 years old. Among the accounts recorded by Kelsey, is one which tells us that the lands of Ponahawai and Kukuau were named for sister chiefess who resided on those lands. In one of their adventures, their activities also gave rise to names of other lands in the vicinity. July 2, 1921 ...0 Kukuau a me Ponahawai, he mau kaikamahine laua. Hele mau nei laua e holoholo a hiki ma Kalalau. O ka inoa pololei o keia wahi, o Pukihae, a mamuli o ka hoolalau is ana o kela mau kaikamahine, ua kapai `ai keia wahi o Kalalau. Huli mai nei lau.t, nava i lalo o ke kahawai. Ike mai nei laua he elua mau kaikamahine a auau ana. A ole/o kekahi kaikamahine i kekahi, "U'i maili ka ho'i kela mau kaikamahine! E hele ho`i kaue a hooaikane me kela mau kaikamahine." Hoomaka laua a iho ilalo o ke kahawai. Eia nae ka mea apiki i ko laua hiki an' aku, ua nalowale honua iho la ua mau kaikamahine nei. Noke i iho la ka huli ana, aole nae he loaa. A nolaila i kapa i' ai kela wahi o Kalalau a me Wainaku, mamuli o ka hoolalau is ana o keia mau kaikamahine a kela mau kaikamahine e nalowale honua ai. Ala' pahee was the name of the pond in which the bathing girls were seen. Naku means to walk thru thick vegetation where you cannot see your way out... Ponahawai (open space in the forest where water may be found) and Kukuau are street names of Hilo. I have not been able to find out anything more about these sisters... [Kelsey notes in the collection of June Gutmanis] The Bishop Museum collection includes a translation of this account of the two beautiful chiefess sisters and lands, Ponahawai and Kukuau: ...Once upon a time, when these royal sisters were out for a walk, they beheld below them in the pond of Ala-pahee (Slippery Ala rock), now largely covered by the railroad where Wainaku Stream meets the ocean, two lovely young women combing their hair with their fingers. The princesses did not know that these women were really moo (huge crocodile -like creatures) who, in guise of comely females with averted faces, appeared on the banks of sequestered pools, gracefully swaying their magnificent glistening bodies. "How beautiful they are! Let's go down and make friends with them," said one princess to the other, so down they went. Behold, when they reached the pool, the wonderful maidens had vanished!... [the sisters separated, one looking for the women on the Hilo side of the Wainaku stream, and the other looking on the Hamakua side of the stream] ...Then ascending the bank on the opposite sides, they scoured the land. Alas, of no avail were their best efforts. "Where are you going?" (/hea aku nei oe?), asked travelers who met the weary princess on the Hamakua side. I am going to the Water of Searching, the place where I searched" (/ Wainaku wau, kahi i naku hele al), she answered mysteriously. "Where are you going?" queried wayfarers of the princess who ran about on the Hilo side. "I am going to The Straying, the place where I went astray" (/ Kalalau aku nei au, kahi i la/au hele ai), she replied evasively. From that time forth, the land and the stream on the Hamakua side has been known as Wainaku (Water He Wahl Wole/o no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 13 (HiPonaha78-051203) • • of Searching), and the land on the Hilo side as Kalalau (The Straying). Though unfortunately now, it has been renamed Halaulani Place. [Kelsey; LHMM, Box 1, Folder 19] The Hills of Hala`i, Pu`uhonu, "Ope`ape`a and Pu`u o Kamali`i In 1910, W.D. Westervelt, published a collection of traditions pertaining to the goddesses who bore the name of Hina, and the demi- god, Maui, son of one of the Hinas. In that collection, is found an account of the pu`u (hills) of Hala`i, `Ope`ape`a and Pu`u Honu. The tradition tells us of the presence of Hawaiian villages and agricultural fields in the vicinity of the hills. Hala`i (the first hill) is in Punahoa, bounded on the Puna side by the land of Ponahawai (just makai of the study area). Pu`u Honu, the third hill in this series of volcanic cones, is further mauka, and crossed by the boundary between Punahoa and Ponahawai (Figure 2). `Ope`ape`a is not Figure 2. Portion of 1932 Hilo Quadrangle (based on surveys named on any of the historical of 1912-1914). Showing location of �'Halai" and "Puu Hono" maps viewed to date, but has (Pu`u Honu) Hills, and boundary between Punahoa and Ponahawai. Also note the occurrence of flumes and been interpreted as being the ditches (blue dashed lines) in vicinity of Hala`i and middle, or second hill, and is crossing Ponahawai. thus situated just mauka of the present-day Komohana Street. This is the hill that was mined by C. Brewer prior to 1970, and is between Hala`i and Pu`uhonu. There is some confusion regarding the name of the "middle" hill (see discussion in Wolforth 1999), and one or two historical accounts describing important facets of the history of Hilo appear to be centered on the "middle" hill. In one account it may be referred to as Pohakunui (Westervelt, 1910; in this study) and in another account, as Pu`u o Kamali`i (see T. Kelsey notes, 1921, in this study). Regarding the tradition of Hina and the Hala`i Hills, Westervelt (reprinted in 1987) wrote: Ghosts of the Hilo Hills THE LEGENDS about Hina and her famous son Maui, and her less widely known daughters, are common property among the natives of the beautiful little city of Hilo. One of these legends of more than ordinary interest finds its location in the three small hills back of Hilo toward the mountains. He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 14 (HiPonaha78-051203) These hills are small craters connected with some ancient lava flow of unusual violence. The eruption must have started far up on the slopes of Mauna Loa. As it sped down toward the sea, it met some obstruction which, although overwhelmed, checked the flow and caused a great mass of cinders and ashes to be thrown [page 25] out until a large hill with a hollow crater was built up, covering many acres of ground. Soon the lava found another vent and then another obstruction and a second, and then a third, hill were formed nearer the sea. These hills or extinct craters which are told alonq its banks. Hina had several daughters, four of whose names are given: Hina Keahi, Hina Kekai, Hina Mahuia, and Hina Kuluua. Each name marked the peculiar mana or divine gift which Hina, the mother, had bestowed upon her daughters. Hina Keahi meant the Hina who had control of fire. This name is sometimes given to Hina the mother. Hina Kekai was the daughter who had power over the sea. She was said to have been in a canoe with her brother Maui when he fished up Coconut Island [Mokuola], his line breaking before he could pull it up to the mainland and make it fast. Hina Kuluua was the mistress over the forces of rain. The winds and the storms were supposed to obey her will. Hina Mahuia is peculiarly a name connected with the legends of the other island groups of the Pacific; Mahuia or Mafuie was a god or goddess of fire all through Polynesia. Kuluua for their families and dependents. The hills were of rich soil and there was much rain. Therefore, for a long time, the two daughters had plenty of food for themselves and their people. But at last the fruit on the trees was blasted. The people were faint because of hunger, and the shadow of death was over the land. [page 26] Hina Keahi pitied her suffering friends and determined to provide food for them. Slowly her people labored at her command. Over they went to the banks of the river course, which was only the bed of an ancient lava stream, over which no water was flowing. The famished laborers toiled, -gathering and carrying back whatever wood they could find, then went up the mountainside to the great koa and ohia forests, -gathering their burdens of fuel according to the wishes of the chiefess. Their sorcerers planted charms along the way and uttered incantations to ward He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 15 (HiPonaha78-051203) Then came the days of digging out the hill and making a great imu or cooking oven, and preparing it with stones and wood. Large quantities of wood were thrown into the place. Stones best fitted for retaining heat were gathered and the fires kindled. When the stones were hot, Hina Keahi directed the people to arrange the imu in its proper order for cooking the materials for a great feast. A place was made for sweet potatoes, another for taro, another for pigs, and another for dogs. All the forms of preparing the food for cooking were passed through, but no real food was laid on the stones. Then Hina told them to make a place in the imu for a human sacrifice. Probably, out of every imu of the long ago, a small part of the food was offered to the gods, and there may have been a special place in the imu for that part of the food to be cooked. At any rate, Hina had this oven so built that the people understood that a remarkable sacrifice would be offered in it to the gods, who for some reason had sent the famine upon the people. Therefore it was in quiet despair that the workmen obeyed Hina Keahi and prepared the place for sacrifice. [page 27] It might mean their own holocaust as an offering to the gods. At last Hina Keahi bade the laborers cease their work and stand by the side of the oven, ready to cover it with the dirt which had been thrown out and piled up by the side. The people stood by, not knowing upon whom the blow might fall. But Hina Keahi was "Hina the Kind," and although she stood before them robed in royal majesty and power, still her face was full of pity and love. Her voice melted the hearts of her retainers as she bade them carefully follow her directions. "O my people! Where are you? Will you obey and do as I command? This imu is my imu. I shall lie down in its bed of burning stones. I shall sleep under its cover. But deeply cover me, or I may perish. Quickly throw the dirt over my body. Fear not the fire. Watch for three days. A woman will stand by the imu. Obey her will." Hina Keahi was very beautiful, and her eyes flashed light like fire as she stepped into the great pit and lay down on the burning stones. A great smoke arose and gathered over the imu. The men toiled rapidly, placing the imu mats over their chiefess and throwing the dirt back into the oven until it was all thoroughly covered and the smoke was quenched. Then they waited for the strange, mysterious thing which must follow the sacrifice of this divine chiefess. Halai hill trembled and earthquakes shook the land round about. The great heat of the fire in the imu withered the little life that was still left from the famine. Meanwhile, Hina Keahi was carrying out her plan for securing aid for her people. She could not be injured by the heat, for she was a goddess of fire. The waves of heat raged around her as she sank down through the stones of the imu into the underground paths which belonged to the spirit world. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 16 (HiPonaha78-051203) The legend says that Hina made her appearance in the form of a gushing stream of water which would always supply the wants of her adherents. The second day [page 28] passed. Hina was still iourneving underground but this time she came Auauwai. Here Hina washed away all traces of her ioumev through the depths. This was the last of the series of earthquakes and the appearance of new water springs. The people waited, feeling that some more wonderful event must follow the remarkable experience of the three days. Soon a woman stood by the imu, who commanded the laborers to dig away the dirt and remove the mats. When this was done, the hungry people found a very great abundance of food, enough to supply their wants until the food plants should have time to ripen and the days of the famine should be over. The joy of the people was great when they knew that their chiefess had escaped death and would still dwell among them in comfort. Many were the songs sung and stories told about the great famine and the success of the goddess of fire. The second sister, Hina Kuluua, the goddess of rain, was always very jealous of her beautiful sister Hina Keahi, and many times sent rain to put out fires which her sister tried to kindle. Hina Keahi could not stand the rain and so fled with her people to a home by the seaside. Hina Kuluua could control rain and storms, but for some reason failed to provide a food supply for her people, and the famine wrought havoc among them. She thought of the stories told and songs sung about her sister, and wished for the same honor for herself. She commanded her people to make a great imu for her in the hill Puu Honu. She knew that a strange power belonged to her and yet, blinded by jealousy, forgot that rain and fire could not work together. She planned to furnish a [page 29] great supply of food for her people in the same way in which her sister had worked. The oven was dug. Stones and wood were collected and the same ghostly array of potatoes, taro, pig and dog prepared as had been done before by her sister. The kahunas or priests knew that Hina Kuluua was going out of her province in trying to do as her sister had done, but there was no use in attempting to change her plans. Jealousy is self-willed and obstinate, and no amount of reasoning from her dependents could have any influence over her. The ordinary incantations were observed, and Hina Kuluua gave the same directions as those her sister had given. The imu was to be well heated. The make-believe food was to be put in and a place left for her body. It was the goddess of rain making ready to lie down on a bed prepared for the goddess of fire. When all was ready, she lay down on the heated stones and the oven mats were thrown over her and the ghostly provisions. Then the covering of dirt was He Wahl Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 17 (HiPonaha78-051203) thrown back upon the mats and heated stones, filling the pit which had been dug. The goddess of rain was left to prepare a feast for her people as the goddess of fire had done for her followers. Some of the legends have introduced the demi-god Maui into this story. The natives say that Maui came to "burn or cook the rain" and that he made the oven very hot, but that the goddess of rain escaped and hung over the hill in the form of a cloud. At least this is what the people saw — not a cloud of smoke over the imu, but a rain cloud. They waited and watched for such evidences of underground labor as attended the passage of Hina Keahi through the earth from the hill to the sea, but the only strange appearance was the dark rain cloud. They waited three days and looked for their chiefess to come in the form of a woman. They waited another day and still another, and no signs or wonders were manifest. Meanwhile, Maui, changing himself into a white bird, flew up into the sky to catch the ghost of the goddess of [page 30] rain that had escaped from the burning oven. Having caught this spirit, he rolled it in some kapa cloth that he kept for food to be placed in an oven, and carried it to a place in the forest on the mountainside, where again the attempt was made to "bum the rain"; but a great drop escaped and sped upward into the sky. Again Maui caught the ghost of the goddess and carried it to a pali or precipice below the great volcano Kilauea, where he again tried to destroy it in the heat of a great lava oven. But this time the spirit escaped and found a safe refuge among kukui trees on the mountainside, from which she sometimes rises in clouds that the natives say are the sure sign of rain. The ghosts of Hina Keahi and Hina Kuluua sometimes draw near to the old hills in the form of the fire of flowing lava or clouds of rain, while the old men and women tell the story of the Hinas, the sisters of Maui, who were laid upon the burning stones of the imus of a famine. [Westervelt 1987:311 While Theodore Kelsey was working with kupuna of Hilo (1921), they shared with him descriptions the Ponahawai-Punahoa landscape that were of cultural and historical importance. Among their stories was that of Hina-a-ke-ahi and Hina-kulu-ua, similar to that above. They also told him of an important event that took place on a small hill above HMO in 1881. Though late in the history of these lands, this event was one that stood our in the native mind as being of great importance to the well-being of Hilo. In a series of letters from Kelsey to Thomas Thrum (in the collection of Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum), Kelsey wrote of the famed hills of Hala'i, Pu'u Honu and Pu'u o Kamali'i, the latter being the hill to which Princess Ruth Ke'elikolani (Governess of Hawai'i) went in August of 1881, when she personally asked Pele to spare Hilo from the Mauna Loa lava flow of 1881. Kelseys' letters on this matter include the following observations: June 16, 1921 ...Ben Brown I21 gave me the meanings of the names of the hills back of Hilo. 2 The Brown line descends from Benjamin Pitman and his chiefess wife, Kinoole (daughter of Ho'olulu and Halaki); coming from the line of Mo'oheau (k.), one of the four children of Pitman and Kinoole. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview or Ponahawai at Hilo 18 (HiPonaha78-051203) Hala'i hill was named because of the easy life led by the subjects of Hina a ke AN, after she had relieved their famine by placing her body in the imu to create food for them. She went under around appearing at two or three springs called Hina Auau Wai, and finally came walking up from the sea. like a tortoise, never getting anywhere nee wale iho no i kauhale [moving about only in her dwelling]. Based Kelsey and his informants references to known locations—Hala'i and Pu'u Honu also being identified on historic maps—Pu'u o Kamali'i (Hill of the Children – perhaps referring to the children of Hina), or Pu'u Ali'i (Royal Hill) would apparently be the middle hill, as there is no other hill in the vicinity. Another reference to the trip of Princes Ruth Ke'elikolani ("Luka") to the hills above Hilo, is given later in this study, in the letters of Sarah Joiner Lyman (1992), wife of Reverend D.B. Lyman, who lived in Punahoa from 1832 to 1885. Also among the notes of Kelsey are the following references to: Places of Legendary and Historic Interest. Hilo. Haili with a long -drawn a, is the name of a well-known Hawaiian church in Hilo, timbers for which were obtained from Haili-kula-manu, a little below 8 camp Waiakea, on the Puna side... As the names of important places especially commemorate great chiefs and chiefesses of the past, it may be assumed that this name Wai-a-Kea (Water used by Kea), commemorates that same great ancestor of the Hawaiian race as does Hawaii's majestic snow -crowned mountain of Mauna Kea. A former native expert interpreted Haili-kula-manu as Alighting place of the Birds [in other notes, we find that Rev. H.B. Nalimu° and James lokepa provided Kelsey with this interpretation]... Y Jos. Nawahi's property was situated at the comer of the present-day Ponahawai and Kaprolani Street Intersection (mauka-Wailuku side of street). Based on this description, the hblua and pu'u feature would be near the Ponahawai-Punahoa boundary; the upper part near Komohana Street, and the lower section near Kapi olani Street (the former School Street). 3 Kelsey later recorded notes from Mrs. Kaouli Pahi'o, that Princess Ruth Ke'elikolani's home in Hilo, was called Waialeale, and was situated at the makai end of Pi'opi'o Street (T. Kelsey Notes — from collection of J. Gutmanis). The rich ponds of the Pi'opi'o and larger Waiakea coastal lands, being threatened by the flows, would have been lost had Pele continued her journey to Hilo Town. Kelsey's notes report that Henry B. Nalimu was born at Papa'aloa in 1835, and that he was a descendant of the chief 'I, who was credited with construction of the famed 'auwai of Punahoa and Pi'ihonua (T. Kelsey Notes — from collection of J. Gutmanis).. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 19 (HiPonaha78-051203) nowl the Home-lani Cemetery at Ponahawai (forest clearing containino water) Kanuha meant that only himself and Gov. Kuakini in Kona were in authority, so that Rev. Coan would have to wait until they were out of the way before he gave directions. It is said that Rev. Coan laid a curse upon Kanuha so that today not one of his descendants survives. Anecdote from Rev. Desha... One of the important features on the cultural landscape in Punahoa and Pi'ihonua, with later sections constructed through Ponahawai, is the 'auwai that transported water across the lands of Punahoa and Pi'ihonua. Kelsey's aged informant, Reverend Henry B. Nalimu, who was born in Hilo in 1835, shared with him his recollections of the water channel of 'T and other features associated with the chief. I a relative of Rev. Nalimu's constructed the ditch of lauwai at the boundary of Ihalau, the great long house of 1, was mauka of Waiakea, near Pooholua and mauka of that place. Rev. Nalimu has only heard of the place. He thinks that it is in the forest. When the occupants of Ihalau finished a meal they slammed the covers down onto their calabashes in unison so that the report could be heard at Iko'a, the fishing -grounds of I where he fished for ahi. The location of this ko'a was obtained by bringing into line the coconuts of Papa'i and the Cape of Anapuka (ka lae o Anapuka) on the Puna side, and on the Hilo side, the coconuts of Kau Maui (near Keaukaha), and the cape of Kiha... [Kelsey notes, 1921; in collection of June Gutmanis] Another reference to the location of 'T 'auwai is found in Kelsey's' notes, in association with the place names Kano-kapa and Pali-iki, extending from the boundary of Punahoa and across the land of Pi'ihonua: Kano-kapa (to hold up tapas with the forearm while swimming the river) extends from Pi'i-lani (the site of the lighthouse at the foot of Wai-anuenue St.) to the river bank, and upland to the former ditch 'Auwai o 'Vauwai'From there it extended down to Richardson's Lumber Yard that extended to the boundary of the lands of Pi'i-honua and Puna-hoa, to the little ledge (ka`e pah) of Pali-iki in the land of Pi'ihnoua. Palkiki became the property of Cecil Brown (Kikila) of the family of Mo'o-he-au, son of Pitman (Pikimana) by his wife Kino-'ole... [Kelsey notes, 1921; in collection of June Gutmanis] One additional note from Kelsey reported that the aged Mrs. Ka-'ouli Pahi'o, told him the fishpond of Hauna on the sand -shore of Ponahawai-Punahoa (see Mahele and Boundary Commission descriptions) was previously known as Hanauna. The pond formerly situated behind the Hata Store (Kelsey notes, 1921; in collection of June Gutmanis). s Kanuha was the father of Kapahukula, one of the applicants for several parcels of land in Ponahawai. Testimonies from Land Commission Awards No. 1709 and 5705 (cited in this study), document the nature of the claims and their subsequent denial of award. Kapahukula's final award recorded under Land Commission Award No. 234 B, was for one-half acre of land in the ahupua'a of Kukuau. He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 20 (HiPonaha78-051203) The 'Alae Birds of Pohakunui Another of the traditional accounts, which by association with the goddess Hina and her son Maui, dates to the period of early Hawaiian settlement was recorded by W.D. Westervelt (1910). While retelling the legend of how Maui secured the knowledge of making fire from the 'alae (Hawaiian Gallinule), a tradition generally set on the island of Maui, Westervelt included a brief version of the story from Hilo. The account is one that is shared with various locations throughout the Hawaiian Islands, and through greater Polynesia, and describes the contest between Maui and the 'alae guardians of the secret of making fire. Westervelt's story is set at the "Halae Hills" behind Hilo, and includes another name for one of the three hills in this series of volcanic cones. The name of this hill is "Pohaku-nui," and it was the home of two bird -god brothers, one of whom possessed the secret of fire: Another Hawaiian legend places the scene of Maui's contest with the mud -hens a little inland of the town of Hilo on the Island of Hawaii. There are three small loved food—baked bananas. Here Maui planned to learn the secret of fire. The birds had kindled the fire and the bananas were almost done, when the elder Alae called to the younger: "Be quick, here comes the swift son of Hina." The birds scratched out the fire, caught the bananas and fled. Maui told his mother he would follow them until he learned the secret of fire. His mother encouraged him because he was very strong and very [page 64] swift. So he followed the birds from place to place as they fled from him, finding new spots on which to make their fires. At last they came to Waianae on the island Oahu. There he saw a great fire and a multitude of birds gathered around it, chattering loudly and trying to hasten the baking of the bananas. Their incantation was this: "Let us cook quick." "Let us cook quick." "The swift child of Hina will come." Maui's mother Hina had taught him how to know the fire -maker. "If you go up to the fire, you will find many birds. Only one is the guardian. This is the small, young Alae. His name is Alae-iki: Only this one knows how to make fire." So whenever Maui came near to the fire -makers he always sought for the little Alae. Sometimes he made mistakes and sometimes almost captured the one he desired. At Waianae he leaped suddenly among the birds. They scattered the fire, and the younger bird tried to snatch his banana from the coals and flee, but Maui seized him and began to twist his neck. The bird cried out, warning Maui not to kill him or he would lose the secret of fire altogether. Maui was told that the fire was made from a banana stump. He saw the bananas roasting and thought this was reasonable. So, according to directions, he began to rub together pieces of the banana. The bird hoped for an unguarded moment when he might es- [page 65] cape, but Maui was very watchful and was also very angry when he found that rubbing only resulted in squeezing out juice. Then he twisted the neck of the bird and was told to rub the stem of the taro plant. This also was so green that it only produced water. Then he was so angry that he nearly rubbed the head of the bird off—and the bird, fearing for its life, told the truth and taught Maui how to find the wood in which fire dwelt. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 21 (HlPonaha78-051203) They learned to draw out the sparks secreted in different kinds of trees. The sweet sandalwood was one of these fire trees. Its Hawaiian name is "lli-ahi — the "ilr (bark) and "ahi (fire), the bark in which fire is concealed... [Westervelt 1910:66] The introduction of the place name Pohakunui (literally, Big -stone) to one of the hills is an interesting factor. Wolforth (1999) noted that there was some confusion on this matter, and suggested possible reasons for it. we note here, that Westervelt, as published in 1910 wrote "One, the southern or Puna side of the hills, is a place called Pohaku-nui" (Westervelt 1910:64). This writer posits that the well established use of Pu'u Honu and Hala'i precludes this name being either of those hills, and that if the sentence as published is correct, it would have to refer to the "middle" hill. It may also be possible that the sentence should have originally read, "On the southern or Puna side of the hills, is a place called Pohaku- nui." If this is the case, there are possibly four names that might be applied to this little hill— 'Ope'ape'a, Pu'u o Kamali'i, Pu'u Alii, and Pohakunui. A part of the basis for this line of thought is that while none of these names appear on historical maps, the names of H5Ia'i and Pu'u Honu have remained fairly consistent in their use and locational references since the early 1800s. Ponahawai and Punahoa: Chiefly Associations and Early Residents of the Land One tradition of the Punahoa-KaOmana vicinity, names the chief and chiefess of Hilo and describes the early practice of traveling to the uplands of Kaumana, to cultivate the land for food crops. This account (Fomander Volume IV, 1916) names Ku and Hina—a recurring figure in traditions of the land—as the early rulers of the region, and presents the information in the following introductory paragraphs of the "Legend of Kapuaokaolehloai:" Ku was the father and Hine' was the mother. They had two children, Hookaakaaikapakaakaua' a son, and Kapuaokaoheloai° a daughter. Waiakea in Hilo is the country where these people lived. The brother was the first bom and the sister the last. These people were of high chief rank of Hilo. These two children were brought up without knowing that they were brother and sister. They never saw each other although they lived in the same house. The brother had a male attendant and the sister a female attendant... This manner of living was maintained for twenty years, without their seeing one another. One day the Punahoa to do farm work. After the departure of the attendants in the early morning, Kapuaokaoheloai arose and walked out of doors. Upon looking back at the house she saw a bright light within; so she again entered the house and began a search and found a door, which she opened. As she walked in she saw a red object lying on a bed. She removed the tapa from the face and saw a very handsome young man... [Fomander 1916 IV:540] This is the only reference to Punahoa (with none for Ponahawai), in the Fornander collection. 6 Another Ku and Hina contribution; the favorites of story writers. ' Hoo-kaa-kaa-i-ka-paka-ua, literally "to roll, or rolling in the rain drops." e Ka-pua-o-ka-ohelo-ai, literally "the blossom of the eatable ohelo" (berry). (Vaccinum reticulatum.) He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 22 (HiPonaha78-051203) Among the earliest recorded traditions associated with lands of the Hilo One vicinity, are those penned by native historians, Samuel Manaiakalani Kamakau (1961) and John Papa Vi (1959). The events described, date from 1773 to 1797, and relate to the chiefs of Maui, O'ahu, and Hawaii. Kamakau (1961) told of an event in which attendants of the chief Kahekili of Maui, came to Hawai'i, in search of feather adornments. The feathers were collected in the lands above Ponahawai, in the forests of Punahoa and Pi'ihonua. Interestingly, in this account, is found the name, Keawe-hano (Keawehano), a chief of the Hilo region. In 1848, seventy-five years after the events described below, we find a descendent of Keawehano, who still bore the name, was a resident of Ponahawai, and applicant-awardee of land in the Mahele `Ainae. Regarding Keawe-hano, and the practice of collecting feathers in the uplands, Kamakau reported: ...Ka-pohu and Ka-'akakai went to Hawaii after feather capes and bird feathers in order to gain admission to 'Umi-hale. They landed in Kohala and Ka-'akakai went by way of Hamakua to Hilo and became friendly with Keawe-hano, the chief of Hilo. As for Ka-pohu, he went around by Kona, Ka -'u, Puna, and finally reached Hilo and there heard in some native villages that a man from Maui had become a friend of Keawe-hano and had obtained a feather cape from him. Keawe-hano's houses were situated on the beach at Punahoa, close to Pi'ihonua and facing the waves of Huia and Hikanui. Ka-pohu went along outside the fence of Keawe-hano's place and saw Ka-'akakai sitting with Keawe-hano at the threshold of the house, both wearing feather capes on their shoulders, feather necklaces about their necks, and helmets on their heads. Now when Ka-'akakai saw Ka-pohu standing outside the fence, he scowled, took up as much room as possible, and left no room in the doorway. Ka-pohu, observing their splendid apparel, chanted these words: Po Ka`ula i ka hulu o ka manu, Ke nonoi a`e la ka hulu o ka manu I komo iloko ua i Poli - e. Ka'ula is darkened by the feathers of the birds, The feathered birds are appealing to the rain to fall at Poli. As soon as Keawe-hano heard these words chanted, he brushed Ka-'akakai aside and looked out. Then Ka-pohu went on boldly chanting: Ku pololei ka 'opua ua malie A ka luna aku i Maunalahilahi, Ba la! 0kai`aakeakuala Ua lahilahi wale. The hanging clouds stand erect, it is calm On the upland of Maunalahilahi, Lo, here it is! The fish of the god Is thin. Keawe-hano heard the words and called out to Ka-pohu, "Come into the house! There is food and fish in here." As Ka-pohu entered he chanted: 9 Keawehano— see Land Commission Award Helu 1334 in this study. He Wahl Mo`olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 23 (HiPonaha78-051203) A Kahuku i Ola'a, Ka uka i Pana'ewa, Ka uka o Hadi, Kapili manu e, Kawili manu e, Kololio manu e, Wiliwili manu e, O ka hulu o ka manu. Ahu'ula mai no, Mahiole mai no. Hulikua mai no. From Kahuku to Ola'a [I have traveled], To the uplands of Pana'ewa, To the uplands of Haili, To catch birds with lime, To catch birds with snares, To catch birds with lines, To twist the necks of birds, For their feathers. [Give me] a feather cape, [Give me] a feather helmet, [Give me] a feather necklace. To these words Keawe-hano responded, "Here is your feather necklace, here is your feather helmet, but the cape you two shall share!" No sooner had he uttered the word share (mahele) than Ka-pohu reached for a corner of the feather cape that Ka-'akakai was wearing and drew it over his own shoulders, leaving Ka- 'akakai without any. In that short space of time Ka-pohu had gained the friendship of Keawe-hano. He turned to Keawe-hano and said, "I have two masters, Ka-hekili and Ka-hahana. If your lord goes to war against my two lords, should my lords be victorious over yours I will preserve your life that day" (o 'oe ka'u ola nui is la). Keawe-hano made the same promise to Ka-pohu, and both agreed to abide by their vow... [Kamakau 1961:130-131] Following the death of Kalani'6pu'u, king of Hawai'i, in 1782, the island was to have been ruled by Kwala'o, Kalani'opu'u's son, while the gods and heiau were to be cared for by Kamehameha I. Disagreements arose over the division and redistribution of lands. Kamakau (1961) referenced Ponahawai—giving it a place of importance in the history and value of the land—in his description of the events that occurred: Keoua Kuahu-'ula heard that the land was being divided. He was a twin son of Ka-lani 'opu'u, his twin brother being Keoua Pe'e-'ale... That day about nine o'clock he came to the ruling chief, Kiwala'o, and said, "Are Ola'a and Kea'au ours?" The chief answered, "They have been given away; they are not ours." "How about Waiakea and Ponahawai?" "They have been given away: they are not ours." "Waipi'o and Waimea are ours?" "They are not ours; they have been given away." "Pololu and Makapala are ours?" "They have been given away; they are not ours." "The two Napu'u and the two Honokahau are ours?" "They have been given away; they are not ours." "Kahalu'u then, and the two Keauhou?" "They have been given away; they are not ours." "Then I am to have nothing in this division?" "You and I are left without land in this division. Our uncle has taken it... [Kamakau 1961:119-120] Shortly after the division occurred, Kiwala'o was killed at Moku'ohai, South Kona. John Papa I'i records that while the division of land was being discussed, the neighboring land of Waiakea was likened to a food container (I'i 1973:14); a symbolic reference to the agricultural and fishpond resources of the lands of Hilo One. Following Kiwala'o's death, the island was basically controlled by three individuals, two cousins and their uncle. Keawemauhili the sacred half-brother of Kalani'opu'u, resided in the Punahoa-Waiakea He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 24 (HiPonaha78-051203) section of Hilo District, and controlled the districts of Hilo and Hamakua. Ke6ua-ku'ahu'ula (son of Kalani'opu'u) resided in Ka'0, while Kamehameha I, also a nephew of Keawemauhili's and cousin of Keoua, controlled Kohala and Kona. In about 1790, a dispute arose between Keawemauhili and his nephew Keoua, and Keoua attacked and killed Keawemauhili. Kamakau reports that Keoua divided the lands of Hilo District between his chiefs and warriors, and "the fat Mullet of Waiakea and Pi'ooi'o became theirs" (Kamakau 1969:152). In 1791, Keoua was himself killed, and Kamehameha I in turn, claimed Pi'ihonua, Punahoa, and Waiakea as his personal land holdings in Hilo One. Liholiho (Kamehameha 11) himself, was born while his father and mother were in residence in the Punahoa section of Hilo in 1797 (Kamakau 1961:260). ll: Observations of Foreign Visitors and Residents (1823-1893) "The Journal of William Ellis" (1823) In 1823, British missionary William Ellis and members of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (A.B.C.F.M.) toured the island of Hawai'i seeking out primary community in which to establish church centers for the growing Calvinist mission. The writings of Ellis and his companions (Ellis 1963) offer readers a glimpse into the nature of communities, agricultural fields, and natural landscape around the island. The selected narratives below, provide readers with specific descriptions of lands situated on Hilo Bay. Reverend Bishop (in Ellis 1963) journeyed from Waiakea to Kea'au and reported: ...The country was populous, but the houses stood singly, or in small clusters, generally on plantations, which were scattered over the whole country. Grass and herbage were abundant, vegetation in many places luxuriant, and the soil, though shallow, was light and fertile (Ellis 1963:212). On the return journey from Kea'au (Kaau) to Waiakea, it was reported: ...At half -past ten we resumed our walk, and passing about two miles through a wood of pretty large timber, came to open country in the vicinity of Waiakea. At one p.m. we reached the house of the chief Maaro, the chief, who, though very ill, was glad to see us. [Ellis 1961:213] In Hilo, the party was under the care of the chief Ma'alo (written Maaro), Ellis and companions offer the following narratives, describing the land there about and activities of the people, among which included hundreds of residents being required to go to the mountains above, and gather sandalwood for their chiefs: Natives Collecting Sandal Wood ...we overtook Maaro, the chief of Waiakea, and three of four hundred people, returning with sandal wood, which they had been cutting in the mountains. Each man carried two or three pieces, from four to six feet long, and about three inches in diameter. [Ellis 1963:214] The bark and sap had been chipped off with small adzes, and the wood appeared lighter in colour than what is usually sold at Oahu, probably from its having been but recently cut down.... Although a plant of slow growth, it is found in abundance in all the mountainous parts of the He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 25 (HlPonaha78-051203) Sandwich Islands, and is cut in great quantities by the natives, as it constitutes their primary article of exportation. It is brought down to the beach in pieces from a foot to eighteen inches in diameter, and six or eight feet long, to small sticks not more than an inch thick and a foot and a half long. It is sold by weight, and the merchants, who exchange for it articles of European or Chinese manufacture, take it to the Canton market, where it is bought by the Chinese for the purpose of preparing incense to burn in their idol temples. Hilo a Rainy District ...Dense fogs and heavy rains are more frequent at Waiakea, and over the whole division of Hiro, than in any other part of the island... [Ellis 1963:215]. Discussions with Maaro, Chief of Wafakea ...Leaving Maaro, we returned through a highly cultivated part of the district. Everything in nature was lovely, and the landscape around awakened emotions... We were highly gratified with the fertility of the soil, and the luxuriance of the verdure... [Ellis 1963:222] Ellis commented on the dwellings of the natives of Hilo, and records that certain materials for construction were collected from the uplands: Status of the Natives Compared with Society Islanders The houses of the natives who we had visited today, like most in this part of the island, where the pandanus is abundant, were covered with the leaves of this plant, which, though it requires more labour in thatching, makes the most durable dwellings. The inhabitants of Waiakea are peculiarly favoured in having woods producing timber, such as they use for building within three or four miles of their settlement, while the natives in most parts of the islands have to fetch it from much greater distance... ...There is also less variety in the form of the Sandwich Island dwellings, which are chiefly of two kinds, viz. the hale noho (dwelling house), or halau (a long building), nearly open at one end, and, though thatched with different materials, they are all framed in nearly the same way. They begin to build a house by planting in the ground a number of posts, six or eight inches in diameter, in a row, about three or four feet apart, which are to support one side of the house. When these are fixed in a straight line, they erect a parallel row, to form the opposite side... [Ellis 1963:224] Superstitions Connected With House Building -How Furnished While idolatry existed, a number of superstitious ceremonies were performed, before they could occupy their houses. Offerings were made to the gods, and presents to the priest, who entered the house, uttered prayers, went through other ceremonies, and slept in it before the owner took possession, in order to prevent evil spirits from resorting to it, and to secure its inmates from the effects of incantation. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 26 (HlPonaha78-051203) When the house was finished, it was soon furnished. A sleeping mat spread on the ground, and a wooden pillow, a wicker basket or two to keep their tapa or native cloth in, a few calabashes for water and poe [pot], and some wooden dishes, of various size and shape, together with a haka, were all they required. This latter article was sometimes like a stand used by us for hanging hats and coats on. It was often made with care, and carved, but more frequently it was a small arm of a tree, with a number of branches attached to it. These were cut off within a foot of the main stem, which was planted in some convenient part of the house, and upon these natural pegs they used to hang their calabashes, and other vessels containing food... [Ellis 1963:228] Ellis reported that the Wailuku River was at times a place a great activity, in the exchange of goods between various districts of the island. He also reported that a toll had been levied for easy access across the river: Toll Charged For Crossing Wailuku River Returning from Pueo [Pu'ueo], I visited Wairuku, a beautiful stream of water flowing rapidly over a rocky bed, with frequent falls, and many places eligible for the erection of water -mills of almost any description. Makoa and the natives pointed out a square rock in the middle of the stream, on which, during the reign of Tamehameha, and former kings, a toll used to be paid by every traveller who passed over the river. Whenever anyone approached the stream, he stood on the brink, and called to the collector of the toll, who resided on the opposite side. He came down with a broad piece of board, which he placed on the rock above mentioned. Those who wished to cross met him there, and deposited on the board whatever articles had been brought; and if satisfactory, the person was allowed to pass the river. It did not appear that any uniform toll was required; the amount, or value, being generally left to the collector. The natives said it was principally regulated by the rank or number of those who passed over. In order the better to accommodate passengers, all kinds of permanently valuable articles were received. Some paid in native tapa and mats, or baskets, others paid a hog, a dog, some fowls, a roll of tobacco, or a quantity of dried salt fish. Market Fairs Held at Hilo The river of Wairuku was also distinguished by the markets or fairs held at stated periods on its banks. At those times the people of Puna, [Ellis 1963:2291 and the desolate shores of Kau, even from the south point of the island, brought mats, and mamake tapa, which is a remarkably strong black or brown native cloth, for the manufacture of which the inhabitants of Ora ['Ola'a], and some of the inland parts of Puna, are celebrated throughout the whole group of the Sandwich Islands. It is made of a variety of the morus papyrifera, which grows spontaneously in those parts. These, together with vast quantities of dried salt fish, were ranged along on the south side of the ravine. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 27 (HiPonaha78-051203) The people of Hiro and Hamakua, as far as the north point, brought hogs, tobacco, tapa of various kinds, large mats made of the pandanus leaves, and bundles of ai pa [`ai pa`a] which were collected on the north bank. Ai pai, (hard food). A kind of food made of baked taro, pounded together without water. When properly prepared, it is wrapped in green ti leaves, and tied up in bundles containing from twenty to forty pounds each; in this state it will remain several months without injury. From bank to bank the traders shouted to each other, and arranged the preliminaries of their bargains. From thence the articles were taken down to the before -mentioned rock in the middle of the stream, which in this place is almost covered with large stones. Here they were examined by the parties immediately concerned, in the presence of the collectors, who stood on each side of the rock, and were the general arbiters, in the event of any disputes arising. To them also was committed the preservation of good order during the fair, and they, of course, received a suitable remuneration from the different parties. On the above occasions, the banks of the Wairuku must often have presented an interesting scene, in the bustle of which these clerks of the market must have had no inconsiderable share. According to the account of the natives, this institution was in force till the accession of Rihoriho, the late king, since which time it has been abolished. In the afternoon I called on Maaro, and found him very ill, and averse to conversation. His wives sat in the same room playing at cards, and apparently too intent on their game to be easily diverted. [Ellis 1963:230] At one point, while Ma'alo was ill, Ellis found that he had traveled a mile and a half inland to stay at a house there, all around which had been set ti leaves (Ellis 1963:236). This is a significant statement, as it tells us that a chiefs' dwelling, and presumably the retainers and resources to support such a residence were situated in the upland region. Also describing the streams of Hilo, Ellis referenced Wailuku, Waiakea, and Waiolama (Wairama). The latter stream is fed in part by the Alanaio Stream which along part of its course, serves as the boundary between Ponahawai and Kukuau. These streams and associated springs, sustained fishponds and cultivation across the landscape of Hilo One. Rivers Emptying into Bay There are three streams of fresh water, which empty themselves into the bay. One on the western angle is called Wairuku. It rises near the summit of Mouna- Kea, and, after taking a circuitous course for several miles, runs rapidly into the seas. Two others, called Wairama and Waiakea, rise in springs, boiling up through the hollows of the lava, at a short distance from the shore, fill several large fish- ponds, and afterwards empty themselves into the sea. Waiakea, on the eastern side of the bay is tolerably deep, and is navigated by canoes and boats some distance inland. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 28 (HiPonsha78-051203) Products of Waiakea The face of the country in the vicinity of Waiakea is the most beautiful we have yet seen, which is probably occasioned by the humidity of the atmosphere, the frequent rains that fall here, and the long repose which the district has experienced from volcanic eruptions. The light fertile soil is formed by decomposed lava, with a considerable portion of vegetable mould. The whole is covered with luxuriant vegetation, and the greater part of it formed into plantations, where plantains, bananas, sugar -cane, taro, potatoes, and melons, grow to the greatest perfection. Groves of Cocoa -nut and breadfruit trees are seen in every direction loaded with fruit, or clothed with umbrageous foliage. The houses are mostly larger and better built than those of many districts through which we had passed. We thought the people generally industrious; for in several of the less fertile parts of the district we saw small pieces of lava thrown into heaps, and potato vines growing very well in the midst of them, though we could scarcely perceive a particle of soil. [Ellis 1963:239] There are plenty of ducks in the ponds and streams, at a short distance from the sea, and several large ponds or lakes literally swarm with fish, principally of the mullet kind. The fish in these ponds belong to the king and chiefs, and are tabued to the common people. Along the stone walls which partly encircle these ponds, we saw a number of small huts, where the persons reside who have the care of the fish, and are obliged frequently to feed them with a small kind of mussel, which they procure in the sands round the bay. The district of Waiakea, though it does not include more than half the bay, is yet extensive. Kukuwau [Kukuau] in the middle of the bay is its western boundary, from which, passing along the eastern side, it extends ten or twelve miles towards Kaau [Kea'au], the last district in the division of Puna. Recommended as a Mission Station Taking every circumstance into consideration, this appears a most eligible spot for a missionary station. The fertility of the soil, the abundance of fresh water, the convenience of the harbour, the dense population, and the favourable reception we have met with, all combine to give it a stronger claim to immediate attention than any other place we have yet seen, except Kairua. There are 400 houses in the bay, and probably not less than 2000 inhabitants, who would be immediately in the operations of a missionary station here, besides the populous places to the north and south, that might be occasionally visited by itinerant preachers from Waiakea... [Ellis 1963: 240] Within the year following the visit of Ellis and the members of the A.B.C.F.M., a church was established, and by mid 1825, school was being attended by native students. The school evolved into the Hilo Boarding School that was situated in the lands of Punahoa and Ponahawai for nearly 100 years. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 29 (HiPonaha78-051203) Hilo and Environs Described in 1825 In 1824, Liholiho (Kamehameha II), who had been born at Punahoa, his wife, Kamamalu, and a group of retainers and foreign advisors, traveled from Hawaii to England. Liholiho and his wife died there, and in May of 1825, their bodies were returned to Hawaii by Lord Byron (Stewart 1970:338). While preparing for the return voyage to England, Lord Byron had the H.M.S. Blonde port in Hilo Bay for refitting. Several of the visitors recorded descriptions of Hilo during this visit. One, by the American missionary, C.S. Stewart (1970), who accompanied Byron in Hawai'i, provides additional details on the nature of the land— dwellings, plantations, and population—shoreward and mauka of the Waiakea Bay. Upon departing from the ship, and taking up residence at the mission station in Punahoa, Stewart reported: Mission House, Hido, Monday, June 13. Yesterday morning, at the break of day, we were farther from the harbour of Waiakea than we had the evening before expected to be... [Stewart 1970:360] ...As we approached the land after church, beautiful cascades. These in connection with the breakers which ran high upon the rocks, often dashing their spray many feet in the air, gave the cliff an uncommonly picturesque appearance. The land rose _gradually from the cliff. to The mountains were entirely covered with clouds, or the prospect would have been rendered more delightful from their sublimity. Such was the scene on our right, as [Stewart 1970:361] we sailed close along the breakers to the narrow channel forming the entrance to the harbour, the gentlemen of the Blonde exclaiming "This is more like English scenery than any thing we have yet seen!" and we equally ready to say, "This looks something like America, it has some of the features of a civilized land!" ...The beach is covered with varied vegetation, and ornamented by clumps and single trees of lofty cocoa -nut among which the habitations of the natives are seen, not in a village._ but scattered every where among the plantations. like farm -houses in a thickly inhabited country. The Mission Houses were pointed out [Stewart 1970:362] of these rising gradually one above another, as the country totally different in extent from any thing I had before witnessed on the Islands... He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 30 (HiPonaha78-051203) ...After rowing half a mile, we entered a beautiful fresh -water creek [Waiolama], which winds its way close to the Missionary enclosure, and in a few minutes were welcomed to the cottage of Mr. Ruggles, where Mrs. Goodrich had resided during her husband's absence... Tuesday, 14. ...This afternoon I joined Lord Byron and party in a [Stewart 1970:364] visit to a large fish -pond, of which the creek or river is the outlet. It is a having lived here lately, the whole pond is literally alive with the finest of mullet: the surface of the water is almost in a constant ripple from their motions: and After satisfying our curiosity here, we rowed down the creek and across the bay, to another stream on the western side of the harbour, called Wairuku—river of destruction—where the ships get their water... [Stewart 1970:365] The inhabitants of Hido are in a state of much greater simplicity than those in many other parts of the Islands, owing to the infrequency of the visits of ships, and a less degree of the corrupting influence of foreign example in vice... We passed near the chapel on our return. It stands almost midway between the Mission House and the watering place, close to the beach, and although small, is well built, and neatly thatched. The thatching of the houses in general, here, is altogether more neat and beautiful than at the leeward islands. It is made from the leaves of the pandanus, and so put on as to conceal [Stewart 1970:366] all the rudeness of the timber and sticks on the inside; while on the outside, a deep edging of fern, along the peak and ends of the roof, and down the corners of the house; having something of the effect of the cornice and pilaster, give a finished and ornamental appearance, not seen in the common grass huts. The ease with which stout timber can be procured here, enables them also to build their dwellings much larger than at Lahaina and Oahu, where the wood most accessible is small and crooked... [Stewart 1970:367] Another visitor at the time, was Robert Dampier, a member of Byron's crew. He too penned his observations of Hilo and environs, and again noted the important resource of the fishponds, and verdure of the land (Dampier 1971). The fishponds, villages and planting fields between Waiakea and Wailuku River, up to Hala'i were depicted on a map during the visit, by C.R. Malden (1825). A portion of that map is reproduced below as Figure 3. Dampier wrote: ...Hido may most appropriately be termed the Valparaiso of the Sandwich Islands. The view from the ship, a panoramic drawing of which I have taken, is peculiarly striking. A native so called. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 31 (HiPonaha78-051203) {! VGA I _ Qq 9 D Jji 4 4. a s a i Y r of a 6 `•, �t �a =t s T A *t ,. B Ate. . J J B of S i S -S ea .3ii1C8. Figure 3, Portion of Map - "Waiakea or Byron Bay" from original by Lt. C.R. Maiden, 1825 (Fitzpatrick 1986:65) Depicting Settlement and Land Use Across Waiakea, Kukuau, Ponahawai, Punahoa and Pi`ihonua. On all sides the most lively verdure prevails, luxuriant breadfruit trees flourish to the .water's edge; these .are thickly intermingled with towering. cocoanut trees; amongst these are scattered the neat looking huts of the natives. In the distance the gigantic forms of Mowna Kaah, & Mowna Roa, rear their towering crests to the clouds; the summits of the former are continually veiled in snow, & the eye, wandering from the sunny landscape below, enjoys a fine contrast when resting on the bleak & snow Capt peaks of the neighbouring mountains. At five on the following morning I rose to go on shore. A sunrise at this place, is the most beautiful thing in nature I ever beheld: the tops of Mowna Kaah, & Mowna Roa, become a complete mass of the most lively crimson, their tints rendered more vivid & brilliant by the cold grey morning mists in which the woods & country at their base are thickly enveloped. I hastened on_ shore, & was much. gratified with my morning's excursion & amusement. We landed at the mouth of a beautiful fresh water stream, which empties .itself into the sea, & along whose. meandering banks, shaded by cocoanut and breadfruit trees, we pursued our walk until we came to a large reservoir, which had been formed for the purpose.. of rearing & keeping fish. As we went further into the country, we sawseveral of these ponds, which we afterwards understood belonged to Kahumanu, who indeed possesses a vast extent of land at Hido. All these lakes are most plenteously stocked with. very fine fish, resembling mullet, which, taken from the neighbouring streams, are [Dampier 1971:53] fed He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kummu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 32 (HiPonaha78-051203) & fattened here, & flourish so abundantly, that a native assured me, (I am not prepared to back his veracity by ocular demonstration) that he once tumbled into one of these ponds, and was literally buoyed up by the immense quantity of fish immediately beneath him. Still no Kanaka is allowed to touch them, indeed before our arrival, the two missionaries who are stationed here, could scarcely ever procure any. For us however, to whom in point of furnishing provisions, they have been at all times abundantly liberal, orders were immediately issued to draw the ponds, & during our stay here we had a constant supply of these excellent fish, daily furnished for our tables. Owing to the woods being uncommonly thick, together with the rugged stratas of Lava, which everywhere abound in this neighbourhood, we were unable to extend our walk very far; we were however altogether amazingly pleased with the appearance of the country, & congratulated ourselves in having so snug a place to refit the ship in. Her rigging underwent in a very short time a thorough overhauling. In the mean time Lord Byron having expressed a wish to Kahumanu that he should like to live on shore, she accordingly assigned to him a large & commodious habitation which had just been built for one of the chiefs. This house was most agreeably situated on the banks of the stream, I before mentioned: the floor which was strew'd with small pebbles was carefully covered with mats. It had two doors & several windows & when stocked with a few chairs & a table, presented to us a very original & comfortable dwelling place. I was again kindly invited to live with his Lordship, as well as the surgeon, naturalist & chaplain. We all brought our cots on shore, & suspended them from the corners of the house; in this as in all their dwellings there was no partition. His Lordship had therefore apart skreened off with Tapa for his bedroom. Every thing being thus arranged, we entirely deserted the ship, & I do not know when I have spent my time so delightfully, as during the three weeks we sojourned at this place. Kahumanu ordered several houses to be erected for herself & suite, immediately in the neighbourhood of our own. Her commands were most promptly executed, & in the course of four & twenty hours three or four huts reared their pigmy heads. These notwithstanding the dispatch were well & firmly built. They were roofed & lined with banana and the broad thick leaf of the tea [h] plant, and thus rendered completely impenetrable from rain for at least two months. After that time the leaves become devoured by insects which breed in them, & the but then requires a new covering. Our habitation was roofed & lined with the leaf of the Pandanus tree, which will last, and completely defy the inclemency of the weather, for six or seven years... ...Ali our supplies at this place, which consisted of fish, Poultry, yams, Pigs, Taro, plaintains, &c., were furnished gratis, & without any difficulty whatever. Our indefatigable purveyor, backed with the all powerful name of Kahumanu, provided for our wants at a moment's notice. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kum Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 33 (HiPonaha78-051203) I amused myself during the time I remained here, in making as [Dampier 1971:54] many sketches as I possibly could: altho the scenery was beautiful, still it possessed little variety, & owing to the very difficult walking, sharp lava rocks springing up in all directions, it was tedious & fatiguing to advance into the country, added to which Hido is a notorious place for rain, which sometimes proved uncomfortable & inconvenient. One recreation here was particularly delightful, which was that of bathing in the fresh water stream before our door. I generally indulged myself in this refreshing exercise two or three times a day: the natives are constantly in the water, & it was at all times a curious and novel sight to see so many people of both sexes, constantly sporting about in this refreshing element, & exhibiting a variety of tricks. They were very fond of walking with their hands along the bottom of the river, showing only their feet & legs above the surface of the water. I have seen two or three dozen pairs of legs thus exhibited, making their way gradually across the stream. They are particularly expert in swimming, and delight in throwing themselves into the water from very great heights. About a mile & a half from our hut, situated on the opposite side of the bay, was a most beautiful waterfall, which, descending from a ledge of Lava rocks, emptied its contents into the sea. Nothing can be more romantically picturesque than the situation of this delightful spot: it proves a most excellent watering place for ships, whose boats are enabled to enter a small creek, & take in their water immediately below the falls. The entrance is rather wide & easily approached. On either side are high precipitate rocks whose brows are ornamented with cocoanut and breadfruit trees. The sides of these rocks are covered with beautiful creepers of all descriptions, abundantly bearing flowers of every hue & dye, & large elegant spreading leaves almost conceal the rock itself from your view. Having advanced about one hundred & fifty yards, you arrive at the first fall, beyond which the boats are unable to proceed. A few yards higher up is a grander & more important fall, descending from a ledge of black lava rocks. The scenery around is strikingly beautiful. In company with Lord Byron, I frequently of an afternoon took a paddle across the bay, in a small double canoe which was always at his command, in order to witness the aquatic sports of the natives, who were very fond of exhibiting their dexterity at this place. I have seen several plunge in above the fall, & allow themselves to be transported down by the roaring torrent which tumbled them over a precipitate ledge of rugged lava rocks, into a foaming abyss below. One would suppose when approaching this place, that they were incurring the risk of being dashed to pieces: the exercise however seems to afford them the greatest diversion. Overwhelmed by the whirling eddies they for a few moments entirely disappear then soon rise at some distance from the first fall, & are ready to encounter the second which however is inconsiderable when compared with the first. I have also seen some of the natives place themselves on the brow of a cliff, its height being about fifty feet, & with a running leap precipitate their persons into He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 34 (HiPonsha78-051203) the fall below. These feats, both men and women and even children are fond of practicing, & appear pleased at the astonishment excited in us at witnessing such daring adventures. Shortly after our arrival at Hido some of our officers undertook a journey to the top of Mowna Kaah: they found this a most difficult and fatiguing enterprise. They were obliged to make their way thro almost impassable woods. Sometimes they were forced to cross torrents & rocky ravines, and at last when arriving at the dreary summit of all their wishes, so thick a haze prevailed, that the boundless prospect seen from so exalted a height in fair weather, was completely shrouded from their view. In a clear day, from the top of this mountain, most of the islands composing the Sandwich group, are distinctly discernible. The party returned after a week's absence, disappointed, & almost worn out by fatigue... [Dampier 1971:57] Changing Landscapes, Declining Populations and Advent of Sugar Plantations (Ponahawai Planted in ca. 1839) One result of the missionary effort throughout the islands was to bring the traditionally dispersed native population into western -style towns and population centers, where the fold could be kept under the watchful eyes of church leaders. On the island of Hawai'i, the port of Hilo, was a favored spot for marketing goods to foreign vessels, and as trade increased, western businesses began setting up shops. One of the prominent non -missionary foreign residents of the time was Benjamin Pitman, who married the chiefess Kino'ole, daughter of one of the favored chiefs and advisors of Kamehameha I. By the late 1830s, Pitman was assigned the role of Konohiki (overseer) of the land of Ponahawai, and himself, set up business trade in Hilo to supply the needs of visitors and residents alike. The traders had specific demands for crops and various materials with which to supply foreign vessels. As foreign crops were introduced Hawaiian agricultural systems and production were significantly modified. In ca. 1839 Governor Kuakini ordered land to be cleared in Ponahawai, and Hilo's largest sugar plantation was planted. Charles Wilkes, Commander of the United States Exploring Expedition, visited the Hawaiian Islands in 1840- 1841, and reported on the cultivation of sugar cane in Ponahawai—including the use of a "small stream of water led from Wailuku river (an 'auwa/)—and other foreign crops in the region (Wilkes 1845:209). Describing the Hilo bay lands, Wilkes observed: I have before spoken of the fruitfulness of this side of the island of Hawaii; the sugar -cane grows here in abundance, and of a large size; coffee succeeds well, as do indigo and the taca, from which they make a quantity of arrow -root. For the manufacture of sugar, Governor Adams owns a small mill, in charge of two or three Chinamen; but it is in a wretched condition. It is worked by a small stream of water led from the Wailuku river. The quantity of sugar made in the year 1840 was about thirty tons; but with a well -adapted mill, and under good management, a much larger quantity might be made, for much of the cane is now suffered to rot from want of facilities to grind it. The natives now understand its culture well, and each has a small patch... Mr. Goodrich, the missionary who preceded Mr. Coan, was very desirous of introducing the culture of sugar -cane and coffee, became very active in promoting it. [Wilkes 1845:209] He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 35 (HiPonaha78-051203) By ca. 1843, a Chinese by the name of Aiko, who had helped Kuakini establish his Waimea plantation, moved to Hilo, and oversaw the manufacture of sugar at Ponahawai for a time under the governor (Dorrance and Morgan 2000). In 1848, Aiko was well established in Hilo, and was granted kuleana land in the neighboring ahupua`a of Kukuau during the Mahele of 1848 (see L.C.A. Helu 3205). The plantation operation in Ponohawai (partially mapped in Mahele Claim No. 387, of the Hilo Mission Station), is also referenced in several testimonies of native applicants for kuleana in Ponahawai (see section on the Mahele Rina in this study). Several other mills were set up around this time in outlying lands of Hilo as well, and by the 1860s, Aiko had established his in mill in Amauulu (Dorrance and Morgan 2000). This specialization of crop production had a significant impact on native Hawaiian crop production, subsistence agriculture, land use, and the cultural landscape. But, these were not the only factors at play in the changing system of residency and agriculture during these years. Nature also played a role in the changing tide. In a letter to Reverend Bingham, Hilo's Reverend Titus Coan reported on an event in 1837 that impacted Hilo. On November 7, 1837, a tidal wave (tsunami) washed in across all of the shoreline of Hilo Bay, Coan wrote: ...God has recently visited this people in judgment as well as mercy... ...at 7 o'clock P.M., as we were calling our domestics together for evening prayers, we heard a heavy sound as of a falling mountain upon the beach. This noise was followed by loud wailing and cries of distress, extending for miles around the shores of the bay... House furniture, calabashes, fuel, timber, canoes, food, clothing, everything floated wild upon the flood. The waters rushed up valleys, carried away fish -ponds, and swept over many plantations of food... (Goan in Bingham 1969:519). Thus, through an act of nature, important features of the earlier settlement and land uses base was washed away. At the same time, foreign diseases were taking their toll on the native population. In 1848, so many Hawaiians had died throughout the kingdom, as a result of a measles epidemic, that the King and his advisors set aside a day of prayer and fasting for the nation (HSA Interior Department Misc. Box 143; Dec. 30, 1848). McEldowney (1979) reported that the epidemic "killed an estimated one-third of the population" (McEldowney 1979:37). Without a doubt, the effects of consolidation of the community, modification of agricultural production and land use, development of the Hilo Trade Center, and natural disasters, coupled with the declining population, had an irrevocable impact on long-term native residency on lands of the Hilo Bay. In those times, the first aspects of traditional land use to disappear, would have been in the Hilo uplands within and above the current study area. This is the land component described earlier in McEldowney's Zone II (McEldowney 1979). Further, it is noted that in the period between 1845-1865, in the growing population center of Hilo Town, the native dwellings and garden complexes gave way to wooden structures that were primarily situated between the Waiolama and Wailuku Rivers. Water Drawn Across the Lands of Punahoa and Ponahawai (ca. 1770-1926) Sugar cultivation on the Ponahawai lands began down slope of the project area in the 1830s. By the early 1900s fields had been extended upland through the present study area, where it continued through ca. 1970. In conjunction with the development of the early sugar plantation at Ponahawai under Governor Kuakini in the 1830s, an `auwai (irrigation channel) was developed to supply the fields with the water, necessary to grow and produce He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 36 (HiPonaha78-051203) the sugar. Jensen (1991) reported that Site No. 14947 within the Ponahawai-Punahoa study area was a part of the "ditch" system. As noted at the beginning of the study, this site was determined to be a significant historical resource on the landscape. Preservation of representative portions of the ditch and interpretation were recommended (letter of April 2, 1991, D. Hibbard, SHPO; to N. Hayashi, HCPD). Archaeological field work and additional documentary research was conducted on the larger ditch system in 1999 by PHRI archaeologist, Thomas Wolforth. Wolforth's study area was situated in Pi'ihonua along the Wailuku-facing slopes of Hala'i, and his work included a synthesis of past research (Kelly, 1981, 1982; Jensen 1991; and Maly 1997) on the ditch system. Wolforth's work (1999) set forth a format by which the varying ditch components could be located and dated. The section of the `auwai extending across Pi'ihonua, into Ponahawai and across the study area to the present-day Komohana Street, appears to date back to ca. 1840. As sugar cultivation and plantation operations continued to develop in this section of Hilo, modifications to the 'auwai were made, and it continued to be in use through the early 1900s. Figure 4 is a section of what was labeled the Hilo Boarding School Ditch Map from around 1920. In the early 1900s water rights became an issue and it is from those proceedings that the most detailed descriptions of the 'auwai-to-ditch system were recorded. Describing the section of the ditch within the Ponahawai-Punahoa study area, we find the testimony of a native witness who had been born in Waiakea in 1845. The witness, Solomon P. Kaleioholani (also known as Peleioholani) was a great grandson of Governor Kuakini. His testimony in the Water Rights Case No. 2248, is dated January 13, 1915, and describes the development and general ages of several ditches of the "village of Hilo." The majority of Kaleioholani's ditch feature locations appear to be situated some distance makai of Hala'i Hill. He does note that the first of the ditches was built under the rule of a chief by the name of 'T, prior to the reign of Kamehameha I (see historical notes regarding 'T earlier in this study). S.M. Kamakau (1961) refers to a chief by the name of 'T, or 'T-maka- kbloa of Puna, in the period prior to Kamehameha's bringing the island of Hawai'i under his rule. This chief 'T rebelled against Kalani'opu'u in c. 1770, and was killed at Ka'0 (Kamakau 1960:108,110). Though not directly associated with Hilo, 'T was a relative of Keawemauhili, ruler of Hilo prior to Kamehameha, and he may have frequented the district and had some capacity over the land. Kaleioholani's testimony also reported that the 'auwai attributed to 'T provided water to residents of Hilo, some of whom had previously needed to go to the Wailuku River for water (Kelly 1982:19-28). Thus, some sections of the Hilo Boarding School Ditch may pre -date 1770. Describing the section of the irrigation system that passes through Punahoa and Ponahawai, Kaleioholani reported (see Figure 4): He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawal me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 37 (HiPonaha78-051203) ` \ _ ].l .: �•. .. 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No. GIH-23-10).Detail of Punahoa-Ponahawai Ditch Section, Punahoa-Pi`ihonua Ditch Section, and Hala`i Hills. He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 38 (HiPonaha78-051203) Kaina. The Boarding School ditch is the branch of the Kanuha auwai... [Kaleioholani in Water Rights Case No. 2248, January 13, 19151. It may be recalled from historical accounts cited earlier in this study, that Kanuha, was also a resident of Ponahawai, and during the Mahele Aina, one of his children, Kapahukula, applied for a kuleana in Ponahawai (see Helu 5705 in this study). In the matter of determining the water rights of the Hilo Boarding School, several testimonies were taken, among them the statement of Frank Swartz Lyman who born in Hilo in 1837. Probably due to his life-long association with the Hilo Boarding School, his occupation as a surveyor and land agent, and his service as the Circuit and Probate Judge of the district, F.S. Lyman's testimony was the most detailed of those reviewed (Lyman, February 1912)._Of particular geographical interest for the current study, Lyman reported that he had been told that the ditch was initially constructed to transport water to the ahupua`a of Punahoa, which had no water sources of its own. Lyman provides a detailed outline of the ditch's routes. Excerpts of Lyman's testimony (Lyman 1912) follow: I know the facts about the Water Rights of Hilo Boarding School, in the ditch leading from the south branch of the Wailuku River, District of South Hilo, Island of Hawaii, to the premises of the said Boarding School in the town of Hilo. I remember when a boy going up to the water head of the said Hilo Boarding School ditch with my father who was the Principal of said school, and saw the ditch and the water head, which was at the same place and size as it is now. The first time I went there was about 1845 - I was about 8 years old. I have been to the same place many times since that... [S]tarting in the South branch of the Wailuku River, about 4 1/2 miles from Hilo Town, and leading through said Hilo town. The water head and the water ditch are practically the same now as they were when I first saw them. Wailuku River for the land of Punahoa, which had no water. Almost every Ahupuaa or stria of land by name in the District of Hilo, each had its water ditch running through the inhabited portions of the land below the forest. Aki (the water ditch of Aki) in the year 1813. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 39 (HiPonaha78.051203) Later on about 1824 Mr. Goodrich planted sugar cane below Halai Hill in said present homestead of Rufus A. Lyman, on School Street, up nearly as far as the present Catholic School. From the Mill the water ditch went down through the land of Punahoa to the house of Mr. Goodrich, and other houses below, and on to the sea shore. Practically this same statement was made to me by my father. In fact it was common knowledge and of common repute throughout the Hilo Community. The other matters herein stated are of my own knowledge... (LHMM Box 8, Folder 18, Record 83.15.16.7; Lyman Ms. 1912:1-3] In the next section of his testimony, F.S. Lyman provides a detailed account of land matters associated with the boarding school and mission, from 1827 through 1853: A Grant of 40 acres of land was made about 1853 by the Hawaiian Government for the use of the Hilo Boarding School... Lyman, Coan and Wetmore were the only ones entitled to water flowing through said ditch. The new School Building was built ... and a branch of the water ditch was taken in 1856, from the said ditch known as the Mission Ditch, at Halai Hill, and ran down through the new School premises... Later on Messrs. Coan and Wetmore arranged to take water from the Piihonua water ditch, at the Union School, to their houses, and discontinued using the said Mission ditch water, and gave their rights therein to the Hilo Boarding School. Father Lyman still continued to use the water, retaining a small stream that went from his house down the Church Street Ditch, as now. Later on, Father Lyman made other arrangements for water, and gave his right in the ditch to said Hilo Boarding School. From the time the Boarding School was first started in 1836, they used the water from this ditch for their household purposes and for irrigating their kalo land whenever it was needed, and have continued to do so up to this time... [Lyman Ms. 1912:4-5] Lyman reported that use of the water from the HBS Ditch was the exclusive right of the elder Lyman Coan Wetmore and the Boarding School, but from 1869 to 1873, school were upheld (ibid.:5). In 1895, several school trustees and Hilo businessmen leased water from the Hilo Boarding School Ditch and began generating electricity to supply users in Hilo Town. The generator plant was located on Pitman Street and also powered a small ice plant, "...the water running from said ditch through a 6 inch pipe from the reservoir... situated below the school premises" (ibid.:8). The demand He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 40 (HiPonaha78-051203) for electricity and ice was so great that by 1897, a 3,000 light dynamo was installed. Operation of the generator and new ten -ton ice plant required that additional water resources be made available (ibid.:9). Lyman records that the partners: ...put in a 36 inch water pipe near the top of Halai Hill using water from said ditch, with a fall of 185 feet; flumina the water of the ditch from the foot of the head of the Pipe line. ...In 1901 a new company was formed to be run with water from the Wailuku River... Hilo Electric and Light Company, Limited;... When the location of the Electric and Ice Works was changed to the new location by the Wailuku River, it was deemed best to use the water of the Boarding School ditch, not reserved for the School, by returning it to the Wailuku River to flow down the new water head of the Electric Light Company above the Rainbow Falls. his was done by taking it out of the ditch just below the roadway near the office of the Hawaii Mill Company, some half mile below the said water head, and a ditch takes the water to the River near by [Lyman Ms. 1912:9-101. An October 11, 1926 historical sketch (Walker 1926) of the "Water Right Owned by the Hilo Boarding School" is unsigned, but attributed to Reverend G. Shannon Walker (of the boarding school). It provides further background and details concerning water use after Lyman's account above: In 1813 King Kamehameha instructed the Chief of the Hilo district to get out water from the Wailuku for the Haili Hill region. The Chief did the best he could in carrying out the order but was unsuccessful until the first Missionaries came. They worked with the chief and constructed a ditch that was successful in bringing the water down. In 1846 ... the King deeded this water to the American Board in recognition of services rendered by the Missionaries. When the American Board discontinued its connection [in 1863] with the work here, it divided the land and water right between the three resident missionaries—Goan, Wetmore and Lyman... When the water system was developed for the two, the Missionaries no longer had need of the water right so granted siad [sic] right to the Hilo Boarding School. In 1917 some question arose as to ownership and the water right case was settled in the Supreme Court in favor of the Hilo Boarding School. 5,590,000 gallons per every 24 hours to be their allotment. During the summer of 1926 the County took for the use of Hilo and vicinity certain water from mauka of the H.B.S. intake which did not permit the established amount to enter the Boarding School Ditch. This permission was temporarily granted due to the drought then[.] [A]t the close of the same the County set about to establish ownership and invalidate [the] H.B.S. claim. An reliable agreement is reached and contract is pending at date [page 161, LHMM Water Right files]. Important locational references to sections of the 'auwai and ditch system in upper Ponahawai and Punahoa are also given in the surveys and testimonies of the Mahele Aina and Boundary Commission in this study. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponehawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 41 (HiPonaha78-051203) Lava Flows of the Nineteenth Century One of the most intriguing facets of history for those who call Hilo home, is its relationship with Mauna Loa, the largest, and one of the most active volcanoes on earth. In the nineteenth century, several flows poured forth from Mauna Loa on the Hilo side of the volcano. One in 1855, and another in 1881 caused the residents of Hilo to prepare themselves for inundation from above, as lava flows marched steadily towards the town. The makai ends of the flow, passing into the Kukuau, Kaumana and Ponahawai lands. Descriptions of the flows and activities around the growing Hilo Town, are found in a number of sources. Below, are excerpts of letters from the Journal of Sarah Joiner Lyman, wife of Reverend D.B. Lyman, resident in Punahoa, and communications between government agents and agencies. In her journal, Lyman (1992), noted that after 20 years of living in a grass -thatched house, a new wood -frame house had been built, and that the new Hilo Boarding School buildings had been constructed. Then the eruption and lava flow of 1855-1856 began: August 11, 1855. A new volcano in Mauna Loa August 14, 1855. A good view of the eruption which is not on the summit of the mountain. [page 136] August 15, 1855. At early dawn the crater was very active, jets 300 or 400 feet high. Stream extending down the mountain till hidden by trees, course N W. Such was the appearance in the P.M. that some were of the opinion that a new crater had opened well on towards Mauna Kea, but we are safe. August 17, 1855. Saw the lava spouting from the crater at 10. The lava is evidently spreading over the plain between the mountains. September 15,1855. Mountain clear. Smoke rising from the crater and much smoke in the woods — No fire trouble. A continuous evidence that it is approaching us. October 15, 1855. The flow still advancing in the woods and coming directly towards Hilo — very smoky by day and light at night, partly from burning vegetation. November 1, 1855. Heard thro Mr. Coan that the end of the flow is about 12 miles from us. This causes anxiety. November 25, 1855. The lava is advancing gradually and may soon be flowing through our beautiful town. I confess to a feeling of nervousness and have laid out suits for myself and children, so that we can flee at a moment's warning. February, 1856. Went with a party, (a large one of ladies and gentlemen) to visit the flow—spent the night at the end of it and saw the liquid fire flowing over a precipice, 30 ft. high, into a basin of water which might float a schooner. September 15, 1856. Letter to Silas and Melissa (Joiner) Hall. ...Our new school house is commodious, airy and convenient, well adapted to the necessities of He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 42 (HiPonaha78-051203) school. In the basement which is of stone, we have a dining room, a store room and a place for storing farming utensils, on the first floor is the school room, a room for our native assistant and another room like it. [page 137] The second story is used for sleeping as is the attic. Their beds are, most of them, single —made by nailing 4 strips of boards on to 4 square legs, with slats across the bottom. The cook house is of stone and a little in the rear of the school house. It is a pleasant location and a much better house than our old one. Our own house too is much improved. We got quite tired of living under a roof of thatch, which needed renewing every four or five years, and mending frequently... November 1856. The lava approached no nearer to us than what we saw in Feb. Still there was some action judging by the smoke till about the last of Oct... [Lyman 1992;138] The eruption ended and flow ceased about six miles from the coast. Thus, Hilo Town found itself at peace and no worse for the experience. Once again, in 1880, Mauna Loa stirred on the Hilo front, giving rise to old fears. Lyman, wrote once again of the eruption, it's steady progress towards Hilo, where it finally ended the lands of Punahoa, Ponahawai and Kukuau, at one point not much more than a half mile above the Waiakea fishponds and one mile above the Hilo Court House (Figure 5). Lyman described the beginning of the eruption in a letter of May 4, 1880: ...I must not close without speaking of the fine display of fire works which we had here three nights ago. Our far famed Mauna Loa is about 40 miles from us with nothing to obstruct our view, (I mean the summit) and has an immense crater on the summit which is dormant most of the time, but occasionally it wakes and burns so brightly as to light up the heavens to the Zenith; but its depth is so great that the fire cannot be seen from here and it never flows out of that crater. It is the reflection of the light which we see, and yet it looks as though the whole summit of the mountain was on fire. It has been so cloudy since the first day, we have not been able to see it and do not know how it is progressing or whether there is a flow. There have been a [page 165] number of flows during our residence here, some of which have extended to the sea, and one [1855-1856] marched grandly on till within six miles of our little town, and then stopped... [Lyman 1992:166] On June 3e 1881, J. F. Jordan, Supervisor of Roads for Hilo and Puna wrote to the Minister of the Interior regarding roads, and the progress of the lava—adding a little road making humor to his communication, something that was probably not appreciated by the residents of Hilo Town: ...It now looks as if we were soon to have a good road making material in as close to the town of Hilo, the lava has taken a fresh start. It ran into a ravine on Sunday morning last and has come down to about two miles, since 7 A.M. that morning, heading for Waiakea Plantation. It is certainly one of the grandest sights that man ever looked at, the stream of liquid lava is about 10 or 12 feet He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 43 (HiPonaha78-051203) R..: nbn.0 E•.alL -. CjPe, .En.4 of £Low I�cc r,b v r i CZ7ie f::EL.L� t Figure 5. Detail from Register Map No. 892; C.J. Lyons, 1882. Sketch showing Lava Flow of 1881. Points fixed by previous survey flow, by information from F.S. Lyman, C. Furneaux, and others. (State Survey Division) He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 44 (HiPonaha78-051203) wide, running at the rate of about four miles per hour, with high banks of as on each side. The lower end has been at a stand still for the past thirty-six hours owning to the fact of its been spreading out. It is now within two miles of town, but not likely to do any damage soon. The flow is now aa, this would be a grand thing for our Hilo Streets, if it would come close enough to town to enable us to haul it on the street as it would make a good road... [HSA – Roads Hawaii] On July 7°i 1881, Jordan, described again, the progression of the lava flow, and that it had attracted many visitors who were making their way to view it: ...I was forced to do a little work on the Hilo Road this week owing to the heavy rains and the great amount of people now travelling to see the lava flow. They are coming from all parts of the island. The lava is about the same distance from town as it was on June 30th. Some what owing to its filling up the Kukuau gulch where it has been running. It is now spreading out on the Puna side and not near so active as it was last week... [HSA – Roads Hawaii] Once again, on July 215, 1881, Jordan observed: ...Owing to a sudden change taken by the lava flow since Monday last, I concluded that it would not be advisable to do any more work on the Volcano Road close to the town of Hilo. Therefore I have let the prisoners go, as they can get employment on the plantations close to town... The lava is again very active and about 1 '% miles from town. We are all making our plans for a move, it has come so far now that it is likely to change the waters course so that if we are not burned out we are likely to be flooded out on the Waiakea side of town... [HSA – Roads Hawaii] Sarah Lyman also penned additional descriptions of the eruption, and circumstances around the march of the flow towards town. In this series of letters, she also noted that "Luka" (Ruth Ke'elikolani) had traveled up to the "3° hill" (presumably the Pu'u Kamali'i, mentioned earlier in this study), above 1-1510, where "incantations" were made to appeal to the flow (Lyman 1992:167), and thus protect the coastal lands and resources of Hilo. July 26,1881. Letter to daughter Emma. We are in the same state of suspense about the flow, as when we wrote last week. No abatement of action at the summit or in and out of the woods, and it still moves; is now, by measurement, 2 '% miles from the lower end of the flow to the governors old house at Waiakea [Pi'opi'o] — At Laumaia (at the north) there is considerable show at night but does not attract as much attention as the other and yet some of us have more fear of that, than of the other. Fred. and his family with Rufus jr. and Mr. Baker, have gone up to Laumaia to spend the night. The Hitchcocks, Castles, and others have started to -day for Kilauea which is said to be very active at present. We have been having a good deal of rain and yet people go to the flow by day and by night. The clouds prevent our seeing the three beautiful morning planets and the two comets. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 45 (HiPonaha78-051203) 27th Fred. ma [family] did not get up to Laumaia, but camped above the end of the other flow. They report great activity and [page 166] progress. Your father and I get perfectly bewildered in hearing so many reports and not knowing just where it is. I shall try and have your father go up, but I can no longer mount a horse. ... It looks now as tho if the flow, or a part of it comes down in the Kukuao [Kukuau] gulch, when it gets below the cemetery, it will spread over the lower part of the town, probably to the Wailuku River, so what will there be left. I wish I could keep from writing about the flow, for your father thinks I write in a way to excite the fears of people too much, so I will leave it for him to report in future... Aug. 3, 1881. Conways including Deacons beautiful home. A number of families have moved over to Puna and others are leaving. Mrs. Wetmore has got nearly all of her Curios packed and some other things, ready to move to Papaikou if they are molested as that will be their future home. Oh! it seems so dreadful to think that we may yet see lava flowing down our streets like rivers of water, leaving utter desolation in their track! and passing on to fill up our beautiful harbor. There is a constant stream of visitors to the flow, and last night, Luka the old governess of been sold to haoles". (white settlers) Thurs. 4th. ...The Stir. [steamer] came early bringing lots of people, Dominis and wife, Mrs. Bishop, Mr. Cleghorn and our Governess. — The Str. was crowded, but some return on her. The lava on the Waiakea side is moving fast now. Last night we could not see it from our house, this morning it was much lower down the 1st hill IHala'il, and is marching towards the upper fishpond. The stream nearest to us is quiet at present, but it will soon wake up again and then what? [page 167] 16, 1881. Wonderful isn't it that the lava flow should have stopped so protect themselves, it cooled off (last Wednes.) at the lower end and very soon all appearance of fire and smoke disappeared. ...I think that very many have been singing the doxology in their hearts ever since, whilst some few of the superstitious ones attribute the cessation of the flow to the influence of the chiefs. January 4, 1882. Letter to Mrs. Lucia Hazen, Northfield, Vermont. ...Our lava flow ceased, after coming within half a mile of us, and no light has been seen from it, for four months, yet after a hard rain steam is seen rising from it, almost the entire length of the flow... [Lyman 1992:168] He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 46 (HiPonaha78-051203) By the time the 1881 eruption ended, it had crossed the lands of Kaumana, Ponahawai, and Kukuau, covering an area that extends below the present-day Komohana Street, in the vicinity of Mohouli Street. In 1942, and again in 1984, lava flows from Mauna Loa, moved to within four miles of Hilo Town. The latest eruption occurred between March 25"' to April 1s` 1984, following similar routes of those described above. Homestead Lots of the Kaumana-Ponahawai Vicinity In the files of the State Archives,, is a letter to John Dominis, Agent of Crown Lands, from Rufus A Lyman the lease -hold value of Crown Lands of Waiakea and Ponahawai. Lyman wrote: Waiakea in Hilo, has been bringing in with ponds about $700. The dams to fishponds have been broken down several times by tidal waves & freshets and the fish lost. With the privilege of cutting say 300 cords of fire wood a year for sale, included in the lease of land, ponds & fisheries, the land would be worth about $1000. a year. There are two lands belonging to Est. [of] Kekuanaoa, and one to Govt. come into the middle of Waiakea in three different places and cut it up some what. Ponahawai has a few town lots left, and quite a tract of land a short distance below the woods and a wood land... (letter: R.A. Lyman to J.O. Dominis; March 5, 1873). After the eruption of 1881, things settled down once again around Hilo Town, and the sugar plantations continued to develop. Following the overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy in 1893, the Provisional Government, under the leadership of Sanford B. Dole, opened up large tracts of land from the inventory of the Crown and Government, for lease, and sale. Primary uses focused on plantations and homesteading. In the 1890s many foreign residents began applying to the Minister of the Interior for the development of Homestead lots on the forested mountain slopes of Kaumana, above the growing Hilo Town. A.B. Lobenstein was sent to survey the land of KaOmana in late 1893 , and observed: ...the lava flow of 1880-81 has coursed down about the middle of the lands, leaving an undestroyed strip or remainder on each side... The remainder on the South side is covered by applications from E.G. and D.H. Hitchcock and W.R. Castle, on the North side adjoining Ponahawai by the various other applicants, the whole section is one of extreme richness and fertility but there is not enough to go around without taking in Ponahawai. [A.B. Lobenstein; HSA Interior Department Letter File — December 10, 1893] By the late 1890s, the upper lands of both Kaumana and Ponahawai had been sold in lots averaging from 20 to 100 acres each (see Register Map No. 1748 and HTS Plat 712; and the Index of Grants and Patents, 1916). These lots were generally put into sugar cultivation, which was in turn harvested by the various mills operating in Hilo. The Hawaii Mill Company, situated in Kukuau, along the Alanaio stream (next to Ponahawai), was in operation between 1901 to 1923 (Dorrance and Morgan 2000:84). Under C. Brewer, harvests from the Ponohawai-Kaumana area fields were processed by the Hilo Sugar Company and Hilo Coast Processing Company until ca. 1970. He wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 47 (HlPonaha78-051203) MAHELE `AINA - LAND TENURE IN PONAHAWAI AND PUNAHOA (1848-1854) In pre -western contact Hawai'i, all land, ocean and natural resources were held in trust by the high chiefs (ali'i `ai ahupua'a or ali'i 'ai moku). The use of land, fisheries and other resources were given to the hoa'aina (native tenants) at the prerogative of the ali'i and their representatives or land agents (konohiki or haku 'aina), who were generally lesser chiefs as well. By 1845, the Hawaiian system of land tenure was being radically altered, and the foundation for implementing the Mahele Rina (a fee -simple right of ownership), was set in place. As the Mahele evolved, it defined the land interests of Kauikeaouli (King Kamehameha III), some 252 high-ranking Alii and Konohiki, and the Government. As a result of the Mahele, all land in the Kingdom of Hawai'i came to be placed in one of three categories: (1) Crown Lands (for the occupant of the throne); (2) Government Lands; and (3) Konohiki Lands (cf. Indices of Awards 1929). The "Enabling" or "Kuleana Act" of the Mahele (December 21, 1849) further defined the frame work by which hoa'aina (native tenants) could apply for, and be granted fee -simple interest in "Kuleana" lands (cf. Kamakau in Ke Au Okoa July 8 & 15, 1869; 1961:403-403). The "Enabling" or "Kuleana Act" (December 21,1849) laid out the frame work by which native tenants could apply for, and be granted fee -simple interest in "Kuleana" lands, and their rights of access and to collection of resources necessary to their life upon the land in their given ahupua`a. The Act reads in part: August 6, 1850 An Act confirming certain resolutions of the King and Privy Council passed on the 21st day of December 1849, granting to the common people allodial titles for their own lands and house lots, and certain other privileges... ...Section 1. Resolved. That fee simple titles free of commutation. be and are Hilo. Section 2. By and with the consent of the King and Chiefs in Privy Council assembled, it is hereby resolved, that fee simple titles free of commutation, be and are hereby granted to all native tenants who occupy and improve any lands other than those mentioned in the preceding Resolution held by the King or any chief or Konohiki for the land they so occupy and improve. Provided however, this Resolution shall not extend to house lots or other lands situated in the Districts of Honolulu, Lahaina and Hilo. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 48 (HiPonaha78-051203) Section 3. Resolved that the Board of Commissioners to quiet Land titles be, and is hereby empowered to award fee simple titles in accordance with the foregoing Resolutions; to define and separate the portions belonging to different Section 4. Resolved that a certain portion of the Government lands in each per acre. Section 5. In granting to the People, their House lots in fee simple, such as are separate and distinct from their cultivated lands, the amount of land in each of said House lots shall not exceed one quarter of an acre. Section 6. In granting to the people their cultivated grounds, or Kalo lands, they Section 7. When the Landlords have taken allodial titles to their lands the people made for their own use. Done and passed at the Council House, Honolulu this 6"' day of August 1850. [copied from original hand written "Enabling Act"10 – DLNR 2-41 The lands awarded to the hoa'aina (native tenants) became known as "Kuleana Lands." All of the claims and awards (the Land Commission Awards or LCA) were numbered, and the LCA numbers remain in use today to identify the original owners of lands in Hawaii. The work of the Land Commission was brought to a close on March 31, 1855. The program, directed by principles adopted on August 20, 1846, met with mixed results. Several factors contributed to the outcome of the program, among them being—failure of the hoa`aina to grasp the concept of fee -simple title to land; and the death of many Hawaiians in the years of the Mahele. It is estimated that the total amount of land awarded to hoa'aina across the islands, equaled approximately 28,658 acres (cf. Kame'eleihiwa 1992:295). 10 See also Kanawai Hoopai Karaima no ko Hawaii Pae Aina (Penal Code) 1850. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 49 (HiPonaha78-051203) Ponahawai and Punahoa: Disposition of Land and Residency Ponahawai In the "Buke Kakau Paa no ka Mahele Aina" (Land Division Book of 1848), between Kamehameha III and his supporters, we learn that a chief by the name of Kinimaka" claimed Ponahawai as one of his 'aina. But on February 9, 1848, he relinquished his claim to Kauikeaouli in commutation for other lands he was allowed to keep (Buke Mahele 1848:126-127). Subsequently on March 8, 1848, Kauikeaouli designated lands he would keep, and those he chose to set aside from his land base as a part of the Government Land inventory. Among the lands kept by the King as a part of the Crown Lands inventory (Rina Lei Ali'i), was Ponahawai—also the neighboring lands of Waiakea, Pi'ihonua and Humu'ula (Buke Mahele 1848:186-187). A thorough review of all records of the Mahele, revealed that twenty-seven claims for kuleana in Ponahawai, under twenty-nine Helu were filed before the Commission. Of the total number of claims, four were from foreign residents (including the Hilo Mission Station), and the remainder were native residents. Twenty-two claims were awarded, and contained approximately 44 and 2/10'5 acres of the total available land in Ponahawai. Five of those claims also included land situated in Punahoa (two of which were A.B.C.F.M. claims). The Ponahawai kuleana awards ranged in size from .280' acre to 12.80 acres. Almost all of the claimants placed their parcels in the area extending from near the shore to the edge of the slopes just back of Hilo Town, the award furthest inland being situated just mauka of the present-day Kapi'olani Street (Figure 6). One claimant, Kukeleau (Helu 4983) was awarded a kuleana in Ponahawai near "Kalua o Kaaumana" (now called "Kaumana Caves"), on which one house and planting fields were kept. Another claimant also applied for a parcel situated "in the uplands of Ponahawai, close to the forest" (Kapuaa, claimant, Helu 4994; in this study). Because the piece was not awarded, its specific location is unknown. At least one additional claimant for land in Ponahawai and Punahoa (Helu 2228) is also associated with cultivated lands in the forest zone, though no claim was registered. His name was Kaapa. We find reference to the planting area of Kaapa in the Boundary Commission testimonies and surveys of 1873 (see testimonies in this study). One further point of interest regarding the disposition of Ponahawai is that while the Mahele was taking place, the King also allowed Royal Patent Grants (grant) to be issued to applicants for land which fell under the Government inventory. While Ponahawai was a Crown Land, Grant No. 252, was issued in 1850 to Benjamin Pitman for 354.2 acres in Ponahawai. The grant covered the area extending mauka from the vicinity of the present- " Kinimaka was of chiefly rank, but not of the highest lines. His father was Kapiiwi and his mother was Kahioloa. Through his mother, he was the half brother of Hoolulu, the chief who in the later years of his life, oversaw the lands of the Ponahawai-Pi'ihonua vicinity. Ho'olulu's father was Kameeiamoku, husband of Kahikoloa. Kameeiamoku and his twin brother were of high chiefly and priestly lineages and were favored uncles and counselors of Kamehameha I. Upon his death in 1819, it was Hoolulu and his half brother, Hoapili, who were charged with the secret burial of Kamehameha I. Hoolulu's last wife was Halaki, and together, they had several children, one of whom was Kinoole, who in the 1830s married Benjamin Pitman, who later assumed the role as konohiki of Ponahawai (see McKinzie 1983 8 1986; and Barrere 1994). It was perhaps, Kinimaka's relationship with Hoolulu, that led him to initial right of claim to Ponahawai. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo s0 (HiPonaha78-051203) Figure 6. Portion of 1926 Tax Map of Hilo Town (revised 1929); Detail of Ponahawai-Punahoa Section Lands showing Kuleana and Historic Reference Points (Real Property Tax Office Honolulu) He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 51 (HiPonaha78-051203) day Ululani Street, crossing what is now to Komohana Street, and continuing mauka to the upper Ponahawai boundary of the study area. Pitman was married to chiefess Kino'ole, daughter of Ho'olulu and Halaki, and also served as Konohiki (land and resource overseer) in Ponahawai during this period. Punahoa 1st and 2nd A similar review as described above, was conducted in the records of the Mahele Rina for the lands of Punahoa 1" and 2nd. Enoka Kahakumakaluia, a Konohiki awardee received 846 acres of Punahoa 1" and smaller house lots in the same ahupua'a from the King in the Mahele. Kahakumakaluia's right to the land descended from his grandfather Kuihelani I, and father, Kawailepolepo. John Papa I'i (1959) observed that Kuihelani "an important person... of high station" (I'i 1959:94). S.M. Kamakau (1961) stated that he had been a steward of Kamehameha I, who was also placed in charge of the island of O'ahu in 1796, during the King's return trip to Hawai'i to squelch the Namakeha rebellion. Said rebellion ending in the sacrifice of Namakeha on the heiau of Kaipalaoa in PYihonua, neighboring Punahoa (Kamakau 1961:173-174). The 846 acre parcel extended from the mauka rim of Hala'i to the uplands, bounding Ponahawai and Punahoa 2"d. On the Ponahawai boundary, running across the middle pu'u to Pu'u Honu (a part of which is the present study area), and into the forest zone. The smaller house lots were situated on the coastal flats, of what has become Hilo Town. Other land in the lower section of Punahoa 1st and a portion of Ponahawai was awarded as a part of Claim No. 387 to D.B. Lyman for the American Board of Christian Foreign Missions (AB.C.F.M.) for the Hilo Boarding School and Mission Station. The entire ahupua'a of Punahoa 2"d was awarded to Titus Coan and mission members for the A.B.C.F.M., as a part of Claim No. 387. At various times, sections of the Punahoa lands were conferred to the mission station (see L.C.A. 387 & 509). Conveyance began as early as 1824 at the missions' establishment. With more land being set aside in 1825, as a part of the re -division of lands upon the return of the bodies of Liholiho and Kamamalu on the H.M.S. Blonde. Additional lands, including the ahupua'a acreage were given to the station in 1828, when the young King, Boki (his guardian), Ka'ahumanu and others of the chiefs, went to Hilo. As a result, no other chiefly claims were recorded for Punahoa 2"d. In addition to the claim of Enoka Kahakumakaluia (Helu 463), and the A.B.C.F.M. (L.C.A. 387 & 509), at least seventeen claims for kuleana on Punahoa, were filed. One of those clams (L.C.A. 11298) was made by a foreigner, John Nomore, Nomore's claim was denied, though his house lot is referenced in several claims along the Punahoa-Ponahawai boundary. Four other claims of native tenants were denied as well. Also, three of the native claims (Helu 2228, 2281 & 4276) included lands in both Punahoa and Ponahawai. A total of about fourteen acres were awarded as kuleana in the near shore flatlands of the two Punahoa. The lot sizes ranged from 0.38 to 2.53 acres. The claims of Enoka Kahakumakaluia and the A.B.C.F.M. totaled approximately 12,056 acres. Apparently no native tenant claims for lands above the coastal flats of the Hilo Town vicinity were filed. Based on the criteria for confirming awards of land in the Mahele (laws given at the beginning of this section), it is not surprising that native claimants limited claims to their house lots and nearby garden (kfiapal) plots. This being particularly so as they were in the He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 52 (HiPonaha78-051203) middle of the growing economic center of Hilo Town, and that the emerging use of lands for sugar plantations occurred on lands that had formerly been in the subsistence agricultural field system inventory. In the year 2000, Kumu Pono Associates digitized the entire collection of handwritten records from the Mahele Aina. Most of the records are in the Hawaiian language, and to - date have not been accurately indexed or completely translated. Maly and Maly have conducted an extensive review of the records, and prepared an index of all the records from four primary record sources associated with the Mahele Aina. From that research come the following records of claims for kuleana in Ponahawai and Punahoa. The claims are given below in their numerical sequence, some covering both Ponahawai and Punahoa. The claims recorded in Hawaiian include the original handwritten image) and an English translation prepared by Maly accompanies Claims originally recorded in English, generally in the volumes of the Foreign Testimony are given only as verbatim typed texts (the dig included here). We also have inserted underlining in the typed t attention to selected references in the claims. Ponahawai and Punahoa- Claims and Awards of the Mahele `Aina Ponahawai — Foreign Register Volume 1:158 Helu 242, John G. Perkins Hilo, Byrons Bay, Hilo, Hawaii, October 19, 1846 To the Honorable Board of Commissioners, &c, &c, Gentlemen: notes (as a digitized the Hawaiian texts. Foreign Register and itized images are not exts to draw reader's In pursuance of your advertisement, I hereby lay before you my claim to a on the main road 106 feet, thence is a northeastern direction towards the beach 183 feet, thence on and along the land held by Paakaua 106 feet, thence to the front 183 feet, forming a rectangular parallelogram containing 19398 feet. The land was -given me by Paakaua being a part of his kihapais [cultivated fields] with the sanction and consent of his Excellencies, William Pitt Leleiohoku and Mr. B. Pitman, the Konohiki. Signed, John G. Perkins Ponahawai — Foreign Testimony Volume 5:20, 56 Claim No. 242, John G. Perkins (with Claims No. 190 & 2257) These three claims are obscure, the lots having reverted to the Konohiki (Mr. Benj. Pitman); the claimants having left the Islands for California and no one has appeared to substantiate their claims. They are at present occupied victual ling houses, the owners paying a yearly rent to the konohiki of $4.50. John Pelham, sworn deposed, that he knows these 3 claims to have reverted to the konohiki and the claimants pay a yearly rent of $4.50 to Mr. B. Pitman. [Volume 5:20] He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 53 (HlPonaha78-051203) Benjamin Pitman, sworn deposed, that Perkins bought this lot of Pakaua [Paakaua], and afterward sold the same lot (his claim) to Benjamin Pitman with all his right and title. Perkins is now in California. [Volume 5:56] Ponahawai — Native Testimony Volume 4:416 /6 ylya .sic. o� .st-a. /f�vjs�-ri �/ a- -c/i � <�i�.✓fi�.p>t� Ri /I?� ��� Gf0/b�j/h�lo'/1tYiCe-' R.t/4 / ✓/�-C - /✓%Zr0 /%Ls!- �LVLo � /�'(.� ' .��tcGr- .!. OLi✓ �r22s..as•�: Al",' /J)ZaG[/--�EYI<! /1'9 L%C- :�LOst Y!'t,K�/iZ/ate 2trt+/i�-✓jt�. Cl,,lr' k• 6 7 � � Claim No. 242, John G. Perkins Claim No. 1911, Ragsdale Claim No. 2257, John Anderson This claim which the foreigners have filed unclear and has been returned to the konohiki there. Pili has been sworn by the work of God as to the irregularity of these claims and for their return to Pitman, the konohiki. Native Testimony Volume 4:667-668 'tItobR .s�Illlti uni ✓7/fNa. N He Wahl Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 54 (HiPonaha78-051203) Helu 242 John G. Perkins Oct. 19, 1849 He sold his property outright to B. Pitman. The work of the Commissioners is finished. Punahoa 151 — Native Register Volume 2:183-184 • �� �/��l�K I,22fQ yl Gts: �,-Cl.. LJtL /LI.C.iH,..-t.. %(�L.L�LL/-,PL LLri+N ae� J LGH lI`l1-a'GC- �R L s�+��jL:�- QZL G� n -A o/�R Yeo✓'S,L led- r�/yriLL.��uc ' QiYJa- / �/HA�GL gi,GL lam-- a -r �-s a�.. �r-1.e� • c-rrw_ f��+ JLo�uca �a�o �s�ae.� a ♦ �GPiLu' "Al / CLC! p 1[-6/ CZ - Q • y(.v` ' gNtu� �,.,e JfL2c.�a-a fiALl., . ilZ, ✓(O�lLfurQ.c..�yp4�4 /Lo �u • ne l>a���jc,' W/rw:� YLa ♦%() a R/�Zn ��,.c� ezc cc /�J � 2o7�2c�TC� LL♦ {' ' n -Y L-0-✓r/Fi 4 /-LLt. /% Ct as. M a- Azti aA:x / /�' c /% O -Mv ow- el*xl t .y. �/// (/.7�LpLYN /"Q�Q- �/ LJ'7K ' o /04Wi � / o� Lu-� �!! 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LrY�- ' CY 4' yN >�Lk• fiLK/-./ss777csy/444eoIP- 4vi ' yf/••rr�Guc�ir-�m�cc.• �s7a �r.�+c� 6.a. �7'a t� �L.�L... �a_ �ti•i- ®/�a-�c. /u-� os.�- �Z�.0 �34Ia- • L L - ,syrLz Ax Ax .. Helu 463, Kuihelani A letter stating the source of the land claim of Punahoa at Hilo, Island of Hawaii. This is how Enoch got the right to this land, he is the heir of Kawailepolepo. These were the King's lands which he gave to Kawailepolepo; Poki got it from Kawailepolepo, Keaholawaia, the husband of Piopio, got it from Poki. That was the time the King went with Poki to Hilo, when the people gave their lands to the King. Kanokapa was the place at which the land was given to the various subjects of the King. This was what Poki said to Kawailepolepo, that Kawailepolepo was over Keaholawaia because our friend lives here in Hilo. From this time until the death of Kawailepolepo, he had this land and it was then inherited by his son. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 56 (HiPonaha78-051203) When the Legislature of Nobles met at Lahaina for the counting of the lands. Enoch inherited these lands, so I heard. Here is Enoch's message to me by letter, for me to tell you, the Land Commissioners, concerning the taking of Punahoa by Kaeo. It is for you to remedy with Kaeo, therefore this letter telling you of what action Kaeo has taken, of his own wishes. The witness of the action at Lahaina on the land, is John li, the konohiki and the King. Wailuku. 13 February 1847 H. Kuihelani, foster parent of Enoch. Here are the witnesses, the people who went with the King to Hilo in the year 1828. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponshawai at Hilo 57 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 2:553-555 —�- /rlic nhva, a.:e (h9.c ylo�lLO C/e"O.V.A L / Tam x M �lO u���T/,/r�O��i[,Y!`yR!wa.S/. 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He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 58 Kumu Pono Associates (HiPonaha78-051203) //��aI.L(C Qssa/"Z • .f (/t� / %�l G1sIZYC4/� L //f{yla/. !/ �P LA/-Jy�rYliA�v�.``�Illt// '-4/ /fGCA HOS /jt/L4 �� .LONG I �LC �jQ !� nrt � .; a.lLs♦Iw., R- oarn� fsln..Cu+Ia 114.C' .;.11¢.cfe..-.. � I � � 4 ?w?.I (t-lIa• LA- Q'!IA'N /Ie I-w^aL.. 6(i� /!/fe.� Ltaa- c'LGILIS• L-�aQ �I ss+�a +'Ia, !L ale, ®'iLNi..H.��/Ju�s�: LIfA /23'0 ./....lea .//f /�fL I .`/�AN//�/�li-. (�!/ x%11 Y9GI� /lfil I "' �K �A/.• GKK l• .I'L AYE! I 4 /'il �- a-J tit LOaw- 4 //iil(//a I %•{9LL LfNrb� LiL t;f0 //� Y" ///��w(-pi`p!/ssi IA, IlLt I / / GN..sc 0" e,.... a �/ /%. a. �.:• otr7✓ a -�[�s. Os./A+. 4 (o /� ZZ F __ � /�,�,�"- /�/�a,�.yy/LI.LS1/4/rffu- .•I4� �i.MsrOk� u �nr. . L Attw-• /� ///!. I/�® //iu- 4LI Q,I/a L14 o.& / Oil" f�• Y%a � / //tssacc.! �TNa Ail L� w I 1 ��Ij K �c>tNH A•�/++ -iAi!!//e//wa//• /�/ 2 /NIlAcc/�-/Mu /:y�� . ///L�IlL fiwt �v .�!'r/ias. ua+�a:� RR.�O ✓/AI�+7/�r/eae�..� a.AAfnL- /%`?.Is'G�-�/; • glLlt i�sara [R. �•/iI� fU'� �� iY i�•Y� � 'Jfla.�w.. • L ,f.�l%/�a.t.... (sta. i 2L �il�sCa- .//t.-..: Us..e. LC./.../� �-.<..� � LAI/�a�/ /�/ At/1 .fya/•.� 7VU�F�(a+,TnL /blclLs- //7-dHea� L AIS �LM 4- I /ilA-:/'++�ct�ll Aalsa+•�- LQ• .La's-.I� �lfaN.tr .Lj4 He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 59 (HiPonaha78-051203) as -r /(/ptf rN%�ir r�c GK -gyp. G4�s�ti/ya�si. elca. T.LIMrylf j -w At�p/w. , 6L oljZ mew.. s/J.9l st a�/J»�+o104, 1h4v w'-. a as- LQ/(� - 1�w4-t LliLf/..A-e%�. etfgk- wo. Jl Qsrd<*= Helu 463, Kuihelani, Honolulu, March 6, 1848 Kekupanio, sworn and stated. I have seen this land there at Hilo, Hawaii, named Punahoa, the boundaries are thus: on Hilo, the cliff of Punahoa 1; to the uplands, Waiakea; on Hilo One, Ponahawai I; on the shore, Waiakea. In the year 1828, Poki gave me the lands and I gave them to all the people. By this action of the chief, I had given Punahoa to Kawailepolepo and after he had received it, Poki had asked Kawailepolepo to return that property, which he did, Poki then placed Keaholawaia on the land with the instructions that Kawailepolepo be over him. Namauu, sworn and stated. My first understanding is as Kekuapanio stated, the lands was for Kawailepolepo. Later, about 4 years perhaps, he thought of returning with Auwae who was on Maui, at that time, he was residing here, so he returned to Wailuku and ordered me thus: I am returning to Maui, you watch that should the land of our child be asked for of the King, and if it is asked for, you must deny our land. When Keaholawaia died the land went to Piopio, Piopio lived on the land under Kawailepolepo. When the Overseer went to have all the lands of Hawaii spoken of , and the Ili brought up, at that time, this land was not brought into that process, therefore Keoki, the overseer, took this land, that overseer explained the error of that land, why it was removed, and at that time I spoke with the King so as to retain our land; the King agreed. In the year 1841 this property was taken again by Mahune because the people did not go to help gather the lumber for the Piula house, it was because of Piopio that the people did not go. Afterwards Mahune reported to the King about the removal of the land, and upon hearing of this, Piopio told me about the removal of the land. So I went to the King and told him that Mahune had taken the land away. The King returned the land to Enoch, the son of Kawailepolepo, and below him would be Piopio, that is the way it is to this time; when Piopio died the land was given out without reason. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponshawai at Hilo 60 (HiPonaha78-051203) Z. Kaauwai, sworn and stated. My first understanding of this land is as Namauu has stated. IN the year 1840, 1 heard Piopio tell Kaaimalalo thus: The child of ours with Kawailepolepo has been removed. I did not hear that Namauu had asked the King to have that land returned to Enoch. Piopio died in the year 1845, and at that time Kaaimalalo asked me to write a will. They bequeathed their own lands to Kaeo, and the names of the lands to be inherited by Kaeo were included in the will. Haehae's lands were also mentioned in the will for Kaeo, for he was the husband of Kaaimalalo; when this was done, Kaaimalalo also stated the lands of the other relatives; at that time, there came the wife, Kaunahi by name, to ask for Punahoa as her own; Kaaimalalo said, that the lands was for the son of Kawailepolepo. I have heard twice that the land was from Kawailepolepo, and that is what I heard from Piopio. That is my testimony. Look on page 246, Book 3. [Testimony of Asa Kaeo for same parcel, contested by Kuihelani II on behalf of E. Kahakumakaluia.] Foreign Testimony Volume 2:226-228 Claim 463, Kuihelani, Counter 12, Kaeo, March 6 Kuapanio, sworn: I know this land called Punahoa II situated at Hilo, Hawaii. Bounded: Mauka by Waiakea; Hilo by Punahoa I; Makai by the sea of Waiakea; Puna side by Ponahawai. It is an ahupuaa. Boki gave me this land in 1828 when he went to Hilo to divide among the people and I was ordered to give this place in dispute to Kawailepolepo and the King heard the order. I gave to him from the King through Boki. He taking this gift into possession, Boki asked him for it, and he gave it to him, and Boki then said to him, "You are the Chief over this land and Keaholawaia is to be under you as a resident on this land." In whose hands this land has since been I know not. Namauu, sworn: I was present and all that has been said by Kuapanio I know to be true. About 4 years after this Kawailepolepo proposed to leave Oahu, where he was living with the King, and go to Wailuku. He said to me, "I am going to Wailuku to live now. I have heard that some are begging Punahoa 11, my land at Hilo from the King, and let it be remembered that it is my land, and no ones besides." When Keaholawaia, who was living under him on the land died, he gave it into the possession of Piopio, his wife, and soon on account of her mischievous conduct and disobedience to Government, she had it taken from her, by Keoho, a luna, who proposed to the King to keep this land for himself. Hearing this I reminded the King of Kawailepolepo, and he then said, "You cannot have this land because it will belong to Kawailepolepo and his heir, Enoch." Piopio still remained on the land, and misbehaving herself again, Mahune, a luna hana, removed her, and she came to me to inform me of it. This was in 1841. I went and informed the King. He said, "What, has the land been taken from Piopio a second time?" I said, "Yes." He said, "Let it be restored to her to keep for the child of Kawailepolepo, Enoch." Kawailepolepo died about 1837 and made me his Executor to look to this land for his child, Enoch, who is now about He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponshawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 61 (HiPonaha78-051203) 14. So it was till Piopio died. I have heard she willed this land away, which she had no right to do, having no right in it. Kaeo, said, It was always my opinion that this land belonged to Kawailepolepo's child, Enoch, and I never thought different till I was told by Kekauluohi, the late Premier, that it was given to Piopio. This was my ground for putting in a claim for this place. Z. Kaauwai, sworn: I can verify all the facts Namauu has sworn to previous to the dispossession of Piopio, the second time by Mahune. I heard Piopio & Kaaimalalo conversing about the difficulty with Mahune concerning this land, and from this conversation I inferred that it belonged to Enoch. In 1845, after Piopio's death, Kaaimalalo said to me, write the will of Piopio, as she dictated it to me and according to one agreement that whichever of us two died first, should have each other's property. I wrote it down accordingly. By this will conjointly with that of Kaaimalalo, all the lands truly belonging to Piopio, Kaaimalalo, and her husband, were to go to Kaeo, the son of Kaaimalalo, Claimant in No. 12. She mentioned to me all her lands, and on coming to Punahoa II, the one in dispute, she said this belongs to Enoch, heir of Kawailepolepo. Kaunahi, wife of Pikanele said, "To who_ m does this land, Punahoa belong? and give to me." She replied, "No, I cannot do that because it belongs to Enoch, child of Kawailepolepo." Postp'd to 8th inst. Resumed March 8th [1848] Kanaina, sworn, on part of Kaeo, No. 12 1 heard the land belonged to Kawailepolepo, the same day it was given to him. It was given to the husband of Piopio, to take charge of and he took it under Kawailepolepo & after when Kaahumanu was making the circuit of the Islands, they heard of Boki's death, they arrived at Hilo and were at the house of Keaholawaia where were Piopio, Kaahumanu, Kamehameha & others. Piopio, whose husband said at that time in their presence, that when they might die, this land would go to Kaeo. This agreement was equal to making a will. I asked them, I understood that Kawailepolepo's right ceased at that time and that the land would fall of consequence to their heir. Piopio asked my opinion. After this when they were at Lahaina on the death of Nahienaena, I understood that Kawailepolepo, who had died, had willed this place to Enoch, his heir. I do not know whether it was written or verbal - this was under the King. On Piopio's death or soon after, there was a written will which gave this land and her own possessions with what she held under the King to Kaehu, who would hold also under the King all that was not her own. I held those papers. Kaeo stated he had possession of this land since last February. He was instated in it last February by the Premier, subject to the decision of the Land Commission. See FT Vol. 5 page 76. [No. 12, Asa Kaeo] He Wahl Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawal at Hilo 62 (HiPonaha78-051203) Royal Patent 5707— Punahoa 1st Kuihelani (no E. Kahakumakaluia) Kuleana Helu 463 ...G.W.C. Jones the present occupier of the said Ahupuaa of Punahoa 1t, has presented to the Minister of the Interior a certificate of the Commissioners of Boundaries for the Island of Hawaii, defining the boundaries of a portion of said Ahupuaa as hereinafter described... July 29, 1872... on which is nailed a copper plated marked P, — JUUIII UY- Y:! YY. UI Uc/ VI Vuuui .,.vy. aI1G4.1 cva ,cca vrcu,c wv vwc middle hill to a stone buried at its Western base; thence South 59° 30'W. (true) or S. 50' W. (mag.) 2666 feet to a pile of stones a few feet S.W. of a dead Kukui tree, and 50 ft. or so west of a grove of kukui trees; thence S. 820 15' W. (true) or S. 720 45' W. (mag.) 462 ft. or 7.00 chains to pile of stones on ahua; thence S. 680 W. (true) or S. 580 30; W. (mag.) 1430 ft. to a pile of stones on ahua on old timber road just above stream and small swamp; thence N. 89° 45' W. (true) or S. 820 37'W. (mag.) 3772 ft. to rock on ahua marked P and a pile of stones; thence S. 81° 28' W. (true) or S. 720 08' W. (mag.) 338 ft.; thence S. 68° W. mag 1090 ft. to ahua, marked ++ and by a pile of stones; thence S. 660 38'W, (true) or S. 57 ° 08'W. (mag) 2986 [ft.] to North W. Lilac or Pride of India tree at Kalama; thence S. 660 15' W. (true) or S. 56° 20' W. (mag) 3816 ft. to a small kukui tree in the edge of woods on N.W. side of road, marked by two copper plates marked P; thence through woods S. 730 55' W. (true) or S. 64° W. (mag) 13,173 ft. to and across makai end of lava flow of 1855 & 1856. — 188 ft. S. of where the road strikes the lava, and marked y a pile of stones, where the line again enters the woods, into which it runs 2664 ft. to mauka corner of land marked by blazing the trees and planting the yellow foreign gingers; thence along the land of Ponohawai N. 811 12' E. (true) or N. 710 42' E. (mag) 3925 ft. to blazed Koa tree on which is deeply cut H, and gingers planted (Hedychenin Garduedenum); thence S. 70° 20' E. (true) or S. 780 30' E. (mag) 75 ft.; thence S. 70 13' E. (true) or S. 15 ° 02' E. (mag) 210 ft.; thence S. 150 51' E. (true) or S. 240 40' E. (mag) 93 ft.; thence S. 370 38' E. (true) or S. 470 27' E. (mag) 189 ft.; thence S. 441 46' E. (true) or S. 540 35' E. (mag) 130 ft.; thence S. 230 34' E. (true) or S. 32° 25' E. (mag) 206 ft. to gingers; S. 830 35' E. (true) or S. 860 55' E. (mag) 93 ft.; thence N. 660 58' E. (true) or N. 571 28' E. 133 ft.; S. 820 05' E. (true) or S. 90° E. (mag) 90 ft. to gingers; S. 670 38' E. (true) or S. 740 08' E. (mag) 68 ft.; S. 81° 30' E. (true) or S. 840 58' E. (mag) 96 ft.; N. 650 34' E. (true) or N. 600 04' E. (mag) 110 ft; thence along ancient road N. 791 E. (true) or N. 710 30'E. (mag) 54 ft. to gingers; N. 59° E. (true) or N. 50° E. (mag) 83 ft.; S. 600 23' E. (true) or S. 69° 53' E. (mag) 53 ft.; N. 62° 37' E. (true) or N. 530 07' E. 64 ft.; N. 200 E. (true) or N. 100 30' E. (mag) 62 ft. to gingers; N. 62° 54' E. (true) or N. 520 24' E. (mag) 52 ft.; S. 771 38' E. (true) or S. 871 08' E. (mag) 67 ft.; S. 860 43' E. (true) or N. 84° 17' E. (mag) 112 ft.; N. 62° 52' E. (true) or N. 530 22' E. (mag) 145 ft.; N. 68° 22' E. (mag) 120 ft. to gingers; N. 400 12' E. (mag) 147 ft.; N. 770 28' E. (mag) 97 ft.; N. 580 34' E. (mag) 111 ft.; N. 88° 17' E. (mag) 125 ft; N. 700 34' E. (mag) 80 ft.; S. 811 25' E. (mag) 150 ft. to gingers; S. 470 25 E. (mag) 68 ft.; S. 30° 28' E. (mag) 173 ft. to gingers; S. 300 28' E. (mag) 173 ft.; S. He Wahl Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 63 (HiPonaha78-051203) 430 27' E. (mag) 78 ft. to gingers; Leaves ancient road, thence N. 810 E. 250 ft. to gingers; N. 62° 12' E. (mag) 112 ft. to ginger 12 ft. N. of station; N. 790 23' E. (mag) 195 ft. to bottom of kualapa or ridge; N. 730 38' E. (mag) 167 ft. along foot of ridge to ginger; N. 670 28' E. (mag) 216 ft. to head of small gulch; S. 760 30'E. (true) or S. 87° 02' E. (mag) 137 ft. along gulch; N. 50° 14' E. (true) or N. 38147' E. (mag) 53 ft. N. 730 04' E (true) or No. 61° 32 E. (mag) 95 ft.; N. 330 20' E. (true) or N. 21° 48' E. (mag) 80 ft. to gingers; N. 540 20' E. (true) or N. 420 52' E. 129 ft.; N. 79° 40' E. (true) or N. 680 28' E. (mag) 110 ft.; N. 630 29' E. (true) or N. 570 50' E. (mag) 151 ft.; N. 620 29' E. (true) or N. 510 40' E. (mag) 163 ft. to gingers; S. 800 39' E. (true) or N. 880 25' E. (mag) 101 ft.; S. 200 22' E. (true) or S. 320 50' E. (mag) 70 feet; N. 80° E. (true) or N. 670 32' E. (mag) 80 ft.; N. 900 E. (true) or N. 75° 20' E. (mag) 75 ft. to gingers; N. 31° E. (true) or N. 140 55' E. (mag) 76 feet; N. 660 40' E. (true) or N. 570 32' E. (mag) 168 ft.; N. 110 57' E. (true) or N. 5° 35' E. (mag) 75 feet; N. 480 36' E. (true) or N. 410 23' E. (mag) 192 ft.; N. 35° 36' E. (true) or N. 280 27' E. (mag) 40 ft. to gingers; N. 620 15' E. (true) or N. 55° 12' E. (mag) 43 ft.; N. 350 16' E. (true) or N. 280 27' E. (mag) 115 ft.; N. 580 52' E. (true) or N. 510 47' E. (mag) 165 ft. to gingers; S. 730 09' E. (true) or S. 810 40' E. (mag) 86 ft.; N. 720 05' E. (true) or N. 640 34' E. (mag) 60 ft.; N. 750 10' E. (true) or N. 77° WE (mag) 115 ft.; S. 67140' E. (true) or S. 581 09' E. (mag) 87 ft. to gingers; N. 691 57' E. (true) or N. 781 05' E. (mag) 77 ft.; S. 570 00' E. (true) or S. 480 05' E. (mag) 83 ft.; N. 670 25' E. (true) or N. 740 53' E. (mag) 361 ft. to gingers; N. 881 33' E. (true) or S. 850 12' E. (mag) 130 ft.; S. 740 53' E. (true) or S. 680 38' E. (mag) 168 ft.; N. 570 53' E. (true) or N. 490 05' E. (mag) 126 ft.; N. 840 53' E. (true) or N. 760 50' E. (mag) 174 ft.; N. 60° 00' E. (true) or N. 510 57' E. (mag) 148 ft.; S. 710 57' E. (true) or S. 781 50' E. (mag) 50 ft.; N. 810 51' E. (true) or N. 740 28' E. (mag) 100 ft.; S. 780 54' E. (true) or N. 870 45' E. (mag) 67 ft.; S. 800 05' E. (true) or N. 700 25' E. (mag) 185 ft. to mauka edge of Kawa; N. 900 E. (true) or N. 81° 30' E. (mag) 274 ft.; S. 641 29' E. (true) or S. 79° 59' E. (mag) 90 ft. to P cut in rock 15 ft. below & 5 ft above station; S. 420 11' E. (true) or S. 510 21' E. (mag) 142 ft. to P cut on edge of Kawa; N. 700 23' E. (true) or S. 600 57' E. (mag) 205 ft.; N. 700 03' E. (true) or S. 600 37' E. (mag) 164 ft. to P marked in bed of stream; S. 760 25' E. (true) or S. 830 55' E. (mag) 234 ft.; N. 560 32' E. (true) or N. 591 02' E. (mag) 286 ft. to P marked in bed of stream; N. 230 28' E. (true) or N. 150 28' E. (mag) 168 ft. to P marked in bed of stream; N. 470 25' E. (true) or N. 40° E. (mag) 365 ft. to point 30 ft. N.E. of place marked P; S. 440 20' E. (true) or S. 520 20'W. (mag) 178 ft.; N. 730 27' E. (true) or N. 650 27' E. (mag) 165 ft. to pile of stones on the edge of stream; N. 590 40' E. (true) or N. 501 40' E. (mag) 144 ft. to P marked in bed of stream; N. 840 40' E. (true) or N. 770 40' E. (mag) 132 ft. to P marked in bed of stream; N. 320 04' E. (true) or N. 250 04' E. (mag) 179 ft. to P marked in bed of stream; N. 860 50' E. (true) or N. 760 50' E. (mag) 143 ft. to P marked in bed of stream; S. 390 25' E. (true) or N. 490 25' E. (mag) 158 ft.; N. 420 48' E. (true) or N. 330 48' E. (mag) 130 ft. to P marked in bed of stream; S. 660 E. (true) or S. 74° 40' E. (mag) 270 ft. to P marked in rock below Kawa; N. 73° 04' E. (true) or N. 651 56' E. (mag) 430 ft. to kukui tree marked P south side of stream; N. 16° 48' E. (true) or N. 70 13'E. (mag) 355 ft. to P marked in bed of stream; N. 570 38' E. (true) or N. 480 38' E. (mag) 200 ft. to P marked in bed of stream; N. 310 48' E. (true) or N. 230 48' E. (mag) 236 ft. to P marked in bed of stream; N. 750 32' E. (true) or N. 660 07' E. (mag) 158 ft. to P marked in bed of stream; N. 250 52' E. (true) or He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 64 (HiPonaha78-051203) N. 170 52' E. (mag) 211 ft. to P marked in bed of stream; N. 32° 22' E. (true) or N. 250 40' E. (mag) 253 ft. to P marked in bed of stream; S. 88° 57' E. (true) or N. 850 E. (mag) 171 ft.; N. 21° 50' E. (true) or N. 30° 50' E. (mag) 195 ft. to pile of stones in gulch, edge of woods; N. 31° 45' E. (true) or N. 220 15' E. (mag) 560 ft. to a pile of stones; N. 790 05' E. (true) or N. 700 05' E. (mag) 2892 ft. to a pile of stones on ahua and bamboos; N. 800 37' E. (true) or N. 700 37' E. (mag) 2044 ft. to a pile of stones on ahua and bamboos; N. 64° 05' E. (true) or N. 551 35' E. (mag) 3998 ft. to Kukuiula Station, marked by a red wood post in the -ground with a bottle set on the top of it; bamboos and gingers are also planted here. Thence of the middle hill to ditch on slope of Halai hill; thence N. 431 20' W. (true) or N. 530 20'W. (mag) 280 ft. along ditch to place of commencement; and containing an area of 846 acres. [survey by J.M. Lydgate). Punahoa 1" & 2nd and Ponahawai — Foreign Register Volume 2:19, 45-46 Claim No. 509 J.D. Paris Hilo Dec. 25, 1846 [A.B.C.F.M. — Sandwich Island Mission, Helu 387] ... Hilo, Hawaii. Lands held by the Mission at Hilo. 1" Punahoa. This land was given by Kaahumanu I & is bounded E, by Byron's Bay; N. by Piihonua & S. by Punahoa. The boundaries of this land are well understood by natives of the vicinity. All the dwelling houses at the station, belonging to the Mission are on this land; also the buildings & yards of the two boarding schools together with all the cultivation connected with the school for boys, & a considerable portion of that belonging to the school for girls. A portion of this land is worthless, except for pasturage & is used for that purpose. A small portion is occupied by natives; another & probably the largest portion is still a forest. On the shore this land is supposed to be from 10 to 15 rods wide. The section occupied for the schools & dwelling houses may be from 25 to 30 rods in breadth. 2d. That portion of Punahoa 2d. & Ponahawai which is situated on the hill surrounding an old crater, directly back of the land now cultivated for the boarding schools. This land was granted the mission for a pasturage at or about the same time as the former & was enclosed together with that portions of Punahoa 1st on the same hill, previously to 1831. 3d_ A section of Punahoa 2nd 34 rods long & 18 broad, given about the same time, as those before specified. On this plot of ground, a large protestant He Wahl Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 65 (HiPonaha78-051203) meeting house & a native school house now stand. Also a stone building erected by the mission for a dwelling house, but now occupied as a school house. This land is bounded: N. by Punahoa 18t; E. by Punahoa 2nd; South by Ponahawai & West by Punahoa 2nO. Note: Rcv'd 2 August a Survey from Mr. Metcalf of above Premises — registered in full Page 92... Punahoa I" & 2nd and Ponahawai – Foreign Register Volume 2:92-96 Claim No. 387, Protestant A. Mission claims, continued from page 46 Notes of survey of the A. Mission, Premises, Punahoa. Hilo, Hawaii. [Punahoa-Pi'ihonua Boundary] Commencing at the east corner of place now occupied by Rev'd Mr. Paris at corner of Pitman & Punahoa Streets & running North 52° 30' East 12 chains 5 3/12 feet along N.W. side of Punahoa St. to E. corner of Halai's fence; about 1 ch. above high water mark. Thence N 240 30' W. 3 Ch. 2 8/12 ft. along Halai's makai fence (as now is) & to stake at Piihonua '/2 chain above high water mark. Then following boundary line between this (Punahoa 2d) & Piihonua to Kukui tree marked B (see diagram) by these courses & distances, Viz.: S. 680 '/2 W. 45 2/100 ch. Thence S. 5501/2 W. 4 9/100 ch.; S. 650 W. 4 72/100 ch. to Pitman St. S. 550 W. 45/100 of a chain across St. S. 540 W. 2 59/100 ch. S. 590 W. 1 29/100 ch. S. 520'/, W. 4 01/100 ch. S. 46 % W. '% ch. S. 490 W. 7 80/100 ch. to W. corner of Mr. Lyman's school lot. S. 450 % W. 53 ch. S. 670 '% W. 15 20/100 ch., Kukui B. Thence from point of Commencement following boundary line between this and Punahoa 1st by these courses & distances, Viz.: S. 480 % W. 4 92/100 ch. S. 51° '/2 W. 4 '/ ch. S. 48° E. 95/100 of a ch. across Punahoa St. to W. Comer of Church ground on Punahoa 1". S. 40 '/2 W. 14 88/100 ch. to N. course of Chinamen's cane fields. S. 41° '/, W. 9'/2 ch. S. 480 W. 4 28/100 ch. S. 55°t/2 W. 3 33/100 ch. [to Punahoa-Ponahawai boundary] to stake at foot on mauka side. S. 560 W. 40 40/100 ch. to Kukui tree marked A. S. 720 % W. 1 ch. to pile stones as far as measured on this side—then N. 370 W. 12 chains across to Kukui marked B. Including an area of 125 acres. That part of this survey makai of stone Wall on mauka side of Mr. Lyman's school house land contains an area of 19 acres -9/10. Note: The Natives say the boundary lines of this land on to Woods are the same as drawn on Map. Notes of Survey of the ""Church Ground" (including the Wm. Beckley claim) on Punahoa 1". He Wahi Mo`ole/o no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 66 (HiPonaha78-051203) Commencing at stake at west corner of this land on Puna side of Punahoa St. & running: S. 48° E. 3 % ch. along land claimed by Paiwa to stake at S. corner of this land — thence N. 460 East 6.67/100 ch. along land occupied by Kaapa to S. corner of Ki fence & lot claimed by Wm. Beckley. Thence N. 50° E. 5 63/100 ch. along Ki fence to post at E. corner on Volcano St. Thence N. 570 45 W. 3 48/100 ch. along Mauka side of Volcano St. to Punahoa St. Thence S. 510 W. 4 60/100 ch. along Punahoa St. to W. corner of Ki fence & comer of lot claimed by Wm. Beckley. Thence S. 48e 30' W. 7 16/100 chains along Punahoa St. to place of commencement. Including an area of in all 4 acres 14/100. The William Beckley claim has an area of acres 16-7/100. See diagram in the two following pages. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 67 (HiPonaha78-051203) 3 f He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 68 (HiPonaha78-051203) 0 (14l `Rale •�- . N• 1 �1 • 1 He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 69 (HiPonaha78.051203) Native Testimony Volume 3:462-464 �ij �dc, p_., Q /NJA //O//!�'�LiQN•cr VZ/�r/ �7►a�P' lK� /i� GY-/ .G. tI'Q-oto " �%r!Z%za- (• A. YI "Gt •N�tt.n:i ain .%H7Y�+�S 4++s� :rlO ♦h"!/.7t. �ytA+ �iFKH�Ia I Id I✓B9�.s...�I'M %1�" �^� l+sta Qysa.- I,...,- m, ate-. IV, _ ! K . �/. ..4.., a 7rr�. J�(i1TR/s>r..r.-.-•e f�%�i.., 12�..-� .V o,.. � = iz� j . � %�< b�l+-•. /IC�W.= �H^-� t��ll/t/y��sti�s..cL a y o L7-�.K� � , ' /[�L�i ✓'.e'Yu' / 4,civ . GcA 4 w - �i iT u-Ls.�' •Y1 LJ� a•�. ..c. % /j'a//w, I C'q �s2c�-✓ Q�� !j i�,2 Q, ✓//� R.. ' �� //�/!+� Lt�t-. ct /17+Q�csi�ia� X610 �Yc�ia+ e-u..��� /J-a<I, N6 �i0�%." tr /�i••i! I ' i � y�.I-/l Rei Q>�4LI / �R �/!I !!•/�.aLC. KCti , . lz.//11 !2 f IIl� it O 4�✓QC If 4i rI2cL✓.-.- G e 0.+ I...s �,., ca..j oze `'fc � .s2- !�'t%iaG 1zo•L /VGNz, f' •��lL//1'i �,yut�. yr. clad -Cc_.. I ��!'aGs•r a� / C�l.�'�/a! eYlt� s...,� s+•s.'ia�. r //�' � /IAC's.: [� a! aft.. �Q f�ir•+rtGz. .a. 'cs�ia-� He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawal me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview o/ Ponahawai at Hilo 70 (HiPonaha78-051203) `d ' I /ill+..�•-H.ra.< <n�rsv vuyy�=. a :-tom 71.-a. /2!i/ll.t rr..-..� Jj'cG. "..„/Ni �'G �/m/�,ce H.'d�'�-a.a. // [N�'i�� �h-•�1 � eJt✓.! /., ..:mss <' ai a/2i. �o m %fi.-i.v�iJti < ' /fie l%. tl-.-� / . GI'c<ea: .. •�sOe.�: �.. e /d. /Desi-%/Z<..�,.� (//J� �iifdl ABY!>A�. /� �%s!/�.sr P•y�..�f/lL/✓moi /!!s. <e+-I�. � y,. < ��C /�./.Qi //lar L++- i2 X1.0 ,pp.a e. %jL'r�•- �s/fi. 9,s+/n-a. w ✓ dpI fE++ a Oo•. a- 4 Y<U-!/ g'4/w. Kst� w HfLc� o ' ' I/a ira� ila.s-G<l%A• ia7-. n.rs �h.-c.>.<G. � w yy%Z.% a /�< <.+ u.e� r � raI li��'�/✓niiA6�+</ . ✓Lt ti' .�ls� %LrG /J�•Ili��n- 4/Yii / I.�,'I/• f s /ars �j4P�4- t-✓'L�� /!r ///�'�% 1 �I !s -•e %f+....— R -L q�w� e r Ni �a i �G /%6sw.' . ' • /zrc- Os. c..�% � ' !t//.a.`a�: Ol --- - 1Tal , .et., a.c s+�l"`. I < �-�s-........ e7✓✓ i /�/ rte,. �rt�..lz: � d•. �.._ 1 i• �,C.y,.�G %Cu o—..% �. c..._ .i. .ems. a '(his <%Zc- ,a _, *% >?e-/P-�.•-%-.• < /s..+%iP�%iu.�.�t. �QIi-��"t� '1.a4✓ I .H NG�.w He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 71 (HiPonaha78-051203) A �M �✓✓. 19�o 4 -d Asez� / Aleoe .0, -1N � F+ Helu 387, Missionaries' Claim, Section IV, Hilo, Hawaii, May 4, 1849 T. Coan, sworn and stated: 1 have seen and I am familiar with Hilo. Punahoa is the general name of that entire area and there are two areas. I have seen the boundaries of west Punahoa for I had lived there in 1834 and I think they have been established through the survey of Melekapu. There were several natives living there under the missionaries. Land was given to M. Mikuluiki [Rev. Goodrich] and the missionaries in 1824, after which Kaahumanu and the chiefs went there and gave that place to him. Some house lots have been enclosed, but most of them have not been enclosed. I have always lived there peacefully from the beginning. The remaining area makai of the chapel has been disputed. This place has been given by Kaahumanu to "Keiki Misinele° (Missionary Keiki), a long time ago and since that time, several missionaries have lived there. Keiki, Andrew, Clark, Green, Dibble, Lyman, Wilcox. The missionaries had allowed Piopio to live there and upon her death, her husband thought the place was hers. There were no objections until 1846, when he claimed that the land was his because Piopio had lived there under the missionaries, so he threatened to break down the school house and sell it to Wm. Beckley. The missionaries did not approve the sale conveyance of this place by Kaeo. Lyman, sworn and stated: I have seen the land of the missionaries in Hilo from 1832 and I have lived there since that time to the present. I think the surveying done by Melekapu is correct. The missionaries have lived there peacefully since I have lived there to this time. A small parcel only, makai of the chapel, remains outside of the missionaries' boundaries. I had built my house on that disputed area and have stopped living there after three years. However, there is cultivation there by some natives with my permission and Piopio had asked for taro land to which Coan had consented. When we came to the Legislature last year, Kaeo Eleele sold that land. Andrew, sworn and stated: I have seen the disputed land while I was living there as a missionary in 1829. 1 had lived there for nine months in the house of Keiki and on the land which was given for farming. No one denied the missionaries living there and when I returned to Maui, Green went there. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 72 (HiPonaha78-051203) Ponahawai — Native Register Volume 2:625 ®// / .�Yttiiiacc ezc�i eu a �l//Zf�_�"L��%l,I=�Q LG�2�'�GGD'Gf'GGi Q%q R!/ � I�YY� L4LLGt� �Li[ � � Q%7/0✓YLgfiO � yy�c�F,�.sr/fLa� v � Cn-� cu.e.cz a vs �2e- �vtQ v Gl/Iwc�yu2a. , 'z �<cu.<a 'WO November 10 Helu 1093 Kahalehau Hear Ye, O Commissioners sitting on the Island of Oahu, Capital in Honolulu, we two have a thought to explain to you about our residence in this ahuauaa of Ponahawai Here is the length of our lot 53 and the width is 43. By Kahalehau [No subsequent records regarding this claim, under this Helu were located; notes on following claims by Kahalehau, indicated that the original claim (above) was lost, and a new Helu 11048 B, assigned.] He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 73 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:472 ` AGsv ljG� t.��f`✓lK�c� (.>ila .7-iv.�ti //•�l�yyt.•. G �/�s- �// !•r �l�c�-j sGlrz• c- /lic.. Gt�G lx H7Ri / �(/oir?>AM>Rie�Lfi• ✓ O�N�llar-�a�t. �l�t?.L/LG/ G! N�ctn++-t-. �/1 �Q. ✓Y !'k / f I Ll/J�7 i i oc. :✓.Gt s lam- /��rov`�i+�/�� �isc. G�Lu.r: �G>ifror�/,�* • /�/.ti/.is-asr�l:..�..:� /dr.t -7Lcc--• .lcl .>sc. iH>�� /G/ O'CGLo •7//7cC-/�titli .lefi GAre- .0"011/C/ V." iyct:cL .C•C�'c.' -JJ2G .✓f a. p/IGfi,>etiti Claim lost (new number assigneo7 Helu 11048 B, Kahalehau, Nov. 23 (Probably 11048 B.) Kapuna, sworn and stated: I have seen it in the M of Kamakawili in Ponahawai, Hilo, Hawaii. House lot Parcel: Mauka by Government road; Hamakua by Konohiki Makai by stream; Puna by Kahaui's lot. Two cultivated gardens, five houses therein, one for Kahalehau, four for his people. Land from Paakaua in 1843. Kahalehau is living here. Hewahewa, sworn and stated: I know this to be just as Kapuaa. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 74 (HiPonaha78-051203) Helu 11048 B, Kahalehau Foreign Testimony Volume 5:38 This claim has not been forwarded to Hilo. Kapuna, sworn deposed, he knows the claim of Kahalehau to be situated on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai in the ili of Kamakawili, that it is an house lot bounded on the West by main road; on the North by Konohiki; on east by stream of water; and on the South by the land of [name illegible]; contains 2 fields and 5 houses, 1 his dwelling house and 4 houses for his people. He received it from Paakaua in the year 1843. His right has never been disputed. Hewahewa, sworn deposed, that this evidence of Kapuna was true. Ponahawai — Native Register Volume 2:626 '� �� g �_ !D �i,P, G 0ZRi Ll�� 022 O �/� O'pw�ivl� • �""�- � br7R �iN2K- R O�!�a �" -t P` G ala v �O�u - He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kum Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 75 (HiPonaha78-051203) Helu 1095, Peleula Island of Hawaii, Ponahawai, Hilo, 18 November 1847 Know, O Commissioners who Quiet Land Titles, officiating on the Island of Oahu, in the capital at Honolulu, I, Peleula, hereby tell of my house lot claim in four sides 312 feet Iona on Puna and Hilo: 144 feet wide on the shoreward and upland sides. Before William L. Lee, J.H. Smith, Z. Kaauwai, John li, N. Namauu. With thanks, Peleula Native Testimony Volume 4:409 /v�� � din /'/alL�►�✓tG/- `%L'L�//,/d6/1�dFz�... i.��2F� z�'D 1 16 rr�Y.G� �1z.. !.-.�-=..4 /J-z.e /he Q�.� � •L� - 1 �.- November 8, 1848 Helu 1095, Peleula Halaki12, sworn, and stated: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, Hilo, Hawaii, a house lot. Mauka is a new Government Road; Hamakua is Konikiki's lot; Makai is Government Road; and towards Puna is the Road going to the uplands. It has been enclosed and there is a dwelling house for him. We two [Halaki and her late husband] gave it to him 1844. There have been no new objections to him. 12 Halaki was the wife of Hoolulu, son of Kameeiamoku, one of the twin chiefs and uncles of Kamehameha I. The children of Hoolulu and Halaki were Kaiheekai (K.), Mooheaunui (k), Kahina (w.) and Kinoole (w.). in the late 1830s, Kinoole married Benjamin Pitman, who became the Konohild of Ponahawai, assuming the role that his father-in-law once held. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponshawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 76 (HiPonaha78-051203) Foreign Testimony Volume 5:6 Helu 1095, Peleula Halaki, swom deposed, she knows the land of Peleula to be situated on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai, that it is a house lot bounded on the west by the new road; on the North by John Nomore's ground; on the East by the old main road; and on the South by a road separating it from Puniana's lot; it is enclosed, has 1 dwelling house and 1 cook house belonging to claimant. He received it from Halaki in gift in the year 1844, since which time he has lived thereon without anyone disputing his right. Only 1 witness, Halaki the donor. Ponahawai — Native Register Volume 2:626 ja %_ Gv2B- ,4(. o�n,L.�c=,/�/�'(��Av+2s'- GG�s�6V G •rNl/i.o ®Gtylli.C, o �GfirLLY ; /��'IiDZ� R�� �'L' tui+ r»'+a' �✓ ,gyp "y"gyp G • /�L fN?EL (//' // Cf drl6AA6l� 'r E Ii /CL -W�N-eae /� �rna La,scrcwe 2 f a�-B�a �'lt� ae-ao ami ��v✓�er-- lis �., / av-ar-a ef"a4+/ha .�3� 4is� ae-Qe e�wQ Helu 1096, Hiona Island of Hawaii, Ponahawai, Hilo, 18 Nov. 1847 Know, O Commissioners who Quiet Land Titles officiating on the Island of Oahu, in the capital at Honolulu: I, Hiona, describe my house lot claim in Hilo, in the Ahupuaa called Ponahawai, stating the length and width of the four side; 138 feet on the shoreward side; 240 feet on the Puna side; 234 feet on the upland side; 330 feet on the Hilo side. Before William L. Lee, J.H. Smith, Z. Kaauwai, John Ii, N. Namauu. With thanks, By Hiona He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kum Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 77 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:415 �/ LteGRatil ell ��lc. l/(//Zui/tc tia— a ✓/1=a1�as�+ter c • �j��o /�p�tvJJ lu-r. �//�� �r�"� � •/'rte//-/�J/_-a�►ilss: �yr�� Oe /LLI`YLGG, /1?ALLt�/L�G• �1fi(QL7 Z2e.[.., LJit[�o�•ilt/ 1 \ > 0e;/t�•+ • ijLl, /li4ilfi r 4�3LtiL. !�♦ f/ K'/����a. , �iR/(•G., /i /�aiiG/ O Aar z.(L ' -✓ %(V 6t/..c- /!20 I ..!•f-st e4 J �� LG.t. �%Lt wa tom-, 6Ls if i z4+e ,%"/�cac. - cN w. � .v /%Lccst-• /N�i(,c-LYi rte•.. t��j` �'+wL j Helu 1096, Hiona and Kauakahi, November 9 Lahaina, sworn: I have seen in the ahupuaa of Ponahawai, Hilo, Hawaii, a house lot and a cultivated place. The Government Road is mauka; Punahoa Ahupuaa on Hamakua; a pond is makai; Kaulua's lot is on Puna side. It is enclosed with a wall, there are two houses; 1 house for Hiona, 1 house for Kauakahi; Kauakahi has a property right within this lot. Also at Punahoa, they two have some coconut trees. No one objects to them. Kawa, sworn: I have seen this kuleana, it is just as Lahaina has stated. I know that Kauakahi has a property right in this place. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 78 (HiPonaha78-051203) Foreign Testimony Volume 5:9 Helu 1096, Hiona Lahaina, sworn deposed, said he knows the land of Hiona to be situated on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai; that it consists of a house lot, part of which is on Punahoa; it is bounded on the West by the main road; on the N. by the Ahupuaa Punahoa; on the E. by the fish pond; and on the South by Kaulua's ground. It is enclosed and has 2 houses, 1 belonging to Hiona and the other to Kahukai, who has a right on that part on Punahoa, and Hiona on the part situated on Ponahawai. There is no difficulty as to their claim. Kaua, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Lahaina was true. Ponahawai - Native Register Volume 2:626-627 _' ra t7/scv�ti✓ �o-r66.a_. 'r'vcat� i�±l�aiL. (<,il� e. irt-a- /J� 'Ilia�v � l/•w�w�racOFa.e�:pcp�, .ri i a FIJI w Sf�J�d�^ i Lk[. si hvL r, ,/lL�-�`�cH-e.c� /�—o_7za-!�/�KA �. Aq- 1 ����� v/�[.L� • �!7 6�9Z �� d �� a ••ba- t rrLeL o �iici.. u/'Lct��77LO'a- a% Qrce- � A'zz<- /Z'/ wyso�. Aa. /.Je wee%on a /GcGo - - Yz 1he Or. AOX--4 Helu 1097, Paakaua, Island of Hawaii Ponahawai Hilo 18 Nov. 1847 Know, O Commissioners who Quiet Land Titles, officiating on the Island of Oahu, in the capital at Honolulu, I, Paakaua, hereby tell of my house lot claim in side. Before William L. Lee, J.H. Smith, Z. With thanks By Paakaua He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 79 Ii, N. Namauu. Kumu Pono Associates (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:413 �K• Nlfc:z. y/1�/ .w��i *' ✓!i G '.cif e�%ries •!'/..,�.! •!-fO �f lJll s+.G� ./7L7-K�O �/1 !�-'!ar'illrs...s �� �IN^F4 iJ ry- f. �J ric ♦ �rzfc aY. 'f/lif %LZGr ti. hei l+rl-i s..�st.�- e-. .^e..e.� .a�..'ti ri...- .:Pli/•' -.//<�i .ra,t-.ems i`r.,t.i�i� !/./lr.•!-G: �z , i�t',�.�- iia , -"f :./u of AF4! .r..� Helu 1097, Paakaua, November 9, 1848 Kanaina, sworn and states: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, Hilo, Hawaii, a house lot. It's boundaries are Mauka by Government Road; Hamakua by Kaulua's lot; Makai by pond; Puna by land gotten by the foreigner. It is enclosed with a wall, and there is 1 house for Paakaua. It came from Hopuola in 1840. No one has objected to Paakaua to the present day. Lahaina, sworn and stated: I have known exactly as Kanaina stated. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:9 Helu 1097, Paakaua Kanaina, sworn deposed, that he knows the land of Paakaua to be situated on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai, that it is an house lot and is bounded on the West by the main road; on the N. by Kalua's enclosure; on the E. by the fish pond; and on the South by the enclosure given to John G. Perkins, now occupied by John Stokes. Paakaua received his land from Opuola in the year 1845. 1 know of no difficulty in regard to his claim. Lahaina, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Kanaina was true. John Pelham wished to have the evidence of Mr. B. Pitman, who is the Konohiki as regards that part of Paakaua's land given to Ragsdale and Perkins, now occupied by Stokes and Simmons. Mr. Pitman being absent, his evidence could not be had, deferred until tomorrow or some other day. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 80 (HiPonaha78-051203) Ponahawai — Native Register Volume 2:627 �i6 /vys 4�awl�.0 /<�lrti.. Xl� a< Q A -r -d" tea., e' 'r"/J!o _ IL' a� i1v. r jowktt' o -ole 1"410ayce'c Zd � 444 0'ze� lo`�l O ►'%-w—'O L�G�f% k I ��fflJ��'tGC_. �UlK`2iCGC+�,/. � �� •�0 �., a Ovtl ha" -5 /rsrso*i- � vtsc l9�j�f£r�i e /ra aaw+ 4i.si /ULO, Ll . ,/a.z.vwa&e,44=a.-e;0/,m 11I ./l�wm acc -<� 0?ze Ina 61ia� 1 Helu 1098, Kaulua Island of Hawaii, Ponahawai, Hilo, 18 Nov. 1847 Know, O Commissioners who Quiet Land Titles, officiating on the Island of Oahu, in the capital at Honolulu, 1, Kaulua, hereby describe my house lot claim in Kaauwai, John Ii, N. Namauu. With thanks, By Kaulua Native Testimony Volume 4:406-407 A ice . .I .1'6Gp a�lMes.. !. b'H/lr%lu ai ✓v �CI.G Ir�af./iv LF R if�' Q•� a•s ar v /�f ��i+�i..u_ a �►o �w�- • / /• d� as�ie� fii He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 81 (HiPonaha78.051203) I�/�i%f's'�''_ ♦�f ti'! ii•l0 4- Qi, ell V4 . .�2 IOC'-Ti '%�4 /c'i✓ a Si�li.i .h+R�l� i e .'KIK �i.+-: ys'e ' N � J i .>c• itu>•o. O�at�e,r-arm.; / I �G%.o �rQ "%u c c.i •F yi/i �Y,�✓ !r'c.- •�6 /r . • !r-/l4 : ��_ Helu 1098, Kaulua, November 8, 1848 Kauakahi, sworn and state: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, Hilo, Hawaii, a house lot. (Boundaries) Mauka by Government Road; Hamakua by Hiona's lot; Makai by a Pond for the Konohiki; Puna by Paakaua's lot. It has been enclosed with a wall, and there are 2 houses; one house is for him, and one house for Pika, Pika only has a house lot under Kaulua. Puniawa gave it to him in 1832. No one has objected to him. Lahaina, sworn and stated: I have known exactly as Kauakahi had stated. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:5 Helu 1098, Kaulua Kauakahi, sworn deposed, he knows the land of Kaulua to be situated on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai, that it is a house lot surrounded by a tea [ti] fence and bounded on the West by the old main road; on the North by ground occupied by Kahiona; on the East by the fish pond; and on the South by Paakaua's enclosure. There are 2 houses on it, 1 belongs to Kaulua and 1 to Pika (Peter) who has no other title in the premises but his dwelling house, the right and title being Kaulua's, who received it from Puniawa (who is since dead) in the year 1832. The title to this claim is not clear. Lahaina, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Kauakahi was true. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview o/ Ponahawai at Hilo 82 (HlPonsha78-051203) Ponahawai - Native Register Volume 2:627 i OesrrrLlsv/ /Qi/ur�Ctc� 0 Qcc�2ca/rug ; f"te�J/i/st 0YZe- 0`1L 0-z a'- -' pLli//��.4 f�ON��%(G�G/fjC�L4iYLQ,J• �1 per. al"'a //00410' aw,4 ,%44.%/�� I !� //LQ�' � � o�72G�ULR+✓LL[-, L (Cit+��N� �Ys2Ac...G" o'7K• G!9'T�iB /r u , C lig - z one Afa, /L•k 2 •i a�" ACL loses 1�'F Jlw�c« '/err Char Crc a ,r„ o ha -r alb �%o. r/��„'.,*A .h.:��'�.a.z� Helu 1099, Puniana Island of Hawaii, Ponahawai, Hilo, 18 November 1847 Know, O Commissioners who Quiet Land Titles, officiating on the Island of Oahu, in the capital at Honolulu, I, Puniana, hereby describe my house lot claim annotation is N. Namauu. With thanks, Puniana nakai, 130 feet wide, 2 sides. [original L. Lee, J.H. Smith, Z. Kaauwai, John Ii, He Wahi No'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 83 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:408 Or.� IQI�Y�.tu G /� �<G�Y �i! � IS6.-'sem.•:• .i lllS!/.i<. �/!6u/TG: /Uar/ '� rL. •750 �!i-1•r�p��+ .-,,J.t. srs-> .x>a �O .�,fiY7.�•• .IZO :/llLL.is, lR-•r �i a✓'a. ' :'l.!"�` .•ire :%, i >��LOsiN! . ✓a.'lsi�ic JHu._ �•//�'.�.. ./ rleoi /.rr 9Z�o��GrR'/dl!/.••:L v�ZL•+ ri .T% nruu /11'r/t, c' �lcarsa. 4Jra /%li Lsi AA. . : Lf �i t�.`ie�� ri iVL• 4 (%i? i�•1(illl/Q•iL4r rl �tu� � � Ij �cliu/�✓ :��ca-��.yZe� �. �.�io-fili r„.�c.%w j�lrr r(i�LU ��- /r�� L�c.. .7s•a.G +flw d.csLce � I• i Helu 10699 [1099], Puniana, Hilo, Hawaii, November 8, 1848 Puaa, swom and states: I have seen, in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, the Ili land of Kaluakapo, Hilo, Hawaii, a house lot. Mauka is my lot; Hamakua is a trail leading to the uplands; Makai is a Government Road; Puna is Kaimana's lot. It has been enclosed with a wall and there is one house for him. He had received it from his father, Puni; and upon Puniana's death on October 31, 1848, it has been bequeathed to his five children. The eldest is: Kekuaiwa, Kamahiai (0, Haole, Kualau, Like (6 years) He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 84 (HiPonaha78-051203) Puniana's father had obtained this land during the time of Kamehameha I. No one has objected to him. Peleula, sworn, He has known exactly as Puaa had related here. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:5 Helu 1099, Puniana, November 8, 1848 Puaa, sworn deposed, that he knows the land of Puniana to be situated on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai on the Ili Kaluakapo, and that it is a house lot bounded on the West by the enclosure of Puaa; on the North by a foot path dividing it from Kapeleula's fence; on the East by the main road; and on the South by the fence of John A. Simmons. It is enclosed by a tea [ti] fence and has one dwelling house belonging to Puniana; has held possession and lived there since the time of Kamehameha 1" Puniana died Oct. 21" 1848 and his wife died Oct. 23rd, 1848 and left 5 children as heirs to his property: Kekuaiwa k., Cit. 19; Kamahiai w., Cit. 17; Haolenamuole k., Cit. 15; Kualau k., Cit. 11; Like (Dick) k., Cit. 6. Kapeleula, sworn and stated: My knowledge of this is exactly the same as Puaa stated. He Wahl Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 85 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Register Volume 2:628 r i "• 07 ez s.✓e �i,�iY,�' �ia.✓2e-:�m�.% � /hoaUi%aY+t-� c✓hcr. .-r<-c� c -a. sly ri ile-/�_rcn o % Goct-- v- ",X. CRr+-�� Y�'rP �%L'Q�LI • GLD-LLI r7.Lr �I t?n'I lYYZGC.. (yylR �s!%a�s. crs7cryrcyc/. mrIr,44� 6ii�/CP-lZt� R,d7l-L ✓i QM�LY/Yf6l'� I�LP/�e.G�G�/x9Ya I �/f,71 O�J-lLr�dLl�f.[� ��` N n"iz ` /f GN,r CYYP `� fLLL.a.i PZeGt-� �IaPP`i�CUc. �%rj[1� �r riiYr Ponahawai — Helu 1100, Puaa, Moo 8 Keliikoliola, Ponahawai, November 19, 1847 Greetings to you, John Young, Premier -Minister of the Interior of the Hawaiian Kingdom: I, hereby explain the dimensions of my lot to you, the character of it's length and width: on one side it is 41 fathoms; on one side it is 36 fathoms; on one side it is 29 fathoms, and on one side it is 36 fathoms. That is the nature of our lot, we are a group of people who are within this lot. Here are our names. Moo Keliikoliola Puaa This is the nature of my message to you, with appreciation. This letter being done by Puaa. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 86 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:412-413 `J7i-a �.•/�r,:.�::..�i:U' /�► L�t✓.cc% .� ."axe Y- "�Nis2�:an+e.- ✓ � ... �Q a 4.W+i Q�.-�i !i 7!t'if-N' l✓ A%✓ Ii-.�ll{/ta F Azsa•.✓ a"&� pyvf<0t� Helu 1100, Puaa, Moo & Keliikoliola, Nov. 9, 1848 Lahaina, sworn and states: I have seen there in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, Hilo, Hawaii, a house lot. Mauka is the new Government Road; Hamakua is for the Konohiki, idle land; Makai are the lots of Puniana and Kaimana; Puna is the jail. The lot has been enclosed, House lot has been enclosed. 1 house is for them. This is group of people, Puaa, Moo and Keliikoliola. Their land was gotten from I in 1843. No one has objected to this day. I, sworn and stated: I gave this place to Puaa. My knowledge of this is the same as his. He Wahl Wolelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kum Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 87 (HiPonaha78-051203) Foreign Testimony Volume 5:7 Helu 1100, Puaa Lahaina, swom deposed, he knows the land of Puaa to be on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai and that it is a house lot and bounded on the West by the new road; on the North by the Konohiki; on the East by Puniana's lot; and on the South by the prison yard; that it is enclosed and has 1 house owned by Puaa, Moo and Keliikoliola in conjunction. He had the lot from li in the year 1843. 1 do not know of any difficulty. li, sworn deposed, that he gave as a free gift unto Puaa all his right and title to this house lot. He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 88 (HiPonaha7"51203) Ponahawai — Native Register Volume 2:631 l�N�IYLQ',, DsAAfiQ'C<.� O /�au' /ro- os2}e`ya,- e, 4z1Ze- a�PC a-2 ave • &,w, ccr:[os�- l��//CI�As� 6JLR- YyaL7�Q !✓iW,�G� O �c+6L Gi✓ �/�QIL 0 /YL,/R� i/cc�`L[.�-CtL�v e 4LQ- GTa/LRi O b/id's a�9jIw�CQ 0 /LOQ/may ft/Q.,-!. /Q�{.{.ls�t� 9GLr 41 �iv>�� fiDJ` ,✓La.e/� ��,/, MZQcc�f-mac` /.i®' iccs.-c-� L�+zu�"KiQ �G 62u-GlR- 4��0 Aw O /LAS !_ e he-- a2ac._ D aiYLa% cscis.®®�Ls'ct_. J�.mc�� Ctccr- Naa-f-alee,�-. e-,a"�i ,�ia/�itu omaG aklw o &ha4gL-,.e c e /Je aCGa� %a v✓�a� a he. haluccu, - o /p.. Z2,e� N? ha4iea.-e,' l L a" �rrw a �i/acc eihQ su�o-H %'cL/Za�/!'N'�� lZ ,F� Lei�!,/On!li 2�'rYl Q�Ja ac.✓ca.<-'���'�ar—. &40�� apz.-- a<I&P-4— ✓Y z e a' i a-RL1 r He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawal me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 89 (HiPonaha78-051203) Helu 1106, Haae or John Taylor A letter to the people who quiet property rights. I, Haae, am the claimant of my house lot in Hilo, in the Ahupuaa called Kukuau. Here are the dimensions of the lot: the length on the Hamakua side is 420 feet, the width on the makai side is 144 feet, the length on the Puna side is 408 feet, the width on the mauka side is 138 feet. The total circumference is 1,100 feet. The measurement of this lot is finished. Also, there are the farms made by my own hands. At Waiakea there is a farm under someone else in the ili called Kolea, 1056 feet long by 1050 feet wide, that is the total of each of the two sides. There are also some planted fields at Ponahawai 2-568 feet Iona by 2.150 feet wide. There are many farms at various places, but they are not mentioned, but perhaps to be acted upon. I cannot explain, being unprepared. This is finished. Farewell to all your Honors at Halekauwila in Honolulu. The Lord be with you all. Done by me, John Taylor Haae Kukuau, Hilo, Hawaii Native Testimony Volume4:399-400 • �LG�/vtr�Qs� `moi. A-f>�cice� r.�r/!G. 11G+'-i'J Of Lf•/✓leu Owe .� a9 � ��ld H/o-. //'!Q �Q•fs•Q P s C- � QJf O-!�O i �%jcL�%Q-CJ O �6 rJltG�✓Q/.-AYU • �I��f•/ /RFJL! • OY�lp4- ✓ItiIJ� ' , �Si�s�4s- /� �/�/ J .'r�'r�C �/Vr%i•/�d is Y• He Wahi Mo'ole/o no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview o►Ponahawai at Hilo 90 (HiPonaha78-051203) �d9 • A osio S(`/wsrv� a %Ls Gfy�icastiiw sli�\�lirr.�a•.•�=: 1ta owa- l� /-sae 'ei'e. iuu� a .na A•.� Orf !dam' / /f ,7<acti o.i-,�.•i hr r. i,.i ..iso ,iva.iZoc, �: ✓`i.�sa- �,i..G�.....�-��,./rr../.-/:.�iri/�.<o..• .. �% �/V LGei •'•� /•iele lig-I.v lszi /isr7�•_ O+.o ✓�.•/lo.-lfi-. toe; /'t'I.- %/•K.(!/+�s H 9si 6. i O'N��Pw✓'a/2[� �P�/�.ri .,-+.i 8a: ✓�/iv-.a��.-lo. .' iin-c. crl �ze.� /ttlo "v Helu 1106, Haae, Hilo, November 7, 1848 Kanakaole, sworn and stated: I have seen in the Ahupuaa of Kukuau, 4 sections. Section 1: House lot. Mauka by Government Road; Hamakua by Alanaio stream; Makai by Alanaio estuary; Puna by Kaiwi's lot. Enclosed by a wall. 2 houses for Haae. Section 2: Mauka by estuary; Hamakua by Ponahawai Ahupuaa; Makai by stream; Puna by Kanaina's lot. Partially cultivated. Section 3: Kolea ili, Waiakea Ahupuaa of Hilo, Hawaii. I have actually heard of Haae's planting fields, but do not know the boundaries. One kihapai, the distance is 1056 ft; the width is 1050 ft. All of it joined together. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 91 (HiPonaha78-051203) Section 4: There in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai. It is confusing, and Pitman, the Konohiki of this section objected. No one has objected to Haae's interest at Kukuau. Papa, sworn and stated: I know the three parcels in Kukuau. He has no claim in Ponahawai. My knowledge is as Kanakaole has stated. Native Testimony Volume 4:668 /A,11 - 1–.10717'r. Helu 1106, John Taylor Haae, Hilo, October 19, 1849 Section 4 - The Konohiki B. Pitman has taken it. /, /29 Foreign Testimony Volume 5:3 Helu 1106, Haae Kanakaole, being sworn deposed, that he knows the land of Haae to be situated on the Ahupuaa Kukuau 2 and to be a house lot and a cultivated field, that Lot 1 was a house lot and that it was bounded: on the West by the main road; on the North by the stream Alanaio; on the East by the same stream; and on the South by the enclosure of Kaiwi. It is enclosed and has 3 dwelling houses within the enclosure. Lot 2 a field for cultivating bounded: on the West by the stream Alanaio; on the North by the Ahupuaa; on the East by the Sea Beach; on the South by the enclosure of Kanaina. It is cultivated. I also know that he has a field for cultivating in the N called Kolea in the Ahupuaa Waiakea, but I do not know the boundaries. They were formerly two fields, but are now joined in one measuring 1056 feet in length an 1050 feet broad, being the same length and breadth throughout, making Lot 3. (Lot 4 relinquished) Lot 4 the right of possession to this lot is not clear, being disputed by the Konohiki, but the three first lots are good. Papa, being sworn deposed, that the deposition of Kanakaole was true. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:55 Helu 1106, Haae (John Taylor) from page 3 Lot 4 — Declares under oath he relinquishes his claim to this lot (No. 4) of his claim 1106 to the Konohiki. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 92 (HlPonaha78-051203) Ponahawai - Native Register Volume 2:631-632 v �y�-ic. �./�a.z� iJ"�m�•rrss�-�96eG� irtGc, a�a- � �1���_ /� 2Q.GG�GGs �C/i2wfL6L/�)at-; L D44x-,� a4 z- . N e�Ll2 R"oGfA �/h,2 ru�-�- • vtc� /� rc. o�u �{a� �ec.., �i/s iia�cua�c- u �'-R. I `rrs,� •r"a. �;e .9/�- �-��A.�-'-12u � o�c� �.�. a.�-u. oma, a. Helu 1107, Lahaina Island of Hawaii, Kukuau, Hilo, 16 Nov. 1847 Know, O Commissioners who Quiet Land Titles, officiating on the Island of Oahu, in the capital at Honolulu, I, Lahaina, hereby tell of my claim for house lot Before John Ii, N. Namauu. With thanks, By Lahaina L. Lee, J.H. Z. Kaauwai, He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview o1 Ponahawai at Hilo 93 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:405 J //Q/ (Y ('%MLI?1Lr/ �/ �/rI �/�� J�Ff'I.•�t: /1If. �J �r/I I�-: I/P/uIQ/ll... Ir,N'�JEIrw c.7 .•6,1 • / J 'i If. %i �JJr.fv+:i.- ..%/..,/..�nr.lrl.i ir.l _�n..•a.r;. 1Gi:i. /,n.La no ! �/Ia 1. ///!ar/J`%n %i/ �://�+na.'•.9a r+r J./ Ina ,rrr• //"..r/r.+w� !u . A%rr... �r/�. i%lsdlil.. �i r /i/p:....- . �//fiJN.e.I'rrf• iar�1P JrtrAQ• �✓ ♦r0�r�-u�� /�^�-if.4 .afr. '�w /0`� �ia v �/sr ./i. d' hq� / Jra �?Li7.rOi. •.,.(� / a��.. C?11/1J•1rn -� /[i-t'N-� /i/ /�11r-r.n.. r1.c! w-2!/- .Ix. %'.-. /C e►.v n/.n1ls: ...: .1�a a/w /r �r►rs-r-ri. ✓-r. sem., w /N-aoi- srw iJi.. Iallr. w. o.rn/� .a ats r.G r.%iLl ni Q•rr-. v1F-G .1•JtCs ��/ll.�ln //.tt�•. N I/i/.i .r �/re✓ • ,,wILCJ i�I/O-. L'If-/1/Lr/L(INJ ♦ /%'/��� .I/. .Yt /. r� rf•/I /rY1/ �w.!-' 0-"X /ji /ia... n//!,%1.- .� 1f/ii' /r /• -s-f a Helu 1107, Lahaine Hilo, Hawaii, November 8, 1848 Kauakahi, sworn and stated: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, Hilo, Hawaii; houses within a house lot. Mauka is the government jail; Hamakua is Foot path; Makai and Puna is Government Road. This is partially enclosed and there is one house for Lahaina and one for Kaneahakini who has a house interest only, under Lahaina. The place is old from Lahaina's grandparents, who then gave it to his parents and now to him. No one has objected to him to the present time. Puaa, sworn and stated: I have known exactly as Kauakahi had stated here. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:6 Helu 1107, Lahaina Kauakahi, sworn deposed, that the land of Lahaina was situated on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai, that it was an house lot and only partly enclosed, that it was bounded on the West by the Prison yard; on the North by a road leading to the Prison; on the East by the main road; on the South by a new road. There are two houses, 1 belonging to Lahaina and one to Kaneahakini, who has no rights in the lot, but has privilege of residence; claims possession by inheritance, having descended to him from his ancestors. Kapuaa, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Kauakahi was strictly true. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponehawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 94 (HiPonaha78-051203) Ponahawai — Native Register Volume 2:632 +�<U Q,Yt'7 (iS s,(y1 Q VT 1zW'P— /� 44t q C f K. �7i 7� VAI 10" ✓re 4 -tom or ca o a o �Z� l-rzc �i-rta/ha:..nteec�' cs'il .w,--+.sc.. a ryr2e iF6 l�cvGcz .96� Of9L .M s hi :'liu- arra X-4*, .441- hol~xcp+c Aa Aa. a rr o o r+v�ifi�� ozv�c� .50.4 %ta�.aayy; 141 lrueOlaD."'v 40:. + 37I- Ala 04-44-tL4- ff �hyi�t j�� %/If ✓t'R X%7 K/�i✓�f , Helu 1108, Lumaina, Island of Hawaii, Kukuau, Hilo, 16 November 1847 Know, O Commissioners who Quiet Land Titles, officiating on the Island of Oahu, in the capital at Honolulu: I, Lumaina, hereby tell of my farm claim at Hilo, in the Ahupuaa called Ponahawai, whose dimensions are 300 feet long on the Hilo side; 468 feet long on the makai side; 504 feet wide on the Puna side; 588 feet long on the mauka side. Before William L. Lee, J.H. Smith, Z. Kaauwai, John Ii, N. Namauu. With thanks, By Lumaina He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 95 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:405-406 ��O �` ! uvzs 6tliLral .�.,%. v//ifi�s:...._'%li./e» ✓ ivr r` .•9'l./^ ,✓frZi�tQc.�.e/. d/ioilJ/.v. • %e/i•.• os..uals-• O oA' eG .Pum pi/vti/lr .�9irs.��//.ern/ .. ✓isrn/�✓r1.e_�fil. _. �,�%u%i+•�.+•— Lh..Y"a/•• /p; o,+O-✓ Ii��j ..�- �lrl ii %'u r � Irj�.•cr�O.lf. ,d'G�+i�ei.z-rn � OI/-t--.� ��G-rr/i n� -ier •Y i..�rs�/i'� 1/1'i0.`+�%i0 �Lf/e[; %Y/4 R�IK�O/ZcI� � •/r��-r�...r/_ fIM%i Qi / 1� HO- /fi L O•ls.J.....i��ui v+. /fri .• yiss�s' .t r. (i . �k�� .Z �Gc� Ir/+•moi-s N, h �a��a/ �G .N� �iw.t/ 1Tw• � .r�Irffff'LC JN �/�iwel i .(� %!.'� p/ r•/rJc. yr ..c //c.� /.ld..lko..v .. i, .I. ' cea i1LLci Helu 1108, Lumaina, Hilo, Hawaii, November 8, 1848 Kanaina, sworn, and stated: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, Hilo, Hawaii, some cultivated fields and houses. The boundaries are: Mauka by a cane field for the Chinaman; Hamakua by trail going to the uplands; Makai by Hewahewa and Keaniho's lot; Puna by trail going to uplands for the Chinaman. There is no fence, there are 2 houses for Lumaina and 4 cultivated kihapai. Petero gave him this land in 1835. No one has objected to him to the present day. Puaa, sworn and stated: I have known exactly as Kanaina had stated here. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:6 Helu 1108, Lumaina Kanaina, sworn deposed, that he knows the land of Lumaina to be situated on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai, comprising a field for cultivation and an house lot, that it is bounded on the West by the Chinaman's sugar plantation; on the North by a He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 96 (HlPonaha78-051203) Bridle road; on the East by the lots of Hewahewa and Keaniho; and on the South by a road leading to the sugar works. It is not enclosed, has 1 framed dwelling house and 1 cook house belonging to him; contains 4 fields. He received this land from Petero Aipuhi as a gift in the year 1835. His right has never been disputed. Kapuaa, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Kanaina was true. — Native Register Volume 3:77 .y L '•U':MLt+� K�?lL O�T�'J6t-+�7.(f-�a?��llL: ��i� ���� A5 41x- - �/J-fC- . t A " .. `�.TyG�• . /YfiLttiti �' �.RiI7J.P//T R J 1• r ,� � Q� �v�i�R� l; • Ms •vvtt�[r�-r/ita�'�.SO'n�Lt,-roEE9 44&/' .';L' 'aR' YA,[ y�C, �L�IIK�•I[> //�/GL. (1�lLZ: GLtM L[��iJJ /uLLO� /b'LYh�GY.., �"//{.c'c�i Helu 1334, Keawehano Hilo, September 4, 1847, Ponahawai, Hawaii To the Commissioners who Quiet Land Titles and House lots. Greetings to you, I, Keawehano, am the one who tells of the kihanai It is 40 fathoms lona: 29 wide' 40 Iona: 62 wide. With thanks to you, the Honorable Commissioners. A letter to the Foreign and Hawaiian Commissioners, so and so, Kaauwai, Namauu, Ii. By me Keawehano He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawal me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 97 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:411 X /JGI //_t !-� ✓ i7-�O"�slJ.<.teJ-c% �I !%.Yi//2i-i �" ll6-s-i a. _ _ i f;� �R" ' I '�LL /(.l t;//sf�� / �LI�'/GL1G6' a'1/tL iry �%fl✓' 1 �% ,.,/A , 1Ls 9rf'/ l/L'x..�/d h o /lp.e..--" iii-�c r✓ Oa+ � �i,oi-r...; ✓Lia...-e.+`l �N�e •j,., t2.%ml _• :✓�•e•`ai di7��.pd7u-t �iTi ,zi -: I he 12..E /�rGc� ys� �4' •���-st ✓`�vu...Lfcli iy.+t /:/t. r/lL�us.-. � .._; , 1 � 1 Helu 1334, Keawehano, Nov. 9, 1848 Lahaina, sworn and stated: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, a parcel of land. Mauka by Keawekunane's land; Hamakua by new Government Road; Makai by Kaneahakini's land; Puna by Alanaio stream. It is not enclosed. 1 house for Kaheananui; Keawehano has interest under Kaheananui and both live together there. No one objects. Kapuaa, sworn and states: I have known exactly as Lahaina has related here. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:8 Helu 1334, Keawehano Lahaina, sworn deposed, that the claim of Keawehano is situated on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai; that it is a planting lot and it is bounded on the West by Keawekunane's ground; on the North by the new road; on the East by Kaneahakini's kalo patch; on the South by the stream Alanaio. That it is not enclosed, there is one house belonging to Kaiananui. He holds it under Kaiananui. They both live on this lot and both plant thereon. No one has ever troubled them. Kapuaa, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Lahaina was true. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 98 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Register Volume 3:221-222INot Awarded) N �•, , .sw1E.-w a ta o�+ac �a %%6 s�r�(.�,�tcwrc..�Jwfu ' �. �lr<lc• 111 -Y•i • "10 ra"r alr.'•�s'��i �2 /iol(E. `s Y(2 /,[rIL Imo; la, a ty✓• :•'62/zc�s/li .•sisra- .. a..:a.• a yCS�S.,,• \l .� `� .�.. L. e, •\.'�: 5.:.//` •v.♦Si .��� a �` .. .... �1''• f%r: L tfra rlrn/`. !c tte<; a .6cs K[ ' cY ►'vrt'.7if I/fL t'IA.R.n �K L � /fR /�R rL• I!!t ,/!([ (LLrr (.R O Illl csslr/ i�/�GyJO l.. 9t/Q..J��/q-� i,. ..• F,Qrr•if f_.. ,6 Rifiir (cr.; 7-.%•P %I (t• ll.rRw AiIIA--rr •,(��U ✓(a /%/Q /lIre- Ace t[ �!« , �' I�irly- ,.f�/ rt� f%'4 cr �a.Irla a'�ilr. ri.., Vis'// At- la" 4 3i� /i!e /°a ann i`".rl..,. 3•LOrie..�a. o/.!xlr�l.. .din /io'/.-n. J. .x� f/ �'J Imo• ^. I' ' • �\` Jf Zf i7�/ �' ,�1,'FIIII�ITc'(!-4 / /%4 r 1?s•..IIla21 /r! /� \ i.'rrai..(t'/y.l)r/c t.• (/ .9NLt.rr(i,_P__t.c;�4a cil aalrll r�t �c�.- Q ;/Ez C: J/'A•i( �.J(�AttL ��l7 lL G Ir � . � •,•,. Ponahawai — Helu 1709, Haalo'u Island of Hawaii, Ponahawai, Hilo, December 2, 1847 O Commissioners who Quiet Land Titles. Greetings to you who officiate on Oahu in the Capital of Honolulu. Be it known that I, Haalo'u, am the representative of the heir of B. Kanuha, for the claims shown below, describe the length and width of the four sides. Kihapai Claim at Ponahawai; 850 feet on the makai side: 1110 on the Puna side: 1230 on the mauka side: 1110 on the Puna side. House lot Claim: 260 feet on the makai side; 320 feet, the length on the Puna side; 260 feet wide on the mauka side; 320 feet long on the Hilo side. To William L. Lee, J.H. Smith, Z. Kaauwai, John li, N. Namauu. With thanks. By me Haalou He Wahi Uo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawal at Hilo 99 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:456 i ,O`►' rs-ls�ii •si a ,/G.a�c/!"i� I'I�Zr .r�/J//./tc� /yar✓ /� / • (/HIf� s�%tCi GLt6 Gt.1.� v .OLK.• rLt• �//�JLN �/ f/•LG L� istA/� 1//`//�+tiL�� � f�'/1l Gt�te.Jxso/lrcc G,yf�� �/L4 s'�i e�Yis�r/�re.� G{iJ91GPi q/Rj�f'` 4►- � .PTs i� O�/7-L �%!'s'�r� I//��[Gf'�C/ /iL/R� o/�`/�iI /'J'G1x �+-�•-' �L! (-��jr �vl i e�.<. 2�.c.// ,fi.wse. /,JJ�rde� l��i..- / ✓rai.e� 44r— Joe"i /LJoe"i .Gvr�sfc li iiri • ✓�,1c-•y!•rr-i-/r-,/t� c !J 9. bio �/ a-✓�R.zcvh/.- �..�/�.,� f40L K4/..gg✓� �t./'YL!//-df�f�fi �4& L e ✓I'HA--'�' i t rriLJ/. Hifi ��'-� IGl1i!'/ I .•%' 7 .•S.i �-i-s �a� 1 Yr+•�i -Gl.L �• Ri l-L•c�+f(dGLLtIr'�•l/ rLMr��I v' /C�rss� .!s /ti, (�GiEt /r+•c.ti I�i'L�dL/iir/. f l.�st. J/�LC. Arc= � ��•!i <t.-ss.v er �_ f He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 100 (HiPonaha78-051203) Helu 1709, Haalo`u, 21, Nov. Kaihekaola, sworn and stated: I have seen, there in the Ili land of Huaina, Ahupuaa of Ponahawai. Hilo a house lot. Mauka by Chinese John Ina's land; Hamakua by a street; Makai by Aikane's land; Puna by a stream. Three kihapai, 1 house, 2 living quarters, 1 grave, 1 house ownership uncertain, perhaps for Kanuha, perhaps for the government. About half of the lot is enclosed for Kapahukula. Kapahukula is an heir of Kanuha. Kanuha acquired this place when he had been separated from Waiakea in 1839. Kanuha's land is from Kalaauhoanamoku, who is the fourth Konohiki on that place and has given to his people to this time, no one has objected. Haae, sworn and stated: I have seen this land just as Kaihekaola has related to all of you. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 101 (HiPonaha78-051203) Ponahawai & Punahoa - Native Register Volume 3:406 He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 102 (HiPonaha78-051203) r/%Z. /i 4;0 ��•'(..GC+ �f/'7wi V• �O-LG> �yG•-rw. Y�G�K INvIs.. �16�+� .. RAN L� Q9� /Q'%CiGci i7 RiK[G LY. lri7�C. 'OlO/t�4��Gl�fi ' 'ry/•pr�' ,[/yyrdCi I /� � at ce_+ O �C!/f LLi'!%ZfY�� i , 'c.'. " e yo GC/ a a-sd -Ii!'% - v" In-,Tzi ew I �7t:. !ys-/ltlf avrer�/�ac:, G !moi-.�Ca Irsra-' •^� 'l/ iYt Kv� //!f?.C.Ri0•sH ItCi !i2/2/•l Q.ttl�' /lH Q✓�I ,�1lI'�L//JR�G/ . ,. ,'�. �iK[�-t .� ie: 2aiOzi GLS✓ ems- _ .: pp � . >�li�c,-. /Q-!,. lCia1 La.�/lzG�. e•�7cc. /� i . i��. Gvou :;.���r•!/Ga_ �.,2cr,� lyya�iie�h-�; Q- .�CLGII.tJ��i W / CU / ✓o-zic/ (/�'C !X�'�d ✓ �M'I 4T_, \ ��GYi�-I-C-e� /fL�l�•! oc. /�L� lLtir ar - . JL,�-Ki !j He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 102 (HiPonaha78-051203) Helu 2228, Kaapa, Punahoa, Hilo, December 17, 1847 Greetings to you all Land Commissioners. I hereby describe my land claims. At Kalaoa are two ili, Ulumehame and Hulueu. This was where Liholiho was bom and my elders lived there to care for the belongings of the Chiefs. Those ili have been held from that time until the present. The house lot claim is at Punahoa and Those are my claims which are stated to you, the commissioners. By Kaapa Native Testimony Volume 4:408-409 Al e, v ✓ O'Y�O/"6�a�.. 2c ; n 0 �a s�Lli c /i I/�aZs/,... t. •� . I���JIiJ�+�ls-r .i. %/l c.�«+.�tt� �� .�O/-Gs✓'4/�G�-�-� ••Ja; a/! 4. v /U ✓A'•fL/r- • VLflJi 7+'-aD�� y�JN G .� Otiy,� //.ti J�L'w • WQ "41" .� //�'H �r�lZeb✓. ✓ /J.4-�a-e �/ . Y. w C.4N-�lcs4r.. !1 NRN�I�✓- ct i 1� L ds+' -ti rift Ric. r 6i iif I Lister iI He wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 103 (HiPonaha78-051203) W'�Op �.�G l/ev ��+•� ' fl�zv .-lei., �,..e. �jl� ��>xl,,..�1. . lr�sy �' %�!�-%.sem' i-s✓el.�...•- j �L a^n,/� Jl./c: c... C�7..lidi • I fa�/�! b'qi Com/ it"Rs�/-If�-�� �A U!�! L2l�L [ O� J .e- • !!Iw-.. w, I -a-. u�l..-ate cow d Lt /i. n++CLc�i I Hifi llGs�f s.� Az!'1i I7so /i GZ, u-.-o-ev .�✓ !1. � .�-ze l" �':t Oi• ati/u�i I2._c� f�.C.fi O'1+ CL« �iG� QL i -r lwi V ' IG%CL' �� .G✓u� /%�LfJ .iy� �✓-LtKL!-U!J /LiA /A�' !I !r/7ri/ lli� 3r 2G 11e.t L i"!J -Ll... � yyr �jw' !Lli� '!a•r �is.s.e�.� o L/!�. /Jbr 4.s... Ill v.L� i ..sem ryt.Ty1 liiYs/r" G /W/r'.fi / e Helu 2228 8 8629, Kaapa, Novem. 8, 1848 Keaniho, sworn and stated: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, and a small part in the Ahupuaa of Punahoa. Mauka is Hewahewa's lot; Hamakua is the land of the Missionaries; Makai is idle land; Puna is mine and Hewahewa's. It is partially enclosed. There are 2 kihapai and two houses for Kaapa. Hoolulu and Keaholawaia had given them land. Lyman had placed them there because they were teachers in 1835; no one has objected. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 104 (HiPonaha78-051203) Lahaina, sworn and stated: I have known exactly as Keaniho had stated. Halaki (female), sworn and stated: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Kalaoa, Hilo, Hawaii, 2 ili lands. One is for Ulumalu and the other is Huluoolu. She has not known whether his [Kaapas'] father, Ake, had utilized all of those ili nor has she actually seen Ake farming on those lands. She had only heard of these places as mentioned by name. At the present time, Halaki sees they belong to Kaapa although she has not seen the place where Kaapa has been cultivating. He has lived there since the time of Kamehameha I to the present time. Foreign Testimony Volume 5.4 Helu 2228 & 8629, Kaapa Keaniho, sworn deposed, that he knows the land of Kaapa to be situated partly on the Ahupuaa Punahoa and partly on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai; that it is bounded on the West by Hewahewa's ground; on the North by the Mission land; on the South by the grounds of Keaniho and Hewahewa. That it is partly enclosed, has 2 fields, and 2 Dwelling houses belonging to Kaapa. It was given to him by Hoolulu and Kaholowaia at the solicitation of Reverend D.B. Lyman in the year 1835 since which time he has lived thereon. Lahaina, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Keaniho was true. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 105 (HiPonaha78-051203) Ponahawai — Foreign Register Volume 2:147 Claim 2257, John Anderson December 24, 1847, Byron's Bay, Hilo, Hawaii I hereby send you agreeable to your public notice the copy of the registering of my land & building lot situated on Bridge Street. Copy Received for Registry, April 15, 147 at 121/2 P.M. and recorded in Liber 3 miscellaneous conveyances pages 39 & 40 and compared. John Ricord, Registrar of Conveyances Fees 3 folio $1.50 To Honorable Board of Commissioners, &c, &c, &c Your obedient servant John Anderson Native Testimony Volume 4:413 No. 2257, John Anderson [See notes in Helu 1097, for Paakaua] Native Testimony Volume 4:416 Helu 2257, John Anderson, November 9, 1848 [See notes in Claim 242, for John G. Perkins et al.] Foreign Testimony Volume 5:20 Helu 2257, John Anderson [See notes in Claim 242, for John G. Perkins et al.] Foreign Testimony Volume 5:55 Helu 2257, John Anderson, from page 20 Declares on oath he relinquishes all right & title to this claim, having sold the same to, Benjamin Pitman, Konohiki of Ponahawaii [Ponahawai]. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 106 (HiPonaha78-051203) Ponahawai — Native Register Volume 3:428 III R &4, Pa— z. .4 I- a 40i A A' ':,ON9f, .1'1 2.L ct-4, e/ '. \�� 4v— em�et���j&'•�[ J� - AL el fS He Wahi Mootelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 107 (HiPonaha78-051203) Helu 2281, John B. Kaiana Hilo, Hawaii, 22 December 1847 O Commissioners who Quiet Land Titles — Greetings to you. I hereby state my claim, as enacted in law. In the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, Ili of Kanewahineiki, is a parcel of four acres of land to which I have a right from my parents. The witnesses are Lahaina, Kauakahi, Akenaka. I am with thanks, John B. Kaiana Tax Official Hilo, Hawaii 22 December 1847 To the Land Commissioners. Greetings. I hereby state my claim, as enacted in law. In the Ahupuaa of Waiakea, lli of Alenoho, a parcel of land of ten acres according to my belief. My claim to it is from Kaunuohua. The witnesses are: L. Kaunuohua and his letter which was written on February 15, 1846. I am, with thanks, John B. Kanaina [Kaiana — transcription error in Testimony Volume] Tax Official He wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kum Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 108 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:406 / ,11 fire lk,axe, rue neo !.•�2! eif%a+Gi Joss r'i lk_ ,i.A<.•�i..: c�"u c/�iJ6i,.��a F. q•s7LlJrl. /t itlrl'�,li ���.Q+•'^' w �j! � �aJs!l,U. sr6rtui .�✓ . ;lAG-/'ro l s . .! 'QrW w�P-��ies✓2� .rte ft% �Lrgr-t/ti/t.c; hsn �aoi/a � /tu!!i r R'� ✓I P dJs 0 G O! �/P//2li /ri r. l/Ryye..ei J/1J Lem 1 ��A y%RG G' �O �iw!, � ✓a'Rt/" ./a -r rr a_� a?.s�rnB/ />-p - ONaof,,� /9N/14 N- /Q/ GC!/ jtr�,.elua �a-..ra l.rd�its szv tory �ir�lc�`/lte..l�. �/ice .: ! <✓/ a-�i.G ram Priv t y /G it r /[u � n �le.0 l.�Zri .rrri rt"a. 17 �✓a �<z<++u e ISL!!. Ci' /O L��P/-brQ �.<�'I4 QIu/ a //G /�4 rLLi✓�%/ ,fo me "A ! �l,/yty O rte' P•Larf-s-.!✓�� c• riv"i �Urwr Rc- c !</l!i r�� A. He Wahi Mo'oleio no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 109 (HiPonaha78-051203) Helu 2281, Kaiana, J.B., Hilo, Hawaii, Nov. 8, 1848 Lahaina, sworn and stated: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, the N land of Kanewahineiki, Hilo, Hawaii. Section 1: House lot, the boundaries are: Mauka is an idle land for the Konohiki; Hamakua is Kaapa's land; Makai is a new Street; Puna is an idle land for the Konohiki. The lot has been enclosed. There is a house for him. This is an old land from his parents, and when he died in the month of April 1848, the land was bequeathed to his wife, Kahalelau. 1 do not know that it has been objected. Kauakahi, sworn and stated: 1 have known exactly as Lahaina has stated here. The second section is in Alenoho, an ili land of Waiakea Ahupuaa. This [proceeding] has been postponed until the commissioners meet with Kaunuohua the Konohiki, and agree on the ten acres of Kaiana, J.B., just as he filed in his claim document. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:7 Helu 2281, Kaiana, J.B., Wednesday, November 8, 1848 This Claimant died in April 1848. Kahalelau, the Widow, appeared to prove the claim. Deceased,. left no children, deferred reading the will until tomorrow. Lahaina, sworn deposed, he knew the land of John B. Kaiana to be situated in the Ahupuaa Ponahawai but does not know the boundaries of the four areas as stated in his claim but knows that the House Lot is surrounded on the West by a strip of waste land; on the North by Kaapa's lot; on the East by the new road; and on the South by a tract of waste land. There is one dwelling house, belonging to him. The lot has descended to him from his forefathers. Kauakahi, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Lahaina was true. The claim for the other part of the land [illegible] the last clause deferred until proving the will. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 110 (HiPonaha78-051203) Ponahawai — Native Register Volume 3:483 . � ' , •�Gr �`a pP G !� esvze� �!/k ooze/.>7 Q� /Lu.(-eL� _ R-> ¢ /2►z Lr /l1�J a !if< �L.Lu. LYH L� 1 Ize"Ice, .. � � �I-1� Q� / /1 %.EU �•�1\ ' OH Q.0 Q� yi�0 /u 4/(/i GRGG LGA /1>"/Li'4! /L.K//C!Q/NCL �rA/�1j'/LL�Q�— .�.. • � RSL!/ (fi!✓Qt�li O .96 (/1�Ge LAY( /YJ/1-G. Jb Q��f Y/L� �//I7[�1 LR — L J6 L%i ' .. ` ` ,�• CL/JLL.L.Ii • (a LLfi •••• ' . 9F silLl �m, .YLs /- uL:Ywti o • �w..r'LLv.0 G / rL,L La�c�9Li i%r-�e'!Z. LCL.ia i'oii. loia �P�Q .2v»n� u.C+ir: Licv��a. ..: ma%�Lu/ur/ L c.rwYw�// 6 t Lri 4a L� A."I"o a'z LbvUG�!' L/I/1e� l/ 4a�.P-C- Au l/v /l6iva�GL�u, //,4'/YGtuw Q�u; do llQua/Lz�w�ic�c� B // Li Hca/ �l�c% ltrrl�vK, Q�.Dicstlli a /i/'/LT a�LTQ-Ol !Yl'1 R-Ii7�vzv//Q!®p✓� / ` • ''•' :.`' /I'a' aim�r�sa-c�rle+a ha%/aLriLwrL.� !?�r�u `•• `.., . � ®!-,.i a/{yLu[.�grc.' '.:✓SQL! -i ' Helu 2402, Keaniho, December 18, 1847 Greetings to you, John Ii, and all the Land Commissioners: We have heard we should petition by the end of the year, therefore we hereby petition for our house lot I Keaniho, of Ponahawai, and Kahue, of Kukuau. Here is the diagram of our house lot. This is finished. also, there is a hala grove at Waiakea, a portion is pahoehoe lava and a portion is as lava. The boundaries are unequal: 60 by 84 by 160 by 110. This diagram will be kept until the time when we meet. Done by me, Keaniho Ponahawai, Hilo He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawal me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 111 (HiPonaha78-051203) i .i Native Testimony Volume 4:407 �Oa/.o.. /7.Jt♦JZI/..ucJ .�%/Gl �JJ/i../i /, A, //�%i /12 �i cLe�lL JET/ ✓/ �k�li.e. •• /��/e Gr��j?/t/'f�I_� � ze7>4✓ v II RSI l/I✓GrN/ /(llla�li�a-v. ze RAIRU.. orLL ?rn aA1J-.e A011fti O %2I .731t.I>-s ds•l�c�ii-• I�r-�.d 1l I") _ i Jsrq �' R-vrr•e.�a.fr � - ♦ �OK � � cJ ?! leoIX ..'(/(ivAIL.GI✓n SRT �lY/�f/-�' !+lQ�' L✓/LI'%H y.//T.�� ,YYs�s !//l�f�cv I✓tryl�!✓'e�sj �/ /ilii �a/� o-si-.-.�, ✓� n�7•rr� �• �o-wtp�Ju�J{ lt:%J✓.te: �r�va-r.v �J->q ilL .4n._. ,'%u..JiI-..��_..�T�, levn ,(gyp I .,{J�.rrt♦.c �/LaYjl/�e. 4 i�iu c' .I/��- �G'. • ♦�zi ozr� '� ���� / 4I w�!/ss f.0 .!T is hs�.f+n��� ��� �Gfo// •ri Jac/� O~zce- i<.. LI �O Vii, 1L/-♦.�'fl/-- { • dbGif7!•c�i!b 4��'il�i/n ✓/ /�CGGe /1� :rllQ ///C -G lff r L♦ /✓ ✓ 00� C,-404 -7 wig e- �J/WQCU 3 4,eiG' 1..0 c- Lt%?� / ri U/'�tLJ�ra d .1 ✓'w Ii Helu 2402, Keaniho, Novemb. 8, 1848 Kaapa, sworn and stated: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, the Ili land of Kanewahineiki, Hilo, Island of Hawaii, a house lot and cultivated plants. The boundaries are thus: Mauka by Lumaina's land; Hamakua by mine and Hewahewa's lot; Makai and Puna by idle land. It is not enclosed by a fence. He Wahi Mo'o/elo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 112 (HiPonaha78-051203) There are 3 kihapai and 1 house for him. Hoolulu had given Keaniho this land in 1835 because he was a school teacher and he lives there. No one has objected to this day. Lahaina, sworn and stated: I have known exactly as Kaapa stated. Work on the Waiakea section has been postponed till a witness is available. Kahue, sworn and stated: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Waiakea, 2 kihapai I gave to Keaniho. Three kihapai are mine, I gave him his in 1840. No one has objected to us. Foreign Testimony Volume 5.4 & 79 Wednesday November 8th 1848 Helu 2402 & 2663, Keaniho and Kahue Kaapa, sworn deposed, that the land of Keaniho and Kahue was on the Ahunuaa Ponahawai on the N Kanewahineiki: consists of a Building lot and Planting Lot; is bounded on the West by Kalo field; on the North by the ground of Hewahewa and Kaapa; on the East by strip of waste land; and on the South by a piece of waste land; it is not enclosed and has 3 fields for cultivation, 1 dwelling house belonging to Keaniho the land was given to him by Hoolulu and Kahololawaia in the year 1835 since which time he has always resided thereon. Kahue not decided, sent for. Lahaina, sworn, deposed that the evidence of Kaapa was true. [Volume 5:4] Helu 2402, Keaniho Hilo, September 5th, 1852 (from page 4) Part 2nd. Kamakani, sworn says, I an old resident on Waiakea and I know Keaniho's claim there... [Volume 5:791 He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 113 (HiPonaha78-051203) Punahoa — Native Register Volume 3:484-485 i .2114d6 --��mui%�-o �ia �.o-coo �r-r wfia�ai Grsv e�..u�v JF ` R/� 4'4¢G�/i�� C�7-cGrK�. �•;'. �".`� ��R.b9.Lt-�'1�� IYh.Ri. �iH7f♦; - •�;) C7�, ���`.\`%!�'F�tLfE'l���R�,,j/�71f� tc� �'fxt�.R�' Q'e�e, vrr'I.:sR.% IL'e.: -/Y�o - ;2?.'HCfHJ?FPS..�'�-�&t.�i�C�`�'uM�y�'-l�oa/`2'�ir�¢. OLA Helu 2406, Kanoa Before the Esteemed Land Commissioners. Greetings. I, the one whose name is below, hereby petition for my house lot claim at Punahoa, Hilo, Hawaii. Here are the boundaries: On the North and East is Kauohe; on the South is Hewahewa; and on the West is Kaiho, those are the ones whose garden plots surround my lot. Here is the length on the east side is 20 fathoms, and also on the west; on the North it is 18 fathoms, also on the south. This is my little gift to you. Aloha to you, and peace. I am respectfully yours, By Kanoa Punahoa, Hilo, Hawaii, Dec. 23, 1847 He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 114 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:405 .too 6• .�pjf .�f.:, .moi,; :.F.OJ ...�-, �ll .,•. ,J.14, L(/0 s/i Fse�/aue� r: ili <-i/i:..r4z /�r/is� e%/rQr+a fl,,,u. f'�ncf/.r./•�InNire I�LRrs✓7w . b// o, .n ..+ .lYNrr..r�✓,w • r: -f ✓ii�Ziiq S%i, ✓/i w.{•2 �.r ��.fw•fYK ✓�. JMP ��Ki/ t� i[I L ��I•rJfCF!' /l!. /I ��t/% �� i �!I '✓'st. / /(.!/% 7NIIr1 IH ,))�4uw. A/[ir /il/Y�w-� �,i /r '• i n rfiti-ti /%�% •/�{a-rt.Lc. i.'Y'nrSn ....w._• � 1 Helu 2406, Kanoa, Hilo, Hawaii, November 8, 1848 Kapau, sworn and stated. I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Punahoa, Hilo, Hawaii, one section, a house lot. The boundaries are thus: Mauka, Peahi's lot; Hamakua, Kekaua's lot; Makai, Kauohe's lot; and Puna, a Foot path. It has been enclosed, 1 house for him. His right came from us two on 17, June 1848. No one has objected to him. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:5 No. 2406, Kanoa, Wednesday, November 8, 1848 Kapau w. sworn deposed: that the claim of Kanoa was on the Ahupuaa Punahoa, was a dwelling lot bounded: on the West by Keahi's ground; N. by Kekaua's ground; E. by Kauohe's ground; S. bridle road; is enclosed, has 1 house belonging to Kanoa, received it in gift from Hewahewa in 1847. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 115 (HiPonaha78-051203) Ponahawai 8 Punahoa — Native Register Volume 3:563 -2J7 YY// � JCC>� r12<�r/!tL�: L ` ,�!!� • sacio"u v ter 1,ks e� ai-v�va. ^"'W' //[[yGr r/� t�va. //•{ca(' a4•r R Rra / rz�. �r✓Yst u� /i'jdGlvJv"l�rt JlcolQd�%<c f/(! //r�ri r<�j�,<.c q�B[�•6Lrc�tL�'O <a'1Gr'Lr.- GI /I',GL'�rsfi rN/Q�•<�' G / , vGF�'� v►uras �i2>-a�r� •/<ra- r<v ��nr�v�%Za fjc�u rvz��- �-i a l,-r� r'ft �ui noa �u-lLd�vwJ u�-rte /7-�v//. ��, C<c al •ro�<jzJ./w iy! �a yv�Ax-al+�/sa -' '`]- �p%tL artG �!.!?,sCi//1aYq; rYlaK �� v �L�IK•rLe/ /`I�/i (/1.6 aY� � �H'/lrr�r+•.7�d ✓///'L�2f��'r?��//a/R�!�.�✓p/ L/Gr' ,/!CJ r.r Qr l<.<SL`-aw nyrd ��• r�-,GyQ-<�Gl. Gy�✓-GN• Y20 /[OG lJ?�11r1-•�Lt� �1ZY76G� . r-od®�le-w x•� /Isa raG d'iui. va-aG �.ar<w o <r a3�. %avn=d a '7 erre-�� Helu 2578, Hewahewa, Hawaiian Islands Greetings to you Commissioners who Quiet Land Titles: I am a claimant, and hereby set my name and the diagram of my claim before you, who are in charge of this work. It was from Pekelo and Aikane. Therefore I have a right to this place. Therefore the claim is for this place, stated truly, and not with deception, that you may see this diagram with its dimensions on all sides. Farewell to you all. Done by me, Hewahewa He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview o1 Ponahawai at Hilo 116 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:410 .8 ✓Y�sr�eA,,-,ems,� .�i�d,v: �'�fll-- !Ole, 16/'0%6'ci .%l'-� i' (l, X.i4 rd4Y� .[� Olga ✓!/e H-.4 I/ p •ff Qt-a.�sir Q �iJ %� w.�- /.dls4 N �/ f+` / ✓LTJ /2`ialU :/L � ef+i�Gu..t. a'� I AiGG Cep No. 2598 [2578] Hewahewa, Nov. 8, 1848 Kaapa sworn and stated: I have seen there in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai and Y2 and '% in Punahoa Ahupuaa , Hilo, Hawaii. A house lot. Mauka is Lumaina's lot; Hamakua is trail leading to the uplands; Makai is my lot; Puna is Keaniho's lot. It is partially enclosed and there is 1 kihapai that is adjoining the makai lot. Petero Kaaipuhi had given Ponahawai by love in 1840. No one has objected to him. Keaniho sworn and stated: I have known exactly as Kaapa had stated here. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 117 (HiPonaha78-051203) Foreign Testimony Volume 5:6 Helu 2578, Hewahewa Kaapa, sworn deposed, he knows the land claimed by Hewahewa to be situated partly on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai partly on the Ahupuaa Punahoa and to consist of a house lot bounded on the West by Lumaina's lot; on the North by a bridle road; on the East by Kaapa's lot; on the South by Keaniho's ground; it is partly enclosed, and has one framed dwelling house belonging to Hewahewa, and one field or kihapai on the eastern side of dwelling house. That part of this lot situated on Ahupuaa Ponahawai was given him by Peter Aipuhi in the year 1841, and the part on Ahupuaa Punahoa, his own, given him in the year 1835, at the time the lands were given to the teachers Kaapa, Keaniho and others. Keaniho, sworn deposed, the evidence of Kaapa was all true. Punahoa — Native Register Volume 3:564 r., ./fi r'Z,. ,�Ci� // _���'!! Ira t'nz� v •J . Jt ,(r/Ji-J. .4/j, �.��. +?i-rpl�s�q• rt�<r : C! -r r- /•/t• Br//2.u. •J/Ci 4,ra f/ ei 9ll-ui7a�c. r Ct'CY/-vr�R�� %L+r7.L.yCLC{✓•C/.7 lei-- �Ll !lJ isrq, r .• fAI ��lr. l->Cu02 /19r1r�/ ./�j�q %L/i. r/-/ d %L< ai-J sr� 07�-!+•��p'+��- - R•/,tAil-cGi i�J-->C+ .t Lr ', lr�Q�� i /V/, / yr Lc -aa, !X/F / '"CL I�•r%L� L -r+-,�%rn�CLczzrr.^<r ;eG'.J.r Ir.NJr!Cz� o vCa nJlacra/ii7/r�rs�ir. J✓N <� r!'j./ B/✓��LC/'i/a �(r y/Q GJ L/,cr �� Y'tL rdO-L�Kir YLLLP A{jLri ,7 Cir JlJ Vii; 6z ct /��r/l/LAG(-sc,-✓C6>i .P- //t'/!CL J7 -r//• �/ 00"er"- .. - 'yr~'=,���//.v �R{//sr� GLC[-•/Gz- Jt�-cc•C�// 6!-s,•/yo r �/�rir� .ry��QFc�i L2w�� 4�yJR:ri � •%T. �-!! !i/L6�% .9H': �[!r. r/L R's�e7L O /(..L4�L7'� OZO . e 'Ot��� tea- /ir 1"- fZL- l GYry r<rYittj or—er� ;[ter, �/J/•' �� / . 6 • fY :�oL�� /®®' Rappzer�'Ry�•r, R� ✓TC/I-lw,f v/i-�-lr Ft! 2� !4 .r'r O••Ytlr_• .�A�'.L+^� LL �e %(a C�scCl�; vGav N-R�yc�/I�ih v�i�� a �'i2or�F� � �•�Riru� Helu 2582, Haanio, Kailua, Hawaii, 29 Decem. 1847 Greetings to the Land Commissioners. I hereby explain to you the source of my claim for a land at Punahoa, Hilo, Hawaii. Piopio was the konohiki. and from that time my father dwelled on this piece; there was no one there before, our father was the only one His name was Kapihana. This place was formerly kula with pili He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 118 (HiPonaha78-051203) grass and our father built a house; this place of which I tell you is of two types, because it is not enclosed with a wall it is called a parcel of land, but, it is correct to say that it is a house lot and a parcel of land. It is 2 5 fathoms long by 30 wide. That is our farm. By D. Haanio Foreign Testimony Volume 5:75 No. 2582, D. Haanio, Hilo Hawaii Kahuli, sworn deposed; knows the claim of D. Haanio to be situated in the Ahup. Punahoa 1 and to consist of 2 fields in 2 lots. 1. An house lot in 1 field of coffee by which the house is surrounded, has one house belongs to Haanio. 2. A kalo field joining to coffee patch, cultivated both lots. The gift of Kapihana. A.D. 1839. Bounded West by the field of Makuakane; North by the Mission land East by the land of Kaihu and Kanoa; South by the land of Hewahewa and Makuakane. I know of no counter claim. Kaihu, sworn deposed. That the deposition of Kahuli was true. — Native Register Volume 8:678 Helu 3769, Apiki Greetings to the Honorable Land that my parcel of land is 24 fat Kahuhu is her name, her claim is wide. Done by me, Apiki Punahoa, Hilo, Hawaii Commissioners: I hereby truthfully state to you toms by 24 fathoms. Apiki kane, for his wife, for a parcel 15 [fathoms] long by 11 [fathoms] He Wahi Mo'o/elo no Ponahawal me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview o/ Ponahawai at Hilo 119 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:418 - f"i�./ �.Gt�..-L/' /1,,.e., /JJZ... .�-/ iY»-L.t?L.•�.— //Lt .Ly�LLG� l�K17yt , //i�r.�•v/[�Lv //�N1.f�''.�tj-�- /JL�t+ �-�ryt� ��/Lf .�Llze9zt�i�.rty R� Os-ru ao�it�- s � ✓t��1le o � �xP--- •iz. �Z /7W /moi '0jrg'i m/ ei(a.v w•� .cam. c���jia-r �l� /� iy,.srcw: ' At Helu 3769, Apiki Kauohe, sworn. I have seen at Ni, Ahupuaa of Punahoa, Hilo, Hawaii, a House lot. Mauka, is Puali's lot; Hamakua, is the Government Road; Makai, is the shore; Puna, is Aipinepine and the Pond (Loko). It has been enclosed, 1 house is for Apiki. It was from Piopio in 1824. Three houses for a Chinaman are within the parcel, from Kaeo. Kaeo has no interest here, there is no Poalima [land worked for Friday tax days]; no days of work. M Section 2: Mauka, is the trail; Hamakua, is the Government Road; Makai is Puali's lot; Puna is Kanoa's lot. He Wahl Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview o/ Ponahawai at Hilo 120 (HiPonaha78-051203) It is enclosed with a wall, 1 house for him. Gotten from Puali in 1844. No one has objected. Kanoa, sworn. I know this land, it is exactly as Kauohe has stated, from beginning to end. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:12-13 No. 3769, Apiki Kauohe, sworn deposed, that he knows the claim of Apiki to be situated on Ahupuaa Punahoa 2 and to consist of 2 lots. Lot 1s`, an house lot bounded: on the west by Puali's ground; on the north by Church Street; on the east by the sea beach; and on the south by the ground of Aipinepine and the fish pond. That it is enclosed and has 1 house belonging to Apiki. This lot was given to Apiki by Piopio in the year 1834. There are 3 houses in this lot occupied by Amoe, the Chinaman. The ground was given to him by Kaeo, who had no right or title in the lot. Nor had he any labour days on the land as konohiki. Lot 2 is also situated on the Ahupuaa Punahoa 2 and is bounded: on the west by the main road; on the north by Church Street; on the east by Puali's ground; and on the south by the ground of Kanoa. It is enclosed and has one house belonging to Apiki. This was given to him by Puali in the year 1844. His right has never been disputed. Kanoa, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Kauohe was true from first to last in all its bearings. Native Register Volume 8:678 Lb�.91C(/4iL.!/.�rOII�O'/IGI'X/f1-l�N Lf� / //dl'Q.6/�KIJ Helu 3771, Aipinepine Punahoa, Hilo, Hawaii Hear ye, ye Land Commissioners of the Government, I hereby describe my house lot to you commissioners who quiet land titles, that it is 56 [fathoms] long by 32 [fathoms] wide, 34 on its sides, 30 [description unclear]. By Aipinepine He Wahi MO'oielO no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview o/ Ponahawai at Hilo 121 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:422 �/�Lq�rs/e'��clLs:.` a lbi>,rr+•- •�•�i.G f iy�2iw ` !/lvafv iHu .ILS : of N .flag i%t� Helu 3771, Aipinepine 10 Nov. 1848 Puali, sworn and stated. I know, there in the Ahupuaa of Punahoa, Hilo, Hawaii. Mauka, is Kanoa's land; Hamakua, is my land; Makai, is the Chinaman; Puna, is Kanahele's. One Garden, one house for him. Piopio gave it to him in 1835. No one objects to him. Kanoa, sworn and states. My knowledge about this land is the same as Puali stated here. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:11 No. 3779 [see 3771 above], Aipinepine Puali, sworn deposed, that he knows the claim of Aipinepine to be situated on the Ahupuaa Punahoa 2 and to be bounded on the West by ground of Kanoa; on the north by the ground of Puali; on the east by the Chinaman's fence; and on the south by the ground of Kanahele; consists of 1 kihapai, has 1 house. He received the land from Piopio in the year 1835. He knows of no difficulty in regard to his claim. Kanoa, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Puali was true. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 122 (HiPonaha78-051203) Punahoa — Native Register Volume 8:680 �,�f�Jt. riG%LYK v.01•C• t[LI - N goo �0 - O .✓Gs .-Wa. / RnJ��aos•-lu-.l• t 7u•!•�R-� / Z,�N ltucGz. �^ ✓iiv �`4� ,us/. Helu 3867, Puali Punahoa, Hilo, January 6, 1848 Hear ye, ye Land Commissioners who Quiet Land Titles of the Kingdom. I hereby state that the size of my house lot is 40 long, 24 wide, on one side it is 42 long and 12 wide. By Puali Native Testimony Volume 4:416 j; �Is /wh`�.�• J�(jORurn.. lifvR- d%- •v i . A.rrti�/(% ✓L<i .�!"fZs��s.�e.� o J�r�S�•�a-i,.t.� �/wti �J��y� ��/Lv.. sacs ✓ /.y� /%iz..r...•�ta-_ ��s/AJ rr" ri+ ue� ms-wLi►� G�,-C� �;.t.a� Cafe... ZION- .44*14 Helu 3867, Puali Nov. 10, 1848 Kanoa, sworn. I know, there in the Ahupuaa of Punahoa 2, Hilo, Hawaii, a House lot. Mauka, Apiki's lot; Hamakua, Government Road; Makai, Apiki's lot; Puna, Aipinepine's lot. It is enclosed with a wall, there are three living houses for him. It came from Piopio in 1824 and he has lived there. No one has objected to him. Apiki, sworn. I know just as Kanoa has stated here. He Wahi Mo'olela no Ponshawal me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 123 (HiPonaha78-051203) Foreign Testimony Volume 5:10 No. 3867, Puall Kanoa, sworn deposed, he knows the land of Puali to be on Punahoa 2"d, and to be bounded on the W. by Apiki's fence; on the North by Church road; in the East by Apiki's land; on the South by Aipinepine's lot; has 3 houses of his own within the enclosure. He received the land from Piopio in the year 1824. His right has never been disputed. Apiki, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Kanoa was true. Punahoa — Native Register Volume 8:680-681 GiGlfCC, � 4G�1� R�/t Helu 4002, Halelepo, Punahoa, Hilo, January 6, 1848 Hear ye, ye Land Commissioners: I hereby state the size of my house lot to you, the Commissioners to quiet land titles; it is 30 feet [perhaps fathoms] long on one side, 21 wide, 30 on one side, 24 on the other. Halelepo He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 124 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:421 G �a2j • .�Y<ta�e � I.rvt-e �jy` r�/� Olo�a tt /%rtt Iii Gl�A�cw- k ✓1le �Lvfiwrytc.�-vc.//��- �s�•/R-'file �.�+ i/Yr•'D�iC � l'L�.bt�. �fiJ d ID � 7l0✓fN� �~- i I ,cam c.v / p ; j .DAYo Zotr1 • �e-eZde, f� � � .r/.e. `2s�.c..e�if4- .Jr�. oA� .� /if ..e-• �.�.u; .cru: Helu 4002 (3996), Halelepo, November 10 Kanoa, sworn. I know, there in the Ahupuaa of Punahoa, Hilo, Hawaii, a House lot. Mauka, by the Government Road; Hamakua, by Uilama's lot; Makai, by John Nomore's lot; Puna by Peleula's lot. There is one house; gotten from Kanahele in 1845. No one objects to him. Pukoa, sworn and stated. I know this lands just as Kanoa has stated here. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:11 No. 4002, Nahalelepo. 3996 true Index No. Kanoa, sworn deposed, that he knows the claim of Nahalelepo to be situated on the Ahupuaa Punahoa 2. That it is an house lot bounded on the West by the New Road; on the North by the enclosure of William Beckley; on the East by John Nomore's fence; on the South by Peleula's ground. He received it from Kanahele in the year 1845. He has one house on it. It is partly enclosed. Pukoa, sworn, that the deposition of Kanoa was true. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawal me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 125 (HiPonaha78-051203) Ponahawai & Punahoa — Native Register Volume 8:681 y� / q[a[c2j[.�..fLvti�y�a�+�,0�41✓Cia�j��!� cf�e.�lnea� A&�L�f2�lw.�G/ �i Y�.G� otN lliJ�ssi-i�.r. p7%rc �cG� �Su` 1:ea,/, Iw 8a �nw !l lGsc�1 d"OL asc Lr.�. oi...✓ /�'sxea. 1.Ji . Zit rr/A����s�/��w 2stwic.c� ima. f�C f .i.osw Helu 4276, Kapahi Punahoa, Hilo, Hawaii, Jan. 4, 1848 O Commissioners who Quiet Land Titles. Respectful Greetings to you; I have a One lihi [narrow sectionl is in Punahoa and the other lihi is in Ponahawai. Here is the measurement of the kihapai - 80 fathoms in circumference. On the other side, it is 22 fathoms on the north, on the west it is 19 fathoms, on the south and east it is 39 fathoms, a total of 80. By Kapahi Native Testimony Volume 4:416-417 ' I�� sJ� .rir• zc-:�s cv %Zti ��t�..r.�..v o J-tc�-- . Z � ow �. �i�2a/1Gtce-sr-c% v ��cKarp. ✓ice Aoto He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview o/ Ponahawai at Hilo 126 (HiPonaha78-051203) Helu 4276, Kapuhi, November 10, 1848 Keawekoa, sworn: Knows that there in t 00-. , 'A� arum Hamakua, is Makuakane's lot; Makai, is Kaiho's lot; Puna, is Lu and my husband, Kalawaia, gave it to him in 1844. No one objects. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:10 Helu 4276, Kapahi Keawekoa, W., sworn deposed, she knows that land of Kapahi to be situated on Punahoa 2, that is it is not enclosed, that it is bounded on the West by Chinaman's sugar plantation; on the north by Makuakane's enclosure; on the East by Kaihu's fence; on the South by Lumaina's ground. It has 1 field for cultivation and 1 house. Myself and my husband gave this land to Kapahi in the year 1844, since which no one has ever disputed his right. (Only 1 witness to Kapahi's aina, the donor.) Ponahawai — Native Register Volume 8:696 �� <'+,LY<LC�U �L/l�r�RLG ��f/✓Lf!!b�'%A/G��A�/1.Z .2f1L6 ,M�d ��( -� ✓✓IGGL/LLL Ij?G�/ ��dltO O�G .ZL64A+ 9�Zi//.4GK,HL/w / �/llLwstLiWJ/,!'�'� ,7�6 �71I✓r<idf� a/il'iav6la/sL�/�/��Q�io��sssaoc•t,., er.c rJsrfeiF:�u... wc+ ,/ /1 /lhac: ex<L�sr-s��sc, /ffLL BTU`//iILL�,� "'�^'• o//tiR ayicaac/sc.ei r /�aLbct/„/rre.-� ac�idre G'/Lcttc� /liB�lVi�NO76.v. � sb�' •rG'� Helu 4983, Kukeleau, January 17, 1848 1 am Kukeleau of Ponahawai, I have a claim for land here in Ponahawai. The measurements of my lands amounts to 9 Acres. It is good land when tended He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 127 (HiPonaha78-051203) well I occupied this land in 1840 and have held it until the present. My witnesses are the old-timers of this place. They know my occupancy of this place as one born here. By Kukeleau Native Testimony Volume 4:411 �6 Jit. /li.%T�-t sa. !/� t�•% , fa,. s/6w I%t�0 tui law s, e - r`.. lgr.. t%i�e.c.. 7t(���i�.i/6•�-i ::,f=i�a• lis a �Zti�►..y' " .$ siia�- 7aoz.se.• a"« Lim%' ilf�+-« .�/C... ✓'s.i_/�l� •!�. � G,r illi -:..i c�?� ox< ii••- , 7�t" � .c.. ; l,�.c..v Helu 4983, Kukeleau, November 9, 1848 Kapuaa, sworn and stated: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, Hilo, Hawaii, a land parcel. Mauka is Kanehiwa's land; Hamakua and all around is the stream. 1 kihapai & house for Kukeleau. Gotten by him from Aikane in 1844. No one has objected. Kaehupuakea, sworn and stated: I have known exactly as Kapuaa stated here Foreign Testimony Volume 5:8-9 Helu 4983, Kukeleau, Thursday, November 9th, 1848 Kapuaa, sworn deposed, that he knows the land of Kukeleau to be situated on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai, that it is a ground lot and is bounded on the West by Kanehiwa's lot; on the North by the stream Alanaio; on the E. by the stream Alanaio; and on the South by the stream Alanaio. It is only 1 field and there are 2 houses on it belonging to him. He received the land from Aikane in the year 1844. No opposition has ever been made to this claim. Kaehupuakea, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Kapuaa was true. He Wahl Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 128 (HiPonaha78-051203) — Native Register Volume 8:697 ,�99�.:� �• �,���G.o�.���. it-i�r� _ A/ � •+�1� RH'G!/ � /llri�6lZlJ �i!7'1�A�/LR�+� � +'"� .lGR- /�wt/(!4JLR/Lc- ROG• .v C�u�.v //ssocG//� LfiC. e'�Ci Ole ; I Helu 4994, Kapuaa, Ponahawai, Hilo, January 15, 1848 Hear ye, ye Commissioners who quiet land titles. I hereby tell you of my separate land in the uplands of Ponahawai close to the forest: this land was not formerly cultivated and I desire to have this land for myself. It is 320 fathoms by 240 fathoms. Done by me, Kapuaa Native Testimony Volume 4:413-414 / �I%t•« [.- i Ij.//.•+RiiQi��..G.^-% GlY,fgD+s Clis•es� liu.�l< Clln�a.. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 129 (HiPonaha78-051203) O y4 �/l- lji�{4 %tl-H .y �'e/71s�• .,2s-svev .s.�!/-- o�is✓il.C%:. J'Hc t%sLNi. .,/u `�/l�sG�+. A�.,ut. LstistO� ."..[ 1cb-i:.c �ev '. . /. %/lt.✓ t ✓ �s% .-•.cL � a in6�iw t 'roi c:.� V�.aFI-• ny✓w f�/r�CG.c� /u-�o�.� ifs* ai+r%'r.�:•_- � r�s•G�L� ,1 G :i/rkY�I.I IC'lle�-- ! •. f'�Gt�O< J1L-c-� Helu 4994, Kapuaa, November 9, 1848 Kukeleau, sworn and stated: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, a land parcel. Mauka, is idle land for the Konohiki; Hamakua by Wahea's land; Makai by idle land; Puna by Kaimana's land. 3 kihapai and 2 houses for him and his people. It is old land from the grandparents during the time of Kamehameha I. No one has objected. Kahau, sworn and stated: My knowledge is exactly as Kukeleau has stated here. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:9 Helu 4994, Kapuaa, Thursday, November 9, 1848 Kukeleau, sworn deposed, he knows the land of Kapuaa to be situated on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai; that it is bounded on the West by the Konohiki; on the North by the land of Ekoa: on the East by Konohiki; on the South by Kaaimana; It has never been Kahue, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Kukeleau was true. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 130 (HiPonaha78-051203) — Native Register Volume 8:701 I �Gi�m ast/!� vn/�lsaaer..�'F'icic�uau r �+k� ' ,�r� ,lora o J1. ,cnraac� a q��rawi are~., ./f x~Pe-(i - i .e: imams �,s��i/.z_�.�,.osjl`/cJor.• �+*r/, in. �«„va,� - ' � N/!� J'Iw OsI 7lirq� .N^R.�s� /!1f¢G �llrov /JIIaCV f'i. Helu 5110, Kaiho Punahoa, Hilo, January 11, 1848 Greetings to the Land Commissioners who Quiet Lands titles. I have a lot claim in Punahoa, Hilo. The sides of my lot are, N. 32 fathoms; East 34 fathoms; South 28 fathoms; West 37 fathoms; it is good land, crops grow well when properly tended. The right to this place was from our parents; on their deaths we inherited it. By Kaiho Native Testimony Volume 4:421-422 :est! ,zfc� ,e- !/7 �J r: t.A?Llti•:� //f� �:l•."/�GtyY�'L c//�/It�'' •eL/,_ G`i/f�oR�J� �L� ����!'� L,y R/ /,6 /l,i, %/'1 iti ✓.l�Ji14.'O�� /L� !/NQ�1N •t�'j I,.`�l�`LliY3Lri / 1 He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 131 (HiPonaha78-051203) �� �L.v amici orsrt. �sn.c.. �.%�t� IG*racx- vlu �iu� Helu 5110, Kaiho, November 10 Puahewa, sworn and stated. I know, there in the Ahupuaa of Punahoa 2, Hilo, Hawaii, a House lot. Mauka is Mealoha's lot; Hamakua is Laimana's lot; Makai is Kanoa's lot; Puna is the Government Road. It is enclosed with a wall, with three house; two houses for Haanio, 1 for Keahi. Kaiho has garden on the Puna side. Kaiho's claim from Mealoha during the life time of Piopio. Haanio's interest from Kapihana. No one has objected. Mealoha, sworn, and stated. I know this land to be just as Puahewa has stated here. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:11 No. 5110, Kaiho, Friday, November 11, 1848 Hewahewa, sworn deposed, he knows the claim of Kaiho to be on the Ahupuaa Punahoa 2Id, that it is an house lot bounded on the West by Meaaloha's lot; on the North by Mission land; on the E. by Kanoa's fence; on the South by a bridle road; that it is partly enclosed and has 3 houses, 2 houses belong to Keaniho, to whom belongs the right and title to the lot and to the cultivation; 1 house belongs to Naai. Kaiho's claim is on the south side of this lot and was given him by Meaaloha, who received it from Keaniho, to whom it was given by Piihana in the life time of Piopio. I know of no difficulty in the way of his claim. Meaaloha, swore, that the above deposition was true. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawal at Hilo 132 (HiPonaha78-051203) — Native Register Volume 8:702 ,:l1 . /!JL•G �(lLi//!t `j/iL •KL/!fit (JS./�!7(I f L/�1.1f/6'G%�/.-/.•A/.Y /'%��%f •(!!!(.H!/!. -�i .:l, •r aJ!ll, See.IK L le"i %J.ldGq/t,y ,:G//:G ltY. ,+•fr9,// / r / ! /L•Lt A 4 FCS✓P elGf !:l(.e t -/`LG /lI-lLLltL//tu.,gs /P�ou Olw/ic/'�- �ir�lr /J7LLlti ./R.2�/2'uLti Ox�lu/ y./yi4/./. Ao .1/4/�/ {:Il:•�G�l�r:776s2L .7W..iJ-ro/ iJt��i/iii a-itt�/G'a' dhti%.Gser/n /i luc !d^2 G.fi •rltn/JtIL :' :'�!G G7'GGadlr.fjCLfLFi sLr, Helu 5122, Keawekunane, January 17, 1848 Greetings to you, the Commissioners who Quiet Land Titles. I, Keawekunane, of Ponahawai, hereby state my claim for land to you, the commissioners of the government. My land is 9 acres in size and is a right presently held from my By Keawekunane He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 133 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4.410-411 /�f� /!7• LLi-/!�� 'LTG R�c.Pi 2i�. C/..-s�� ..: �%fes' �lorit� �: :?id's �4�lGFc'd�..� !!Ol/til ✓�L� K++ 9 V%I �i I // LN+ i( �- i /C- N .. �I l� lZ•� lZ4r/ v'� ,fQ.� v� w_.Q�-. C_ Q'a-L.. 1. /LceO�� �C-! 4�stf7✓ I/�wyy�Iil. �/ �Vi►!700 /L1//'�� v %���'I/✓��J�iai-w�-O�-� !'L,�/ .!'HA v Are J7,02J G ✓lLc !✓ .� �iCL[/� �-s+ G�A-� Q.o�ts /04 . /fr�de% O �. /(q/jc!lLr./-t.�..- :%Ll. •7-s.. � ..Lsi�. -/ _ �i�y��Le-9z-��/Za�at, mss. Q-��'ett '(i .f'Lt.�./�s o �✓llGr.✓<< = f rih� 0 4, YKti L' �% Q.ci' QAC �2t�a ; III He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 134 (HiPonaha78-051203) Helu 5122, Keawekunane, Novemb. 9, 1848 Kaehupuakea, sworn and stated: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai. Hilo, Hawaii. Parcel 1. The application for 9 acres is in error. Mauka by Wahiawa's land; Hamakua by idle land; Makai by idle land also; Puna by the Ahupuaa of Kukuau. Parcel 2. House lot. Mauka is Wahiawa's lot; Hamakua is a new Government Road; Makai is Kaheananui's lot; Puna is Kaheananui's lot. It is not enclosed and there is no house. 1 cultivated kihapai. It is old land from parents during the time of Kamehameha I. No one has objected. Kupuea, sworn and stated: I My knowledge is exactly as Kaehupuakea has stated here. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:8 Helu 5122, Keawekunane, Thursday, November 9, 1848 Kaehupuakea, sworn deposed, he knows the land of Keawekunane to be situated on the Ahupuaa Ponahawai and consists of 2 lots. Lot 1 is bounded on the W. by Awahia's land; on the North by the Konohiki; on the East by Ahupuaa Kukuau; on the South by Konohiki. It is not fenced in, but is under cultivation. There are 3 houses on this lot belonging to Konohia who has no right in the land. Lot 2 is bounded on the West by Wanana's enclosure; on the North by the new road; on the East by Kaiananui s lot and; on the South by Kaiananui's lot. Claims it by inheritance from his ancestors since the time of Kamehameha I. Kapuaa, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Kaehupuakea was true. He Wahl Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 135 (HiPonaha78-051203) Punahoa — Native Register Volume 5:36 0-) Su h, fii�iii. � `G� yli.,...G.-�u e9ia'a•�....�r.."/I�2j f•. '(/ LlrL�fi i .�¢p ✓✓'�R-e0 . on! B-xaa, %�p.B� s� /z IL�,OOri%AC %/10��?N'lt.��. ♦ �l�sv R.�e. " 4•c sL� h/-rI /6A (/��Ly/bl1yl/J /L+✓OtAl-e,./p !�'i ti loop �LL/1 P %0✓ 4, 'h -O/( B /p M!R/' ✓ R.1/ Ili LkiL // ��/1O�� ✓ <L.- ✓TO>f A� /L[ L'LV/I It//� t�ir.�-' o�wfi �.��.sz -- /jJ✓�n r.��,yl / .iia.. �c�w..'— //�, a �:.:•�rypow./.•� I � a/ya._i _ dGwL! a.�. � �.c. a a- i a a- h A '4141(Aam e�G.t✓+ 16.4..' Y.(rG�G! va o %/'f LL4i�/,,•r/�,��LW- • fY/�i.� K•P'e^ �1w a-+ apr��yy ov tt- ' x& A6t2• o Helu 5320, Asa Kaeo Honolulu, 28 January 1848 I, Asa Kaeo. One with a claim on the Island of Hawaii, in Hilo, at Punahoa: A house lot for the Chinese, first; second, a House lot where the Chinese living at Punahoa. Lot at Ninole, Kau. Lot at Hianaloli, Kona. Those are my claims on Hawaii. The claims on the Island of Maui. Lot in Lahaina — Kaalolo. Lot in Lahaina — Kauapo. Lot in Lahaina — Puaa. Lot in Lahaina — Waianae. Those are my claims from Hawaii to Maui. These are house lot claims only, which I state in this letter. Aloha to you, the Land Commissioners. Asa Kaeo He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 136 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 3:246 r2�P .iPem SGS, 6 mud• 144, c�c� rnacl�pc'. ✓vi .�4.c..�lsu irw ariw `////llacrcfXi ,rLLrza.�iisa.c;G4.LL/� / �i�Lrav� 0/l'1f He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Ku Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 137 (HiPonahnaha78-051203) Helu 5328, Asa Kaeo Sept. 6, 1848 For Asa Kaeo Laimi Ili in Honolulu, Kona, Oahu Puaa Ahupuaa, Lahaina, Maui Ainakea, Ahupuaa, Kohala, Hawaii Punahoa, Ahupuaa, Hilo, Hawaii I agree to this division, it is good. The lands written above are for Asa Kaeo; it is agreed tat they may be taken before the Commissioners who Quiet Claims. (Name) Kamehameha Hale Alii February 1, 1848 I show herewith the copy I have from within the Division Book. G.M. Robertson Secretary Land Office 6 September 1848 See the objection of Kuihelani for the Ahupuaa of Punahoa, at Hilo, on page 553 of Book 2. He Wahl Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 138 (HiPonaha78.051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:424-425 ,2y/67�`c9�ie.Aa�JuaK�i ?ilsL dJ�c- ✓�.LO'LItita.wir iJ-HIL- K 74�S�J L r�Asfwt/�Y`�ZR1�.tlilZ�rc.� allr_ �t+/ /� �1-u "L /o �d. Irwc i7Jtil►NA�w 01iL dY� R[L �N L /LILIG� !J %G�//�H�/j��l�. O�'Lgr/i LG et1•iiw � c- IrY1 s�j �HII- %"G R?i/Lsfr! LOJ iI.t� rA.L (/:ICJ 'if7 A�C�. w r�.J�ci ��1Lr.4, .v �IeJ m.vh'tJ ,• a'irxsc.. ` /i/!o Its LI'.� Li►sse Lteti .iliJ IrJ i!�*-�- , ri /jtJ7�rr-+s./ Yss ��O GLtJ q2/ - / dOlt! .//9W AAC � -C,ILI,/M, Tom/ /QEi AM, 47142, He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 139 (HiPonaha78-051203) At el ✓� ,Id V 44�*. 4�pr e, Xe— 1Y1:4C c � usL �La� .u.v �z.c�� ./a. •e% itc. /i�Q e-�g , 'lJj ./�ilr.ti !lv /Lsr�/r•=•r— ,r"� 4— Ar drauo ' /'0'.e� ti �,�-.4p ��l�j,• dia-,arm.//ice�., �u�. i, -y. .�oa� .%w�. mus. v I&;= 4,0" Z, ez-OZ ad' `.yYL/vsr rvuri He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 140 (HiPonaha78-051203) Helu 12, Asa Kaeo Puali sworn: I know, there in the Ahupuaa of Punahoa, Hilo, Hawaii, two parcels, house lots at Punahoa I and Punahoa II. Parcel at Punahoa I: Mauka, is Kailikahawai; Hamakua, is Kalaeloa; Makai, is Halai's lot; Puna, is Moehihio losua. It is enclosed with a stone wall, wall made by the Government; it is not lease- hold. So thought because he is the magistrate. There is one house, it is for Piopio, from her own personal lands. Gotten from Koahou, her elder brother. Piopio died in 1844, when she died, it was bequeathed to her son, Asa Kaeo. I actually heard it, as did Kanahele, Opunui, Maile and Kapulelona, people who were stewards of Piopio, we were not led to the court. Ahupuaa of Punahoa two: Mauka, Government Road; Hamakua, Government Road; Makai, the shore; Puna, Ponahawai Ahupuaa. Piopio did not enclose this lot but had the following people do this: Pake, Apiki, Puali, Amoe Pake and Kauakahi. These people have interests in this lot, land and houses. Kaeo has no house here, Lapailani is the name. Koahou built a house and all of Hilo trimmed it around 1825. That house fell down in a tidal wave in 1837. When Kaeo's claim there had ended, Aipinepine lived there and planted, and built a house and fence, in the year 1847. Kaeo gave the interest to the Chinaman. Opunui, sworn. I have known this land to be exactly as Puali, except, no one has objected. Kalakuaioho did apply for the parcel before. [Not awarded, see Helu 463 of Kahakumakaluia] Foreign Testimony Volume 5:14-15 No. 12, Kaeo [Note] given to Kekauonohi Puali, sworn deposed, that he knows Kaeo has two house lots both on the Ahupuaas of Punahoa 1 and 2. Lot 1 is situated on the Ahupuaa Punahoa 1 and is bounded: on the West by the ground of Kailikahawai; on the North by Kalae's ground; on the East by L.K. Halai's lot; on the South by losua's lot and Church Street. It is surrounded by a stone wall which was built by the prisoners at the time Piopio had charge of them. There is one dwelling house built by the people from the lands belonging to Piopio. The lot was given to Piopio by her brother, Kekoahou. Piopio died in the year 1844. At the time of her death she gave this lot to her child, Kaeo. I heard her give it to her child. There were many people there at the time. These are the names of those who were present: 1. Hianahole k.; 2. Opunui k.; 3. Maile He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 141 (HiPonaha7"51203) w.; Kapulolona w. We are the kahus of Piopio. We were not called upon at the trial concerning the division of the property because we were unskillful and not proper for witnesses. Lot 2nd is bounded: on the West by the new road; on the North by Church Street; on the East by the beach; on the South by the Ahupuaa Ponahawai. It was never enclosed by Piopio, but by the Chinaman, Aican [? illegible] in part. by Apiki in part. by Puali in part, by the Chinaman, Ahmoy, in part, by Kauakahi in part. Their right consists in their several plots and buildings on this lot. Kaeo has no house on this lot. His title was in an house called Lord Byron, built on this lot by Kekoahou. The whole district of Hilo built it in the year 1825, which house was swept away in the great inundation of the sea in the year 1837, which put an end to his title. Aipinepine has cultivated, built on, fenced and lived on the spot until 1847 when Kaeo gave the place to the Chinaman, Aican [? illegible]. Adjourned until Wednesday November 15 1848 Opunui, sworn deposed, that the whole of the evidence given yesterday, the 14th, was true. That there was no objection to his title. Kalakuaioho disputed the right of Kaeo to Lot 1. Rev'd. Titus Coan, sworn deposed, I gave permission to Kalakuaioho to live in the enclosure of Piopio, his deceased wife, under and according the honor by which we held the land from Kaahumanu, the right to which is laid before the Board for Quieting Land Claims for the whole of the Ahupuaa of Punahoa 1 from sea to mountain. We have therefore given permission for those whom we chose to reside thereon, requiring them to comply with our wishes in regard to their conduct, but we have not given any part of the land to anyone to hold in his own right, because we considered the land to be held in trust and to belong to the Hawaiian Government as long as we lived on the Hawaiian Islands, but we have given to Kalakuaioho the right to live in this place. I do not know of any right Kaeo has in the land. Ours is the superior right. We have executed a writing between us and Kalakuaioho accordingly and to which we have set our hands on the 21 st day of April 1847, to which Kaaiawaawa was witness. Lot 3'd situated on Punahoa 2. Kaaiawaawa, sworn, knows the [boundaries] of this lot, namely on the West by the school house; on the North by Church Street; on the East by the main road; and on the South by John Nomore's lot and Halelepo's fence. It is enclosed. Kalakuaioho enclosed it formerly, but the present fence was put up [by] Mr. B. Pitman. There is 1 house on it belonging to Kalakuaioho, who received the lot from Piopio, who did not give it to Kaeo. Kaeo has no right in the lot, he only thinks he has in right of his mother (Piopio). Piopio left it by will to Kalakuaioho. I did hear her give it to him. There were present at the time and heard it also Kalahuna w., Kaahana w., Kalakuaioho k., losua and his wife, Kanihokapu and her husband, Kalakoa k., Maluai, Napuni who all heard this command of Piopio, that Kalakuaioho was heir to all her property. This lot was sold by Kaeo to William Beckley in the year 1846, which causes the difficulty. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 142 (H1Ponsha78-051203) Kanae, sworn deposed, that the evidence given by Kaaiawaawa was true. Kalakuaioho, sworn, in regard to Lot 3 now occupied by L.K. Halai, I do hereby relinquish all my right and title to this lot to L.K. Halai under the Reverend Titus Coan, and will never put in any claim to his disadvantage. [Not awarded to A. Kaeo; see Helu 6244, awarded to Kalakuaioho] — Native Register Volume 8:703 -- ' '/iblIii�sJiR/R�ts.y411c./IG�SG6L•Ll•SLrrJ /ifk'L R.bA-a yt.rKLty /fIW .�/ lOG.r. ls. a .a v dpi i�rys�/�Jl/s�.e� .�.✓ / I/ �, 400"-dlGFl Helu 5701, Kaiu Punahoa, Hilo, January 10, 1848 I, Kaiu, the one who drew this diagram, hereby describe the measurements of my house lot. My right to this lot was that the ald, Piopio, who lived here in Hilo district, gave it to our parent, Unea. We lived together, and when Unea died he bequeathed me this lot, since I am his son. That is the right by which this place became mine. By Kaiu He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 143 (HiPonaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:412 1 X � .✓lj�i� JY H114/�ir� L�tL!�Ce qYi Os��-• . I GL�f r��li/Ifp. LL.s .ai d .��cly�a`/'�s.+1Wl�...�- . '.•siZ.li✓..a[.. • � • /f" �GGA `fS�d.,p-e..._� ✓-dTs a,�/, ✓y Q.e•�//.�e . �i � sdl�12YH.0 •i /Q , �"4 6' `i/I/iLis•Q�.(' O �%��N��6i lLG.-• .v •�:e o, �Ja. � }/�Ll�JAa-- . �:.: �i4 �/,it. is �'�i; ./%�si�. G., 4 •�4-� v-i✓-+-rl. < /.,�it.E, y, ♦ Jcs�e.--a. <'. ✓e ii%u� -e .� •9s+ /�s Jr�l�e_6-%�• %:Cr.�-- .. Q. ho l/_:ti rlLe%/.���Bi/✓�lL�ru, 4 �7U �'i� t o�•. /IG�C��� /fo�T /s�-L!1 G�Y.c� la•.-oe.�-� L �Yt-/-f+•L< .�E.�' blesris- �6i e %ua� r// a �i�� yse�sl� .2c-"oze-ri Helu 5701, Kaiu, November 9, 1848 Puali, sworn and stated: I have seen, there in the Ahupuaa of Punahoa, Hilo, Hawaii, a House lot. Mauka, is Haanio's lot; Hamakua, is the missionary land; Makai, is the missionary land; Puna is Kaapa's land. It is not enclosed; 2 houses, 1 house for him, and 1 house for Kauohe. Kauohe has interest in this lot from Piopio and his father. However, they are dead and land has been bequeathed to Kaiu. It was conveyed to him permanently in 1839. No one has objected. Kanoa sworn and stated, I have known exactly as Puali has stated here. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:8 No. 5701, Kaiu, Thursday, November 9, 1848 Puali, sworn deposed, he knows the land of Kaiu to be on the Ahupuaa Punahoa, that it is a dwelling lot, bounded on the West by Keaniho's ground; on the North by the Mission land; on the East by the new road; on the S. by Kaapa's He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview o/ Ponahawai at Hilo 144 (HiPonaha78-051203) lot; it is not enclosed, has 2 houses, 1 belonging to him and the other to Kauohe, who has no right or title in the lot. The lot was given to Kaiu's father by Piopio in 1839 since which Kaiu has never been disputed in regard to his title. Kanoa, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Puali was true. Ponahawai — Native Register Volume 8:704 �V4 J Lie/icGW4 6LIG ..9'!r-/ire.r�L rre hrs,•uJt rJlr. //,t ^ �ir/ew Yr77YN /'!liliLtL.e�O/L2. .[-. . /P4{LN�iL I Q//L!/!!i. ` •;tsyL .UL3Y.e fo�o7�LG e _ (pi a� Mutt �r"e Gt!!s o -•�C gx®r 4' ai�:L'I "'e „z Lauf �.irsrale, •az&,, .% �Y.! : ell//!C .ma 4rr 6! rtihn o� zAaZ ./ f e1Lze" tWu 11iL1l11 a rrir, nc�ir� /fss! .ye; IJY(t, .r� t .rs�/ G�L/. lry2a ./Pn .l, rLri:c .Ntata /t"•�'. � K,j'pJfyrl�i.� �G� .GR:![/�rG .%!Y•s KU ifar[ / 11retiz-40 'L ki /raa. a/Jee -eff iFL /Ofi/L'iJ IILftG(//Ldfl/,v /r'/t• Lr%✓r%JFrC- 2:C!'% ltL N . L�G �rL iY/!+L �[. " " `_��• iC: t/.t��L L%.f l�'.�6r:i'/t• LL/(6 �.n N.�!/( �r'll . i Helu 5705, Kapahukula, Hilo, Hawaii, January 11, 1848 Greetings to the Honorable Land Commissioners on the Island of Oahu. O Land Commissioners, here are the measurements of my kihapai for your information. The makai width is 138, the mauka width is 52, the length on one side is 305 and it is 302 on the other, a circumference of 797. Here also is another kihapai of mine which is 8 fathoms on the mauka side, 85 fathoms, makai side, 115 fathoms on one side and 125 fathoms on the other side. It is finished. Farewell to you. By your very humble servant By E. Kapahukula He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 145 (Hiponaha78-051203) Native Testimony Volume 4:454-455 06 T M �N��ti / �✓Y iGst.e.' �/�� iJ/YLatL �R/, • (i!'!t� L�'LL- !JJ!/��+ LLIa� L' /SLL ti • Lj]s•asa- /A/ls IW19.[ �Y! Esc • !LUrt . //'%at: !//7 iL- ��c.- /J i//Lo jj�""iL �i•� r ` G 1404 /yJ2cG �yl�i-e// i/ft�(/.� !✓GILL ./•40 4Fw /R -s L9/�- /C/I?20'��- �!/L/L�4• ✓ •/�G/t�'34uLL .•l -7.s /ti/✓,1.r. fZ-y�'(/ •I7Ji�ti ./17n. � /d %I%�.� Lti .G �i�t.N. ,Ge-1..J,.��.fc� J f��jL•�`/L" -� �wi G//li.� ��ft--SLY A -c/•, /si �Lw e O L/K .� ajLl-Nlali�l• C/ .f��'''/�J""�(i�.'s''Ldf2HLG• . ✓9'�•-a-1/J/ sem• a/✓(Ot r�/arvirr.� r�(�ITi-fc iLQ.�'� � G/!iL !.?lL i11i0 sL`t.L !i /ttlLsi S+!-LC//-:?��-•:sem jyG i•�iLuv. �/Ivv[i t-rrs/�v ®/ �rari- n GL7W.f,�e?-1-LL� � � Lt2fi �tp' G>%rI.L- • U� , .i 406r-'1"(r`i •�li, �� ✓1L�rry ./ate %%i 444 He He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kum Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 146 (HlPonaha78-051203) 1)liir> /GR/�>�!'1q�FL�</N�iC- 'J?.eL,n4 /J7iLlJ YJ'La4/ /ite�.�. A!/r/L' r/Ha►H -e.. q%C/t•Ci i12/cli, /y�fkt.v /%LI"91�1. z92 Ar v4 /sst. ACL .-%1 LL.i/ �i•C.i///aAQ/a.- art-f+.rev !r-� Ai .Yst.r-!Y� s fifvlacvht �AR-L « kf— e7'-c-' :.tsltt�fic>�.� n-it�ot• !�/ �is�>.c Ra�.e._ .ei j�C aea.cle /-CI�LE w L�/.7z`e�/C.•�f i� r�Ge�c.rl v.te. /c/c. .7v-a ./La-ti -Ci /�/i[_�/LYI�'/�l A.C.' /,ii /779 L7 G4� •lf-L-e.. �y-y vti Q//j/O'JLLti///�/-t cGfi/rCG�- Uy�GY19�v J91Lu_ .•rL •2�2G<�C�C�i //�/2 LL .ii'T /L%l6E/il.�/-'• � 2/i /N'b.ov w./�.s� /R - I/i; .! R�LeL L� �• ,� i cLv/�te� aL /J-7'G.tui iJvl./a/�t� •yl.f/I��fi GRSCG� IL,4�B AOL- 110�144 .9yst+CG '�.LR//.t- /�/II/t�C O /y/_(�ttl a<Nfst ' UAi �.�-c�ft.t� JYl<b! iJ2r-/,��cei. �/it!-Lr.•/C4 / _�.v r�w.11..� ✓7/.lm-c-✓/».v, <e,ilG /rrs-Le.. J>•u� /asv awl .s•r.e.. �fc �J-,.�. • He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 147 (HiPonaha78-051203) Helu 5705, Kapahukula, November 21 Haae, sworn and stated: I have seen the ili land in the Ahupuaa of Ponahawai, it is a parcel of land. Mauka is Pitman's cattle corral; Hamakua is the Government Road; Makai by Chinese people; Puna by Kukuau stream. No cultivation done by Kapahukula, no house built. I cannot say whether Kapahukula still has the place. It is rumored at present the land has been returned to the Konohiki. Kanuha" had done this in 1847. 1 heard Kapahukula had turned the land over to the Konohiki. Parcel Two. Kanaina, sworn and stated: I have seen this claim, during the time of his father, it is true. I have not heard that Kanuha returned the land to Pitman, neither has Kapahukula. Only today I heard they have returned it, I do not know whether that boy has a claim. Keoni Ina — Chinese: I actually heard Kanuha return the place on which I first planted in 1847. It was Kanuha who told me, "I have returned the land to Pitman.' Then I went and asked Pitman, "Has Kanuha returned it to you?" He answered yes, so I had a lease with Pitman for that place. When Kanuha died, I bought Kapakukula's taro (al) which was on the land for which he is now petitioning for. He agreed to let me have one section. Pahukula and I went to Pitman where he said, "I am returning that kihapai on which Keoni Ina and I had a sale so that the annual tax might be reduced." I heard Pitman agree with him and told him that I had been farming on the land. He agreed on this also. Therefore, Kapahukula has no interest here. The claim is for the Konohiki. No one has objected. Pitman, sworn, Kanuha had come to me just as Keoni Ina has stated. He returned the land to me. It was exactly as Keoni Ina's testified, and I deny he has any claim. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:28 Helu 5705, E. Kapahukula, Tuesday, November 21, 1848, G.D. Hueu Counter, No. 4601 Haae, sworn deposed, he knows the claim of Kapahukula to be situated on the Ahupuaa Pohanawaii [Ponahawai] on the Ili [illegible], bounded on the West by the bullock pen; on the North by Government road; on the East by Chinaman's sugar plantation; and on the South by the stream Pohakunui. He has never cultivated it. There is no house on it. I do not know who has the right to it. I now hear that this piece of land belongs to the Konohiki, that Kanuha transferred it to the Konohiki in the year 1847. It is only today I have heard that Kapahukula has reclaimed this piece of land, to which he has no right or title. Lot 2. 1 do not know if this piece of land is below the Chinaman's ditch. Kapahukula has no right or title to it. 13 During his visit of 1841, Chas. Wilkes noted: "Kanuha is the representative of Governor Adams, who is the ruler of the five [six) districts of Hawaii, of which Hilo is one." (Wilkes 1845:208) He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 148 (HiPonaha78-051203) Kanaina, sworn deposed, he knows the right to this lot did belong to Kanuha. I never heard that he had given up his claim to the Konohiki. Therefore I think they have no just claim. Keoni Ina, sworn deposed, that Kanuha did give up to the Konohiki that part of the land on which I have planted sugar cane. Kanuha told me that he had returned that piece of land to Mr. B. Pitman. I went to Mr. Pitman and inquired if such was the case, who confirmed what Kanuha had told me, since which time I have rented that piece of land from Mr. Pitman. After Kanuha's death 1 bought a patch of kalo from Kapahukula because I wished to extend and unite my sugar plantation in one fence. I gave to Kapahukula forty-six dollars in trade for the kalo patch and the same day we went to Mr. Pitman's, when Kapahukula told Mr. Pitman that he wished to give up the claim to this lot to Keoni Ina, begging Mr. Pitman to permit him to do so, to which Mr. Pitman gave his consent. After which I inquired of Mr. Pitman if any difficulty would arise from my planting it with sugar cane, to which he answered no, since which time there has been none, for which reason Kapahukula has no right in Lot 2, his right being returned to the Konohiki. Mr. Benjamin Pitman, sworn deposed, that Kanuha came to him as stated by Keoni Ina, and that the deposition of Keoni Ina was true, and that this is the first time I have heard of Kapahukula having part in a claim to this land. [Helu 5705 not awarded; see Helu 234 8 for land in Kukuau] He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kum Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 149 (HiPonaha78-051203) Punahoa - Native Register Volume 5:267-268 1A, a411. "A e4z , ^ . L flay Q OZA 4ZtA > ,tvA�r ,&P,f6v4,4 d -/2R' dIO LkGCL LG GL VIr s� 2YsA.'!-i r A- d- ��/�, /(6 o7 cR�+�- +'�f2A lG �• Gf$� Q,�A. t J(O i�,o� p�li1�LGr; � � "i"""'LL'l[-A !1 /2.2� dzD �• SLG-It-FW1-/_ � ylc.lU� G/20 ,2,�AGbu+ 2. 7L'Ai�-sa-. JAR//i�7.c-.qq � /Z//A- l�it��r- O / ••• V� ��io /'a, /%G•!t-/�°. /�/t�� Leet�u-�// an[• lea• �fi tUG tia rwR/i 44/ All" 4,rxA'+/,�Aow /u o �IaALaa f�aNA �(awr, awac z!aG tea. V ea As Gbf 6fu scw GLLGc . (OGS a 4asCa1 ft'B //�� � L C A,17A t//Gt .i✓^`// �s,Q. /LLLt t, 4-IlLLGLlil2G 2ev OTy�?y6r i91 -4.r 12A. ?A,,zeL r,'lkeo�e. t He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawal at Hilo 150 (HlPonaha78-051203) lil //Lr! Z, 42a. Gua IeA A"4 / Qt,,I, Lau •L' Ila. 44 0, 6v / O 2u'A. r,�lt-, lit/Bz i Loaa. 4A.. G'cG�la It c Zti4 ta. yts�, f%/taj B�cu Oily. . �a• �cza.� a.�, �cla., LRItG A-1..� a.w ,���,:,.. 41lze- 44" �%. � -APIA- .rt a, A, 919/ fa�Wr-.� . 971u X L,1,.,,./a.(o . '� d�izCa�n lo4rn . I Helu 6244, Kalakuaioho, February 3, 1848 Be it known by you, the Land Commissioners, in accordance with the Law and the announcements pertaining to the various places, in the Elele, the one who swiftly travels here and there. I have three house lots in Hilo. The right was acquired as follows; I had it from my wife, Piopio, and on her death it was bequeathed to me, her husband. The length of my right of occupancy is from the year 1840, that was when we married, and she died in the year 1844. Koe took one lot of mine in 1846, without my getting it. But it was taken in the manner of and oppressive konohiki. When Halai came as magistrate, my place was taken, this same lot. The third lot remains to me. This place was from Namilaneoe to my wife, Piopio, that is the one which remains, and if it is on the side of the chiefs, it is lost, because Hawaii's chiefs have no love for the little people, it is regretfully in the name of the chiefs, and the property is lost to someone else, such as this which is gathered up. When the day comes and you direct me. I will bring my witnesses, Mr. Coan and my written bequest. Respectfully, Kalakuaioho He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 151 (HiPonaha78-051203) R Native Testimony JVolume 4.435-437 / / �G? / . Isrf/ ,yls�-ev /ti NAi R�.rc. �/�s7 �//Lrz` � .Jim �7wise''�N• �cf/ ,Lr sY1�t�q.C.i�ci+ 1�se•/fG�/i�2.i/ lIi!/- ;jj,�.TR �iL//w,a.ie+f-.iv v'r�►ac., IIV ✓ i�s-rta�lzeE.%.L- �iLt�C' /L�c�- �r� .,a/%7�c. ".dt:• Ae— 10� s•s o ��jj n �ftGiR/ •G't'fA� .YYJ.G�- hLav!/s-or�oc-- s .s-tea.-� .Irk �yI-y�w�sf�vm✓rr.O. yrs-.z�2iic. IV .TLLt/G sY!'t4�;+y/t�P�!/J�s4 iJn^�•��L►Jei .r.�i /LTiL.�- I,4 LL6fi, o � O�LLT A/�!� GY K✓/fLr /l2�LGn. Y[w�- OLdcci-�Lcsfc.ct�szov rn �Yliwf,.a;' � �»,. a�.c. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 152 (H)Ponaha78-051203) �!t .�/ ��u�� %!/%� d �✓ r rt.GL4l.LLN''vtrv.�- JWp J.varl.�' o �GtdtG{�tpra✓+• aGd�Z¢lrtcti .6 ✓ssnsefa�.e../eL X4, ///��/}'LL-0�>t R.�i �-+' �l3�Zwri ���j�yJ�.J Y,�ry /`1•Gt..� ' .L:, .%[.!-IF`�. r/IYLf/►iJ6Q WYL. {'l.�Si .Nl�ciJJ2..�f /L•sCi .�.. f1 �I��GLc� e�rt�; ?2y �.as�-c -s •e .�y:-u-o% 1 /�/�>ti, l�ls�.l/i u .%L�,rn••r/vr ?%a-� !' J.tys�i i !ia-a dCl�O7.L0 -CRi �7 its, �G O �GtL-ems //!. r� 1 -'Lot. • .4�J"ZGL[,�!•t•'1�-��/' �1/I�i r%LK/ :�'!! O� 7 d�>�t-e� . L .%/[�oG- � %/? Q-/� t�r't{'/� j�i�t�L ./L�� rs s,o. /ZS �R��G�wR•� _ p�/LO H�-sf�G ./G� /LLLGG l7 NweG /'iJ•G.��tj� L.� / �itir U.�[� `��ZG i ,f -J /!'/ .//?O/ 11GLL �C/ .'LG. • 7LK!! t /���/y(-= OJ J�l� /�/ j1Lli ✓[f'ia%7f�J2yYl4-Gfli �i .MGG ✓r/�G/LJl/.f//i't1I� s-G�F�c He Wahl Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 153 (HiPonaha78.051203) %har%acoe-,e- jo—, esu AeV5-1 u >•fiLJ7•Zf� O rJ'7�� /jl7lat� GLi�SA/v. !i/a[� j iyi2o.�c:�j.//Z / V �G G/GL el i2 L zgr-z.z 'r-c-�iLt�Q��fi�L�/%GG[ 14ze L' AGI i /ice z /c-�s �uti i /y�jL/SEK- �it->?�f�, /���/-GLt� ��1�/•�i /fllGL. �y GLy! Oowti or'u _. r/-�� ��� � m �L.►�-��4./y,. s,� vim.. Helu 6244, Kalakuaioho, (Claim lost) Hilo, Nov. 15 Mr. Coan, missionary. I agreed to have Kalakuaioho live on this lot where his wife lived before, as Kaahumanu has conveyed this land to us we have filed out claim for this entire Ahupuaa of Punahoa I, from the sea to the uplands. We have permitted various people on the said land to remain here, and for us to make it right. We do not intend to give up entirely, sections of the lands to others, because we are caring for the lands for the Kingdom. I know that Kalakuaioho's interest is from us. I do not know Kaeo's right there, and it is us who have the greater right there. We have drawn out our papers of agreement with Kalakuaioho have been approved. Every word written on the agreement with Kalakuaioho, and they have been carried out and our names have been attached on the 21 st day of April 1847, with Kaaiawaawa as the witness. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawal at Hilo 154 (HiPonaha7"51203) Parcel two, Punahoa 2, Hilo, Hawaii. Kaaiawaawa sworn and stated: I know, there in the ahupuaa of Punahoa 2, Hilo, Hawaii. Mauka, is a School house; Hamakua, is the Government Road; Makai, is the Government road; Puna, John Pukiki's land. It is enclosed with a wall by Kalakuaioho from before. Now, Pitman has it enclosed; there is 1 house for him. He has it from Piopio; it was not a bequest right of Kaeo. It was only in the thoughts of the mother. This property is only for Kalakuaioho. I actually heard instructions, so did Kalahuna, Kapahana, Kalakuaioho, losua Moehihio and his wife, Hanaukapu, Kalaeloa , Maluae, and Napuni, they are the people who actually heard the command of Piopio, the inheritance was fro Kalakuaioho, all of the things. W. Beckley purchased the lot, though Kaeo did not have the right to it, it was sold in 1846. He is the one who protests. Kanae sworn and stated. 1 know this lands exactly as everything said by Kaaiawaawa, before. Kalakuaioho sworn and stated. I have agreed to third parcel. The third parcel was gifted to me, but is taken by Halai and now under Coan. one house for Kalakuaioho, his land from Piopio. Piopio did not bequeath this lot to Kaeo. Kaeo has no claim there. Kalakuaioho is the only claimant in that lot. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 155 (HlPonaha78-051203) Punahoa — Native Register Volume 5:544 USI 1'p4p � . Af-&Via . All f .�r.w R,,.t �RJ e�s.�. G sYR. �G.R�R- �✓YK.RJ ,/Gwr„�-�, 10 , c,.,��.,n77�IG�zt+ ..//,.��> •FcG,�+cGa� /��22b�.Gan,+-a-d���, a,��J � �,lirwcu6ir+�+ vS2:/ei�Ca�/ a�-�• /'� /MA AVL//iL I�G�/ G�A�K �� GL ZCfi •Lt2R.fti,'rw„'LIi R.H.0., (/ GYN.w 4v" h,it /t ete'gw� ma�yy-- / IJ/R ✓G'!.%��dT/+CGGIi I�i•..a �ii. �( X Helu 8352, Kanahele, Honolulu, 11 February, 1848 To the Esteemed Commissioners: I hereby state to you, the Land Commissioners that I, the one whose name is below, am a claimant of a house lot at Punahoa in Hilo, Hawaii. Furthermore, Asa Kaeo is the one who has the land, and I have some house lot claims from Kaeo. I am, respectfully, Kanahele his mark X Place of residence, the lot of Kaeo [Helu 8352 not awarded] Punahoa — Foreign Testimony Volume 5:37 No. 11047 B, Makuakane This claim has not been forwarded to Hilo. Kapuaa, sworn deposed, he knows the claim of Makuakane to be situated in the Ahupuea Punahoa bounded on the West by Mission ground; and on the North by Mission ground; on the East by Keaniho and Kaiho's land; on the South by He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 156 (HiPonaha78-051203) Keaniho; contains 1 field partly cultivated and one house belonging to Makuakane. It is partly enclosed. He received it from Unea in the year 1835. 1 know of no difficulty. Kalamainui, sworn deposed, that the evidence of Kapuaa was true. Punahoa — Foreign Testimony Volume 5:95-97 No. 11298, John Nomore, Hilo, October 21, 1854 To the Honorable Board of Commissioners for Quieting Land Titles. Gentlemen: The humble petition of John Nomore shewith that in the month of August A.D. 1854 Kalepolepo arrived from Oahu having an adjudicated claim to the land of Punahoa 2 and to my surprise told me I have no claim to the house lot I now occupy, for that my claim had not been entered during the time allowed by law, & threatened me with an ejectment unless I pay him an heavy yearly rent which is beyond my means. Your petitioner therefore prayeth that he may be permitted to lay before your honorable Board the evidence as taken before John Pelham, Esquire who is connected with our honorable board, as also to present to you the reason why and how my claim came not to be heard and forwarded to your Board with the other land claims. The late Governor Leleiohoku ordered me to leave our house lot I then occupied on Piihonua, telling me to chose another place in exchange; I first thought of building on the beach on Punahoa 2, but finally went to Kailua to know with certainty from the Governor Leleiohoku, where I should chose another house lot and whether I should receive indemnity for the buildings and other improvements I had on Piihonua. The Governor Leleiohoku told me to chose my spot on Punahoa 2, which he would cause to be enclosed by a Tea [b] fence and give it to me both in exchange and compensation and that I must consider it as such, he then gave me a letter to Mr. Pitman and Kaiwi, the Lunaauhau [tax assessor], with directions to them pursuant to which, they put me in possession of the house lot I occupy present on Punahoa 2. Furthermore, at the time that Z. Kaauwai Esq. was here at Hilo to receive claims I went to John Pelham, Esquire, one of the Commissioners and laid my claim to this house lot before him, also as John Pelham Esq. was well acquainted with the circumstances under which I obtained the house lot I inquired of him if anything further was needed, and I understood from his answer that I had done all that was required. Very shortly after I went to California leaving Mr. Pitman as my agent, but it appears that he neglected doing anything towards perfecting my claim. When I returned here the time allowed by the law to present claims had elapsed, but even had it not, I should have allowed it to elapse firmly believing that I had presented my claim to John Pelham, Esq. Therefore your petitioner humbly prayeth that his house lot may be awarded to him as set forth in the accompanying surveys made by John Pelham, Esquire and that your Honorable Board will grant this, his petition is the prayer of, Gentlemen, your most obedient humble servant, John Nomore. He Wahi Mo'clelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 157 (HiPonaha78-051203) Hilo, Hawaii, 21st Octb. 1854 To the Board of Land Commission for Quieting Land Titles: Gentlemen, John Nomore, living, employed Mr. John Lippitt to lay before your Board his case relative to his kuleana and Mr. Lippitt having notified him that it would be necessary for him to lay before you the proofs connected with his kuleana, he applied to me to take the deposition of his witness, which I have done and which I hereby enclose, I have taken the liberty of acting in this case without any express orders from your board to do so on account of the shortness of time yet remaining in which action can be taken on any case. I will also observe that as I was myself residing at Kaipalaoa at the time the circumstances transpired as given in the depositions I can vouch for the accuracy of the statements. I do also remember when the Commissioner Z. Kaauwai, Esquire, first came to Hilo to take testimony on land claims John Nomore came to Mr. Pitman's office one morning while I was busy writing, wishing to know if I would given testimony in his claim. I told yes, at to be at the court house at 10 o'clock, he continued to trouble me with questions; I told him in answer, I knew all about, it would be all right, but to go way now as I was very busy from which it appears he supposed there was no occasion to do anything more in the matter. I was too much engaged myself to think any more of it, and thus I presume through his ignorance, nothing had been done in the case. 1 have the honor, to be Gentlemen, most respectfully, your obedient servant, John Pelham. Foreign Testimony Volume 5:98-99 No. 11298, John Nomore Deposition taken on the claim of John Nomore to his kuleana situated on the land of Punahoa 2nd, Hilo, Hawaii, by John Pelham 21, October 1854. Mr. John Nomore Kahalehau, sworn deposed, he knows the kuleana of John Nomore to be situated on Punahoa 2nd. A long time ago when I lived on Piihonua on the beach with my grandmother Namaka, who was konohiki, John Nomore lived there too, Namaka gave him leave to build his house there, close to our house. In the year 1843 Leleiohoku, the Governor, came to Hilo and ordered all of us who lived there on the beach at Piihonua to remove from there, as all that place was reserved for the King and nobody was to live there. He told John Nomore to go and find another place and he would give it him. He went and lived in a house on the beach at Punahoa where the Chinaman lives on the kuleana which is now Apiki's, but he was afraid of the eruption of the sea, he went to Leleiohoku at Kailua to get a better place. When he returned I saw Kaiwi, the Lunaauhau give him this place and saw him build a tea [h] fence round it. He said he did so by the Governor's orders who had written to him and Mr. Pitman to give him that place. This was, I think, in 1844, afterward when the Governor came to Hilo, I heard the Governor Leleiohoku tell to Kaiwi, that was a good place and that he gave to John Nomore. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawal at Hilo 158 (HiPonaha78-051203) Kalaloa, sworn deposed, that he and John Nomore lived on the beach at Piihonua, at the time Leleiohoku came and ordered us all to remove from that place as it was to be preserved for the King. I know he told John to get another place and he would give it him instead of the old one, and then John went and lived on Punahoa and Kaiwi, the Lunaauhau, gave him the place where he now lives, and enclosed it with a Tea fence, I know John went to Kona to see the Governor, and when he came back he told the Governor had given him a letter to Mr. Pelham and Kaiwi to give him this place. Hewahewanui, sworn deposed, when Governor Leleiohoku came from Kailua he stopped at my house at Laupahoehoe and I came with him in my canoe to Hilo at the time George Paulet was at Hilo. John Nomore was living on the beach at Piihonua. The Governor said to me all those people who are living there must go away as the King wants all that place for himself. I was with the Governor when he told John Nomore he must go away and take down his houses, as they King wanted to keep all that place to himself, and told him to look out for a place on Punahoa and when he had chosen a place to tell him and he would given it him in the stead of this place on Piihonua. He also told Kaiwi the Lunaauhau who was there at the time that when John Nomore had selected his place to build a Tea fence round it. I know that Kaiwi did enclose the house lot now occupied by John Nomore, because the Governor, Kaiwi, myself, and others corning up from Kaiwi's house, he shewed it to the Governor, and told that was John Nomore's place which he had given him and enclosed and the Governor said it was good. It was the next time the Governor came to Hilo after he told John Nomore to leave Piihonua. (No deliberative Council held in these cases, consequently dropped) [Claim No. 11298, not awarded] He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 159 (HiPonaha78-051203) BOUNDARY COMMISSION PROCEEDINGS: KAMA`A/NA WITNESSES DESCRIBE PONAHAWAI, PUNAHOA AND NEIGBORING LANDS The emergence of fee -simple title for land in Hawai'i following the MAhele, saw rapid growth of business interests as well. In 1857 J.F.B. Marshall addressed the Annual Meeting of the Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society, and reported on the increasing development of business in the islands. Ventures included cultivation of sugar and coffee; harvesting pulu for mattresses and pillows, and kukui for oil; ranching and export of hides, tallow and wool; and salt manufacture (Pacific Commercial Advertiser; November 5, 1857). Fee -simple title and growing business interests also heightened the need to establish boundaries of lands so that private property "rights" could be protected. In 1862, a Commission of Boundaries (the Boundary Commission) was established in the Kingdom of Hawai'i to legally set the boundaries of ahupua'a that had been awarded to a1N, konohiki, and foreigners during the Mahele. The Commissioner was charged with the responsibility of determining the traditional boundaries of the given lands, and documenting the occurrence of traditional uses and access. The primary informants for the boundary descriptions were old native residents (generally born between the 1780s to 1820s) of the areas being discussed—in this case Ponahawai (generally written "Ponohawai") Kaumana (generally written "Kaaumana") and Kukuau. The native witnesses usually spoke in Hawaiian, and their testimony was translated into English and transcribed as the proceedings occurred. Readers here will note that there are often inconsistencies in spelling of particular words such as place names and features. Maly has also observed that often, when two of the same vowels were used by the original translator/transcriber, it indicated that he heard a lengthened pronunciation of a particular vowel. This emphasis of pronunciation is now indicated by a macron mark. The descriptions of boundaries for Ponahawai, Punahoa, Kaumana and Kukuau, include important descriptions of traditional knowledge of land, place names, and specific features from the sea to the mountain lands, where Ponahawai and adjoining lands are cut off by Wai5kea and Pi'ihonua. Kukuau 2nd and Ponahawai share the same boundary from the shore and along a section of the Waiolama-Alanaio streams to Nohoanaokaalu, where Kaumana (which has no ocean frontage), separates Kukuau from Ponahawai. Kaumana then runs mauka between these two lands. The narratives for this upland section describe trails, houses of canoe makers and bird catchers, water holes, sport diving places, and upland cultivating areas; and places where worship once occurred. One of the upland planting areas (situated in what was then forest, is identified as Ka'apa, also the name of a Mahele awardee of land in Ponohawai and Punahoa. References to 'auwai and ditch systems on the land are also given in the testimonies and notes of survey. The witnesses also described at least two heiau, Mahipe'e and Ahulau, apparently on the flat land between the shore and first slope behind Hilo Town. These heiau are situated in the ahupua`a of Kukuau, and no reference was made in the kama`aina testimonies to heiau in Ponahawai. He Wahl Wolelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview o/ Ponahawai at Hilo 150 (HiPonaha78-051203) The full testimonies and metes and bounds recorded as a part of the Boundary Commission proceedings for Ponahawai (including the Ponahawai-Punahoa Boundary across Hala'i and Pu'u Honu), are cited below. Additional testimonies and descriptions of features and noted resources on the landscape between the boundaries of Ponahawai, Punahoa, Kaumana and Kukuau 1" and 2"d are excerpted and cited as well. Underlining has been used in these texts to draw the reader's attention to particular references to practices or features of the cultural landscape. Register Maps No. 513 and 514, depict the 1873 surveys of J.M. Lydgate, cited as a part of the Commission proceedings; additionally, Register Map No.'s 1744 and 1914, by H.M. Lyman in 1853; and Register Map No. 1689, by A.B. Loebenstein in 1898, provide key points along boundaries, as cited in the testimonies below, for the lands of Kaumana, Ponahawai and Punahoa. Ponahawai-Punahoa: Testimonies and Certificate of Boundaries Ponohawai [Ponahawai] Ahupuaa District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii Honolulu, July 7, 1873 R.A. Lyman, Esquire, Hilo Dear Sir Mr. F.H. Harris is authorized by the commissioners of Crown lands to make application to you as commissioner of Boundaries to have the boundaries of all Crown lands on the Island of Hawaii defined. He has a list of the lands with him. I have also authorized Mr. F.H. Harris to make application to you for the settlement of boundaries of all lands belonging to Estate of His late Majesty and Her Excellency, R. Keelikolani. I expect to be in Kona by the trip of the "Kilauea" which leaves here on the 28"' instant. Can't you make it convenient to come round as the steamer goes to Hilo on that trip. I wish also to apply for the settlement of the boundaries of Honohina. I remain, Yours respectfully Jno. O. Dominis Honorable R.A. Lyman, Boundary Commissioner for Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. The undersigned would herewith make application for the settlement of the boundaries of the following named Ahupuaa or lands belonging to the Crown, viz.: Waiakea in the District of Hilo bounded by Keaau, Olaa, Kapapala, Humuula, Piihonua. Piihonua in the District of Hilo, bounded by Punahoa, Waiakea, Humuula and Puueo, Paukaa & Alae and other lands names not known. Ponahawai in the District of Hilo bounded by Punahoa, Kukuau & other small lands... [Volume A No. 1:238] He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 161 (HiPonaha78-051203) ...Your Honor will therefore please appoint a day for the hearing the evidence in the foregoing named lands and having decided upon the same to grant a certificate to that effect to the undersigned. (Signed) Jno. O. Dominis, Crown Land Agent, by F.H. Harris, attorney at law, Hilo Hawaii, August 16°i A.D. 1873 [Volume A No. 1:240] Ponahawai Ahupuaa District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii 3'" J. C. On this the 29"' day of September A.D. 1873, the Commission of Boundaries for the Island of Hawaii, 3° J. C. met at the Court House in Hilo, Island of Hawaii, on the application of J.O. Dominis, Agent for Crown Lands, for the hearing of testimony of witnesses; for the settlement of the boundaries of Ponohawai, situated in the District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii aforesaid. Notice of the hearing of said application, served on the Agents or owners of adjoining lands, as far as known. Present: E.G. Hitchcock for applicant for the Estate of M. Kekuanaoa, for Rio Dias and P. Nahaolelua, Guardian of A. Kuniakea [Kunuiakea]. Notice also served by publication in the Hawaiian Gazette of r and Kuokoa of I` For petition see Folio 238 Book A Certificate of Boundaries of Punahoa 1 and Royal Patent of Punahoa 2° filed for a portion of the boundaries on the Hamakua side of the land of Ponohawai. Testimony Kekai K. sworn: Piihonua ioins Ponohawai at Puuike, at the mauka corner of Punahoa. Puuike is a hill with banana trees growing on it, situated on the Puna side of the lava flow of 1855. Thence the boundary of Ponohawai runs along the land of Piihonua on the Puna side of the lava flow... [illegible] ...as from Court House to Puuhonu (the mauka hill of the three hills back of town) to Nahuina: Ponohawai and the function of Kaaumana with Piihonua and close to the Puna side of the lava flow of 1855. Thence the boundary between Kaaumana and Ponohawai runs makai, along the old road to Ninaukala, an oioina [trailside resting thence makai to Naupuauala a kauhale kahlko lanaent nousei, witn Ki ang mala He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 162 (HiPonaha78-051203) growing; thence makai to Kaaimau, a kauhale mahiai fcultivator's house] with ki and yams growing; thence makai to Koali, a kauhale where we used to get at the lower edge of the woods: thence makai to Poauwai, near an orange tree, and Kukuau. The swamp above the bakery on the beach is on Ponohawai, and the dry land, on the Hamakua side of said swamp is on Punahoa; the spot where the old cocoanut tree, which was used as a whipping post, used to stand is on the boundary; thence direct to the sea shore. The sea belongs to Waiakea. The fence near the Hale Paikii [Photo Shop] is not on the boundary. It is on Ponohawai. CX'd. [Vol. B:13] Hilo, October 2°, 1873 The following witnesses having been sworn, the Boundary Commission adjourned to have them point out the boundaries at shore; between the lands of Ponohawai and Punahoa. Witnesses: Naluahine K; Puaa K.; Kamalo K. Case continued until October 2° 1873, at 10 o'clock A.M., see previous page. R.A. Lyman, Commissioner of Boundaries, 3° J.C. Office of the Commissioner of Boundaries for the island of Hawaii, 3° J.C. Hilo Court House, October 2°, 1873. The Boundary Commission opened according to adjournment on the 29"' instant. Present: E.G. Hitchcock for all parties. Witnesses, sworn, Kaluahine, Puaa and Kamalo & then went to beach to have witnesses point out boundaries. After returning to Court House took their evidence. Puaa K. sworn: My knowledge of the boundaries comes from Waikane, who pointed them out to me. The place I showed you at the beach is the true distance of about thirty feet from the Puna end of John Pitman's Bakery: thence straight to shore. Thence returning to point of commencement the boundary runs mauka across the rushes and into the cocoanut grove. (The old pond of water He Wahl Mo'oleto no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawal at Hilo 163 (HiPonaha78-051203) on the Puna side of the boundary). Thence mauka passing through the grove. Four cocoanut trees on the land of Punahoa and the balance on Ponohawai; thence across the road and to the north end of the house on Peleula's kuleana, said kuleana being on Ponohawai, and bordering on the boundary (Nahalelepo's kuleana laps over the boundary); thence to the Government road, and mauka through Kaapa's kuleana, to where a large None [nom] tree used to stand; thence to the Government road makai of the Haili Church; thence cross said road and through the small gate in [Vol. B:14] the Parsonage lot; thence along Hitchcock's fence, on the Hamakua side of his lot, along Kaiu's kuleana, and thence along Kanoa's lot to the mauka Government road; thence along the boundary between Lumaina and Makuakane's lot, and thence along Makuakane's to the makai wall of Hilo Boarding School lot; thence to the School yard, and running to within two fathoms of the Hamakua end of the School House; thence to Halai hill: thence the boundary is settled by Royal Patents and Puuike (I have never been there) [see testimony of Kekai, above]. Ponohawai is cut off at Nahuina by Piihonua and Kaaumana. I have been most [of way] to Nahuina. The junction of Ponohawai and Kaaumana on the boundary of Kukuau is at Nohoanaokaalu, at a place where the gulch runs towards Hamakua, and onto Kaaumana, the road mauka of the gulch is the boundary between Kukuau and Kaaumana; boundary follows the road makai to near Waiapahoehoe gulch, a short distance mauka of the gulch to Kalua o Kaaumana; thence follow the old road, on the mauka side of Lua o Kaaumana, to the Hamakua side of the settlement where Akii and others have lately lived. The boundary does not follow the roads all the way. Thence to Poauwai, where I have always been told that Kaaumana runs through the woods. CX'd. Note: At the beach Puaa, Kaluahine and Kamalo all agreed on the place where the canoes landed but Kamalo pointed out the boundary line some distance to the Hamakua side of said landing and running diagonally to shore. The other two pointed it out as running straight to shore from the house. Puaa makes it run from the makai road direct to the ki, growing on the mauka side of the Waiolama stream. [Vol. B:15] Kaluahine K. sworn: The place I pointed out at shore is the true boundary, thence mauka to Peleula's kuleana, thence mauka through Kapa's to E.G. Hitchcock's, passing through the Parsonage yard; thence along the North boundary of Lumaina, thence along Makuakane to the North end of Hilo Boarding School & House and from thence up to Halai hill. The place I pointed out, at Waiolama, above Kahoowaiwai's house at the old canoe landing is the boundary between Ponohawai and Kukuau. Thence straight to sea shore. CX'd. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 164 (HiPonaha78-051203) Kamalo K sworn: Naihualii K. (now dead) is the one who pointed out the boundary between Ponohawai and Punahoa to me, and they are the same as I have pointed out to you today. I was born on Ponohawai below the Gov't. Road (the Commissioner). Peleula's kuleana is on Ponohawai adjoining the boundary (Witness pointed out a point about thirty feet on the Puna side of the bakery, he also pointed out all the points from shore to the Hamakua side of the kuleana, the same agreeing with Puaa and Kaluahine.) I do not know certain about the boundary above Peleula's kuleana. Kaaiahua showed me what I know about the mauka boundaries between Kaaumana and Ponohawai. Ponohawai Piihonua and Kaaumana loin at Nahuina, a kauhale: thence the boundary runs makai between Ponohawai and Kaaumana, along an old road to Ninaukala a kauhale: thence makai to Waaloa, a kauhale; from here I do not know the points on the boundary till You come to Papal, a kauhale and water on orange trees; thence to Nahuina, thence makai to Waiapahoehoe; [illegible]; Ponohawai is bounded by Piihonua from Kapoha, on the mauka [Vol. B:16] side of Puuike to Nahuina. I was born at Ponohawai below the makai Government road. CX'd. Case continued until further notice to all parties interested. R.A. Lyman, Commissioner of Boundaries... Hilo, October 6'", 1873... Kauohe K sworn: I was born at Papaikou, District of Hilo, Hawaii and lived there till I was grown. I then moved to Punahoa 1°t, above the church, lived there until all the Hilo chiefs were dead. At one time I and Unea had charge of Punahoa boundary runs direct to shore passing the Hamakua end of the Hale Dai kii. It was surveyed along the line and there are marks buried there. I went with the surveyors and Kauakahi, who is now dead, was the kamaaina. CX'd. Wainanaia is makai of the cocoanut trees, thence to Halepaikil, Ponohawai. The cocoanut trees above the spring are all on Punahoa. The boundary runs from said spring mauka to the north side of Peleula's house, and through his kuleana to Keoni Ko's lot; thence to Benjamin's house; thence to the He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview o/ Ponahawai at Hilo 165 (HiPonaha78-051203) Puna end of E.G. Hitchcock's house; thence to the Puna end of the Hilo School yard, passing close to the Boarding School [Vol. B:17] Thence to the big ditch at Haili Hill. Peleleu's kuleana was said to be on Ponohawai and from thence the boundary runs mauka to the Puna side of Keoni Ko's, and makai from said kuleana to the spring and thence to shore, but does not run towards Puna. Kauhikoa r' sworn: I was born on Waiakea, and moved to Piihonua after the death of Kekuaokalani [1819], and then moved to Punahoa and lived with Unea. This was before the arrival of the missionaries. I know the boundary between Punahoa and Ponohawai, but know the mauka one best. Unea pointed them out to me. The boundary at shore is about four feet on the Hamakua side of the Halepaikii, where a cocoanut tree used to stand, thence it runs mauka to Wainanaia; thence to Peleula's kuleana, to the Hamakua end of where the house used to stand; thence mauka to Benjamin's house; thence to Keaniho's kuleana; thence along the edge of awaawa [gulch or grotto] to Lumaina's kuleana, said kuleana is partly on Punahoa and partly on Ponohawai; thence to the Hilo Boarding School CX'd. Puni w (now dead) who was the wife of Lumaina pointed out these makai boundaries to me. The cocoanut tree which was used as a whipping post, was on the boundary. The line runs direct from where Peleula's house used to stand, to the spring, and from thence to shore, and does not turn towards Puna. The kiwi (mound plantings of taro in marsh/fishpondl used mauka and makai cf Nanaku frushesl were on Punahoa. At the time Ponohawai went into Pitman's hands, he moved the boundaries The cocoanut trees above the spring are all on Punahoa. [Vol. B:18] Court adjourned to look at the boundaries, and case continued until further notice to all interested parties. R.A. Lyman, Commissioner of Boundaries... ...Case opened according to adjournment on this fifth day of September A.D. 1874 at the office of E.G. Hitchcock, Hilo, Hawaii. Present: E.G. Hitchcock for applicant. He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawal at Hilo 166 (HiPonaha7"51203) J.M. Lydgate, Surveyor I followed the boundaries of Ponohawai on the side adjoining Kaaumana as the kamaaina Kekai K. pointed them out to me, and it seems to me that he really knew the right boundaries. The pieces in town were surveyed according to Royal Patents and Land Commission Awards. Decision The boundaries of Ponohawai are decided to be the same as given in evidence and Notes of survey. For description see Certificate of Boundaries No. 47. R.A. Lyman, Commissioner of Boundaries, 3' J.C... [Vol. 13:19] Ponohawai Ahupuaa, District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii, Land Boundary Commission No. 47 Hawaii 3'd. J.C. ...Upon the application of A.F. Judd, Attorney at law for J.O. Dominis, Agent of Crown Lands, and by virtue of the authority vested in me by law, as sole Commissioner of Boundaries of Land Boundaries for the Island of Hawaii, 3° J.C. I hereby decide and certify the boundaries of portions of the Ahupuaa of Ponohawai, situated in the District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii, to be as hereinafter set forth. Given under my hand at Hilo, Hawaii, This Fifth day of September A.D. 1874 R.A. Lyman, Commissioner of Boundaries, 3° J.C. Boundaries of portions of Ponohawai: First Piece. South 440 East 29.24 chains to a large kukui &c not now standing; North 500 15' East 55.30 chains to kukui tree &c not standing; North 34°. 00' East 13.03 chains to head of Alanaio stream; Thence up along land of Kukuau; South 261.17' West 14.55 chains; South 6°.10' East 10.16 chains to pile of stones on edge of water run; South 480.28' West 3.23 chains; South 430.50' West 8.46 chains to pile of stones and K cut in rock; South 600.27' West 8.40 chains to pile of stones on edge of water run and an arrow cut in bed of stream at original station; North 700.32' West 3.56 chains to a hole; South 610.17' West 25.18 chains to a pile of stones on South end of island; also PK cut in the rock; South 180.44' West 14.59 chains along bed of stream to large boulder marked PK and JL 73; South 300.30' West 1278 feet or 19.37 chains at 975 feet the boundary passes 55 feet West of Waiola spring to the edge of water hole below a large bunch of gingers; South 0°.35' West 20.16 chains to a large flat stone on ahua in bed of stream marked P, and a pile of stones on edge. South 810.13' West 2.94 chains along bed of stream, the center He Wahi Mo'o/e/o no Ponahawai me Hilo Kum Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 167 (HiPonaha78-051203) of which is the boundary between this land and Kukuau to P cut in rock; South 270.38' West 4.88 chains to North side of bend; South 1°.27' East 4.52 chains along bed of stream filled with boulders, and lined on the upper side by hau grove to P cut in large boulder; South 28°.30' West 3.15 chains; there is a P cut on North side and K in cliff on the other side; North 680.05' West 385 feet or 5.83 chains (at 65 feet Pohaku Umi, a remarkable large stone 12 feet X 4 feet squared on two sides on one [Volume C:511 of which is cut P) to P cut in rock just above Paihi or Pali; South 830.40' West 4.82 chains to P cut in bed of stream; North 791.00' West 6.19 chains to P cut in bed of stream; South 540.57' West 5.44 chains to ahua west of stream and P cut in bed of stream; South 29°.35' West 3.37 chains to P cut in bed of stream; South 550.42' West 7.91 chains to ahua and P cut in bed of stream; South 811.03' West 6.26 chains to P cut in bed of stream; South 430.00' West 10.35 chains to P cut in bed of stream; South 70.50' West 2.94 chains to P cut in bed of stream; South 701.56' West 7.81 chains to P cut in bed of stream; South 54°.30' West 3.55 chains to P cut in bed of stream; South 4°.30' West 5.96 chains to K cut in cliff 30 below station; South 870.14' West 7.39 chains to a point North of Pilali Kawai; North 89°.44' West 9.79 chains to P cut in rock on the trail; South 20°.12' West 10.39 chains to P cut in bed of stream; South 620.20' West 4.46 chains to ahua in bed of stream; South 350.30' West 0.23 chains; South 280.22' West 13.97 chains to top of spur running out into the stream; South 440.03' West 5.73 chains along bed of stream; South 29°.02' West 4.69 chains along bed of stream; South 730.02' West 4.61 chains along bed of stream; North 500.24' West 8.87 chains to center of long narrow island in bed of stream; North 710.39' West 8.90 chains to point on North side of stream just below makai of earth pall; North 52°.20' West 5.51 chains to a post and copper plate on North bank of gulch at its junction with the road; this point is the corner of Ponohawai, Kaumana and Kukuau. Thence along Kaumana North 33°.46' East 7.64 chains along present road; North 120.45' East 3.46 chains; North 31°.22' East 3.31 chains; [Volume C:52] North 150.28' East 7.94 chains; North 520.10' East 10.08 chains still along present road; North 740.40' East 1308 feet leaving road to buried bottle; South 300. East 240 feet of clump of coffee trees; South 721.34' East 20.88 chains to junction of ancient road and auwai; North of large puhala tree; North 450.30' East 29.60 chains to bamboos and gingers at Lua of Kaumana; North 390.40' West 2.27 chains to post in center of present road 440 above Waipahoehoe gulch; North 390.40' West 0.91 chains; South 66°.17' West 26.86 chains to large ohia tree; South 670.07' West kuleana; South 580.00' west 4.44 cnains to ounea Dottie ana Dam000s at junction of auwais: South 41.10' West 2.13 chains to buried bottle on edge of ditch; South 610.17' West 705 feet to bamboos and buried bottle; South 890.48' West 17.41 chains to bamboos from which an orange tree bears: North 62°.52' West 118 feet; South 530.50' West 11.40 chains to bamboos and buried bottle; South 310.20' West 3.22 chains; South 48°.44' West 9.28 chains to bamboos and buried bottle; South 700.40' West 5.55 chains; South 790.58' West 4.54 chains; South 43°.32' West 3.40 chains to bamboos and buried bottle; South 890.30' West 2.41 chains; South 780.57' West 3.02 chains; North 840.58' West 3.69 chains to buried bottle and bamboos; South 760.33' West 886 feet or 13.43 chains at 600 feet passes kukui tree on which is cut JL 73. North 810.00' West 5.55 chains; North 440.52' West 207 feet or 3.14 chains, at 150 feet crosses small gulch; North 840.06' West He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kum Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 168 (HiPonaha78-051203) 2.14 chains to an old kauhale called [Volume C:53] Kiikii; South 410.24' West 2.72 chains; South 40.52' west 3.00 chains to edge of small gulch; North 770.37' West 2.46 chains along gulch; South 54°.33' west 4.55 chains along stream; South 50.72' East 3.52 chains across stream; South 150.47' West 2.32 chains to ancient road. Thence along road; South 71°.02' west 3.70 chains; South 73°.52' west 2.62 chains; South 57°.22' west 4.93 chains; South 700.42' West 3.94 chains; still along road; North 81°.15' West 6.28 chains to bamboos on mauka edge of Puakoki gulch; South 52 48' West 2.85 chains along ancient road; South 380.41' West 1.91 chains; South 660.20' West 2.50 chains; South 510.10' West 2.73 chains to bamboos; South 820.12' West 6.48 chains still along ancient road; South 730.26' West 4.07 chains; South 89°.25' West 3.03 chains to bamboos; North 810.30' West 7.61 chains; South 830.52' West 3.87 chains; South 690.05' West 2.70 chains to bamboos; North 860.12' west 2.35 chains; South 57°.24' West 3.20 chains; South 68°.03' West 4.60 chains to gingers (Hedychium); South 540.55' West 3.17 chains along road; South 47°.35' West 4.52 chains; South 33°.41' West 2.82 chains to gingers; South 440.43' West 2.72 chains; South 28°.57' West 4.52 chains; South 530.50' West 3.31 chains to gingers; South 440.00' West 1.37 chains; South 85°.10' West 3.03 chains; South 770.30' West 2.34 chains to gingers and bamboos; North 75°.20' West 3.29 chains; North 840.20' West 3.53 chains; North 610.22' West 2.17 chains to bamboos; South 860.00' West 2.79 chains; South 720.42' West 1.64 chains; North 840.35' West 2.09 chains; South 500.52' West 2.48 chains; South 390.30' West 2.66 chains; South 44°.47 West 3.09 chains; South 690.08' West 3.20 chains; North 600.40' West 11.49 chains; North 310.47' West 2.08 chains; North 751.58' West 2.12 chains to gingers; North 870.00' [Volume C:54] West 1.81 chains; North 800.00' West 1.66 chains; South 660.24' West 3.39 chains; South 750.24' West 2.28 chains; South 680.45' West 3.64 chains; South 270.05' West 2.97 chains; South 261.52' West 1.40 chains to gingers; South 1°.10' West 1.24 chains; South 280.22' West 4.35 chains; South 510.25' West 2.37 chains; South 29°.50' West 2.79 chains to gingers; South 600.27' West 1.66 chains; South 460.01' West 3.21 chains; South 230.28' West 1.18 chains; South 561.32' West 1.00 chains to gingers; South 21°.01' West 2.95 chains; South 16°.23' West 124 chains; South 460.23' West 3.03 chains; South 31°.14' West 287 chains to gingers; South 66°.55' West 4.18 chains; South 500.35' West 2.17 chains; South 720.38' West 3.03 chains; South 63°.20' West 2.58 chains, South of large banana patch; South 640.33' West 2.58 chains to gingers; South 790.36' West 4.55 chains; North 680.16' West 3.32 chains; North 810.35' West 3.03 chains to gingers; South 75°.20' West 1.70 chains; South 750.20' West 1.70 chains; North 780.05' West 3.21 chains; South 65°.38' West 6.21 chains; South 79°.06' West 3.58 chains to ginger; South 891.50' West 1.00 chain; North 540.17' West 1.14 chains; South 73°.35' West 5.61 chains; South 510.47' West 4.41 chains to gingers; South 12°.52' West 1.23 chains; South 57°.31' West 0.97 chain to top of rise; South 39°.09' West 2.91 chains; South 580.30' West 2.73 chains to gingers; South 240.48' West 2.03 chains; South 48°.51' West 4.58 chains; South 52°.03' West 3.29 chains; South 33°.30' West 2.79 chains to gingers; South 620.10' West 2.23 chains; South 750.50' West 1.75 chains; South 560.11' West 1.72 chains; South 700.50' West 2.24 chains to top of ahua; South 510.30' West 1.67 chains; South 430.50' West 1.65 chains to a point 30 feet East of single palm tree at Kapaaua [Kapaana in earlier texts]; South 48°.10' West 1.97 chains; [Volume C:55] South 700.10' West 2.08 chains; Uhihi begins here, South 280.15' West 4.36 chains; South 660.02' West 1.78 chains; South 680.01' West He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 169 (HiPonaha78-051203) 2.03 chains; South 51°.03' West 5.05 chains to place called Waaloa, on top of rise 50 feet above two large palm trees on side of hill, a spiral groove is cut in one of them; South 390.55' West 9.09 chains; South 490.55' West 3.86 chains to gingers; South 460.10' West 18.18 chains to gingers; South 470.10' West 6.82 chains to gingers; South 570.55' West 2.31 chains; South 590.00' West 1.49 chains; South 540.25' West 3.72 chains to gingers; South 410.05' West 2.24 chains; South 530.35' West 2.36 chains; South 410.25' West 2.24 chains; South 410.05' West 2.24 chains; South 530.35' West 2.36 chains; South 410.25' West 2.24 chains to gingers; South 440.12' West 7.46 chains; South 440.35' West 2.40 chains to gingers; South 410.28' West 1.52 chains; South 490.32' West 2.28 chains; South 840.50' West 3.11 chains to gingers and Palm tree; North 760.28' West 5.82 chains to gingers; North 480.30' West 1610 feet to gingers, and marked tree at Nahuina. Thence along the top of this land; North 50.15' East 33.20 feet to a point on the lava flow of 1856, that is 300 feet South of a pile of stones on ahua. Thence down along the land of Punahoa 2° in accordance to notes of survey in Royal Patent No. 1950; North 64°.00' East 13020 feet North 710.42' East 3925 feet or 59.48 chains to a large koa tree 100 feet from the edge of the lava near the lower end of flow marked H and P, also gingers. This course runs along land of Punahoa 1gt from blazed trees at the mauka corner of Punahoa Vt. Thence along boundary; [Volume C:56] of said land; South 780.30' East 1.14 chains; South 15°.02' East 3.19 chains; South 24°.40' East 1.17 chains; South 470.27' East 2.87 chains; South 540.35' East 1.97 chains; South 32°.25' East 3.12 chains to gingers; North 860.55' East 1.17 chains; North 570.28' East 2.02 chains; South 900.00' East 1.37 chains to gingers; South 740.08' East 1.02 chains; South 840.58' East 1.41 chains; North 600.04' East 1.64 chains; North 710.30' East 0.82 chains to gingers; North 500.00' East 1.26 chains; South 69°.53' East 0.81 chains; North 53°.07' East 0.97 chains; North 100.30' East 0.94 chains to gingers; North 521.24' East 0.79 chains; South 870.08' East 1.02 chains; North 840.17' East 1.70 chains; North 530.22' East 2.35 chains; North 680.22' East 1.82 chains to gingers; North 401.12' East 2.15 chains; North 770.28' East 1.48 chains; North 58°.34' East 1.69 chains; North 880.17' East 1.90 chains; North 700.34' East 1.25 chains; South 810.25' East 2.28 chains to gingers; South 470.25' East 0.96 chains; South 300.28' East 2.63 chains to gingers; South 430.27' East 1.06 chains to gingers; North 810.00' East 3.79 chains to gingers; North 620.12' East 1.70 chains to gingers or near them; North 790.23' East 2.95 chains along foot of Kualapa; North 730.38' East 2.54 chains to gingers; North 670.28' East 3.28 chains to head of small ravine; South 87°.02' East 2.08 chains along gulch, the center of which is the boundary between this land and Punahoa 1't; North 380.47' East 1.11 chains; North 610.32' East 1.44 chains; North 210.48' East 1.22 chains to gingers; North 420.52' East 1.95 chains; North 680.28' East 1.68 chains; North 570.50' East 2.30 chains; North 510.40' East 2.48 chains to gingers; North 880.25' East 1.53 chains; South 32°.50' East 1.07 chains [Volume C:571 North 670.32' East 1.22 chains; North 750.20' East 1.14 chains to gingers; North 140.55' East 1.15 chains to Kawa; North 570.32' East 1.85 chains; North 50.35' East 1.14 chains; North 410.23' East 2.91 chains; North 280.27' East 0.61 chains to gingers; North 550.12' East 0.66 chains; North 280.27' East 1.75 chains; North 51°.47' East 2.51 chains to gingers; South 810.40' East 1.31 chains; North 640.34' East 0.92 chains; North 770.35' East 1.75 chains; South 580.09' East 1.32 chains to gingers; North 780.05' East 117 chains; South 480.05' He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kum Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 170 (Hiloonaha78-05120.3) East 127 chains; North 740.53' East 5.46 chains to gingers; South 850.12' East 2.97 chains; South 680.38' East 2.55 chains; North 490.05' East 1.90 chains; North 760.50' East 2.84 chains; North 510.57' East 2.25 chains; South 780.50' East 0.77 chains; North 740.28' East 1.52 chains; North 87°.45' East 1.01 chains; North 700.25' East 2.86 chains to mauka edge of Kawa; North 81°.30' East 4.16 chains; South 790.59' East 1.37 chains to P cut in rock 15 feet below and 5 feet above station; South 510.21' East 2.15 chains to P cut on edge of Kawa; South 600.57' East 3.11 chains; South 60°.37' East 2.49 chains to P cut in bed of gulch; South 830.55' East 3.55 chains; North 590.02' East 5.85 chains, to P cut in bed of stream; North 15°.28' East 2.55 chains to P cut in bed of stream; North 400.00' East 5.53 chains to point 30 feet North East of P; South 520.20' East 2.70 chains to P cut in bed of stream; North 650.27' East 165 feet or 2.81 chains to pile of stones south side of stream; North 500.40' East 2.19 chains to P cut in bed of stream; North 77°.40' East 2.00 chains to P cut in bed of stream; North 250.04' East 2.72 chains to P cut in bed of stream; North 760.50' East 211 chains to P cut in bed of stream; South 490.25' East 2.55 chains; North 33°.48' East 1.97 chains to P cut in bed of stream; South 741.40' East 4.09 chains to P cut on rock below hole or kawa; North 650.56' East to P cut on kukui tree [Volume C:58] on South side of stream, 6.52 chains; North 70.13' East 5.38 chains to P cut in bed of stream; North 48°.38' East 3.03 chains to P cut in bed of stream; North 230.48' East 3.58 chains to P cut in bed of stream; North 660.07' East 2.55 chains to P cut in bed of stream; North 17°.52' East 3.20 chains to P cut in bed of stream; North 250.40' East 3.84 chains to P cut in bed of stream; North 850.00' East 2.61 chains; North 30°.50' East 2.95 chains to pile of stones in gulch just below edge of woods; North 220.15' East 8.48 chains to pile of stones; North 79°.05' East 45.19 chains to pile of stones; North 700.37' East 30.97 chains to pile of stones and bamboos; North 550.35' East 60.58 chains to point of commencement and containing an Area of 2890 Acres. Second Piece Commencing at the South East corner of this piece at a buried stone and bottle in the Alanaio small ravine 50 feet or so above the Government road (Volcano street) and running down along Ouluihi's kuleana and the stream, the Eastern edge of which is the boundary between this land and land of Kukuau 2°. North 380.10' East Magnetic 191 feet; North 400.10 East 330 feet; North 100.00 East 105 feet; North 330.15' East 55 feet across branch of Waiolama stream; North 201.00' East 122 feet to bottles and a buried 4 X 6 redwood post in road on the beach. Thence across the beach, North 160.12' East 350 feet to seashore. Thence along changeable shore, North 720.45' West 760 feet; South 36°.30' West 383 feet [Volume C:59] to stump of cocoanut tree in road; South 550.30' West 310 feet along John Nomore's land on Punahoa 1" to Hionaa's kuleana; South 460.40' East 204 feet along mauka edge of swamp; South 600.20' East 210 feet to the North West corner of Perkin's kuleana on Ponohawai. Thence along it in accordance with its survey. South 630.00' East 62 feet; South 42°.00' West 40 feet; South 530.30' East 49 feet to Kahalehau's kuleana. Thence North 400.45' East 182 feet along Kahalehau's; South 39°.15' East 126 feet; South 250.15' East 127 feet; South 55°.20 West 107 feet; South 250.15' West 85 feet; North He Wahi Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 171 (HiPonaha78-051203) 660.00' West 50 feet; South 361.00' West 63 feet to Volcano Street; South 350.20' East 217 feet to point of commencement and containing an Area of 16.6 Acres. Third Piece Commencing at the South corner of this lot at an A cut in the bottom of the Alanaio gulch, and running along makai side of B. Pitman's purchase; North 420.00' West 541 feet to a buried earthen dish at the corner of Maa's lot (J.B. Kaiau's kuleana). Thence along Maa's lot North 430.15' East 264 feet to earthen dish buried on edge of road. Thence including I and the central street; South 380.00' East 262 feet along street to South edge of cross street North 450.00' East 33 feet; South 380.00' East 150 feet to Burke's lot; South 320.00' West 64 feet along Burke's; South 50°.15' East 66 feet to Alanaio gulch. [Volume C:60] Thence along gulch South 30°.30' West 2.33 feet to point of commencement and containing an area of 3.11 Acres. Fourth Piece Commencing at a buried stone or block marked P on the lower edge of Jail Street at the South West corner of this lot and running along road; South 390.05 East Mag. 90 feet to buried stone or block, marked P at corner of J. Like's lot; North 320.45' East 160 feet to buried stone marked P on edge of ditch; North 640.15' West 66 feet along ditch, along Puaa's lot; South 41°.00' West 130 feet to point of commencement and containing an area of 0.25 (One quarter) of an Acre. Fifth Piece Held by Hilo Boarding School by grant from Hawaiian Government. Commencing at the North West corner of this lot and running along Punahoa 1a1: South 430.00' West 1075 feet or 16.29 chains; South 520.30' West 726 feet or 11.00 chains; South 330.30' East 825 feet or 12.50 chains to B. Pitman's purchase. Thence along said purchase North 470.30' East 1919 feet or 29.08 chains; Thence North 42°.00' West 825 feet or 12.50 chains along makai wall of school premises adjoining Foreign Cemetery &c to point of commencement and containing an area of 34.2 Acres. [Volume C:61] Sixth Piece Commencing at large rock marked + in the stone wall at the South West corner of this lot and running North 420.00' West Mag. 424 feet along Hilo Boarding School Lot; North 480.00' East 322 feet along Makuakane's kuleana; South 310.45' East 346 feet along Lumaina's kuleana; South 330.15' West 270 feet along Foreign Cemetery to point of commencement; and containing an area of Two and a half (2 1/2) Acres. [note on side states] This is wrong, includes a part of Lumaina's kuleana. F.S.L. As surveyed by John Lydgate R.A. Lyman, Commissioner of Boundaries, 3° J. C... [Volume C:62] He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 172 (HiPonaha78-051203) Testimony from the Ahupuaa of Kaumana I The Ahupuaa of Kaaumana, District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii, a J.C. ...2-0 day September A.D. 1873... Kekai'( Sworn: Kaiahua a bird catcher (now dead) showed me the boundaries of Kaaumana Waiakea and Piihonua in the woods. Kapulu is at the mauka comer of Kukuau, and at the junction of Waiakea and Kaaumana. Thence the boundary between Waiakea and Kaaumana runs mauka to Kalapalapanui, an oioina ftrailside resting placel and place where we used to catch birds: a high :I__ ..., ae ua., eine of tho hvM flnw of 1R59. There used to be an old road for Kaaumana is on the Hilo side of this ridge; thence mauka to Kapualei, now covered by the lava flow of 1855. Thence to Kalaeokoieie, lae koa [a section of koa forest extending onto a lava flow] mostly destroyed by the lava flow. Kaaumana ends at the Mawae [fracture], makai of this place, and mauka of the tall woods, at the junction of Piihonua and Waiakea. Thence the boundary of Kaaumana runs makai [Volume B:1] along Piihonua to Kapili an old kauhale [house sitel now covered by the lava flow; thence makai to Kilohana, now covered by lava; thence to Kaunaunamoa [?]; thence makai to Nahaleoeleele, the mauka comer of Ponohawai. CX'd. See testimony Kukuau 3 to 10; testimony Ponohawai 12 to 19 Testimony Closed Decision: The boundaries of Kaaumana are decided to be as given in Notes of survey filed by surveyor J.M. Lydgate... [Volume B:21 Certificate of the Boundaries of Kaumana, District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii 3° J.C... Upon the application of F.H. Harris, Attorney at law for J.O. Dominis, Administrator of the Estate of H.H. M. Kekuanaoa... I hereby decide and certify the boundaries of the Ahupuaa of Kaumana ... ... This 5'" day of September 1874. Boundaries of Kaumana Commencing at the North East corner of this land at a point known as Lua o Kaumana, where Hawaiian bamboos and the foreign yellow ginger have been planted, and running thence along land of Ponohawai [Volume 1 No. 3:69] North 390 40' West 150 feet to post center of present Road 440 feet above Waipahoehoe gulch...; ...to a bunch of bamboos on edge of deep °auwai"...; ...to Kikii... ; ...to ancient road...; ...to bamboos on mauka edge of Puakoki gulch...; [Volume 1 No. 3:70] ...South 630 20' West 170 feet to near large Banana Patch...; [Volume 1 No. 3:711 ...South 430 50' West 109 feet to point near single Palm tree at Kapaaua... ; ...Uluhi begins here...; ...South 510 03' West 333 feet to Waaloa Station on top of rise near 2 large Palm trees on the He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 173 (Hiponaha78-051203) side hill marked by a spiral groove, and gingers...; ...North 480 30' West 1610 feet to gingers and marked ohia at [Volume 1 No. 3:72] head of Ponohawai; Thence... along head of Ponohawai to point on large flow of 1856, 300 feet South of pile of stones on ahua. Thence along land of Punahoa 2d in accordance with Royal Patent No. 1950......to head of Punahoa 2°...; ...across head of Punahoa 2°; North 83' 27' West 5230 feet along land of Piihonua to a pile of stones at the mauka West corner of this land. Thence South 80 00' East 640 feet along land of Waiakea; thence makai along land of Kukuau 2d , ...to place known as Kawaaokamoi• thence down an ancient canoe trail...; ...thence leaves old road...; [Volume 1 No. 3:73] ...to Keawekekua gulch; North 71d 16' East 473 feet across gulch; North 640 21' East 186 feet along an ancient trail...; ...South 820 52' East 342 feet at 250 feet to koa tree marked "PIO" standing in the Kapuahilua gulch...; ...to place called Ohia Kiikii; Thence... to place called Maialoa... ; ...to a kauhale and kipuka... ; ...North 28° 25' East 175 feet to place called Kaapa...; [Volume 1 No. 3:74] ...to Puaapilau gulch...; ...to Uliuli koa...; ...to Hoopili gulch...; ...North 320 01' East 250 feet to lower edge of woods...; ...to a large ohia post on which is nailed a copper plate near Kekai's house; thence... across gulch to ohia post on which is nailed a copper plate. This post stands on the North side of the gulch at the corner of Kaumana, Kukuau 2 and Ponohawai. Thence down the present wood road...; ...thence leaving the road...; ...to buried bottles on ancient road; South 300 00' East 240 feet to a clump of coffee trees; South 720 34' East 1378 feet to function of ancient road and auwai near a lar-ge Puhala tree; North 450 30' East 1963 feet to point of commencement. Containing an area of Two Thousand Nine hundred and Eighty (2980) Acres more or less. As surveyed by J.M. Lydgate. [Volume 1 No. 3:75] Testimony from the Ahupua'a of Kukuau 2nd The Ahupuaa of Kukuau 2"d, District of Hilo, Island of Hawaii, 3rd J.C. ...29d' day September A.D. 1873... Kekai K. SWom: I have lived on Kaaumana and Ponohawai in the District of Hilo, since the lava flow at Nanawale in 1840; know the land of Kukuau 2d and was told the boundaries by Kalawaianui (brother of Hanaike, now dead), both of these men, Kalawaianui and Hanaike, were kamaaina of the land. Commencing at the seashore, Kukuau 2d is bounded by Ponohawai on the Hilo side. Beginning at Kahoowaiwai's fence on the Hilo side of the house the boundary line runs direct makai across the beach to the water's edge. Returning to the fence; the boundary between these two lands runs mauka to Alanaio; the crossing of the road through the gulch, half of the water in this branch of the Waiolama, is on Kukuau and half on Ponohawai. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawal at Hilo 174 (HiPonsha78-051203) Waikane K, (now dead) the kamaaina of Ponohawai, told me these boundaries years ago From Alanaio the boundary follows up the gulch to opposite and Kaaumana, commences. Leaving the gulch the boundary runs along said land (the gulch running on Kaaumana), to Kauakahiwai, in the edge of the woods; here the gulch bends I do not know the boundaries between [Volume 13:4] Kukuau 151 and Kukuau 2°. Know they do not own any of Hilo bay. CX'd. Puaa K sworn [a Mahele awardee at Ponahawai]: I was bom in Kau, have lived in Keaau, Waiakea and Piihonua, moved to Ponohawai in 1845, and resided there since that time; Waikane K. pointed out the boundaries between Kukuau, and Ponohawai to me. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 175 (HiPonaha78-051203) Commencing at the shore, the boundary runs from the Hamakua side of (Kauhema's) Kahoowaiwai's house direct makai to the beach, and edge of tide. Returning to the house the boundary line runs mauka to a branch of the Waiolama; thence mauka in the center of kahawai (in the water) to Alanaio; thence mauka in the center of the gulch; passing Pohakunui, to Punikii, a cave in the kahawai on the Puna side of Mokulau, an ili aina on Ponohawai; thence up the Puna branch of the kahawai to Waikoloa; thence mauka to Wawahihao, there is a pile of stones at this place, which were put up when Pitman had the land surveyed; thence mauka to Waiola, a spring on Ponohawai, the swamp below the spring is on Kukuau 2°, the boundary leaves the kahawai just before coming to Waiola; thence it turns towards Puna and runs to Pohakuoumi, or Hau o Umi; here it passes into the gulch again and runs mauka to Waipahoehoe, thence along the Puna branch of said gulch to Piilali, the kawa is on Kukuau, and Ponohawai is on the Hilo side of the gulch; thence mauka to Nohoanaokaalu, a kulana kauhale at the *unction of Kukuau and Kaaumana: thence along Kaaumana (here the gulch runs on to Kaaumana) to Oliolikoa; thence to Kauakahiwai a water hole: thence mauka to Palaau a kulana kauhale; thence mauka to Ohiakahalei, an ohia on Kukuau, on the Puna side of the road; thence mauka to Kapuapilau a kulana kauhale and water hole: thence mauka to Keaweakeakua an old kulana kauhale many and kahawai on Kukuau 2!; This is as far as I have been on the road. [Volume 13:5] 1 do not know where Kukuau 2° ends but that both Kukuau 1$c and Kukuau 2° are cut off by Waiakea and Kaaumana. The boundary at the seashore between the lands of Kukuau 1°t and Kukuau 2° is in Mr. Clark's yard, at the Puna end of his house; thence mauka crossing the branch of the Waiolama to Paekaha, an ili aina, thence to the Hamakua side of thence to Kipi's kuleana... CX'd. Kaluahine K sworn: I was born in Puna, moved to Kukuau when Goodrich lived at Waiakea, and have lived here ever since. 1 know the boundaries of Kukuau 2° below the woods, but not in the woods. The boundary at shore between Kukuau and Ponohawai runs from the beach to the Hamakua end of Kauhema's or Kahoowaiwai's house; thence mauka to Kaumukii, at the branch of the Waiolama, that runs to Alanaio, the water there all belongs to Ponohawai and the land on the Puna side to Kukuau; thence to Luapilo, the water hole below the Government road, thence mauka [Volume B:6] along the gulch to Kahapaha, below Kipi's premises. Thence mauka to opposite Pohakunui; thence along the gulch to Waipau; thence to Kawaiiki, thence to Punikii; thence to Koheo, a cave on the Puna branch of the kahawai; thence to Waikoloa, and thence to Wawahihao, there leaves the gulch and runs up the Hamakua side of the gulch to a pond of water called Kawauiki; thence to where the road to Kaunaunamoa crosses the gulch; thence the boundary follows up along the gulch to below Waiola; thence mauka on the bank of the kahawai to Waiola, said spring belongs to Kukuau 2°; here the boundary turns towards Kau to mauka of Ainalua; thence up the gulch passing Pohakuoumi, and Kukuiohapu on Ponohawai; thence up to where the Waiapahoehoe gulch empties into the He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawal at Hilo 176 (HiPonaha78-051203) Papakolea gulch; thence mauka to Papakolea; thence to Piilali 1" a Na wai [water hole] in the gulch thence mauka to Piilali 2°; thence to Kahookelekele 2°; thence to Nohoanakaalu, there Kukuau 2° joins Kaaumana; Thence leaving the gulch and running along the road along the land of Kaaumana to Hoopili; a gulch that runs across both Kukuau 1" and Kukuau 2° and onto Kaaumana; thence mauka to Oliolikoa; thence to Oliolikoa 2° (distance between the two is about as far as from here to Hitchcock's; one quarter of a mile); thence to Kapuapilau, awaawa kahawai [river gulch] with water flowing; thence to Kaapa, thence to Palaau a very lar-ge ohia tree, now fallen down, where the natives used to worshi • thence to Maialoa, a banana grove on Kukuau 2d; thence to Ohiakiikii, a tree with three roots above ground, and all ending in one trunk; said tree is on Kaaumana; thence to Kapuahilua, and thence to Keaweakeakua. This is as far as I know the boundaries, and they were pointed out to me by Waikane (now dead) who used to live on Ponohawai. I have heard that Kukuau runs to Hoaa, a place destroyed by the lava flow of 1852. Do not know what lands cut Kukuau 2° off mauka. The boundary at the seashore between Kukuau 1°t and Kukuau 2° is at the high tide mark, at the Waiolama river, taking in the whole of A. Clark's lot, thence to [Volume 6:7] Kapuewai, in the middle of the Waiolama; thence to a small house, on the Hamakua side of the house to Kaumuohina, a large hole where food is planted, on Pio's land above Aiko's; thence along Puna side of this hole; thence to Ahupau, a heiau on Kukuau 1°`; thence to Waipio, on Kukuau 1", the line passing through Kipi's house; thence to the South East side of Makaliiaina, thence to Kalokoike a mahina aina (cultivating fieldl adjoining Waiakea, part of which belongs to that land and a part to Kukuau; thence mauka to Paelokukui, a fallen kukui tree; thence to Halehaku, two kihapais, the hollow between now grown over with shumac [sumac] is the boundary; thence to Kalenakeakua, a lua wai in the kahawai, thence to Kahalealewa, at the edge of the gulch; here the boundary leaves the gulch, and runs mauka to Kamoa, a rock with a mark like (a moa) a chicken on it. Thence mauka to Mahipee, an old planting ground, the boundary passing through the Hamakua end of it. A road on the boundary runs from Kahalealewa to Mahipee; thence mauka along the road to Wainahehia at the edge of the woods, two groves of this here; thence boundary running between groves to Kukuikomo, a kukui grove in edge of woods; thence to Kapalaha, and thence to Kapalaha 2°. This is as far as I know this boundary. Waikane, is the one, who pointed them out to me. Bird catchers from Piihonua used to oo on these lands. Kamoa and Kaunaunamoa is the same place. Case adjourned until October 2° 1873... [Volume B:8] Hanaike K sworn: I was born on Kukuau 2° and have always lived there, and know the boundaries of Kukuau 1st and Kukuau 2°. My Father, Kaiaeleele (now dead) showed me the boundaries when I went bird catching with him, he was kamaaina of these land[s] and head man under Maiholo. He Wahl Mo`olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawal at Hilo 177 (HiPonaha78-051203) The boundary between Ponohawai and Kukuau 24 is in a little cove in the Waiolama river; thence makai passing about two fathoms from the Hamakua end of Kahoowaiwai's house and from thence across the beach to the waters edge. The sea all belongs to Waiakea. Returning to said cove the boundary runs mauka to Alanaio, at the Government road, dividing the stream between the two lands; thence up the center of the kahawai to Pohakunui, a cave on Kukuau 2°; Ponohawai is on the Hamakua side of the gulch and Kukuau 2° on the Puna side; thence up the gulch to Punikii; thence mauka to Waikoloa, a bathing place on Kukuau; the boundary is on the Hamakua side of the pond; thence up the gulch to kukui trees, and thence across the pahoehoe to Kukuinui, where kukui trees are growing on both sides of the valley, thence up the valley or kahawai to makai of a spring called Waiola, said spring is on Kukuau 2° and the boundary runs about as far as from Court house to beach at Kaipalaoa on the Hamakua side of it, all the good land belongs to Kukuau 2° and the pahoehoe to Ponohawai; thence mauka along the pahoehoe (the line running towards Puna) to Pohakuaumi, a hau grove by the gulch on Ponohawai; thence the boundary runs mauka to where the gulch branches; then up the Puna branch, called Papakolea, to Piilali, a kauhale on Kukuau 2°; thence mauka along the gulch to Nohoanaokaalu, on the Hamakua side of the gulch, and Kukuau on the Puna side; This is where Ponohawai leaves Kukuau and Kaaumana joins it; thence mauka along the old road, along Kaaumana to Oliolikoa, at the side of the pall; thence along the road to Palaau; thence to Kapuahilua, a kauhale. with water, along the road to Puulepo; thence to Keawekauhoni, a rising ground. I have heard from my Father that Waiakea cuts Kukuau 2° off [Volume B:9] and joins Kaaumana in the woods; he also said that Kukuau extended farther mauka than Keawekaihoni. Hoa is on Waiakea. The Boundary at shore between Kukuau 1st and Kukuau 2' is at the post where the scow rope is tied on the Hamakua side of the Waiolama stream, beyond Clark's house; thence mauka through the rushes to Umuoopu, in the crook of that branch of the Waiolama, that cuts across the land, thence to the kahawai, crossing the stream onto dry land, and thence to the Puna side of Kamakahema's house. Thence the boundary crosses the Government road and runs to the fence, on the Hamakua side of Aiko's lot; thence along the fence to a lua (food patch) passing through said lua and from thence to S. Kipi's premises, passing through the center of the front yard, and on the Hamakua side of the house, and from thence running to Waipio. (The Way called Ahupau is makai of ✓. ., _J J V..I...... A St .. 0..... [..iL......... r....w 6"- L.......A..... From Waipio which is on Kukuau Vt to Makaliiaina, belonging to Kukuau 2°; thence to the Puna side of Waikoloa, the same bathing place, as mentioned in the boundary between Kukuau 2° and Ponohawai, thence to Wawahihao, an oioina; thence to Kaloikoike, a mahina koele [panted field worked for the chief], on Kukuau 1't; thence mauka to kahawai of Waiola, the boundary running along pahoehoe to this place. Thence along the kahawai to Ainaulua (kawa We) a lumping off place bathing place, on Kukuau 15; there leave the gulch and run to Kahalanaleoa, a koele on Kukuau 115% thence to Kamoa, thence to Mahipee, He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kum Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 178 (HiPonaha78-051203) the boundary runs past these places on the pahoehoe, on the Hamakua side of the good land, thence to Waihinaheihei [sp?]; thence along the old road to Kukuikomo at the edge of the tall woods; thence along the road to Kapalaha; thence to Kuakamakau, kauhale kalaiwaa; thence to Kokihe, a kauhale. This is as far as I know the boundaries; my Father is the only one who showed them to me. Waikane was the kamaaina nui [one most familiar] of these lands and Kekai used to live with him. CX'd. [Volume 6:10] Testimony closed.... Hilo, Hawaii, September 5°i, 1874 Survey filed and accepted by the Agent for both Kukuau 1®t and Kukuau 2°, Waiakea and Kaaumana. Decision The boundaries of Kukuau 2° are decided to be as given in evidence and Notes of survey. For description, see Certificate of Boundaries No. 52... [Volume B:11] He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 179 (HiPonaha78-051203) CONCLUSION: STORIED LANDSCAPE OF PONAHAWAI AND PUNAHOA The ahupua`a Ponahawai contains some 3,000 acres, and Punahoa 1" & 2"' contain some 12,050 acres. The ahupua`a extend from the sea shore to approximately the 3,000 foot elevation, where they are cut off by the lands of Waiakea and Pi'ihonua. While nearer to Mauna Kea, the lava flows of Mauna Loa, are those which make most of the landscape visible in the Hilo One region. Ponahawai and Punahoa are two of five traditional ahupua`a which make up the region of Hilo One. Both Ponahawai and Punahoa were noted for their natural resources, including—offshore fisheries; fishponds (loko i`a) and estuarine (muliwal) systems (Hauna or Hanauna, being a dune -banked pond shared between Ponahawai and Punahoa); kahawai and punawai (streams and springs); fertile agricultural lands which supported growth of kalo (taro), 'uiu (breadfruit), mai'a (bananas), `uala (sweet potatoes), and a wide range of other crops; and mountain resources including, birds, plants, and timber. The general practice of residency in the Hilo One region included near shore (kahakal) dwellings from which fisheries and water could be accessed; and residences extending upland across the kula or flat lands, which allowed easy access to the extensive mahina `ai and k1hapai (gardens and planting fields) which were developed over the generations. Further upland coming into the forests and on the mountain slopes, trails, shelters, and houses which were used seasonally for bird catching, canoe making, and other such practices occurred. Generally, each ahupua'a contained one or more trail by which native tenants traveled between the shore lands and uplands. Along these trails have been described—heiau (ceremonial sites); residences and shelters; caves; cultivating fields; and a wide range of other features. Native knowledge of this broad landscape—from shore to mountain—of which Ponahawai and Punahoa are a part, is demonstrated in the many place names which have been recorded for the ahupua`a and neighboring lands. Native traditions tell us that Ponahawai was named for a chiefess, the sister of Kukuau. We also learn that in antiquity, the goddess Hina and her daughters who also bore Hina names lived on the lands surrounding the Hala'i and Pu'u Honu hills of Punahoa and Ponahawai. At that time in antiquity, it is reported that the people cultivated the lands above what has now become Hilo Town. In this part of history, we find that the lands of Ponahawai and Punahoa share an affiliation, and it is difficult to know where one stops and the other begins. In the later period of Hawaiian history, as Kamehameha I was emerging in his role as the unifier of a kingdom, the land Ponahawai, is named as one of importance. Following the Mahele Aina of 1848, the importance of Ponahawai is suggested once again as the lands placed in a category then known as Aina Lei Alii (Crown Land), be retained by Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III). Punahoa, was also a land of significance, and is noted as the residence of families associated with the Kamehameha line as it was establishing the kingdom. During the Mlhele, twenty-seven claims for kuleana in Ponahawai, under twenty-nine Helu were filed before the Commission. Of the total number of claims, four were from foreign residents (including the Hilo Mission Station), and the remainder were native residents. Twenty-two of the claims were awarded. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 180 (HiPonaha78-051203) In Punahoa 1bt & 2"d, at least seventeen claims for native tenant kuleana were filed. Also, three large claims, two for the Christian Mission Station (taking almost the entire ahupua'a of Punahoa 1't & 2"d), and one claim in Punahoa 'It by an ali'i awardee (covering a part of the study area), were made and awarded. Four of the native tenant claims, and one claim by a foreign resident were denied. Of the total claims between Punahoa and Ponahawai, four of them (L.C.A. 387, 2228, 2281 & 4276) included lands in both Punahoa and Ponahawai. Almost all of the claimants placed their parcels in the area extending from near the shore to the edge of the slopes just back of Hilo Town. In this zone, the award furthest inland was situated just mauka of the present-day Kapi'olani Street. One claimant, Kukeleau (Helu 4983) was awarded a kuleana in Ponahawai near Ka lua o Kaaumana (now called "Kaumana Caves"), on which one house and some planting fields (kihapal) were located. Another claimant also applied for a parcel situated "in the uplands of Ponahawai, close to the forest" (Kapuaa, claimant, Helu 4994). Because the piece was not awarded, its specific location is unknown. At the same time that the Mahele was taking place, the King also allowed Royal Patent Grants to be issued to applicants for land which fell under the Government inventory. While Ponahawai was a Crown land—thus, not generally open to grant applications—one grant was issued to Benjamin Pitman for 354.2 acres in Ponahawai. This grant, No. 252, was issued in 1850, and covered the area extending mauka from the vicinity of the present-day Ululani Street, to Komohana Street, and mauka, as far as the upper Ponahawai boundary of the proposed project area. Pitman was married to chiefess Kino'ole, daughter of Ho'olulu and Halaki, and through her line, he inherited the responsibility of Konohiki (land and resource overseer) in Ponahawai in ca. 1840. As a result of the Mahele and Grant disposition, of lands in Ponahawai and Punahoa tat, the primary source of property within the proposed University Terrace project, comes from two original owner—Benjamin Pitman, by Royal Patent Grant No. 252 in Ponahawai; and Enoka Kahakumakaluia, by Land Commission Award. No. 463. One of the significant historical events associated with the Ponahawai-Punahoa uplands, in the vicinity of the present study area occurred in 1881. A lava flow from Mauna Loa traveled to within one mile of Hilo Bay, and governess Ruth Ke'elikolani, a descendant of the Kamehameha line traveled to a place called Pu'u o Kamali'i, an area mauka of 1­151a$—by reference to the native account, a place in Ponahawai, or very near the Ponahawai- Punahoa boundary—where she personally asked Pale to spare Hilo from the lava flow. The flow stopped shortly thereafter, and saved the town and fishpond resources of Hilo One from destruction. In Kukuau-Waiakea, one finger of the flow descended makai of the present-day Komohana Street. By the middle 1800s, land use in Ponahawai-Punahoa and the larger Hilo Town vicinity was dramatically changed from its traditional subsistence system. In the late 1830s, the kula lands of Ponahawai—the area extending mauka from the present-day Ululani Street to Hala'i—had been planted with sugar cane, and by 1840, "30 tons" of sugar had been produced from the young Ponahawai fields. Sugar continued to be planted in Ponahawai through the 1800s, extending further mauka, towards Kaumana. By the early 1900s, lands of Ponahawai and upper Punahoa were part of a plantation system that extended across most of East Hawai'i. As a result of the plantation development, much of the landscape in Ponahawai and Punahoa, including the present study area, was significantly altered. He Wahi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 181 (HiPonaha78-051203) Though altered, the storied landscape of Ponahawai, Punahoa, and the Hala'i Hills is still one of importance. Care in development, and acknowledgement of the history of the land— perpetuation of place names and sharing the history of the land with those who come to call Ponahawai and Punahoa home—will help to ensure that some part of what makes this land unique will be handed down through the generations. E malama i ka `aina a malama ka 'aina id `oel He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 182 (HiPonaha78-051203) REFERENCES CITED ACHP (Advisory Council on Historic Preservation) 1985 Guidelines for Consideration of Traditional Cultural Values in Historic Preservation Review. Draft Report. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. Washington, D.C. Barrere, D.B. 1994 The Kings Mahele. (Privately published manuscript) (Report Title) Beckwith, M. 1970 Hawaiian Mythology. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Bingham, M. 1969 A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands. Hartfort. Buke Mahele 1848 Buke Kakau Paa no ka mahele aina i hooholoia iwaena o Kamehameha 3 a me Na Lii a me Na Konohiki ana Hale AN Honolulu. lanuari 1848. (Ke Kope 1864). Coan, Titus 1882 Life in Hawaii. New York: Anon Randolf & Co. Dampier, R. 1971 To the Sandwich Island on H.M.S. Blonde. The University of Hawaii Press. Ellis, Wm. 1963 Journal of William Ellis. Advertiser Publishing Co., Ltd. Honolulu, Hawaii. Fitzpatrick, G.L 1986 The Early Mapping of Hawaii. Honolulu: Editions Limited. Fornander, A. 1916- Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folklore. 1919 (9 vols.). Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. 1969 An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origin and Migrations. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co, Inc. Handy, E.S.C., E.G. Handy and M. K. Pukui 1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1'I, J.P. 1973 Fragments of Hawaiian History. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Indices of Awards 1929 Indices of Awards Made by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles in the Hawaiian Islands. (Copy in Hawaii State Archives) He Wshi Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical Overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 183 (HiPonaha78-051203) Jensen, P.M. 1991 Archaeological Inventory Study, Komohana Golf Course. Lands of Ponahawai and Punahoa 1-2, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-2-3-44:09). Report 998-021091 PHRI. Prepared for KTA Consulting Group, Hilo, Hawai'i. Kamakau, S. 1961 Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. Honolulu: The Kamehameha Schools Press. 1964 Ka Poe Kahiko: The People of Old. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Bulletin 51. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1976 The Works of the People of Old, Na hana a ka Poe Kahiko. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 61. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1991 Tales and Traditions of the People of Old. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Kame'eleihiwa, L. 1992 Native Land, and Foreign Desires. Bishop Museum Press. Kingdom of Hawaii 1850 Kanawai Hoopai Karaima no ko Hawaii Pae Aina. (Penal Code) Lyman, Sarah J., et al. 1992 The Lymans of Hilo. A Fascinating Account of Life in 19tj' Century Hawaii. Lyman House Memorial Museum. Hilo, Hawaii Malo, D. 1951 Hawaiian Antiquities. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 2. B.P. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2nd edition) (translated by Emerson, N.) Maly, K. 1997 Historical Documentary Research. IN Limited Archaeological Inventory Survey, Proposed Housing Facility, Hawaii Community Correctional Center, by A.T. Walker, K. Maly, and P.H. Rosendahl, pp. 6-14. Report 1736-012897, PHRI. Submitted to Belt Collins Hawaii, Honolulu. Maly, Kepa (translator) Ms. Kaao Hooniva Puuwai no Ka-Miki (The Heart Stirring Story of Ka-Miki). Native traditions of people and places of the island of Hawai'i. J. Wise and J.W.H.i. Kihe, in the Hawaiian Newspaper Ka Hoku o Hawaii; January 8, 1914 - December 6, 1917. McEldowney, H. 1979 Archaeological and Historical Literature Search and Research Design: Lava Flow Control Study, Hilo, Hawai'i. BPBM Report, Honolulu. OEQC (Office of Environmental Quality Control, State of Hawai'l) 1997 Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts. Adopted by the Environmental Council; November 17, 1997. Pukui, Mary K. 1983 '01elo No'eau: Hawaiian Proverbs & Poetical Sayings. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai ma Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 184 (HiPonaha78-051203) Pukui, M.K., and A.L. Korn 1973 The Echo of Our Song. Chants and Poems of the Hawaiians. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. Pukui, M.K., S. Elbert, and E. Mookini 1974 Place Names of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. State of Hawaii Ms. Files cited in text from the collections of the: Hawai'i State Archives Department of Land and Natural Resources — Bureau of Conveyances Department of Land and Natural Resources — State Survey Division Stewart, C.S. 1970 Journal of a Residence in the Sandwich Islands. During the Years 1823. 1824 and 1825.... University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Stokes, J.F.G., and T. Dye 1991 Heiau of the Island of Hawai'i; A Historic Survey of Native Hawaiian Temple Sites. BPBM, Honolulu. Tatar, E. 1982 Nineteenth Century Hawaiian Chant. Pacific Anthropological Records No. 33, B.P. Bishop Mus. Honolulu. Westervelt, W.D. 1987 Myths and Legends of Hawaii. Mutual Publishing. Wilkes, C. 1845 Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838-1842, Under the Command of C. Wilkes, U.S.N. Vol. 4. Philadelphia: Loa and Blanchard. Wolforth, T.R. 1999 Data Recovery for the Housing Facility at the Hawaii Community Correctional Center: Investigation into the Network of Ditches in the Hala'i Region of North Hilo. Land of Pi'ihonua, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii. Report 1741- 092999 PHRI. Prepared for Architects Hawai'i Ltd. Honolulu, Hawaii. He Wahl Mo'olelo no Ponahawai me Hilo Kumu Pono Associates A Historical overview of Ponahawai at Hilo 185 (HiPonaha78-051203) APPENDIX F BOTANICAL SURVEY TMK 2.3.44:19 AND 53 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS OF POTENTIAL WETLANDS AT PONAHAWAI, HILO, ISLAND OF HAWAII Geometrician Associates, LLC re 3 -Phot® Figures 3c -d 3c. Possible Wetlands near Pond lEdge, Site. 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California Grass/Wa.rabi Fern Vegetation at Site C-2 APPENDIX G A SURVEY OF AVIAN AND TERRESTRIAL MAMMALIAN SPECIES OF THE PONAHAWAI MIXED USE PLANNED COMMUNITY SITE, SOUTH HILO DISTRICT, HAWAII Geometrician Associates, LLC BOTANICAL SURVEY TMK 2-3-44:19 and 53 By Ron Terry, Ph.D. and Layne Yoshida, B.A. Geometrician Associates, LLC April 2003 Introduction This report describes the results of a botanical survey of an approximately 180 -acre property in Hilo that is planned for development. The property is bordered by the Mohouli Extension, Komohana Street, Sunrise Estates, Kaumana Gardens, and various other properties, as indicated in figures in the document to which this report is an appendix. Purpose and Methodology The objectives of the survey were to 1) describe the vegetation; 2) list all species encountered; and 3) identify threatened or endangered plant species. The area was surveyed on foot by Layne Yoshida and Ron Terry on several days in March 2003. Observation took place on transects that covered all vegetation types on the property. Approximately 50 percent of the property was intensively and directly surveyed; the remainder was observed from a distance of no more than 50m from transects. Species were identified in the field and, as necessary, collected and keyed out in the laboratory. Special attention was given to the possible presence of any federally (USFWS 2000) listed endangered plant or animal species. Vegetational Influences The property includes samples of some of the oldest and youngest Mauna Loa geology present in the Hilo area. Cinder cones older than 10,000 years are present in the northeast corner near the intersection of Komohana and Ponahawai Streets. Surrounding the cones is an area of deep, weathered Pahala ash with similar or slightly younger dates. These areas provide rich soil that is suitable for crops such as sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum). Three separate lava flows take up the remainder. One dates from 3-5,000 years BP and the second from 750-1000 years BP. The earlier flow is fairly well - weathered with pockets of soil in depressions, and the latter flow is locally weathered, with many rock outcrops. Although not as suitable for agriculture as ash -based soils, such areas are often used for pasture and tree crops. Finally, the 1881 lava flow covers a portion of the southern part of the property. This terrain is basically unweathered and is not suitable for agriculture without extensive site work. The original vegetation of the general area was lowland rainforest, per Gagne and Cuddihy (1990), consisting of a closed canopy forest of `ohi`a (Metrosideros polymorpha) and perhaps koa (Acacia koa), and a diverse array of canopy and understory shrubs, herbs, vines and ferns, including hapu`u (Cibotium sp.), uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis), and neneleau (Rhus sandwichensis). However, this area has a long history of farming during both traditional Hawaiian times and the past two centuries. A summary of Hilo land use history reported that early Western visitors remarked on the forest line that appeared uniformly about four or five miles inland from the coast (McEldowney 1979:22). The areas makai of the forest line were converted by slash -and -burn early in prehistory into cropland and grassland. For many centuries, much of the inland portions of Hilo was covered in gardens of taro (Colocasia esculenta) that were associated with residences. The gardens were often outlined by windbreaks of sugar cane, banana (Musa spp.), and wauke (barkcloth) (Brousonettia papyrifera). Interspersed with settlements were mixed groves of trees with economic uses — such as kukui (Aleurites molluccana), hala (Pandanus odoratissimus), coconut (Cocos nucifera), ulu (Artocarpus altilis), `ohi`a `ai (Syzygium malaccense), mi lo (Thespesia populnea) and hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus). Platforms or mounds of rock were constructed to promote the growth of gourds, ti (Cordyline fruticosa) and noni (Morinda citrifolia)plants. Based on the adequate -to -good soil and the evidence of irrigation provided by still -extant auwai (irrigation ditches), the property was no exception to this general land use pattern in Hilo. The 1881 lava flow "reset the clock" for both geology and vegetation in the areas it covered. Land that formerly supported gardens and groves of economic trees returned to the primal state dominated by `ohi`a and uluhe. In historical times, sugar cane cultivation, grazing, a homestead -type farm, and agricultural processing all appear to have taken place on the property. However, there appears to have been little active farming over most of the property for several decades. The current vegetation reflects a very dynamic secondary succession involving a multitude of alien trees, shrubs, vines, grasses and herbs. Although environmental factors such as soil type, soil moisture and slope aspect are important influences (with the 1881 lava flow the best example), stochastic processes are also important determinants of the rapidly evolving vegetation. The many differences in the property's current vegetation and flora with that documented as recently as 13 years ago (Gerrish 1990) illustrate this dynamism. Results: Vegetation A botanical survey conducted for the property (including a portion mauka of the then - unbuilt Mohouli Extension, not included in the current study area) in 1990 (Gerrish) found three basic vegetation types: Type 1: 1881 Lava Flow: Dominated by `ohi`a and uluhe, this type was the only native plant community. A number of aliens, including Christmasberry (Schinus terebinthifolius), waiawi (Psidium cattleianum), broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus), melastoma (Melastoma candidum), octopus tree (Schefflera actinophylla), and melochia (Melochia umbellata), had invaded, in places heavily. Type 2: Open grasslands with scattered trees and thickets of aliens, associated with the presence of the next most recent lava flow. At that time it appeared to be lightly grazed by horses and cattle. Gunpowder tree (Trema orientalis), Alexander palms (Archontophoenix alexandrae), melochia, African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata), guava (Psidium guajava), and waiawi dominated the tree and shrub layer. Dense patches of California grass (Brachiaria mutica) and wainaku grass (Panicum repens) were also common. Some `ohi`a and uluhe were found as well. Patches of standing water were present in places. Type 3: Deep soil, lush, highly diverse mixture of species found in Type 2 and many more. Albizia (Albizia moluccana — or Paraserianthes falcataria), banyan (Ficus macrocarpa), bamboo (Bambusa sp.) and sugarcane were prominent. The results of the 2003 survey confirm the basic vegetation types described by Gerrish (1990). The apparent cessation of grazing along with more than a decade of rapid tree growth have transformed the Gerrish's Type 2 and Type 3 zones considerably. It is recognized that any categorization is somewhat arbitrary, and furthermore, subject to rapid change as the weedy vegetation continues to undergo its somewhat unpredictable succession However, based on the current vegetation, we recognize seven basic vegetation types: Vegetation Type 1: Essentially the same as Gerrish's Type 1, this is associated with 1881 lava flow. It is dominated by short to medium stature `ohi`a trees with an understory dominated by the uluhe fern. The same alien trees described by Gerrish are present and are becoming more widespread. In the understory, alien grasses such as broomsedge and molasses grass (Melinis minutii lora) are present. Vegetation Type 2: This vegetation type is dominated by large Albizia moluccana that form a closed canopy forest. The understory is a mixture of patches of thimblebeny (Rubus rosifolius), the melastome (Pterolepis glomerata), warabi fern (Diplazium esculentum), and California grass. The fringe or margins of this forest type is dominated by California grass. This vegetation type is found on and near the cinder cones mauka of Komohana Street near the northwest end of the property. Vegetation Type 3: There are several areas within and near the areas covered by Vegetation Type 2 that are covered densely by stands of a short ornamental bamboo. Little other understory growth is present. Vegetation Type 4: An area between Liko Lehua Street and the Mohouli Extension is covered by a dense stand of Alexander palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae). The stand of palms forms a closed canopy forest with very little understory growth. Vegetation Type 5: Several stands of rose apple (Syzygium jambos ) appear to be associated with low areas where water intermittently flows. The Syzygium form a dense canopy cover and the understory is poorly developed. Vegetation type 6: Numerous stands ofwaiawi (Psidium cattleianum) are scattered throughout the property; as with Types 3-5, this plant dominates the canopy layer and the understory is poorly developed Vegetation type 7: Numerous open, grassy areas are scattered throughout the site. California grass, Wainaku grass, and broomsedge are the dominant plants, depending on location. Results: Flora All plant species found during the survey are listed in Table 1. Results: Threatened and Endangered Species and Critical Habitat No rare, threatened or endangered plant species as listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are present on the parcel, nor are there unique or valuable wildlife habitats. No existing or proposed federally designated critical habitat is present on the property. The history of continuous disturbance coupled with the lowland context indicates that the property has little value in terms of conserving native species. No impact on native plant species or habitat is expected to result from human activity on the site. Other Botanical Issues: No systematic determination for the presence or absence of wetlands was performed as part of the botanical survey. However, based on the authors' experience with jurisdictional wetlands, wetlands are likely present on the property, mostly in association with small lakes and ponds that were reportedly created by the filling in of former quarries. Wetlands may also be present in drainages that are tributary to the Alenaio Stream Channel, as plants that are fairly strong indicators of wetlands (e.g., the alien primrose willow, or Ludwigia octovalis) were found. Table 1 Plant Species Observed on Site Scientific Name Family Common Name Life Form Status* DICOTS Thunber is ra raps Acanthaceae White Thurber is Vine A Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae Sessile Joyweed Herb A Man i era indica Anacardiaceae Mango Tree A Rhus sandwicensis Anacardiaceae Neneleau Tree/Shrub I Schinus terebinthi olius Anacardiaceae Christmas Berry Tree/ Shrub A Centella asiatica A iaceae Asiatic Penn ort Herb A Sche era actino h lla Araliaceae Octopus Tree Tree A Ageratum con zoides Asteraceae Ageratum Herb A Bidens pilosa Asteraceae Tick Herb A Con za bonariensis Asteraceae -Beggar's Hairy Horseweed Herb A Emilia coccinea Asteraceae Flora's Paintbrush Herb A Emilia sonchi olia Asteraceae Flora's Paintbrush Herb A Erecthites hieraci olia Asteraceae Fireweed Herb A Galinso a parviflora Asteraceae Galinso a Herb A Pluchea s m h ti olia Asteraceae Sourbush Shrub A Sonchus oleraceus Asteraceae Pualele Herb A S nedrella nodi ora Asteraceae Nodeweed Herb A Wedelia trilobata Asteraceae Wedelia Herb A Your is 'a onica Asteraceae Oriental Hawksbeard Herb A Impatiens wallerana Balsaminaceae Impatiens Herb A Bejzonia s . Be oniaceae Begonia Herb A S athodea cam anulata Bignoniaceae African Tulip Tree A Buddleia asiatica Buddleiaceae Buddleia Shrub A Hippobroma lon i ora Cam anulaceae Star -of -Bethlehem Herb A Sambucus mexicana Ca rifoliaceae Mexican Elder Shrub A Drymaria cordata Caryo h llaceae Pipili Herb I A Silene gallica Caryo h llaceae Catchfly Herb A Clusia rosea Clusiaceae Autograph Tree Tree A Terminalia m riocar a Combretaceae Jhahut Tree A Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulaceae I Field Bindweed Vine A Ipomoea alba Convolvulaceae Moon Flower Vine A Merremia aegyptia. Concolvulaceae Merremia Vine I(?) Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae Air Plant Herb A Styphelia tameiameiae E acridaceae Pukiawe Shrub I Chamaes ce hirta Eu horbiaceae Sure Herb A Chamaes ce rostrata Eu horbiaceae Sure Herb A Codiaeum varie alum Euh orbiaceae Croton Shrub A Macaran a mappa Eu horbiaceae Bin abin Tree/ Shrub A Ph llanthus debilis Eu horbiaceae Niruri Herb A Acacia confusa Fabaceae Formosa Koa Tree A Albizia moluccana Fabaceae Albizzia Tree A Chamaecrista nictitans Fabaceae Partridge Pea Herb A Crotalaria pallida Fabaceae Smooth Rattlepod Herb A Crotalaria micans Fabaceae Rattlepod Herb A Crotolaria retusaFabaceae Rattlepod Shrub A Desmodium ca'ani olium Fabaceae ??? Shrub/ Herb A Desmodium incanum Fabaceae Spanish Clover I Herb A A = alien, E = endemic, I = indigenous, End = Federal and State listed Endangered Species (none) Table 1, (cont'd) Plant Species Observed on Site Desmodium sandwicense Fabaccae Spanish clover Herb A Desmodium tri orum Fabaceae ??? Herb A Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Sleeping ass Herb A Sennas . Fabaceae ??? Shrub A Erodium cicutarium Geraniaceae Pin Clover Herb A H tis pectinata Lamiaceae Comb Hyptis Shrub A Prunella vulgaris Lamiaceae Pnmella Herb A Persea americana Lauraceae Alligator Pear Tree A Cu hea cartha enensis Lythraceae Tarweed Herb A Hibiscus urcellatus Malvaceae Akiohala Shrub I Hibiscus s . Malvaceae Hibiscus/ Cultivar Shrub A Sida rhombifolia Malvaceae Ilima Herb A Sida spinosa Malvaceae Prickly Sida Herb A Clidemia hrita Melastomataceae Koster's Curse Herb A Dissotis rotundi olio Melastomataceae Dissotis Herb A Melastoma candidum Melastomataceae Melastoma Shrub A Pterole is glomerata Melastomataceae Pterole is Herb A Artocarpus hetero h /lus Moraceae Jack -Fruit Tree A Cecro is peltata Moraceae Trumpet Tree Tree A Ficus microcar a Moraceae Chinese Banyan Tree A Morus alba Moraceae White Mulberry Tree A Myrica cera era Myricaceae Wax Myrtle Tree A Ardisia elliptica Myrsinaceae Shoebutton Ardisia Tree A Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae Lemon Scented Eucalyptus Tree A Eucalyptus de lu to Myrtaceae Painted Gum Tree A Melaleuca uin uenervia Myrtaceae Paperbark Tree A Metrosideros polymorpha Myrtaceae Ohia Tree I Psidium cattleianum Myrtaceae Waiawi ula ula Tree A Psidium jzujava Myrtaceae Guava Tree A Rhodom rtus tomentosa Myrtaceae Downy Rose Myrtle Shrub A Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Java Plum Tree A Syzygiumjambos Mvrtaceae Rose Apple Tree A Ludwi is octovalvis Ona raceae Primrose Willow Herb A Oxalis corniculate Oxalidaceae Yellow Wood -sorrel Herb A Oxalis corymbosa Oxalidaccae Pink Wood -sorrel Herb A Passiflora edults Passifloraceae Lilikoi Vine A Passi ora oetida Passifloraceae Love -in -a -mist Vine A Plantago lanceolata Planta inaceae Narrow -leaved Plantain Herb A Plantago major Planta inaceae Common Plantain Herb A Eriobotryajaponica Rosaceae Lo uat Tree A Rubus rosi olius Rosaceae Thimblebe Herb A Co ea aribica Rubiaceae Coffee Shrub A Paederia scandens Rubiaceae Maile Pilau Vine A Castille'a arvensis Scro hulariaceae I Indian Paintbrush Herb LA A = alien, E = endemic, I = indigenous, End = Federal and State listed Endangered Species (none) Table 1, (cont'd) Plant Species Observed on Site A = alien, E = endemic, I = indigenous, End = Federal and State listed Endangered Species (none) Torenia asiatica Scro hulariaceae Olaa Beauty Herb A Melochia umbellata Sterculiaceae Melochia Tree A Waltheria indica Sterculiaceac Uhaloa Shrub I Trema orientalis Ulmaceae Gunpowder Tree Tree A Citharex lum caudatum Verbenaceae Fiddleood Tree A Lantana camara Verbenaceae Lantana Shrub A Stachytarpheta amatensis Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta Shrub A MONOCOTS Licosa A avaceae Ki Shrub A . A avaceae Mone Tree Shrub A esculenta Araceae Kalo Her A hia s . WhtaA Araceae Dumb Cane Shrub A s . Araceae Monsters Shrub A ron s . Araceae Philodendron Vine A s aureus Araceae Taro Vine Vine A S n onium c..auritum Araceae Syngomum Vine A Archontophoenix a/exandrae Arecaceae Alexandra Palm Tree A Cocos nuci era Arecaceae Coconut Ptychosperma macarthurii Arecaceae Macarthur Palm Tree A Commelina di usa Commelinaceae Honohono Herb A Cyperus hal an Cyperaceac Sedge Herb A creus polystachyos Cyperaceae Sedge Herb I Scleria testacea Cyperaceae Scleria Herb I Heliconia s . Musaceae I Heliconia Herb A Heliconia s . Musaceae Heliconia Herb A Musa s . Musaceae Banana Shrub A Arundina graminifolia Orchidaceae Bamboo Orchid Herb A E idendrum s . Orchidaceae E idendrum Herb A Spathoglottis plicata Orchidaceae Phillipine Ground Orchid Herb A Andro 0 on vir inicus Poaceae Broomsed a Herb A Bambusa s . Poaceae Bamboo Shrub A Bambusa s . Poaceae Bamboo Shrub/ Tree I A Bambusa sp.. Poaceae Bamboo Shrub/Tree A Brachiaria mutica Poaceae California Grass I Herb A Coix lac ma -'obi Poaceae lob's Tears$HeAC nodon da lon Poaceae Bermuda GrassbDi itaria violascens Poaceae Smooth Crab assb A Melinis minuti ora Poaceae Molasses Grassb A O lismenus hirtellus Poaceae Basket Grassb A Panicum maximum Poaceae Guinea GrassbA Panicum re ens Poaceae Wainaku Grassb A Pas alum con'u atum Poaceae Hilo Grassb APas alumurvillei Poaceae Vase Grassb A A = alien, E = endemic, I = indigenous, End = Federal and State listed Endangered Species (none) Table 1, (cont'd) Plant Species Observed on Site A = alien, E = endemic, I = indigenous, End = Federal and State listed Endangered Species (none) Note: As an area mauka of the Mohouli Extension was surveyed simultaneously with the subject property without attempting to differentiate the location of species, the geographic distribution of some species in this table may not include the subject property. Literature Cited Gagne, W., and L. Cuddihy. 1990. "Vegetation," pp. 45-114 in W.L. Wagner, D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer, eds., Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. 2 vols. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Gerrish, G. 1990. Botanical Survey, Komohana: TMK 2-3-44:09. McEldowney, H. 1979.Archaeological and Historical Literature Search and Research Design, Lava Flow Control Study, Hilo, Hawaii. Prep. For U.S. Army Engineer Division, Pacific Ocean, Honolulu, HI. Honolulu: Bishop Museum. Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 50. Honolulu: Bishop Museum. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2000. Threatened and endangered plants in Hawaii. Washington: GPO. Pennisetum purpureum Poaceae Napier Grass Herb A Rh nchel trum re ens Poaceae Natal Redtop Herb A Saccharum o tcinarum Poaceae Sugarcane Herb A Sacciole is indica Poaceae Glenwood Grass Herb A Setaria palmifolia Poaceae Palm ass Herb A S orobolus diander Poaceae Indian Dro seed Herb A Themeda villosa Poaceae Lyon's Grass He A Hed chium coronarium Zin iberaceae I White Ginger Herb A FERNS AND FERN ALLIES L co odiella cernua L co odiaceae Wawae'iole Herb I Di lazium esculentum Athyriaceae Paco Shrub A Blechnum appendiculatum Blechnaceae Blechnum Herb A Dicrano teris linearis Gleicheniaceae Uluhe Vine I Ne hrole is exaltata Ne hrole idaceae Sword Fern Herb I Le isorus thunber ianus Polypodiaceae Pleo eltis Herb I Phelbodium aureum Polypodiaceae Laua'e Haole Herb A Ph matosorus grossus Polypodiaccae Maile Scented Fern Herb A Pityrogramma calomelanos Pteridaceae Silver Fern Herb A Lygodiumjaponicum Schizaeaceae Japanese Climbing Fern Vine A Christella dentata Tlielypteridaceae Downy Wood Fern Herb A A = alien, E = endemic, I = indigenous, End = Federal and State listed Endangered Species (none) Note: As an area mauka of the Mohouli Extension was surveyed simultaneously with the subject property without attempting to differentiate the location of species, the geographic distribution of some species in this table may not include the subject property. Literature Cited Gagne, W., and L. Cuddihy. 1990. "Vegetation," pp. 45-114 in W.L. Wagner, D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer, eds., Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. 2 vols. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Gerrish, G. 1990. Botanical Survey, Komohana: TMK 2-3-44:09. McEldowney, H. 1979.Archaeological and Historical Literature Search and Research Design, Lava Flow Control Study, Hilo, Hawaii. Prep. For U.S. Army Engineer Division, Pacific Ocean, Honolulu, HI. Honolulu: Bishop Museum. Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 50. Honolulu: Bishop Museum. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2000. Threatened and endangered plants in Hawaii. Washington: GPO. Preliminary Investigation of Potential Wetlands at Ponahawai , Hilo by Ron Terry, Ph.D, Geometrician Associates.' INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to provide information concerning the potential distribution of wetlands on an approximately 180 -acre property planned for development in the ahupua'a of Ponahawai and Punahoa, Hilo (Fig. 1). The property is bordered by the Mohouli Extension, Komohana Street, Sunrise Estates, Kaumana Gardens, and various other properties, and includes TMKs 2-3-44:19 and 53. DEFINITION AND LEGAL CONTEXT OF WETLANDS Wetlands under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE) as Waters of the United States are defined by the presence of specific indicators related to hydrology, vegetation and soils. Paraphrasing from the Wetlands Delineation Manual (USACOE 1987:13- 14), hydrologically, a wetlands is inundated either permanently or periodically during the growing season of the prevalent vegetation. Wetlands vegetation is characterized by a prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation, i.e., plants typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands soils are saturated, flooded or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions that favor the growth and regeneration of hydrophytic vegetation. All three criteria must be present for a site to be defined as a wetlands. The State of Hawai' i contains certain very valuable wetlands, with rich assemblages of native plants and habitat for native animals. In particular, scenic coastal wetlands support a variety of native and migratory birds, and bogs at the summits of mountains throughout the chain have unique native plants. Some wetlands have clear and substantial utility in tempering floods and removing sediment and other contaminants. Other wetland areas, particularly those partially created by human activity and dominated by aliens, may have a more restricted range of beneficial values. If a project involves the discharge of dredged or fill material into the Waters of the U.S., including wetlands, the USACOE must review the action under the authority of Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344). Only if certain conditions are met may a permit be obtained and the action be allowed to proceed. The process includes detailed study, public notice, and interagency review. Mitigation conditions that protect and/or replace wetlands are often imposed. ' I gratefully acknowledge the skillful assistance of Yusuf Tamimi, Ph.D., who performed the soil sampling and analysis, and Christian Rygh, B.A who helped with sampling and mapping. DESIGNATED WETLANDS ON THE PROPERTY According to project managers and planners, no wetlands have been officially designated on the property during previous due diligence or environmental assessment studies. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory maps series, which was consulted in its digital form in the State of Hawaii GIS system, does not depict any wetlands within one mile of the site. DISTRIBUTION OF WETLANDS INDICATORS ON THE PROPERTY Hydrology: The property includes part of the stream channel of the Alenaio Stream, which begins as the Kaluiiki and Waipahoehoe Branches approximately 11 miles southwest of the Hilo coastline. These two branches converge above Chong's Bridge at elevation 800 ft. above sea level, below which the stream is called Waipahoehoe. After crossing under Chong's Bridge, the stream becomes "undefined" in the areas covered by the 1881 and other recent pahoehoe lava flows. According to geologists, this is because the surface water percolates into these young lavas and is transported laterally in subsurface flow. The stream disappears so completely that it is not mapped on USGS topographic maps. Substantial amounts of surface flow over this area occur only during heavy and sustained rainfall of at least 5 inches per 12 hours. A defined stream does not again emerge until the elevation of Komohana Street, where the name Alenaio Stream is used (U.S. Department of the Army 1982). Surrounding Alenaio Stream is a designated Zone AE Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) in the County of Hawai'i's Flood Insurance Rate Maps (Fig. 2). Zone AE areas are SFHA's subject to indundation by the 100 -year flood determined in a Flood Insurance Study by detailed methods. Base flood elevations are shown within this zone. Also on the property is a separate Zone A (similar to Zone AE, but without detailed study) SFHA associated with a tributary to Alenaio. In addition to these streams there is also a small pond on the property that appears to be man-made. Each of these water features has at least some potential to contain wetlands. Despite the apparent detail of the mapped flood zones, in reality the complex topography, geology and dense vegetation make hydrologic understanding of the area difficult. Vegetation: The original vegetation of the general area was lowland rainforest, per Gagne and Cuddihy (1990), consisting of a closed canopy forest of `ohi`a (Metrosideros polymorpha) and perhaps koa (Acacia koa), and a diverse array of canopy and understory shrubs, herbs, vines and ferns, including hapu`u (Cibotium sp. ), uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis), and neneleau (Rhus sandwichensis). However, this area has a long history of farming during both traditional Hawaiian times and the past two centuries, and the vegetation is almost entirely alien except for on the 1881 lava flow. Botanical investigations of the property (Gerrish 1990, Terry and Yoshida 2003) indicate that there is a prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation throughout substantial areas of the property. Very widespread plants include the Facultative Wet species California grass (Brachiaria mutica), the Facultative Wet+ sedge Cyperus halpans, and the Facultative+ Hilo grass (Paspalum conjugatum).' The Obligate Wetlands species primrose willow (Ludwigia 2 B definition, Obligate Wetland plants occur almost always (>99%) under natural conditions in wetlands; Facultative Wetland plants usually (estimated probability 67-99%) occur in wetlands, but are occasionally found Preliminary Investigation of Potential Wetlands at Ponahawai , Hilo Page 2 octovalvis, or kamole, a Polynesian introduction) is also fairly widespread in open areas. However, it should be noted that areas with a prevalence of these species are common in Hilo, with its average annual rainfall of nearly 130 inches, even on well -drained, highly -sloped sites lacking wetlands soils. Hydrophytic vegetation may not be a good overall diagnostic of wetlands conditions in such areas. Soils: The property includes samples of some of the oldest and youngest Mauna Loa geology present in the Hilo area. Cinder cones older than 10,000 years are present in the northeast comer near the intersection of Komohana and Ponahawai Streets. Surrounding the cones is an area of deep, weathered Pahala ash with similar or slightly younger dates. These areas provide rich soil suitable for crops such as sugar cane. Three separate lava flows take up the remainder. One dates from 3-5,000 BP (years before present) and the second from 750-1,000 BP. The earlier flow is fairly well -weathered with pockets of soil in depressions, and the latter flow is locally weathered, with many rock outcrops. Although not as suitable for agriculture as ash -based soils, such areas are often used for pasture and tree crops. Finally, the 1881 lava flow covers a portion of the southern part of the property. This terrain is basically unweathered and is not suitable for agriculture without extensive site work The mapped soil types on the property include Hilo silty clay loam, 0-10% slopes (a Typic Hydrandept, a type of Latosol) on the area covered by Pahala Ash, and Keaukaha extremely rocky muck (Lithic Tropofolist, a type of Lithosol) in the more recent lava flows of the other areas of the property (Sato et al 1973). These soil groups are not those typically associated with wetlands (USACOE 1987:D5), although soil may vary greatly within a mapped type. Given the difficulty of determining the hydrology in geologically young areas without well- developed drainage networks, as well as the unreliability of hydrophytic vegetation as an indicator of wetlands in Hilo, it is hypothesized that soil could provide the best diagnostic indicator of either wetlands conditions or the lack thereof at specific sites. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Based on similar experience delineating wetlands under COE supervision in the Hilo area (Terry 2002), a full wetlands determination and delineation as specified in the Wetlands Delineation Manual for the Ponahawai property would likely be a substantial undertaking. The purpose of this study is provide preliminary information on whether hydric soils appear to be present in those parts of the property with the most hydrophytic vegetation and at least some possibility of periodic inundation. Focusing in such "worst-case" areas can help establish whether wetlands are likely to widespread on the property, and can provide guidance on the scale of effort that might be required for a full wetlands delineation and determination. in non -wetlands; Facultative plants are equally likely to occur in wetlands or non -wetlands (estimated probability 34-66%). Within a category, "+" or "- indicates a greater or lesser tendency to be found in wetlands (USACOE 1987:18). Preliminary Investigation of Potential Wetlands at Ponahawai . Hilo Page 3 METHODOLOGY This preliminary study involved investigations at several site types. In moist basins near the Alenaio Stream channel that have hydrophytic vegetation but no indisputable hydrological wetlands indicators. Surrounding a pond near which hydrophytic vegetation is present and a local water table clearly exists. The area planned for the most intense development, just mauka of Ponahawai Street. Figure 1 shows the sites. At each site type, several sample points were selected. The samples were not random but instead were selected to be represent typical low-lying micro -sites with hydrophytic vegetation. In a sense, these were "worst-case" samples that could indicate whether wetlands soil was present in the "wettest" looking areas. Sampling took place on May 27 and May 29, 2003, when weather had been dry for several days. Month -to -date rainfall in Hilo had been 4.65" (compared to the average of 6.97") and year-to-date rainfall 27.03" (as compared to the average of 52.36"). All sample sites were photographed (typical sites are shown in Fig. 3), flagged and their latitude and longitude reckoned by Global Position System (GPS) and recorded for ease of relocating, verification and sample duplication (Table 1). At each sample site, researchers cleared an approximately 4'x 4' area of vegetation and dug a 1' x 1' soil pit to a depth of 18 inches (or less, as dictated by bedrock). The soil profile was studied in the pit to determine horizons, other layers, water tables, water content, and other variables. Several of the samples showed obvious signs of being hydric and soil pits were not prepared. For all other samples, researchers collected representative soil samples from 6 -inch depth layers (i.e., 0-6"; 6-12"; 12-18") as appropriate for laboratory analysis. The presence or absence of the following criteria from the Wetlands Delineation Manual were noted. • Organic soil (greater than 50% organic soil material by volume) • Histic epipedon e Sulfidic material • Aquic or peraquic moisture regime • Reducing soil conditions • Wetlands soil color (either gley, bright mottles and/or low matrix chroma) • Iron and manganese concretions If any of these criteria were present, the soil was considered hydric and the soils criteria for wetlands was satisfied. Table 1 presents the hydric soil finding for all samples, and also includes a list of the dominant plant species for each site. Preliminary Investigation of Potential Wetlands at Ponahawai , Hilo Page 4 Table 1 Sample Site Locations and Results Site/ Lat-Long _ Dominant Species (2) Hydric Soil/ Sample (19*N Indicator (1) 155*W A-1 42.584/05.965 Cal. grass, Ageratum con, zoy ides, Desmodium NONE incanum, Koster's curse, comb hyptis, sensitive plant A-2 42.588/05.970 Cal. grass, Ageratum, Desmodium, palmgrass SULFIDIC A-3 42.597/05.998 Cal. grass, Desmodium , thimbleberry NONE A-4 42.627/06.017 Cal. grass, Ludwigia octovalvis, thimbleberry NONE B-1 42.677/06.019 Wedelia trilobata SULFIDIC B-2 42.682/06.111 CWerus halpans, Palmgrass SULFIDIC B-3 42.712/05.989 Cal. grass, Ludwigia, sensitive plant, Pycreus NONE polystachus C-1 42.717/05.952 Hilo Brass, palmgrass NONE C-2 42.808/05.868 Cal. Grass, warabi fem, Wedelia, honohono NONE C-3 42.822/05.8.77 Warabi, Cal. Grass, Wedelia, NONE C-4 42.791/05.866 Warabi, banyan, banana, rose apple, pilau maile NONE Notes: (1) Sample Sites: A=Alenaio stream channel side -basins ; B=pond area; C=open area near Ponahawai St. (2) Dominant species include consideration of trees, saplings, shrubs, herbs and vines. Trees were present in only a few plots, although they did shade sites. Plant species that indicate wetland vegetation if comprising 50 percent or more of the dominants are noted in underline. If one species was overwhelmingly dominant, it is bolded. Plant is identified by common name if widely used. In subsequent entries of plants with scientific name given, second part of binomial is excluded. Scientific Names: Banana - Musa spp; Banyan - Ficus microcarpa; Comb hyptis - Hyptis pectinata; Hilo grass - Paspalum conjugatum Honohono - Commelina diusa; Koster's curse - Clidemio hirta; Palm grass - Setaria polmifolio; Pilau maile - Paederio scandens; Rose apple - Syzygium jambos; Sensitive plant - Mimosa pudica; Thimbleberry - Rubus rosifolius; Warabi fern - Diplazium esculentum. DISCUSSION Hydric soil was found at only three of the eleven sample sites. The hydric determination of each was based on the obvious factor of highly sulfidic smell, but other indicators such as saturated water conditions and reducing soil chemistry conditions were also apparent. The vegetation at sample site A2 would be considered hydrophytic, as the two most prominent of four species were plants associated with wetlands. The dominant vegetation at B1, the pond bank, consisted of just one upland species (Wedelia trilobata). This was probably an anomaly, as the plant did not appear to be rooted in the wetlands soil but simply formed a mat over it. At 132 the vegetation would definitely be classified as hydrophytic, as it was dominated by only one species, the Facultative Wet wetlands species Cyperus halpans. Preliminary Investigation of Potential Wetlands at Ponahawai , Hilo Page 5 However, as indicated by the dominant vegetation column in the table (in which Obligate, Facultative Wet, and Facultative wetland species are underlined), the vegetation at most of the sample sites was moderately hydrophytic. This is particularly true when considering the non - hydric soil sample sites at which there was a single "dominant" dominant, which in each case was California grass, which is Facultative Wet. Nevertheless, the soils at such sites were well - drained, deep brown and showed good aggregation, and were decidedly not wetlands soils. A monoculture of Cyperus halpan appears to hold promise as a good indicator of wetlands soil, although this and similar sedges are also found on roadside shoulders where road runoff and soil compaction provide extra soil moisture but no true wetlands soils. On the other hand, California grass dominance does not appear to signify wetlands, even when it contains scattered Ludwigia octovalvis, an listed obligate wetland plant. In general, the prevalence of "wetlands" indicator species at any given site on this property is not a reliable indicator of wetlands. Instead, it is probably related to the constant high rainfall in an open canopy forest where evaporation is somewhat reduced and humidity and soil moisture remain high except during the most prolonged droughts. Occasional episodes of very high rainfall and subsequent over -bank flooding and sheet -flow lead to short -duration ponding, but these factors do not tend to develop wetlands soils in this area. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS It should first be noted that sampling covered only a small portion of the property and may not be completely representative of conditions in all areas. However, as the sample distribution was aimed at areas of hydrophytic vegetation and was informed by a thorough familiarity of the property gained through a four-day botanical reconnaissance, the general conclusions may be fairly reliable. Although the systematic evaluation of hydrology and vegetation necessary to provide a conclusive wetlands determination was not conducted, it is likely that at least a few small pockets of wetlands are be present on the property. Based on the restricted distribution of wetlands soils sampled at various low-lying spots that contained a prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation, it would appear that wetlands are not large or widely distributed on the property. The most likely area to find them would be within or directly adjacent to the main channels of the Alenaio Stream and immediately surrounding the pond. Other low areas, despite the prevalence of California grass and Ludwigia octovalvis, are unlikely to contain wetlands. Monocultures of the sedge, Cyperus halpan, are probably good indicators of wetlands soils. In terms of future work, there is one large pond and several other smaller "pothole" water features scattered on the property. Other than these, the most important factor is the Alenaio Stream. In order to streamline wetlands determination and delineation for the property, the channels that comprise the stream should be precisely mapped, either separately or as part of detailed topographic survey. Once the precise locations of the channels are known, the rather limited area of small wetlands directly adjacent to these channels can be efficiently delineated. Preliminary Investigation of Potential Wetlands at Ponahawai , Hilo Page 6 A Section 404 permit could then be sought if these areas required fill. More likely, the areas could be restricted from development. Most, and perhaps even all, of these wetland pockets may be within the currently identified Special Flood Hazard Area as well, meaning that their presence would result in little net loss of developable property. Ideally, stream channel wetlands could form an interesting and environmentally useful part of the open space for the development. REFERENCES Gerrish, G. 1990. Botanical Survey, Komohana: TMK 2-3-44:09. Sato, H.H. et al. 1973. Soil Survey oflsland ofHawai'i, State ofHawai'i. Washington: U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service. Terry, Ron. 2002. "Innovative Wetlands Mitigation in Hawai'i." Land and Water 46(1):60-63 Terry, R. and Yoshida, L.. 2003. Botanical Survey TMK 2-3-44:19 and 53. Prep. for Kimura International. U.S. Department of the Army. 1982. Harbors and Rivers in Hawaii. Alenaio Stream... Interim Survey Report and Environmental Impact Statement. Ft. Shafter, HI: U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu. U.S. Department of the Army (Army Corps of Engineers [USACOE]. 1987. Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual. Prep. By Environmental Laboratory, Department of the Army, Vicksburg, MS. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: Hawaii (Region H). Biological Report 88 (26.13) U.S. Dept. of the Interior. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Dept. of Geography. 1983. Atlas of Hawaii. 2nd ed. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. 2 vols. B.P. Bishop Museum Spec. Pub. 83. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Wolfe, E.W., and J. Morris. 1996. Geologic Map of the Island of Hawaii. USGS Misc Investigations Series Map i -2524-A. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey. 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Vey A 001 II► aac II / -' j Wwktr Rrm 11 co I L ONE 4 76 a ZONE X IJ 1 0 X ZONE AE IIS 11 199 Woratlo 7)ibuw,,v N. y �` Ii _ • ._ - -JIr-�jL\ R e `� E ANA 2014E X �'o a V ANE _ ►UAINAKO_. . . T II I , ` _ O. ZONE X -�1'_ 1 �° r..ZONE J •, X I ZONE AH _ ZONE X !� �_3�i,E MM1= I ROOALAI- 397 ZONE x .� t,' , ae ' D"I� :l � 0 ` ZONE AE 4 NoA1.AuwA ap• nAv '.� Dj1A UA 1•'1 11 II I II O SCALE IN KILOMETERS 4000 - .: - II D •WAY 0a Weld1 TMrary II i` i II I 11 I I 2000 II Slim a 118 , ..aA v MAu-'sNo10 t jlt II it II I I� Ij IN29 ZONE AH SCALE IN FEET I ZONE 437 Z( A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species of the Ponahawai Mixed Use Planned Community Site, South Hilo District, Hawaii. Prepared by: Reginald E. David Rana Productions, Ltd. P.O. Box 1371 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745 Prepared for: Kimura International, Inc. 1600 Kapiolani Blvd. Suite 1610 Honolulu, Hawaii 96814 June 2003 Ponahawai Planned Community -Faunal Survey— 2001 - Table of Contents Tableof Contents............................................................................................2 Introduction.................................................................................................... 3 General Site Description.................................................................................4 Mammalian Survey Methods...........................................................................5 AvianSurvey Methods....................................................................................5 Mammalian Survey Results.............................................................................5 AvianSurvey Results.......................................................................................6 Discussion....................................................................................................... 6 Reccomendat ions..........................................................................................10 LiteratureCited.............................................................................................1 1 Figures & Tables Figure 1. Site and Avian Count Stations Map.................................................4 Table 1. Avian Species Detected During Station Counts on the Ponahawai Site...................................................................................................7 Ponahawai Planned Community -Faunal Survey -2001- 2 Introduction This report summarizes the findings of a three day ornithological and mammalian survey of a 179 f acre site on which it is proposed that a planed mixed use community be developed. The site is bound to the southwest by the Mohouli Extension Street, and to the northeast by Komohana Street (Figure 1). As currently envisioned the development will consist of a mix of some 600 single and multi -family residences, 150 transient accommodations (small hotel), and 35,000 square feet of retail space. Fieldwork was conducted between June 190' and 2151, 2003. The primary purpose of the survey was to determine if there were any federally listed endangered, threatened, proposed, or candidate avian or mammalian species on, or in the immediate vicinity of, the proposed project site. In addition, we were asked to assess the probability of any use of the site by listed species, given the habitat present on the property. Avian phylogenetic order and nomenclature follows The American Ornithologists' Union Checklist of North American Birds 7`h Edition (American Ornithologists' Union 1998), and the 42"d and 43`d supplement to Check -list of North American Birds (American Ornithologists' Union 2000, 2002). Mammal scientific names follow Mammals in Hawaii (Tomich 1986). Plant names follow Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1990). Place names follow Place Names of Hawaii (Pukui et al. 1974). General Site Description The project site encompasses approximately 179 acres located in the Ponahawai ahupua'a, South Hilo District, Island of Hawaii. The area surveyed slopes gently from southwest to northeast, from an elevation of — 400 feet above mean sea level (ASL), down to — 240 feet ASL (USGS 1995). The site is bound to the southwest by the Mohouli Extension Street, and to the northeast by Komohana Street (Figure 1). The terrain within the project site is composed of a mix of pahoehoe and a`a lava flows formed by Mauna Loa. The northeastern third of the side is covered with Pahala Ash deposited during the Pleistocene Epoch overlaying much older flows. There are two older cinder cones formed over 10,000 years ago on the northeastern comer of the site immediately adjacent to Komohana Street. One of these is named Pu`u Hono, the other is not named (USGS 1995). A portion of the Pahala Ash deposits on the south and southwest of the site have been overlain by lava flows formed during the late Holocene Epoch, dating back some 1100 years. There is one small tongue of lava formed by the 1881 Mauna Loa flow overlaying a portion of this flow on the southern boundary of the site. (USGS 1995; Wolfe and Monis 1996). The vegetation on the site clearly shows signs that it has repeatedly been altered by the hand of humans. The majority of the of the site is covered with alien (i.e., introduced to Ponahawal Planned Community -Faunal Survey — 2001 - 3 wat an 2 Carva C RO%10 VP a! k j P�? � 4007r� I e- Ho FIGURE O 1 FIGURE 1. PONAHAWAI STUDY SITE Study Site Boundary �r Transects and Bird Count Stations SCALE N 1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Feet Ponohawai Planned Community -Faunal Survey -2001 - 4 Hawaii by humans), plant species, though there is a section on the northeast corner where the ground cover is mainly made up of is a mix of uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis), and hapu'u (Cibotium glaucum), there are also several loulu palm (Pritchardia sp?) groves scattered across the site. Nuhe is considered to be indigenous (i.e., native to Hawaii, but also found elsewhere naturally), and hapu'u, and loulu endemic (i.e., native and unique to Hawaii) species. The bulk of the site is vegetated with an eclectic mix of alien trees, shrubs including, but not limited to the following species; strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum), common guava (Psidium guajava), Christmasberry (Schinus terebinthifolius), octopus tree (Schefflera actinophylla), African tulip (Spathodea campanulata), rose -apple (Syzygium jambos), moluccan albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria), rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), and numerous alien weedy and grass species, including Clidemia (Clidemia hirta), sugar cane (Saccharum ofcinarum), and thimbleberry (Rubus rosifolius). Vegetation was very dense, with free movement possible only along the numerous pig trails, river beds, and along several tracks apparently cut by surveyors, archaeologists, and possibly others. Mammalian Survey Method All observations of mammalian species were of an incidental nature. With the exception of the endemic endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, or 'ope `ape `a, as it is known in Hawaiian, all terrestrial mammals currently found on the island of Hawaii are alien species. Most are ubiquitous; no trapping program was proposed or undertaken to quantify the use of the study site by alien mammalian species. The survey of mammals was limited to visual and auditory detection, and by searching for animal tracks and sign. Additionally, visual scans were made for bats on the evenings of the 190' and 20th, and for two hours each on the mornings of the 20th, and 215` of June 2003. Avian Survey Methods Fifteen count stations were established along two parallel linear transects within the project site (Figure 1). Eight -minute variable circular plot counts were made at each station (Reynolds et al. 1980). Counts were conducted once at each station. Field observations were made with the aid of Leitz 10 X 42 binoculars and by listening for vocalizations. Counts were concentrated during the early morning hours, traditionally the peak of daily bird activity. An additional two hours were spent on site on the evenings of the 19th and 200i, and two hours in the early morning of the 20th, and 21" of June 2003, in an attempt to detect nocturnally flying seabirds and owls overflying the area. Time not spent counting stations was used to search the site and the surrounding area for species and habitats not detected during count sessions. Ponahawai Planned Community -Faunal Survey -2001 - 5 Mammalian Survey Results Three mammalian species were detected on site. Numerous domestic dogs (Canis f. familiaris) were heard barking from subdivisions located to the north and west of the site, and both dog and cat (Fells catus) sign and scat were encountered within the site. A total of nine pigs (Sus scrofa) were seen during this survey, six on the 20d' and three on the 21'. There are numerous pig trails, wallows, beds and other disturbance throughout the site. In the more densely vegetated parts of the site pig trails afford the only means of traversing these areas. All of mammalian species detected are deleterious to native ecosystems, and the endemic avian and plant species which inhabit them. The endangered Hawaiian hoary bat was not detected. Avian Survey Results Eight avian species, representing six separate families were recorded during station counts (Table 1). All species recorded are alien to Hawaii. No species listed as endangered, threatened, proposed, or as a candidate for listing under either the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) or the State of Hawaii `s endangered species programs was recorded within the proposed project site (DLNR 1998; Federal Register 1999a, 1999b, 2001, 2002). Avian diversity and densities were low. One species, Japanese White -eye (Zosterops japonicus) accounted for 50% of the total number of all birds recorded during station counts. An average of 29 birds were recorded per station count. Discussion A one-time survey can not provide a total picture of the wildlife utilizing any given area. Certain species will not be detected for one reason or another. Seasonal variations in populations coupled with seasonal usage and availability of resources will cause different usage patterns throughout a year or, in fact, over a number of years. The findings of the mammalian survey are consistent with the results of other surveys conducted within the lowland areas of South Hilo within the recent past (David 1996, 1998 a, 1998 b, 1998 c, 2001 a, 2001c). Although no Hawaiian hoary bats were recorded during the course of the survey, it is likely that bats do use resources within the site. Bats are regularly seen in and around Hilo, as well as along the coastline from Puna to North Hilo (David 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 a, 1998 b, 1998 c, 1999 a, 1999 b, 2000, 2001a, 2001c, Cooper and David 1995, Menard 2001). Unlike nocturnally flying seabirds, which often collide with man-made structures, bats are uniquely adapted to avoid collision with obstacles, man-made and natural. They navigate Ponahawai Planned Community -Faunal Survey — 2001 - 6 and locate their prey using ultrasonic echolocation, which is sensitive enough to allow them to locate and capture small volent insects at night. Although no rodents were detected during the course of this survey, it is likely that roof rats (Rattus r. rattus), Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), European house mice (Mus domesticus) and possibly Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans hawaiiensis) use various resources found within the project site. Without conducting a trapping program, it is difficult to assess the population densities of these often hard -to -see mammals. Table I Avian Species Detected During Station Counts - Ponahawai Development Site Common Name I Scientific Name I ST I RA PIGEONS & DOVES - Columbidae Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis A 2.33 Zebra Dove Geopelia striata A 2.67 BABBLERS — Timahidae Hwamei Garrulax canorus A 4.33 Red -billed Leiothrix Leiothrix lutea A 0.27 SILVEREYES — Zosteropidae Japanese White -Eye Zosterops japonicus A 14.13 STARLINGS — Stumidae Common Myna Acridotheres tristis A 0.40 CARDULINE FINCHES & ALLIES — Fringillidae House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis A 0.73 SALTATORS, CARDINALS & ALLIES — Cardinalidae Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis A 3.67 KEY TO TABLE I ST Status A Alien (i.e., introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by humans) Species RA Relative Abundance = number of birds detected divided by number of stations counted (15) The findings of the avian survey are consistent with the findings of other recent surveys conducted within the lowland areas of South Hilo (David 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 2001a, 2001b, 2001c). The eight alien avian species detected during station counts are Ponahawai Planned Community -Faunal Survey -2001 - 7 species that one would expect to record within disturbed, alien species dominated, lowland areas in the South Hilo District. It is also possible that small numbers of the endangered endemic Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis)', or ua `u, and the threatened Newell's Shearwater (Pufnus auricularis newelli), or Vo, overfly the project site between the months of May and October (Banko 1980a, 1980b, Day et al. 2003, Harrison 1990). Hawaiian Petrels were formerly common on the Island of Hawaii (Wilson and Evans 1890-1899). This pelagic seabird reportedly nested in large numbers on the slopes of Mauna Loa and in the saddle area between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea (Henshaw 1902), as well as at the mid to high elevations of Mount Hualalai. It has, within recent historic times, been reduced to relict breeding colonies located at high elevations on Mauna Loa and, possibly, Mount Hualalai (Banko 1980a, Banko et al. 2001, Cooper and David 1995, Cooper et al. 1995, David, Unpublished Field Notes 1986-1995, 1999, Harrison 1990, Hue et al. 2001). Newell's Shearwaters were formerly common on the Island of Hawaii (Wilson and Evans 1890-1899). This species breeds on Kauai, Hawaii and Molokai in extremely small numbers. Newell's Shearwater populations have dropped precipitously since the 1880s (Banko 1980b, Day and Cooper, in press). This pelagic species nests high in the mountains in burrows excavated under thick vegetation, especially uluhe fern. There are numerous records of this species having been seen, heard, or collected in and close to Hilo (Banko 1980a, Conant 1980, David, pers. obs., Day et al. 2003, Kepler et al. 1979, ) The primary cause of mortality in both these species is thought to be predation by alien mammalian species at the nesting colonies (Ainley et al. 2001, Cooper and Day 1995, 1998, Day and Cooper 1997, Hue et al. 2001). Collision with utility structures is considered to be the second most significant cause of mortality of these seabird species in Hawaii. Nocturnally flying seabirds, especially fledglings on their way to sea in the summer and fall, can become disoriented by exterior lighting. When disoriented, seabirds often collide with manmade structures, and if they are not killed outright, the dazed or injured birds are easy targets of opportunity for feral mammals (Ainley et al. 1995, 1997, 2001, Cooper and Day 1995, 1998, Day and Cooper 1997). There is no habitat within the site suitable as nesting habitat for either of these listed seabird species. The principal potential impact that development of the project site poses to Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters is the increased threat that birds will be downed after The Hawaiian endemic endangered sub -species of the Dark-rumped Petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis) has been elevated to a full species, based on the differences in vocalizations, and morphology between it, and the nominate Galapagos species (Pterodroma p. phaeopygia). The new common and scientific names for the Hawai `i breeding species are Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis) (American Ornithological Union 2002) Ponahawai Planned Community -Faunal Survey -2001 - 8 becoming disoriented by exterior lighting that may be required in conjunction with the planned development. Although not detected during this survey it is likely that the endangered Hawaiian Hawk (Buten solitarius) forages over portions of the site, at least occasionally. The habitat is not ideal for this species as the vegetation is extremely dense with very little open grassy areas — habitat more suitable to this species foraging techniques. This species is readily seen in and around Hilo (David 1996, 1998b, 2001 a, 2001b, 2002a, Klaviter 2000). The Hawaiian Hawk, or Po as it is known locally, is the only extant falconiform in Hawaii. It is currently endemic to the island of Hawaii. Sub -fossil remains indicate that it was also formerly found on Molokai, and Kauai (Olson & James 1982, 1991, 1997). Several incidental unconfirmed sightings of this species exist from Kauai (Dole 1879, Beaglehole, 1980) and Maui (Banko 1980c). This species was first mentioned in the western literature by Cook and King in 1784, and was scientifically described by Peale in 1848, from a specimen collected in "Kealakekua" (Medway 1981, Peale 1848). The Hawaiian Hawk was first listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in 1967 (Federal Register 1967). The USFWS published a proposal to down - list the species from endangered to threatened in 1993 (Federal Register 1993), and without down -listing the species retracted their 1993 proposal in 1994 (Federal Register 1994). Currently it is listed as an endangered species under both the federal and State of Hawai`i's endangered species programs (DLNR 1998, Federal Register 1999a, 1999b, 2001, 2002). Hawaiian Hawks are found in nearly all vegetation habitats that still have some large tree components. Densities are highest in mature native species dominated forests with grassy understories. This habitat with high amounts of forest edge supports large populations of game birds, and the four species of introduced rodents known from the island; it also provides numerous perches and nesting sites (Klavitter 2000). Much of this habitat has been created by logging, land clearing and cattle grazing. It appears that Hawaiian Hawks can coexist with, and may have in fact benefited from anthropogenic land clearing activities — this is not to say that more clearing is going to result in more hawks, but does indicate that the species can coexist with anthropogenic natural resource extraction and, or clearing activities, as long as natural resource management plans ensure the continued recruitment of native trees and the regeneration of native species dominated forests. Current population estimates based on John Klavitter's research, extrapolates that there are currently 1,457 Hawaiian Hawks, which in his estimation is equal to, or higher than what was present in pre -contact times (Klavitter 2000). Hawaiian Hawks, like many other Hawaiian endemic avian species have low mortality Ponahawai Planned Community -Faunal Survey — 2001 - 9 _< 9%, and reproductive rates; lay only one egg per season, fledge one chick and live — 20 years (Klavitter 2000). Hawaiian Hawks breeding season starts in late March, chicks hatch in May, and begin fledging in July (Griffin et al. 1998). Although hawks use resources in most forest habitats, they usually pick `ohi'a trees in which to nest. Of 112 nests found during the 1998, and 1999 nesting seasons, 82% of the nests were located in `ohi'a trees (Klavitter 2000). The principal potential impact that development of the project site poses to Hawaiian Hawks, is if hawks build a nest in one of the trees on the site, and it is necessary to fell the tree during the course of development. Given that large `ohi'a trees are the usual nesting trees selected by Hawaiian Hawks, this scenario is unlikely, though still possible. Recommendations: 1. To reduce the potential for interactions between nocturnally flying Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters with external lights and man-made structures, it is recommended that any external lighting planned within the proposed development be shielded (Reed et al. 1985). This mitigation would serve the dual purpose of minimizing the threat of disorientation and downing of Hawaiian Petrels, and Newell's Shearwaters, while at the same time complying with the County of Hawai`i's current planning policy which recommends the shielding of exterior lights, so as to lower the ambient glare caused by unshielded lighting to the astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea. 2. To ensure that the clearing of vegetation on the site will not impact nesting Hawaiian Hawks, an audio playback survey should be conducted immediately prior to initiating clearing activities. Protocols for undertaking this type of survey have recently been developed and implemented at several locations on the Island of Hawaii (David 2001b, 2002a, 2002b, Klavitter 2000). Ideally these surveys should be conducted in either late January - February, prior to the onset of the nesting season, or during June -July when the adults will have chicks in the nest, hawks tend to be most responsive to playbacks prior to egg laying and again when they have a chick in the nest, and less so when they are incubating an egg (Klavitter, 2000). Ponahawai Planned Community -Faunal Survey — 2001 - 10 Literature Cited: Ainley, D. G, R. Podolsky, L. Deforest, G. Spencer, and N. Nur. 1995. Kauai endangered seabird study. Volume 2: The ecology of Dark-rumped Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters. Final Report TR -105847-V2, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, by PRBO Stinson Beach, CA. . 1997. New Insights into the Status of the Hawaiian Petrel on Kauai. Colonial Waterbirds, 20 (1): 24-30 . 2001. The Status and Population Trends of the Newell's Shearwater on Kaua'i: Insights from Modeling, in: Scott, J. M, S. Conant, and C. Van Riper III (editors) Evolution, Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Hawaiian Birds: A Vanishing Avifauna. Studies in Avian Biology No. 22: Cooper's Ornithological Society, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. (Pg. 108-123) American Ornithologist's Union. 1998. Check -list of North American Birds. 7th edition. AOU. Washington D.C. 829pp. . 2000. Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check -list of North American Birds. Auk 117:847-858 . 2002. Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check -list of North American Birds. Auk 119:897-906 Banko, W. E. 1980a. Population Histories- Species Accounts Seabirds: Hawaiian Dark- rumped Petrel (`Ua`u). Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Technical Report #513. . 1980b. Population Histories- Species Accounts Seabirds: Newell's Shearwater (`A`o). Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Technical Report #5A. . 1980c. Population Histories- Species Accounts Forest Birds: Hawaiian Hawk ('Io). Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Technical Report #6A. Banko, P. C., R. E. David, J. D. Jacobi, and W. E. Banko 2001. Conservation Status and Recovery Strategies for Endemic Hawaiian Birds, in: Scott, J. M, S. Conant, and C. Van Riper III (editors) Evolution, Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Hawaiian Birds: A Vanishing Avifauna. Studies in Avian Biology No. 22. Cooper's Ornithological Society, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas (Pg. 359-376). Beaglehole, J. C. (editor). 1967. The journals of Captain James Cook on his voyages of discovery. Vol. 3, The voyage of the Resolution and Discovery 1776-1780. 2 pts. Hakluyt Society Extra Series, no. 36 Cambridge University Press. Conant, S. 1980. Recent records of the 'U`au (Dark-rumped Petrel) and `A`o ( Newell's Shearwater ) in Hawai'i. 'Elepaio, Vol. 41: 11-13 Cooper, B. A. and R. E. David 1995. Radar and Visual Surveys of Seabirds in the HELCO SSP Unit 71, Puna, Hawaii, During July 1995. Prepared for R. M. Towill Corporation & Hawaii Electric Light Co. Ponahawai Planned Community -Faunal Survey -2001 - 11 Cooper, B. A and R. H. Day. 1995. Kauai endangered seabird study. Volume 1: Interactions of Dark-rumped Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters with utility structures on Kauai, Hawaii: Final Report, TR -105847-V1, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California. . 1998. Summer Behavior and Mortality of Dark-rumped Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters at Power Lines on Kauai. Colonial Waterbirds, 21 (1): 11-19 David, R. E. 1992. Ornithological and Mammalian Survey of Ainaloa, Puna District, Island of Hawaii Prepared for Sidney Fuke & Associates & Ainaloa Development Corp. . 1995. Faunal Survey of Helco SSPP Unit 71- Rauenhorst, Kehena- Keekee Homestead, Puna, Hawaii. Prepared for R. M. Towill Corporation & Hawaii Electric Light Co. . 1996. Ornithological and Mammalian Surveys of the Proposed Improvement and Realignment Corridors of the Saddle Road (State of Hawaii Route 200), Island of Hawaii, Hawaii. Prepared for: Rust E&I & The Federal Highways Administration, Central Federal Lands Highway Division. . 1997. Avian and Mammalian Surveys of the Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO) Puna Generating Station Site, Kea`au, District of Puna, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii. Prepared for: CH2M Hill and HELCO. 1998a. A Reconnaissance Survey of Terrestrial Vertebrate Species for the Kolekole Bridge Seismic Retrofit Project, District of North Hilo, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for Engineering Concepts, Inc. . 1998b. A Reconnaissance Survey of Terrestrial Vertebrate Species for the Puainako Street Extension And Widening Project, South Hilo, Hawaii. Prepared for Okahara and Associates and the County of Hawaii Department of Public Works. . 1998c. A Reconnaissance Survey of Terrestrial Vertebrate Species for the Pahe`ehe`e Bridge Seismic Retrofit Project, District of North Hilo, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for Engineering Concepts, Inc. . 1999a. A Survey of Terrestrial Vertebrates on the Proposed New Hawai'i Island Correctional Facility Site, Waiakea, South Hilo, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for Wilson Okamoto & Associates & the State of Hawaii General Accounting Office. 1999b. A Survey of Terrestrial Vertebrate Species along the Proposed Improvement Corridor of Stainback Highway, Waiakea, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for Wilson Okamoto & Associates & the State of Hawaii General Accounting Office. . 2000. A Reconnaissance Survey of Avian and Mammalian Species at Three Sites Along the Kalapana Roadway Realignment and Resurfacing Project, Puna District, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii. Prepared for: SSFM International, Inc. and The Department of Public Works, County of Hawaii. . 2001a. A Survey of Avian and Mammalian Species Hilo International Airport Improvement Project, South Hilo Disdtrict, Hawaii. Prepared for Wilson Okamoto & Associates and the State of Hawai`I Department of transportation Airports Division (HDOT-A). Ponahawai Planned Community -Faunal Survey — 2001 - 12 David, R. E. 2001b. Puainako Street Widening and Extension Project: Hawaiian Hawk nest survey. Prepared for Goodfellow Brothers, Inc. . 2001c. A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species of the USDA Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center Site, South Hilo District, Hawaii. Prepared for: SSFM Engineers, Inc. and The U.S. Department of Agriculture. . 2002a. An Audio Playback Survey for Hawaiian Hawks on the Hawaii Army National Guard, Keaukaha Military Reservation, Hilo, Hawaii. Prepared for: Hawaii Army National Guard. . 2002b. An Audio Playback Baseline Survey of Hawaiian Hawks (Buten solitarius) for the Umikoa Ranch, Safe Harbor Agreement. Prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Ecoregion, Honolulu, Hawaii, and Umikoa Ranch. Day, R. H., and B. Cooper, 1997. Patterns of Movement of Dark-rumped Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters on Kauai. The Condor, 97: 1011-1027. Day, R. H., B. Cooper, and R. J. Blaha. 2003. Movement Patterns of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters on the Island of Hawaii. Pacific Science, 57, 2:147-159. Department of Land and Natural Resources. (DLNR). 1998. Indigenous Wildlife, Endangered And Threatened Wildlife And Plants, And Introduced Wild Birds. Department of Land and Natural Resources. State of Hawaii. Administrative Rule § 13-134-1 through §13-134-10, dated March 02, 1998. Dole, S. B. 1879. List of birds of the Hawaiian Islands. P.p. 41-58 in T. G. Thrum (comp.). Hawaiian almanac and annual for 1879. Honolulu. Federal Register, 1967. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Appendix D — United States List of Endangered Native Fish and Wildlife; 32 FR 4001 —March 11, 1967. 1993. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; proposed Reclassification of the Hawaiian Hawk from Endangered to Threatened Status. 58 FR 41684-41688 — August 5, 1993. 1994. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; withdrawal of proposed rule to reclassify the Hawaiian Hawk from Endangered to Threatened Status. 59 FR . 1999a. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. 50CFR 17:11 and 17:12 — December 3, 1999 1999b. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 50 CFR 17. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Plant and Animal Taxa that are Candidates or Proposed for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Recycled Petitions, and Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions. Federal Register, 64 No. 205 (Monday, October 25, 1999): 57534-57547. . 2001. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 50 CFR 17. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Notice of Findings on Recycled Petitions. Federal Register, 66 No. 5 (Monday, January 8, 2001): 1295 — 1300. Ponahawai Planned Community -Faunal Survey -2001 - 13 Federal Register, 2002. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 50 CFR 17. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Review of Species That Are Candidate or Proposed for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Recycled Petition; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions. Federal Register, 67 No. 114 (Thursday, June 13, 2002): 40657-40679. Harrison, C, S. 1990. Seabirds of Hawaii: Natural History and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y. 249 pp. Henshaw, H.W. 1902. Complete list of birds of the Hawaiian Possessions with notes on their habits. Thrum, Honolulu. 146 pp. Hue, D., C. Glidden, J. Lippert, L. Schnell, J. MacIvor and J. Meisler. 2001. Habitat Use and Limiting Factors in a Population of Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrels on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. , in:: Scott, J. M, S. Conant, and C. Van Riper III (editors) Evolution, Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Hawaiian Birds: A Vanishing Avifauna. Studies in Avian Biology No. 22. Cooper's Ornithological Society, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas (Pg. 234-242). Griffin, C. R., P. W. C. Paton, and T. S. Baskett. 1998. Breeding Ecology and Behavior of the Hawaiian Hawk. Condor, 100:654-662. Kepler, C. B., J. Jeffrey and J.M. Scott 1979. Possible breeding colonies of Manx Shearwaters on the Island of Hawaii. 'Elepaio, Vol. 39, No.: 115-116 Klavitter, J. L. 2000. Survey methodology, abundance, and demography of the endangered Hawaiian Hawk: Is de -listing Warranted? Unpublished Master of Science Thesis. University of Washington. Medway, D.G. 1981. The contribution of Cook's third voyage to the ornithology of the Hawaiian Islands. Pac. Sci. 35: 105-175. Menard, T. 2001. Seasonal Activity of the Endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat on the Island of Hawai'i. Unpublished Draft Master of Science Thesis, Univ. Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'i. Olson, S.L., and H.F. James. 1991. Descriptions of Thirty-two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part 1. Non-Passeriformes . American Ornithological Union, Washington D.C. 88 pp. 1997. Prehistoric status and distribution of the Hawaiian Hawk (Buteo solitarius), with the first fossil record from Kauai. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 49:65-69. 1982. Fossil birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Evidence for Wholesale Extinction by Man Before Western Contact. Science. 217:633-635 Peale, T. R. 1848. United Exploring Expedition. Vol. 8, Mammalia and Ornithology. Philadelphia, Lea and Blanchard. 338 pp. Pukui , M. K., S. H. Elbert, and E. T. Mookini 1976. Place Names of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu, Hawai'i. 289 pp. Ponahawai Planned Community -Faunel Survey — 2001 - 14 Reed, J. R., J. L Sincock, and J. P. Hailman 1985. Light Attraction in Endangered Procellariform Birds: Reduction by Shielding Upward Radiation. Auk 102: 377-383. Reynolds, R.T., J.M. Scott and R.A. Nussbaum. 1980. A variable circular plot method for estimating bird numbers. Condor. 82:309-313. Tomich, P.Q. 1986. Mammals in Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, Hawaii. 375 pp- USGS. 1995. Hilo Quadrangle, Hawaii -Island and County of Hawaii. 7.5 minute series (Topographic). Denver, Colorado. Wagner, W.L., D.R Herbst, S.H. Sohmer 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai `i. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii 1854 pp. Wilson, S. B., and A. H. Evans 1890-1899. Aves Hawaiiensis: The birds of the Sandwich Islands. R. H. Porter, London. Wolfe, E. W., and J. Morris 1996 Geological Map of the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Ponahawai Planned Community -Faunal Survey — 2001 - 15 APPENDIX H ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT, UNIERSITY TERRACE PROJECT HILO, HAWAII COUNTY SMs moo Beyond Information. Intelligence. Consulting Database Marketing Economic & Social Impact Studies Research Solutions Modeling Training ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE PROJECT, SMS HILO, 1042 Fort Street Mall Suite 200 HAWAII COUNTY Honolulu, HI 96813 Ph: (808) 537-3356 Fax: (808) 537-2686 E-mail: infQ0smshawaii.com Website: www.smshawaii.com June 2003 Prepared for: Kimura International, Inc. SMS Affiliations and Western United Life Assurance Company Associations: Alan Barker Associates Experian International Survey Research Mediamark Research Inc. NCQA Certified Hospitality Advisors, LLC EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Project The proposed project is a mixed-use development including single family and multifamily dwellings and commercial space. Multifamily residential products include stacked flats, townhouses, student housing and a facility designed for visitors to nearby academic and research facilities. Avalon Development Company has drafted a market study of the project. This economic impact study uses assumptions and findings from the Avalon study. For the purposes of economic impact assessment, the present study models development of the project over a ten-year buildout period. Based on the market study's preliminary findings, SMS has treated single family housing in the project as for sale, and multifamily products as rentals. The commercial space in the project would include a mix of neighborhood retail and service outlets and some office space. Economic and Demographic Impacts: The economic and demographic impacts of the project are summarized in the table on the next page. Buildout is projected for the end of 2014. At that time, University Terrace would have some 161 single family units, 184 apartments, 127 townhouse units, 140 student housing units and 50 "sabbatical apartments," i.e., lodgings for visiting researchers. Construction, from infrastructure development through finish work on homes and stores, would involve some 867 person-years of work and support a total of 2,019 person-years of direct, indirect and induced employment in the Hawaii economy. Given the ten-year development schedule, this mean that construction employment would average 87 full- time jobs annually, and support another 115 indirect and induced jobs in the economy. The project is expected to house 1,991 persons — 425 in single family units, 762 in apartments and condos, 549 in student housing and 255 in the transient academic apartments — at high occupancy levels. On-site operations employment would include various building services (management, security, landscaping) along with retail and service jobs in the commercial area. A total of 590 direct operations jobs is projected as of project buildout. These jobs in turn would support an estimated 240 indirect and induced jobs, of which 154 are expected to be located in Hawaii County (for a County -level impact of 721 continuing jobs). Direct construction incomes are expected to amount to $38.4 million. (All dollar calculations are in constant 2003 dollars.) The average annual direct construction payroll is estimated as $3.8 million. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page i ®SMS June 2003 Exhibit A: SUMMARY OF ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACTS Construction Jobs Total Direct 867 person-years Total (Direct, Indirect and Induced) 2,019 person-years Annual Average 697 Direct 87 person-years Total (Direct, Indirect and Induced) 202 person-years Construction Income 2,099 Direct $38.4 Millions, 2003 $s Total (Direct, Indirect and Induced) $70.8 Millions, 2003 $s Residential Population (after 2014) 1,991 persons Operations Jobs (after 2014) Direct (on-site) 590 jobs Total (Direct, Indirect and Induced) Hawaii County 739 jobs Statewide 824 jobs Operations Income Direct (on-site) $11.3 Millions, 2003 $s Total (Direct, Indirect and Induced) $18.2 Millions, 2003 $s Population supported by Operations - Related Jobs (after 2014) Hawaii County Persons 1,922 Households 697 Eventual New Households 105 to 211 State Persons 2,099 Households 758 Eventual New Households 115 to 229 Net Housing Impact, Hawaii County 1 261 to 367 units over demand Fiscal Impacts State: Construction -Related $16.3 million $s County Increased Real Property Taxes Cumulative, through 2015 $4.0 million $s Annual, as of 2015 $0.7 million $s Operations jobs at the project site would come to support a payroll of $11.2 million. Indirect and induced jobs would support an additional payroll of $7.1 million. Workers in operations -related jobs (including direct, indirect and induced jobs) would support some 702 households in Hawaii County, with a population of 1,935. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page ii ®SMS June 2003 Over time, some operations related workers would come to form new households. This eventual impact is estimated as affecting 105 to 211 Hawaii County households. The project will generate new revenues for the State of Hawaii due to taxes on construction and construction -related incomes, amounting to $16.3 million. The County of Hawaii would gain new revenues from increased property taxes. These would grow over time, to reach a cumulative total of $4 million by 2015. As of that year, the new revenues for the County would exceed $700,000 annually. The project is not expected to be a significant source of new costs for the County, inasmuch as it would not, in itself, attract new residents to Hawaii. (The transient apartment building would house visitors to Hawaii, but these are appropriately treated as brought to the Big Island by their host institutions, not the housing facility they use.) ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE. HILO Page iii ®SMS June 2003 CONTENTS EXECUTIVESUMMARY..........................................................................I 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................... 1 1.1 THE UNIVERSITY TERRACE MASTER PLAN....................................1 1.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS REPORT......................................1 2. ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACTS .................................. 1 2.1 APPROACH AND TERMINOLOGY.................................................1 2.2 EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES....................................................2 2.2.1 Construction.....................................................................2 2.2.2 Operations........................................................................3 2.3 POPULATION AND HOUSING IMPACTS........................................5 2.3.1 Resident Population..........................................................5 2.3.2 Housing Demand and Supply..............................................5 2.4 FISCAL IMPACTS.....................................................................7. 2.4.1 State of Hawaii.................................................................. 8 2.4.2 Hawaii County...................................................................8 REFERENCES...................................................................................1.2 EXHIBITS EXHIBIT A: SUMMARY OF ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACTS ........... II EXHIBIT B: PRELIMINARY CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE ..............................1 EXHIBIT C: CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENT...............................................2 EXHIBIT D: CONSTRUCTION WAGES......................................................3 EXHIBIT E: DIRECT OPERATIONS EMPLOYMENT........................................3 EXHIBIT F: DIRECT, INDIRECT, AND INDUCED OPERATIONS EMPLOYMENT ...4 EXHIBIT G: OPERATIONS -RELATED WAGES.............................................5 EXHIBIT H: PERSONS LIVING IN THE UNIVERSITY TERRACE PROJECT .......... 6 EXHIBIT I: POPULATION AND HOUSING DEMAND ASSOCIATED WITH PROJECT OPERATIONS.....................................................................7. EXHIBIT J: STATE REVENUES ASSOCIATED WITH PROJECT ........................9 EXHIBIT K: COUNTY REVENUES ASSOCIATED WITH PROJECT ...................10 ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT. UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page iv ®SMS June 2003 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 THE UNIVERSITY TERRACE MASTER PLAN Western United Life Assurance Company is proposing the development of: a mixed-use project in- Hilo, Hawaii. The proposed development would contain.approximately 1`60 single family units, _ 310 multifamily apartments and condominium units, and 140 student housing ..apartments. For residents, then, the project would provide about 610 units: In addition, a facility for transients is proposed, with about 150 small apartments for.visiting . researchers or academics. Commercial areas serving the project area would be developed; with a mix of neighborhood, retail and .service outlets; along with. a :small amount of office space. Exhibit. B indicates. the construction timetable used for this report. Exhibit B: PRELIMINARY CONSTRUCTION. SCHEDULE SOURCE, Adapted by SMS from Avalon Development input. 1.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS REPORT This report is an economic impact assessment, intended to appear as .an appendix to the Environmental Impact Report on the. University Terrace project. .As such, it is meant as an aid to decision makers- and the wider community as they view and decide on the project's permit applications. Often,- SMS provides a description of the context in which economic impacts occur, in order to assess the significance of the impacts which we have estimated. In this case; the socio-economic context .,has been portrayed in a. separate Market Study by Avalon, Development & Consulting (2003), and SMS is simply providing the. economic. impact estimates. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page 1 °SMS June 2003 2. ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACTS 2.1 APPROACH AND TERMINOLOGY In socio-economic impact analysis, an impact is the difference between possible futures, with and without the proposed project, rather than the difference between present conditions and future ones with the project. Many factors will affect the future. A particular project should be held accountable for those changes that it brings about, not for ones that pre-exist it or stem from different sources. Technical terms are used here to distinguish impacts of several sorts. First, in economic analysis, a distinction is made between impacts of the actual construction and operations of a project, and the effects of project -related spending throughout the local economy. In discussions of jobs and income, three broad types are distinguished: Direct jobs are immediately involved with construction of a project or with its operations. Direct jobs are not necessarily on-site: construction supports construction company personnel in offices and base yards, as well as on-site. Indirect jobs are created as businesses directly involved with a project purchase goods and services in the local economy. • Induced jobs are created as workers spend their income for goods and services. Indirect and induced employment in Hawaii can be estimated using multipliers from a model of input-output relations in Hawaii's economy developed and refined by State researchers. Direct jobs are not necessarily located at the site of a project. As a rule of thumb, about 20% of direct construction jobs are off-site (in baseyards, offices, and the like). Indirect and induced jobs are created throughout the state. These are likely to be concentrated in commercial and/or industrial centers, rather than near a job site. Next, a project's impacts are absolute or locational. These terms underline the difference between an activity that would simply not exist apart from the project, and one that can be expected to occur somewhere or other in response to market demand. For example, a sewage treatment plant may be needed to support the island population, and its development may be unavoidable. Even if all agree on the absolute need for the plant, the choice of a location is likely to be a highly charged political issue. In the latter case, the siting of the activity in the project is a locational impact. The activity itself is a consequence of population growth. Similarly, the housing and commercial development described in this study are responses to expected population growth, rather than causes of growth. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page 1 ®SMS June 2003 2.2 EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES 2.2.1 Construction Construction of the University Terrace project is expected to begin in 2005 and end in 2014. Exhibit C shows that the direct workforce will include some 868 person-years of employment, i.e., some 87 full-time jobs per year, on average. On-site jobs will average about 70 (since some direct construction jobs are off-site, in base yards and offices). Exhibit C: CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENT NOTES: Construction spending based on estimates from Avalon Development & Consulting. Construction covers building to occupancy, whether by the landowner, other developers, or local builders. Indirect and induced jobs are calculated from multipliers in the State Input -Output Model (DBEDT 2002b). All job estimates are full-time equivalents, and may represent more than one part-time job, e.g., work by specialized building tradesmen. Additionally, the project will support 1,151 person-years of indirect and induced workers. The total direct, indirect, and induced employment associated with project construction comes to 2,019 person-years of employment over the entire construction period. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE. HILO Page 2 ®SMS June 2003 Total, 2005- 2005 2010 2014 Construction spending (Millions, 2003 $s) Infrastructure $2.2 $3.4 $33.6 Buildings $0.0 $11.7 $105.4 Single Family $0.0 $8.5 $30.2 Multifamily $0.0 $0.0 $55.9 Commercial $0.0 $3.3 $19.3 Direct Construction Jobs Infrastructure 16 24 235 Buildings 0 70 632 Single Family 0 51 181 Multifamily 0 0 335 Commercial 0 20 116 16 94 867 Subtotal Indirect and Induced Jobs Infrastructure 23 35 350 Buildings Single Family 0 51 183 Multifamily 0 0 456 Commercial 0 27 162 23 114 1,151 Subtotal TOTAL 39 208 2,019 NOTES: Construction spending based on estimates from Avalon Development & Consulting. Construction covers building to occupancy, whether by the landowner, other developers, or local builders. Indirect and induced jobs are calculated from multipliers in the State Input -Output Model (DBEDT 2002b). All job estimates are full-time equivalents, and may represent more than one part-time job, e.g., work by specialized building tradesmen. Additionally, the project will support 1,151 person-years of indirect and induced workers. The total direct, indirect, and induced employment associated with project construction comes to 2,019 person-years of employment over the entire construction period. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE. HILO Page 2 ®SMS June 2003 Approximately 1,730 person-years would be located on the Big Island (i.e., all the direct construction work, and 75% of indirect and induced work.) Workforce income associated with the project's construction will amount to $38.4 million in direct wages (on average, $3.8 million per year), and $32.4 million in indirect and induced wages (as shown in Exhibit D). (All dollar values are in 2003 dollars.) The total direct, indirect and induced income associated with construction will exceed $70 million. Exhibit D: CONSTRUCTION WAGES SOURCES: Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, 2002; DBEDT, 2002a, 2003). Wages converted to 2003 dollars in line with increases in Consumer Price Index. 2.2.2 Operations The project will provide continuing jobs for persons running and maintaining multifamily properties (i.e., building superintendents, security, landscaping), including the student housing and University lodging facility. Next, the bulk of on-site jobs will be in the commercial area. Exhibit E shows direct jobs by location and the mix of commercial activities expected to result in permanent jobs being located in the project site. Exhibit E: DIRECT OPERATIONS EMPLOYMENT 2005 2010 Total, Building Services, MF - 4 2006 - (Millions, 2003 s 2005 2010 2014 Direct Jobs $0.7 $4.2 $38.4 Indirect and Induced Jobs $0.7 $3.2 $32.4 SOURCES: Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, 2002; DBEDT, 2002a, 2003). Wages converted to 2003 dollars in line with increases in Consumer Price Index. 2.2.2 Operations The project will provide continuing jobs for persons running and maintaining multifamily properties (i.e., building superintendents, security, landscaping), including the student housing and University lodging facility. Next, the bulk of on-site jobs will be in the commercial area. Exhibit E shows direct jobs by location and the mix of commercial activities expected to result in permanent jobs being located in the project site. Exhibit E: DIRECT OPERATIONS EMPLOYMENT SOURCE: SMS. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Paoe 3 ®SMS June 2003 2005 2010 2014 and later Building Services, MF - 4 6 Building Services, Univ. Housing - 4 9 Landscaping - 9 12 Commercial area Grocery - 231 231 Other Retail - 104 135 Auto Service, Repair - 38 38 Financial - 30 30 Fast Food - 23 23 Service - 44 78 Offices - - 28 Total - 485 590 SOURCE: SMS. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Paoe 3 ®SMS June 2003 Exhibit F shows the same direct jobs as Exhibit E, rearranged in terms of the employment categories used in the Input -Output model, and estimates of the indirect and induced jobs associated with them. Exhibit F: DIRECT, INDIRECT, AND INDUCED OPERATIONS EMPLOYMENT SOURCES: State multipliers (DBEDT 2002b) and SMS estimates of local impacts. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page 4 ®SMS June 2003 2005 2010 2014 and later Direct Jobs Landscaping - 9 12 Building services - 8 15 Retail: food - 231 231 Retail: miscellaneous - 104 135 Auto repair, service - 38 38 Financial - 30 30 'Eating and drinking - 23 23 Other services - 44 106 Indirect Jobs Landscaping - 1 2 Building services - 0 1 Retail: food - 25 25 Retail: other - 4 5 Auto repair, service - 6 6 Financial - 18 18 Eating and drinking - 5 5 Other services 7 17 Induced Jobs Landscaping 2 3 Building services - 1 3 Retail: food - 65 65 Retail: other - 17 22 Auto repair, service - 10 10 Financial - 19 19 Eating and drinking - 6 6 Other services - 12 29 Big Island Share of Indir, Induced Landscaping - 3 4 Building services - 2 3 Retail: food 72 72 Retail: other - 17 22 Auto repair, service - 15 15 Financial - 25 25 Other services - 8 8 Total Operations -Related Employment Statewide - 683 824 Hawaii County - 627 739 SOURCES: State multipliers (DBEDT 2002b) and SMS estimates of local impacts. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page 4 ®SMS June 2003 Exhibit G shows operations -related wages (in 2003 dollars). The total operations -related wages are expected to stabilize at more than $ million per year. Exhibit G: OPERATIONS -RELATED WAGES In $1 000s 2003 dollars 2005 2010 2014 and later Direct Jobs Landscaping $0.0 $172.5 $243.2 Building services $0.0 $154.3 $292.1 Retail: food $0.0 $4,136.1 $4,136.1 Retail: miscellaneous $0.0 $1,914.0 $2,484.0 Auto repair, service $0.0 $597.2 $597.2 Financial $0.0 $975.3 $975.3 Eating and drinking $0.0 $274.8 $274.8 Other services $0.0 $930.5 $2,277.7 Subtotal $0.0 $9,154.8 $11,280.4 Indirect, Induced, Hawaii Cty. $0.0 $3,991.9 $4,208.8 Indirect, Induced, Statewide $0.0 $5,792.3 $6,929.4 Total $0.0 $14,947.1 $18,209.8 SOURCES: DLIR, 2002; DBEDT, 2003. 2.3 POPULATION AND HOUSING IMPACTS 2.3.1 Resident Population Resident population and housing must be estimated two different ways: People living on- site and residents supported by on-site jobs. (The two will, of course, overlap.) Exhibit H shows the population living on-site as growing to 1,991 persons. With new jobs created in Hilo, workers can support their families. Exhibit I draws on Census data to yield estimates of the number of people and households supported per worker. When the operations workforce stabilizes, the total population in Hawaii County supported by operations -related jobs associated with the project will number about 1,935 (including project -related workers) in about 702 households. 2.3.2 Housing Demand and Supply New jobs translate into new housing demand over time. If a project needs to attract new workers from outside its immediate area, they must be housed immediately. Other workers are likely to take a new or better job, wait until they are ready (due to marriage, savings, the needs of other family members), and then form new households in addition to existing ones. The housing demand and new household formation estimates in Exhibit H ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page 5 ®SMS June 2003 must then be read as estimates of potential long-term implications of employment at any given time. Exhibit H: PERSONS LIVING IN THE UNIVERSITY TERRACE PROJECT NOTES: Number of persons per household are estimated from 2000 Census averages for Hilo single family (2.78 persons per unit) and multifamily (2.58) homes. Student units calculated at four students per unit. Academic lodging units estimated as holding two persons per unit, on average. Occupancies for all units adjusted to high market levels (95% for resident housing; 98% for students; 85% for academic lodging to allow for largest reasonable impact. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT. UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page 6 ®SMS June 2003 2005 2010 2014 and later NEW HOME CONSTRUCTION SF 0 50 0 MF 0 0 6 Student 0 0 0 Hotel/Lodging Facility 0 0 150 NEW RESIDENTS Population living on-site Single Family 0 132 0 Multifamily 0 0 15 Student Housing 0 0 0 Lodging Facility 0 0 255 CUMULATIVE POPULATION Population living on-site Single Family 0 388 425 Multifamily 0 451 762 Student Housing 0 549 549 Lodging Facility 0 0 255 0 1,388 1,991 Total NOTES: Number of persons per household are estimated from 2000 Census averages for Hilo single family (2.78 persons per unit) and multifamily (2.58) homes. Student units calculated at four students per unit. Academic lodging units estimated as holding two persons per unit, on average. Occupancies for all units adjusted to high market levels (95% for resident housing; 98% for students; 85% for academic lodging to allow for largest reasonable impact. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT. UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page 6 ®SMS June 2003 Exhibit I: POPULATION AND HOUSING DEMAND ASSOCIATED WITH PROJECT OPERATIONS NOTES: Population and housing impacts are based on operations jobs, not construction, since project construction is limited in term. Number of persons per household and ratio of jobs per household estimated from 2000 Census data for Hawaii County. New household creation estimated as 15% to 30% of households, based on past resort studies (Community Resources, Inc. 1987a, 1987b). New household creation occurs over time, not necessarily in the year in which operations jobs begin, since workers accumulate savings and wait for many reasons to establish new households. The eventual new household formation estimate here created in the project. The net surplus of residential and academic housing) is 261 to 367 units. (The i cover a broad range, because data are not avai estimates come from cases in which resorts brought in -migrants.) 2.4 FISCAL IMPACTS is for fewer households than will be housing units (not counting student iew household formation estimates able from many cases. The high in many new employees, including Fiscal impacts consist of the new revenues accruing to local government due to a project, offset by new costs also associated with the project. New costs are not estimated here, as the population living and working in University Terrace is part of the anticipated growth of East Hawaii. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page 7 ®SMS June 2003 2005 2010 2014 and later Operations -Related Jobs Statewide - 683 824 Hawaii County - 627 739 Population supported by jobs Statewide - 1,747 2,099 Hawaii County - 1,630 1,922 Households Statewide - 632 758 Hawaii County - 591 697 Eventual New Household Formation Low Estimate Statewide - 95 114 Hawaii County - 89 105 High Estimate Statewide - 189 227 Hawaii County - 177 209 NOTES: Population and housing impacts are based on operations jobs, not construction, since project construction is limited in term. Number of persons per household and ratio of jobs per household estimated from 2000 Census data for Hawaii County. New household creation estimated as 15% to 30% of households, based on past resort studies (Community Resources, Inc. 1987a, 1987b). New household creation occurs over time, not necessarily in the year in which operations jobs begin, since workers accumulate savings and wait for many reasons to establish new households. The eventual new household formation estimate here created in the project. The net surplus of residential and academic housing) is 261 to 367 units. (The i cover a broad range, because data are not avai estimates come from cases in which resorts brought in -migrants.) 2.4 FISCAL IMPACTS is for fewer households than will be housing units (not counting student iew household formation estimates able from many cases. The high in many new employees, including Fiscal impacts consist of the new revenues accruing to local government due to a project, offset by new costs also associated with the project. New costs are not estimated here, as the population living and working in University Terrace is part of the anticipated growth of East Hawaii. ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page 7 ®SMS June 2003 2.4.1 State of Hawaii Development of the project involves new investment in construction. Exhibit J identifies cash flows from construction that can result in State revenues. It shows new revenues as amounting to $16.3 million for the State of Hawaii (in 2003 dollars) over the entire construction period. 2.4.2 Hawaii County The County would gain revenues from increased property values at the site. Exhibit K provides an analysis of those values. Land values are estimated on the basis of other residential properties in the area. Building values are estimated from preliminary construction cost estimates. SMS has assumed that all the single family housing on-site, would be owner -occupied, and would be taxed at the Homeowner rate. Tax assessments are assumed to continue at current rates. Land values would increase over current levels upon reclassification. With construction of homes and commercial property, taxable building values would also exist on-site. By the end of the construction period, the total new income for the County of Hawaii is estimated as slightly over $700,000 annually. The cumulative income for the County over the ten- year construction period is estimated as $4 million (2003 dollars). ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page 8 ®SMS June 2003 Exhibit J: STATE REVENUES ASSOCIATED WITH PROJECT NOTES: (1) Excise taxes estimated as 4% of spending. (2) Discretionary income available for taxation estimated as 67.1% of wages, based on historical averages (DBEDT 2002a). (3) Corporate income tax estimated as 0.25% of income, based on historical data (Hawaii State Department of Taxation, 1991). (4) Personal income tax collected estimated as 5.05% of gross wages (DBEDT, 2002a). ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page 9 ®SMS June 2003 2005 2010 Cumulative In Millions of 2003 $s Construction Spending $2.2 $26.8 $244.3 Construction -Related Wages $1.3 $7.4 $70.8 Revenues EXCISE TAXES on Construction Spending (1) $0.1 $1.1 $10.2 Construction -Related Workforce Spending (2) $0.0 $0.2 $2.0 CORPORATE INCOME TAX (3) Construction (3) $0.0 $0.1 $0.6 PERSONAL INCOME TAX (4) Construction -Related Workforce Incomes $0.1 $0.4 $3.6 TOTAL $0.2 $1.8 $16.3 NOTES: (1) Excise taxes estimated as 4% of spending. (2) Discretionary income available for taxation estimated as 67.1% of wages, based on historical averages (DBEDT 2002a). (3) Corporate income tax estimated as 0.25% of income, based on historical data (Hawaii State Department of Taxation, 1991). (4) Personal income tax collected estimated as 5.05% of gross wages (DBEDT, 2002a). ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page 9 ®SMS June 2003 Exhibit K: COUNTY REVENUES ASSOCIATED WITH PROJECT Continued ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT. UNIVERSITY TERRACE. HILO Page 10 ®SMS June 2003 20 2005 2010later 2015 and A. AREAS (ACRES) TOTAL ACREAGE 172 AREA TO BE DEVELOPED (2) 97 36 0 Unimproved Resid. 78 30 0 Commercial 20 7 0 NEWLY DEVELOPED ACREAGE (ANN.) Improved Residential 0 3 0 Apartment 0 0 2 Commercial 0 3 0 CUMULATIVE DEVELOPED: Improved Residential 0 20 35 _ Apartment 0 28 42 Commercial 0 13 20 TOTAL TAXABLE AREA DEVELOPED 0 61 97 B. VALUES (Million $s) ACREAGE TO BE DEVELOPED (2) $22.2 $8.2 $0.0 Unimproved Resid. $16.2 $6.2 $0.0 Commercial $5.9 $2.0 $0.0 ANNUAL NEW DEVELOPED LAND VALUE Improved Residential $0.0 $5.1 $8.8 Apartment $0.0 $0.0 $0.5 Commercial $0.0 $1.0 $0.0 CUMULATIVE DEVELOPED LAND VALUE: Improved Residential $0.0 $10.2 $53.7 Apartment $0.0 $6.9 $10.6 Commercial $0.0 $3.9 $5.9 ANNUAL NEW IMPROVED VALUE Improved Residential $0.0 $7.0 $0.0 Apartment $0.0 $0.0 $5.9 Commercial $0.0 $3.3 $0.0 CUMULATIVE IMPROVED VALUE Improved Residential $0.0 $20.1 $30.2 Apartment $0.0 $34.6 $55.9 Commercial $0.0 $12.8 $19.3 TOTAL VALUE LAND+ IMPROVED $44.3 $121.3 $190.8 Continued ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT. UNIVERSITY TERRACE. HILO Page 10 ®SMS June 2003 Exhibit K, Cont NOTES: (1) Acreage "to be developed" consists of sites for residential and commercial projects. The remainder of the (2) Agricultural values estimated on assumption of continuing current uses up to the time of development for taxable acreage; immediate loss of taxable value for other areas (3) Homeowner class and standard homeowner's exemption ($40,000) assumed for all single family units. (4) From County of Hawaii records for 2002-2003, on www.hawaiipropertytax.com. June 2003 2002(l) 2005 2015 and 2010 later C. ADJUSTMENT FOR HOMEOWNER CLASS AND EXEMPTION (3) SINGLE FAMILY CLOSINGS Annual - 12 - Cumulative - 97 161 CUMULATIVE TAXABLE LAND VALUE (AFTER EXEMPTION) Improved Residential to Homeowner $0.0 $6.3 $47.2 D. TAXES ($1,000s) ACREAGE TO BE Rate per DEVELOPED (2) $1,000.Ya1+w Unimproved Resid. $9.85 $160.0 $60.9 $0.0 Commercial $9.85 $58.2 $19.7 $0.0 DEVELOPED LAND VALUE Homeowner $5.55 $0.0 $35.2 $262.1 Apartment $9.85 $0.0 $0.0 $4.9 Commercial $9.85 $0.0 $9.9 $0.0 IMPROVED VALUE Homeowner $5.55 $0.0 $56.7 $297.8 Apartment $9.85 $0.0 $68.2 $104.4 Commercial $9.85 $0.0 $38.5 $58.2 REMNANTACREAGE Agricultural $9.85 $4.7 $4.7 $4.7 TOTAL TAXES $222.9 $293.8 $732.2 E. INCREASE IN TAX REVENUES (1,000 $s) TAX REVENUES BEFORE DEVELOPMENT (4) $18.9 DIFFERENCE IN TAX REVENUES Annual $204.0 $274.9 $713.2 Cumulative $204.0 $1,416.5 $4,029.5 NOTES: (1) Acreage "to be developed" consists of sites for residential and commercial projects. The remainder of the (2) Agricultural values estimated on assumption of continuing current uses up to the time of development for taxable acreage; immediate loss of taxable value for other areas (3) Homeowner class and standard homeowner's exemption ($40,000) assumed for all single family units. (4) From County of Hawaii records for 2002-2003, on www.hawaiipropertytax.com. June 2003 REFERENCES Avalon Development & Consulting. University Terrace Market Assessment. Honolulu, HI: May, 2003. Community Resources, Inc. Survey of Employee Characteristics and Housing Patterns: Westin Mauna Kea and Mauna Lani Resort. Prepared for Mauna Kea Properties and Mauna Lani Resort, Inc. Honolulu, HI, 1987a. Community Resources, Inc. Description of Micro -Computer Models for Determining Socio -Economic Impacts of West Hawaii Resort Development. Prepared for Mauna Kea Properties, Ritz-Carlton Hotels, and Mauna Lani Resort, Inc. Honolulu, HI, 1987b. Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT). The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001. Honolulu, HI: 2002a. Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT). The Hawaii Input -Output Study: 1997 Benchmark Report.. Honolulu, HI: 2002b. Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT). Quarterly Economic Forecast. Honolulu, HI: June, 2003. Hawaii State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations: "Employment and Wages in Hawaii, 2001." Available at www.state.hi.us/dlir/rs/loihi. Honolulu, HI: 2002. Hawaii State Department of Taxation. Hawaii Income Patterns — Corporations — 1989. Honolulu, HI: 1991. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Demographic Profiles of Counties and Census Designated Places. Hawaii Profiles available at htto://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/census2k/index.htmi . ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSSESSMENT, UNIVERSITY TERRACE, HILO Page 12 ®SMS June 2003 APPENDIX I DRAFT TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORT for THE PROPOSED UNIVERSITY TERRACE The Traffic Management Consultant DRAFT TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED UNIVERSITY TERRACE TAX MAP KEYS 2-3-44:19; 2-3-49:53; 2-3-37:01 PONAHAWAI, SOUTH HILO, HAWAII I. Introduction A. Project Description University Terrace (also known as the Ponahawai Project District) is proposed as a mixed-use project, which would include single-family and multi -family dwelling units (DU) and commercial areas. The property is identified as Tax Map Keys 2-3-44:19; 2-3- 49:53; 2-3-37:01. The project site is located on the mauka (west) side of Komohana Street, between Alenaio Stream to the south and existing residential development to the north. The property extends to the west by southwest direction to Mohouli Street. Figure 1 depicts the project location map. The single-family lots total about 35.6 acres and the multi -family development land area total about 32.9 acres. A total of 600 dwelling units (DU) are planned. The commercial are about 35.1 acres, which would include retail and office spaces totaling about 0,000 quare feet of gross leasable floor area (SFGLFA), and about 150 long-term transien accommodation units. Open space comprises about 49 acres of the ,project site. The following uses were assumed for the project site: 150 single-family DU (35.6 acres). ■ 450 multi -family DU (28 acres). ■ 150 long-term transient accommodation units. - 250,000 SFGLFA commercial -retail space. - 100,000 SFGLFA commercial -office space. The proposed project is expected to begin in the Year 2006 and reach full build out and occupancy by the Year 2014. University Terrace DRAFT TMC - Traffic Impact Analysis Report 6/17/2003 Figure 1. Location Map 2 University Terrace DRAFT TMC -Traffic Impact Analysis Report 611712003 The extension of Ponahawai Street from Komohana Street to Mohouli Street would provide the primary access to the project site. Access also is proposed from Komohana Street via two new project roadways. Secondary access to Kaumana Drive is proposed through the extension of existing local roadways into the project site. The proposed master plan is depicted on Figure 2. B. Purpose and Scope of the Study The purpose of this study is to analyze the traffic impacts of the proposed University Terrace in South Hilo, Hawaii. This report presents the findings and recommendations of the study. The scope of this study includes: 1. Description of the proposed project. 2. Evaluation of existing roadways and traffic conditions. 3. Development of trip generation characteristics of the proposed project. 4. Analysis of the Year 2014 peak hour traffic conditions without the proposed project. Identification and analysis of traffic impacts resulting from full build -out of the proposed project. 6. Recommendations of traffic improvements that would mitigate the traffic impacts identified in this study. C. Methodologies 1. Capacity Analysis Methodology The highway capacity analysis, performed for this study, is based upon procedures presented in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), published by the Transportation Research Board, 2000. HCM defines Level of Service (LOS) as "a quality measure describing operational conditions within a traffic stream". Several factors may be included in determining LOS such as: speed, travel time, freedom to maneuver, traffic interruptions, driver comfort, and convenience. LOS "A", 'B", and "C" are considered satisfactory levels of service. LOS "D", "E", and "F" indicate increasing degrees of congestion. Intersection LOS is primarily based upon delay (d), expressed as seconds per vehicle (sec/veh). Table 1 summarizes the LOS criteria. 3 University Terrace Traffic Impact Analysis Report Figure 2. Proposed Master Plan DRAFT 6/17/2003 University Terrace DRAFT T - Traffic Impact Analysis Report 611712003 Table 1. Level of Service Criteria (HCM) Signalized Intersections Unsignalized Intersections LOS Delay d Delay d (sec/veh) Description (sec/veh) Description A d:510 Few stops, little or no delays d<_10 Little or no delays B 10<d<_20 Good progression, short cycle 10<d<_15 Short delays lengths C 20<d:535 Cycle failures begin to occur, 15<d525 Average delays i.e., vehicles stop at more than one red phase. D 35<d:555 Noticeable number of cycle 25<d<_35 Long delays failures, unfavorable progression E 55<d<_80 Frequent cycle failures, poor 35<d<_50 Very long progression, long delays delays F d>80 Over saturation, many cycle d>50 Extreme delays failures, high delays "Volume -to -capacity" (v/c) ratio is a measure indicating the traffic demand relative to the roadway's capacity. HCM defines capacity as "the maximum number of vehicles that can pass a given point during a specified period under prevailing roadway, traffic flow, and traffic control conditions." A v/c ratio of 0.50 indicates that the traffic demand is utilizing 50 percent of the roadway's capacity. Worksheets for the capacity analysis are attached in the Appendix. 2. Trip Generation Methodology The trip generation methodology is based upon generally accepted techniques developed by the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) and published in Trip Generation, 6th Edition. ITE trip rates are developed by correlating the total vehicle trip generation data with various activities/land use characteristics, such as the vehicle trips per hour per dwelling unit or 1,000 SFGFA. The trip generation characteristics for the proposed project are based upon ITE trip rates for the respective land uses envisioned for the proposed project. The trip rates used in this analysis were developed from the regression equations where available. The average trip rates were used, when the regression analyses were not performed due to insufficient data, or where the range of data was limited. 5 -FROM ` THE TRAFFIC MGMT. CONSULTANT FRY NO. : 808 5372985 Jun. 26 2003 01:11PM P2 Q� University Terrace DRAFT Traffic Impact Analysis Report 612612003 The total trips generated by a shopping center can be defined as driveway traffic, i.e., traffic entering and exiting the project site. A percentage of the PM peak hour trips, generated by a shopping center, are considered to be "pass -by" trips, i.e., traffic already on the road stopping at a "secondary" destination. The "new" or primary trips are those where the primary destination would be the proposed shopping center. ITE pass -by trip generation techniques were applied to commercial retail space. The percentages of pass -by trips were developed from studies that were compiled by ITE. The results of the analysis were published in the Trip Generation Handbook, October 1998. D. Study Area The study area includes the major intersections in the project vicinity, which would be affected significantly by the development of the proposed project. The study area includes the following intersections: 1. Kaumana Drive and Mohouli Street/Ainako Avenue. 2. Moboub Street and Ponahawai Street Extension (proposed). 3. Mohouli Street and Kukuau Street. 4. Mohouli Street and Komohana Street. 5. Komohana Street and Kukuau Street. 6. Komohana Street and South Project Access Road (proposed). 7. Komohana Street and Ponahawai Street. 8. Komohana Street and Pu'u Honu Place/North Project Access Road (proposed). 9. Komohana Street and Waianuenue Avenue. 11. Existing Conditions A. Roadways Komohana Street is a two-way, two-lane collector roadway, oriented in the north - south directions, between Waianuenue Drive and Haihai Street. Komohana Street is signalized at its intersections with Mohouli Street, Ponahawai Street, and Waianuenue Avenue. Mohouli Street is a two-way, two-lane collector roadway, oriented in the mauka (west) and makai (cast) directions, between Kaumana Drive and Kilauea Avenue. Mohouli Street was extended from Komohana Street in the mauka direction, intersecting Kaumana Drive opposite Ainako Avenue in April 2002. Mohouli Street is signalized at its intersections with Kaumana Drive and Komohana Street. M University Terrace DRAFT Tw - Traffic Impact Analysis Report 6117/2003 Kaumana Drive is a two-way, two-lane roadway, which is the continuation of Saddle Road to Waianuenue Avenue. Kaumana Drive is signalized at its intersection with Mohouli Street. Waianuenue Avenue is a two-way, four -lane, collector roadway between Kaumana Drive and Bayfront Highway. Waianuenue Avenue is signalized at its intersection with Komohana Street. Waianuenue Avenue becomes a one-way, makai bound roadway, east of Komohana Street, during the AM peak period (7:15 AM to 8:00 AM). Kukuau Street is a collector street between Mohouli Street and Kilauea Avenue. Kukuau Street is stop -controlled at its intersections with Mohouli Street and Komohana Street. Ponahawai Street is a two-lane, two-way roadway between Komohana Street and Kamehameha Avenue. Ponahawai Street provides access between Komohana Street and Downtown Hilo. Ponahawai Street is signalized at its Tee -intersection with Komohana Street. Pu'u Honu Place is a two-lane, two-way local street, which provide access to several health-care facilities. Pu'u Honu Place is stop -controlled at its Tee -intersection with Komohana Street. B. Existing Peak Hour Traffic Volumes and Operating Conditions 1. Field Investigation and Data Collection The field investigation was conducted on April 7-9, 2003. Manual traffic count surveys were conducted, during the peak periods of traffic — from 6:00 AM to 8:30 AM and from 3:00 PM to 6:00 PM at the following intersections: • Kaumana Drive and Mohouli StreeUAinako Avenue. ■ Mohouli Street and Kukuau Street. ■ Mohouli Street and Komohana Street. ■ Komohana Street and Kukuau Street. ■ Komohana Street and Ponahawai Street. • Komohana Street and Pu'u Honu Place. • Komohana Street and Waianuenue Avenue. 2. Existing AM Peak Hour Traffic The existing AM peak hour of traffic in the vicinity of the project occurred between 7:00 AM and 8:00 AM. The intersection of Kaumana Drive and Mohouli Street/Ainako Avenue operated at LOS "C" and a v/c ratio of 0.88. University Terrace DRAFT Traffic Impact Analysis Report 6/17/2003 During the existing AM peak hour of traffic, the peak directions of traffic were makai bound on northeast bound Kaumana Drive and southeast bound Mohouli Street. Makai of Mohouli Street, Kaumana Drive carried about 800 vph, total for both directions. Makai bound traffic on Kaumana Drive generally was headed for schools located along Waianuenue Drive and Downtown Hilo. The Mohouli Street Extension diverted about 900 vehicles per hour (vph), total for both directions, from Kaumana Drive/Waianuenue Avenue. Makai bound traffic on Mohouli Street generally was headed for destinations, which were located to the south and east of Downtown Hilo. Eastbound Kukuau Street operated at LOS "D" at Mohouli Street, during the existing AM peak hour of traffic. The intersection of Komohana Street and Mohouli Street operated at LOS "C" and a v/c ratio of 0.86. Long traffic queues in the northbound and eastbound directions were observed at the intersection. Komohana Street carried about 1,300 vph, total for both directions, along the project frontage. Kukuau Street operated at LOS "F" at Komohana Street, however peak hour volumes on Kukuau Street were only about 100 vph and 70 vph on the eastbound and westbound approaches, respectively. The Komohana Street/Ponahawai Street intersection operated at LOS "B" and a v/c ratio of 0.89, during the existing AM peak hour of traffic. Pu'u Honu Place operated at LOS "D" at Komohana Street. During the existing AM peak hour of traffic, the intersection of Waianuenue Avenue and Komohana Street operated at LOS "B" and a v/c ratio of 0.91. The existing AM peak hour traffic analysis for the intersection was based upon the traffic volumes during the 7:15 AM to 8:00 AM peak period, when the east leg of Waianuenue Avenue was restricted to one-way eastbound traffic flow. The peak period traffic volumes were adjusted to peak hour flow rates. The heavy left -turn movement from northbound Komohana Street to westbound Waianuenue Avenue was result of traffic diverted from westbound Waianuenue Avenue. Figure 3 depicts the existing AM peak hour traffic and the results of the capacity analysis. 3. Existing PM Peak Hour Traffic The existing PM peak hour of traffic in the vicinity of the project generally occurred between 4:15 PM and 5:15 PM. The intersection of Kaumana Drive and Mohouli Street/Ainako Avenue operated at LOS `B" and a v/c ratio of 0.74. During the existing PM peak hour of traffic, the peak directions of traffic were mauka bound on southwest bound Kaumana Drive and northwest bound Mohouli Street. Kaumana Drive, makai of Mohouli Street, carried about 500 vph, total for both directions. The Mohouli Street Extension diverted about 900 vehicles per hour (vph), total for both directions, from Kaumana Drive/Waianuenue Avenue. Kukuau Street operated at satisfactory Levels of Service at Mohouli Street, i.e., LOS "C" or better. 2i University Terrace q�TM� TraRc Impact Analysis Report DRAFT �2YY 61172003 Figure 3. Existing AM Peak Hour Traffic I I o-- d'b ' a SII m I I mux ,E I.rFnue iles University Terrace Traffic Impact Analysis Report DRAFT 611712003 The intersection of Komohana Street and Mohouli Street operated at capacity conditions and at LOS "D", during the existing PM peak hour of traffic. The left -turn movement on westbound Mohouli Street, the left -tum movement on northbound Komohana Street, and the through movement on southbound Komohana Street operated at LOS "E". Komohana Street carried about 900 vph, total for both directions, along the project frontage. Kukuau Street operated at satisfactory Levels of Service at Komohana Street, during the existing PM peak hour of traffic. The Komohana Street/Ponahawai Street intersection operated at LOS "A" and a v/c ratio of 0.52, during the existing PM peak hour of traffic. Pu'u Honu Place operated at LOS "C" at Komohana Street. The intersection of Waianuenue Avenue and Komohana Street operated at LOS "A" and a v/c ratio of 0.70. The existing PM peak hour traffic volumes and the results of the capacity analysis are depicted on Figure 4. III. Future Traffic Conditions A. External Traffic 1. Long -Range Travel Forecast The travel forecast, adopted for use in this study, was generated from the long- range forecast model, developed in the Hawaii Long Range Land Transportation Plan (HLRLTP), prepared for the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation, in cooperation with the County of Hawaii Department of Public Works and Planning Department, dated January 1998. Specific traffic assignments were not presented in the HLRLTP; therefore an area -wide growth factor was developed, based upon the trip tables for traffic analysis zones in Hilo. An average area -wide growth factor of 1.62 percent per year was applied uniformly over the existing traffic volumes to estimate future traffic demands to the Year 2014. 2. Saddle Road Improvements Saddle Road improvements between Kaumana Drive in East Hawaii and Mamalahoa Highway in West Hawaii is under construction at this writing. The improvement of Saddle Road is expected to provide an alternative route between East and West Hawaii. The future traffic projections on Saddle Road, estimated in this traffic impact analysis, were based upon the South Kohala Regional Traffic Forecasts, prepared for the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation (DOT), by Julian Ng, Inc., dated April 19, 2002. In general, the DOT study projected an eleven -fold increase in average daily traffic (ADT), when the ongoing improvement project is completed by 2005. Thereafter, an annual increase of about 3.8 percent is anticipated to the Year 2025. 10 University Terrace DRAFT � �j Uz!,z Impact Analysis Report &17/2003 ,a��Ya 11I I I <�IoIIro KO- n � ro �' WV�E Figure 4. Existing PM Peak Hour Traffic it ° „ © , mS� CC Q I I <�IoIIro KO- n � ro �' WV�E Figure 4. Existing PM Peak Hour Traffic it University Terrace Traffic Impact Analysis Report Z�8r_ DRAFT 6/17/2003 The Year 2014 ADT on Saddle Road is expected to reach 6,038 vpd. Peak hour and directional factors were developed from traffic data collected at DOT Station 10- A — Saddle Road at Mamalahoa Highway. These factors were applied to the Year 2014 ADT to determine at the peak hour volumes on Kaumana Drive/Saddle Road. Table 2 summarizes the Saddle Road traffic analysis. Table 2. Saddle Road Traffic Projections Year 2000 2005 2014 2025 ADT (vpd) 361 4,490 6,038 7,930 AM Peak Westbound 16 199 267 351 Hour (vph) Eastbound 13 162 217 285 PM Peak Westbound 22 274 368 483 Hour(vph) Eastbound 20 249 334 439 3. Puainako Street Improvements The Puainako Street Extension is under construction from Kaumana Drive to Komohana Street, at this writing. The Puainako Street Extension would provide a two-way, two-lane roadway between Kaumana Drive and Komohana Street. The improvement of the existing Puainako Street, between Komohana Street and Kilauea Avenue is in the design phase at this writing. The future project would provide a four -lane, divided roadway with bicycle lanes and sidewalks on both sides of the roadway between Komohana Street and Kilauea Avenue. The Puainako Street improvements include the construction of a new four -lane divided roadway from the Puainako Street Extension at Komohana Street to the existing Puainako Street alignment in the vicinity of Anela Street. The existing Puainako Street would be widened from a two-lane roadway to a four -lane, divided roadway from Anela Street to Kilauea Avenue. The improved Puainako Street is expected to divert traffic between the Kaumana area and University of Hawaii at Hilo, Waiakea area, and points south of Hilo. B. Year 2014 Peak Hour Traffic Analysis Without Project 1. AM Peak Hour Traffic Analysis Without Project By the Year 2014, the AM peak hour traffic demand without the proposed project is expected to exceed the carrying capacity of the intersection of Kaumana Drive and Mohouli Street/Ainako Avenue, which would operate at LOS "E". Ainako Avenue and both approaches on Kaumana Drive are expected to operate LOS "P". 12 University Terrace DRAFT Traffic Impact Analysis Report 611712003 Eastbound Kukuau Street is expected to continue to operate at LOS "F" at Mohouli Street, during the Year 2014 AM peak hour of traffic without the proposed project. Kukuau Street at Mohouli Street is not expected to meet the threshold volume for the minor street approach, as defined under the "Wan -ant 3 Peak Hour" for the installation of traffic signals, according to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices Millennium Edition (MUTCD), published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highways Administration. The intersection of Komohana Street and Mohouli Street is expected to operate at capacity and at LOS "D", during the Year 2014 AM peak hour of traffic without the proposed project. Very long traffic queues can be expected on northbound Komohana Street. Kukuau Street is expected to continue to operate at LOS "F" at Komohana Street, during the Year 2014 AM peak hour of traffic without the proposed project. The Kukuau Street traffic demand is expected to exceed the threshold volume for the minor street approach, as defined under the MUTCD "Warrant 3 Peak Hour" for the installation of traffic signals. The Komohana Street/Ponahawai Street intersection is expected to operate at LOS "C" and a v/c ratio of 0.95, during the Year 2014 AM peak hour of traffic without the proposed project. Pu'u Honu Place is expected to operate at LOS "F" at Komohana Street. The Pu'u Honu Place traffic demand is not expected to meet the threshold volume for the minor street approach, as defined under the MUTCD "Warrant 3 Peak Hour" for the installation of traffic signals. The Year 2014 AM peak hour traffic demand without the proposed project is expected to exceed the carrying capacity of the intersection of Waianuenue Avenue and Komohana Street. The intersection is expected to operate at LOS "D". The Year 2014 AM peak hour traffic without the proposed project and the results of the capacity analysis are depicted on Figure 5. 2. Year 2014 PM Peak Hour Traffic Analysis Without Project The intersection of Kaumana Drive and Mohouli Street/Ainako Avenue is expected to operate at LOS "D" and a v/c ratio of 0.95, during the Year 2014 PM peak hour of traffic without the proposed project. Both approaches of Kukuau Street are expected to operate at LOS "D" at Mohouli Street. By the Year 2014, the PM peak hour traffic demand without the proposed project is expected to exceed the carrying capacity of the intersection of Komohana Street and Mohouli Street, while operating at LOS "F". The southbound through movement and the opposing northbound left -tum movement on Komohana Street are expected to operate at LOS "F". Similarly, the eastbound through movement and the westbound left -turn movement on Mohouli Street also are expected to operate at LOS "F". 13 pUniversity Temace �8 Traffic Impact Analysis Report i DRAFT 61172003 Figure 5. Year 2014 AM Peak Hour Traffic Without Project 14 J4d'bl Figure 5. Year 2014 AM Peak Hour Traffic Without Project 14 University Terrace Traffic Impact Analysis Report DRAFT 6/17/2003 Westbound Kukuau Street is expected to operate at LOS "D" at Komohana Street, during the Year 2014 PM peak hour of traffic without the proposed project. The Komohana Street/Ponahawai Street intersection is expected to operate at LOS "A" and a ratio of 0.59. Pu'u Honu Place is expected to operate at LOS "C" at Komohana Street. The intersection of Waianuenue Avenue and Komohana Street is expected to operate at LOS `B" and a v/c ratio of 0.89. Figure 6 depicts the Year 2014 PM peak hour traffic without the proposed project and the results of the capacity analysis. C. Proposed Traffic Improvements Without Project The following traffic improvements are recommended to mitigate deficiencies that are expected to occur by the Year 2014 without the proposed project. 1. Kaumana Drive and Mohouli Street/Ainako Avenue The makai (northeast) bound approach of Kaumana Drive should be widened to provide an exclusive right -turn lane to Mohouli Street. 2. Mohouli Street and Komohana Street a. The northbound approach of Komohana Street should be widened to provide two through lanes at Mohouli Street. b. The north leg of Komohana Street at Mohouli Street should be widened to provide an auxiliary merging lane in the northbound direction. c. The exclusive right -turn lane on southbound Komohana Street at Mohouli Street should be restriped to a shared through/right-turn lane. d. The south leg of Komohana Street at Mohouli Street should be widened to provide an auxiliary merging lane in the southbound direction. 3. Komohana Street and Kukuau Street The intersection of Komohana Street and Kukuau Street should be signalized. 4. Waianuenue Avenue and Komohana Street a. The exclusive right -tum lane on eastbound Waianuenue Avenue to Komohana Street should be restriped to provide a shared through/right-turn lane. b. The traffic signal timing phasing should modified to incorporate the change in lane utilization. 15 University Terrace DRAFT y�TMcp TMJTic Impact Analysis Report 61172003 1^J QQ o•�»�r xE��jo 2 �21 ab�I �D rroax• g Ju Figure 6. Year 2014 PM Peak Hour Traffic Without Project 16 �pgi III Figure 6. Year 2014 PM Peak Hour Traffic Without Project 16 University Terrace Traffic Impact Analysis Report IV. Project -Generated Traffic A. Trip Generation Characteristics DRAFT 611712003 The trip generation for the proposed University Terrace was analyzed using the ITE trip rates for its respective land uses. The ITE rates for single-family detached housing and residential condo/townhouse were used to develop the trip generation characteristics for the single-family dwelling units and multi -family dwelling units, respectively. The ITE trip rates for a shopping center and a general office building were used to develop the trip generation characteristics of the commercial -retail and commercial -office developments, respectively. The shopping center pass -by trip rate of 29.8 percent was applied to the PM peak hour commercial -retail trip rate. Finally, the long-term transient housing units were analyzed using the ITE trip rates for an apartment. During the AM peak hour of traffic, the proposed project is expected to generate a total of 848 vph — 404 vph entering the site and 444 vph exiting the site. The proposed project is expected to generate 898 vph entering the site and 941 vph exiting the site, during the PM peak hour of traffic. Of the total 1,839 PM peak hour trips, 342 vph are expected to be pass -by trips, resulting in a net PM peak hour trip generation of 1,497 vph. Figures 7 and 8 depict the AM and PM peak hour site -generated traffic assignments, respectively. The trip generation characteristics for the proposed project are summarized in Table 3. Table 3. Trip Generation Summary Land Use (ITE Land Use Code) Land Use Intensity AM Peak Hour (vph) PM Peak Hour (vph) Enter Exit Total Enter Exit Total Single -Family Residential (210) 150 DU 29 86 115 99 56 155 Multi -Family Residential (834) 450 DU 34 164 198 163 80 243 Retail (820) 250,000 SFGLFA 168 108 276 552 598 1,150 Office (710) 100,000 SFGLFA 164 22 186 33 159 192 Apartment (220) 150 DU 12 65 77 53 47 100 Total Site Trips 404 444 848 898 941 1,839 Pass -By Trips 0 0 0 171 171 342 Net Trips 404 444 1 848 727 770 1,497 17 University Terrace DRAFT T ,p Treft Impact Analysis Report 611712003 �I iN _ 3 a.wo.0 nom.. Figure 7. AM Peak Hour Site Traffic Assignment 18 University Terrace � 71 TraRc Impact Analysis Report 611712003 q �y9 � I I I I� _ � P --------- Figure 8. PM Peak Hour Site Traffic Assignment 19 Vf q �y9 � I I I I� _ � P --------- Figure 8. PM Peak Hour Site Traffic Assignment 19 University Terrace DRAFT - Tragic Impact Analysis Report 611712003 B. Ponahawai Street Extension The extension of Ponahawai Street is expected to divert through traffic from Kaumana Drive/Waianuenue Avenue to and from Downtown Hilo. Figures 9 and 10 depict through AM and PM traffic assignments resulting from the extension of Ponahawai Street, respectively. V. Traffic Impact Analysis A. Proposed Traffic Improvements The traffic impacts of the proposed project were analyzed, assuming that the traffic improvements recommended in Section III.C. "Proposed Traffic Improvements Without Project' would be implemented by the Year 2014. The traffic impact analysis also includes the following traffic improvements, which are recommended to provide access to the project site and to improve the traffic circulation in study area: 1. Ponahawai Street Extension Ponahawai Street should be extended from Komohana Street to Mohouli Street. 2. Ponahawai Street and Komohana Street a. The makai bound Ponahawai Street Extension should provide separate left -tum, through, and right -turn lanes at Komohana Street. b. Komohana Street should be widened to provide exclusive left -tum and rigbt-tum lanes to the Ponahawai Street Extension in the northbound and southbound directions, respectively. c. The traffic signal system at the intersection of Ponahawai Street and Komohana Street should be modified to accommodate the Ponabawai Street Extension. 3. Ponahawai Street and Mohouli Street a. Ponahawai Street should be stop -controlled at its intersection with Mohouli Street b. Ponahawai Street should provide separate left -turn and right -turn lanes at Mohouli Street. c. Makai bound Mobouli Street should be widened at Ponahawai Street to provide an exclusive left -tum lane and a median shelter lane. 20 tY � University Terrace � 71Traffic Impact Analysis Report 611712003 DRAFT v Figure 9. AM Peak Hour Traffic Assignment— Ponahawai Street Extension 21 University Terrace p ip T IZ Impact Analysis Report 6DR03 I I I mawan.e<r a1 w ru ruc Figure 10. PM Peak Hour Traffic Assignment — Ponahawai Street Extension 22 University Terrace T nac- Traffic Impact Analysis Report 6/DRAFT 4. Kaumana Drive and Mohouli Street/Ainako Avenue a. The northwest bound approach of Mohouli Street should be widened to provide dual left -turn lanes to mauka bound Kaumana Drive. b. The mauka (southwest) leg of Kaumana Drive should be widened to provide an auxiliary merging lane in the mauka bound direction. c. The traffic signal system should be modified to provide protected a left -turn phase on Mohouli Street. 5. Komohana Street and Mohouli Street a. Westbound Mohouli Street should be widened to provide dual left -turn lanes to southbound Komohana Street. b. The traffic signal system should be modified to provide a protected left -turn phase on westbound Mohouli Street. 6. Komohana Street and the South Project Access Road a. The intersection of Komohana Street and the South Project Access Road should be signalized. b. Komohana Street should be widened at the South Project Access Road to provide an exclusive left -turn lane in the northbound direction. c. The South Project Access Road should provide separate left -turn and right -tum lanes at Komohana Street. 7. Komohana Street and Pu'u Honu Place/North Project Access Road a. The intersection of Komohana Street and Pu'u Honu Place/North Project Access Road should be signalized. b. Komohana Street should be widened at the North Project Access Road to provide an exclusive left -turn lane in the northbound direction. B. AM Peak Hour Traffic Impact Analysis The intersection of Kaumana Drive and Mohouli Street/Ainako Avenue is expected to operate at LOS "C" and a v/c ratio of 0.86, during the AM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project. The left -turn movement from Mohouli Street is expected to operate at LOS "D". During the AM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project, the left -turn movement from Ponahawai Street to makai bound Mohouli Street is expected to operate at LOS "D". Northeast bound Kukuau Street is expected to operate at LOS "F", during the AM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project. The Kukuau Street traffic demand is 23 University Terrace DRAFT nec- Traffic Impact Analysis Report 6/17/2003 expected not to exceed the threshold volume for the minor street approach, as defined under the MUTCD "Warrant 3 Peak Hour" for the installation of traffic signals. During the AM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project, the intersection of Komohana Street and Mohouli Street is expected to operate at LOS "C" and v/c ratio of 0.99. LOS "D" conditions are expected to occur on the northbound through movement and the opposing southbound left -turn movement on Komohana Street, and the eastbound through movement and the opposing westbound left -turn movement on Mohouli Street. The Komohana Street intersections at Kukuau Street and at the South Project Access are expected to operate at satisfactory Levels of Service, during the AM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project. The intersection of Ponahawai Street and Komohana Street is expected to operate at LOS "C" and a v/c ratio of 0.96. The westbound left -turn movement on Ponahawai Street is expected to operate at LOS "E". The northbound through movement and the opposing southbound left -tum movement on Komohana Street, and the through movements on both approaches of Ponahawai Street are expected to operate at LOS "D". During the AM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project, the Komohana Street intersections at Pu'u Honu Place/North Project Access Road and at Waianuenue Avenue are expected to operate at satisfactory Levels of Service. Figure 11 depicts the AM peak hour traffic with the proposed project, and the results of the capacity analysis. C. PM Peak Hour Traffic Impact Analysis During the PM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project, the intersection of Kaumana Drive and Mohouli Street/Ainako Avenue is expected to operate at LOS "C" and a v/c ratio of 0.88. The mauka bound through movement on Kaumana Drive is expected to operate at LOS "D". The right -tum movement from Ponahawai Street to mauka bound Mohouli Street is expected to operate at LOS "F", during the PM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project. Kukuau Street is expected to operate at LOS "D" at Mohouli Street. The intersection of Mohouli Street and Komohana Street is expected to operate at LOS "D" and a v/c ratio of 0.99, during the PM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project. The eastbound through movement and the westbound left -tum movements on Mohouli Street are expected to operate at LOS "E". Southbound Komohana Street is expected to operate at LOS "D" at Mohouli Street, during the PM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project. During the PM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project, the Komohana Street intersections at Kukuau Street and at the South Project Access are expected to operate at satisfactory Levels of Service. 24 +� University Terrace 7C Traffic Impact Analysis Report DRAFT 61172003 S S rw.x. �d�� ��• S rorrtrw woo n uxEcunw umxeawn�..mxumocun�cxi 1�� II � m u�e�oreavice�w.0®'mono mrn 4 5�p em�n � I m ae� xw muiore'c .Iae E woc n wl vu�I a(��9v wuaP.l�9 vb9n mPJ. ��� Ili AAANu NUE AN NAAUAAE� AVENUE Figure 11. AM Peak Hour Traffic With Project 25 •University Terrace DRAFT T^^c - Traffic Impact Analysis Report 6/17/2003 The Komohana Street/Ponahawai Street intersection is expected to operate at LOS "C" and v/c ratio of 0.96. The eastbound left tum movement, southbound through movement, and the opposing northbound left -tum movement on Komohana Street are expected to operate at LOS "D" at Ponahawai Street. During the PM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project, the Komohana Street intersections at Pu'u Honu Place/North Project Access Road and at Waianuenue Avenue are expected to operate at satisfactory Levels of Service. The PM peak hour traffic with the proposed project and the results of the capacity analysis are depicted on Figure 12. VI. Recommendations A. Proposed Traffic Improvements Without Project The following traffic improvements are recommended to mitigate deficiencies that are expected to occur by the Year 2014 without the proposed project. 1. Kaumana Drive and Mohouli Street/Ainako Avenue Widen northeast bound approach of Kaumana Drive to provide an exclusive right - tum lane to Mohouli Street. 2. Mohouli Street and Komohana Street a. Widen the northbound approach of Komohana Street to provide two through lanes at Mohouli Street. b. Widen the north leg of Komohana Street at Mohouli Street to provide an auxiliary merging lane in the northbound direction. c. Convert the exclusive right -turn lane on southbound Komohana Street at Mohouli Street to a shared through/right-turn lane. d. Widen the south leg of Komohana Street at Mohouli Street to provide an auxiliary merging lane in the southbound direction. 3. Komohana Street and Kukuau Street Signalize the intersection of Komohana Street and Kukuau Street. 4. Waianuenue Avenue and Komohana Street a. Convert the exclusive right -turn lane on eastbound Waianuenue Avenue to Komohana Street to a shared through/right-turn lane. b. Modify the traffic signal timing phasing to accommodate the change in lane utilization. 26 University Terrace DRAFT Traffic Impact Analysis Report 611712003 4, Figure III Figure 12. PM Peak Hour Traffic With Project 27 J' mu,e Yoxcien,auw rnM (`i u�uw au�wrvxwxumncew�cm © uvna m�xc.wwumvcww,w� 4, Figure III Figure 12. PM Peak Hour Traffic With Project 27 University Terrace DRAFT .. Traffic Impact Analysis Report 6117/2003 B. Proposed Traffic Improvements With Project The following traffic improvements are recommended to provide access to the project site and to improve the traffic circulation in study area: 1. Ponahawai Street Extension Extend Ponabawai Street from Komohana Street to a stop -controlled Tee - intersection with Mohouli Street. 2. Ponahawai Street and Komohana Street a. Provide separate left -turn, through, and right -turn lanes on makai bound Ponahawai Street Extension at Komohana Street. b. Widen Komohana Street to provide exclusive left -turn and right -tum lanes to the Ponahawai Street Extension in the northbound and southbound directions, respectively. c. Modify the traffic signal system at the intersection of Ponahawai Street and Komohana Street to include the Ponabawai Street Extension. 3. Ponahawai Street and Mohouli Street a. Provide separate left -turn and right -turn lanes on Ponahawai Street at Mohouli Street. b. Widen Mohouli Street at Ponahawai Street to provide an exclusive left -tum lane and a median shelter lane in the makai bound direction. c. Widen the mauka (northwest) leg of Mohouli Street to provide a mauka bound auxiliary acceleration lane to mitigate the LOS "F" condition on right -turn movement from Ponahawai Street, during the PM peak hour with the proposed project. 4. Kaumana Drive and Mohouli Street/Ainako Avenue a. Widen the northwest bound approach of Mohouli Street to provide dual left -turn lanes to mauka bound Kaumana Drive. b. Widen the mauka (southwest) leg of Kaumana Drive to provide an auxiliary merging lane in the mauka bound direction. c. Modify the traffic signal system to provide protected a left -turn phase on Mohouli Street. TMC_ University Terrace Traffic Impact Analysis Report 5. Komohana Street and Mohouli Street DRAFT 6/17/2003 a. Westbound Mohouli Street should be widened to provide dual left -turn lanes to southbound Komohana Street. b. The traffic signal system should be modified to provide a protected left -turn phase on westbound Mohouli Street. 6. Komohana Street and the South Project Access Road a. Signalize the intersection of Komohana Street and the South Project Access Road. b. Widen Komohana Street at the South Project Access Road to provide an exclusive left -turn lane in the northbound direction. c. Provide separate left -turn and right -turn lanes The South Project Access Road at Komohana Street. 7. Komohana Street and Pu'u Honu Place/North Project Access Road a. Signalize the intersection of Komohana Street and Pu'u Honu Place/North Project Access Road. b. Widen Komohana Street at the North Project Access Road to provide an exclusive left -tum lane in the northbound direction. VH. Conclusions The Saddle Road improvements are expected to increase traffic flow on Kaumana Drive between East and West Hawaii. The increase in regional traffic is expected to be distributed among the recently constructed and planned roadways between Kaumana Drive and Komohana Street. The extension of Mohouli Street from Komohana Street to Kaumana Drive improved access to the Kaumana area by diverting traffic from Kaumana Drive/Waianuenue Avenue. Similarly, the extension of Puainako Street from Komohana Street to Kaumana Drive also is expected to redistribute traffic between Kaumana Drive and Hilo. The extension of Ponahawai Street from Komohana Street through the project site to Mohouli Street also is expected to improve access between Downtown Hilo and the mauka areas. The recommended traffic improvements, discussed herein, are expected to mitigate the traffic impacts resulting from the development of the proposed University Ten -ace. Table 4 summarizes the traffic impact analysis of the major intersections within the study area. 29 �J University Terrace DRAFT Traffic Impact Analysis Report 6/17/2003 Table 4. Traffic Impact Analysis Summary Without Without With Existing Project W/O Project W/ Project W/ Conditions Mitigation Mitigation Mitigation AM PM AM PM AM PM AM pM Intersection Kaumana DrJ LOS C B E D C C C C Mohouli StJ Ainako Ave. VIC 0.88 0.74 1.14 0.95 0.88 0.95 0.86 0.88 Mohouli St./ LOS N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A D C Ponahawai St. VIC N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Komohana St./ LOS C D D F C D C D Mohouli St. VIC 0.86 1.03 1.07 1.26 0.94 0.96 0.99 0.99 Komohana StJ LOS N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A A A S. Project Access V/C N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.76 0.71 Komohana St./ LOS B A C A C A C C Ponahawai St. V/C 0.89 0.52 0.95 0.59 0.95 0.59 0.96 0.96 Komohana St./ LOS D C F C F C B B Pu'u Honu Pl./ N.ProjectAccess V/C N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.88 0.80 Waianuenue Ave./ LOS B A D B C B C B Komohana St. VIC 0.91 0.70 1.11 0.88 0.91 0.94 0.93 0.89 Notes: LOS A- Intersection Level of Service (signalized condition) LOS A - Critical Movement Level of Service (unsignalized condition) N/A -Not applicable kill LAND COURT SYSTEM MW014 WHITE & TOM 820 Mililani Street Suite 711 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 TELEPHONE: 547-5151 .. r - —�w me .w::11 I 41AII Of MAWAM uv iri CONVEYANM , . int : oZ REGULAR SYSTEM This document consists of 13 pages. LIMITED POWER OF ATTORNEY TMK Nos.: (3) 2-3-044-019; (3) 2-3-044-009; (3) 2-3-049-053; (3) 2-3-040-021; (3) 2-3-040-022; and (3) 2-3-037-001 LIMITED POWER OF ATTORNEY WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Washington, with its principal office located at 601 W. First Avenue, Spokane, Washington, constitutes and appoints MIKE TERAMOTO, of Spokane, Washington, its true and lawful attorney-in-fact in and for Hawaii, for the following purposes: To sign his name as surety to, and to execute, seal and acknowledge, any and all documents, applications, registrations, declarations, title transfers, bills of sale, and/or other instruments, relating to or in connection with the development and/or use of the real property located at Ponahawaii, District of South Hilo, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, and as described more particularly in the attached Exhibit "A", (hereafter the "Property"), and to submit said documents, applications, registrations, declarations, title transfers, bills of sale, and/or other instnunents relating to the property for filing of records, as necessary, and to represent Principal in all land use proceedings relating to the Property, and respectively perform all acts and things set forth in the resolution of its board of directors, a certified copy of which is attached and made part of this power of attorney. Principal, through its board of directors, ratifies and confirms everything attomey-in-fact may lawfully do in the mentioned matters by virtue of this instrument. This limited power of attorney shall be effective for a period of two years from the date of execution below, or until revoked in writing by the principal, whichever is earlier. Principal has caused his instrument to be sealed with its corporate seal, attested by the signature of its Secretary on February Cj 2003. WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY By: Print Name: Reuel Swanson Title: Secretary R.\CMS\Prowy O Iup,re,u\Hib - Sure Sa.cTOA M&e Tera w (020303)doc STATE OF WASHINGTON ) ) ss. COUNTY OF SPOKANE ) BEFORE ME, LA��A/✓E TGt�7Ge a Notary Public in and for the jurisdiction aforesaid, on this ?e —_ day of January 2003, personally appeared Reuel Swanson who resides at Spokane, Washington and who is personally known to me (or sufficiently proven) to be the Secretary of Western United Life Assurance Company, and the person who executed the foregoing instrument by virtue of the authority vested in him and he did acknowledge the signing of the foregoing instrument to be his free and voluntary act and deed as Secretary for the uses, purposes and consideration therein set forth. [SE ] NOTAMPUKI0 STATE OF t—/ate tJ1RM11� Mi{,t W Nwrrr+E�a+ttL�1 Nota Public In ind Residing at � My Commission Expires: WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY UNANIMOUS WAIVER AND CONSENT ADOPTED BY TBE BOARD OF DIRECTORS IN LIEU OF A SPECIAL MEETING February 4, 2003 The undersigned, being all of the directors of Western United Life Assurance Company (the "Company"), do hereby unanimously consent to, adopt, ratify and approve the following resolution and declare them to be in full force and effect as if adopted at a special meeting of the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board") duly called and held on February 4, 2003. WHEREAS, the Board has determined that it is in the best interests of the Company to appoint Mike Teramoto as its true and lawful attorney-in-fact in and for Hawaii in connection with all local transactions relating to that real property located at Ponshawaii, District of South Hilo, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, and more particularly described in the attached Exhibit "A", (hereafter the " Property"), therefore be it RESOLVED, that Mike Teramoto is authorized by the Board as its true and lawful attorney in fact in and for Hawaii, to sign his name as surety to, and to execute, seal and acknowledge, any and all documents, applications, registrations, declarations, title transfers, bills of sale, and/or other instruments, relating to or in connection with the development and/or use of the Property, and to submit said documents, applications, registrations, declarations, title transfers, bills of sale, and/or other instruments relating to the property for filing of records, as necessary, and to represent Principal in all land use proceedings relating to the Property. This authorization shall remain in effect for two years, or until revoked by the President, Vice -President or Secretary of the Company, whichever shall occur first. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being all of the directors of the Company, hereby unanimously consent to and evidence their approval of the foregoing actions as of the 41a day of February 2003. Robert Stephen Corker Gary D. Brajcich John van Engelen John Trimble Iry Marcus N ro"rn"..xr s., "urAK. An IV. m",rANIUS% vu+'["aew A *-r hbm m WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY UNANIMOUS WAIVER AND CONSENT ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS IN LIEU OF A SPECIAL MEETING February 4, 2003 The undersigned, being all of the directors of Western United Life Assurance Company (the "Company"), do hereby unanimously consent to, adopt, ratify and approve the following resolution and declare them to be in full force and effect as if adopted at a special meeting of the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board") duly called and held on February 4, 2003. WHEREAS, the Board has determined that it is in the best interests of the Company tdappoint Mike Teramoto as its true and lawful attorney-in-fact in and for Hawaii in connection with all local transactions relating to that real property located at Ponahawaii, District of South Hilo, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, and more particularly described in the attached Exhibit "A", (hereafter the " Property"), therefore be it RESOLVED, that Mike Teramoto is authorized by the Board as its true and lawful attorney in fact in and for Hawaii, to sign his name as surety to, and to execute, seal and acknowledge, any and all documents, applications, registrations, declarations, title transfers, bills of sale, and/or other instruments, relating to or in connection with the development and/or use of the Property, and to submit said documents, applications, registrations, declarations, title transfers, bills of sale, and/or other instruments relating to the property for filing of records, as necessary, and to represent Principal in all land use proceedings relating to the Property. This authorization shall remain in effect for two years, or until revoked by the President, Vice -President or Secretary of the Company, whichever shall occur first. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being all of the directors of the Company, hereby unanimously consent to and evidence their approval of the foregoing actions as of the 40^ day of February 2003. C. Paul Sandifur, Jr. Robert Stephen Corker Reuel Swanson Gary D. Brajcich L/ Joh van E elan John Trimble Iry Marcus YnR MR AIr. SrEAETAR"AC VE COMIANIfSWVt NRRMTSMA Tv"m,u NM 94 3" WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY UNANIMOUS WAIVER AND CONSENT ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS IN LIEU OF A SPECIAL MEETING February 4, 2003 The undersigned, being all of the directors of Western United Life Assurance Company (the "Company"), do hereby unanimously consent to, adopt, ratify and approve the following resolution and declare them to be in full force and effect as if adopted at a special meeting of the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board") duly called and held on February 4, 2003. WHEREAS, the Board has determined that it is in the best interests of the Company td appoint Mike Teramoto as its true and lawful attorney-in-fact in and for Hawaii in connection with all local transactions relating to that real property located at Ponahawaii, District of South Hilo, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, and more particularly described in the attached Exhibit "A", (hereafter the " Property"), therefore be it RESOLVED, that Mike Teramoto is authorized by the Board as its true and lawful attorney in fact in and for Hawaii, to sign his name as surety to, and to execute, seal and acknowledge, any and all documents, applications, registrations, declarations, title transfers, bills of sale, and/or other instruments, relating to or in connection with the development and/or use of the Property, and to submit said documents, applications, registrations, declarations, title transfers, bills of sale, and/or other instruments relating to the property for filing of records, as necessary, and to represent Principal in all land use proceedings relating to the Property. This authorisation shall remain in effect for two years, or until revoked by the President, Vice -President or Secretary of the Company, whichever shall occur first. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being all of the directors of the Company, hereby unanimously consent to and evidence their approval of the foregoing actions as of the 41^ day of February 2003. C. Paul Sandifur, Jr. Robert Stephen Corker Reuel Swanson Cary D. Brajcich John van Engelen _ Z z7� e . Iry Marcus John Trimble T".n..n "l e. WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY UNANIMOUS WAIVER AND CONSENT ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS IN LIEU OF A SPECIAL MEETING February 4, 2003 The undersigned, being all of the directors of Western United Life Assurance Company (the "Companyl. do hereby unanimously consent to, adopt, ratify and approve the following resolution and declare them to be in full force and effect as if adopted at a special meeting of the Board of Directors of the Company (the'Boar&') duly called and held on February 4, 2003. WHEREAS, the Board has determined that it is in the best interests of the Company to -appoint Mike Teramoto as its true and lawful attorney-in-fact in and for Hawaii in connection with all local transactions relating to that real property located at Ponahawaii, District of South Hilo, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, and more particularly described in the attached Exhibit "A", (hereafter the " Property"), therefore be it RESOLVED, that Mike Teramoto is authorized by the Board as its true and lawful attorney in fact in and for Hawaii, to sign his name as surety to, and to execute, see] and acknowledge, any and all documents, applications, registrations, declarntions, title transfers, bills of sale, and/or other instruments, relating to or in connection with the development and/or use of the Property, and to submit said documents, applications, registrations, declarations, title transfers, bills of sale, and/or other instruments relating to the property for filing of records, as necessary, and to represent Principal in all land use proceedings relating to the Property. This authorization shall remain in effect for two years, or until revoked by the President, Vice -President or Secretary of the Company, whichever shall occur first. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being all of the directors of the Company, hereby unanimously consent to and evidence their approval of the foregoing actions as of the 41^ day of February 2003. C. Paul Sandifur, Jr. Reuel Swanson Robert Stephen'Corker Gary D. Brajcich John van Engelen John Trimble Iry Marcus x r-uxmx"i c arrcxneanernn: rn.,.n"mown.navnsr!wra�nr. m.«.«, nN«.„ „� WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY UNANIMOUS WAIVER AND CONSENT ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS IN LIEU OF A SPECIAL MEETING February 4, 2003 The undersigned, being all of the directors of Western United Life Assurance Company (the "Company"), do hereby unanimously consent to, adopt, ratify and approve the following resolution and declare them to be in full force and effect as if adopted at a special meeting of the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board") duly called and held on February 4, 2003. WHEREAS, the Board has determined that it is in the best interests of the Company to:appoint Mike Teramoto as its true and lawful attorney-in-fact in and for Hawaii in connection with all local transactions relating to that real property located at Ponahawaii, District of South Hilo, Island and County of Hawaii. State of Hawaii, and more particularly described in the attached Exhibit "A", (hereafter the " Property"), therefore be it RESOLVED, that Mike Teramoto is authorized by the Board as its true and lawful attorney in fact in and for Hawaii, to sign his name as surety to, and to execute, seal and acknowledge, any and all documents, applications, registrations, declarations, title transfers, bills of sale, and/or other instruments, relating to or in connection with the development and/or use of the Property, and to submit said documents, applications, registrations, declarations, title transfers, bills of sale, and/or other instruments relating to the property for filing of records, as necessary, and to represent Principal in all land use proceedings relating to the Property. This authorization shall remain in effect for two years, or until revoked by the President, Vice -President or Secretary of the Company, whichever shall occur first. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being all of the directors of the Company, hereby unanimously consent to and evidence their approval of the foregoing actions as of the 4t4 day of February 2003. C. Paul Sandifur, Jr. Reuel Swanson Robe tephen Corker Gary D. raicich John van Engelen John Trimble Iry Marcus x I.. t"""".nM .:J WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY UNANIMOUS WAIVER AND CONSENT ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS IN LIEU OF A SPECIAL MEETING February 4, 2003 The undersigned being all of the directors of Western United Life Assurance Company (the "Company"), do hereby unanimously consent to, adopt, ratify and approve the following resolution and declare them to be in full force and effect as if adopted at a special meeting of the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board") duly called and held on February 4, 2003. WHEREAS, the Board has determined that it is in the beat interests of the Company to' appoint Mike Teramoto as its true and lawful attorney-in-fact in and for Hawaii in connection with all local transactions relating to that real property located at Ponahawaii, District of South Hilo, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, and more particularly described in the attached Exhibit "A", (hereafter the " Property"), therefore be it RESOLVED, that Mike Teramoto is authorized by the Board as its true and lawful attorney in fact in and for Hawaii, to sign his name as surety to, and to execute, seal and acknowledge, any and all documents, applications, registrations, declarations, title transfers, bills of sale, and/or other instruments, relating to or in connection with the development and/or use of the Property, and to submit said documents, applications, registrations, declarations, title transfers, bills of sale, and/or other instruments relating to the property for filing of records, as necessary, and to represent Principal in all land use proceedings relating to the Property. This authorization shall remain in effect for two years, or until revoked by the President, Vice -President or Secretary of the Company, whichever shall occur first. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being all of the directors of the Company, hereby unanimously consent to and evidence their approval of the foregoing actions as of the 4r^ day of February 2003. C. Paul Sandifur, Jr. Robert Stephen Corker Reuel Swanson John van Engelen Marcus Gary D. Brajcich �ohn Trimb e ." a"",.• n. w'n�r...nnrn"r. nw.""mvwui n".�"vrmmm� m.... nw-.. n. EXHIBIT "A" Tax Map Key No. (3) 2-3-044-019 All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of land(s) described in and covered by Royal Patent Number 1946, Number 1 to D.B. Lyman, Land Commission Award Number 387, Part 4, Section 1 to American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Royal Patent Number 5707, Land Commission Award Number 463 to Kuihelani for E. Kahakumakaliva, and Royal Patent Grant Number 252 to Benjamin Pitman) situate, lying and being at Ponohawai, District of South Hilo, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, being LOT A bearing Tax Key designation 2-3-044-019(3), and containing an area of 170.218 acres, more or less. SUBJECT to all liens and encumbrances of record. Tax Map Key No. (3) 2-3-044-009 All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of the land(s) described in and covered by Royal Patent Number 1946, Number 1 to D.B. Lyman, Land Commission Award Number 387, Part 4, Section 1 to American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Royal Patent Number 5707, Land Commission Award Number 463 to Kuihelani for E. Kahakumakaliva, and Royal Patent Grant Number 252 to Benjamin Pitman) situate, lying and being at Ponohawai, District of South Hilo, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, being LOT B bearing Tax Key designation 2-3-044-009(3), and containing an area of 48.413 acres, more or less. SUBJECT to all liens and encumbrances of record. Tax Map Key No. (3) 2-3-049-053 All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of land(s) described in and covered by Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman) situate, lying and being at Ponohawai, District of South Hilo, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, being LOT 58 and thus bounded and described as per Survey of Nobuchika Santo, Registered Land Surveyor, dated May 1977: Beginning at the north comer of this parcel of land, on the southeasterly side of Likolehua Street, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "HALAI" being 2,769.92 feet south and 3,574.72 feet west and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South: 1. 324' 40' 363.00 feet along Lot 57 (portion of Grant 252 to B. Pitman); 2. 54' 40' 120.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to B. Pitman; 3. 144' 40' 363.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to B. Pitman; 4. 234' 40' 120.00 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to B. Pitman and along Likolehua Street to the point of beginning and containing an area of 1.000 acre, more or less. SUBJECT to all liens and encumbrances of record. Tax Map Key No. (3) 2-3-040-021 -PARCEL FIRST: - All of that certain parcel of land (being portion of the land(s) described in and covered by Royal Patent Number 252 to Benjamin Pitman) situate, lying and being at Ponohawai, District of South Hilo, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, being LOT 46, and thus bounded and described: Beginning at the north comer of this parcel of land, on the southeast side of Kaumana Drive, the coordinates of which referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "HALAI" being 3339.21 feet south and 4846.29 feet west and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South: 0 4. Along remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman (Lot 45), on a curve to the left with a radius of 20.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 354' 21' 15' 22.18 feet; 29'. 41' 152.20 feet along remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman (Lot 45); 29' 41' 42.85 feet along remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman; 140' 41' 134.16 feet along remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman (Lot 47); Thence along remainder of Grant 252 to Benjamin Pitman (Lot 47), on a curve to the left with a radius of 20.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being; 84' 21' 15" 33.29 feet; -2- 6. 208' 01' 30" 86.70 feet along the southeast side of Kaumana Drive to the point of beginning and containing an area of 6,834 square feet, more or less. SUBJECT to all liens and encumbrances of record. Tax Map Key No. (3)2-3-040-022 All of that certain parcel of land (being portion of the land(s) described in and covered by Royal Patent Number 252 to Benjamin Pitman) situate, lying and being at Ponohawai, District of South Hilo, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, being LOT 47 bearing Tax Key designation 2-3-040-022, and containing an area of 14,648 square feet, more or less. SUBJECT to all liens and encumbrances of record. Tax Map Key No. (3)2-3-037-001 All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of the land(s) described in and covered by Royal Patent Number 252 to B. Pitman) situate, lying and being at Ponohawai, South Hilo, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, being LOT B, and thus bounded and described as per survey of Island Survey, Inc., by Nobuchika anto, Registered Land Surveyor dated January 9, 1978, to -wit: Beginning at the southeast comer of this parcel of land, on the southwest side of Komohana Street, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "HALAI" being 1,837.52 feet south and 21.68 feet west and running by azimuths measured clockwise from true South: 1. 750 40' 529.88 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to B. Pitman; 2. 1650 40' 668.26 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to B. Pitman; 2550 40' 481.30 feet along the remainder of Grant 252 to B. Pitman; 4. Thence following along the remainder of Grant 252 to B. Pitman, along a curve to the right having a radius of 32.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 3000 40' 45.25 feet; -3- 5. 3450 40' 6. 2550 40' 7. 3450 40' 8. 9. 10. I1 IVA 54° 00' 12.24 feet along the southwesterly side of Komohana Street; 10.00 feet along a jog in Komohana Street; 73.40 feet along the southwesterly side of Komohana Street; 11.48 feet along Komohana Street; 100 30' 18.00 feet along Komohana Street; 3330 00' 83.14 feet along the southwesterly side of Komohana Street; 3450 40' 248.93 feet along the southwesterly side of Komohana Street; Thence following along the southwesterly side of Komohana Street along a curve to the left having a radius of 3,040.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 3430 46' 50" 200.11 feet to the point of beginning and containing an area of 8.000 acres, more or less. SUBJECT, to all liens and encumbrances of record. END OF EXHIBIT "A" -4- (b) No person shall advertise or represent to the public that a permit to construct an ohana dwelling unit is transferable with the sale of the property on which the permit has been granted. Section 25-6-39.4. Pending applications. (a) All pending applications for ohana dwellings filed with the director prior to May 4, 1996 shall be processed in accordance with this division, with the exception of the filing fee. The director may require the applicant to submit additional information to comply with this division. Section 25-6-39.5. Illegally constructed ohana dwellings. In the event that an ohana dwelling unit is constructed contrary to the provisions of this division, with or without a permit therefor having been issued, the ohana dwelling unit, shall be considered unlawful and a public nuisance, and action or proceedings for abatement, removal and enjoinment of the unlawful ohana dwelling shall immediately be commenced in accordance with this chapter. Section 25-6-39.6. Revocation of an ohana dwelling permit. (a) The director may initiate proceedings to revoke a permit for an ohana dwelling unit if: (1) The applicant intentionally misrepresented a material fact in the permit application, including all attachments; or (2) The applicant transferred or attempted an ohana dwelling unit permit issued by the director prior to completion of the construction of the ohana dwelling unit and final approval by the chief engineer; (b) The director shall serve written notice of the proposed revocation on the applicant by registered or certified mail with return receipt. (c) The applicant may, within thirty days after receipt of the proposed revocation notice, appeal the revocation notice to the board of appeals as provided by section 5-6.3 of the County charter and sections 25-2-20 through 25-2-24 of this chapter. An appeal to the board of appeals shall stay the provisions of the director's order pending the final decision of the board of appeals. Section 25-6-39.7. Appeals. Any person aggrieved by the decision of the director in the issuance of an ohana dwelling permit decision, except for a decision regarding the duration of a permit under section 25-6-39.2, may appeal the director's action to the board of appeals, in accordance with this chapter, within thirty days after the date of the director's written decision. Division 4. Project Districts (PD) Section 25-6-40. Purpose and applicability. The project district (PD) development is intended to provide for a flexible and creative planning approach rather than specific land use designations, for quality developments. It will also allow for flexibility in location of specific uses and mixes of structural alternatives. The planning approach would establish a continuity in land uses and designs while providing for a comprehensive network of infrastructural facilities and systems. A variety of uses as well as open space, parks, and other project uses are intended to be in accord with each individual project district objective. A project district is an amendment to this chapter which changes the district boundaries in accordance with the individual project district. Section 25-641. Criteria for establishing a project district. A project district may be established as an amendment to this chapter whenever the public necessity and convenience and the general welfare require that a comprehensive planning approtlafor.arr„ ftshould be 97 g adopted in order to establish a continuity in land uses and designs while providing a comprehensive network of infrastructural facilities and systems. In addition, a project district may only be established if the proposed district: (1) Is consistent with the intent and purpose of this chapter and the County general plan; and (2) Will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region. Section 25-6-42. Minimum land area required. The minimum land area required for a project district shall be fifty acres. Section 25-6-43. Permitted uses. Any uses permitted either directly or conditionally in the RS, RD, RM, RCX, CN, CG, CV or V districts shall be permitted in a project district; provided, that each of the proposed uses and the overall densities for residential and hotel uses shall be contained in a master plan for the project district and in the project district enabling ordinance. Section 25-6-44. Application for project district; requirements. (a) An application for a project district may be filed by a property owner or any other person with the property owner's consent. The application shall be on a form prescribed for this purpose by the director and shall be accompanied by: (1) A filing fee of $5,000. (2) A description of the property in sufficient detail to determine its precise location. (3) A master conceptual plan of the property, showing the project district boundaries and the land uses and acreage of land involved. (4) A description of the proposed project district, including land uses, densities, infrastructural requirements, and development standards. (5) A description of each of the open space areas proposed for the project district for cultural and/or environmental purposes, including those open space areas preserved because of natural hazards. (6) A metes and bounds description of the property prepared by a surveyor. (7) A list of the names, addresses and tax map key numbers for those property owners and lessees of record of surrounding properties who are required to receive notice under section 25-2-4. (8) A county environmental report; provided that a county environmental report shall not be required where an environmental impact statement or an environmental assessment and negative declaration have been prepared and issued in compliance with chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes, as amended. (9) Any other plans or information required by rules adopted by the director in accordance with chapter 91, Hawaii Revised Statutes. (b) Within ten days after filing an application for a project district, the applicant shall serve notice of the application on surrounding owners and lessees of record as provided by section 25-2-4. (c) Within one hundred twenty days after a project district application has been accepted by the director, the director shall forward the application to the commission, together with the director's recommendation on the proposed project district, and together with a proposed project district ordinance which establishes the project district and provides project W district standards and conditions, including permitted land uses, accessory uses, densities, heights, setbacks, and variances from the requirements of this chapter, and from chapter 23 (subdivision control), if applicable, as contained in the master conceptual plan for the project district. (d) The commission shall review any project district application and shall forward its recommendation on the application to the council through the mayor for the council's consideration and action. (1) In reviewing the application, the commission shall hold at least one public hearing in the district in which the proposed project district is located. The commission shall provide reasonable notice of the date of the hearing to the applicant. The commission shall also publish notice of the hearing in accordance with the requirements of this chapter. (2) Within ten days after receiving notice of the date of the public hearing, the applicant shall serve notice of the hearing on surrounding owners and lessees of record as provided by section 25-2-4. The applicant shall also serve notice on owners and lessees of record of interests in other properties which the commission may find to be directly affected by the proposed project district. (3) Within ninety days after receipt of the application from the director, unless a longer period is agreed to by the applicant, the commission shall transmit the proposed project district ordinance together with its recommendation thereon through the mayor to the council. The commission shall recommend approval in whole or in part, with or without modifications, or rejection of such proposal. Section 25-645. Conditions imposed on project district. �j (a) The council may impose conditions on the use of the property subject to the project district, provided the council finds that the conditions are: (1) Necessary to prevent circumstances which may be adverse to the public health, safety and welfare; or (2) Reasonably conceived to fulfill needs directly emanating from the land uses proposed with respect to protection of the public from the potentially deleterious effects of the proposed uses, or fulfillment of the need for public service demands created by the proposed uses. (b) In addition to the conditions described in subsection (a), the council shall include the following conditions in any project district ordinance: (1) A description of each of the uses proposed in the project district; (2) The overall densities for the residential and hotel uses established in the project district; (3) Any infrastructure requirements for the project district; and (4) Any open space requirements for the project district. Section 25-6-46. Review and approval of site plans. (a) After adoption of a project district enabling ordinance, the applicant shall submit to the director detailed site plans for the project district development. The site plans shall conform to the project district enabling ordinance and shall include the following: (1) Plans for required infrastructure improvements; (2) All items required for a plan approval application, as provided by section 25-2-72; and (3) Any other information required by rules adopted by the director in accordance with chapter 91, Hawaii Revised Statutes. M (b) Within sixty days after acceptance of the site plans, the director shall either deny or approve the plans. (c) The director may approve site plans for a project district only if the applicant has complied with all of the conditions contained in the project district enabling ordinance and the site plans conform to the standards contained in the project district enabling ordinance. The director may approve the site plans subject to conditions, or the director may approve the site plans subject to certain changes when, in the director's opinion, such conditions or changes are necessary to carry out the purposes of the project district, this chapter and the considerations contained in section 25-6-47. (d) If the director fails to render a decision on the site plans within the prescribed period, the site plans shall be considered approved without further certification by the director. Section 25-6-47. Review criteria and conditions of approval. In reviewing site plans for a project district, the director shall consider the proposed development and uses in relation to the surrounding properties, improvements, streets, traffic, community characteristics, and natural features, and may require conditions or changes to assure: (1) Adequate light and air, proper siting and arrangements of all structures and improvements are provided; (2) Existing and prospective traffic movements will not be hindered; (3) Proper landscaping is provided that is commensurate with the development or use and its surroundings; (4) Unsightly areas are properly screened or eliminated; (5) Adequate off-street parking is provided to serve the development or use; (6) Access to the parking areas will not create potential accident hazards; and ,p„ fo; (7) Within reasonable limits, any natural and man-made features of community value are preserved. Section 25-6-48. Construction in conformity with approved site plans. Every structure, development and use contained in site plans for a project district approved by the director shall be constructed and developed in accordance with the terms, specifications and conditions of approval for those site plans. Section 25-649. Plan approval issued by approval of site plans. Plan approval shall be considered issued when site plans for a project district are approved by the director, as provided by sections 25-646 and 25-647, and no further action is required for the issuance of plan approval under this chapter. Section 25-6-49.1. Amendments. Any amendment to the conditions and standards contained in a project district enabling ordinance shall be processed in the same manner as the project district enabling ordinance, unless the council in the project district enabling ordinance authorizes the amendments to be made by the director. A request for any amendment shall be submitted in writing to the director, in lieu of the application required for a project district. The request shall be accompanied by a filing fee of $250. Section 25-6-49.2. Appeal of director's actions on project district site plans. Any person aggrieved by the decision of the director in the issuance of a decision regarding project district site plans may appeal the director's action to the board of appeals, in accordance with its rules, within thirty days after the written decision is issued by the director. 11011 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS COUNTY OF HAWAII HILO, HAWAII DATE: October 10. 2003 '103 PT 1.3 R(1 7 p 46 .I NIT TO: Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director FROM: � Department of Public Works SUBJECT: CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 03-023) Applicant: Western United Life Assurance Company Request: A-1 a, CN -40, RS -7.5, RS -10, Open to Project District TMK: 2-3-44:019, 2-3-49:053, & 2-3-37:001 We have reviewed the subject application forwarded by your memo dated September 22, 2003 and offer the following comments for your consideration. All development generated runoff shall be disposed of on site and shall not be directed toward any adjacent properties. A drainage study, certified by a licensed engineer, shall be prepared and the recommended drainage system shall be constructed meeting the approval of the DPW. Any construction within the FEMA designated flood zones shall conform to Chapter 27, Flood Control, of the Hawaii County Code. All earthwork activity, including grading and grubbing, shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sedimentation Control, of the Hawaii County Code. Streets within the subject development should be built to dedicable standards including curbs, gutters, and sidewalks. Direct access onto arterial streets shall be prohibited. The development's master plan and the Draft Traffic Impact Analysis Report discusses the creation of the North and South Project Access Roads. We do not support the construction of the additional intersections and recommend that access to these areas be from the Ponahawai Street Extension (also known as the Kupulau Street Extension). The final Traffic Impact Analysis Report shall be certified by a licensed engineer. Streetlights and traffic control devices shall be installed as required by the Traffic Division, Department of Public Works. The Traffic Division has recommended the installation of duct lines for future traffic signals at the intersection of Ponahawai and Mohouli Streets and the widening of Kaumana Drive at Mohouli Street, mauka (southwest) bound, to provide two lanes for a distance of 1000 feet. Questions may be referred to Kelly Gomes of our Engineering Division at ext. 8327. KG EXHIBIT Harry Kim Mayor Gun#fir of ��cfurzii Barbara Bell 3� q>rj 7/ DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 25 Aupuni Street, Room 208 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252 (808) 961-8083 • Fax (808) 961-8086 MEMORANDUM Date September 23, 2003 To CHRISTOPHER YUEN, Planning Director From . BARBARA BELL, Director SUBJECT: Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-023) Applicant: Western United Life Assurance Company Request: A -la, CN -40, RS -7.5, RS -10, Open to Project District TMK: 2-3-44:19,2-3-49:53,2-3-37:1 We have reviewed the subject application and offer the following recommendations: DEPARTMENT COMMENTS: WASTEWATER DIVISION: ( ) No comments ( ) Require connection of existing and/or proposed structures to the public sewer in ccordance with Section 21-5 of the Hawaii County Code. ( Require extension of the sewer system to service the proposed subdivision in accordance with Section 23-85 of the/ dHawaii /County//Code. ( ✓jOther: SOLID WASTE DIVISION: x� ( ) No comments ( ) Commercial operations may not use transfer stations for disposal. ( �) Aggregates and any other construction/demolition waste should be reused to its fullest extent. ( x) Ample room should be provided for recycling. ( x) Greenwaste may be disposed of only at the drop sites located at the Kailua and Hilo transfer stations. ( ) Other: cc: SWD WWD 3882 EXHIBIT D Harry Kim Mayor 3 , r T n q n"? 1 03 October 29, 2003 (fDUritp of �abjai`i FIRE DEPARTMENT 25 Aupuni Street • Suite 103 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720 (808) 961-8297 • Fax (808) 961-8296 TO : CHRISTOPHER J. YUEN, PLANNING DIRECTOR FROM : DARRYL OLIVEIRA, FIRE CHIEF Darryl J. Oliveira Fire Chief Desmond K. Wery Depuy Fire Chief SUBJECT: CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 03-023) APPLICANT: WESTERN UNITED LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY REQUEST: A-1 a, CN -40, RS -7.5, RS -10, OPEN TO PROJECT DISTRICT TAX MAP KEY: 2-3-44:19, 2-3-49:53, 2-3-37:1 Fire apparatus access roads shall be in accordance with UFC Section 10.207: "Fire Apparatus Access Roads "Sec. 10.207. (a) General. Fire apparatus access roads shall be provided and maintained in accordance with the provisions of this section. "(b) Where Required. Fire apparatus access roads shall be required for every building hereafter constructed when any portion of an exterior wall of the first story is located more than 150 feet from fire department vehicle access as measured by an unobstructed route around the exterior of the building. "EXCEPTIONS: 1. When buildings are completely protected with an approved automatic fire sprinkler system, the provisions of this section may be modified. "2. When access roadways cannot be installed due to topography, waterways, nonnegotiable grades or other similar conditions, the chief may require additional fire protection as specified in Section 10.301 (b). "3. When there are not more than two Group R, Division 3 or Group M Occupancies, the requirements of this section may be modified, provided, in the opinion of the chief, fire -fighting or rescue operations would not be impaired. �p,11 CO` ti P . �rRE EXHIBIT E Christopher J. Yuen Page 2 October 29, 2003 "More than one fire apparatus road may be required when it is determined by the chief that access by a single road may be impaired by vehicle congestion, condition of terrain, climatic conditions or other factors that could limit access. "For high -piled combustible storage, see Section 81.109. "(c) Width. The unobstructed width of a fire apparatus access road shall meet the requirements of the appropriate county jurisdiction. "(d) Vertical Clearance. Fire apparatus access roads shall have an unobstructed vertical clearance of not less than 13 feet 6 inches. "EXCEPTION: Upon approval vertical clearance may be reduced, provided such reduction does not impair access by fire apparatus and approved signs are installed and maintained indicating the established vertical clearance. "(e) Permissible Modifications. Vertical clearances or widths required by this section may be increased when, in the opinion of the chief, vertical clearances or widths are not adequate to provide fire apparatus access. "(f) Surface. Fire apparatus access roads shall be designed and maintained to support the imposed loads of fire apparatus and shall be provided with a surface so as to provide all-weather driving capabilities." (20 tons) "(g) Turning Radius. The turning radius of a fire apparatus access road shall be as approved by the chief." (45 feet) "(h) Turnarounds. All dead-end fire apparatus access roads in excess of 150 feet in length shall be provided with approved provisions for the turning around of fire apparatus. "(i) Bridges. When a bridge is required to be used as access under this section, it shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with the applicable sections of the Building Code and using designed live loading sufficient to carry the imposed loads of fire apparatus. "(j) Grade. The gradient for a fire apparatus access road shall not exceed the maximum approved by the chief." (15%) "(k) Obstruction. The required width of any fire apparatus access road shall not be obstructed in any manner, including parking of vehicles. Minimum required widths and clearances established under this section shall be maintained at all times. Christopher J. Yuen Page 3 October 29, 2003 "(1) Signs. When required by the fire chief, approved signs or other approved notices shall be provided and maintained for fire apparatus access roads to identify such roads and prohibit the obstruction thereof or both." Water supply shall be in accordance with UFC Section 10.301: "(c) Water Supply. An approved water supply capable of supplying required fire flow for fire protection shall be provided to all premises upon which buildings or portions of buildings are hereafter constructed, in accordance with the respective county water requirements. There shall be provided, when required by the chief, on-site fire hydrants and mains capable of supplying the required fire flow. "Water supply may consist of reservoirs, pressure tanks, elevated tanks, water mains or other fixed systems capable of providing the required fire flow. "The location, number and type of fire hydrants connected to a water supply capable of delivering the required fire flow shall be protected as set forth by the respective county water requirements. All hydrants shall be accessible to the fire department apparatus by roadways meeting the requirements of Section 10.207." AR 'L XIVERA ire Chief RK:lk Harr^. JrT 14 pM q 38 Mayor October 13, 2003 Couutp of 'abnaf i DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 6 • Hilo, Hawai'i 96720 (808) 961-8311 • Fax (808) 961-8411 Christopher J. Yuen, Director Planning Department County of Hawaii 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Subject: Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-023) Applicant: Western United Life Assurance Company TMK: 2-3-44:019, 2-3-49:053, 2-3-37:001 Dear Mr. Yuen: Patricia G. Engelhard Director Pamela N. Mizuno Deputy Director Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on the subject Change of Zone Application and accompanying Environmental Report. We support the developer's initiative in incorporating pedestrian walkways and bicycle paths into the concept for the proposed University Terrace mixed use community. The proposal of creating a linear park system in conjunction with the proposed Alenaio Stream bank containment improvements is commendable and has the potential to be a beautiful scenic opportunity and asset to the community. However, the report does not state what entity will be ultimately responsible for the management, care and maintenance of these proposed park grounds. It is our position that these areas should not be under the purview of the Department of Parks and Recreation. As stated in the Environmental Report, the County does have several smaller sized neighborhood parks within relatively short driving distances from the subject parcels that provide active recreational opportunities for existing communities. These parks, under existing conditions, are all highly used relative to the degree each has been developed and the facilities have already provided the community considerably more person-years (to borrow a term from the report) than what they were probably initially designed to accommodate. In review of the figures provided in Table 1 of the report, it appears that the development is targeting, at complete build -out, EXHIBIT'S F Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-023) October 13, 2003 University Terrace, Mixed Use Community Development Page 2 approximately 290 Single Family residential units, 900 multiple family residential units and 150 townhouse units in addition to various commercial opportunities. This is a tremendous load to expect our well used and aging facilities to accommodate. Also, many of the neighborhood parks noted in the report have extremely limited on-site parking with which to accommodate transient, vehicular dependent users. It is our recommendation that one or two neighborhood parks be incorporated into the development and we would also request additional fair share contributions be assessed the developers for improvements to existing, nearby park facilities. Finally, as set forth in our letter to Kimura International dated May 6, 2003 in response to the pre -consultation request for the Environmental Report, is our concern for any.adverse impacts the development may have on water flowing (velocity, turbidity, suspended materials, etc.) in the Alenaio Stream. Our concerns are specifically geared towards what would come to bear on the Waiolama Canal and thus, the flood detention basin that is also commonly referred to as the Hilo Bayfront Soccer Fields which our department administers. Please contact our staff planner, James Komata at 961-8531 should you have any questions or wish to discuss any of the issues presented herein. Respectfully, PatriciaEngelhard Director LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR 1 fir, r OuWINVA"N I OM31 DATE: October 2, 2003 L;vr STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P.O. BOX 916 HILO, HAWAII 96721-0916 TO: Christopher J. Yuen Planning Director, County of Hawaii FROM: Aaron A. Ueno District Environmntal Health Program Chief SUBJECT: Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-023) Applicant: Western United Life Assurance Company Request: A -la, CN -40, RS -7.5, RS -10, Open to Project District Tax Map Key: 2-3-44:19, 2-3-49:53, 2-3-37:1 CHIYOME L. FUKINO, M.D. DIRECTOR OF HEALTH Underground Injection Systems (Ph. 586-4258) which receive wastewater or storm run-offs from the proposed development need to address the requirements of Chapter 23, Hawaii State Department of Health Administrative Rules, Title 11, "Underground Injection Control." The applicant should contact the Army Corps of Engineers (COE) to identify whether a Federal permit (including a Department of Army (DA) permit) is required for this project. A Section 401 Water Quality Certification (WQC) is required for "Any applicant for Federal license or permit to conduct any activity including, but not limited to, the construction or operation of facilities, which may result in any discharge into the navigable waters...," pursuant to Section 401(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Act (commonly known as the "Clean Water Act (CWA)"). If the project involves the following activities with discharges into State waters, an NPDES general permit is required for each activity: a. Discharge of storm water runoff associated with construction activities, including clearing, grading, and excavation that result in the disturbance of equal to or greater than five (5) acres of total land area; b. Construction dewatering effluent; EXHIBIT G� Christopher J. Yuen October 2, 2003 Page 2 Non -contact cooling water; d. Hydrotesting water; and e. Treated contaminated groundwater from underground storage tank remedial activity. The application for NPDES general permit coverage should be submitted to the Director at least 30 days prior to the discharge to State waters. If there is any type of process wastewater discharge from the facility into State waters, the applicant may be required to apply for an Individual NPDES permit. The application for an Individual NPDES permit should be submitted to the Director at least 180 days prior to the discharge of process wastewater to State waters. Should you have any further questions regarding this matter, please contact the Engineering Section of the Clean Water Branch in Honolulu at (808) 586-4309. Construction activities must comply with the provisions of Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapter 11-46, "Community Noise Control." a. The contractor must obtain a noise permit if the noise levels from the construction activities are expected to exceed the allowable levels of the rules. b. Construction equipment and on-site vehicles requiring an exhaust of gas or air must be equipped with mufflers. C. The contractor must comply with the requirements pertaining to construction activities as specified in the rules and the conditions issued with the permit. Should there be any questions on this matter, please contact the Department of Health at 933-0917. The subject project is located within or near proximity to the County sewer system. All wastewater generated shall be disposed into the County sewer system. WORD:REZ03-023.my LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR RNOR PRICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT October 9, 2003 E O i h 9 °r 7 0 n, �•� n ' J ATE OF HAWAII DER X TfMENT OF EDUCATION j,�/ P.O. BOX 2360 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96804 Mr. Christopher J. Yuen Planning Director County of Hawaii 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3034 Dear Mr.Yuen: Subject: University Terrace Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-023) Hilo Hawaii TMK:2-3-44:19.2-3-49:53:2-3-37:1 SUPERINTENDENT The Department of Education (DOE) has reviewed the environmental report for the Western United Life Assurance Company (Applicant) master -planned community called University Terrace (Terrace). The Terrace is expected to have up to 750 residential units including units for long-term visitors. The projected impact on area schools is estimated to be approximately 300 additional students. The DOE requests that the County of Hawaii include as a condition of zoning, a school contribution requirement, using the standard fair -share language. The proposed wording is: The Applicant shall contribute to the development, funding, and/or construction of school facilities, on a fair -share basis, as determined by and to the satisfaction of the Department of Education. Terms of the contribution shall be agreed upon in writing by the Applicant and the Department of Education prior to obtaining building permits for any area of the project. The DOE will need clarification if the proposed student housing and "sabbatical units" would permit the residence of children who would be attending school. EXHIBIT AN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER Mr. Christopher J. Yuen Page 2 October 9, 2003 Should you have any questions, please call Ms. Rae M. Loui, Assistant Superintendent of the Office of Business Services, at 586-3444 or Mr. Ray M. Minami, Director of the Facilities and Support Services Branch, at 733-4860. Very truly yours, Patricia Hamamoto Superintendent PH:hy c: Rae M. Loui, OBS Raynor M. Minami, FSSB LINDA LINGLE GOWRNOR OF MWAII '37727 i. STATE OF HAWAII L DEPARTMENT DPI'LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION _„- KAKUHIHEWA BUILDING, ROOM 555 601 KAMOKILA BOULEVARD KAPOLEI, HAWAII 96707 October 22, 2003 Ms. Virginia Goldstein, Consultant Agent for Western United Life Insurance Co. C/O P.O. Box 1116 Volcano, Hawaii 96785 Dear Ms. Goldstein: SUBJECT: Chapter 6E-42 Request for Determination of No Effect Change of Zone Application Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii Island TMK: (3)2-3-44.19. 2-3-49.52. 2-3-37:1 PETER T. YOUNG ONAIRPERSON BOARD W "NO AND NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION ON VWATER RESOURCE WNAGEVENT DAN DAVIDSON DEPUTY DIRECTOR -LAND ERNEST Y.W. LAU DEPUTY DIRECTOR-INAT AQUATIC RESOURCES BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION SUREAU OF CONVEYANCES COMMISSION ON ~ER RESOURCE A QEAIENT cRVTIONATID RESOURCES LARC CONSERVATION AND U BERINGFORE"EtFOIECEMENT ENCUMBERING HISTOMRYANSERVATFE HISTORIC PRESERVATION KAIg01AWE ISUND RESERVE COMMRISION AL STATE PARKS LOG NO: 2003.2129 DOC NO: 031OPM06 Thank you for your letter of August 28, 2003 requesting a "No Effect" determination for a proposed mixed use development of 170 acres of land in Ponahawai that encompasses the three subject parcels. Included with your letter was a report on an archaeological field inspection by Haun & Associates of TMK 2-3-37:1, and a report by Kepa Maly of Kumu Pono Associates entitled "He Wahi Mo'olelo No Ponahawai a Me Punahoa Ma Hilo" ("A Collection of Traditions and Historical Accounts for Ponahawai and Punahoa, District of Hilo, Island ofHawai'i"). We apologize for our late response. As noted in your letter, TMK 2-3-44:19 (formerly parcel 9) was surveyed by PHRI in 1991. Two sites were found in the survey --a probable residence and animal pen (Site 14946) and a portion of the Hilo Boarding School and Old Mission Ditch (Site 14947). A report on the survey (Archaeological Inventory Survey Komohana Golf Course -Jensen 199 1) was reviewed and approved by our office in a letter dated April 2, 1991 to Norman Hayashi, former Director of the County Planning Department. We agreed at that time that the proposed golf course project would have "no adverse effect" on historic sites if a portion of Site 14947 was mitigated through preservation and interpretation of a portion of the ditch and data recovery of the remainder. To ensure that the proposed project would have a no adverse effect on historic sites, our 1991 letter recommended two conditions be attached to any approved Use Permit. The Haun & Associates letter report, dated December 12, 2002 and addressed to Mr. Bill Arsenault, indicates that 15 historic sites were found in a one -day field inspection of TMK 2-3- 37:1. The sites were interpreted as probably associated with historic sugarcane cultivation. EXHIBIT Ms. Virginia Goldstein, Consultant Page 2 Dr. Haun recommended an archaeological inventory survey prior to development of the parcel. We agree with this recommendation. With regard to the third piece of land, we have no record of an archaeological survey of TMK 2- 3-49:52. We assume that none has been conducted since your letter makes no reference to the presence/absence of historic sites. An archaeological assessment or inventory survey should be undertaken to obtain the information necessary to support an effect determination. At this point in time we cannot agree that the proposed development will have "no effect" on significant historic sites. An archaeological inventory survey of TMK 2-3-37:1 needs to be completed and additional research is needed to determine the presence/absence of significant historic sites on TMK 2-3-49:52. A report covering both parcels then needs to be submitted to our office for review and approval. The report should include a review of the Kumu Pono Associates report on Ponahawai and Punahoa and the potential for traditional cultural properties in the proposed project area. If you should have any questions about this project please contact our Hawaii Island archaeologist, Patrick McCoy, at (808) 692-8029. Aloha, P. Holly McEldowney, Acting Administrator State Historic Preservation Division c. Chris Yuen, County of Hawaii Planning Department Kai Emler, County of Hawaii Department of Public Works Alan Haun, Haun & Associates PM: ak JOHN WAIHEE :OVERNOR OF HAWAII April 2, 1991 P,• �• p,p 9 7 4A •�. 4 STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION Mr. Norman Hayashi, Director Planning Department County of Hawaii 25 Aupuna Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Mr. Hayashi: Attn. Connie Kiriu 33 SOUTH KING STREET, ETH FLOOR HONOLULU, HAWAII 46RI1 - WILLIAM W. PATY, CHA1RPFRSON BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES DEPUTIES KEITH W. AHUE MANABU TAGOMORI DAN T. KOCHI AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM AQUATIC RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES ENFORCEMENT CONVEYANCES FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE HISTORIC PRESERVATION PROGRAM "NO MANAGEMENT STATE PARKS WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SUBJECT: County of Hawaii, Use Permit Application (90-9) -- Komohana Golf Course (KTA Consulting Group) Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii TMK: 2-3-44: 9 On March 11, 1991, Sidney Fuke and Associates submitted for our review and approval an archaeological inventory survey report for the proposed Komohana Golf Course (Archaeological Inventory Survey Komohana Golf Course, by Peter Jensen 1991). It also includes an historical document search as Appendix A. We reviewed the document and believe that the inventory survey was adequate to identify historic sites that are likely to be in the project area. Two sites were found. As documented and argued in the report, the likelihood of historic sites is low because much of the area was under sugar cultivation and one portion was covered by the 1881 Mauna Loa lava flow. We therefore feel that the intensity of the inventory survey, in addition to that covered during an earlier reconnaissance phase, is acceptable. We concur with the significance evaluations for the two sites. Site 14946, a probable residence site, bulldozed area and former animal pen, had sufficient amounts of its information documented during the survey, so it is considered to be "no longer significant". Site 14947 is a portion of the Hilo Boarding School and Old Mission Ditch. We agree that it is significant under all criterion set out by the State Historic Preservation Division (A, B, C, D and E). Thus, one significant site is within the project area. We agree that the project will have a "no adverse effect" on the significant site, if combined preservation and archaeological data recovery mitigation occurs. At a minimum, representative portions of the historic ditch should be preserved with an appropriate buffer zone, and some degree of interpretation should be planned if the ditch is in an appropriate location. Additional data on the ditch should be collected. This should include mapping the exact course of the ditch in the project area, thoroughly documenting the dimensions of the feature, determining Mr. Norman Hayashi April 2, 1991 Page 2 construction techniques and phases if possible and some excavation to recover any artifacts, features or food middens that could indicate the age of the ditch or its association with other historic or prehistoric period activities. Obtaining datable material would be of particular importance, particularly if it could establish that the ditch was of prehistoric origin. To ensure that this mitigation adequately takes place, we recommend that the following be made conditions to any approved Use Permit: 1 A mitigation plan which includes data recovery and preservation components shall be prepared to treat the one significant site. This plan must be approved by the State Historic Preservation Division and the County Planning Department, before it is implemented. The plan also must be implemented before a grading and grubbing permit is issued. 2. During ground disturbing activities, if any historic remains are uncovered on the surface or in buried deposits, the State Historic Preservation Division (587-0047) should be contacted immediately to assess the situation and determine if further work is needed. This is particularly important because dense vegetation covers much of the property and there is a possibility that some unidentified historic remains are present. If you have any questions on this review please call Holly McEldowney at 587-0008. Sincerely, ,, (01 t DON HIBBARD, Administrator State Historic Preservation Division cc. Sidney Fuke and Associates Paul Rosendahl, PHRI LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR OF HAWAII (r,T ?? Prn 7 i2 STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES I�:I LAND DIVISION "-.;� POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96809 October 23, 2003 REZ03-023.RCM Honorable Christopher J. Yuen, Director Planning Department County of Hawaii 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3043 Dear Mr. Yuen: PETER T. YOUNG CHAIRPERSON BOARD OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT DAN DAVIDSON DEPUTY DIRECTOR- LAND ERNEST Y.W. LAU DEPUTY DIRECTOR - WATER AQUATIC RESOURCES BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION BUREAU OF CONVEYANCES COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONSERVATIONANDCOASTALLANDS CONSERVATION AND RESOURCES ENFORCEMENT ENGINEERING FORESTRY AND W ILDLIFE HISTORIC PRESERVATION KAHOOLAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION LAND STATE PARKS Subject: Environmental Report — University Terrace Master Planned Community Change of Zone Application (REZ 03-023) South Hilo, Hawaii TMK: 2-3-44: 19, 2-349: 53 & 2-3-37: 01 Applicant: Western United Life Assurance Company Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on the subject matter. LD -NAV A copy of the document pertaining to the subject matter was distributed to the following Department of Land and Natural Resources' Divisions for their review and comment: - Division of Forestry and Wildlife - Na Ala Hele Trails - Engineering Division - Commission on Water Resource Management - Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands - Land -Hawaii District Land Office Attached is a copy of the Commission on Water Resource Management comment. The Department of Land and Natural Resources has no comment to offer on the subject matter. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact Nicholas A. Vaccaro of the Land Division Support Services Branch at 1-808-587-0384. C: HDLO Very truly yours, DIERDRE S. MAMIYA Administrator E X N4191if I ter' LINDA LINGLE `pVEpryOPOFXA 11 RECEIVED LA!lpnlyivlriN 7003 OCT I b A 9= 3q STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES C"cr ;QO"ISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT P.O. BOX 521 S ai I HONOLULU, HAWAII 98809 October 15, 2003 PETER T. YOUNU CHA,RReRSON MEREDITH J. CHING CLAYTON W DELA CRUZ JAMES FRAZIER CHIYOME L. FUMING. M 0 STEPHANIE A WHALEN ERNEST Y W. LAU Fe1.1 Owec.OR TO: Ms. Dede Mamiya, Administrator Land Division / FROM: Ernest Y.W. Lau, Deputy Director t p."Gv1/ Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM) SUBJECT: Change of Zone Application/Environmental Report for University Terrace Master Planned Community — South Hilo FILE NO.: REZ 03-023.CMT Thank you for the opportunity to review the subject document. Our comments related to water resources are marked below. In general, the CWRM strongly promotes the efficient use of our water resources through conservation measures and use of alternative non -potable water resources whenever available, feasible, and there are no harmful effects to the ecosystem. Also, the CWRM encourages the protection of water recharge areas, which are important for the maintenance of streams and the replenishment of aquifers. IXI We recommend coordination with the county government to incorporate this project into the county's Water Use and Development Plan. [ ] We recommend coordination with the Land Division of the State Department of Land and Natural Resources to incorporate this project into the State Water Projects Plan. ( ] We are concerned about the potential for ground or surface water degradation/contamination and recommend that approvals for this project be conditioned upon a review by the State Department of Health and the developer's acceptance of any resulting requirements related to water quality. [ ] A Well Construction Permit and/or a Pump Installation Permit from the Commission would be required before ground water is developed as a source of supply for the project. [ j The proposed water supply source for the project is located in a designated water management area, and a Water Use Permit from the Commission would be required prior to use of this source. [ ] Groundwater withdrawals from this project may affect streamflows, which may require an instream flow <_tandard amendment. [ ] We are concerned about the potential for degradation of instream uses from development on highly erodible slopes adjacent to streams within or near the project. We recommend that approvals for this project be conditioned upon a review by the corresponding county's Building Department and the developer's acceptance of any resulting requirements related to erosion control. [ ] If the proposed project includes construction of a stream diversion, the project may require a stream diversion works permit and amend the instream flow standard for the affected streem(s). (x ] If the proposed project alters the bed and banks of a stream channel, the project may require a stream channel alteration permit. [ ] OTHER: If there are any questions, please contact Ryan Imata at 587-0255. LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR OF HAWAII STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION Ref.: REZ 03-023.CMT MEMORANDUM: POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96809 September 26, 2003 DAN DAvo - DEPUTY DIRECTOR - LANO ERNEST Y.W. LAU DEPUTY DIRECTOR - WATER AOI M RESOURCES BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION BUREAU OF CONVEYANCES COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONS5EERVATKW AND COASTAL LANDS CONSERVAIIDNA RESOURCESENFORCEMENT ENGINEERING FORESMFAND WILDLIFE HISTORMPRESERVATION "HOOLAWE ISLAND RESERVE COMMISSION LAND STATE PARKS Suspense Date: 10/9/03 TO: Division of Aquatic Resources XXX Division of Forestry & Wildlife XXX Na Ala Hele Trails EnQ Division of State Parks a -`-r o XXX Engineering Division m p n Division of Boating and Ocean Recreation �o 7J-,1 w _mrn XXX Commission on Water Resource Management Ni < < XXX Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands « U�Ip XXX Land -Hawaii District Land Office (DD) ?'� CD cn FROM: Dierdre S. Mamiya, Admini�tor Land Division SUBJECT: Change of Zone Application/Environmental Report Project: University Terrace Master Planned Community at Ponahawai, South Hilo, Hawaii I D No.: REZ 03-023 Applicant: Western United Life Assurance Company TMK: (3) 2-3-44: 19, 2-3-49:53 & 2-3-37: 01 Please review the document and submit your comments (if any) dated by the suspense date. pertaining to the subject matter on Division letterhead signed and Note: One copy of the document is available for your review in the Land Division Office, Room 220. If you have any questions, please contact Nicholas A. Vaccaro at ext.: 7-0384. If this office does not receive your comments by the suspense date, we will assume there are no comments. ( we have no comments. Division: Date: SEP 2 9 2003 ( ) Comments attached. Signe,�:.� Name: MICHAEL G. BUCK ADMINISTRATOR DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND WILDUIF; Regulatory Branch DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, HONOLULU FT. SHAFTER, HAWAII 96858-5440 October 21, 2003 Mr. Norman Hayashi County of Hawaii, Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3043 Dear Mr. Hayashi: We have reviewed the environmental report for the University Terrace project located in Hilo, Hawaii. The project includes development of a 171.5 acre undeveloped parcel identified by TMK: 2-3-44:19, 2-3-49:53 and 2-3-37:01. The proposed project includes the development of 600 single and/or multi -family residential units, transient accommodation units and retail/commercial space. A botanical survey and a preliminary investigation report of potential wetlands written by Dr. Ron Terry of Geometrician Associates, LLC was reviewed. Dr. Terry performed random sampling within the project site and noted that wetland vegetation, hydrology source and hydric soils were found indicating the presence of wetlands. Furthermore, Alenaio Stream, considered a water of the U.S. is noted to traverse through the property. For your information, the Corps has jurisdiction over any activity, which would impact waters of the U.S., to include wetlands. The discharge of dredged or fill material into waters of the U.S. is regulated under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Therefore, a Department of the Army permit would be required for any work involving the discharge of fill material into wetlands or Alenaio Stream. Thank you for this opportunity to comment. Should you have any questions, contact Ms. Lolly Silva at (808) 438-7023. Please refer to file number 200400022. Sincerely, George P. Young, P.E. Chief, Regulatory Branch T" EXHIBIT 1, Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. • PO Box 1027 • Hilo, HI 96721-1027 October 16, 2003 Planning Department Attn: Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director County of Hawaii 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3043 Gentlemen: Subject: University Terrace Change Of Zone (REZ 03-023) TMK: 2-3-44:19, 2-3-49:53, 2-3-37:1 Thank you for the opportunity to review the subject plans. We do not have any objections to the subject application, however, have the following comments and requirements: Section D.5.a Electrical Existing Conditions: Paragraph 2 - HELCO distribution system in the surrounding area was converted to 12,470 volt three phase and 7,200 -volt single phase. Paragraph 3 - HELCO's current system peak load is 177,900 KW and our total generation system capability is 233,700 KW. Our reserve margin is 31% and has adequate generation to serve the project. Additional generation capacity is anticipated to be added at Keahole Power Plant. Paragraph 4 - The electrical pole lines along Komohana Street are distribution lines from Komohana circuit 13. This distribution system is fed from HELCO Komohana substation and is a three-phase 12,470 -volt system. The electrical system along Wiliwili Street has been upgraded to a single-phase 7,200 -volt system. Section D.5.b Project Impacts and Mitigation: Paragraph 1 - HELCO has adequate generation capacity to serve the project loads however, an additional 69,000 -volt to 12,470 volt substation transformer and associated equipment need to be added in the existing Komohana substation. In addition 12,470 -volt off-site distribution circuits may be required to serve the project. 2. The project consultants and engineers are urged to contact HELCO's Engineering Department as soon as practicable to open a service request to insure timely procurement of long lead equipment. The service request should include the calculation of the anticipated electrical demand and phasing which are required to determine the final electrical requirements for this project. Hawaii Public Utilities Commission approval is required before the long lead items if the HELCO expenditures are $500,000 or higher. EXHIBIT L Planning Department Page 2 October 16, 2003 3. Distribution line easements will be required from the substation to the project on-site and within the project location. 4. We strongly recommend that energy efficient and conservation features suitable to reduce the peak electrical demand are part of the development's plans. We recommend that this development take full advantage of waste heat recovery equipment to recycle and reuse the waste heat rejected by air conditioning and refrigeration equipment. If this equipment is incorporated in the development's original design, the amount of energy required will be substantially reduced. 5. A remote meter reading option is now available using the electrical lines as communication medium to a central master receiver at the substation. This option will require additional equipment in the HELCO meters and the substation. A cost estimate for this option may be requested from the Engineering Department. Should you have any questions, please contact me at (808) 969-0321 or Hal Kamigaki at (808) 969-0322. Sincerely, fr6 -Clyde H. Nagata, .E. Manager, Engine ing Department CHN:HK:ln cc: H. Kamigaki M. Yamaki DAY-LUM RENTALS &_ MANAGEMENT, INC DAY LUM RENTALS Phone (808) 935-4152 2 Kamehameha Avenue �r Fax (808) 961-2459 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-2830 �3 ,<?(;(1 e-mail: rentals@daylum.com sauu xousixs ovwnmxm _3 1?5 57 August 8, 2003 NT Mr. Chris Yuen, Director County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, HI. 96720 In Re: University Terrace TMK 2-3-44:19, 2-3-49:53 & 2-3-37:01 Dear Mr. Yuen, Our firm is the association manager for Ka Waena Lapa'au, which is the large office complex located at the comer of Ponahawai Street and Komohana Street. As you are aware, the complex consists of medical and medical related offices. The association membership has requested that we contact you to express the deep concerns that are held, regarding the proposed University Terrace project. This concern is over the potential for flooding that the project may create, which could have a very substantial, negative effect upon the Ka Waena Lapa'au complex and the ability of the many medical offices to provide care to our residents. The loss of the complex's ability to provide medical services would not only be disruptive, but also possibly pose a danger to public health in the event of a major flood. The November 1, 2000 storm caused a substantial amount of damage to Komohana Street and flooding occurred in many parts of Downtown Hilo. It has been proven time after time that drainage and flood problems are mainly due to development of vacant lands, where sufficient drainage systems were not constructed with the capacity to handle the amount of water produced in a heavy rainfall. The Alenaio stream bisects the proposed project and it's attendant flood plain covers a substantial portion of the project. While the Corps of Engineers flood control channel is in place, it's Mauka entrance is below Komohana Street, leaving an exposed natural channel between Komohana Street and the entrance. The Association's deep concerns have been expressed over this exposure, as well as the danger posed by the capacity of a new channel created by the proposed development. Since the geographic area feeding Alenaio stream is quite large and extends quite a distance Mauka of the project, the amount of water entering the drainage system would seem to be extremely high. EXHIBIT ISI Chris Yuen August 8, 2003 Page 2 With the flooding that occurred during the November 1, 2000 storm, it appears that the Corps of Engineers flood control channel was not able to handle the speed and volume of water generated. Since development of the proposed project would generate even more runoff, the Association is also concerned over the ability of the existing channel to handle the additional drainage. The membership does not object to the development of needed affordable housing, which is in short supply and supports the continued growth of Hilo. The concerns expressed are from a safety standpoint only. Thank you for taking the time to understand our concerns, as expressed herein. Sincerely, Ka Waena Lapa'au Association Nancy Cabr4 B Association Manager P.O. Box 1537 KAoXaAl-196745-1537 December 12, 2003 Ms. Virginia Goldstein and Mr. Yamashiro Agents for Metropolitan Mortgage and Securities Inc. / Western United Life Assurance Company P.O. Box 1116 Volcano, M 96785 Subject: Re -zoning and "University Terrace Project" Dear Madam or Sir: The Sunriseridge Homeowners Association is deeply concerned with your re -zoning request and planning for your "University Terrace development". Sunriseridge is against any rezoning of Parcels, 2-3-44:19, 2-349:53, 2-3-37:01. The Following is a list of our concerns: 1) The City of Hilo needs good planning and development. At the meeting held December 2, 2003 at the Hilo Women's Club, it was stated that you intend to build ten story buildings and use maximum density within this development. This is unacceptable and "out -of -touch" with the any type of community development in this area. 2) Sunrise Ridge, Sunrise Estates and the surrounding community are modest, but upscale neighborhoods. Any and all future development should be as well. 3) Has an environmental impact study been conducted with the planned development? We are very concerned about further destruction of Native Hawaiian Plants and Animals. We have seen what we believe to be the Hawaiian Hawk frequenting this area. A current study from an independent source should be completed before any rezoning or development may commence. Additionally, how do you believe flood control and drainage will be affected in this area? 4) We would like a complete site plan for your "University Terrace Project" for residents and the Board of Directors to review. We would like to know exactly what you are planning within the specified property. This will better allow the Association to make the appropriate decisions regarding your planned development. 5) Homes and lots in our area begin in the $350,000.00 price ranges. They range from 10,OOOsf and up lot sizes. Your planned housing should be of similar size and value. This will benefit the entire city of Hilo by continuing to raise property values in the area. To install "transient" housing or any type of apartments (low income housing) in this area is inappropriate and unacceptable. EXHIBIT -IL�_ • Page 2 December 12, 2003 6) This is not a commercial area. No changes to the existing zoning should be allowed to take place, except to reduce or remove commercial zoning completely. The Board of Directors needs more specific information regarding the planned University Terrace Development. Please forward any and all information to us as soon as possible. This would include maps that show the specific locations of what and where you are intending to construct within the specified parcels. We would like to work with the developers of this project to establish a well planned, balanced project that promotes Aloha and is in keeping with the existing community. Once again Sunriseridge is against any re -zoning of the specified parcels, except to remove the commercial zoning form lot 2-3-37:01. Should you have any questions or concerns please contact me directly at (808) 557-1544 Very truly yours, SUNRISERIDGE HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION BY DIRECTION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS /U' -V C(W Jason R. Cleveland Management Executive cc: Board of Directors, Mayor Kim, Chris Yuen