HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0330.000 1996-1998 ty
r~~~ ~ William G. Davis
Managing Director
Stephen K. Yamashiro i.
Mayor ; Henry Cho
Deputy Managing Director
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25 Aupuni Street, Room 215 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252 • (808) 961-8211 • Faz (808) 961-6553
KONA: 75-5706 Kuakini Highway, Suite 103 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740
(808)329-5226 •Faz (608) 326-5663
May 20, 1997
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman co
and Members of the County Council
County of Hawaii r~JC?
25 Aupuni Street C n N `
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Hilo, HI 96720 ~ - t--• ~ ~
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Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members:
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Change of Zone Application (REZ 97-1) - c~
Applicant: Gentry-Pacific, Ltd. _
Request: A-Sa to RS-15
Tax Man Key: 5-9-1:8
As required by Chapter 4, Sec. 5-4.3(C), Hawaii County Charter, transmitted herewith for the
County Council's consideration and action is the Planning Commission's letter and enclosures
regarding the above-referenced Change of Zone Application.
Sincerely,
L1,~~.
~tephen K. ~mashiro
Mayor
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LGentrOl.MAY
Enclosures
cc: Planning Commission
REZ 97-1
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PLANNING COMMISSION
25 Aapunl Stroec, Room 109 • Wio. H•w~ii %720-4252
(808) %1-8288 Fuc (808) %I-%15
1991.
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, HI 96720
Dear Chairman Arakaki and Members:
Change of Zone Application (REZ 97-1)
Applicant: Gentry-Pacific, Ltd.
Request: A-Sa to RS-15
Tax Man Kev: 5-9-1:8
The Planning Commission, after a duly held public hearing on May 1, 1997, voted to
recommend for your approval the proposed legislative bill to change the district classification
for approximately 37.88 acres of land from Agricultural (A-Sa) to Single Family Residential
(RS-15). The Commission also voted to defer action on the applicant's request for a Special
Management Area (SMA) Use Permit application until the Council has taken action on the
subject change of zone application. The property is located on the makai side of Akoni Pule
Highway directly across the entrance to Kohala Ranch at Kahua 1st, North Kohala, Hawaii.
The Commission concurs with the following Planning Director's reasons for recommending
favorable consideration of the change of zone:
In order to consider an area for any type of zoning designation, the applicable
goals, policies and standards of the General Plan must be adequately addressed. I[ is
only through a comprehensive policy analysis approach that evaluations and decisions
can be made to better time or stage developments to achieve quality growth. The
implications of these evaluations and decisions must also be considered as they may
have an impact on other similar areas in the County.
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 2
The proposed change of zone to Single Family Residential (RS-15) zoned
district will conform to the goals, policies and standards of the following General Plan
Elements:
LAND USE
* Designate and allocate land uses in appropriate proportions and mix and in
keeping with the social, cultural and physical environments of the County.
* Zone urban- and rural-types of uses in areas with ease of access to community
services and employment centers and with adequate public utilities and
facilities.
* Allocate appropriate requested zoning in accordance with the existing or
projected needs of neighborhood, community, region and County.
* The county shall encourage the development and maintenance of communities
meeting the needs of its residents in balance with the physical and social
environment.
* Zoning requests shall be reviewed with respect to General Plan designation,
district goals, regional plans, Slate Land Use District, compatibility with
adjacent zoned uses, availability of public services and utilities, access, and
public need.
SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL
* To maximize choices of single-family residential lots and/or housing for
residents of the County.
* To ensure compatible uses within and adjacent to single-family residential zoned
areas.
* To provide single-family residential areas conveniently located to public and
private services, shopping, other community activities and convenient access to
employment centers.
* The County shall designate and allocate single-family residential zoned lands a[
varying densities for future use in accordance with the needs of the communities
and the stated goals, policies and standards.
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 3
HOUSING
* Attain safe, sanitary, and livable housing for the residents of the County of
Hawaii.
* Attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix throughout the different parts
of the County.
* Maintain a housing supply which allows a variety of choice.
* Develop better places to live in Hawaii County by creating viable communities
with decent housing and suitable living environments for our people.
* Seek sufficient production of new affordable rental and fee-simple housing in
the County in a variety of sizes to satisfactorily accommodate the needs and
desires of families and individuals.
* Ensure that housing is available to all persons regardless of age, sex, marital
status, ethnic background and income.
The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map component of the
General Plan is a representation of the document's goals and policies to guide the
coordinated growth and development of the County. It reflects a graphic depiction of
[he physical relationship among the various land uses. The LUPAG Map establishes
the basic urban and non-urban form for areas within the County. The property is
designated as Low Density Urban. Low Density Urban designation refers to single
family residential in character, ancillary community and public uses and convenience
type commercial uses. This designation does not refer to density limitations, however,
this designation generally has been at a density of 4 units per acre. The average
density relating to the proposed request (50 lots over 38+ acres) would amount to 1.5
units per acre. Therefore, it is determined that the request is consistent with the urban
form depicted on the LUPAG Map for this area of North Kohala.
The applicant's proposal is a single family residential subdivision. It is in close
proximity [o a 50-lot subdivision called Kohala Waterfront Joint Venture, zoned
Multiple Family Residential-4,000 square foot (RM-4). The proposed reclassification
is for a single family residential land use designation.
The property is situated within close proximity to the employment center of
Kawaihae and the South Kohala coast resorts. The subject reclassification is for land
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 4
located just three miles from [he coastal village of Kawaihae with a deep draft harbor
and marina. The nearest towns are Waimea, approximately 14 miles to the east, and
Hawi approximately 16 miles to the north. Over five miles south of the project site,
along the South Kohala coast are the resorts of Mauna Kea Resort, Mauna Lani Resort,
and Waikoloa Beach Resort. These visitor destination areas are the major employers of
the region. Therefore, this request for a Change of Zone from Agricultural (A-Sa) to
Single Family Residential (RS-15) conforms with the General Plan which encourages
urban developments in close proximity to existing developments, services and facilities.
While the subject property is within the State Land Use Urban and County's
Agricultural (A-Sa) zoned districts, it is not currently being used for active agricultural
purposes. The State of Hawaii ALISH Map does not classify the subject property in
any category. The Land Use Study Bureau's Overall Master Productivity Rating for
the soils in the area is "E" or Very Poor. Therefore, the reclassification of this
37.88-acre area from the Agricultural to the Single Family Residential designation will
not be detrimental to the reduction from the agricultural land inventory in the County
of Hawaii. It would tend to alleviate the conversion of more productive agricultural
lands from more appropriate locations within the North Kohala area for Urban Low
Density type uses. Furthermore, the request would complement the existing and future
residential land use patterns of the surrounding properties in view of the adjacent
Kohala Ranch, Kohala Estates, Kohala By the Sea and Kohala Waterfront Joint Venture
subdivisions.
The property has no severe geological or topographical problems which cannot
be properly rectified or which would render the land unusable. The U.S. Corps of
Engineers Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designates the property as Zone X, area
of minimal tsunami inundation. Portions of the property along the coastline are located
within Zone VE-9, a coastal hazard area with a flood elevation of nine feet.
The hydrological features and characteristics of the site are typical of the West Hawaii
and North Kohala Region. The mean annual rainfall is approximately 10 inches per
year. Twenty percent of the annual rainfall occurs during the month of January. The
evaporation rate for the area is one of [he highest in the State.
Although there are no perennial streams or surface water features on the site,
seven major drainageways carry a large volume of water from the mauka watershed to
the ocean during rare prolonged rainy periods. The shoreline is rocky and exposed to
the surf and wave action from the open ocean. The project area is within the Kohala
Hydrographic area (Hawaii Resources Regional Study Team, 1979). A study
conducted by Charles L. Murdoch and Richard E. Green dated February 29, 1992
assesses the potential impact of fertilizers and pesticides on the proposed project. The
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 5
study concluded that there is no reason to expect any significant adverse impact of
chemicals on the quality of the shoreline water. The study also added that "Given the
likely brackish condition of the groundwater at the project location, there will be no
significant negative impact on the groundwater aquifer even if small quantities of
chemicals are leached to the water table. The ground water discharges into the ocean
and will be subsequently mixed with seawater, as is the case with runoff." The
elevation of the site varies from sea level to a maximum of 150 feet. The topography
is characterized as moderately sloping in the mauka-makai direction, with slopes
ranging from 12 percent to 19 percent overall, with much steeper slopes over short
distance along the sides of gulches. While there are indications of surface water flow
on-site, the applicant will abide by all applicable County guidelines for run-off
generated by the development. Any improvements to the property must comply with
Chapter 27 of the County Code relating to Flood Hazard Control.
All utilities and services are available to the property which are essential to
accommodate urban development. Kahua Ranch Ltd. and Ponoholo Ranch Ltd.
("K-P") have an agreement with Kohala Ranch Water Company (formerly Kohala Joint
Venture). Under the terms of the agreement, K-P has an allocation of a maximum of
190,000 gallons per day. Of this amount, 76,000 gallons per day was assigned from
K-P to the applicant. Based on current County Department of Water Supply standard,
each lot would require 600 gallons per day. The 50-lot project would thus require
30,000 gallons per day.
Access to the site is provided by Akoni Pule Highway, a state owned highway
with pavement width varying between 30 and 40 feet but with a road right-of--way
width of 80 feet.
Fauna consists of introduced species of birds and mammal pests. No endemic
birds were recorded on the property, although short-eared owl or Pueo and the
endangered Hawaiian Hawk or 'Io may on rare occasions be seen in this area. Three
Pacific Golden Plover were recorded during the survey. Although none were observed
during the survey, the Ruddy Turnstone and the Wandering Tattler may also occur
along the shoreline. Feral mammal observed on the project site include Indian
mongoose. Cat tracks were also found.
The vegetation is characterized by thick mats of buffel grass and scattered trees
of kiawe. A total of only 29 plant species were found during the field studies. Of the
plant species, 24 are introduced or alien species and 5 are native. Of the natives, 4 are
indigenous and 1 is endemic. The native plants are: pill grass, pau o Hi'iaka, 'ilima,
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 6
alena, and 'uhaloa. None of the plants which were inventoried are listed as threatened
and endangered species.
An archaeological inventory survey was conducted by Paul H. Rosendahl Inc.
The original survey report was revised pursuant to comments received from the State
Department of Land and Natural Resources, State Historic Preservation Division
(DLNR-SHPD) dated June 16, 1993, January 11, 1994 and January 20, 1995. The
survey identified 68 sites consisting of 177 discrete features within the two parcels. It
appears that there are at least 40 sites on the subject parcel. Fifty two (52) of the 68
sites identified were assessed as significant solely for information content. Of the 52
sites, 8 sites were deemed "no further work required" while the other 44 required
further data collection. Five (5) of the remaining 16 sites were assessed as "significant
for information content and as provisionally significant for cultural value, pending
further data collection." Further data collection and provisional preservation "as is"
are recommended and will be conducted. Four sites were assessed as significant for
information content and as excellent examples of site types and for cultural value.
These sites are recommended for further data collection followed by preservation
within interpretive development. The remaining site is assessed as significant for
information and content and cultural value (Site 15261, trail). Normally trails require
preservation; however, the integrity of site 15261 is poor, as the trail is discontinuous
and heavily eroded. No further work was recommended for the trail. Four sites have
been identified as containing human burials (site 2491, 4004, 4013, 16130). Five sites
(2493, 16126, 16127, 16136, 16162) require further data collection. Further
archaeological data collection, preservation and/or recordation of the sites will be
required as a condition of approval.
According to the applicant, provisions fora 10-foot wide public access to and
along the shoreline will be made. Tentative plans call fora 4-stall public parking area
at the south end of the property. There will also be lateral access along the length of
the subject parcel. For the most part it will be a natural pathway. For safety reasons,
other types of improvements may be made in certain areas along the pathway. This
10-foot wide lateral access would be located mauka of the certified shoreline.
Mauka-makai public accesses, as well as lateral access, to and along the shoreline will
be required. There are no major trails traversing the applicant's property. However,
the specific treatment for trails and other features designated for preservation would be
determined as part of the archaeological approval process in conjunction with the
requirements of DLNR-SHPD and other applicable agencies.
Impacts associated with this 50-lot single family development such as
historical, visual, traffic, drainage and design concerns have been assessed and will be
Honorable James Y. Arakaki, Chairman
and Members of the County Council
Page 7
mitigated through conditions of approval. Therefore, the request would not
unreasonably burden the public agencies to provide roads and streets, water, drainage,
school improvements and police and fire protection.
The wastewater from the proposed project will be disposed in accordance with
the prevailing requirements of the State Department of Health's rules and regulations,
to be installed by the respective homeowners. Additionally, the applicant will abide by
all applicable State and County air quality and noise level control standards during the
pre-construction and construction phases of the project. All essential utilities are
available for the proposed project. Therefore, the proposed single family residential
development will be developed in an area that is or can be adequately served by water,
utilities and transportation systems.
Based on the above findings, this request [o reclassify the subject property from
an Agricultural (A-Sa) to a Single Family Residential (RS-15) zoned district would
result in an appropriate land use pattern and further the public convenience, necessity,
and general welfare.
For your favorable consideration, an amendment to Section 25-8-7, the North and South
Kohala Districts Zone Map, of the County Zoning Code is transmitted.
We are enclosing a copy of the application and a copy of the staff background for your
information.
Sincerely,
Er~ _
J
Kevin M. Balog, Chairman
Planning Commission
AK:syw
LGentr02.PC
Enclosures
cc: Mr. Sidney Fuke
Mr. Joseph Fadrowsky
Department of Public Works
Department of Water Supply
West Hawaii Office
Department of Land & Natural Resources
Kazu Hayashida, Director/DOT-Highways, Honolulu
BGenu0l.emm-4/25/97
COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT
BACKGROUND REPORT
GENTRY-PACIFIC, LTD.
SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION (SMA 97-1)
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (IZZ 97-1)
GENTRY-PACIFIC, LTD. has submitted applications for a Special Management Area
(SMA) Use Permit to develop a 50-lot single family residential subdivision and related
improvements and for a Change of Zone by Changing the district classification from
Agricultural (A-Sa) to Single Family Residential (RS-15) for approximately 37.880 acres of
land. The properly is located on the makai side of Akoni Pule Highway directly across the
entrance to Kohala Ranch at Kahua 1st, North Kohala, Hawaii, TMK: 5-9-1:8.
A .INFORMATION
1. Ownership: Gentry Pacific Ltd., a Hawaii corporation, is the owner of the subject
property.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
2. September 15, 1993: SMA Minor Permit No. 93-19 granted by the Planning Director
to allow the construction of a single family dwelling and ohana dwelling. The permit
established an easement for public pedestrian access within the 40-foot shoreline
setback.
PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
3. Request: The applicant proposes to develop a 50-lot single family residential
development on 37.880 acres of land.
4. Objectives: "The applicant originally explored the possibility of developing the subject
and an adjoining property consisting of a total of 102+ acres into either a 206+ lot
residential subdivision or a retreat resort complex. The subdivision would have
consisted of 10,00 to 15,000 square foot lots. The retreat resort would have consisted
of, among other uses, 40 lodging units housed in a number of detached structures; a
cultural center, and 165+ single family residential lots...... Due to a number of
Attach. C-330 (B-96)
considerations, the applicant decided to scale down the proposed plan both in terms of
land area and density.
"The applicant's proposed plan now calls fora 50-lot residential subdivision. The lots
would vary in size between 15,000 square feet to 1 + acre. Each lot would be
configured in a manner so as to take advantage of the natural terrain of the site. Rather
than grading the entire site and reshaping the existing terrain, every reasonable
construction effort would be made to make the project conform to the natural
environment. That design principle accounts for the lot size variation.
"These lots would be sold in fee. While the applicant may construct a few model
homes, this project is not intended to be a house/lot package one. There will also be
design and other related restrictive covenants, including a 'no ohana' provision.
"All interior roads would be constructed in a manner meeting with the requirements of
the County of Hawaii. To retain the rural character of the area, no conventional,
'urban-type' of curb, gutter and sidewalk is planned. The roads will nonetheless be
designed and constructed in a manner to address drainage concerns. The roads are not
intended to be dedicated to the County.
"Plans also call for a landscaped entry with a security gate than may or may not be
manned.
"Provisions fora 10-foot wide public access to and along the shoreline will also be
made. Tentative plans call fora 4-stall public pazking azea at the south end of the
property. There will also be lateral access along the length of the subject pazcel. For
the most part it will be a natural pathway. For safety reasons, other type of
improvements may be made in certain azeas along the pathway. This 10-foot wide
lateral access would be gin from the certified shoreline."
5. The applicant has submitted the following in support of the request:
(See Exhibit A -Excerpts of Application to SMA Use Permit and Change of Zone
dated January 23, 1997)
STATE ANI~ COLINTV PLANS
6. SLUC: Urban.
-2-
7. General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map: Low Density.
This designation refers to single family residential in character, ancillary community
and public uses and convenience type commercial uses. This designation does not refer
to density limitations however, this designation generally has been at a density of 4
units per acre. The average density relating to the proposed request (50 lots over 38+
acres) would amount to 1.5 units per acre.
8. General Plan Consistency: Economic, Housing, Environmental Quality, Flood
Control and Drainage, Public Utilities, Transportation, Land Use Residential Elements,
goals, policies and courses of action for North Kohala.
9. Hawaii State Plan Consistency: Economy, Population, Physical Environment, Land
and Air Quality, Water, Facility Systems for Solid and Liquid Wastes, Transportation,
Socio-Cultural Advancement (Housing) objectives and policies.
10. Cotmty Zoning: The property is currently zoned Agricultural-Sa.
11. SMA: The property is situated within the Special Management Area. The applicant
has filed a Special Management Area (SMA) application concurrently with the Change
of Zone.
nFC('RIPTION OF S iR.iFCT PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING A_RFA
12. Property: The 37.88-acre property is located along a rocky coast of North Kohala
approximately 3 miles northwest of Kawaihae and directly across of the Kohala Ranch
entrance.
13. U.S.D.A. Soil Type: The soils within the project area aze classified by the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, as Kawaihae very rocky, very
fine sandy loam. The Kawaihae series consists of excessively drained,
medium-textured soils developed from volcanic ash. Kawaihae soils have a surface
layer of dazk reddish-brown, very fine sandy or very rocky loam. The substratum is
weakly developed volcanic ash underlain by pahcehce lava, generally at a depth of
about 33 inches. The erosion hazazd for these soils is considered high. They are
gently sloping to moderately sloping soils on coastal plains at an elevation ranging from
-3-
near sea level to 1,500 feet. Due to the shallow, rocky soils and arid climate, the soils
are suitable for mainly pasture.
14. ALISH Map: The property is unclassified on the State Department of Agriculture's
Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) Map.
15. Land Study Bureau's Detailed Land Classification System: Soils within the subject
property aze classified as "E" (Very Poor) for agricultural productivity by the Land
Study Bureau.
16. Hydrology: The hydrological features and chazacteristics of the site are typical of the
West Hawaii and North Kohala Region. The mean annual rainfall is approximately 10
inches per year. Twenty percent of the annual rainfall occurs during the month of
January. The evaporation rate for the area is one of the highest in the State. Although
there are no perennial streams or surface water features on the site, seven major
drainage ways carry a large volume of water from the mauka watershed to the ocean
during rare prolonged rainy periods. The shoreline is rocky and exposed to the surf
and wave action from the open ocean. The project area is within the Kohala
Hydrographic area (Hawaii Resources Regional Study Team, 1979). A study
conducted by Charles L. Murdoch and Richard E. Green dated February 29, 1992
assesses the potential impact of fertilizes and pesticides on the proposed project. The
study concluded that there is no reason to expect any significant adverse impact of
chemicals on the quality of the shoreline water. The study also added that "Given the
likely brackish condition of the groundwater at the project location, there will be no
significant negative impact on the groundwater aquifer even if small quantities of
chemicals are leached to the water table. The ground water discharges into the ocean
and will be subsequently mixed with seawater, as is the case with runoff."
17. Fauna: An avifaunal and mammal survey was conducted by Philip L. Bruner on
January 4 and 5, 1994. Fauna consists of introduced species of birds and mammal
pests. No endemic birds were recorded on the property, although short-eared owl or
Pueo and the endangered Hawaiian Hawk or 'Io may on rare occasions be seen in this
area. Three Pacific Golden Plover were recorded during the survey. Although none
-4-
were observed during the survey, the Ruddy Turnstone and the Wandering Tattler may
also occur along the shoreline. Feral mammal observed on the project site include
Indian mongoose. Cat tracks were also found.
18. Flora: A botanical survey was conducted by Char and Associates on January 3, 1994
and March 3 1994. The excessively drained, extremely stony soils support thick mats
of buffel grass and scattered trees of kiawe. A total of only 29 plant species were
found during the field studies. Of the plant species, 24 are introduced or alien species
and 5 are native. Of the natives, 4 are indigenous and 1 is endemic. The native plants
are: pili grass, pau o Hi'iaka, 'ilima, alena, and 'uhaloa. None of the plants which
were inventoried are listed as threatened and endangered species.
19. Archaeological Resources: An inventory survey was conducted July 1-30, 1991 and
May 18-June, on the subject property by Paul H. Rosendahl Inc. The original survey
report was revised pursuant to comments received from the State Department of Land
and Natural Resources, State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD) dated
June 16, 1993, January 11, 1994 and January 20, 1995. The survey identified 68 sites
consisting of 177 discrete features within the two parcels. It appears that there are at
least 40 sites on the subject parcel. Fifty two (52) of the 68 sites identified were
assessed as significant solely for information content. Of the 52 sites, 8 sites were
deemed "no further work required" while the other 44 required further data collection.
Five (5) of the remaining 16 sites were assessed as "significant for information content
and as provisionally significant for cultural value, pending further data collection."
Further data collection and provisional preservation "as is" are recommended and will
be conducted. Four sites were assessed as significant for information content and as
excellent examples of site types and for cultural value. These sites are recommended
for further data collection followed by preservation within interpretive development.
The remaining site is assessed as significant for information and content and cultural
value (Site 15261, trail). Normally trails require preservation, however, the integrity
of site 15261 is poor, as the trail is discontinuous and heavily eroded. No further work
was recommended for the trail. Four sites have been identified as containing human
-5-
burials (site 2491, 4004, 4013, 16130). Five sites 2493, 16126, 16127, 16136, 16162)
and require further data collection.
20. FIRM: Portions of the property along the coastline are located within in Zone VE-9, a
coastal hazard area with a flood elevation of nine feet. Other portions of the property
along the highway are within Zone X, outside of the 500-year flood plain.
21. Surrounding Zoning/Land Uses: Kohala Estates, Kohala Ranch and Kohala By The
Sea are situated mauka of [he property and the Akoni Pule Highway. These large
agricultural lot subdivisions range in size from 1 and 3 acres to 20+ acres and were
developed over the past 20 years. Kohala Waterfront Joint Venture is located southeast
of the subject property. Kohala Waterfront Joint Venture was granted an amendment
to SMA Use Permit No. 212 for the construction of a 50 lot single family residential
subdivision, zoned Multiple Family-4,000 square foot (RM-4). Property to the
Northwest is owned by the State of Hawaii. It is currently vacant.
22. Visual Impacts/Open Space: The site is located makai of the Akoni-Pule Highway.
There will be some measure of diminution of the open space and alteration of the
existing coastal view plane. To mitigate these concerns there will be design guidelines
to ensure that the project, when fully developed will only minimally affect costal
viewplanes. Covenants will be developed to restrict structures to certain sizes, building
pads, envelops, colors, materials. etc. to min;mi~r mauka\makai view plane impacts
from the highway, as well as to minimise excessive alteration of the area's natural
terrain. The potential for retaining the regional vistas still exist.
PURL.IC FACIL•TTIES A_Ni~ SERVICES
23. Access: Access to the site is provided by Akoni Pule Highway, a state owned highway
with pavement width varying between 30 and 40 feet but with a road right-of-way
width of 80 feet.
24. Water: Kahua Ranch Ltd. and Ponoholo Ranch Ltd. ("K-P") have an agreement with
Kohala Ranch Water Company (formerly Kohala Joint Venture). Under the terms of
the agreement, K-P has an allocation of a maximum of 190,000 gallons per day. Of
this amount, 76,000 gallons per day was assigned from K-P to the applicant. Based on
-6-
current County Department of Water Supply standard, each lot would require 600
gallons per day. The 50-lot project would thus require 30,000 gallons per day.
25. Wastewater: Wastewater will be accommodated by individual septic tanks.
26. Utilities: Electrical and telephone service will be made available to the property.
27. Protective Services: Police protection is provided from its North Kohala station in
Kapaau. Fire protection is provided from its North /South Kohala station located near
the Mauna Lani Resort and Puako junction. Response time is approximately 10
minutes. The other stations are located in Waikoloa, North Kohala and Waimea.
Emergency medical and paramedical services are also provided by the Hawaii County
Fire Department.
AGENCIES' COMMENTS
28. Department of Finance-Real Property Tax (February 5, 1997 Memo):
"The land has never been in agricultural use. There is no rollback of taxes required.
"Current real property taxes are paid through December 31, 1996."
29. Police Department (February 10, 1997 Memo):
"We have reviewed the above application and recommend, prior to its approval, that
auxiliary lanes be included in the plans for this subdivision, as the Kawaihae-Mahukona
Highway is a 55 MPH state highway. Auxiliary lanes (right turn only, merge, left turn
merge, and left turn only lanes) would lessen the hazard of entering and exiting the
subdivision.
"Other subdivisions in the area include Kohala Ranch, Kohala Estates, and Kohala by
the Sea. All of these subdivisions are served by auxiliary lanes."
Applicant's Response: (Exhibit B -March 12, 1997 Letter)
30. Office of Housing and Community Development (February 4, 1997 Memo):
"The Office of Housing and Community Development (OHCD) offers the following
comments:
Affordable housing conditions, pursuant to current Hawaii County Housing
Agency policy, should be applicable to the requests.
"Thank you for the opportunity to comment."
Applicant's Response: (Exhibit C -February 20, 1997 Letter)
-7-
31. Department of Education: (See Exhibit D -February 13, 1997 and March 25, 1997
Letters and Applicant's Apri123, 1997 Response Letter and See also Exhibit B -
Applicant's March 12, 1997 Response Letter)
32. Fire Department: (See Exhibit E -February 6, 1997 Memo and See Exhibit C -
Applicant's February 20, 1997 Response Letter)
33. Department of Health: (See Exhibit F -February 3, 1997 Memo and See Exhibit C
- Applicant's February 20, 1997 Response Letter)
34. Department of Public Works: (See Exhibit G -March 6, 1997 Memo)
35. Department of Water Supply: (See Exhibit H -February 6, 1997 Memo)
A(~F.NCIES - NO RESPONSE
36. Department of Transportation and Kohala Ranch Community Association
PUBLIC COMMENTS
37. The Department has not received any comments or objections from the public or
adjacent land owners.
-8-
COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
WAIKA VILLAGE
NORTH KOHALA, HAWAII
TMK: 3/5-9-1: 08
1. SL'iviMARY
1.1. Applicant and Approving Agency
1.1.1. Applicant
Gentry Pacific, Ltd. ("GP"), a Hawaii limited partnership, proposes
to develop a SO lot residential subdivision. This County Environmental
Report (CER) is being prepared pursuant to the Hawaii County Zoning Code
Chapter 25, 2-42(a)(5) as part of the submittal requirement for an applicant-
initiated change of zone request. In this case, the applicant is requesting a
change of zone fora 38.88 acre property from Agriculture (A-Sa) to Single-
family Residential (RS-15). It should be noted that the zoning designation of
the subject pazcel, prior to adoption of the new Zoning Code, was Unplanned
This report is also being used to support the requirements for a Special
Management Area Use Permit for this project. It is the intent of the applicant
to have both applications (SMA and Rezoning) be reviewed concurrently by
the appropriate decision-making bodies.
1.1.2. Approving Agency
Since the County of Hawaii Planning Department reviews and makes
recommendations on applications for change of zone, said Department would
review this CER as to its acceptability. It should be noted, however, that the
Planning Commission reviews and decides on the SMA application, while
the County Council (after the review of the Planning Commission) is the
final authority on the rezoning request.
1.2. Location and Ownership
The project site is located northwest of the South Kohala District boundaries
in the ahupua' a of Kahua 1. The ahupua' a of Kahua 2 is located
immediately to its east (Kaw~aih~a~~~d~e)i~ Mowed by the ahupua' a of Waika.
More specifically, the subject site is located makai or seaward of the Akoni
Pule Highway (aka Mahukona-Kawaihae Highway, Rt. 270), directly across
of the Kohala Ranch entrance. There are two other entrances south of the
subject property serving the Kohala Estates and Kohala By The Sea
subdivisions.
- It is approximately 3 miles northwest of Kawaihae. The 38.88 acre site is
identified by TMK: 3/5-9-O1: 8.
The subject parcel is owned in fee by the applicant.
1.3. Project Description
1.3.1. Concept Plan
The applicant originally explored the possibility of developing the subject
and an adjoining property consisting of a total of 102+ acres into either a
206+ lot residential subdivision or a retreat resort complex. The subdivision
would have consisted of 10,000 to 15,000 square foot lots. The retreat resort
would have consisted of, among other uses, 40 lodging units housed in a
number of detached structures; a cultural center; and 165+ single-family
residential lots. A General Plan Amendment for a retreat resort was
requested in November 1994. Pursuant to said request, an EIS Preparation
Notice was filed and subsequently published in the OEQC's Bulletin on
December 8, 1994.
Technical studies to address public and agency comments were then
prepared, and work toward the development of a Drag EIS had begun. Most
of these studies were used in the preparation of this CER, as they were either
environmental baseline studies (such as flora, fauna, coastal resources, and
the like) or discussed impacts (particularly infrastructural)thst represented
"worst case" scenarios when comparing the proposed projecu with either of
the two earlier land use concepts (full build out residential or retreat
resort/residential).
Due to a number of considerations, the applicant decided to scale down the
proposed plan both in terms of land area and density and proceed with an
application that does not require a General Plan amendment.
The applicant now wishes to develop a 50 lot residential subdivision. The
lots would vary in size between 15,000 square feet to 1+ acre. Each lot
would be configured in a manner so as to take advantage of the natural
terrain of the site. Rather than grading the entire site and reshaping the
existing terrain, every reasonable construction effort would be made to make
2
the project comform to the natural environment. That design principle
accounts for the lot size variation.
These lots would be sold in fee. While the applicant may construct a few
model homes, this project is not intended to be a house lot package one.
- There will also be design and other related restrictive covenants, including a
"no ohana" provision.
All interior roads would be constructed in a manner meeting with the
requirements of the County of Hawaii. To retain the rural character of the
area, no conventional, "urban-type" of curb, gutter and sidewalk is planned.
The roads will nonetheless be designed and constructed in a manner to
address drainage concerns. The roads are not intended to be dedicated to the
Counry.
Plans also call for a landscaped entry with a security gate that may or may not
be manned.
Provisions fora 10-foot wide public access to and along the shoreline will
also be made. Tentative plans call fora 4-stall public parking area at the
south end of the property. There will also be lateral access along the length
of the subject pazcel. For the most part, it will be a natural pathway. For
safety reasons, other type of improvements may be made in certain areas
along the pathway. This 10-foot wide lateral access would begin from the
certified shoreline.
1.3.2. Proposed Timetable and Cost
The applicant intends to begin construction of the project immediately upon
securing all necessary County approvals, particularly Zoning, SMA, and
Subdivision. Hopefully, this would occur before mid-1998.
The estimated construction cost in 1996 dollazs for the project is $4 million.
1.4. Environmental Setting
1.4.1. Climate
The elevation of the site vanes from sea level to a maximum of 150 feet.
The mean annual rainfall is approximately 10 inches. The temperature in the
Kohala azea averages c.78 degrees. Northeasterly trades prevail in the area.
1.4.2. Topography and Soils
3
The topography of the site is moderately sloping in the mauka-makai
direction (19% slope maximum, 12°,'o minimum overall), with much steeper
slopes over short distances along the sides of gulches. A number of
drainageways, some of which are stream beds for intermittent streams,
dissect the property between the Highway and the coastline.
The Kawaihae (KOC) soil in the area is very rocky, very fine, sandy loam.
This soil is very well-drained and extremely stony. Formed in volcanic ash, it
has a thick surface layer of fine sandy loam over silt loam. It is underlain by
Pahoehoe lava, which is exposed in many areas. The organic carbon content
is generally very low, about 0.5 percent, and is quite uniform in depth.
Permeability is moderate and runoff is medium. The erosion hazard is
moderate. Some azeas are severely eroded with sparse vegetation and many
small gullies.
Due to the shallow, rocky soils and arid climate, the soils are suitable mainly
for pasture, recreation areas, homesites but not intensive agricultural
activities.
1.4.3. Natural Hazards
The site is not in any natural hazard zone. The Flood Insurance Rate Map
(FIRM) designates the site in Zone VE along the coastal area. This zone
requires structures to be built at certain base elevation. The balance of the
site is designated Zone X (area to be determined outside of the 500-year
flood plain).
According to the Civil Defense Tsunami Evacuation Zone maps, the site falls
within the evacuation area. It is also in lava flow hazard zone 8, on a scale of
1- 9, with I being most hazardous.
1.4.4. Flora/Fauna
Based on floral and fauna studies conducted of the site, the site does not
appear to contain any endangered or threatened plant or animal life.
1.4.5. Archaeological Resources
An archaeological study was conducted of the subject and an adjoining
property to the south. A number of prehistoric and historic sites were found
in the surveyed area. Appropriate mitigation plan will be developed for the
4
review and approval of the State and County; and its implementation should
mitigate impacts to the archaeological resources of the site.
1.4.6. Water Resources
There aze stream beds that dissect the site. These stream beds are usually dry
and serve more as drainage systems for properties located mauka of the site.
Although some of these stream beds may be altered within the site to
accommodate on-site drainage and related infrastructure improvements,
their entry and exit points will not be altered.
1.4.7. Noise
Because of the site's proximity to the Akoni Pule Highway, the ambient
traffic noise level is projected to be 65 Ldn by the yeaz 2008 at a distance of
102 feet from the centerline. This could be mitigated through landscaping.
Construction noise will be temporary.
1.4.8. Socio-economic Characteristics
There are agricultural and residential-agricultural subdivisions in the
immediate vicinity. Many of these function as estate type of subdivisions.
Additionally, there is a residential subdivision (Department of Hawaiian
Homes and Land) located towazds the Kawaihae side of the site,
approximately two miles away. A SMA Use Permit fora 50- lot residential
lot subdivision was also recently approved between the subject site and the
DHHL residential subdivision. There is a 1-acre subdivision south of the
site; there are other estate-type of subdivisions located generally mauka of
the site and the Highway.
1.4.9. Infrastructure and Public Facilities
The Akoni Pule Highway is aState-owned, two-lane road. Its posted speed
limit in this area is 55 miles per hour, and there are no signal lights along this
Highway.
Water will be provided from a private source, the Kohala Ranch Water
Company.
1.5 Impacts and Mitigation
5
The following is a summary of the more significant impacts and proposed
mitigations. A more detailed description of the following plus additional
impacts resulting from the project and their proposed mitigations are
discussed in other sections of this report.
1.5.1. Visual Impact
Impact: The proposed development is located makai of the Kawaihae-
Mahukona Highway. As such, it will affect existing "open space" makai
vistas.
Mitieative Measure: To mitigate visual impacts, the project will not have a
density of what could legally be considered on the General Plan Land Use
Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) map. The LUPAG map denotes the area
"Low Density," a designation that readily allows up to four (4) units per acre.
Based on 38+ acres, the zoning or density potential could be 150+ lots. The
applicant is proposing I/3 of that or 50 lots.
Further, the lots will vary in size to allow for structures to be sited in a
manner that minimize visual impacts from the Highway. Further, design
covenants (such as a prohibition against ohana unit) to achieve that objective
are also intended to be developed. Finally, landscaping along the Highway
and within the project should help mitigate an excessively developed
environment of the site.
1.5.2. Potable Water Impact
Impact: The proposed project will increase demands on potable water.
Mitieative Measures: The appropriate water commitment from the Kohala
Ranch Water Company has been secured.
1.5.3. Coastal Water Impact
Impact: The project will result in changes to the runoff quality and quantity
which impact the coastal water.
Mitieative Measures: The absence of significant runoff most of the year and
dynamic mixing of turbulent shoreline water by wave action should minimize
any adverse effect of chemical use on the project if adequate care is taken in
the landscaping and attendant fertilizer and pesticide practices. The section
h
on coastal water impact contains a listing of recommended landscaping and
irrigation practices.
Based on studies conducted, the project is not expected to negatively impact
the coastal waters.
1.5.4. Archaeological Impact
Impact: Burial sites and other archaeological features have been identified
on the property.
Mitigative Measures: A mitigation plan, which may also include a burial
mitigation plan, will be prepared and submitted for the review and approval
of appropriate State and/or County agencies. When implemented, the
impacts should be sufficiently addressed.
Further, during the course of construction, should unanticipated finds be
discovered, work in the affected area will cease pending clearances from the
appropriate State and/or County agencies.
1.5.5. Ocean Recreational Impact
Im act: The project will interfere with or eliminate public access to the
shoreline.
Mitigative Measures: Although there has been some infrequent and non-
sanctioned (by the applicant) use of the project site to get to the shoreline in
the past, no access was ever formalized or legitimized. The applicant intends
to provide a mauka-makai, as well as a lateral shoreline access for the
public. Four pazking stalls would also be provided.
1.5.6. Public Services Impact
Fact: The project will create an increase in the need for public services,
including police and fire protection.
Mitigative Measures: Because of the size of the project and its orientation to
the second home mazket, impacts to schools should not be great. The
applicant is willing to participate with other area organizations/communities
in this area to help establish a volunteer fire station in this area. Further, the
County has required impact fees to help address some of these impacts in
conjunction with the rezoning process.
7
1.5.7. Air Quality Impact
Impact: Development of the property will result in increased air quality
impacts, particularly during construction.
- Mitieative Measures: An effective dust control plan will be implemented to
ensure compliance with State regulations. Dust control measures may
include watering of active work areas, use of wind screens, covering open-
bodied trucks, and the like. Other dust control measures could include
limiting the area that can be disturbed at any given point in time and use of
mulching or chemically stabilizing an area.
1.6. Alternatives Considered
The following alternatives were considered:
1.6.1. No Project
The site would continue to sit undeveloped. By being undeveloped, it would
not help implement the objectives of the existing General Plan LUPAG map
designation of Low Density. It would also not help address coastal houselot
demands in the reeion.
1.6.2. Higher Density
Developing the property to its maximum density, as may be considered by
the General Plan LUPAG map, may diminish the attractiveness of the project,
affect view planes, and generate more environmental and community
concerns.
As noted earlier, there were also plans fora 206+ residential lot subdivision
covering 102+ acres of land, as well as a 40-unit retreat resort with 165
houselots. These were concept plans that the applicant either withdrew or
dismissed and instead elected to pursue this smaller project, both in terms of
land azea and density.
1.6.3. Lower Density
Developing the property based on its existing 5-acre zoning would make the
project economically unfeasible, given the infrastructure requirements.
R
As such, the applicant has concluded that the requested 50-lot subdivision
provides a reasonable balance of marketing, financing, environmental, and
public concerns.
1.7. Relationship to Land Use Plans, Policies, and Controls
State Land Use Classification: Urban
County General Plan: Low Density Residential
County Zoning: Agricultural (A-Sa) -previously
Unplanned
Special Management Area (SMA): Yes
Draft NW Hawaii Open Space
Plan: Low Density
Other Permits: Other permits include subdivision,
NPDES, archaeological mitigation and
disinternment plan, and other related
1.8. Unresolved Issues
This CER attempts to identify all potential substantive impacts and identify
adequate mitigative measures for the proposed project. To the extent
possible at this level of investigation, the specific impacts and their proposed
mitigations are identified. However, because plans aze only conceptual at
this stage of the permitting process, likewise their perceived impacts and
proposed mitigations can only be conceptual. The more detailed analyses
and/or requirements will be done in conjunction with the subsequent
permitting stages of this project.
In summary, the applicant will have to obtain all necessary permits and
approvals prior to construction. Unresolved issues will be evaluated at that
time and appropriate mitigative conditions will be imposed to assure
adequate protection of the County's interest.
9
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1. Applicant
The applicant, Gentry Pacific, Ltd., a Hawaii limited partnership, proposes to
develop a 50-lot residential subdivision. The applicant has developed a
number of cotnmercial, industrial, and residential projects in the State of
Hawaii, particularly on the island of Oahu. Its mailing address is P.O. Box
295, Honolulu, Hawaii 96809.
2.2. Purpose of This Document
This County Environmental Report (CER) is being prepared pursuant to the
Hawaii County Zoning Code, Chapter 25, Section 2-42 (a)(5), as part of the
submittal requirement for anapplicant-initiated change of zone application.
The County Planning Department who receives and processes the application
in behalf of the Planning Commission, reviews the CER and the rest of the
application as to its completeness and acceptability.
It should also be noted that this CER is being used to support the
informational requirements for a Special Management Area (SMA) use
permit application for this project. That application is being requested to be
processed concurrently with the rezoning application.
The decision-maker for the SMA application is the County Planning
Commission. The County Council reviews and decides on the rezoning
application, upon receipt of the County Planning Commission's
recommendation.
s
10
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION
3.1. Location and Ownership
The subject property is located in the ahupua' a of Kahua 1, North Kohala,
generally northeast of the South Kohala District boundary (Figure 1). The
ahupua' a of Kahua 2 is located adjacent and to the southeast of the subject
property, followed by the ahupua'a of Waika. More specifically, the property
is located makai or seaward of the Akoni Pule Highway (aka Mahukona-
Kawaihae Highway, Route 270), directly across of the north entrance to the
Kohala Ranch and Kohala Estates projects. It is approximately 3 miles
northwest of Kawaihae. The 33.88 acre site is identified by TMK: 3/5-9-1:
08.
The subject property is owned in fee by the applicant.
3.2. Existing and Surrounding Uses
The subject site is curently vacant of any structures. There is no agricultural
activity being conducted on the site.
The property to its northwest is owned by the State of Hawaii and is presently
vacant. The property to its southeast is privately-owned. Beyond the
privately-owned parcel, there is amultiple-family zoned parcel that was
recently granted a SMA Use Permit (Kohala Waterfront Joint Venture) for
the construction of a 50-lot single-family residential lot subdivision on 38
acres of land (see Figure 1).
The Kohala by the Sea Subdivision consisting of 1-acre lots is located mauka
of the Akoni Pule Highway, approximately 1/4 mile away. The Kohala
Estates Subdivision and Kohala Ranch Subdivision consisting of 5+ acre lots
are located across of the subject parcel.
3.3. Project Description
3.3.1. Concept Plaa
The applicant originally explored the possibility of developing the subject
and an an adjoining property consisting of a total of ] 02+ acres into either a
206+ lot residential subdivision or a retreat resort complex. The retreat
resort would have consisted of, among other uses, 40 lodging units housed in
a number of detached structures, a cultural center, and 165+ single-family
residential lots. A General Plan amendment for a retreat resort was requested
11
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in November 1994. Pursuant to said request, an EIS Prepazation Notice was
filed and subsequently published in the OEQC's Bulletin on December 8,
1994.
Technical studies to address the project's impacts as well as public and
agency comments received during the EIS Prepazation Notice process were
prepared. Work on a Draft EIS also started. Many of those studies were used
in the preparation of this CER> as they were either environmental baseline
studies (as in the case with flora, fauna, coastal resources, and the like) or
discussed impacts that would have represented "worst case" scenarios when
comparing the proposed project with either of the two other concept land use
scenarios (full residential build out or retreat resort/residential).
Due to a number of considerations, the applicant decided to scale down the
proposed plan both in terms of land area (102+ acres to 38+ acres) and
density (206+ units to 50 units). The application now does not require any
amendment to the General Plan.
The applicant's proposed plan now calls fora 50-lot residential subdivision
(Figure 2). The lots would vary in size between 15,000 square feet to I+
acre. Each lot would be configured and situated in a manner so as to take
advantage of the nattual terrain of the site. Rather than grading the entire site
and reshaping the existing contour, every reasonable construction effort
would be made to make the lots comform to the natural environment. That
design principle accounts for the lot size variation.
These lots would be sold in fee. While the applicant may decide to construct
a few model homes, the project is intended to be a lot sales and not house/lot
package one. There will also be design and other related restrictive
covenants, such as a "no ohana" provision. Other possible covenants include
size, location of building pads, colors, material, and so forth to minimize
mauka/makai visual impacts as well as view planes of homes within the
project site. There may even be a committe selected in the beginning by the
developer to review building themes to ensure consistency with the rural
ambience of the azea.
All interior roads would be constructed in a manner meeting with the
approval of the County Department of Public Works. To retain the rural
chazacter, no conventional "urban-type" of curb, gutter, and sidewalk system
is planned. Nonetheless, there will be appropriate drainage systems within
the road rights-of--way. These roads are not planned to be dedicated to the
County.
12
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There will also be a landscaped entry with a security gate or structure, which
may or may not be manned, at the project's entrance.
3.3.2. Coastal Public Access
- A 10-foot wide mauka-maka public access is planned along the southern
portion of the subject property. This location was selected, as access along
the northern end is possible through the adjoining State-owned parcel. Four
(4) pazking stalls would also be provided at the mauka end of the property,
adjacent to the Highway.
A 10-foot wide lateral access, beginning from the certified shoreline, would
also be provided along the length of the site.
To retain the azea's chazacter, the applicant does not have plans to make
extensive improvements within the accessways. However, the applicant
would be willing to consider alternatives suggested by the County.
Appropriate signage, meeting with the requirements of the County, would
also be installed by the applicant.
Finally, these accesses aze intended to be dedicated via an easement or
sepazate lot to either the State or County.
3.33. Timetable and Cost
The applicant would like to begin construction immediately upon securing all
necessary governmental approvals. This date tentatively is expected to be
mid-1998, with completion a year later in mid-1999. The estimated
construction cost is $4 million in 1996 dollazs.
i3
SidneyFuke&Ass.~ .;fates
100 Pauahi SVeet Suite 212 ~ Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Coneultlng Land Use Planners
Telephone: (806) 969-1522 ~ Fex: (806) 989-7996
March 12, 1997
Ms. Virginia Goldstein, Director ,97~
Planning Department ~f/1~
COUNTY OF HAWAII A~ , ~ Pj
25 Aupuni Street CMG/ ;r%~ _ ~ y
Hilo, Hawaii 96720 ~~y~~
f; ~
~s `r~/
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
SUBJECT: Rezoning (REZ 97-1) and SMA (SMA 97-1) Requests
Gentry-Pacific. Ltd.. TMK: 5-9-1: 8
Thank you for sending me a copy of comments from the Department of Education
and Police Department regarding the subject applications. Please note that a copy of this
response is also being sent to the respective agency.
Please be informed that in conjunction with the subdivision approval process, the
applicant will have construction plans relating to the project's access that meets with the
approval and requirements of both the State Department of Transportation and County
Department of Public Works.
As noted in the application, this project will probably not have many families that will
have children that attend public schools in the area. For the most part, the anticipated
occupants will likely be individuals or families that are in the second or retirement home
market. As such, the public school impact appears to be quite minimal, if at all. As such, the
applicant does not believe that there should be a school impact assessment fee imposed for
this project.
Again, thank you for the comments, and should you have questions on this
application, please feel free to contact me.
erely, .
~vv
SIDNEY M. FUKE
Planning Consultant
cc State DOE
Police Department
Joe Fadrowsky, III, Gentry-Pacific, Ltd. ~ N311
~~HIBI~f
SidneyFuke&Associates
100 Pauahi Street Suite 212 ~ Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Consuttlng Land Use Planners
Telephone: (8061969-1522 • Fax (806) 969-7996
February 20, 1997 .9
T
Ms. Virginia Goldstein, Director oo ~ ~
Planning Department , ~
COUNTY OF HAWAII i
25 Aupuni Street ~
Hilo, HI 96720 r
~
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
SUBJECT: Rezoning Request (REZ 97-1) and SMA Request (SMA 97-I)
Gentry-Pacific. Ltd.. TMK: 5-9-O1: 08
Regarding agency comments on the subject matter, please be informed that the
applicant intends to comply with the requirements of the Fire Department relative to its Sre
protective requirements. Specifically, these relate to the access road and water requirements
for fire protection. These will be implemented in conjunction with the subdivision process.
Relative to the Department of Health, given the proximity of the site to the ocean,
the applicant does not intend to use cesspools. Septic tanks or some alternative method
meeting with the approval of the Department of Health will be used by the individual lot
owners. Further, as may be appropriate and/or required, the NPDES and UIC permits will
be secured in conjunction with the subdivision approval process.
The Otfice of Housing and Community Development has referred to the County
Housing Agency's existing policy relative to affordable housing. Should that be a policy of
the current Agency that is uniformly applied to other rezoning requests, then, the applicant
has no other reasonable alternative but to comply.
A copy of this letter will be forwarded to the pertinent agencies. Thank you for
sending me these commerts, and if there are further comments or questions on this matter,
please feel free to contact me.
c e1~~1V V w~./
S NEY M. FUKE
Planning Consultant
cc Aaron Ueno, Department of Health
Chief Tsuji, Department of Fire s x H z a z T
Ed Taira, OHCD I' C '
Joseph Fadrowsky, III, Gentry-Pacfic, Ltd. ~
YN wn wEE HERMAN M. AIZAWA. PN.p,
3OVER NOR SUpFpwTFNOENi
~ _
3
(y~ ';oB
STATE OF HAWAII
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
P. a. [fox nso
RO N(IW W. Nawnu 96po~
OiEiCE OG iNE SUPERiNiENOENT February 1 3, 1 9 9 7
9~
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Planning Director ~ ' G
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252
ci
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
-
Subject: Gentry-Pacific, Ltd.
SMA 97-1 and REZ 97-1 Applications
TMK 5-9-1:8
The Department of Education has reviewed the subject applications
and has determined that the proposed 50-lot single-family project
will have some impact on schools in the Kohala Complex. Both
Kohala Elementary and Kohala High and Intermediate Schools each
currently have a shortage of three classrooms.
We request that as a condition of zoning approval, the County of
Hawaii require the landowner to make a fair-share contribution for
school facilities to the satisfaction of the Department of
Education. We are willing to discuss the terms of a fair-share
agreement with your department if desired.
Thank you for the opportunity to colament. If you have any
questions, please call Sanford Beppu of the Facilities Branch at
733-4862.
Sincerely,
Herman M. Aizaw h.D.
Superintendent
HMA:hy
cc: A. Suga, OBS
P. Bergin, HIDO
J. Fadrowsky, III, Gentry-Pacific, Ltd. ~ ~3.J3
~)CHI~IT
~b"
AN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER
y,,; ,
; ~ ll
BENJAMIN J. CAYETANO ~n;H ~ HERMAN M. AIZAWA, PN.D.
rovf arvov weE.;,nn Ervoerv*
STATE OF HAWAII
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
P O BOX 2J60
HONOLULU, HA WAll 96804
OFFICE OF THE SUPER WTENOENT
March 25, 1997
Ms. Virginia Goldstein
Planning Director J
County of Hawaii '
25 Aupuni Street, Room 109
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Deaz Ms. Goldstein:
Subject: Gentry-Pacific, Ltd. SMA 97-1 and REZ 97-1 Applications
TMK 5-9-1:8
In regard to the subject applications, the Department of Education (DOE) maintains its
position that afair-share contribution for school facilities should be required of the
developer.
The DOE's formula for determining the fair-share contribution for a project is based on
the average enrollment impact of all types of developments (on a per unit basis) rather
than project-specific enrollment impacts. Therefore, although the developer expects to
attract the retirement or second-home segment of the housing market, the fair-share
contribution is still applicable as it would be for other developments.
Thank you for your consideration in this matter. If you have any questions, please call
Mr. Sanford Beppu at 733-4862.
Sincerely,
Herman M. Aizawa, PI D.
Superintendent
HMA: by
cc: A. Suga, OBS
P Bergin, HIDO
AN AFFIRMATIVE ACTICN AND EUUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER
SidneyFuke&Associates
100 Pauahi SVeet. Suite 212 ~ Hilo, Hawaii 96720 ConsuPong Land Use Planners
Telephone: (806) 969-1522 ~ Fex: (606) 969-7996
Apri123, 1997
'q~ r, 23 P~ 3
) ,
Ms. Virginia Goldstein, Director C;,l;~iT'i C1= F'.~,'~ ~
Planning Department
COUNTY OF HAWAII
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Dear Ms. Goldstein:
SUBJECT: Rezoning and SMA Applications, Gentry-Pacific, Ltd.
Tas Map Kev: 5-9-1: 8
Thank you for sending me a copy of the State Department of Education's comments
regarding the subject matter.
As noted in the application, the project is designed to attract the retirement and
second-home housing market. As such, the educational facilities impact should be negligible,
if at all, and there may be a question as to whether a reasonable "nexus" can be demonstrated
to justify a yet to be numerically quantified "fair-share contribution."
It should also be noted that housing projects per se aze not significant employment or
population generators. In many respects, they tend to service the needs of a growing
population, in the same way as a park, school, or other public facility rather than expand an
azea's economic base (which, in turn, serves to attract people).
Further, there is still a question as to whether the appropriate legislative body (in this
case, the County Council) has fully debated, with public input, and adopted such a policy.
In view of the foregoing, the applicant respectfully requests that such a condition not
be made a pazt of the rezoning ordinance. Thank you very much for your consideration of
this matter.
incerely,
SIDNEY/
Planning Consultant
C~<rJ
cc Mr. Sanford Beppu, DOE
Mr. Joseph Fadrowsky, III, Gentry-Pacific, Ltd.
rr oe
~M..... !!~y~
c.• Nelson M. Tsuji
/ ~bb.~' Fire Chief
Stephen K Yamashiro Jy
AMgor • Edward Bumatay
ij Deputy Fire Chief
oi'~%
~II1t2I'~~1 II~ ~tIf122xTt
FIRE DEPARTMENT
777 Kilauea Avenue • Mall I~ne, Room 6 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4239
(8081961-8297 • Fax 18081961.8296
-
February 6, 1997 ~
_ ~
r
To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director c;
From: Nelson M. Tsuji, Fire Chief
SUBJECT: SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION
(SMA 97-1)
REQUEST: ESTABLISH A 50-LOT SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENTIAL
SUBDIVISION & RELATED IMPROVEMENTS
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 97-1)
REQUEST: A-5a TO RS-15
APPLICANT: GENTRY-PACIFIC, LTD.
TAX MAP KEY: 5-9-018
The Fire Department's requirements as stated in the Fire Code are:
"Fire Apparatus Access Roads
"Sec. 10.207. (a) General. Fire apparatus access roads
shall be provided and maintained in accordance with the
provisions of this section.
"(b) Where Required. Fire apparatus access roads shall be
required for every building hereafter constructed when any
portion of an exterior wall of the first story is located more
than 150 feet from fire department vehicle access as measured
by an unobstructed route around the exterior of the building.
"EXCEPTIONS: 1. When buildings are completely protected
with an approved automatic fire sprinkler system, the
provisions of this section may be modified.
"2. When access roadways cannot be installed due to
topography, waterways, nonnegotiable grades or other
similar conditions, the chief may require additional fire
protection as specified in Section 10.301 (b).
~L
IEXHtBI'i
~2ti2~
To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director
Page 2
February 6, 1997
"3. When there are not more than two Group R, Division
3 or Group M Occupancies, the requirements of this
section may be modified, provided, in the opinion of the
chief, fire-fighting or rescue operations would not be
impaired.
"More than one fire apparatus road may be required when it is
determined by the chief that access by a single road may be
impaired by vehicle congestion, condition of terrain, climatic
conditions or other factors that could limit access.
"For high-piled combustible storage, see Section 81.109.
"(c) Width. The unobstructed width of a fire apparatus
access road shall meet the requirements of the appropriate
county jurisdiction.
"(d) Vertical Clearance. Fire apparatus access roads shall
have an unobstructed vertical clearance of not less than 13
feet 6 inches.
"EXCEPTION: Upon approval vertical clearance may be
reduced, provided such reduction does not impair access
by fire apparatus and approved signs are installed and
maintained indicating the established vertical clearance.
"(e) Permissible Modifications. Vertical clearances or
widths required by this section may be increased when, in the
opinion of the chief, vertical clearances or widths are not
adequate to provide fire apparatus access.
"(f) Surface. Fire apparatus access roads shall be designed
and maintained to support the imposed loads of fire apparatus
and shall be provided with a surface so as to provide all-
weather driving capabilities." (20 tons)
"(g) Turning Radius. The turning radius of a fire apparatus
access road shall be as approved by the chief." (45 feet)
"(h) Turnarounds. All dead-end fire apparatus access roads
in excess of 150 feet in length shall be provided with
approved provisions for the turning around of fire apparatus.
To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director
Page 3
February 6, 1997
"(i) Bridges. When a bridge is required to be used as access
under this section, it shall be constructed and maintained in
accordance with the applicable sections of the Building Code
and using designed live loading sufficient to carry the
imposed loads of fire apparatus.
"(j) Grade. The gradient for a fire apparatus access road
shall not exceed the maximum approved by the chief." (15%)
"(k) Obstruction. The required width of any fire apparatus
access road shall not be obstructed in any manner, including
parking of vehicles. Minimum required widths and clearances
established under this section shall be maintained at all
times.
"(1) Signs. When required by the fire chief, approved signs
or other approved notices shall be provided and maintained for
fire apparatus access roads to identify such roads and
prohibit the obstruction thereof or both."
"INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FIRE-PROTECTION, LIFE-SAFETY
SYSTEMS AND APPLIANCES
"Installation
"Sec. 10.301. (a) Type Required. The chief shall designate
the type and number of fire appliances to be installed and
maintained in and upon all buildings and premises in the
jurisdiction other than private dwellings. This shall be done
according to the relative severity of probable fire, including
the rapidity with which it may spread. Such appliances shall
be of a type suitable for the probable class of fire
associated with such building or premises and shall have
approval of the chief.
"(b) Special Hazards. In occupancies of an especially
hazardous nature or where special hazards exist in addition to
the normal hazard of the occupancy, or where access for fire
apparatus is unduly difficult, additional safeguards may be
required consisting of additional fire appliance units, more
than one type of appliance, or special systems suitable for
the protection of the hazard involved. Such devices or
appliances may consist of automatic fire alarm systems,
automatic sprinkler or water spray systems, standpipe and
hose, fixed or portable fire extinguishers, suitable asbestos
To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director
Page 4
February 6, 1997
blankets, breathing apparatus, manual or automatic covers,
carbon dioxide, foam, halogenated and dry chemical or other
special fire-extinguishing systems. Where such systems are
installed, they shall be in accordance with the applicable
Uniform Fire Code Standards or standards of the National Fire
Protection Association when Uniform Fire Code Standards do not
apply.
"(c) Water Supply. An approved water supply capable of
supplying required fire flow for fire protection shall be
provided to all premises upon which buildings or portions of
buildings are hereafter constructed, in accordance with the
respective county water requirements. There shall be
provided, when required by the chief, on-site fire hydrants
and mains capable of supplying the required fire flow.
Water supply may consist of reservoirs, pressure tanks,
elevated tanks, water mains or other fixed systems capable of
providing the required fire flow.
"The location, number and type of fire hydrants connected to
a water supply capable of delivering the required fire flow
shall be protected as set forth by the respective county water
requirements. All hydrants shall be accessible to the fire
department apparatus by roadways meeting the requirements of
Section 10.207.
"(d) Fire Hydrant Markers. When required by the chief,
hydrant locations shall be identified by the installation of
reflective markers.
"(e) Timing of Installation. When fire protection facilities
are to be installed by the developer, such facilities
including all surface access roads shall be installed and made
serviceable prior to and during the time of construction.
When alternate methods of protection, as approved by the
chief, are provided, the above may be modified or waived.
"(f) All fire alarm systems, fire hydrant systems, fire
extinguishing systems (including automatic sprinklers), Class
I, II, III (combination standpipe system) and combined
systems, basement inlet pipes, and other fire protection
systems and appurtenances thereto shall meet the approval of
the fire department as to installation and location and shall
To: Virginia Goldstein, Planning Director
Page 5
February 6, 1997
be subject to periodic tests as required herein. Plans and
specifications shall be submitted to the fire department for
review and approval prior to installation."
N~'GON~-
Fire Chief
NMT/mo
<G ° 4
.o In
e
BE NJA MIH J. CAYETANO ~ LAWRENCE MII%E
GOVEFNOR ~p OIRECT00. OG HEPVH
.j . 4R
`1 !su
. 1
STATE OF HAWAII . ~ `1 1
. ~ L~
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
P.O. BO% 916 ~ ' '
HILO, HAWAII 96721-0916
DATE: February 3, 1997
TO: Planning Director, County of Hawaii
FROM: District Environmental Health Program Chief
SUBJECT: Special Management Area Use Permit Application
(SMA 97-1)
Request: Establish a 50-Lot Single Family Residential
Subdivision and Related Improvements
Change of Zone Application (REZ 97-1)
Request: A-5a to RS-15
Applicant: Gentry-Pacific, Ltd.
Tax Map Key: 5-9-01:08
The subject lot is located in the Critical Wastewater Disposal Area
where cesspools are not allowed because of water pollution
concerns. Any development on this lot would require all wastewater
be disposed into a Septic Tank System or into public sewer when
accessible.
Underground Injection Systems (Ph. 586-4258) which receive
wastewater or storm run-offs from the proposed development need to
address the requirements of Chapter 23, Hawaii State Department of
Health Administrative Rules, Title 11, "Underground Injection
Control."
The applicant should contact the Army Corps of Engineers (COE) to
identify whether a Federal permit (including a Department of Army
(DA) permit) is required for this project. A Section 401 Water
Quality Certification (WQC) is required for "Any applicant for
Federal license or permit to conduct any activity including, but
not limited to, the construction or operation of facilities, which
may result in any discharge into the navigable waters...", pursuant
to Section 401(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Act (commonly
known as the "Clean Water Act (CWA)").
EXHIBIY
Planning Director
County of Hawaii
February 3, 1997
Page 2
If the project involves the following activities with discharges
into State waters, an NPDES general permit is required for each
activity:
a. Discharge of storm water runoff associated with
construction activities, including clearing, grading,
and excavation that result in the disturbance of equal to
or greater than five (5) acres of total land area;
b. Construction dewatering effluent;
c. Non-contact cooling water;
d. Hydrotesting water; and
e. Treated contaminated groundwater from underground storage
tank remedial activity.
The application for NPDES general permit coverage should be
submitted to the Director at least 30 days prior to the discharge
to State waters.
If there is any type of process wastewater discharge from the
facility into State waters, the applicant may be required to apply
for an Individual NPDES permit. The application for an Individual
NPDES permit should be submitted to the Director at least 180 days
prior to the discharge of process wastewater to State waters.
Should you have any further questions regarding this matter, please
contact the Engineering Section of the Clean Water Branch in
Honolulu at (808) 586-4309.
AARON UENO
wP51:SMA97-l.mi
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS
COUNTY OF HAWAII
HILO, HAWAII
DATE Vlarch 6, 1997
Memorar~ um
To :Planning Di ~ector
FRO~~~: Galen M. Kiiba, Chief
Engineerinc Division
suB~ecT: Change of ;:one Application (REZ 97-1)
SMA Applic 3tion (SMA 97-1)
Applicant: Gentry-Pacific, Ltd.
Location: K 3hua 1~' & 2n° and Waika, South Kohala, Fil
TMK: 5-9-0 I :Ot3
We have reviewed the subject application and offer the followinl~ comments:
Drainage
1. All development generated runoff shall be disposed of on site and shall not be
directed toward any adjacent properties. -
2. Applicant shall be it formed that if drywells are included in the subject improvements,
an Underground Injecl~on Control (UIC) permit must be applied 1`or from the Department
of Health, State of Hai iaii.
3. A drainage study sY ould be prepared and a drainage system should be installed
meeting with the apprc oval of DPW. Several gulches run through the area and two
major culverts cross wider Akoni Pule Highway draining onto th~~ property. We
recommend that a dra Wage study be performed to ensure adegcaate drainage
easements thru the pn~posed subdivision. The FEMA map shows a portion of this
parcel to lie within the "VE" flood zone. All construction plans must clearly delineate
the limits of the flood ~ one.
4. All grading and grul gybing activities shall comply with Chapter 10 of the Hawaii County
Code.
EXHIBIT
.
Memo to Planning Director
March 6, 1997
Page 2
Solid Waste
5. The developer shall prepare a solid waste management plan for the development
which is to be adminis ered by the Association of Homeowners or by the developer if no
association is establis ied.
Roadways
6. Roadway connectio ~s to the adjoining parcels should be provided meeting with the
approval of DPW. Th<:se roads should be open to public traffic. at is DPW policy on
large subdivisions to r;commend that functioning interconnections be made to
adjoining parcels.
7. All roadways within the proposed development should follow +:he guidelines
incorporated in the FlaNaii Statewide Uniform Design Manual for Streets and Highway
and A Policy on Geometric pesign of Highways and Streets by the American
Association of State H ghway and Transportation Officials. These roadways should
also meet the requirements of DPW. Curb, gutter, and sidewalks should be required in
areas of pedestrian tre ffic.
8. We defer to DOT cc ncerning improvements within the Akoni Pule right-of-way.
If you have any questi ms please contact Thomas Pack in the Engineering Division
Kona office at 327-35; 0.
TWP:sIs
cc: Engineering -Hilo
Engineering - Kon 3
Planning -Kona ~ ,
QI MII~y '
4~ i
I1` 11
.`r`~~a~ DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY • COUNTY OF HAWAII
a
~~"~w~l` 25 AUPU NI STREET HILO. HAWAII 96720
TELEPHONE 18081969~ia21 FAX 160819696996
February 6, 1997 D
T
T0: Planning Department
- -o
FROM: Milton D. Pavao, Manager ~
SUBJECT: SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION N0. 97-001 i
CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION N0. 97-001
APPLICANT - GENTRY-PACIFIC, LTD.
TAX MAP KEY 5-9-001:008
We have reviewed the subject applications for the proposed subdivision. The water
system in the area is privately owned and operated.
Pursuant to Section 23-84 of the Hawaii County Code regulating subdivisions, the
following minimum requirements must be complied with for subdivision approval:
1. Provide a water system designed to deliver water at adequate pressure and
volume under-peak and fire-flow conditions, in accordance with the Water System
Standards, State of Hawaii, and the Rules and Regulations of the Department of
Water Supply. The water system shall include, but not be limited to, the
installation of the necessary distribution pipeline, fire hydrants, and service
laterals.
2. Submit construction plans for our review and approval.
3. Pay a fee of four-tenths of one percent of the estimated cost for the
construction of the water system, but not less than $25.00 to cover the cost
for plan review, testing, and inspection.
Should there be any questions, the applicant can contact our Water Resources and
a Wing Branch at 961-8660.
ton D Pavao. P.E.
EXHIBI`C
WA:gms
copy - Gentry-Pacific, Ltd. ~ ~ /
Mr. Sidney M. Fuke 1/Vafer brincj~ ~ro~redd...
APPLICATION FOR
CHANGE OF ZONE (A-Sa to RS-15)
and
SMA USE PERMIT
WAIKA VILLAGE SUBDIVISION
BY GENTRY PACIFIC, LTD.
NORTH KOHALA, HAWAII
TAX MAP KEY: 3/5-9-1: OS
n _3~C1 Cci,
A??LIGATION FOR C9ANGE OF DONE
COUNTY OF 3AWAII
?CANNING DE?ART"!DNT
??LICANT: Gentry-Pacific, Ltd.
A??LiCANT_' S SIGNATURE: See attached letter of authorization DAT°: 1/23/97
ADDRESS: P. 0. Box 295
Honolulu, HI 96809
..IST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NCT OWNER
LIST ?RINCI?AC(S) INCLUDING NA:?ES OF ;?AIN OFFICERS
Norman Gentry, President
Joseph Fadrowsky, III, Vice-President
TELEPHONE-3USi;1E55: (808) 599-8386 RESIDENCE°:
Ag-5a (formerly Unplanned) 0 RS-15
REQUEST: T
(Existing zoninc) (?roposed zon.nc~
TAX C1AP REY: 3/5-9-1: 08
AREA OF ?ROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREA(S) TO BE REZONED: 37.880 acres
LANDOWNER(S): same
see attached letter of authorization
OWNER'S SIGNATURE DA'Pc: 1/23/97
Sidney M. Fuke(`~ay oe by letter)
AGENT:
100 Pauahi Street, Suite 212
ADDRESS:
Hilo, HI 720
TELEPHONE-BUSINESS: 969-1522 RESIDENCE:
?lease indicate to whom original tort°spondence and copies should be ,
sent. ORIGINAL Sidney Fuke COPIES Joseph Fadrowsky, III
SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT PETITION
COUNTY OF HAWAII
PLANNING DEPARTMENT - PLANNING CC~IMISSION
PETITIONER: Gentry-Pacific, Ltd.
PETITIONER'S SIGNATURE• See attached letter of authorization
PETITIONER'S INTEREST, IF NOT OWNER:
ADDRESS• P• 0. Box 295 Honolulu, HI 96809
TELEPHONE: (808) 599-8306
usiness ame
OWNER: Same
OWNER'S SIGNATURE• See attached letter of authorization
TAX MAP KEY: 3/5-9-1: 08
NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT: 50-lot single-family residential subdivision and
related improvements
TOTAL COST/FAIR MARKET VALUE: $4 million DATE OF PETITION: 1/23/97
THE PETITIONER SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR FILING THE FOLLOWING WITH THE DEPARTMENT:
A. Fifteen (15) copies of the completed petition including the following:
1. A written description of the proposed project and a statement of
objectives.
2. A written description of the anticipated impacts of the proposed project
on the SMA including but not limited to:
a. Description of environmental setting;
b. The relationship of the proposed action to the County General Plan,
Zoning and Subdivision Codes and other applicable ordinances;
c. The probable impact of the proposed action on the environment;
d. Any probable adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided;
e. Alternatives to the proposed action;
f. Mitigating measures proposed to minimize impact; and
g. Any irreversible and irretrievable commitment of resources.
3. A written statement discussing the proposed development in relation to the
objectives and policies as provided by Chapter 205A, HRS, and the Special
Management Area guidelines.
4. A plot plan of the property, drawn to scale, with all proposed and
existing structures and other pertinent information shown thereon.
5. Any other plans or information required by the Director.
8. In the case of a petitioner whose proposed development has been assessed, 15
copies of the Director's Determination and any information as to the areas of
critical concern as delineated by the Director.
(See Instructions in Back)
THL= ~;cNTRY CONIPAI~JIL-.,
January 20, 1997
County of Hawaii
Hilo, Hawaii
To Whom It May Concern.
GENTRY-PACIFIC, LTD., a Hawaii corporation, is the owner of record of that certain
parcel of land identified as Lot 10, Map 5, Land Court Consolidation 177, consisting of
37.880 acres, being the same land identified on the tax maps of the State of Hawaii as
3/5-9-1:8 ("Property"). As such owner, Gentry-Pacific, Ltd. hereby authorizes Sidney
Fuke to prepare and file the necessary documentation to implement a change of zoning and
obtain a Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit in connection with the proposed
development of the Property as a 50-unit single-family residential subdivision.
Very truly yours,
GENTRY-PACIFIC, LTD.
A. adrowsky, III
Vice President
N:cn:Kahua
ATTACHMENT
Residential Rezoning
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
COLWTY OF HAWAII
APPLICATION FOR CHANGE OF ZONE
1. If your request is approved, do you intend to subdivide
the subject land in accordance with the approved change
of zone? yes
If yes, please answer the rest of question 1 and then to
question 3.
a. How many acres of the requested area do you intenc to
subdivide? all
b. Into what lot sizes? 15,000 to 1+ acre
c. If your request is approved, approximately how long
after the date of approval do you expect to submit
your subdivision plans to the Planning Department immediately
for preliminary approval?
d. Do you intend to build houses on the newly created
lots? no, although there may
be a chance that a few model hrfines will be built.
If yes, please answer the following questions:
On how many of those lots?
At what approximate price range? House .
Lots
Total
Approximately how long, after approval of
the subdivision, would the first house be
available for occupancy? -
If you intend to subdivide, please submit a
preliminary schematic subdivision plan together
with your change of zone application form.
2. If you have no firm plans or' subdividing the subject area,
do you intend to:
a. Sell or lease the land to someone who has firm
plans?
b. Sell or lease the land to someone who has tentative
plans?
c. Sell or lease the land to someone who has no plans?
d. Keep it?
e. Other (please state)
f. If you intend to do either a, b, or c, please elaborate
on the kind of plans the other party has. Please, also,
include in your answer approximately how soon after
approval of your rezoning do you expect to transfer the
subject land to another party.
3. Do you think that your request and your further plans
for the land will alleviate the local housing situation? Yes
How? By providing additional houselots, the project could possibly
make other lots/homes available within the region.
4. Are there any buildings on the subject area? no
If so, what kind?
what do you intend to do with those buildings if your
request is approved? -
-2-
5. Is the subject land currently being used for any
agricultural activitity? no
If so, please list the kinds of products grown and on
how many square feet or acres of lanc per product.
6. To your knowledge, has there been any flooding and/or
drainage problem on the subject area? no
If so, please describe the problem.
However, as there are gullies that dissect
the site, portions of the site have served
as "pass-through" drainage systems for water
coming from the mauka areas.
7. Do ycu think that the roads leading to the subject area
needs improvement? no
If so, what kind? Should a channelized intersection be required
by the State or County, then said improvements
will be made by the applicant.
Is the road adequate for the proposed traffic volume
or load? yes
8. What sort of governmental assistance and/or improvements
do you feel will be needed in the subject area when
developed?
Yes No
x
a. Schools
x
b. Roads
x
c. Sewer
x
d. Drainage
x
e. Police Protection
-3-
Yes No
f. Fire Protection x
g. Recreational Facilities x
x
h. Public Utilities
i. Other
For those chec4ced ~~yes,~~ please elaborate what type or kinds of
improvements and/or assistance are needed.
Signature: See attached letter
Address: P•0.-Box 295 Honolulu, HI 96809
Telephone: (808) 599-8386
1/23/97
Date:
-4-
6337A/SOA
P.D. 5/84
COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
Chapter 25, 2--12 (a) (5), Hawaii County Code
For the
WAIKA VILLAGE SUBDIVISION
BY GENTRY PACIFIC, LTD.
NORTH KOHALA, HAWAII
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Application for Change of Zone (A-Sa to RS-15) &i SMA Use Permit
Waika Village Subdivision by Gentry Pacific, Ltd., North Kohala, Hawaii
Tae Map Key: 3/5-9-1: OS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chanter Paee
1.1 SUMMARY 1
1.1 Applicant and Approving Agency 1
1.1.1 Applicant 1
1.1.2 Approving Agency 1
l .2 Location and Ownership 1
1.3 Project Description 2
1.3.1 Concept Plan 2
1.3.2 Proposed Timetable and Cost 3
1.4 Environmental Setting 3
1.4.1 Climate 3
1.4.2 Topography and Soils 3
1.4.3 Natural Hazards 4
1.4.4 Flora/Fauna 4
1.4.5 Archaeological Resources 4
1.4.6 Water Resources 5
1.4.7 Noise 5
1.4.8 Socio-economic Characteristics 5
1.4.9 Infrastructure and Public Facilities 5
1.5 Impacts and Mitigation 5
1.5.1 Visual Impact 6
1.5.2 Potable Water Impact 6
1.5.3 Coastal Water Impact 6
1.5.4 Archaeological Impact 7
1.5.5 Ocean Recreational Impact 7
1.5.6 Public Services Impact 7
1.5.7 Air Quality Impact 8
1.6 Alternatives Considered 8
1.6.1 No Project 8
1.6.2 Higher Density 8
1.6.3 Lower Density 8
1.7 Relationship to Land Use Plans, Policies, and Controls 9
1.8 Unresolved Issues 9
2. INTRODUCTION 10
2.1 Applicant ...................................................................................................10
2.2 Purpose of This Document .........................................................................10
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION 1 I
3. l Location and Ownership 1 1
3.2 Existing and Surrounding Uses I1
3.3 Project Description 11
3.3.1 Concept Plan I l
3.3.2 Coastal Public Access 13
3.3.3 Timetable and Cost 13
4. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING, IMPACTS, & MITIGATION MEASURES 14
4. I Physical Characteristics 14
4.1.1 Climate 14
4.1.2 Topography ] 4
4.1.3 Soils l5
4.1.4 Natural Hazards 15
4.1.5 Hydrology 16
4.1.6 Noise 19
4.1.7 Air Quality 21
4.1.8 Visual Impacts & Open Space 22
4.1.9 Historic & Archaeological Resources 23
4.1.10 Flora ZS
4.1.11 Fauna 26
4.1.12 Coastal Zone 27
4.1.13 Resources Subzone 29
4.2 Socio-Economic Chazacteristics 29
4.2.1 Population and Housing 29
4.2.2 Economic 30
4.3 Public Facilities, Utilities, and Services 31
4.3.1 Transportation 3 l
4.3.2 Water System 32
4.3.3 Wastewater 33
4.3.4 Drainage 34
4.3.5 Solid Waste Disposal 35
4.3.6 Schools 35
4.3.7 Coastal Recreational Use 36
4.3.8 Police Services 36
4.3.9 Fire Protection 37
4.3.10 Electrical & Telephone 37
4.4. Health Care Facilities 38
5. RELATIONSHIP TO PLANS, POLICIES, AND CONTROLS 39
5.1 State Land Use Law 39
5.2 Hawaii State Plan 39
5.3 Hawaii County General Plan 40
5.3.1 LUPAG Map 40
5.3.2 Functional Elements 40
5.4 Draft Northwest Hawaii Open Space & Community Development Plan 42
5.5 Zoning and Subdivision 42
5.6 Special Management Area (SMA) 42
5.7 Land Disturbance Permits 44
6. DESCRIPTION OF ANY KNOWN ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROJECT 45
6.1 No Project 45
6.2 Maximum Residential Build Out 45
6.3 Retreat Resort and Residential Development 45
6.4 Proposed Use 46
7. IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE ANALYSIS 47
7.1 Relationship Between Short-Term Uses and Maintenance of
Long-Term Productivity 47
7.2 Relationship of the project to the foreclosure of future options, narrowing
the range of beneficial uses of the environment, or posing long-term risks
to health and safety 47
7.3 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources 48
7.4 Unavoidable Adverse Impacts 48
8. UNRESOLVED ISSUES 49
LIST OF FIGURES
FiQUre No. Page
l Location Map 11 a
2 Waika Village Concept Plan 12a
3 State Land District Boundary Map 39a
APPENDICES
A Marine Environmental [mpacts Study by Dr. David A. Zieman, OI Consultants, [nc.
B Assessment of the Potential Impact of Fertilizers and Pesticides by Charles Murdock
and Richard Green
C Acoustic Study by Y. Ebisu & Associates
D Air Quality Study by B.D. Neal & Associates
E Archaeological Inventory Study by Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc.
E- I State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources to Dr. Paul Rosendahl,
Third Revised Draft Report (PHRI MS. 1024-04195): "Archaeological Inventory
Survey Kahua Makai/Kahua Shores Coastal Parcels," July 5, 1996
F Botanical Study by Winona P. Char
G Survey of the Avifauna and Feral Mammals by Dr. Phillip L. Bruner
H Traffic Impact Assessment Report by M&E Pacific, inc.
1 Preliminary Engineering Report by M&E Pacific, Inc.
J Water Agreement
J-1 Letter from Albert H. Ogawa for Ashford & Wriston, Attorneys at Law, To Robert
Strand, Carlsmith Murray Case & Ichiki, Re: Agreement to Allocate Water,
February 28, 1994
COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
WAIKA VILLAGE
NORTH KOHALA, HAWAII
TMK: 3/5-9-1: 08
1. SUMMARY
1.1. Applicant and Approving Agency
1.1.1. Applicant
Gentry Pacific, Ltd ("GP"), a Hawaii limited partnership, proposes
to develop a 50 lot residential subdivision. This County Environmental
Report (CER) is being prepazed pursuant to the Hawaii County Zoning Code
Chapter 25, 2-42(a)(5) as part of the submittal requirement for an applicant-
initiated change of zone request. In this case, the applicant is requesting a
change of zone fora 38.88 acre property from Agriculture (A-Sa) to Single-
family Residential (RS-15). It should be noted that the zoning designation of
the subject parcel, prior to adoption of the new Zoning Code, was Unplanned
(U).
This report is also being used to support the requirements for a Special
Management Area Use Permit for this project. It is the intent of the applicant
to have both applications (SMA and Rezoning) be reviewed concurrently by
the appropriate decision-making bodies.
1.1.2. Approving Agency
Since the County of Hawaii Planning Depaztment reviews and makes
recommendations on applications for change of zone, said Department would
review this CER as to its acceptability. It should be noted, however, that the
Planning Commission reviews and decides on the SMA application, while
the County Council (after the review of the Planning Commission) is the
final authority on the rezoning request.
1.2. Location and Ownership
The project site is located northwest of the South Kohala District boundaries
in the ahupua' a of Kahua 1. The ahupua' a of Kahua 2 is located
immediately to its east (Kawaihae-side), followed by the ahupua'a of Waika.
1
More specifically, the subject site is located makai or seaward of the Akoni
Pule Highway (aka Mahukona-Kawaihae Highway, Rt. 270), directly across
of the Kohala Ranch entrance. There are two other entrances south of the
subject property serving the Kohala Estates and Kohala By The Sea
subdivisions.
It is approximately 3 miles northwest of Kawaihae. The 38.88 acre site is
identified by TMK: 3/5-9-01: 8.
The subject parcel is owned in fee by the applicant.
1.3. Project Description
1.3.1. Concept Plan
The applicant originally explored the possibility of developing the subject
and an adjoining property consisting of a total of 102+ acres into either a
206+ lot residential subdivision or a retreat resort complex. The subdivision
would have consisted of 10,000 to 15,000 square foot lots. The retreat resort
would have consisted of, among other uses, 401odging units housed in a
number of detached structures; a cultural center; and 165+ single-family
residential lots. A General Plan Amendment for a retreat resort was
requested in November 1994. Pursuant to said request, an EIS Preparation
Notice was filed and subsequently published in the OEQC's Bulletin on
December 8, 1994.
Technical studies to address public and agency comments were then
prepared, and work toward the development of a Draft EIS had begun. Most
of these studies were used in the preparation of this CER, as they were either
environmental baseline studies (such as flora, fauna, coastal resources, and
the like) or discussed impacts (particularly infrastructural)that represented
"worst case" scenarios when comparing the proposed projects with either of
the two earlier land use concepts (full build out residential or retreat
resort/residential).
Due to a number of considerations, the applicant decided to scale down the
proposed plan both in terms of land area and density and proceed with an
application that does not require a General Plan amendment.
The applicant now wishes to develop a SO lot residential subdivision. The
lots would vary in size between 15,000 square feet to 1+ acre. Each lot
would be configured in a manner so as to take advantage of the natural
terrain of the site. Rather than grading the entire site and reshaping the
existing terrain, every reasonable construction effort would be made to make
2
the project comform to the natural environment. That design principle
accounts for the lot size vaziation.
These lots would be sold in fee. While the applicant may construct a few
model homes, this project is not intended to be a house/lot package one.
There will also be design and other related restrictive covenants, including a
"no ohana" provision.
All interior roads would be constructed in a manner meeting with the
requirements of the County of Hawaii. To retain the Waal chazacter of the
area, no conventional, "urban-type" of curb, gutter and sidewalk is planned.
The roads will nonetheless be designed and constructed in a manner to
address drainage concerns. The roads are not intended to be dedicated to the
County.
Plans also call for a landscaped entry with a security gate that may or may not
be manned.
Provisions fora 10-foot wide public access to and along the shoreline will
also be made. Tentative plans call fora 4-stall public parking azea at the
south end of the property. There will also be lateral access along the length
of the subject parcel. For the most part, it will be a natural pathway. For
safety reasons, other type of improvements may be made in certain azeas
along the pathway. This 10-foot wide lateral access would begin from the
certified shoreline.
1.3.2. Proposed Timetable and Cost
The applicant intends to begin construction of the project immediately upon
securing all necessary County approvals, particularly Zoning, SMA, and
Subdivision. Hopefully, this would occur before mid-1998.
The estimated construction cost in 1996 dollars for the project is $4 million.
1.4. Environmental Setting
1.4.1. Climate
The elevation of the site varies from sea level to a maximum of 150 feet.
The mean annual rainfall is approximately 10 inches. The temperature in the
Kohala area averages c.78 degrees. Northeasterly trades prevail in the area.
1.4.2. Topography and Soils
3
The topography of the site is moderately sloping in the mauka-makai
direction (19% slope maximum, 12% minimum overall), with much steeper
slopes over short distances along the sides of gulches. A number of
drainageways, some of which are stream beds for intermittent streams,
dissect the properly between the Highway and the coastline.
The Kawaihae (KOC) soil in the azea is very rocky, very fine, sandy loam.
This soil is very well-drained and extremely stony. Formed in volcanic ash, it
has a thick surface layer of fine sandy loam over silt loam. It is underlain by
Pahoehoe lava, which is exposed in many areas. The organic carbon content
is generally very low, about 0.5 percent, and is quite uniform in depth.
Permeability is moderate and runoff is medium. The erosion hazard is
moderate. Some azeas are severely eroded with sparse vegetation and many
small gullies.
Due to the shallow, rocky soils and arid climate, the soils are suitable mainly
for pasture, recreation areas, homesites but not intensive agricultural
activities.
1.4.3. Natural Hazards
The site is not in any natural hazard zone. The Flood Insurance Rate Map
(FIRM) designates the site in Zone VE along the coastal area. This zone
requires structures to be built at certain base elevation. The balance of the
site is designated Zone X (azea to be determined outside of the 500-year
flood plain).
According to the Civil Defense Tsunami Evacuation Zone maps, the site falls
within the evacuation azea. It is also in lava flow hazard zone 8, on a scale of
1- 9, with 1 being most hazardous.
1.4.4. Flora/Fauna
Based on floral and fauna studies conducted of the site, the site does not
appear to contain any endangered or threatened plant or animal life.
1.4.5. Archaeological Resources
An archaeological study was conducted of the subject and an adjoining
property to the south. A number of prehistoric and historic sites were found
in the surveyed area. Appropriate mitigation plan will be developed for the
4
review and approval of the State and County; and its implementation should
mitigate impacts to the archaeological resources of the site.
1.4.6. Water Resources
There are stream beds that dissect the site. These stream beds are usually dry
and serve more as drainage systems for properties located mauka of the site.
Although some of these stream beds may be altered within the site to
accommodate on-site drainage and related infrastructure improvements,
their entry and exit points will not be altered.
1.4.7. Noise
Because of the site's proximity to the Akoni Pule Highway, the ambient
traffic noise level is projected to be 65 Ldn by the year 2008 at a distance of
102 feet from the centerline. This could be mitigated through landscaping.
Construction noise will be temporary.
1.4.8. Socio-economic Characteristics
There are agricultural and residential-agricultural subdivisions in the
immediate vicinity. Many of these function as estate type of subdivisions.
Additionally, there is a residential subdivision (Department of Hawaiian
Homes and Land) located towards the Kawaihae side of the site,
approximately two miles away. A SMA Use Permit fox a 50- lot residential
lot subdivision was also recently approved between the subject site and the
DHHL residential subdivision. There is a 1-acre subdivision south of the
site; there are other estate-type of subdivisions located generally mauka of
the site and the Highway.
1.4.9. Infrastructure and Public Facilities
The Akoni Pule Highway is a State-owned, two-lane road. Its posted speed
limit in this area is 55 miles per hour, and there are no signal lights along this
Highway.
Water will be provided from a private source, the Kohala Ranch Water
Company.
1.5 Impacts and Mitigation
5
The following is a summary of the more significant impacts and proposed
mitigations. A more detailed description of the following plus additional
impacts resulting from the project and their proposed mitigations are
discussed in other sections of this report.
1.5.1. Visual Impact
Impact: The proposed development is located makai of the Kawaihae-
Mahukona Highway. As such, it will affect existing "open space" makai
vistas.
Mitigative Measure: To mitigate visual impacts, the project will not have a
density of what could legally be considered on the General Plan Land Use
Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) map. The LUPAG map denotes the azea
"Low Density," a designation that readily allows up to four (4) units per acre.
Based on 38+ acres, the zoning or density potential could be 150+ lots. The
applicant is proposing 1/3 of that or SO lots.
Further, the lots will vary in size to allow for structures to be sited in a
manner that minimize visual impacts from the Highway. Further, design
covenants (such as a prohibition against ohana unit) to achieve that objective
aze also intended to be developed. Finally, landscaping along the Highway
and within the project should help mitigate an excessively developed
environment of the site.
1.5.2. Potable Water Impact
Impact: The proposed project will increase demands on potable water.
Mitigative Measures: The appropriate water commitment from the Kohala
Ranch Water Company has been secured.
1.5.3. Coastal Water Impact
Impact: The project will result in changes to the runoff quality and quantity
which impact the coastal water.
Mitigative Measures: The absence of significant runoff most of the yeaz and
dynamic mixing of turbulent shoreline water by wave action should minimize
any adverse effect of chemical use on the project if adequate care is taken in
the landscaping and attendant fertilizer and pesticide practices. The section
fi
on coastal water impact contains a listing of recommended landscaping and
irrigation practices.
Based on studies conducted, the project is not expected to negatively impact
the coastal waters.
1.5.4. Archaeological Impact
Impact: Burial sites and other archaeological features have been identified
on the property.
Mitigative Measures: A mitigation plan, which may also include a burial
mitigation plan, will be prepazed and submitted for the review and approval
of appropriate State and/or County agencies. When implemented, the
impacts should be sufficiently addressed.
Further, during the course of construction, should unanticipated finds be
discovered, work in the affected area will cease pending clearances from the
appropriate State and/or County agencies.
1.5.5. Ocean Recreational Impact
Impact: The project will interfere with or eliminate public access to the
shoreline.
Mitigative Measures: Although there has been some infrequent and non-
sanctioned (by the applicant) use of the project site to get to the shoreline in
the past, no access was ever formalized or legitimized. The applicant intends
to provide a mauka-makai, as well as a lateral shoreline access for the
public. Four parking stalls would also be provided.
1.5.6. Public Services Impact
Impact: The project will create an increase in the need for public services,
including police and fire protection,
Mitigative Measures: Because of the size of the project and its orientation to
the second home market, impacts to schools should not be great. The
applicant is willing to participate with other area organizations/communities
in this azea to help establish a volunteer fire station in this area. Further, the
County has required impact fees to help address some of these impacts in
conjunction with the rezoning process.
7
1.5.7. Air Quality Impact
Impact: Development of the property will result in increased air quality
impacts, particularly dwing construction.
Mitigative Measwes: An effective dust control plan will be implemented to
ensure compliance with State regulations. Dust control measwes may
include watering of active work azeas, use of wind screens, covering open-
bodied trucks, and the like. Other dust control measwes could include
limiting the area that can be distwbed at any given point in time and use of
mulching or chemically stabilizing an area.
1.6. Alternatives Considered
The following alternatives were considered:
1.6.1. No Project
The site would continue to sit undeveloped. By being undeveloped, it would
not help implement the objectives of the existing General Plan LUPAG map
designation of Low Density. It would also not help address coastal houselot
demands in the region.
1.6.2. Higher Density
Developing the property to its maximum density, as may be considered by
the General Plan LUPAG map, may diminish the amactiveness of the project,
affect view planes, and generate more environmental and community
concerns.
As noted earlier, there were also plans fora 206+ residential lot subdivision
covering 102+ acres of land, as well as a 40-unit retreat resort with 165
houselots. These were concept plans that the applicant either withdrew or
dismissed and instead elected to pursue this smaller project, both in terms of
land azea and density.
1.6.3. Lower Density
Developing the property based on its existing 5-acre zoning would make the
project economically unfeasible, given the infrastructure requirements.
R
As such, the applicant has concluded that the requested 50-lot subdivision
provides a reasonable balance of mazketing, financing, environmental, and
public concerns.
1.7. Relationship to Land Use Plans, Policies, and Controls
State Land Use Classification: Urban
County General Plan: Low Density Residential
County Zoning: Agricultwal (A-Sa) -previously
Unplanned
Special Management Area (SMA): Yes
Draft NW Hawaii Open Space
Plan: Low Density
Other Permits: Other permits include subdivision,
NPDES, archaeological mitigation and
disintemment plan, and other related
1.8. Unresolved Issues
This CER attempts to identify all potential substantive impacts and identify
adequate mitigative measwes for the proposed project. To the extent
possible at this level of investigation, the specific impacts and their proposed
mitigations are identified. However, because plans aze only conceptual at
this stage of the permitting process, likewise their perceived impacts and
proposed mitigations can only be conceptual. The more detailed analyses
and/or requirements will be done in conjunction with the subsequent
permitting stages of this project.
In summary, the applicant will have to obtain all necessary permits and
approvals prior to construction. Unresolved issues will be evaluated at that
time and appropriate mitigative conditions will be imposed to asswe
adequate protection of the County's interest.
9
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1. Applicant
The applicant, Gentry Pacific, Ltd., a Hawaii limited partnership, proposes to
develop a 50-lot residential subdivision. The applicant has developed a
number of commercial, industrial, and residential projects in the State of
Hawaii, particularly on the island of Oahu. Its mailing address is P.O. Box
295, Honolulu, Hawaii 96809.
2.2. Purpose of This Document
This County Environmental Report (CER) is being prepared pursuant to the
Hawaii County Zoning Code, Chapter 25, Section 2-42 (a)(5), as part of the
submittal requirement for anapplicant-initiated change of zone application.
The County Planning Department who receives and processes the application
in behalf of the Planning Commission, reviews the CER and the rest of the
application as to its completeness and acceptability.
It should also be noted that this CER is being used to support the
informational requirements for a Special Management Area (SMA) use
permit application for this project. That application is being requested to be
processed concurrently with the rezoning application.
The decision-maker for the SMA application is the County Planning
Commission. The County Council reviews and decides on the rezoning
application, upon receipt of the County Planning Commission's
recommendation.
10
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION
3.1. Location and Ownership
The subject property is located in the ahupua' a of Kahua 1, North Kohala,
generally northeast of the South Kohala District boundary (Figure 1). The
ahupua a of Kahua 2 is located adjacent and to the southeast of the subject
property, followed by the ahupua' a of Waika. More specifically, the property
is located makai or seaward of the Akoni Pule Highway (aka Mahukona-
Kawaihae Highway, Route 270), directly across of the north entrance to the
Kohala Ranch and Kohala Estates projects. It is approximately 3 miles
northwest of Kawaihae. The 33.88 acre site is identified by TMK: 3/5-9-1:
08.
The subject property is owned in fee by the applicant.
3.2. Existing and Surrounding Uses
The subject site is curently vacant of any structures. There is no agricultural
activity being conducted on the site.
The property to its northwest is owned by the State of Hawaii and is presently
vacant. The property to its southeast is privately-owned. Beyond the
privately-owned pazcel, there is amultiple-family zoned parcel that was
recently granted a SMA Use Permit (Kohala Waterfront Joint Venture) for
the construction of a 50-lot single-family residential lot subdivision on 38
acres of land (see Figure 1).
The Kohala by the Sea Subdivision consisting of 1-acre lots is located mauka
of the Akoni Pule Highway, approximately 1/4 mile away. The Kohala
Estates Subdivision and Kohala Ranch Subdivision consisting of 5+ acre lots
are located across of the subject pazcel.
3.3. Project Description
3.3.1. Concept Plan
The applicant originally explored the possibility of developing the subject
and an an adjoining property consisting of a total of 102+ acres into either a
206+ lot residential subdivision or a retreat resort complex. The retreat
resort would have consisted of, among other uses, 401odging units housed in
a number of detached structures, a cultural center, and 165+ single-family
residential lots. A General Plan amendment for a retreat resort was requested
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lla Location Map
in November 1994. Pursuant to said request, an EIS Preparation Notice was
filed and subsequently published in the OEQC's Bulletin on December 8,
1994.
Technical studies to address the project's impacts as well as public and
agency comments received during the EIS Preparation Notice process were
prepared. Work on a Draft EIS also started. Many of those studies were used
in the prepazation of this CER, as they were either environmental baseline
studies (as in the case with flora, fauna, coastal resources, and the like) or
discussed impacts that would have represented "worst case" scenarios when
comparing the proposed project with either of the two other concept land use
scenarios (full residential build out or retreat resordresidential).
Due to a number of considerations, the applicant decided to scale down the
proposed plan both in terms of land area (102+ acres to 38+ acres) and
density (206+ units to 50 units). The application now does not require any
amendment to the General Plan.
The applicant's proposed plan now calls fora 50-lot residential subdivision
(Figure 2). The lots would vary in size between 15,000 squaze feet to 1+
acre. Each lot would be configured and situated in a manner so as to take
advantage of the natural terrain of the site. Rather than grading the entire site
and reshaping the existing contour, every reasonable construction effort
would be made to make the lots comform to the natural environment. That
design principle accounts for the lot size variation.
These lots would be sold in fee. While the applicant may decide to construct
a few model homes, the project is intended to be a lot sales and not house/lot
package one. There will also be design and other related restrictive
covenants, such as a "no ohana" provision. Other possible covenants include
size, location of building pads, colors, material, and so forth to minimize
mauka/makai visual impacts as well as view planes of homes within the
project site. There may even be a committe selected in the beginning by the
developer to review building themes to ensure consistency with the rural
ambience of the area.
All interior roads would be constructed in a manner meeting with the
approval of the County Department of Public Works. To retain the rural
chazacter, no conventional "urban-type" of curb, gutter, and sidewalk system
is planned. Nonetheless, there will be appropriate drainage systems within
the road rights-of--way. These roads are not planned to be dedicated to the
County.
12
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There will also be a landscaped entry with a security gate or structure, which
may or may not be manned, at the project's entrance.
3.3.2. Coastal Public Access
A 10-foot wide mauka-maka public access is planned along the southern
portion of the subject property. This location was selected, as access along
the northern end is possible through the adjoining State-owned parcel. Four
(4) parking stalls would also be provided at the mauka end of the property,
adjacent to the Highway.
A 10-foot wide lateral access, beginning from the certified shoreline, would
also be provided along the length of the site.
To retain the azea's character, the applicant does not have plans to make
extensive improvements within the accessways. However, the applicant
would be willing to consider alternatives suggested by the County.
Appropriate signage, meeting with the requirements of the County, would
also be installed by the applicant.
Finally, these accesses are intended to be dedicated via an easement or
separate lot to either the State or County.
3.3.3. Timetable and Cost
The applicant would like to begin construction immediately upon securing all
necessary governmental approvals. This date tentatively is expected to be
mid-1998, with completion a yeaz later in mid-1999. The estimated
construction cost is $4 million in 1996 dollazs.
13
4. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING, IMPACTS, & MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1. Physical Characteristics
4.1.1. Climate
Bettina
The temperature in the Kohala azea averages 78 degrees Fahrenheit.
Northeasterly trades prevail in the area. The mean annual rainfall is
approximately 10 inches.
Impact and Mitigation Measures
The proposed project should not have a significant impact on the climate in
the area. As such, no mitigation measures aze necessary.
4.1.2. Topography
Settin¢
The elevation of the site vanes from sea level to a maximum of 150 feet.
The topography is chazacterized as moderately sloping in the mauka-makai
direction, with slopes ranging from 12% to 19% overall, with much steeper
slopes over short distances along the sides of gulches. The existing physical
environment of the project site is primarily vacant, coastal grass/kiawe scrub
land that provides limited habitat for exotic species.
Impact and Mitigation Measures
Topographic alteration will result from onsite grading to provide entry
roads, interior circulation roadways, drainage systems, and infrastructure
improvements.
Alteration of the area's topographic features will be minimized by taking
advantage of the area's natural terrain in the development of the site.
Further, all work will be done consistent with the regulations governing
grading.
14
4.1.3. Soils
Settine
Kawaihae is the only soil type found on the project site. The Kawaihae
Series (KOC) consists of somewhat excessively drained extremely stony
soils that formed in volcanic ash. These soils have a very thin surface of
fine sandy loam over silt loam and loam. They aze gently sloping to
moderately sloping soils on coastal plains at an elevation ranging from near
sea level to 1,500 feet. Permeability is moderate and runoffis medium.
The erosion hazard is moderate. Some azeas aze severely eroded with
spazse vegetation and many small gullies.
Due to the shallow, rocky soils and grid climate, the soils are suitable
for mainly pasture, recreational, homesites. It is not suitable for intensive
agricultural activities.
The site is not listed as being important on the State Department of
Agriculture's Agricultural Lands Of Importance (ALISH) map. The Land
Study Bureau Overall Productivity Rating System classifies this site as "E".
Impact and Mitigation Measures
From an agricultural resource perspective, the requested use of this site should
not generate significant adverse impacts. As permeability is moderate, there
should not be significant drainage impacts. Drainage systems meeting with the
County regulations will be designed. Further, the necessary NPDES permit
will be secured for all drywells.
4.1.4. Natural Hazards
Settine
Flood and Coastal Hazard. The Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM)
designates the site predominantly in Zone X, an area outside of the 500-year
flood plain. The azea immediately adjacent to the coastline, however, is
designated Zone VE-9. That designation "coastal flood with velocity hazard"
with a base elevation of 9 feet. The site is also within the Civil Defense
Tsunami Evacuation Zone.
Volcnnic and Earthquake Hazards. The United State Geological Survey
(USGS) classifies the azea as Lava Flow Hazard Zone 8, on a scale of
15
ascending risk 9 to I. The Building Code identifies the entire island of Hawaii
in Earthquake Zone 3 and contains certain structural requirements to address
the relative seismic hazards.
Impacts and Mitigation Measures
There could conceivably be impacts to structures built too close to the
shoreline, given the FIRM's VE designation. The other impacts, particulazly
earthquake, would be similar to any other developments on this island
All structures would be built at least 40 feet from the certified shoreline. This
would generally put the developed portion of the project outside of the VE-9
zone. Should any improvements be placed within the VE zone, they would
have to be elevated to a minimum of 9 feet and be subjected to County
structural and use requirements governing improvements within the VE zone.
Civil Defense sirens are audible from Kawaihae. Should a closer one be
needed, it would be possible to have one erected at the intersection of the
Kohala Ranch. The applicant could pay its fair share to have said system
installed.
The Building Code addresses requirements for potential earthquake hazards,
and they will be complied with by all homebuilders..
4.1.5. Hydrology
Settine
The hydrological features and characteristics of the site aze typical of the West
Hawaii and North Kohala region. The proposed project is located in the and
area of the State with a mean annual rainfall of approximately 10 inches per
year. Twenty percent of the annual average rainfall occurs during the month
of January. The evaporation rate for the azea is one the highest in the State.
Although there are no perennial streams or surface water features on the site,
seven major drainage ways carry a large volume of water from the mauka
(inland) watershed to the ocean during raze prolonged rainy periods. The
shoreline is rocky and exposed to the surf and wave action from the open
ocean.
The project area is within the Kohala Hydrographic area (Hawaii Water
Resources Regional Study Team, 1979). The groundwater aquifer beneath
the azea has not been well characterized, but it appears to be within a zone of
brackish basal water. The proximity of the site to the coast and the high
16
horizontal hydraulic conductivity of pahoehoe basalt aquifer suggest that any
fresh water lens would be shallow and subject to rapid mining with salt water
with any significant pumping.
At present, runoff from the site contains suspended sediments and dissolved
nutrients (nitrate, anunonium, and phosphate). The amount of sediment
entering the neazshore water is low due to the quantity of rainfall in the azea
and this results in the low levels of suspended particulate material and
turbidity measured in the neazshore waters off the project site. Water clarity
was found to be very good and the bottom was visible at water depths greater
than 40 feet.
Rainfall percolating into the soil mixes with the underlying groundwater lens
and concentrations of dissolved nutrients in the groundwater and inshore
marine waters generally reflect the naturally-occurring input of nutrients. The
water quality analysis conducted by OI Consultants, Inc. (see Appendix A)
found that "the geometric means for all samples for ammonium, nitrate and
nitrite, and total nitrogen exceeded the State of Hawaii water quality
standazds numerical criterion for `vet" open coastal waters. However, the
relationships between nitrate, silicate and salinity clearly show that this
condition is a consequence of the input of groundwater containing naturally
high levels of nutrients to the neazshore marine environment, rather than the
result of some terrestrial development activity."
Impact
Development of the proposed project will reduce the amount of exposed earth
and decrease the quantity of suspended sediment in the surface water runoff.
The quantity of dissolved nutrients will increase as a result of increased human
activity. Fertilizers will be applied to landscaped vegetation, and minor
amounts of petroleum products from automobiles will inevitably enter the
runoff. These contaminants would either enter the groundwater through
percolation or flow directly into the nearby ocean. The amount of nitrogen,
hydrocarbons, and petroleum products generated by the new residential
development would be compazable to or less than those generated in other
Hawaiian coastal residential developments. None of these developments have
shown or suggested to have caused any detectable environmental impact.
A study, conducted by Chazles L. Murdoch and Richazd E. Green (see
Appendix B), addressed the potential environmental impact of fertilizer and
pesticide application on one of the tentative plans for this azea, with a focus on
the quality of surface water and groundwater in the project's vicinity. For the
most part, the findings are applicable for this project. The study observed
17
that important considerations in evaluating the impact of chemical use aze: (1)
the low runoff anticipated for the area during most of the year, (2) the
relatively small amount of chemicals expected to be used in any given time
period, and (3) the extensive dilution of any runoff waters from the
development by the turbulent shoreline water. In view of these
considerations, the study concluded that there was no reason to expect any
significant adverse impact of chemicals on the quality of shoreline water. The
study also added that "Given the likely brackish condition of the groundwater
at the project location, there will be no significant negative impact on the
groundwater aquifer even if small quantities of chemicals are leached to the
water table. The groundwater dischazges into the ocean and will be
subsequently mixed with sea water, as is the case with runoff."
Mitiuation Measures
In spite of the anticipated insignificant impact to the groundwater and coastal
waters, the following precautionary measures could be taken. This is based
on the assumption that it is always best to use no more chemicals than aze
required for good plant nutrition and necessary pest control.
*Remove soil from building sites and move it to landscaped area which will be
planted with xerophytic groundcover or grass.
*Minimize areas planted with lawn grasses. Three hundred (300) square feet
per residence is suggested, in addition to public grassed areas.
*Plant turfgrasses, groundcovers, and other decorative plantings which are
drought and salt tolerant.
*Irrigation and applications of fertilizers and pesticides should be limited to
levels required to meet plant needs.
*The eaves of buildings should be guttered and downspouts directed away
from buildings to prevent excessive leaching where termiticides have been
applied near buildings.
The applicant is also willing to accept any requirements made by the
Department of Health related to water quality, as well as the recommendation
made by the Commission of Water Resource Management staffthat no
development take place in areas affecting highly erodable slopes which drain
into streams within or adjacent to the project.
18
4.1.6. Noise
Bettina
The major source of noise on the project site is the Akoni Pule Highway that
abuts the site to the east. A Noise Impact Analysis was conducted by Y.
Ebisu and Associates (Appendix C) to determine future traffic noise level
increases associated with both project and non-project traffic, and the
potential noise impacts associated with these increases. Again, it should be
noted that the "project" reference was to the retreat resort concept, a concept
that would have had more of an impact than the proposed 50-lot project.
For the purposes of determining noise acceptability for funding assistance
from federal agencies (FHA/HUD and VA), an exterior noise level of 65 Ldn
or lower is considered acceptable. This standard is applied nationally,
including Hawaii. Because of Hawaii's open-living conditions, the
predominant use of naturally ventilated dwellings, and the relatively low
exterior-to-interior sound attenuation afforded by these naturally ventilated
structures, an exterior noise level of 65 Ldn does not eliminate all risks of
noise impacts. Because of these factors, and as recommended by the
Environmental Protection Agency ("Information on Levels of Environmental
Noise Requisite'to Protect Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate
Mazgin of Safety," Mazch 1974), a lower level of 55 Ldn is considered as
"Unconditionally Acceptable" (or "Neaz-Zero Risk") level of exterior noise.
However, after considering the cost and feasibility of applying the lower level
of 55 Ldn, government agencies such as FHA/HUD and VA have selected 65
Ldn as a more appropriate regulatory standard.
Impacts
Existing traffic noise levels were measured at two locations within the project
site to provide a basis for describing the existing background ambient noise
levels and for developing the project's traffic noise contributions along Akoni
Pule Highway. The noise measurements were performed during the month of
January 1994.
Existing nose levels in the project environs are currently at 65 Day-Night
Average Sound Level (Ldn) at a distance of between 33 to 40 feet distance
from the centerline of the highway. Areas closer to the highway are classified
as "Significant Exposure, Normally Unacceptable," while areas further from
the highway have lower noise levels that aze acceptable for housing. Traffic
noise levels along the right-of--way of a roadway generally represent the worst
case (or highest) levels due to proximity to the noise source. Traffic noise
19
levels aze expected to increase significantly between 1994 and 2008 as a result
of traffic growth in the North Kohala azea. Noise levels are expected to
increase by approximately 4.4 and 5.4 Ldn by 2008 and the 65 Ldn noise
contour line is expected to extend from a maximum of 40 feet to 102 feet
from the highway centerline during this time.
Construction-related impacts will be unavoidable, but temporary noise impacts
will occur during construction of the proposed project. The total time period
for construction is unknown, but it is anticipated that the actual work will be
moving from one location on the project site to another during that period.
Adverse impacts from construction noise aze not expected to be in the "public
health and welfaze category due to the temporary nature of the work and due
to the administrative controls available for its regulation. Instead, these
impacts will probably be limited to the temporary degradation of the quality of
the acoustic environment in the immediate vicinity of the project site.
Mitigation Measures
Mitigation of construction noise to inaudible levels will not be practical in all
cases due to the intensity of construction noise sources (80 to 90+ dB at 50
feet distance), and due to the exterior nature of the work (grading and eazth
moving, trenching, concrete pouring, hammering, etc.). The use of properly
muffled construction equipment will be used on the job site. The
incorporation of construction noise limits and curfew periods as required on
Oahu can also help to mitigate construction noise.
Once the project is completed, project-related traffic is expected to add a
relatively small 0.6 to 0.7 Ldn to the increased level without the project.
However, the increased traffic noise attributable to non-project traffic is
expected to be significant, and range from 4.4 to 5.4 Ldn.
Setback distances of approximately 72 to 102 feet from the centerline of
Akoni Pule Highway will be required to meet FI 4/HUD noise standazds
under unobstructed line-of--sight conditions between the roadway and planned
residences of the project. Under conditions of noise shielding by terrain
features or man-made obstructions, setback distances required to meet the 65
Ldn standard would be significantly less, and would probably be less than 65
and 80 feet from the roadway centerline for single and two-story homes,
respectively.
Noise shielding measures such as a vegetative screen along the property line
fronting the Highway or other structural noise attenuating measures can be
implemented by the respective homeowners. Furthermore, since the site is
20
already below the highway, the sloping topography should help reduce the
amount of highway noise within the project site.
4.1.7. Air Quality
Settine
Although virtually no air quality monitoring data aze available from the State
Department of Health of the North Kohala azea, the results of an air quality
modeling study indicate that existing air quality at the project site currently
meets both state and national air quality standards. The Air Quality Study
conducted by B.D. Neal & Associates (Appendix D) found that air quality in
the vicinity of the project is mostly affected by emissions from natural,
industrial, agricultural, and/or vehicular sources. The dominant factor for the
past several years has been the volcanic haze (vog) from Kilauea Volcano
which eventually drifts into the Kona and Kohala areas from more than 60
miles away. Other natural sources of air pollution that may affect the air
quality of the site include the ocean, plants, and windblown dust. Some
particulate and hydrocarbon emissions presently occur from industries located
at Kawaihae Port while agriculture in the areas may also contribute relatively
minor amounts of fugitive dust to the atmosphere. Automotive emissions,
primarily nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, from motor vehicles passing
through the area on Akoni Pule Highway may reduce air quality.
Facts
Development of the proposed project will lead to some short-and long-term
impacts on air quality. Short-term impacts from fugitive dust will occur
during the construction phase. To a lesser extent, exhaust emissions from
stationary and mobile construction equipment, from the disruption of traffic,
and from workers' vehicles may also affect air quality during construction.
After construction, long-term impacts on air quality could potentially occur
indirectly as a result of emission emanating from vehicular traffic to and from
the development.
To assess the impact of emissions from these vehicles, an air quality modeling
study was undertaken to estimate current maximum ambient concentrations of
carbon monoxide along the roadway leading to and from the project area and
to predict levels of air pollution both with and without the proposed project.
Based on the modeling results, present worst-case carbon monoxide
concentrations were estimated to be relatively low in comparison to the state
and national ambient air quality standards. In the year 2008 without the
21
project, worst-case concentrations were predicted to remain well within even
more stringent state air quality standazds. In the year 2008 with the project,
maximum concentrations were predicted to be only slightly higher compazed
with the without-project scenario, and well within state and national
standards. Long-term, indirect impacts to air quality were not expected to be
significant.
Mitigation Measures
During construction of the project, an effective dust control plan will be
implemented to ensure compliance with state regulations. Dust control
measures may include watering of active work areas, use of wind screens,
keeping adjacent paved roads clean, and covering open-bodied trucks. Other
dust control measures could include limiting the area that can be disturbed at
any given time; mulching or stabilizing inactive areas that have been worked
on; and paving and landscaping of project areas early in the construction
schedule to the extent practicable. Exhaust emissions could be mitigated by
moving construction equipment and workers to and from the project site
during off-peak traffic hours.
With respect to air quality impacts due to emissions from project traffic, no
mitigation measures should be necessary other than the roadway
improvements recommended by the traffic consultant.
4.1.8. Visual Impacts/Open Space
Bettina
In its undeveloped state, the project site provides open space and coastal
viewplanes.
Impact and Mitigation Measures
Because the site is located makai of the highway, there will be some measure
of diminution of the open space and alteration of the existing coastal view
plane.
To mitigate concerns about overdevelopment of the coastal azea, the project
has been significantly scaled back. The project will not proceed with a density
that is currently recognized as being acceptable on the General Plan LUPAG
map. Thus, instead of a 150 unit project (based on 4/units per acre over 38
acres of land), the project will be only 50 lots.
22
Then, too, in the creation of the subdivision, every reasonable effort will be
made to lay the lots out in a manner to minimize visual obstruction from the
highway. At the same time, efforts will be taken to create building pads that
work their way into the natural contour rather than creating new elevation and
contours.
Further, there will be design guidelines to ensure that the project, when fully
developed, will only minimally affect coastal viewplanes. Covenants will be
developed to restrict structures to certain sizes, building pads, envelopes,
colors, materials, etc. to minimize mauka/makai view plan impacts from the
highway, as well as to minimize excessive alteration of the azea's natural
tercain. Relatedly, there will be a "no ohana" provision, making the site
limited to only 50 and not a mathematical 100 units.
It should also be noted that although there will be some measure of open
space impacts, the potential for retaining the regional vistas still exist.
Properties immediately north of the subject property are owned by the State.
As such, land uses of State-owned properties would tend to be non-structural.
4.1.9. Historic and Archaeological Resources
Bettina
An azchaeological inventory survey was conducted by Paul H. Rosendahl,
Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI) of the subject and the adjoining pazcel to the southeast.
The original survey report was revised pursuant to comments received from
the State Department of Land and Natural Resources, State Historic
Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD) and is attached as Appendix E.
Additional comments on this revised report were received from DLNR-SHPD
and aze found in Appendix E-1.
Notwithstanding the DLNR-SHPD's comments, the survey identified 68 sites
consisting of 177 discrete features within the two pazcels. It appeazs that
there are at least 40 sites on the subject pazcel.
Fifty two (52) of the 68 sites identified were assessed as significant solely for
information content. Of the 52 sites, 8 sites were deemed "no further work
required" while the other 44 required further data collection. Five (5) of the
remaining 16 sites were assessed as "significant for information content and as
provisionally significant for cultural value, pending further data collection."
Further data collection and provisional preservation "as is" aze recommended
and will be conducted. Four sites were assessed as significant for information
content and as excellent examples of site types, and for cultural value. These
23
R
sites aze recommended for further data collection followed by preservation
with interpretive development. The remaining site is assessed as significant
for information content and cultural value (Site 15261, trail). Normally, trails
require preservation; however, the integrity of site ] 5261 is poor, as the trail is
discontinuous and heavily eroded. No further work was recommended for the
trail.
Four sites have been identified as containing human burials (Site 2491, 4004,
4013, 16130). Five sites have been assessed as having possible burials (Sites
2493, 16126, 16127, 16136, 16162) and require further data collection.
Impact
There are numerous prehistoric and historic archaeological sites within the
subject and adjoining parcels, some of which may be culturally significant. In
addition, four sites have been identified as containing human burials and five
sites have been assessed as having possible burials.
Mitigation Measures
Upon acceptance of the survey report, the recommendations suggested by the
consultant, as may agreed to by the DLNR-SHPD, will be implemented.
These include conducting further data collection where recommended.
Further, as part of the review and approval process of this phase of the
archaeological work, the applicant or its consultant will confer with the
DLNR-SHPD, prepaze an information retrieval plan, obtain approval from
DLNR-SHPD, and conduct the information gathering activities recommended
in the Archaeological Inventory Survey.
Those sites which are recommended for preservation "as is" or with an
interpretive development will be incorporated into the project design. No
further work is recommended for the trail (Site 15261) since it is
discontinuous and heavily eroded.
If burials identified in the project area are not preserved "as is," they will be
mitigated in compliance with Chapter 338, Section 25-5, and Chapter 6ER,
Section 43, as amended, Hawaii Revised Statutes. A burial mitigation plan
will be prepazed in consultation with DLNR-SHPD. A search for lineal
descendants will be conducted, and if lineal descendants are found,
osteological analyses will be subject to their wishes. Further consultation with
local informants concerning the treatment of any burials which might be
recovered from within the project area would be carried out as part of the
mitigation plan.
24
In the event that archaeological sites aze uncovered during construction, work
will be halted and the DLNR-SHPD and County Planning Department will be
notified so that a determination as to the significance of the finds can be
evaluated. If a burial is disturbed, a disinterment Permit will be obtained from
the DOH, and the project proponent will comply with the terms of the permit.
These requirements would apply to both the applicant and individual
homebuilders.
4.1.10. Flora
Settine
A botanical study of the subject and adjoinng parcels was completed by Chaz
& Associates (See Appendia F). The excessively drained, extremely stony
soils support thick mats of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaria), 1 to 3 feet tall, in
most places. Scattered trees of kiawe (Prosopis pallida), 12 to 18 feet tall
occur throughout the grassland; tree cover is roughly 5 percent. However,
the kiawe trees become denser and form small stands in places along the coast
and in the shallow gulches which cross the property. Some of the trees along
the rocky coastal headlands have been cut back at one time, probably for
firewood, and have regrown and formed a dense thicket of branches.
A total of only 29 plant species were found during the field studies, a
complete listing of which is included in the botanica] study. Of the plant
species, 24 (83%) aze introduced or alien species, and 5 (17%) aze native. Of
the natives, 4 are indigenous and 1 is endemic. The native plants are as
follows: pili grass (Heteropogon contortus), pa'u o Hi'iaka (Jacquemontia
ovalifolia), `ilima (Sida fallax), alena (Boerhavia repens), and `uhaloa
(Walteria indica). None of the plants which were inventoried are listed as
threatened and endangered species by the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service (1989,
1990); nor are any proposed or candidate for such status (U. S. Fish &
Wildlife Service 1992, 1993). The native species can be found in similar
environmental habitats throughout the Hawaiian islands.
Fires occur occasionally on lands bordering the highway. Because of past
fires and the dense buffel grass cover, the vegetation is species poor in the
sense that there is not a large number of different kinds of plants. The dense
buffel grass cover tends to exclude most species.
25
R
Impact and Mitigation Measures
The proposed development of the site will not have a significant negative
impact on the botanical resources. The consultant states: "There are no
botanical reasons to impose any conditions, restrictions, or impediments to the
proposed use of the site. No recommendations are proposed at this time."
4.1.11. Fauna
Bettina
A bird and mammal field survey on the subject property site was conducted by
Phil Bruner (See Appendix G). Onsite fauna consists of introduced species
of birds and mammal pests. No endemic birds were recorded on the property,
although short-eared owl or Pueo (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) and the
endangered Hawaiian Hawk or `Io (Buteo solitarius) may on raze occasions be
seen in this azea.
Three Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva) were recorded during the survey.
Although none were observed during the survey, the Ruddy Turnstone
(Arenazia interpres) and the Wandering Tattler (Heteroscelus incanus) may
also occur along the shoreline. Other species of birds observed at the site
include the exotic species listed in Table 2 of the report, which is reprinted in
its entirety below.
Table 2
Exotic (Introduced) Birds Recorded at Kahua Makai Project Site
Common Name Scientific Name Relative Abundance
Gray Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus U = 13
Spotted Dove Streptoelia chinesis A = 11
Zebra Dove Geopelia striata A = 12
Common Myna Acridotheres tristis C = 8
Northern Cardinal Cardinalisa cardinalis C = 6
Yellow-billed Cardinal Paroaria capitata R = 3
Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus C = 7
House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus U = 3
Warbling Silverbill Lonchura malabarica C = 9
Key to Table 2
Relative (estimate) abundance =Number of times observed
26
during survey or average number on eight minute counts in appropriate
habitat.
A =abundant (avg. 10+) number which follows is average of data
from all survey days.
C =common (avg. 5-10) number which follows is average of data
from all survey days.
U =uncommon (avg. Less than 5) number which follows is average
of data from all survey days.
R =recorded (seen or heard at times other than on eight minute counts
or on one count only) number which follows is the total number
seen or heard over the duration of the survey.
Feral mammals observed on the project site include small Indian Mongoose
(Herpestes auropunctatus). Cat tracks were also found.
Impact and Mitigation Measures
Impacts to avifauna and feral mammals are expected to be minor, and as such,
no mitigation measures aze proposed at this time.
4.1. 12. Coastal Zone
Bettina
A marine environmental impact study was conducted by OI Consultants, Inc.
(Appendix A) . The study observed that the marine environment adjacent to
the project site is a high energy surf zone with a bottom compose mainly of
bare basalt plate and basalt boulders. Abundance of live stony corals is
generally limited, averaging 20% of the bottom cover. The inshore marine
environment in the project vicinity is inhabited by encrusing coralline algae
(Porolithon onkodes) or shoret, filamentous red algae.
The report found fish to be fairly abundant, with over 200 individuals at the
inshore transacts. The majority of the fish were herbivores or plazilctivores,
either surgeon fish (acanthurids) or damsel fish (pomacentrids).
In deeper waters, live stony corals predominated the bottom substrate. The
genus Porites made up the large majority of the deep water coral community.
The offshore stations generally had more fish than the shallower depths in the
same azea. However, there were no significant differences in the number of
species between the inshore and offshore area. Large monospecific schools of
goat fish, blue-line snapper, and damsel fish containing between 50 and 400
27
individuals were recorded at each of the deep stations during the site survey.
Humpback whales, bottlenose dolphins, and green sea turtles were also
observed in the waters immediately offthe project site. All three species
remained offshore and were not seen neaz shore.
Impact
A marine environmental impacts study conducted by OI Consultants, Inc.
concluded that the proposed project and its associated drainage improvements
will not negatively impact the adjacent neazshore marine environment.
The annual loads of total suspended solids dischazged into the ocean under
existing undeveloped land use will decrease after completion of the residential
development, while annual loads of nitrogen and hydrocazbons will increase.
The decrease in total suspended solids can be attributed to the decreased soil
erosion under residential landscaping; the application of fertilizers and,
pesticides for residential land uses poses the potential for input via runoff and
leaching. A small amount of lead and petroleum products would be generated
by the new roadways within the development.
The amounts of nitrogen, hydrocazbons, and petroleum, products generated
by the new residential development would be compazable to or less than those
generated in other Hawaiian shoreside residential development. None of these
developments have been shown or suggested to have caused any detectable
environmental impact. Marine biological surveys found no sensitive
communities within the area that were likely to be immediately affected by
storm discharge.
No extensive macroalgal communities were seen during the biological surveys.
The addition of measurable amounts of dissolved nutrients under existing
conditions without a concomitant growth of macroalgae suggest that natural
conditions of generally steep shorelines with no significant intertidal region,
high wave energy, and abundant herbivorous grazing fishes serve to limit
macroalgal communities to closely cropped mats in shallow waters. The input
of additional nutrients via injection wells is likely to occur in a diffuse manner
over a broad area; no blooms of noxious algae aze expected to occur as a
result.
Mitigation Measures
Although the project is not anticipated to negatively impact the ocean
environment, any impact will be further minimized by retaining all of the
28
R
additional runoff on the proposed project site through drywalls and/or seepage
pits.
4.1.13. Resource Subzone
Saltine
The proposed project will abut State-owned lands in the Resource (R)
subzone of the Conservation District at its northern boundary The objective
of this subzone is "to develop, with proper management, areas to ensure
sustained use of the natural resources of those areas." The boundaries for said
subzone include lands necessary for providing future parkland and lands
presently used for parks; lands suitable for growing and harvesting of
commercial timber; and lands suitable for outdoor recreational uses such as
hunting, fishing, hiking, camping, and picnicking.
Impact and Mitigation Measures
It is anticipated that the proposed project will have a minimal impact on the
Resource subzone. The subject parcel is within the State Land Use Urban
District and not the Conservation District. As such, no mitigation measures
aze proposed at this time.
4.2. Socio-Economic Characteristics
4.2.1. Population and Housing
Bettina
The County of Hawaii's population has been experiencing steady growth since
1970. Its population grew from 63,500 in 1970 to 92,000 in 1980, to 120,300
in 1990. This translates to a 45% growth in the 1970's and 31% growth in
the 1980's.
At the same time, growth in the North Kohala region fluctuated. Between
1970-80,the population decreased by 100 persons (3,386 to 3,256).
Between 1980 to 1990, the population increased from 3,256 to 4,291.
As of 1990, there were about 48,300 housing units in the County of Hawaii,
of which approximately 1,540 were found within the North Kohala district.
The average vacancy rate for the County was 14.1%, as compared to a 12.3%
rate for North Kohala.
29.
e
Impact
As discussed in Section 4.2.2 below addressing economics, this project would
tend to be attractive to high-end second home and/or more affluent buyers.
These type of buyers tend to have a smaller household size. Based on an
average of 2.2 persons per household, the 50 lot project, when fully
developed, would yield 110 more persons to the azea. That number, in
relation to the population of the district or region should not be considered
significant.
Further, buyers of these lots would not be competing with the affordable
home market; and as such, should not create any adverse impacts to that
market. If anything there could be some measure of positive impacts. If the
buyer will be existing residents relocating to this azea, then, there should be a
theoretical addition to the overall inventory of homes.
Accordingly, there is no mitigation measure being proposed.
4.2.2. Economic
The applicant believes that a good portion of the prospective buyers of these
lots will be second home and seasonal residents. As the project matures, an
increasing number of owners would become permanent residents, or at least
consider Kohala their primazy residence. Another significant segment of the
market would be, as with the surrounding subdivisions in the area, permanent
residents who prefer anocean-related environment.
Fact
There would be short-term construction benefits, as the project's estimated
construction cost is pegged at $4 million. There would also be gradual
construction income through the construction of the various homes.
The project will generate additional real property tax revenue, as well as
provide indirect income from those who choose to make this a "second or
vacation home".
At the same time, the project could encourage or serve as a catalyst for other
coastal developments in the azea. It could also contribute to a conflict with
coastal use of the area..
30
Mitigation Measures
Between the subject pazcel and the 50-lot Kohala Waterfront Joint Venture
project (formerly known as Kohala Makai) to the southeast, there is only one
intervening vacant pazcel. To the south of the Kohala Makai project, the
lands are owned by the State Department of Hawaiian Homes and Lands. To
the northeast, the land is owned by the State. As such, continued coastal
developments in this azea of private lands aze limited due to the existing
pattern of land ownership.
Further, a mauka-makai and lateral coastal access will be provided to the
shoreline within the project. This would formalize access to this area.
4. 3. Public Facilities, Utilities, And Services
4.3.1 Transportation
Bettina
A traffic impact study was conducted by M & E Pacific, Inc. (Appendix A)
to assess the traffic impacts of the former resort/residential concept project.
As the present project is significantly less (both in area and density), the
findings of the study would show more a `S orst case" scenazio. As such, it is
being used herein more to illustrate the impact of a larger project as it might
compare to this project. It is not intended to accurately describe the project's
impacts.
The Akoni Pule Highway is the only major roadway serving this area. It
provides access between Hawi and Mahukona to the north and Kawaihae and
the rest of South Kohala to the south. It is a two lane State Highway (FAS
270) with a posted speed limit of 55 mph. Due to the high speeds on the
highway, the three existing intersections which service the surrounding
subdivisions have been channelized.
Turning movement traffic counts were taken at the three intersections -
Kohala Ranch, Kohala Estate, and Kohala By The Sea. These counts were
done during the morning and afternoon peak hours in May 1994. The
morning and afternoon peak hour volumes can be characterized as very low,
with very little traffic from the Kohala By the Sea access road.
The State Department of Transportation has taken traffic counts every two
yeazs since 1980 at the Mahukona-Niulii Road intersection in the town of
Hawi at the north end of the Akoni Pule Highway. It has also taken traffic
31
counts every two years since 1984 at the south end of the Akoni Pule
Highway at Kawaihae Harbor. The trend in daily traffic volumes at these two
locations shows an increase in average annual growth rate of about 5.5%.
Impacts
As noted above, although the study was predicated upon a larger
development, it is still being used. The study would show the type of impact
(at a lesser scale) the proposed project would have.
The study concluded that the larger resort/residential concept project is not
expected to have an adverse traffic impact. Levels of services for unsignalized
intersection operations and highway operations aze anticipated to remain at
acceptable levels until the year 2005. Even at the points of the various
intersections, the levels of service would be no greater than Level D.
Since the project is directly across of the Kohala Ranch access, an
examination of this intersection was made. The study concluded that based on
the original resort/residential concept, the westbound (outbound from Kohala
Ranch) left/through movement level of service would decrease from level of
service B to C in the AM peak and from C to D in the PM peak, for ambient
and total forecast conditions. This would suggest that the traffic generated
from the subject property would have some impact on outbound traffic from
the Kohala Ranch access. However, the levels of service for all movements
at that intersection would still be within acceptable levels and additional
mitigating measures would not be warranted.
Mitigation Measures
The study concluded that a fully channelized intersection at the project's
entrance which would be integrated with the Kohala Ranch north road
intersection would be prudent. The applicant intends to comply with the
requirements of the State Department of Transportation.
4.3.2. Water System
Bettina
There is an existing 12" water line at the Akoni Pule Highway. This line is
tied into the Kohala Ranch Water Company's system. From the Highway, an
8" water line has been constructed to serve the subject parcel. An
examination of the water system was done by M & E Pacific, Inc. in a report
32
entitled, "Engineering Report, Preliminary Study For Utilities and
OnSite/Offsite Improvements." (See Appendix I).
Kahua Ranch Limited and Ponoholo Ranch, Ltd. ("K-P") has an agreement
from the Kohala Ranch Water Company (formerly Kohala Joint Venture).
(Appendix J). Under the terms of this agreement, K-P has an allocation of a
maximum of 190,000 gallons per day. Of this amount, 76,000 gallons per day
was assigned from K-P to the applicant. (See Appendix J-1).
Based on current County Department of Water Supply standards, each lot
would require 600 gallons per day. The 50-lot project would thus require
30,000 gallons per day. There should thus be a mathematical surplus of
36,000 gallons per day from the applicant's allocation.
The wells for this water system are located within a high level aquifer azea
encompassing 10.2 squaze miles. Based on experience with high level
aquifers, a high percentage of the computed rechazge, perhaps up to 90
percent or 3.8 MGD, could be developed by the wells.
Impacts
The proposed project will increase demands on potable and non-potable
water, and the Kohala Ranch water system may not be sufficient.
Mitigation Measures
The applicant already has the required commitment from an approved potable
well source. As such, no mitigation measures are necessary.
To address the adequacy of the water source issue, a copy of an evaluation of
the well done by Tom Nance Water Resources Engineering is attached as
Appendix J-2. This evaluation noted that there was a high level of
groundwater at this location. It went further to note that the stabilized
drawdown and consistent water quality during a 5-day pump test show that
the well, operating by itself, can safely produce at least 1.75 MGD.
4.3.3. Wastewater
Situation
There are no wastewater treatment facilities in the vicinity to service the
project.
33
y
I~aCt
The proposed project will generate an estimated average daily flow of 20,000
gallons per day (GPD). This is based upon 4 persons per dwelling with a
generation rate of 100 GPD per person or 400 GPD per household.
Mitigation Measure
Individual wastewater systems will be constructed by the respective
homeowner. Given the project's proximity to the ocean, a septic system or
other alternative system meeting with the Department of Health's
requirements would be constructed
4.3.4. Drainage
Situation
The project site is designated as 1) Zone X, "areas determined to be outside
the 500 year flood plain," in the upland azea, and 2) Zone VE, "coastal flood
with velocity hazard (wave action), based on flood elevation determined (E1
9)." All structures will be located above the Zone VE designated flood plain
of the base elevation of 9 feet.
As noted in the preliminary engineering report (Appendix there are no
existing improved drainage systems on the site. During extended periods of
heavy rainfall, runoff is sheet flowed through several streams and creeks which
discharge directly into the ocean. Vegetal cover, consisting of kiawe, buffel
grass, and swollen finger grass, is relatively moderate covering approximately
60% of the site. The average existing peak discharge generated from the site
is approximately 110 cfs. (Again, this volume is predicated upon the entire site
and based on a more intensive development.)
Located along the Highway are multiple existing pipe and azch culverts
ranging in size from 24" in diameter to 156" in diameter. There are two major
drainage basins above the Highway. The runoffs from these two areas are
transferced beneath the Highway by culvert numbers 10-B and 11-C.
ImRact
There will be an increase in surface runoff created by the project. This, in
turn, could lead to an impact to the coastal waters.
34
y
Mitigation Measures
The increase in surface runoff created by the development of new roads and
structures will be retained on site. Drainage improvements within the project
area will primarily consist mainly of drywells and/or seepage pits. The
existing runoff will continue to be dischazged into nearby gulches located
within the site. Drainage systems will be designed in a manner meeting with
the approval of the County and if appropriate, as in the case of NPDES
permits, with the State.
Further as noted in the sections on Hydrology (Section 4.1.5) and Coastal
Zone (Section 4.1.12), the coastal water impacts should not be significant.
4.3.5. Solid Waste Disposal
Bettina
The project will be served by the private refuse collection services. The
nearest transfer station for the project is located in Puako, approximately 5
miles to the north. The nearest sanitazy landfill is located in Puuanahulu in
North Kona, approximately 10 miles away.
Impact
The project would generate additional solid waste which will impact on the
County landfill facility.
Miti ag
tion
Although recycling and/or other related measures could be taken by individual
homeowners, the impact should not be significant to wattant additional
mitigation measures. Being recently constructed with room for expansion, the
County landfill at Puuanahulu should be able to accommodate the additional
waste generated by the project.
Further, as maybe required by the County, a solid waste management plan
can be prepared and implemented by the applicant and/or homeowners.
4.3.6 Schools
35
Settine
The project area is served by the Kohala public school system located in
Kapaau.
Impact and Mitigation Measures
The addition of fifty more families, many of whom will either be retired or
seasonal residents, should not create a significant impact to the school
systems. As such, no mitigation measures are proposed at this time.
4.3.7. Coastal Recreational Use
Settine
The coastal area in the vicinity has been used in the past for fishing and other
coastal recreational activities.
Impact
The development of this site could affect coastal recreational use of the area.
Mitigation Measures
The project would formalize amauka-makal and lateral access program in this
area. A 10-foot wide mauka-makal access along the southeastern end of the
property, as well as a 10-foot wide lateral access (begimilng from the certified
shoreline) would be provided. It would be dedicated to the County or State
either via an easement or lot of record.
4.3.8. Police Services
Settine
The project site is located within jurisdiction of the North Kohala Police
Station in Kapaau.
Impact
The project will result in increased traffic in the area, as well as an anticipated
increase in the demands of for police.
36
Mitigation Measures
A channelized intersection could be provided which should help with
vehicular movements associated with this project. As this azea is already
being serviced by virtue of other existing or planned developments, this
project should not result in an extension of police protective services. If
needed, on-site private security may be considered by the homeowners.
4.3.9. Fire Protection
Bettina
The closest fire station is located near the Mauna Lary Resort and Puako
junction. The response time is approximately 10 minutes. The other stations
aze Waikoloa (response time of 20 to 30 minutes); North Kohala Fire Station
(response time of 20-25 minutes); and the Waimea Fire Station (response time
of 25 to 30 minutes).
Im act
The project will increase the need for fire protection services by adding
structures to an undeveloped site. At the same time, it could help reduce the
potential for brush fires.
Mitigation Measures
Like the police service, existing and planned development of projects in
this area already generate a demand for services. Nonetheless, because of the
distance of the existing fire stations, the developer and/or homeowners would
be willing to work with other developments or subdivisions in this area to
help form a volunteer fire station.
Further, access roads and other fire protective measures (as may be required
by the County Fire Department) will be implemented within the project site.
4.3.10 Electrical/Telephone
Bettina
Electrical and telephone lines currently service the general area. Some
measures of improvements would have to be made to bring this service to the
subject site. (See Appendix n.
37
4.4 Health Care Facilities
SettlnE
Health care facilities in the vicinity are currently available at Kamuela and
Kohala.
Impact and Mitieation Measures
The project will impact on the health care services in the area, particularly if
the future residents are elderly, retired persons who may be more likely to
require access to a hospital and other health care facilities. Given the
reasonable proximity of existing facilities, no measures are planned at this
time.
Impact and Mitisation Measures
As there are currently no electrical or telephone services directly fronting the
site, additional trunk lines would have to be installed. The applicant intends
to have these lines and/or related infrastructure extended to the site.
3R
5. RELATIONSHIP TO PLANS, POLICIES AND CONTROLS
5.1. State Land Use Law
The subject site is designated Urban by the State Land Use Commission (see
Figure 3). Under that designation, land use jurisdiction rests with the County
and no further action from the State is required.
5.2. Hawaii State Plan
The Hawaii State Plan (Chapter 226, HRS) establishes goals, objectives, and
policies to serve as long-range guidlelines for the growth and development of
the State. There are three parts to this plan.
Part I of the State Plan lists three goals toward which government
must strive. These goals include a strong, viable economy; a desired physical
environment; and physical, social and economic well-being.
Part II addresses administrative structure and implementation of the State
Plan. This is not relevant to the proposed project.
Part III of the plan sets priority guidelines to address areas of concern in the
state. The five major areas of statewide concern are economic development;
population growth and land resource management; affordable housing; crime
and criminal justice; and education.
The proposed project will satisfy all of the objectives identified in Part I.
The project will help to encourage economic growth. By limiting the number
of lots and integrating the lots into the existing terrain, it will be
environmentally sensitive of the site.
At the same time, while it would be helping with the economic structure of
the area, it would not necessarily generate a significant population growth.
There would be no more than fifty (50) lots, and there would be a prohibition
against ohana units. Further, as the project will not be marketed as a house/lot
package, the growth should be gradual rather than abrupt.
As additional lots and housing opportunities will be created, the project should
help with the overall housing situation. It would increase the area's inventory
of lots. The crime and criminal justice system would not be significantly
affected. Likewise, impacts to the public school system should be minimal,
given the number of lots and their potential buyers. Yet, it would increase the
tax base and revenues, and this could indirectly benefit the public schools.
39
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State Land Use District Boundary Map
5.3. Hawaii County General Plan
The General Plan provides for the long-range comprehensive development of
the island of Hawaii. It provides direction for balanced growth in the County.
The Plan contains a series of land use maps referred to as the Land Use
• Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) maps, as well as goals, policies and
standazds relating to thirteen functional elements.
5.3.1. LUPAG Map
The LUPAG map designates the subject site as "Low Density." While this
designation has no limitation relative to density, zone changes with his
designation have generally been at a 4/units per acre type of density.
In this situation, the average density (50 lots over 38+ acres) would amount to
1.5+ units per acre. This is about one-half of the type of density generally
allowed under this classification. As such, the project would be more than
supportive of this component of the General Plan.
5.3.2. Functional Elements
The project would provide short-term economic opportunities lazgely through
the construction of the subdivision. Some limited longer-term opportunities
could be created, lazgely in the area of maintenance. The project should also
add revenues to the County and State coffers.
The project intends to be energy conscious through the use and/or
encouragement of solar energy and design features to take advantage of
wind patterns.
Maintaining and improving the quality of the environment is important to the
success of the project. The General Plan identifies five azeas of environmental
concerns -air pollution, water quality, soil pollution, solid waste disposal, and
noise pollution. As proposed, the project would not be violative of those
objectives.
Aside from vehicular transmission, air pollution associated with the project
should be negligible. Cesspools will not be used, and instead a septic system
or other alternative individual wastewater system meeting with the State
Department of Health will be used to address potential groundwater and
coastal water concerns. A solid waste management plan will be prepazed and
implemented. The project will also not be a noisy, as residents would come to
40
- -
this area to enjoy its tranquility. Any noise-generating facility -such as air
conditioners -would be cazefully placed to minimize their noise impacts.
Although the site is designated as being a floodway on the FIRM maps, there
aze dry streambeds at different parts of the site.These will not be disturbed and
will be incorporated into the design of the overall project. Further, a detailed
drainage study will be conducted prior to any land disturbance activities to
assure that improvements on the property are protected and the surface runoff
is kept to a minimum.
The site does have historic sites. An archaeological mitigation plans will be
prepazed for the review and approval of appropriate agencies, and they will be
implemented by the applicant. These mitigations may include further research
and salvaging of sites, their physical preservation ,and other protective
measures.
The project will create additional houselots. It should help to diversity the
type of houselots for the region. In so doing, it should implement the
housing element of the General Plan.
The Plan emphasizes that developments be mindful of an area's natural
beauty. In this situation, the project will be designed in a manner so as to
have it blend as much as possible with the existing terrain. This will be done
through the siting of the lots as well as development of design restrictions.
The coastal resources will be protected and maintained in their natural state,
with a few exceptions to allow for safe lateral passages along the coastline.
Public access will be provided to and along the coastline of the project site.
In so doing, the shoreline will be available to both residents and visitors for a
variety of recreational pursuits.
There will be little impact to public facilities. The wastewater system will be
private. Likewise, the water system will be private and developed by the
applicant. Road improvements, such as the channelized intersection will be
constructed by the applicant.
Similarly, public utilities such as telephone and electrical services would be
provided and/or extended to the site by the applicant.
The project will provide recreational opportunities via the increased public
access to the coastline.
41
a
Transportation improvements, such as a channelized intersection, would be
made by the applicant. The interior roads would be kept under private
ownership, thus reducing government's maintainance obligation.
Finally, in terms of Land Use, the project would be consistent with the
LUPAG map. It would also be generally compatible with some of the
existing and planned rural and agricultural lot subdivisions. As the State owns
lands immediately north of the subject site, undeveloped coastal viewplanes
will still be amply available.
5.4. Draft Northwest Hawaii Open Space and Community Development Plan
This draft Plan, dated November 1992, suggests an Open Space corridor
generally along the Akoni Pule Highway. In the azea of the subject site and
south towazds Kawaihae, it suggests a "Low Density" designation. This
designation is consistent with the General Plan LUPAG map and the State
Land Use Urban classification.
In that regazd, the proposed project would be consistent with this draft plan.
5.5. Zoning and Subdivision
The designated zoning of the site is "Unplanned." However, as the recently-
adopted revised Zoning Code eliminated the Unplanned designation, the de
facto zoning has been determined to be Agricultural (A-Sa). This would
suggest one unit for every 5 acres of land.
Although the requested zoning is RS-15, the maximum number of lots would
be 50. These lots would range in size from 15,000 to 1+ acre. The RS-15
designation is being requested only to accommodate this varying lot sizes and
not intended to maximize the project's potential density (under the R5-15
zoning) of 100+ lots.
A zoning cap, as with other zoning changes, could be added as a condition of
approval.
The requirements of the County Subdivision Code would be complied with.
5.6. Special Management Area (SMA)
The site is located within the County SMA boundary, as provided under
Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statutes. The objectives and policies of the
County SMA and their relationship to this project follows:
42
Guidelines A.1 through A 5
These guidelines seek to minimize alterations to any body of water; impose
restrictions of public access to tidal and submerged lands and beaches;
interfere with or detract from the line-of--sight towazd the sea; and minimize
adverse effects on water quality and wildlife habitats.
The project does not propose to make any alterations to the ocean and will
provide shoreline or coastal access for ocean recreational activities. The
project will not affect public access to tidal or submerged lands. The location
of the project below the grade of the Akoni Pule Highway will have some
measure of impacts to line-of--sight to the ocean. However, through
appropriate site design, care will be taken to minimize these impacts.
As discussed eazlier, the project will avoid any significant adverse impacts to
water quality and will develop infrastructure to minimize adverse impacts from
wastewater disposal. The site also does not serve as a wildlife habitat.
Guidelines B.1 througgh B.3
These guidelines seek to minimize potential adverse environmental impacts;
assure that projects are consistent with state objectives and policies; and
assure that projects aze consistent with the County General Plan.
This report discusses potential environmental impacts and the ways in which
project will avoid, mitigate, or minimize these potential impacts.
The earlier section on the General Plan discusses the project's consistency
with the General Plan. Specifically, the LUPAG map designates the area for
Low Density use, and the requested zoning would be consistent with that
designation.
Guidelines C.1 through C.6
These guidelines seek to assure adequate public access to publicly owned
beaches, recreation azeas, and natural reserves; reserve public recreation azeas
and wildlife preserves; and provide liquid and solid waste treatment
disposition and management that will minimize adverse effects on Special
Management Area resources.
The proposed project will provide public access to the shoreline and a public
pazking azea. It should be noted that there aze no existing public recreational
areas or wildlife preserves on the project site. The project will also provide a
43
wastewater system meeting with the prevailing State requirements. At this
time, this would be a septic tank system.
5.7. Land Disturbance Permits
Prior to any land disturbance or construction activity, other permits would be
required. These permits are processed administratively by either the State or
County agencies. Plans for these permits will be prepazed subsequent to
action on the zoning application. These permits and their respective
approving agency include:
a. Grading/Grubbing -County Planning and Public Works Departments
b. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit -State
Department of Health
c. Disinterrment Permit -State Health and Land and Natural Resources
Departments
d. Subdivision Approval -County Planning Department
e. Building Permit -County Planning and Public Works Departments and
State Department of Health
f Road Access Permit -State Department of Transportation
44
6. DESCRII'TION OF ANY KNOWN ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROJECT
The following alternatives to avoid or minimize impacts resulting from the project
were considered.
6.1 No Project
Under the status quo alternative, the site would remain in its present vacant,
open space character.
At the same time, there would be no direct economic use of the property; no
jobs would be created; and no additional housing opportunities would be
available. Further, there would be no enhancement of the County real
property tax base; and the land use pattern envisioned on the General Plan
LUPAG map would not be realized.
Public access to the coastal area would not be formalized and would remain
restricted. During periods of drought, the undeveloped state could also make
the azea more vulnerable to fire.
As such, this "no project" alternative would not help address the above
concerns, pazticulazly that of coastal access, employment, and the land use
objectives of the General Plan LUPAG map.
6.2 Maximum Residential Build Out
The General Plan LUPAG map designates this area "Low Density." In the
past, land rezonings of up to four units per acre have been considered the
density norm for this zoning density designation. Under that scenario, this
38+ acre site is capable of supporting 150+ lots averaging 10,000 squaze feet.
This would amount to neazly three times the proposed density of SO lots.
While such a density increases the inventory ofcoastal-oriented lots, it could
diminish or compromise other considerations of the General Plan and the
SMA regulations. Specifically, there could be a greater impact to the coastal
waters stemming from the additional lots; coastal view planes would be
further obstructed; and azchaeological objectives maybe more difficult to
achieve.
6.3 Retreat Resort and Residential Development
One alternative considered by the applicant was a 40-unit retreat resort lodge
and related amenities. This alternative also included a 165 residential lot
45
component. An adjoining property to the site's south was also included,
increasing the project size from 38+ acres to 102+ acres.
This alternative could conceivably offer greater short and long-term
employment opportunities, particulazly with the retreat resort component.
Archaeological preserves would also have been possible.
Overall average density would have been about 2 units per acre (which is still
one-half of the "Low Density" density of 4 units per acre) with this resort
lodge and residential proposal, a higher density than the proposed residential
only project.
This project would have created a density of 3 to 4 lots per acre. Traffic
patterns would be different and somewhat greater with this alternative; and the
land use character of this area, particularly as envisioned on the General Plan
LUPAG map and draft Northwest Hawaii Open Space Plan would not be
fulfilled.
6.4 Proposed Use
The proposed use would be implementing the land use objectives of the
General Plan LUPAG map and draft Northwest Hawaii Open Space Plan. It
would be less dense than what is possible on those planning documents, and
thus its environmental impacts would conceivably be less. At the same time, it
would still implement other objectives of the General Plan, such as opening up
public access to the shoreline, providing some measure of employment
opportunities, and increasing housing choices through the provision of coastal
lots in a manner meeting with environmentally protective regulations (such as
the NPDES and Wastewater Systems).
46
7. IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE ANALYSIS
7.1. Relationship Between Short-Term Uses and Maintenance of
Long-Term Productivity
The following is a summary of some of the short tern actions which will lead
to long-term productivity through the creation of employment opportunities
and improved recreational and cultural opportunities.
Although the project is not an affordable housing one, the existing and
planned uses in the vicinity of the site should Hoffer a variety of housing
opportunities. There aze existing 1-acre lots, larger agricultural/rural lots, a
planned residential subdivision on amultiple-family zoned site, an industrial
subdivision, and a variety of housing types planned by the Department of
Hawaiian Homes and Lands. Collectively, then, this are should see a
potpourri of residential and related low density ruraVagricultural sized lots
that are geared to individuals with different economic means and life style
preferences.
In its present vacant state, the site does not offer any significant employment
opportunities. The project will provide, albeit on a short-term basis, some
measure of employment opportunities. There should also be additional tax
revenues for both the State and County.
Coastal recreational opportunities will be enhanced through the provision of
public access and parking stalls.
7.2. Relationship of the project to the foreclosure of future options,
narrowing the range of beneficial uses of the environment, or posing
long-term risks to health and safety
The site is vacant of any structures and has been used infrequently in the past
for cattle grazing. Past fires and dense buffel grass cover minimizes thick
vegetation. There are very few different plants. There are no endangered or
threatened species, nor is it a critical habitat for any listed species of flora or
fauna.
Development of the project will reduce the amount of open space and habitat
for plants and animals. However, this impact is not expected to be significant
because of the reported absence of known significant plant or animal life
today.
47
The project will have some measure of impacts on the ocean view. However,
since the property drops off from the Highway, view planes will still be
available. Further, the low density design and site design considerations shold
help minimize these impacts. Then, too, properties northeast of the subject
site belong to the State for a considerable distance; and thus, coastal
viewplanes would still be possible in this area.
7.3. Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources
The project will result in an irreversible commitment of land, capital, material,
public services, utilities, and other resources such as potable water. There will
also be some measure of commitment of the archaeological resources in the
azea.
However, appropriate mitiative measures relative to the archaeological
resources will be taken, including even the retention - in place - of sites
deemed necessary by appropriate agencies. Other sites will be salvaged and
recorded for their historical and educational value.
Other resources would be minimally impacted due to the project's relatively
low density, as well as the applicant's commitment to develop the project in
accordance with existing government plans for the azea (GP -low density;
State Land Use -Urban).
7.4. Unavoidable Adverse Impacts
This project will result in several unavoidable impacts. These include the
reduction of open space since the site will be transformed from its present
vacant to a somewhat developed state. Then, too, there could also be a
potential for social conflict resulting from the coastal access. The site has
been used in the past to get to the coastal area. Although an access program
will be developed, the change of the status quo could cause some disharmony.
Development of the project will also have an impact to the air quality, ambient
noise level, and surface water quality. Traffic volumes in the area should also
increase. There will be increased demands on groundwater resowces for both
potable and non-potable uses, as well as increased demands for public service.
Prehistoric and historic archaeological resources will also be impacted.
Notwithstanding any of the above impacts, there aze basis to proceed with the
project. Most of the unavoidable effects are due to the development of the
site; and this would occur, regardless of the type of development that is being
48
proposed for the site. The only way these mipacts could be avoided would be
to maintain the status quo.
The proposed level of development, however, would result in less of an
impact to the azea's physical and infrastructural environments than any of the
other development alternatives discussed above. Moreover, the unavoidable
effects would be mitigated to the extent practicable and within the pazameters
of existing rules and regulations governing those concerns.
8. UNRESOLVED ISSUES
This CER attempts to identify all potential substantive impacts and suggest mitigative
measures for the project. However, since the plans aze only conceptual at this level of
the permitting process, the mitigative suggestions can, for the most pazt, be
conceptual as well. More detailed requirements pursuant to the suggested conceptual
mitigations, would be imposed upon the development of more specific plans. These
would occur during the subsequent permitting process.
With that caveat, some of the unresolved issues at this stage aze:
Archaeological Resources: additional data collection of some of the sites
maybe needed to determine their level of significance. A Mitigation Plan
must also be developed for the review and approval of the State DLNR-
SHPD and then implemented by the applicant.
Site Plannine: more detailed study of the land must be conducted to
determine the placements of the various lots to address view plane concerns,
excessive disruption of the existing terrain, and the capturing of the rural
character of the azea.
Drainage Plans: drainage systesm must be developed to minimize impacts to
the coastal waters and the existing chazacter of the site.
49
APPENDICES
~m~
APPENDIX A
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS STUDY
BY
DR. DAVID A. ZIEMANN
OI CONSULTANTS, INC.
.,,..r
KAHIIA MARAI SIIHDIVISION
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS STIIDY
FINAL REPORT
Prepared for:
Parametrix, Inc.
1164 Bishop Street, Suite 1600
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813-2832
Prepared by:
Dr. David A. Ziemann
OI Consultants, Inc.
Makapuu Point
Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795
March 1994
w~
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary i
Table of Contents v
List of Tables v
List of Figures v
Background 1
Project Location 1
Project Description 1
Infrastructure Considerations 1
Environmental Considerations 3
Potential Impacts 3
Water Quality Survey 4
Methods 4
Results 4
Marine Biological Survey 15
Methods 15
Results 16
Impact Assessment 31
References 34
List of Tables
Table 1. Methods for water quality sampling and analysis 6
Table 2. Results of water quality analysis 7
Table 3. Sediment composition 13
Table 4. Substrate distribution 22
Table 5. Coral species distribution and areal cover 23
Table 6. Macroalgal species distribution and areal cover 25
Table 7. Fish species composition and abundance 27
Table 8. Invertebrate species composition and abundance 29
Table 9. Washoff rates and annual discharge loads 32
List of Figures
Figure 1. Project location 2
Figure 2. Location of water quality stations and marine
biological transects 5
Figure 3. Salinity distribution 8
Figure 4. Relationships between dissolved water quality
parameters 10
Figure 5. Relationships between particulate parameters 12
Figure 6. Sediment composition 14
Figure 7. Typical nearshore coral zonation 17
Figure 8. Coral distribution 18
Figure 9. Fish distribution 19
E%ECIITIVE SIIi+II+7ARY
The Gentry Companies is requesting a change of zone for 103±
acres of land from Unplanned (U) to the Single-Family Residential
10,000 square feet (RS-10) zoning district at Kahualilii and
waika, North Kohala. Also requested is a Special Management Area
(SMA) Use Permit, as the subject site is located within the
county's SMA district.
Land use changes at the project site will result in changes in
runoff quantity and quality, and potential addition of chemicals
to the underlying groundwater lens by leaching from landscape
application and from subsurface wastewater treatment plant
injection. In order to assess the potential impacts of the
proposed development on the nearshore marine environment, an
impact study consisting of three parts (a water quality survey, a
marine biological survey and an impact assessment) has been
performed.
For water quality analysis, 12 stations were sampled off the
project site on January 26, 1994. Surveys for estimations of
substrate type and coverage, benthic community composition and
fish abundances were located at nine stations. Biological
surveys were conducted using SCUBA on January 24 - 26, 1994.
Eleven physico-chemical parameters and one biological parameter
were measured during this survey. These parameters were chosen
to conform with the State of Hawaii water quality criteria and to
reflect groundwater and freshwater dynamics in the area and
sediment input. Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (nitrate,
ammonium and phosphate) and total nitrogen and phosphorus were
generally similar to other nearshore areas within the Hawaiian
Islands, and reflected the naturally-occurring input of nutrients
with groundwater. The relationships between dissolved silicate
and salinity and dissolved nitrate and salinity were similar and
generally followed the conservative mixing curve, with one group
of samples from Transect C forming a separate cluster below the
mixing line. These data suggest that the groundwater entering
along the southern portion of the site has different (lower)
concentrations of dissolved nutrients than that entering further
north. The similarity between the silicate-salinity and nitrate-
salinity plots implies that there are no sources of unusually
high levels of nitrate input that might be attributed to
terrestrial activities such as agriculture or landscaping.
The geometric means for all samples for ammonium, nitrate +
nitrite, and total nitrogen all exceeded the state of Hawaii
water quality standards numerical criterion for "wet" open
coastal waters. However, the relationships between nitrate,
silicate and salinity clearly show that this condition is a
consequence of the input of groundwater containing naturally high
levels of nutrients to the nearshore marine environment, rather
than the result of some terrestrial development activity.
i
water clarity in the nearshore waters off the project site was
very good, with the bottom visible at water depths greater than
40 feet. This clarity is reflected in the low levels of
suspended particulate material and turbidity measured. Turbidity
levels were an order of magnitude less than the state water
quality standards criterion for open coastal waters. The mean
chlorophyll concentration was low and well below the state water
quality standards criterion for open coastal waters.
The distribution of carbonate and terrigenous material in
sediment samples strongly suggest a local source of terrestrial
runoff located somewhere near Station Line B. Maps of the area
show that Station Line B is located between Keawewai Gulch to the
north and the confluence of Kapae and Keanahalululu Gulches to
the south. All these features are intermittent streams which
drain the upper slopes of the Kohala Mountains and which flow
during heavy rains. The coarse and well-sorted size of all the
sediment collected suggests that the high wave energy to which
this section of coast is exposed serves to resuspend and carry
off fine particulates.
The shoreline from Kaiopae Point northward to Waiakailio Bay is
vertical basalt cliffs. Along this shoreline, the distribution
of bottom types and dominant benthic communities is similar to
those described for other reaches of the leeward coast of the
island of Hawaii. The coastal ocean waters have similar bottom
substrates and marine organisms (fish and coral) along the same
depth contours.
The inshore area along these cliffs is a high energy surf zone
with a bottom composed mainly of bare basalt plate and basalt
boulders. Abundance of live, stony corals is generally limited,
averaging 20g of the bottom coverage. The coral community is
made up mainly of Porites lobata. Macroalgae in the inshore
areas were limited to encrusting coralline algae (Porolithon
onkodes) in the southern area or short, filamentous red algae.
Macroalgae was essentially absent in the northern inshore area.
Fish were fairly abundant, averaging over 200 individuals at the
inshore transects. The majority of the fish were herbivores or
planktivores, either surgeon fish (acanthurids) or damsel fish
(pomacentrids). Sea urchins were the main type of invertebrate
found in the inshore areas. The limpet, Hipponix imbricatus, was
found in high numbers on the basalt bench off the middle of the
project site; it was not found at any of the other stations.
In deeper waters, live stony corals predominated the bottom
substrate, averaging 56% coverage. Dead coral generally made up
the remainder of the coverage, averaging 43~. Scattered areas of
sand, or thin sand covering limestone flats, were found in the
southern area near Kaiopae Point but occurred less than lOg of
the time.
ii
The genus Porites made up the large majority of the deep water
coral community. At the northern and middle areas, P. lobata was
more prevalent at the 8 m stations and P. compressa predominated
at the deeper depths. In the southern area, P. lobata was the
sole dominant species at both 8 m and 17 m. There was no
significant macroalgal substrate coverage at the deeper stations.
The offshore stations generally had more fish than the shallower
depths in the same area. However, there were no significant
differences in the number of species between the inshore and
offshore areas. Large monospecific fish schools [Mulloides (goat
fish), Lutjanus kasmira (blue-line snapper) and Chromis ovalis
(damsel fish)] containing from 52 - 400 individuals were recorded
at each of the deep stations and at the e m station in the middle
area. Species diversity at the deeper stations was lower than
the inshore stations, due to the presence of these large schools.
There were some differences in fish species composition between
inshore and offshore areas. Acanthurids were common at the
deeper depths, but made up a smaller percentage of the overall
fish population at the e m and 17 m stations. On a north-south
axis, the northern area had the greatest number of fish at each
depth but the lowest species diversity index.
The offshore areas had invertebrate species composition and
abundance similar to the inshore areas. The deep stations in the
southern and middle areas had the same invertebrate species as
the other areas, but these occurred in much fewer numbers.
Humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, bottlenose dolphins,
Tursiops gilli, and green sea turtles, Chelonia midas, were all
observed in the waters immediately off the project site. The
whales remained offshore in waters deeper than 100 m while
passing from north to south. This trajectory (remaining offshore
in deeper waters) is common for whales in the Kona area and keeps
them outside the zone of impact for most shore-side activities.
The dolphins were observed traveling northward along the same
general path. A green sea turtle was observed by divers at one
of the deep (17 m) stations, resting in a nook in the reef. It
slowly swam northward when approached by the diver. Several
other turtles were observed on the surface near the dive boat at
the deep stations. No turtles were seen near shore.
The impact of the proposed Kahua Makai residential development
and associated drainage improvements on the nearshore marine
environment was assessed by quantifying the changes in surface
flow and water quality from the site to the ocean due to
development, and estimating the potential for impacts to the
existing water quality and biological communities by these
changes. In addition, the potential impacts due to deep
injection of wastewater treatment plant effluent was assessed.
iii
Surface flow rates before and after development of the proposed
Kahua Makai residential community were calculated using estimates
of runoff rates from typical land use classifications. The major
potential pollutants, which may now or after development be
generated and discharged into the ocean, are various forms of
inorganic and organic nitrogen, suspended solids (primarily
eroded soils), chlorinated hydrocarbons from herbicides and
insecticides, lead from automotive products deposited on roadways
and petroleum products deposited on roadways.
It is clear from the calculations that the annual loads of total
suspended solids discharged into the ocean under existing
undeveloped land use will decrease after completion of the
residential development, while annual loads of nitrogen and
hydrocarbons will increase. The decrease in total suspended
solids can be attributed to the decreased soil erosion under
residential landscaping; the application of fertilizers and
pesticides for residential land uses poses the potential for
input via runoff and leaching. A small amount of lead and
petroleum products would be generated by the new roadways within
the development.
The amounts of nitrogen, hydrocarbons and petroleum products
generated by the new residential development would be comparable
to or less than those generated in other Hawaiian shoreside
residential developments. None of these developments have been
shown or suggested to have caused any detectable environmental
impact. Marine biological surveys found no sensitive communities
within the area likely to be immediately affected by storm
discharge.
No extensive macroalgal communities were seen during the
biological surveys. The addition of measurable amounts of
dissolved nutrients under existing conditions without a
concomitant growth of macroalgae suggests the natural conditions
of generally steep shorelines with no significant intertidal
region, high wave energy and abundant herbivorous grazing fishes
serve to limit macroalgal communities to closely cropped mats in
shallow waters. The input of additional nutrients via injection
wells is likely to occur in a diffuse manner over a broad area;
no blooms of noxious algae are expected to occur as a result.
In summary, the proposed Kahua Makai residential development and
its associated drainage improvements will have no negative
impacts on the adjacent nearshore marine environment.
iv
RASUA MARAI SIIBDIVISION
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS STIIDY
BACRGROIIND
The Gentry Companies is requesting a change of zone for 103±
acres of land from Unplanned (U) to the Single-Family Residential
10,000 square feet (RS-10) zoning district at Kahualilii and
Waika, North Kohala (Figure 1). The land would be subdivided
into 206± residential lots, consisting of lots ranging from 6,000
to 20,000 square feet. Also requested is a Special Management
Area (SMA) Use Permit, as the subject site is located within the
county's SMA district.
Project Location
The subject properties are vacant of any structures. They are
shoreline parcels and are located makai of the Anoki Pule Highway
and the Kohala Ranch development in the vicinity of Waiakailio
Bay. They are situated adjacent and to the north of the zoned
and proposed Kohala Makai project. The South Kohala District
boundary starts immediately south of the Kahua Makai project.
Project Description
The applicant is proposing to develop a moderately upscaled
subdivision consisting of approximately 206 fee simple, single-
family lots and related improvements on the subject site.
Related improvements proposed would include a community
wastewater treatment facility; tennis courts; pool and recreation
area; and gated neighborhood entry. While there would be
underground utilities, no standard curb, gutter or sidewalk
sections are being proposed at the moment. All structures are
proposed to be set back no closer than 40 feet from the certified
shoreline.
Infrastructure Considerations
Water Availability: Sufficient potable water for the proposed
subdivision will be made available through the Kohala Joint
Venture project. A water agreement between Kahua Ranch Limited
and Ponoholo Ranch, Limited, and the Kohala Joint Venture has
been completed. Under the terms of this agreement, the applicant
will be allocated 2,000 gallons per day (gpd) per acre for the
73± acre parcel, and 44,000 gpd for the 22± acre parcel. There
will thus be a maximum of 190,000 gpd allocated to this
development. The required water, based on 600 gpd per unit for
206 units, is 183,600 gpd.
Wastewater: The subject lots are located within the Critical
Wastewater Disposal Area due to water pollution concerns for the
receiving waters. As such, all wastewater will be disposed of
into a private wastewater treatment plant located on the site.
Discharge from the plant will be into deep injection wells.
1
KAHUA MAKAI SUBDIVISION
II
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Ttlpp6raphle map a(the island a( Hawaii. (Modified after Stwnu and Macdtwld, 19afi.1
OI Consultants, (nC. KAHUA AAAKAI MARINE IMPACTS STUDY Figure
Makapuu Point PROJECT LOCATION 1
Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795
Environmental Considerations
Soils: The Kawaihae (KOC) soil in the area is very rocky, very
fine, sandy loam. This soil is very well-drained and extremely
stony. Formed in volcanic ash, it has a thin surface layer of
fine sandy loam over silt loam and loam. It is underlain by
pahoehoe lava, which is exposed in many areas. The organic
content is low, generally about 0.5%, and is quite uniform with
depth. Permeability is moderate and runoff is medium. The
erosion hazard is moderate. Some areas are severely eroded with
sparse vegetation and many small gullies.
Elevation: The elevation of the site varies from sea level to a
maximum of 150 feet. The topography is characterized as
moderately sloping in the mauka-makai direction (19% slope
maximum, 12% minimum overall), with much steeper slopes over
short distances along the sides of gulches. A number of drainage
ways, some of which are stream beds for intermittent streams,
dissect the property between the highway and the coastline.
Groundwater: Planted areas within the project site will consist
primarily of turf, groundcover, shrubs and trees around private
residences. To the maximum extent possible, indigenous
xerophytic (dry land) landscaping will be used. The potential
impacts of landscape support activities have been summarized
(Murdoch and Green, 1992). Fertilizers, pesticides and
irrigation requirements will be minimized to avoid input of
chemicals to nearshore coastal waters. The shallow soil, low in
organic material, will not retain pesticides as well as most
soils in higher rainfall areas. The groundwater aquifer beneath
the site appears to be within a zone of brackish basal water. No
significant impact is expected to the likely brackish condition
of the groundwater aquifer even if small amounts of chemicals are
leached into the water table.
Potential Impacts
Land use changes at the project site will result in changes in
runoff quantity and quality, and potential addition of chemicals
to the underlying groundwater lens by leaching from landscape
application and from subsurface wastewater treatment plant
injection. In order to assess the potential impacts of the
proposed development on the nearshore marine environment, an
impact study consisting of three parts (a water quality survey, a
marine biological survey, and an impact assessment) has been
performed.
3
WATER QIIALITY SIIRVEY
Methods
For water quality analysis, 12 stations were sampled off the
project site on January 26, 1994. Three station lines were
established perpendicular to the shoreline (Figure 2). Stations
were located at bottom depths of 2, 5, 10, and 20 m. Samples
were taken at two depths, 0.5 m below the surface and 0.5 above
the bottom, except for the shoreline stations, which were sampled
at 0.5 m only. The stations were occupied between 0900 and 1200
hours. Seas were calm and winds were light and variable.
Eleven physico-chemical parameters and one biological parameter
were measured during this survey. These parameters were chosen
to conform with the State of Hawaii water quality criteria and to
reflect groundwater and freshwater dynamics in the area and
sediment input. The parameters can be divided into four main
categories: 1) physical water quality parameters: temperature
(TEMP), salinity (SAL), and dissolved oxygen (DO); 2) measures of
suspended material: turbidity (TURB) and total suspended solids
(TSS); and 3) algal nutrients and other biological indicators:
nitrate + nitrite (NO3), ammonium (NH phosphate (PO4),
silicate (Si), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP).
One biological parameter, chlorophyll a (CHL) was used to measure
plant biomass. The general methods used to measure these
parameters are listed in Table 1.
Samples of bottom sediment were collected by divers at all
biological survey stations. The sediments were dried and weighed
for total weight; treated with dilute acid to dissolve the
carbonate fraction, dried and weighed again for terrigenous +
organic weight; and finally combusted at 500 °C and weighed again
for inorganic weight.
Results
The results of the water quality survey performed on January 26,
1994, are presented in Table 2. Temperature and salinity values
were typical of high energy, open coastal Hawaiian waters. The
pattern of salinity in surface (0.5 m depth) samples (Figure 3)
indicated that there was an increase in the amount of groundwater
discharge to the ocean off the southern portion of the site
(Transect C) compared to the north (Transect A); salinity at
Transect B was at intermediate levels. While the salinity
distribution was uniform (mean = 34.85 ppt) offshore at Transect
A, and increased to similar levels at Stations 3 and 4 of
Transect B, salinity levels actually decreased offshore from
34.58 to 34.48 at Transect C.
4
~G WATER
\ ~ OUAUTY
STATION
20 2 '
S MARINE
10'' ~ 3 BIOLOGY
20 ~ TRANSECT
8
iakailio Pbin 17
~ NORTH KOHALA DISTRICT '
~ PROJECT SITE
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so V ~
SOUTH KOHALA DISTRICT
i
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Kaiopae Point
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20
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depths in meters
OI Consultants, InC. KAHUA MAKAI MARINE IMPACTS STUDY Figure
Makapuu Point LOCATION OF WATER QUALITY STATIONS 2
Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795 AND MARINE BIOLOGICAL TRANSECTS
Table 1. Methods for water quality sampling and analysis.
Parameter Collection and Analysis Method
Temperature YSI field oxygen meter
Dissolved Oxygen YSI field oxygen meter
water Samples: 2 liter Niskin bottle
Nutrients Technicon AutoAnalyzer II;
NH4 Solorzano, 1969
NO3/NO2 Technicon Inc., 1977
POq Murphy and Riley, 1962
Si4OH)4 Strickland and Parsons, 1972
Total Nitrogen D'Elia et al., 1977
Total Phosphorus Grasshoff et al., 1983
Salinity AGE Instruments Model 2100
salinometer
Turbidity Turner Designs nephelometer;
APHA, 1992
Suspended Solids Filtration, Cahn electrobalance;
APHA, 1992
Chlorophyll a Turner Designs fluorometer;
Strickland and Parsons, 1972
Sediment Acidification; combustion
Gross, 1971
6
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a
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1~ N m U m d e Q Q Q c v v v v< v v v v Q Q Q v v v v v M Q Q
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•.i •H m m N
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m 3 a W G N N n1 Al v V .Y N N 1~1 1'1 Q n-I N N m to Q Q m m m
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OI Consultants, InC. IcnHUA MAKAI MARINE IMPACTS STUDV Figure
Makapuu Point Salinity Distribution 3
Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795
Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (nitrate, ammonium and
phosphate) and total nitrogen and phosphorus (Table 2) were
generally similar to other nearshore areas within the Hawaiian
Islands, and reflected the naturally-occurring input of nutrients
with groundwater. A conservative element is one whose
concentration is not changed by biological process such as
excretion, denitrification, uptake, etc. If salinity is taken as
a conservative element present at approximately 35 ppt in open
ocean water and at near 0 ppt in fresh water, then a plot of any
other conservative element against salinity will result in a
straight line, where such a straight line relationship exists
between a conservative element present in different
concentrations in two water bodies mixed at varying ratios. A
non-conservative element plotted against salinity will show data
points above the conservative mixing line if other sources of the
element are present, and will show points below the line if
active uptake or removal of the element is occurring. Deviations
from the mixing line may also occur if there are more than two
sources of the element being mixed together. If plots of
potentially non-conservative elements against a conservative
element are linear, this implies that no addition or removal by
processes other than mixing have occurred.
The relationships between dissolved silicate and salinity (Figure
4A) and dissolved nitrate and salinity (Figure 4B) were similar
and generally followed the conservative mixing curve, with one
group of samples from Transect C forming a separate cluster below
the mixing line. Plots of phosphate against salinity were
similar to that of nitrate. These data suggest that the
groundwater entering along the southern portion of the site has
different (lower) concentrations of dissolved nutrients than that
entering further north. The similarity between the silicate-
salinity and nitrate-salinity plots implies that there are no
sources of unusually high levels of nitrate input that might be
attributed to terrestrial activities such as agriculture or
landscaping.
The geometric means for all samples for ammonium, nitrate +
nitrite, and total nitrogen all exceeded the state of Hawaii
water quality standards numerical criterion for "wet" open
coastal waters. However, the relationships between nitrate,
silicate, and salinity discussed above clearly show that this
condition is a consequence of the input of groundwater containing
naturally high levels of nutrients to the nearshore marine
environment, rather than the result of some terrestrial
development activity. Similar conditions of nutrient
concentrations exceeding the state standards have been observed
all along the Kona coast (Dollar and Smith, 1988; OI Consultants,
1991a; 1991b; Marine Research Consultants, 1993).
The relationship between salinity and total nitrogen (which
includes both dissolved and particulate material; Figure 4C),
which is similar to that of the nitrate-salinity plot, suggests
that little organic material (dissolved or particulate) is
9
o y
I!f L
m / m ~
/ ~
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/
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(WAj uaBoA!N letol ~
~ryrQ elao~IlS
imported into the area or suspended in the water column. The
lack of any systematic relationship between ammonium and
salinity, and between ammonium and total nitrogen (Figure 4D),
suggests that no significant input from cesspools, septic tanks,
sewage treatment plants or other such sources in which ammonia is
the predominant form of nitrogen, is occurring.
water clarity in the nearshore waters off the project site was
very good, with the bottom visible at water depths of greater
than 40 feet. This clarity is reflected in the low levels of
suspended particulate material and turbidity measured. Turbidity
levels ranged from 0.02 to 0.06 NTU; the geometric mean of 0.05
NTU is an order of magnitude less than the state water quality
standards criterion for open coastal waters (0.50 NTU).
Unusually high turbidity levels were measured in samples taken in
the surf zone at Station C1, and a deep sample collected on the
bottom at Station A4. Total suspended solids levels were also
generally low (mean = 2.03 mg/1). The mean chlorophyll
concentration, a measure of phytoplankton stocks and an
indication of the biological response to nutrient additions, was
low (0.10 ug/1) and well below the state water quality standards
criterion for open coastal waters (0.30 ug/1). Scatter plots of
turbidity as a function of total suspended solids (Figure SA) and
chlorophyll (Figure SB) showed general relationships indicating
that both non-living (inorganic or detritus) and living material
contributed to the suspended particulate load.
The relative composition of sediments collected at the biological
survey stations is presented in Table 3 and Figure 6. Sediments
from station along Station Line A, along the northern portion of
the project site, were uniform and predominantly (>95%) composed
of carbonate material of recent biological origin (coralline
algae and pulverized stony corals). The middle and outer station
along Station Line B showed the same composition, while the inner
station was strikingly different, being composed primarily of
terrigenous sediment. Samples from Station Line C, along the
southern boundary of the site, showed a gradient from
approximately 57%/43% carbonate/terrigenous at the inner station
to 87%/13% at the deeper station.
This distribution of carbonate and terrigenous sediment strongly
suggest a local source of terrestrial runoff located somewhere
near Station Line B. Maps of the area show that Station Line B
is located between Keawewai Gulch to the north and the confluence
of Kapae and Keanahalululu Gulches to the south. All these
features are intermittent streams which drain the upper slopes of
the Kohala Mountains and which flow during heavy rains. The
coarse and well-sorted size of all the sediment collected
suggests that the high wave energy to which this section of coast
is exposed serves to resuspend and carry off fine particulates.
11
0.20 A
0.15
S m
z_
z^ 0.10
oa
® o
0.05 0 00 ®0 0 v v
0
a ~
s II
0.000 2 4 6 g 10
Total Suspended Solids (mg/I)
0.20 , B
0.151
i
~ °
z
0.10
o m
7
F" o
0.05 ~ m m®v a
m
m a m
pp m
0' - 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Chlorophyll (ug/I)
OI Consultants, InC. Iu1HUA MAKAI MARINE IMPACTS STUDY Figure
Makapuu Point RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SELECTED 5
Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795 PARTICULATE WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
Table 3. Percent composition of sediment collected at biological
survey stations at Kahua Makai, Hawaii, on January 24 - 26, 1994.
Station locations are shown in Figure 2.
CARBONATE TERRIGENOUS ORGANIC
STATION #
A2 94.6°s 4.9% 0.6%
A3 97.8% 2.0% 0.3%
A4 98.0% 1.6°s 0.3%
B2 18.3% 80.9% 0.8%
B3 97.1% 2.6% 0.4%
B4 96.7% 2.7°s 0.6%
C2 56.8% 42.7°s 0.5%
C3 61.8% 37.8% 0.4%
C4 87.0% 12.4% 0.6%
13
[ I
Transect A
100%
c 80%
0
.E 60%
U
C 4~%
U
~ 5a
a 20% ~ 1 sl
1 I
0% k -
A2'. A3 A4
100% Transect B
r-,
I
c 80% ~
~ k
I ~
:N
° 60%
a ~
~ 40% ~ ~ { 1
° ~ E ;j
20% I ~ I
I I
i , >
0% ~ B2 63 B4
I~
Transect C
i 100%
t~ carb. Q terrig ~ organic
c 80%
0
.E 60% IV---
U
c 40% -
a~ i
U
a 20%
~.:.:~7:..c..::i: ~ :
0% C2 C3 C4
OI Consultants, InC. KAHUA MAIUU MARINE IMPACTS STUDY Figure
Makapuu Point SEDIMENT COMPOSITION 6
Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795
MARINE BIOLOGICAL SIIRVEY
Methods
Surveys for estimations of substrate type and coverage, benthic
community composition and fish abundances were located at nine
stations (Figure 2). Three station lines were established
perpendicular to the shoreline (Figure 2). Transect stations
were located at bottom depths of 3, 8 and 17 m. These depths
matched the depths of the major biological communities of the
area. The transects were oriented parallel to the shoreline.
Biological surveys were conducted using SCUBA on January 24 - 26,
1994, during a period of 5 - 10 kt winds and calm seas.
At each transect station, a fish survey was performed first. As
a diver paid out a 50 m transect line in a direction parallel to
the depth contour, all fish within a 3 m corridor along the line
were identified and counted. After reaching the end of the
transect line, the diver returned along the line looking for
individuals hidden in rocks or holes. Substrate coverage was
estimated by the point-intersect method. A 1.1 m x 1.1 m quadrat
frame containing a grid of lines spaced 10 cm apart was placed at
five selected points along the survey line. The substrate type
under each grid intersection was identified and noted. Non-
living substrate was classified as limestone, basalt, large
basalt boulders, small basalt rocks and sand.
Living stony corals were identified to species. Individual
organisms >2 mm in size occurring within the quadrats were
identified and counted. Over sand bottoms, the number of
invertebrate burrows was recorded.
Species diversity was calculated for coral and algal communities
using the Shannon-Weaver Index formula (Ludwig and Reynolds,
1988):
n
H' _ -E (pi In pi)
i=1
where pi = the percent coverage by the ith species in the
quadrat. For fish populations, the species diversity was
calculated using Shannon's Index (Ludwig and Reynolds, 1988):
n
A' _ -E (ni/n In ni/n)
i=1
where ni = the number of individual in the ith species and n =
the total number of individuals on the transect.
15
L
Results
The shoreline from Kaiopae Point northward to waiakailio Bay is
vertical basalt cliffs. Along this shoreline, the distribution
of bottom types and dominant benthic communities is similar to
those described for other reaches of the leeward coast of the
island of Hawaii (Dollar, 1975). The coastal ocean waters have
similar bottom substrates and marine organisms (fish and coral)
along the same depth contours (Figure 7). The shallow (2 -3 m),
inshore stations within the basalt boulder zone had some
differences in bottom substrate and species types from the
offshore stations (>8 - 17 m), which generally were similar to
the Porites lobata zone at e m and the Porites compressa zone at
17 m. Station locations for the biological surveys are shown in
Figure 2. Substrate type and numerical abundance results for
live coral, macroalgae, fish, and invertebrates are presented in
Tables 4 - B.
The inshore area along these cliffs is a high energy surf zone
with a bottom composed mainly of bare basalt plate and basalt
boulders (basalt boulder zone: Table 4, Figure 7). Sand areas
are rare, occurring only at Station C2, averaging 2% of the area.
Abundance of live, stony corals (Table 5) is generally limited
(averaging 20% of the bottom coverage, but varying widely from 0
to 67%) The coral community (Figure 8) is made up mainly of
Porites lobata (98%of the coral present) with some Montipora
verrucosa and Pocillopora meandrina (1-2°s). These coral species
are able to withstand the wave stress of the area, due to either
their low, encrusting form (Porites lobata and M. verrucosa) or
sturdy branches (P. meandrina). The southern area, Station C2,
had the highest percentage of live coral (27%) and also an even
greater percentage of dead coral. Station B2 had the lowest
coverage by live coral, possibly due to the greater influx of
runoff and terrigenous sediment along this segment of the coast
(see above).
Macroalgae in the inshore areas (Table 6) were limited to
encrusting coralline algae (Porolithon onkodes) in the southern
area (Station C2) or short (<1 cm), filamentous red algae at
Station B2. Macroalgae was essentially absent in the northern
inshore area (Station A2).
Fish were fairly abundant, averaging over 200 individuals (sd=50)
at the inshore transects (Table 7). The number of species found
along the coast was fairly constant (Figure 9), ranging from 21 -
27 (sd = 3) The majority of the fish (78%) were herbivores or
planktivores from two families, the surgeon fish (acanthurids)
and the damsel fish (pomacentrids). Surgeon fish were the most
numerous, comprising on average, 67°s (sd = 15) of the fish
population. Three acanthurid species predominated: Acanthurus
nigrofuscus averaging 28% (sd = 8), Ctenochaetus strigosus
averaging 20% (sd = 8) and Zebrasoma flavescens averaging 13%
(sd = 6) Pomacentrids made up about 11% of the fish population.
Other common reef fish species were present in low numbers,
16
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OI Consultants, InC. KAHUA AAAICAI MARINE IMPACTS STUDY Figure
Makapuu Point CORAL DISTRIBUTION $
Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795
700
# individuals
soo
~ soo
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-moo aoo
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OI Consultants, InC. wnHUA MAKAI MARINE IMPACTS STUDY Figure
Makapuu Point FISH DISTRIBUTION 9
Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795
including Thalassoma duperrey, Paracirrhites arcatus and
Chaetodon multicinctus.
Sea urchins were the main type of invertebrate found in the
inshore areas (Table e). Echinometra mathaei, a rock boring
u~chin, was the most common species, averaging 10 individuals per
m Other urchins, the slate pencil urchin (Heterocentrotus
mammillatus) and spiny, rock boring urchin (Echinostrephus
aciculatus) were found only occasionally. A limpet Hipponix
imbricatus, was found in high numbers (100 - 500 m- ) on the
basalt bench at Station B2; it was not found at any of the other
stations.
In deeper waters (8 m and 17 m), live stony corals predominated
the bottom substrate, averaging 56% coverage (Table 4). Dead
coral generally made up the remainder of the coverage, averaging
43%. Scattered areas of sand, or thin sand covering limestone
flats, were found in the southern area near Kaiopae Point
(Station C3 and C4), but occurred less than 10% of the time.
Station B4 had one large sand patch that covered 15°s of the area.
The genus Porites made up the large majority (96°s) of the coral
community (Table 5). At the northern and middle areas (Station
Lines A and B), P. lobata was more prevalent at the 8 m stations
and P. compressa predominated at the deeper depths. This pattern
is typical of the coral zonation found on the west coast of
Hawaii (Dollar, 1975). In the southern area (Station Line C), P.
lobata was the sole dominant species and the 8 m and 17 m depths
were similar in species distribution; the dominance of P. lobata
here is most likely due to a higher level of wave stress in this
area. In the middle and southern areas (Station Lines B and C),
the deeper stations had more live coral coverage than did the
northern area (Station Line A), an average of 60% vs. 40%
coverage, respectively. Stations A3 and A4 had higher
percentages of dead coral than any of the other stations, ranging
from 33 - 87%.
There was no significant macroalgal substrate coverage at the
deeper stations (Table 6). Hydrolithon reinboldii, an encrusting
coralline alga, was found 4 - 10°s of the time on dead coral.
Another encrusting alga, Ralfsia pangoensis, appeared on 3% of
the substrate.
The offshore stations generally had more fish than the shallower
depths in the same area (Table 7). However, there were no
significant differences in the number of species between the
inshore and offshore areas. An average of 24 species were present
in all areas. Large monospecific fish schools containing from 52
- 400 individuals were recorded at each of the deep stations and
also at the e m station in the middle area. The genus Mulloides
(goat fish) accounted for three of the five large schools;
Lutjanus kasmira (blue-line snapper) and Chromis ovalis (damsel
fish) comprised the other two. These schools accounted for
between 13% and 66% of the fish populations in these areas. The
20
goatfish and snapper are nocturnal species which aggregate during
the day and move off individually to feed on crustaceans at
night. Species diversity at the deeper stations was lower than
the inshore stations, due to the presence of these large schools.
There were some differences in fish species composition between
inshore and offshore areas. Acanthurids were common at the
deeper depths, but made up a smaller percentage of the overall
fish population at the 8 m & 17 m stations (10 - SOg offshore in
contrast to 50 - 80~ inshore). This was mostly due to the
absence of Acanthurus nigrofuscus at the deep stations.
Ctenochaetus strigosus and Zebrasoma flavescens were the most
numerous acanthurids, comprising, on average, 9 - 11°s of the
population. The proportion of damsel fish (pomacentrids)
increased at the deeper stations. Chromis hanui was abundant,
making up 10 - 42% of the population; this species was absent
from the inshore surveys. The butterfly fish family (chaetodons)
was present in slightly greater numbers offshore.
On a north-south axis, the northern area had the greatest number
of fish at each depth, but the lowest species diversity index.
The offshore areas had invertebrate species composition and
abundance similar to the inshore areas (Table 8) The urchin,
Echinometra mathaei, was again the most common species, on
average accounting for 8 out of the 10 invertebrates per m2. The
rest of the invertebrates were limited to a few individuals of
other urchins (Heterocentrotus mammillatus and Tripneustes
gratilla), worms (Spirobranchus giganteus), and starfish
(Ophiocoma pica). A single individual of the Crown-of-Thorns
starfish (Acanthaster planci) was observed at Station A3, feeding
on small heads of Pocillopora meandrina.
The deep stations in the southern and middle areas had the same
invertebrate species as the other areas, but these occurred in
much fewer numbers.
Humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, bottlenose dolphins,
Tursiops gilli, and green sea turtles, Chelonia midas, were all
observed in the waters immediately off the project site. The
whales remained offshore in waters deeper than 100 m while
passing from north to south. This trajectory (remaining offshore
in deeper waters) is common for whales in the Kona area, and
keeps them outside the zone of impact for most shore-side
activities. The dolphins were observed traveling northward along
the same general path. A green sea turtle was observed by divers
at one of the deep (17 m) stations, resting in a nook in the
reef. It slowly swam northward when approached by the diver.
Several other turtles were observed on the surface near the dive
boat at the deep stations. No turtles were seen near shore.
21
Table 4. Percent coverage of substrate determined from 1 m~ quadrate at Rahua
Makai, Hawaii, on January 24 - 26, 1994. Species composition of the live
coral cover is given in Table 5. station locations are shown in Figure 2.
Quadrat #
1 2 3 4 5 Mean
Traneect Substrate
Type
A-2 Basalt 55 54 80 84 91 73
Live Coral 45 41 18 10 9 25
Dead Coral 0 5 2 6 0 3
A-3 Live Coral 38 32 67 65 13 43
Dead Coral 62 68 33 35 87 57
A-4 Limestone 0 0 0 8 0 2
Live Coral 63 16 41 58 25 41
Dead Coral 37 84 59 34 75 58
H-2 Basalt 70 92 98 81 80 84
Limestone 9 0 0 14 14 7
Live Coral 21 8 2 5 6 8
B-3 Basalt 5 0 0 0 0 1
Live Coral 95 75 73 71 72 77
Dead Coral 0 25 27 29 28 22
B-4 Sand 0 0 0 77 0 15
Limestone 0 0 0 20 0 4
Live Coral 82 52 74 3 72 57
Dead Coral 18 48 26 0 28 24
C-2 Sand 8 0 0 0 0 2
Basalt 6 81 93 0 0 36
Live Coral 28 11 7 21 68 27
Dead Coral 58 8 D 79 32 35
C-3 Thin Sand 14 20 0 0 0 7
Basalt 5 0 0 0 0 1
Live Coral 59 48 65 53 62 57
Dend Coral 22 32 35 47 38 35
C-4 Sand 19 2 0 0 30 10
Live Coral 55 75 70 91 10 60
Dead Coral 26 23 30 9 60 3G
22
Table 5. Coral species and percent coverage determined from 1 ml quadrats nt
Rahua Makai, Hawaii, on January 24 - 26, 1994. Station locations are shown
in Figure 2. - near the survey area.
Quadrat #
1 2 3 4 5 Mean
Transact # Species
A-2 Montipora verrucosa 1 0 0 0 * 0
Porites lobate 43 40 15 8 7 23
Pocillopora meandrina 1 1 3 2 2 2
Total Coral Coverage 45 41 18 10 9 25
Species Diversity 0.46 0.41 0.39 0.28 0.26 0.42
A-3 Fungie scutarie 1 0 0 0 0 0
Montipora ver or pet 0 2 1 2 0 1
Pe vone varians 0 2 0 3 1 1
Pocillopora meandrina * 6 1 1 0 2
Porites compresse 16 7 10 43 10 17
Porites lobeta 21 15 55 16 2 22
Total Coral Coverage 38 32 67 65 13 43
Species Diversity 0.67 0.80 0.65 0.89 0.35 0.81
A-4 Montipora verrucosa 0 0 0 0 1 0
Pocillopora meandrina * 1 0 1 0
Porites compresse 55 11 27 33 7 27
Porites lobate 8 5 13 25 16 13
Total Coral Coverage 63 16 91 58 25 41
Species Diversity 0.53 0.39 0.66 0.71 0.57 0.66
B-2 Montipora verrucosa 5 2 0 0 0 1
Porites lobeta 16 6 2 5 6 7
Pocillopora meandrina 0 ' * * * 0
Total Coral Coverage 21 8 2 5 6 8.4
Species Diversity 0.44 0.25 0.08 0.15 0.17 0.25
H-3 Montipora patule 1 3 1 0 3 2
Pavone varians 1 * 1 0 D 0
Pocillopora meandrina 1 0 0 * 0 0
Porites compresse 34 3 34 4 41 23
Porites lobeta 58 69 37 67 2B 52
Total Coral Coverage 95 75 73 71 72 77
Species Diversity 0.82 0.47 0.83 0.40 0.83 0.78
Table 5 (cont). Coral species and percent coverage determined from 1 m~
quadrats at Xahun Makai, Hawaii, on January 24 - 26, 1994. Station locations
are shown in Figure 2. - nenr the survey aren.
Quadrnt #
1 2 3 4 5 Mean
Transact # Species
B-4 Montipora verrucosa 1 2 0 0 1 1
Pevone veriens 2 0 0 0 0 0
Pocillopore meandrina 3 0 0 0 0 1
Porites compressa 10 44 62 0 65 36
Porites lobeta 66 6 12 3 6 19
Total Coral Coverage 82 52 74 3 72 57
Species Diversity 0,73 0.61 0.55 0.11 0.49 0.77
C-2 Montipora petule 4 0 0 1 1 1
Pevone veriens 1 0 0 0 0 0
Pocillopore meandrina 1 ~ 1 1 0 1
Porites lobate 22 11 6 19 67 25
Total Coral Coverage 28 11 7 21 68 27
Species Diversity 0.55 0.24 0.21 0.41 0.31 0.44
C-3 Montipora petule 1 2 1 0 0 1
Pevone veriens 0 0 2 0 1 1
Pocillopore meandrina 1 0 2 0 1 1
Porites compressa 23 8 2 97 0 16
Porites lobeta 34 38 56 6 60 39
Total Coral Coverage 59 98 65 53 62 57
Species Diversity 0.80 0.65 0.60 0.52 0.40 0.77
C-4 Fungie scuterie 0 0 0 2 0 0
Montipora petule 1 1 1 1 * 1
Pocillopore meandrina • 2 0 0 1 1
Porites compressa 12 61 7 35 1 23
Porites lobeta 42 11 62 53 8 35
Pevone veriens 0 ~ 0 0 0 0
Total Coral Coverage 55 75 70 91 10 60
Species Diversity 0.66 0.67 0.53 0.83 0.29 0.80
Table 6. Algal species and percent coverage determined from 1 m=
quadrats at Kahua Makai, Hawaii, on January 24 - 26, 1994. Station
locations are shown in Figure 2.
Quadrat #
1 2 3 4 5 Mean
Transect Species
A-2 Amansia glomerata 1 1 0.4
filamentous red 8 6 10 15 7.8
Total Algal Coverage 9 6 11 15 8.2
Species Diversity 0.25 0.17 0.28 0.28 0.22
A-3 Dictyota acutiloba 2 0.4
Ralfsia pangoensis 10 5 3.0
Symploca hydnoides 1 0.2
Turbinaria ornata 3 0.6
Total Algal Coverage 6 10 5 4.2
Species Diversity 0.18 0.23 0.15 0.16
A-4 Porilithon onkodes 1 5 1.2
Ralfsia pangoensis 3 6 3 1 2.6
filamentous red 5 5 2.0
Total Algal Coverage 6 8 11 3 1 5.8
Species Diversity 0.20 0.25 0.32 0.11 0.05 0.23
B-2 Dictyota acutiloba 1 0.2
Porilithon onkodes 3 1 0.8
filamentous red 60 90 99 95 68.8
Total Algal Coverage 60 91 99 98 1 69.8
Species Diversity 0.31 0.14 0.01 0.15 0.05 0.31
B-3 Hydrolithon reinboldii 8 4 4 6 4.4
Ralfsia pangoensis 2 0.4
Total Algal Coverage 6 6 4 6 4.8
Species Diversity 0.20 0.21 0.13 0.17 0.16
B-4 Hydrolithon reinboldii 3 4 3 2.0
Porilithon onkodes 1 0.2
filamentous red 12 2.4
Total Algal Coverage 1 3 4 12 3 4.6
Species Diversity 0.05 0.11 0.13 0.25 0.11 0.18
Table 6 (cont). Algal species and percent coverage determined from
1 m= quadrats at Kahua Makai, Hawaii, on January 24 - 26, 1994.
Station locations are shown in Figure 2.
Quadrat #
1 2 3 4 5 Mean
Transect Species
C-2 Amansia glomerata 5 4 1.8
Hydrolithon reinboldii 5 34 37 11 12 19.8
filamentous red 20 4.0
Total Algal Coverage 5 34 37 36 16 25.6
Species Diversity 0.15 0.37 0.37 0.71 0.38 0.52
C-3 Hydrolithon reinboldii 4 6 10 4 4.8
Ralfsia pangoensis 3 0.6
Total Algal Coverage 4 6 13 4 5.4
Species Diversity 0.13 0.17 0.34 0.13 0.18
C-4 Hydrolithon reinboldii 2 2 9 2 3.0
Ralfsia pangoensis 1 1 0.4
filamentous red 18 3.6
Total Algal Coverage 3 2 10 20 7
Species Diversity 0.12 0.08 0.26 0.39 0.25
Table 7. Abundance of fish observed in 50 m transacts at Rahua Makai, Bawaii,
on January 24 - 26, 1994. Station locations are shown in Figure 2.
Tranaect A-2 A-3 A-4 B-2 B-3 8-4 C-2 C-3 C-4
Depth (m) 4 8 17 4 8 17 4 8 17
Visibility (m) 8 5 5 20 15 15 12 9 15
Species
Syaodontidae
Synodus dermetogenys 1 1
Muraenidae
Gymnothorax flavimarginetus 1
Gymnothorax meleegris 1 1 1
Gymnothorax undulatus 1
Aulostomidae
Aulostomus chinensis 1
Serranidae
Cephalopholis ergus 2 1 2 1 1
Cirrhitidae
Cirrhitops fascietus 5 1
Cirrhitus pinnuletus 2
Pnrecirrhites ercatus 3 1 1 3 1 8 6 2
Peracirrhites fosteri 2 1
Lutjanidae
Lutjanus kasmire 52
Lethrinidae
Monotexis grendoculis 1 6 1
Mullidae
Mulloides flavolineetus 81 6
Mulloides venicolensis 141 180
Parupeneus clyclostomus 2 3 1
Parupeneus multifasciatus 2 1 2 3 1
Chaetodontidae
Cheetodon fremblii 1 1
Cheetodon kleinii 1 2 1 1
Cheetodon lunula 2
Cheetodon miliaria 2
Cheetodon multicinctus 2 3 5 2 4 5 2 8 3
Cheetodon ornetissimus 1 1 2 3 2
Cheetodon guedrimeculetus 1 2 2
Cheetodon unimeculetus 1 2
Forcipiger flavissimus 1 1 3 1 3 6 2 1
Forcipiger Iongirostris 2 1 4
Pomacanthidae
Centropyge potteri 1 6 2 4 2
Centropyge loriculus 1
Pomacentridae
Abedefduf imperipennis 3 1
Chromic hanui 36 76 112 47 28 32
Chromic ovalis 175 400 40 8
Chromic venderbuilti 9 29
Chromic verater 15 1
Dascyllus elbisella 7 8 3
PZectroglyphidodon johnatonianus 3 1 2 2
Stegestes fascioletus 2 3 6
Table 7(cont). Abundance of fish observed in 50 m transacts at Rahua Mnkai,
Bnwaii, on January 24 - 26, 1994. Station locations are shown in Figure 2.
Transact A-2 A-3 A-4 B-2 B-3 B-4 C-2 C-3 C-4
Depth (m) 4 8 17 4 8 17 4 B 17
Visibility (m) 8 5 5 20 15 15 12 9 15
Species
Labridae 2 1
Chelinus unifascietvs 2 1
Bodianus bilvnvletus 1
Coris gemerd 1
Gomphosvs varies 1 2
Aelichores ornatissimus 1 1 2 5 I
Labroides phthirophagus 1 2 1 1 2
Pseudochelinus evenidus 7
Pseudochelinus octotaenie 1 2 1 2
Stethojulis balteata 2
Thelassome dvperrey 13 3 4 5 6 1 11 3 1
Scaridae
Scares sordidus (female) 1 1 2
Scerus sp. (juveniles) 5
Acanthuridae
Acanthurus dussvmieri 20
Acanthurus leucoperivs 3
Acanthurus nigrofuscvs 100 8 3 41 7 42 2i 1
Acanthurus nigroris
Acanthurus olivececus 2 2
Ctenocheetvs strigosus 63 63 44 44 27 14 22 35 16
Naso hexacanthus 6
Naso literates 3 6 2 2 4 1 1 1
Zebrasome flevescens 25 46 51 35 31 11 19 19 10
zanclidae 3 4
2anclus cornutus 2 4 1 5 4
Blennidae I
Exallias brevis
Balistidae
Melichthys vidue 1 3 1 2
Melichthys niger 12 ~ 3
Sufflemen bursa 2 4 2 3 3 1 2
Tetradoatidne
Centhigaster emboinenais 1
total 0 individunls 275 375 631 203 292 436 191 167 318
~ species 27 27 22 24 24 30 30 26 30
Shannon's index 1.99 1.70 1.25 2.02 1.95 2.01 2.37 2.27 1.53
X50 nearby
Table 8. Invertebrate species and abundance determined from 1 m2
quadrats at Rahua Makai, Hawaii, on January 24 - 26, 1994. Station
locations are shown in Figure 2.
4uadrat #
1 2 3 4 5 Mean
Transect Species
A-2 Con us abbreviates 1 0.2
Echinometra mathaei 1 4 2 14 20 8.2
Echinostrephus aciculatus 1 1 0.4
Heterocentrotus mammillatus 1 0.2
Ophiocoma pica 2 0.4
Phyllidia varicosa 3 0.6
Spirobranchus giganteus 9 3 5 3.4
number of species 2 2 4 3 3 2.8
A-3 Acanthaster planci 1 0.2
Echinometra mathaei 3 20 18 17 5 12.6
Heterocentrotus mammillatvs 1 1 0.4
Tripneustes gratilla 1 0.2
number of species 1 3 1 3 1 1.8
A-4 Echinometra mathaei 17 3 10 10 6.0
Heterocentrotus mammillatus 4 2 1.2
Chromodoris sp. 1 0.2
number of species 2 1 1 2 1 1.4
Species Diversity 0.43 0.05 0.11 0.31 0.23 0.3
B-2 Cones eburneus 1 1.0
Echinometra mathaei 23 15 3 8.2
Echinostrephus aciculatus 1 1.0
Hipponix imbricates 200-500 50-100
number of species 1 2 3 1 1.4
B-3 Echinometra mathaei 9 7 5 5 10 7.2
Heterocentrotus mammillatus 1 2 1 1 1.0
Ophiocoma pica 1 1 0.4
Spirobranchus giganteus 2 0.4
number of species 2 3 2 2 3 2.4
Table 8(cont). invertebrate species and abundance determined from 1
m~ quadrats at Rahua Makai, Hawaii, on January 24 - 26, 1994. Station
locations are shown in Figure 2.
Quadrat #
1 2 3 4 5 Mean
Transect Species
B-4 Echinometra mathaei 5 1 1 1.4
Conus ebraevs 1 2 0.6
Spirobranchus giganteus 1 0.2
Tripneustes gratilla 1 1 0.5
number of species 2 2 2 2 1.6
C-2 Echinometra mathaei 28 7 6 B 13 12.4
Hipponix imbricates 8 1.6
Trizopagurus strigatvs 1 0.2
sponge (brown) 4 0.8
number of species 2 2 1 1 2 1.6
C-3 Echinometra mathaei 14 3 20 26 9 14.4
Heterocentrotvs mammillatus 2 0.4
Ophiocoma pica 12 2.4
Tripneustes gratilla 1 0.2
sponge (brown) 1 0.2
number of species 2 2 2 2 1 1.8
C-4 Chromodoris sp. 1 0.2
Echinometra mathaei 3 2 1.0
Heterocentrotus mammillatus 1 0.2
Tripneustes gratilla 1 2 0.6
Trizopagurus strigatus 1 0.2
number of species 1 2 3 1 1.4
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
The impact of the proposed Kahua Makai residential development
and associated drainage improvements on the nearshore marine
environment was assessed by quantifying the changes in surface
flow and water quality from the site to the ocean due to
development, and estimating the potential for impacts to the
existing water quality and biological communities by these
changes. The potential impacts of the discharge of treated
wastewater into the subsurface groundwater system via injection
wells was also assessed.
Surface flow rates before and after development of the proposed
Kahua Makai residential community were calculated using estimates
of runoff rates from typical land use classifications. The
existing and proposed land uses and their areas of coverage are
presented in Table 9. At present the whole 103-acre parcel is
undeveloped keawe scrub. After development, approximately 39
acres (38%) will consist of impervious surfaces (buildings,
roadways, sidewalks, etc.) and 64 acres (620) will consist of
landscaped areas.
The quality of the runoff associated with each substrate type is
presented in Table 9. The major potential pollutants which may
now or after development be generated and discharged into the
ocean are various forms of inorganic and organic nitrogen;
suspended solids (primarily eroded soils); chlorinated
hydrocarbons from herbicides and insecticides; lead from
automotive products deposited on roadways; and petroleum products
deposited on roadways. A representative value of the average
daily wash off rates of these materials from each substrate type,
based on values established by the E.P.A. (U.S.E.P.A., 1976) and
used in previous drainage impact studies for similar areas in
Hawaii (Dames and Moore, 1985) are presented in Table 9.
Finally, the total annual discharge load for each potential
pollutant for the predevelopment and development cases are
calculated.
It is clear from the calculations summarized in Table 9 that the
annual loads of total suspended solids discharged into the ocean
under existing undeveloped land use will decrease after
completion of the residential development, while annual loads of
nitrogen, hydrocarbons, lead, and petroleum products will
increase. The decrease in total suspended solids can be
attributed to the decreased soil erosion under residential
landscaping; the application of fertilizers and pesticides for
residential land uses poses the potential for input via runoff
and leaching. A small amount of lead and petroleum products
would be generated by the new roadways within the development.
31
C I
Table 9. Representative wash off rates (pounds/acre/day) and
calculated annual discharge loads (pounds/year) for potential
pollutants from the undeveloped and developed site at Kahua
Makai, Hawaii.
Present Proposed
Land Use Scrubland Landscape Roadway TOTAL
Area (acres) 103 64 39
Wash-Off Rates (#/acre/year)
Nitrogen 0 0.0032 0.000002
Total Solids 2 0.64 0.0117
Hydrocarbons 0 0.00003 0
Lead 0 0 0.000137
Petroleum products 0 0 0.000003
Discharge load (#/Year)
Nitrogen 0 74.8 0.026 75
Total Solids 75190 14950 166.7 15117
Hydrocarbons 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.75
Lead 0 0 1.954 1.954
Petroleum products 0 0 0.046 0.046
32
The amounts of nitrogen, hydrocarbons and petroleum products
generated by the new residential development would be comparable
to or less than those generated in other Hawaiian shoreside
residential developments, none of which have been shown or
suggested to have caused any detectable environmental impact.
Marine biological surveys reported above found no sensitive
communities within the area likely to be immediately affected by
storm discharge.
Although relatively high levels of dissolved nutrients were
measured in the nearshore surface waters off the project site, no
extensive macroalgal communities were seen during the biological
surveys. The addition of measurable amounts of dissolved
nutrients under existing conditions without a concomitant growth
of macroalgae suggests that the natural conditions of generally
steep shorelines with no significant intertidal region, high wave
energy, and abundant herbivorous grazing fishes serve to limit
macroalgal communities to closely cropped mats in shallow waters.
The input of additional nutrients via injection wells is likely
to occur in a diffuse manner over a broad area; no blooms of
noxious algae are expected to occur as a result.
In summary, the proposed Kahua Makai residential development and
its associated drainage improvements will have no negative
impacts on the adjacent nearshore marine environment.
33
REFERENCES
APHA. 1992. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater. 18th ed. American Public Health Association.
New York.
Dames & Moore. 1985. Drainage Impacts on Punahoolapa Marsh,
Proposed Kuilima Resort Expansion, Kahuku, Oahu, Hawaii.
Final Letter Report. Prepared for Group 70, Inc., Honolulu.
20 pp.
D'Elia, C. F., P. A. Steudler and N. Corwin. 1977.
Determination of total nitrogen in aqueous samples using
persulfate digestion. Limnol. Oceanogr. 22: 760-764.
Dollar, S. J. 1975. Zonation of reef corals off the Kona coast
of Hawaii. M. S. Thesis, Dept. Oceanography, Univ. Hawaii,
Honolulu. 183 pp.
Dollar, S. J. and S. V. Smith. 1988. The effects of golf course
irrigation and fertilization on nearshore marine waters off
West Hawaii. Prepared for Helber, Hastert and Kimura,
Planners, Honolulu. 30 pp.
Grasshoff, K., M. Ehrhardt and K. Kremling, eds. 1983. Methods
of Seawater Analysis. Verlag Chemie, weinheim. 419 p.
Gross, M. G. 1971. Carbon Determination. In: Procedures in
Sediment Petrology. R. E. Carver (ed) Wiley Interscience,
New York. 653 pp.
Ludwig, J. and J.F. Reynolds. 1988. Statistical Ecology: a
primer on methods and computing. John Wiley & Sons. 337 p.
Marine Research Consultants. 1993. Marine Environmental
Monitoring Program, Mauna Lani Resort. Water Chemistry,
Report V. Prepared for Mauna Lani Resort, Inc., Kohala
Coast. 20 pp. + 7 tables, 32 figs.
Murdoch, C. L. and R. E. Green. 1992. Assessment of the
Potential Impact of Fertilizers and Pesticides on the
Proposed Gentry-Kohala Residential Project. Prepared for S.
M. Fuke, Planning Consultant. 9 pp. + appendices.
Murphy, J. and J, P. Riley. 1962. A modified simple solution
method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters.
Anal, chim. Acta 27: 31-36.
OI Consultants, Inc. 1991a. Studies of water quality, ecology,
and mixing processes at Honokohau and Kawaihae Harbors on the
island of Hawaii. Prepared for Mauna Lani Resorts, Inc.,
Kohala Coast. Three individually numbered parts.
34
APPENDIX B
ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL
IMPACT OF FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES
BY
CHARLES L. MURDOCK & RICHARD GREEN
r
ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL
IMPACT OF FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES
ON THE PROPOSED
GENTRY-KOHALA RESIDENTIAL PROJECT
A REPORT TO
Sidney M. Fuke, Planning Consultant
By
Charles L. Murdoch and Richard E. Green
February 29, 1992
I. INTRODUCTION
This report addresses the potential environmental impact of fertilizer and pesticide
application on the proposed Gentry-Kohala residential project. The focus is on the quality of
surface water and groundwater in the vicinity of the project. The project site is located along the
coast of west Kohala on the island of Hawaii, between the community of Kawaihae and Lapakahi
State Historical Park. The 103 acre parcel lies between Akoni Pule Highway (Hwy 270) and the
coast, varying about 800 to 1200 feet in width. The project will have no large community
recreational areas, thus planted areas will consist primarily of turf, ground cover, shrubs and trees
around private residences. The fertilizers and pesticides normally used in residential areas are
considered in regard to potential for adverse effects on water quality. The toxicity and
environmental behavior of pesticides which are likely to be used are considered in the analysis, as
arc soil, topographic and climatic factors which may impact on fertilizer and pesticide movement
II. APPROACH
Key elements of the analysis are (1) estimation of the approximate area of various types of
plantings, (2) calculation of the likely quantities of applied chemicals which may be used
throughout the yeaz, (3) compilation of soil, geologic and climatic information which will aid in the
assessment of chemical movement, (4) estimation of water balance from rainfall, irrigation and
evapoaanspiration, (5) compilation of pesticide properties which may be of environmental
significance, and (6) assessment of the likelihood of any negative impact from chemical use.
Background information about the proposed development was provided by Gentry
Development Company. Soils information was obtained from the SCS-USDA soils publication for
Hawaii island (Sato et al., 1973). Published rainfall and evaporation data in the area provided an
estimate of groundwater recharge from rainfall in the area. Anticipated use of chemicals in the
development is necessarily tentative; our estimates aze based on published recommendations of the
Hawaii Cooperative Extension Service, survey information reported by Oki et al. (1990), and our
own judgement of best practices for the area. Pesticide properties are taken from published reports.
We visited the site on January 25, 1992.
III. ANALYSIS OF FACTORS IMPACTING ON CHEMICAL MOVEMENT
1. Topography, geology and soils
A. Site Factors
The elevation varies from sea level to a maximum of 150 feet. The topography can be
characterized as moderately sloping in the tnauka-malcai direction (19% slope maximum, 12%
minimum overall), with much steeper slopes over short distances along the sides of gulches. A
number of drainage ways, some of which are stream beds for intermittent streams, dissect the
property between the highway and the coastline.
Only one soil is mapped in the azea (Sato et al., 1973 -Sheet No. 14), the Kawaihae very
rocky very fine sandy loam (mapping symbol KOC). The classification is Medial, ashy,
isohyperthermic Ustollic Camborthids. These soils are very well drained and are extremely stony.
They are formed in volcanic ash, and have a thin surface layer of fine sandy loam over silt loam
and loam. They are underlain by pahcehce lava, which is exposed in many azeas. The organic
cazbon content is generally very low, about 0.5 percent, and quite uniform with depth (Sato et al.,
1973, p.104). Owing to their shallow, rocky nature and the grid climate of the area, the Kawaihae
soil is used mainly for pasrure, recreation areas, wildlife habitat and homesites. Even if water for
irrigation were available for crop production the area would not be well suited for intensive crop
1
production (Capability Class VIIs). The permeability of this soil is moderate and runoff is medium.
The erosion hazard is moderate. Some areas are severely eroded with sparse vegetation and many
small gullies.
2. Rainfall, evapotranspiration and potential recharge
The proposed project is located in the most acid area of the state. Mean annual rainfall is
only approximately 10 inches per year. Approximately 20 percent of the annual average occurs in
the month of January. All other months average less than one inch total rainfall, with less than 0.25
inch in July (Giambelluca et al., 1986). Mean pan evaporation for the area is one of the highest in
the state, approximately 90 inches annually (Ekern and Chang, 1985). There are no data for
monthly pan evaporation, therefore the water balance can only be calculated on an annual basis.
There is an evaporation deficit of approximately 80 inches annually. Since average monthly rainfall
for the months with highest rainfall totals only approximately 2 inches, pan evaporation greatly
exceeds rainfall in all months of the year. Thus with proper irrigation of landscape and gazden
plants, there is little potential for recharge of groundwater.
2.0
is
y
s
v
c
v 1.0
e ~
a
os
o.o
Jan FebMarAprMayJun Jul AugSep OctNovDec
Month
Figure 1. Mean monthly rainfall for the Kawaihae area (Giambelluca et al., 1986).
2
3. Groundwater and surface water
The project area is within the Kohala Hydrographic Area (Hawaii Water Resources
Regional Study Team, 1979). The groundwater aquifer beneath the area has not been well
chazacterized, but it appears to be within a zone of brackish basal water. The closeness of the arcs
to the coast and high horizontal hydraulic conductivity of pahcehce basalt aquifers suggests that
any fresh water lens would be shallow and subject to rapid mixing with salt water with any
significant pumping.
There are no perennial streams passing through the project area. Seven major drainage
ways appear to cazry a lazge volume of water from the mauka watershed to the ocean during
prolonged rainy periods. The shoreline is roclry and exposed to the surf and wave action from the
open ocean.
B. Landscaping considerations
The proposed housing development is located very close to the shoreline in an area with
relatively strong winds most of the yeaz (Daniels, 1983). Plants used in the landscape will
necessarily be those tolerant of salt spray. Because of low rainfall, only drought tolerant plants
should be used. The most appropriate landscape for this area would be a xeriscape, utilizing mostly
succulents with low evapotranspiration rates. Use of lawns should be limited to small azeas. The
Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University
of Hawaii has developed a list of recommended plants for acid areas and plants which are salt
tolerant [Rauch, 1986; Bezona (a); Bezona (b)] (Appendix). Only those plants recommended for
Zone I in these publications (plants which are highly salt tolerant and can be used in exposed
situations) should be used for landscape and garden plants in this development. We do not agree
with the classification of lawn grasses in these publications. Bermudagrasses are considered to be
very salt tolerant, yet Bezona (b) lists bermudagrasses as being Zone II plants. Seashore paspalum
is the most salt tolerant of the warm season grasses but is not listed in Bezona's publication. It
should be included in Zone I plants also.
C. Anticipated chemical use
1. Groundtcrmite control
Groundtermite control will likely be rrquitrd for all structures using wood. If houses are
built on concrete slabs, standazd treatment will require application of a suitable temridcide to the
soil surface prior to pouring the slab. The standard chemicals used presently are either chlorpyrifos
or one of the pyrethroid chemicals (eg permethrin). Although these chemicals are applied at a
relatively high dosage beneath slab, they are highly sorbed on most soils (Harris et al., 1981) and
do not migrate away from the site of application, especially if isolated from infiltrating water. The
use of gutters on house roofs to prevent runoff penetrating the soil surface neaz the foundation of
the house reduces the possibility for both pesticide movement and survival of ground termites.
Given the acid conditions of this location, it is relatively easy to maintain a dry soil environment
under and around a house.
2. Lawn and gardens
The proposed project will occupy a total of 103 acres. There are 206 residential units with
lot sizes ranging from 6,000 to 20,000 sq. ft. each. We have assumed, for purposes of calculating
fcrtiliur, pesticide and irrigation requirements, an average lot siu of 10,000 sq. ft. with 4,000 feet
for buildings, driveways, sidewalks, etc. Total landscaped area of each lot will therefore be
approximately 6,000 sq. ft. We have further assumed 2090 of the area (20.6 acres) will be in
streets, patidrtg lots, and community facilities. The remaining area (approximately 35 acres) will be
3
in waterways, gulches, open arras, etc. which will be landscaped with xerophytic vegetation.
Lawns and garden plants used in the landscape of homes require fertilizers to supply
essential nutrients and pesticides to conttol their associated pests. Use of fertilizer and pesticides by
homeowners varies greatly. Our experience is that most homeowners tend to apply little fertilizers
and use pesticides very infrequently. The following estimates of chemical use is largely based on
recommendations of the Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and
Human Resources, University of Hawaii and a published report of fertilizer and pesticide use at
Waipio Gentry in central Oahu (Oki, et al., 1990). From the latter report, the Cooperative
Extension Service recommendations likely represent an over estimation of actual fertilizer and
pesticide use by homeowners.
Grasses recommended for lawns in arras exposed to salt sprays include bermudagrasses,
seashore paspalum, St. Augustingrass, and zoysiagtasses. All ate very salt tolerant, with seashore
paspalum having the greatest salt tolerance, St. Augustinegrass and certain zoysiagrasses being
slightly less salt tolerant and bermudagrasses ratrkitrg third (Marcum, 1991).
Fertilizers are applied to lawns to supply those essential nutrients which are used in large
amounts and which are deficient in most soils. Tn typical soils, the elements which are normally
applied in a turfgrass fertilization program are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).
Turfgrasses use much wort N than other elements. Based on turfgtass clipping composition, it has
been shown that the turfgrasses grown in Hawaii use about twice as much N as K and about 4
rimes as much N as P. Recommended fertilizer rates for different turfgrasses used in Hawaii are
given in Table 1.
Table 1. Recommended fertilizer rates for different types of turfgrasses in Hawaii.
Nutrient
Grass N P K
]bc. per 1000 sq,~t. net month
Bermudagrasses 1.00 0.25 0.50
Seashore paspalum 0.75 0.20 0.38
Zoysiagrasses 0.50 0.12 0.25
St. Augustinegrass 0.50 0.12 0.25
The primary fertilizer elements of concern for contamination of ground and surface waters
are nitrogen and phosphorus. Phosphorus is attached very tightly to soil clays and moves little if
any from the site of application. Phosphorus,therefore will not cause any problem with
contamination of drainage water. Ammonium nitrogen (NHq) likewise moves little in soils.
Nitrogen applied in the ammonium form, however, is rapidly converted to the nitrate form (NOg)
which is not bound to the soil and moves readily with water. Because of high nitrogen use rates by
turfgrasses, however, nitrogen will be used rapidly after application. Only under conditions whets
rainfall occurs soon after application of a soluble nitrogen source would there be excessive loss by
surface runoff or by leaching below the root zone. Thus nitrogen movement can be mitigated by
applying aslow-release nitrogen fertilizer in which the nitrogen is in an insoluble form when
applied (Brown, et al., 1977) or by applying small amounts of soluble N through the irrigation
system and irrigating only to replace soil moisture used by evapotranspiration (Snyder, et al.,
1984).
If each of the 206 lots in the project uses only 300 sq. ft. of lawn there will be
approximately 62,000 sq. ft. of lawn in the entire project (excluding common lawn areas, roadway
4
medials, etc.). Depending upon the species of grass used, the total fertilizer use for all the
houselots in the project should be approximately 370 to 740 pounds of nitrogen, 89 to 186 pounds
of phosphorus, and 135 to 370 pounds of potassium.
Oki et al. (1990) found large variation in fertilizer use by homeowners. Of 110 households
in Waipio Gentry, 353'o reported that they applied no fertilizer at all, 8% made spot applications
only (fcrdlizers were applied to ornamentals, fruit trees, or vegetable gardens), and only 649'o made
lawn applications. The homeowners who did apply fertilizers used formulations of various
nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (N-P-K) ratios. The typical homeowner in their study applied
fertilizer six times per year. During each application the average nitrogen use was approximately
1401b. per acre (3.21b. per 1,000 sq. ft.). If homeowners in the present project used this amount
of nitrogen, it would represent a total of approximately 1200 pounds of N for the entire project.
This represents an excessive use of N and potentially could lead to leaching of N to groundwazer of
runoff in surface drainage.
There are a number of weed, insect and disease pests of turfgrasses and landscape plants in
Hawaii which sometimes require application of chemical pesticides. Pesticides are normally applied
by homeowners only in response to outbreaks of pests. There are a large nttmber of pesticides
available in the garden shops which homeowners may purchase without restriction. These may be
applied as granules, dusts, or sprays. Oki, et al. (1990) also asked homeowners in Waipio Gentry
about pesticide use. Large variation was also found in the amount of pesticide used. Of 110
households, it was found that half (55) used no pesticides because of health concerns. Eleven
households reported using pesticides as spot matment only (application on or around ornamental
plants, fruit trees, or vegetable gardens). Only forty three households (39%) reported using
pesticides. There were 21 pesticides reported as used by some homeowners. The most populaz
were diazinon, malathion and the herbicide glyphosate. A list of the pesticides used by more than 5
households in this survey are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Pesticides used by five or more households (total of 110 households surveyed) in Waipio
Gentry, central Oahu (Oki et al., 1990).
Chemical No. of househnidc %of ho iceholdc
2,4-D 5 5
chlorpyrifos 7 6
diazinon 23 21
glyphosate 9 8
MCPP 6 6
methane arsonates 6 6
malathion 13 12
The rate of application of the different pesticides varied greatly. Based upon results from
those households applying pesticides, the estimated application rates for diazinon varied from 2.9
pounds per acre to 180 pounds per acre. The higher rates are clearly excessive. Application of
more than the recommended amount of pesticides specified on the label represents a violation of
pesticide use law and results in increased likelihood of negative environmental impact. Table 3
below gives recoaunended application races of pesticides likely to be used by homeowners in
Hawaii. Note that there are pesticides other than those listed in Table 2 above.
5
Table 3. Pesticides commonly used by homeowners far control of pests in lawns and ornamental
plants.
Chemical name Trade name Tvce of pesticide Rate(pounds a.i./acrel~
2,4D part of mixtures§ herbicide 1 to 2
acephate Orthene insecticide 1.3 to 6.7
captan Orthicide fungicide 8.7
chlorpyrifos Dursban insecticide 1.0
diazinon Specaicide insecticide 2.7 to 5.4
dicamba part of mixtures§ herbicide 0.25 to 1
glyphosate Roundup herbicide 0.25 to 1.5
MCPP part of mixtures§ herbicide 1 to 1.5
methane arsenates Weed Hce herbicide 2 to 4
malathion Cythion insecticide 1 to 2.5
mancozeb Dithane M-45 fungicide 8.7 to 17.4
f a.i. =active ingredient
§ 2,4D, dicamba and MCPP ate contained in herbicide mixtures such as Trimec®
D. Irrigation
Because of the extremely grid conditions of the area, landscape plants will require irrigation
to supplement rainfall throughout the year. Maximum use of xerophytic plants requiring little water
will greatly reduce the need for irrigation. Drip irrigation should be used, where practical, to
maximize water application efficiency. Use of mulches around trees and shrubs will reduce surface
evaporation and waste of applied water. Turfgrasses, once fully established, will require
approximately 40 inches of water per year (25 gallons/sq. ft. or 1.1 million gallons per acre).
Water use by lawns is reduced by deep, infrequent watering and applying water during early
morning hours when winds are calm and evaporation is minimal. When watered properly, lawns
should require irrigation no more than two to three times per week
1V. POTENTIAL FOR CHEMICAL MOVEMENT TO GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE
WATERS
A. Potential Impact on Surface Water Quality
The only surface water to be considered at this location is the coastal water near the
shoreline. Important considerations in evaluating impact of chemical use are (1) the low runoff
anticipated for the area most of the year, (2) the relatively small amount of chemicals expected to
be used in any given time period, and (3) the extensive dilution of any runoff waters from the
development by the turbulent shoreline water. In view of these considerations, there is no reason to
expect any adverse impact of chemicals on the quality of shoreline water. This conclusion is
substantiated by the sustained high water quality for the past 30 years in the relatively quiet water
of the bay at the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, which receives some runoff and groundwater discharge
from a large area, including both a golf course and the landscaped surroundings of the hotel.
B. Potential Impact on Groundwater Quality
Given the likely brackish condition of the groundwater at the project location, there will be
no significant negative impact on the groundwater aquifer even if small quantities of chemicals are
leached to the water table. The groundwater discharges into the ocean and will be subsequently
mixed with sea water, as is the case with runoff. Even so, it will be prudent to use both fertilizers
6
i
and pesticides with care to avoid unnecessary additions to coastal water. The soil is shallow and
low in organic cazbon, hence it will not retain pesticides as well as most soils in higher rainfall
areas. Recommendations given below are based on the assumption that it is always best to use no
mote chemicals than ate required for good plant nutrition and necessary pest control.
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The proposed Gentry-Kohala residential project is located along the coastline in southwest
Kohala, where the rainfall is the lowest in the state (about 10 inches per year), the topography is
characterized by moderate slope (about 5'90) toward the coast, and the soils are quite shallow and
rocky. The area is dissected by several drainage ways, the locations of intermittent streams during
the periods of occasional sustained rainfall during the winter months.
The extremely arid conditions suggest the appropriateness of xerophytic landscaping to
conserve water and reduce the need for fertilizers and pesticides at this neaz-shore location. A list
of drought tolerant plants is appended. This type of planting is consistent also with the shallowness
of the soils of the area. If the turfed area at each residence is restricted to about 300 square feet, the
fertilizer requirement will be less than 1,000 pounds nitrogen and 200 pounds of phosphorus per
year for the entire development, excluding common arras that may be landscaped. The cazeful
selection of grasses that are adapted to the climate, soil and proximity to the ocean (salt spray) will
assist in water conservation and reduce the likelihood of chemical leaching.
The only surface water subject to contamination at this site is the coastal water. The absence
of significant runoff most of the yeaz and dynamic mixing of turbulent shoreline water by wave
action preclude any adverse effect of chemical use on the project if adequate care is taken in the
landscaping and attendant fertilizer and pesticide practices. Likewise, groundwater quality will not
be adversely affected if recommended landscaping and irrigation practices are followed. Given the
brackish nature of the groundwater at the site, the groundwater quality is of concern only as it
impacts coastal water quality. The combined goals of water conservation and sustained coastal
water quality will be well served by careful landscaping and the associated control of the amounts
of irrigation and agricultural chemicals required.
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Remove soil from building sites and move it to landscaped areas which will be planted to
xerophytic groundcover or grass.
2. Minimize areas planted to lawn grasses. We suggest about 300 squaze feet per residence,
in addition to public grassed areas.
3. Plant turfgrasses which aze drought and salt tolerant, for example bercnudagrasses,
seashore paspalum, St. Augustinegrass, and Zoysiagrasses.
4. Groundcovers and other decorative plantings should be drought and salt. tolerant; a list of
xerophytic plants is appended.
5. Irrigation and applications of fertilizers and pesticides should be limited to levels required to
meet plant needs.
6. Establish a landscape advisory board to assist homeowners in selection of adapted
landscape plane, proper fertilizer and irrigation practices and pest control.
7. The eaves of buildings should be guttered and downspouts directed away from buildings
to prevent excessive leaching where termiticides have been applied near building
7
p
foundations.
VII. LITERATURE CTTID
Bezona, Norman C. (a). Drought Resistant Plants for Hawaii. Undated. Cooperative Extension
Service. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa,
Honolulu, HI.
Bezona, Norman C. (b).Sa1t and Wind Tolerant Ornamental Plants for Hawaii. Undated.
Cooperative Extension Service. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University
of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI.
Brown, K. W., R. L. Duble, and J. C. Thomas. 1977. Influence of management and season on
fate of N applied to golf greens. Agron. J. 69:667-671.
Daniels, Andrew, P. 1983. Surface winds. In: Armstrong, R. Warwick (ed.) Atlas of Hawaii, 2
nd ed. p 65. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu, HI.
Ekern, P. C. and J. Chang. 1985. Pan evaporation: State of Hawaii, 1894-1983. Report R74.
Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Water and Land Development, State of
Hawaii. 171 pp.
Giambelluca, T. W., M. A. Nullet, and T. A. Schroeder. 1986. Rainfall Atlas of Hawaii. Report
R76. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Water and Land Development, State
of Hawaii. 276 pp.
Hartley, Douglas and Hamish Kidd (Eds.). 1983. The Aerochemicals Handbook. Unwin
Brothers, Ltd. Old Working, Surrey, England.
Harris, C.R., R.A. Chapman and C. Hams. 1981. Laboratory studies on the persistence and
behaviour in soil of four pyrothmid insecticides. Can. Ent. 113:685-694.
Hawaii Water Resources Regional Srudy Team 1979. Hawaii Water Resources Plan. Department
of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii, Honolulu.
Marcum, K. B. and C. L. Murdoch. 1990. Growth responses, ion relations, and osmotic
adaptations of eleven Cq turfgrasses to salinity. Agron. J. 82:892-896.
Oki, D. S., R. N. Miyiahira, R. E. Green, T. W. Giambelluca, L. S. Lau, J. F. Mink, R. C.
Schneider, and D. N. Little. 1990. Assessment of the potential for groundwater contamination due
proposed urban development in the vicinity of the U. S. Nary Waiawa Shaft, Peazl Harbor,
Hawaii. Special Report 03.02.90 Prepared for the Department of the Navy, Pacific Division Naval
Facilities Engineering Comtnand.
Rauch, F. D. 1986. Ground covers for dry locations. Instant Information No. 15. Hawaii
Cooperative Extension Service. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University
of Hawau at Manoa, Honolulu, HI.
Sato, H. H., W. Ikeda, R. Paeth, R. Smythe and M. Takehiro, Jr. 1973. Soil Survey of Island of
Hawaii, State of Hawaii. United States Dept. of Agric., Soil Conservation Service.
Snyder, G. H., B. J. Augustin, and J. M. Davidson. 1984. Moisture sensor-controlled irrigation
for reducing N leaching in betmudagrass turf. Agron. J. 76.964-969.
8
t
Soil Conservation Service, U. S. D. A. 1976. Soil survey laboratory data and description for some
soils of Hawaii. Rept. No. 29.208 p.
9
S 1
APPENDICES
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+ d HAWAII CC :RATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources
University of Hawaii at Manoa
INSTANT INFORMATION No. 15
Z :.Z
P~~~
GROUND COVERS FOR DRY LOCATIONS
Fred D. Rauch, Horticulture Specialist
The droughts of recent years and the lack of Consider these basic rules for planting and care of
natural rainfall to provide a refreshing drink for our the long list of natives and other unthirsty plants:
thirsty plants are still fresh in otu memory. It is
appropriate, therefore, to start thinking about solo- -The right plant for site and exposure.
[ions to the gazdening dilemma forced upon us by -Plant in fall or early winter (let Mother Nature
these serious water shortages. do most of the watering). This also allows good
One way to help relieve this situation is to use root development.
plants that are not only attractive in the landscape, -Plant in swell-prepared soil, keeping good
but are able to tolerate dry seasons with little water- drainage in mind.
ing. Many of these drought-tolerant plants offer -Plant with the crown slightly above the soil
moderate, compact growth, reducing the chore of level.
pruning and adding the reward of many years of -Water until soil is saturated to a 6 to 8-inch
trouble-free enjoyment while conserving precious depth.
water. -Keep the soil moist until plants are established.
One must determine basic needs when planning -When plants are established, water infrequent-
orreplacing the landscape site, whether it be erosion ly and deeply (to (r to 8-inch depth).
control for a steep bank or a lawn substitute. Water -Mulches will help conserve moisture and re-
conservation should be high on the list. duce weed problems during establishment.
c;raalFro mvFits Is~tmtun tlswa wn'~a
HEII,aT FARE FFJrn7I+E5
Ar~toUtem mlerdtrla 12-15' Star Yellow IIwaz.
'Cape Carpet'
Aspazagus Qrei£lort>ss 'Spretxleri' 12-18• Star, Fiin textured, bright lettucrgreen
'Sprenger Asparagus' shams foliage.
Asystasia garxletim 12-18• Scat, Careful as a mver for slopes or
•Cpr,vmn.,iel • pact shade hillsiQS. 1Ytmpet`shaped purple, yellw,
or white IIowers. lieMeda itself.
Bac~azis pilulazis 72-24• Stet Earellent appearance ymr~rotad i
•Uwatf Coyote Brush' eroaim control.
GrFobcotus edulis 12-18• Stm O~arse-tenured plartts. lblerates
•aottenmt Fig• sale strong wirx~s, and mral sartda.
Cerastitm trmerttoatm 6-12• Stet Heditm•testured, larspcm~ng,
'Smv in Sumer' silvery 9raY rnr¢C Profuse mall
flowers In Sher.
Delospeaaa 'Alba' 8-12• Stm Forms a dertse mat; 'nllazates
'Slhite Implant' meal lard and salt splay.
Eroditm chmaedcyoides 2-3• Scat, Ebbs gray-green cltmp witb many
rotx~ pazt shade rosy pink flowers. 701azat:ea sea
•F1erm's-bill' mast mrditims.
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Aets of May 8 and lone 30, 1914, N cooperation with the U.S. Deparanent of Agricul-
ture. Noel P. Kefford, Dhector and Dean, Cooperative Extenson Service. College or iropital Agricutturo and Human Resources, Unirerairy of
Hawaii at Manoa, HonolWu, Hawau %822. An Equal Opportunity Employer providing prognma and xrvias to citrsena of Hawau without
regud to race, color, national origin, or sec' 05/86
x ~
BES.HT ~Rt FFA7UR6
Festum gloom 4-10• Sun Blue-gray orrl®CIt31 grass that
'Blue Fescue' grws in tufts.
Gazania leumleeca , 6-12• Sun Variable colored daisy flwera
'lYailing Goiania' used in pazking stzipa and tank rovers.
Jusi¢rus mnferta 8-12• Sun Bric~t green foliage. Good rover
'Shore Juni¢r' along the mast with well-drairrd soil.
:s 'SUnWrst' 2-1• Sun Hright goldecryellw flwera most
•SUnbsrst • of the yeaz. lolazates poor soils.
Lotus 6erthelottii 2-3• Sun, Gzoucd rover on slopes. 9+eet
•Pazrot's-beak' pazt shade ¢a-sha¢d snrlet to orange flwers.
Hest at higher elevations.
MyoFarm parvifoliuu 12-18• Sun Evergreen shrub, nee clipping.
•MyoFnrum• Wide sgead of dense foliage.
Ceteos¢mim fzutimsim 12-18• Sun Good for erosion control. 1ltcee
'Trailing Afrimn Daisy varieties: white, purple, and
lavender.
Pelazcpnim pltatum 12-18• Sun Colorful flwers irnermittently
•IVy-leaf Gerani~m• thrmgh the yeez. Best in
well-drained lomtion.
Polycpnu¢ eapitatum 4-6• Sun, Pink, olwerlike hlosscros
'Pink C1wer• shade yenr-coucd. Useful for erosion
mcmrol on steep 6enks.
Fortula® grandi£lora 4-6• Sun colorful, succulent place.
'Rose-moss' Tolazates poor soil.
Rhoeo spathaoea 'Dwarf' 8-12• Sun, Develo¢ a thick mat with
`Dwarf Outer Plant' part shade reddish purple lover leaf suzface.
Rosmarirus gostratus 12-15' Sm Blue flwers in April-May.
•Ltwar£ Roeemary• Aromatic.
santolina sp. 12-18• Sln Reap clip¢d to 1 ft. or less.
•Santolina• NicE border plant.
Sedum oonfusm 8-12• Sun, tbtms clmp with pale yellw-green
•Sedim• pazt shade leaves. Nerds well-drairnd soil.
Seswi~m portulaoastrcm 4-6• Sun Best suited for seashore mnditiona
•Akulikuli• with gray foliage and small pink flwecs.
Teu¢im gostzatus 8-12• Sim Bazdy, does well in hot lomtions.
•ProsCrate Getmacder• Rose ar red-purple Sumer flwers.
Wikstzo~ia ova-ursi 2-3' Sim lblerant of heat and seashore
'Molokai Osmanthus• m~itions.
~ COOPERATIVE .EXTENSION SERVIC'
TJPTIVERSITY O. .~T4AII AT tdRNOA COLLEGE OF TRH .,nr• AGRICDLTTJRE
T7NITED STATES DEPARIT~lENT OF AGRICTJLTURE COOPERATING
1420 LOfiTER CAt~DS ROAD
r-. - . _ _ rHONOLQLU, HAWAII 96822 : - _ -
- - ' DRODGHT RESISTANT •P1:ANTS FOR AAWAILAN'GARDENS
By Norman C. Bezona
Couaty Extension .Agent
A aeries of dry years and increased pressure on water supplies in Hawaii
have made us aware that water is an exhaustable resource. Limits on our water
resource means that we can sustain only a certain level of population. Too many
people can-seriously cut into water use for agriculture. This includes keeping
our parks, gardens and perhaps even houseplants alive if the shortage became
critical. Limited water could mean a definite reduction in the quality of life
in Hawaii.
Hopefully the dune will.not come when. we are islands teeming with too many
people... a time when we are so limited in food and water .that we can no longer
have. gardens or parks or landscaped highways.
in the meantime, our population is increasing and water rates are sure to
go up. we would, therefore, be wise to plan.for future landscaping that is not
suite so demanding of water.
A garden planted with no thought given to dry spells will do well in rainy
periods but deteriorates without irrigation in dry nericds. .Fortunately, many
garden plants in Hawaii are fairly hardy when it comes to short water supply, so
we have a long-list. to call upon. .
There are two factors that make these plants able to survive moisture stress.
y _First, some plants are notably: resistant•to:drought.' This quality is
centered largely in the cellular structure and has a bearing on the economy-with
which the plant functions. Some plants have the ability to carry through extended
dry periods because of a happy faculty of closing the pores of 'the leaf against
transpiration, or. turn the leaf back oz edge-on to. the sun.. Others root deeply
to tap.and have available for dry periods, any acc~muulated moisture of the-
sub-soil.
~ The garden-:environment.is.the other critical factor.- ~ -
. -
..r
Water use is a process controlled by energy.-'.The source'of'that energy`
is the sun. To move water out of the soil directly or through the plant and away
into the atmosphere requires energy. :.The amount of energy available and the
nature of_the conducting. medium which is the soil-plant-atmosphere complex
,determine how much water will be used irs a given time.
~Conslder the amount.of_energy available on a'-piece of the landscape. The
total available is the solar radiation which reaches the earth's surface, plus
the heat in heated-air radiation which reaches the earth's surface, plus the heat
>s heated air which,is moved'. about on the earth's surface by wind. The amount of
energy reaching the earth's surface is limited by the cloud cover and the dust in
the atmo§phere. .
Air that is heated in another and drier part of the landscape and moves
across the area~of land in 'which we have our plants growing also adds-heat. The
result 1s a larger amount of water evaporated than we would predict purely on the
basis of solar radiation.
DROUGHT RESISTANT PI 9~FOR HAS?AIIAN~.GARDEP75' ~ i ~ e
Page 2 - - - -
This is why the more shade and wind .protection from trees we have in the
gazden, the less water is required to keep moisture levels up. And conversely,
the more asphalt and. concrete to heat up; the more rapidly our planted area dries
up, - - . _ . - -
It helps us understand the reason for the common observation that an inch of
general rainfall is much more useful and long lasting than an inch of irrigation
water.
In effect, when we irrigate a small area we are creating an "oasis". If we
have low, relative humidity and enough wind to move hot air across our irrigated
surface, we can have losses of water neazly double that we would expect from
direct solar radiation..-
Besides the wetness of the soil and the plant, the nature of the plant
itself has considerable effect on the amount of water lost into the air. The
height of the plant and the roughness of the surface has an effect on the wind
movement and mixing of air across the surface of the vegetation. "A rough surface
will cause more water loss than a smooth surface.
The amount of water conducted away from the soil and the plant surface
depends of wind movement, wind speed, temperature of the aii and the vapor
pressure or relative humidity of the atmosphere. If water is conducted away
very rapidly by rapid wind movement or low relative humidity, we may have high
rates of water use. -
Plants that are tolerant of salty beach conditions often use less water than
soft luxurient jungle plants because they are streamlined for water conservation.
-The overall conditions for a high rate of water use are: rapid wind
movements;,;high. temperature_and:a:low~hnmidity>.and bright'sun with no cloud cover
-What can we do in managing the soil to take advantage of our knowledge of
the factors affecting water-use ratesT First of all,'we can irrigate only when
the soil-water becomes low and.plants begin to show evidence of wilt during the
hottest part of the day. -
We can understand that we-will have~to:irrigate sooner following a-previous
irrigation than following a general rainfall. And we can provide soil with good
physical and chemical .properties for deep rooting-of plants: -
- _ _ a_ _
Proper fertilization will help accomplish. this: -Also, poor soils should be
improved with the necessary amendments to help the .plants develop good"root -
systems. Addition of well .rotted. organic matter often helps increase moisture-and
nutrient holding capacity. In many Hawaiian soils, available phosphorus is
lacking.--This is essential•to root growth, so-addition of .this elemant-is
pazticulazly, important. ,r : - i -
-•The use of mulches will also help conserve soil moisture.
Deep rooting zeeults in the utilization of a greater portion of_the.water
stored in the soil reservoir.
Watering heavily a couple.of titaes.a week .is much better than. watering
_ lightly everyday. Home gardeners should. also measure the rainfall on their
pzopertY-
• DRODGHT RESISTANT PLANTS FOR HAS•IAIIAN~GARDENS
~ 'Page 3
The following is a list of plants that will help you plan and plant your
_ .drought tolerant landscape. .
Remember shallow-rooted grass and a bright sunny yard will often zequire
more water than a shady garden planted with deep-rooted shrubs and ground covers.
The shady gazden is more comfortable for living and can even cool the home as
well.
The~list is by no means complete. Most of these plants will "survive"
without supplemental irrigation once they aze established in areas where annual
rainfall is above 35 inches and where the soil is good. .
Under more severe conditions or in extremely dry years, occasional deep
watering will be essential for healthy plants.
Those plants marked with an asterisk aze considered superior under
dryer conditions. -
T R E E S
Scientific Name .Common Name Aooroximate Height
*Acacia auriculiformis, Eaz Leaf Acacia 30'
- A. confusa 6 other sP• . _ . .
Aleurites Moluccana Kukui 30'
Araucania excelsa ":Norfolk Pine 60' _
*Brassaia actinophylla Octopus Tree - 30' .
*Bucida buceras ~.-Geometry Tree _-,.30'
*BUrsera simaznba , - ,Gumbo limbo - ~ ~ . 30' .
Callistemon lanceolatus ,Bottle Brush 20'
Callophyllum inophyllum _ -Kamani 40'
*Cassia sp. Shower Trees 30 - 40'
+Casuazina-equisetifolia ~ Australian Pine 60'. -
Citharexylum spinosum Fiddlewood 30'
Clusia rosea Autography Tree 20'
Coccoloba diversifolia Pigeon Plwn _ 30'
*Coccoloba Uvifera _ .:Sea-Grape .~25'
*COnocarpus ereetus Button Wood 30'
*Cozdia sebestina False Kou 15' ,
*Cordia subcordata Kou- 20'
Dalbergia sissoo _ Sissoo 80'
*Delonix regia Royal Poinciana 40' .
*Erythrina sp. Coral Tree 25'
Eucalyptus sp. -Eucalyptus 30'.- 80'
*Ficus sp. (most species Ficus-Rubber Trees 40' 60'
w/small- leaves) -
*Grevillea zobusta Silk Oak . 100'
Hibiscus tiliaceus Hau _ 35'
Jacaranda acutifolia Jacaranda 50' _
tielaleuta leucadendron _ Melaleuca 50' •
DROUGHT RESISTANT PI,A*^^S FOR HAL•JAZIAN GARDENS ~ - ~ ~ -
Page 4 _ _ ~ ~ e ,
TREES -Continued _
Scientific Name Common Name '°'Approximate Height
'Melia azedarach - - China Berry •:c: _ 30'
Ochrosia elliptica _ _ Ochrosia _ - 25' _
Olea europaea Olive - 25'
*Parkinsonia aculeata Jerusalum Thorn 30'
*Plumeria sp. Plumeria 30'
Pongamia pinnata - Pongamia '75'
*Rhizophora sp. (where-saline Mangrove Vaziable 20'-40'
mazshland is present)
*Schinus terebinthifolius Brasilian Pepper 30'
Spathodea campanulata African Tulip Tree 50'
*Swietenia mahogani tlahogany ~ ~ ~ 40'
Tabebuia argentea Gold Trumpet Tree 30'
*Tabebuia pentaphylla Pink Trumpet - 25'
*Tamarix sp. Tamarisk 30' -
*Terminalia catappa False Kamani 40'
*Terminalia muelleri
Thespesia populnea - ~ - Ptilo - -30'
*Thevetia nerifolia Yellow Oleander 25'
(He-Still)
FRUIT`TREE 5
Scientific Name Common Name Approximate Height
*Achras zapota ._.Sapodilla ....._._.::30.'
Aleurites molucanna Candlenut 40'..
Anacardium occidentale - "Cashew Nut '20'
Annona squamosa '-~Sugnr Apple - `15 ° ~ -
Calocarpum sapota --Mamey Sapote - ~ - 30'""=`-- -
Casimiroa edulis - -~Vthite Sapote - - --~~30'
Chrysophyllum canito Staz Apple 30' -
Citrus sp. - - Citrus (all vazieties) - • 15' = 30'
Cocos nucifera (where saline _`Coconut - - 50'''-
water is available) ~ "
Diospyros ebenaster '=Black Sapote - -25'
Dovyalis Abyssinics x ~~°'Tropical Apricot - 15''
D. hebecarpa
]JOVyalis caffra Kei Apple - 45'
Fortunella japonica Kumquat 15'
t•Sacadamia intergrifolia ~Maeadamia 20'
Malpighia glabra Barbados Cherry 20'
ldammea americana ~ - ~ Mamay Apple 30'
~tarigifera' indica • Mango - " 50' '
*Olea europaea - - - ~ Olive - _ ^ - - • 20' - .
Persea americana Avocado ~~~'-20' - 60'
'Phoenix dactilifera Date 50' -
Psidiwn cattleianum Cattleya Guava 20'
Psidium.guajava Guava 25'
*Punica granatum ~-Pomegranate - 12'- -
Syzygium cumini Jambolan Plum 50'
Syzygium jambos Rose Apple 30'
*Tamarindus indi.ca Tamazind 30'
Terminalia eatappa Tropical Almond 60'
' ~ .~ROUGHT RESISTANT PLAT FOR HA47AIIAN GARDENS .
Page 5 _ - .
Scientific-Name
- ~ Cammon Name Approximate Height
*ACacia farnesiana & ~ . - Acacia 10'
many others
Acalypha wilkesiana _ Acalypha g'
*Baccharis sp. _ =Salt Brush 12'
Calliandra haematocephula - Powder Puff 15'
Callistamon rigidus Bottle Brush, Stiff 8'
*Carissa grandiflora Natal Plum 10'
Cestrum nocturnam Night Blooming Jasmine 12'
Chrysobalanus icaco Coco Palm 10'
Clerodendrum thomsoniae -Bleeding Heart 15'
Codiaeum variegatum Czoton 10'
Cuphea hyasopifolia Cuphea 2'
Dracaena sp. _ Dracaena ~ Variable
Duranta repens -'Golden Dewdrop 12'
Ervatamia,coronaria ~ Crepe Jasmine 10'
Eugenia uniflora Surinam Cherry " 15' _
Euphorbia pulcherrima Poinsettia 8'
*EUphorbia sp. Crown of Thorns 2' - 5'
*Euphorbia tirucalli S Pencil Tree S Others 25'
many others -
Feijoa sellowiana Pineapple Guava 18'
Fiws.sp. Ficus (hedge type) Variable
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Chinese Hibiscus 10'
Ho]mskioldia sanguinea _ Chinese Hat r-.,.: 15'
Zlex cornuta burfordii ~ - _ Chinese Holly, 15'._._ -
_ ~ - _ var. Hurfordi _
*Jatropha sp. - Jatropha 4' --12'
Lagerstromia indica ~ , -Crepe Myrtle ~ , _ ,-s-: 15'_ : .o-
.ll~l' Or , _.J
*Lantana` caniara ~ Comman Lantana - ~ 6'-~ - ~ ~ -
*Leucophyllum texan~ Texas Sa4e _ 10'..
Michelia fuacata .Banana Shrub 10' _
Murraya paniculata Orange Jasmine .10'
*Nerium oleander ~ ~~,..Oleander 15'
*Pedilanthus tithymaloides ~~Devils Backbone ;-5' -
Pittosporum tobira Pittosporum 10' ~ .
Plumbago capensis .Plumbago _-.___5~,
Polyscias sP• Aralia (Panax) :.6' - 15'
Russelia equisetiformis - Fountain Plant _ _ -~6~
*Scaevola frutescens _ `SCaevola (Naupaka) 10'
Severinia buxifolia _.~BOx Thorn 6'.
Thryalli5 glauca Thryallis g'. -
Thunberqia erecta Thunbergia , .6 ` _
Triphasia trifolia _ ...Lime Berry .:.20'.-
Vitex agnus-cactus - ~ ~ -Chaste Tree 20'. . _ -
*Diost Cactus and many succulents - -
DROUGHT RESISTANT PLA' FOR HAWAIIAN GARDEP75 _ ' _ . . , ~ .r ~ '
Page6 GROIINDCOVERS -
Scientific Name Coon Name Avozoximate Aeight
Alternanthera sp. Blood Leaf '12"_ : _
-Asparagus sp:= _ s Asparagus Fern _ Variable
Ficus pumila ....Fig, climbing ~ 12„ .
Glottiphyllum depressum Fig, mazigold 'S"
*Kalanchoe sp. Air plant 24"
*Lantana montevidensis Lantana, weeping ~16" - 24"
Liriope spicata Liriope
' 18"
Lonicera japonica Javanese Honeysuckle Variable
Ophipoqon japonicas Lily Turf 18"
Phyla nodiflora Lippia 3„
Portulaca sp. purslane _ 5•,
Rhoeo (Disrnlor) .,Oyster Plant 24"
*Sanseveria.sp. Snake Plant 30"
Scindapsus.aureus Pothos 6^
Senecio rnnfusus Mexican Flame Vine Variable
Setcreasea purpurea Purple Queen '24"-
Trachelospermum jasminoides Confedente jasmine Variable
tledelia trilobata t4edelia 6" - 12"
Zebrina pendula "Wandering Jew 6"
" V I N E S -
Scientific Name - Common Name Apvroximate Height
-
Allamanda sp.. - Allamanda Variable
Beaumontia grandiflora -Herald's Tr~pet 40'
*Bougainvillea sp. Bougainvillea - 20'
Camps is Radicans - - _ -Trumpet Vine 30'
*Cassia bicapsularis - 'Cassia Vine 20~'
*Cryptostegia grandiflora 3 ~ Y
Rubber Vine Variable - _
•
Cydista a~+,~octialis Garlic Vine 20' ,
Dioscrorea sp. -Yam Vaziable
Ficus pumila _ - -Climbing Fig __SO' _ _ -
Gelsemium semper vivens -Carolina Yellow 30'.
*Hylocereus undatus - -Night Blooming Cereus 20'
Ipomea sp. `Morning Glory Vaziable
Jasminum multiflorum - Dawny Jasmine ~ -20',- -
Jasminum sambac 'Jasmine, Pikake _ 10'
Jasminum simplicifolium 'Jasmine, Wax Leaf ~ ~ ,-8'.
Passi flora sp. - Passion Vine ~ ,Variable
Petrea Volubilis Purple Wreath 25~
Pyrostegia ignea Flame Vine 50' _ _ _
Scindapsus aureus :'~::•-•POthos 40'
Senecio wnfusus Mexican Flame Vine _35'
Solandra guttata - 'Chalice Vine `30' -
Solarium wenolandi3 Costa Rican Plight Shade 30' -
Tecomaria capensis Cape Honeysuckle 20'
' •,DROUGHT RESISTANT PI' S FOR HAFU?IZAN GARDENS ~ ~
Page 7
PALD15
Scientific Name '"'"-"--Common Name Approximate Height
Acrocomia~azmentalis" Acrocomia 40'.
Arecastrum romanzoffianum Queen Palm 30'
Butia capitata Butia 30'
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Areca 30' '
Cocos nucifera Coconut 50'
Cocothrinax argentata _ Silver Palm 20'
Dictoyospezma album & rubrum Hurricane Palm 20'.
Elaesis guineanis African Oil Palm 30'
Hyphane thebaica Gingerbread 25'
Catania loddigesii Catania 40'
Livistona chinensis Chinese Fan 30'
Mascazena sp. Bottle Palm 15'
Phoenix canariensis Canary island Date 30'
*Phoenix dactylifera Date Palm 30'
Phoenix recli.nata & other sp. Senegal Date Palm 25'
Pritchardia sp. Fan Palm (loulu) 30'
Sabal palmetto Cabbage Palm 20'
*Thrinax microcarpa Brittle Thatch Palm 15'
Trarhycarpus fortunei Nindmill Palm 20'
Veitchia merrillii Christmas Palm 20'
*washingtonia sp. Nashingtonia Palm 50'
Many other dry land papas.
C Y C A D S
Scientific Name Common Name An_oroximate Height
Cycas circinalis False Sago Palm 15'
Cycas revoluta Sago Palm 10'
Many othez dry land cycads.
L I L Y_ L I K E, G R A S S L I K E P L A N T S
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Scientific Name Common Name proximate Height
Agapanthus africanus African Lily 2'
*Agave sp. Century Plant 4' - 8'
*Aloe vera Aloe lg•~
*Beaucarnea recurvata Pony Tail 30'
Cordyline australis Giant Dracaena 40'
Cortaderia selloana pampaz g.
Crinum sp. Crinum Lily Variable
Dracaena fragrans Dracaena fragrans 20'
Dracaena mazgi.nata Dracaena aiarginata 15'
Pandanus utilis and other sp. Screw Pine 25'
Strelitzia regime Hird of Paradise 3'
*Yucca aloifolia Spanish Bayonet 30'
*Yucca elephantipes Spineless Yucca 20'
G R A S S E S
Scientific Name Common Name
Cynodon dactylon Arizona Bermuda
Grasses are shallow rooted but this will tolerate drought better than most others
used for turf.'
DROUGHT RESISTANT PLF FOR HAI9AII1{N GARDENS. ~ , ~
Page 8 - . _ . _ .
Source of Information
~Menninger, Edwin A. - 1967 SEASIDE PLANTS OF THE WORLD, Hearthside Press, Inc.
New York, 303 pages illustrated. =
Dr. Fred Rauch -Department of Horticulture, University of Hawaii, 3190 Afaile i9ay,
St. John 102, Honolulu, HI 96822.
Ornamental Plants for Subtropical Regions compiled by Roland Stewart Hoyt,
Livingston Press, San Diego, California, 1958.
-J.
...'1.-. IYI .f.i
_ •
~ ~ .:w: i~1I:7D TOLEF
N7T OR7Ju•:ENTAL FLT: ii~•. F.I1
In recent years the increasing influx. of people into our ~:ind}' coastal areas }ia~
brought a greater need for more up-to-date information on selection cf salt and
wind tolerant plants. 7•he following listings are designed to help the individual
better select proper plant material for coastal planting, and in the listing most
common t}•pes of plant material have boen included excepting annuals and flo~•~ers.
Plant listings are made by common name and are divided into several categories,
tree, shrubs, etc. In each category the plants are divided into several zones
according to salt tolerance.
Zone I includes plants that are highly salt tolerant and can be used in exposed
situations.
Zone II includes plant= that will tolerate some salt spray but should not be used
in exposed areas and do best when protected by builainas, fences, or plantings of
more salt tolerant species.
Zone III includes plants that have poor salt tolerance and should always be used
well bacJ: of exposed areas and be protected by buildincs, fences, or plantings of
more salt tolerant species.
In certain situations plants listed it one zone may be used in the next higher
zone but the c:ances are good that under vrindy conditions some iniury will occur
In severe store_ such as hurricanes, even plants in Zone Z experience salt injury.
T_he best policy is to observe what is being grown in your area under local soil
and climate conditions and plant accordingly. Try tc avoid using plant materials
in gone I that are not listed for it. Remember, the more veoetatior., the more
protectior. to tender plants.
Norman C. Bezona, County Extension Agent
Cooperative Extension Service
Oahu County
1J20 Lower Campus Road
:ionolulu, HI 96522
T R E E ~ ~
ZOI7L' I
COFIIdON liAb:E SCIENTIFIC NAIL APFRO%I!•IATE HEIGi.""
Australian Fine Casuarina equisetifolia 60' - 100'
Kamani Callophyllum inophyllum 40'
Geometry Tree Dueida buceras 30'
Bottle .rush Callistemon lanceolatus 20'
Button :•'ood Conocarpus erectus 30'
rou Cordia subcordata 2~'
Gold Trumpet Tree Tabebuia argentea 30'
Gumbo limbo Bursera simazuba 30'
I4o_eton Bay Fig Fieus DSacrophylla 50'
I:ahogany Swietenia mahogani 40'
Hau Hibiscus tiliaceus 35'
:•tangrove Rhizophora sp. Variable 20-40'
Aielaleuca Melaleuca leucadendron 50'
Ilorfolk Pine Araucaria excelsa 60'
Ochrosia Ochrosia elliptiea 25'
Piceon Plum Coecoloba diversifolia 30'
Autograph Tree Clusia roses 20'
riilo Thespesia populnea 3C'
Yellow Oleander (fie-still) Thevetia nerifolia 25'
Sea Grape Coccoloba Uvifera 25'
ZONE II
brasilian Pepper Schinus tezebinthifolius 3C'
Eugenia iiyrtifolia Eugenia myrtifolia 20'
Ficus-RUbbez Trees Ficus sp. (most species with 40' - 60'
small leaves)
Garcinia spicata Garcinia spicata 30'
Golden Rain Tree Koelreuteria formosana 30'
~erusalum Thorn ParY.insonia aculeata 30'
Ponoamia Pongamia pinnata 75~
Ray al Poinciana Delonix regia 40'
Silk Oak Grevillea robusta 100'.
Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo BO'
zoxE zI2
African Tulip Tree Spathodea campanulata 50'
Bischofia Bischofia javanica 40'
Bunya Bunya Araucaria bidwilli 40'
Camphor Tree Cinnamomum camphors SO'
Coral Tree Erythrina sp. 25'
Datum Datura arborea 15'
Ear Leaf Acacia Acacia auriculiformis 30'
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus sp. 30' - 80'
Plumeria Plumeria so. 30'
Jacaranda Jacazanda acutifolia 50'
I•Sagnolia i:agnolia grandiflora 30'
Pink Trumpet Tabebuia pentaphylla 25'
Showez Tzee Cassia sp. ~ 30' - 40'
Salix sp. Variable
:allow
f i
I' R U IT T P. E E 5
ZO!iE I
COI•iI•f0?: !•:P_^'S SCIENTIFIC IJA[hE APPFyJXIt•L1Ti HEIG!?'"
Coconut Cocos Nucifera 80'
ZONE II
Avocado ?ersea americana 20' - 60'
Banana Iiusa sp. G' - 20'
Barbados Cherr}' Dlalpighia glabra 30'
Flack Sapote Diospyros ebenastez 25'
Cattleya Guava Psidium cattleianum 20'
Guava Psidium guajava 25'
Grumichama Eugenia dombevi 15'
Jambolan Plum Syzygium cumini 50'
t4amay Apple Rfammea americana 30'
ihamey Sapote Calocarpian sapota 30'
Piango Manqifera indica 50'
Rose Apple Syzygium jambos 3C'
Sapodilla Achras zapota 3^'
Star Apple Chrysophyllvm canito 3C'
Tamarind Tamarindus indica 30'
Trocical Almcnd Terminalia catanpa 60'
~~9~'_te Sapote Casimiroa edulis 30'
ZOt.E III
Bianay Antidesma bunius 20'
Candlenut Aleurites molucanna 40'
Carambola Averrhoa carambola 25'
Cashe~e ?gut Ahacazdium occidentale 2^'
Citrus (All Varieties) Citrus sp. 15' - 30'
Jaboticaba tiyrc~eria cauliflora 15'
Japanese Persimmon Diospyros kaki 25'
ei Apple Dovyalis caffra 15'
I:umouat Fortunella (Japonica) 15'
Loncan ~ Euphoria Longana 40'
L~cnee Litchi chinensis 30'
::acadamia Macadamia intergrifolia 20'
i:apaya Carica papaya 15'
Sugar Apple Annona swamosa 15'
Tropical Apricot Dovyalis Abyssinica x 15'
D. hebecarpa
Velvet Apple Diospyros discolor 25'
S H R U B S
ZOiJE I
C01.4i0N NAPtE SCIENTIFIC NA!hE APPROXI`I}1TE HEIG:'.T
Bottle Erush, Stiff Callistamon rigidus H'
Chaste Tree Vitex agnus-castus 20'
Coco Plum Chrysobalanus icaco 10'
:•~atal Plum Larissa grandifloza 10'
Oleander taerium oleander 15'
_ - .^.oWi I (Conti d) - 3 - ~ • ~ .
C^_:P_i0'.: .`7,-:°. .r,CIEr7TIFIC Lil.!:= T•.S'F7?0%Ii:F.'!'~ idcIG77T
Pencil Tree Eunhorbia Tirucalli 25'
Fittosporum Fittosrmrum tobira 10'
Salt Brush Baecharis sp. 12'
Scaevola (Naupaka) Scaevola frutescens 10'
t•7a>: 7;yrtle *t}•rica cereifera 25'
Yaupon ilex vomitoria 12'
ZO!7E II
Acacia Acacia farnesiana 10'
Acalypha Acalvpha wil):esiana
Sox Thorn Severinia buxifolia 6'
Chinese Hat Holmskioldia sanguinea 15'
Chinese Holly, Var. Burfordi ilex cornuta burfordii 15'
Co[r~tnon Lantana Lantana Camara 6'
Crepe Myrtle Lagerstromia indica 15'
Crown of Thorns Eunhorbia sp. 2' - 5'
Cu_nhea Cuphea hyasonifolia 2'
Devil_ Backbone Pedilanthus tithymaloides 5'
Dracaena Dracaena sp. Variable
Fatsia Japonica Fatsia japonica 20'
Ficus lhedae twe) Ficus so. Variable
Fountain Flant Russelia ecuisetifornis 6'
Gardenia Gardenia jasminoides 8'
India Hawthorn ?haoioleosis in di ca E'
Moil}' Maipichia :;alpighia coccipera 3'
Ixora Ixora coccinea 1C'
Ligustrun Licustrum jaoonicum 15'
Lime Berry Triohasia trifolia 20'
Nicht Bloominc Jasmine Cestrum nocturnum 12'
?entas Fentas lanceolata 4'
Pineapple Guava Feijoa Sellewiana 1H'
?lumbago Plumbaao capensis 5'
?odocarpus Podocarpus maezophylla 15'
Rice Paper Plant Tetrapanax panyriferus 15'
Sandankaw Viburnum Viburnum suspenstmi 10'
Sweet Viburnum Viburnum odoratissimum 15'
texas Saae Leuconhyllum texanun 10'
Ti Flant Cordyline terminalis 15'
TurY.'s Cap Pfelvaviscus arbors us 15'
20IdE IZI
Aralia (Panax) Pol}•scias sp. 6' - 15'
Azalea Rhododendron sp. 3' - 15'
Havana Shrub Michelia fuscata 10'
Bleeding Heart Clerodendrum thomsoniae 15'
Chalcas (Orange jasmine) Murraya paniculata 20'
Chinese i?ibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10'
Common tlyrtle +Syrtus cottmunis 8'
Crepe Jasmine Ervatami.a cpironaria 10'
Croton Codiaeum variegatum 10'
Glory Tree Tibouchina granulosa 20'
Golden Dewdrop Duranta repens 12'
Hydrangea Hydrangea macrophylla 5'
Jatronha Jatropha sp. 4' - 12'
~ i - 4 -
SII;:_ - ZOt7E III
CO!•L:O}i i4: SCI=2•ITIFIC N7L_z ;.??i:O::It1ATE ??IGH_'
?oinsettia Durhorbia nulcherri_~a f'
Powder Fuff Calliandra haematoceehuia 15'
Princess Flrnoer Tibouchina se:aidecandra 10'
Queensland Umbrella Schefflera Acti.nophylla 15' - 30'
Surinam Cherry Eugenia uniflora 15'
Thn~allis Thryallis glauca 8'
^hunbergia Thunbergia erecta 6'
G F. O U N D C O V E R S
ZONE I
COIP~i0t7 NAF~ SCIaiaTIPIC NA[•1"c ADFROX.I:U\Ti sIGF?T
Algerian Ivy Hedeza canariensis 4" - 6"
Confedente jasmine Trachelospermum jasminoides Variable
Dichondza Dichondra carolinensis 2"
Enclish Ivy Hedera helix - E"
Fi^, clir,~ing Ficus pumila 12"
F:g, marigold Glottiphyllum depressum 6"
Lantana, weeping Lantana montevidensis 1P" - 24"
Li'_y turf Ophioogon japonicus 18"
Lippia Phyia nodiflora 3"
Liriooe Liriooe snicata 16'~
2urslane Portulaea sp. E•"
~unnina stra~.•berry buc5 Euonymus Fortunei 10"
Shore Juniper Juniperus conferta 15" - 24"
taedel'_a Wedelia trilobata 6" - 12"
ZOI.7E ZI
Air plant ICalanchce sp. 24"
A~paraaus Fern Asparagus sp. variable
=food leaf Alternantherx sp. 12"
Javanese honey suckle Lonicera japonica Variable
~•iexican flame vine Senecio confusus Variable
oyster plant Rhoeo (Discolor) 24"
?urple Oueen Setcreasea nurpurea 24"
Snake plant Sensevieria sp. 30"
'.!andering jew Zeurina pendula 6"
ZONE III
Coleus Coleus blumei 12" - 18"
Transvaal dais}' Gerbera jamesonii 18"
Partridge berry 74itchella repens Variable
• •
I I l L g
ZOE?E I
COI•fidOt: NAME SCZEivTTZFIC NAPS PzPi:OJ:Z:~i:,T~ ?IGH^_
Alcerian Ivy Hedera canaziensis Variable
Cape honeysuckle Tecomaria capensis 2G'
Clir.,bing Fig Ficus numila 50'
Eralish Iw Hedera helix Variable
Flame Vine Pyrosteaia icnea SO'
Yothos Scindapsus aurea 40'
:light blooming cereus Hvlocereus undatus 20'
Rubber Vine Cryptostegia grandiflora t'ariable
ZONE IZ
Allamanda Allamanda so. Variable
Bougainvillea Bougainvillea sp. 2C'
Cassia Vine Cassia bicansularis 20'
Chalice Vine Solandra guttata 30'
Do~:'ny Jasmine Jasmines multiflo-um 20'
taorning Glory Ipomea sp. Variable
P?:ilodendron Philodendron sp. variable
Tru~oet Vine Camnsis Radicans 3C'
1'am Dioscorea sp. tariable
ZONE III
Carclina Yellow Jessamine Gelsemium semner vivens 30'
Clock Vine Thunbergia grandiflora 30'
Costa F:ican NiRift Shade Solanum r'enolandii 3G'
Garlic Vine Cydista accuinoetialis 20'
Gloriosa Lily Gloriosa rothschildiana G'
Herald's ='rumnet Beaumontia grandiflora 40'
Jasmine, Fikake Jasminum sambac 10'
Jasmine, i•7ax Leaf Jasminum simplicifolium B'
!Mexican Flame Vine Senecio confusus 35'
Pfenste ra Pfons tera de li ciosa 25'
Passion Vine Passi flora sn. Variable
Purple '.•!reath Petrea volubilis 25'
Rangoon Czeeper ~uisaualis indica 30'
P A L M S
ZONE I
COt7PiON NAPfE SCIENTIFIC NAPS APPROT:II~J!TE HEZGIiT
Brittle Thatcif Palm Thrinax microcazpa 15'
Bottle Yalm Piascarena sp. 15'
Ca:.bage. Palm Sabal Palmetto 60'
Ccconut Cocos nucifera 80'
Hurricane Palm Dictyosperma album E rubrtimf 90'
Senegal Date Palm Phoenix reclinata 25'
Silver Palm Cocothrinax araentata 20'
i9asifingtonia Palm t9ashingtonia sp. 80'
- c -
r
zoND u
COtti:Ot: i•IAtII: SCIENTIFIC 1dP!:F P3'FRCXII!S~Y= 1?EIGIiT
Acrocomia Acrocomia armentalis tn'
African Oil Palm Elaeis ouineanis 60'
Are ca Chrysalidocarpus lutescens 30'
eutia Butia capitata 30'
Canary Island Date Phoenix canariensis 30'
Chinese Fan Livistona chinensis 30'
Date Palm Phoenix 7act~~licerc 50'
Christmas Palm Veitchia merrillii 2G'
European Fan Chamaerov° hunilis 10'
Fan Palm (loulu) Pritchardia sn. 30'
Gingerbread H}•phane thebaica 25'
Catania Catania loddiaesii 90'
lady Palm Riapis excelsa 15'
:aurotis (Evezglades) Paurotis wrightii 20'
queen Palm Arecastriun Romanzoffianum 40'
Royal Palm Roystonia sp. 80'
t'indmill Palm Trachycarpus fortunei 20'
C Y C A D S
CCb.;ON 17Ah~ SCIENTIFIC NAl~ APPROXII~IT,?'E Y=.IG??T
False Saao PaL-. Cocas circinalis 15'
Sanc ?alm Cocas revoluta 10'
L I L Y- L I Y. E G R A S S- L I K E P L A 17 T S
ZONE I
COFs:Oi7 t7AFL-- SCIENTIFIC NAt~L APPROS:I>LLTE HEIGHT
sloe Aloe vera 18"
Century Plant Agave sp. 9' - 8'
Dracaena fragrans Dracaena fragrans 20'
Dracaena marainata Dracaena marginata 15`
:•:ea Zealand Flan. Phozmium tenax 4'
Pampas Cortaderia selloana B'
~cre•:: Pine Pandanus utilis and other s_n. 25'
SpanisS };ayonet Yucca aloifolia 20'
Spineless Yucca Yucca elenhantipes 20'
zor~ II
African Lily Agaoanthus africanus 2'
Bird of Pazadise Strelitzia zeginae 3'
Crinum Lily Crinum sp. Variable
Giant Dracaena Cordyline australis 90'
Ginger Alpinia sp. 10'
Ponv Tail Beaucarnea recurvata 30'
t!ild Plantain Heliconia cazibaca 15'
~ - ~
- ~ -
G f: A S S D S
GNE I BONE I I ZOI;E I II
St. Augustine Bermuda Centipide
Zoysia Carpet Grass
Bahia
Hilo Grass
Source of Information
I•!enninger, Edcrin A. - 1969 SEASIDE PLANTS OF TY.E S•70RLD, Fiearthside Pzess, Inc.
i•iety Yor}:, 303 panes illustrated
Dr. Fred Rauch - Department of Horticulture, Univezsity of Hawaii, 3190 P:aile "a}-,
St. John 102, Honolulu, HI 96822
t a
APPENDIX C
ACOUSTIC STUDY
BY
Y. EBISU & ASSOCIATES
Z i
ACOUSTIC STUDY
FOR THE
GENTRY AT WAIAKA RESORT PROJECT
NORTH KOHALA, HAWAII, HAWAII
Prepared for:
PARAMETRIX, INC.
Prepared by:
Y. EBISU & ASSOCIATES
1126 12th Avenue, Room 305
Honolulu, Hawaii 96816
AUGUST 1994
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
LIST OF FIGURES ii
LIST OF TABLES iii
I. SUMMARY 1
II. PURPOSE 3
III. NOISE DESCRIPTORS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO
LAND USE COMPATIBILITY 4
IV. GENERAL STUDY METHODOLOGY 8
V. EXISTING NOISE ENVIRONMENT 13
VI. FUTURE TRAFFIC NOISE ENVIRONMENT 17
VII. DISCUSSION OF PROJECT RELATED TRAFFIC NOISE
IMPACTS AND POSSIBLE NOISE MITIGATION
MEASURES 19
VIII. SHORT TERM CONSTRUCTION NOISE IMPACTS AND
POSSIBLE NOISE MITIGATION MEASURES 20
APPENDICES
A. REFERENCES 24
B. EXCERPTS FROM EPA'S ACOUSTIC TERMINOLOGY GUIDE 25
- i
LIST OF FIGIIREB
NIIMBER FIGIIRE TITLE PAGE NO.
1 LAND USE COMPATIBILITY WITH YEARLY DAY-NIGHT
AVERAGE SOUND LEVEL AT A SITE FOR BUILDINGS
AS COMMONLY CONSTRUCTED 6
2 LOCATIONS OF NOISE MEASUREMENT SITES 9
3 HOURLY VARIATIONS OF TRAFFIC NOISE AT 50 FT
SETBACK DISTANCE FROM THE CENTERLINE OF
AKONI PULE HIGHWAY 100 YARDS NORTH OF
KAWAIAHAE WHARF (JULY 7-8, 1992) 11
4 CONSTRUCTION NOISE LEVELS VS. DISTANCE 21
- ii -
~ ~
LIST OF TABLES
NUMBER TABLE TITLE PAGE NO.
1 EXTERIOR NOISE EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATION
(RESIDENTIAL LAND USE) 5
2 TRAFFIC NOISE MEASUREMENT RESULTS 10
3 COMPARISONS OF EXISTING AND FUTURE TRAFFIC NOISE
LEVELS IN PROJECT ENVIRONS (PM PEAK HOUR AND
100 FT FROM ROADWAY CENTERLINES) 14
4 EXISTING AND CY 2005 DISTANCES TO 55, 60, AND 65
Ldn CONTOURS 15
5 CALCULATIONS OF PROJECT AND NON-PROJECT TRAFFIC
NOISE CONTRIBUTIONS (CY 2005) 18
6 AVAILABLE WORK HOURS UNDER DOH PERMIT PROCEDURES
FOR CONSTRUCTION NOISE 22
- iii -
i
CHAPTER I. BIIMMARY
The existing and future traffic noise levels in the vicinity
of the Gentry At Waiaka Resort Project in North Kohala, Hawaii
were evaluated for their potential impact on present and future
noise sensitive areas. The future traffic noise levels along the
primary access roadways to the project site were calculated for
the Year 2005 with and without the proposed development. The
noise analysis assumed that the necessary roadway improvements
would be implemented in order to accommodate the increases in
future project and non-project traffic.
Along Akoni Pule Highway, traffic noise levels are expected
to increase significantly by 5.0 to 6.1 Ldn between CY 1994 and CY
2005, with the majority of the increase (4.4 to 5.4 Ldn) in future
traffic noise levels resulting from forecasted increases in non-
project traffic. Project traffic are predicted to cause a rela-
tively small 0.6 to 0.7 Ldn increase in traffic noise levels along
Akoni Pule Highway by CY 2005.
The large traffic noise increases are expected to occur as a
result of non-project traffic growth in North Kohala by CY 2005.
Project traffic should not cause significant increases in traffic
noise along Akoni Pule Highway, so traffic noise mitigation mea-
sures should not be necessary at off-site locations along the
highway.
Traffic noise impacts from Akoni Pule Highway may occur if
homes of the project are located within 102 FT of the centerline
of the highway and where visual line-of-sight exists between the
homes and highway lanes. Where noise shielding between the homes
and the highway occurs due to the project site's sloping terrain
and/or highway cuts, required setback distances to the 65 Ldn con-
tour will decrease to values less than 102 FT. The actual values
will depend upon the final grade of the house lot, the number of
floors of the house, and the topography between the home and the
highway. The addition of man-made earth berms or sound attenua-
Page 1
ting walls will also tend to decrease the setback distance re-
quired to meet FHA/HUD noise standards. Additionally, other noise
mitigation measures, such as the use of closure and air condition-
ing, may also be employed in order to minimize traffic noise im-
pacts at these future homes of the project.
Unavoidable, but temporary, noise impacts may occur during
the construction of the proposed project. Because construction
activities are predicted to be audible at nearby properties, the
quality of the acoustic environment may be degraded to unaccepta-
ble levels during periods of construction. Mitigation measures to
reduce construction noise to inaudible levels will not be practi-
cal in all cases. For this reason, the use of quiet equipment and
construction curfew periods as required under the State Department
of Health noise regulations are recommended to minimize construc-
tion noise impacts.
Page 2
i s
CHAPTER IZ. PIIRPOSE
The objectives of this study were to describe the existing
and future noise environment in the environs of the Gentry At
Waiaka Resort Project in North Kohala on the island of Hawaii.
Traffic noise level increases and impacts associated with the pro-
posed development were to be determined within the project site as
well as along the public roadways expected to service the project
traffic. A specific objective was to determine future traffic
noise level increases associated with both project and non-project
traffic, and the potential noise impacts associated with these
increases. Recommendations for minimizing these noise impacts
were also to be provided as required. Assessments of possible
impacts from short term construction noise at the project site
were also included in the noise study objectives.
Page 3
~ `
CHAPTER ZII. NOISE DESCRIPTORS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO
LAND IIBE COMPATIBILITY
The noise descriptor currently used by federal agencies to
assess environmental noise is the Day-Night Average Sound Level
(Ldn). This descriptor incorporates a 24-hour average of instan-
taneous A-Weighted Sound Levels as read on a standard Sound Level
Meter. By definition, the minimum averaging period for the Ldn
descriptor is 24 hours. Additionally, sound levels whicY. occur
during the nighttime hours of 10:00 PM to 7:00 AM are increased by
l0 decibels (dB) prior to computing the 24-hour average by the Ldn
descriptor. Amore complete list of noise descriptors is provided
in APPENDI% B to this report.
TABLE 1, derived from Reference 1, presents current federal
noise standards and acceptability criteria for residential land
uses. Land use compatibility guidelines for various levels of en-
vironmental noise as measured by the Ldn descriptor system are
shown in FIGURE 1. As a general rule, noise levels of 55 Ldn or
less occur in rural areas, or in areas which are removed from high
volume roadways. In urbanized areas which are shielded from high
volume streets, Ldn levels generally range from 55 to 65 Ldn, and
are usually controlled by motor vehicle traffic noise. Residences
which front major roadways are generally exposed to levels of 65
Ldn, and as high as 75 Ldn when the roadway is a high speed free-
way. In the project area, noise levels at lots which front Akoni
Pule Highway are typically above 62 Ldn. Due to noise shielding
effects from intervening structures or natural terrain features,
interior lots are usually exposed to 3 to 10 Idn lower noise
levels than the front lots which are not shielded from the traffic
noise.
For the purposes of determining noise acceptability for fund-
ing assistance from federal agencies (FHA/HUD and VA), an exterior
noise level of 65 Ldn or lower is considered acceptable. This
standard is applied nationally (Reference 2), including Hawaii.
Page 4
TABLE 1
EXTERIOR NOISE EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATION
(RESIDENTIAL LAND USE)
NOISE EXPOSURE DAY-NIGHT EQUIVALENT FEDERAL~1)
CLASS SOUND LEVEL SOUND LEVEL STANDARD
Minimal Not Exceeding Not Exceeding Unconditionally
Exposure 55 Ldp 55 Leq Acceptable
Moderate Above 55 Ldn Above 55 Leq
Exposure But Not Above But Not Above Acceptable~2)
65 Ldn 65 Leq
Significant Above 65 Ldn Above 65 LQq Normally
Exposure But Not Above But Not Abov Unacceptable
75 Ldn 75 Leq
Severe Above 75 Ldn Above 75 Leq Unacceptable
Exposure
Notes: (1) Federel Housing Adminlslralion, Veterans Adminislrallon, Department of
Defense, end Department of Transportallon.
(2) FHWA uses the Leq Instead of the Ldn descriptor. For planning purposes,
both are equivalent If: (a) heavy trucks do not exceed 10 percent of total
traffic liow In vehicles per 24 hours, and (b) traffic between 10:00 PM and
7:00 AM does not exceed 15 percent of average dally traffic slow In vehicles
per 24 hours. The noise mitigation threshold used by FHWA for residences
Is 67 Leq.
Page 5
'
YEARLY DAY-NIGHT AVERAGE
LAND USE SOUND LEVEL IN DECIBELS
5D 60 70 80 90
Reeldenllel - Single Family, ; ; ; ;
Eztenslve Outdoor Uss ; ; ; ;
Resldentlal - Multiple Famlly, ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; \
Moderate Outdoor Uae • • • • • '
Resldentlal - Multi-Story ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; j j
Umlted Outdoor Uss • • ' ' ' ' '
Transient Lodging " • " " ' ' • " \ /
School Classrooms, Ubrorles, ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ~ j j
Religious Facllitles • ' ' ' ' ' '
Hospitals, Clinlca, Nursing Homes, ~
Health Related Fecllitlea ' • ' ' ' ' ' '
Auditoriums, Concert Halle ' ' ; • • '
Music Sheila
Sports Arenas, Outdoor Spectator ' ;
Sports
Neighborhood Parks ; ; ; ;
Playgrounds, Goll Couraea, Riding ; ~
Stables, Water Rec., Cemeteries ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
Olllce Buildings, Personal Services, ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; \
Business end Protieslonal ' ' ' • ' • • • • ' • •
Commercial -Retell, ; ; :
Movie Theaters, Restaurants ' • ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
Commercial -Wholesale Soms ' ' '
Retell, Ind., Mlg., UtIllties ; ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ; ' • ' ' ' ' '
Uvestock Farming, Animal ; :
Breeding " " ' • • ' " " ~
Agriculture (Ezcepl Livestock) ; ' ' ' ' ' ' ' • ' • ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
Extensive Nature) Wlldllle and ' ' ' ' '
Recreation Areas ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Compatible ® Marginally
Compatible
® With Insulation Incompatible
per SsMlon A.3
LAND USE COMPATIBILITY
WITH YEARLY DAY-NIGHT AVERAGE SOUND LEVEL FIGURE
AT A SITE FOR BUILDINGS AS COMMONLY CONSTRUCTED 1
(Source: American National Standards Institute S3.23-1980)
Page 6
Because of our open-living conditions, the predominant use of nat-
urally ventilated dwellings, and the relatively low exterior-to-
interior sound attenuation afforded by these naturally ventilated
structures, an exterior noise level of 65 Ldn does not eliminate
all risks of noise impacts. Because of these factors, and as rec-
ommended in Reference 3, a lower level of 55 Ldn is considered as
the "Unconditionally Acceptable" (or "Near-Zero Risk") level of
exterior noise. However, after considering the cost and feasibil-
ity of applying the lower level of 55 Ldn, government agencies
such as FHA/HUD and VA have selected 65 Ldn as a more appropriate
regulatory standard.
As indicated in FIGURE 1, relatively high exterior noise lev-
els of 65 to 80 Ldn are considered to be "Compatible" or "Margin-
ally Compatible" for commercial land uses. Industrial land uses
are considered to be compatible in areas with exterior noise lev-
els as high as 80 Ldn, as long as sound attenuation measures (such
as total closure and air conditioning) are provided to reduce in-
terior noise to acceptable levels in office or other noise sensi-
tive facilities.
Page 7
r,
CHAPTSR IV. GENERAL STIIDY METHODOLOGY
Existing traffic noise levels were measured at two locations
in the project environs to provide a basis for describing the
existing background ambient noise levels and for developing the
project's traffic noise contributions along Akoni Pule Highway,
which will service the project. The locations of the measurement
sites are shown in FIGIIRE 2. The noise measurements were per-
formed during the month of January 1994. The traffic noise mea-
surement results, and their comparisons with computer model pre-
dictions of existing traffic noise levels are summarized in TABLE
2. The results of the traffic noise measurements were compared
with calculations of existing traffic noise levels to validate the
computer model used.
Traffic noise calculations for the existing conditions as
well as noise predictions for the Year 2005 were performed using
the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Noise Prediction Model
(Reference 4). Traffic data entered into the noise prediction
model were: hourly traffic volumes, average vehicle speeds, esti-
mates of traffic mix, and soft ground propagation loss factor.
The results of the traffic study for the project (Reference 5) and
Hawaii State Department of Transportation counts on Akoni Pule
Highway 100 Yards North of Kawaihae Wharf (References 6 and 7),
were the primary sources of data inputs to the model. For exis-
ting and future traffic, it was assumed that the average noise
levels, or Leq(h), during the PM peak hour were 1.0 dB less than
the 24-hour Ldn along each roadway segment. This assumption was
based on computations of both the hourly Leq and the 24-hour Ldn
of traffic noise on Akoni Pule Highway near Kawaihae Wharf (see
FIGIIRE 3).
Traffic noise calculations for both the existing and future
conditions in the project environs were developed for ground level
receptors with and without the benefit of natural shielding ef-
fects from the natural sloping terrain features of the project
Page 8
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Page 9
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Page 10
FIGURE 3
HOURLY VARIATIONS OF TRAFFIC NOISE AT 50 FT
SETBACK DISTANCE FROM THE CENTERLINE OF
AKONI PULE HIGHWAY 100 YARDS NORTH OF
KAWAIAHAE WHARF (JULY 7-8, 1992 )
~o
sa
ss
m sa
~ 62
W
~ 60
rn 58
O
Z 56
Z
54
j 52
O
W 50
J
~ 48
= 46
44
42
40
0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400
TIME OF DAY (HOURS)
? 50 FT from Roadway Centerline (64.9 Ldn )
Page 11
tl
site. The forecasted increases in traffic noise levels over exis-
ting levels were calculated for conditions with and without the
project. The relative contributions of non-project and project
related traffic to the total noise levels were also calculated,
and an evaluation of possible traffic noise impacts was made.
Page 12
r
CHAPTER V. E%ISTING NOZSE ENVIRONMENT
The existing traffic noise levels in the project environs
(see FIGIIRE 2) are in the "Significant Exposure, Normally Unac-
ceptable" category at 33 to 40 FT distance from the centerline of
Akoni Pule Highway. Traffic noise levels along the Right-of-Way
of a roadway generally represent the worst case (or highest) lev-
els due to the proximity of the Right-of-Way to the noise sources.
Because the project site is on sloping terrain and generally lower
than the highway, traffic noise is partially shielded by the natu-
ral sloping terrain features which tend to block the visual lines-
of-sight to the roadway vehicles from receptors located on the
project site and makai (west) of the highway. In addition, exis-
ting highway cuts provide additional sound attenuation for recep-
tors whose lines-of-sight to the highway are blocked by these
roadway cuts.
Calculations of existing traffic noise levels during the PM
peak traffic hour are presented in TABLE 3. The hourly Leq (or
Equivalent Sound Level) contribution from each roadway section in
the project environs was calculated for comparison with forecasted
traffic noise levels with and without the project. The existing
setback distances from the roadways' centerlines to their asso-
ciated 55, 60, and 65 Ldn contours were also calculated as shown
in TABLE 4. The contour line setback distances shown in TABLE 4
do not take into account noise shielding effects or the additive
contributions of traffic noise from intersecting street sections.
The existing setback distances to the 65 Ldn contour lines are
relatively short (between 33 to 40 FT) along Akoni Pule Highway.
Existing traffic noise levels at the makai (shoreline) por-
tions of the project site are very low (less than 55 Ldn) due to
their large setback distances from Akoni Pule Highway plus the
natural shielding effects of the downward sloping terrain. For
receptor heights of 5 and 15 FT above ground level and with ter-
rain shielding effects included, existing traffic noise levels on
Page 13
TABLE 3
COMPARISONS OF EXISTING AND FUTURE
TRAFFIC NOISE LEVELS IN PROJECT ENVIRONS
(PM PEAK HOUR AND 100 FT FROM ROADWAY CENTERLINES)
SPEED * HOURLY LEO IN d6 @ 100 FT
LOCATION MPH VPH AUTO MT HT ALL VEH
EXISTING (CY 1994) PM PEAK HR. TRAFFIC:
Akoni Pule Hwy. North of Project 53 200 53.6 51.3 50.7 56.9
Akoni Pule Hwy. Fronting Project 50 257 53.8 51.6 51.2 57.1
Akoni Pule Hwy. South of Project 53 263 54.8 52.5 51.9 58.0
FUTURE (CY 2005) PM PEAK HR. TRAFFIC:
Akoni Pule Hwy. North of Project 53 635 58.7 56.3 55.7 61 .9
Akoni Pule Hwy. Fronting Project 50 931 59.4 57.2 56.8 62.7
Akoni Pule Hwy. South of Project 53 1,075 60.9 58.6 58.0 64.2
North Project Access Road 40 80 45.0 43.2 43.7 48.8
South Project Access Road 40 155 47.9 46.1 46.6 51.7
Note:
The following assumed traffic mix of autos, medium trucks, and heavy vehicles were
used for existing and future conditions along all roadways: 94.0% autos, 4.5%
medium trucks, and 1.5% heavy trucks and buses.
Page 14
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Page 15
the north side of the project site are less than 55 Idn at 67 and
90 FT distance from the highway centerline, respectively. Single
and two-story residences on the south side of project site which
are located at least 186 FT from the centerline of Akoni Pule
Highway should be in the "Minimal Exposure, Unconditionally Ac-
ceptable" category, with traffic noise levels less than 55 Ldn.
Page 16
CHAPTER VI. FIITIIRE TRAFFIC NOISE ENVIRONMENT
Predictions of future traffic noise levels were made using
the traffic volume assignments of Reference 5 for CY 2005 with, as
well as without, the project. The future projections of project
plus non-project traffic on the roadways which would service the
project are shown in TABLE 3 for the PM peak hour of traffic. As
indicated in TABLE 3, by CY 2005, traffic volumes on Akoni Pule
Highway are expected to increase significantly, primarily as a
result of non-project traffic. TABLE 4 summarizes the predicted
setback distances to the 55, 60, and 65 Ldn traffic noise contour
lines along the roadway sections servicing the project and attri-
butable to both project plus non-project traffic by CY 2005. The
setback distances in TABLE 4 do not include the beneficial effects
of noise shielding from terrain features and highway cuts, or the
detrimental effects of additive contributions of noise from inter-
secting streets. As indicated in TABLE 4, relatively large set-
back distances to the 65 Idn contour of 72 to 102 FT from the cen-
terline of Akoni Pule Highway are predicted in CY 2005.
TABLE 5 presents the predicted increases in traffic noise
levels associated with non-project and project traffic by CY 2005,
and as measured by the Ldn descriptor system. As indicated in
TABLE 5, the increases in traffic noise along Akoni Pule Highway
due to project traffic are less than 1.0 Ldn, and significantly
less than the traffic noise increases expected from non-project
traffic.
Following the development of the currently vacant project
site, background ambient noise levels will increase significantly
by 10 to 20 dB at the interior portions of the project site due to
project traffic. However, as indicated in TABLE 4, traffic noise
levels are anticipated to be less than the FHA/HUD standard of 65
Ldn at setback distances of 10 to 15 FT from the centerlines of
these interior roadways if average vehicle speeds are limited to
40 miles per hour.
Page 17
TABLE 5
CALCULATIONS OF PROJECT AND NON-PROJECT
TRAFFIC NOISE CONTRIBUTIONS (CY 2005)
NOISE LEVEL INCREASE (Ldn) DUE TO
NON-PROJECT PROJECT
STREET SECTION TRAFFIC TRAFFIC
Akoni Pule Hwy. North of Project 4.4 0.6
Akoni Pule Hwy. Fronting Project 4.9 0.7
Akoni Pule Hwy. South of Project 5.4 0.7
North Project Access Road N/A 53.3
South Project Access Road N/A 56.2
Page 18
CHAPTER VII. DISCIISSION OF PROJECT RELATED TRAFFIC NOISE
IMPACTB AND POSSIBLE NOISE MITIGATION MEABIIRES
The increases in traffic noise levels attributable to the
project from the present to CY 2005 are predicted to range from
0.6 to 0.7 Ldn along Akoni Pule Highway. This degree of increase
in traffic noise levels attributable to the project is considered
to be insignificant. Increases in traffic noise attributable to
non-project traffic is expected to be significant, and range from
4.4 to 5.4 Ldn.
Setback distances of approximately 72 to 102 FT from the
centerline of Akoni Pule Highway will be required to meet FHA/HUD
noise standards under unobstructed line-of-sight conditions be-
tween the roadway and planned residences of the project. Under
conditions of noise shielding by terrain features or man-made ob-
structions, which will tend to occur at the north end of the proj-
ect site and/or behind existing highway cuts, setback distances
required to meet the FHA/HUD noise standard of 65 Ldn would be
significantly less, and be probably less than 65 and 80 FT from
the roadway centerline for single and two-story homes, respective-
ly. If these setback distances are not achievable, use of sound
attenuating walls or berms between the highway and the residences
will be required to meet the FHA/HUD noise standard of 65 Idn.
Potential noise impacts along the other distant sections of
Akoni Pule Highway are possible, both in respect to existing and
planned noise sensitive receptors along these roadways. However,
these impacts are expected to be primarily attributable to non-
project traffic, since project traffic should not increase exis-
ting traffic noise levels significantly.
Page 19
CHAPTER VIII. SHORT TERM CONBTRIICTION NOISE IMPACTS AND
POSSIBLE NOISE MITIGATION MEA8IIRE8
Audible construction noise will probably be unavoidable
during the entire project construction period. The total time
period for construction is unknown, but it is anticipated that the
actual work will be moving from one location on the project site
to another during that period. Actual length of exposure to con-
struction noise at any receptor location will probably be less
than the total construction period for the entire project. Typi-
cal levels of noise from construction activity (excluding pile
driving activity) are shown in FIGIIRE 4. The impulsive noise lev-
els of impact pile drivers are approximately 15 dB higher than the
levels shown in FIGIIRE 4, while the intermittent noise levels of
vibratory pile drivers are at the upper end of the noise level
ranges depicted in the figure. Adverse impacts from construction
noise are not expected to be in the "public health and welfare"
category due to the temporary nature of the work and due to the
administrative controls available for its regulation. Instead,
these impacts will probably be limited to the temporary degrada-
tion of the quality of the acoustic environment in the immediate
vicinity of the project site.
Mitigation of construction noise to inaudible levels will not
be practical in all cases due to the intensity of construction
noise sources (80 to 90+ dB at 50 FT distance), and due to the ex-
terior nature of the work (grading and earth moving, trenching,
concrete pouring, hammering, etc.). The use of properly muffled
construction equipment should be required on the job site. The
incorporation of State Department of Health construction noise
limits and curfew times, which are applicable on the island of
Oahu (Reference 8), is another noise mitigation measure which can
be applied to this project. TABLE 6 depicts the allowed hours of
construction for normal construction noise (levels which do not
exceed 95 dB at the project's property line) and for construction
Page 20
0
0
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CONSTRUCTION NOISE LEVELS VS. DISTANCE FIGURE
4
Page 21
TABLE 6
AVAILABLE WORK HOURS UNDER DOH
PERMIT PROCEDURES FOR CONSTRUCTION NOISE
a. DOH PERMIT FOR NOISE EMISSIONS <95 dBA.
Wkdys SaUSun Weekly
Normal Permit 55.0 11 /0 66.0 hrs
Normal Permit
Midnight 2 4 6 $ 10 Noon ~ ~ 6 $ 10 Midnight
Time of Day
b. DOH PERMIT FOR NOISE EMISSIONS >95 dBA.
Wkdys SaUSun Weekly
Normal Permit 42.5 0/0 42.5 hrs
Normal Permit
I
Midnight L 4 B $ 10 Noon L 4 6 $ 10 Midnight
Time of Day
Page 22
noise which exceeds 95 dB at the project's property line. Noisy
construction activities are not allowed on holidays under the DOH
permit procedures.
Page 23
APPENDI% A. REFERENCES
(1) "Guidelines for Considering Noise in Land Use Planning
and Control;" Federal Interagency Committee on Urban Noise; June
1980.
(2) "Environmental Criteria and Standards, Noise Abatement
and Control, 24 CFR, Part 51, Subpart B;" U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development; July 12, 1979.
(3) "Information on Levels of Environmental Noise Requisite
to Protect Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate Margin of
Safety;" Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 550/9-74-004);
March 1974.
(4) Barry, T. and J. Reagan, "FHWA Highway Traffic Noise Pre-
diction Model;" FHWA-RD-77-108, Federal Highway Administration;
Washington, D.C.; December 1978.
(5) "Traffic Impact Assessment Report - Gentry At Waiaka;"
M&E Pacific, Inc.; June 1994.
(6) July 8, 1992 24-Hour Traffic Counts; Station C-12-F,
Akoni Pule Highway, 100 Yards North of Kawaihae Wharf; Hawaii
State Department of Transportation.
(7) May 4-5, 1988 Vehicle Type Classification Counts; Station
C-12-F, Akoni Pule Highway, 100 Yards North of Kawaihae Wharf;
Hawaii State Department of Transportation.
(8) "Title 11, Administrative Rules, Chapter 43, Community
Noise Control for Oahu;" Hawaii State Department of Health;
November 6, 1981.
Page 24
APPENDIX B
EXCERPTS FROM EPA'S ACOUSTIC TERMINOLOGY GUIDE
Descriptor Symbol Usage
The recommended symbols for the cannanly used acoustic descriptors based on A-weighting ere contained in
Table f. As most acoustic criteria and standards used 6y EPA ere derived from the A-weighted sound level,
almost ell descriptor symbol usage guidance is contained in Table I.
Since acoustic nomenclature includes weighting networks other then "A" and measurements other than
pressure, an expansion of Table 1 was developed (Table II The group adopted the ANSI descri ptor-synibol
scheme which is structured into three stages. The first stage indicates that the descriptor is a level
(i.e., based upon the logarithm of a ratio), the second stage indicates the type of quantity (power,
pressure, or sound exposure), and the third stage indicates the weighting network (A, B, C, D, E.....
If no weighting network is specified, "A" weighting is understood. Exceptions are the A-uei gh tad sound
level and [he A-weighted peak sound level which require that the "A" be specified. For convenience in
[hose situations in which an A-weighted descriptor is being compered to that of another weighting, the
alternative column in Table 11 permits the inclusion of the "A". For example, a report on blast noise
might wish to contrast the LCdn with the LAdn.
Although no[ included in the tables, it is also reconended that "Lpn" and "LepN" be used as symbols for
perceived noise levels end effective perceived noise levels, respectively.
It is recommended that in their initial use within a report, such terms be written in full, rather than
abbreviated. An example of preferred usage is as follows:
The A-uei gh fed sound level (LA) was measured before and after the installation of acoustical treatment.
The measured LA values were 85 and 75 dg respectively.
Descri otor Nomenclature
With regard io energy averaging over time, the term "average" should be discouraged in favor of the term
"equivalent". Hence, Leq, is designated the "equivalent sound level". For Ld, Ln, and Ldn, "equivalent"
need not be stated since the concept of day, night, or day night averaging is by definition understood.
Therefore, the designations are "day sound level", "night sound level", and "day night sound level",
respectively.
The peak sound level is the logarithmic ratio of peak sound pressure to a reference pressure and not the
maxinxxn root mean square pressure. while the latter is the nmxinxxn sound pressure level, it is often
incorrectly labelled peek. In that sound level nroters have "peek" settings, this diattnttlon Is most
inportan[.
"Background ambient" should be used in lieu of "background", "ambient", "residual", or "indigenous" to
describe the level characteristics of [he general background noise due to the contribution of many
unidentifiable noise sources near and far.
with regard to units, it is recommended [hat the unit decibel (abbreviated dB) be used without
modification. Hence, DBA, PNdB, and EPNdB are not to be used. Examples of this preferred usage are: the
Perceived Noise level (Lpn was found to be 75 d8. Lpn = 75 d8 This decision was based upon the
recommendation of the National Bureau of Standards, and the policies of ANSI and the Acoustical Society of
Ameri ta, all of which disallow any modif ica[ion of bel except for prefixes indicating its multiples or
submul tiples (e.g., deci).
Noise Impact
In discussing noise impact, i[ is recommended that "Level weighted Population" (LwP) replace "Equivalent
Noise Impact" (ENI The term "Relative Change of Inpac t" (RCI) shell be used for 'comparing the relative
differences in LNP between two alternatives.
Further, when appropriate, "Noise Impact Index" (NII) and "Population Neighed Loss of Hearing" (PML) shall
be used consistent with CHABA working Group 69 Report Guidelines for Preparing Environmental Impact
Statements (1977).
Page 25
w
APPENDIX B (CONTINUED)
TABLE I
A-WEIGHTED RECOMMENDED DESCRIPTOR LIST
TERM SYMBOL
1. A-Weighted Sound Level LA
2. A-Weighted Sound Power Level LWA
3. Maximum A-Weighted Sound Level Lmax
4. Peak A-Weighted Sound Level LApk
5. Level Exceeded x% of the Time Lx
6. Equivalent Sound Level Leq
7. Equivalent Sound Levet over Time (T) Leq(T)
e. Day Sound Level Ld
9. Night Sound Level Ln
10. Day-Night Sound Level Ldn
11. Yearly Day-Night Sound Level Ldn(Y)
72. Sound Exposure Level LSE
(1) Unless otherwise specified, time is In hours (e.g. the hourly
equivalent level Is Leq(~)). Time may be specified in non-
quantitative terms (e.g., could be specified a Leq(WASH) to mean
the washing cycle noise for a washing machine).
SOURCE: EPA ACOUSTIC TERMINOLOGY GUIDE, BNA 8-14-78,
NOISE REGULATION REPORTER.
Page 26
b
APPENDIX B (CONTINUED)
TABLE II
RECOMMENDED DESCRIPTOR LIST
ALTERNATIVE(1) OTHER(2)
TERM A-WEIGHTING A-WEIGHTING WEIGHTING UNWEIGHTED
1. Sound (Pressure) (3) L L L, L L
Level A pA B p6 p
2. Sound Power Level LWA LWB LW
3. Max. Sound Level Lmax LAmax LBmax Lpmax
4. Peak Sound (Pressure) LApk LBpk Lpk
Level
5. Level Exceeded x% of Lx L~ LBx Lpx
the time
6. Equivalent Sound Level Leq LAeq LBeq Lpeq
7. Equivalent Sound Level (4) L L L L
Over Time(T) eq(T) Aeq(T) Beq(T) peq(T)
8. Day Sound Level Ld LAd LBd Lpd
9. Night Sound Level Ln LAn LBn Lpn
10. Day-Night Sound Level Ldn LAdn LBdn Lpdn
11. Yearly Day-Night Sound Ldn(Y) LAdn(Y) LBdn(Y) Lpdn(Y)
Level
12. Sound Exposure Level LS LSA LSB LSp
13. Energy Average value L L L L
over (non-time domain) eq(e) Aeq(e) Beq(e) peq(e)
set of observations
14. Level exceeded x% of Lx(e) LAx(e) LBx(e) Lpx(e)
the total set of
(non-time domain)
observations
15. Average Lx value Lx L~ LBx Lpx
(1) "Alternative" symbols may be used to assure clarity or consistency.
(2) Only B-weighting shown. Applies also to C,D,E,.....welghting.
(3) The term "pressure" Is used only for the unweighted level.
(4) Unless otherwise specified, time is in hours (e.g ,the hourly equivalent level
Is Le (1). Time may be specified in non-quanhtative terms (e.g., could be
speci~ied es Leq(WYSH) to mean the washing cycle noise for a washing machine.
Page 27
APPENDIX D
AIR QUALITY STUDY
BY B.D. NEAL & ASSOCIATES
AIR QUALITY STUDY
FOR THE PROPOSED
GENTRY AT WAIAKA PROJECT
NORTH KOHALA, HAWAII
Prepared for.
Parametrix, Inc.
August 1994
B. D. NEAL & ASSOCIATES
_ ADDIiW Mdeorolapy • Air pYatiry • CowDwer $c1dCe
_ P.O. BOX 6239, CAPCAW COOK, HAWAH %7W 6239
TELEPHONE (806) 9239317 • FAX (806) 9247390
CONTENTB
eec o Paae
1.0 Summary 1
2.0 Introduction and Project Description 4
3.0 Ambient Air Quality Standards 5
4.0 Regional and Local Climatology 7
5.0 Present Air Quality 10
6.0 Short-Term Impacts of Project 13
7.0 Long-Term Impacts of Project 15
7.1 Roadway Traffic 15
7.2 Electrical Demand 23
7.3 Solid Waste Disposal 24
8.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 24
References 27
FIGIIRES
Figure
1 Project Location Map
TABLES
Table
1 Summary of State of Hawaii and National Ambient Air
Quality Standards
2 Annual Summaries of Air Quality Measurements for
Monitoring Stations Nearest Gentry at Waiaka
Project
3 Estimated Worst-Case 1-Hour Carbon Monoxide Concen-
trations Along Roadways Near Gentry at Waiaka
Project
i
TABLES (cont.)
Table
4 Estimated Worst-Case 8-Hour Carbon Monoxide Concen-
trations Along Roadways Near Gentry at Waiaka
Project
5 Estimated Indirect Air Pollution Emissions from
Gentry at Waiaka Project Electrical Demand
ii
1.0 BIIMMARY
Gentry Hawaii is proposing to develop the Gentry at Waiaka Project
on 102 acres of land located along the west coast of the North
Kohala District on the island of Hawaii. Major elements of the
project include 160 single-family residential lots, a 40-unit inn,
a restaurant and a convenience store. Construction is expected to
begin during 1995, and full build-out of the project is contem-
plated to occur by the year 2005. This study examines the
potential air quality impacts that could occur as a result of the
construction and use of the proposed development. Mitigative
measures to lessen project impacts are suggested where possible and
appropriate.
Soth federal and state standards have been established to maintain
ambient air quality. At the present time, six parameters are
regulated including: particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone and lead. Hawaii state air quality
standards are more stringent than the comparable national limits
except for the standards for sulfur dioxide and particulate matter,
which are set at the same levels.
Regional and local climate together with the amount and type of
human activity generally dictate the air quality of a given
location. The climate of the project area is very much affected by
its leeward and coastal situation. During periods of strong trade
winds, winds approach the project area from the southeast through
the gap between the Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea. Kona storms
generate occasional strong winds from the south during winter.
When the larger scale trade winds or Kona winds are weak or absent,
small scale landbreeze-seabreeze and/or mountain-induced circula-
tions may develop. These smaller scale phenomena tend to dominate
the wind pattern for the area causing winds to be predominantly
1
bimodal with an east-west orientation. During the daytime, winds
move onshore from the west while at night a 180-degree shift
typically occurs reversing the flow. Wind speeds generally vary
between about 5 and 20 miles per hour, although there can be
prolonged periods of higher or lower velocities. Based on
temperature data for the area, temperatures at the project site
likely range between about 55°F and 95°F. Average annual rainfall
is scant amounting to somewhere in the 10- to 20-inch range with
summer months being the driest.
Air quality in the vicinity of the project presently is mostly
affected by emissions from natural, industrial, agricultural and/or
vehicular sources. The dominant factor for the past several years
has been the volcanic haze (vog) from Kilauea Volcano which
eventually drifts into the Kona and Kohala areas from more than 60
miles away. Other natural sources of air pollution that may affect
the air quality of the site include the ocean, plants and wind-
blown dust. Some particulate and hydrocarbon emissions presently
occur from industries located at Kawaihae Port while agriculture in
the area may also contribute relatively minor amounts of fugitive
dust to the atmosphere. Automotive emissions, primarily nitrogen
oxides and carbon monoxide, from motor vehicles passing through the
area on Akoni Pule Highway may reduce the present air quality
slightly. Virtually no air quality monitoring data are available
from the State Department of Health for the North Kohala area, but
based on what little data are available, it appears likely that
both state and national ambient air quality standards are currently
being met despite the persistent vog. On the whole, air quality
for the area is presently considered good except for the vog and
for occasional fugitive dust problems.
If the proposed project is given the necessary approvals to
proceed, it is inevitable that some short- and long-term impacts on
2
air quality will occur either directly or indirectly as a conse-
quence of project construction and use. Short-term impacts from
fugitive dust will likely occur during the project construction
phase. To a lesser extent, exhaust emissions from stationary and
mobile construction equipment, from the disruption of traffic, and
from workers' vehicles may also affect air quality during the
period of construction. State air pollution control regulations
require that there be no visible fugitive dust emissions at the
property line. Hence, an effective dust control plan must be
implemented to ensure compliance with state regulations, especially
in dust-prone North Kohala. Fugitive dust emissions can be
controlled to a large extent by watering of active work areas, use
of wind screens, keeping adjacent paved roads clean, and by
covering of open-bodied trucks. Other dust control measures could
include limiting the area that can be disturbed at any given time
and/or mulching or chemically stabilizing inactive areas that have
been worked. Paving and landscaping of project areas early in the
construction schedule will also reduce dust emissions. Exhaust
emissions can be mitigated by moving construction equipment and
workers to and from the project site during off-peak traffic hours.
After construction, long-term impacts on air quality could
potentially occur indirectly as a result of emissions emanating
from vehicular traffic coming to and from the development. Access
to the project will be accomplished via two at-grade intersections
constructed along Akoni Pule Highway. To assess the impact of
emissions from these vehicles, an air quality modeling study was
undertaken to estimate current maximum ambient concentrations of
carbon monoxide along roadways leading to and from the project area
and to predict future levels of air pollution both with and without
the proposed project. Based on the modeling results, present
worst-case carbon monoxide concentrations were estimated to be
relatively low in comparison to the state and national ambient air
quality standards. In the year 2005 without the project, worst-
3
i
case concentrations were predicted to increase due to the expected
growth in traffic from other developments in the area but remain
well within even the more stringent state air quality standards.
In the 2005 with-project scenario, maximum concentrations were
predicted to be only slightly higher compared to the without-
project case and well within state and national standards. Thus,
no mitigation measures should be necessary to reduce any air
quality impacts due to emissions from project traffic other than
the roadway improvements recommended by the traffic consultant.
Depending on the demand levels, long-term impacts on air quality
are also possible due to indirect emissions associated with a
development's electrical power and solid waste disposal require-
ments. Quantitative estimates of these potential impacts were not
made, but based on the estimated emission rates involved and the
relative changes in demands, the attendant impacts are expected to
be small. The promotion of energy conservation and recycling
programs within the proposed development could serve to reduce any
impacts.
2.0 INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Gentry Hawaii is proposing a resort inn, retail center and
residential development on 102 acres of land along the North Kohala
Coast on the island of Hawaii. As indicated in Figure 1, the
project site is located approximately 2 miles north of Kawaihae
along Akoni Pule Highway. The development plan for the project
calls for a 40-unit inn, an adjunct convenience store and restuar-
ant, and 160 residential lots. The convenience store and restau-
rant are expected to total about 6,000 square feet of commercial
space. Residential lots would vary in size from 10,000 square feet
to 1 acre. Currently, the land involved in the proposed develop-
4
ment is vacant. Project construction is expected to begin during
1995, and full build out is assumed to occur by the year 2005.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential air quality
impacts of the proposed the proposed project and recommend
mitigative measures, if possible and appropriate, to reduce or
eliminate any degradation of air quality in the area. Before
examining the potential impacts of the proposed project, a
discussion of ambient air quality standards is presented and
background information concerning the regional and local climatol-
ogy and the present air quality of the project area is provided.
3.0 AMBIENT AIR QIIALITY STANDARDS
Ambient concentrations of air pollution are regulated by both
national and state ambient air quality standards (AAQS). National
AAQS are specified in Section 40, Part 50 of the Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR), while State of Hawaii AAQS are defined in
Chapter 11-59 of the Hawaii Administrative Rules. Table 1
summarizes both the national and the state AAQS that are specified
in the cited documents. As indicated in the table, AAQS have been
established for six air pollutants. These regulated air pollutants
include: particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
carbon monoxide, ozone and lead. National AAQS are stated in terms
of primary and secondary standards. National primary standards are
designed to protect the public health with an "adequate margin of
safety". National secondary standards, on the other hand, define
levels of air quality necessary to protect the public welfare from
"any known or anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant".
Secondary public welfare impacts may include such effects as
decreased visibility, diminished comfort levels, or other potential
injury to the natural or man-made environment, e.g., soiling of
materials, damage to vegetation or other economic damage. In
5
contrast to the national AAQS, Hawaii State AAQS are given in terms
of a single standard that is designed "to protect public health and
welfare and to prevent the significant deterioration of air
quality".
Each of the regulated air pollutants has the potential to create or
exacerbate some form of adverse health effect or to produce
environmental degradation when present in sufficiently high
concentration for prolonged periods of time. The AAQS specify a
maximum allowable concentration for a given air pollutant for one
or more averaging times to prevent harmful effects. Averaging
times vary from one hour to one year depending on the pollutant and
type of exposure necessary to cause adverse effects. In the case
of the short-term (i.e., 1- to 24-hour) AAQS, both national and
state standards allow one exceedance per year.
State of Hawaii AAQS are in some cases considerably more stringent
than comparable national AAQS. In particular, the State of Hawaii
1-hour AAQS for carbon monoxide is four times more stringent than
the comparable national limit, and the state 1-hour limit for ozone
is more than two times as stringent as the federal standard.
Hawaii AAQS for sulfur dioxide were relaxed in 1986 to make the
state standards essentially the same as the national limits. In
1993, the state also revised its particulate standards to follow
those set by the federal government. It has been proposed in
various forums that the state also relax its carbon monoxide
standards to the national levels, but at present there are no
indications that such a change is being considered.
6
4.0 REGIONAL AND LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY
Regional and local climatology significantly affect the air quality
of a given location. Wind, temperature, atmospheric turbulence,
mixing height and rainfall all influence air quality. Although the
climate of Hawaii is relatively moderate throughout most of the
state and most of the year, significant differences in these
parameters may occur from one location to another. Most differ-
ences in regional and local climates within the state are caused by
the mountainous topography.
The site of the proposed project is located within the North Kohala
District on the northwestern coast of the island of Hawaii. The
topography of Hawaii Island is dominated by the great volcanic
masses of Mauna Loa (13,653 feet), Mauna Kea (13,796 feet), and of
Hualalai, the Kohala Mountains and Kilauea. The island consists
entirely of the slopes of these mountains and of the broad saddles
between them. Mauna Loa and Kilauea, located on the southern half
of the island, are still active volcanoes. The site of the
proposed project occupies a portion of the lower southwestern slope
of the Kohala Mountains, extending from the coastline up to an
elevation of about 200 feet.
Hawaii lies well within the belt of northeasterly trade winds
generated by the semi-permanent Pacific high pressure cell to the
north and east. Much of the western coast of the island of Hawaii,
however, is sheltered from the trade winds by high mountains. In
the Kohala area, winds can vary substantially over short distances
and short periods of time due to topographic effects. During
periods of strong trade winds, high winds from the east or
northeast can sweep through the saddle between the Kohala Mountains
and Mauna Kea and reach the areas to the lee. In winter, the
passage of storms can bring very strong "Kona" winds for brief
7
periods from the south or southwest. When trade winds or Kona
winds are absent or weak, local winds such as land/sea breezes
and/or upslope/downslope winds tend to dominate the wind pattern
for the area. During such times, winds typically move onshore from
the west during the daytime because of seabreeze and/or upslope
effects. At night and during the early morning hours, winds
generally are land breezes and/or drainage winds which move
downslope from the east and out to sea; oftentimes, early morning
drainage winds from the east are quite strong for a few hours just
near sunrise and then subside. Wind data collected at Kawaihae
Harbor [1] show that, on the long-term, wind directions in this
area are strongly bimodal and from approximately opposite compass
points (east or west). Wind speeds predominantly vary between
about 5 and 20 mph with calms occurring about 9 percent of the
time.
Air pollution emissions from motor vehicles, the formation of
photochemical smog and smoke plume rise all depend in part on air
temperature. Colder temperatures tend to result in higher
emissions of contaminants from automobiles but lower concentrations
of photochemical smog and ground-level concentrations of air
pollution from elevated plumes. In Hawaii, the annual and daily
variation of temperature depends to a large degree on elevation
above sea level, distance inland and exposure to the trade winds.
Average temperatures at locations near sea level generally are
warmer than those at higher elevations. Areas exposed to the trade
wind tend to have the least temperature variation, while inland and
leeward areas often have the most. The lower elevations of the
west Kohala area are well known for their warm climate. Unfortu-
nately, there are no published long-term temperature data for this
area of Hawaii Island that are representative of the project site.
However, during the past few years, measurements have been reported
at nearby Pu'ukohala Heiau. During 1990, the temperature ranged
from 58 to 92°F at this location with an average of 76°F [2].
8
These temperatures are probably reasonably representative of the
project site. It should be noted, however, that the above
temperature range is based on one year of data only and that over
a period of several years, the range is undoubtedly larger.
Small scale, random motions in the atmosphere (turbulence) cause
air pollutants to be dispersed as a function of distance or time
from the point of emission. Turbulence is caused by both mechan-
ical and thermal forces in the atmosphere. It is oftentimes
measured and described in terms of Pasquill-Gifford stability
class. Stability class 1 is the most turbulent and class 6 the
least. Thus, air pollution dissipates the best during stability
class 1 conditions and the worst when stability class 6 prevails.
In the North Kohala area, stability class 5 or 6 is generally the
highest stability class that occurs, developing during clear, calm
nighttime or early morning hours when temperature inversions form
either due to radiational cooling or to downslope winds that push
warmer air aloft. Stability classes 1 through 4 occur during the
daytime, depending mainly on the amount of cloud cover and incoming
solar radiation and the onset and extent of the sea breeze.
Mixing height is defined as the height above the surface through
which relatively vigorous vertical mixing occurs. Low mixing
heights can result in high ground-level air pollution concentra-
tions because contaminants emitted from or near the surface can
become trapped within the mixing layer. In Hawaii, minimum mixing
heights tend to be high because of mechanical mixing caused by the
trade winds and because of the temperature moderating effect of the
surrounding ocean. Low mixing heights may sometimes occur,
however, at inland locations and even at times along coastal areas
early in the morning following a clear, cool, windless night.
Coastal areas may also experience low mixing levels during sea
breeze conditions when cooler ocean air rushes in over warmer land.
9
x
Although there are no mixing height data for the North Kohala area,
mixing heights elsewhere in the state typically are above 3000 feet
(1000 meters). Mixing heights in the North Kohala area probably
tend to be somewhat lower during periods of light winds and also
during periods when sea breeze conditions develop during the
daytime.
Rainfall can have a beneficial effect on the air quality of an area
in that it helps to suppress fugitive dust emissions, and it may
also "washout" gaseous contaminants that are water soluble.
Rainfall in Hawaii is highly variable depending on elevation and on
location with respect to the trade wind. The lower elevations of
Kohala are some of the driest areas in the state. Much of the
rainfall occurs in conjunction with winter storms, and some occurs
during summer afternoons and evenings as a result of the onshore
and upslope movement of moisture laden marine air. Average annual
rainfall reported for Puako, located near sea level a few miles to
the south, is only about 9 inches [3], but this may vary substan-
tially from one year to the next. During 1990, Pu'ukohala Heiau
reported nearly 18 inches [2]. These data are probably at least
semi-representative of the project site.
5.0 PRESENT AZR QIIALZTY
Present air quality in the project area is mostly affected by air
pollutants from natural, industrial, agricultural and/or vehicular
sources. Natural sources of air pollution emissions which may
affect the project area but cannot be quantified very accurately
include the ocean, plants, wind-blown dust and volcanoes. Of these
natural sources of air pollution, volcanoes are the most signi-
ficant. Volcanic emissions have chronically plagued large portions
of the Kona and Kohala Coast areas since the latest eruption phase
of Kilauea Volcano began in 1983. Air pollution emissions from
10
a
Kilauea consist primarily of sulfur dioxide. After entering the
atmosphere, these sulfur dioxide emissions are carried away by the
wind and either washed out as acid rain or gradually transformed
into particulate sulfates. Although emissions from Kilauea are
vented more than 60 miles southeast of the project site, the
prevailing wind patterns eventually carry the emissions into the
Kona and Kohala areas. These emissions can be seen in-the form of
the volcanic haze (vog) which persistently hangs over the area.
The American Lung Association recently studied the character and
concentrations of volcanic air pollution at several locations
around the island. The results indicated that sulfate levels are
up to five times higher in the West Hawaii area compared to
locations near Hilo. Potential impacts on human health from the
vog are still inconclusive and remain under study. Federally-
funded programs to better research its effects are currently
underway.
The only industrial sources of air pollution which currently exist
in the project area are located at Kawaihae Port, approximately
2 miles south of the project site. Industries at this location
include a cement plant, a fuel storage depot, raw sugar storage and
conveying facilities, a barge terminal, a feed company and a coral
crushing and storage plant. Air pollution emissions consist mostly
of particulate from cement, sugar and coral operations and
hydrocarbons from fuel storage facilities.
Agriculture in the area is confined mainly to cattle grazing. Any
air pollution associated with this activity is limited mostly to
minor emissions of dust.
Akoni Pule Highway which borders the site on the east provides the
major coastal route for traffic going to and from Hawi. Exhaust
11
gases and fugitive dust from motor vehicles traversing this roadway
tend to be carried over the site during periods of easterly winds.
Any high levels of air pollution presently occurring in the area
due to motor vehicle emissions are likely confined to short periods
and limited areas near intersections where and when traffic
congestion occurs during poor dispersion conditions.
The State Department of Health operates a network of air quality
monitoring stations at various locations around the state.
Unfortunately, very little data are available for the island of
Hawaii, and none are available for the North Kohala area specifi-
cally. As indicated in Table 2, the only existing monitoring data
anywhere near the project site consist of sulfur dioxide and
particulate measurements that were made about 35 miles to the south
at Kealakekua during 1985 and 1986. During this two-year period,
measurements of 24-hour average sulfur dioxide concentration at
this location were consistently low with daily mean values ranging
from about 5 to 12 µg/m3. No exceedances of the state/national 24-
hour AAQS for sulfur dioxide were recorded. Twenty-four hour
average particulate concentrations ranged from 4 to 28 µg/m3, and
no violations of the state AAQS were measured.
At this time, there are no reported measurements of lead, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide or carbon monoxide in the project vicinity. These
are primarily motor vehicle related air pollutants. Lead, ozone
and nitrogen dioxide typically are regional scale problems;
concentrations of these contaminants generally have not been found
to exceed AAQS elsewhere in the state. Carbon monoxide air
pollution, on the other hand, typically is a microscale problem
caused by congested motor vehicular traffic. In traffic congested
areas such as urban Honolulu, carbon monoxide concentrations have
been found to occasionally exceed the state AAQS. Spot-check
measurements of carbon monoxide were made within the project
12
d
vicinity during August 1994. Background concentrations were found
to be almost nil, while concentrations along Akoni Pule Highway
were in the 0.1 to 0.5 mg/m3 range. Present worst-case concentra-
tions of carbon monoxide in the project area are estimated later in
this study by mathematically modeling the atmospheric dispersion of
motor vehicle emissions.
6.0 BHORT-TERM ZMPACTS OF PROJECT
Short-term direct and indirect impacts on air quality could
potentially occur due to project construction. For a project of
this nature, there are two potential types of air pollution
emissions which could directly result in short-term air quality
impacts during the construction phase: (1) fugitive dust from
vehicle movement and site excavation; and (2) exhaust emissions
from on-site construction equipment. Indirectly, there could also
be short-term impacts from slow-moving construction equipment
traveling to and from the project site and from a temporary
increase in local traffic caused by commuting construction workers.
Fugitive dust emissions may arise from the grading and dirt/rock-
moving activities associated with site preparation. The emission
rate for fugitive dust emissions from construction activities is
difficult to estimate accurately because of its elusive nature of
emission and because the potential for its generation varies
greatly depending upon the type of soil at the construction site,
the amount and type of earth-disturbing activity taking place, the
moisture content of exposed soil in work areas, and the wind speed.
The EPA [4] has provided a rough estimate for uncontrolled fugitive
dust emissions from construction activity of 1.2 tons per acre per
month under conditions of "medium" activity, moderate soil silt
content (30$), and precipitation/evaporation (P/E) index of 50.
Uncontrolled fugitive dust emissions from project construction
13
would probably be somewhere near this level or higher due to the
dry climate and fine nature of the soil in the area. In any case,
State of Hawaii Air Pollution Control Regulations [5~ stipulate
that emissions of fugitive dust from construction activities cannot
be visible beyond the property line. Due to the dust-prone nature
of the Kawaihae area, an effective dust control plan for the
project construction phase is particularly essential.
Adequate fugitive dust control can usually be accomplished by the
establishment of a frequent watering program to keep bare-dirt
surfaces in construction areas from becoming significant sources of
dust. In dust-prone or dust-sensitive areas such as North Kohala,
other control measures such as limiting the area that can be
disturbed at any given time, applying chemical soil stabilizers,
mulching and/or using wind screens may be necessary. Control
regulations further stipulate that open-bodied trucks be covered at
all times when in motion if they are transporting materials that
could be blown away. Haul trucks tracking dirt onto paved streets
from unpaved areas is oftentimes a significant source of dust in
construction areas. Some means to alleviate this problem, such as
road cleaning or tire washing, may be appropriate. Paving of
parking areas and/or establishment of landscaping as early in the
construction schedule as possible can also lower the potential for
fugitive dust emissions.
On-site mobile and stationary construction equipment will also emit
some air pollutants in the form of engine exhausts. The largest of
this equipment is usually diesel-powered. Nitrogen oxides
emissions from diesel engines can be relatively high compared to
gasoline-powered equipment, but the standard for nitrogen dioxide
is set on an annual basis and is not likely to be violated by
short-term construction equipment emissions. Carbon monoxide
emissions from diesel engines, on the other hand, are low and
14
should be relatively insignificant compared to vehicular emissions
on nearby roadways.
Indirectly, slow-moving construction vehicles on roadways leading
to and from the project site could obstruct the normal flow of
traffic to such an extent that overall vehicular emissions are
increased, but this impact can be mitigated by moving heavy
construction equipment during periods of low traffic volume.
Likewise, the schedules of commuting construction workers can be
adjusted to avoid peak hours in the project vicinity. Thus, most
potential short-term air quality impacts from project construction
can be mitigated.
7.0 LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF PROJECT
7.1 Roadway Traffic
After construction is completed, use of the proposed facilities
will result in increased motor vehicle traffic on nearby roadways,
potentially causing long-term impacts on ambient air quality in the
project vicinity. Motor vehicles with gasoline-powered engines are
significant sources of carbon monoxide. They also emit nitrogen
oxides, and those burning leaded gasoline contribute lead to the
atmosphere. The use of leaded gasoline in new automobiles is now
prohibited. As older vehicles continue to disappear from the
numbers of those currently operating on the state's roadways, lead
emissions are approaching zero. Nationally, so few vehicles now
require leaded gasoline that the EPA is proposing a total ban on
leaded gasoline to take effect immediately. Even without such a
ban, reported quarterly averages of lead in air samples collected
in urban Honolulu have been near zero since early 1986. Thus, lead
in the atmosphere is not considered to be a problem anywhere in the
state.
15
Federal air pollution control regulations require that new motor
vehicles be equipped with emission control devices that reduce
emissions significantly compared to a few years ago. In 1990, the
President signed into law the Clean Air Act Amendments. This new
legislation requires further emission reductions be phased in
beginning in 1994. The combination of current and new restrictions
on emissions from new motor vehicles will lower average emissions
each year as more and more older vehicles leave the state's
roadways. Carbon monoxide emissions, for example, will go down by
about 15 percent on the average during the next 10 years due to the
replacement of older vehicles with newer models.
To evaluate the potential long-term indirect ambient air quality
impact of increased roadway traffic associated with a project such
as this, computerized emission and atmospheric dispersion models
can be used to estimate ambient carbon monoxide concentrations
along roadways leading to and from the project. Carbon monoxide is
selected for modeling because it is both the most stable and the
most abundant of the pollutants generated by motor vehicles.
Furthermore, carbon monoxide air pollution is generally considered
to be a microscale problem that can be addressed locally to some
extent, whereas nitrogen oxides air pollution most often is a
regional issue that cannot be addressed by a single new develop-
ment.
For this project, three scenarios were selected for the carbon
monoxide modeling study: year 1994 with present conditions, year
2005 without the project, and year 2005 assuming the project is
complete and fully built-out. To begin the modeling study,
critical receptor areas in the vicinity of the project were
identified for analysis. Generally speaking, roadway intersections
are the primary concern because of traffic congestion and because
16
t
of the increase in vehicular emissions associated with traffic
queuing. For this study, the four key intersections identified in
the traffic study were also selected for air quality analysis.
These included the intersections of: Akoni Pule Highway with the
Kohala Ranch north access road, Akoni Pule Highway with the Kohala
Ranch south access road, Akoni Pule Highway with the project south
access road, and Akoni Pule Highway with the Kohala-By-The-Sea
access road. The traffic impact assessment report for the
project [6] describes the present and future traffic conditions and
laneage configurations of these intersections in detail.
The main objective of the modeling study was to estimate maximum
1-hour average carbon monoxide concentrations for each of the three
scenarios studied. To evaluate the significance of the estimated
concentrations, a comparison of the predicted values for each
scenario can be made. Comparison of the estimated values to the
national and state AAQS will provide another measure of signifi-
cance. The traffic impact assessment report indicates that traffic
volumes generally are or will be higher during the afternoon peak
hour than during the morning peak period. However, worst-case
emission and meteorological dispersion conditions typically occur
during the morning hours at most locations. Thus, both morning and
afternoon peak-traffic hours were examined for each scenario to
ensure that worst-case concentrations were identified.
The EPA computer model MOBILE5A was used to calculate vehicular
carbon monoxide emissions for each year studied. One of the key
inputs to MOBILE5A is vehicle mix. Based on recent vehicle
registration figures, the present and projected vehicle mix in the
project area is estimated to be 91.9$ light-duty gasoline-powered
vehicles, 5$ light-duty gasoline-powered trucks and vans, 0.5$
heavy-duty gasoline-powered vehicles, 0.6$ light-duty diesel-
17
powered vehicles, 1$ heavy-duty diesel-powered trucks and buses,
and 1$ motorcycles.
Other key inputs to the MOBILE5A emission model are the cold/hot
start fractions. Motor vehicles operating in a cold- or hot-start
mode emit excess air pollution. Typically, motor vehicles reach
stabilized operating temperatures after about 4 miles of driving.
For traffic operating within the project area, it was assumed that
during both the morning and the afternoon peak-traffic hours about
25 percent of all vehicles would be operating in the cold-start
mode and that about 5 percent would be operating,in the hot-start
mode. These operational mode values were estimated based on a
report from the California Department of Transportation [7] and
taking into consideration the likely origin of traffic in the
project area.
Ambient temperatures of 59 and 68 degrees F were used for morning
and afternoon peak-hour emission computations, respectively. These
are conservative assumptions since morning/afternoon ambient
temperatures will generally be warmer than this, and emission
estimates given by MOBILE5A are inversely proportional to the
ambient temperature.
After computing vehicular carbon monoxide emissions through the use
of MOBILE5A, these data were then input to the latest version of
the computer model CALINE4 [8]. CALINE4 was developed by the
California Transportation Department to simulate vehicular movement
and atmospheric dispersion of vehicular emissions. The model is
designed to predict 1-hour average pollutant concentrations along
roadways based on input traffic and emission data, roadway/receptor
geometry and meteorological conditions.
18
Input peak-hour traffic data were obtained from the traffic study
cited previously. The traffic volumes given in the traffic study
for the future with project scenario include project traffic as
well as traffic from other growth that is expected to occur in the
area by the year 2005. Traffic queuing estimates were made based
on the project traffic study, Transportation Research Board
procedures [9], U.S. EPA guidelines [10], and traffic observations
at the subject intersections. Vehicles using Akoni Pule Highway
were assumed to accelerate to 55 mph, while traffic on the
intersecting access roads was assumed to move at 15 mph. Decelera-
tion/acceleration times of 25 seconds and 7 seconds were assumed
for vehicles traveling at 55 mph and 15 mph, respectively.
Model roadways were set up to reflect roadway geometry, physical
dimensions and operating characteristics. Presently, there are no
pedestrian walkways along the roadways within the project area. In
the 2005 with and without project cases, sidewalks may or may not
exist. Concentrations predicted by air quality models generally
are not considered valid within the roadway mixing zone. The
roadway mixing zone is taken to include 3 meters on either side of
the traveled portion of the roadway and the turbulent area within
l0 meters of a cross street. For this study, model receptor sites
were located at the edges of the mixing zones where the maximum
concentrations would likely occur. All receptor heights were
placed at 1.8 meters above ground to simulate levels within the
normal human breathing zone.
Input meteorological conditions for this study were defined to
provide "worst-case" results. One of the key meteorological inputs
is atmospheric stability category. For these analyses, atmospheric
stability category 6 was assumed for morning scenarios and
stability category 4 was assumed for afternoon cases. These are
the most conservative stability categories that can be used for
19
estimating pollutant dispersion at suburban or undeveloped
locations. A surface roughness length of 50 cm and a mixing height
of 300 meters was used in all cases. Worst-case wind conditions
were defined as a wind speed of 1 meter per second with a wind
direction resulting in the highest predicted concentration.
Based on spot-check measurements that were made in the project
area, existing background concentrations of carbon monoxide in the
project vicinity are believed to be at low levels. Hence,
background contributions of carbon monoxide from sources or distant
roadways not directly considered in the analysis were accounted for
by adding a background concentration of 0.1 ppm to all predicted
concentrations for the 1994 scenario. Future scenarios assumed
that the background concentration would remain unchanged.
Predicted Worst-Case 1-Hour Concentrations
Table 3 summarizes the final results of the modeling study in the
form of the estimated worst-case 1-hour morning and afternoon
ambient carbon monoxide concentrations. These results can be
compared directly to the state and the national AAQS. Estimated
worst-case carbon monoxide concentrations are presented in the
table for three scenarios: year 1994 with existing traffic, year
2005 without project traffic and year 2005 with project traffic.
The locations of these estimated worst-case 1-hour concentrations
all occurred at or very near the indicated intersections.
As indicated in the table, the estimated present worst-case 1-hour
carbon monoxide concentration in the project area, 1.2 mg/m3, was
predicted to occur during the morning peak hour near the intersec-
tion of Akoni Pule Highway with the Kohala Ranch south access road.
20
o
All other locations and periods indicated maximum concentrations of
less than 1 mg/m3.
In the year 2005 without the proposed project, the worst-case 1-
hour concentration in the project vicinity was predicted to
increase to 3.8 mg/m3. This was predicted to occur during the
afternoon peak-traffic hour near the intersection of Akoni Pule
Highway and the Kohala Ranch south access road. All other
locations and periods studied had maximum concentrations of less
than 3 mg/m3.
With the project, the predicted 1-hour worst-case concentrations
for 2005 in the project area increased to 4.6 mg/m3. Similar to
the without project case, this would occur near the Akoni Pule
Highway/Kohala Ranch south access road intersection during the
afternoon peak-traffic period. All other locations and periods
studied had maximum 1-hour concentrations of less than 4 mg/m3.
Although the study results indicate that maximum concentrations
with the project would increase somewhat compared to both the
without project scenario and the existing situation, all estimated
worst-case 1-hour carbon monoxide levels for all scenarios are well
within both the state AAQS of 10 mg/m3 and the national AAQS of
4 o mg/m3.
Predicted Worst-Case 8-Hour Concentrations
Worst-case 8-hour carbon monoxide concentrations were estimated by
multiplying the worst-case 1-hour values by a persistence factor of
0.5. This accounts for two factors: (1) traffic volumes averaged
over eight hours are lower than peak 1-hour values, and (2)
21
meteorological dispersion conditions are more variable (and hence
more favorable) over an 8-hour period than they are for a single
hour. Based on monitoring data, 1-hour to 8-hour persistence
factors for most locations generally vary from 0.4 to 0.8 with 0.6
being the most typical. One recent study based on modeling [11]
concluded that 1-hour to 8-hour persistence factors could typically
be expected to range from 0.4 to 0.5. EPA guidelines [10]
recommend using a value of 0.6 to 0.7 unless a locally derived
persistence factor is available. Recent monitoring data for
Honolulu reported by the Department of Health [12] suggests that
this factor may range between about 0.35 and 0.55 depending on
location and traffic variability. Considering the location of the
project and the traffic pattern for the area, a 1-hour to 8-hour
persistence factor of 0.5 is probably most appropriate for this
application.
The resulting estimated worst-case 8-hour concentrations are
indicated in Table 4. For the 1994 scenario, the estimated worst-
case 8-hour carbon monoxide concentration in the project area was
0.6 mg/m3 and occurred near the intersection of Akoni Pule Highway
and the Kohala Ranch south access road; other locations studied had
maximum concentrations of 0.4 mg/m3. The predicted maximum value
for the year 2005 without project scenario increased to 1.9 mg/m3
and occurred at the same location. Other locations studied had
maximum concentrations near 1 mg/m3. In 2005 with the project, the
estimated maximum worst-case 8-hour concentration would continue to
occur near the Akoni Pule Highway/Kohala Ranch south access road
intersection and would increase slightly compared to the without
project case from 1.9 mg/m3 to 2.3 mg/m3. Concentrations at other
locations along Akoni Pule Highway would also increase slightly.
Comparing the predicted worst-case 8-hour concentrations for the
existing case to the AAQS, it appears likely that both the national
22
v
standard of 10 mg/m3 and the more stringent state standard of
5 mg/m3 are currently being met in the project area. Maximum
concentrations would continue to comply with the national and state
AAQS in the future either with or without the project.
Conservativeness of Estimates
The results of this study reflect several conservative assumptions
that were made concerning both traffic movement and worst-case
meteorological conditions. One such assumption concerning worst-
case meteorological conditions is that a wind speed of 1 meter per
second with a steady direction for 1 hour will occur. A steady
wind of 1 meter per second blowing from a single direction for an
hour is not very likely and may occur only once a year or less.
With wind speeds of 2 meters per second, for example, computed
carbon monoxide concentrations would be only about half the values
given above.
7.2 Electrical Demand
The proposed project will also cause indirect emissions from power
generating facilities as a consequence of electrical power usage.
Peak project power demand at full build-out is expected to be less
than 1 megawatt. This includes power demands from both residential
and commercial components of the project. Present generating
capacity on the Big Island is about 180 megawatts with most of this
power provided by oil-burning generating units. Island wide, peak
power demand is currently about 150 megawatts. Average annual
electrical demand of the project when fully developed is not
expected to exceed about 2 million kilowatt-hours. This power
demand will most probably be provided mainly by oil-fired gener-
ating facilities located on the island. In order to meet the
electrical power needs of the proposed project, power generating
23
facilities will have to be expanded and/or burn more fuel, and
hence more air pollution will be emitted at these facilities.
Given in Table 5 are estimates of the indirect air pollution
emissions that will result from the project electrical demand
assuming all power is provided by burning more fuel oil at Hawaii's
oil-fired power plants. Based on the ratio of peak project power
demand to total present peak power demand on Hawaii, the project
power demand will result in less than a 1 percent increase in
emissions from the electric utility if all project power is derived
from fuel oil.
7.3 Solid Waste Disposal
Solid waste generated by the project when fully completed is
expected to amount to about 1 ton of refuse per day. Presently,
the refuse district handles about 400 tons per day. Most if not
all project refuse will likely be hauled away and landfilled at the
county landfill. If all refuse is landfilled, the only air
pollution emissions associated with project solid waste disposal
will be due to exhaust fumes and fugitive dust from trucks and
heavy equipment used to place the refuse in the landfill.
8.0 CONCLUSIONB AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The major short-term air quality impact will be the potential
emission of significant quantities of fugitive dust during project
construction. The Kawaihae area is particularly dust-prone due to
the dry climate and fine nature of the soil in the area. Uncon-
trolled fugitive dust emissions from construction activities are
estimated to amount to about 1.2 tons per acre per month. To
control dust, active work areas and any temporary unpaved work
roads should be watered at least twice a day on days when rainfall
does not occur. Use of wind screens and/or limiting the area that
24
is disturbed at any given time will also help to contain fugitive
dust emissions. Wind erosion of inactive areas of the site that
have been disturbed could be controlled by mulching or by the use
of chemical soil stabilizers. Dirt-hauling trucks should be
covered when traveling on roadways to prevent windage. A routine
road cleaning and/or tire washing program will also help to reduce
fugitive dust emissions that may occur as a result of trucks
tracking dirt onto paved roadways. Paving of parking areas and
establishment of landscaping early in the construction schedule
will also help to control dust.
During construction phases, emissions from engine exhausts
(primarily consisting of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides) will
also occur both from on-site construction equipment and from
vehicles used by construction workers and from trucks traveling to
and from the project. Increased vehicular emissions due to
disruption of traffic by construction equipment and/or commuting
construction workers can be alleviated by moving equipment and
personnel to the site during off-peak traffic hours.
The primary potential long-term air pollution impact from the
project will arise indirectly from increased motor vehicle traffic
associated with the project. Potential increased levels of carbon
monoxide concentrations along roadways leading to and from the
proposed development will be the primary concern. Based on mathe-
matical modeling of projected vehicular traffic and on atmospheric
dispersion estimates of vehicular emissions, maximum carbon
monoxide concentrations along roadways in the project vicinity in
the year 2005 (at full build-out of the project) will be higher
than existing levels but will remain well within both state and
national air quality standards. Thus, other than the roadway
improvements recommended in the project traffic study, no further
25
mitigation measures appear to be necessary to reduce any traffic-
related air quality impacts.
Any long-term impacts on air quality due to indirect emissions from
power generating facilities supplying the project with electricity
and from the disposal of solid waste materials generated by the
project will likely be small based on the estimated project demand
levels compared to the current island-wide electrical and solid
waste disposal demands. Nevertheless, indirect emissions from
project electrical demand could be reduced somewhat by incorporat-
ing energy-saving features into project design requirements. This
might include the use of solar water heaters or water heater
timers; designing building spaces so that window positions maximize
indoor light without unduly increasing indoor heat; using landscap-
ing where feasible to provide afternoon shade to cut down on the
use of air conditioning; installation of insulation and glazed
doors to reduce the effects of the sun and heat; movable, con-
trolled openings for ventilation at opportune times; and possibly
automated room occupancy sensors. The promotion of conservation
and recycling programs within the proposed development could reduce
solid waste which would reduce any related air pollution emissions
proportionately.
26
REFERENCES
1. Atlas of Hawaii. Second Edition, University of Hawaii,
Department of Geography, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu,
1983.
2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "Climatolog-
ical Data, Annual Summary, Hawaii and Pacific, 1990", National
Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC.
3. U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, "Climatography of
the United States No. 86-44, Decennial Census of the United
States Climate, Climatic Summary of the United States,
Supplement for 1951 through 1960, Hawaii and Pacific",
Washington, D.C., 1965.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Volume I:
Stationary Point and Area Sources. Fourth Edition Including
Supplements A-D, AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1991.
5. State of Hawaii, Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapter 11-60,
Air Pollution Control.
6. M&E Pacific, Inc., Traffic Impact Assessment Report, Gentry at
Waiaka, June 1994.
7. Benson, Paul E., "Corrections to Hot and Cold-Start Vehicle
Fractions for Microscale Air Quality Modeling", California
Department of Transportation, Transportation Laboratory,
Sacramento, California.
8. CALINE4 - A Dispersion Model for Predicting Air Pollutant
Concentrations Near Roadways, FHWA/CA/TL-84/15, California
State Department of Transportation, November 1984 with June
1989 Revisions.
9. Highway Capacity Manual, Transportation Research Board,
National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Special Report
209, 1985.
10. Guidelines for Air Ouality Maintenance Planning and Analysis;
Indirect Sources. Volume 9 Revised, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, September 1978.
11. "Persistence Factors for Mobile Source (Roadway) Carbon
Monoxide Modeling", C. David Cooper, Journal of the Air &
Waste Management Association, Volume 39, Number 5, May 1989.
12. Hawaii Air Oualitv Data for the Period of January 1985 to
December 1987, State of Hawaii Department of Health.
27
0
AWI
PROJECT ONOKAA
SITE
KAWAIHAE
PUAK WAIMEA
PAPAALOA~
r ;
e ~y'
~J O
P~
KEAHOLE ~
AIRPORT w HIL
0
KAILUA
KEAUHOU
CAPTAIN PAHOA
~ COOK VOLCANO
HOUSE
KALAPANA
PAPA PAHALA
PUNAIUU
NAAIEHU
0 6 16 12
~m MILES
Figure 1
PROJECT LOCATION MAP
G
Table 1
SUMMARY OF STATE OF HAWAII AND NATIONAL
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Maximum Allowable Concentration
Averaging National National State
Pollutant Units Time Primary Secondary of Hawaii
Particulate Mattera µg/m3 Annual 50 50 50
24 Hours 150b 150b 150b
Sulfur Dioxide µg/m3 Annual 80 - 80
24 Hours 365b - 365b
3 Hours - 1300b 1300b
Nitrogen Dioxide µg/m3 Annual 100 100 70
Carbon Monoxide mg/m3 8 Hours lOb - Sb
1 Hour 40b - lOb
Ozone µg/m3 1 Hour 235b 235b 100b
Lead µg/m3 Calendar 1.5 1.5 1.5
Quarter
aParticles less than or equal to 10 microns aerodynamic diameter
bNot to be exceeded more than once per year
x
9
Table 2
ANNIIAL SIIMMARIEB OF AIR QIIALITY MEASIIREMENTS
FOR MONITORING STATIONS NEAREST
GENTRY AT WAIARA PROJECT
Parameter / Location 1985 1986
Sulfur Dioxide / Kealakekua, Kona
Period of Sampling (months) 7 8
No. of 24-Hr Samples 31 40
Range of 24-Hr Values (ug/m3) <5-8 <5-12
Average Daily Value (ug/m3) <5 <5
No. of State AAQS Exceedances 0 0
Particulate / Kealakekua, Kona
Period of Sampling (months) 7 8
No. of 24-Hr Samples 34 40
Range of 24-Hr Values (ug/m3) 6-22 4-28
Average Daily Value (ug/m3) 12 16
No. of State AAQS Exceedances 0 0
Source: State of Hawaii Department of Health, "Hawaii Air
Quality Data for the Period of January 1985 to
December 1987"
c
Table 3
ESTIMATED WORBT-CASE 1-HOIIR CARSON NONOBIDE CONCENTRATIONS
ALONG ROADIPAYB NEAR IiENTRY AT WAIARA PROJECT
(milligrams per cubic meter)
Year/Scenario
1994/ 2005/ 2005/
Roadway Present Without Project With Project
Intersection AM PM AM PM AM PM
Akoni Pule Highway at 0.7 0.7 2.2 2.2 2.6 3.1
Kohala Ranch North
Access Road
Akoni Pule Highway at 1.2 0.7 2.6 3.8 2.8 4.6
Kohala Ranch South
Access Road
Akoni Pule Highway at 0.8a 0.5a 1.6a 1.Oa 2.6 3.3
Gentry Waiaka South
Access Road
Akoni Pule Highway at 0.8 0.5 1.6 1.2 1.8 1.4
Kohala-By-The-Sea
Access Road
Hawaii State AAQS: 10
National AAQS: 40
aAssumes through traffic only on Akoni Pule Highway.
Table ~
ESTIMATED WORST-CASE 8-HOUR CARBON NONOBIDE CONCENTRATIONS
ALONG ROADWAYS NEAR GENTRY AT WAIARA PROJECT
(milligrams par cubic meter)
Year/Scenario
Roadway 1994/ 2005/ 2005/
Intersection Present Without Project With Project
Akoni Pule Highway at 0.4 1.1 1.6
Kohala Ranch North
Access Road
Akoni Pule Highway at 0.6 1.9 2.3
Kohala Ranch South
Access Road
Akoni Pule Highway at 0.4 0.8 1.6
Gentry Waiaka South
Access Road
Akoni Pule Highway at 0.4 0.8 0.9
Kohala-By-The-Sea
Hawaii State AAQS: 5
National AAQS: 10
aAssumes through traffic only on Akoni Pule Highway.
Table 5
EBTZMATED INDIRECT AIR POLLDTION EMIBBIONS FROM
GENTRY WAIAICA PROJECT ELECTRICAL DEMAND'
Air Emission Rate
Pollutant (tons/year)
Particulate <1
Sulfur Dioxide 5
Carbon Monoxide 1
Volatile Organics <1
Nitrogen Oxides 5
eBased on U.S. EPA emission factors for utility combustion
turbines [4J. Assumes electrical demand of 2 million kw-hrs
per year and low-sulfur oil used to generate power.
APPENDIX E
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY
BY
PAUL H. ROSENDAHL, Ph.D., INC.
Drafk Report /02~-041095
Archaeological Inventory Survey
Kahua Makai/Kahua Shores
Coastal Parcels
Lands of Kahua 1 and 2 and Waika
North Kohala District, Island of Hawaii
(TMK:3-5-9-01:7,8)
BY
Donna K. Groves, M.A. Projects Manager
and
Leta J. Franklin, M.A. Projects Supervisor
PREPARED FOR
Gentry Xawaii, Ltd
P.O. Bas 295
Horolulu, Hawaii 96809
APRIL 1995
m1995 Paul H. Itnsendahl, Ph.D., Inc.
D..~
Rroort 1024-041095 ii
SUMMARY
At the request of Gentry Hawaii, Ltd, Paul H. Rosendalil, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI) conducted an
archaeological inventory survey of the approximately 103-acre Kahua Maltai/Kahua Shores Coastal
Parcels project area, located in the Lands of Kahua 1 and 2 and Waika, North ICohala District, Island
of Hawaii. The overall objective of the survey was to provide information sufficient to satisfy all
historic preservation regulatory review requirements of the Hawaii County Planing Department
(HCPD) and the Department of Land and Natural Resources -State Historic Preservation Division
(DLNR-SHPD).
The inventory survey was conducted July 1-30, 1991 and May 18-June 1, 1992, under the
direction of Projects Supervisor Kevin W. Thompson, M.A., and Projects Manager Dona K. Graves,
M.A. Hawaii Projects Director Alan T. Walker, B.A., and Principal Archaeologist Dr. Paul H.
Rosendahl provided overall direction for the project The field work for the project took c. 155 labor-
days Wcomplete.
Sixty-eight sites consisting of 181 features were identified in the project area. Most (n=55) of the
sites had been previously identified; the remaining 13 sites were newly identified Twenty-six formal
feature types, many of which are variations of other types, were identified in the project area.
Terraces, enclosures, platforms, mounds, and cairns, and combinations of these forms, are the most
common types, comprising 71.3% (n=129) of the features. Less common types include modified
outcrops, walls, C-shapes, midden deposits, alignments, hearths, depressions, a historic dam and
well, and a single prehistoric treil. Thirty-three functional feature types, and combinations of features
types, or possible feature types, were identified in the project area. The features comprised the
following functional types: agriculture, ancillary habitation, animal husbandry, boundary, burial,
burial in possible permanent habitation, ceremonial, marker, permanent habitation, possible burial,
soil retestion, storege, temporary habitation, transportation, water wntrol, and water procurement
Four sites have been identified as containing human burials (Sites 2491, 4004, 4013, 16130);
five sites have been assessed as having possible burials (Sites 2493, 16126, 16127, 16136, 16162)
and require further data wllection. If burials identified in the project area are not preserved "as is," it
is required they be mitigated in compliance with Chapter 338: Section 25-5 and Chapter 6E: Section
43 (as amended by Act 306 SLH 1990), Hawai Revised Statutes.
Based on Ute current work, 52 of the 68 sites identified during the present project ate assessed as
sigrrificam solely for information content No further work is required for eight of the 52 sites, and 44
of the 52 sites require further data collection Five of the remaining 16 sites are assessed as
significant for information content and as provisionally significant for cultural value, pending further
data collection. Further data collection and provisional preservation "as is" are recommended Four
sites are assessed as signif-scant for information content and as excellent examples of site types.
These sites arc recommended for further data collection followed by preservation with interpretive
development Four sites an assessed as significant for information content and cultural value and ate
rewmmended for further data collection and preservation "as is." Two sites are assessed as
significant for information content, as excellent examples of site types, and for cultural valtu. These
silos are recommended for further data collection followed by preservation with interpretive
development The remaining site is assessed as significant for information content and cultural value.
~,p~~pon 1024-041095_ iii
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND I
SCOPE OF WORK 1
PROfECTARFA DESCRIPTION 2
PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESFARCI-I 3
SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH 4
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS 5
FIELD METHODS 7
FINDINGS ...................................................................................................................9
FORMAL. AND FUNCTIONAL TYPES ~ 9
SITE DISTRIBUTION .10
ANALYSIS OF SITE AND FEATURE TYPES 10
DATA ANALYSES by Susan T. Goodfellow, Ph.D ...........................................17
AGE DETERMINA710NS 17
PORTABLE ARTIFACTS 18
MIDDEN 24
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................26
DISCUSSION 26
SUMMARY OF GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE ASSFSSMFJJTS AND RECOMMFJJDF~ GF1JFJiA1. iRFATMFNT527
REFERENCES CITED ...............................................................................................29
APPENDIX A: Site Descriptions and Test Excavation Results A- I
APPENDIX B: Historical Documentary Research, by Lehua Kalima, B.A.,
and Supplementary Historical Documentary Research, by Kepa
Maly B- I
Draft~Rorr 1024-041095 1
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
At the request of Gentry Hawaii, Ltd, Paul H. Rosendalil, PhD., Inc. (PRAT) conducted an
archaeological inventory survey of the approximately 103-acre Kahua Makai/Kahua Shores Coastal
Parcels project area, located is the Lames of Kahua 1 and 2 and Waika, North Kohala District, Island
of Hawaii. The overall objective of the survey wss to provide information sufficient to satisfy all
historic preservation regulatory review requirements of the Hawaii County Planning Department
(HCPD) and the Department of Land and Natural Resources -State Historic Preservation Division
(DLNR-SHPD).
The inventory survey was conducted July 1-30, 1991 and May 1&June 1, 1992, by a crew of
three to eight under Ute direction of Projects Supervisor Kevin W. Thompson, M.A., and Projects
Manager Donna K. Graves, M.A. Crew members included Field Archaeologists Dona Betz, B.A.,
Thomas K. Carmody, B.A., Marilyn Cartwright, B.A., Phil Cassebeer, B.A., Steven E. Damn, M.S.,
Sheryl D. Dowden, B.S., Karl Kleinbach, B.A., Alan Olsen, B.A., Steven J. Roberts, B.A., Alice
Smith, B.A., Linda Wadleigh Thompson, B.A., Sandra Wadsworth, B.A.; and Field Technicians
Michael Naito and Ossian Farmer. Hawaii Projects Director Alan T. Walker, B.A., and Principal
Archaeologist Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., provided overall direction for Ure project. The field work
took c 155 labor-days to complete. This report was prepared by PHRI Projects Manager Donna K.
Graves, M.A., and PHRI Projects Supervisor Leta J. Franklin, M.A.. Kevin Thompson, PHRI Field
Archaeologist Elizabeth Cassebeer, B.A., and PHRI Projects Supervisor Joseph A. Jimrnez, M.A.,
contributed to earlier drafts of this report
SCOPE OF WORK
The primary goal of an inventory survey is to identify and document all sites and features of
potential archaeological significance present within a project area An inventory survry comprises
the initial level of archaeological investigation. It is extensive other than intensive in scope, and is
conducted to determine the presence or absence of archaeological resources. This level of survey
indicates both the general nature and variety of archaeological remains present and the general
distribution and density of such remains. It permits a general significance assessment of the
archaeological raouroes and facilitates formulation of realistic recommendations and estimates for
any subsequent work as might be necessary. Such work could include further data wllection,
involving detailed recording of sites and features, and limited excavations; and possibly subsequent
mitigation, involving data recovery excavations, coastnrction monitoring, interpretive planing and
development, and/or preservation of sites and features with significant research, interpretive, and/or
cultural values.
The objectives of the survey were fourfold: (a) to locate and document all sites and site
complexes present within the project area; (b) to evaluate the potential general significance of all
identified archaeological remains; (c) to determine the possible impacts of proposed development
upon the identified remains; and (d) to define the general scope of any subsequent further data
collection and/or other mitigation work that might be necessary or appropriate.
Based on a review of available background literature, familiarity with the project area (as a
D~BMrn 1024-041095 2
result of reconnaissance-level surveys conducted by PHRI personnel in 1982 [Allrn 1985a, 1985b]),
extensive familiarity with the requirements of review authorities, and discussions with Mr. Hosoda of
Gentry Hawaii, Ltd, the following specific tasks were determined to constitute an adequate scope of
work for the current survey:
1. Conduct limited archaeological and historical documentazy background
research involving review and evaluation of readily available archaeological
and historical literature, historic documents and records, and cartographic
sources relevant W the immediate project area; and conduct interviews with
available, knowledgeable, local informants;
2. Conduct inventory-level survey of all previously identified sites and any newly
identified sites present within the project area. This entails idrntification,
written description, scaled mapping, photography, and plotting the
approximate locations of sites on maps;
3. ConduM limited subsurface testing of selected sites and features identified
within the project area (a) to dacumrnt the presence or absrnce of potentially
significant, buried cultural features or deposits, (b) to document the presence
or absence of human skeletal remains within suspected burial features, and (c)
to obtain samples suitable for radiometric assay; and
4. Analyze results of the historical research and field data, and prepare
appropriate reports.
In order to facilitate client management decisions regarding the subsequent treatmrnt of
resources, the general significance of the archaeological resources identified during the inventory
survey was also evaluated in terms of potential scientific research, interpretive, and cultural values
(PRAT CRM [Cultural Resource Management] value modes). These value modes are discussed in
detail in the Conclusion section of this report
PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION
The project area lies along rho coast of the leeward slope of Kohala Mountain in the North
Kohala District The area consists of a parcel of undeveloped land within the alwpua'a of Kahua 1
and 2, and Waika (Figwe 1). Tho Mahukoaa-Kawaihae Highway (Rt 270) runs just east of the
parcel and the shoreline bounds Ure western (makar~ edge of the project area. The southern boundary
of the parcel begins c. 100 m (328 R) north of Kaiopae Point and continues east to the highway (Rt
270). The northern boundary abuts the ahupua'a boundary between Kahua 1 and Pahinahina, which
is mazked by a calm on a prominent knoll.
The North Kohala District is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean on three sides, and is split into
windward and leeward zones by Kohala Mountain, a remnant of the oldest of the five volcanoes that
formed the island. The rocky shoroline of the project area has high exposed cliffs and numerous
small protected bays, but no sandy beaches. The offshore reefs support abundant and diverse marine
life.
The temperature in the Kohala area averages c. 78 degrees F. (Armstrong 1983:64).
Northeasterly trades prevail in the area These winds are disrupted by Kohala Mountain, and this
results in a disparity in the amount of precipitation on the windward and leeward slopes. On the
leeward slope, precipitation is lowest along the coast, where the amual rainfall averages less than
25.4 cm 0 in) in the south (neaz Kawaihae) to c. 76.2 cm (30 in) neaz Mahukona Rainfall increases
~Bey~orr 1024-041095 3
with elevation to ] 90.5 cm (75 in) at the top of the Kohala range, with an even greater increase
Progressing towards Waipio Valley and the windward aide of the island (Armstrong 1983:63).
The dominant vegetation in the survry area is kiawe (Prosopis palGda Humb. and Bonpl. ex
Willd.), which is present both as small bushes and as dense thickets of mature trees, especially along
the coast. Fountain grass and several unidentified shrubs are also present.
The current project area has been modified considerably. The area has been used as cattle
pasture, sad this has undoubtedly affected the vegetation patterns and the preservation of the
archaeological remains in the arcs. The area has also been subjected to at least one major fire, as
evidenced by the charred trees noted during the reconnaissance survey (Allen 1985x, 1985b) and by
bulldozing. Numerous bulldozer-cut roads, push piles, and various other disturbances appear to have
resulted from attempts to control the fire.
PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Very little archaeological research was conducted along the North Kohala coast prior to the
advent of contract archaeology. The closest heiau that Thrum (1908) and Stokes (Stokes and Dye
1991) mention are the Kawaihae temples (Puukohola and Mailekini) to the south and Pahauna at
Lamaloloa, the second ahupua'a south of Lapakahi. The lack of closer reported sites may be due to
Thrum's and, later, Stokes' not having physically surveyed this arcs, or may be due to there being no
local informants in the area at the time.
A summary of archaeological work performed on the leeward coast of North Kohala prior to
1980 is presented in Tomonari-Tuggle (1981). The bulk of the in~epth work-aside from
development-related cultural resource management studies-was performed in Lapakahi ahupaa`a
by the University of Hawaii field schools. The Lapakahi work included mapping the entire ahupua'a
using atrial photography and surveying instruments (Newman 1970); intensive investigations within
Koai`e hamlet along the coast (Newman 1968; Pearson 1968; Tuggle and Griffin 1973); and
intensive investigation of the upland Kohala Field System (ltoaendahl 1972).
Several studies have focused oa the ahupua'a of Waika and Kahua 1 and 2. Correlation between
sites found within the project area and sites identified in these previous studies arc indicated in Table
1. Ia 1964, Soehren surveyed a constroction corridor for the Kawaihae to Mahukona Highway
(Highway 270). He recorded three sites within the alrupua`a of Waika: Sites 50.HA-Fl-1, -2, and -3.
(Soehren used the Bishop Museum site numbering system in which 50 =Hawaii, HA =Hawaii
Island, F# =the district of North Kohala, and a ntunber representing specific ahupua'a; the last
number represents the individual sites.) Sits Fl-1 was swell-made enclosure, Site Fl-2 was an
irregulaz walled enclosure, and Fl-3 was a largely collapsed enclosure. The last two sites were
subsequently obliterated by road constroction. Soehrcn recorded only one site within the ahupua`a of
Kahua 1 and 2. Site 50-HA-F2-I wes a small temporary camp which was also destroyed during
construction of the road.
Bonk (1968) conducted a survey along the coast, beginning at Kawaihae and extending 12 miles
to the north. In addition to the three sites identified eazlier by Soehren (1964) in the ahupua'a of
Waika, Bock recorded an addidonal three sites in Waika. Bonk also identified 24 additional sites
within Kahua 1 and five sites in Kahua 2. In 1972, the Statewide Inventory of Historic Places auvry
relocated most of Beak's sites and also designated two clusters of sites in the current project area as
the Waiakailio Bay Complex (50.10.05156) and the Kahua 2 Complex (50-10-05~157NFigrrre 1).
Significant portions of Kahua 1 and 2 and Waika inland of the highway and the present project
area were surveyed in 1986, 1987, and 1990 by Cultural Surveys Hawari (Hammett and Borthwick
Drak ReDOrr 1024-041095 4
1986, ] 987, 1990). These surveys covered Iand up to an elevation of 945 m (3,100 ft) AMSL. During
these thm surveys, 39 sites wtre identified Most of these upland sites are trail markets, isolated
agricultural terraces, temporary habitation shelters, and rock walls and enclosures associated with
historic cattle ranching.
Limited archaeological reconnaiesan« surveys of the project area were undertaken in 1982 by
PHRI (Allen 1985a, 1985b). The intern of the 1982 surveys was to document the ]mown
arehaaological resources and permit a preliminary evaluation of their significan«. Fifty-four sites
and site complexes were identified; thex include enclosures, terraces, rock shelters, and possible
burial features reflecting both prehistoric and historic use of the area. These sites were relocated as
part of the present survey, and are included in this repoR Table 1 indicates the sites identified by
Allen.
Barrera (1991) conducted a recoanaissan« of o. 29 acres at Kohala estates. The only
archaeological feature found was a stone wall and metal fen«liae that were determined to be of no
historical significance.
SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH
PHRI Historical Researcher Lehua Kalima, B.A., conducted limited historical documentary
research in conjunction with the current field work. Kepa Maly added additional information to her
report. This historical documentary research is presented as Appendix B. Kalima and Maly provide
information on legends, early historic accounts, and Land Commission Award (LCA). The following
is a summary of their fmdings. For a broader treatment of the historic events in the North Kohala
District the reader is referred W Tomonari-Tuggle (198 ]
The windward Kohals coast was a center for prehistoric populations who were attracted to its
fertile, well-watered valleys. The leeward coast, however, was leas hospitable, and historical
references to the sp«ific area are rare. References to the Kahua 1 and Z and Waika ahupua'a are so
few and brief that they are of little use is reconstrtrctiag the settlement patterns of the project area.
For this reason, we must look beyond the project area to the neighboring ahupua'a for relevant
historic sources.
Kohala was Ute scene of warfare associated with the conflicts between the rulers of Maui and
Hawaii islands. It is the pla« of Kamehameha's birth and served as his power base, from which he
expanded to ultimately control the entire Hawaiian archipelago. Lt King of Caok's crew provides
the first historic documentation of the general area. In 1779 King explored the area on foot; his
observations of the numerous villages and agricultural fields he encountered led to his description of
the area as "fruitful and well inhabited." Ellis visited the area in 1823 and commented on the fertile
soil and the flourishing vegetation. Of particular note to him was the contrast betty«a the barren
volcanic rocks and the cultivated areas around the villages, which supported unusually large stands
of dry taro, plantain, and sugar cane. Ellis noted that the inhabitants of the coa.4t were all fishermen,
and that most of the population was located inland and was associated with the agricultural fields.
Ellis observed thousands of inhabitants transporting sandalwood from the forest around Waimea and
Kohala to the port at Kawaihae for shipment to O'ahn Kawaihae has a broad shallow bay which
continues to be the major awport of the area.
The most stable and long-term historic economic interest in the area has been cattle ranching.
Vancouver introduced cattle and sheep to the area in 1793. The Waimea area proved to be especially
productive for cattle. By 1858 the fetal cattle population was a major problem, with herds destroying
agricultural fields and ac«lerating deforestation Cattle hunting is the late 1880s gradually evolved
into ranching. Large tracts of land of the leeward coast were leased for grazing, and native Hawaiian
Dmft RMOrt 1024-041095 s
populations were displaced, with many of them going to work for the growing sugar industry.
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
Regionol Settlement Model
The following is a summary of the settlement pattern for the leeward coast of north Kohala. This
summary follows several earlier specific models that generally concur. All of the earlier models
relate to earlier work done at I.apakahi (Roaendahl 1972, Griffin et al. 1971, Tomonari-Tuggle
1981).
Evidence for early occupation of Kohala has been collected from Kapa`anui. Dunn and
Roaendah! (1989) recovered radiocarbon samples that potentially date to as early as AD 461 (Site
12444). This early date may be related to the establishment of small, short-term camps to exploit
seasonal, coastal resources. Data recovered from Mahukona suggest initial occupation them by AD
1280 (Burgett and Rosendahl 1993:36). The earliest date range for permanent settlement in Kohala
(AD 1300) was obtained from Kosi`e, a coastal settlement where subsistence primarily derived from
marine resources. According to Tomonari-Tuggle (1981:13), these resources were probably
supplemented by small-scale agriculture.
The period from AD 1300-1500 was characterized by population growth and expanded efforts to
increase upland agriculture. Rosendahl (1972) has proposed that settlement at this time was related to
seasonal, recurrent occupation in which coastal sites were occupied in the summa to exploit marine
resources, and upland sites were occupied during the winter months, with a focus on agriculture. An
increasing reliance on agricultural products may have caused a shift in social networks as well,
according to Hommon (1976). Hommon argues that kinship links between wastal settlements
disintegrated ss those links within the mardw-maLai settlements expanded to accommodate exchange
of agricultural products for marine resources. This shift is believed to have resulted in the
establishment of the ahupua`a system. The implications of this model include a shift in residential
patterns from seasonal, temporary occupation, to permanent dispersed occupation of both coastal and
upland areas.
This pattern continued to intensify from AD 1500 to Contact (AD 1778), and them is evidence
that suggests that there wero substantial changes m the political system as well. Within Kohala, the
Great Wall complex at Kosi'e ie organized with platforms in the complex located separate from
contemporaneous features. Grille et al. (1971) interpret this sa symbolizing class stratification. By
AD 1600 there is island-wide evidence to suggest that growing conflicts between independent
chiefdoms wen resolved by warfare, culminating in a unified political structure at the district level.
It has been suggested that this unification resulted in a partial abandonmem of portions of leeward
Hawaii, with people moving to more favorable agricultural areas (Barrera 1971a, Schilt and Sinoto
1980).
By the time of wntact, numerous coastal villages and extensive dryland agricultural systems
were in place in North Kohala. The ahapuo`a system of social organization was also firmly
established by this time, with wedge-shaped land units extending from the mountains to the sea. The
ahupua'a were controlled by local chiefs, and were integrated at the district level. Districts were
Wiled by paramount chiefs through a system of taxation and redistribution. Social stratification was
defined by a class separation between the ruling ali•i (chiefs) at one end, and the maka'ainana
(commoners) at the other. Kamehameha I eventually united the Island of Hawaii, and ultimately all
of the Hawaiian islands, and fmly participated in the European introduced market economy.
Drag Rrrwrt 1024-041095 6
Traditional land use patterns saw a rapid shift after the Great Mahele in ]848. At this timq land
ownership was defined by grants and awards by the king (Kamehameha IIn to the chiefs and other
retainer,. By 1850 hews were castled under which commoners could also own land (kuleana) if they
could prove that they actually occupied those lands. In additioq ffie Mahele allowed land to be sold
to foreigners.
By the mid-19th century, settlements were shifting from the leeward side to the windward side
and marginal areas were abandoned in favor of more productive resource zones. In addition, native
populations warn decimated by disease and a depressed birth rate. According to Tomonari-Tuggle
(1981:37), the remnant leeward population nucleated into a few small coastal communities and
dispersed upland settlements. Walled complexes became the dominant residential atrrreerue as
families enclosed thew holdings to protect them from fetal cattle and to clearly define thew kuleana
boundaries.
By the early 20th century, settlements were no longer based on traditional subsistence patterns,
probably because they no longer had access to the necessary variety of resources, i.e., from the sea
and the uplands. At this point most communities wero centered around sugar mills and were socially
stratified within a plantation hierarchy. Many of the vast tracts of land in North Kohala subsequently
were used almost exclusively for cattle grazing.
Lands o f Kohua I and 2 and Wcika
Figure I illustrates the three alruprm'a that the present project spans. All three lands are roughly
the same length, extending from 13 to 15 km (8.1 to 9.3 mi) inland to thaw termini at the steep cliff
above the valley of Honokanenui Stream, a windward drainage. All three lands arc dissected by
gulches, although Waika possesses the best developed drainage system. Rainfall averages under 25.4
cm (]0 in) annually neaz the coast, and from 254 to 318 cm (100 to 125 is) in the inland extents of
rho ahupua'a. The project area extends from the coast to 0.2 to 0.4 km (0.15 to 0.25 mi) inland in the
three ahupuo'o. Thus, the findings from the present project area may be compared against the
expected findings for coastal zone settlement in North Kohala. In additioq a hypothesized land use
model may be presented for the inland areas of these lands based on wmparrsons with similar
ahupua'a.
Burgett and Rosendahl's (1993) synthesis of inventory survey data for coastal land is seven
ahupua'a in North Kohala, from Kaoma north to Kapaanui, 11 km (6.8 mi) north of Kahua 1,
provides useful comparative data for coastal settlement in Kahua 1 and 2 and Waika Burgett and
Rosendahl's study revealed a densely populated coastal zone with habitations and small agricultural
areas evenly distributed from the shoreline to 0.3 km (0.2 mi) inland. Two villages (Kapaanui and
Mahukona) consisting of clusters of large habitation enclosures and platforms, walled complexes,
and trails were identified in both historic research and archaeological surveys. (Most of Mahukona
village has been destroyed) Agricultural featuma wero found to extend in a band from 60 to 150 m
(200 to 500 ft) AMSL at Upolu to 600 to 900 m (2000 to 3000 ft) at Kahua 2 (Smith and Schilt
1973), although near the coast, agricultural features are mostly confined to the gulch elopes and at
habitation complexes. Mauka-malrai trails ware identified within Burgett and Rosendahl's study area;
this pattern of hails permitting access to inland agricultural areas has been identified at sevccal
places along the North Kohala coast (e.g., sae Kaschko 1973). Ceremonial sites, consisting of fishing
shrines and a rotatively low density of minor heiaµ were also found near the coastline.
The closest analogous ahuprur'a for which complete eettiement patters data aro available for
comparisons is Lapakahi, immediately south of Burgett and Roaendahl's study area. Hero, an early
(AD 1400-1700) pattern of shifting residence, with the inhabitants of the alwpua'a spending part of
the yeaz near the inland agricultural fields and part of the year at the coast, was proposed by
Rosendahl (1972). This patters is posited to have changed into ose with permanent habitations both
n 1024-o41o9s ~
at the coast and inland, sometime between AD 1700 and 1800. While this temporal change in the
mlative permanency of the habitations has bem questioned (Gordy 1981), the pattern of inland
permanent residences contrasted with coastal residence has been firmly documented
Lapakahi is situated 10.0 km (6.2 miles) north of Kahua 1. The lands differ in that ICahua 1 and
2 and Waika (a) possess slightly steeper slopes than I.apakahi, (b) aro twice as long sa Lapakahi, (c)
cover a greater range of elavstion (Kshua I and 2 and Waika reach 1200 to 1400 m, or c. 3940 to
4590 $ Iapakahi's highest point is at o. S80 m, or 1900 R), and (d) have greater rainfall variation
acmes the length of the ahupua'a than does I.apakahi, which averages from 38.1 to 101.6 cm (15 to
40 in) annually, while the coastal slopes of ICahua 1 and 2 and Wailes are, overall, drier. Because the
travel distance w the well-waterod, upland portions of ]Gabon 1 and 2 and Waika ie even greater than
in lapakahi, a pattern of shifting residence for these lands may have been coat-effective. However,
based on archaeological data for these lands, the pattern for idand settlement appears to differ from
the pattern observed in I-apakahi (Hammett sod Borthwick 1986, 1987, 1990). The habitation sites
found is the uplands (up to 945 m; or 3,100 ft) of the ICahua sad Wailes aJwpua'q with few
exceptions, are only temporary is nature. Agriculmal features are sparse, consisting mostly of small
terraces on steep gulch slopes (these ate the agricultural features noted by Smith a~ Schilt 1973).
Because the coastal slopes of ICahua 1 and 2 and Wailes receive less rainfall than the lands around
Mahukona and lapakahi, we can expel the settleme~ pattern to differ somewhat Because of a dry
climate, steep slopes, and rocky soil, an extensive and intensive agriculture field system similar to
that observed at lapakahi did not develop in the intermediate upland portions of the Kahua 1 and 2
and Wailes. It may be that mom extensive agricultural and permanent habitational remains are
located is the well-watered elevations above the 945 m (3100 ft) limit surveyed by Hammett and
Borthwick, however.
As noted earlier, 54 sites and Bite complexes were previously identified during reconnaissance
surveys is the project area. (Referring to Figure 2, note that all site numbers leas than or equal to
16151, as well as 16176 and 16177, are previously identified resources.) The cerrrent project was
expected to relocate the known sites and to further document the sites by way of limited subsurface
test excavations. The previously unsurveyed areas were expected to yield similar site types and
functions, and similar temporal ranges as the areas covered by the earlier surveys.
FIELD METHODS
The field work consisted of several tasks: revisiting the previously recorded sites to ensure
standardization of the level of documentation; pedestrian survey within certain portions of both
parcels to ensure that all significant sites have been recorded; and testing of the sites and features
most likely to contain human burials. Most of the survey was conducted informally, in the process of
moving between previously recorded sites for recording Purposes. Areas within the project area
generally lacking previously recorded sites underwent formal pedestrian survey. This survey
consisted of walking a series of roughly parallel, sinuous tranaects oriental east to west (mauka-
makai). The transact intervals between cteav members ranged from 10 to 25 m, depending on
vegetation density and terrain. Crew members maintained their bearings in relation to a jeep road is
the project area. Sites were marked with flagging tape as they were identified, and their locations
wero plotted on an aerial photograph (scale 1" =400'). In addition, PHRI Projects Supervisor
Berdeaa Burgett, B.A., conducted a separate pedestrian inspection to determine if any portion of a
jeep road that crosses the coastal portion of the project area could be identified as the a/a loo trail.
Sites were recorded to inventory-level standards on PHItI site survey forms. Site recording
included written description of the overall site and the surrounding terrain and vegetation, and
descriptions of all associated features. Feature type and postulated function and age wero noted, as
well as type and extent of portable remains and estimated depth of cultural deposits. A scaled plan
Drag
Region 1024-041095 8
map of the site area was also drawn. Sites and various features wen photographed using 35 mm
black-and-white film. To aid midentificatioq each feature was marked with sa aluminum tag bearing
the PHRI project number and temporary site number (PHRI 91-1024site ntmrbet), feature
designating and the date. Sites were also marked by wrapping a rock with flagging tape and placing
it within a prominent feature.
Proviously unidentified sites located during the pedestrian survey wero assigned temporary field
numbers prefixed with the initials of the surveyor and a number denoting the order of discovery (e.g.,
SD-1 through SD-24, SR-1, SW-1, and AL-1). Thm other previously unidentified sites were
designated as 1024.1, 10242, end 1024-3. All identified sites wero later assigned permanent State
Inventory of Historic Places (S1HP) site numbers (Table 1). Table 2 summarizes the sites and
features identified within the projeM area.
To aid is determining archaeological settlement patterns, all cultural properties located during
the inventory survey were examined to determine their approximate temporal age. Site ages were
evaluated in terms of two categories: (a) Prohistoric, from initial settlement to AD 1795, and (b)
Historic (c. AD 1795 to 1945). Assignment of ages to features is based on a number of factors,
including: formal site type, the presence/absence and nature of portable remains, site conditioq early
historic accounts of the regioq and relationships to LCAs. Prehistoric period sites are differentiated
from Historic sites is the field based on (a) the absence of early historic artifacts, (b) the relatively
poor condition of the features (e.g., a high amount of displacement by tree roots), (c) the nature of
the middea and portable artifacts, if present; and (d) a lack of any references to use of this land is
early historic accounts or LCA claims. Age determinations made using inventory survey data are
preliminary and subject to revision after additional data recovery.
Fifteen test units totaling 13.9 sq m is surface area wero excavated at 11 sites. Information on
these excavations are presented in the Findings section of this report and in Appendix A. The testing
was conducted to identify cultural deposits, to clarify feature functioq and to explore features
thought to contain human skeletal remains. The features were selected on the basis of structural
morphology and the presence of surface remains (e.g., coral, artifacts, and/or midden). Four test units
were placed in features that, as a result of the testing, were determined W be burials; six test units
were placed in five permanent babitation features; two units were placed in temporary habitation
features; one unit was excavated is a ceremonial feature; one unit was excavated in a calm that was
either a looted burial or simply a calm built atop a temporary habitation deposit; and the last unit was
excavated in a fcaturo that was determined to be an agriculture feature.
The locations of the units were plotted on the site or feature plan maps. Excavations were by
natural layers with arbitrary 10 cm levels within natural layers utilized in deeper layers with cultural
material. All fill was passed though 1/4 and 1/8-inch hardware mesh to enable controlled collection
of artifacts and midden. Soils were recorded in detail using standard procedures and terminology as
used in the Soil Survey Manual (Soil Survey Staff 1962). Five radiocarbon samples were submitted
for radiocarbon age determination analysis. In addition to the test unit excavations, a limited number
of portable artifacts were collected from the surface of the project area.
Numerous areas within the project area exhibited signs of recent modification. Spoil piles from
bulldozing as well as bulldozer tread scars on bedrock were noted. Most of this post-occupation
modification is thought to be associated with relatively recent fue-Fghting. For examplq Site 16158,
initially identified as a mound and possible burial during the first phase of the current survey, was
subsequently assessed as a bulldozer push pile, and the site was deleted from the current inventory.
a
Dn~R~e(r~rt 1024-041095 9
FINDINGS
FORMAL AND FUNCTIONAL TYPES
Sixty-eight sites consisting of 181 features were identified in the project area. Tn general, the
sins are distributed in two areas that correspond with site complexes established during the 1972
Statewide Inventory of Historic Places. Sites clustering along the northero boundary of the project
area are associated with the Waiakailio Bay Complex (50-10-05.4156), while those located along
ICapae Gulch are associated with the ICahua 2 Complex (50-10-05-4157). The site locations are
shown in Figure 3 and summarized in Table 2. Detailed descriptions for individual sites and features
and test excavations are provided in Appendix A. Thin chapter focuses on a discussion of the patteros
in archaeological features and sites in the project area.
Twenty-six formal feature types, many of which an variations of other typos, were identified is
the project area (Table Terraces, encloetuea, Platforms, mounds, and cairns, and combinations of
these forms, are the most common types, comprising 71.3% (a=129) of the features. Less common
types include mod~ed outcrops, walls, Gahapes, middea deposits, alignments, hearths, depressions,
a historic dam and well, and a single prehistoric traA.
Thirty-three functional feature types, and combinations of features types, were identified in the
project area (Table 4). Agriculture, permanent habitation, temporary habitation, features relating to
habitation (cooking areas, food refuse areas, indeterminate habitation-related), and combinations of
these forms, are the most common types, comprising 64.1% (a=116) of the features in the project
area. Less common types include ceremonial, storage, transportation, water control, water
procurement, and windbreak. Burials are well-represented, with seven examples of defuilte burials
and eight possible burial features. Functional interpretations are discussed in the Analysis of
Functional Types section, later in this chapter.
Table 5 brooks down sites by their interpreted overall function. Of the 68 sites in the project
area, 25 aro single-component sites and 43 sites are complexes. The complexes range from two to
eight features, with a median siu of three features. The most common site types identified in the
project arcs arc permanent habitation, temporary habitation and agriculture; all of these occur as
complexes and as isolated features. Other site types include burial, boundary, animal husbandry
marker, water procurement and control, and transportation Figures that illustrate the patterning of
these functional types are presented and discussed in the next section
Most (n=55) of the sites are previously identified resources (Allen 1985a, 1985b; Bonk 1968);
the remaining 13 sites (comprising 32 features) are newly identified (Sites ]6152 to 16167). These
newly identified features are distributed across four single-component sites (all isolated agricultural
features) and nine complexes (one possible permanent habitation complex, one temporary or
permanent habitation complex [not determined], two temporary habitation complexes, three
temporary habitation and a®icultum complexes, and two agriculture complexes). Agricultural
features predominate is these newly identified sites, totaling 46.9% (n=IS) of the features.
Temporary habitation features are the seco~ moat common with 15.6°h (a=5) of the total. Terraces
(a=I1), modified outcrops (n-~, and mounds (a=5) am the most common feature form at the newly
identified sites.
Q~Be~ort 1024-041095 10 -
SITE DISTRIBUTION
As shown in Figure 2, most of the sites in the project area lie in a narrow band along the
coastline. The upper edge of the band rests below 90 m (300 ft) AMSL. This is typical of site
patterns documented for the leeward aide of the North Kohala coast (Rosendahl 1972, Burgett and
Rosendahl 1993). The sites form two major complexes within the coastal band-the Waiakailio Bay
complex, centered around Waiakailio Bay within the Kahua Shores parcel, and the Kahua 2
complex, located along both sides of Keanahalululu Gulch in the Kahua Ranch parcel Within these
complexes sites are generally located on level areas or in areas that allow a view of surrounding
areas. Most of the sites and features are constructed of subangular and angular pahoehoe cobbles
stacked to modify natural featuros.
The distnbution of permanent habitation complexes is illustrated in Figure 3. Permanent
habitation sites are evenly distributed throughout the Bite complexes within the coastal band; they do
not appear to form clusters that would suggest villages. Aa shown on Figure 4, temporary or short-
term habitation sites are located mostly near drainages or along the coast This patterning appears to
be consistent with short-term habitation associated with marine resource procurement and small-
scale agriculture. The distribution of burials is presented in Figure S. Burials are found in Ute vicinity
of permanent habitation complexes, and are found in the more inland areas of the project area.
Figure 6 illustrates the distribution of all sites with agricultural features. Agricultural features
are located to take advantage of intermittent drainages and the major gulches, and tend to be located
is the more inland areas of the project area.
The lack of sites in the middle portion of the project area is likely due to a combination of
factors:
1. The middle portion may not have been suitable for occupation. It contains
rocky ridges with only a thin soil cover and the coast has sheer cliffs, offering
little access to the shore;
2. The area has been highly disturbed by constnrction of firebreaks, and this
activity may have obliterated any siu locations; and
3. The area may have acted as a buffer mne between site complexes, or served as
a shared resource area, e.g., for the collection of resources such as firewood
ANALYSIS OF SITE AND FEATURE TYPES
An objective of this project was W develop a chronological framework for the project area. To
this end, Ute field work focused on obtaining materials suitable for radiometric dating. The resrlts of
this analysis are presented in the Hart section of this repoR Unfortunately, attempts m performing
site distribution analysis, looking for eommunity patterns, xttlement patterns, and so forth,
ultimately require that the sites considered for such analysis can be demonstrated to be
contemporaneous. Our data base of chronological data for those sites is not complete enough to make
confidem statements about the contemporaneity of the various sites at different times. Thus, a simple
chronology of prehistoric vs. historic sites is used, with memaon of those features for which
radiocarbon assays were performed and the results.
Q!~ Reeon Im4-041095 11
Table 6 provides a summary of subsurface testing. Stratigraphic description of test excavation
arc presented with the feature description itt Appendix A. The excavation assisted in determining
the function of the excavated features. The excavation provided suppoR that five of the tested
features were for permanent habitation, and nix were fa eercmoniaVbtuisl purposes. How these
features functioaad in relation to the overall settlement pattern fa the area is discussed in detail in
the "Settlement Pattern" section The specific findings of the testing are deecribad is more detail in
the following discussion of the variom function] types.
Categories o f Habitation Features
Permanent habitation features (n=25; 13.8%) arc the basic dwelling structures at permanent
habitation sites. The presence of a permanent habitation feature, typically a house platform a walled
foundation, is key for classifying a site in this category. Habitation features were identified as
permanent a temporary (both single-use and intermittent feanrrea) based oa criteria defined by
Curdy (1981:66-82). In his revised model, Curdy presents the following criteria fa differentiating
between long-term and short-term habitation: (a) siu (permanent habitation strucnues are larger,
with areas greater than 16 sq m); (b) construction (permanent homing exhibits substantial
constnrction; temporary aintermittent-use features arc often leas well made); (c) presence of
intern] snstified features, such as firepita (such pits are more frequent in temporary camps); (d)
presence of special purpose stnuaues (small, special Purpose structrres fa wale and storage arc
associated with permanent homing, not with short-term camps); and (e) location (permanent homing
tends to clmter mostly on the coast either along the shore a at the mouth of and on the sides of
valley floors; short-term a intermittent-use camps arc found along trails, among the agricultural
fields, or on the coast.
Indeterminte (permanent habitation-related) features (n=10; 5.5%), also referred to as "ancillary
habitation" in the literature (cf: Kennedy et al. 1991; Duna, Fradclin, and Goodfellow 1993), are
structures that arc found is permanent habitation sites, but arc not the basic dwelling structure, and
then specific function cannot be determined at this level of the investigation These may be special
Purpose strucnues, such as cookhouses, storage areas, men's houses, a sleeping strucnrres. These
features are mostly smaller and less formal in conatnrction than permanent habitation features, are
often more specific in then function, and may have been used fa a shorter time than the permanent
habitation feature(s) present at the site. Using inventory survey data, the exact function of these
features often cannot be determined Hence, the term "indeterminte (permanent habitation-related)"
is mad for these features in this report (In the past, the term "temporary habitation" was often mad
for these types of features present at habitation complexes, fa they arc morphologically similar and
often possess the same types and demity of portable remains as short-term habitation features.)
One burial feature (per the results of testing) may have served a second undetermined habitation
function; this feature was given the designtion "Burial-poss. indeterminate (permanent habitation-
rclated)." Ia situation where the feature's function could be determined with confidence, a more
specific feature designation was used fa the permsneM habitation-related features (e.g., Site 4005,
Fea. E, is a canoe shed). Several alternative function] categories are mad "Permanent/temporary
habitation" (n=4; 2.2%) u used fa those structures that (a) were not been tested, and (b) whose
structural morphology may represent along-term ashort-term habitation, apossibly, ahabitation-
related stnrcture.
Temporary habitation features comprise 13.8% of the features in the project area (n=25). These
are short-term habitation structures (e.g., small enclosures, terraces) and overhangs with evidence of
modification a midden present (a both). The term "possible temporary habitation" (n=4; 2.2°h) was
used for four overhangs that lacked evidence of modification and midden, but were associated with
overhangs that were obviamly used fa short-term habitation, a with agricultural features. Three
features wore designted "possible burisUtemporary habitation" because, morphologically, they arc
n,~h R rt 1 02 4-04 1 095_ 12
similar to features that have proven to be either burials m temporary habitations. One feature was
designated "temporary habitation/agriculture" because it is similar to features in the project axe that
have proven W have served one of these two ftmctiom. One tested faatux (Site 16140, Featux H) is
a cairn that may have once contained a burial (Bonk 1968), although m human skeletal remains were
encountered during excavation and the cairn appears to have been altered. Evidence of temporary
habitation was found in the deposits at the base of this cairn (shellfish remains and fishing-xlated
artifacts) which suggests that the cairn may have been built on temporary habitation deposits.
The featux functional types "cooking area" and "food refuse area" might be applied to either
permanrnt or temporary habitations. The former is used for heaRhs; the latter is used for midden
deposits.
Permanent Habitation Sites
Permanent habitation features wmprise 13.8% (a=25) of the total features, and consist mostly of
plafforms, enclosures, sad terraces. Permanent habitation was a common function attributed to
featuxs within the project area (Table 4), second only to agricultux features. A permanent
habitation silo was any site with at least one permanent habitation featux. Most permanent
habitation features, however, are found in wmplexes with several other features.
Table 7 lists all features present at the permanent habitation sites, and summarizes the attributes
used in making the functional interpretations (after Cordy, 1981). The permanent habitation features
were primarily walled enclosures and plafforms, many of which possessed interior features such as
cupboards. Grinding slabs and papamu were found at several features.. Platforms wex often used as
foundations for houses in prehistoric Hawaii. Boulders and cobbles were used to brace the house
support posts, and the area around the supported post was filled with more boulders and cobbles.
Some plafforms wex covered with small stones (`ili`ilr) or waterworn stones. According to Kirch
(1979:16), xctangular enclosures also "...generally functioned as habitation sites, the superstructux
again being perishable The floors...[wex] sometimes paved with waterworn cobbles...[and
occasionally contain] astone-lined hearth."
The permanent habitation sites range from single-component platforms and enclosures to
complexes of up to eight features. Site size ranges from 50 to 2,450 sq m, with a median size of 385
sq m. Number of component features ranges from one to seven features with a median of three
features. Thus, the habitation complexes ax, in general, xlatively small and sot complex. Thex is a
gxat deal of variation in the siu of permanent habitation featuxs The larger features ax household
enclosures that may have had a house within it (some of these may have been historic). The smaller
features designated as permanent habitations (per Cortly's siu criterion) tended to have sufficient
evidence in the other categories (e.g., associated special-use features, well-built, etc.) to make the
determination of permanent habitation.
As shown in Table 5, six test unite wex excavated at five permanent habitation features at Sites
2489, 2491, 16127, 16128, and 16143 (ia Four platforms and oar enclosux). Depths of the deposits
ranged from 0.38-0.87 mbs. All test units produced moderate amounts of shell and artifacts except
for the two units placed in Site 2491, Feature A, which contained only sparse marine shell. An
interpretation of permanent habitation is retained for this featux, however, based on featux size and
constnrction. Radiocarbon dates from the test units at Sites 16128 and 16]43 ax discussed in the
Data Analyses chapter of this report
Temporary Habitation Features
Temporary habitation sites ax those whex short-term or recurrent habitation is believed to have
L
D1f1~L$Mort 1024-041095 13
takrn place. Temporary habitation features in the project area (n=33; 18.6°i6) consist primarily of C-
shapes, mlatively small platforms, and overhangs. Because Gshape features generally exhibit less
labor expenditure, they were interpreud as temporary Huber than permanent etntctures. (Gshapes
located at permanent residential completes were given the designation "indeterminau (permanrnt
habitation-related).")
Table 8 lists all features interpreted W have fimdionad as romporary habitations. This table
presents feature form, size, and a brief summary of the nature of the deposits. Temporary habitation
features were primarily small rnclosurea, overhangs, and small Platforms, terraces, and mounds.
Hidden was found in varying amounts of abundance. Many of the temporary habitation structures
were found in association with food refuse areas, hearths, and agricultural festrtrea (see Table 2).
Four of the features listed in Tabk 8 were single component sites (4002, 16121, 16134, 16144); the
rest are found is temporary habitation or temporary habitation-agriculture complexes Of the 20
umporary habitation sites (Table only 25.0°h (n=5) comprise temporary habitation features in
association with agricultural features (Sites 16124, 16125, 16142, 16134, 16164). The lack of
agricultural features at the remaining sites (which comprise both singlafeature sites and complexes)
suggests that the reason for use of the features may have been for gathering, hunting, or collecting, or
other non-agricultural activities.
As shown in Table 6 test units were excavated in two temporary habitation features: Siu 2498,
Feature A, and Siu 16163, Feature B. Both test units produced moderate amounts of marine shell,
sad the unit in Siu 16163, Feature B, contained flaked basah and two subsurface features.
Radiocarbon dazes from this unit are discussed in the Data Analyses chapter of this repoR
Burials
Eight burials were identified at four sites within the project area. Information on these features is
presented in Table 9. This table provides comparative information on feature type, size, and age.
Human skeletal remains wero rncouatered during subsurface testing at Sites 2491, 4013, and 16]30.
Siu 2491 is a permanrnt habitation complex; Siu 4013 is a burial with two animal husbandry
features (the two types of features are not necessarily contemporaneous); and Siu 16130 is a
complex of two burials. Information on the listing of these features is presented with the feature
descriptions in Appendix A and is summarized in Table S.
At Siu 4004, Features A, B, C, F, G, and H either have, or are thought to have, burials based on
documrntation by Bonk (1968:18) and Allrn (1985a:13). Bonk's 1967 survey identified throe burial
features at Siu 4004 (Bonk 1968:18). The Hawaii Register of Historic Places Inventory Form for the
Waikailio Bay Complex (50.10.0511156) indicates that all three of the burial features still existed in
1972, although some recent looting was noted. When PHRI crews revisited the size in 1982, Bonk's
three original burial features were relocated and the evidence of more looting activity was noted
PI-IItI's survey resulted in the identification of m additional three features interpreted as possible
burials, bringing the total number of burials and possible burials at Siu 4004 to seven.
Nine features in the project area bave been identified as possible burials (Table 9). These
features were not tested during the current project due W time constraints. In addition to the three
possible burials at Siu 4004, possible burials were identified at five sites (2493, 16126, 16127,
16136, and 16162). Siu 2493 conuins two possible burial features, a terrace (Feature A) and a
disturbed platform (Feature B) within the terrace. Site 16126 is an amorphous mound (it may have
bern bulldozed) with what appears to be a fallen-over upright. Siu 16127, Feature D, is a shrine
which may contain human remains. Size 16136, Feature B, is swell-constructed mound that also may
contain human remains. Last, Siu 16162, Feature D, is a platform rncircled by a series of retraces.
The form of this featuro is similar to other platform burials in the region.
sort 1024.1141095 14 -
Regarding burial practices, 19th century Hawaiian historian Samuel ICamakau claimed "since
the main thing was to hide the bones, they were buried under new houses, in roadways, in banks of
tam patches, or e~ place where they would be concealed" (1964:43). The places of eoncealment
also included mounds and terraces. Kirch (1985:242) notes that I;apu breakers may have been
interred in cairns.
One feahrre encountered in the present im~esdgation may represent a former burial is a cairn
Feature B at Site 16140 consisted of atones piled to form a domed cairn with a vault inside. Bonk
(1968) noted an undisturbed cairn here in 1964. However, since that time, the vaulted interior of the
cairn has been disturbed with the contents prasumably being removed. This feature was excavated by
PHRI. No human remains were encountered. if a burial was once present in the cairn, its removal
was thoroughly effected. An alternative interpratatioa of temporary habitation-related may be offered
based oa the presence of aitellfish remains sad fishing-mlatad artifacts. The cairn may have barn
built atop a cultural deposit.
Ceremonial Features
Features were given a ceremonial function if they were considered to have been used is religious
activities. Evidence of ceremonial use usually included one or more of the following: (a) presence of
portable artifacts traditionally considered ceremonial, such as waterworn cobbles or branch coral, on
the surface or below the surface; (b) evidence that the feature took a great deal of time and effort to
wnstruct, such as the presence of high faced walls or a prepared surface; (c) the presence of upright,
often elongate and waterworn, stones; and (d) a lack of dense concentrations of food remains.
Site 2498, Feature B, a small platform with a tabular upright, located in the northwestern seMion
of the project area, was identified as a shrine. PHRI tested this feature. Pieces of waterworn coral
were the only portable remains recovered from this unit. Site 16127, Feature D, is a platform with an
upright supported by a circle of rocks. This feature is associated with two larger platforms (Feature A
and B), and a wall, which together could comprise a men's house (hale mua) with family shrine
('aumakun). Alternatively, this feature may contain a burial.
Habitation features often have uprights that may have served as household shrines or to mark the
locations of burials within the habitations Site 2485, Feature A, a permanent habitation enclosure,
has a possible (fallen-over) upright, and uprights were recorded at permanent habitation enclosures at
Site 2499, Feature A, and Site 16177, Feature A. Site 2489, Feature A, is a moderate-sized
permanent habitation enclosuro with 1.25-1.5 m high walls faced with waterworn stones. The top
surfaces of the walls have been fmished with coral, and the interior of the enclosure has been raised
with a rubble fill to within 0.5-0.75 m of the top of the walls. The presence of the coral on top of the
enclosure walls suggests that it may also have nerved a ceremonial function.
Agricuhural Features
Agricultural features comprise 24.3% (n~4) of features in the project arse; these were found at
21 sites. Of these, 14 sites an interpreted sa agriculture or temporary habitation-agriculture
complexes. Twenty-four of the 44 agriculture features are terraces; tea are mounds; eight are
modified outcrops; one is a platform; and one is a terrace with attached mound Nineteen agricultural
features are found at seven pctmaaent habitation complexes, as shown in Table 8. The pattern of
household gardens may be contrasted with the more isolated gardens that were located is areas with
better soil deposition and drainage patterns, such as neat gulches.
Cultivation of these features involved drylaad farming techniques, as no water control devices,
such as 'arrwai (irrigation ditches), wen identified. Considering the thin soils and acid conditions in
` l5
the project area, it is likely that sweet potatoes and gourds were the primary trope. These cultigens
can tolerate marginal conditions.
The features were assigns! agricultural functions based on swehual morphology, location, and
lack of cultural remains. Characteristics that were sometimes present included: (a) a rough, irregular
and/or sloping surface which would have been difficult to use as a living surface; (b) association with
clusters of other agricultural features, including field boundaries; and (c) similar form to other
features in the rogion that have been determined to be agricultural features as a resttit of excavation
and pollen analysis. Characteristics that were often lacking in agricultural features include (a)
evidence that extensive time and effort had been used to construct the feature, such as the lack of
faced sides or a prepared surface; and (b) concenhationa of ecofachral and artifactual material.
One test unit, a 3.0 by 0.5 m trench, was excavated is an agricultural platform, Feature A at Site
16138. This feature was initially tested W dctermiae if the feature contained a burial. As portable
remains were in this trench-shaped exposure, an agriculture function is posited.
Trails
Trails ntnning seaward to inland have been identified in nearby areas such as I.apakahi, where
they appear m be equidistantly spaced Trails such as these may mark alurpua'a boundaries and may
indicate there was communication or exchange between the uplands and the coast. Only one
curbstone hail was identified in the project area (Site 15261). The trail had been identified is rho
northwest section of the project area doting a previous survry by PHRI (Allen 1985x). The general
absence of defined trails is the area may be due to erosion, or perhaps the trails are covered by
vegetation. Somc cairns were identified during the current project; these may have marked former
trails or field boundaries.
During this inventory survey only a single trail was identified (Site 15261) and it is included in
this report. The trail had been previously identified by Allen (1985x) and is shown on a tax map as an
ancient trail (Kalima, Appendix B). The trail is is as area of an traded gully. PHRI Projects
Supervisor Bcrdena Burgett revisited the project area to conduct a field inspection to confirm her
findings regarding the general lack of trails in the project area. The inspection was conducted in
response to a letter from V. Goldstein, HCPD director, to R Oshiro, Division of Forestry and
W ildlife-Department of Land and Natural Resources, noting that the interim inventory report for the
projeet (Thompson and Rosendahl 1991) did not mention the ale loo or other insults-makai trails
identified on a tax map and earlier subdivision maps for the area. The following is Burgett's report
on the inspection:
A pedestrian inspection was wnducted to determine if any portion of a jeep road
that crosses the coastal portion of the project area could be identified as the ale loo
trail. The road ie identified as "Mahukona-Kawaihae Trail (Jeep Trail) Alaloa" on a
1935 tax map drawing (Dwg. No. 2496) [location of trail has been plotted on
Figure B-Sj. The inspection included walking the length of rho road to search for
evidence of constructed causeways or curbing that might still be present No
evidence was found to indicate that the jeep road is located on the site of the ale
Ion trail. The road has been in use for as extended period of time and has probably
been leveled and repaired, using heavy equipment, at some time; there are scars on
boulders used to fill at least one low area. If the road did indeed follow the original
path of the trail, all traces of it have been obliterated by long-term use and
alteration.
Burgett also noted that Site 15261 was the Daly mauka-nurkai trail identified in the project area.
PHRI Cultural Resources Specialist Kepa Maly Prepared a supplementary historical documentary
Ib .
research report discussing Ute possibility of trails being encountered in the project area. This repot is
presented at the end of Appendix B of this report
Other Feature Types
Other features is the projeM area functioned to mark boundaries, or for water procurement and
control, or as storage and animal husbandry features. Three features were identified as animal
husbandry features. Siu 4010, an enclosure, is interpreted as a historic smock pea; Feaaues A and B
of Siu 4013 are interpreted as corral features. Three features relate to water procurement and
control. Feature A at Siu 16133 is a well; Feature B is a dam; and Feature C at Siu 2485, a
depression, is a possible water procurement feature. One storage feature that is not inugnted into a
habitation feature was identified at Siu 16163 (Feature A). This feature is a modified outcrop found
at a temporary habitation complex.
Boundary walls were identified at Sites 2499, 4000, 4004, 16127, 16132, and 16]77. Based oa
associated artifacts and construction uchniques, the boundary walls identified at Sites 2499 and 4000
are interpreted as historic period kuleana walls serving to demaroau property and exclude cattle and
pigs. A wall identified at Siu 2488 (Feature D) was built as a soil retaining wall.
Markers include cairns (n=9) and a modified outcrop. Marker features were identified at Sites
2489, 16122, 16147, 16149, and 16161. These features are thought tc delinesu boundaries or trails,
or to serve as landmarks. Cairns at Siu 16167 (four cairns counted as one feature) and Siu 16138 are
interpreted as having served a marker or an agricultural function, and a cairn at Siu 16137 may be a
mazker or, alumatively, a shrine.
L I
D_~r~~nrt 1024041095 17
DATA ANALYSES
by Susan T. Goodfellow, Ph.D.
AGE DETERMINATIONS
Objectives and Methods
The purpose of current age determination analysis was m provide initial chronological data to
aid in assessing the relative significance of sites in the projeM area. Five samples of charcoal and
bulk ash were chosen from discrete cultural deposits within Sites 16143, 16128, and 16163 for age
determination using radiocarbon analysis. The samples were selected based on the amount and nature
of datable material present stratigrsphic context and overall distribution within the project area. The
samples were submitted for radiocarbon analysis W Beta Analytic, Inc. of Miami, Florida.
Using standard proceduros, the samples were pretreated with an acid, alkali, acid series of
soakings to romove carbonates and humic acids. After pretreatment, the samples were combusted to
form carbon dioxide gas, were combined with lithium to separate the carbon, and were hydrolized
for conversion to liquid form. The liquid was then catalyzed to form benzene and was placed in a
liquid scintillation counter to determine the amounts of carbon-13 and carbon-12. The isotope values
obtained during the counting process were then used to calculate the carbon-13/carbon-12 ratio for
each sample, with the final result being determined rotative to interoational standards in order to
reduce errors produced by carbon isotope fractionation. Processing of the five samples proceeded
normally.
Results
The results of the radiocarbon age determination analyses are summarized in Table 12. All
samples except for RC-1191 wero run on charcoal; RC-1 ]91 was run on a soil sample. The age for
each sample is reported as a range corresponding to the calendric age two standard deviations.
Ages were calibrated using the tables provided in Stuiver and Pearson (]986), which correct for
variations in atmospheric carbon over time.
As shown in Table 10, samples RC-1188 and RC-1189 yielded definitive age ranges after
calibration. RC-1191 yielded a modem date, while samples RC-1190 and RC-1192 produced
multiple age rmges. Multiple ranges are caused by "flat" regions in the calibration curve which
correspond to periods when atmospheric carbon decreased at a rate greater than 1.2 ppm/10 Years,
resulting in more than one possible fit of a sample to the calibration curve. While multiple age
ranges are moro difficult to interpret archaeologically, detailed examination of the statistical curves,
combined with evidence from feature stratigraphy, generally provides a means of selecting one agc
range as more probable than the others. Based on these criteria, the most likely age ranges for the
samples are:
RC-1190 - AD 1470.1670
RG1192 - AD 1460.1680
The results of the age determination analysis span a 535-year period extending from AD ] 420 to
the present (present = AD 1955). Within this period, the rosults from specific features can be grouped
L~RSport 1024-041095 18
into two categories. The first category consists of those samples with clearly prehistoric age ranges
(1420.1680 AD) anti includes samples RG1189 from Fesntn B of Site 16128, and samples RG1190
and -1192 from Feature B of Site 16163. Sample age ranges aro consistent with known snatigraphic
relationships and artifact data, and do not appear to be affected by contamination or disturbance.
RC•1189 was collected from Layer III of TU-1 at Fesmre B of Site 16128. This feature is a
platform interpreted as a permanent habitation feature. The test unit appears to have been placed
through rubble fill rather than the arohitectural layer of the platform (i.e., it probably does not pre-
date the structure). Layer III contained marine shell, artifacts, charcoal, and ash. The charcoal and
ash were not present in sufficient amouNS or concentrations to designate a subsurface feature;
however, a charcoal sample was collected from his layer. Cultural material recovered includes seven
pieces of flaked volcanic glass, a coral abrader, one piece of modified basalt, 14 coral manuports,
and one echinoid manuport. At least twelve species of shellfish (81.23 gm) were recovered from this
layer. The sample returned a calibrated date range of AD 1420-1640.
RC-1190 and RG1192 were both collected from HF-2, Layer II-2, of TU-1 at Feature B of Site
16163. This feature is a filled crevice. Layer II consisted of strttchtrelees, gray silt loam a~ ash.
Eight pieces of flaked basalt were recovered from this layer. HF-2 was a thin, circular leas of light
gray silty ash and charcoal mixed with marine shell that appeared to be the remains of a cooking fire.
The two radiocarbon samples yielded multiple calibrated date ranges. As noted above, AD 1470-
1670 and 1460-1680 are interpreted as the most likely actual date ranges. RC-1191, mentioned
earlier, was taken from bulk (non-feature) soil in Level 3 of this layer. This sample reauned a
modem date.
The second category wnsists of a single sample that spans both the late prohistoric and historic
periods (AD 1640-1950). RC-1188 was collected from Layer II of TU-1 at Feature A of Site 16143.
This feature is a platform interpreted as a permanent habitation feattae. This soil layer consisted of
silt loam, basalt cobbles, marine shell, and artifacts. The top level of this layer produced a limestone
sinker, two pieces of flaked basalt, 40 fragments of volcanic glass flaked stone, 21 total manuports,
sad one modified shell. At least ten species of shellfish (612.79 gm) were recovered from this layer.
Based on the apparent age of associated cultural materials and the stratigraphic position of the
sample, the dated event is interpreted as late prohistorio/eatly historic. Specifically, the abundance of
volcanic glass artifacts in the cultural deposits associated with this sample argues for a late
prehistoric to early historic age, given that volcanic glass artifacts were quickly replaced by metal
artifacts after contact (post-1790 AD).
Based on the results of the age determination analysis, initial occupation of the project area
occurred during the prehistoric period, potentially as early as AD 1420 at Feature B of Site 16128 or
AD 1460 at Featttm B of Site 16163. The second dated phase of prehistoric occupation occurred after
AD 1640 at Feature A of Site 16143, sad most likely dates to the late prehistoridearly historic
period.
PORTABLE ARTIFACTS
A total of 239 artifacts were recovered from the project area, all of which wero classified as
indigenous. Indigenous artifacts are those fabricated using traditional Hawaiian manufacnuing
techniques and local rrw materials, and range in type from fishing geaz and tools to various
decorative or religious items. The inventory of indigenous artifacts from the current project area is
fairly broad in content, and consists of fishing gear, flaked atone, domestic implements, tools, a
number of artifacts of uncertain function, and a variety of manuports. A detailed tabulation of
indigenous artifacts by deposit area is presented is Table ll. The results of the artifactual analysis
are discussed below.
19
Fshing Gear
Three specimens of indige~us fishing gear were recovered from the project area during the
current investigation. The assemblage derives from Feature A of 16140 and Feature B of 16128, and
consists of four sinker fragments and one fishhook blank. The specimens are describe! by type
below.
Hook Bonk -Fishhook tabs are preforms for fishhooks, and are categorized accadiag to their
manufacwriag stage, following terminology outlined by Sinoto (1975). Roughed out tabs represent
the first stage, in which bone or shell material is cut W the appropriate siu of the rounded fishhook.
Shaped tabs are the second stage; and are distinguished from roughed-art tabs by the refinement of
their edges and initial shaping of the shank a~ bend portions of the fishhook. Hook blanks are the
last stage before actual finishing, which involves the removal of material to form the inner edges of
the hook that separau the point from the shanlt.
The hook blank encouaured during the current investigation is manufacture! of Lrogaonomidae
shell. It is roughly triangular and hen been modified by abrasion and drilling preparatory to final
fishhook manufacture. The hook blank measures 3.3 cm by 2.5 em by 0.2 cm.
Sinker -Four sinker fragments, including three manufacaued from a ferric limestone and one
from phaaeritic basalt, were encountered in the project area. All four fragments derive from
"breadloaf'-type sinkers, and range from 2.43.9 cm is length, 1.71 cm in width, and 1.43 cm in
thickness. Breadloaf sinkers are a specialized form unique to the Hawaiian islands, and have been
primarily associated with the use of dip nets (Buck 1957:344345).
Tools -One indigenous tool, a coral abrader, wen encountered in the project area during the
current investigation. Coral abraders are evaluated according to their overall shape in plan view,
following the classification system and nomenclature set forth by Suggs (1961) to describe coral
abraders found at Nuku Hiva is the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. 1n this system, abraders are
either informal, meaning that rho shape of the raw material is dominant; or formal, indicating that the
characteristics of the raw material have been extensively modified by use. Cross-sections are
generally taken perpendicular to Ute Up and butt of the abrader.
The abrader from the current assemblage is compleu and informal in description. It has bees
abraded on four faces, resulting in a rectangular cross section, and is roughly long triangular in plan
vices. The abrader derives from Feature B of Siu 16128 and measures 3.8 cm by 1.3 cm by ].1 cm.
Coral artifacts appareaUy served multiple Purposes prehistorically, ranging from "rubbers" usal to
finish canoes and wooden bowls (Buck 1957), to saws or files used is the manufacture of bone and
shell fishhooks (Emory, Bonk, and Sinoto 1968; Suggs 1961). Use of a particular surface over a
period of time might generau a sawing or filing edge, which in turn would wear down during use to
anew shape which could serve a new purpose.
Domestic Items
One artifact related to domestic activities was encountered in the project area. The artifact, a
scraper manufactured from Cellars shell, derives from Feature A of Siu 16140. The specimen is
informal in description and hes been abraded oa approximauly 25% of its circumference, indicating
favly minimal use prior to being discarded. It is compleu and measures 5.6 cm by 4.5 cm by 0.10
cm. Scrapers were generally multi-purpose tools used for crafts and domestic activities.
Deport 1024-041095 20
Flaked Stone
Sixty-nine of the indigenous artifacts are flaked stone. Eight of the 69 arc composed of aphanitic
basalt, and 55 arc composed of volcanic glass. By provenience, the flaked stone artifacts derive from
Sites 2489, 16140, 16143, 16163, 16127, and 16128.
All flaked stone material was evaluated with respect to flakdcorc type. Following established
procedures, the flaked stone material was defined as follows. l)iagoostic flakes arc flakes having a
complete or partial striking platform and a bulb of pereuasioa Noa-diagnostic flakes arc fragments
lacking the platform and/or bulb. Cores tend toward multi-faceted polyhedral shapes dominated by
one or more platforms and typically show little evidence of subsequent use as tools. Primary cores
exhibit only flake scars, while secondary cores arc flakes with a bulb from which other flakes have
been removed. Polished flakes arc restricted to the basalt assemblage, and represem flakes which
have one or more highly polished surfaces. Polished flakes are generally interproted as deriving from
flaking or retouch performed on polished stone tools stub as adzes.
Basod oa the above criteria, the 69 specimens can be separated as follows: five primary and one
secondary flake cores, 31 diagnostic flakes, and 33 non-diagnostic flakes. Four of the basalt flakes
are polished.
Cones -Cores are also described by the number and condition of platforms, the number and
direction of flake scars, and the presence or absence of cortex. The five core specimens are all
composed of volcanic glass. One primary core (#22a) has multiple platforms, none of which arc
intact, and three flake scats associated with two of the platforms. Cortex is present on the body of the
core. The specimen is polyhedral in shape and meastres 1.1 cm by 0.9 cm by 0.5 cm. The second
primary core (#22b) has multiple platforms, none of which are intact, and at least throe flake scars
associated with two of the platforms. No cortex is present on the core. The specimen measures 1.3
cm by 0.5 cm by 0.3 cm, and is polyhedral in shape. The third primary core (#24) has multiple
platforms, none of which arc intact, and three flake scare. No cortex is present on the core. The
specimen is keeled in shape and measures 1.3 cm by 0.9 cm by 0.4 cm. The fourth primary core
(#29) has multiple platforms, some of which are intact, and at least three flake scars. No cortex is
present on the core. The specimen is polyhedral in shape and measures 1.2 cm by 1.0 cm by 0.7 cm.
The secondary core (#18b) has two platforms, neither of which arc intact, and three unidirectional
flake scats. No cortex is present on the core, indicating that the specimen was removed from the
larger core after some degree of preparation. The core is parallel-sided in plan view and measures 1.2
cm by 0.6 cm by 0.3 cm.
Flakes - By composition, hvo of the diagrmstic and 12 of the nondiagnostic flakes arc aphanitic
basalt, while 29 of the diagnostic and 21 of the mn-diagnostic flakes are volcanic glass. The
diagoostic flakes arc 5-68 mm long and 4-49 wide, and the non-0iagnostic flakes are 3-67 mm long
by 4-53 mm wide. Flakes manufactured from aphanitic basalt arc generally larger than those
composed of volcanic glass, due to the relative flaking properties of the materials.
Both diagnostic and non-diagnostic flakes were characterized using a variety of technological
attributes, including size, shape in plan view and cross-section, character of the flake terminus, type
and preservation of striking platform, type of bulb, presence and number of dorsal ridges, presence or
absence of cortex, and presence or absence of edge west. The characteristics of the current
assemblage in relation to each of these attributes arc otrtlined below. The relationships between
attributes are then used to characterize the range of manttfacturing techniques used to create the
assemblage, and to suggest possible uses for differem flake types.
The attributes of plan view shape, truss-sectional shape and shape of flake termination an used
to characterize the direction and amoum of force applied for flake production, the degree of control
L n,.,n, rs~K loza.o•tlo9s zl
exeroised by the craftsman, amount of core preparation, and general trends in flake shapes and core
sizes. Plan view shapes are useful for indicating general sore size, phttform preparation, and general
control of the flaking Process. In generrl, squared or rectangular shapes suggest angular short and
medium length cores. Rounded, oval or distally expanding flake shapes suggest especially well-
controlledthinning and careful platform preparation.
Parallel sides suggest blade production and good control of all fracarre variables. Distally
contracted shapes suggest lass concern with flake ahapo than with preparation of cores for future
flaking (Phagan 1980:265). In the current assemblage, the diagnostic flakes are squared (6.5%),
rectangular (35.5°h), distally expanded (12.9%), rounded (12.9%), Parallel-sided (19.3%), m distally
contracted (12.9%) is plan view; while the non-diagnostic flakes ate squared (29.6%), rectangular
(18.5%), distally expanded (14.8%), rounded (3.7%), parallel-sided (11.1°h), distally contracted
(14.8°~) or irregular (6.4%). The high percentage of squared a~ rectangular plan views among both
diagnostic and son-diagnostic flakes suggests that cores wen often angular and short; and that
Preparation of the core did not necessarily entail alteration of angular shapes to moro specialized
forms. Similarly, the low percentage of rounded or distally expanded cross-sections is both the
diagnostic and non-diagnostic flake inventories u indicative of a lack of overell control and lack of
platform preparation prior to flaking, and suggests that the majority of the flakes wen removed with
little concern for shape.
Cross-sectional shape is correlated with the general direction of applitd force and the rolative
hardness of the flaking tool used to product a flake. Flakes with ventrally-convex profiles (e.g.,
plano-convex) are associated with adequate or inward-directed force application with a harder
flaking tool, while flatter ventral surfaces suggest the opposite (Phagan 1980:263). In cross-section,
the diagnostic flakes are piano-convex (9.7%), reverse plano-convex (3.2%), triangular (35.5%),
trapezoidal (41.9%), or lenticular (9.7%). The non~iagnostic flakes are plano-convex (14.8%),
concave-convex (3.7%), triangular (37.4°k), trapezoidal (29.6%) or lenticular (14.8%) in cross-
section. Based on these figures, the percentage ofventrally-convex profiles is low (14%) among both
flake types; suggesting that the majority of the flakes were produced with inadequate or outward-
directed force.
The flake terminus is the end of the flake furthest from the striking platform, and is an important
indicator of the angle and amount of force used to manufacture a flake. Taperod or feathered
terminations are associated with use of optimum force, while stepped and hinged terminations are
associated with inadequate amounts of force and an outward thrust to the application of forces 1a the
flake inventory, 51.6% of the diagnostic flakes and 55.6°h of the tea-diagnostic flakes are marked by
feathered terminations, while 48.4% of the diagnostic flakes and 44.4% of the non-diagnostic flakes
are hinged. The proportions of feathered sod hinged terminations in the assemblage are almost equal,
suggestng that flakes wero as likely W be produced with inward-directed or adequate force as
outward-dvectad or inadequate force. In general, the flakes with feathered terminations have
ventrally-convex profiles and/or are distally expanded or parallel-sided in plan view, while flakes
with hinged terminations show greater variation in shape.
Characteristic of striking platforms and bulbs of percussion an generally noted for diagnostic
flakes only. The presence of cnrshing or flake scare on the striking platform suggests an increased
number of steps used to prepare the core before flaking, while the shape of rho bulb is tied to the
general direction of applied force and the relative hardness of the flaking tool used. Eighty-one
percent of the diagnostic flakes have intact, apparently unmodified striking platforms, while 19%
indicate that the platform was crushed prior to or during striping. Bulbs of percussion are negative
(22.5°k), positive salient (35.5°i6), or positive diffuse (41.9%) among the diagnostic flakes. The high
percentage of unmodified platforms indicates that core preparation prior to flaking was rare in the
project area, while the proportion of ealie~ to diffuse bulbs suggests that use of adequate and
inward-directed force was slightly lees common than use of outward-directed or inadequate foroe.
Q~~.n,.n IA7Lr)11095 22
Both results are consistent with the patterns noted above.
The number of dorsal ridges and preaencdabeence of cortex are both attributes of the dorsal
surface of the flake. As Phagan argues since the dorsal surface of a flake is the same as the core
face prior to the flake's removal, any characteristics of the dorsal flake surface can be considered
characteristics of the core face" (1980:275); the two parameters thus provide information concerning
core Preparation and general flaking technology as well ss descriptive data for the flakes themselves.
Dorsal ridges are remnants of flake scars, and indicate that flakes were removed from the cote prior
to the removal of the flake exhibiting the dorsal ridges. The number of dorsal ridges on a given flake
thus indicates the amount of core preparation accomplished before the flake was removed, with
larger numbers of ridges generally correlating to increased core preparation. Core preparation is in
turn associated with greater control of the flaking process and consistent Production of desired flake
shapes, In the current assemblage, diagnostic flakes commonly have one (54.8%), two (9.7°h), three
(3.2%), or no dorsal ridges (32.2%); suggesting that the majority of the diagnostic flakes were
produced after some level of core preparation. The non-diaBnoa<ic flakes similarly have one (37.4%),
two (14.8%), three (3.7%), or no ridges (44.4°h), indicating that non-diagnostic flakes were slightly
more likely to be produced with prior core preparation.
Cortex refers to the original, unmodified surface of the core prior to flake removal. The presence
and location of cortex on a flake or core indicates the degree to which the specimrn was prepared or
utilized prior to being discarded Flakes with cortex are more likely to be produced earlier in the
flaking sequence, whereas flakes with no cortex are most likely produced from a prepared core.
Following the assumption that cortex is not as desirable as freshly exposed material, either because
of surfact weathering or presence of apparent impurities, an assemblage composed of flakes with
high proportions of cortex would suggest quarry sites at which primary shaping of cores or blanks is
a major activity.
In contrast, an assemblage composed of smaller, more regularly shaped flakes with smaller
proportions of cortex suggests sewndary shaping of blanks into preforms of Finished implements
(Phagan 1980:275). In general, approximately half of the flakes in the current assemblage retain
some cortex, although cortex is more common among the non-diagnostic flakes than the diagnostic
flakes. Twenty-six percent of the diagnostic and 40.7% of the non.diagnostic flakes show vertex on
the striking platform, 32.2% of the diagnostic and 59.2% of the non~iiaagnostic flakes show cortex on
the body, and 6.5% of the diagnostic and 11.1% of the non-diagnostic flakes retain vertex on the
dorsal ridges. The relative proportions of cortex on the diagnostic std non-diagnostic flakes compare
favorably with the dorsal ridge statistics, suppoRing the observation that diagnostic flakes arc
associated with slightly greater amounts of core preparation. Tf the correlation between amount of
cortex and level of manufacture described above is valid for flaked stone production in the project
area; however, the moderate proportion of cortex in current assemblage would indicate that primary
cores were roughly shaped outside of the project area while some primary and secondary shaping
were cazried on within habitation site contexts.
The final parameter, Presence or absence of edge wear, is an indicator of flake use. Edge wear
can be detected under low magnification, but is difficult to characterize beyond simple presence or
absence without the application of high magnification m SEM instruments. Due to the constraints of
the current study, however, high magnification studies of edge wear were considered inappropriate;
the flakes were therefore characterized only in terms of the presence or absence of edge wear. Fifty-
eight percent of the diagnostic flakes and 37.4% of the non..diagnoetic flakes were found to show
edge wear, while the remaining 41.9°~ of the diagnostic and 62.9° of the ttondiagnostic flakes
lacks! edge west. The approximately equal percentages of diagnostic flakes with and without edge
wear are fairly consistent with the data on core preparation, amount and direction of applied foroe,
and general flake shape discussed above. The presence of edge wear on at least one-third of the non-
diagnostic flakes is slightly surprising, however, and suggests that all flaked stone malarial was used
Dnrff~ort 1024-041095_ 23
regardless of shape or presence of diagnostic attributes.
A number of conclusions concerning flaked stone technology in the project area can be made
based on the results of fire detailed flaked atone aoalysia First, while the majority of the cores in the
assemblage lacked cortex, most are marked by multiple platforms and associated flake scars,
indicating that use of cores after extensive preparation was minimal. The cores are generally small
and polyhedral in shape, while the flake scats are distally contracted; suggesting that cores may have
been discarded at the point where rectangular or bladed flakes were no longer obtainable.
Second, the data from several of the flake attributes indicate that flakes were often produced
with inadequsu or outwarddirected force, a lack of core preparation, and with a lack of concern for
flake shape. While the daffi provided by the separau attributes are not entirely consistent, the
observation appears to characuriu greater than 50% of the assemblage; and suggests that the
majority of the flakes were produced as byproducts or debitage relating w core reduction. At the
same time, it should also be noted that the quality of volcanic glass u often unpredictable and would
have had an effect on the amount of apparent debiffige produced. Consistent application of adequau
force may not have produced consistently shaped flakes; thus producing an assemblage with a high
proportion of apparent'~vasu" flakes compared to'tirseable" flakes.
Uses for flaked stone artifacts have been suggested both by Batters (1971b) and Kitch (1973),
who observed:
The possible functions...are many and varied Basaltic glass holds a fine, sharp
edge and the tools make excellent caning and scraping implements. They may have
been used in food preparation, for cutting and srnaping plant materials, or for
delicau woodworking [t]hese artifacts are extremely wmmon, being found in
virtually every type of [Hawaiian] siu. The suggestion, then, is that the ubiquitous
basaltic glass flakes functioned as a prehistoric "pocketknife," to use a modem
analogy (Kirsh 1973:185-186).
Based on this observation, the '4+aste" flakes in the assemblage were most likely produced
inuntionally to function as multi-purpose tools. This hypothesis is supported both by the large
number of `~vasu" flakes in the assemblago, and by the high proportion of apparent '~vasu" flakes
which exhibit edge weaz. The presence of more diagnostic and controlled flakes in the assemblage
may indicau attempts to produce more specialiud or formal tools, or may have been compleuly
fortuitous.
Uncertain Function
One hundred sixty-three artifacts of uncertain function were encountered in the project area. In
general, artifacts in this category are uafutiahed specimens that lack sufficient diagnostic attributes,
or are non-diagnostic fragments of larger artifacts. The assemblage consists of two modified basalt
artifacts, two modified shell artifacts, 158 coral manuports, and one echinoid spine manupoR The
artifacts are discussed by material type below.
Modljfed Bara/r -Two modified basalt artifacts were encountered in the project area. The fast
specimen (#16) derives from Feature B of Site 16128, and is a complete waterworn cobble of
aphanitic basalt It has a single groove on one face, but is otherwise nondiagnaatic in description. It
measures 2.7 cm by 3.1 cm by 1.5 cm. The second specimen (#2~ derives from Feature A of Siu
16140, and is a fragment of vesicular salt The specimen has been ctrt and abraded on all faces,
suggesting possible use as a harnmerstone. It measures 4.7 cm by 3. ] cm by 1.3 cm.
Modified Shsll -Two modified shell artifacts, including one perforated shell and one cut shell,
Q~ R.ryx.,n 10)4.A41095 - z4 - -
were encountered in the project area. The perforated shell specimen (#25) is a Cellars shell which
has been perforated through the apex. It meastres 2.75 cm in diameter. The cut shell artifact (#3) is
manufactured from a Cypraeidae shell. It bas been cut of five odges to form a roughly rectangular
shape, suggesting use as a roughedcut tab. The specimen measures 2.8 cm by 1.1 cm by 0.2 cm.
Mawportr -One hundred fifty-rite manuports, including 158 waterworn coral fragments and
one unmodified cchinoid spine, were collected during the Durrett investigation. Matuports are
defined as any material tnmported to an archaeological site as the result of human activity; they are
distinct fiom midden remains in that they are generally composed of inedible materials and are not
imerpreted as artifacts due to a lack of modification. The waterworn coral fragments derive firm
Sites 2489, 16140, 16143, and 16128; and range from 0.3-6.0 cm in aiu. The echinoid spine is also
waterworn; it derives from 16128 and measures 5.7 cm by 0.7 cm by 0.5 cm.
Summary
In general, the artifact assemblage suggests that a fairly narrow range of prehistoric activities
were carried out in the project area. Stone tool manufacture and use is suggested by the flaked stone
assemblage, and may have been accompanied by food processing and craft Production, which relied
on the use of flaked stone tools. Domestic activity is also suggested by the scraper, while
woodworking may be indicated by the abrader. Fishing is indicated by the sidters, while
manufacture of bone and shell artifacts may be suggested by the hook blank and the modified shell
artifacts.
MIDDEN
Objectives and Methods
Midden deposits are archaeologically significant on a number of levels, as the variety and
content of food remains contained within a given deposit provide useful information concerning
prehistoric diet and resource utili~atian patterns. The analysis of midden remains for inventory
survey projects has two primary objectives:
I. To determine midden conten4 in particular the variety and drstnbuUon of the
remains for each cultural deposit encountered within the project area; and
2. To provide an indication of dietary and resource exploitation patterns for each
site, and for the project area as a whole.
All middet recovered from the various test units underwent detailed analysis in the laboratory.
Detailed analysis involved splitting the sample into two siu classes by passing each through 1/4 in
and 1/8 in screens. Ore hundred percent of the material retained is the 1/4 in screen was completely
sorted to the lowest taxonomic level possible, while the material retained in the 1/8 in screen was
inspected both for artifactual material and for taxa not encountered in the larger Portion of the
sample. Marine shell identifications were verified and sugmental using Kay (1979). Vertebrate
faunal remains were extracted from the midden samples during analysis and were submitted to Dr.
Alan Ziegler of Kaneohe, Oahu for identification.
The sampling design outlined above is adapted from Kirsh (1979) and is based on a series of
experiments measuring the relative distribution of molluscan and bone material retained on each
screen. Kirsh concluded that use of the screening process increased the speed of the sorting process
without decreasing either the accuracy or statistical validity of the overall analysis. The taxonomic
L
DrcAt~port 1024-041095 25
distribution and weight of material retained on the 1/4 in screen should thus be considered as
representative of the variety and relative percentages of each [axon present in the entire sample.
Results
Hidden was encountered in the deposits at 20 of the sites in the project area. The range of faze
present in the midden is summarized in Table 12. Total weights for each taxon (ia grams) are
tabulated by site and feature, with subtotals indicating the combined weight per feature for each
larger material class (e.g., gastropods). The total weight of each [axon in the project area is provided
in the final column of the table, while the grand total represents the combined weight of all the
midden materials derived from the project area.
In general, the taxa represented by the mrdden samples takes from the project area are common
inhabitants of the shorelines, shallow-water areas, solution beaches and fringing reefs of the
windward islands of the Hawaiian chain. By weight, 91.6% of the 1,183.59 grams of midden
material recovered from the project area is contributed by marine gastropods, 5.83% by bivalves,
2.49% by other invertebrates such as echi~ids, crustaceans and non-marine gastropods, and 0.11
by vertebrate faunal remains. No vegetal material was encountered in the middrn deposits.
Cypraeidae, Neritidae, Thaididaa, Conidae, and Cellaaa sp. are the most abundant marine gastropods
by weight, while Vencridae are the most common bivalves. Echinoidea is the dominant taxon within
the other invertebrates category. The vertebrate faunal material is contributed entirely by mammal
bones, and consists of Norway Rat (Rarrus norvegicur) and medium mammal.
The midden assemblages, when examined by site and featme, are generally similar is content
and relative distribution to the project area total discussed above The major distinction between the
deposits is the percentage of marine bivalves: the deposits associated with Sites 16140 and 16128
contain 18-26% marine bivalves, while the remaining sites contain fewer than 1% (the projeM arcs
total is an average). Sites 16140 and 16128 also wntain slightly lower percentages of merino
gastropods than the other sites. Taxonomically, Cypraeidae is the most common taxa of marine
gastropods in the majority of Ute sift deposits, supplemented by varying Percentages of Conidae,
Neritidao, and Thaididae. Veneridae dpminaMa the bivalve CStegary In Ute deposits associated with
Sites 16140 and 16128, while Isognomonidae and unidentified bivalves dominate the remaining
deposits. Echinoideo is the dominant taxon within the other invertebrtes category. Vertebrate
remains arc restricted to the deposits at Sites 16127 and 16140, with the former deposit containing
medium mammal and the latter containing rat
The results of the midden analysis indicate that subsistence patterns in the project area included
the collection and consumption of a variety of shell fish, ranging from several taxa of maniac
gastropods and bivalves to echinoida and crostaceana The presence of rat and medium mammal bone
in the middca assemblages at Sites 16127 and 16140 indicates that exploitation of terrestrial
resources may have formed a second component of the local subsistence base, although the scarcity
of vertebrate remains and complete absence of vegetal material suggests that terrestrial resources
were not commonly exploited
r,~mR Rre~it 1024-041095 26
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSION
Burgett and Rosendahl's (1993) synthesis of inventory survey data for coastal Iand in sevrn
ahupua'a in North ICohala has been used to provide predictive and comparative data for coastal
settlement patterns in ICahua I and 2 and Waika. If ICahua I and 2 and Waika fall into a similaz
settlement pattern as Burgett and Itosendahl (1993) found in their swdy area, then we would expect a
densely populated coastal mne with habitations and small agricultural areas evenly distributed from
the shoreline to 0.3 km (0.2 mi) inland The sites may form villages consisting of clusters of large
habitation enclosures and platforms, walled complexes, and trails. Because of the low rainfall,
agricultural features near the coast would be confined to the gulch slopes and a few household
gardens at habitation complexes. Mauka-makai trails, permitting access to inland agricultural areas,
would also be expected in the project area. Ceremonial sites might be located near the coastline, and
would consist of fishing shrines or, possibly, a minor heiau.
Sewnd, the closest analogous ahupua'a for which complete settlement pattern data arc available
is Lapakahi, immediately south of Burgett anti Rosendahl's study area. Hero, a pattern of shifting
residence, with the inhabitants of the ahupua'a spending part of the yeaz near the inland agricultural
fields and part of the year at the west, was proposed by Roaendahl (1972). This pattern is posited to
have developed into one of permanent habitations both at the west and inland between AD 1700 and
1800. The findings of this study may also be wmpared to Rosendahl's findings.
The sites identified in the project area include both single-feature sites and multi-wmponent site
wmplexes that served a variety of functions. The most wmmon site types identified in the project
area are: permanent habitation, temporary habitation, and agriculture, both as single•wmponent sites
and feature wmplexes. Other site types include boundary, animal husbandry, marker, water
procurement and wntrol, and transportation. Agricultural features are the most common feature type
within the project area, followed by permanent, temporary, and indeterminate permanent habitation-
related features.
Of the 68 sites in the project area, 64.7% (n=44) are permanent or temporary habitation sites.
Permanent habitation sites are defined as any site with at least one permanent habitation feature.
Temporary habitation sites are those where short-term or recurrent habitation is believed to have
taken place, but were not occupied on a year round basis. Permanent habitaitons are discerned from
temporary habitations based on the criteria presented by Cordy (1981). Temporary habitation sites
are divided into those with and without associated agricultural features. Of the 20 temporary
habitation sites, only 25.0% (n=5) are temporary habitations in association with agricultural features.
The lack of agricultural features at these sites suggests that the reason for temporary or recurrent
short-term use of the features may have been for gathering,. hunting, or wllecting, or other non-
agricultural activities.
The current survey wnfumed there were numerous prehistoric and historic arehawlogical sites
in the project area, and the distribution of site types was largely wnsistent with the findings
presented in Burgett and Rosendahl (1993). Iknaity of archaeological features within the project area
is, as expected, fairly high. The e. 41.7 hectare (103 acre) project area watained 68 archaeological
sites (only four are firmly dated to the historic period), or a density of one site per 0.61 hectares (1.5
acres). These sites were clustered into two site wmplexes (as shown in Figure 3). One site wmplex
is in ICahua 2 and a portion of Waika (Site 4157), and the sewnd is within ICahua I (Site 4156).
Y Dr~R_i3eRrort 1024-041095 27
These site complexes are separated by a c. 30-acre area that lacks sites. This density is sot high
enough to suggest a village in the traditional sense, especially when one considers that these features
are not necessarily contemporaneous. In addition, ~ walled feature complexes were identified
within the project area.
Hence, a patters of coastal residence with a heavily mazinabased economy, as evidenced by the
fishing implements and shellfish and fish bone remains, may be pasitad. Farming within and aeaz the
habitation sites supplied additional dietary staples. However, due to the marginal growing conditions
of coastal ICahua, coastal produce was undoubtedly augmented by farmed produce from the coastal
slopes--the area surveyed by Hammett and Borthwick (1986, 1987, 1990}- and, possibly, from the
well-watered areas upslope of Hammett and Borthwick's survey boundary. Although rainfall was
slightly higher in the inland areas than at the coast, because of the ovtrall dry climate, steep slopes,
and tacky soil wnditions, as extensive and intensive agriculture field system similar W that observed
at Lapakahi did sot develop in the intermediate upland portions of the ICahua 1 and 2 and Waika
ahupua'a (Hammett and BoRhwick 1986, 1987, 1990} However, if a high coastal population density
was maintained in Utese ahupua'a, then it may be that more extensive agricultural a~ permanent
habitations] remains are located in the well-watered elevations above the 945 m (3100 ft) limit
surveyed by Hammett and Borthwick.
Only a small number of radiocarbon samples were obtainable from the test features. The results
of the dating analysis fall into two clusters. The first cluster is clearly prehistoric (AD 1420 to 1680)
and includes samples from a permanent habitation plafform (Site 16128, Feature B), and from a
crevice used in association with temporary habitation (Site 16163, Feature B). This is consistent with
other archaeological research along the leeward ICohala coast in which the majority of dated sites
post-date AD 1400 (Burgett and liosendahl 1993). The second cluster includes samples that span the
late prehistoric to the historic periods (AD 1640-1950). The abundance of flaked volcanic glass
associated with these deposits places the upper limits of this occupation in the eazly historic period.
For the present, it is not known when ranching displaced fishing and agriculture as the primary
subsistence activity is the project area. Historic documents, however, indicate that portions of the
project area were used for ranching by at least 1859. It is likely that the walled enclosures in the
project area were consuttcted around this time, either to coafine sheep or cattle, or to exclude them
from habitation or garden areas. Further excavation should clarify feature function and temporal
ranges. Modern ranching is further evidenced by the well and water reservoir (Site 16133, Features A
and B) located in the northwestern portion of the project area.
SUMMARY OF GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENTS AND
RECOMMENDED GENERAL TREATMENTS
General significance assessments and recommended general treatments for all identified sites are
summarized in Table 13. Significance categories used in the site evaluation process aro based on the
National Register criteria for evaluation, as outlined is the Cade of Federal Regulations (36 CFR Part
60). The DLNR-SHPD uses these criteria for evaluating cultural resources. Sites determined to be
potentially significant for information wntent are covered under Criterion D, which defines
significant cultural resources as ones which "...have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information
important in prehistory or history."
Sites potentially significant as representative examples of site types are evaluated under
Criterion C, which dofmos significant resources as those which °...embody rho distinetivc
characteristics of a type, period, or method of constntction...or that represent a significant and
distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction."
nrcrR QMnrt loza-oalo9s zs
Sites with potential eultwal significance are evaluated under guidelines prepared by the
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) entitled "Guidelines for Consideration of
Traditional Cultural Values in Historic Preservation Review" (ACHP Drag Report, August 1985).
The guidelines define cultural value as "...the contribution made by an historic Property to an
ongoing society or cultural system. A traditional cultural value is a cultural value that has historical
depth." The guidelines further specify that "[a] Property need not have been in consistent use since
antiquity by a cultural system in order to have traditional cultural vahu."
Based on the current work, 52 of the 68 sites identified during the present project are assessed as
significant solely for information content No fbrther work is required for 8 of the 52 sites, and 44 of
the 52 sites require further data collection. Five of the remaining 16 sites are assessed ae significant
far information content and es provisionally significant for cdtmsl value, perming further data
collection. Further data collection and provisional preservation "as is" are recommended. Four sites
are assessed as significant for information content and as excellent examples of siu types. These
sites are recommended for further data collection followed by preservation with interpretive
development Four sites are assessed as significant for information content and cultural value and ate
recommended for further data collection and preservation "as is." Two sites are assessed as
significant for information content, as excellent examples of aiu types, and for cultural value. These
sites are recommended for further data collection followed by preservation with interpretive
development The remaining siu is assessed ss significant for information content and cultural value
(Siu 15261, trail). Normally, trails require preservation; however, the inugrity of Siu 15261 is poor,
as the trail is discontinuous and heavily eroded. No further work is recommended for the trail.
Four sites have been identified as containing human burials (Sites 2491, 4004, 4013, 16130);
five sites have been assessed as having possible burials (Sites 2493, 16126, 16127, 16136, 16162)
and require further data collection. If burials identified in the project area are not preserved "as is," it
is required they be mitigated in compliance with Chapter 338: Section 25-5 and Chapter 6E: Section
43 (as amended by Act 306 SLH 1990), Hawaii Revised Statutes. Compliance with Chapter 338:25-5
requires obtaining a disinterment permit from the Deparmrent of Health. Chapter 6E:43 also requires
coordination with the Department of Land and Natural Resources - Stau Historic Preservation
Division (DLNR-SHPD); the revised Chapter 6E requires that DLNR-SHPD be notified and that
DLNR-SHPD contact the appropriate lshurd Burial Council if the remains are determined to be those
of native Hawaiians.
Chapter 6E:43 also requires that a burial mitigation plan be prepared is consultation with
DLNR-SHPD; it further stipulates that the plan must provide for osteological analysis, for reporting
of results, and for the final disposition of the remains, and that the plan must be reviewed and
approved by DLNR-SHPD prior to its implementation. Lastly, both Chapters 338:25-5 and 6E:43
require a search for lineal descendants, the search to minimally consist of publishing a public notice
in a newspaper of general circulation w notify possible lineal descendants. If lineal descendants arc
found, osteological analyses are to be subject to Uteir wishes. Further consultations with local
informants wncerning the treatment of any burials which might be recovered from within the project
area are also requirod and would be carried out a8 part of the mitigation program.
Thera is always the possibility, however remou, that potentially significant unidentified cultural
remains will be encountered in the project area during the came of future archaeological
investigations or subsequent development activities. 1n such situations, archaeological consultation
should be sought immediately.
DraR~pon 1024-041095 29
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L
Drag Renon 1024-041095 31
Pearson, R.J. (compiler)
1968 The Archaeology of North Kohala: The Ahupua'a of Lapakahi: Excavations at
Lapakalti Selected Papers. Stale Archaeoogical loatnal 69-2. Departmcnt of
Land and Natmal Resources, Division of State Parks, Outdoor Recreation, and
Historic Sites, Honolulu.
Phagan, CJ.
] 980 Chapter 6: Lithic Technology: Flake Analysis. IIV MacNeiah et sl. Prehistory of the
Ayacucho Basin, Penn. Volume III: Nonceramic artifacts. Ann Arbor. University of
Michigan Press.
Rasendahl,P.H.
1972 Aboriginal Agriculture and Domestic Residence Patterning in Upland Lapakahi,
Island of Hawaii. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology,
University of Hawaii, Manoa.
Schilt, R, and A. Sinoto
1980 Limited Phase I Archaeological Inventory Survey of Mahukona Properties, North
Kohala, Island of Hawaii. Manuscript in Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop
Museum, Honolulu.
Smith, A.R and A.R Schilt
1973 North Kohala: Agricultural Field Systems and Geographic Variables IN Tuggle and
Griffm 1973.
Sinoto, Y.H., and M. Kelly
1975 Archaeological and Historical Survey of Pakini-Nut and Pakini-Iki Coastal Sites:
Waiahukini, Kailikii, and Hawea, Ka'u, Hawaii. Report Series 75-1. Department of
Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum.
Scehren, LJ.
1964 An Archaeological Recomaissance of the Mahukona-Kawaihae Highway, Kohala,
Hawaii. Manuscript in Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum.
Stokes, T.S. and J.F.G. Dye
1991 Heiau of the Island of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Anthropology 2. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu.
Stuiver, M., and G.W. Pearson
1986 High-Precision Calibration of Radiocarbon Time Scale, AD 1950 to 500 BC.
Radiocarbon 28:805-838.
Suggs, RC.
1961 Archaeology of Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. Anthropological
Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 49 (1).
Thompson, K.W., and P.H. Rosendahl
1991 Interim Report. Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kahua Makai/Kahua Shores
Coastal Parcels, Lands of Kahua 1-2 and Waika, North Kohala District, Island of
Hawaii. PHRI Report 1024-080691. Prepared for Gentry Hawaii, Ltd
Thrum, T.G.
1908 Tales from the Temples, Part II. Hawaiian Almanac and Annual 1908:48-78. Thos.
G. Thrum, Honolulu.
Draft Report 1024-041095 32
Tomonari-Tuggle,MJ.
1981 North Kohala: Perception of a Changing Community. A Cultural Resource
Management Study. Prepared for Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural
Resources, Division of State Parks, Outdoor Recreation, and Historic Sites,
Honolulu.
Tuggle,H.D.,and P.B.Griffin(eds.)
1973 Lapakahi, Hawaii: Archaeological Studies. Asian and Pacific Archaeology Series
No. 5. Social Science Research Institute,University of Hawaii,Manoa.
Drag R art 1014-041095 1
Tables
Table (.Correlation of Site Numberz 2
Table 2. Summary of Identified Sites and Features 4
Table 3. Frequencies o(Formal Feature 7ypes I I
Table 4. Frequencies of Functional Feature Types 12
7a61e S. Frequencies o(Funccional Site iypes 13
Table 6. Summary of lest Excarations 14
Table 7. Summary o(Permanent Habitation Features IS
Table 8. Summary o(7emporary Habitation Features IB
cable 9. Summary of Burial and Possible Burial Features 19
Table 10. Summary of Radiocarbon Age Determinationz 20
Table 1 I. Detailed Distribution of Portable Arti(acts 21
Table 12. Detailed Distribution. of Midden 22
Table 13. General Significance Assessments And Recommended General 7reatments 23
DproR ?Zeeert 1024-041095 2
Table I.Corrcladon of Ske Numbers
SIHP BPBM PHRI CommanWlYafaranca
2485 FI-I W-I I Soahran 19643
2486* FI.2 - Daatroyad/Soahran 19645
2487 * FI-3 - Deatroyad/Soehran 1964:6
2488 FIA - Bonk 1968:13
2489 FI-5 W-12 Bonk 1968:13
2491 FI-7 - Bonk 1968:13
2492 FI-8 W-6 Bonk 1968:13
2493 FI-9 - Bonk 1968:14
N94 - - Allen 1983a
2495 * F2-I - Destroyad/Soehran 1964:6
2496 F2-2, F2-3 - Complex GBonk 1966:167/PHRI combined SIHP 57tas 2496 and
2497
2498 F2-4 - Bonk 1968:17
2499 F2-5 - Bonk 1968:17
4000 F2-6, F2-7 - Bonk 1968:17/PHRI combined SIHP Srce:4000 and 4001
4002 F2~ A-IS Bonk 1968:18
4003 F2-9 A-I Bonk 1968:18
4004 F2.10 - Bonk 1968:18-19
4005 F2-I I to IS - Complex B/Bonk 1968:19 SIHP 4156-Waialollio Bay
Complex/SIHP Sites 4005, 4006, 4007, 4008, and 4009 combined
under See 4005
4010 F2-Ib A-12 Bonk 1968:21
4011 F2-17 A-6 Bonk 1968:21-22
4012 F2-18 A-7 Bonk 1968:22
4013 F2.19 A-13 Bonk 1966:22
4014 See 16134
4015 F2-21, F2-22, F2.23, F2-24 - Complex A/Bonk 1968:23 SIHP 4156-Waialollio Bay Complex
/PHRI combined SIHP 5tas 4015, 4016, 4017, and 4018 under
Sfu 40 f 5
15261 - - Allan 1985a
16120 - W-0I Allan 1985b
16121 - W-02 Allen 1985b
16122 - W-03 Allen 19856
16123 - W-04 Allen 1985b
16124 - W-05 Alien 1985b
16125 - W-07 Allen 1985b
16126 - W-0B Allan 1985b
16127 - W-09 Allen 1985b
16128 - W-10 Allen 19856
16129 - W-13 Allen 19856
16130 - W14 Allan 19856
16131 - A-2 Allen 1985a
16132 - A-3 Allen 1985a
Draft Reoort 1024-041095 3
_ Table l.Comelotlon of Ske Numbers (corrc.)
SIHP BPBM PHRI CommenoJRefarance
16133 - A4 Allen 1985a
16134 F2-20 A-5 Duplicate number assigned In error. Provkwslr Sks 4014 (Bonk 1968:22-23)
16135 - A-OB Allen 1985a
16136 - A-09 Allan 1985a
16137 - A-10 Allen 1985a
16138 - A-II Allen 1985a
16139 - A-14 Allen 19856
16140 - A-Ib Allen 19856
16141 - A-17 Allan 19856
16142 - A-IS Allen 1985b
16143 - A-19 Allen 19856
16144 - A-20 Allen 1985b
16145 - A-21 Allen 19856
16146 - A-22 Allen 1985b
16147 - A-23 Allen 1985b
16148 - A-24 Allen 19856
16149 - A-25 Allen 19856
16150 - A-26 Allen 1985b
16151 - A-27 Allen 19856
16152 - SD-16 This report
16153 - SD-17 This reporc
16154 - SD-18/19 This report
16155 - SD-20/21 This reporc
16158 - SD-24 Voided (bulldozer pile)
16159 - 1024-I This reporc
16160 - 1024-2 This report
16161 - 1024-3 This reporc
16162 - SW-I This report
16163 - SR-I This report
16164 - AL-1 This report
16165 - SD-I This report
16166 - SD-2 This report
16167 - SD-5 This reporc
16176 FI-10 - Bonk 1968:14.15
16177 FI-b - -
SINP =Sloe lnvuvory of Historic P4uu nundrers. SINP nand+enarcfive-digit n+un6err prcftsad by 30.10-03 (SO=Slate of
$owaii; 10=1s1wd of Hawaii; 03=USGS 7.5'rcnes quad snap ("Xawuilne. Hawaii "(1982}
BPBM = Birhop Muream Jae nundrering ryJls~ in which nambers are prcfizd by SO = Hmwi(1)A =Hawaii Island FN =the
district of North Kohab and a na,nbir rcprcJenling an ahupaa'a
~ Iksfroyed Jau not COWaed YI /hu invrNOry JYN61'
~r•R R •rt 1124-I
Table 2. Summary o}'Identlfied Skes and Features
SWP Forrrul # C0.M Vdw + 0.ecorn Fey
sire Fssc Fmmrelsire wnctlond Inoeryrmdon Made Asset. work realer
No. Type Age 0. I C D0. SC EX
2485 Complex Penrcrwrr habimdon P H M L + + +
2485 A Tanace w/anclosuro Pem•rwK hebie,rlon
2485 B Endosuro Inde0errmes (permvwK hebia•on-
raland)
2485 C Depression Passible waesr proawrwrt
2485 DI Terrace Agriahun
2485 D2 Terrxe Agrialorro
2485 EI Mound Agriakuro
2485 E2 Mound Agricukura
2488 Complex Tamponry heblatlon P-H(!) H L L + - +
(5)
2488 A Overhang Temporary habimdon
2488 A I Overhang Poss. amporary hebindon
2488 B Owuiang Pass. »mporary habiradon
2488 C L-shape Indebrminaa
2488 D Wdl Soil ratandon
2489 Complex Permananc habiedon P-H(i) H L L + + +
(4)
2489 A Endacuro Parmaranr habiodon
2489 B Cairn Marker
2489 C Cairn Marker
2489 D Midden deposit Food refuse am
2491 Complex Permanen[habibdon P H L H * - +
(2)
2491 A Endosuro w/phtlonn Perncrwrrc habissdon
2491 B Mound Bursal-possible IMeormimre perrturwi[
habi~tiw~-rdand
2492 Complex Pernarwnt habiatlon H-P(!) H LM L84 + _ +
(3)
2492 A Endaauro Parnonarr habiodon
2492 B Wall Perrr•rartt habiradon
2492 C Tertace Agricuhuro
# CRM VoAre Mode Atanasmanz
~lawrc
R = aden(~(ic reeorri5
1=i"mPTd~
C = alwrd
~egx
H = higfc
M =nadeaaG
L = knv
+ Fey Work Tasks Rerertxranded
Dg = dCaied remrdng (smled drawings, phorographs, wmm~ desoipdoru):
SC = sur(ae mfkcdara:
EX = irnised exoswsdons
•e Age
P = PrdiismriG
H = HsaariS
P) = PaxaLk
- .and;
_ ~
SIHP = Sam Imrnsary o(Hirbxk Pkan numbers. SIHP numbers a2 (ne6gis runl6es pre(imd by SO-1605 (50=Setae o(FlaedS l0elalond of
HmvaC 05=l15C5 7S' series pad map Howai71982)
Drag R'non 1024-041095 5
Te61e 2. Summary of Iderrc~ed Skes and Feogurcs (corK.)
SIHP Fonrd # CRM Value + Raeem. Fold
Site Fax Faawr'al5ite Fura:donal kraerpraotlon Mode Aasasa. Work Turks
No. Type Aga R 1 C DR SC EX
2493 Complex Tamp. lobJpau. burial P•H H L LM + + +
(2)
2493 A Temoa Passible burhUrrryorvy lubiodon
2493 B Pbalorm Pouibla buriaUOrrgorary lubiaoon
2494 Erayaauro Partronenr habitation P M L L +
2496 Complex Punonant habivdon P M L L + + +
(S)
2496 A Endosuro Parnonerrc habiudon
2496 B C-slope Indeterninm (psmorwrc habiotlorF
rolarod)
2496 C Tarrxe bWatermimn (parnonant habitauon-
ralarad)
2496 D Mound Agriwhuro
2496 E Midden deposit Food ratusa area
2498 Complaz CeranwniaHeemp. hob. P M M H + - +
(2)
2498 A Pladonn Temporuy habiadon
2498 B Mound Cerenanial
2499 Complex Pennanem habimtion H-P(?) M M L + - +
(4)
2499 A Endosurc Perrrorxnt habitation
2499 B Endasurc IMetermiruue (parnnnanc habiadon-
rolated)
2499 C Wall Boundary
2499 D Wall Boundary
4000 Wall Boundary H L L L - -
4002 Mound Temporary habiation P M L L + + +
4003 Endosure Perrturaurc habitatlon P-H M L L + + +
4004 Complex Burial PM H L LM + +
(B)
4004 A Pladam Pouibk burial
4004 B Mound Burial
4004 C Mound Burial
4004 D Enclosuro Possible burialltamporary habiadon
4004 E Wall Boundary
4004 F Mound Pouibla burial
4004 G Mound Burial
4004 H Platform Burial
4005 Complex Pertnvwnt habitation H H H H * + +
(6)
4005 A Endosad pladorm Parnnnarn habiadon
4005 B EndasW pbxform Parnmnarrt habiation
4002 C Enclosed pladorm Parnmrrnt habiation
4005 D Endaaurc ParaoneM habiotlon ,
4005 E Endasuro Canoe shad
4005 F Endoauro brdatanriruu (pernoneM habiotiorr-
r~
Draft Rnnnrt 1024-041095 6
Ta61e 2. Summary of Iderrcl fled Skes and Feotures (corK.)
SIHP Fornrl # CRM Value + Recom. FNId
Sip Feat Faaral5ip Furw:uord lnarprepdon f° Mode Assess. Work Talc
No. Type Age R I C DR x EX
4010 - Endosuro Mind husWrdry PM L L L - - -
4011 - Enclosuro Penmrwrchdffmdon H-P(1) H L L + -
4012 - Endosuro w/pladonn Permm~errc habipda~ H-P M L L + + +
4013 Complex Buria4anirtd hwbardry P-H H L H + + -
(3)
4013 A Modified outvop Mind hwbardry
4013 B Tertace Mimd husberdry
4013 C Plndorm Burial
4015 Complex Temporary habiadon P M L L + + +
(4)
4015 A Gshaped dignnpns Temporary habipdon
4015 B Enclosure Tartporuy hd>ipeon
4015 C Enclwuro Tenporary habitation
4015 D Endosuro Temporary habintion
15261 - Trdl Transporedon P M L M + - -
16120 Complex Portrunent habitation H-P(?) H L L + + +
(5)
16120 A Pbukxm ParnnnerK habiradon
16120 0 Mound Agrialotro
16120 C Mound Agricularo
16120 D Teaace Agriahuro
16120 E C-shape ~ IMerenNrup (parmanettt habitadon-
rolaoed)
16121 - Enclauro Temporary habitation PM M L L + + +
16122 Complex Penrurwtt habiotion P M L L + - +
(S)
16122 A Cairn Marker
16122 B Cdrn Marko
16122 C Terrace Agricuhun
16122 D Tartars Agrialaro
16122 E Endoturo Pemorwns habintion
16123 Complex Temporary habitation P M L L - - +
(2)
i 6123 A Hidden deposit Food rehtae aw
16123 B Wa0 Indeeermirop
Ifii24 CotrpMx Temp. hob: agriahuro P M L L + + +
(2)
16124 A C-shape Tamponry habiption
16124 B Mound Agriahuro
n~k R rt 1024-041095 ~
Ta61e 2. Summary of IderKlfled Skes and Features (coM.)
SIHP Earned # CRM Valve + Raront Reld
Sim Feat FeamrdSlte FuncdaW Inwrprbtlon " Mode Assess. Work Tab
No. Type Ate R I C DR SC EX
16125 Complex Tamp. hab.agrialwro P M L L + + +
(9)
16125 A Modibad outcrop Agricularo
16125 B Terrxe Atriakun
16125 C Terrace Agricuhuro
16125 D Temce Agricularro
16125 E Tamca Agriahuro
16125 F Mound Tanponry habimdon
16125 G Mound Tamporory Irobimdon
16125 H Mound Tampwary habimdon
16126 - Mound PoesibN bunaVagrialwro P M L L + - +
16127 Complex Parrnarwrc habimdon P H UH LM + + +
(4)
16127 A PWorm Panrorwnhabiodon
16127 B C-shape Indetxrniruae (pamonarrc habiuaon-
rebue[~
16127 C Wdl Boundary
16127 D Phdorm Ceranwnial-possible burial
16128 Complaz Partronent lubiodon P H L L + + +
(3)
16128 A Tarroce Soil r~tandon
16128 B PMform Perndwnt habiodon
16128 C Terrace Inderermimm (parnorwm Irabindon-
relared)
16129 Complex Parrrcnant habitadon P M L L + + +
16129 A Endosuro Parmnanc habitadon
16129 BI Terrace Atriakuro
16129 82 Terrace Agialwro
16129 B3 Tamce AgriculOrro
16129 B4 Temce Agrialaro
16129 85 Terrace A~iculorro
16129 C Terrace Agricukuro
16130 Complex Burial P H L H - - -
(2)
16130 A Pladorm Burial
16130 B Pladorm Burial
16131 - Endosuro Permarwrchabieadon PM M L L + + +
16132 - Wdl Boundary P84 L L L - - -
16133 Complex Water praarernam and control H M L L + - -
(2)
16133 A Wdl Water proaremanc
16133 B Dam Water tentrol
16134 - Endoturo Tanporary habimdon H M L L + - +
16135 Wali Indamrnvmm H-P(1) M L L + +
Dorn 1 02 4-04 1 095 E
To61e 2. Summary of Iderklfled Skes and Features (cork.)
SIHP rornrl # CRM Value + Remm Bald
Sloe Feat. Fiatitral5ire rurtctlord IntaryreOtbn Mode Asaeu. Wtxk Tasla
No. Type Aga R I G DR SC IX
16136 Complex Agiahrr~paaa. burW P N L LM * - +
(3)
16136 A Modified outcrop Agrictthuro
16136 B Mound PouibN burrUagriahuro
16136 C Madfiad auovop Agriahuro
16137 - Mound Markr/nnrtanal P LM L LM + +
16138 Complex Agriahun PM L L L - - -
(2)
16138 A Pladorm Agriculatro
16138 B Cairn Agriuthurdntarkv
16139 Complex Temporary habiation P M L L + + +
(3)
16139 A Modified outcrop WlMbrtpk
16139 B Owrfong w/wdl Temporary habiation
I b 139 C Owrfwtg w/wall Tartporory habitatlat
16140 Complex Temporary habitation P-H(i) M L L + -
(2)
16140 A C-shape Temporary habitation
16140 B Cairn Fortrrr burwUtartponry habitation
16141 Complex Tanponry habiation P M L L + - +
(2)
16141 A C-shape Temporary habiation
16141 B Mkklmt daposi[ Food refuse area
16142 Complex (Perm/ontporory hab.}agriwhun P M L L + - +
(3)
16142 A C•shape Pernnnartt/angorary habimtlort
16142 B Tartace Agrmutturo
16142 C Hearth Cooking area
16143 Complau Penronent habidtion PM M L L + + +
(3)
16143 A Platform Parrrortertt habitation
16143 B PbNonn ktdawtrtirtm (penrarwtt habiotiat-
16143 C Terrace Soil ncention
I61M - C-shape Temporary habiatiat PM M L L + - -
16145 - Terrace w/wall Penrerwtdbrrpotary habitation P-H(~ M L L + - +
16146 - Owrlurtg Post. trrporvy habitation P M M M + + +
16147 - Modified outxrop Marko P M L L + - -
16148 Complex Agriculutro P L L L - - -
(2)
16148 A Tart ace w/mound Agrkuthuro
16148 8 Mound Agricvhuro
D~Qrt 1024-041095 9
Table 2. Summary of IderKl()ed Skas and Feawres (corK.)
SIHP Forod iF CRM Valve + Recap FiW
Sloe Feac Faawra/Sios Funcdord Inoerprevdon " Mode Auau. Work Tab
Na. Type AQe 0. I C DR SC EX
16149 Cw~lax Temporary lubiodon P M L L + - +
(b)
16149 A Calm Maker
16149 B Caim Marker
16149 C Gim Marker
16149 D Calm Marker
16149 E Terrace w/C•shape Temporary babiradon
16149 F Tertaca kdeormmes
16150 - Endoauro w/platlortn Pernonentlbngwary habindon P M L L + - +
16151 Compkex Tamporay iubiooon P M L L + - +
(2)
16151 A Endaauro Temporary lubiodon
16151 B Pladorm IMeosnniraao
16152 Compknc Agricularo P M L L * - +
(3)
16152 A Mound Agriwlbrro
16152 B Mound Agiwlorro
16152 C Terrace Agriculwn
16153 Complex Agriwlaro P L L L - - -
12)
16153 A Temue Agriwlairo
16153 B Terrace Agriwlaro
16154 Complex Tamp. hob: agriwlwro P LIM L L + - +
(4)
16154 A Tenxe Temporary hsbioIDOn
16154 B Mound Temporary habladonla®iwkuro
16154 C Modified outcop AQriwloro
16154 D Modified ouoaop Agrfwlairo
16155 Compksx Temporary habiodon P M L L + - +
C2)
16155 A PMlorm Temporary lubiotlon
16155 B Terrace Sod Hoodoo
16159 - Mound Agricukuro P L L L - - -
16160 - Terrace Agriculwro P L L L - - -
16161 Cortq~kuc Parnonendongarary habiodon P M L L + _ +
16161 A Endosun Penronerrdorryorary Irobiodon
16161 B Mound Possible burvVapkulouro
16162 Complex Powibke pameuwrc habiacon P H L H + _ +
~4)
16162 A Terrace w/rtYdden Soil noendon-food rafiw w
depeaic
16162 B Tarrare Agriwlorro
16162 C Terrace Apicukuro
16162 D Pladarm ~ Poaible buriaVpertroneM habiodon
~ ~ D R nn 1024-041095 _ 10
Table 2. Summary of IderK(fled Skes and Features (corK.)
SIHP FxnaJ # CRM Valor + Recap Feld
Site Past Fxmuel5iea Furxborul Inoerpnudon MoG Asaese. Work Taeb
No. Typo Age R 1 C D0. K EX
16163 Complex (3) Temporary habkation P M L L + * +
16 i 63 A Modified outcrop Smroge
16163 B Fill vwice Coobrg aree
16163 C Ovrhang w/wdl Tertgonry habfodon
16164 Complex (3) Temporary habiedon-agrialWn P M L L + - +
16164 A Endosuro Temporary habitation
16164 B Modified ouraop Agricularo
16164 C Modified ousrop Agrialaro
16165 - Modified outcrop Agriahuro P M L L + - -
16166 - Terrace Agricularo P L L L - - -
16167 Complex (5) Tangorary habkatlortagriahun PM LIF1 L L + - -
16167 A Tenace Tenyorary habimtion
16167 BI Gim /~iahurelmukr
16167 62 Calm Agriwlare/marker ,
16167 B3 Gim Agriculertelrrorkr
16167 64 Cairn AgriwkuWmerkar
16176 - Endasure Parrrcrwm habibdon P H L L + + +
16177 Complex (5) Psrmanertt habiution P H L L + + +
16177 A Endauro Penrenerrc habiotion
16177 B Tertace Indanrmirume (pamcnerrc hableadon-
rWted)
16177 C Wall Pamcrwrt habiotion
16177 D Wall Boundary
16177 E Wdl Boundary
Drag R~rt 1024-041095 11
To61e 3. Frequencies of Formal Feature Types
FORM NUMBER FREQ.
Terttce 35 193%
Endosun 27 11.9%
Mound 25 139%
Platkxm 17 9.1X
Cairn 14 ~ 7.7X
Wall 13 71X
Modified outcrop 12 6.6X
Gshapa 8 4.1X
Midden deposit 1 22X
Overhang 1 22X
fndosad platform 3 1.7X
Endaaura w/platform 3 1.7X
Overhang w/wall 3 1.7X
Gshaped alignment I 0.6%
Dam I 0.6X
Dapreuion I 0.6X
Filled cevice I 0.6%
Hearth I 0.6X
L-shape I 0.6X
Temca w/C-shape 1 0.6X
Terrace w/enclosure I 0.6X
Temca w/midden deposit I 0.6%
Temte wlmound I 0.6%
Tamce wlwall I 0.6X
Trail I O.tiX
Well I 0.6X
TOTAL 181 100.0%
i
~@~ort 1024-041095 12
Ta61e 4. Frcquencles of Functional Feature Typos
FUNCTION NUMBER FREQ.
Agriahun M 243%
Pemvnarn habintbn 25 13.8%
Temporary habibtion 25 12.8X
Indewmimu (permanent-habitation related) 10 SSX
Marker 9 SAX
Boundary 8 4.4X
Burial 7 3.9X
Agricuhurdmarkar 5 29%
Indeterminate 5 29X
Food rofuse am 4 22%
Penrsnandtamporary habiation 4 22X
Soil retention 4 21%
Mirnl husbandry 3 1.7X
Poss. temporary habintion 3 I.7X
Possible buriaYagncuhure 3 1.7%
Pouibla burialltemporary habiation _ 3 1.7X
Cooking aro 2 I.IX
Possible burial 2 I.IX
Burial-(poss. Indeterrniruta) I O.iiX
Canty shed I 0.6X
Ceremonial I 0.6X
Ceromonial-possible burial I 0.6X
Formsr bunalltemporary habitation I 0.6X
Marker/caretronial I 0.6X
Possible burullparmanent habitation I ObX
Possible wow procuremern I O.ii%
Soil rate~uion-food rduse area I 0.6%
Storage I 0.6X
Temporary habiatiotJagrialwre I 0.6X
Tratuportation I 0.6%
Water comrol I 0.6X
Water procuremun I 0.6%
Windbrmk I 0.6X
TOTAL 181 IOOA%
i ~
Q~&port 1024.041095 13
Table S. Froquencles of FuncNonol Ske Types
SITE TYPE NUMBER FREQ.
Parn~nartt habiaNOn camplax 14 20.6%
TemporuY fgbiurion complex 9 132X
Pemmnens habitation frown 6 89X
Aeritatlwn complex ~ 4 5.9%
Agriwhuro frown 4 5.9X
Ttxnponry hWiramxt hewn 4 5.9X
Terttporary habintiortagriculwn wmplex 3 4.4X
Boundary fawn 2 29X
Burial axttplex 2 29X
PertrerteMltamporary habfdtlon frown 2 29%
Temporary habitation-epiculwn cwnplex 2 29X
AEricukurrpossible burial complex I I5X
Mind husbandry haws I I5X
Rural-anind husbandry complex I ISX
CaramonaFtetnp. habitation complex I I5X
Indetemtinats fnwre I I5X
Marker feawre I ISX
Maricerlceromond feawre I I5X
Pernnnentltamporary Ftabitatlon complex I ISX
Possible temporary habitation fawro I ISX
Possible burtallagricuhuro fmwrc I ISX
Possible permanerrt habiation complex I ISX
Temporary Iparmanant habiudon-agrialwra complex I I S%
Temporuy habindor?possible burial complex I I5X
Temporary habindon mmplax ~ I I5X
Traruportadon imwre I ISX
Water procuremrurc and control complex I ISX
TOTAL 68 I WA%
nma a (02~-041095 (a
Ta61e 6. Summary of Test Excovetlons
Sibs F'va. Fortaael Fomm~ FuraWonel Drlsn. Ynk abra Ma:. ~ Noun o! Cultaare!
Type Irrovpre4tlon (m) (mb) DepoelC
2489 A Enclosuro Permrnan TLL I I A x I.0 087 MS, M, F& FVG
habitaton
2491 A ErxJtxuro Perortwn Tly I I A x I.D 056 Sparse MS #
wlpkdorm habindon
TLL2 I A x I A 080 sparse Ms, rrangooaa
abtu #
B MourM Buria4 (passibb TLL3 I A x ID Ob7 M, MS, FB, FVG tk
ktdetartNrun honors mnin
pernonent encountered
habitaton-rolated)
2498 A Platform Tamp. habiedon TLL 1 I A x 05 0.461 M. MS
B Mound Gramonial TLL2 0.75 x 0.75 0.49 M
4013 C Platform Burial TLLI IAxIA IAB M, MS, BF#; hurton
rartcirn erxnuntsrad
16127 A Pbulorm Permanent Tll I 0.75 x 0.90 0.75 M.MSH,MS, atrdl
habiadon amourrc rat bona
16128 B Pladortn Panranvrt TU-I ISx05 038 M,MS,MSH,FB.FV,G,C
habiodon 14
16130 A PWform Burial TU-I IAxIA 081 MS human rettwn
arxxtunnrad
B Plaform Burial TLL2 I A x I D 086 Spann MS M 3R
human remains
encourtterad
16138 A Pladonn Agriahuro TLLI 3A x 05 058 Srarile.
16140 B Cairn Former TLL I I.1 x 08 085 M,MS.HF,MB.BS(I ).IS
buriaUtamp. hab. (2), MSH
16143 A Platform Pemanent TU-I 2b x OS 063 M1~1S,LS.FB.FVG.MSH
habitation CI4
16163 B Filled rnvica Cooking errs TLL I I A x 0.75 038 M,HF(2).FB.C 14
' Key: BS Barak Sinker
C 14 Radgorbon Assay
F$ Raked Barak
FVG Flaked Vokarrk Gins
HF Horitond Faoaro
L.s Litneatone sinker
M Manupon
MB Modified Basalt
MS Marine shill
MSN Modified shill
# MkldarJartifacts rat indudad in ilea ardysat (either tat pranced b this phw a sparse arrxwrra d rttarina shall that wan not
collecud)
f Depth u meron bakaw btxmm d architecatral VYa
DvR
R~~ort 1024-041095 1 S
To61e 7. Summary of Permanent Habkatlon Features
(INSERT 1024tb07.XL5 -page I]
Drvl~.'~rt 102-041095 I6
To61e 7. Summary of Permanent Habkatlon Features (corn.)
[INSERT 1024t607.XL5 -page 2J
r r
nmA R.nn.~ 1 A74.041095 17
7a61e 7. Summary of PennanerK Habkadon Feoturos (coat.)
INSERT 1 OZ4t607.X15 -page 3]
Jp J N N N N N N
m N v N ~ .~i ~ v p ~ ~v 4 ~ y r v
m T T V P ~1 m v m T
a~ `
o.. ~ a Z
Y Q. o
g~Q ~ ~s~ ~~~~g ~
rosy ~
o Sg A~' ~g E Z ~ ~g £~a~
E E r $ ° E 3 a
CQ ~ 1 C z ~ m~• Z Z~ ~ x q~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~c~ g ~ p ~g
9 • 1
~o o ~~s~ ~ ~S~
_ ~
S ~ 3 _
9 6 G ~ ]rL • • ]•a5 ~ p ~]M~~ ~ s
d B ~ e:~ ~ ~ M ~ ~ ,,,yyy5 ~ p~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Y ~ e
• ~ ~ • C ~ r ~ r ~ ~ S a .g ~ ~ • ~ r
:p z~ 8 Sg a; 3
,~t <r gII~ sZ z ~
~ g z g a d 2 v ~
r gc~ o ~ Z w o ~
. ~
2 s • • ~ ~ • 3 e
~
o ~
3
V ~ ~ m S ~
v _ N ] N ~Nl J w ~yi•
~ N ~ {.1 N v A y N d A y N M
iaS 'JY •}J ~ V
2 x x ~ y
2 2 v v e v v v S v a
_ ~ ~ s
v
V ~ ~ V I N m P1 v N m v N N ~ O N ~`.J N
P V m V v N O
1 Q q A i s y r q, 4 s M m m
v ii
~ ~ 3~~ ~ ~ ~~~9e
~ ~ i~i~~~. ~~~m
g~ ~ s
}T
~ ° 2 Q ~ S ~ Y
~3~eg~C Z Z ~g $s~g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '
3~ ~ ~~~g3~~s ~S
_ ~Py,pe . g°o~ ~
g' e d a~ 6 B i °
~ _
s Jq~ ~Jq~ s Q9~ aL' Q
O s C V= ~ a Z X ~ p•~ jY S
r
CCC C Zy
e ~ ~ R 8 $ { ~ ~ e 5 ~ e 5 ~ °n
' l~' 3 g ~ • ° •
. a ~ ~ ~g s
Q ~
C 4- ~ x y 2 = ~ 's ~ 's
3 x . ~ r $
r .
6 A ~ Q p 6= e P
s s egg ~a ~ ~ ~
~ ~
s ~ g ~ ~ ~
_ ~
O N N g r1 O P N C O O N ~ {11
N N IJ 'm N {n V LP 'i {Y 3 ~ ~ 0
O P v
? _
~ 3 3 v v v v ~e ~ v x x a
3
~ r
r
d 6
~E
5 0
a$Gi
L
3 =
<
s
(3 Y
. ~ a
°e ~ E 'a
~ w
S w
~ ~~~~~s
~
`P~
~ ~w~~~~
8 L . d
~ ~
~
~ ~
Y
a
7
e ~ ~
~v
e Z B
u ~
~~Y
g
8 ~
W 3 8
~ ~ c
Q~j.$0¢Or[ 1024-041095 18
Ta61e 8. Summary of Temporory Na6kaUon Features
$io Feac Form Sw (m) Nmro d DepaidAuoasd Fesonas
2488 A Owx4wtg 25 wide opening, Ob09 pith O.M m d rubble inked whh midder~-Miarior Nled.
w anroc tlaorrtirle depth widlout ctevadan
2498 A Pladorm 3.60 by 2A0 by 130 hid Th intrior wa aadaby piWlg mbblaa over a I+yr
d tszttpartdq dkdrtmmbrd meal pebbYa,
decaytl beak and aiddarl Feeoro wataaed. Three
pierce d vreaaearxn basWC IS piear d meal. and M
spedr ddse88ah reoaverad
4002 Mand 3D d'o. by 035 high Middrr tosmrad around mooed
4015 A Gshaped 4A by SA by 03/05 m high Abundant rtidden
ali~mart
4015 B Erdosuro 82 by 8.0 by Ob m high Sparse sadden
4015 C Erdnun I OD by 7A by 0.7 m high Midderr noud
4015 D Erdoauro 13D by 8D by Ob m high Abundant aiddrr
16121 Endoauro 7A by SA by I S high No ridden vYibM on wrHo
16124 A Gshspe 9.4 by 8.7 (interior era c 16 sq m) Several pts. card rood--~no rtYddan visible on sunc~s
(area k tswerad whh W do wgetatlon)
16125 F Mand 7S by 2.2 by 01 hi~r No ahunl moire vsible on turbo
16125 G Mound 29 by 2A by 0.1 high No alatral mein visible on aunc~e
16125 H Mound 45 by 35 by 03 hl~ Hidden 35 m seevuard
16134 Encksuro 490 by 330 by 031 high (c8 s9 m inorior) Hidden noted
16139 B Owiung 25 wiM, I A deep, Ob high Sparse niddn
w/wdl
16139 C Owxhang 250 by 250 by 135 high Sparse niddrt med. brandy coral
w/wall
16140 A C-shape 55 by SA by 0.4 high Mddr4 probably shdbw
16141 A Gshape 8A by 55--includm possible hearth Hidden pews[ a Fmtn B
16144 Gshape SA by 3A by 035 high No alotrol renadrs noad
16149 E Tarrare 3.40 by 3.00 by 0.18 high Sparse redden
w/C-shape
16151 A Ervjoauro 4A0 by 3.40 by 037 high Spw niddrr stainer o dye emc
16154 A Terrace 8A0 by 6A0 by 035 high Waernarn basalt aril Deed with redden
16155 A Pladarm Z6 by 21 by 03 m high Nary nood
16163 C Owrlmrg SA by 150 by OSS high No adarsl rattove Ysible on wr9ta
wlwall
16164 A Errdasuro 4A by 39 by OS m high One cowrie shill
16167 A Terrace 35 by 35 by 0.4 high Hidden on wrhm
R -
DrIeR R.tti~rt 1024~4109~ 19
Ta61e 9. Summary of Burial and Possl6le Burlal Features.
Site Fa. Form Type Sbw (m) VeNme Exow- AN
I x w x h (a m) eadt
BurNk:
2491 B Mound Probaby pk burial 1 I b x BA x 0.43 40A + P
4004 B Mound Square mount o>wavd with 3 x 29 x 08 6.7 - PM
tapatonu~rauk in rnourd
4004 C Mrwrd Squaro mound with rauk- 24 s 1.9 x 13 5.9 - PM
them nay ba a second vauk
4004 G Mound Squaro bw mount 27 x 24 x 03 1.9 - PM
4004 H PNdartn Square paved era amp piled 24 x 2A x 02 I A - PM
cobbNs
4013 C Platform Square faced pNtlorm 25 x 22 x Ob 33 + P-H
16130 A Platform Oralar mound d piNd 43 x 4.1 x 0.4 55 + P
cobblm and boulders
16130 B Plat(orm Circular mountd of piNd 36 x 31 x 057 S2 + P
cobbNs and boudars
PossibN Burials: Alwradw irttrpreadon:
2493 A Terrace Temporary habiadon 16A x 85 s 132 165.9 - P-H
2493 B Pladortn Tartporary habiaoon 4A x 25 x 0.48 49 - P-H
400.1 A Platlorm Probably a burial 49 x 3.9 x 0.9 169 - PM
4001 D Enclosure Temporary habiooon 45 x 4.0 x 12 21 b - PM
4004 F Mound Probably a burial 21 x 19 x 037 1.4 - PM
16126 Mound Agrialare 24 x 24x 052 24 - P
16127 D Platform Ceremonial 4A x 4A s 0.45 72 - P
16136 B Mound Agricukure I.I x IA x OSS Ob - P
Ib161 B Mound ABriwkure 25X IS X0.29 29 P
16162 D Patform Pertronem habitation 5.0 x 4A x Ob 12A P
' Probable Age(time ofpnmary us<irdicmedfint)
P Prehistoric
N Niamnc
/ "or"
Tobie I0. Summary of Radiocarbon Age Determinotlons
PFiRI tab. No. Pros G14 /lh G131C-12 G13 'Calrwlrk P~ob~Wlky~~
l.ab No. BETM nrenp Yte. B.P. Ratio Adiuatsd Rang
RC• {one Gi4f1.8a Y~s.AD
e{ra} Yes. B.P.
SITE Ibf 28
1189 46779 fea.6, 190+50 -11.6 400+50 1420.16/0 95.4X
TU-1,
layer 111,
86.105 cmbd
SITE 16143
1188 46778 feaA IIOr90 -25.9 90+90 161D-I955µ 45A%
TU-1,
(ay.r 11.
53-90 cmbd
SfTE 16163
1190 16780 Fea.B, 280 + SO -242 290 + 50 1470-1670 9b.OX
TLL I,HF2, f775-1793 3.OX
layer I42, 1948.1953 I.0%
54.61 anbd
1192 46782 FaB. 180 + 60 .251 180 + 60 ~Q-1¢gQ 86.OX
TLLI, Hf-2. 1743-1802 11.0X
IaYv 11.1, 1938.1954 3AX
54.61 wnbd
1 191 16781 F.a.B, 105.3 + 0.7X -166 103.6 + 0.7X
TU-I, modem modem
layer lF3,
70 anbd
" Cefbvud aomn&rK m Sotiver m1d Aeenen (1986). ~^le of two agnwc
# DenoW Idluenu d bomb C-14,
t
D~R~port 1024-04109! 21
Ta61e 11. Detailed Distribution of Ponoble ArNfocu _
C F w~ N N N N
(~j N
W ~ -H m
~ 1 - ~
13~ N o N •e
0
''-~o - N O -o - O - ~ o o e
<NF N PI
N ~ • - - • • N
r m O • •
~ y ~ - - - N ~ - e'•1 N
1L N
= N F O O - - P O O t
r O ~
S N ~ ~ ~ n - - ~ - N
m
u ~ O
W F . - ~ - M
= y Q O O O O O- O O O O O O - N
p N . • O ~ - . • • -
O « N~ O O O N N O O O a O O 00
N N
•0 r • r - YI N
Z N ~ ~ v
Y
Z O
u
~ a y~ s
Y W 11 W 9 ~ O
~ S Z
o ~ o~ ~~~8
~ ~ 8 8 ~ ~
Dmk~ort 1024-041095 22
Ta61a 12. Datalled DIrtrl6utlon of Mldden
f n ~ = r-wire:~n•.io^~- ^a do 00 3 n~ n g o 0 0
e _
tl ~ 8 0 ~ r i3 8 ~ P. ^n P. 8 °w
- ~ A ~ N •I tl
° ".d 8 8 P8o°tl^8 otl~'~ - o8P8 P oo $ ° 8 8 8 °
V tl F N O N 0 0 N^ P~ O^ O tl ~ O ~ 0 0~ O M h h f« O O O P
v tl N° V h n 1.1 P h a P P O O^ S ^
P O tl N~ •O N-° r tl tl N N !1 ••1
O. N N N M fV ° °
t.° V P P n O m OP O ~ O O~ O S O
r S F : o o~ e: o r: wi o d n ri i o .e
N N N
n $ n •°i,gur8v^i,88oG'i.gNi., ~ 8$gg 8 n`n $ ~ .°n 8 h 8`
V ~H v1 - ~ O GP C C„G GO PC O' CO CC O NG !7 •O C O O N
^ O ~ f A tl tl ^
pj • p • • 0 ' G • • p . p ~ • • • O ~ O O «
^ s « ~a s a
- c o o n o c o r: o o C o o d
•os~l= r- o ~•o « oo d o o o o h e o r:
f Y y S S S S S ftl`. S S~ O S S P S tl P p S S S S V 1 8 N~ • S f
° H G O O 0 0 •0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1~ 0 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 O - C G • y
r S 8 « S
vNj N S S N S N
_ a o_ pp _
N N N tl- 8 N N V O O
~ p P N P O S~ O S S f V S M N p ~ N_ O O
f G 8 ~ O-'- G r P O O tl 0 0 O 8 0 0 0 O O G ~ O O 8 0 0
P ° ^ r O N N - - 1~ O A
O N r N - P P N N N G N
o ri o o o o ~ o e o o wi o •i
tl P g d 8 8 n= 8
w o m ^ r =
~ 8 ~ 8
o $tlo n n
P<- s s g s s ~LLC s s
J • P • • • • ' P ' ' ' C • G P i • G P
~ s B §°e
w w ,f ~ y~y ,p6 4~ •wi A s L4 $Sj 3 a a ~ yid ~ E
c~ E ~ ~ ~ <
~ d d ~ i ~
•
DmR R ort 1024441095 23
Toble 13. General Signf~ieance Asaesunerrcs Md Recommended General Treatmarrcs
• SIHP SignBOnce Evshutloro R~cwtnwdrad Trrmwne
SIn
Numbr A B C D E Nl5 FDC NFW PID PAI
4000 _ _ _ + _ + _ _
4010 - - - - - + - * - -
16132 - - - - + - + -
16138 - - - - - + - + - -
16148 _ _ _ + + _ _
16153 - - - - + - + - -
16159 - - - - - + - + - -
16160 - - - - - + - + - -
$ubtoal: 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 8 0 0
2488 _ _ + _ _ + _ -
2494 _ _ _ + _ + _ _ _
2496 - - + _ + _ _ _
249y _ + _ _ + _ _ _
4002 _ _ _ + _ + _ _
4003 _ + _ + _ _
4011 _ _ + _ + _ _
4012 - - - + _ - + _ _ _
4015 - + + _ _ _
16120 - - * - - + - -
16121 - - - + - - + - - -
16122 _ _ _ + _ + _ _
16123 _ _ _ + _ _ + _ _ _
16124 - - - + - - + - - -
16125 _ _ _ + _ + _ _ _
16126 - - - + - - + _ _ -
16128 _ _ + _ + _ _
16129 - - - + - - + - - -
16131 - - - * - - + - - -
16133 - - - + - - * - -
16134 - - - + - + _ _
General Significance rntegorits:
A=fmpoxara for hiasorirol cmaribution to significant evenuand/or broad poaernr of history
B=lmponma for msociotian with the lives of imPoxant itrdividua4 in history;
C=F,uelknt esampk of site type m local. region, eland State, or Naliaml keel (PHR1=iNerpretive value)
D=lmpoxara for infamnlion corueru, fuxher data collation ntcessary (PHRf=resmrch value)
NIS=No bnger sigrrifieara; significaa informatbn rolleeted; w funherdato colkcdon naesmry (PNRl=rcsmrch value,
SNPO=not signifu~au)
E=Calturolly signifimN /PHRl=cultarol value)
Reeommerded Cenerd Trmmnrts:
FDC=Rather data roOatiout naetsary (detailed raording, sarface collections. and limited exrovations, and
possibly sabrequou data rccavert?mitigarum ercoumions);
NFW=No fuxher wort of any kind necessary. sufficieru data ro7kctad arehaeobgiml elmrmtee
rccommerrdu(ro presnvmion potnuial;
PID=Preservation wilt some level of iNerprclive dtvebpmsru recarmnorded (including aPProP^~ rc~~dala
recovery work):
PAI=Prcrervation "as is," with ro faxher work lard pouibk inclusion into lmtdreopingA ar possibly minimal
fuxherdato roRatian naetmry.
SIHP = Sloe lnveruory of Hirtoric Pbcrs numbers. SINP rtrtrrrberc are firedigit nambert prcfu<ed by 50.10-05 (SO=Stale of '
Nawaii; 10=Lrbnd oJNawaii; 05=USGS ZS'ssrier quad mop ("Xawoihae. Nawoii ")1982)
a
~gmbrt 1074-041095 24
Ta61e 13. Genernl Slgnl~lcance Assesunents And Recommended General Tneotments
(corn.)
SIHP 5'~i'ionca Egluatiom 0.mranarWd Trraotwm
Si4
Numbv A B C D E NLS FDC NFW PID PAI
I6I35 - - - a - - ? _ .
16139 - - + - _ ? _ .
16140 - r _ _ ? _ .
16141 - - - a _ _ a _
16142 - - + ? .
16143 - - + _ _ + _
161M - - + _ + _ _
16145 - - - + _ _ + _
16146 - - - + _ ? _ _ _
16147 - - + _ + _ _ -
16149 - - - a - + _ _ _
16150 - - - + - + _ _
16151 - - - a - _ + _ _
16152 - - - + ~ - - + _ .
16154 - - + _ _ + _ -
I6155 - - - a _ _ + _ .
16161 - - - + _ + _
16163 - - - a _ + _
16164 _ _ _ + _ + _ _
16165 - - - + _ + _ -
16166 - - * - - + _ _
16167 - - + _ - + _ _ _
16177 - - - a _ + _ _ .
Subcoal: 0 0 0 M 0 0 M 0 0 0
2493 - - - + r _ + _
16127 - - + ~ _ + _ ~
16136 - - + • _ + _
16137 - - - + • _ + _ _ r
16162 - - - a • + -
Subrool 0 0 0 5 5 0 S 0 0 5
2491 _ _ + + _ + _ a
4004 _ - _ + + _ a a
4013 - - + a - + - _ +
16130 - - - + + + - +
Subwel: 0 0 0 4 4 0 4 0 0 4
2485 - - + a _ a + .
2499 a + _ + _ +
4005 - _ 4 4 _ 4 + _
16176 - - + + - - a + -
Subtooil: 0 0 4 4 0 0 4 0 4 0
2489 - - + a + - + + _
2498 - - a + + _ a + .
Subtoel: 0 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 0
15261 - - - + + - - + -
Subtooil: 0 0 0 I I 0 0 I 0 0 '
Total: 0 0 6 60 12 8 59 9 6 9
11a~Bennrt 1024-041095
APPENDIX A:
SITE DESCRIPTIONS AND TEST EXCAVATION RESULTS
SITE 2485_.......» »»».»..1
Fenlvit>; A ................................................................................................................................................1
FFw'tvRE B ................................................................................................................................................1
FEn1uRE C ................................................................................................................................................2
F~wTVxE Dl ..............................................................................................................................................2
F~a.'IVxe D2 ..............................................................................................................................................2
Ffnivxa E 1 ..............................................................................................................................................2
Fen'nms E2 ..............................................................................................................................................2
STYE 2488 ...............»..».»»..»»»»..2
fxnnTUxe A ................................................................................................................................................3
Ftnlvxe A I ..............................................................................................................................................3
FEnn71tE B ................................................................................................................................................3
FFnnrns C ................................................................................................................................................3
I'~i1NRE D ................................................................................................................................................4
SITE 2489........»......» ............:..........»»..»....».........................».........».....».......».»....».....»...................4
~ANRE A ................................................................................................................................................4
Subsurface Tesring ................................................................................................................................5
Fer+r[1~tE B ................................................................................................................................................5
Fen~v[eE C ................................................................................................................................................5
Fenlvae D ................................................................................................................................................5
Fan'cuRe A ................................................................................................................................................6
Subsurface Tesring ................................................................................................................................6
~ANRE B ................................................................................................................................................7
Subsurface Tesdng ................................................................................................................................8
SITE 2492 ................................................».»...»»..»».»......»..»............».........................8
FEA7VRE A ................................................................................................................................................9
FEn~nrna B ................................................................................................................................................9
FEn'luxe C ................................................................................................................................................9
SITE 2493......»............».»...» ..................».»...»..».....»».»»....».»...............»......».....................».....»»10
F'cnlvtzE A ..............................................................................................................................................10
FEANRE B ..............................................................................................................................................10
SITE 2494».»»....».»...........».........»»».......»~..»».......».»».......»».».»........».» .............._....»»»..»...»10
SITE 2496 ...........»»».....11
F~aTURE A ..............................................................................................................................................11
FFn'[v1eE B ..............................................................................................................................................11
~A2T1RE C ..............................................................................................................................................11
F7rn'lvtte D ..............................................................................................................................................12
FEnT[txa E ..............................................................................................................................................12
1 ~
Q~w_w IA]d_A11095 11
SITE 2498...........»»....... 12
FEn'tvxe A ..............................................................................................................................................12
Subsurface Testing ..............................................................................................................................13
FEn'ntrsE B ..............................................................................................................................................13
Subsurface Testing ..............................................................................................................................13
SITE 2499..»_.._.......» 14
FEn'rtma A ..............................................................................................................................................14
FEn7vxe B ..............................................................................................................................................14
FEn'1vxE C ..............................................................................................................................................14
FEt+']vxe D ..............................................................................................................................................15
SITE 4000..»._..._»»»....».._ .........»»...._....__...._......15
SIZE 4002...._...»_»_»» 15
SITE 4003.»........» 15
SI'Z'E 4004.......»...»..»._»........»»»....»»_............»...».»»»»_...._. 16
FEA'ruxE A ..............................................................................................................................................16
FEt+'1vxE B ..............................................................................................................................................16
FFr\IVIeE C ..............................................................................................................................................17
FF.n'ruxe D ..............................................................................................................................................17
FEnTURE E ..............................................................................................................................................17
FEn'rukE F ...............................................................................................................................................17
FEA'1u1tE G ..............................................................................................................................................17
Fen1u[tE H ..............................................................................................................................................18
SITE 4005....»......».........._».»...» ......................._..».........»..._»»......»_.............».»......_.......___......»18
FEA']vxF A ..............................................................................................................................................18
FEnTU[tE B ..............................................................................................................................................19
FenZUxe C ..............................................................................................................................................19
FEn7vRE D ..............................................................................................................................................19
Fann'n1tzE E ..............................................................................................................................................19
FEn'ivitE F ...............................................................................................................................................20
SI'Z'E 4010._.»»»............»....»..........._.....».».......».._.....»»»_.»» ................................»...........»_._._»20
SITE 4011...._...».........._»........._..........»...».».»._......»__»___.....»»_._._.... .._...._...»._..........20
SITE 4012...»...»_»_»»»_»...»».»».........»_.».....»...»_..»..._...._ 20
SITE 4013 » ....».»................21
Fennlvrse A ..............................................................................................................................................21
Fann'[vttE B ..............................................................................................................................................21
Fenn7vRS C ..............................................................................................................................................22
Subsurface Testing ..............................................................................................................................11
STI'Ed015»».».»....._._.........»»......_»»..._»..........»»._....» ...23
Fan'lvxa A ..............................................................................................................................................23
FEn1VxE B ..............................................................................................................................................23
FEn7vxe C ..............................................................................................................................................23
FEn']vxs D ..............................................................................................................................................24
R -
Reer.» 1024,.^-x.1095 iii
SITE 15261
SITE 16120 ~
F>:nn'1vte~ A ..............................................................................................................................................25
FFw'rtmt; B ..............................................................................................................................................25
FEn'1vrsE C ..............................................................................................................................................25
Fen7VRE D ..............................................................................................................................................25
Ft=w'tvuE E ..............................................................................................................................................25
SITE 16121 6
SITE 16122........»...._....»........._._»........ 26
FEn'nmL A ..............................................................................................................................................26
Fen'tvsE B ..............................................................................................................................................26
FFw'tvne C ..............................................................................................................................................27
FEnIVRE D ..............................................................................................................................................27
FEn'nrRE E ..............................................................................................................................................27
SITE 16123.. „„.._.27
FEn'[vxe A ..............................................................................................................................................27
FEn'n)xe B ..............................................................................................................................................28
STYE 16124....»._..»......_ ~.............„..28
FEn'IV1~ A ..............................................................................................................................................28
FEn'[vxE B ..............................................................................................................................................28
SITE 16125....._»...._........_.:.»... -•--^•^--_28
FEn'N1tE A ..............................................................................................................................................29
FFn'IV~ B ..............................................................................................................................................29
FEn'1vxE C ..............................................................................................................................................29
FEn'tuxa D ..............................................................................................................................................29
Fenn'[vxE E ..............................................................................................................................................29
FEn'IVRE F ...............................................................................................................................................29
FEnn1RE G ..............................................................................................................................................30
FEn7ursE H ..............................................................................................................................................30
SITE 16126..»_._..........._ _ „.».„_..~..30
SITE 16127..„._....._._........... 0
FEn'nntE A ..............................................................................................................................................31
Subsurface Testing ..............................................................................................................................31
FEn7vxE B ..............................................................................................................................................32
FEn'tvnE C ..............................................................................................................................................32
Fiw'IVeE D ..............................................................................................................................................32
SITE 16128. „„...32
FEn1v1tE A ..............................................................................................................................................33
FEn'tunE B ..............................................................................................................................................33
Subsurface Tesring ..............................................................................................................................33
FEn7trnE C ..............................................................................................................................................34
SITE 16129 .34
FEn'nnee A ..............................................................................................................................................34
+ •
w IAJL11l IAOS IV
Fan'rurt~ B 1 ............................................................................................................................................34
FFwNRa B2 ............................................................................................................................................35
Feanrnl: B3 ............................................................................................................................................35
Fsn'lvns B4 ............................................................................................................................................35
FFalvxe BS ............................................................................................................................................35
FEn'[vxE C ..............................................................................................................................................35
SITE 16130.». 5
FEn'tvxE A ..............................................................................................................................................36
Subsurface Testing ..............................................................................................................................3ti
FFa'1vxE B ..............................................................................................................................................37
Subsurface Testing ..............................................................................................................................37
SITE 16131 ....»...»»......38
SITE 16132.....»».......».»».....~.»»»...._. »»».».........38
SITE 16133._»..»»..___.».»..._._..» ....»....»38
FEn'tvna A ..............................................................................................................................................39
FEn'IU[tE B ..............................................................................................................................................39
SITE 16134 9
SITE 16135 »»»»».~».....39
SITE 16136........._............_.»»..._..._»»»...~ 40
FEn'IVxs B ..............................................................................................................................................40
FEn7uRE C ..............................................................................................................................................41
SITE 16137.......__............»...».__...»».»_._...»........._»»»» ...»»»..».»»..41
SITE 16138 .........».».41
Fan'IV1t>; A ..............................................................................................................................................41
Subsurface Testing ..............................................................................................................................42
FEn'cvxE B ..............................................................................................................................................42
SPTE 16139 »»......»».»...~»42
FEnNxa A ..............................................................................................................................................42
FEn'nl[zE B ..............................................................................................................................................43
FEnltlxs C ..............................................................................................................................................43
STI'E 16140 43
FFw'lvxe A ..........................................................................................................._.................................43
FEn'n1nE B ..............................................................................................................................................44
Subsurface Testing ..............................................................................................................................44
SITE 16141......» ~
FFn'1vrsE A ..............................................................................................................................................44
FFw'IVna B ..............................................................................................................................................45
SITE 16142..»...»..........»........»_.»...... ».».».45
FFwN1zE A ..............................................................................................................................................45
FEn1uRE B ..............................................................................................................................................45
Bryiore tozr.osto9s ~
FFAIVRE C ..............................................................................................................................................45
SITE 16143 46
FFw'tvxe A ..............................................................................................................................................46
Su6surJace Testing ..............................................................................................................................46
Few'nmE B ..............................................................................................................................................47
F&~nmE C ..............................................................................................................................................47
SITE 16144».».„». 47
SITE 16145.._.....»»..»»»». 47
STI'E 16146....._ »»»»»»..»._48
SITE 16147.».».»»».»».....».....».»......»..»..»».»..»..».... ...........»....»..»48
STTE 16148.....» _._.....48
FEnTVna A ..............................................................................................................................................49
FEn~uxe B ..............................................................................................................................................49
SITE 16149.»...........»»._._......__ 49
Fannnrne A ..............................................................................................................................................49
FEn'tvxe B ..............................................................................................................................................49
FEa~[vxE C ..............................................................................................................................................50
FFA'tV1iE D ..............................................................................................................................................50
FEnn'tuxs E ..............................................................................................................................................50
FsnnlvitE F ..............................:................................................................................................................50
SITE 16150.._»».....»»..».».»..»._._......_......»».........».» .....................50
SITE 16151......_._..__.__.__..........._......»...»...........»._._......_.~....... _.»_._..»....50
FEn~nrns A ..............................................................................................................................................5 t
FEn'ivxa B ..............................................................................................................................................51
SITE 16152 .........»......»..51
Fsnnnlxe A ..............................................................................................................................................51
FEnn'nrnE B ..............................................................................................................................................52
FEnn'nrxs C ..............................................................................................................................................52
SITE 16153.......»...»».....»....»»....».».».» .......52
FEn'rtmE A ..............................................................................................................................................52
FannNxE B ..............................................................................................................................................52
STTE 16154..„„„»„ »..»_..53
FEn'iv1eE A ..............................................................................................................................................53
FFnTURE B ..............................................................................................................................................53
FEn7u1tE C ..............................................................................................................................................53
Fann'tvxa D ..............................................................................................................................................53
SITE 16155_».»».» » »......».54
FEn'1vxE A ..............................................................................................................................................54
FEn'NxE B ..............................................................................................................................................54
~01a.n~tnos vi
SITE 16159........_........».
SITE 16160.......... cc
SITE 16161 _
Fen'ivRe A ..............................................................................................................................................55
Fen'lvne B ..............................................................................................................................................55
STfE 16162.». 55
FFn1vRE A ..............................................................................................................................................56
FEn'1vxE B ..............................................................................................................................................56
FEn'lvxe C ..............................................................................................................................................56
FEnlvttE D ..............................................................................................................................................56
SITE 16163.._ ........_.......57
FEn7urs~ A ..............................................................................................................................................57
FEnnrnE B ..............................................................................................................................................57
Subsurface Testing ..............................................................................................................................57
FEn'tuxE C ..............................................................................................................................................58
SITE 16164.__»._..»....._......._.......___.._. _ 58
FEn'ivRE A ..............................................................................................................................................58
FEnNRE B ..............................................................................................................................................58
FennrnE C ..............................................................................................................................................59
SI'Z'E 16165......_..__..._..._.._......„...»..~__........... 59
SITE 16166.....».._.........._....._..........._....__....__.._._......__...._. 59
SITE 16167...__...»......__...__...._.__.......»»...._.._._.....____......__.» ___._59
FF.n'lvxs A ..............................................................................................................................................60
FFANRFC Bl, B2, B3. wrm B4 ................................................................................................................60
SITE 16176._..........___..__......_».».....__ .......60
SITE 16177..._.._....._. 60
FEnIVxE A ..............................................................................................................................................61
FEn'1vxF B ..............................................................................................................................................61
FEn'[vxs C ..............................................................................................................................................61
FEn7VRE D ..............................................................................................................................................62
FEa'cuxs E ..............................................................................................................................................62
DreRReeM* 1024-041095 ~IrA 1
Site 2485
FORMAT. TYPE: Complex (7 Features)
FUNCTIONAL IIVTERPRETATION: Pe®aneot habitation
TOPOGRAPIiY: Gently sloping plateau area on hillside wt by seasonal streams in gulches
VEGETATION: Irountain grass with small kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 150 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is c. 75.0 m northwest of Tt~^~~*hsr»tulu Gulch and o. 50.0 m mauka of the
highway. A treeless grassy area is located between the site and the gulch. Riawe trees surround the
site to the north and west Site 2492 is c. 40 m inland. This site is a complex with seven features:
Features A, B (enclosures); Feature C (depression); Features Dl, D2, ([castes); cad Feamres El, E2
(mounds). Site area measures 39.0 by 12.0 m.
PREVIOUS SITE NUMBER(S): Fl-1 (BPBM), W-11 (PIS
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace with enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Pe®aneot habitation
DIMENSIONS: 12.20 m by 11.00 m by 0.88 m (includes [caste and small alignment to southwest)
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a rectangular enclosure (exterior 12.2 by 5.7 m; interior 49S m~
built on a terrace sad constructed of pahoehae boulders and cobbles. The feature lies on a small
plateau on a hillside that nms northeast-southwest, towaads the sea. The feattu+e slopes slightly w the
south-southeast There is a slight drainage (seasonal) c. 20.0 m to the north. The walls of the feature
are stacked sad faced 3-5 courses high. They have collapsed some oa the downhill side and in the
northern comer where a cupboard was built This cupboard has a top opening c. 0.30 by 0.40 m and
inside dimensions of 0.30 by O.GO m by 0.55 m. Oa the south side is a large 0.70 m laatg waterworn
basalt boulder which is elongate and may have once been upright At the eastern comer, resting on
the edge of the exterior side of the wall, is a 0.05 m thick fine-grained basalt slab. The slab is c. 0.20
m in diameter and one side is slightly concave and extremely smooth. These are small random peck
marks en the surface, suggesting that the stone may have barn used as a grinding slab. There is
sparse midden present, as well as waterworn coral, tiao-gmizrd basalt flakes, a~ basalt cobbles in
the interior. There are two waterworn basalt cobbles on the northeast wall near the north corner.
The terrace area is filled with fallen boulders. The enclosure was apparently a habitation, and the
[errata may have been a garden. Southwest of the wall is a small alignment which seems to have
been cut into the hill. It is unclear whether this is natural or cultural due to the amospiwus shape, lack
of associated middea, and abundance of scattered boulders and cobbles throughout this area.
Feature B
I'ORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL BNTERPRETATION: hrdeteanimte (pe®aowthsbitation-related)
DIMENSIONS: 7.0 by 6.0 m by 0.62 m (includes areas of collapse)
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a low circular wall that suaouads a level area meast¢iag c. 8.75 sq
m. The feature measures 4.8 by 4S m sad is made of pahoehae boulders sad cobbles stacked and
faced, but is now mostly collapsed into to a wide, low pile. A single course of rocks breaches off the
northeast wall to defines a mall, amorphous, circular shape adjacent to the wall. In the vicinity of this
feature are small mounds and circular comaes of rocks. These may have served as planters. Scaaered
to the northeast of the feature are several tiro-grained basalt cobbles that have been broken and
1 •
n. ya R ~ n ~0240b1095 Aee..vti.A 2
appear to have flakes removed Several small flakes west found nearby. A single piece of scoria was
found.
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Depression
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Possible water procurement
DIIv11:TVSIONS: 1.60 m by 1.60 m by 0.70 m
DFSCItIPT'ION: This feature is a small, circular depression in the ground. It is filled in with
pahaehoe bouldess and cobbles. Nearby are two dirt and rock piles which may have come from
excavation of the depression. This feature is similar to the secamstmcted water well at Lapakahi
except it is much smaller.
Feature D I
FORMAL TYPE: Tersace
FUNCTIONAL ]NTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 4.10 m by 1.00 m by 0.36 m
DESCRIPTION: This featuse is a rock pile conning east to west It is constructed of small to medium
subanguhtr basalt stones piled into a low linear alignment
Feature D2
FORMAL TYPE: Teaace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIIvIENSIONS: 4.10 m by 1.00 m by 0.43 m
DESCRIl'TION: This feature is a linear rock pile running east-west perpendicular to the slope. It is
constructed of small to medium subangular basalt stones pited into a low linear alignment It is c. 2.0
m west of Feature A. Featuro DI is just west of this feature.
Feature EI
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 1.00 m by 1.00 m by 0.38 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is constructed of medium subanguha basalt stones piled into a low
circular mound. It lies c. 4.0 m north of Feature B.
Feature E2
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIIvIENSIONS: 1.00 m by 1.00 m by 0.16 m
DESCRIPTION: This featuse is constructed of medium subaugular basalt stones piled into a mound
It is c. 3.00 m south of Feature B and 6.00 m west of Feature C.
Site 2488
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (5 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
• 6
n ,na.;,.,» io2a.oslogc aeM...a.a 3
TOPOGRAPHY: All the features an along the ttorthem beck of Itwrahaldutu Gulch eloping south
to the ocean.
VEGETATION: Fotmtain grass and kiawe are pn:aeat in the sire.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Good
INTEGRITY: Umltered
PROBABLE AGE: PrrListoriFhiatoric (7)
DESCRIPTION: This complex consists of 5ve f~°^TM°°• Features A, Al. B (overbangs); Feamte C
(L-shape): and Feature D (wall). The site dimensions ate c. 50.0 m (north-south) by 20.0 m (rast-
west).
PREVIOUS SITE NUMBER(S): Fl-4 (BPBM)
Facture A
FORMAL TYPE: Overhang
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Terttporary habitati~
DIIvIENSIONS: 2S m wide by 0.8 m high (depth could trot be detr.~ined due to rubble fill)
DESCRIPTION: This featuro opens to the south, slightly above the channel m Bearahalululu Gulch.
The shelter consists of a formation in bedrock with a low wall of stacked pahoehoe cobbles 2-3
courses high in front of the opening. The featme is tenmtively cbosidaed.a psehistotic temporary
habitation based on the absenx of historic debris and the preaeax of marine shell in the cave fill,
which troches almost to the ceiling of the oveahang.
Fecturo A I
FORMAL TYPE: Overhang
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Possible temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 4.0 m wide by 1.0 m high (depth not determined)
DESCRIPTION: This feamre is a natural shelter in bedrock. It opens to the southeast towards the
drainage channel. No cultural modification was noted. The bottom elevation of the shelter is below
the high water malt. At least 0.20 m of soil present within the interior. Although there are no signs
of it on the surface, its assaciadon with Feattre A (a separate feature) suggest that this may be a
temporary habitation feature.
Feattrre B
FORMAL TYPE: Ove~ang
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Possible temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 1S m wide by 0.7 m high
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a nawral mck shelter in bedrock. It is exposed is the north bank of
Reaushalululu Gulch. The floor of the shelter is above the basal elevation of the channel. The feature
opens to the southeast The ovedtang has not hem modiSed and ~ cnltuol remains were observed
on the surface. Soil deposits appear m be shallow. Although these are ao avgas of it m the surface, its
associati~ with Featuro A suggest that this may be s temporary habitatim feature.
ILLUSTRATION(S): Figwe A-1
Facture C
FORMAL TYPE: L-shape
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Ildetermimte
DIMENSIONS: 12.0 m by 7.0 m by 2.5 m
i
DrvkR re 1024041095 AneendorA 4
DESCRIPIION: This well-built feature is placed partially across a dap gulch, opening toward the
ocean 17te feature is constructed of subangular and rounded waterwom pahoehoe boulders stacked
and faxd Cab courses high in places. A few very large bouldeea are inceepooted in the structure,
primarily az the base of the rear wall. The back wall is well constttrcted and is 1.6 m high at its
highest point The sides arc lower and stacked.l7>ere is a natural rock shelter at the northwest comer
that extends north. A terrace is fawned by the trot wall of the enclosure and is covered with small
cobbles. 17x ground su>face w the south (niakei) of the feature lies above the level of the surface
within L-sbape.l3ia may be a historic featum.
Feraturo D
FORMAL TYPE: wall
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Soil retention
DIIvfEDIS1ONS: 13.0 m (north-south) by 6.0 m (west<ast) by 0.7 m
DESCRIPT'ION: Feature D is a ntainiag wall. On the north and west an ouuxupa on which an
waterwam boulders and cobbles piled three courses high. The west wall of the nvetmeat is faced.
The east wall is built of piled warotwom boulders and is also faced. An estimated 0.2rOS m of fore
silt and cobbles was noted behind the east wall. This may be water wash from a gully c. 30.0 m m
the southeast
Site 2489
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (4 Features)
FUNCTIONAL II~'TERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: The ocean is less than Z0.0 m to the west A relatively shat drop off is 10.0-12.0
m west and southwest
VEGETATION: Vegetation consists of fountain grass with small kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 25 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair-poor
INTEGRITY: Possibly altered by recent use
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric-historic
DESCRIPTION: This site consists of a complex with four feanaes: Feature A (eaclosun); Features
B, C (calms); and Feature D (middea deposit). The site mne~x.c c. 32.0 m (north-south) by 17,0 m
(east-west). The features are constructed of stacked waterwom and pahoehoe cobbles oa to two
courses high.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNAITON(S): Fl-5 W-12
Featuro A
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
DIIv1ENSIONS: 6.0 m by 4S m by 0.9 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a rectangular enclosure (interior floor area 22S sq m). The floor is
paved with cobbles. The walls an 1.25-15 m high, and faced oa both sides Cab courses high. The
walls are constnrcted of pahoehae and waterworn coral with some waterwom cobbles and boulders--
much of the wall facing is of water-wom stones. Tho tap surfaces of the walls Gave been
finished with con], a~ the interior of the enclosure has beta raised with a rubble fill w within OS-
0.75 m of the top of the walls. Several possibly utilized basalt cobbles on walls and historic debris on
floor (a large metal can and mayonnaise jar). Middy lies scattered around the eocloswe.
ILLUSTTtATION(S): Figwe A-2 (T[J-1)
G
Drcr2~p ~ 1024-'J41095 Akp ndi. A S
Su6sur(ace Testing
A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TU-1) was placed in the interior portion of the feature within the nibble
floor of the enclosure and along the enclosure wall. A unit datum was set up 0.50 m below the top of
the wall on a rock at the northwest comer of the unit. The following sttstigraphy (see Figure A-2)
was revealed:
North Face
Layer Description
I (0.00-0.61 mbd); cobble layer (mixed with soil);
IIa (0.52-0.86 mbd); light brown fine silt loam; blocky structure:
IIIb (0.82-0.87 mbd); light reddish brown fine silt loam; more compact than IIa; decomposing
basalt
Layer I (0.00-0.61 mbd) consisted of subangulaz basalt cobbles and boulders, and waterworn coral
and basalt cobbles forming the floor of the enclosure. Size of fill material ranges from 0.05-0.35 m.
One species of shellfish (9.02 gm) recovered from this layer.
Layer II (0.52-0.87 mbd) was excavated in four azbitrary 10 cm levels. Layer filled with angular
cobbles, waterworn basalt, and coral. Natural cobbles increase with depth, while manuports decrease.
A small ash lens noted at 0.60 mbd in southeast comer. Some of the shell appeared burned. Artifacts
recovered from the top three levels include two pieces of flaked basalt. five pieces of flaked volcanic
glass, and 93 coral manuports. Over ten species of shellfish recovered from the top three levels of
[his layer. This sub-layer was sterile.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Cair
FUNCTIONAL II~TERPRETATION: Marker
DIMENSIONS: 1.80 m by 1.30 m by 0.45 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a small cairn constructed of subangtilar pahcehce and waterworn
cobbles.
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Cairn
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Mazker
DIMENSIONS: 1.90 m by 1.90 m by 0.55 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a moderate-sized cairn with a hole in the center. It is constructed of
subangulaz pahcehce cobbles piled to form a low mound on bedrock.
Feature D
FORMAL TYPE: Midden deposit
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Food refuse area
DIIvIENSIONS: 1.5 m (west-east) by 1.0 m (north-south)
DESCRIPTION: Tltis feature consists of an oval concentration of marine shell debris located along
[he edge of the sea cliff.
a
l~mk~prt 1024-041096 A~e~d~rA 6
SITE 2491
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Pet~'^t habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: The site is on a gently sloping ridge running northeast-southwest. The majority of
the site is on the northeast-southwest axis of the ridge.
VEGETATION: Vegetation consists of fountain gtass with small kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 150 ft AMSL
CONDIITON: Fair-poor
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site consists of two features. Feature A is a platfotm with an adjoining
enclosure and Feature B is a mound. The site dimensions are c. 27.4 m (west-east) by 35.0 m (nortit-
south).
ILLUSTRATION(S): Figure A-3 (plan view of site)
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): Fl-7 BPBM)
Feaiure A
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure with platform
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Petmanent habitation
DIMENSIONS: 17.40 m by 12.40 m by 0.61 m
DESCRIPTION: The enclosure is roughly square (m~~~~ring 4.6 by 3.6 m; 16.6 sq m) and
constructed of low stacked and piled rocks on three sides. Scattered boulders and cobbles are present
on the exterior side of the three walls. Except for occasional small boulders, the interior of the
enclosure is relatively cleaz and level. The southeast wall is broad and still intact. The slope of the
ridge is greatest in this area and more labor would have been necessary to maintain the same level as
the other walls. The walls are stacked and some waterworn coral was noted. The northwest wall
appears to have been disturbed by road grading, though it appeats that the linear alignment of this
section of wall retnuins intact. Rocks may have been picked from the road and tossed on the wall.
This gives this wall more height than the others.
The platform is rectangulaz with rounded comets that may be a result of damage or collapse, and
measures 4.3 by 3 ~ m (13.8 sq m). It is constructed of pahcehce cobbles and boulders. The
northwest side appears to have been disturbed by the road building, so it may have been larger. The
northeast side boundary is difficult to define and the southeast side slopes off. The interior is
somewhat level except in the southeast. A small area of cobbles is present in the center which is the
most level area. northwest and adjacent to the cobbles are several small bouldets with a large
waterworn coral. Several waterworn basalt cobbles lie nearby.
Immediately on the interior side of the southwest edge is a small cupboard set into the platfotm.
Rocks are stacked to form this square compartment, although the northeast side of the cupboard is
not well-defined.
Subsurface Testlng
Two 1.0 by 1.0 m test units (TIJ-1 and TU-2) were placed in center of this feature. A unit datum
was set up at the surface of the southwest comer of TU-1. This unit datum lies 0.10 m below the
feature datttm. TU-I revealed the following stratigraphy (see field profile in Appendix C):
South Face
L
Drag
Reeflrc 1024-041095 An~endir A 7
Layer Description
I (Surface 0.00-0.32 mbd); cobble layer, abrupt, irregulaz boundary;
II (0.27-0.56 mbd); dark brown (7SYR4/4 dry); silt loam; weak, very fine single grain
structure; loose, friable, sticky, non-plastic consistence;
Layer I (0.00-0.32 mbd) consisted of weathered pahaehce cobbles and boulders. A cowrie shell was
collected from this layer (not processed in the laboratory during this phase).
Layer II (0.20-0.56 mbd) consisted of a natural soil deposit containing a high density of weathered
pahcehce gravel and cobbles. A few marine shell were collected from the top of this layer (not
processed in the laboratory), but these appear to have fallen through the overlying architectural layer.
Excavation terminated when bedrock was exposed throughout the unit floor.
A unit datum was se[ up at the surface of the north comer of TU-2. This unit datum lies 0.14 m
below the feature datum. TU-2 revealed the following stmdgraphy (see photograph of profile in
Appendix C, Figure A-4 presents apost-excavation view of this unit):
Northeast Face
Layer Description
I (Surface 0.00-0.42 mbd); cobble layer; abrupt, irregulaz boundary;
II (0.3Ca0.80 mbd); dark reddish brown (SYR3/3 moist); silt loam; dazk reddish brown
(SYR3/4 dry); weak, very fine single grain structure; loose, friable, sticky, non-plastic
consistence;
Layer I (0.00-0.46 mbd) consisted of the stacked, piled, and paved subangulaz cobbles used in the
construction of the feature. This layer is built on top of Layer II.
Layer II (0.36-0.80 mbd) appears to be natural soil deposit. The only cultural material recovered was
three marine shell fragments and one mongoose skull from the top of the Iayer. These materials were
not saved. Excavation terminated when bedrock was revealed throughout most of the unit floor.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
F[JNCTIONAI. INTERPRETATION: Burial-(possible indeterminate permanent habitation-related)
DIMENSIONS: 11.60 m by 8.00 m by 0.43 m (total area)
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a mound in extremely poor condition. No evidence of stacking or
facing noted. This may be a collapsed enclosure with interior paving. The mound is constructed of
pahcehce cobbles stacked and piled to make a level surface on the slight incline of the hill. On the
dowdtill (SE) side, a linear arrangement of rocks seems to define a boundary for the feature. The
interior is filled with loose rock, possibly from a collapsed enclosure wall, and there are scattered
boulders and cobbles around the exterior, also from the collapse of the feature. Cobbles are abundant
on the downhill side on the east and south. Waterworn coral is scattered throughout the feature, but
more so within the remnant wall. The whole feature slopes to the southeast with the dip of the ridge.
There are several slight depressions in the platform.
The siu of the feature (8.0 by 11.6 m) and the presence of marine shell in the test unit suggest
that it may have been used as ahabitation-related stmcture as well.
a
Drak
ReDOrt 1024041095 AIMw~7r A 8
ILLUSTRATION(S): Figure A-S (TU)
Subsurface Testing
A slight depression in the southwest quadrant of the feature was chosen fat placement of a 1.0
by 1.0 m test unit ('TU-3). A unit datum was set up 0.15 m above the southwest caner of the unit.
The following stmtigmphy (Figure A-5) was revealed:
West Face
Layer Description
I (Surface 0.00.0.39 mbd); cobble layer,
II (0.31-0.43 mbd); dark brown (7.SYR3/2 moist); stony silt loam; dark brown (7.SYR3/4
dry); weak, very fine crumb structure; loose, friable, slightly sticky, non-plastic
consistence;
III (0.35-0.67 mbd); very dark brown (10YR212 moist); stony silt loam; dark grayish brown
(10YR4/2 dry); weak, very fine cmmb structure; loose, friable, non-sticky, non-plastic
consistence;
N (0.47-0.67 mbd); dark reddish brown (SYR3/2 moist); silt loam; dark reddish brown
(SYR3/4 dry); weak, very fine crumb stmcture; loose, loose, non-sticky, non-plastic
consistence;
Layer I (0.00-0.39 mbd) consisted of weathered basalt boulders, cobbles, and coral fill used is the
construction of the feature. Shell midden collected but not processed by the laboratory is this phase.
Layer II (0.31-0.43 mbd) consisted of a thin, stony soil layer (0.02-0.04 m thick). Shell midden was
collected but not processed by the laboratory in this phase.
Layer III (0.35-0.67 mbd) consisted of c. 75°k gravel and marine shell mixed with silt loam. Layer
thickness ranged from 0.16-0.28 m. Shell samples were collected but not processed by the laboratory
in this phase. Human bone fragments were found at the lower level of this stratum within an area that
appeared to be a pit outline. The fragments were covered with cotton cloth, a plastic sheet, and the
excavation was minimally backfilled with soil and rocks.
Layer N (0.50-0.67 mbd) consisted of c. 80'Yo gravel and small cobbles mixed with silt loam. Flaked
basalt and volcanic glass collected but not processed by the labotatory in this phase. Probable human
bone fragments were found at the lower level of this srratttm within an area that appeared to be a pit
outline. The fragments were covered with cotton cloth, a plastic sheet, and the excavation was
minimally backfilled with soil and rocks.
Site 2492
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (3 Features)
FUNCTIONAZ IIVTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: The site is in an area which slopes gently to moderately to the northeast-southwest.
Keauahalululu Gulch is 12.0 m to the southeast.
VEGETATION: Vegem[ion consists exclusively of fountain grass with occasional small kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 150 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair-poor
L
emir R ~ r: 1024-'J41095 ~jpDendir A Q
INTEGRITY: Partially altered by bulldozing
PROBABLE AGE: Historic-prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex with three features. Features A and B are enclosures and
Feature C is a terrace, The site measures c. 27.0 m (east-west) by 19.0 m (north-south). Heavy
machinery has left tracks and disturbed much of the surrounding area. This may be associated with a
past brush fire and fire fighting equipment.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): Fl-8 (BPBM), W-6 (PHRI)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNC'T'IONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
DIMENSIONS: 13.0 m by 9.0 m by 1.46 m
DESCRIPTION: A slightly sloping area is s[urounded by a stacked and faced rock wall that encloses
51.75 sq m. The subangulaz basalt boulders and cobbles have fallen in a few places, bu[ the
rectangulaz shape is intact. The walls are not strnight and may reflect the contour of the hillside
slope, which runs from the northeast uplands to the southeast. The walls have small and large
waterworn basalt boulders throughout. Some waterworn coral lies on the wall in the
northwest. The interior is mostly level in the southeast half and has midden and small
waterworn basalt cobbles. In the eastern corner, the wall forms a small enclosure of its
own. Construction is sirnilaz to the rest of the wall although there appear to be more fallen rocks is
the interior of this small space.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Wall
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
DIMENSIONS: 15.0 m by 13.0 m by 0.66 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is constructed of subangulaz pahcehce piled and stacked to form a wall
that branches from the southwest comer of Feature A. The wall extends southwest for c. 12.0 m,
toms south and extends for another 28.0 m then southeast for 4.0 m where it ends abrnptly. In the
southeast corner of Fea[ure A, a small section of wall tuns southeast for c. 6.0 m and terminates in a
spoil pile. Neazby are signs of bulldozer work. The disturbed area is all around this site, but appears
to have cut out the southeast portion of Feature B. This wall probably formed as enclosure before it
was damaged. It may have enclosed an area measuring c. 162 sq m. There is an abundance of
waterworn basalt cobbles at the perimeter of the disturbed area. Approximately 5.0 m into the wal]
southwest of Feature A is a 1.0 m section of large pahcehce boulders faced 3-4 courses high. It is
incongruous with the rest of the wall and may be a filled-in passage. Sparse midden was noted on the
surface.
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Tetzace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 7.50 m by 0.70 m by 0.28 m
DESCRIPTION: This featree is a terrace of piled pahcehce cobbles and boulders running across the
slope of the hill. The feature is constructed of subanguhtr basalt piled to form a continuous line of
rocks 2-4 courses high. The feature appears to be a wall for use as a terrace. This terrace is washed
out in many places and was initially recorded as Site 2492 in 1982.
i r
QraAR.r~» tn~4-041095 A~p~endirA 10
Site 2493
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation/possible burial
TOPOGRAPHY: The site is on a wide, gently sloping plain c. 100.0 m north of the coast.
VEGETATION: Fountain grass and kiawe are present.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Good
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric-historic
DESCRIPTION: This site consists of two features. Feature A is a terrace and Feature B is a platform.
The site measures c. 22.0 m (northwest-southeast) by 10.0 m (northeast-southwest). The site is c.
30.0 m west of ICeanahalululu Gulch and 30.0-35.0 m mauka of a coastal jeep trail. Site F1-10 lies c.
12.0 m to the southwest.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): Fl-9 BPBM)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Possible burial temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 16.00 m (northwest-southeast) by 8.50 m (northeast-southwest) by 1 ~2 m
DESCRIPTION: Tltis feature is constrncted of subangular and waterworn cobbles and boulders piled,
stacked and faced 8-10 courses high. It has a substantial back wall and elongated east side wall. The
northern wall extends 12.0 m to Feature B. A level paved area ('i!i`ifi) is on the west side within the
side walls. Two distinct levels were noted within the pavement. The slope is to the east. A 6 by 6 ft
treated wooden post was noted buried is the ground southwest of Feature A. It extended c. 0.10 m
above the surface. The condition of the wood was good, suggesting it was relatively recent.
Alternatively, this may be a temporary habitation feature.
ILLUSTRATION(S): Figure A-6
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Possible buriaVtemporsry habitation
DIMENSIONS: 4.00 m by 2.50 m by 0.48 m
DESCRIPTION: This elevated platfoQa is constructed of waterworn cobbles and boulders piled and
stacked 4-5 courses high within the walled area and paved area (Iona) comprising Feature A. The
northeast wall of Feature A extends around the platform to the north. The paved lanai extends to the
southeast. Disturbance of the platform is obvious. It is attributed to vandals searching for grove
goods. The feature appears to post date the constmction of Feature A.
Site 2494
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL IN1'ERPRI:TATION: Permanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: The site is northwest of Yr;anAhAtululu Gulch. Surrounding terrain slopes southwest
approximately 20 degrees.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicket and dense fountain grass.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
i
Drgfk ReAOrt 1024041095 Attoendir A 1 I
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DIMENSIONS: 21.0 m by 15.0 m
DESCRIPTION: This site consists of a two-room enclosure with c. 101.25 sq m of interior floor
space. The floor arcs in one room measures 71.5 sq m; the area of the second room is 29.75 sq m.
The narrow side of the south room is completely open toward the ocean and it extends perpendiculaz
[o the coast. The north room has a relatively small opining oa the ocean side and the long axis of this
room is parallel to the coast. There are three storage areas, all incorporated in the central dividing
wall. A rounded stomge bin open at the top is in the northeast corner of the south room, and there are
two cupboards, one opening into the south room and a much larger one opening into the north room.
ILLUSTRATION(S): Figure A-7
Site 2496
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (5 features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: On a gently sloping ridge.
VEGETATION: Predominantly grass with dense stands of kiawe trees.
CONDITION: Good-fau
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DIMENSIONS: 38.0 m (north-south) by 23.0 m (east-west)
DESCRIPTION: This site is on a ridge just east of Iieawewai Gulch and makai of the coastal jeep
road. This complex consists of Feature A (enclosure), Feature B (C-shape), Feature C (retrace),
Feature D (mound), and Feature E (midden deposit).
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): F3-2, F2-3 (BPBM), Complex C (PHRI), SII3P Sites 2496
and 2497
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
DIMENSIONS: 6.0 m (east-west) by 5.0 m (north-south)
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a rectangular walled structure with two rooms, each measuring c. 6
sq m interior floor area. Each room has a cupboard. The feature is constructed of pahcehce and
waterworn boulders and cobbles. The walls are faced and stacked 46 courses high. Sparse marine
shell was noted on the surface.
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: Site 2496 (SIHP)
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: C-shape
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Indeterminate (permanent habitation-related)
DIMENSIONS: 6.0 m (wes[-east) by 5.0 m (north-south) by 0.3 m
DESCRIPTION: The C-shape opens to the south (seaward) and is constrocted of pahcehce and
waterworn boulders and cobbles piled and stacked. Interior area measures c. 9 sq m. The walls
exhibit some facing 2-3 courses high. Scattered marine shells were noted
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: Site 2497 (SIFIP)
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
a
DmRRgtort 10 4041095 ADpwndtrA 12
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Indeterminate (permanent habitadon-related)
DIMENSIONS: 2.3 m by 1.0 m by 0.4 m
DESCRIPTION: This stone aligatneat is south of the highway and is running across the slope. The
terrace is constructed of subangulaz pahcehce cobbles 0.1 - 0.2 m is diameter. They appear to be
piled, but the structure is in poor condidoa. Based oa the dettse midden concentration, the location,
and construction, this terrace appears to have been associated will[ prehistoric habitation.
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: None
Feature D
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
IUNCTIONAL II~TERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 2.3 m by 1.4 m by 0.5 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a low flat stone mound, and is constructed of subangulaz pahcehce
boulders 10-20 cm in diameter. It is roughly stacked 3 courses high. The platform is core filled with
cobbles c. 0.10 m or less and decorated with coral.
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: None
Feature E
FORMAL TYPE: Midden deposit
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Food refuse area
DIMENSIONS: 17.0 m (north-south) by 14.0 m (east-west)
DESCRIP'T'ION: High density scatter of marine shell (opihi, cowrie, nerita) exposed in roadway on
both sides and in cleared areas. Feature is located 8.0 m northeast of Feature B, and adjacent to
Feature C.
PREVIOUS I'EATURE DESIGNATION: None
Site 2498
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2 Features)
IUNCTIONAL 1NTIsRPItETATION: Ceremonial-temporary habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Rolling ridges with gradual downslope.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicket and dense fountain grass.
EI-EVATTON: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Good
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site consists of a platform (Feature A) and a mound (Feature B). The features
are coasrrcted of stacked and piled basalt cobbles.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): F2-4 (BPBM)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 3.60 m by 2.00 m by 1.30 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature (c. 7.2 sq m area) is constructed of piled and stacked basalt cobbles,
utilizing natural outcrops. Two waterworn cobbles are situated at the northwest end and a few
wa[erwom coral cobbles are present as well. The outer edges are faced. 13e top of the platform is
mostly level but slopes up to the outer edges. The interior was made by piling cobbles over a layer of
L
Draft RMOrt 1024041095 AtMendir A 13
compact clay silt. Spatse midden was found in this silt. The northwest end of the platform has been
disturbed by the roots of a kiawe tree, which has scattered some of the stones. This feature lies c.
15.0 m northeast of the coast; c. 5.0 m south of Feature B.
ILLUSTRATION(S): Figure A-8
Subsurface Testing
The center of the south half of the feature was chosen for placement of a 1.0 by 0.5 m test unit
(TU-1) to test for the presence of a burial (Figure A-8). The following stratigraphy (see Appendix ~
was revealed:
Layer I (approx. 0.00.1.00 mbd) consisted of basalt cobbles and a few waterworn pieces of coral
used in the construction of the feature. No midden or artifacts found in this layer.
Layer II (0.94-1.40 mbd) was excavated in four arbitrary 10 cm levels (designated Levels 2-5) and
consisted of a compact, reddish brown clayey silt containing decomposing basalt cobbles and gravel
and kiawe roots, which increased with depth. Three pieces of waterworn basalt and 15 pieces of coral
noted in this layer. At least four species of shellfish (16.47 gm) recovered from this layer, most of it
in the top level. Excavation tettninated when decomposing bedrock was revealed throughout the unit
floor. No burial was found in this unit.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Ceremonial
DIMENSIONS: 2.00 m by 1.40 m by 0.47 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a mound with an upright tabular stone in the center. The feature was
well-made and the top is flat with faced sides. The feature is constructed of stacked and piled basalt
cobbles. The outer walls are faced. The mound was built around the upright.
Subsurface Testing
A slightly depressed area in the center of the feature, immediately northwest of the upright, was
chosen for placement of a 0.75 by 0.75 m test unit (TU-2). This unit was placed here to test for a
burial. A unit datum was set up 0.25 m above the surface of the unit. The following stratigtaphy (see
Appendix C) was revealed:
North Face
Layer Description
I (0.31-0.55 mbd) cobble layer;
II (0.51-0.74 mbd) dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6 dry) silty clay; abrupt smooth boundary;
very few micro-roots
Layer I (0.25-0.55 mbd) consisted of cobbles used in the construction of the feature. This layer
ranged in thickness from 0.14-0.28 m.
Layer II (0.54-0.74 mbd) was excavated in two arbittary 10 cm levels and consisted of a clayey silt
with basalt cobbles and two pieces of waterworn total. No culttttal material was observed.
Excavation textninated when bedrock was revealed throughout the unit floor. No burial was found in
this feature.
i
DmftReeort 1024.041095 AAAendirA 14
Site 2499
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (4 Features)
FUNCTIONAL II~]'I'ERPRETATION: Pemtanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: The site is on gently sloping plains dissected by seasoml drainage channels.
VEGETATION: Fountain glass and kiawe are present in the ann.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDTITON: Good
INTEGRITY: Altered
PROBABLE AGE: Historic-prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site consists of four features. Features A and B are enclosures and Features C
and D are walls. The site measures c. 51.0 m (east-west) by 26.0 m (north-south). Features B, C, and
D appeaz to be prehistoric constmction and Feature A historic construction, based on associated
material. The site is on a broad, level ridge top c. 30.0 m from the ocean. Keawewai Gulch is 25.0 m
southeast. The coastal jeep road is immediately mauka of the site.
ILLUSTRATION(S): Figure A-9
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): F2-5 (BPBM)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
DIIvIENSIONS: 10.0 m by 8.0 m by 1.4 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a large rectangulaz enclosure (interior area c. 29.25 sq m) with high
walls to rite north, east, a¢d south. The west wall has a narrow opening providing as entrance to the
stmcture. The feature is consttucted of subangulaz pahcehce cobbles that have been stacked and
faced 7-9 cotuses high. Lazge upright shtbs were used along the base of the wall for the foundation.
Deternunation of permanent habitation based on location (good for habitation) and constmction
(well-built).
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL IIVTERPRETATION: Indeterminate (permanent habitation-related)
DIIvIENSIONS: 6.0 m by 4.5 m by 0.6 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a small rectangulaz enclosure (interior c. 8.75 sq m) with low core
Filled walls. A wall (Feature C) extends makai from the southern corner. This wall appeazs to be a
later addition and was constructed of subangulaz pahcehce boulders stacked 3-5 courses high with
faced walls on both [he interior and exterior. I[ is possible that Feature B was a prehistoric structure
that was incorporated into a kuleana wall (Feature C). A small amount of midden was noted on the
surface.
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Wall
FiINCTIONA,L INTERPRETATION: Boundary
DIMENSIONS: 0.75 m by 0.80 m by 0.60 m
DESCRIPTION: Feature C is an L-shaped wall. One leg extends from the southern wail of Feature B
toward the ocean. The other wall forms an obtuse angle extending west. Feature C abuts Feature B,
but it is a separate constmction episode. The wall is constructed of subanguhtr pahcehce boulders c.
10-40 cm across stacked 5-7 courses high. This appears to be a portion of a Iwleana wall.
Drt~R
Rebort 1 02 4-04 1 01 s Aeb'~dir A
Feature D
FORMAL TYPE: Wall
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION:Boundary
DIMENSIONS: 8.0 m by 4.5 m by 0.6 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a wall remnant faced on two sides and cots filled. The feantre is
constructed of subangulaz pahcehce boulders 0.1 to 0.3 m in diameter stacked two wurses high.
Theta is a piece of cowl and several pieces of waterworn basalt incorporated into the structure. The
siu, configuration and type of construction suggest that this small remnant may represent the
remains of a kuleana wall which was extensively disturbed by road building. This portion of the wall
could have tied into Feature C.
Site 4000
FORMAL TYPE: Wall
TOPOGRAPHY: The site is in a flat azea.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicket and dense fotmtain grass.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Poor
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: His[oric
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Boundary
DIMENSIONS: 30.0 m by 1.1 m by l ~ m
DESCRIPTION: This site is immediately mauka of the coastal jeep road and abuts Keawewai Gulch.
The site consists of a wall. It extends SE-NW from the edge of a gulch. The wall is constructed of
pahcehce boulders and cobbles. Facing is apparent on bout sides. The rubble filled wall has coursing
5-8 stones high. The mauka-makai road cuts through the wall. This wall is interpreted as a historic
period kuleana wall.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): F2-6, F2-7 (BPBM)
Site 4002
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habimtion
TOPOGRAPHY: The site is on a trazrow ridge crest north of Keawewai Gulch. Bedrock is exposed
along the crest.
VEGETATION: Kiawe trees and low fountain grass.
ELEVATION: 60 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehismric
DIIEENSIONS: 3.00 m din. by 0.35 m
DESCRIPTION: This low circulaz mound (c. 7.1 sq m) is constructed of piled small subangulaz
pahoehce cobbles. Marine shell found scattered around mound.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): F2-8 (BPBM), A-15 (PHRI)
Site 4003
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
Der
~ R ~ rt IOZ4-041095 Abbe dir A 16
TOPOGRAPHY: The site is on a gentle ridge.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicket and dense fountain grass.
ELEVATION: 100 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Good-fair
INTEGRITY: Umltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric-historic
DIMENSIONS: 9.0 m by 8.5 m by 0.8 m (includes area of midden on exterior)
DESCRIPTION: This site consists of an irregularly shaped enclosure (c. 8.0 by 5.0 m; interior area c.
18.0 sq m) with walls built of pahoehce boulders and cobbles (some waterworn) stacked and faced 3-
4courses high. Three cupboards were noted. A historic pot and a possible grinding stone were
recorded near the west wall. The presence of marine shell was noted oa the slope west of the feature.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): F2-9 (BPBM), A-1 (PHRl)
Site 4004
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (8 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Burial
TOPOGRAPHY: Gentle south slope west of I{eawewsi Gulch and east of the Waiakailio Bay
drainages.
VEGETATION: Tall grasses.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Farr
INTEGRITY: Partially al[ered by bulldozing and vandalism
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric/historic
DESCRIP'T'ION: This site is north and west of the major intersection of the coastal jeep trail and [he
mauka-nutkai road. The site consists of eight features. Features A and H are platforms; Features B, C,
F, and G are mounds; Feature D is an enclosure; and Feature E is a wall. The site measures a 60.0 m
by 40.0 m.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): F2-10 (BPBM)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
I-[JNCI'IONAL 1NTERPRETATION: Possible burial
DIMENSIONS: 4.8 m by 3.9 m by 0.9 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a rock platform built up against Feature E and joined to Feature B by
a cobble runway. The center has a roughly square opening. The opening is recessed on two sides.
Soil and cobbles are slumped into the middle. The platform is constructed of carefully stacked and
faced basalt stones forming a hollow interior and straight outer walls. Four to eight courses were
noted and the top of the platform appears to be paved with small stones W make it fairly flat. At the
base of Feature A there is a low c. 0.10 m paved area between the platform and Feature C. The
opening in the center may be the result of vandalism.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Burial
DIMENSIONS: 3.0 m by 2.8 m by 0.8 m
DESCRIPTION: The small stacked basalt mound has a number of capstones laying across the top a[
the opening. Construction consists of carefully stacked and placed basalt stones which create a vault
within the mound. Interval uprights support the capstones. Smaller cobbles surround the uprights and
i
D R ort 1024041095 ~mdir A 17
form the mound. Large stones capping the internal hollow vault have been removed. Feature B is
joined to Feature A by a short cobble nmway.
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Burial
DIMEINSIONS: 2.4 m by 1.9 m by 1.3 m
DESQtTP'IION: Stacked pahoehce cobbles form a distinct square mound with sloping walls and a
hollow interior. Access to the interior vault is through a supported arch is the north face. Pillar stones
support horizontal beams above and inside the opening. Thera is a Large stone on the south side of
the feature that might cover another internal vault.
Feature D
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Possible burial/temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 4.5 m by 4.0 m by 1.2 m
DESCRIPTION: Feature D is a rectangular shaped enclosure with two compartments separated by a
common center wall. The feature is oriented north-south and is constructed of stacked pahcehce with
faced walls inside and out. This feaaue is within a complex of several other features. This feature
and most others in the general area are all well constructed. Midden to the south of the feature, but
none inside the enclosure.
Feature E
FORMAL TYPE: Wall
FUNCTIONAL IIVTERPRETATTON: Boundary
DIMENSIONS: 41.0 m by 0.8 m by 0.6 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a long, L-shaped wall. It appears to be the remmnt of an enclosed
complex, possibly a kuleana wall. The wall has bcea truncated by the coastal jeep trail to the west. A
gap c. 5.0 m wide separates the southern end of Feature E from Site 4000. The gap was probably
caused by bulldours during Fire suppression. In the immediatt area, sevtml other walls appear to
have once been connected, creating an enclosed area several acres in extent. These other walls
include Site 2199 to the southwest, Site Fl-7 to the SE, Site 4000 to the east, and 4004 along the
north and northeast. The area to the south had been extensively disturbed by bulldozing which would
have removed any cultural material. Keawewai Gulch is further south.
Feature F
FORMAT. TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Possible burial
DIMENSIONS: 2.10 m (north-south) by 1.80 m (east-west) by 0.37 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a low, basalt rock mound constructed of stacked and piled stones. It
appears to have once been square in plan view. The dispersed nature and overall low height suggest
the mound had been disturbed.
Feature G
FORMAT. TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Burial
DIMENSIONS: 2.7 m by 2.4 m by 0.3 m
Dntft~R
Jlort 1024-~J41095 ADDendixA /8 '
DESCRIl'TION: Basalt blocks were stacked and piled to form a square, low mound adjacent to
Feature F.
Feature H
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL II~'1'ERPRETATTON: Burial
DIMENSIONS: 2.4 m by 2.0 m by 0.2 m
DESCRIPTION: The platform consists of piled basalt cobbles. The cobbles form a square paved area
that is slightly raised above the strtrouading ground surface.
Site 4005
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (6 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Gentle slope that is above drainages running into a small bay just south of
Waiakailio Bay.
VEGETATION: Tall fountain grass, kiawe further inland and along drainages.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Good
INT'EGRIT'7C: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Historic
DESCRIP'T'ION: This site is southeast of an unnamed drainage and mauka of the coastal jeep road.
An open grassy pazk is to the east and south. The site is a complex with six features. Features A, B.
and C are enclosed platforms; Features D, E, and F are all enclosures. The sire measures c. 48.0 m
(north-south) by 21.0 m (east-west) and consists of stacked basalt stone walls and waterworn paved
floors on naturally raised mrtaces. The features were originally recorded by the Bishop Museum
(Bonk 1968) as separate sites (F2-11-F2-15). During the statewide Inventory of Historic Sims in the
1970s, individual features were given Stara sim numbers (4005-4009) and the entire area was
included within the Waiakailio Bay Complex (50.10-OS-4156) and placed on the Hawaii Regismr of
Historic Places. This is treated as a sim with multiple features.
ILLUSTTtATTON(S): Figure A-10
PREVIOUS S1TT: DESIGNATION(S): Sims 4005 to 4009 (SIHP), F2-11 BPBM), Complex B
(PHRI)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosed platform
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
DIMENSIONS: 17.0 m (north-south) by 13.5 m (west-east) by 1.20 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a rectangular enclosed platform with a paved, associated possible
storage area to the north. The platform (c. 33 ~ sq m area) is higher than the storage errs and is
paved with waterworn pebbles. The possible storage errs is paved with small waterworn cobbles and
pebbles. In the storage area is a Large wamrwom rectangular slab. In the southwest comer of the
enclosure built up against the wall is another possible storage errs constructed mostly of waterworn
basalt and coral boulders and cobbles. Feature A is the southernmost end of a large complex.
Proximity to a small cave probably made it a prime location for habitation. Construction and
widespread midden debris suggest long-mrm use of the structure.
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: Sim 4005
DraftRM~K 1024-041091 ,~,p'nd~rA 19
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosed platform
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRITATION: Pemuweat habitation
DIMENSIONS: 8.0 m (east-west) by 5.0 m (north-south) by 0.3 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is an enclosed tectaagtrlar platfoffi with a lanai on the seaward side.
Up to 0.75 m of fill was placed along the western end of the lanai area ro build it up to the level of
the bedrock outcrop on the eastern end. The platform is composed of 'ili'ili over bedrcek. The
western edge of the platform is raised c. 0.30 m above the /anal, which is also paved with 'ili'ili. T11e
low wall at the edge of the lanai is 0.30 m above the surface of the lanai but 0.75 m above the
unmodified surface outside of the enclosure. The wall and raised platform consist of subaagular
pahcehce cobbles and grovel. Both stacking and facing are evident end range from 3-8 courses. A
naturai bedrock outcrop was incorporated into the southeast section of the wall. Surface midden is
visible throughout the feature.
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: Site 4006
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosed platform
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Pem><went habitation
DIMENSIONS: 8.00 m (east-west) by 4.00 m (north-south) by 1.12 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is an enclosed platform witFt a lanai. There is s wall on the east side of
the platfoan and the west side of the lanai. The wall is constrtcted of stacked subangular and
waterworn pahcehoe cobbles and incorporates some bedrock outcrops. The interior of this platform
is much deeper than the other platforms meaning it was either built in a nanaal basin or in an
excavated area. The wall between the lanai and the main dwelling area is more substantial than in
Features A and B. Surface midden visible throughout feature and one sherd white glazed earthenware
tle noted.
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: Site 4007
Feature D
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCIIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permwent ]utbitaton
DIMENSIONS: 8.00 m (east-west) by 7.00 (north-south) by 0.85 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature was built on a retrace. It is constructed of stacked basalt to form a
roughly square wall outline 2-5 courses high. The west and north walls have been built incorporating
outcrops. Surface tnidden was noted.
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: Site 4008
Feature E
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL IIVTERPRETATION: Canoe shed
DIMENSIONS: 15.0 m (east-west) by 7.0 m (north-south) by 1.4 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is at the westernmost edge of the complex. Feature D abuts this feature
to the southeast and Feature F abuts the feature to the south. This enclosure is a four-sided structure
wilt chest-high walls on the north, south, and east sides. The west wall is lower end parallels the
terrace edge facing rte ocean. It is constructed of stacked basalt blocks and large waterworn stones
four to six courses high. No midden noted. Morphologically, this appears to be a canoe shed.
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: Site 4009
Drag
Resort 10 4-041095 Aon. d~ A 20 '
Feature F
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Indeterminate (permanent habitation-related)
Dflv1ENSIONS: 7.0 m (north-south) by 6.0 m (east-west) by 0.4 m
DESCRII'1TON: The south and west walls are part of one continuous wall that started at Feature C.
The east wall of the enclosure consists of a bedrock ledge. The entryway to the enclosure is on the
west side. A slightly higher bedrock terrace is immediately to the east.
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: None
Site 4010
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Animal husbandry
TOPOGRAPHY: The enclosure is on a slope trending southwest toward the ocean. The terrain is
rough with many lazge boulders.
VEGETATION: There is a lazge kiawe tree inside the enclosure. Kiawe and fountain grass cover the
adjacent area.
ELEVATION: 60 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric historic
DIMENSIONS: 18.0 m by 13.0 m
DESCRIPTION: This site is a low walled enclosure that served as a stock pea. It is constructed of
subangulaz pahcehce boulders 15-50 cm in diameter. It is faced on both sides 1-3 courses high.
Bedrock and large boulders are incorporated into the structure. Tlure are several very large boulders
(greater than 1 meter) inside the enclosure. Spazse middea noted on the surface. The discontinuous
nature of the wall and its overall siu may suggest a historic corral utilizing barbed wire.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): F2-16 (BPBM), A-12 (PHRI)
Site 401 I
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Rolling hilltop that is part of a broad ridge between two intermittent drainages.
VEGETATION: Grasses and kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 60 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Historic-prehistoric
DIIvIENSIONS: 10.3 m (north-south) by 7.6 m (east-west)
DESCRIPTION: This site is athree-roomed walled structure. Total floor area of the three rooms is c.
30 sq m. It is constructed of pahcehce cobbles and boulders stacked three to five courses in places.
The wall between the western rooms is a faced stack of stones. Hidden acrd historic refuse were
noted. Hidden also observed outside of structure.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): F2-17 (BPBM), A-6 (1'HRI)
Site 4012
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure with platform
DrcrR Report 1024-041095 Aear•a%r A 21
FUNCTIONAL IN'fERPRETAII0N: Permanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: The site is oa a hilltop, near ravines.
VEGETATION: Kiawe overstory and dense fountain grass uadetstory.
ELEVATION: 50 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Umltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric/historic
DIMENSIONS: 6S m by 5.0 m by 0.7 ro 1.0 m high
DESCRIPTION: This site is a stacked basalt enclosure with a platform to the northwest, connected to
the enclosure. Enclosure floor area a 19 sq m; platform area o. 16 sq m The feature is mnsttucted of
stacked and piled basalt 2-4 courses high that form the walls. Rusted cookware acted at this
feature-not known if it is rotated to the occ»pation of this feature.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): F2-18 (BPBM), A-7 (PHRI)
Site 4013
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (3 Featuros)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Burial-animal husbandry complex
TOPOGRAPHY: Ridge slope of exposed bedrock along drainage edge.
VEGETATION: Grass and kiawe.
ELEVATION: 80 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair-poor
INT'EGRIT'Y: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric-historic
DESCRIPTION: this site is c. 250 fr mauko of a coastal jeep trail along a low drainage channel. The
site is a complex with three featuros. Feature A is a modified outcrop, Featuro B a terrace, and
Feature C a platform. The site dimensions are c. 71.0 m (north-south) by 25.0 m (east-west). the
features are wnstructed of stacked basalt rock walls which incorporated bedrock exposures.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): F2-19 (BPBM), A-13 (PHRn
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Modified outcrop
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Animal husbandry
DIMENSIONS: 30.00 m by 0.43 m by 0.18 m
DESCRIPTION: this featuro consists of a low wall built along the edge of a drainage channel on
exposed bedrock. A larger, deeper channel is to the west side of the exposed bedrock. The featuro is
constructed of piled subanguhu pehoehoe cobbles aligned along the edge of the exposed bedrock.
The wall is not continuous, but has several gaps. Bedrock was iacorporeted into the wall when
possible. This appears to be the remains of a corral.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Animal husbandry
DIMENSIONS: 11.00 m by 4S0 m by 0.21 m
DESCRIPTION: This featuro is a series of discontinuous low walls extending across a bedrock
enclosure. Feature A is along the eastern edge of the bedrock while Feature B is on the western edge
and extends across the exposure. The feature is construcrod from loosely piled pahaehoe cobbles 1-3
courses high. Gaps in the walls wire apparent in some areas. this appears to be the remains of a
corral.
s
DrcAiRi'P-' 1 021-04 1 095 AoA~nd:A ~
Foature C
FORMAL TYPE: PLUform
FONCITONAL IId'TERPRETATION: Burial
DIMENSIONS: 2S m by 2.2 m by 0.6 m
DESCRIYfION: This feature is a faced rock platform east of a shallow drainage that has a low wall
along its western edge. The feature is t~nstmcted of piled and stacked subanguhtr and waterworn
pahoehoe cobbles. The exterior walls are faced 2-3 courses high in some areas. Paving is evident in
the noRheast comer of the pLuform, and a small hole was present at the platform's center. The
southwest portion is slightly altered due to collapse.
ILLUSTRATION(S): Figure A-11
Subsut face Tetting
The center of the platform. which included a small pukes, was chosen for placement of a 1.0 by
1.0 m test unit (TU-1). A unit datum was act in the northwest comer 0.30 m above the surface. The
following stratigtaphy (see Appendtz C) was revealed:
North Face
Layer Description
I (0.240.98 mbd); cobble layer,
II (0.841.02 mbd); very dark brown (10YR2/2 moist); silt; dark brown (10YR3/3 dry); weak,
very Erne single grain structure; loose, very friable, sticky, non-plastic consistence;
III (0.91-1.06 mbd); cobble layer,
IV (0.92-1.20 mbd); very dark brown (10YR2/2 moist); silt; dark brown (10YR3/3 dry); weak,
very Erne single grain structure; loose, very friable, slightly sticky, non-plastic consistence;
V (I.15-1.32 mbd); black (2.SYR2/0 moist); silt dusky red (2SYR3/2 dry); weak, very fine
single grain structure; loose, very friable, slightly sticky, non-plastic consistenx;
Layer I (0.240.98 mbd) consisted of pahoehae cobble fill used in the coas[ruction of the feature.
This layer ranged in thickness from 0.4'7-0.63 m. Waterworn cobbles, marine shell, and basalt flakes
were noted throughout layer. Artifacts were collected, but not processed in the laboratory during this
phase.
Layer II (0.841.03 mbd) consisted of >90% pehoehoe cobbles and small boulders. Marine shell was
collected form the layer, but was not processed in the laboratory during this phase.
Layer III (0.91-1.10 mbd) consisted of a layer of boulders and cobbles. No artifacts or marine shell
were recove¢d.
Layer IV (0.92-1.20 mbd) consisted of >9096 cobbles and grovel. Charcoal. marine shell, and fine-
grained basalt flakes were evident throughout the layer.
Layer V (1.09-1.32 mbd) mined with stream gravel. Excavation temvmted when a human burial was
encountered at the lower level of this layer. The remains appear to be of an articulated adult (sex
indeterminate) with fire bones in fair condition. Identifiable bones included the skull, femur, pelvis,
humerus, clavicle, scapula, and ribs. The burial was oriented E-W. The skeletal remains wero
1
DrnR,~ort 1 02 4-04 1 095 Ane.nA'r A 23
covered with cotton cloth, a plastic sheet, and the excavation was minimally backfilled with soil and
nicks.
Site 4015
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (4 Features)
FUNCTIONAL IIVTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Exposed ridge north of Waiakailio Bay
VEGETATION: Fotmtain grass and scattered kiawe ones.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Partially altered by bulldozing
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: The site measures c. 40.0 m (north-south) by 28.0 m (westtast) and consists of a C-
shaped alignment (Feature A) and three temporary habitation enclosures (Features B, C, and D).
Only a shallow cultural deposit, if any, appears to exist at this site. The site lies between a sea cliff
and a coastal jeep road, on en exposed ridge that faces south of a prominent alw and north of a gully.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): FZ-21 - 24 (BPBM), Complex A (PHRI), Sites 4015-4018,
4156 (SHIP)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: C-shaped alignment
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 4.0 m (north-south) by 5.0 m (west-east)
DESCRIPTION: This fcantre is a C-shaped alignment that opens toward the sca. It is poorly
constntcted. Materials used in construction ate pahoehoe and waterworn boulders and cobbles.
Midden is evident and abundant within the feature. Interior area measures c. 4.0 sq m. Bulldozer
disturbanx spoil piles and coastal jeep trails are to the east and north.
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: Site 4015 (SIIIP)
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL II~'TERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIIvIENSIONS: 8.2 m (east-west) by 8.0 m (north-south) by 0.60
DESCRIPTION: This feature is an amorphous-shaped enclosure with a small rectangular central
open area. Interior area measures c. 4.0 sq m. It is consuucted of pehoehoe boulders and cobbles
piled and stacked several courses high. Some mari~ shell was noted in area.
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: Site 4016 (SIHP)
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL II~TTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 10.0 m (east-west) by 7.0 m (north-south) by 0.7 m
DESCRIPTION: This fesmre is roughly circular and built with a rectangular interior compaztment. It
is constructed mostly of stacked basalt boulders and cobbles with some waterworn boulders and
cobbles. Interior area measures c. 4.0 sq m. Midden was visible on the surface of the feature.
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: Site 4017 (SIIIp)
D_
reft
Retort 1024-041095 Aeeendic A 24
Feature D
FORMAT. TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Tempamry habitation
DIMENSIONS: 13.0 m (east-west) by 8.0 m (north-south) by 0.6
DESCRIPTION: The feature is an amorphous-shaped two room mclosuts. It is constructed of piled
basalt and waterworn boulders and cobbles. Some sections of the feature have been snicked one to
two cottrses high. Interior area measures c. 8.0 sq m. Two low possible teaaces were noted just
southeast of the feature. Midden noted surtotmding feature. Bulldozer disturbance is evident to the
east, alongside the coastal jeep trail.
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: Site 4018 (SIHP)
$ItC ~SZ6~
FORMAL TYPE: Ttuil
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Trnosportation
TOPOGRAPHY: Grass covered as flows and shallow gulches sloping seaward.
VEGETATION: Fomtain grass and mall kinwe trees.
CONDITION: Poor
INTEGRITY: Altered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site consists of portions of a maukn-makai trail that extend north-south into the
project area. The northern end of the hail, as currently identified, begins c. 10.0 m south of the
Mahukona-I{awaihae Highway in the eastern portion of the project arcs. Discantinttous sections
continue c. 150.0 m south to Site 4010. The trail follows the east side of a shallow gully and consists
of sections of worn path and a short (c. 23 m) section with small boulders lining the north side and
bedrock outcrop on the south. Small pieces of coal ate peesrnt on the surface of some sections. The
sections vary in width from c. 0.52-0.68 m. Although erosion, caused by water runoff following the
pathway, appears to have caused the greatest amoum of destruction, mechanical clearing has also
removed some of the trail.
She 16120
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (5 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Undulating sloping terrain down to ocean, located on the ridge crest with unnamed
draimge to the southeast.
VEGETATION: Dense kiawe thicket and fountain grass in the center of the site.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair-poor
INTEGRITY: Umltered
PROBABLE AGE: Historio-prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex with five features. Feature A is a platform, Features B and C
mounds, Feature D a terrace, and Feature E a C-shape. The site measmes c. 343 m (noAh-south) by
25.0 m (east-west). The fcatures are rnnshucted of subaagular basalt stones and cobbles piled and
stacked with some facing within strttcdurs. Thor poemble remains found at this site were two metal
bowls in Feature A. Waterworn cobbles and coral ttridd~ were found outside of the feahnes.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): W-1 (PHRn
• Druk
Rernrt 1 021-04 1 093 AM+.~dir A 25
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
DIMENSIONS: 10.00 m by 7.50 m by 0.70 m
DESCRIPTION: This featue is rectangular with four taixd sides and a relatively level surface (c. 36
sq m). The oily faced wall is on the noAhwest comer of the pLUfo®, which is 4-5 cotnses high and
has stones ranging in size from c. 0.10 to 0.75 m This area forms a C-shape structure within the
feature. There is a rectangular cupboard in the cents of the feature c. 2.20 m (east-west) by 1.00 m
(north-south). A 1.00 m bowl is included in the cupboard and one Loge metal bowl frnmd c. 0.60 m
north of this vault. This is a depressed cupboard. The southwest caner of the feature is higher than
the rest. Midden noted on the feature exterior.
ILLUSTRATION(S): Figure A-12
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agricultme
DIMENSIONS: 4.00 m by 2.60 m by 0.40 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a citcuLtr pile of loosely stacked basalt stone on a fLu area near a
bedrock outcrop. Tire center is raised some with sloping sides and to facing. The feature measures c.
4.0 m (east-west) by 2.6 m by .40 m. Some waterway total and basalt were soled. Cultural material
was found outside of the feature.
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 2.75 m by 2.00 m by 0.30 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a circular, loosely piled basalt filled mound. The center is raised,
with sloping sides and no facing. It is 20.00 m east of an old jeep mad, 1.00 m south of Feature B
and c. 7.00 m west of Feature A.
Featuro D
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 8.00 m by 1.50 m by 0.35 m
DESCRIPTION: This featuro is a linear basalt filled terrace with the north edge even with the Bound
and the south raised/filled to ilre same ground level. It is c. 20.0 m east of an old jeep road, a 2S m
south of Feature C, and 2.0 m west of Feature A.
Featuro E
FORMAL TYPE: C-shape
FUNCTIONAL II~TERPRETATION: Indere+*r+~~Ar~ (permanent habitatiot-related)
DIMENSIONS: 4.0 m by 3S m by 0.4 m
DESCRIPTION: The feamre is constructed of basalt subaaguLrr rocks piled into a C-shape structure.
Loose rubble is abundant and the feature has collapsed in several areas. The opening faces the sea
(west). It is c. 24.7 m south of Feattm A and c. 22.0 m east of the coastal jeep toad. The overall
feature measures c. 3.5 m (north-south) by 4.0 m (east-west) by 0.4 m. No waterworn cobbles were
found on the structure.
1i ,
Dr~nR_ R1~2 1024-041095 Aenr~dir A 26
Site 16121
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Ridge slope imm.~tinr.ly north of ICeanahalululu Gulch, slope to southwest.
VEGETATION: Fountain grass, Iaawe trees.
ELEVATION: 50 fr AMSL
CONDTIfON: Fair-good
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoridhistoric
DIIv>QISIONS: 7.00 m by 5.00 m by 130 m
DESCRIPTION: This rectangular enclosure is built on a bedrock exposure. It has m interior area of
c. 6 sq m. The feature is constructed of basalt and waterworn boulders and cobbles, and portions are
core-filled. The south part of the wall is faced Cr10 courses. No portable remains visible an the
surface. The site is c. 15.0 m makai of Feature B of Site 2488.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): W-2 (PRAT)
Site 16122
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (5 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Open ridge slope north of Keaaahalululu Gulch sloping to the southwest and ocean.
VEGETATION: Kiawe and grasses.
ELEVATION: 75 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Good-fair
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex with five features. Features A and B are cairns, Features C
and D are terraces, and Feature E is an enclosure. Site measures 42.0 (north-south) by 20.0 (east-
west).
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): W-3 (PRAT)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Cairn
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Marker
DIMENSIONS: 2.0 m by 2.0 m by 0.9 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a circular rack pile constructed of piled and stacked basalt boulders
and cobbles and subangular pshoehoe. Several segments are faced 2-3 courses high. A portion of the
cairn to the north a~ west side has been dismantled. The structtue is hollow.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Cairn
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Marker
DIMENSIONS: 4.0 m by 3.0 m by 0.8 m
DESCRIP'T'ION: This feature is a raagwy circular rack pile. A portion of the cairn has been
dismantled. It appears to be hallow inside and several of the sides are faced.
praR R 102 041095 s~tr'~rA ZS
Feoturo A
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL INTI]tPRETATION: Permanent habitation
DIMENSIONS: 10.00 m by 7S0 m by 0.70 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is rectangular with four wised sides and s telaavely level surface (c. 36
sq m). The only faced wall is on the notthwest corxr of the platform, which is 4-5 courses high and
has stones ranging in size from c. 0.10 ro 0.75 m. This anew forms a Gshape sttucmre within the
feature. There is a tectanguhtr cupboard in the inter of the feature a 2.20 m (east-west) by 1.00 m
(north-south). A 1.00 m bowl is included in the cupboard aad one large metal bowl found c. 0.60 m
north of this vault. This is a depressed cupboard. The southwest comer of the featttre is higher than
the rest. Midden noted on the feature exterior.
ILLUSTRATION(S): Figure A-12
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIlVIENSIONS: 4.00 m by 2.60 m by 0.40 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a circular pile of loosely stacked basalt stone on a flat area [tear a
bedrock outcrop. The center is raised same with sloping sides and no facing. The feature measures c.
4.0 m (east-west) by 2.6 m by .40 m. Some waterworn coral and basalt were noted. Cultural ttraterial
was found outside of the feature.
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculttre
DIMENSIONS: 2.75 m by 2.00 m by 0.30 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a circular, loosely piled basalt filled mound. The center is mired,
with sloping sides and no facing. It is 20.00 m east of ao old jeep toad, 1.00 m south of Feature B
and c. 7.00 m west of Peatute A.
Featuro D
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 8.00 m by 1.50 m by 0.35 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a linear basalt filled terrace with the north edge even with the ground
and the south raised/filled to the same ground level. It is c. 20.0 m east of an old jeep road, c. 2S m
south of Feature C, and 2.0 m west of Feature A.
Featuro E
FORMAL TYPE: C-shape
FUNCTIONAL IIdI'ERPRETATION: Inddr~~~Ar~ (permanent habitation-related)
DIMENSIONS: 4.0 m by 3S m by 0.4 m
DESCRIPTION: The feature is consavcted of basalt subengular rocks piled into a C-shape stttrctttre.
Loose nibble is abundant and the feature has collapsed in several areas. The opening faces the sea
(west). It is c. 24.7 to sottth of Feature A and c. 22.0 m east of the coastal jeep toed. The overall
feature measures c. 3.5 m (north-south) by 4.0 m (east-west) by 0.4 m. No waterworn cobbles were
found ~ the structure.
i
Dreg It_.w..e+ 1021-04109 Aen..vti• A 27
Featuro C
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 5.0 m (north-south) by 1.0 m (east-west) by 0.3 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a low, linear wall aligned perpendicular to the elope. It is consh[cted
of wsterwom boulders.
Featuro D
FORMAT. TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 6.0 m by 6.0 m by 0.3 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is constructed of pahoehoe and waterworn cobbles and boulders placed
next to and piled on top of m outcrop to create an L-shape ahgoment. The east-west acm ntns
parallel to the slope, and the north-south arm extends perpendicular to the slope.
Featuro E
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTI1tPRETATION: Permanent habitation
DIMENSIONS: 12.50 m (north-south) by 11.50 m (east-west) by 0.75 m
DESCRIPTION: This enclosure is a low rectangular wall. It is c. 9.00 m south and west of Feature
D. The enclosure is constructed of basalt and waterworn boulders and cobbles. The exterior part of
the west wall is faced about four cotuses high. The southwest wall is stacked and faced and the north
portion of the wall is decaying and lying in nibble. Some Wadden is visible on the surface.
Site 16123
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2)
TOPOGRAPHY: Flat area on edge of a sea cliff. Cliff overlooks outlet of I:eaoahnlululu Gulch.
VEGETATION: Deane kiawe thicket surrounding grassy area (fountain gees).
ELEVATION: 100 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Poor
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temponuy habitation
DESCRIPTION: This site is north of I~eanahalululu Gulcb, makai of the coastal jeep trail. The site is
composed of two features. Feature A is midden concentration: Feature B is a wall. Site covers area
35.0 by 18.0 m.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): W-4 (PHRI)
Featuro A
FORMAL TYPE: Midden
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Faod refuse area
DIMENSIONS: 18.0 m (northwest-southeast) by 12.0 m (noRheast-southwest)
DESCRIPTION: The midden deposit is sparse and includes coral. The deposit is 10.0.14.0 m from
the edge of the cliff. The deposit is exposed and is adjacent ro s low stone wall that Wens west w east.
9096 of midden concentrated in a c. 24 sq m area. At least four species of marine shell was noted. A
0.04 by 0.06 m piece of volcanic glass on the surface. Rexnt hash and fire heaAhs also noted.
s
Drag R'nort 1014.04 /095 e g
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Wall
FUNCTIONAL 1NTERPRETATTON: indetermi~:te
DIhfII~iSIONS: 5.0 m (east-west) by 2.0 m (north-south) (wall c. OS m wide)
DESCRIPTION: The wall is coasutrctal of waterworn cobbles and coding bedrock. It appears to be
related to Feature A, and could be the remains of a temporary habitation or sgdculture structure.
sn~ 16124
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2 Features)
TOPOGRAPHY: Flat ridge top gently sloping southwest to the sea.
VEGETATTON: Kiawe overstory with tall fountain grass understory.
ELEVATION: 50 fr AMSL
CONDIIION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATTON: Temporary habitation-agriculture complex
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex with two features: Feature A is a C-shape and Feature B is a
mound. The site dimensions are 18.0 m (north-south) by 10.0 m (east-west). The site is located on
both sides of coasts{ jeep road (C-shape is mauka, mamd is makai) and north of ICeanabaluiulu
Gulch.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATTON(S): W-5 (PHRI)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: C-shape
FUNCTIONAL 1NTERPRETATTON: Temporary habitation
DA4ENSIONS: 9.40 m (east-west) by 8.70 m (north-south) by 0.43 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a C-shape enclosure. The walls ate somewhat collapsed. There is a
hearth within the structure. Stacked and piled basalt cobbles form the walls a~ partitions of this
stntcture. There ate also severai waterworn cobbles present in the walls. The thick vegetation makes
it impossible to tell if cultural deposits are present.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
PUNCTTONAL II~'TERPRETATTON: Agriculture
DIhfEPISIONS: 2.0 m by 1.0 m by 0.3 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a stone pile makai of the jeep trail. It is constructed of medium-sized
subangular basalt stones piled in an oval motmd No portable romaias were observed
Site 16125
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (9 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATTON: Agriculture-temporary habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Undulating gentle slope to the ocean (to the southwest).
VEGETATION: Hoary fountain grass and thick kiawe. Dead breaches and trees everywhue.
ELEVATTON: 25 h AMSL
CONDITION: Poor
1NT'EGRTTY: Umltered
i
n. yA~~a 1024-041095 AeM+~r A 29
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex with eight features: Feature A (modified outcrop); Features
B, C, D, E (retraces); and Features F, G, H (phufotms). These festrues are ooastrrrcted of subangular
basalt cobbles a~ pebbles, with waterwe~m cobbles and total, loosely stacked. Features are in poor
condition. The site measures c. 43S m (north-south) by 28.0 m (east-west) and straddles a coastal
jeep road just north of the low drainage.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): W-7 (PHRI)
Featuro A
FORMAL TYPE: Modified outcrop
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 7.00 m by 3.50 m by 0.75 m
DESCRIPTION: SubanguLrr basalt cobbles are piled in a depression to the level of the outcrop,
making a flat surface two courses high.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 4.0 m by 1.5 m by 0.5 m
DESCRIPZION: This is a linear rectangular basalt cobble £pied stnrctrue. It is constructed of piled
and stacked subangular stones. A stone anvil is found on the west end.
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 2.8 m by 1.1 m by OS m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is conswcted of subangular basalt cobbles and two boulders piled and
stacked in a rectangular farm.
Feature D
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 1.50 m by 1.00 m by 0.45 m
DESCRIPTION: This terrace is rectangular. It is loosely piled with basalt. Dead trees and branches
cover some of it to the west.
Feature E
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL IIdTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 2.4 m by 1.0 m by 03 m
DESCRII'"I'ION: This terrace is poorly constructed of subanguhrr basalt cobbles piled loosely in a
rectangular shape.
Featuro F
FORMAT. TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL IIdTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
n~~port 1024-041095 AEDrndittA 30
DIbfEPISIONS: 2.5 m by 2.2 m by 0.2 m
DESCRBPTION: This feature is a circular, cobbL}filled structure built of loosely piled subanguLrr
basalt and waterworn cobbles. Waterworn cobbles in feature. Functioml assignment based on the
surface morphology. No portable remains noted in feature.
Featuro G
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTONAL IldTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIIvfEIdSIONS: 2.8 m by 2.0 m by 0.1 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is constructed of subanguLtr basalt cobbles loosely piled in an
amorphous shape. Waterworn cobbles in feature. Functional assignment based on the surface
morphology. No portable remains noted in feature.
Feature H
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL ]N'I'ERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 4.5 m by 3.5 m by 0.3 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a very poorly wnstructed circular pLUform overlooking the ocean.
There is no real boundary observable to the feature aad it just appears to be rocks strewn all over. It
is built of subanguLtr basalt cobbles not even stacked, just thrown on the ground in a loose circle.
Midden on bedrock c. 3.5 m seaward Waterworn cobbles and coral in feature.
Site 16126
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Possible burial agriculture
TOPOGRAPHY: Moderately sloping northeast-southwest and az the edge of gulch where a seasonal
stream mns.
VEGETATION: Clumps of fountain grass and occesioml small kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 100 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Partially altered by bulldozing
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DIIvIENSIONS: 2.40 m by 2.40 m by 0.52 m
DESCRIPTION: Pahoehce boulders and cobbles are piled to form this amorphous-shaped mound at
the edge of a culturally-important gulch. There are five rocks on top of the mound which are slightly
Lager than the others. This may be the foundation for an elongate war«avom boulder that was found
below the top of the gulch edge. This may have been an upright on the mound LsoLued, possible
hatnmerstone found 27S m southwest of the mound. Bulldozing noted throughout vicinity.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): W-8 (PHRI)
Site 16127
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (4 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: The site is on a gently sloping ridge overlooking the ocean. The ridge is bounded
by gullies to the southeast and northwest.
VEGETATION: Vegetation in the area consists of kiawe and fountain grass.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
.
p~iC~~ 10 4-041095 Aex.kl'r A 31
CONDTfION: Fair
INT'EGRIT'Y: Umltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: TLis site is a complex with four fe^h+~a• Feanues A, D (platforms); Feature B (C-
shspe): and Feature C (wall).1he site measures c. 48.0 m (east-west) by 36.0 m (north-south). and is
consontcted of piled, stacked, and faced pahoehae utilizing natural outcrops.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): W-9 (PHRI)
Feature A
FORMAI.1'YPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Parma^.-~t habitation
DIIv1EIQSIONS: 9.0 m by 6.5 m
DESCRIPTION: TLis is a roughly oval raised platform. The northers portion of the platform is
mound-like. Within the southwest patios of the motmd is what appears to have been a small vault.
1'he southern portion of the momd is fbu. Extending from the platform, toward the southwest, is a
low collapsed alignment. 11use are three depressions in the phufotm 17u Lngest is oval and is
centrally located. Oa one side of the depression aro stones stacked three courses high and faced. In
the southeast portion is a smaller circular depression. In this depression are stoles stacked four
courses high.
Subsurface Testing
An area in the eastern half of the feature was chosen for placement of a 0.75 by 0.90 m test unit
(TU-1). A unit datum was set up 0.30 m on a rack above the surface of the southwest comer of the
unit. T'be following suatigtaphy (see Appendu C) was revealed:
North Face
layer Description
I 0.32-0.91 mbd, 52 cm is thickness; rock layer,
II 0.88-0.94 mbd, 6 cm in thickness; dark yellowish brown (10YR4/2 dry), very dark brown
(lOYR?/2 moist); silt loam; weak. file, granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky,
slightly plastic consistence; common. very fine to fine mots; abnrpt, smooth boundary;
III 0.92-1.07 mbd, 10 cm in thickness; dark brown (7.SYR3/4 dry), very dark brows (10YR2/2
moist); silt; moderate. medium, granular structure; loose, very friable, slightly sticky,
slightly plastic consistence: few, very fine roots.
Layer I (0.32-0.91 mbd) consisted of piled subangular basalt and waterwaa cobbles, plus sane coal
and waterworn call. No artifacts or middes found is this layer.
Layer II (0.88-0.98 mbd) included midden a~ basalt gravel. One artifact was recovered, a modified
shell. At least ten species of shellfish (117.38 gm) and a small amount of rat bone were also
recovered from this layer.
Layer III (0.92-1.07 mbd) included midden snd decomposing bedrock. One artifact was recovered, a
pier of fhtked volcanic glass. At least nine species of shellflslr (33.11 gm) and a small amount of rat
hose were also recovered fiom this layer. Excavation te®insted when bedrock and decomposing
bedrock was revealed throughout the unit floc.
{)raft R~ort f 024-0{ 1095 AAtia.der A 32
Featuro B
FORMAL TYPE: C-shape
FUNCTIONAL IlV'TERPRETATION: Indeoeramiaste (pumanent habitation-ieiated)
DA~IJSIONS: 7S m by 7.0 m by 0.4 m
DESCRIPTION: This low feature lies on top of a low knoll ixar the coast. It forms roughly a C-
sbape with the opening toward the ocean (southwest). There is a middea deposit southwest of this
opening. The feature is bail[ of subangntar pahoehoe cobbles and small boulders c. 0.1 - 0.2 m
across. Portions are stacked 3.4 worsen high and waterworn basal[ and coral are incorporated in the
structure.
Featuro C
FORMAL TYPE: Wall
FUNCTIONAL IId'TERPRETATION: Boundary
DIMENSIONS: 26.00 m by 1.50 m by 0.07 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is on a ridge sending southwest toward the ocean; there is a small
gully to the northwest. The feature is a wall which ca®sists of two adjoining sections. O~ section
{C-1) runs c. north 330° and is southwest of Feature B; the other (C-2) tuns southwest 214° along a
ridge line between Feature A and a gully. Feature C-1 is constucted of subangular pahoehoe.
Portions are faced 2-3 courses high. Feature C-Z is in poor condition, almost completely collapsed,
and it is not possible to determine how it was wnstruc[ed. Feature C-2, like C-1, appears [o have
served as a retaining wall. C-1 appears to be associated with Feature B, and C-2 appears W be
associated with Feature A. This integrretation is based on the location of the walls relative to nearby
structures and terrain.
Feature D
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Ceremonial-possible burial
DIMENSIONS: 4.00 m by 4.00 m by 0.45 m
DESCRIP'ITON: This feature is a small, low terrace containing rocks that form a platform.
Constructed of subangulat pahoehce c. 0.10 - 0.40 m in diameter, the terrace is stacked up to eight
courses high and the phuform is one course high. On the southwest portion of the platform is a small
upright held in place by a circle of rocks. The presence of a purposely placed upright w this
structure suggests that it was used prehistorically as a shri~.
Site 16128
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (3 Features)
FUNCTIONAL IIV'TERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: The site is an a small ridge between two gullies. The ridge slopes toward the ocean
(soutbwest).
VEGETATION: Fountain grass a~ kiawe are the dominant types of vegetation.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Good-fair
INI~GRTIY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex with three features: Fcatutes A, C (teQSas), and Feature B,
(platform}. The overall site dimensions are c. 17.0 m by 12.0 m. Moat of the structures have
collapsed.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): W-10 (PHRI)
Drat art 1024-041095 Abn~tirA 33
Feutturo A
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Soil retention
DIMENSIONS: 11.00 m by 4.00 m by 0.15 m
DESCRIIrPION: This feature is built perpendicular to the contour of the land. The surface above the
terrace is covered with rocks. Sites W-09 and W-10 are separated by a gully. Feature C-I of Site
16127 is c. 10.0 m southeast of the gully; Site 16128 is c. 20.0 m northwest of the gully. A second
gully lies c. 25.0 m to the N-W forming a ridge which slopes toward the ocean. It is c. 50.0 m
southwest 225°.
Feaaturo B
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
DIMENSIONS: 6.50 m (east-west) by 6.00 m (north-south) by 0.55 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a ]ow platform with collapsed vault to the south. Constructed of
subangular pehcehce boulders c. 0.30 to 0.60 in diameter, it is a level, partially paved surface lying
above a retrace (Feature A). The interior consists of rubble. A large waterworn basalt boulder lies in
the center. The level surface upslope from the terrace (Feature A) was created from a layer of
subangular pahcehce capped by a thin veneer of waterworn pebble pavement.
Subsur(oee Testing
An alignment of stones c. 0.6 m north of the possible "cupboard" potion of Feature B was
chosen for placement of a 1.5 by 0.5 m test unit fI'U-1). Elevational datum was placed on a tree
sapling c. 0.5 m to the east of the unit. The following stratigmphy (see Appendix C) was revealed:
North Face
Layer Description
I (0.40-0.74 mbd); rock layer,
II (0.74-0.86 mbd): brown/dark bmwn (7.SYR4/4 dry). browddark brown (7.SYR4/2 moist);
silt: moderate. soft, very friable, non-sticky, slightly pLudc consistence: comma, micro to
very fine roots; common, micro. vesicular pores: abnrpt, smooth boundary;
III (0.86-1.02 mbd); dark brown (7SYR3/4 dry). dark brown (7SYR3L2 moist); silt; moderate,
very fine. granular structuro; soft, friable. slightly sticky, non-Plastic consistence; common.
medium roots; common. fine. vesicular pores.
Layer I (0.67-0.74 mbd) consisted of a scatter of subangular cobbles. Two waterworn cobbles found
within the layer. The presence of abundant artifacts, marine shell, and charcoal in Iayer II and III
argues for the latter interpretation.
Layer II (0.74-0.86 mbd) contained artifacts and midden. Cultural material recovered ate: a shell
hook blank, a piece of flaked basalt, two pieces of flaked volcanic glass, and six coral manuports. At
least ten species of shellfish (56.07 gm) recovered from this layer.
Layer III (0.86-1.05 mbd) contained middeo. artifacts, charcoal, a~ ash. The charcoal and ash wen
not present in sufficient amounts or conoenttation to call it a subsurface feature. However, a charcoal
_ -
Dreg R~., 102~f
^4 X095 And,py8r A
sample was submitted for tadioeatbon age deteaminstion. TJme sample taken retcaned a calibrated
date range of AD 1420-1640 (nee Geodfcllow, this report). Gtltutal material recovered includes
seven piers of flaked volcanic glass. a coral abrader. oce piax of modified basalt, 14 teal
tnanuports, and one ecbinoid menttpoR. At least twelve species of shellfish (81.23 gm) recovered
from this layer. Excavation teminated when bedrock was revealed tbrotrghout the wait floor.
Fmture C
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Indeterminare (permanent habitation-related)
DIIv1ENSIONS: 10.50 m by 3.0 m (terraced area; terrace is 1.25 m aide) by 0.50 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is an alignment that generally follows the wntour of the ridge slope. A
very small portion of this terrace is stacked two courses high. Construetioa materiel is pahoehce. The
majority of [he feature is collapsed. The condition of this featuue is so poor that it is ~t possible to
determine its original outline, but it appears to follow the same contour as the Feature A retrace. A
concentration of rocks is c. IZ.0 m from Feaam C Hidden and pieces of coral and waterworn basalt
visible on the surface near this feature.
srce rbr29
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (7 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Gentle southwest sloping ridge just south of Keanahalululu Gulch.
VEGETATION: Fountain grass, kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 120 ft AMSL
CONDTIION: Poo-fair
INTEGRITY: Partially altered by road coastructian
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex with seven features: Feature A (enclosuue); Features 81, B2,
B3, B4, B5, and C (terraces). Site mea.4unes 78.0 (east-west) by 40.0 (north-south).
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): W-13 (PHItl)
Featttro A
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitadan
DIMF.DTSIONS: 16,00 m by 10.00 m by 0.45 m
DESCRPITION: This feature is a rectangular walled sttucaue along the ridge crest. The long axis of
the feature is oriented perpendicular to the slope, providing a good vantage to the west and
southwest. It is constrr[esed of primuily subangular pehoehoe cobbles and boulders stacked 2-4
cotuses high. There is a level floor farmed in the interior of the strucutre. A little middea and a lo[ of
modem trash noted on the surface. Feature impacted by road cut. Road cut indicates that cultural
deposit is shallow and near the surface.
Pasture BI
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 11.0 m by 3.0 m by 0.4 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a one of a series of five walls (Bl-B-S) along the moderate to steer
south bank of Keanabalululu Gulch. It is consweted of both subangular pahoehee and coral m
waterwom cobbles and boulders piled, stacked arKi faced 3-5 high.
it
Dreft~port 1024.041095 A,M'~1" A 35
Featuro 82
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL II~T'ERPRI:TATION: Agriculmre
DIMENSIONS: 12.00 m by 1.25 m by 0.30 m
DESCRIP'fI0N: This feature is perpendicuLr w the slope of Keanaiudululu Oulch. It is conshucted
of both subangular pahoehce and coal and waterworn cobbles and boulders piled, stacked and faced
3-5 cotases high.
Faaturo B3
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIM[1dSIONS: 4.0 m by 0.8 m by 0.4 m
DI:SCRIPTTON: This terrace is oriented diagonally to the fall line of Keanahalululu Gulch. It is
coostructed of both subangulaz pahcehce and coral and waterworn cobbles and boulders piled,
stacked and faced 3-5 courses high.
Featuro B4
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL IIVTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 10.0 m by 2.2 m by 0.5 m
DESCRIPTION: This terrace is perpendicular to the slope of Keanahalululu Gulch. It is constructed
of both subangulaz pahcehce and coral and waterworn cobbles and boulders piled, stacked and faced
3-5 courses high.
Featuro BS
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTIItPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 10.0 m by 2.0 m by 0.3 m
DESCRIPTION: This terrace is perpendicular to the slope of Keaoahalululu Gulch. It is constructed
of both subangulaz pahcehce and coral and waterworn cobbles and boulders piled, stacked and faced
3-5 courses high.
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 4.2 m by 4.0 m by 0.7 m
DISCRIPTION: This feature is s small pile of stacked pahcehce cobbles near an intermittent
drainage cha>mel is ICeanahalululu Gulch west of the bladed roadway. It is in relatively thick
vegetation.
Site 16130
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Burial
n..,H R.w..w rn~11J41n95 Mfl~dirA 36
TOPOGRAPHY: Gently sloping to level plateau on the ridge crest. The ridge is broad with edges
marked by utmamed intermittem chamek flowing southwest to the sea
VEGETATION: Fountain grass, kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 100 fr A,MSL
CONDITION: Poor
INTEGRITY: Site suffered extensive alteration by bulldoting
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex with two feattaes (Feanues A, B), both phttform/possible
burials. They are consnucted of pahaehae boulders and cobbles piled into circular mounds. Possibly
most of this site has been bulldozed away and all that remains are midden, flno-grained basalt tools,
and flakes, and the two features. The site is c. 100.0 m makai of the Mahukom Highway strd north of
Sites 2485 and 2492.
PREVIOUS STIR DESIGNATION(S): W-14 (PHRT)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Burial
DIIvIENSIONS: 4.3 m by 4.1 m by 0.4 m
DESCRIPTION: This featme is a platform constructed of pehoehoe boulders and cobbles piled to
form a circular mound oa a fairly level plateau area of anortheast-southwest ronning ridge. Two
secondary stream gulches flank the ridge. It is gently W moderately sloping. The feature appeared to
have been previously excavated because mmy of the boulders were found scattered on the southern
edge.
Subsurface Testlng
A depression is the center of the feature was chosen for placement of a 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit
with a subsequent 1.0 by I.5 m extension excavated to the east (TU-1). A unit datum was set up 0.14
m above the northeast (highest) corner of the original unit. The following straagraphy (see Appendix
C) was revealed:
South Face
layer Description
I (0.30A.48 mbd in original unit; 0.32-0.48 mbd is extension): cobble layer,
II (0.48-0.57 mbd in origiml unit; 0.42-0.54 mbd in extension): dark brown (7SYR3/2
moist); stony silt loam: dark broav (7.SYR3/3 dry); weak, very fine crumb structure; loose,
friable, non-sticky, non-plastic consistence;
III (0.52-0.70 mbd in original trait: 0.52-0.65 mbd m extension); dark brown (7.SYR3/2
moist); silt; dark brown (7.SYR3/3 dry); weak, very fine single grain structure; loose, very
friable, sticky, non-plastic consiste~e;
TV (0.62-0.90 mbd in original unit: 0.60-0.85 mbd in extension); dark brown (10YR4/3 dry);
sandy loam
Layer I (0.14-0.48 mbd) consisted of >90% basalt cobbles and boulder fill used in the construction of
the feature. Rocks are piled rather than stacked No artifacts of marine shell was noted.
s
DmR Ree~n 1024-04109.E _ ADnpntllr A 37
Lays II (0.30-057 mbd) consisted of >90rX~ basalt cobbles. Marine shell was collated, but sot
processed is the laboratory doting this phase.
Layer III (OS2-0.70 mbd) wnsisted of c. 90% basalt cobbles and c. 1096 marine shell is soil matrix.
No artifacts recovered, but marine shell saved although it was not processed is the laboratory in this
phase.
Laya 1V (0.60-0.95 mbd) consisted of > 9096 basalt wbbles. No artifacts mtbveted, but marine shell
was saved, although it was sot processed in the laboratory in this phase. At 0.66 mbd an infant skull
was identified, wedged under a decaying bedrock overhang. The overhang was removed ro reveal
additional bone fragments, including ribs belonging to the infant. A ftagntented adult ht~an bone
was also found within this lays. The remains rested largely in the extension of the TU-1, beneath a
basalt boulder. The platform appears to be the site of a multiple burial that has been partially
exhumed. The skeletal remains were covered with cotton cloth, a plastic sheet, and the excavation
was minimally backfilled with soil sad racks.
Feature B
FORMAT, TYPE: Platform
I-UNCTIONAL ]NTEl2PRETATION: Burial
DIMENSIONS: 3.60 m by 3.20 m by OS7 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a platform constructed of pahoehoe boulders and cobbles piled to
form a circular mound on a fairly level plateau area on anortheast-southwest ruing ridge. Two
secondary stream gulches flank the ridge. Tt is gently to moderately sloping. Platform is slightly
domed at the cents. A bedrock outcrop is visible along the west and south edges of the platform.
Subsurface Testing
The cents of this feature was chosen for placement of a 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (N-2). A unit
datum was set up in the southwest comer of the unit. The following st:atigraphy was revealed (See
Appendix C):
South Face
Layer Deseriptron
I (Surface 0.00-0.34 mbd); cobble layer,
II (0.30-0.40 mbd): dark brown (7.SYR3/2 moist); silt loam; dadt brown (7.SYR3/3 dry);
weak, very fine single grain structure; loose, friable, sticky, nos-plastic consistence;
III (0.3g-OSl mbd); dark reddish brown (SYR2.5/2 moist); silt loam; dark reddish brown
(SYR3/3 dry): weak very fine single grain semctme; loose, very friable, slightly sticky,
son-plastic consistence;
IV (0.44-0.73 mbd); dark reddish brown (SYRZS/2 moist); stony silt loam; dark reddish brown
(SYR3/4 dry); weak, very fine to fine crumb strttcmre: loose, very friable, slightly sticky,
non-plastic consistence;
Layer I (0.00-0.34 mbd) consisted of a cobble lays. Four waterworn botildets and tree waterworn
cobblc tested on the surface. No midden or artifacts were found.
a
n..
;HR~.Port 102.041095 An~iidixA 38
Layer II (0.30-0.40 mbd) contained no cultural material other than one marine shell fragment, which
was noted, but not saved. Wsrerwom basalt cobbles and gravel present as inclusions.
Layer III (0.38-0.61 mbd) was a sterile Iayer. Decomposing bedrock cobbles and gavel noted
Layer IV (0.53-0.86 mbd) contained a braial. A fragmented human burial was found at 0.78 mbd. A
possibly utilized waterworn basalt cobble was found associated with the skull. The skeletal remains
were covered with cotton cloth, a plastic sheet, a~ the excavation was minimally backfilled with
soil and rocks.
Site 16131
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: The terrain slopes on three sides, most steeply towards the ocean.
VEGETATION: Kiawe and fountain grass.
ELEVATION: 50 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: PrehistoticJhistoric
DIIvffiNSIONS: 8.00 m by 6.00 m by 1.35 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a rectangular enclosure on a knoll c. 17.00 m south of 4005-9
complex. The closure is constructed of subangular pahoehx boulders 0.20 - 0.90 m in diameter.
faced on both sides 1-3 courses high, and filled with 0.10 - 0.15 m cobbles. Bedrock forms the
foundation of much of the structure. The southwest portion of the floor is higher than the rest sad
may be a remnant platform. The origiml floor may have been paved There is a division down the
center of the structure. The possible paved flooring would suggest that this is a prehistoric structure
yet the high walls suggest a historic occupation.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-2 (PIIRI)
Site 16132
FORMAL TYPE: Wall
FUNCTIONAL 1NT'ERPREfATION: Boundary
TOPOGRAPHY: A basalt ledge at the water's edge on a steep slope
VEGETATION: Grosses and kiawe nearby.
ELEVATION: ZS fr AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Umltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoridhistoric
DIIvfED1SIONS: 2.40 m by 1.60 m by 0.87 m
DESCRIPTION: This sire is a T-shaped retaining wall of waterworn basalt boulders sod cobbles.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-3 (PHRT)
Site 16133
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2 Feattuss)
FUNCTIONAL IIV'TERPRETATION: Water procurement and control complex
TOPOGRAPHY: On a gently sloping south fax of a ridge overlooking a small dxaimge channel.
VEGETATION: Grasses with kiawe nearby in thickets.
ELEVATION: 50 fr AMSL
L
t1mRy~ort 1024-041095 Aaawnd'r A 39
CONDITION: Good
INTEGRITY: Umltered
PROBABLE AGE: Historic
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex with two features: Feature A (well) sod Feattae B (dam).
They are consnucted of cemented stacked basalt boulders. Bank (1968:21) noted the existence of a
windmill here in the 1930s foc watering cable prior to shipping. The date on the eonctete footer for
the windmill is 1 U6/31.
PREVIOUS FEATURE DESIGNATION: A-4 (PIIRI)
Fdturo A
FORMAT. TYPE: Well
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Water procurement
DIMENSIONS: 7.8 m by 7.7 m by 1.3 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a walled enclosure built into the hillside with a deep well in the
center. A steel pipe extends out of the well and up the hillside. Concrete pylons lie to the east.
During the 1930s the Wsiakailio Bay area was the focus of a cattle shipping operation. Features A
and B were probably associated with this operation.
Feiaturo B
FORMAL TYPE: Dam
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Water control
DIMENSIONS: 10.1 m by 8.3 m by 1.0 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a dam and retention basin built across a channel m dam uP the water
that flows out of the pipe, from the well. The feature is constructed of stacked basalt cobbles is a
roughly circular fashion. The dam and retention basin am associated with cable ranching in the
Wsiakailio Bay area.
Site 16134
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
TOPOGRAPHY: Hilltop with exposed bedrock on a ridge overlooking Waiakailio Bay to the north.
VEGITATTON: Grosses and kiawe thickets.
ELEVATION: SO fr AMSL
CONDITION: Good
INTEGRITY: Altered by bulldozing and dumping
PROBABLE AGE: Historic
FUNCTIONAL I1V'TERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 4.80 m by 3.30 m by 0.31 m 8 sq m interior area)
DESCRIPTION: This site is a basalt walled st:nctme with a separate chimney and a pebblo-lined
floor. The walls are coasavcted of stacked stones. Waterworn stones and coral make up the paved
floor. A possible entryway is present on the east face. The chimney extends north from the wa11.
Galvanized roofing lying on ground near feature. Hidden noted
PREVIOUS STIE DESIGNATION(S): A-5 (1'HRI), Site 4014 (STHP)
Site 16135
FORMAL TYPE: Wall
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Indete®inate
TOPOGRAPHY: This site is on a slope et the top of a ridge. A runoff charnel is to the north.
0
DmRRtpart 1024-041091 A(~~endirA 40
VEGETATION: %iawe is adjacent to the wall; other kiawe and fountain glass is present in the area
ELEVATION: 150 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Partially destroyed by bulldozing
PROBABLE AGE: HistoriFprehistoric (7)
DIbffi~ISIONS: 7.00 m by 2.00 m by 0.70 m
DESCRIPTION: This site appears m be a remnant of as enclosure that was extensively disturbed by
bulldozing during installation of flood control pipes under the highway. The wall is
curved, suggesting it formerly extended around seaward. The wall is bifaced and core-
filled, constructed of subangular pahoehoe c. 0.15 to 0.55 m across and stacked 3-4
courses high. The only portable remains observed were rusted metal strips noted on top of
the enclosure wall. Same marine shell was noted, but this was thought to be a product of road wash.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-8 (PHRT)
Site 16136
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (3 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture-possible burial
TOPOGRAPHY: High on a slope of about 20° overlooking the ocean.
VEGETATION: Vegetation consists of sparse kiawe and fountain grass.
ELEVATION: 100 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Good
YIVTEGRTTY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex of three features: Features A, C (modified outcrops); Feature
B (mound). The site measures c. 11.0 m (north-south) by 4.5 m (east-west) and is consuucted of
subangular pahcehce boulders stacked two courses high oo bedrock or lazge boulders. The mounds
may have served as markets, agricultural mounds or possibly burial mounds. Their age may be
assumed to be prehistoric based on the large number of prehistoric sites in the area.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-9 (PHRT)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Modified outcrop
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 1.2 m by 0.8 m by 0.3 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a modified outcrop with boulders and cobbles piled on a bedrock
outcrop. Smaller pebbles and cobbles are visible inside. The overall feature measures c. 1.2 m by 0.8
m by 0.3 m and is constructed of rotmded pehaehce boulders c. 0.1 to 0.3 staclrod 2 courses high oa
top of the bedrock boulders. It is filled with small cobbles From the downslope side this mound
appears to be a very small [caste.
Fsa~turo B
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Possible buriallagriculture
DIMENSIONS: 1.10 m by 1.00 m by 0.55 m
DESCRIP'I'ION: This featme is a around constructed of ramded pahoehoe boulders stacked 24
courses high. This feature is very similar to Features A a~ C except it is not oa the bedrock and it
exhibits more labor in its consauction.
r DmR ReMh~ 1024+^.41095 AA~euvtir A 41
Fer?trrro C
FORMAL TYPE: Modified outcrop
FUNCTIONAL BV'TERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 1.4 m by 1.3 m by 0.4 m
DI:SCRIPTTION: This feature is a roughly cinvLu pile of pehoehoe on top of a bedrock outcrop. The
mound is on the slope with some kiawe std fotmtaio grass around it. The modi5ed outcrop is
constructed of rwmded pahaehoe boulders stacked 1-2 cotasea high.
Site 16137
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Markedceremonial
TOPOGRAPHY: The surrounding area is rocky with exposed bedrock and large boulders. Slope is
toward the Drees.
VEGETATION: Vegetation consists of fountain grass and sparse kiawe.
ELEVATION: 100 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Good-fair
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DIMENSIONS: 1.50 m by 1.50 m by 0.?A m
DESCRIPTION: This site is a low amorphous stone pile built slang the edge of a bedrock exposure.
The mound is constructed of rounded pehoehoe cobbles 0.05 - 0.20 m across piled on a red-brown
basalt bedrock outcrop. In oae small area 0.10 by 0.20 m waterworn basalt pebbles are included. The
site is c. 300 ft makai of the Mahukona Highway and 200 ft north of the maukn-makai coast access
road.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-10 (PHIII)
Site 16138
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2 Features)
FUNCTIONAL II~TTERPRETATfON: Agriculture
TOPOGRAPHY: The site is on a slope overlooking the ocean.
VEGETATION: Sparse kiawe and fountain grass are the dominant vegetation in this area.
ELEVATION: 100 ft AMSL
CONDIIION: Good
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric/historic
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex of two features: Feature A (pLuform); and Feature B (cairn).
The site measures c. ISS m by 6.50 m and is constructed of pehoehoe. The site is north of maulra-
makai coastal access road c. 7A0°.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-11 (PHRn
Featuro A
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL II~TTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 3.5 m by 2.6 m by OS m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is ao oval platform. The grotmd slopes steeply makai and there is a
good view of the coast. Rounded pahoehoe boulders c. 0.2 - OS m are stacked sod faced 1-3 courses
Dr~/t Retie 10 <-041095 Aenand_ A <2 ,
high, foaming a level raised platform. The interior is filled with cobbles. There is a slight depression
in the interior of the platfo®.
Subsurface Taating
A 3.0 by OS test trench ('TU-1) was placed across the feature to test for a burial. An elevational
datum was set up on a tree limb near the southwest ~ of the unit, 039 m above the top of the
unit. The following information was recorded during the excavation (no profile prepared):
Layer I (0.39-0.87 mbd) consisted of subangular cobble and boulder fill used in the construction of
the feature. Layer ranges from 0.43-0.46 m thick. No cultural remains present.
Iayer II (0.77-0.89 mbd) is a brown/dark brown (7.SYR4/3 dry), dadc brown (7.SYR3/3 moiat); silt;
moderate, very fine W fine. granular structure: slightly hard, very friable. slightly sticky. sliS~Y
plastic consistence; common, micro mots; sbropt, smooth boundary. No cultural remains present.
Layer III (0.89-0.97 mbd) is a dark yellowish brown (10YR3/6 dry), dark brown (7SYR3/2 moist);
silt; moderate, very fine to fine. granubtr structure; soft, very friable. slightly sticky. Plastic
consistence; common, coarse roots. No culturel remains present.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Cairn
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculturr/marker
DIMENSIONS: 0.90 m by 0.80 m by 0.40 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a small stack of pehoehoe cobbles. It is on a slight ridge of the slope
southwest (makai) of Feature A. A small gully tuns south-southeast of the calm. The cairn is
constructed of subangular pahoehoe boulders c. 0.20-0.35 m stacked 3-4 courses high. The boulders
are graduated in siu with smaller rocks on top. The cairn is filled with c. 0.05 m cobbles.
Site 16139
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (3 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
TOPOGRAPI3Y: This site is built on and extending from the boulder slope on the south side of
ICeawewsi Gulch.
VEGETATION: Fountain grass and kiawe cover the ridge to the south.
ELEVATION: 50 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Good-fair
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex with three feadaes: Feature A (modified outcrop) and
Features B and C (overhang). All strtrcnues are constructed of subangular pahoehoe boulders 02 -
0.6 m statked as high as 7 cottrses. This site is built on and extending from the boulder slope on the
south side of Keawewai Gulch. The site is located mnaka of the coastal jeep road a~ south of
Keawewai Gulch.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-14 (PI-IIti)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Modified outcrop
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Windbreak
c
Drag 1021-041095 A~e.,~.A 43
DIMENSIONS: 2.5 m by 2.0 m by 0.3 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is the modified surface of a large boulder above a twine. Rocks ere
stacked both along the north (ravine) side aad the south side. A small shelter (Feattue B) is below the
boulder.
Ferturo B
FORMAL TYPE: Overhmg with wall
FUNCTIONAL IlV'TERPRI:TATION: Temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 2.5 m by 1.0 m by 0.6 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a low open shelter at the foot of Teeurre A. Other intentionally
placed boulders provide protection from the wind. It is conamtcted of stacked pehoehoe boulders 1-7
courses high.
Fea~turo C
FORMAL TYPE: Overhang with wall
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 2S0 m by 2.50 m by 1.35 m
DESCRIPTION: This fcature is a shelter and wall coosnncted in the protection of boulders just
downslope from Features A and B. It is constructed of subangular pehoehoe boulders 0.20 -0.60 m in
size. They are stacked 1-7 courses high fomring a wall which extends southwest from the boulder-
lined side of a larger ravine. The wall is low toward the north and increases in height to the point
where i[ meets a boulder a< the edge of the ravitx. The wa11 is built on bedrock.
Site ~ 6 ~ 4~
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2 Features)
TOPOGRAPI3Y: Ridge crest demarcated by intermittent channels to north and south. Gentle slope to
southwest and ocean.
VEGETATION: Kiawe hee ovetstory and fountain gass/tmknown shrub undetstory.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair-poor
INTEGRITY: Partially altered by looting
PROBABLE AGE: prehistorio-historic
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex with two features: Feature A (C-shape), and Feature B
(cairn). Both are on the ridge crest constntcted of piled and stacked pahoehoe cobbles. Both
subangular and waterworn specimens wen utilized. The overall site dimensions ate c. 6.0 m (north-
south) by 13.0 m (east-west).
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-16 (PHRI)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: C-shape
FUNCTIONAL II4'TFRPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: SS m by 5.0 m by 0.4 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is s low, curvilinear rock wall forming m arc open to the sea
(southwest) and facing downslope. It is cooservcted of sub®gular attd waterworn pahoehoe cobbles.
Dmk
R=; 1024^41095 Aaat«~s.A 44
Feaiuro B
FORMAL TYPE: Cana
FUNCTIONAL IId'CERPRETATION: Former burisUtemporary habitation
DIIvffiNSIONS: 1.50 m by 1.50 m by 0.67 m
DESCRIPI'ION: This feature consists of stotroes piled to fog a domed cairn which has a vault inside.
I[ is tonshvcted of waterworn and subsngulsr pahoehoe cobbles and boulders stacked 2~ covtsss.
Bonk (1968) noted an undisturbed calm in 1964. Sinn that time, it appears that someone has looted
the vaulted interior of the cairn a~ presumably tmoved the oonteats. The al[emative interpretation
of temporary habitation-relarod is based on the recovery of shelh5sh remsios and fishing-related
artifacts. The cairn may have been built atop a cultural deposit.
Suhsurface Tasting
A 1.1 by 0.8 m test unit (TU-1) was excavated in the center of this cairn. The datum was plead
on a rock to the west of the feature. TU-1 was excavated in three layers (no profile prepared):
Layer I (+0.42-0.21 mbd) consisted of medium-sized subaagular basalt cobbles and waterworn coral.
This is the portion of the cairn that was altered by looting.
Layer II (0.21-0.31 mbd) was encomterod at the base of the calm in an interior "vault." This layer
consisted of midda>. artifacts, and a horizontal feature (I~-1), a whitish gray fig grain ash at 0.27-
0.31 mbd. Cultural material recovered from this layer include a basalt sinker, two limestone sinkers.
and a shell scraper. At least eight species of shellfish (161.53 gm) and otre fragment of non-human
bone (medium-sized mammal) were recovered from this layer.
Layer III (0.31-0.43 mbd) consisted of decomposing bedrock beneath the cultural layer. A pica of
basalt flaked stone and a pica of modified basalt were recovered from the top of this layer.
Site 16141
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
VEGETATION: Grasses and dense kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Good-fair
INTEGRTfY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DIMENSIONS: 18.0 m by 9.0 m
DESCRII''TION: This site is a complex consisting of two features: Feature A (C-shape) and Feature
B (midden deposit).
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-17 (PHRI)
Featuro A
FORMAL TYPE: C-shape
FUNCTIONAL IIVTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 8.0 m (northwest-southwest) by SS m (notilxast-southwest)
DESCRIPITON: This site is a circular cobble arrangement with an associated middea deposit
(Feature B). The site consists of a nibble wall open to the seaside built from basalt boulders acrd
cobbles and some waterworn stones. There is a possible heaRh in the interior taarked by a circular
alignment of rocks. Midden within feature.
c
Dr~lt ReLOrt 102 4-04 1 095 AIMp+d~• A 45
Fseturo B
FORMAL TYPE: Hidden deposit
FUNCTIONAL IIVT'ERPRE'I'ATION: Food refuse sees
DESCRB'TION: This high detrsiry midden surface scatter is located 12.0 m m the northeast of
Feature A. The dimensions were not norod during cecoeding.
Site 16142
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (3 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary/permanent habitation std agriculture complex
TOPOGRAPHY: A bluff overlooking the ocean.
VEGETATION: Thick kiawe forest and dense grass.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fairpoor
INTEGRITY: Unalterod
PROBABLE AGE: Prohistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex consisting of three featurrs: Feature A (C-shape), Feature B
(terrace), and Feature C (hearth) that are cons4ercted of subangtilar pahoehae, averaging 0.15 to 0.60
m. A portion of the enclosure and the terrace is stacked up to four courses high. Most of the
constntction has collapsed. The overall site dimensions are c. 18.50 m by 10.00 m. A small amount
of marine shell midden was noted en the surface near Feature B.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-18 (PHRT)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: C-shape
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permaaent/tempowry habitation
DA~ISIONS: 9.00 m (north-south) by 8.00 m (east-west) by 0.45 m
DESCRIPI'ION: This feature is a collapsed C-alrape enclosuro opening toward the ocean and is near
the nest of a ridge overlooking the Doan. The shercmee has been core filled with cobbles that are
less than 0.10 m in diameter. Based en its lot~tioq configurado4 and the presence of midden near
Feature B, the structure appears to have been used for prehistoric habitation.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Tmace
FUNCTIONAL IIV'TERPRETATION: Agriculture
DA~NSIONS: 10.00 m by 5.00 m by 0.60 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature canrists of a series of tined soil retaining tetaaces which follow the
mtural contour of the ridge. All three terraces are consatrcted of subangular pehoehoe boulders.
Terrace Bl is built of 15-45 rm boulders stacked Z-4 courses high and is a continuation of a ttatttral
entaop. Terrace B2 is built of 155 cm boulders stacked 2 s high. Terrace B3 is roughly
stacked 3 courses high of 20-30 an boulders. A small amamt of midden was found hear this feature,
on the surface.
Featuro C
FORMAL TYPE: Hearth
FUNCIIONAL IIV'IERPRETATION: Cooking area
DIMENSIONS: I.00 m by 1.00 m by 0.15 m
s
Dre~ff R,,,, - 1024:.41095 ~t+"^'a"p ~
DESCRIrLIPT'ION: TLis feature is 2.00 m ft+om the opening of Featuro A. Feature C is a semi<itcle of
pahoehoe boulders 0.20 - 0.30 m in diameter and oiw coulee high. It appears to be a hearth
associated with Feattue A. No portable remains observed
Site 16143
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (3 Features)
FUNCTIONAL IlV'1'ERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: The site is oo a gently sloping ridge overlooking a large gulch w the northwest and
the ocean to the southwest.
VEGETATION: Fountain grasses, kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 75 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: prehistorirJhistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex and consists of three features: Features A, B (platforms) and
Feature C (terrace). They ate consnttcted of waterworn basalt boulders and cobbles and some coral is
also present Site measures 23.0 (east-west) by 20.0 (north-south).
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-19 (PHRI)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL IIV'fERPRETATTON: Permanent babitatior
DIlvfENSIONS: 4.0 m by 4.0 m by 0.5 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature consists of a platform, circular in shape, raised above the surrounding
surface.
Su6sutface Teatlng
A 2.6 by OS m test trench (T[J-1) was placed across the feature. A unit datum was set up on a
kiawe branch over the northern edge of the feature, 0.27 m above the east end of the unit. The
following stratigraphy (see Appendix CI was revealed:
North Face
layer Description
I (0.27-053 mbd), rock Isyer
II (0.34-0.90 mbd): strong brown (7.SYR4/6 dry) silt loam: smooth boundary: moderate,
medium-sized, single grain strocmre; very few roots
Layer I (0.27-033 mbd) wed of subaagalar cobble fill used in the constntction of the feature.
One waterworn cobble and two pieces of waterworn coral were noted.
Layer II (OS3-0.90 mbd) consisted of silt loam, basalt cobbles, midde4 and artifacts. The top level
produced a limestone sinker, two pieces of flaked basalt, 40 fragments of volcaaic glass flaked stone,
21 coral tnanvports, and one modified shell. At least ten species of she115sh (612.79 gm) were
recovered from this layer. A small sample of charcoal was sent art for radiocarbon amlysis. The
sample returned a calibrated date range of AD 1640.1955 (see Goodfellow, this repoR). This result
indicates that the sample was influenced by bomb C-14. Excavation terminated in sterile soil.
e
DmRRee~.r 1024-041095 AhnmdirA 47
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL IIVT'EItPRETATTON: Indeterminate (permanent habitation-[elated)
DIMENSIONS: 4.0 m by 33 m by OS m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a citcttlar pLtform. It is consntcted of piled waterworn basalt
cobbles and boulders.
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTI~2PRETATION: Soil mtemion
DIMENSIONS: 5.0 m by 1.0 m by OS m
DESCRIPTTION: This feature consists of a series of disconmcted low rock walls on the slope edges
encircling Features A and B. The walls have been caoentrcted of watawom basalt cobbles and
boulders, coral, and some outcmp modiScation. These ate small, low, labor-intensive walls built m
retain soil on the top of a naturally raised flat area. They ate mostly short linear walls one or two
courses high.
Site 16144
FORMAL TYPE: C-shape
FUNCTIONAL 1NTE[tPRETATION: Temporary habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: On the north slope of a low ridge above a small drainage channel.
VEGETATION: Grasses, kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 50 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Fair-poor
INTEGRITY: Prohistoridhistoric
PROBABLE AGE: IOdGtRtninnr.
DIMENSIONS: 5.0 m by 3.0 m by 0.35 m
DISCRIPTION: This site is a C-shape enclosure opening inwards the sea. It is constructed of
waterwom boulders and cobbles piled in a rectangular shape.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-20 (PIIItI)
Site 16145
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace with wall
TOPOGRAPHY: On the ridge crest southeast of ICeawewai Gulch overlooking ocean to the
southwest.
VEGETATION: Grasses, kiawe [tees.
ELEVATION: 50 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Poor
INTEGRITY: Umlteced
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
FUNCTIONAL TNTI~tPRI;TATION: Permanent/temporsry habitation
DA9EPTSIONS: 9.80 m (east-west) by 6.00 m (north-south) by 0.48 m
DESCRIPTION: This site is a collapsed enclowre and oaoaists of stacked basalt cobbles and
waterworn cobbles incorporating namrsl outcrops. Portions of wall ate bifaad. One large opihi shell
was noted during first visit to site. No other portable remains visible on the surface. Soil depth not
tested. Habitation function assignment based on morphology and setting.
~~n_~_~ ~n~~ n~1095 Aon+y..t+YA ~
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-21 (PHRI)
Site 16146
FORMAL TYPE: Overhang
FUNCTIONAL IId1'ERPRETATION: Possible temporary habitstim
TOPOGRAPHY: The north slope above Seawewai Gulch in m overhanging ledge formed in
bedrock.
VEGETATION: Grasses. kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 50 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DIIvIENSIONS: SSO m (north-south) by 1.02 m (east-west) by 0.80 m high
DESCRIPTION: This site consists of a shallow. naturally occurting overhang. The feature is on the
first terrace ledge south of I{eawewai Gulch above a huge sink area. No cultural remains noted.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-22 (PHRI)
Site 16147
FORMAL TYPE: Modified outcrop
FUNCTIONAL lIV'TERPRETATION: Marker
TOPOGRAPHY: Site is on a gently sloping ridge.
VEGETATION: Grasses, kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 50 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Fair-poor
INTEGRI'T'Y: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DIbIIIVSIONS: 20.0 m (north-south) by 10.0 m (west-east) by 0.6 m
DESCRIPTION: This site consists of a modified outcrop constructed of stacked and piled basalt and
waterworn boulders and cobbles. The site is 3.0.0 m from the edge of a cliff overlooking the ocean.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-23 (PHRn
Site 16148
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
TOPOGRAPHY: Small ridge northwest of a large ridge a~ south of ICeawewai Gulch.
VEGETATION: Fountain Bass and Iiawe cover the entire ridge.
ELEVATION: 100 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair-poor
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex which consists of two features, Feaanes A and B (mounds).
The overall site dimensions are c. 42.0 m by 4.0 m. Cornl and waterworn basalt are placed on tap of
the mounds. The presence of midden wggeets that the Feature A area was used for habimtion The
consutrction of mound B. the size, a~ the presence of coral and waterworn basalt suggest the
presence of a burial.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-24 (PHRn
Featuro A
FORMAL TYPE: Isaacs with mound
FUNCTIONAL II~'TERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIIvfEP1SIONS: 6.00 m by 4.00 m by 0.55 m
DESCRIPTION: This feeturo is a small monad associated with s retrace. It measures c. 6.00 m by
4.00 m by 0.55 m aad is consrtttcted of strbmgular pahoehoe cobbles stacked several caries high.
The stacked fax of the terrace bas m iatemal nibble fill. Coral aad waterworn basalt were aoted on
top of the mound.
Featuro B
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL II~'TERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIIvvIENSIONS: 2.40 m by 2.00 m by 0.35 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a mound which is stacked and rubble Elled with coal and waterworn
basalt on top. It is consenrcted of pehoehx cobbles 0.15 - 0.20 m that aro stacked 2-3 courses high
and core filled with small cobbles. Portable t+emains noted were marine shell on the ridge between
Features A and B.
Site 16149
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (6 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Rocky ridge top which is rehuively level and a steeply sloping area southwest of
site area.
VEGETATION: Glasses, kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 100 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Poor
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex whic4 consists of six features: Features A, B, C, D (cairns);
Feature E (C-shape); Feature F (terrace). The site measures c. 17.0 m (east-west) by 12.0 m (north-
south) and is constntcted of piled pahoehx.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-25 (PHRI)
Featuro A
FORMAL TYPE: Cairn
FUNCTIONAL 11V'TERPRETATION: Madter
DIIvtENSIONS: 1.70 m by 1.20 m by 0.37 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a small roclt calm made of piled basalt cobbles set on bedrock
located on the east edge of the ridge just above the cut for a roadway.
Faoturo B
FORMAL TYPE: Calm
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Marker
DIIv1EIdSIONS: 1S m by 1.0 m by 0.3 m
DESCRIPTION: This festuro is a calm made of piled basalt cobbles oa bedrock.
n..~n- uj~,.,r t o7l.Ol t not Annendix A SO
Featuro C
FORMAL TYPE: Cairn
FUNCTIONAL II~'TERPRETATION: Hacker
DIMENSIOxs: a.oo m by 1.80 m by o.85 m
DESCRB'TZON: This feature is a ceiru made of piled basalt on a basalt outcropping.
Feature D
FORMAL TYPE: Cairn
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Market
DIhfEDiSIONS: 1S0 m by 1.30 m by 0.36 m
DESCRIPTION: This feattne is a cairn built of piled and stacked basalt cobbles.
Fsaxuro E
FORMAL TYPE: Temce with C-shape
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIIvIENSIONS: 3.40 m (north-south) by 3.00 m (east-west) by 0.18 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a possible C-sbape with terracing. Basalt walls are formed by
utilizing the natural outcrop. The terrace appears as a cleared portion to the south. The feature is
constructed of stacked basalt on bedrock and exposed on a ridge crest.
Feature F
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Indeterminate
DIIviF1VSIONS: 3.00 m (north-south) by 2.50 m (east-west) 0 by 0.12 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a possible teasce consisting of a number of basalt cobbles that farm
a roughly square area. It is located off the crest of an outcrop to the west, and is consutcted of
aligned basal[ cobbles piled one course high.
sn~ r61so
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure with platform
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permaant/temporary habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Ridge gently sloping to the ~uthwest ro the sea.
VEGETATION: Grasses, kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 7S ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair-poor
INTEGRITY: Altered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DIIvIF1QSIONS: 6.20 m (north-south) by 3.50 m (east-west) by 0.62 m
DESCRIPTION: This site is sn enclosurdplatform. This enclosttte is built against a platform and is
constntcted of basalt cobbles stacked 2-3 courses high to form a phuform. The enclosttte looks like a
C-shape which had fire open sides enclosed st a later time.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-26 (PHRTj
Site 16151
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2 Featttres)
DmRR~a 1024.041095 ARAr~•A SI
FUNCTIONAL 1NTI:RPRETATION: Petmaneadtemporary habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Relatively level ridge nest overlooking a sosall deainage area and ocean m the
southwest
VEGETATION: Grasses, kiawe trees.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRTI'Y: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex which consists of two features: Feature A (enclosuro) and
Feature B (phuform). The overall site measures c. 22.0 m (north-south) by 15.6 m (east-west). The
features are constructed of stacked and piled basalt m bedrock on a low ridge nrauka of a coastal
.laP road.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): A-27 (PRAT)
Featuro A
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 4.00 m (north-south) by 3.40 m (east-west) by 037 m
DESCRIP'T'ION: This feature is a low walled enclosure of stacked basalt cobbles on exposed bedrock
with a sparse midden deposit to the east
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL IIV'TERPRETATION: Inder~~~_
DIMENSIONS: 5.90 m (north-south) by 4.90 m (east-west) by 0.42 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a low rack platform whose function was not determined. The tap
surface is flat and the sides are not faced. The feature is constructed of stacked and piled basalt No
portable remains were noted. It may be an agriculture feature or a permanent habitation featttr~it
was not tested. If it is a permanent habitation feature, then Feature A, because of its small interior
area, would be an inde~r~+r+~~^ permanent habitation-related featuro.
Site 16152
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (3 Features)
FUNCTIONAL IIdIERPRETATION: Agriculture
TOPOGRAPHY: Undulating ridges that slope down to south gulch and ocean.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicket and dense foumtsin grass.
ELEVATION: 125 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Goad-fair
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
IRtOBABI.E AGE: Prehistoric
DI:SCRIPTSON: This site is a complex which caesists of three features: Fcatmes A, B (mounds) and
Feature C (terrace). The site dimensions ate c. 8.0 m by 7.0 m by 0.05. The sire is constructed of
medium sized submgular basalt stones piled and stacked 1-3 courses high.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): Sl>16 (PRAT)
Fenturo A
FORMAL TYPE: Motmd
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
~~i-- to~~^.alo9s a+~.a sz
DIIvfENSIONS: 1.70 m by 1.20 m by 0.15 m
DESCRIP170N: This feature is sn oval shaped mound oonsisbog of stone piled 1-2 caries high.
This featm+c is oriented almost directly north-south.
Feokuro B
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL IIdTERPREl'ATION: Agriculturo
DIb~NSIONS: 1.70 m by 1.20 m by 0.15 m
DESCRIPT'ION: 1Lis feature is en oval shaped mound piled with basalt stones up to 1-3 comses
high. Feature C is attached to the sarthem feature and heads west at 254°.
Feaiuro C
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL II~ITERPRETATION: Agriculture
DID~NSIONS: 4.80 m by OSO m by 0.15 m
DESCRIPI'ION: This feature is a ?inear alig®ent with rocks stacked w retain soil behind the wall
uphill. It is constructed of medium-sized subanguhv basalt stones stacked 2-3 courses high and
meeting the sloe formation to the north.
Site 16153
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agricul4m
TOPOGRAPHY: Steeply sloping hillside and edge of bench with SAY ~~6 retrain downhill and
BUOY ~M~B ridge away from the sea
VEGETATION: Kimve thicket and dense famtain grass.
ELEVATION: 100 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Poor
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site is a complex which consists of two features, Features A and B (teaaces),
constructed of pahoehoe boulders and cobbles.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): SD-17 (PHRTj
Feaituro A
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL II~1'TERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 8.0 m by 2.0 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is constructed of cobble and boulders set in a single course across a
steep slope to make a small terrace for agrictrltmal purpoxs. Three separate features were noted. The
condition is so poor that as alternative theory is that these are the rocks pushed out from cattle
walking up and across the hill or that they are nannally occrming.
Featuro B
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DI1vIIIVSIONS: 3.30 m by 1.00 m by OSS m
C
Q)~
R~eeort 1024-041095 Mx A 53
DESCRIPTION: A cobble filled wall was faced 2 - 5 encases high to form a terrace. Bonldets were
used as facing cobbles for the interior of the straight wall, built oa the crest of a hill. A level space is
maintained behind the wall.
Site 16154
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (4 Feaaues)
FUNCTIONAL II~'I'ERPRET'ATION: Tetnporuy habitation-sgticultme
TOPOGRAPHY: Steeply sloping »p to the northeast, gently sloping in adjacent area, with shallow
sec gulches.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicket and dense fountain grass.
ELEVATION: 50 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Poor
INT'EGRI1'Y: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: This complex consists of four features: Testate A (terrace); Testate B (platform);
Teatures C, D (modified outcrop). The site meastrrrs c. 40.0 m (east) by 26.0 m (west) and is
consavcted of piled peboehae boulders and cobbles Bedrock was utilved sod modified by filling
cracks with wsterwom total and basalt
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): SD-18/19 (PHRI)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCITONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 8.00 m by 6.00 m by 0.35 m
DESCRIPTION: This terrace consists of pehoehae boulders and cobbles that are piled in a linear
fashion across the slope. Waterworn basalt sad coral with shell midden suggest a habitation.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL IId'TERPRETATION: Tempasry habitstior?agricaltme
DIMENSIONS: 8.50 m by 6.70 m by 0.32 m
DESCRIPTION: 17ris platform is coostrttcted of pahoehoe boulders and cobbles that were piled,
stacked, and partially faxd in a rectangular shape, a~ lying m a gentle slope. This low strrrcture
extends continuously over a relatively large errs. Condition of this feature is poor.
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Modified outcrop
FUNCTIONAL II4'I'ERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 15.40 m by 11.00 m by 0.71 m
DESCRIPITON: This pahoehoe bedrock outcrop has been modified by Iriling rocks in crocks and
thereby forming semi-level spaces. Three different areas are iocotpotated in this feature desigaalioa
Feature D
FORMAL TYPE: Modified outcrop
FUNCTIONAL IId'TERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 4.20 m by 3.60 m by 0.88 m
DrvR_R~a 1 02 4-04 1 095 AAe.»,fi.A 54
DESCRIPT'ION: This pahoehoe outcrop has bra modified by piling rocks in creaks and on t>x top
to form level spars.
Site 16155
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2 Fesarms)
FUNCTIONAL II~1'TERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Undulating slope down into gulch; the ocean is nearby.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicket and dense fountain grass.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDTIION: Poor
INTEGRITY: Umltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTION: The site consists of Feature A (platform) and Feanne B (terrace). Small to large
sized subanguLa basalt stones were used in these features. No portable remains wem noted. The site
is a 11.0 m east of the ocean in a gulch o. 15.0 m south of the end of a jeep road. Site measures 13.0
(east-west) by 5.0 (north-south).
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): SD-2(Y21 (PHRI)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 2.6 m by 2.2 m by 0.3 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a rectangular platform built of medium sized basalt sues stacked 2-
3courses high. Small stoues ate found on the top of the phufo~. No portable remains observed
Feature lies c. 10.0 m away from the ocean in a gulch.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Soil retention
DIA4IIVSIONS: 9.0 m long by OSO-0.90 m wide by 0.25-0.75 m high (terraced area 2-3 m wide)
DESCRIPTION: T'~ feature is a terrace consisting of huge subengular basalt stones one course high.
It nms perpendicular m the ocean. Functioml designation based on morphology and location.
Site 16159
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
TOPOGRAPHY: Undulating slope doavn to the ocmn but the feature is in a flat areas.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicket and dtnae fountain gross.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Umltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DIMENSIONS: 7.0 m by 4.0 m by 0.6 m
DESCRIPTION: This piled oblong mound is filled with small to medium sized basalt stones. The
center is raised and the sides slope.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): 10241 (PART)
• Dprvk Rrerrt ?oz~-o4?o9s y~p.~=A ss
She 16160
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL IIdfERPRETATION: Agriculture
TOPOGRAPHY: On a flat area within an undulating slope down toward the ocean.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicket aad dense fountain grass.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Paor
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DID~NSIONS: 5.60 m by 0.80 m by 0.15 m
DESCRII'TION: This feature is a teaace constructed of small basalt subangular stones piled aad
filled in a linear structure cunning mauka-makai.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): 1024-2 (PHRn
Site 16161
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (2 Features)
FUNCTIONAL Ild'TERPRETATION: Permanent/tempomry habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Hilltop with a slight slope.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicltet and dense fountain grass.
ELEVATION: SO ft AMSL
CONDITION: Poor
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRII'TION: This complex consists of two features: Fetuure A (enclosure) and Feature B
(mound). The overall site measures c. 9S m (east-west) by 7S m (north-south).
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): 1024-3 (PHRI)
Featuro A
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Prtm=vntltemporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 9S m by 7S m by 0.3 m
DESCRIPTION: This enclosure's south end east walls ace substsntislly higher than its collapsed
north and west walls. It is constucted of pahoehoe cobbles stacked sod piled 2-3 comers high.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Mound
FUNCTIONAL II9'TERPRETATION: Possible buriaVagticulture
DIIvffiVSIONS: 2S0 m by 1 SO m by 0.29 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a rack mound consisting of medium-sized basalt racks in an oval
shape. It lies c. 2.0 m south of Features A and C. The north coastal jeep road is c. 4S m away.
Site 16162
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (4 Features)
FUNCTIONAL II~'TERPRETATION: Possible permanent habitation
Draft Rrec~~ t 024-04109 Aen.~~ A S6
TOPOGRAPHY: Terrain slopes steeply toward the o«an. The site is mar the crest of the ridge wilt
a gully w the west
VEGETATION: Riawe chicks and dense fountain grass -very dmae
ELEVATION: 100 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Poor
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: ptelristaric
DESCRIPTION: This site consists of four f~a^••~• Features A, B, C (curates) and Feature D
(platform). The site measures c. 35.0 m by 30.0 m and oompriaes bedrock outcrops and large
boulders that were incorporated into Feattrres A acrd C. SubanguLr pahoehoe 0.20 - 0.30 m was
found in all of the sttvcttues.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): SW-1 (PHRI)
Feriuro A
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace with middea deposit
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETAITON: Soil teteatian-food discard acre
DIMENSIONS: 20.0 m by 16.0 m by 1.0 m
DI:SCRIPIION: This feature consists of three intacaonected terraces. The easternmost is a long,
stacked curved wall. Extending rnakoi from the oentrsl patios is a raised platform decorated with
branch coral. At the north cad of this retrace, Al, than are boulders c. 20-100 ~ is diameter
stacked 1-3 courses. At A2, there are c. 0.50 m boulders stacked om to two cotases high. Marisa
shell present on and rwkai of the Iowa two terraces. Feattae is covered with heavy vegetation.
Feoturo B
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTIatPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 2.9 m by 0.6 m by 0.6 m
DESCRIPTION: This featux consists of two small parallel terraces B 1 and B2) and a third possible
terrace (B3). No portable rn.noina noted on this feature. This is tentatively interpreted as an
agricultttral featttx.
Featuro C
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL II~TERPRETA110N: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 3.0 m by 1S m by 0.5 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a small soil x•~~+•+rg terrace at the seat of the ridge above Feature
A. It is consttvcted of subangular pahaehoe boulders c. 0.1 - 0.2 m in diameter. They have been piled
c. 0.5 m high on and around 0.7 m boulders. The retrace may have been used to control nmoff for
agricultttre a for some other purpose.
Foaturo D
FORMAL TYPE: Platform
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Possible btrriaUpetmamnt habitation
DIMENSIONS: 5.0 m by 4.0 m by 0.6 m
DESCRIPTION: This platform is encircled by a series of terraces (Feadne A). The construction is
subangular pahoehae boulders and cobbles forming a level phuform Severai large bedrock boulders
and outcrops have been incorporated inm the ah+rcmre. If this feature is rat a bmisl, it is probably a
permanent habitation featttx.
Droll R~pat 1024.041095 Abe~dir A 57
Site 16163
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (3 Feannes)
FUNCTIONAL IIdTERPRETATiON: Temporary habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: Intermittent stream gulch is abom 10.0 m wide sad is bordered by bedrock oa both
sides of creek.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicket and deuce fountain grass.
ELEVATION: 50 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Good-poor
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBA9LE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRIPTTION: This site has three features: Feature A (nndified autaop) Feature B (filled crevice)
and Feature C (ovedtang with wall). The site measures 19.0 m by 16.0 m cad is conentrcted of
bedrock that has been modified by piling boulders into cracks and setting them on top of the bedrock
to form a protective spar within the outcrop.
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Modified outcrop
FUNCTIONAZ INTERPRETATION: Storage
DA~ISIONS: 5.00 m by 4.00 m by 0.85 m
DESCRIPTION: This modified outcrop is a storage mound of piled pahoehoe boulders and cobbles
on top of a bedrock outcrop with an interior protected space. This feature sits on the second teaace
above a stream gulch which rws ro the sea c. 50.0 m south.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Filled crevice
FUNCTIONAL IIdTERPRETATION: Cooking area
DIMMENSIONS: 150 m by 1.00 m
DESCRIPTION: This 5lled crevice appeared w be a burial bur when excavated rb burial was formd.
An overhang is c. 0.25 m west of the featuro. Loge basalt boulder slabs are aaanged in a rectangular
fashion
around the feature. The interior consists entirely of waterworn coral and basalt cobbles.
ILLUSTRATION(S): Figure A-13
subwtfa« rasang
A 1.0 by 0.75 m test unit (TU-1) was placed across the filled crevix. A twit datum was set up
on the bedrock to the west of the feature, 0.43 m above the top of the ®it. The excavation revealed
(no profile prepared):
Layer I (0.43-0.75 mbd) consisted of 9096 waterworn coral and 10% basat cobble fill.
Layer II (OS2-0.70 mbd) was excavated in three 10 cm levels. Layer consists of gay (10YR5/1 dry)
silt loam a~ ash that is sertrcamless with a very abrupt, smooth boundary. Eight pioces of flaked
basalt were recovered from this layer. Two discrete horizonhl feances werc recorded in this level
(f1F-1 and HF-2): both appear to be the remains of cooking fires. HF-1 was a thin lens of light 8nY
silty ash. HF-2 was a thin, circular lens of light gray silty ash and chaeoal mixed with midden in
Level 2 of this layer. Two radiocarbon samples were collected from this HF-2. These samples
mtumed multiple calibrated dare ranges. Goodfellow (this report) interprets AD 1470-1670 and
1A7Lnt 1nOS A+NlridirA 58
1460-1680 as the most likely actual date merges. One radiocarbon sample was taken from bulls (~n-
feaam) soil in Level 3 of this kyer. This sample rammed a modem (i.e., inconclusive) date range
influenced by bomb C-14 (see Goodfellow, this report).
Layer III (0.72-0.81 mbd) was excavated in two 10 cm levels. Layer consists of a dads yellowish
brown (10YR4/6 dry) silt loam with madaate, 5x single Stain atmcwre. Excavation te~ioated
when bedrock was revealed throughout the unit floor, ran8k8 from 0.74-0.81 mbd. No cnltmal
remains were found in this kyer.
Featuro C
FORMAL TYPE: Overhang with wall
FUNCTIONAL II4'TERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 5.00 m by 1 SO m by 0.65 m
DESCRIP'I'ION: This featuro wnaists of two s~icitcles of rock under sn overLang and against the
east wall of a mvi~. Consmrcden is subengular pahoehoe boulders c. 0.20 - 0.60 m. The
southernmost enclosure is partially stacked three courses high. These may be addidoml sites along
the sides of this ravine. Complete cleating of the fountain grass would facilitate locating possible
sites.
Site 16164
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (3 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation-agriculture
TOPOC'RAPHY: Narrow ridge top above a lower flat area with a small drainage to the north.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicket and dense fountain gn+sc.
ELEVATION: 100 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Poor
INTEGRITY: Umltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prohistoric
DESCRIPTION: This site consists of three features: Feature A (C-shape) and Features B, C
(modified outcrops). The site measures o. 54.0 m (east-west) by 10.0 m (north-south) and is
constructed of stacked basalt stones utilizing existing outcrops and boulders.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): Alrl (PHRI)
Feature A
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Temporary habitation
DIMENSIONS: 4.00 m by 3.80 m by OS m
DESCRIPTION: This mclosuro was built utilizing three boulders as s fourth wall. The area in ftont
of the north-east of the enclosure appears to Lava had the rocks removed and it may have been
leveled on the northeast end of a naraow ridge top.l7re northeast and west parts of the faaturo are the
most level and habitable.
Feature B
FORMAL TYPE: Modified outcrop
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 7.00 m (east-west) by 0.50 m (north-south) by 0.32 m
DISCRRIp"ITON: Singular pieces of basalt stones ley loosely piled a~ stacked along en outcrop of
weathered basalt. These k no evidence of any other alteration or use of the area.
DmR Ree~rt 1024.0 1095 /lh+~>:r A 59
Feattura C
FORMAL TYPE: Modified outcrop
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Agriculttre
DIMENSIONS: 1.20 m (east-west) by 0.40 m (north-south) by 0.28 m
DESCRIPTION: This weathered basalt outcrop is modified by basalt cobbles. The cobbles seem to
have been stacked in a pyramid fashion 1-3 stapes high No other signs of modification are present.
She 16165
FORMAL TYPE: Modified outcrop
FUNCTIONAL IId'TERPRETATION: Agriculture
TOPOGRAPHY: Undulating slope down towards the ocean. Many knolls are is the area.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicket a~ dense fountain grass.
ELEVATION: 100 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
II~'TEGRIT'Y: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DIMENSIONS: 11.00 m by 0.75 m by OSO m
DESCRIPTION: This site consists of a modified outcrop?tetrace. Alinear exposure of bedrock has
been modified by piling tabular pahoehoe 1-2 courses high.
Site 16166
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
TOPOGRAPHY: Undulating slope doav towards the aces. Many knolls are in the area.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicket and dense fountain grass.
ELEVATION: 100 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Fair-poor
INTEGRITY: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
FUNCTIONAL II~'TERPRETATION: Agriculture
DIMENSIONS: 6.00 m by 0.40 m by 0.45 m
DESCRIPTION: This site is a teasce ao bedrock that is orieated parallel to the coast. The site is
constructed of basalt cobbles and boulders piled on the exposed bedrock.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): Sll2 (PHRI)
Site 16167
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (S Features)
FUNCTIONAL INVT'ERPRETATION: Temporary habitation-agriculture complex
TOPOGRAPHY: Broad roughly circular area above Waiakailio Bay. Ridges are to the notch and
south.
VEGETATION: Kiawe thicket and dense fountain grass.
ELEVATION: 100 fr AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INT'EGRIT'Y: Unaltered
PROBABLE AGE: prehistoridhistoric
A y R
~ 1024 1095 1trIQP~~r A ~
DESCRIPTION: This site consists of Featme A (tenace) and Feannes B 1 to B4 (caims). All feawees
are consuucted of basalt boullers and nobbles. The site measures c. 35.0 m (north-south) by 35.0 m
(westtsst).
Featuro A
FORMAL TYPE: Teaace
FUNCTIONAL BV'TERPRETATION: Tempaaty habitaticn
DIINEIdSIONS: 33 m (north-south) by 33 m (west-cent) by 0.4 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is a crude retrace built on bedrock ori~ted perpendicular to the slope.
The feature is constructed of piled basalt boulders and cobbles.
Features BI, B2, 83, and B~1
FORMAL TYPE: Cairn
FUNCTIONAL IIQ'TERPRETATION: Agriculturr/markec
DESCRIPTION: These four features are low atone caima Coosmrctioa is of subengular pahaehoe
cobbles stacked 1-3 courses high. Piled rock with collapsed porticos are spreading doavnhill. These
cairns may be associated with ao aboriginal foot nail that passed near this area, although this trail
was not relocated.
Site 16176
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL II~ITERPRETATION: Pe®aneat habitation
TOPOGRAPHY: The Certain suaounding this enclosure slopes gently southwest toward the ocean.
VEGETATION: Fountain grass a~ kiawe ats present in the area.
ELEVATION: 200 ft AMSL
CONDITION: Fair
INTEGRITY: Umltered
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DIMENSIONS: 8.0 m by 5.0 m
DESCRIPTION: The site consists of a two room enclosue aligned toughly noRh-south. Both moms
open toward the ocean. The southern room has two cupboards on the south wall, both c. 0.3 m
across. The northern room has one c»pbosrd c. 0.4 m and a larger storage feature Sparse marine
shell was noted within enclosure, and a papama found in southwest corner of noAh mom.
II,LUSTRATiON(S): Figare A-14
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): F1-10 (BPBM)
Site 16177
FORMAL TYPE: Complex (5 Features)
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Perttraoeat habitatim
TOPOGRAPHY: Gently sloping southwesbnoRheast trending ridge flanked by ]Ieanahaluhrlu Gulch.
VEGETATION: Fountain grass and kiawe ate present in the aroa.
ELEVATION: 50 AMSL
CONDITION: Fairpoor
INTEGRTI'Y: Partially altered by bulldozing
PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric
DESCRII'TION: This complex consists of five features: Features A, C, D (enclosures); Feature B
(terrace); Feature E (wall). The site measures c. 42.0 m (nurth-south) by 38.0 m (east-west). The site
n.+ ~w~art 1 t) 4„~ I IS15 fi ~
is 5.0-8.0 m southeast of Reanaiwlululu GuleL. TLe mauka-makai jeep road cats through the site
between Features A and C. The coast is 50.00.0 m to the south-southwest The large enclosure
(Feature A) is nicely finished inside and contains at least one upright, a hearth, and a midden deposit
A papoma board was found nearby. By association, the other features may be coosideeed prehistoric.
The constrtmction of Features B and C is similar m that of Feature A. Features D and E may Gave
served as prehistoric kuaiwi walls based m their nraukn-makai alignmen Both have been affected
by bulldozer activity. Feattue E in particular is in poor cotrrlitioo, obscured by thick grass and dead
fall. Rena[ modification is mostly in the foffi of extensive bulldozer activity.
PREVIOUS SITE DESIGNATION(S): Fl-6 (BPBM)
Featuro A
FORMAL TYPE: Enclosure
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Pemvnent habitation
DIIuIENSIONS: 5.0 m by 3.0 m by OS m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is oo a slope overlooking the aceao. It is constructed of subangular
pahceha boulders c. 16.45 cm in diameter. Portions of the wall (particularly the northeast and
northwest) are faced 3-5 courses high. Some portions of the wall are stacked and part of the structure.
particularly at the southern end, is collapsed so that it is difficult to detertr~*e consOtuction methods.
A number of waterworn basalt boulders 0.15 - 0.30 m in diameter are incorporated into the strtcture.
There is a small extension at the southern end a~ a slab-limd hearth is mar the rastem wall. A
series of four waterworn basalt boulders c. 40 cm across extends from the hearth toward the southern
wall level with the surface. There is a conaetration of shell tnidden oo the surfer west of this
alignment, particularly at the southern end. Then is one waterworn vesicular basalt upright within
the enclosure and another similar stone nearby which may also have been m upright
Feaiture B
FORMAL TYPE: Terrace
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Indeterminate (permanent habitation-related)
DIIv>QiSIONS: 7.00 m by 1.00 m by O.Sti m
DESCRIPI'ION: This feature is asoil-containing teaace »ear the eastern edge of a steep gorge
leading to a stnnll bay. The feature is constrtrcred of subeagular and rounded pehaeha bouldem 0.20
- 0.50 m in diameter and fr stacked 1-3 corrrses high. Waterworn cobbles and picas of coral are
incorporated into the structure. There is a large level area above the teaace toward the east which
contains a few basalt flakes and a coaeitlerable amount of marine shell, warerwan pebbles, and
coral. To the west is a large level surface. A small amwmt of marine shell is present on the surface of
the terrace. A much larger and heavier concentration of tnidden is present toward the east Oa top of
the northeast end, which is the most intact part of the feanue, smaller cobbles are present t..obbles
are also present on the dowaslope side of the terrace.
Feature C
FORMAL TYPE: Wall
FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Permanent habitation
DIINEWSIONS: 11.50 m by 3.50 m by 1.02 m
DESCRIPTION: This feature is south of a nrauko-nrakoi jeep rued. The faced, one-filled structure
formerly extended to the north and has been disatrbed by the blading of the roadway. Five courses
are visible ao the faced exterior, s~ pehoehoe cobbles comprise the fill. Several waterworn botdders
were incorporated. A small hearth was noted at the northeast end of the featuro, It was constructed
using subanguhmr pahoehce cobbles and boulders. The cads of the extant wall curve tu the northwest
w the edge of the disturbed zone. indicating it once exte~ed further north. This is evidence that the
feature is the nmroan[ of sn enclosure, with this feature formerly being the southeast wall. A
Drag
IL~1
02 4-04 1095 AAtN+rdir A 62
moderate density scalier of opihi shells was noted at the foot of the wall. The specimens were also
noted on the well along with urchin picas and weal.
Fewturo D
FORMAL TYPE: wau
FUNCTIONAL IIV'TERPRETATION: Boundary
DIIvfEtdSIONS: 12.00 m by 1.60 m by OSS m
DESCRIPITON: Feature D is a low wall ring ntauka-malrai aligned 227/47°. It lies west of and
parallel to m unnamed intermittent chancel. It is consonrcred of attbangular pahoeha boulders
stacked 2-3 courses high. A small portico u the southwest end is faced a~ cobble filled. Portions of
the wall rrst on bedrock and there has been considerable bulldozer activity in the area. The mauka
end of the wall is in as area of bulldozed debris, and the lower cad temtinates in a bulldozed spoil
pile.
Feoturo E
FORMAL TYPE: Wall
FUNCTIONAL IIdTERPRETATION: Bourrdery
DIlvffifISIONS: 17.00 m by 4.00 m by 0.65 m
DESCRIPTION: This low wall eons northeast 40° and to the southeast at 245°. It is oo the ridge
slope above Keaaahalululu Gulch and northwest of a jeep hail that is near the ridge top south of the
dcep gulch. Fountain grass and kiawe trees are predominate. The feature is constructed of boulders
and cobbles. The materials aro used exclusively such that one area is built using only boulders.
another errs only cobbles. One small area is faced.
Report 1014-041095 B-1
APPENDIX B: Historical
Documentary Research,
by Lehua Kalima, and Supplementary
Historical Documentary
Research, by Kepa Maly
The project area lies within the ahaptta'a of Kahus 1-2 and Waika, in the North Kohala
District of the Island of Hawau. Documentary sources refer to these ahapua'a infrequently, so
information on the Kawaihae portion ofNorth Kohala, which lies adjacentto Waika Ahupua`a,
will also be included in this report.
Place Nantes of Hawaii (Pukui et al. 1974) lists Kahus as a "Ranch, Kohala Qd., Hawaii.
see Kai`opae. Lit., the jealousy" (66). Kai`opae is listed ae a gulch sod point in Kohala. The
literal meaning of the name is "shrimp sea." Puktri et al. explains that warriors were as
numerous as shrimps in the battle in which Lonoikamakahiki lolled Kanaloanuikeakawaiea
(ibid:70). W aiakailio Bay, within the project area, is translated literally as "water [used] by the
dog" (ibid:219). Waika is listed as a land section in Waimea, Hawaii; the literal meaning of
Waika is "cleared water" (ibid:222).
A song still popular today is taken from an ancient chant which talks of this area of Notch
Kohala. The song, entitled "Hole W aimea", is discussed in the following; the lyrics of the song
follow the discussion:
Portions of this stirring song have been given by Emerson (1909:68-70),
Roberts (1926:92-95, 234235) and Fornander (vo1.6:202-203). Details vary
considerably, which is not surprising in chants as old as this. Mrs. Pukui
reports that the original chant is esid to have been a name song for
Kamehameha I that was inherited by his soq Liholiho. The Kipu`upu`u were
a band of runners who named themselves after Waimea's icy rain.
Kamchamehaissaidtohave aekedthatthey be trainedin spesrfighong.They
went to the forests called Mahilo and Waika to stop (hole) the bark of
saplings to be made into spears. (The title of the song is translated freely).
Hilohere is asymbol of hardship, violerce, and travail, as are the three winds
mentioned in the songs. But even a Hawaiian war song has veiled references
to love making. According to Winne (1968:201), the song based w the chant
was composed by Prince Lele-io-Hokq presumably as leader of the famous
Ka-wai-hau Glee Club. One source gives the date as 1889, long after the
prince's death.
Hole Waimea i ka ilte a ka tnakani
Waimea strips the spears of the wind.
Hao mai na 'ak a ke Kipu'trpu'u
Waves are tossed in violence by the Kipu`upu`u rains.
He la'au kala'ihi is na kt ana
Trees brittle in the cold
I `o'o i Ira nahele o Mahiki
An made inW spears in Mahilo forest
Report 1024-041095 8-2
Hui Chorus
Ku aka i ka pahu,
Hit by the thrttsts,
Ku a ka 'awa'awa
Hit by the cold,
Hanane'e ke kikala o ko Hilo krni
The hips of Hilo's throngs sag
Ho'i lu'ulu'u i ke one o Hanakahi
As they return burdened to the sands of Hanakahi.
Ku akula i ka owls a ke Kipu'upu'u
Pelted, and bruised by the Kipu`upu`u rains
Holu ka maka o ka 'ohawai a Uli
Lobelia petals of the sorceress sway
Niniau 'eha ka pus o ke koai'e
And koai'e flowers droop in pain,
Ua 'eha i ka nahele o Waika
Pangs in Waika fortst
Hoe Puna i ka wa'q palolo a ka 'iro
Puna paddles canoes, mired in the storm,
Ho'oheno i na ha/a o Ko'oko'olau
Beloved pandanus of Ko`oko'olau,
Ua 'eha i ke ku'iku'i a ka Ulumano
Hurt by buffeting winds
Hala a'e ka makawalu the a ke A'e
As the many spears of the A`e wind pass by.
(Elbert and Mahce 1970:52-3).
In the book ltgends of Hawaii (Colum 1937), the Story of the Aaow and the Swing
mentions Waika and Kahua. This story tells of a boy named Hiku and a girl named Kawelu.
One day the two met and fell in love. Hiku remained at Kawelu's home, but unfortunately,
because Kawelu was of a very high class, Hiku was not allowed to eat any of the foods that
Kawelu did, and so he was not fed. This wntinued for a few days, and finally Hiku, angry and
hungry, lefr Kawelu's home. When Kawelu saw this she followed him into the uplands, but
eventually she gave up her chase as she could not find him. Heartbroken, she [clamed home.
Hiku continued into the uplands to hisparcnts' home. After afew days however, Hiku regretted
leaving Kawelu, but when be spoke to his parents about returning to her, he found that she had
died. Hiku visited a person who told him that in order to bring Kawelu back from the dead he
must enter the rderworld, which was below the sea. Before be did this be had to make two
swings, one for himself and ooe for Milu, God of the Underworld, to swing on. While swinging
Hiku had to chant to Kawelu's spirit to entice her to mount the swing with him while the other
swing kept Milu occupied. When be had done this and Kawelu's spirit was on the swing with
Hiku, he pulled the ropes and friends on land pulled up the swing ao which they were seated
As they climbed to the ataface however, Kawelu's spirit began shrinking until by the time they
had [cached the top, Hiku could hold it in hie hand. Although he was afraid that be would not
be able to save her, due to the small size of her spirit, Hiku went to where her body lay and put
the spirit of Kawelu back into her body at her toes. Slowly the spirit rose into her body, past
her knees, into her stomach and finally into her head at which point she opened her eyes and
was restored to life. Hiku and Kawelu lived happily ever after.
Report 1024-041095 8-3
The following is a translation of the chant Iliku recited as he swung in the underworld:
Wounded is Waimea by the piercing wind;
The bard of the purple ohai is drooping;
Jealous and grieved is the flower of the ko-sie;
pained is the wood of Wai-ka;
O Love! Wei-ka loves me as a lover,
Like unto a lover is the flower of Koolauu;
It is the flower in the woods of Mahele.
The wood is a place for journeying, the wild pill
grass has its place in the forests, Life is but a
simple towd at Ka-hna.
O Love! Love it was which came to me; Whither
has it vanished?
O Love! Farewell." (Colum 1937:144)
It is interesting to note the similarity between this chant and the second verse of the "Hole
Waimea' song. It is possible that this chant is only a portion of the chant which was made into
the "Hole Waimea'song.
Kohala was lmowu for its strong winds:
/pu lei Kohala na ka Moa'eku
Kohala is like a wreath container for the Moa`e brceze.
Kohala is a windy place (Pukui 1983:1256).
Kahilipulu Kohala na ka malcarti
Kohala is swept, mulch anti all, by the wind.
Kohala is a windy place (ibid:1313).
Ka makani 'Apa'apa'a o Kohala
The `Apa`apa`a wind of Kohala.
Kohala was famed in song and story for the `Apa'apa'a wind of
that district (ibid:1455).
'Ope'ope Kohala i ka nuahani.
Kohala is buffeted by the wind (ibid:2533).
Other sayings concerning Kohala mention the valor of Kohala warriors, and the pride the
Kohala people had for the beauty of their home (ibid.).
Handy and Handy recount that Kohala was the chiefdom of Kamehameha the Croat, and
from this feudal seat 6e extended his power to the whole of the island, eventually uniting all
the Hawaiian Islands under his rule (1972:528).
EARLY HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS
North Kohala in prehistory was intensively cultivated in taro, sweet potatoes, bananas, and
cane. Landing on the north coast in 1779, King explored the cowtry inland of the area. He
repOlta:
r
Report 1024-041095 B-4
The country, as far as the eye could teach, seemed fruitful and well
inhabited...[threesnd four miles inland, Plantations of taro and potatoes and
wauke] neatly set out in rows The walls that separate them are made of the
loose burnt stone, which ate got in clearing the grand; and being entirely
concealedby augaz~aneaplantedclox oo each side, make themost beautiful
fences that can be conceived. [1'he exploring party stopped six or xven miles
from the aes] at the second hen they found among the plantations.... To the
lefr a continuous range of villages, interspersed with groves of coconut trees
spreading along the sea-shore; a thick wood behind this: and to the right, an
extent of ground Isid out in regulaz and well~ultivated plantations, as faz as
the eye could reach.
In a footnote to the above statement King says:
Both the potatoes, and the farrow, are here planted four feet from each other.
The former are earthed up almost to the top of the stalk, with about half a
bushel of light mould; the lacer is left bare to the root, and the mould amend
it is left in the form of a basin, in order to hold the rainwater, as this mot
requires a certain degree of moisture...indeed, we all remarked that the
tarrow of the Saadwich Islands is the best we had ever tasted.
[Returning out of the forest belt the party again encountered plantations.] As
they passed along, they did not observe a single foot of ground, that was
capable of improvement, left Implanted; and indeed it appeared, from their
account, hardly possible for the country to be cultivated m Beater advantage
for the purposes of the inhabitants, or made to yield them a larger supply of
necessazies for their subsistence. They were surprised m meet with several
fields of hay; and on inquiring to what use it was applied, were told, it was
designed to cover the young farrow grounds, in order to preserve them from
being scorched by the sun (King IN Handy and Handy 1972:528-529).
The Reverend William Ellis, who visited the area in 1823, commented on the fertile soil
of the ana and the flourishing vegetation. He noted that the coast was barren, with many
volcanicrocks, andthatthere was considerablecultivation arouodthe villages(Ellis 1963:283).
He also noted that all the inhabitants of coast were fishermen. Mr. Thurston, a missionary was
informed that the inhabitants of the plantations, about seven miles inland, wens faz more
numerous than those of the seashore (ibid.).
Sweet potato was the staple of the inhabitants who lived on the dry kola land in the region
about Hawi and fished al~g the shores eastward and southward of Upolu Point It is probable
that sweet potatoes were oleo grown in the upland valleys of Kohala, although it may have been
too foggy and damp (Handy 1940:119). According to a karnaaina of Kohala, fishing families
also planted sweet potatoes at Mahukona, Hama, and Honoipu (ibid:164).
Kawaihae, an alruptra'a south of Waika, has a broad shallow bay. As it is maay, this was
the district's chief seaport Today the land about the bay is dry and barren but formerly much
dry taro was grown in the lower forost zone, which used to extend fiom the Kohala Molmtains
much farther m seaward overwhat is now open pasture tllanay and Handy 1972:531). Wettaro
was grown also in small pockets of land wherever streams, even intermittent ones, flowed
(ibid.).
t
Report 1024-041095 B-S
LAND TENURE
In 1848, during the reign of Kamehameha III, the traditional Hawaiian land ownership
system was replaced with a mos Western-style ayat~. This radical nstrucmting was called
The Great Mahele (division). The Great Mahele separated and defined the tmdivided land
interests of the King and the high-raulong chiefs, and the konohiki. who were originally thax
in chargeof ttactaof landon behalf of theking otachief (Chines 1958:vii and Chinen 1961:13).
More than 240 of the highest-ranlting chiefs andkonohiki in the kingdom joined Kamehameha
III in this division. The first Mahele was signed ou Ian. 27, 1848 by Kamehameha III and
Princess Victoria Kamamalu, and by her guardians Mataio Kekuanaoa and Ioue Ii. The last
Mahele was signed by the King and E. Enoka oo March 7, 1848 (Chinon 1958:16).
The Mahele did not convey title to any land. The chiefs and konohiki were regained to
present their claims to The Land Commission to receive awards for lands quitclaimed to them
by Kamehameha III. They were also required to pay commutations to the government in order
to receive royal patents oo their awards. Until an award was issued, title remained with the
goveroment The lands awarded to the chiefs and konohiki became known as Konohiki Lands.
Because there were few surveyors in Hawau at the time of the Mahele, the lands wen identified
by name only, with tiro undetstandiag that the ancient boundaries would pnvad until the laud
could be surveyed. This expedited the work of the Land Commission and speeded the transfers
(Chinon 1961:13).
During this process all land was placed in one of three categories: Crowe Lands (for the
occupant of the throne), Government Lands, and Konohiki Lands. These wen al! "subject to
the rights of native resents," (Laws of Hawaii, 1848:22). Native tenants wen the common
Hawaiian people who lived on the land and worked it for their subsistence. Questions
concerning the name of these rights began to arise as the King, the government, and konohiki
began selling parcels of land. On December 21, 1849 the Privy Council attempted to clarify
the situation by adopting four resolutions intended to protect the tights of native tenants
referral m in the 1848 law (Chinon 1958:29).
These resolutions authorized the Land Commission to award fa simple title to all native
tenants who occupied and improved any portion of Crown, Government, or Konohiki lands.
These awards wen m be free of commutation except for house lots located in the districts of
Honolulu, Lahaina, and Hilo (ibid.).
Before receiving their awards from the Land Commission, the native tensors wtn required
to prove that theycultivated the land for aliving. They were notpermitted to acquire wastelands
or lands which they cultivated "with the seeming intention of enlarging their lots." Ooce a
claim was confirmed, a survey was required before the Land Commission was authorized to
issue any award. These lands became known as "KuleanaLands" (ibid:30). Until its dissolution
on March 31,1855, the Land Commission issued thousands of awards to the nativc tenants for
their kuitana; even so, leas than 30,000 awes of land wen awarded to the native tenants as
Kuleana Lands.
When the Gnat Mahele took place the entire ahapua'a of Kahua 1 was awarded to Lot
Kamehamehs in Land Commissi~ Award (I.CA) 7715 a~ the entire alttrpua'a of Kahua was
awarded m V. Kamamamalu in (LCA) 7713 (Board of Commissioners 1929). The ahupua'a
of Waika is listed as being awarded to Gina Lahilahi, daughter of John Young, in LCA 8520-
B. As those awarded these ahapua'a were considered ali'i they were not squired to submit
i
Repor[ 1014-041095 8-6
testimony on their lands as were the natives who wen awarded Jnrleana, thus no testimony
exists for these lands regarding land use az that time.
Figure B-J is an 1859 map of the boundaries of KahuaG`i (Kahua 1st). Figures B-1 and B-
3are the boundary descriptions of Kahuali`i and Waika. Many place names are mentioned o0
these descriptions, indicating the area was well visited orinhabited. A 1928 tax map ofthe area,
found az the Hilo Real Property Tax office, shows an "ancient trail^ conning through
Kahualiilii. This appears to be the same trail shown on Figure B-J as the "road to Macy and
Vida's ranch" which would indicate that the trail was present prior to Macy and Vida s
acquisition of the ranch.
Unfortunately the tax map office in Honolulu, when copies of tax maps are ordered, did
not Lave a copy of the 1928 version which shows this trail, only a 1935 version, which does
not. The trail showy on the 1928 map Las been superimposed ~ the 1935 map in Figure B-4.
The following notes on Kahua and Waika shed some light on activities thaz took place in
the ahupua'a. The notes are from the Land File Index at the Hawau State Archives:
Kahua, KoLala, Hawaii
Interior Dept. Ltr. Bk 15, p. 116
List of Kouohiki lands showing that the above land belongs to
V. Kamamalu and L. Kamehameha and owns a fishing right
Kahua, Kohala, Hawaii
Interior Dept Lands Doc. No. 356
List of Konohiki's lands in Kohala,Hawau, showing that the
above Ili Lad been awarded, by the Land Commission, to Lot
K. Kamehameha, &c.
SAME Doc. No. 382
Statement of Land Commission Awards for V. Kamamalu's
lands showing:
Kahuwa, Kohala. Hawaii 55.00
Kahua, Kohala, Hawau
Interior Dept., Lands 1850 Aug. 27
M. Kekuanaoa to Miu. of Interior (John Young)
Anached copy of the Division of Lands agreed upon in Privy
Council, August 27, 1850, Kekuanaoa and Lis children to
rtxeive Fee Simple Titles for those lands here set off to them -
d[ey resigning to the Govt. all title W the other lands granted
them in the Buke Mahele, shows that d[e above land was set
apart to V. Kamamalu in the Land Division (I.CA 7713).
Attached list of lands shows that the above land was set apart
for Lot Kapuaiwa in the Laod Division.
Kahua, Kohala, Hawari
Interior Dept., Lands 1857 March 31
Original lease, for Lot Kamehsmeha to G.W. Macey, on the
above land in Kohala, Hawaii.
6
Report 1024-041095 8"11
Kahua, Kohala, Hawed
Interior Dept., Lands 1873 Nov. 27
James Wood to J.O. Dominic
Stating that R.A. Lyman had postponed the hearing of the
settlement of boundaries of Kahua iki.
Waika, Lam of
Ptivy Cotmcil Vol. 3:98
Land set off to G. Lahihthi as heir of John Young.
W aika, Land of -
Int. Dept. Bk 15, p. 116
In list of Konohild lands showing that the above land belong to
Young (L,ahilahi) & owns a fishing right
Waika, Land of
Int. Dept. Doc. No. 117
In letter foam T.C.B. Raoke to Lyons re. Dote in which Kaeo
wishes to Gave the above land surveyed.
Waika, Land in -
int. Dept. 1850 Mar. 7
J. Kaeo to Min. of Interior
Desire to obtain the Governments interest in the above lead,
Hawait 8tto give up interestin landsof Kealia,Lanai, Kukuihala.
Puna 8t Pahoehoe, Kona Hawari.
Waika, Land of
Int. Dept. 1858 November 4
In letter from G.W. Macy to Wm. Webster requesting him to
get the lease of the above land 8t also asksthat the same be made
in the name of Macy & Vida 8tc.
Int. Dept. 1859 Feb. 26, -
In letterfrom G.W Macy to Wm. Webster, desires m get a lease
of the above Iand fm 10 years, &c.
Ez. & F.O. 1905 Tan. 25.
Governor to Commissioner of Public Lauds
In list of lands under ewirol of the Superintendent of Public
Works. That the above land is Dot in actual use by the Govern-
ment of the Territory of Hawaii, and is not producing any
reVE000.
From the above it is evident Macy and Vida mentioned on the map of Kahuali`ili'i leased
the land in Kahua and Waika and that they apparently Sot their lease when they requested it
in 1859, asthemap (Figwe B-J) of the same yearshows the trail asthe "roadto Macy and Vida's
ranch".
Report 1024-041095 &12
RANCHING
The mast stable and long-term economic pursuit in the neighboring Waimea area has been
cattle industry. When Captain George Vancouver of the British Royal Navy introduced a few
head of cattle to the Waimea rogion in 1793, they wero placed under a kaPn for ten years ao
that they could multiply and eventually supply a cew source of protein for the Hawaiian
population. Vancouver described Waimea as a place very rich and productive, containing a
lazge tract of luxuriant, natural pasture, where all the cattle and sheep he had imported could
roam freely and reproduce (Clark and Kirsh 1983:48).
By 1794 V ancouver had left xven cows, three bulls, five ewes, and five rams on Hawari
(ibid.). The fetal cattle population grew out of control, however, and by 1858 one observer
guessed that there were about 10,000 bead on Mauna Kea (ibid.). While this was probably an
overestimation, the herds clearly played a role in (a) the abandorunent of agricultural fields
which were subject to destruction by marauding cattle; (b) the construction of stone walls to
contain, restrict, or exclude cattle; and (c) deforestation of some areas, primarily becaux the
cattle trampled and ate many of the young sprouts (ibid.).
Wherever they were kept to "increase and multiply" they did so, so rapidly that by 1815
Johu Whitman reported:
The caale have become so numerous on the Island of Owhyhce that they are found in large
droves and apprehensions were entertained that it would be necessary to destroy part of them
on the expiration of the term which Van Couver set, when he left the first pair on the Island
(Whitman 1979:61).
Kamehameha I, noticing the many wild cattle, hired a few people to shoot cattle. One of
his bullock hunters was John P. Parker, an American who had shipped with traders in the
Northwest Coast-China furtrade and who hadfinally settledin Hawau about 1815 (Barrsra and
Kelly 1974:44). John P. Parker is of course the man who started the Big Island's Parker Ranch.
Kahual2anch probably has a similazhistory. The Kahua and Waika areas are part of Kahua
Ranch, started in 1928 by Atherton Richards and Ron Von Holt (pers. comm., Phyllis
Richards). Presently, the owners are the Richards family. Kahua Ranch is involved in cattle
and shcep ranching and has also branched out into alternative energy with the establishment
of a hydroelectric plant on its premises. The owner-manager at tbis writing is Herbert Richards
(ibid.).
CONCLUSION
The project area has been used by Kahua Ranch for many Years, and due to this it is
expected thathistoric sitesassociated withranching wouldbe fo~md inthe area. Any prehistoric
sites formd would most likely be associated with agriculture or habitation, ss fishing was the
primary occupation for this area of Kohala, with some agriculture in the uplands. It is likely
that any prehistoric sites found would be damaged or destroyed, as extensive clearing in
association with ranching must have taken place in the area, at least in the inlattd portion of
the ahupua'a.
Report 1024-041095 8-l3
REFERENCES CITED
Herrera, W., Jr., and M. Kelly
1974 Archaeological and lliatorical Surveys of the Waimea to Kawaihae Road
Corridor. Island of Hawaii. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop
Museum.
Board o[ Commissioners
1929 Indices of Awards Made by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet LandTitles
in the Hawarian Islands. Star-Bulletin Publishing, Honolulu.
Chiaen,JJ.
1958 The Grtat Mahele: Hawaii's land Division of 1848. Honolulu: University
of Hawaii Press.
1961 Original land Tules in Hawaii. Honolulu: privately published.
Clarlt, J.T., and P. Kirsh
1983 Archaeological Investigations of the Mudlane-Waimea-Kawaihae Road
Corridor, Island of Hawaii. Departonental Repoli Series 83-1. B.P. Bishop
Museum, Honolulu.
Colum, P.
1937 legends of Hawaii. New Haven and Loudon: Yale University Press.
Elbert, S.H., and N. Malice
1970 NaMeleoHawaiiNei,lOlHawaiianSongs.Houolulu:UttivetsityofHawaii
Press.
Ellis, W.
1963 Journal of William Ellis, Narrative of a Tour of Hawaii, or Owhyee...
Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing Co.
Handy, E.S.C., and E.G. Handy
1972 Nadve Planters in Old Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. Bishop
Museum Press, Honolulu. (With M.K. Pulrui)
Pulcui, M.K.
1983 Olelo Noeau. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 71. Bishop Museum
Press, Honolulu.
Palrai, M.K., S.H. Elbert, sad E.T. Mooltini
1974 Place Names of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Raseadahl,P.H.
1980 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of the Kahala Malcai-1 Develop-
mentSite, W aika, North Kohala, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-5-9-01:6). PHRI
Report No. 80-15. Prepared for Belt, Collins & Associates.
Report 1024-041095 8-14
Sinow, A.
1979 Archaeological Reconosiasance Survey of a Proposed Road Corridor in the
Kohala Estates Development, North Kohala, Hawsii Island. Department of
Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum. Prepared for Belt, Collins & Associ-
ates.
Whitruao>J.
1979 An Accowlt of t!a Sandwich Islands. Honolulu: Topgallant Publishing Co.,
Ltd.
Repor[ 1014-041095 8-IS
SUPPLEMENTARY HISTORICAL
DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH
by Kepa Maly
The following is additional historical documentary information for the project area. The
information, available only recently, is the product of a PHRI Hawauan Language newspaper
translation Project (Maly, in prep). The information concerns traditional use of established trail
systems in the district of Kohala; specifically, it documents use of the ale ba and a/a belt
(primary snd secondary trails, respectively) of Kahua/Waika Ahupua'a
The moku o bko district literally: interior islmd) of Kohalais one of the six majordistricts
of Hawaii Island. The boundaries of Kohala and its inner divisions are documented in the
Legend of Ka-Milo, as translated from the Hawauan language newspaper Ka Hoku o Hawaii
(1914 -1917) (Maly, in prep).
O Kohala nui, o Kohala iki, o Kohala loko, o Kohala waho, o Kohala makani
`Apa'apa`a, o Piii o Kalahikiola, o Na-pu`u-haele-lua. `Oia ho`i! `Oia la! O
nor `altina iho la 'ia o ka `sine ha`aheo i ke kahili a ka makani 'Apa'apa`a e
ho`ola'au mai ana mehe ipo ale ka ne hone i ka poll o ke aloha.
Large Kohala, liWe Kohala, inner Kohala. outer Kohala. Kohala of the
`Apa'apa'a wind, of Pili and Kalahikiola. the two traveling hills. Indeed!
Thcy are the combined districts of this proud land blushed by the `Apa'apa'a
wind, maturing like a love nestled fondly in the bosom of love. [An epitaph
for the land divisioos of Kohala, which extend from Honoke'a on the
Hamakua bowdary to Ke-ahu-a-Loco on the Kona boundary 3/22/1917.]
The project area is in Kahua Ahupua`a, on the western slope of the Kohala Mountains,
within the Legion called Kohala waho (Outer Kohala), ar Kohala makani 'Apa`apa`a (Kohala
of the `Apa'apa'a wind). Two hills, the twinpu'u of Pili anti Kalahilriola, are famed landmarks
of the region. Pu'u-Pili is in the uplands, on the border of Kahua and Waika. The hills ate part
of the ridge which crowns Kohala; a poetic description of the region is found in the Ka-Milo
legend:
[U]a hele ka `ike a ]ti `eki'e, i kaupoku o ka pore morons o Ka-ale a Na-pu `u-
haele-lua a `auamo pu ai i ka makani, is ka us, a me ka la o ua `sine kaulana
nei o Kohala i ka makani `Apa`apa a me he ipo ale ka uhai hele mahope o
ke kua.
[...Here is one who has] come to ete the line of mountains, that are the ridge
pole [of Kohala]; extending from Ka-ale to the twin traveling hills (Pill and
Kalahikiola) which bear the winds, rains and sun of this famous land upw
their back, Kohala in the 'Apa`apa`a wind which follows behind one like a
lover. (2/g/191'n
Place Names of Hawaii (Pukui et al. 1974) interprets Ka-hua as "The jealousy" (also
written Kahuwa) and W ai-ka as "Cleared water". The lands are famed for their rugged name,
and are praised m traditional chants and Hawaiian music. Though there aro few documented
Report 1024-041095 8-16
traditional accounts of the lands smmrmding Kahua sod Wailta, the ones available do desaibe
some of the conditions in the area and gives us a glimpx of the practices of the people of the
region. The legend of Ka-Milli (MaIY, in prep), tliacumed in the following, includes a number
of such references.
ABOUT THE LEGEND OF KA-MIKI
"Ka'so Ho`oniua Pn`uwai No Ka-Milo" ([the] Heart Stirring Story of Ka-Mild) is an
account of two supernanaal brothers, Ka-Mild ('The quick, or adept one) and Matra-'iole (Rat
(squinting] eyes) who traveled a' rog the ancient trails encircling Hawari Island. Ka-Milo and
Matra-`iole were empowered by thcir ancestress, Ka-uluhe-nui-hihi-kolo-i-uka (1'he great
entangled growth of uluhe fern which spreads across the uplands), a reincarnate form of the
earth-moths goddess, creative force of nature Haumea (also called Papa), who dwelt at
Kalama`ula in the uplands of Kohaoa-iki, Kona. Born in 'e'epa (mysterious premature) forms,
Ka-Milo and Matra-`iole were the children of Pohaku-o-Kane and Kapa`ihilani, the ali'i of the
lands of Kohana-ild and Kaloko. Reared by Ka-uluhe and instructed in the uses of their
superoatural powers, Ka-uluhe sent Ka-Milo a~ Matra-'iole on a journey arotmd the island of
Hawaii to challenge disreputable 'olohe (experts, skilled in all manner of fighting techniques
and competing in riddling. mm~ing, leaping, 5shing and debating contests. etcJ and priests
whoa dishonorable conduct offended the gods of ancient Hawaii.
The legend is xt in the time when Hikapoloa and Kapa`au-ilti-a-Kalana were the two
primary chiefs of Kohala; ca. 13th century. During their journey, Ka-Milo and Matra-'iole
competed along the ala loa-ala hele and on the kahaa le'ale'a (contest azenas) associated with
the royal courts of the chiefs of the islands' six districts. While in the district of North Kohala,
the major events of the legend occurred at Pololu, Hala`ula, and Keawewai. The project area
lands aze referenced when Ka-Milo, Matra-`iole, and their companion Keahialaka travel from
Hala`ula along the overland trail, to the lands of the sacredchiefess Keawewai; this iadone prior
to their continuing on the trail to the uplands of W aimea The following excerpts provide new
insight into the life and practices of the people who lived within the Kahua/Waika region of
Kohala The excerpts provide information w place names, site and community histories, local
and regional practices, ceremonies, and mile (chant) texts.
PoliticaiSetting
The lands of Hikapoloa were named for the chief to whom all other chiefs of Kohala-waho
(outer Kohala) answered. The lands and chiefs subordinate to Hikapoloa included:
`Upolu, Hoes, Honoipu, Puakea, Kuktripahu, Ha`ena. Awalua, Kapa`a,
Kahua, Kai`opae, Koai'a, Lamalolaa, Kaipuha`a, and Pu'uepa.
iTkapoloa was married to the chiefess Kukuipahu, and their child was
Kepaka'ili`u1e, the swift warrior who humbled Kaikipa`ananea, achief -
warticr of Maui (?/1/1917).
A famous saying of Kohala is attributed m the chief Hikapoloa, because he
was an enthusiast of all manner of games and competitions, and regularly
called many people mgether for contests oo the kahua (contest sites) of
Kohala
Report 1024-041095 4.17
Le`i o Kohala i ka nuke o na kaoaka
Each point of Kohsla is coverod with people (32111917).
1Tikapoloa and Kapa'au-iki-a-Kalatra were the two chiefs who controlled all the hods of
Kohala. Kohala was unique during this period of history, fa the other five districts of Hawaii
were ruled by one major chief each, but Kohala was ruled by two chiefs (ta28/1917).
Regional Place Name Narratives
Ka-htta or Ka-bows (Intet}ttetive translation: The jealous one) The lands of
Kahua were also called Koai'e (Kosi `a, and native hard wood acacia), and
were named for an `olohe -chief who served under Hikapoloa (711/1917)•
Koai`e and the chief Kai`opae (Shrimp [filled] sea]) were guardians of
Lamaloloa (Long Lama tree), one of the foremost watriorcompetitors of
Kohala (222/1917)•
Ke-awe-wai (lnte:predva ttanslaton: The watetsttand [narrow watercourse];
literally: Keawe's avatar) (Figure B-S) The lands of Keawewai were named
for the sacred chiefeas Keawewai. She was the ward of the priests Ka-holoi-
wai-a-ka-Naulu (The clesttsing waters of the Naulu showers, for which
Kawaihae is famed), and Kaho`opulu (The one who moistens).
While tending the chiefess's, ko (sugar cane) gardens, Keauahalululu met
with Ka-Miki ma' who asked if they couldeat some of the ko. Kearudtalululu
went before Kaholoiwai and explained Ka-Miki's request. Kaholoiwai
discerned Ka-Milv's nature and that be was mlated to them through the
goddesses Haumea-nui-a-ka-aiwsiwa and Lani-nui-ku'i-a-mamao-loa
(Lanimaomao, Waimea). Kaholoiwai commanded that food and 'save be
prepared, and he sent Honokoa, the chiefess's messenger ro call Keswewai.
There were many people living on these ?ands from the shore to the kosi'e
(Acacia koala) and mamane (SopJtora chrysophylla) forests. Ka-Milo ma,
Keawewai, her guardians and the people of the land all gathemd for this
meeting and feast.
The time with Keawewai was pleasurably spent playing konane and all
manner of games which the elders of that time were fond of. Ka-Milo ma
departed from Keswewai (Kahua) and traveled m the uplands of Waimea,
where they wets reunited with their female elder Lani-nui-ku'i-a-mamao-
loa for whom the lands of Lanimaomao wets named (3/22-29, 1917).
Pill (Hetropogan grass) alsocalled Pu`u-pili (Dili grass coveredhill)The hills
of Pili and Kalahilriola are also called Na pu'u haele lua (hills which travel
Wgether). The waving of the pili grass on these hills gave the impression of
their traveling, and this image is described by the saying:
...0 Kohala `sine makani `Apa'apa'a a kuehu ana i ke ala pili.
Kohala is the land of the `Apa'apa'a winds which stir up the pili grass trails.
8/25/1917)
• ~-A Hawaiian word meaning "std companion arataociama"
PHRI Project 91-1024
FIGURE ILLUSTRATION
1 Project Area Location
2 Ske Location
3 Distribution of Perrnansrd Habkation Skes
4 Distribution of Temporary Habkation Skss
5 Distribution of Burial and Possible Burial Features
6 Distribution of Agricutural Fsaturos
A-1 Ske 2488, Feature B, View to WNW
A-2 Ske 2489, Featuro A, TU-i ,North Facs
A-3 She 2491, Pkn Vlew (11x17)
Al Sks 2491, Featuro A, TU-2, Northeast Facs
A-5 Ske 2491, Fsaturc B, TU-3, West Face
A-6 Ske 2493, North Encbsure/Wa1, View to NNE
A-7 Slte 2494, North Room of Encbsurc, View to ENE
A-8 Ske 2498, Featuro A, TU-1, View to NNW
A-9 Ske 2499
A-10 Ske 4005
A-11 Sote 4013, Feature C, Pro-excawatlon, View to N
A-12 Site 16120, Featuro A, Platform, View to WSW
A-13 Ske 18163, Fsaturo B, Protxcavatlon, View to SSW
A-14 Ske 18176
B-i Map of Kahuat9 by S.C. Watson 1859
B-2 Boundary Description of Kahua19t1, Awarded to Lot Kamehameha
B-3 Boundary Description of Waika, Awarded to Gina Lahimhi
8~4 1935 Ta: Map of 35-9-1, Showing Ancient Traii
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CSRTT:''ICATS OF 30~pRIE3 OP Tffi LARD
OF BA1S?- District of gohala, Island of Hawaii. Zrhllahl ;i:P.
1'66'61 (by name) L.C.Award 8520 3.
Beginning at the South atutle of this land adJoiaing the land of
Sawaihae lat., by the sea shore at high water mark of the peiat
called 'Oaeloa•, the coordinates of same being 5.22803.7 !t. re-
8.16736.5
ferred to the SurveyoRefereace Station •Pua Aiea•, the boundary rune
~ the ryas meridian:-
1. H.49°25'5.-2450:0 it: along 3Cawalhae 1st. to a + under mound of
atane¦ •by aIICinsti roadway.
2. H:46°22'5.-6151.0 it. same ss.above, thn eoordinatee being S.
16991.3 8:10464.1 St-..referred to the Survey
Ref. Sta. Puu Lisa.
3. 8.54°25'5.-2713.0 ' along Sawaihae 1st. to t under monad of
stone by small heian.
4. H.65°27'3.-2757.0 • along 3awaihae let. to ~ under mound of atones
an ledge overhanging the •baaaahalulnln•
gn2eh imaediatelp over two great cubical
ho~'ft. ,mow b~4A~9e5t6.9-
5. A.64°Z6'5.-14547.0 ' Sta. 'Putt Area. aioag 3awaihse 1st.. the
bouadary'following'the meanders af~the
middle of the'$sanahalnluln gulch to ledge
over falls st' 2owar edge of the 1laimen
Sohala (}ovt. road, the coordinates being
3.7951.0 --5.7364.1 ft. referred--to the Survey
Ref. Sta. Puu Xlea.
6. H.B4°19'5.-5013.0 ' along Sawaihae Iet., the boundary following
the m~andere.af the middls,of the Seaaaha-
i~+i¦~~ ¦rTa~ 3.0 i~JC ant .ka flat" bonldar
on the South bans Cf -the sXrsam. by pool earl
falls callsa •Baipouli•, the ooordiaatee
being 5.5822.6- B.1I881.1 tt. referred to
the Survey 8ai.- Station Pau Alva.
7. H.88'I2'8.-3121.0 ' along Sawalhae lat. to a O cut is-post, from
whSoh the Govt. Surrey O Station Pau Pill
baatra Habl _4~' T.-distant 3292.5 ft.
8. 5.72°09'40.8.'7764.0 it. along sawaihl!'Iil. to the-common-aas~e
of the leads of Sawaihae 1st., 61ka and
Ronokanenui, Billy. Cert. Ho. 772, the said
point being on the Best edge of a deep
gulch, emptying into the Honokane canyon,
the general name of the locality being
"~laihoolana•, a large s cut into the top
of a rock mound or kaall bearing S.SI°59'E.,
distant 231.2 ft.; said m sad top of knoll
bearing 5.64°46. 45• E.- from the Aiaamaka-
mt1 Ref. Sta. A.39° 23' S2. 8.- from the
Puu Pili O Survey Station.
ryq-
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Figure B-3. Boundary Dascrlption of Wslka, Awarded to Glna Lahllah!
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APPENDIX E-I
STATE OF HAWAII, DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND
NATURAL RESOURCES TO DR. PAUL ROSENDAHL,
- THIRD REVISED DRAFT REPORT (PHRI MS. 1024-041095):
"ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY KAHUA
MAKAUKAI~IUA SHORES COASTAL PARCELS"
July 5, 1996
~INJAlAIM J. CAYR IMO MICNA6 D. WI[bM, CNAIAIO40N
bA1100f W10 AND NATVnK n[SOIMC[S
GOV[IW OA OF NAWNI
DOIJEY
OADUIT OWDMhAOAnAN
S I
J
e°~ I AOUACUITUII[ D[V[IOPMfNT
- MOOnAM
STATE OF HAWAII ADUAne n[bu~cn
CONSUVATON ANO
DEPARTMENT OF LANG AND NATURAL RESOURCES pN110NMENTAI AFFNnf
CONSEJIVATON AND
STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION ONISION n[bUNe[S [Nfonc[AIaT
SOUTH KING STREET, 6TH FLOOR CoNVEI'ANCES
HONG W [U, HAWAII 9681 ] f08ESTRY AND WIU7UFE
NISTONC MtESUIVATON
pNSION
IAND MANAO[M[NT
July 5, 1996 wiTOiAND[AND DEV[LOVMENT
Dr. Paul Rosendahl
PHRI
204 Waianuenue Avenue
Hilo, Hawaii 96720 LOG NO: 14492
DOC NO: 9605PM12
Dear Dr. Rosendahl:
SUBJECT: Third Revised Drafr Report (PHRI ms. 1024-041095): "Archaeological
Inventory Survey Kahua Makai/Kahua Shores Coastal Parcels" (Graves
and Franklin 1995)
Kahua 1 and 2 and Waika, North Kohala, Hawaii Island
TMK: 5-9-01: 7, 8
Thank you for your letter of April 28, 1995, and the one copy of the revised report for our
continued review. We apologize for the delay in completing our review. This is the third
review of this report, which was originally submitted in February 1993.
The revised report has addressed many of the comments in our review letters of June 16,
1993, January 11, 1994, and January 20, 1995. It is now a much better report. However,
several concerns still need to be resolved before the report can be accepted- This should
not be unexpected news since our last review noted that considerable revisions were
needed in the presentation and interpretation of the site survey data and since maps and
profiles were missing in the prior draft. One problem area relates to site interpretations,
which still need some clarifications in order for the interpretations to be clearly and fully
justified. Another problem area consists of a series of minor clarifications and revisions
needed to correct inconsistencies or small problems resulting from the new maps and
profiles. Last, there is no indication in the revised report that the concern raised in our
letter of March 31, 1995, about additional burial sites has been addressed. We suggest
that you arrange to meet with Marc Smith to discuss this matter, so you can include this
information in the report.
APPENDIX E-1
Dr. Paul Rosendahl
Page Two
Our specific remarks, presented in Attachment 1, refer back to the item numbers in our
January 20, 1995, letter which was organized in terms of both general and specific
comments. To this list we have added additional comments pertaining to the site
descriptions and interpretations, as noted above. We should add that this version is much
closer to completion. Our comments, although lengthy, essentially ask for clarification of
points. Thus, we anticipate that the next draft will be the last and will prove acceptable.
Because of the nature of the still existing concerns, including the important question of the
number and locations of burials, we have not reviewed your significance evaluations and
recommended mitigation treatments. We can handle those portions quickly once the site
inventory portion is complete.
If you have any questions please contact Patrick McCoy (587-0006).
Sincerely,
DON HIBBARD, d 'nistrator
State Historic Preservation Division
PM:jk
Attachment
c. Mr. Sidney Fuke, Sidney Fuke & Associates
-2-
Attachment 1
Requested Revisions
"Archaeological Inventory Survey Kahua Makai/Kahua Shores Coastal Parcels"
(Graves and Franklin 1995)
Interpreting Site Function General Points from Prior Reviews (Noted under General
Problems Items 1 & 2 1/20/95 reivew; and under Conclusions, Item 1 of 6/16/93
review)
1. Permanent Habitations. The model for permanent habitation sites is much clearer.
However, some points need revisions or clarification, as follows:
a. p. 11, para. 2. The text claims that the model being used is that of Cordy (1981).
However, that model says that the primary permanent habitation features had areas
greater than 16-19 sq. m., not 16 sq. m. Also, construction in the model is specified as
substantial (with stone fill and bifaced walls noted), and these types of substantial
architecture are not noted. The model only notes that features of internal stratification
(e.g., multiple firepits and lens) are not present in permanent habitations, not "presence of
internal stratified features". The model notes that small, special purpose structures (less
than 16 sq. m) were associated often with such primary structures, and the area is not
given on page 11. We suggest that the paragraph be revised a bit, to correct these points.
b. p. 11, para. 2. It would also be easier to only discuss permanent habitation traits in this
paragraph, and to discuss the temporary habitation traits in the last paragraph.
c. p. 11, para. 2. It also appears, based on page 12 (para. 3) and Table 7, that you are
adding new traits not in Cordy's model. We suggest that you clearly state this point and
discuss these items on page 11, para. 2. For example, you discuss internal features
(cupboards, grinding slabs, papamu, etc.) as traits of permanent habitations, whereas
Cordy's model simply says multiple features of internal stratification (firepits, etc.) are not
present in permanent habitations. If you want to include internal features as traits of
permanent habitations, do so on page 11. But, are you sure you want to aruge that
cupboards, papamu, and grinding slabs are traits of permanent habitations and not also of
some temporary habitations. Also, you need to include supportive evidence that they are
traits of permanent habitations (logical arguments or references cited). Similarly, you
seem to use new traits indicative of substantial construction on page 12 and in Table 7 that
are not in Cordy's model e.g., wall facing and height and large slabs, iliili, etc. These
may be reasonable traits of substantive architecture, but you need to list them on page 11,
provide justifications for why you think they are traits associated with substantive
architecture of permanent habitations, and note that they are not in Cordy's model. Cordy
now, for example, would consider well-faced platforms and terraces and well-made
-3-
corners to be traits of more substantial construction. Again, all traits should be on page 11
(not first introduced on page 12, para. 3) and be noted as new traits and be justified.
d. A note, Cordy's area was computed on outside area of structures (external floor area)
vs internal floor area. Also, if large enclosures seemed likely to have had a roofed dwelling
of much smaller size within the enclosure, then the enclosure's area would not be
comparable to floor areas of structures such as platforms or enclosures which were roofed.
This was not encountered in Cordy's study areas, but it clearly applies to historic period
walled houseyards (pahale) and also probably to prehistoric cases.
e. Item 1. Table 7 needs work. The column labelled "Construction", presents different
but related kinds of information--formal type (e.g. enclosure or platform) and in some
cases the kinds of construction materials used, numbers of courses of stone in the walls,
present condition, etc. We assume that this column should actually be labelled
"Substantial Construction" and the data entered by feature should match your traits of
substantial construction for permanent habitations as discussed on page 11 (e.g., bifaced
walls, well-faced, etc.). If the construction is not substantial, this should be noted in some
fashion. Similarly, the column "Internal Features" should only list data which are
considered traits of permanent habitations on page 11 (or relevant traits such as multiple
firepits which would normally by considered a temporary habitation trait). The next
column could be briefer, or be deleted. In Cordy's model, this trait was to cover special
purpose structures associated with primary permanent habitation structures. You need to
list these structures separately by site anyway. Or, put another way, all likely roofed
structures within permanent habitation sites must be listed by site in Table 7 including
special purpose structures (your indeterminates). Thus, new additions under each site are
needed. We do not understand what the Sth column is. Is it supposed to be geographic
context? If so, are not all the sites coastal, and this would be redundant and not needed in
the table? The size column is okay. Just be sure it is external area, as you claim to be
using Cordy's model. In sum, this table needs to be revised not massively, but it does
need revision.
f. A last comment related to Table 7. When you add in special purpose structure, there
will be a number of sites with several structures. It is very difficult in the table to easily
see each site because site numbers are repeated for each structure. You might consider a
slightly different presentation.
g. Currently, based on your table, the floor areas (in square meters) for some sites do not
fit the general model. 2496 is too small (12 sq. m.), as is 16143. [16143 is also circular,
and virtually every permanent habitation primary structure is rectangular in shape. This
might be a clue to function.] Site 16129-A is too large for the primary structure. Is this a
case where the actual roofed structure might have been smaller and inside the enclosure
if so, you might wish to clarify this with an asterisk. Also, 2492-B is similarly large. Might
this have been a men's house associated with 2492-A, or is this another enclosure that
might have had a smaller roofed structure within it? It needs clarification in text. Page 1 Z
seems an appropriate place to make the clarifications for apparent variations from the
-4-
model --justifying why you lump them as permanent habitations. And, actually you do
seem to make such a generic point in paragraph 3 under Permanent Habitations; you need
to be specific, however.
h. p. 12, para. 3 under Permanent Habitation. Where you talk about number of
component features ranging from 1-7, median 3. Are you speaking of roofed dwelling
structures, or of all types of features? If the latter, you might clarify. Also, it would be
very useful to note the range of roofed dwelling structures (features) per permanent
habitation site. This is often a clue to social rank and other factors.
2. Model for Temporary Habitations.
a. Page I1. You do not clearly present a model for temporary habitations. Parag. 1 under
Categories does somewhat, but the emphasis is one permanent habitations. The last
paragraph also does somewhat. We believe that you need one clear paragraph presenting a
model for temporary habitations --presumably Cordy's model, as you say that you are using
that model. Maybe the last para. on page 11 is the best place to do this.
b. Table 8. This table needs revision. It needs to clearly have columns reflecting each
trait you consider part of your model. Size is not a trait, rather Area (less than 16 sq. m).
Numerous features of internal stratification (mutliple firepits, lens) would be another
column. Insubstantial architecture would be another column. Associated structures
(Geographic context) might be another column. Then the data present at each structure
need to be entered under each column e.g., area, 12 firepits, unifaced wall.
c. p. 13 and Table 8. Why is the midden presented? This is not in Cordy's model.
However, it may be relevant if you wish to illustrate a point. For example, the point might
be that temporary habitations have small amounu of midden. Alternatively, the point
might be that temporary habitations' midden varies from very little to a lot, so your point
might be that midden is not yet a useful indicator of temporary vs permanent habitation (a
point Cordy made).
3. Model for Ceremonial Features
a. p. 14, 1st para under this heading. You need to justify your model for ceremonial
features. You list 4 traits, and you need to cite prior studies which establish these traits as
religious, cite ethnographic observations which show these traits in use in religious
structures (historical accounts), and/or provide logical arguments for these traits being
religious. We have doubts about some of these traits. This paragraph needs revision.
(1) Branch coral is shown in the historic records and in archaeological studies as
being one type of religious offering (cf. ICirch 1985; Cordy 1976 in Archaeology & Physical
Anthropology in Oceania). You need simply note appropriate references. However, we
know of no cases where waterworn cobbles are clear evidence by itself as religious
features. Indeed, many house sites and even burials use small waterworn cobbles as
paving. If you mean, large, solitary waterworn boulders; then there are a few such cases
-5-
that we know of that have been argued as religious (e.g., Cordy & Athens 1985, site 1916
at Makena on Maui). There may be other cases.
(2) Evidence that the feature took a great deal of time and effort to construct does
not clearly seem to be a religious trait. While moderate to large religious structures
(greater than 200 sq. m) certainly show great amounts of labor expenditure (in stone
volume) and this is a justifiable trait (as very few other prehistoric structures of this size
are non-religious), your study area seems to have no such large religious structure. Smaller
religious structures shrines can be quite small; smaller than even permanent
habitations. You need to justify this trait redefine it. Is it applicable to your area?
(3) the presence of free-standing upright stones as markers of religious features is
indeed a trait. You need to cite a few references (archaeological or historical) which
clearly establish this trait.
(4) A lack of dense concentrations of food remains is a questionable religious trait,
in our view. You need to justify it. Many religious structures contain large amounts of
food remains charred pig, dog, fish, etc. The trait that seems religious is that the range
of frequent types of midden is quite restricted (e.g., large amounts of pig and dog, but
little mollusc) and it is often charred. See Kolb's thesis or Current Anthropology article on
these points.
b. page 14, paragraphs 2 & 3 Under this subject. 6 structures are indicated in the text as
religious. We would urge that a table be presented documenting these religious structures
for ease to the reader to follow. Again, the table should have columns which itemize the
traits of your models and the data present for each structure should be entered under the
columns. We would suggest some clarifications in the text.
(1) Several structures have upright stones (a clear religious feature). You might
clarify the context a bit better. For example, 2498-B is a separate structure within a
temporary habitation site. You note that waterworn coral was found in the excavation of
this structure. But you fail to note if it was branch coral or not. Three large enclosures
interpreted as permanent habitation structures have uprights (2485-A, 2499-A, 16177-A).
Here you need to clarify whether the uprights were likely within a roofed stricture or in
the open (if possible), so the reader can better understand the context. 16127-D has an
upright, but it is stated that this platform and two larger platforms and a wall, collectively,
may be a men's house with a shrine. This seems strange, as a men's house is typically one
structure, which may have an internal shrine (cf. Cordy 1981 or the 1976 APAO article).
You seem to have 4 different structures. This needs to be clarified.
(2) 2489-A contains coral, but it is not indicated if this is branch coral. If so, then
a religious use can almost immediately be concluded. If the coral is not branch coral, then
you need to clearly portray the point that the structure's construction and coral atop the
walls is unique and suggests religious uses.
Conclusion --Discussion
This section is disappointingly brief.
-6-
a. Minimally, it should discuss the functional types of sites separately (permanent
habitation, temporary habitation, burial, religious, trails, etc.) and then show how they link
together. You can do this partly in the earlier section of Functional site types, but
currently that section does not utilize the distribution maps (Figs. 3-6) nor describe
distributional patterns. We recommend that the Discussion section briefly summarize
what you know generally about each functional type of site and their linkages. This
requires expanding the discussion to several additional paragraphs and thus pages.
(1) For example, you do note that permanent habitations are in two complexes
with an intervening gap. And your figure shows single vs multiple-structure sites. Can you
not write a paragraph or two noting that most of these sites were rectangular platforms,
terraces and enclosures, with number of structures ranging 1-3? There are apparently two
clusters do they cluster about gulches and coves? What dates were obtained how big
is the sample of dated sites and the dates at present? [Note: ~'?e consider the clustering of
dates discussed under dating to be near meaningless, given the current sample of dated
sites. Just say what dates that you have so far.] What did your excavation find about
artifact and midden patterns for these sites (generally and variation-wise)?
(Z) Similarly, briefly describe temporary habitation patterns. How are these
distributed? They seem set more inland and laterally in the northern area. [Point. Figures
3 & 4 show at least three sites as both permanent habitation and temporary habitation
16145, 16142, 161 S0. This is clearly an error. The sites should be only permanent or
temporary correct?]
(3) The linkage of all these feature types is needed too. For example, are the
permanent habitations clustered a bit nearer the shore and around the gulches, with
agricultural sites and some associated temporary habitations set back a bit farther inland?
Are other temporary habitations scattered laterally along the coast, or amidst permanent
habitations? Are burials and religious structures entirely associated with the permanent
habitations, or are a few isolated or with temporary habitations? The one trail on Figure Z
seems to be heading inland out of the permanent habitations.
b. The discussion could be elaborated also to discuss research points beyond the basic
settlement pattern information. That is up to your firm in this case. Quite frankly, the
more extensive and thoughtful these discussions, the better the quality of the survey
report. This might require a bit more effort here and in other reports, but it can only
benefit the reputation of your firm's products.
Specific Comments on Site Descriptions Prior Review
In our previous review we said that "Wherever an earlier site has been redefined by
including additional features you will need to revise Table 1 and the site descriptions in
Appendix A by noting feature number-site number correlations." This does not appear to
be have been done. In the case of Site 161 Z0, for example, W-1 is given as a previous site
number. When you consult Allen's 1985 report you find that there was actually a W-1 a
and a W-lb. The present report should note that W-1 a corresponds to Feature A and W-
lb to Feature E.
-7-
Item 3. We note that (1) Site 2496, which combined Sites 2496 and 2497, is still shown
on Figure 2 as two separate sites; (2) the description of the new Site 2496 does not
indicate which features correspond to the original BPBM site numbers, and (3) there is still
no explanation for why or how the original two single feature sites (F2-2 and F2-3) came
to be comprised of S features. Also, in the 1994 report Site 2496 was described as
consisting of 4 features rather than 5. How and why did one more feature get added? We
note, moreover, that Figure 2 shows this site as located below the road, but the field map
shows it as extending both above and below the road. There appears to be yet another
problem with the records for Site 2496 in this version of the report. We note that the
map for what was originally labelled Site 2494 has now been changed to Site 2496. We
assume that this is an error since there is no other map for Site 2494 and the map matches
the site description.
Item 7, Site 2488. The map for this site shows only Features C and D. Where are the
other features? Please elaborate on the reason why you believe that Feature D was used to
retain soil. The field sketch and description of this site in Appendix A does not appear to
match the representation of this site in Figure 2 and Figure 4 where the site is shown as
being located on both sides of Keanahalululu Gulch and above and below a jeep road. The
site is also depicted as covering a much larger area on Figures 2 and 4 than what is shown
on the field sketch.
Item 8, Site 2489. With reference to our last review commenu, wall width measurements
have not been added and the IIIb has not been changed to IIb to agree with the profile
drawing. Now that we have a map of this site, we note that there is a rather large
depression in the center of the floor that is not described in the text. According to the
map it is a "looter's hole." If the site has been looted this should be noted.
Specific Comments on Site Descriptions Resulting from Review of Additional Maps
and Profiles
Page 9, para. 4 and elsewhere. We suggest that you use the word "feature" instead of
"component" in characterizing site types, since the word "component" most usually refers
to temporal units in habitation sites (e.g., amulti-component site would be a site evincing
two or more periods/phases of use). Use of the word "feature' would also be in keeping
with the authors' general approach to defining sites as consisting of one or more features.
Page 12. The headings on this page should be changed to refer to both features and sites as
indicated on Page 10.
Page 12, para. 6. Table 5 should read Table 6. Please check to see that the Table and
Figure references are correct.
-8-
Page 18, para. 2. The distinction that is made between rubble fill and the architectural
layer is not clear, nor is the interpretation that the date "probably does not pre-date the
structure." Please clarify.
Page A-1, Site 2485. In comparing the present site description with the original one made
by Soehren we note that there is no mention of the artifacts Soehren found. We think
that such information should be presented, not only for sake of completeness, but because
such information should be considered in making a current assessment of site function.
This comment applies to not only this site, but others as well.
Site 2491. The newly provided drafted map of this site does not clearly distinguish the
area occupied by the enclosure and the area occupied by the platform. Rather, one line on
the map is labelled both enclosure and platform. The map should be redrafted to address
this issue.
Site 2492. The location and size of this complex as shown on Figure 2 does not match
with the information presented in the site description and plan map. The description of
Feature A is incomplete in that it does not mention the possible uprights or offer any
interpretation of the possible function of the small enclosure in the northeast corner. The
interpretation of Feature B as a permanent habitation, although conjectural because of the
incompleteness of the walls, is open to question because of the large area (162 square
meters). We believe that you need to consider an alternative function for a structure this
large, unless you can present an argument for why you think there might have been a
smaller house foundation within the larger conjectured enclosure. The dimensions given
should also be changed to reflect that it is not a full or complete enclosure.
Site 2498. Now that we have had an opportunity to examine the map and profiles of this
site we have some comments on the description and interpretation. First, the
interpretation of Feature A, a small platform containing no midden or artifacts, as a
temporary habitation is in our view open to question. We believe that you need to
consider an alternative function based not only on the negative evidence, but also the size
and morphology of the platform itself. Second, the deposit underlying the platform on the
other hand does appear to be related to habitation. The description should at the very
least note the suggestive evidence for amulti-component site.
Site 4004. This site, a complex of 8 features, is described as primarily a burial complex,
but neither the descriptions nor the maps note the presence of human remains. We
suggest that you summarize the information from the Statewide Inventory records, which
are much more informative than what was is reported here. This is one of several sites
where potentially much more information could be obtained from informants, assuming
that they are available and willing to talk.
Site 16125. The interpretation of Features, F, G, and H as temporary habitations based
on their surface morphology is difficult to understand since all three are described as
-9-
mounds. We think you need to better justify this interpretation or consider some other
interpretation for these mounds.
Site 16129, Feature A. The interpretation of this large, low-walled enclosure as a
permanent habitation needs to be justified before we can accept it. Part of the problem
may be the authors' view that the 162 square meter area is the actual living (floor) area,
which is too large for a permanent habitation structure (unless a men's house found with
other structures). Is this a case where the house would have been within and been much
smaller thus, floor area of the house is not applicable?.
Page A-58, Site 16164. Feature A is variously described as a C-shape and a full enclosure
with one wall or side consisting of large boulders. The descriptions should be consistent.
What is the justification for suggesting that the other two features are agricultural?
Page A-59, Sites 16165 and 16166. We cannot understand how these two sites (neither of
which was mapped) can be interpreted as agricultural sites since they are both located on
bedrock. Please elaborate on the reasons for the interpretation or consider an alternative
function.
Page A-59-60, Site 16167. The map of this site shows another feature labelled A-8 that is
not described. The map also shows a line marked "trail?" that is also not described. Is this
possibly site 15261? What is the justification for believing that Feature A is a temporary
habitation?
Site 16177, Feature C. We do not believe that there is enough of this structure remaining
to interpret it as a permanent habitation. We also think that you need to consider some
other possible functions based on the size of the wall and its spatial relationship to the
other structures on this site.
As with the previous draft, we have only reviewed a sample of the site descriptions,
enough to give you an idea of the kinds of problems that exist. Please have your staff
undertake a systematic and careful review of all of the site maps and descriptions to make
sure that the information presented is consistent, accurate and supports the inferred site
functions.
-10-
APPENDIX F
BOTANICAL STUDY
BY
WINONA P. CHAR
BOTANICAL SURVEY
KAHUA MAKAI BY GENTRY
NORTH KONA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAII
by
Winona P. Char
CHAR & ASSOCIATES
Botanical Consultants
Honolulu, Hawaii
Prepared for: PARAMETRIX, INC.
March 1994
BOTANICAL SURVEY
KAHUA MAKAI BY GENTRY
NORTH KONA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAII
INTRODUCTION
The ±103-acre project site (TMK: 5-9-01: 7 & 8) is located makai
of the Akoni Pule Highway (Kawaihae-Mahukona Road) and the Kohala
Ranch development in the vicinity of Waiaka'ilio Bay. These
shoreline parcels consist of gently to moderately sloping lands
on soils of the Kawaihae series; rocky outcrops are frequent.
The vegetation throughout the parcels consists of buffel grass
with scattered kiawe trees. About one-half of the ±103-acre site,
from Keawewai Gulch southwards towards the Kohala Makai property,
was recently burned, but the vegetation has quickly recovered
following the heavy rains in February.
The applicant, The Gentry Companies, is requesting a change of
zone from the Unplanned into the Single-Family Residential zoning
district. A Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit is also
being requested as the project site is located within the
County's SMA district.
Field studies to assess the botanical resources found on the
±103-acre project site were conducted on 03 January 1994 and
later on 03 March 1994. The primary objectives of the field
studies were to: 1) describe the major vegetation type; 2) inven-
tory the flora; 3) search for threatened and endangered species
as well as rare and vulnerable plants; and 4) identify areas of
potential environmental problems or concerns and propose appro-
priate mitigation measures.
SURVEY METHODS
Prior to undertaking the field studies, a search was made of the
pertinent literature to familiarize the principal investigator
with other botanical studies conducted in the general area.
Topographic maps were examined to determine terrain characteristics,
access, boundaries, and reference points. Access onto the property
was by means of several four-wheel drive roads which branch off
from the Akoni Pule Highway; most of the roads run in a general
mauka-makai direction down to the rocky coastal headlands.
The initial field studies were conducted on 03 January 1994 after
an earlier brush fire. A later field visit was made on 03 March
1994 after the vegetation had recovered somewhat on the burned
areas. A walk-through survey method was used. Notes were made on
substrate types, plant associations and distribution, topography,
exposure, drainage, etc. Plant identifications were made in the
field; plants which could not be positively identified were
collected for later identification in the laboratory and herbarium,
and for comparison with the most recent taxonomic literature.
The species recorded are indicative of the season ("rainy" vs.
"dry") and the environmental conditions at the time of the survey.
A survey taken at a different time of the year and under varying
environmental conditions would no doubt yield slight variations
in the species list, especially of the weedy, annual plants.
DESCRIPTION OF THE VEGETATION
Soils on the project site consist of Kawaihae very rocky very
fine sandy loam, 6 to 12% slopes; these are mapped as "KOC" on
the soil maps (Sato et al. 1973). These gently to moderately
sloping soils are found on coastal plains with an annual rainfall
of 5 to 20 inches, which fall largely during the winter months.
2
The soils are dark-reddish brown and overlay pahoehoe bedrock in
most places. The permeability is moderate, runoff is medium, and
the erosion hazard is moderate (Sato et al. 1973). On the project
site, rocky outcrops cover 10 to 20% of the surface.
These somewhat excessively drained, extremely stony soils support
thick mats of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), 1 to 3 ft. tall,
in most places. Scattered trees of kiawe (Prosopis pallida), 12
to 18 ft. tall, occur throughout the grassland; tree cover is
roughly 5%. However, the kiawe trees become denser and form small
stands in places along the coast and in the shallow gulches which
cross the property. Some of the trees along the rocky coastal
headlands have been cut back at one time, probably for firewood,
and have coppiced, that is, they have regrown and formed a dense
thicket of branches.
Along the jeep roads which cross the site and also on areas with
thin soils and rocky outcrops, a number of other species are
found. These include several native plants such as pili grass
(Heteropogon contortus), pa'u o Hi'iaka (Jacquemontia oval ifolia),
'ilima (Sida fallax), alena (Boerhavia repens), and 'uhaloa
(Waltheria indica). Some of the more frequently observed intro-
duced or alien species are swollen fingergrass (Chloris barbata),
nettle-leaved goosefoot (Chenopodium murale), spiny amaranth
(Amaranthus spinosus), coatbuttons (Tridax procumbens), hairy
spurge (Chamaesyce hirta), and pigweed (Portulaca oleracea).
The shallow gulches support a few clumps of koa-haole shrubs
(Leucaena leucocephala), 3 to 5 ft. tall, and bunches of Guinea
grass (Panicum maximum).
The vegetation on the southern half of the property has recovered
fairly quickly from the recent fire and most of the buffel grass
has resprouted after the rains. The kiawe trees, being less fire-
adapted, have largely died, leaving only gaunt, burnt-out,
3
standing snags. On some of the burnt areas, plants such as wild
spider flower (Cleome gynandra), 'uhaloa, 'ilima, and pigweed are
locally abundant. Fires appear to occur somewhat occasionally
on lands bordering the highway. Even on the unburned areas, one
can find remnants of older fires such as burnt-out kiawe stumps
and piles of charcoal and ash.
DISCUSSION AND RECONQ4ENDATIONS
The vegetation on the project site, and the adjacant properties,
consists almost monotypically of buffel grass with scattered
trees of kiawe. The few weedy species occur along the jeep roads
and on rocky outcrops where the grass cover is sparser. A few
native species also occur on the rocky outcrops and on the
coastal headlands. The dense buffel grass cover, however, tends
to exclude most species.
Because of the past fires and the dense buffel grass cover, the
vegetation is species poor, that is, there is not a large number
of different kinds of plants. A total of only 29 plant species
were found during the field studies. Of these, 24 (83%) are
introduced or alien species, and 5 (17%) are native. Of the
natives, 4 are indigenous, i.e „ native to the Hawaiian Islands
and elsewhere, and 1 is endemic, i.e., native only to the Hawaiian
Islands. None of the plants which were inventoried are listed
threatened and endangered species (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1989, 1990); nor are any proposed or candidate for such status
(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1992, 1993). The native species
can be found in similar environmental habitats throughout the
Hawaiian Islands.
Given the findings above, the proposed development of the site
will not have a significant negative impact on the botanical
resources. There are no botanical reasons to impose any condi-
4
tions, restrictions, or impediments to the proposed use of the
site. No recommendations are proposed at this time.
5
PLANT SPECIES LIST Kahua Makai by Gentry
A checklist of all those terrestrial, vascular plant species
inventoried on the project site during the field studies is
presented below. The flowering plants are arranged alphabetically
by families into two groups: Monocots and Dicots. The taxonomy
and nomenclature of the flowering plants are in accordance with
the most recent treatment of the Hawaiian flora by Wagner et al.
(1990).
For each species, the following information is provided:
1. Scientific name with author citation.
2. Common English and/or Hawaiian name(s), when known.
3. Biogeographic status. The following symbols are used:
E = endemic = native only to the Hawaiian Islands
I = indigenous = native to the Hawaiian Islands and also
elsewhere throughout the Pacific
X = introduced or alien = all those plants brought to the
Hawaiian Islands, intentionally or accidentally, by
humans after Western contact (Cook's discovery of the
islands in 1778); not native.
6
Scientific name Common name Status
MONOCOTS
POACEAE (Grass Family)
Cenchrus ciliaris L. buffel grass X
Chloris barbata (L.) Sw. swollen fingergrass,
mau'ulei X
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.)
Link stinkgrass X
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.
Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. pili, pili grass I
Panicum maximum Jacq. Guinea grass X
Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.)
Chiov. fountain grass X
Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.)
Hubb. Natal redtop X
Setaria verticillata (L.) P.
Beauv. bristly foxtail X
DICOTS
AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth Family)
Amaranthus spinosus L. spiny amaranth, pakai
kuku X
ASTERACEAE (Sunflower Family)
Bidens pilosa L. Spanish needle, beggar's
tick, ki, ki nehe X
Tridax procumbens L. coatbuttons X
CAPPARACEAE (Caper Family)
Cleome gynandra L. wild spider flower,
honohina X
CHENOPODIACEAE (Goosefoot Family)
Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. Australian saltbush X
Chenopodium carinatum R. Br. keeled goosefoot X
Chenopodium murale L. nettle-leaved goosefoot,
'aheahea X
CONVOLVULACEAE (Morning-glory Family)
Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp.
sandwicensis (A. Gray)
K. Robertson pa'u o Hi'iaka E
Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb. hairy merremia, koali
kua hulu X?
7
Scientific name Common name Status
EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family)
Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. hairy spurge X
Chamaesyce hyssopifolia (L.)
Small X
FABACEAE (Pea Family)
Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC. Florida beggarweed X
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.)
de Wit Koa-haole, ekoa X
Prosopis pallida (Humb. &
Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kunth kiawe X
MALVACEAE (Mallow Family)
Sida fallax Walp. 'ilima I
NYCTAGINACEAE (Four-o'clock Family)
Boerhavia coccinea Mill. red-flowered boerhavia X
Boerhavia repens L. alena I
PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family)
Portulaca oleracea L. pigweed, common purslane X
Portulaca pilosa L. 'ihi X
STERCULIACEAE (Cacao Family)
Waltheria indica L. 'uhaloa, hi'aloa,
kanakaloa I?
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (Caltrop Family)
Tribulus terrestris L. puncture vine X
8
LITERATURE CITED
Sato, H.H., W. Ikeda, R. Paeth, R. Smythe, and T. Takehiro, Jr.
1973. Soil survey of the island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service,
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1989. Endangered and threatened
wildlife and plants. 50 CFR 17.11 & 17.12.
1990. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants;
Review of plant taxa for listing as Endangered and Threatened
Species; Notice of review. Federal Register 55(35): 6184-
6229.
. 1992. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants;
Proposed endangered status for 22 plants from the island of
Hawaii, State of Hawaii. Federal Register 57(243): 59951-
59970.
1993. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants;
Proposed endangered status for 12 plants from the Hawaiian
Islands. Federal Register 58(176): 48012-48030.
Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the
flowering plants of Hawaii. 2 vols. University of Hawaii
Press and B.P. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. B.P. Bishop
Museum Special Publication No. 83.
9
APPENDIX G
SURVEY OF THE AVIFAUNA AND FERAL
MAMMALS
BY DR. PHILLIP L. BRUNER
SURVEY OF THE AVIFAUNA AND FERAL MAMMALS AT THE PROPOSED
KAHUA MAKAI SUBDIVISION PROJECT, NORTH KOHALA, HAWAII
Prepared for
Parametrix, Inc.
by
Phillip L. Bruner
Assistant Professor of Biology
Director, Museum of Natural History
BYU-Hawaii
Environmental Consultant - Faunal (Bird & Mammal) Surveys
7 January 1994
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to summarize the findings of a
two day (4-5 January 1994) bird and mammal field survey of approximately
103 acres located at the proposed Kahua Makai Subdivision, North Kohala,
Hawaii (Fiy. 1). Also included are references to pertinent literature
as well as unpublished faunal reports.
The objectives of the field survey were to:
1- Document what bird and mammal species occur on the property or
potentially may be expected in this region given the type of
habitats available.
2- Provide some baseline data on the relative (estimated) abundance
of each species
3- Determine the presence or likely occurrence of any native fauna
particularly any that are considered "Endangered" or "Threatened".
4- If any special or unique wildlife habitat occurs on the property
note such sites and describe their poosible value for birds and
mammals in this region of the island.
_p_
GENERAL SITE DESCRIPTION
Figure One indicates the location of the property surveyed for
birds and mammals. The topography is steep with gullies and a rocky
shoreline. A recent fire has denuded the southern sections of the
site. Dry grass and scattered Kiawe trees, most abundant along the
coast and in the ravines, cover the northern sector. No permanent
wetland habitat occurs on the property. The ravines show signs of
temporary flooding during heavy rains.
Weather during the field survey was clear and cool. Winds were
light and from the NE.
STUDY METHODS
Field observations were made with binoculars and by listening
for vocalizations. These observations were concentrated during the
peak bird activity periods of early morning and late afternoon/early
evening. Attention was also paid to the presence of tracks and scats
as indicators of bird and mammal activity. At various locations in
all representative habitats eight minute counts were made of all birds
seen or heard. Between these count (census) stations any unusual
observations of birds were also noted. These data provide the basis
for the relative (estimated) abundance figures given in this report
-3-
(Table 1). Published and unpublished reports of birds known from
similar habitat were also consulted in order to acquire a more
complete picture of the possible species that might occur in the
area (Bruner 1980, 1981, 1984; Pratt et al. 1987; David 1989, 1990;
Hawaii Audubon Society 1993). Observations of feral mammals were
limited to visual sightings and evidence in the form of scats and
tracks. No attempts were made to trap mammals in order to obtain
data on their relative (estimated) abundance and distribution. Two
evenings were devoted to searching for the presence of owls and the
Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus).
Scientific names used herein follow those given in Hawaii's
Birds (Hawaii Audubon Society 1993); Field guide to the birds of
Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific (Pratt et al. 1987) and Mammal species
of the World (Honacki et al. 1982).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Resident Endemic (Native) Land Birds:
No endemic birds were recorded on the property. Short-eared
Owl or Pueo (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) and the endangered Hawaiian
Hawk or 'Io (Buteo solitarius) may on rare occasions pass through
this area.
_4_ '
Resident (Native) Waterbirds:
No wetland habitat was found on the property and no waterbirds
were recorded or would be expected at this site.
Migratory Indigenous (Native) Birds:
Migratory shorebirds winter in Hawaii between the months of
August through May. Some juveniles will stay through the summer as
well (Johnson and Johnson 1983). The most abundant shorebird in
Hawaii is the Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva). This species
prefers open areas such as exposed reefs, rocky shorelines, mud flats,
lawns, plowed fields and pastures. They arrive in Hawaii in early
August and depart to their arctic breeding ground during the last week
of April (Johnson et al. 1981). Johnson et al. (1989) have shonw
plover are extremely site-faithful on their wintering grounds and
many establish foraging territories with they defend vigorously.
Such behavior makes it possible to acquire a reasonable accurate
estimate of the abundance of plover in any one area. Three plover
were recorded during the survey. Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria
interpres) and Wandering Tattler (Heteroscelus incanus) may also occur
along the shoreline, however, none were seen on this survey.
Resident Indigenous (Native) Seabirds:
No seabirds were observed on the property. The presence of
predators make this site unsuitable for nesting or roosting seabirds.
-5-
Exotic (Introduced) Birds:
A total of nine species of exotic birds were recorded during the
field survey (Table 1). Based on the location of the property and
the type of habitats .available the following exotic species may also
occur on or near the property: Barn Owl (Tyto alba), Black Francolin
(Francolinus francolinus), Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottus),
Nutmeg Mannikin (Lonchura punctulata), Saffron Finch (Sicalis flaveola)
and Yellow-fronted Canary (Serious mozambicus) (Pratt et al. 1987;
David 1989, 1990; Bruner 1980, 1981, 1984; Hawaii Audubon Society 1993).
Feral Mammals:
Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) were observed.
Cat tracks were also found. No trapping was conducted in order to
assess the relative abundance of mammals.
Records of the endemic and endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat are
sketchy but the species is widespread on the island of Hawaii
(Tomich 1986; Kepler and Scott 1990). No bats were observed on the
survey despite two nights of searching. On other occasions not
associated with this survey I have seen bats foraging over small
bays along the Kohala and Kona Coast. Much remains to be learned about
the natural history and ecology of this species.
-6-
CONCLUSION
A brief field survey such as this one can provide only a
limited perspective of the wildlife which utilize the area. Not
all species will be observed and information on occurrence and use
of the site must be sketched together from brief observations and
the available literature. The number of species and the relative
abundance of each species may vary throughout the year due to
available food resources and reproductive success. Species which
are migratory will quite obviously be found only at certain times
during the year. Exotic species sometimes prosper for a time only
to later disappear or become a less significant part of the ecosystem
(Williams 1987; Moulton et al. 1990). Thus only long term studies
can provide a comprehensive view of the bird and mammal populations
in a particular area. Nevertheless some general conclusions related
to bird and mammal activity on this property can be made.
1- The entire site was walked and census stations were distributed
throughout the property so as to provide a reasonable sample
from which relative estimates of bird populations could be
derived. The recently burned sections of the property contained,
as would be expected, few birds.
2- No endemic birds were recorded. The Hawaiian Hawk and Pueo may on
rare occasions be seen in this region.
noRTn 270 250
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KAWAIHAE HARBOR & MARINA y~,~ .
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MAUNA KEARESORT -
MauneKee Beach Hotel ~ Goli Course 19
Fig. 1. Location of project site (labelled GENTRY) of faunal (bird
and mammal) survey.
-7-
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KEY TO TABLE 1
Relative (estimate) abundance = Number of times observed during
survey or average number on eight
minute counts in appropriate habitat.
A = abundant (ave. 10+) number which follows is average of data
from all survey days
C = common (ave. 5-10) number which follows is average of data from
all survey days
U = uncommon (ave. less than 5) number which follows is average of
data from all survey days
R = recorded (seen or heard at times other than on 8 min. counts or on
one count only) number which follows is the total number
seen or heard over the duration of the survey
-10-
SOURCES CITED
Bruner P. L. 1980. An avifaunal and feral mammal survey of Olohana
Properties and Mauna Loa Lands, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms.
1981. An avifaunal and feral mammal survey of Kohala
Makai I, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms.
1984. An avifaunal and feral mammal survey of Mauna Kea
Properties, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms.
David, R. E. 1989. North Kona Christmas Bird Count 1988. 'Elepaio
49(9):55-56.
1990. North Kona Christmas Count 1989. 'Elepaio
50(5):41-42.
Hawaii Audubon Society. 1993. Hawaii's Birds. Fourth Edition.
Hawaii Audubon Society, Honolulu.
Honacki, J. H., K. E. Kinman and J. W. Koeppl ed. 1982. Mammal species
of the world: A taxonomic and geographic reference. Allen Press,
Inc. and the Association of Systematic Collections. Lawrence,
Kansas.
Johnson, 0. W., P. M. Johnson, and P. L. Bruner. 1981. Wintering
behavior and site-faithfulness of Golden Plovers on Oahu.
'Elepaio 41(12):123-130.
Johnson, 0. W., and P. M. Johnson. 1983. Plumage-molt-age relation-
ships in "over-summering" and migratory Lesser Golden-Plovers.
Condor 85:406-419.
Johnson, 0. W., M. L. Morton, P. L. Bruner and P. M. Johnson. 1989.
Winter range fat cyclicity in Pacific Golden-Plovers (Pluvialis
fulva) and predicted migratory flight ranges. Condor 91:156-177.
Kepler, A. K. 1990. Trees of Hawaii. Univ. of Hawaii Press.
Kepler, C. B. and J. M. Scott. 1990. Notes on distribution and
behavior of the endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus
semotus) 1974-1983. 'Elepaio 50(7):59-64.
-11-
Moulton, M. P., S. L. Pimm and N. W. Krissinger. 1990. Nutmeg
Mannikin (Lonchura punctulata): A comparison of abundance in
Oahu vs. Maui sugarcane fields: evidence for competitive exclusion?
'Elepaio 50(10):83-85.
Pratt, H. D., P. L. Bruner and D. G. Berrett. 1987. Afield guide
to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton
Univ. Press.
Tomich, P. Q. 1986. Mammals in Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu.
Williams, R. N. 1987. Alien Birds on Oahu 1944-1985. 'Elepaio
47(9):87-92.
APPENDIX H
TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
BY
M&E PACIFIC, INC.
TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
GENTRY AT WAIAKA
By:
NI&E Pacific, Inc.
100 Pauahi Street, Suite 212
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Phone: (808)961-2776
June, 1994
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1
EXISTING CONDITIONS 3
TRAFFIC FORECASTS 5
- AMBIENT TRAFFIC FORECASTS 5
- PROJECT GENERATED TRAFFIC 7
TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS 9
CONCLUSION 15
FIGURES:
FIGURE 1 LOCATION MAP 2
FIGURE 2 EXISTING PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC VOLUMES 4
FIGURE 3 DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUME TRENDS FOR
AKONI PULE HIGHWAY 6
FIGURE 4 AMBIENT TRAFFIC FORECAST 8
FIGURE 5 PROJECT GENERATED TRAFFIC 11
FIGURE 6 TOTAL TRAFFIC FORECAST 12
TABLES:
TABLE 1 TRIP GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION
SUMMARY 10
TABLE 2 UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTION LEVEL
OF SERVICE 14
TABLE 3 LEVEL OF SERVICE ANALYSIS FOR
TWO LANE HIGHWAY OPERATIONS 16
APPENDICES:
APPENDIX A ABSTRACT OF METHODOLOGY
FOR THE CAPACITY ANALYSIS FOR
UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS
APPENDIX B LEVELS OF SERVICE FOR MULTI-
LANE AND TWO LANE HIGHWAYS
APPENDIX C TRAFFIC COUNTS:
AM PEAK: 6:30 AM - 8:30AM
PM PEAK: 3:30 PM - 5:30PM
APPENDIX D TRAFFIC CALCULATIONS:
UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTION LEVEL
OF SERVICE (LOS) CALCULATIONS
(AM AND PM PEAKS)
TWO LANE HIGHWAY LEVEL OF SERVICE
(LOS) CALCULATIONS (AM AND PM PEAKS)
TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
GENTRY AT WAIAKA
Gentry Hawaii is proposing a resort inn and residential development on 102
acres of land along the North Kohala Coast. A traffic impact assessment study was
conducted to assess the traffic impacts of the proposed project and recommend any
mitigating measures. This report doctunents the methodology and findings of the
study.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The proposed development would consist of a resort inn, supporting retail
activity and residential lots. The project site is located on properties identified as
TMK: 5-9-01:7 & 8 along the North Kohala Coast. The property is makai of the
Akoni Pule Highway in the vicinity of the Kohala Ranch and Kohala By the Sea
projects. A location map is included as Figure 1.
The inn would include about 40 high-end visitor accommodations. There
would also be an adjunct retail center with a free standing restaurant and a
convenience store. Although for the convenience of the residents and guests of the
project, the retail activities would also be open to the public. The inn and retail center
are expected to be in operation by 1997.
There would be about 160 residential lots varying in size from 10,000 square
feet to one acre. The residential lots are primarily intended for the second home
market and only about 25% of the residences are expected to be occupied by full time
residents. The project is intended to be anowner-builder package where the buyer
would build their own homes. For the purposes of this study, the residential lots were
assumed to be built out by the year 2005.
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The project would have a private roadway system with two access points to the
Akoni Pule Highway. The primary roadway within the project would connect the two
access points. The major access would be the south roadway located about midway
between the Kohala By the Sea access roadway and the south access road to Kohala
Ranch. The north access point would be duectly across the Kohala Ranch access road
intersection. There would be a common recreation area with at least 5 public parking
stalls for public shoreline access.
EXISTING CONDITIONS
An inventory of the existing roadway and traffic conditions was conducted to
properly evaluate the traffic impact of the proposed project.
The Akoni Pule Highway is the only major roadway serving this area. It
provides access between Hawi and Mahukona in the north and Kawaihae in the south.
It is a two lane State Highway (FAS 270) built on a generally straight alignment
through rolling terrain in the vicinity of the project site. The posted speed limit is 55
mph. There are several no passing zones due to restricted vertical sight distance. Due
to the high speeds on the highway, the three existing intersections serving the
previously noted adjacent subdivision projects are fully channelized. The "Island of
Hawaii Long Range Highway Plan" (May 1991) does not make any recommendations
for improvements on this highway.
Turning movement traffic counts were taken at the three Akoni Pule Highway
intersections: the Kohala Ranch north access and south access roads and the Kohala
by the Sea access road during the morning and afternoon peak periods on Thursday,
May 12, 1994. The morning and afternoon peak hour volumes are summarized on
Figure 2. The traffic volumes can be characterized as very low, with very little traffic
from the Kohala By the Sea Access Road. These volumes are analyzed in the "Traffic
Impact Analysis" section. The tabulation of traffic count information is included in
the Appendix.
3.
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The State Deparnnent of Transportation has taken traffic counts every two
years since 1980 at the Mahukona-Niulii Road intersection in the town of Hawi,
which is the continuation of the north end of the Akoni Pule Highway. They have
also taken traffic counts every two years since 1984 at the south end of the Akoni Pule
Highway at Kawaihae Harbor. The trend in daily traffic volumes at these two
locations is graphically shown on Figure 3. Daily traffic has risen at an average
annual growth rate of about 5.5%.
TRAFFIC FORECASTS
Traffic volumes were forecast for the AM and PM peak hours for the year
2005, the expected build out of the project. The traffic which would be generated by
the proposed project was added to the ambient traffic forecast to obtain the total
forecast.
Ambient Traffic Forecasts
The aforementioned long range highway plan contains the official traffic
forecasts for the Island's highways. Daily traffic volumes on the Akoni Pule Highway
were forecast to increase from 3,344 vehicles in 1986 to 8,700 vehicles in 2010. This
represents an annual growth rate of 6.7%.
A 6.5% annual growth rate was assumed based on the forecast growth rate.
V?hen applied to the 11 year period between 1994 and 2005, the through peak hour
traffic volumes shown on Figure 2 were increased by 71.5%.
In addition to the through traffic, traffic would also be generated by the
adjacent Kohala Ranch and Kohala By the Sea projects. The "Traffic Impact
Assessment Report for the Proposed Kohala Ranch Project" (1991) forecast AM and
PM peak hour volumes at the Akoni Pule Highway-Kohala Ranch Road intersection
for the years 2000 and 2010. For the traffic turning movements which would be
generated by Kohala Ranch, the year 2005 traffic forecasts were interpolated from the
year 2000 and 2010 traffic forecasts. Since the report assumed only one intersection
5.
mahukona-niulii rd akoni pule highway
year ADT % growth* ADT % growth*
1.980 2,621
1982 2,378 -9.3°~
1984 3,455 45.3% 2,783
1986 4,013 16.2°k 2,879 3.4%
1988 3,675 -8.4% 4,020 39.6%
1990 4,260 15.9% 4,318 7.4%
1992 4,400 3.3% 3,959 -8.3%
cumulative growth rate
1980-92 67.9% 1984-92 42.3%
average growth rate/year
5.7% 5.3%
* growth rate for two years
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FIGURE 3
DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUME TRENDS
AKONI PULE HIGHWAY
for the Kohala Ranch at Akoni Pule Highway, the forecast traffic volumes were
evenly divided between the two access roads. The "Traffic Impact Analysis Report
for the Proposed Kohala By the Sea Subdivision" (1988) included peak hour traffic
forecasts for the project's proposed 70 residential units. The through traffic, Kohala
Ranch and Kohala By the Sea forecasts were combined to form the ambient traffic
forecast shown on Figure 4.
It should be noted that the ambient traffic forecast is over predicting future
traffic by counting traffic from several proposed projects twice. The long range
highway plan forecasts include 432 single family and 670 multi-family residential
units in Traffic Analysis Zone 83, which is labeled "Kohala Ranches." This zone
includes forecasted land uses for Kohala Ranch and other adjacent projects. Some of
the traffic in the 6.7% annual growth rate of the long-range plan should be part of the
ambient traffic forecast and the project generated traffic. Therefore, a lower through
traffic growth rate should have been used. Amore conservative approach was taken
using the higher traffic forecasts, emphasizing the need for possible traffic mitigating
actions in the traffic impact analysis.
Proiect Generated Traffic Forecasts
The traditional sequential procedure of trip generation, distribution, and
assignment was used to forecast the number of vehicle trips which would be generated
by the proposed project in the AM and PM peak hours, the distribution of these trips,
and the specific turning movements which would be affected.
Trip generation rates for the various project land uses were obtained from the
Institute of Transportation Engineers' Trip Generation Handbook (Fourth Edition,
1987). The following land use classifications were used: "single family housing unit
for the residential lots, hotel rooms for the inn, convenience market for the retail store,
and free standing restaurant. For the purposes of this study, the restaurant was
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rr °O
~ ~I rli
u x ~ a u (a~~ f i ~ !~a~~;~~jjyy
OF~ ~U yFU
<
~y 95 or< ~y 100_ o~<
x~ 20-~ ~ t yZS 1~ 2tr-~ ~ + yFC
Z~ .--I OI r o Z Z~ N N ~ o z
R.
assumed to be 4,000 square feet and the convenience store 2,000 square feet. The trip
generation analysis is summarized on Table 1.
It should be noted that the ITE rates are averages for mainland urban and
suburban areas and are considered to be higher than "local" rural area rates.
Therefore, the trip generation for the proposed land uses is probably over stated.
Another conservative assumption was that all the residential lots would be occupied
when realistically, as many as half would not be occupied because they are second
homes.
The trip distribution analysis addresses the directional distribution of the
generated trips. It was assumed that a small portion of the project generated trips
would remain on the project (going to the retail center) and not have to utilize Akoni
Pule Highway. It was also assumed that trips to the convenience store and restaurant
from the highway would be new trips, when many of the trips can be expected to be
diverted trips that would not add to the volumes on Akoni Pule Highway. The trip
distribution summary is shown on Table 1.
The trip assignment analysis assigns the distributed trips to the various turning
movements at the access intersections. It was assumed that all the inn and retail
center trips and one-fourth of the residential-generated trips would use the main south
access. The remaining three-fourths of the residential trips would use the north
access. Figure 5 summarizes the trip assignment for the project generated trips.
The project generated trips from Figure 5 were added to the ambient traffic
forecasts from Figure 4 to obtain the total traffic volumes shown on Figure 6.
TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS
The existing, ambient and total traffic volumes forecasts were analyzed using
the methodologies from the Transportation Research Board Hi~,hwav Capacity
Manual. Special Report 209 (1986).
9.
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The methodology for analyzing unsignalized intersections yields levels of
service for several critical movements at an intersection, including outbound
movements from the side road and left turns from the main road to the side road. The
levels of service range from A to F based on the expected delay for the turning
vehicles. Quantitative values of delays have not been associated with the levels of
services. Intersection improvements should be given consideration when levels of
service are at F for side street movements. The methodology and levels of service for
analyzing unsignalized intersections are described in the Appendix.
The results of the unsignalized intersection analysis are shown on Table 2 for
four intersections on Akoni Pule Highway: Kohala Ranch north access/Gentry north
access, Kohala Ranch south access, Kohala By the Sea, and Gentry south access. The
results indicate that the proposed project would not have any significant adverse
traffic impact since none of the levels of service are greater than D. At the Kohala
Ranch/Gentry north access intersection, the westbound (outbound from Kohala
Ranch) left/through movement level of service decreases from B to C in the AM peak
and from C to D in the PM peak, for ambient and total forecast conditions. This
implies that the traffic generated from the proposed project will have some impact on
outbound traffic from Kohala Ranch, relative to the proposed project not being there.
However, the levels of service for the Kohala Ranch movement are still acceptable
and additional mitigating measures would not be required.
The eastbound (outbound) left turn movement from the proposed south project
access intersection is forecast to operate at level of service C and D in the Alvf and
PM peaks, respectively. This result indicates that there would not be any adverse
traffic impacts and that additional mitigating measures would not be required.
The methodology for two lane highway operations yields levels of service
based on traffic densities, which impacts highway traffic operations. The
methodology and levels of service are described in the Appendix.
3 .
°I al QcaQ~a¢ a~a ¢qa ¢caa
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U C C~~ C C V C C G V ~ 'C C H C td
F ~ >p p ~ o " c c o ~ 7>> cv
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r ~~ssss s aa,= ~ sss Q .oft Q
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lA.
The results of this analysis shown on Table 3 indicate no adverse traffic impact
due to the proposed project. The levels of service do not change from ambient to total
forecast conditions. The greatest impact will be due to the increase in ambient traffic
over the years, as evidenced by the change in level of service from the current B to the
ambient D.
Both proposed intersections should be fully channeled with separate turning
lanes. The north access road intersection should be built into the existing Kohala
Ranch Road intersection with the current design features. The south access road
intersection would require a new intersection. The storage lane for left turn
movements into both the north and south access road should accommodate two
vehicles.
CONCLUSION
Despite the many conservative assumptions used in this study that resulted in
high traffic forecasts, the results of the traffic operations analyses showed that the
proposed project would not be expected to have an adverse traffic impact. Levels of
service for unsignalized intersection operations and highway operations are forecast to
remain at acceptable levels until the year ?005.
The proposed intersecrions for both access roads should be fully channelized
with separate turning lanes. Storage length for two cars should be provided for the
left turn lanes.
15.
TABLE 3
LEVEL OF SERVICE ANALYSIS FOR
TWO LANE HIGHWAY OPERATIONS
AM PM
EXISTING B g
AMBIENT FORECAST D D
TOTAL FORECAST D D
16.
APPENDIX A
ABSTRACT OF METHODOLOGY
for the
CAPACITY ANALYSIS FOR UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS
ABSTRACT FOR METHODOLOGY
for the
OPACITY ANALYSIS OF UNSTGNALIZED INTERSFCTIONS
This abstract summarizes the procedures for analyzing
the capacities of unsignalized intersections. These
procedures are described in the Hiahwav Capacity Manual
Special Report 209 (1985) by the Transportation Research
Board. This manual "is a collection of techniques for
estimating highway capacity that have been judged, through
consensus, as the best available at the time of
publication." This manual does not set legal standards for
highway design but the procedures have become widely
accepted and used in the traffic engineering profession.
The capacity analysis procedure is based on a German
method originally published in 1972 and translated in 1974,
and modified for U. S. conditions by the TRB. It is
intended for two-way STOP- and YIELD-controlled
intersections and calculates the capacities of movements
which cross or turn through the major traffic stream. The
capacity of each movement is based on two factors: the gap
distribution in conflicting traffic streams and the gap
acceptance behavior of drivers at such intersections.
The basic steps in methodology are as follows:
1) Define intersection geometry and traffic volumes.
2) Determine the "conflicting conflicts" through
which every minor street movement and major street
left turn must cross.
3) Determine the size of the gap in the conflicting
stream needed by vehicles in each movement
crossing a conflicting traffic stream.
4) Determine the capacity of the gaps in the major
traffic stream to accommodate each of the subject
movements that will utilize these gaps.
5) Adjust the capacities to account for impedance and
the use of shared lanes.
Tables and charts, as well as computer programs, have been
developed to facilitate using this methodology.
INTERSECTION DATA
Key geometric factors include: number and use of
lanes, channelization, percent grade, curb radii and
approach angle, and sight distances. One hour volumes are
specified by movement and converted to passenger cars per
hour using the passenger car equivalents in TABLE 10-1.
CONFLICTING TRAFFIC
The conflicting movements each turning movement faces
is summarized on Figure 10-2. The right turn movement from
the minor street faces the least number of conflicting
movements, the left turn movement from the minor street the
most. Adjustments to the conflicting traffic volumes are
shown on Figure 10-2.
CRITICAL GAP SIZE
"The 'critical gap' is defined as the median time
headway between two successive vehicles in the major traffic
stream that is accepted by drivers in a subject movement
that must cross and/or emerge with the major street
traffic." It is dependent upon a number of factors,
including:
2.
• ~ TweL:. PASSE.VC~z-Cw = • y -
R ~Qf.i wL_`RS ?pR Ut/SIGNs?
!LD I`rl cRSEC':p`!S
ME OF vEA1C~ OrUOE (90)
-~°a 0° r -a°a
`fotorryeles O.i . O.:a 0.J 0.6 0.'
Passrnger C.ua 0.3 0.9 l.0 I.. l.:
SU/RV's• l.0 l.. t.7 i.0
Gmbinuton Vek. l._ LJ .0 iA dA
•Susrrwus nucu ..a rsss~rs.t wasr
• write vaaew`.a ~ ww~ ta~..ar wt.t r .s.a u u .aTaur.a.
Su01ec; .Movement I Conrlicano Trarfic, Vc, I illusi ration
v
1. r71GN7 TURN 1/ZI'/ 1'• -
u eetmmor r ~ ~ ' ~ a
- V j
r
~i
le="URN V yt
bom molar V t
Seat.
/
`J
y rb
~b
7FiP000H MVT 1/21V al•'• V.a • VIa ~ ~ Jlb
Vla
Tram minor _
street. Vrb Vt0 • Vlb Vta
V
ra I
I V.
1 i
I
°a. 1 y
d. Lc -T TUFfN 1/2lVral•• ~ V.a , Vla s '~~,/rb
;b
from mtnor y; y y j~ V Ib
rtreet. o Ib y
. V • y
0 or V
to
-y Vra
- V. m<woes cnly rite volume m rite ngnt nano Jana.
'Nnere a ngnnmrn lane ~s orov~tletl on major street, eliminate V, or V,a,
• •Wnere rite ngn t-turn maws mro minor f Veet is raga antl/br canoe tnese mbvemena are STG P!YI~L7<anntltleQ
abminau Vr IGse 21. inn Vy antllor Vrp lUu al. Vrb may also tl<nrmmatab an muu~tana motor green.
~+gnre /0-2 Delnition and cambusarion aj can/lic::nq :rajfic •+olumrt
3.
1) The type of maneuver being executed.
2) STOP or YIELD sign control.
3) The average running speed on the major street.
4) The number of lanes on the major street.
5) The geometrics and environmental conditions at the
intersection.
The value of the critical gap is selected from Table
10-2. The basic critical gap is selected and adjustments
and modifications made.
POTENTIAL CAPACITY FOR MOV MENT
"The potential capacity is defined as the 'ideal'
capacity for a specific movement," and is selected from
Figure 10-3. It is based on the conflicting traffic volume
and the critical gap. The result is read in passenger cars
per hour.
IMPEDANCE EFFECTS
The methodology assumes that vehicles use gaps at an
unsignalized intersection in a prioritized manner. Thus,
when traffic becomes congested in a high-priority movement,
it can reduce the potential capacity of lower priority
traffic movements. Given the priority of gap usage:
1) Left turn from the major street impede both
through movements and left turns from the minor
street.
2) Through movements from the minor streets impede
left turns from the minor street.
The impact of impedance is addressed by multiplying the
potential capacity of a movement by a series o£ impedance
4.
TwaL= 10.:. C2ST:GL GwP Cxr.-.;.~t,. FoA UuYtcuwLL_.n I.vnzsEC-ous
Bw5[C CARSGL GwF FOR FASYWGEA GRS SEC
t'EN[C~ Mw.vEV VEA wvERnGE RUNNING SFEED. MMOR AOnO
wND 3O MFN j5 MFM
7YFE OF CONTROL I NUMBER OF Lw.YFS ON Mw100. AOnO
y _ y
RT :'tom `Ainor Rosa
YTDF I j.j a.j a.j
nEto I S.0 SO I S.j • <
LT Crom Stalor Roaa i :.0 S.j i S.j i0
Cross Yfalar ~
Road ~
nor ~ u.0 0.5 ".j 3.0
nELO I 5.' c.J I u.j ".0
LT from biirar Roaa
stop I o.i ".0 I 3.0 3.!
nE[D ~ 0.0 ij ".0 -
~D1US.".\[E`r:S .aND MOOIF[GT:ONY TO Cil'[:GL .iwP. SE.
LONOIT[ON wOb'S'61 EVT
RT i:om .`.tinor jtzec:: Cato :aaius > `0 i[ I -J.j
or mm zn;ie < 00- I
RT crom ~tinar jlrc::.aee:isuon lane ~ - i.0
orond:a
.all movemrnrs: ?oouunon > _`O.000 -~].j
R :mrea sign[ az[a[:ea' '•o :a -:.J
Nvwun Gnu... t.o ' u w:
m of > nY :uenmf ..°a ~:•R+ -a va mva m:ewu¢
' ~u YI W'imau u maa. iar w tFeiic ~n.m.m: ~mwcuo ar rnN~ .:tm auu:rs
t00a ~ ~
i
\ 1 ~ j\ f ~ I I
j~\1\I\\I\I ~ ~ I I ~ ( i I
aw ~\\~\i I I j ~ I
\~f\\\ \I I\\I \I
eoo
\\\~\\V I r\ J , I .d
\ , \ sl I
.aa
a
lao I\Y~a
V^~. \~~j ~`I` ~ I J
I..Y~ ~1 ~`I ~
~ I\~ i
I~
a; I I
Figart 10.1. Po[mrial capacity oared ~a .ce soo sac :eoa :mo :.oa ::a
ort can~7ic[rtg trc%~c ra(ume and crt- c=N~urnnG cF.FC:G srFE.s. v, lvn~l
iccl yap to
factors for each higher priority impeding movement.
Impedance factors are derived using Figure 10-5.
SHARED LANE CAPACITY
The methodology has assumed to this point that each
minor street movement has an exclusive lane. In reality,
most minor street approaches have two or three movements
sharing one lane. An equation is used to compute the
capacity of the shared lane.
LEVEL OF SERVICE CRITERIA
The above computations yield a capacity solution for
each lane on the minor street approaches and for left turn
movements from the major streets. This figure is used to
derive the reserve capacity, the difference between the
capacity solution and the volume of traffic using the lane.
Level of service criteria are stated in general terms for
general ranges of reserve capacity and delay, as follows:
Level of
Reserve Capacity Service Expected Delay
~ 400 A Little or no delay
300-399 $ Short traffic delays
200-299 C Av@rage traffic delays
100-199 D Long traffic delays
0- 99 E Very long traffic delays
a/ F a/
a/ When demand volume exceeds the capacity of the lane,
extreme delays will be encountered with queuing which may
cause severe congestion affecting other traffic movements in
the intersection. This condition usually warrants
improvement to the intersection.
6.
''o I I ! I I I i
I I I I I I I I
o.e '
a I I ~ I I I I I I
r~i I I ~ I I I I I I
O O.fi'
u I I i I I I
o+~ I I I I I I I I I I
I I I 1 I i I I
c I I i I I I I I
a. .I I I I ' I.
I I I I I f I
a m ,o fio ao ,oo
Frqurc !0-S. lmpeaartce jaerorr ss a resuir aj ~,AFACITY USED BV '7(ISTING OE!~ANO. incmug~
cortgesrea movemmcs.
7.
APPENDIX B
LEVELS OF SERVICE (LOS)
FOR
MULTILANE AND TWO LANE HIGFIWAYS
LEVELS OF SERVICE fLOSI
FOR TT.ANF A TWO ANF uTGHWAYS
LOS A: Free flow conditions where the operations of
vehicles are virtually unaffected by the presence
of other vehicles and operations are constrained
only by geometric features and driver preferences.
The maximum density of 12 passenger cars/mile/
lane.
LOS B: Free flow conditions but the presence of other
vehicles begins to be noticeable. Average speed
diminished from LOS A, and maximum density of 20
passenger cars/mile/lane.
i,OS C: Influence of traffic density on operations becomes
marked and the ability to maneuver within the
traffic stream, select an operating speed, is
affected by other vehicles. Minor disruptions may
be expected to cause serious deterioration in
service. The maximum density is 30 passenger
cars/mile/lane.
LOS D: Borders on unstable flow, speed and ability to
maneuver severely restricted due to traffic
congestion. The maximum density is 42 passenger
cars/mile/lane.
LOS E: Unstable operations at or near capacity. The
minimum spacing at which uniform flow can be
maintained. The maximum density is 67 passenger
cars/mile/lane.
LOS F: Forced or breakdown flow where vehicles arrive
either at a rate greater than that which they are
discharged or at a point where demand exceeds
capacity. Queues form behind breakdowns and
operations within queues are highly unstable. The
density exceeds 67 passenger cars/mile/lane.
SOURCE: Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity
Manual, Special Report 209, Page 7-6 (1985).
APPENDIX C
TRAFFIC COUNTS:
AM PEAK: 6:30 AM - 8:30 AM
PM PEAK: 3:30 PM - 5:30 PM
t
TRAFFIC TURNING MOVEMENT COUNT
GENTRY SOUTH KOHALA TZAR Kohala Ranch North Access
4 3
LOCATION: Akoni Pule Hwy-Kohala Ranch Access ~ ~
DATE: Thursday, May 12, 1994
TIME: 6:30-8:30AM,3:30-5:30P I 5 ^ ^ ---2
WEATHER: 6 <---1
RECORDER: Akoni Pule Highway
to Kawaihae> > >
TIME MOVEMENT NUMBER
PERIOD 1 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL
6:30-6:45 7 2 4 0 3 41 57
6:45-7:00 9 11 1 0 1 38 60
7:00-7:15 11 3 4 0 0 26 44
7:15-7:30 18 2 4 0 0 24 48
7:30-7:45 18 4 4 0 ' 0 26 52
7:45-8:00 8 4 5 1 1 18 37
8:00-8:15 6 2 2 0 0 20 30
8:15-8:30 10 7 4 1 0 22 44
6:30- 8:30 87 35 26 2 5 215 372
6:30- 7:30 45 18 13 0 4 129 209
3:30- 3:45 27 3 6 0 0 21 57
3:45- 4:00 40 5 10 3 0 2 60
4:00- 4:15 35 1 4 1 0 22 63
4:15- 4:30 40 4 4 0 0 11 59
4:30- 4:45 39 1 0 1 0 14 55
4:45- 5:00 29 2 2 1 0 15 49
5:00- 5:15 31 4 3 0 0 12 50
5:15- 5:30 38 5 4 0 0 14 61
3:30- 5:30 279 25 33 6 0 111 454
3:30- 4:30 142 13 24 4 0 56 239
. ~ ~ . ~ ...J v ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~r.?'i , ~r`~ ~ f~U~ IGIO ndl IGI I JUU[fl HCC2SS
• LOCATION: Akoni ~ Hwy-Kohala Ranch Access ~ -
DATE: Thursday, May 12, 1994 ~ - _ >
TIME: 6:30-8:30AM,3:30-5:30P I 5 ^ ^ ___2
WEATHER: g _ _ _ > ~ _ _ _1
RECORDER: Akoni Pule Highway
to Kawaihae> > >
TIME MOVEMENT NUMBER
PERIOD 1 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL
6:30-6:45 7 0 3 0 1 36 47
6:45-7:00 22 10 4 0 3 40 79
7:00-7:15 12 8 8 1 0 29 58
7:15-7:30 17 3 3 3 4 28 58
' 7:30-7:45 20 1 6 2 0 27 56
7:45-8:00 13 3 2 1 2 21 42
8:00-8:15 8 0 2 0 2 21 33
8:15-8:30 12 4 7 0 7 20 50
6:30- 8:30 111 29 35 7 19 222 423
6:30- 7:30 58 21 18 4 8 133 242
3:30- 3:45 37 9 6 2 0 33 87
3:45- 4:00 52 0 8 1 2 23 86
4:00- 4:15 28 2 1 0 1 18 50
4:15- 4:30 38 3 5 1 0 16 63
4:30- 4:45 43 6 1 2 1 20 73
4:45- 5:00 33 1 3 0 0 12 49
5:00- 5:15 32 3 6 3 0 16 60
5:15- 5:30 37 4 5 0 0 15 61
3:30- 5:30 300 28 35 9 4 153 529
3:30- 4:30 155 14 20 4 3 90 286
Y ~
TRAFFIC TURNING MOVEMENT COUNT
GENTRY SOUTH KOHALA TZAR Kohala by the Sea Access
4 3
LOCATION: Akoni Pule Hwy-Kohala by the Sea Ac ~ I
DATE: Thursday, May 12, 1994
TIME: 6:30-8:30AM,3:30-5:30P I 5 ^ ^ ---2
WEATHER: 6 <---1
RECORDER: Akoni Pule Highway
to Kawaihae> > >
TIME MOVEMENT NUMBER
PERIOD 1 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL
6:30-6:45 17 0 0 0 0 52 69
6:45-7:00 26 0 0 0 0 41 67
7:00-7:15 23 0 1 0 0 33 57
7:15-7:30 19 0 0 0 0 36 55
7:30-7:45 17 0 0 0 0 24 41
7:45-8:00 15 0 0 0 0 28 43
8:00-8:15 9 1 0 0 0 18 28
8:15-8:30 16 0 0 0 0 26 42
6:30- 8:30 142 1 1 0 0 258 402
6:30- 7:30 85 0 1 0 0 162 248
3:30- 3:45 45 0 3 0 0 34 82
3:45- 4:00 44 0 0 0 0 31 75
4:00- 4:15 26 0 0 0 0 17 43
4:15- 4:30 46 0 0 0 0 20 66
4:30- 4:45 40 0 0 0 0 21 61
4:45- 5:00 37 0 0 0 0 17 54
5:00- 5:15 39 0 0 0 0 22 61
5:15- 5:30 36 0 0 0 0 18 54
3:30- 5:30 313 0 3 0 0 180 496
3:30- 4:30 161 0 3 0 0 102 266
APPENDIX D
TRAFFIC CALCULATIONS:
UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTION LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS)
CALCULATIONS (AM AND PM PEAKS)
TWO-LANE IIIGFIWAY LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS)
CALCULATIONS (AM AND PM PEAKS)
UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTION LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS)
CALCULATIONS (AM AND PM PEAKS) ,
I W I
C
` Y I W I
P 1 Z m i
d~ 3~1 4< m o m
,1 SUI
:f 1 rv I
O ~ (u F I a rn n
F i i
FS I 6' i
1 4 Y I f Z Z ~ ~ U 1
I CC 1 1 1
I W m 1 r N I
1 a I IJ I
W G' I a 1
UOI Ur FF~
Utu r N r WZ 1
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APPENDIX I
PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING REPORT
BY
M & E PACIFIC, INC.
THE WAIICA BY GENTRY PROJECT
NORTH KOHALA, HAWAII
T.M.K.'s: 5-9-01:7,8
PRELIII~IINARY ENGINEERING REPORT
Prepared by:
M 8c E PaciSc, Inc.
Engineers Ik Architects
1001 Bishop Street
Pauahi Tower, Suite 500
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
June 1995
v -
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preliminsrv En¢ineerin¢ Renort (PERI Ps~e
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Scope and Purpose of Report 3
1.2 Project Description &Location 3
2.0 Site Characteristics
2.1 Site Soil 6
2.2 Land Use 6
2.3 Climate 6
2.4 Topography 6
3.0 DrsinaPe Svstem
3.1 Flood Hazard Designation 7
3.2 Existing Drainage System 7
3.3 Proposed Drainage System 8
3.4 Impacts to Downstream Properties & Drainage Systems 8
4.0 Water Svstem
4.1 Existing Water System 10
4.2 Proposed Water System 10
4.3 Water Demands 10
Maximum Daily Demand 11
Peak Hour Demand w/ Fire Flow 11
Fue Flow Demand I 1
Maximum Daily Demand w/Fire Flow 11
Mmimum Capacity of System 11
Minimum Reservoir Capacity 11
5.0 Wastewater Svstem
5.1 Wastewater Estimate 11
5.2 Proposed Method 12
5.3 E&luent Disposal 13
6.0 Solid Waste Svstem
6.1 Solid Waste 14
The Waika By Gentry Project 1 June 1995
Preliminsrv Engineerin¢ Report (PERT Paee
7.0 Power and Communication
7.1 Electric Service 14
7.2 Telephone 14
7.3 Cab1eJTV 14
8.0 Roadwsv Svstem
8.1 Existing Condition 15
8.2 Proposed Onsite Improvements 15
List of Figures:
O Figure 1 Vicinity Map 4
O Figure 2 Subdivision Layout 5
O Figure 3 Hydrologic Map of Existing Runoff 9
O Figure 4 Typical Roadway Sections 16
List of Tables•
O Table 1 Existing Culvert Data 8
The Waif Hy Geatry Project 2 June 1995
c
WAIICA BY GENTRY PROJECT
NORTH KOHALA, HAWAII
T.M.K.'i: 5-9-01: 7,8
PRELIAfII4ARY ENGINEERING REPORT
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Scope and Purpose of Report
The purpose of this Preliminary Engineering Report (PER) is to provide site infrastructure
requirements to support the proposed residenrtial and retreat resort community
development by Gentry Pacifiq Ltd., Kahua Ranch, Ltd. and Ponoholo Ranch, Ltd. on
T.M.K.'s 5-9-O1: 7,8.
This PER has been prepared to:
1) Supplement the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to change the general plan
of The Waika By Gentry Project.
2) Support the application to the County of Hawau Planning Department Application
for rezoning.
3) County Special Management Area (SMA) application
The area for the proposed zoning change ofsingle-family residential lots, 10,000 square
feet (RS-10) is approximately eighty-seven (87) acres and of the resort-hotel (V-20) is
approximately fifteen (15) acres. The total development will consist of approximately 102
acres.
1.2 Project Description and Location
The proposed development - "Waika By Gentry," is located in the North Kohala District.
It is bordered on the makai edge by the Pacific Ocean shoreline and on the mauka edge by
Akoni Pule I~ighway (See Figure 1, Vicinity Map & Figure 2, Subdivision Layout).
Approximately 165 single family residential lots ranging from 10,000 square feet to 1+
acres are planned. The hotel-resort will have a maximum of 40 units, consisting of
predominately single family, detached units and duplex units. A retail area of
approximately 1 acre (a portion of the 15 acres) will provide a setting for a restaurant and
sundries.
The development will be a gated community, with a security entrance and paved
roadways. Utilities will include water, sewer, drainage, gas, telephone and electricity.
T~ Waika BY Gentry ~.lect 3 June 1995
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Prepared for. Gentry Homes, Ltd. PACIFIC OCEAN -
Prepared by: Helber Hutert do Fee, Planners VV
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Recreational amenities will center around the low-rise lodge with a community center,
swimming pool, Jacuzzi, game courts, and aday-care center.
The development is not expected to have any signiScant impact on traffic, nearby schools,
public services, nor to other elements of the natural environment (refer to Traffic Impact
Assessment Report, Gentry At Waika, June 1994).
2.0 Site Characteristics
2.1 Site Soil
The soil composition of the site is primarily Kawaihae (KOC), consisting of excessively
drained and extremely stony soil, formed in volcanic ash. The soil has a very thin surface
layer of Sne sandy loam over sih loam and loam. Although the natural vegetation is
moderate (consisting of kiawe, piligrass, ilima, and Sngergrass), the erosion hazard rating
is severe. Runoffis moderate and permeability ranges between 0.63 to 2.0 inches per
hour. The bedrock is typically located at 1.5 feet to 3.5 feet below the surface elevation,
with a mean annual soil temperature ranging between 74 and 77 F, t
2.2 Land Use
Existin designation
State Land Use: Urban
County General Plan: Low Density
County Zoning: Unplaxned (L>)
Special Management Area: Makai ofAkoni Pule Highway
General Plan: Low Density
2.3 Climate
The Climate in the South Kohala area near Kawaihae is generally arid. The mean annual
rainfall is approximately 10 inches, with 20 percent of the rainfall being received in the -
month of January.
2.4 Topography
The approximate length of the property runs from Waiakailio Bay to Kaiopae Point.
Elevations on the site range from approximately 10 feet above mean sea level (MSL) at
[Soil Survey of the Lsland of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. U.S. Department of Agievlture. Soil Conservation
Service. Docember 1973.
The Waika ]3y Gentry Project 6 June 1995
the shoreline to 165 feet above MSL. The existing property slopes are generally very
steep ranging between 10 percent to 19 percent.
3.0 Drainate Svstem
3.1 Flood Hazard Designation
The proposed development site is designated as 1) Zone X, "areas determined to be
outside the 500 yen, flood plain," in the upland area, and 2) Zone VE, "coastal
flood
with velocity hazard (wave action); base flood elevation detesmined (El 9)," along the
coastal shoreline. All strucdues will be located above the Zone VE designated flood
plain (base elevation being 9 feet).
The Zoae VE flood designated area is subjeU to compliance with Chapter 27 of the Hawaii County Code
entitled, "Flood Control," Section 27~, Lands Subject To This Chanter. The Zone X flood designated
area does not fall within Chapter 27 of the Hawaii Canty Code.
3.2 Existing Drainage System
Presently there are no existing improved drainage systems on site. During extended
periods of heavy rainfall, runoff is sheet flowed through several streams and creeks which
discharge into the ocean. Vegetal cover is relatively moderate covering approximately
60% of the site. Vegetal covers consist of kiawe (Prosopic pallida), bturell grass
(Cenchrus ciliaris) and swollen finger grass (Chlorts barbata). The average existing peak
discharge generated by the 102 acre proposed development is 330 cfs (See Figure 3,
Hydrologic Map of Existing Runoff).
Located along Akoni Pule FLghway are multiple existing pipe and arch culverts ranging
size between 24" in diameter. to 156" in diameter. There are two major drainage basins
above the highway. The runoffs from these two areas are transferred beneath the highway
by culvert numbers 10-B and 11-C (See Table 1, Existing Culvert Data).
Calculations for peak discharge of 102 acres are based on Plate 6; 100 yr storm, Department of Public
Works, County of Hawaii, Storm Drainage Standard, l~ctober 1970.
Flood Insurance Rate Map (FfltM), Hawaii County, Hawaii, Community
Panel Number 155166 0128 C,
Map Revised: September 16, 1988.
The Waika BY l3entry Project 7 June 1995
a
Tsble 1 - Ezisting Culvert Data
10.B 495+36 CMP 13 1 2,200 5.00 33 0.024 0.04 1,600 1,900
11-C 464+40 CMP 10 2 3 336 6.40 32 0.024 0.06 900 2 250
• Cldvett capacities from Hydraulic Date - ICawaiLao-Mahukom Road, State of Hawaii, Dept of Tiaosponatiaio,
1964.
3.3 Proposed Drainage System
The increase in surface runoff seated from the development of new roadways and
structures will be retained on site. Drainage improvements within the proposed project
area will primarily consist of roadside swales and culverts beneath the proposed roadways
and infrastructure. Drywells and/or seepage pits will also be installed to retain the
additional runoff created by the development. The existing rtmoffwill continue to be
discharged into near by creeks and streams located throughout the site, and the adjacent
shoreline.
Flood plains will be calculated to determine minimum finish floor elevations for structures
adjacent to major drainage ways located throughout the proposed development. The
tributary areas above the existing Akoni Pule FLghway that directly contributes to the
major drainage ways and their associated pipeJarch culverts will be determined using Plate
6, Zone D, Design Curve For Peak Discharge Vs. Drainage Area (more than 100 acres) to
determine the 100 year flood plain elevations within the proposed development. Drainage
system and all computations will be done in accordance with the Department of Public
Works, County of Hawaii, Storm Drainage Standard, October 1970.
3.4 Impacts to DowastreaQi Properties & Drainage Systems
There will be no adverse impact to properties downstream, as the proposed project site's _
makai boundary is bordered by the shoreline of the Pacific Ocean. A marine
environmental impact report shall be conducted to better evaluate the effect to the existing
marine life. Runoff will be transferred by sheet flow throughout the proposed project site
and discharged into the adjacent ocean, and intermittent streams and creeks. Although
there will be an increase in runoff due to the proposed development, the impact will be
minimized by retaining all of the additional runoff on the proposed project site through
drywalls and/or seepage pits.
Best management practices will be implemented during construction for erosion control to
reduce the impact of silts entering into the natural gulch, particularly during periods of
heavy rainfall.
The Waika By Gentry Project 8 June 1995
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4.0 Water Svstem
4.1 Ezisting Water System
Currently, an existing 6" water line above the Akoni Pule FLghwaY suPPlies water to a
temporary 4" service lateral within Kohaht Ranch. The temporary 4" service lateral is
corrected to a 12" waterline at the Akoni Pule Idighway and stubs out on the makai aide
of the highway near the proposed developmertt's site.
A water commitment has been made by Kohala Ranch with Gentry to provide 250,000
gpd.
4.2 Proposed Water System
A proposed reservoir (Kahau Makai) will be constructed above the Akoni Pule FLghway
at an elevation between 250' end 300'. Upon completion of the proposed ICahua Makai
Reservoir, the temporary 4" service lateral will be disconnected and replaced with new
water main. The minimum static pressure of the water system will be 40 psi. The
maximum static pressure of the water system will be 125 psi. The water system will
comply with all water requirements of the "Water System Standards", County of Hawaii,
Volumes 1 to 3, 1985.
The minimum reservoir capacity requved is 344,000 gallons and will require
approximately one (1) acre of land or less (See section 4.3 Water Demands).
4.3 Water Demands
The sizes of the reservoiu, pumps and waterlines were calculated in accordance with the
Water System Standards, Department of Water Supply, County of Hawaii. The following
criteria were used to compute the demands:
Average Daily Demand (Residential) = 750 gallons/unit
Average Daily Demand (Resort) = 400 gallons/unit
Fire Flow Demand (Resort) = 2000 gpm/2 hrs. duration
Maximum Daily Demand = 1.5 x (Average Daily Demand)
Peak Hour Demand = 5 X(Average Daily Demand)
Residential -Average Daily Demand = 165 units (a; 750 gpd = 123,750 gallons
Resort -Average Daily Demand = 40 units ~ 400 gpd = 16.000 gallons
Total Average Daily Demand = 139,750 gallons
q'~ Waika By Gentry Project 10 June 1995
i
Maximum Daily Demand: Peak Finnr Flow Without Fire Flow:
=1.5 x (Average Daily Demand) = 5 x (Average Daily Demand)
= 209,625 gallons = 698,750 gallons
= 146 gpm = 486 gpm
Fire Flow Demand: Maximum D 'Iv Demand With Ftre Flow
= 240,000 gallons =Max. Daily Demand + Fire Flow Demand
= 2,000 gpm (for 2 hours) _ (209,625 gpd/1440 min.) + 2,000 gpm
= 2,146 gpm
Minimum Caoaci Of System:
The minimum capacity of the distribution system shall deliver the maximum daily demand
simultaneously with the required fire flow. The distribution system shall also deliver the
peak how flow (without fire flow).3 For this proposed project the minimum capacity of
the system is the Maximum Daily Demand With Fire Flow and is equal to 2,146 gpm.
Minimum Reservoir Capacity:
The reservoir capacity must meet 1) the maximum day consumption with the reservoir full
at the beginning of a 24 hour period with no source input to the reservoir, and 2) meet the
maximum day rate plus fire flow for the duration of a fire with the reservoir 3/4 full at the
start of the fire, including incoming flow from pumps with the largest pump out of
service.4
The minimum capacity of the reservoir is 344,000 gallons (based on the above criterion's
#2). The estimated dimension of the reservoir is 62'x19' (428,000 gallon tank) and will
occupy approximately one (1) acre or less.
5.0 Wastewater System
5.1 Wastewater Estimate
The proposed project will generate an estimated average daily flow of 118,500 gallons per
day (gpd) of wastewater as determined in accordance with regulatory guidelines of Title
11, Chapter 62, Department of Health Administrative Rules.
DDepartment of Water Supply, County of Hawaii, "Water System Standards," volume 1, p. 34, 1985.
~Departa,ent of Water Supply, County of Hawaii, "Water System Standards," volume I, p. 38, 1985.
1Le Waika ]3y Gentry project 11 June 1995
Wastewater Generation Rate
Category No. of Units No. of Persons Generation Rate Flow
Residential 165 units 6 persons 100 gaVperson/day* 99,000 gaUday
Cottages 40 units 4 persons 100 gal/person/day* 16,000 gal/day
~8~ 1r~d~Y ~ 100 persons 15 gaVperson/day 1,500 gal/day
Recreational Users
Restaurant 200 persons 10 gaVperson/day* 2.000 gaVdav
Total 118,500 gaVday
' Based oa 3 bedro~s/retidmce (2 pasoos/bedroo®)
2 bedroamskottage (2 pcsoms/bedroam)
5.2 Proposed Method
A private wastewater treatment facility will be centrally located along the north-east
boundary of the proposed development, makai of the highway, to meet the wastewater
treatment needs of the project. Due to the rugged terrain the treatment facility will require
a 2 fo 3 acre site. The required area may vary, depending on the disposal method used
and site specific percolation rates.
Pumping stations will be necessary to convey the sewage up to the treatment plant. The
sewage pumping stations will have a low profile, utilising submersible pumps, with a
structure to house the emergency power generator, instnunentation and controls. The
sewage pumping stations will be provided with necessary backup systems as required by
DOFI. Similar to the wastewater treatment plain odor and noise abatement, as well as
visual aesthetics, will be key considerations in the design and equipment selection of the
sewage pumping stations.
A "packaged" activated sludge or sequencing batch reactor treatment process will be used
to provide a secondary e8luent. Care will be taken in sizing and selecting the treatment
system in order to assure process reliability, avoid odor and noise nuisances and be
aesthetically compatible with the surrounding project. Basic treatment process will consist
of:
* Preliminary treatment - scrxning and grit removal
* Primary treatment (if necessary) -Primary settling
* Secondary treatment -biological treatment and Snal settling
* Disinfection - UV light or chlorination
* Advance treatment (if necessary) -filtration and coagulation
* Solids handling -aerated digester and sludge drying bed
The Waika Hy Genuy Pcojcct 12 June 1995
L
At a minimum, wastewater generated by Waika development will be treated to comply
with secondary effiuent standards. The treatment facility will be designed in accordance
with the State of Hawar? Department of Heahh requirements for private wastewater
treatment works (Chapter 62, Title 11, Hawaii Administrative Rules) and will require a
certified wastewater operator.
Sludge generated by t}te facility will be stabilized by aerobic digestion and dewatered
mechanically or with drying beds. The dewatered sludge will be used onsite as a soil
amendment or hauled off-site for disposal at the county landfill.
5.3 Effluent Disposal
Several alternatives are being considered for ultimate disposal of the treated wastewater
effiuent including subsurface disposal, through leaching fields or injection wells, or reuse
by land irrigation.
Subsurface disposal of the effluent using a leaching field would consist of distributing the
treated effiuent in a series of subsurface trenches bacad'illed with gavel. The cost
effectiveness of this alternative will be influenced by the permeability of the subsurface
soils~and ease of excavation at the disposal site.
Since the development is makai of the Undergound Injection Control ([JIC) boundary this
is a feasible disposal method. The UIC boundary was created to preclude contamination
of potable goundwater resources. An injection well is a cased vertical hole in the Bound
that receives the treated effluent and distributes to the surrounding soil. The injection well
would comply with Department of Health UIC design and permitting requrrements
(Chapter 23, Title 11, Hawaii Administration Rules). Necessary investigations maybe
required to assure that near shore coastal water quality would not be adversely impacted.
The number and size of the well(s) are site specific, depending on information from
pumping tests. Additionally, monitoring wells may also be required to assess the condition
of the well and the surrounding subsurface.
Reuse of treated effiuent through land irrigation is potentially a desirable effiuent disposal
alternative due to acid nature of the area Effluent reuse would require advanced
treatment in accordance with DOH reuse guidelines. Treated effiuent would need to be
stored in an effiuent storage pond or basin, probably located within the wastewater
treatment site. The storage pond would be capable of holding several days of volume
during storm events for later user as irrigation water. An alternative disposal system, such
as a subsurface disposal system (injection well or leaching field), would also be necessary
for emergency disposal of the effiuem or when the effiuent holding pond is not able to
receive water due to prolonged storm events or periodic maintenance.
The Waika By Gentry project 13 Juae 1995
J
6.0 Solid Waste Svstem
6.1 Solid Waste
The nearest transfer station for the proposed development is located in Puako. The
nearest sanitary landfill is located at Puuanahulu in North Kona. Per Act 324, Integrated
Solid Waste Management Act, to reduce the volume of solid waste generated, recycling
and/or bioconversion seems to be the most feasible type of program for this project.
Different uses for the waste would need to be further investigated to determine the
economic feasibility of implementing a segregation program for recycling or reuse.
7.0 Power snd Communication
7.1 Electric Service
Currently there is no existing electrical service available directly off Akoni Pule highway.
A distribution voltage by Hawau Electric Light Company (HELLO) of 12.78 KV is
available at the Kohala Estates above T.M.K. 5-9-01:7. However, the size of the
proposed development will probably require the connection to extend to the substation
located approximately 3,000 feet mauka of the highway. It is also possible that the
developer will be required to provide an upgraded substation if the existing one is
inadequate.
The initial cost incurred for the construction of extending the existing service to the
proposed development and upgrading the existing substation will be paid by the developer,
however, HELLO would make annual refund payments over a specified period of time
based on the new fiutilit}rs ability to produce a specified minimum amount of revenue from
the new development.
7.2 Telephone
The phone service will be provided by GTE Hawauan Tel. Currently, the closest phone
line is located approximately 500 yards off Akoni Pule Highway near the Kohala Estates.
Additional tnmk lines will be required.
7.3 Cable/TV
The cable tympany responsible at the proposed project development is Sun Cable Vision.
Currently there is no cable service available near the proposed project development due to
the small demand for cable in the area. Cable lines presently extend to Kawaihae Village
The Waika 13y Gentry Project 14 June 1995
and there are no plans to extend the service further until cable demands make it
economically feasible. An extension policy is available by Sun Cable Vision, whereby the
developer would have to absorb the major portion of the cost and Sun Cable vision would
negotiate to subsidize the cost by paying for either the constroction or materials. ,
8.0 Rosdwav System
I
8.1 F.zisting Condition
The only roadway serving the proposed development is Akoni Pule Highway. Akoni Pule
Highway is an asphalt concrete paved roadway constructed to State of Hawaii standards.
There are two (2) connecting roadways adjacent to the proposed project development
extending mauka from Akoni Pule Ii'ighway leading to the Kohala Ranch and Kohala
Estates. There are no improved roadways located within the proposed project
development.
8.2 Proposed Onsite Improvements
The roadway system within the proposed project development will consist of public and
private streets, and hammer turn ground(s). The pavement design shall primarily consist
of two types of sections (See Figure 4, Typical Roadway Sections):
1) Public streets will have a pavement width of 20' with a 50' right-of--way
2) Private streets will have a pavement width of 20' with a 44' right-of--way
Portions of the roadway system providing access to public facilities will be dedicated to
the County of Hawaii. All other roadways will remain private and be gated, and will be
maintained by the owner. Roadway systems to be dedicated to the County of Hawaii will
be constructed in accordance with the Hawaii County Code and the Public Works
Standards, County of Hawaii. A variance will be requested to allow non-standard right-
of-way widths for selected undedicatable streets. The pavement widths for these streets
will be designed in accordance with county standards to allow adequate traffic flow and
emergency vehicle usage; however, shoulder and swale widths will not be in accordance
with the county standards. A Plan Unit Development (PDU) permit will be submitted in
order to allow for design deviations for these selected road tight-of--way widths.
Roadway geometries, to include horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, sight distances,
stopping distances, grades, and corner radii, will be designed in accordance with the
Hawau County Code and the Standard Details for Public Works Construction, County of
Hawaii, Statewide Uniform Design Manual for Streets and FIighways, and the Manual on
Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
. The Waika By Gentry project 15 June 1995
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WAIKA BY GENTRY TYPICAL ROADWAY SECTIONS w
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APPENDIX J
WATER AGREEMENT
WATER AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT is made on J~+-`^~, 1991,
between KAHUA RANCH LIMITED and PONOHOLO RANCH, LIMITED, both of
3140-D Ualena Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96819 (herein jointly
called "K-P"), and GENTRY DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, a Hawaii limited
partnership, whose notice address is P. O. Box 295, Honolulu,
Hawaii 96809 (herein called "Gentry").
W Z T N E S S E T H
WHEREAS, K-P, as Seller, and Gentry, as Buyer, entered
into a Sale Agreement dated December 24, 1990 (the "Sale
Agreement"), covering property located in North Kohala, Hawaii,
being Lot 5, Map 2 of L.C. Consolidation 129 (the "Property").
WHEREAS, K-P entered into an Amended Development
Agreement with Kohala Joint Venture ("KJV") da!:ed December 21,
1984, as amended by letter agreement dated February 21, 1986
(the "KJV/K-P Agreement"), which provides for the allocation of
water to K-P and the terms and conditions governing the use of
that water and the accompanying facilities for transport of the
water and the granting of water reservoir and pipeline
easements.
WHEREAS, pursuant to the KJV/K-P Agreement, KJV granted
to Kahu~ Ranch, Limited certain easement rights relating to a
water system, under the Grant of Nonexclusive Easement dated
March 31, 1986, filed in the Office of the Assistant Registrar
of the .Land Court of the State of Hawaii as Document No. 1361567
(the "Water System Easement").
WHEREAS, Kohala Makai I ("KMI") entered into a separate
Water Agrement with KJV dated June 1, 1984, as amended by
agreement dated July 5, 1985 (the "KJV/III Agreement"), which
provides for the allocation of water from KJV to KMI, the
granting of a site for a water reservoir and pipeline easements
and which provides that KMI will construct the pipelines and
reservoir.
WHEREAS, K-P and KMI entered into an Agreement dated
May 7, 1985, as amended by Agreement dated Auqust 19, 1985 (the
"KMI/K-P Agreement"), to provide for the sharing of costs in the
construction of the reservoir and pipelines (based on the
construction thereof by KMI) and for the grant by K-P to KMI of
an easement for a waterline from the Akoni Pula Highway crossing
point, over the Property to KMI's adjacent par~:el.
APPENDIX J
KANUA-DATER (12/28/90)
WHEREAS, KMI has not yet constructed the reservoir and
pipelines to transport water to the Property.
WHEREAS, pursuant to the KJV/K-P Agreement, K-P has
paid its share of the cost of oversizing certain pipelines in
the Kohala Ranch project that transport water from the well to a
lower portion of the Kohala Ranch project.
WHEREAS, Gentry currently owns approximately 22.88
acres of land adjacent to the Property (being Lot 4 of said
Map 2) (the "Kahua Shores Property").
WHEREAS, pursuant to the Sale Agreement, K-P has agreed
to allocate to Gentry a portion of the water allocated to K-P
under the KJV/K-P Agreement, and the parties wish to set forth
their understanding concerning such allocation.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of t:ie mutual
covenants set forth herein, the parties hereto agree as follows:
1. Allocations. K-P agrees to allocate to Gentry
from its allocation from KJV, 2,000 gallons per day ("GPD") per
acre of the Property acquired by Gentry under the Sale Agreement
and 44,000 GPD for the Kahua Shores Property now owned by
Gentry. The allocation shall be made as folio*as:
(a) 44,000 GPD for the Kahua Shores Property shall be
transferred and assigned to Gentry upon the payment to K-P of
the total purchase price in cash for Acquisition One (as defined
and described in the Sale Agreement); and
(b) 2,000 GPD per acre for each of Acquisitions One,
Two, Three, Four and Five or portions thereof ("interim
takedowns", as defined in the Sale Agreement) shall be
transferred and assigned to Gentry at the respective document
recordation dates of each conveyance of portions of the Property
to Gentry, provided that no transfer shall be made as to any
parcel that is still encumbered by a purchase money mortgage in
favor of K-P.
K-P and Gentry shall execute such documents as are necessary or
appropriate to effect the allocations described above. Gentry
acknowledges that these allocations are a portion of a 250,000
GPD allocation reserved by K-P in a deed dated April 29, 1981,
filed in the Office of the Assistant Registrar of the Land Court
of the State of Hawaii as Document No. 1065206. If there is a
reduction in the volume of water so that the total 250,000 GPD
is not available to K-P (which reduction is not the fault of
K-P), then Gentry's allocation shall be proportionately reduced
KAHUA-CATER
-2-
(comparing the Gentry allocation to the total 250,000 GPD
allocation).
2. Construction of Water System. Subject to rights
of reimbursement described below, Gentry will assume and pay all
costs of transmitting the water allocated to it from the Kohala
Ranch project to the Property (except that K-P shall not require
Gentry to reimburse K-P for payment of oversizing costs
previously paid by K-P to KJV) and all costs of construction of
any reservoir needed for storage of water for the Property.
Specifically, Gentry shall assume all of K-P's obligations under
the KMI/K-P Agreement relating to the payment of certain costs
of the water system if KMI installs it.
K-P hereby assigns to Gentry all of its right, title
and interest in and to the KMI/K-P Agreement, subject to the
reservation by K-P of the right to access and/or tap into the
waterlines and to use a portion of the capacity of the reservoir
(if any) for the benefit of portions of the Property still owned
by K-P and lands leased by K-P from the State of Hawaii located
north of the Kahua Shores Property (the "Leased Land") and to
access the easements described in the Water System Easement.
The KMI/K-P Agreement contemplates that KMI will
construct the reservoir and pipelines to bring the water to the
Property and adjacent land owned by KMI. If Gentry will require
the use of any such reservoir and pipelines before KMI begins
construction, then Gentry will construct the facilities it will
require at its cost, subject to reimbursement described below.
Gentry and K-P will cooperate in negotiating and finalizing an
agreement with KMI that will provide for the following:
(a) KMI's sharing of at least fifty percent (50~) of
the costs of construction of any reservoir or pipeline serving
the Property and the KMI Property; and
(b) Gentry shall not in any event be required to
construct a reservoir if it determines that it does not need one
to serve the Property.
(c) Upon confirmation of items (a) and (b), Gentry
will agree to grant to KMI an easement as described in Section 5
of the KMI/K-P Agreement.
In connection with the construction of the water
system, Gentry is aware of and agrees to comply with Section 4
of the KJV/K-P Agreement for the dedication of any pipeline
system to the water company to receive the water and is further
KAHW1-WATER
-3-
aware that there may be other payments which will have to be
made to the water company, as provided in the KJV/K-P
Agreement. Gentry will obtain any necessary easements to cross
the Akoni Pule Highway for the transmission lines. Gentry shall
not in any event be obligated to drill a well or develop any
water sources except to the extent Gentry determines in its sole
discretion that it needs additional sources for water to serve
the Property.
The parties acknowledge that there are concerns
relating to the timing of the de-dication of any water system
that serves the Property, as well as other lands, and the
parties agree to cooperate with each other to reasonably
accommodate each other's needs relating to this matter.
3. K-P's Right to Use System. To the extent that
Gentry does not acquire all of the Property and K-P retains
ownership of a portion of the Property, K-P shall be entitled to
use, without contribution to the cost thereof, the transmissions
lines and reservoir (if any) installed or paid for by Gentry.
4. K-P's Assignment of Easement Rights. K-P hereby
assigns to Gentry all of its right, title and interest in and to
the Water System Easement, subject to the reservation by K-P of
the right to use said easement areas (subject to the terms of
the Water System Easement) for the benefit of portions of the
Property still owned by K-P and the K-P Leased Land. Gentry
agrees to assume the obligations of the Grantee under such
easement agreement. The easement will terminate if the use of
the easement area does not commence by March 31, 1996. Without
limiting its obligations to assume the Grantee's covenants,
Gentry covenants that it will commence use of the easement area
by October 1, 1995 to prevent termination of the easement
rights.
If Gentry does not exercise all of its options to
purchase all of the Property, as set forth in the Sale
Agreement, then Gentry shall upon expiration of the options
re-assign to K-P its right, title and interest in both the Water
System Easement and the KMI/K-P Agreement, subject to the
reservation of rights to use the easement areas (in accordance
with the terms of the Water System Easement and reservoir (if
any) and to access and/or tap into the waterlines on the
Property, for the benefit of the portions of tt~e Property
acquired by Gentry.
KAHUA-DATER
-4-
1
5. K-P Covenants. K-P covenants and warrants to
Gentry that:
(a) The KJV/KMI Agreement, the KMI/K-P Agreement, and
the KJV/K-P Agreement are all in full force and effect, and that
K-P has the right under said Agreements to enter into this
Agreement;
(b) The water allocated to K-P under the KJV/K-P
Agreement and subsequently allocated to Gentry under this
Agreement may be specifically be used for the Property and the
Kahua Shores Property.
To the extent the consent of KJV is required to this Agreement,
K-P shall be responsible for obtaining said consent by June 30,
1991, and if any required consent is not obtained by such date
or if it is determined that the water allocated to Gentry may
not be used for the Property or the Kahua Shores Property, then
Gentry may by written notice to K-P terminate this Agreement and
the Sale Agreement.
6. Indemnification. Gentry agrees to indemnify and
hold harmless K-P from any damages, costs or obligations which
arise as a result of Gentry's failure to observe and perform any
covenants and obligations set forth in this Agreement, including
any failure to perform any covenants or obligations that Gentry
assumes under this Agreement.
7. Cooperation. The parties agree to execute other
documents as are necessary or appropriate to curry out the
intent of this Agreement.
8. Notices. Any notices to be given by any party to
the other shall be given as provided in the Sale Agreement.
9. Enforceability. If any of the provisions of this
Agreement of the application thereof shall be invalid, illegal
or unenforceable in any respect, the validity, legality or
enforceability of the other provisions hereof shall in no way be
affected.
10. Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed
and construed by and in accordance with the laws of the State of
Hawaii.
KAHUA-IJATER
-5-
11. Successors and Assiqns. The provisions hereof
shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties
hereto and their respective successors and assigns.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed
this Agreement on the day and year first above written.
KAHUA RANCH LIMITED GENTRY DEVELOPMENT COMPANY
a Hawaii limited partner 'p
1~~ ~ ~ By GENTRY-PACIF C, ,
By ~ ~~tcMi ~ a Haw i por n
Its ~ Its ne 1 Pa r
PONOHOLO RANCH, LIMITED
By s' en
By ~C dl
It
BY
s
~p'rovad as to farm
~Y ~?r
KANUA-UATER
-6-
APPENDIX J-1
LETTER FROM ALBERT H. OGAWA FOR ASHFORD &
WRISTON, ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
TO ROBERT E. STRAND, CARLSMITH BALL
WICHMAN MURRAY CASE & ICHIKI -
RE: AGREEMENT TO ALLOCATE WATER
Dated February 28, 1994
JP,'~-13-97 MON 9 ~ 20 Q" 2Y CO. LEGRL DEPTr FAX NOr 528 0153 P, 02
ASHFORD ~~C~CrRISTO_
d!drFES Wrlilan lf' :d)Iq'E $h?.v' FR11CIi P_MC9dn n'dm rl GNQ b13N di0 h ;YMU !sngr. (31i.;: pi. QIINJp_
ilrP/IH ~bdw.Y '.IKl3Bl'N. uwU iUO J3m4F M1. SkF `3N3fI0B .'1 Cl ld :hAwndJ $.::pR`e~ m.v:.. i9gnro ^Ofl :JIILM'
a9•~f, F'_d00p 9(Y+1 Bp1aJ!]P 3,n ,f Wf14' ~nnn RnM 1Ad se]3 i.arJ lU ~JOH.c UUIn'dv'
'i 3r Pi YB;64+' Cat("ilY ~ '91in pl,l I ~.'..rr211 V 1..4 G '.Ce y F n ~ IPI] ~.:3, N
iCUC95N lr13i0411131~ 1. ['„'rp'md0 1,4.4 ,I :1 Y2111A !d:1tll"1P 5 X14 @F3n .an.. of
. ,rasa c.,
February 28, 1994
Robert E. Strand, Esq.
Carlsmith Hall Wickman Murray
Case & Ichiki
1001 Bishop Street
2200 Pacific Tower
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
Re: Lot 4 owned by Gentrv Development Co.
Dear Bob:
Kahua Ranch Limited and Ponoholo Ranch, Limited ("K-P")
entered into an unrecorded Sale Agreement for the incremental sale
of K-P's makai land below Akoni Pule Highway and the Kohala Ranch
land. under the terms of that Agreement, K-P has agreed to
allocate 76,OD0 gallons per day (GPD) of K-P's allocation of water
to Gentry Development Co. upon completion of payment for the first
increment. We are assuming that Gentry will use a portion of such
allocation to serve the requirements of Lot 4, which with the
addition of K-P's land has now been consolidated, subdivided and
designated as Lot 8 (38.88 acres), as shown an Map 4, Land Court
Consolidation No. 129.
This is to confirm that Gentry is currently entitled to the
76,000 GPD from K-P's water allocation as payments for the first
increment have been completed. There is also a separate water
agreement between the parties which obligates Gentry to comply with
K-P's prior water agreements with Kohala Soint Venture and Kohala
Makai I.
very truly yours,
ALBERT H. OGAWA /
For Ashford & wriston
cc: Kahua Ranch Limited ~ ~~l
• . 1
Ponoholo Ranch, Limited
Gentry Development Co. ~ 2
APPENDIX J-1
CIIPIQIUIII OFFICE jlfdBl ~l~OfNSY' ~9gphGna,: M.411 CA-N O'lG JFFIf[ id~gph1111g:
Sf., n. nr)?aarrsz AIIl place„°uw'dOn '0.0°1539-Od00 'ri uBMm Tr,vsr °~~de 2"~ ~We1 J?9-)TCc
4
.— ,-. 7.""k,'.
OF
•
BOBBY JEAN LEITHEAD-TODD ���1,4 .` Phone: (808)961-8261
Councilmember .: :�,,,./, - FAX: (808)969-3291
COUNTY COUNCIL
County of Hawaii
Hawaii County Building
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo,Hawaii 96720
May 22, 1997
Mr. Sid.Aey Fuke C-330/Bill 96
100 Pauahi Street
Suite 212
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
Change of Znne Application (REZ 97-1)
Applicant: Gentry-Pacific, Ltd.
Request: A-5a to RS-15
TMK: 5-9-1:8
Dear Mr. Fuke,
This is a follow up to the telephone conversation between my staff
and you that the above application will be considered by the
Council ' s Committee on Planning on Tuesday, June 3, 1997, at
1:30 p.m. in the Councilroom, Room 201, Hawaii County Building, 25
Aupuni Street, in Hilo.
This is in accordance with the Council' s Rules of Procedure that
matters related to planning are referred to our committee for review
and recommendation to the Council.
Please be advised that this is just the initial consideration by the
Counc:" on your application. After the Planning Committee makes a
recomme•dation for approval or disapproval of your request, a report
will be made to the full Council, where further deliberation will
take place. A total of at least three meetings, including the
Committee and two full Council meetings, must transpire should an
approval recommendation be made.
Your presen:.e at the meetings is requested in order to have any
questions on your application addressed. You will be notified by the
.Council ' s staff after the Planning Committee makes a recommendation
to the full Council to let you know when your application will be
heard by the full Council.
I.
Mr. Sidney Fuke
May 22, 1997
Page 2
Should you have any questions as far as placement of your request on
the Planning Committee agenda, please contact Glynis or Evelyn at
961-8245.
r•
i
Bobby Jean Leithead-Todd, Chair
Committee on Planning
Attachment (PC Agenda)
xc: Mr. Joseph Fadrowsky
' \‘ -1(-" 1.
I!.
Vim_
OFFICE OF THE COUNTY CLERK
HAWAII COUNTY BUILDING
COUNTY OF HAWAII
HILO, HAWAII 96720
June 26, 1997 Refer. Bill 96, Dr. 2 •
C-330.01
To: Mayor
Ordinance Bill Amending Section 25-8-7 (North and South Kohala Districts
Zone Map), Article 8, Chapter 25 (Zoning Code) of the Hawaii County Code,
Re: by Changing the District Classification Fran Agricultural (A-5a) to
Single Family Residential (RS-15) at Kahua 1st, North Kohala, Hawaii,
Covered by T'NII( 5-9-01:08 Applicant: Gentry-Pacific, Ltd. (37.88 Acres)
The following is the action of the Hawaii County Council adopted at
its meeting held June 18, 1997
Bill 96, Draft 2, passed First Reading
Approved and adopted PC Report 61
COUNTY CLERK
ATT.
cc: Planning Director
Planning Camnission
C u:nun. No._ 3
file No. __ Nf �
ZCKO
No. JUN 1 8 1997