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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0686.000 2004-2006Harry Kim Wayor County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street, Room 215 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252 • (808) 961-8211 • Fax (808) 961-6553 KONA- 75-5706 Kuakim Highway. Suite 103 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 (808)329-5226 • Fax (808)326-5663 February 3, 2006 Honorable Stacy Higa, Chairman and Members of the County Council County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Chairman Higa and Members: tiChange of Zone Application (REZ 05-000025) Applicant: Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Request: Open to MG -15a Tax Map Key: 7-3-49:36 and 37 Change of Zone Application (REZ 05-010) Applicant: Hiluhilu Development, LLC Request: Open and A -3a to Project District Tax Map Key: 7-2-5:1 Amendment to Change of Zone Ordinance No. 93-45 Initiator: Planning Director Request: Amendment to Certain Conditions for Land Proposed For Change of Zone filed by Hiluhilu Development, LLC Tax Map Key: 7-2-5:1 _ Dixie Kaetsu Managing l hreclor Barbara Kossow Deputy Managing Direclor As required by Chapter 4, Sec. 6-4.3(C), Hawaii County Charter, transmitted herewith for the County Council's consideration and action are the Planning Commission's letters and enclosures regarding the above -referenced requests. ?Harry Sincereplly..V Y" Kim ayor Enclosures ,�,, cc: Planning Department Comm. No. (0%6 I lawai'i Counts is an Fqual (lpportunn5 Prodder and Employer Ref. 1o; V Ra. Uate� County of Hawaii PLANNING COMMISSION Aupum Center • 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 9 • Ili lo, Hawaii 96720 Phone (808) 961-8288 • Fax (808) 961-8742 February 3, 2006 Stacy Higa, Chairman and Members of the County Council County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Chairman Higa and Council Members: Change of Zone Application (REZ 05-000025) Applicant: Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Request: Open to MG -15a Tax May Key: 7-3-49:36 and 37 The Planning Commission, after a duly held public hearing on January 20, 2006, voted to recommend for your approval the proposed legislative bill to change the district classification from an Open (0) to a General Industrial 15 -acre (MG -15a) district for approximately 15.643 acres of land. The property is the site of the existing Keahole power plant located east of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Kona International Airport at Keahole, North Kona, Hawaii. The Commission concurs with the following Planning Director's reasons for recommending favorable consideration of the change of zone: The applicant is requesting a change of zone from Open (0) to General Industrial 15 acres (MG -15a) to allow the continued use of the existing generating station and the upgrade of the facility to improve efficiency and generating capacity. Specifically, the applicant proposes the following improvements at the Keahole Generating Station: Convert two existing simple -cycle combustion turbines (CT -4 and CT -5) to a combined -cycle system by adding a steam turbine generation system (ST -7), comprised of two heat recovery steam generators, a steam condensing system, and a 17.8 MW steam turbine generator, including ancillary equipment. These components will constitute a 60 MW net, dual -train, combined -cycle plant. Hawaii County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer Stacy Higa, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 2 • Implement new emissions controls, specifically a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system, which is expected to involve ammonia or urea transport, storage and usage, as well as improvements to the existing wastewater treatment system to process on-site and dispose of on-site treated waste, generated as a result of the SCR system. Proposed improvements at the Airport Substation facilities include: • Future replacement or addition of transformers and switchgear equipment at the Airport Substation to service the area community Additional painting and landscape improvements to mitigate visual impacts at the Airport Substation. In the future, the applicant may use alternate fuels, specifically naphtha, to reduce emissions, which could necessitate expanding the existing fuel storage tanks and tank - yard berm walls, adding more storage tanks, additional fuel distribution pumps/piping, and additional fire protection. The applicant seeks the proposed action to (1) bring the existing and proposed use of the project as an electrical generating station and substation into conformance with County zoning; (2) facilitate future operation and maintenance of the generating station; and (3) implement proposed environmental mitigation measures. In 2004, the applicant completed the addition of CT -4 and CT -5 and retired older diesels 18, 19 and 20. The ST -7 installation, which would allow the utilization of waste heat and make the plant more fuel efficient, is anticipated for completion in 2009. The properties were zoned Open by the County to conform to the State Land Use Conservation designation. The State Board of Land and Natural Resources directed the applicant to seek a reclassification from the Conservation to the Urban district. The reclassification was approved by the State Land Use Commission on November 7, 2005 by Docket No. A03-743. The request from an Open to a General Industrial zoned district would bring the properties into conformance with its existing use for industrial purposes. An Environmental Impact Statement was required pursuant to Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), and the Environmental Impact Statement Rules, Title 11, Chapter 200 of the Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR). The Final EIS was accepted by the State Land Use Commission on February 10, 2005 and by written Order dated May 24, 2005. By Docket No. A03-743 dated November 7, 2005, the State Land Use Commission approved the redesignation of the property from the Conservation to the Urban district. Stacy Higa, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 3 In order to consider an area for any type of zoning designation, the applicable goals, policies and standards of the General Plan must be adequately addressed. It is only through such a comprehensive policy analysis approach that evaluations and decisions can be made to better time and stage developments to achieve growth determined by the General Plan and related planning documents. The implications of these evaluations and decisions must be also considered as they may have an impact on similar areas in the County. The Change of Zone from Open (0) to a General Industrial (MG -15a) zoned district is consistent with the intent and purpose of the goals, policies and standards of the General Plan Energy, Land Use and Economic Elements. The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map component of the General Plan is a representation of the document's goals, policies, standards and courses of action. It is also a graphic depiction of the physical relationships among the various land uses. The LUPAG Map establishes the basic land use pattern for areas within the County. The LUPAG Map designates the project site as an Urban Expansion Area. This designation allows for a mix of high density, medium density, and low density urban developments, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. The change of zone from Open (0) to General industrial (MG -15a) will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region. Located along the east (mauka) side of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Kona International Airport at Keahole, the project site consists of two adjoining parcels approximately 15.643 acres in size. Parcel 36 ("Keahole Generating Station") consists of approximately 14.998 acres, and parcel 37 ("Airport Substation") consists of approximately .645 acres. The project site is currently the site of the HELCO Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation developed in the early 1970's. Existing facilities include generating turbines, fuel oil storage tanks, switching station and a water treatment facility. The terrain is relatively flat and consists of lava flows, grasses, and low brush. The height of the existing 104 -high exhaust stack was originally permitted within the State Land Use Conservation district, which is under the jurisdiction of the State and not the County. Under the proposed MG district, an industrial structure may be constructed to a height of 100 feet. However, the height of the stack can be allowed as a legal non -conforming use under the Zoning Code. Stacy Higa, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 4 The project site is bordered by the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and a parcel zoned A -5a to the west. The adjacent vacant property to the north is owned by the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, in the State Land Use Urban district, and zoned Open. Four 90 - foot towers owned by the Big Island Broadcasting Company are located on a four -acre parcel to the east. The state-owned Keahole Agricultural Park zoned A -5a is located south/southeast of the property. The Kona Palisades Subdivision is located approximately 3,500 feet mauka of the property to the southeast and zoned A -5a. The applicant has stated that "in order to lessen the visual impacts of the improvements to the generating station on the immediate neighboring community, HELCO has sought and received approval from the DLNR for landscape improvements, gate modifications, and fence construction at the site. The perimeter landscaping along the southwest, west, and northwest section of the property will be redone to help mitigate the adverse visual impacts of the improvements to the station. HELCO will create bermed planters in areas that are currently landscaped and transplant some of the existing vegetation. New trees and plants will also be added to create a more effective and attractive visual buffer. The proposed planters are approximately 9,500 square feet." The applicant will also convert its existing fence into a permanent perimeter fence and modify two existing gates by recessing the gates into the facility. The new gates will be automated, electronic card -reading gates. All utilities and services are available to the site. The Department of Water Supply, through its North Kona system, currently provides approximately 40,000 gallons per day (gpd) of potable water to the project site. Approximately 3/a of the 40,000 gpd of potable water is used for power generation. The potable water is also used for domestic consumption by employees and landscape irrigation. Prior to the completion of CT -4 and CT -5 and conversion to primarily brackish water, the facility had used approximately 40,000 gpd for domestic consumption, landscape irrigation, and the facility operations. Upon completion of CT -4 and CT -5 and with the facility's conversion from potable to brackish water for process water use, domestic water consumption has been reduced to approximately 25,000 gpd. With the completion of ST -7, there will be a slight increase in domestic water usage and an increase of approximately 0.02 mgd of brackish water use. An onsite well is being used to satisfy the facility's brackish water demand. The available potable water in excess of demand has been conveyed to the State Department of Hawaiian Home Lands for its developments in West Hawaii. There are two types of wastewater generated at the Keahole facility, domestic and industrial. Industrial wastewater is disposed of through two underground injection wells on the project site. The monitoring of wastewater discharged into the underground injection wells is in accordance with UIC permit requirements. In addition to monitoring Stacy Higa, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 5 required under the UIC permit, the applicant has conducted weekly monitoring of wastewater discharges. (Refer to pages 19-21 in the application for information on the disposal of industrial wastewater). Domestic wastewater will be treated and disposed of in the existing septic tank and leach field system. Upon completion of CT -4 and CT -5, the amount of domestic water treated and disposed of in the plant's existing septic tank and leach field system has increased by approximately 2,000 gpd. With the completion of ST -7, the amount of such domestic wastewater will increase slightly. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., prepared a report titled Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study, dated February 2004 (Appendix K). The report consisted of an updated inspection of parcel 37 and the primary and secondary access roads to supplement the previous archaeological inventory survey of parcel 36 completed in 1992. The report also updated the previous cultural impact assessment of parcel 36 completed in 1992 with the addition of parcel 37 and the access roads. Four quarry sites consisting of seven component features, all pahoehoe excavations, were identified but no subsurface test excavations were conducted since there were no cultural deposits of any kind within the identified features. DLNR-SHPD determined that no further work or preservation was recommended for any of the sites. The study confirmed that the property has been extensively modified and developed for the operation of HELCO Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation. The study also concluded that the proposed action will not significantly affect or adversely impact any historic properties or archaeological resources on the property, and no mitigation measures are necessary. No evidence of any potentially significant traditional native Hawaiian cultural properties, natural resources, practices, or beliefs were identified during either the 1992 inventory survey or the updated assessment conducted in 2003. The Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study by Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., conducted in February 2004 (Appendix K) concluded that "based on the absence of any evidence that the project site is currently being used for any legitimate traditional cultural purposes by either native Hawaiian cultural practitioners or individuals of any other cultural affiliation, it can be concluded that the HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project should have no significant effects - much less any adverse impacts - upon any cultural resources, and that no mitigation measures of any kind are needed." Botanical consultants Char and Associates prepared a report titled, Botanical Resources Assessment Study, dated August 2003 (Appendix C). The study found that the project site is composed of introduced or alien species, and none of the plants on the property and along the primary and secondary access roads is a threatened or endangered species or a species of concern. The three native species, all indigenous, include the 'uhaloa and ilima, which were observed along the roadway and other disturbed areas, and Stacy Higa, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 6 the beach naupaka, used as a landscape material. The study concluded that botanical resources will not be adversely impacted by the action. Environmental consultant Phillip L. Bruner prepared a report titled Avifaunal and Feral Mammal Field Survey of Keahole Generating Station, North Kona, Island of Hawaii, dated July 31, 2003 (Appendix B). Thirteen species of introduced birds were recorded on the survey, and no native birds or migratory birds were observed in the area. The property does not contain any unusual or unique habitat important to native or migratory birds. No threatened or endangered animal species as listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service were discovered on the site. The study concluded that the proposed action will not adversely impact fauna resources. Reservoir Road and Pukiawe Street to Kaiminani Drive located on the north and south side of the properties provide access to the Queen Kaahumanu Highway. A Traffic Impact Analysis Study dated October 2004 (Appendix A) prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. indicates that these two intersections serving the properties provide an adequate level of service during morning and afternoon peak hours. The traffic increase from proposed improvements on the project site would be small and not contribute a significant portion of the overall regional traffic increase. The subject request is not contrary to Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statues, relating to Coastal Zone Management. The property is not located in the Special Management Area. The site is located mauka of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, is not an oceanfront property, and will not be impacted by coastal hazard and beach erosion. There is no record of a designated public access that traverses the property. According the applicant, no valued cultural, historical or natural resources exist on the property and there is no evidence of any traditional and customary Native Hawaiian rights being practiced on the site. Thus, it is not anticipated that the proposed request will have any adverse impact on cultural or historical resources in the area. As noise may affect surrounding properties, mitigation measures such as constructed barriers and landscaping are proposed to ameliorate potential adverse impacts. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. prepared a study titled, Noise Study for DFIS in October 13, 2004 (Appendix H). Noise sources in the vicinity of the Keahole Generating Station include various diesel generators and combustion turbines, vehicular traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, and aircraft at the Kona International Airport at Keahole. Noise control treatments have been implemented for the existing plant equipment. Each treatment project will specify property line sound level targets for the equipment. These targets will vary with a goal of meeting HELCO's overall property line target of 55dBA during daytime operation and 45 dBA during nighttime operation for all plant equipment. Noise sources in the vicinity of the Keahole Generating Station include Stacy Higa, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 7 various diesel generators and combustion turbines, vehicular traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, and aircraft at the Kona International Airport at Keahole. Noise control treatments have been implemented for the existing plant equipment. Each treatment project will specify property line sound level targets for the equipment. These targets will vary with a goal of meeting HELCO's overall property line target of 55dBA during daytime operation and 45 dBA during nighttime operation for all plant equipment. Emissions from the Keahole Generating Station have been monitored by air quality monitoring stations located approximately 1.2 miles southeast of the plant and 3.4 miles north of the plant. The monitoring data confirms compliance with State and Federal ambient air quality standards for SO2 (sulfur dioxide), PM10 (particulate matter), and CO (carbon monoxide). A study titled "Climate and Air Quality Assessment" was conducted by Jim Clary & Associates in July, 2004 (Appendix I). Robert E. Paull prepared a report titled Emission Studies — Impact on Keahole Agricultural Park, dated June 27, 2004 (Appendix L). The report examined the potential impacts of ethylene, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrous oxide (NO2) on plants and crops in the Keahole area. Given the infrequency and short duration of plume impact from the stacks on the agricultural park and the lack of information on orchid phytotoxicity to these gases, it was difficult to determine the impacts. The plume's short duration made extrapolation from research results difficult as most of the research was based on continuous chronic exposure of 24 hours or more. Phytotoxi city would not be immediately apparent under these circumstances. Given these conditions, cumulative response would not be expected with the impact duration and dose levels expected to affect the Keahole Agricultural Park. A reduction of ethylene levels is anticipated as the diesel generators are phased out and simple combustion cycle and combined cycle combustion turbines are used exclusively, In view of the Hawaii State Supreme Court's "PASH" and "Ka Pa'akai O Ka'Aina " decisions, the issue relative to native Hawaiian gathering and fishing rights must be addressed in terms of the cultural, historical, and natural resources and the associated traditional and customary practices of the site: Investigation of valued resources: The following information was submitted for IZMIR" Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study, Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI), February, 2004. (Appendix K) Avifaunal and Feral Mammal Field Survey of Keahole Generating Station North Kona, Island of Hawaii, Phillip L. Bruner, July 31, 2003. (Appendix B) Stacy Higa, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 8 Botanical Resources Assessment Study, Keahole Generating Station, North Kona District, Hawaii, Winona P. Char, August 2003. (Appendix C) An Assessment of Potential Impacts to the Marine Environment, Marine Research Consultants, February 2004. (Appendix J) Potential Impact on Water Resources of the Expansion of the Hawaii Electric Light Company's Power Generating Station at Keahole in North Kona, Hawaii, December 2003. (Appendix P) The valuable cultural, historical, and natural resources found in the rezoning area: An Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study was completed by PHRI in 2004. The study confirmed that the project site has been extensively modified and developed for the operation of the generation station and substation, and that the proposed action will not significantly affect or adversely impact any historic or archaeological resources. During the 1992 inventory survey and the updated assessment conducted in 2003, no evidence of any potentially significant traditional native Hawaiian cultural properties, natural resources, practices, or beliefs were identified . Possible adverse effect or impairment of valued resources: The Final Environmental Impact Statement accepted by the State Land Use Commission on February 20, 2005, addressed probable impacts and mitigative measures as a result of project development. Established standards and controls to manage potential negative effects should effectively limit and mitigate foreseeable long-term impacts. Native plants could be destroyed by construction and ground alteration. However, the applicant is proposing a Landscape Concept Plan to mitigate any adverse impacts to the surrounding properties. The property does not abut the shoreline, therefore Hawaiian gathering and fishing rights is not an issue. Based on the above findings, approval of the Change of Zone request from Open (0) to General Industrial (MG -15a) would result in an appropriate land use pattern and further the public benefit. For your favorable consideration, an amendment to Section 25-8-3 (North Kona Zone Map), of the County Zoning Code is transmitted. Stacy Higa, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 9 We are enclosing copies of the staff Background and Planning Director's Recommendation for your information. Sincerely, C. Kimo Almeda, Chairman Planning Commission Lhelcorez05-000025pc2 Enclosures cc: Mr. Warren Lee Mr. Lee SichterBelt Collins Hawaii April Cardiz, Esq. Department of Public Works Department of Water Supply Planning Department - Kona Department of Land & Natural Resources-HPD/Kona Rodney Haraga, Director/DOT-Highways, Honolulu BI IELCOREZ. doe -1222105 COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT BACKGROUND REPORT HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC. CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 05-025) HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC. has submitted an application for a Change of Zone from Open (0) to General Industrial 15 acres (MG -15a) for approximately 15.643 acres of land. The property is the site of the existing Keahole power plant located east (mauka) of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Kona International Airport at Keahole, Keahole, North Kona, Hawaii, TMK: 7-3-049:36 and 37. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT Request: Change of zone from Open (0) to General Industrial 15 acres (MG -15a) to allow the continued use of the existing generating station and the upgrade of the facility to improve efficiency and generating capacity. Specifically, the applicant proposes the following improvements at the Keahole Generating Station: • Convert two existing simple -cycle combustion turbines (CT -4 and CT -5) to a combined -cycle system by adding a steam turbine generation system (ST -7), comprised of two heat recovery steam generators, a steam condensing system, and a 17.8 MW steam turbine generator, including ancillary equipment. These components will constitute a 60 MW net, dual -train, combined -cycle plant. • Implement new emissions controls, specifically a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system, which is expected to involve ammonia or urea transport, storage and usage, as well as improvements to the existing wastewater treatment system to process on-site and dispose of on-site treated waste, generated as a result of the SCR system. Proposed improvements at the Airport Substation facilities include: • Future replacement or addition of transformers and switchgear equipment at the Airport Substation to service the area community • Additional painting and landscape improvements to mitigate visual impacts at the Airport Substation. -t- In the future, the applicant may use alternate fuels, specifically naphtha, to reduce emissions, which could necessitate expanding the existing fuel storage tanks and tank - yard berm walls, adding more storage tanks, additional fuel distribution pumps/piping, and additional fire protection. (Exhibit A - Change of Zone application and Final Environmental Impact Statement dated January 24, 2005 and Appendices) 2. Objective: The applicant seeks the proposed action to (1) bring the existing and proposed use of the project as an electrical generating station and substation into conformance with County zoning; (2) facilitate future operation and maintenance of the generating station; and (3) implement proposed environmental mitigation measures. According to the applicant, forecasts for future energy demand show a greater growth in West Hawaii compared to East Hawaii, an increase in sales and peak demand for electricity, and a need to use a mix of demand-side resources, central -station generators, and combined heat and power systems. 3. Reasons for the request: The properties were zoned Open by the County to conform to the State Land Use Conservation designation. The State Board of Land and Natural Resources directed the applicant to seek a reclassification from the Conservation to the Urban district. The reclassification was approved by the State Land Use Commission on November 7, 2005. The request from an Open to a General Industrial zoned district would bring the properties into conformance with its existing use for industrial purposes. 4. Timeframe: In 2004, the applicant completed the addition of CT -4 and CT -5 and retired older diesels 18, 19 and 20. The ST -7 installation, which would allow the utilization of waste heat and make the plant more fuel efficient, is anticipated for completion in 2009. 5. Estimated Number of Jobs: Fifteen. 6. Landowner: Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. OTHER INFORMATION 7. Chapter 343, HRS: Environmental Impact Statement was required pursuant to Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), and the Environmental Impact Statement Rules, Title 11, Chapter 200 of the Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR). The Final EIS was accepted by the State Land Use Commission on February 10, 2005 and by written Order -2- dated May 24, 2005. 8. State Land Use Commission: By Docket No. A03-743 dated November 7, 2005, the State Land Use Commission approved the redesignation of the properties from the Conservation to the Urban district. 9. Notification: On November 28, 2005, a sign was posted on the project site in accordance with Chapter 25, Article 2, Division 1, Section 25-2-12, Hawaii County Code 1983 (2005 Edition). 10. Stack height: The height of the existing 104 -high exhaust stack was originally permitted within the State Land Use Conservation district, which is under the jurisdiction of the State and not the County. Under the proposed MG district, an industrial structure may be constructed to a height of 100 feet. However, the height of the stack can be allowed as a legal non -conforming use under the Zoning Code. It. Permits/Approvals: The following permits and/or approvals are necessary for the operation of the facility: • Federal Environmental Protection Agency - Prevention of Significant Deterioration air permit; Covered Source Permits • State Department of Health - Air Permits, Covered Source permits, Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit, Community Noise Permit renewal, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit, and Heat Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC) permit • State Water Commission - Pump Installation permit • State Board of Land and Natural Resources - Revocable Water Permit and Water Lease • State Land Use Commission - Reclassification from Conservation to Urban (completed November 7, 2005) • Hawaii County Planning Commission -Change of Zone from Oto MG -15a • Hawaii County Council • Hawaii County Department of Public Works - Building permits • Hawaii County Department of Water Supply - Water Meter and Back-flow Preventer -3- Plan Approval STATE AND COUNTY PLANS 12. State Land Use Designation: Urban. 13. GP LUPAG Map: Urban Expansion Area. 14. County Zoning: Open (0). 15. Coastal Zone Management, HRS, Chapter 205A: The entire State of Hawaii lies within the Coastal Zone Management area. 16. Special Management Area (SMA): The project site is located mauka of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway approximately 8,500 feet from the shoreline and not in the SMA. The SMA is a part of the Coastal Zone Management Program regulated by the County. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT SITE AND SURROUNDING AREA 17. Subject Properties: Located along the east (mauka) side of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Kona International Airport at Keahole, the project site consists of two adjoining parcels approximately 15.643 acres in size. Parcel 36 ("Keahole Generating Station") consists of approximately 14.998 acres, and parcel 37 ("Airport Substation") consists of approximately .645 acres. The project area is currently the site of the HELCO Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation developed in the early 1970's. Existing facilities include generating turbines, fuel oil storage tanks, switching station and a water treatment facility. The terrain is relatively flat and consists of lava flows, grasses, and low brush. 18. Surrounding Zoning and Land Uses: The project site is bordered by the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and a parcel zoned A -5a to the west. The adjacent vacant property to the north is owned by the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, in the State Land Use Urban district, and zoned Open. Four 90 -foot towers owned by the Big Island Broadcasting Company are located on a four -acre parcel to the east. The stats -owned Keahole Agricultural Park zoned A -5a is located south/southeast of the property. The Kona Palisades Subdivision is located approximately 3,500 feet mauka of the property to the southeast and zoned A -5a. -4- 19. Elevation: The project site rises in elevation from approximately 150 feet at its lower elevation to 900 feet at its highest point. 20. U.S.D.A. Soil Type: Punaluu extremely rocky peat (rPYD) and Kaimu extremely stony peat (rKED). The Punaluu series consists of well -drained thin organic soils over pahoehoe bedrock. The peat is rapidly permeable, the underlying lava is slowly permeable, runoff is slow and the erosion hazard is slight. Soils of this type are generally used for pasture. The Kaimu series consists of well -drained, thin organic soils over A'a lava. Permeability is rapid, runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is slight. The Kaimu soil is not suitable for cultivation. 21. Land Study Bureau's Productivity Rating: "E" or "Very Poor". 22. ALISH: Unclassified. 23. Flora Resources: Botanical consultants Char and Associates prepared a report titled, Botanical Resources Assessment Study, dated August 2003 (Appendix Q. The study found that the project site is composed of introduced or alien species, and none of the plants on the property and along the primary and secondary access roads is a threatened or endangered species or a species of concern. The three native species, all indigenous, include the'uhaloa and ilima, which were observed along the roadway and other disturbed areas, and the beach naupaka, used as a landscape material. The study concluded that botanical resources will not be adversely impacted by the action. 24. Fauna Resources: Environmental consultant Phillip L. Bruner prepared a report titled Avifaunal and Feral Mammal Field Survey of Keahole Generating Station, North Kona, Island of Hawaii, dated July 31, 2003 (Appendix B). Thirteen species of introduced birds were recorded on the survey, and no native birds or migratory birds were observed in the area The project site does not contain any unusual or unique habitat important to native or migratory birds. No threatened or endangered animal species as listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service were discovered on the site. The study concluded that the proposed action will not adversely impact fauna resources. 25. Historical and Archaeological Resources: Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., prepared a report titled Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study dated February 2004 -5- (Appendix K). The report consisted of an updated inspection of parcel 37 and the primary and secondary access roads to supplement the previous archaeological inventory survey of parcel 36 completed in 1992. The report also updated the previous cultural impact assessment of parcel 36 completed in 1992 with the addition of parcel 37 and the access roads. Four quarry sites consisting of seven component features, all pahoehoe excavations, were identified but no subsurface test excavations were conducted since there were no cultural deposits of any kind within the identified features. DLNR-SHPD determined that no further work or preservation was recommended for any of the sites. The study confirmed that the project site has been extensively modified and developed for the operation of the applicant's Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation. The study also concluded that the proposed action will not significantly affect or adversely impact any historic properties or archaeological resources, and no mitigation measures are necessary. 26. Cultural Resources: No evidence of any potentially significant traditional native Hawaiian cultural properties, natural resources, practices, or beliefs were identified during either the 1992 inventory survey or the updated assessment conducted in 2003. The Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study by Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., conducted in February 2004 (Appendix K) concluded that "based on the absence of any evidence that the project site is currently being used for any legitimate traditional cultural purposes by either native Hawaiian cultural practitioners or individuals of any other cultural affiliation, it can be concluded that the HELCO KeahoIe Generating Station Project should have no significant effects - much less any adverse impacts - upon any cultural resources, and that no mitigation measures of any kind are needed." 27. Noise Impacts: As noise may affect surrounding properties, mitigation measures such as constructed barriers and landscaping are proposed to ameliorate potential adverse impacts. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. prepared a study titled, Noise Study for DEIS in October 13, 2004 (Appendix H). Noise sources in the vicinity of the Keahale Generating Station include various diesel generators and combustion turbines, vehicular traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, and aircraft at the Kona International Airport at 10 Keahole. Noise control treatments have been implemented for the existing plant equipment. Each treatment project will specify property line sound level targets for the equipment. These targets will vary with a goal of meeting HELCO's overall property line target of 55dBA during daytime operation and 45 dBA during nighttime operation for all plant equipment. 28. Scenic Resources: The applicant has stated that "in order to lessen the visual impacts of the improvements to the generating station on the immediate neighboring community, HELCO has sought and received approval from the DLNR for landscape improvements, gate modifications, and fence construction at the site. The perimeter landscaping along the southwest, west, and northwest section of the property will be redone to help mitigate the adverse visual impacts of the improvements to the station. HELCO will create bermed planters in areas that are currently landscaped and transplant some of the existing vegetation. New trees and plants will also be added to create a more effective and attractive visual buffer. The proposed planters are approximately 9,500 square feet." The applicant will also convert its existing fence into a permanent perimeter fence and modify two existing gates by recessing the gates into the facility. The new gates will be automated, electronic card -reading gates. 29. Air Quality: Emissions from the Keahole Generating Station have been monitored by air quality monitoring stations located approximately 1.2 miles southeast of the plant and 3.4 miles north of the plant. The monitoring data confirms compliance with State and Federal ambient air quality standards for SO2 (sulfur dioxide), PM10 (particulate matter), and CO (carbon monoxide). A study titled, "Climate and Air Quality Assessment" was conducted by Jim Clary & Associates in July, 2004 (Appendix 1). Robert E. Paull prepared a report titled Emission Studies — Impact on Keahole Agricultural Park, dated June 27, 2004 (Appendix L). The report examined the potential impacts of ethylene, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrous oxide (NO2) on plants and crops in the Keahole area. Given the infrequency and short duration of plume impact from the stacks on the agricultural park and the lack of information on orchid phytotoxicity to these gases, it was difficult to determine the -7- impacts. The plume's short duration made extrapolation from research results difficult as most of the research was based on continuous chronic exposure of 24 hours or more. Phytotoxicity would not be immediately apparent under these circumstances. Given these conditions, cumulative response would not be expected with the impact duration and dose levels expected to affect the Keahole Agricultural Park. A reduction of ethylene levels is anticipated as the diesel generators are phased out and simple combustion cycle and combined cycle combustion turbines are used exclusively. 30. Water Quality: In 1993, the applicant developed and pump tested an onsite brackish supply well for its proposed improvements and expansion of the generating station. This well can be pumped at an average of 210,000 to 230,000 gpd and is being used for the existing operations at the generating station. The applicant is using the brackish water supplied by the well as the primary source of water for operating the improvements to the station to allocate its share of the Department of Water Supply's potable commitment in excess of its needs to the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands. 31. Rainfafl: Annual average rainfall in the area is approximately 10 to 20 inches. 32. FIRM: Zone "X", an area outside of the 500 -year flood plain. 33. Coastal Hazards: The property is located mauka of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and will not affect or be affected by shoreline processes. 34. Public Access: There is no record of a public access to the mountain or shoreline areas that traverses the property. 35. Traffic: Reservoir Road (aka University Drive in the Keahole to Kailua Development Plan) and Pukiawe Street to Kaiminani Drive located on the north and south side of the properties, provide access to the Queen Kaahumanu Highway. A Traffic Impact Analysis Study dated October 2004 (Appendix A) prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. indicates that these two intersections serving the properties provide an adequate level of service during morning and afternoon peak hours. The traffic increase from proposed improvements on the project site would be small and not contribute a significant portion of the overall regional traffic increase. -8- PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES 32. Access: The access from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway on the north side of the project site is from Reservoir Road, a paved single -lane road serving the project area and terminating at the County reservoir mauka of the subject properties. Reservoir Road is a State-owned roadway with a 9 -foot wide pavement within an 80 -foot wide right-of-way. The Queen Kaahumanu Highway access on the south side of the property is from Pukiawe Street on to Kaiminani Street which intersects with the Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Pukiawe Street is a Comity owned two-lane roadway within a 60 -foot right-of- way. Kaiminani Drive is a two-lane road within a 60 -foot right-of-way. 33. Water: The Department of Water Supply, through its North Kona system, currently provides approximately 40,000 gallons per day (gpd) of potable water to the project site. Approximately '/< of the 40,000 gpd of potable water is used for power generation. The potable water is also used for domestic consumption by employees and landscape irrigation. Prior to the completion of CT -4 and CT -5 and conversion to primarily brackish water, the facility had used approximately 40,000 gpd for domestic consumption, landscape irrigation, and the facility operations. Upon completion of CT -4 and CT -5 and with the facility's conversion from potable to brackish water for process water use, domestic water consumption has been reduced to approximately 25,000 gpd. With the completion of ST -7, there will be a slight increase in domestic water usage and an increase of approximately 0.02 mgd of brackish water use. An onsite well is being used to satisfy the facility's brackish water demand. The available potable water in excess of demand has been conveyed to the State Department of Hawaiian Home Lands for its developments in West Hawaii. 34. Wastewater: There are two types of wastewater generated at the Keahole facility, domestic and industrial. Industrial wastewater is disposed of through two underground injection wells on the project site. The monitoring of wastewater discharged into the underground injection wells is in accordance with U1C permit requirements. In addition to monitoring required under the UIC permit, the applicant has conducted weekly monitoring of wastewater discharges. (Refer to pages 19-21 in the application for -9- information on the disposal of industrial wastewater). Domestic wastewater will be treated and disposed of in the existing septic tank and leach field system. Upon completion of CT4 and CT -5, the amount of domestic water treated and disposed of in the plant's existing septic tank and leach field system hasincreased by approximately 2,000 gpd. With the completion of ST -7, the amount of such domestic wastewater will increase slightly. 35. Solid Waste: Solid waste will be disposed of at the Puuanahulu landfill. 36. Essential Utilities and Services: All essential utilities and services are available to the site. Police protection is available from the Kealakehe station and the closest fire station is located near the intersection of Palani Highway and Queen Kaahumanu Highway. AGENCIES' AND ORGANIZATIONS' COMMENTS 37. Department of Public Works: Exhibit B - December 9, 2005 memo 38. Department of Environmental Management: Exhibit C - November 17, 2005 memo 39. Civil Defense Agency: Exhibit D - December 15, 2005 memo 40. Fire Department: Exhibit E - December 12, 2005 memo 41. Department of Health: Exhibit F - November 25, 2005 memo 42. Kona Traffic Safety Committee: Exhibit G - December 14, 2005 letter AGENCIES - NO RESPONSE 43. Department of Water Supply, Police Department, Department of Land and Natural Resources Land Division and Historic Preservation Division, Department of Transportation, Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service PUBLIC COMMENTS 44. None as of this writing. -10- DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS COUNTY OF HAWAII HILO, HAWAII DATE:December 9, 2005 U ' l • • 1 • _ l TO Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director Planning Department��ya FROM Galen M. Kuba, Division Chiu ,Engineering Division SUBJECT Change of Zone Application (REZ 05-000025) Applicant: Hawaii Electric Light Company Location: Keahole, N. Kona, HI TMK: 3 / 7-3-049:036 and 37 We have reviewed the subject application and our comments are as follows: All development generated runoff shall be disposed of on-site and shall not be directed toward any adjacent properties. All earthwork and grading shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sediment Control, of the Hawaii County Code. 3. Pukiawe Street presently providing the primary access to the subject site from Kaiminani Drive is a County Road, meeting requirements for an agricultural subdivision at the time of its construction. We defer to the Planning Director, any requirements to improve Pukiawe Street. 4. Reservoir Road, fronting the subject property is owned by the State. It has a 9 -foot wide pavement within an 80 foot wide right-of-way. Reservoir Road is identified as University Drive, a collector street, in the Keahole to Kailua Development Plan (K to K Plan) as adopted by Council Resolution 296-91. We defer to the Planning Director regarding any requirements to improve Reservoir Road. 5. The Hawaii Belt Highway, fronting the subject property, is under the jurisdiction of the Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT). Comments and requirements concerning this road should be obtained from the HDOT. Should there be any questions concerning this matter, please feel free to contact Kiran Emler of our Kona Engineering Division office at 327-3530. copy: ENG-HILO/KONA PLNG-KONA EMB IT Hawaii County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer 111 Harry Kim Mayor Barbara Bell Director Nelson Ho Deputy Director &Tunfv of '"Ittfunii DA- .1 � 7005 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTC�/VE 25 Aupuni Street, Room 210 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4252 CR (808) 961-8083 • Far (808) 961-8086 p�MQe w D MEMORANDUM 1044 W/ Date : November 17, 2005 ` To CHRISTOPHER YUEN, Planniph IYrector From: BARBARA BELL, Directo Subject: Change of Zone Application (REZ 05-000025) Applicant: Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Request: Open to MG -15a TMK: 7-3-49:36 and 37 We have reviewed the subject application and offer the following recommendations: DEPARTMENT COMMENTS: WASTEWATER COMMENTS: D(Jf ( ) No comments i ( ) Require connection of existing and/or proposed structures to the public sewer in accordance with Section 21-5 of the Hawaii County Code. ( ) Require Council Resolution to approve sewer extension in accordance with Section 21-26.1 of the Hawaii County Code. Complete D.E.M. Sewer Extension Application. ( ) Require extension of the sewer system to service the proposed subdivision in accordance with Section 23-85 of the Hawaii County Code. ( ) Other: [ TECHNICAL SERVICES COty 1 SOLID WASTE COMMENTS: ( ) No comments ( ) Commercial operations, State and Federal agencies, religious entities and non-profit organizations may not use transfer stations for disposal. ( ) Aggregates and any other construction/demolition waste should be responsibly reused to its fullest extent. ( ) Ample room should be provided for implementation of a recycling program. ( ) Greenwaste may be transported to the green waste sites located at the Kailua and Hilo transfer stations, or other suitable diversion programs. ( ) Construction and demolition waste is prohibited at all County Transfer Stations. sy ) Submit Solid Waste Management Plan in accordance with attached guidelines. ( ) Existing Solid Waste Management Plan is to be followed. Provide update to the department on current status. ( ) Other: CC: SWD,WWD,TSS EXHIBIT 7691 Harry Kim may- Barbara Bell Director Lono Tyson Solid Waste Division Chief County of Hawaii DEPAR'T'MENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 25 Aopani Street, Room 210 0 Hno, Hawail 9(720.42.52 (808) 9614M s Fu (808) 961 -SM October 13, 2003 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN Guidelines INTENT AND PURPOSE This is to establish guidelines for reviewing solid waste management plans, for which special conditions are placed on developments. The solid waste management plan will be used to: (1) encourage recycling and recycling programs, (2) predict the waste generated by the proposed development to anticipate the loading on County transfer stations, landfills and recycling facilities, and (3) predict the additional traffic being generated because of waste and recycling transfers. REPORT The consultants report will contain the following: 1. Description of the project and the potential waste it may be generating: i.e. analysis of anticipated waste volume and composition. This includes waste generated during the construction and operational phases. Greenwastes will to included in this report for both construction grubbing and future operational landscape maintenance. 2. Description and location of the possible sites for waste disposal or recycling. We will not allow the use of the County transfer stations for any commercial development; commercial development as defined under the policies of the Department of Environmental Management, Solid Waste Division. 3. Since the Department of Environmental Management promotes recycling, indicate onsite source separation facilities by waste stream; i.e. source separation bins of glass, metal, plastic, cardboard, aluminum, etc. 4. Identification of the proposed disposal site and transportation methods for the various components of the waste disposal and recycling system, including the number of truck traffic and the route that truck will be using to transport the waste and recycled materials. Harry Kim Mayor Tnlxnfr of �tt£vttii CIVIL DEFENSE AGENCY 920 Ululani Streul • Hilo, Hawai'i 9672 0-3 95 8 1808) �>35-0031 • pax (808) 935-6460 TO: Christopher Yuen, Director, Department of Planning Attention: Norman Hayashi FROM: Lanny T. Nakano, Acting Administrator DATE: December 15, 2005 SUBJECT: Change of Zone Application (REZ 05-000025) Applicant: Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Request: Open to MG -15a Tax Map Key: 7-3-049: 036 and 037 'Troy A Kindred Admirzisowo,' Lanny T. Nakano Ass:rlan(Adrn btishn[ur' We have reviewed the above application in regards to hazards and wish to transmit the following comment: Although the proposed project lies within Zone 4 of the Hazards Zones for Lava Flows, the property is located adjacent to the 1801 lava flow that originated from the northwest rift zone of Hualalai Volcano. According to the U.S. Geological Survey scientists at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, although Hualalai is much older than Kilauea and Mauna Loa, and its eruptions occur far less frequently, the threat of inundation still remains. • If the neighboring properties remain undeveloped, the rapidly -spreading fountain grass will increase the potential threat of wildfires, similar to the recent Waikoloa brushfire. The owner, HELCO, should be aware that the proposed project is vulnerable to inundation by an eruption from Hualalai and runaway brushfires. The owner should develop plans to mitigate the threats of these hazards. If you have any questions, please call Neil Gyotoku or me at 961-8229 EXHIBIT Hawaii County is an equal opportunity provider and employer ��vur uA, OV l .�•.�y0 Harry Kim Mayor y�rr•ol'MP�P -Co tntp of'aWail FIRE DEPARTMENT 25 Aupuni Street • Suite 103 • Hilo, Hawai`l 96720 (808) 961-8297 a Fax (808) 961-5296 December 12, 2005 TO: CHRISTOPHER J. Yi JEN, PLANNING DIRECTOR FROM: DARRYL OLIVEIRA, FIRE CHIEF SUBJECT: CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 05-000025) APPLICANT: HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC. REQUEST: OPEN TO MG -15a TAX MAP KEY: 7-3-49:36 and 37 Darryl J. Oliveira Fire Chief Desmond K. Wery Deputy Fire Chief In regards to the above-mentioned Change of Zone application, the following shall be in accordance: Fire apparatus access roads shall be in accordance with UFC Section 10.207: "Fire Apparatus Access Roads "Sec. 10.207. (a) General. Fire apparatus access roads shall be provided and maintained in accordance with the provisions of this section. "(b) Where Required. Fire apparatus access roads shall be required for every building hereafter constructed when any portion of an exterior wall of the first story is located more than 150 feet from fire department vehicle access as measured by an unobstructed route around the exterior of the building. "EXCEPTIONS: 1. When buildings are completely protected with an approved automatic fire sprinkler system, the provisions of this section may be modified. "2. When access roadways cannot be installed due to topography, waterways, nonnegotiable grades or other similar conditions, the chief may require additional fire protection as specified in Section 10.301 (b). EXHIBIT r C r✓ Sic'' `'� Hawai'i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer. Christopher J. Yuen December 12, 2005 Page 2 "3. When there are not more than two Group R, Division 3 or Group M Occupancies, the requirements of this section may be modified, provided, in the opinion of the chief, fire -fighting or rescue operations would not be impaired. "More than one fire apparatus road may be required when it is determined by the chief that access by a single road may be impaired by vehicle congestion, condition of terrain, climatic conditions or other factors that could limit access. "For high -piled combustible storage, see Section 81.109. "(c) Width. The unobstructed width of a fire apparatus access road shall meet the requirements of the appropriate county jurisdiction. "(d) Vertical Clearance. Fire apparatus access roads shall have an unobstructed vertical clearance of not less than 13 feet 6 inches. "EXCEPTION: Upon approval vertical clearance may be reduced, provided such reduction does not impair access by fire apparatus and approved signs are installed and maintained indicating the established vertical clearance. "(e) Permissible Modifications. Vertical clearances or widths required by this section may be increased when, in the opinion of the chief, vertical clearances or widths are not adequate to provide fire apparatus access. "(f) Surface. Fire apparatus access roads shall be designed and maintained to support the imposed loads of fire apparatus and shall be provided with a surface so as to provide all- weather driving capabilities." (20 tons) "(g) Turning Radius. The turning radius of a fire apparatus access road shall be as approved by the chief." (45 feet) "(h) Turnarounds. All dead-end fire apparatus access roads in excess of 150 feet in length shall be provided with approved provisions for the turning around of fire apparatus. "(i) Bridges. When a bridge is required to be used as access under this section, it shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with the applicable sections of the Building Code and using designed live loading sufficient to carry the imposed loads of fire apparatus. "(j) Grade. The gradient for a fire apparatus access road shall not exceed the maximum approved by the chief." (15%) Christopher J. Yuen December 12, 2005 Page 3 "(k) Obstruction. The required width of any fire apparatus access road shall not be obstructed in any manner, including parking of vehicles. Minimum required widths and clearances established under this section shall be maintained at all times. "(1) Signs. When required by the fire chief, approved signs or other approved notices shall be provided and maintained for fire apparatus access roads to identify such roads and prohibit the obstruction thereof or both." Water supply shall be in accordance with UFC Section 10.301(c): "(c) Water Supply. An approved water supply capable of supplying required fire flow for fire protection shall be provided to all premises upon which buildings or portions of buildings are hereafter constructed, in accordance with the respective county water requirements. There shall be provided, when required by the chief, on-site fire hydrants and mains capable of supplying the required fire flow. "Water supply may consist of reservoirs, pressure tanks, elevated tanks, water mains or other fixed systems capable of providing the required fire flow. "The location, number and type of fire hydrants connected to a water supply capable of delivering the required fire flow shall be protected as set forth by the respective county water requirements. All hydrants shall be accessible to the fire department apparatus by roadways meeting the requirements of Section 10.207. JCP:Ipc LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR un� STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P.O. BOX 916 HILO, HAWAII 96721-0916 MEMORANDUM DATE: November 25, 2005 TO: Christopher J. Yuen Planning Director, County of Hawaii ILI FROM: Donn Hashimoto . Lltw Acting District Environmental Health Program Chief SUBJECT: Change of Zone Application (REZ 05-000025 Applicant: Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Request: Open to MG -15a Tax Map Key: 7-3-49:36 and 37 CHIVOME LEINAALA FUMING, M.D. DIRECTOR OF HEALTH The applicant would need to meet the requirements of our Department of Health Air Pollution Rules, Chapter 60. 1, Title 11, State of Hawaii for fugitive dust control. If there is need to discuss these requirements, please contact our Clean Air Branch staff at Ph. 933-0401. As a demolition and renovation activity, the Federal Register, 40 CFR Part 61, National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants, Asbestos NESHAP Revision; Final Rule, November 20, 1990, requires the owner/operator to inspect the affected areas to determine whether asbestos is present. Under the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Response Act (ASHARA), all persons who conduct inspections (i.e. perform sampling and assessment of suspected asbestos - containing material) in schools or public and commercial buildings must have an active Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response (AHERA) certificate -of -training from an accredited training provider. Under NESHAP's regulation, the owner/operator would be required to file with the Department of Health, Noise, Radiation and Indoor Air Quality Branch, an Asbestos 08o6j. Planning Director, County of Hawaii Page 2 November 25, 2005 Demolition/Renovation notification 10 working days prior to demolition of each building or the disturbance of regulated asbestos -containing material. All regulated quantities and types of asbestos -containing materials would be subject to emission controls, proper collection, containerizing, and disposal at a permitted landfill. Under a renovation project, if the amount of friable or non -friable material rendered friable is less than 160 square feet, the project would not be subject to the NESHAP requirements. However, the persons who conduct activities related to abatement and/or disturbances to friable material greater than three square feet or three linear feet, must have an active AHERA certificate of training from an accredited provider for that specific discipline (i.e., project designer, abatement supervisor and worker). If you have any further questions, please feel free to contact the Noise, Radiation and Indoor Air Quality Branch at (808) 586-5800. Construction activities must comply with the provisions of Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapter H -46, "Community Noise Control." a. The contractor must obtain a noise permit if the noise levels from the construction activities are expected to exceed the allowable levels of the rules. b. Construction equipment and on-site vehicles requiring an exhaust of gas or air must be equipped with mufflers. C. The contractor must comply with the requirements pertaining to construction activities as specified in the rules and the conditions issued with the permit. Should there be any questions on this matter, please contact the Department of Health at 933-0917. WORD:REZ 05-000025 75-344 Nani Kailua Dr., Kailua-Kona, HI 96740 (808) 331-0441 December 14, 2005 Chris Yuen, Director Hawaii County Department of Planning 25 Aupuni Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Re: Change of Zone Application (SMA 05-000025) HELCO Dear Mr. Yuen Mahalo for requesting the Kona Traffic Safety Committee's comments on the subject application for change of zone from Open to MG -15a to conform the zoning to the existing use of the 15.643 acre property located at 73-4249 Queen Ka'ahumanu Hwy. We understand that no new access route will be created, and that significant additional traffic will not be generated. Nevertheless, the great potential for growth in the area, evidenced by the recently filed application for rezoning by Hiluhilu Development, dictates the need for careful examination of this and other, seemingly benign, applications. For example, given the need to limit and reduce the number of intersections on Hwy 19, it may be appropriate to require HELCO to contribute to the cost of converting the signalized Airport Road intersection to a grade separation. This would facilitate and enable the Hiluhilu developers to construct an access road to its property from the Airport Road and avoid creating another intersection on Hwy 19. We also believe it would be appropriate to ask the State DOT to comment on this application and on the possibility of eliminating the Airport Road/Hwy 19 signal and creating a grade separation, especially in view of the planned widening of Hwy 19. Thank you for the opportunity to comment Sincerely yours, Joel E. Gimpel Chair. Public Affairs EXHIBIT -'r �lawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION AND AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION North Kona, Hawaii November 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION Summary of the Project........................................................................................1 Change of Zone Application & Departmental Questionnaire ................................ 2 Background Report, Location Maps (Figures 1 and 2), and Scale -Drawn Plot Plan (Figure 3) and Description of Components ........................................... 3 Legal Description of the Property - Map and Written Form .................................. 4 Surrounding Property Owners............................................................................. 5 Department of Finance - Real Property Tax Clearance ........................................ 6 Archaeological Inventory Report.......................................................................... 7 Docket No. A03-743, State of Hawaii, Land Use Commission Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order ........................... 8 State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources GeneralLease No. S-5706.................................................................................. 9 SECTION 1. SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT SUMMARY SHEET ACCEPTING AUTHORITY: County of Hawaii Planning Commission APPLICANT: Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO) REQUEST: Change of Zone from Open (0) to General Industrial (MG) PROPERTY LOCATION: 73-4249 Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway • Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i 96740 (Keahole, North Kona, approximately one mile east of the Kona International Airport at Keahole) TAX MAP KEY(S): 7-3-049:036 (Keahole Generating Station), consisting of 14.998 acres, and 7-3-049:037 (Airport Substation), consisting of 0.645 acres TOTAL AREA: 15.643 acres OBJECTIVES: HELCO requests this change in zone to bring the subject property into conformance with its existing use for industrial purposes as an electrical generating station and substation. The change in zone would facilitate future operation and maintenance of the generating station, improve operating efficiency, and accommodate future legal and operational requirements, including environmental mitigation measures. The generating station and airport substation have been operating on the subject properties since 1973. As part of a negotiated settlement with the Keahole Generating Station's surrounding neighbors and an environmental group, and at the urging of the State of Hawai'i (State) Board of Land and Natural Resources, HELCO petitioned in 2003 the State Land Use Commission for a reclassification of the subject property from the State Conservation District to the State Urban District. The Land Use Commission on October 19, 2005 unanimously approved HELCO's request for a reclassification. HELCO plans to improve the facility to increase generating capacity with the installation of a steam turbine (ST -7) with selective catalytic reduction. The installation would allow the utilization of waste heat generated by two recently completed combustion turbines, which would make the plant more fuel efficient. The development of ST -7 will improve fuel efficiency and thereby contribute to it reduction in the facilities' dependence upon an increased consumption of petroleum. CONSULTANT: Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. 2153 North King Street, Suite 200 Honolulu. Hawai'i 96818 Telephone: 808 521 5361 Facsimile: 808 538 7819 Contact: Lee Sichter, Principal Planner SECTION 2. CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT (Type or legibly print the requested information) APPLICANT: APPLICANT'S SIGNA ADDRESS: 1200 Kilauea Avenue, Hilo, HI 96720 LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER: Applicant is owner LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS:_ See attached list PHONE:(Bus.) (808) 969-0136 (Res.) -(Fax) (808) 969-0100 LANDOWNER SIGNA V (May be by letter) LANDOWNER(S) ADDRESS: 1200 Kilauea Avenue, Hilo, HI 96720 DATE:�cA_I REQUEST: Open TO MG (General Industrial) (Existing zoning) (Proposed Zoning) TAX MAP KEY: 7-3-049: 036 and 037 STREET ADDRESS OF PROPERTY: 73-4249 Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway, Kailua-Kona, 96740 SIZE OF PROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREA(S) TO BE REZONED: 15.643 acres AGENT: Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. ADDRESS: 2153 North King Street Second Floor Honolulu HI 96819 TELEPHONE:(Bus.) (808) 521-5361 (Fax) (808)538-7819 Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent. ORIGINAL: Mr. Warren H.W. Lee COPIES: Mr. Lee Sichter Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. (See Instructions on Reverse Side) THIS CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY THE FOLLOWING: A filing fee of five hundred dollars ($500) plus twenty-five dollars ($25) per lot or unit proposed by the amendment. (Checks shall be made payable to the County Director of Finance) Check included with this submittal package. 2. An original and twenty (20) copies of this completed application and the appropriate Departmental Zoning Questionnaire. An original and 20 copies are included with this submittal package. 3. An original and twenty (20) copies of a Background and County Environmental Report to include information as listed on the attached form. Note: A County Environmental Report shall not be required for an application where an Environmental Impact Statement or Environmental Assessment has been completed and filed with the Office of Environmental Quality Control in compliance with HRS, Chapter 343, Environmental Impact Statements. An original and 20 copies of the Background and County Environmental Report are included with this submittal package. Copies of the Final EIS for this project are also included with this submittal. 4. An original and twenty (20) copies of a location map. An original and 20 copies of the location map are included with this submittal package. 5. An original and twenty (20) copies of a scale -drawn plot plan of the property showing property lines and measurements; all existing and proposed structures, uses and improvements; proposed subdivision; and reference points such as roadways, shoreline, etc. An original and 20 copies of the scale -drawn plot plan are included with this submittal package. 6. One copy of a full-size (2'x 3') scale -drawn plot plan of Item 5 for presentation purposes. A full-size scale -drawn plot plan is included in the submittal package. A legal description of the property in map and written form by metes and bounds as certified by a surveyor shall be submitted with this application. This application shall not be considered complete unless the metes and bounds description in map and written form have been received. A legal description in map and written form is included in the submittal package. 8. A list of the names, addresses and tax map keys of all owners and lessees of record of surrounding properties who are required to receive notice. This list of names, addresses and tax map keys is included in the submittal package. 9. A certificate of clearance from the Director of Finance that the real property taxes and all other fees relating to the subject parcel(s) have been paid; and there are no outstanding delinquencies. A certificate of clearance is included. There are no outstanding delinquencies associated with these properties. 10. One of the following regarding archaeological resources: An archaeological inventory report containing significance assessments, effect determinations, and proposed mitigation commitments. The report should be completed pursuant to State Department of Land and Natural Resources Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD) rules. 2. A "no effect" letter from the State DLNR Historic Preservation Division. 3. A copy of a letter written by the applicant to the State DLNR Historic Preservation Division requesting a "no effect" letter, including supporting documentation, to which SHPD has not responded after 30 days (SHPD's time limit under their rules). An archaeological inventory survey and cultural impact assessment of the project site is presented as Appendix K to the Final Environmental Impact Statement that is submitted as an attachment to this application. 11. Any other plans or additional information relevant to this application may be requested by the Planning Director to facilitate processing of this request. FORMS - 8/03 (p:\wp60\forms\pd\COZapplskg.doc) HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC. OFFICERS Chairman of the Board President Vice Presidents Treasurer Secretary Assistant Treasurers T. Michael May Warren H. W. Lee William A. Bonnet Tayne S. Y. Sekimura Lorie Ann Nagata Molly M. Egged Carolyn Lum-Bellem Patsy H. Nanbu Assistant Secretary Rhea Nakaya ATTACHMENT Commercial, RM, Resort, & Industrial PLANNING DEPARTMENT COUNTY OF HAWAII APPLICATION FOR CHANGE OF ZONE 1. If your request is approved, do you intend to subdivide the subject land in accordance with the approved change of zone? NO If yes, please answer the rest of question 1 and then to question 3. a. How many acres of the requested area do you intend to subdivide? N/A b Into what lot sizes? N/A c. If your request is approved, approximately how long after the date of approval do you expect to submit your subdivision plans to the Planning Department for preliminary approval? N/A If you intend to subdivide, please submit a preliminary schematic subdivision plan together with your change of zone application form. N/A 2. If you have no firm plans of subdividing the subject area, do you intend to: a. Sell or lease the land to someone who has firm NO plans? b. Sell or lease the land to someone who has tentative plans? NO c. Sell or lease the land to someone who has no plans? NO d. Keep it? YES e. Other (please state) N/A f. If you intend to do either a, b, or c, please elaborate on the kind of plans the other party has. Please, also, include in your answer approximately how soon after approval your rezoning do you expect to transfer the subject land to another party. 3. What specific building plans do you have for the subject land? Include in your answer the following: type of building, timetable for construction; and any other information which you feel might help us in evaluating your request. HELCO intends to do the following: • Convert two existing simple -cycle combustion turbines (CT -4 and CT -5) to a combined - cycle system by adding a steam turbine generation system (ST -7), which is comprised of two heat recovery steam generators, a steam condensing system, and a nominal 17.8 -MW steam turbine generator, including ancillary equipment. Together, these components will constitute a nominal 60 -MW net, dual -train, combined -cycle plant. • Implement new emissions controls, specifically a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system, which is expected to involve ammonia or urea transport, storage, and usage, as well as improvements to the existing wastewater treatment system to process on-site and disposal of on-site treated waste generated as a result of the SCR system. In addition, HELCO anticipates the following improvements and upgrades to the Airport Substation: (1) future replacement or addition of transformers and switchgear equipment at the Airport Substation to service the area community; and (2) additional painting and landscape improvements to mitigate visual impacts at the Airport Substation. In the future, HELCO may use alternate fuels, specifically naphtha, to reduce emissions, which could result in having to enlarge existing fuel storage tanks and tank -yard berm walls, adding more storage tanks, additional fuel distribution pumps/piping, and additional fire protection (foam tank, nozzles and piping). See FEIS, Chapter One, pages 2-3.) The approximate timetable for construction of ST -7 with SCR is as follows:' 2005 The Land Use Commission approves HELCO's Petition for Reclassification of its land from Conservation to Urban. 2006 Once all necessary permits and approvals have been obtained,2 HELCO will (1) retain an engineering consultant; (2) commence engineering design for ST -7; and (3) conduct an analysis of changing to Naphtha as a fuel source. 2007 HELCO will then select and order equipment through a bidding process and submit a building permit application. HELCO will seek to accelerate this schedule, if possible. 2 See FEIS, Chapter One, Section 1.9, for a list of approvals and permits that HELCO must first obtain. 2008 HELCO plans to begin construction of ST -7 with SCR. 2009 ST -7 with SCR will be operational. (See FEIS, Chapter Two, Table 2-A, page 7.) 4. Have you performed any study which would demonstrate a need for your proposed building and/or development? YES As discussed in the FEIS, HELCO conducts forecasts to estimate future requirements for electricity. These forecasts show: • Greater growth in West Hawaii as compared to East Hawaii • An increase in sales and peak demand for electricity • A need to use "...a mix of demand-side resources, central -station generators, and CHP [combined heat and power] systems ..." [See FEIS, Chapter Two, pages 15-20.1 5. Have you performed any study which discusses the environmental impacts your request would have on the surrounding area and/or the County? YES If so, please elaborate on your findings in the space provided below. An FEIS and Appendices for this project are included with this Change of Zone Application. Numerous studies, including flora, fauna, hydrology, etc., were conducted as part of the FEIS. The Executive Summary of the FEIS (Executive Summary, page 1) identifies the following impacts: Significant Beneficial Impacts: The provision of a source of firm and reasonably reliable electrical energy to the entire island to meet growing demand for the foreseeable future. Significant Adverse Impacts: Noise and air quality impacts may affect occupants of surrounding properties. Mitigation measures are proposed to ameliorate these adverse impacts through constructed barriers, landscaping, and other means. Are there any buildings on the subject area? YES If so, what kind? The Keahole Generating Station and the adjoining Airport Substation are existing HELCO facilities as shown in Figure 3 of the Background Report and as Figure 2-3 in Chapter Two of the FEIS. Existing facilities include generating turbines, fuel oil storage tanks, switching stations and a water treatment facility. What do you intend to do with those buildings if your request is approved? The proposed new buildings and improvements will expand the capabilities of the existing facilities to provide for future electrical power demands. 7. Is the subject land currently being used for any agricultural activity? NO If so, please list the kinds of products grown on and how many square feet or acres of land per product? N/A 8. To your knowledge, has there been any flooding and/or drainage problem on the subject area? NO The applicant is not aware of any flooding and/or drainage problems on the subject properties. As stated in the FEIS, "Storm -water runoff does not occur in any significant amount even during the most intense rainfalls, due to the high permeability of the ground surface at or near the subject property." See FEIS, Chapter Three, page 17.1 9. Do you think that the roads leading to the subject area needs improvement? NO Reservoir Road and Pukiawe Street to Kaiminani Drive, located on the north and south side of the subject properties, respectively, provide access to Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway. The Traffic Impact Analysis Study (October 2004) indicates that these two intersections serving the subject properties provide an adequate level of service during morning and afternoon peak hours. Is the road adequate for the proposed traffic volume or load? YES The traffic increase from adjoining developments, e.g. nearby Palamanui project, and regional developments would increase the use of existing roadways, especially Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway. The traffic increase, however, from proposed improvements on the subject properties would be small and not a significant portion of the overall regional traffic increase. The Traffic Impact Analysis Study (October 2004) is included as an appendix in the second volume of the FEIS. 10. What sort of governmental assistance and/or improvements do you feel will be needed in the subject area when developed? a. Schools NO b. Roads NO C. Sewer NO d. Drainage NO e. Police Protection NO f. Fire Protection NO g. Recreational Facilities NO For those checked "yes," please elaborate what type or kinds of improvements and/or assistance are needed. SECTION 3. BACKGROUND REPORT HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC. BACKGROUND REPORT[ A. SUBJECT REQUEST Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO) requests a change in County of Hawaii zoning for its Keahole Generating Station and Airport Station lands located in North Kona from Open ("O") to General Industrial ("MG"). The properties were zoned O by the County to conform with the State of Hawaii (State) Land Use Conservation District. HELCO seeks this change in zoning to bring the subject property into conformance with its existing use for industrial purposes. The State Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR), the government entity vested with jurisdiction over Conservation District lands, directed HELCO to seek the reclassification of the subject property from the Conservation to the Urban District. In order to implement a Settlement Agreement with the Keahole Generating Station's surrounding neighbors and an environmental group that opposed the expansion of the facility, and consistent with the direction of the BLNR, HELCO filed on November 25, 2003, a Petition with the State Land Use Commission for a reclassification of its land. The State Land Use Commission approved the reclassification and on October 19, 2005 unanimously approved the Final Decision and Order. (An copy of the State Land Use Commission's Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order is provided in Section 8.) Urban classification and a County of Hawaii MG (General Industrial) zoning are more in line with the actual use of the property and the governing legislation over power plant usage. As part of its Petition to the State Land Use Commission, HELCO submitted, and the commission approved a Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) (Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation Final Environmental Impact Statement, dated January 24, 2005). The FEIS presents much of the source information presented in HELCO's application for a Change of Zone. 1. DETAILS OF PROPOSED USEIDEVELOPMENT A. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation were built in 1973 on Conservation land at a time when electric utilities were a permitted use in the State Conservation District. The facilities have operated under a Conservation District Use Permit since 1973. However, in recent years the BLNR has directed HELCO to seek the reclassification of the subject property to the Urban District for purposes more suited to industrial use. As discussed above, in order to implement a Settlement Agreement with surrounding neighbors and an environmental group that opposed the expansion of the facility, and consistent with the direction of the BLNR, HELCO petitioned the State Land Use Commission for reclassification of the property from the Conservation to the Urban District. The State Land Use Commission approved the Petition on October 19, 2005. The proposed use may be generally characterized as having two functions: the continuing operation of the generating station and the upgrading of the facility to improve efficiency and generating capacity. Figures 1 and 2 present the location of the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation. Figure 3 presents a detailed site plan of the existing facility and also identifies planned improvements. This background report is being submitted as required in the County of Hawaii application forth. HELCO's FEIS and Appendices are being submitted in lieu of a County Environmental Report. p` �F� 1 t —z' ISLAND OF HAWAII PROJECT LOCATION Kiholo Bay Kona International Airport I\ KAILUA-KONA Upolu Point P a c i f i c O c e a n KOHALA— RANCH v Kohala Mountains HONOKAA�� KAWAIHAE Kawaihae Bay Kawaihae Road WAIMEA Y WAIKOLOA VILLAGE y Mauna Kea eaaaa A °aa Hualalai --- KEALAKEKUA ® 0 3.5 7 NORTH SCALE IN MILES 2 Mauna Loa Figure 1 PROJECT LOCATION KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION • Change of Zone Application Prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. October 2005 1 - $ Ma I l o r s Hlghws o loo, Y .m r a I r� e r J Queen Kaahu menu Ighway c i I IE. 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J W D W 0� U n C Q L W O O i N N L CI O N Of N -N N •O J J 7 j C C) U t00 bGYj c J m c 'Q v 5 o c c 'o W �, W m W E u 3 u J L o J c c_ o� m ofd m v W w o. yi°mE W n _ Wap 3 c o$ Q E v as 2Y E+�a. o. m Eyy 5y W '^ W w JJ m N -6- —v 2 0 v a '�' v v c c o 'y0 m 3 °' E E E N W E E E w � h �«« J J N N F m` Q IL U N vl = Z 3 0 0 0 l7 U W U O LL W W W lL LL LL LL LL LL W O O N C'I d •O (O 1� m O. O N C') d •O •D 1� 'N O) O N (7 y h IO 1m mm O N m7 p •O (O I� W O N •O I� t0 W � � ��^ � � N N N N N N N N N N [") (7 CJ (") t'1 t7 [7 Cl (h CJ d d d d V d d d d V N N N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 a ..M. P. H w pop" Poo 00" , y� AY 11 ID% I J Q 0 zz 0 Z �aZ o_o 0 L Z U C N Qa ng� LL �0 cU a d N OJ D CO) Z 0 � ro Za 5w Q CO) Z A WD F_o W y m� Z i ci: a 04 W W W W 0 Y a W Y DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS No. SYSTEMS QTY DESCRIPTION 1, Fuel oil storage tanks 2 Each storage tank is 50 feet in diameter and 42 -feet high, and has a 617,000 -gallon capacity. The components include two storage tanks, transfer pumps, and piping. The tanks store No. 2 diesel fuel, which is received from tanker trucks. 2. Demineralized water storage tanks 2 Each water storage tank is 30 feel in diameter and 24 -feet high, and has a 110,000 -gallon rapacity. The components include two storage tanks, transfer pumps, and piping. The tanks serve as the main demineralized water storage for the station. 3. Water injection pumps for 4 The water injection pumps pump demineralized water into the CTs for NOx emissions combustion turbine (CT) (2 ea) controls. 4. Neutralization tanks 2 Each tank is 10 feet in diameter and 20 -feet high, and has a 10,000 -gallon storage capacity. The neutralization tanks are used as mixing tanks to treat the station's wastewater. 5. Wastewater tanks 2 Each tank is 20 feet in diameter and 24 -feet high, and has a 150,000 -gallon capacity. The wastewater tanks are used for the storage of treated and untreated wastewater. 6. Steam turbine (ST -7) building 1 The building will house the future ST -7 steam turbine generator and ancillary steam turbine equipment. 7. Fire and service water tanks (both 2 Each tank is 35 feet in diameter and 36 -feet high, and has a 240,000 -gallon capacity. The fire tanks same size) water tank is a reservoir for potable water, which supplies water to the fire protection system in case of a fire. The service water tank can store either potable water or brackish water, which is used to supply feed water to the demineralizer system. 8. Fire pump package 1 The fire pump package is on a 700 square -foot concrete pad. The components include one 2,000 gpm electric fire pump, one jockey pump, one 2,000 gpm diesel fire pump, and piping. The package contains the fire protection pumps and ancillary equipment. 9. Pipe rack 1 The pipe rack is a structure that secures and elevates the fuel transfer piping, service water piping, demineralized water piping, wastewater piping, fire protection water piping, electrical power and data conduits, and compressed air piping. The pipe rack traverses the water treatment facility, each of the CTs, the Main Control Room building, and the Control House building. 10. Dual flue stack 1 The slack measures 104 feet above sea level with a 24 -feet outer flue diameter. The components include one inner flue for CT -4, one inner flue for CT -5, obstruction lighting (at top), and continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS) room (at bottom). The dual flue stack primarily serves as an exhaust structure for both ocmbustion turbines. 11. Injection well 2 Each injection well is 8 inches in diameter by 508 feet deep. Both wells combined have a permitted daily maximum flow rate of 251,000 gallons per day (gpd). The injection wells are used to dispose of treated wastewater from the plant's wastewater treatment facility. The wastewater is injected into the well at an average rate of 148,000 gpd. 12. Main Step-up Transformers 3 The transformers convert lower voltage electrical power from CT -4, CT -5, and future ST -7 generators to higher transmission power voltage. There is one for each CTA CT -5, and ST - 7. The transformer for ST -7 will be installed. when ST -7 is installed. 13. Condensate storage tank 1 The condensate storage tank is 12 feet in diameter and 14 feet high, and has a 11,700 -gallon storage capacity. The tank will serve as storage for ST -7 condensate fluid, which is demineralized water that is heated in the heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) to produce steam to rotate the steam turbine. The tank will be built with ST -7. 14. Heat recovery steam generator 4 Each pump has a 400 gpm capacity (HRSG) feed pumps 15. Fuel oil unloading facilities 1 The unloading facilities include two fuel unloading pumps, each with a capacity of 250 gpm each. The impervious unloading system transfers diesel fuel from the tanker trucks to the main fuel storage tanks in a safe and expedient manner. The system is designed to contain and recycle any spilled fuel. 16. Fuel oil storage lank 1 The tank is 80 feet in diameter and 42 feet high, and has a 1.5 million gallon capacity. The components include one tank, fuel transfer pumps, and piping. It is used to store diesel fuel to support the ST -7 system. The tank is placed on an impervious surface within berms designed to contain any leakage or spills. The tank will be constructed for the ST -7 system. No. SYSTEMS QTY DESCRIPTION 17. Demineralized water transfer 2 Each pump has a 350 gpm capacity for the transfer of demineralized water from the storage pumps tanks to the demineralized water day tanks. 18. Demineralized water day tanks 2 Each tank is 12 feet in diameter and 16 feet high, with a capacity of 13,600 gallons. The day tanks are intermediate demineralized water storage tanks that receive water from the demineralized water storage tanks and supply water to the water injection pumps for the combustion turbines. 19. Fuel oil day tanks 2 Each tank is 12 feel in diameter and16 feet high with a rapacity of 13,600 gallons each. The 24. 12' diesel fire pump exhaust flue day tanks are intermediate fuel storage tanks that receive fuel from the fuel centrifuge and 31. Shop/Warehouse supply fuel to the fuel injection pumps for the combustion turbines. 20. Oil/Waterseparator 2 Each separator has a 65 gpm capacity to process oily wastewater, sending the coalesced water to the wastewater system and the oily waste to a holding tank within the wastewater 26. Brackish water well pump treatment facility for off-site recycling. 21. Sulfuric acid & caustic soda storage 2 Each storage tank is 5 feet in diameter and 7 feet high, with a capacity of 1,000 gallons. 27. Air compressor radiator These chemicals are used to neutralize wastewater, and to process demineralized water by regenerating the demineralizer mixed bed resin. 22. Solid settling basin 1 The basin has a capacity of 60 gpm. It is used to filter wastewater solids, as part of the 34. New electrical switchyard wastewater disposal process. 23. Turbine -Generator lube oil radiator 1 The radiator is a heat exchanger used to cool lubricating oil for the combustion turbines. It 30. Control House has a 150 -gallon turbine lube oil and 215 -gallon generator lube oil rapacity. 24. 12' diesel fire pump exhaust flue 1 The exhaust is 12 inches in diameter by 104 feet high. It serves as a chimney for diesel - 31. Shop/Warehouse driven fire protection pump. 25. 10' blackstart diesel exhaust flue 1 The flue is 10 inches in diameter and 71 feet high. It is used as a chimney for the station emergency diesel generator. 26. Brackish water well pump 1 The pump has a 500-gpm capacity. It is a vertical pump used to withdraw brackish water from 33. Heat Recovery Steam Generator the groundwater well, approximately 250 -feel deep. 27. Air compressor radiator 1 The radiator has a rapacity of 90 gallons and is used to cool cooling fluid for air compressors inside the Main Control Building 28. Fuel centrifuge 1 The centrifuge has a nominal 90-gpm capacity. It serves as a fuel clarifier and separator that 34. New electrical switchyard removes water and impurities from diesel fuel originating from main storage tanks. 29. Main Control Building 1 The Main Control Building is comprised of the main station control room, control system hardware, electrical shop, electrical switchgear, air compressors, personnel office space, and restrooms. 30. Control House 1 The Control House is comprised of the electrical switchgear and breakers, control system hardware, and battery banks. 31. Shop/Warehouse i The Shop/Warehouse is comprised of a maintenance shop, warehouse, and restrooms. 32. Steam Condensing System 1 The steam -condensing system is sized to support a 20 MW steam turbine. It is a ST -7 cooling system that cools steam exiting the steam turbine in order to condense the steam into water (condensate), which is reused in the HRSGs.It will be built with ST -7. 33. Heat Recovery Steam Generator 2 The generator has 2 x 10 -MW capacity. It is pad of the future ST -7 system that uses waste heat from the combustion turbine exhaust gases (1,000 degrees Fahrenheit) to heat condensate (water) to make steam, which drives the steam turbine -generator, and additional power is produced with essentially no additional consumption of fuel. 34. New electrical switchyard 1 The electrical switchgear and breakers are used to conned the export power from the CT -4, CT -5, and future ST -7 generators to the HELCO electrical grid. This system is also used to connect import power from the grid to the Kefihole plant. The ST -7 portion has not been built yet. 35. a. Water Treatment Facility 1 The capacity for the water treatment facility is 131 gpm input with a 67.3 gpm output of demineralized water. The facility is comprised of a dual -train dernmeralized water system. The demineralizer processes either potable water or brackish water to produce distilled water (i.e. demineralized water) for the combustion turbines' water injection (for NO. control) and/or steam turbine condensate. b. Wastewater Treatment Facility The wastewater system collects station generated wastewater, neutralizes it, and disposes of the neutralized water by discharging to the reinjection well. Wastewater streams that are sent No. SYSTEMS QTY DESCRIPTION to the wastewater treatment facility include 63.7 gpm of rejected water from the water treatment facility, and 4.1 gpm from site's oillwater separator 36. Combustion Turbine (CT -4) 1 The capacity of CT -4 is 21.3 MW. It is an oil -fired, simple cycle combustion turbine (model GE LM -2500). 37. Combustion Turbine (CT -5) 1 The capacity of CT -5 is 21.3 MW. It is an oilfired, simple cycle combustion turbine (model GE LM -2500). 38. Control House 1 The Control House is the previous administration building for HELCO personnel. 39. Switching Station 1 The Switching Station holds the electrical switchgear and breakers used to connect the export power from the CT -2 and D18-23 generators to the HELCO electrical grid. This system is also used to connect import power from the grid to the Keahole plant. 40. CT -2 Control Room 1 The Control Room serves as the control center for CT -2. 41. Emergency Diesel Generator 1 The capacity of the generator is 600 kilowatt (KW) and serves as the station's emergency generator. 42. Diesel Generators (EMD 18-23) 6 Each diesel generator has a capacity of 2.75 MW. D18,19, 20 were retired in 2004. 021, 22, 23 are still in operation. 43. Combustion Turbine (CT -2) 1 The rapacity of CT -2 is a nominal 13.75 MW. It is a diesel -fired, simple -cycle combustion turbine. 44. Dernmeralizer 1 The demineralizer has a capacity of 40 gpm. It processes potable water to produce distilled water (i.e. demineralized water) for the CT -2 combustion turbine water injection (for NOx control). 45. Demineralizer Water Storage 2 Each tank is 16 feet in diameter and 18 feet high, with a 33,000 -gallon capacity. The tanks Tanks store demineralized water for CT -2. 46. Fuel Oil Storage Tanks 2 Tank 1 (TK -1) is 35 feet in diameter and 18 feet high with a capacity of 115,248 gallons. Tank 2 (TK -2) is 50 feet in diameter and 18 feet high with a capacity of 220,332 gallons. The tanks store diesel fuel for CT -2 and 021-23 (D18-20 have been retired), and previously received fuel from tanker trucks. Once the CTA and CT -5 main storage tanks are commissioned, these tanks will receive cleaned fuel from the fuel centrifuge. 47. 69kv line drop 1 Delivers electrical power to the Airport Substation 48. Unit No.1 switchgear and pad 1 High voltage switch used to transfer power 49. Unit No.1 transformer and pad 1 Steps voltage down for local use 50. Future Unit No. 2 transformer and 1 Steps voltage down for local use pad 51. Future Unit No. 2 switchgear and 1 High voltage switch used to transfer power pad 52. Future insulator support structure 1 Structure supporting high voltage insulation 53. Future 3-phase disconnect 1 Switch to disconnect three high voltage conductors Switch support structure 54. Future dead-end tower switch 1 Switch at the terminus of a high voltage line coming into the substation 55. Future 69kv line drop 1 Delivers electrical power to the Airport Substation 7 Specifically, HELCO proposes to conduct the following improvements at the KeRhole Generating Station and Airport Substation facilities: (1) Convert two existing simple -cycle combustion turbines (CT -4 and CT -5) to a combined -cycle system by adding a steam turbine generation system (ST -7), which is comprised of two heat recovery steam generators, a steam condensing system, and a nominal 17.8 -MW steam turbine generator, including ancillary equipment. Together, these components will constitute a nominal 60 -MW net, dual -train, combined -cycle plant. (2) Implement new emissions controls, specifically a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system, which is expected to involve ammonia or urea transport, storage and usage, as well as improvements to the existing wastewater treatment system to process on-site and dispose of on- site treated waste, generated as a result of the SCR system. In the future, HELCO may use alternate fuels, specifically naptha, to reduce emissions, which could result in having to enlarge existing fuel storage tanks and tank -yard berm walls, adding more storage tanks, additional fuel distribution pumps/piping, and additional fire protection (foam tank, nozzles and piping). hi addition, HELCO anticipates the following improvements and upgrades to the Airport Substation (1) future replacement or addition of transformers and switchgear equipment at the Airport Substation to service the area community; and (2) additional painting and landscape improvements to mitigate visual impacts at the Airport Substation." [FEIS, Chapter Two, pages 1-2.1 B. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES AND REASONS FOR THE REQUEST HELCO is seeking the proposed action in order to: (1) bring the existing and proposed use of the project area as an electrical generating station and substation into conformance with the County of Hawaii Zoning; (2) facilitate future operation and maintenance of the generating station; and (3) implement proposed environmental mitigation measures." [FEIS, Chapter One, page 2.] NUMBER OF ACRESISQUARE FEET The Keahole Generating Station (TMK 7-3-079:036) consists of 14.998 acres, and the Airport Substation (TMK 7-3-049:037) consists of 0.645 acres. Together, the two parcels total 15.643 acres. PROPOSED UNITSILOTSIFLOOR AREA OF PROPOSED BUILDING ENVELOPE There are no dwelling units or lots proposed. Most of the improvements would entail installation of power -generating equipment such as transformers, storage tanks, pumps, etc. A new steam turbine building is proposed as part of the improvements. Completion of the partially constructed Main Control Room and Control House buildings are contemplated under this plan. [FEIS, Chapter Two, Figure 2-3, pagesl0-11.] E. TIMEFRAME AND COST In 2004, HELCO completed the addition of Combustion Turbines (CT) 4 and 5 (CT -4 and CT -5), and retired older diesels 18, 19, and 20. The ST -7 installation, which would allow the utilization of waste heat and make the plant more fuel-efficient, is anticipated to be completed in 2009. F. MEMBERSHIP SIZEINUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AND CLIENTELE Employees: HELCO employs 12 personnel at the subject property. Upon completion of the current construction activities, on-site staff will increase by an additional three people — a control technician, a power plant supervisor, and a material coordinator. Approximately 73 percent of HELCO's staff in trade, craft, and clerical positions are unionized members of the American Federation of Labor, Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW), Local 1260. [FEIS, Chapter Two, page 15.] Clientele: HELCO has provided power for the Island of Hawaii since 1890, and together with its parent company, supply power to over 400,000 customers or 93 percent of the Hawaii market through its electrical utilities. [FEIS, Chapter One, page 1.] G. PARKING ARRANGEMENT Parking for this development will be in accordance with the parking standards in the zoning code and with the landscaping requirements in Planning Department Rule 17. H. TRAFFIC IMPACTS (ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS, ANTICIPATED INCREASE IN TRAFFIC AND TRAFFIC IMPACTS FROM PROPOSED USE) Trak Conditions The following is a description of existing traffic conditions in the vicinity of the Keahole Generating Station and an analysis of the proposed project's impacts upon future traffic conditions. This information is a summary of the Traffic Impact Analysis Study prepared for the project and identified as Appendix A to the FEIS. Existing Roadway System In the vicinity of the project, Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway is a two-lane State highway that provides access between Kawaihae and Kailua town. Generally, Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway has two 12 -foot travel lanes, one in each direction, with 10 -foot shoulders. The existing Keahole facility has two accesses, one on the north and one on the south. The principal access is on the south from Pakiawe Street which intersects with Kaiminani Drive and terminates at the facility in the northbound direction. Prlkiawe Street is a two-lane collector road that provides access to both the Ke -chole facility (to the north) and a portion of the Keahole Agricultural Park (to the south). A secondary access is provided on the north side of the facility by the Reservoir Road, which is the mauka extension of the Keahole Airport Access Road. The Keahole Airport Access Road is a two-lane collector road that provides access to the Kona International Airport, as well as supporting facilities such as rental car companies and other businesses that support airport operations. For the signalized intersection of Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway, Keahole Airport Access Road and Reservoir Road, there are separate left turn lanes on the highway in the northbound and southbound direction and a separate right tum lane in the eastbound direction. There are southbound deceleration and acceleration lanes on the highway for the Keahole Airport Access Road. The Reservoir Access Road is a single lane road and serves the Keahole facility, including the Airport Substation, and terminates at the E driveway to two water tanks uphill from the Keahole facility. The Reservoir Access Road abuts the north side of the Keahole facility, providing secondary access to it. Trip Generation During the weekday, six maintenance personnel are employed between 6:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. while three operating personnel work on the first shift, 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. and two operating personnel are on the second shift, 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. During the weekend, there are four operating personnel assigned with two persons in two shifts of 6:00 a.m to 2:00 p.m and 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. Hence, most of the current shift changes occur at different times than the Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway peak hours of 6:30 to 7:30 a.m. and 3:15 to 4:15 p.m. Fuel truck deliveries usually range between 3 to 4 trips per day, Monday through Friday. Fuel is trucked from Hilo Harbor. The Keahole Generation Station receives five mail deliveries per week. Also, other deliveries by vendor/supplier goods and services are likely to increase to between 5 and 10 deliveries per week. At project completion in Year 2009, the Keahole Generation Station weekday staffing would change to eight maintenance personnel between 6:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. and seven operating personnel in three shifts (one person from 7:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., two persons from 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., two persons from 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. and two persons from 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.). For the weekend staffing, there would be six operating personnel with two persons in each of the three shifts: 6:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m., 2:00 p.m. - 10:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. - 6:00 a.m. In 2009, fuel deliveries would increase to 7 or 8 fuel trucks per day, Monday through Friday, but deliveries could be from Kawaihae Harbor instead of Hilo Harbor. Also, there would be five mail deliveries and approximately 8 to 12 vendor/ supplier deliveries per week. The Keahole Generation Station and the Airport Substation would have the largest staffing, fuel truck deliveries and vendor/supplier deliveries at project completion. Although employee shifts are slightly different from the existing morning and afternoon roadway peak hour periods, some of the employee trips are included in the morning and afternoon peak hours since it is possible the project peak hour periods may become coincident to the future highway peak hour periods. The estimated project trips, as given in the following table, are utilized for the future with project traffic conditions. ESTIMATED PROJECT TRIPS IN 2009 The existing intersections of Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway/Keahole Airport Road/Reservoir Road and Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway/Kaiminani Drive operate at Level of Service C conditions or better during 10 AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour Enter Exit Enter Exit Staff 13 4 2 10 Fuel Trucks 2 2 1 1 Ammonia Trucks 0 0 0 0 Vendor/Supplier 0 0 0 0 Total 15 6 3 11 The existing intersections of Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway/Keahole Airport Road/Reservoir Road and Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway/Kaiminani Drive operate at Level of Service C conditions or better during 10 the morning and afternoon peak hours. During the morning peak hour of the March 2004 traffic counts, there were total of 48 vehicles arriving and 11 vehicles departing at the north and south gates. During the afternoon peak hour, there were 7 vehicles arriving and 16 vehicles departing the north and south gates. Contractor vehicles parked external of the south gate and are included in these traffic counts. Most of the traffic volumes are due to the construction activities and testing of newly installed equipment at the Ke3hole Generation Station. With the existing traffic conditions, most of the HELCO generation station employees utilize the south gate and the north gates are used by fuel trucks. For future traffic conditions without the project, there are increases in the forecasted Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway traffic volumes that would result in Level of Service F conditions or where highway capacity conditions are exceeded. The Palamanui project is currently studying the feasibility of a north access road and a south access road. The analysis results indicate that widening of Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway to four lanes would mitigate traffic conditions to Level of Service E or better. The proposed laneage configurations at the two study intersections are provided in Chapter Three of the FEIS. If Palamanui project chooses to use its north access road as its primary connection to Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway, then HELCO would continue to utilize their north and south gates in a similar manner as the existing situation. If the Palamanui project selects to construct their south access road so that it connects at the Keahole Airport Road/Reservoir Road intersection, then HELCO would utilize their north gate for all project trips and close the south gates. HELCO is coordinating with the Palamanui developer as part of the Palamanui access feasibility study, but HELCO could continue with its existing gate usage for an indefinite period of time. OTHER RELATED INFORMATION See Section 8, Before the Land Use Commission of the State of Hawaii; In the Matter of the Petition of Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc.; Docket No. A03-743; Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order. J. PROPOSED ON-SITE AND OFF-SITE INFRASTRUCTURE As discussed in the project description, the proposed project would include improvements to existing wastewater treatment systems to process on-site and dispose of on-site treated waste, generated as a result of the SCR system. B. CONFORMANCE WITH STATEICOUNTY PLANS STATE LAND USE DESIGNATION The State Land Use Commission recently reclassified the KeHhole Generating Station and Airport Substation lands from the Conservation District to the Urban District. The Urban District designation is consistent with the current use of the lands. 3. HOW THE PROPOSED USE IS NOT CONTRARY TO CHAPTER 205A, COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT (EXISTING PUBLIC ACCESS, SCENIC OR OPEN SPACE RESOURCES, COASTAL VIEW PLANES, AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS) The project is generally in conformance with the Coastal Zone Management objectives, as follows: Coastal Recreational Resources: Not applicable since the project is 3.5 miles from the coastline. 11 Historic Resources: Studies for the project found no threatened or endangered plants or animals. No archaeological or historic sites were found on the project site and no significant adverse impacts on cultural resources or activities were identified. Coastal Scenic and Open Space Resources: Not applicable since the project is 3.5 miles from the coastline. Coastal Ecosystem: The project is 3.5 miles away from the coastline and, therefore, no direct impact is anticipated. The effects of injection of effluents from the project into the groundwater are anticipated to have no significant adverse impact to the groundwater quality, nearshore water quality, or cultural resources or activities, existing public access, scenic or open space resources, coastal view planes, and coastal ecosystems Economic Uses: The project will supply electrical power that will benefit the population and economy of Hawaii County. Coastal Hazards: The project is outside of the identified tsunami inundation zone and the effects of storm waves. Based on studies of the lava flow, the project is probably not subject to subsidence. Finally, improvements associated with this project will improve the air quality of emissions. Review Process, Communication and Public Participation: Not generally applicable since this is not a coastal property. The project's environmental review process, however, did provide opportunities for public participation. Public Awareness, Education and Participation: Not generally applicable since this is not a coastal property. As stated previously, the project's environmental review process did provide opportunities for public participation. Public Use and Recreation: Not applicable since this is not a coastal property. Marine and Coastal Resources: This property is located 3.5 miles from the coastline. The negligible surcharge from the project is not anticipated to have a significant adverse impact on marine and coastal resources. 4. APPLICABLE GOALS/POLICIES AND OBJECTIVES OF THE GENERAL PLAN General Plan The applicable goals and policies, as discussed in the FEIS for this project, include those for the following elements of the County of Hawaii General Plan: Economic, Energy, Environmental Quality, Flooding and Other Natural Hazards, Historic Sites, Natural Beauty, Natural Resources and Shoreline, Housing, Public Facilities, Public Utilities, Public Utilities -Electricity, Transportation, Land Use, Land Use - Agriculture, Land Use -Commercial, Land Use -Industrial, Land Use -Residential, Land Use -Resort, Land Use -Open Space, and Land Use -Public Lands. The FEIS review determined that this project actively supported or conformed to a majority of the applicable goals and policies. The Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation are part of the applicant's effort to provide needed island -wide power in support of the General Plan elements, e.g. Economic, Energy, Housing, Public Facilities, Public Utilities, Transportation, and Land Use, while providing mitigation measures that 12 support or conform to other General Plan elements, e.g. Environmental Quality, Natural Hazards, Historic Sites, Natural Beauty and Natural Resources and Shoreline. I FEIS, Chapter Five, pages 61-78.) The following excerpt from the FEIS is for the Public Utilities and Public Utilities -Electricity elements: ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAI'I COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C = CONFORMS I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO's OBJECTIVES NA= GOAL Is NOT APPLICABLE GENERAL PLAN -PUBLIC FACILITIES GOALS Encourage the provision of public facilities that effectively service community and visitor needs and seek ways of improving public service through better and more functional facilities in keeping with the environmental and aesthetic A concerns of the community. POLICIES Continue to seek ways of improving public service through the coordination of service and maximizing use -IT— the ; personnel and facilities. A Coordinate with appropriate State agencies for the provision of public facilities to serve the needs of the community. A Develop short and long-range capital improvement programs and operating budgets for public facilities and services. A Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance. NA Capital Improvement and Operating budgets shall reflect the goals and policies of the County General Plan. A Require a six-year, long-term, capital improvements budget by County Departments and agencies that shall be reviewed ! A '., for consistency with the General Plan. ; COMMENTARY: HELCO seeks to improve its service to the community by increasing generating capacity to meet demand, while incorporating environmental and visual mitigation measures. The improvements are in coordination with State and County plans for the region. By expanding and improving an existing facility, HELCO maximizes the use of that facility and accompanying personnel. GENERAL PLAN - PUBLIC UTILITIES GOALS --- - - - Ensure that properly regulated, adequate, efficient and dep users. Maximize efficiency and economy in the provision of public uti Design public utility facilities to fit into their surroundings or co POLICIES Public utility facilities shall be designed to complement adjac( disturbance. The County shall encourage the use of properties or easemei as supplemental open space and recreational areas whenever Provide utilities and service facilities that minimize total cc community. Utility facilities shall be designed to minimize conflict with the r Improvement of existing utility services shall be encouraged to Encourage the clustering of developments in order to reduce tl Develop short and long range capital improvement program consistent with the General Plan. 13 ---------- endable public and private utility services are available to A lity services. icealed from public view. A A Int land uses and shall be operated to minimize pollution or its owned by public or private utility companies or agencies practical. isAA st to the public and effectively service the needs of the A natural environment and natural resources. A meet the needs of users. A to cost of providing utilities. NA and plans for public utilities within its jurisdiction that are ! A ; 13 ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C = CONFORMS I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO's OBJECTIVES NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE ! COMMENTARY: Throughout the years, HELCO and its parent company, have been fiscally responsible, and have provided properly regulated, and dependable services for the islands. By improving the existing facilities, HELCO maximizes efficiency and minimizes the total cost to the public, while servicing the needs of the community. HELCO has a long history of working with the County in ensuring that adequate electrical power is available for the Big Island community. GENERAL PLAN - ELECTRICITY!. POLICIES Power distribution shall be placed underground when and where practical. Encourage developers of new urban areas to place utilities underground. Route selection for high voltage transmission lines should include consideration for setbacks from major thoroughfares 1 A and residential areas. Where feasible, delineate energy corridors for such high voltage transmission lines. Continue to advise the electrical utility companies on the future revisions of their comprehensive Integrated Resource A Plans. Conform to safety standards as established by appropriate regulatory authorities. A —J STANDARDS There shall be minimal obstruction of scenic views and vistas by electrical facilities. A !. 11 ... _— _.._.....--------------.A--- Facilities such as substations shall mitigate and minimize an aesthetic impacts to surrounding and scenic vistas. 9 Y Pact 9 Z COMMENTARY: Whenever feasible and practical, HELCO places power distribution equipment underground and considers setbacks from major thoroughfares and residential areas for high-voltage transmission lines. HELCO has worked with State and County projections in the preparation of its IRP and Evaluation report.�I Conformance to safety standards established by regulatory authorities is an integral part of HELCO's procedures !, and policies. New and improved landscaping will help to mitigate and minimize any aesthetic impacts to surrounding properties and scenic vistas. 5. GENERAL PLAN DESIGNATION (LUPAG MAP) The County of Hawaii General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map designation for the property is Urban Expansion Area that is consistent with the current use. 6. ZONING The Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation lands are currently zoned O (Open). The Hawaii County Code defines the O district as "areas that contribute to the general welfare, the full enjoyment, or the economic well-being of open land type use which has been established, or is proposed. The object of this district is to: (1) encourage development around it such as a golf course and park; (2) protect investments which have been or shall be made in reliance upon the retention of such open type use; (3) buffer an otherwise incompatible land use or district; (4) preserve a valuable scenic vista or an area of special historical significance; or (5) protect and preserve submerged land, fishing ponds, and lakes (natural or artificial tide)." Utility substations, as permitted under Section 254-11 of the Hawaii County Code, are allowable. On the other hand, the MG district applies to "areas for uses that are generally considered to be offensive or have some element of danger." The MG designation is more appropriate for the generating station and the land uses in the immediate area. Permitted uses in the MG district include: utility facilities, public and 14 private, including power plants, offices or yards for equipment; and utility substations, as permitted under Section 25-4-11. The reclassification and change in zoning would bring the subject property into conformance with its existing use for electrical and power plant purposes. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN HELCO's plans to expand generating capacity at the Keahole Generating Station support the Keahole to Kailua Development Plan study (Keahole Plan) initiated in July 1988 by the County of Hawaii. The Keahole Plan serves as an implementing tool for the General Plan of the County of Hawaii and as a sub - regional plan and developmental framework for the West Hawaii Plan. The goal of the Keahole Plan is to develop a mixed residential, commercial, resort, industrial, and recreational community, with appropriate shoreline uses, public facilities, and infrastructure, to be built in phases over the course of 20 years. The major growth assumptions of the plan were that (1) the Keahole to Kailua area would be the location for a new "Civic and Business Center" with civic and commercial uses; (2) 4,500 new residential units would be built between 1990 and 2010; (3) a number of facilities were planned that would serve a much larger region, including a municipal golf course, regional sports complex and University of Hawaii - West Hawaii College; and (4) the project area would accommodate resort development in the range of 1,500 visitor units. As a regulated public facility, HELCO needs to provide the necessary electrical power to support current and future demand in the region. [FEIS, Chapter Five, pages 78-80.1 SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA The Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation are not within Special Management Area. C. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA Physical Characteristics/Environmental Setting 9. DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECT PROPERTY, LOCATION, CLIMATE, TOPOGRAPHY, SLOPE, SOILS (INCLUDING SIZE, SHAPE, EXISTING STRUCTURES) The subject property is located in West Hawaii on the mauka side of Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway. The terrain slopes from the lower level Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway to the higher level Mamalahoa Highway. The subject property consists of two adjoining tax map key parcels (3-7-3-049:036 and 3-7-3-049:037), all situated in Keahole, North Kona, on the west side of the Big Island. The total area of the subject property is 15.643 acres. It is situated approximately one mile east of Kona International Airport at Keahole and approximately 750 feet east (upslope) of Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway. The terrain is relatively flat and consists of lava flows, grasses, and low brush. Access to the generating station from Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway is from a 16 -foot wide, paved roadway. The subject property is surrounded by vacant areas of open lava flows to the north and east, the Keahole Agricultural Park to the south, west and southeast, and a residential subdivision, Kona Palisades, beginning approximately 3,500 feet to the 15 southeast. Four 90 -foot towers owned by the Big Island Broadcasting Co. are located on a 4 -acre parcel on the subject property's eastern boundary. The adjacent property to the north is owned by the DHHL, and is planned for residential and commercial development. The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) is located on 870 acres of State-owned land just west of the airport. The subject property consists of a 14.998 -acre lot (TMK 7-3-049:036) and a smaller 0.645 -acre lot (TMK 7-3- 049:37). Both lots are developed and relatively level. The Kedhole Generating Station sits on the larger lot while the Airport Substation is on the smaller lot. The Keahole Generating Station presently includes generators, switching stations, fuel storage tanks, and other equipment. The Airport Substation consists of switchgear and transformer equipment. 10. LAVA HAZARD ZONE A volcanic hazard study was conducted for the FEIS and concluded that the threat of lava flow inundation during a future eruption of Hualalai "...is considered statistically to be very small." [Appendix D, Volcanic Hazards at the HELLO Keahole Generating Station, North Kona, Hawaii, Final Report, February 28, 2004] 11. DISTANCE FROM COASTLINE The makai edge of the subject properties are approximately 8,500 feet from the shoreline. 12. AGRICULTURAL LANDS OF IMPORTANCE IN THE STATE OF HAWAII (ALISH) DESIGNATION The subject properties are not rated on the ALISH map. 13. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICES SOIL SERVICE REPORT SOIL TYPE According to the FEIS, there are two soil types, Kaimu extremely stony peat and Punaluu extremely stony peat. The Kaimu soil type is used for pasture, macadamia nut, papaya, and citrus, while the Punalu`u soil type is used for pasture. Both soils "...are well -drained, thin organic soils that have developed over the lava bedrock... and are rapidly permeable, with slow runoff and slight erosion hazard." [FEIS, Chapter Three, pages 7-8] 14. LAND STUDY BUREAU SOIL RATING: The soil is rated E, which is the lowest rating in a 5 -category rating system that runs from A (highest) to E (lowest). 15. FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP (FIRM) DESIGNATION: (CONTACT DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS -ENGINEERING DIVISION) The subject properties are in Zone X, which are areas determined to be outside the 500 -year flood plain. 16. EXISTING DRAINAGE WAYS OR IMPROVEMENTS According to the FEIS, "The subject property is located on the axis of a high -standing mound of pahoehoe and does not lie in any observed potential flood channel." [FEIS, Chapter Three, page 10] 16 17. AIR/NOISE/WATER QUALITY Air Quality The subject property is located on terrain that slopes gently downward from the mountains. There are no significant terrain features such as cliffs, bluffs, and hills that would affect air circulation. The Big Island enjoys a belt of uniform winds blowing from the Northeast. Two massive mountains, Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, which are connected by a high saddle, effectively block most trade wind air to the subject property. Thus, the daily land and sea breezes are the dominant conditions for the project area. Figure 34 in the FEIS shows a strong daily recurring (diurnal) flow for much of the year. Average monthly temperatures at the subject property range from the low 70s (°F) in the coldest month of February to the upper 70s in August and September. Annual rainfall is approximately 10 to 20 inches per year Rainfall is uniformly distributed form March to October, with 60 percent or more of the annual rainfall occurring in the remaining winter months. The subject property is located about one mile east of the Kona International Airport and about two miles northwest of the Kalaoa residential area. No other major industrial stationary sources are in the vicinity. Emissions from the Keahole Generating Station have been monitored by air quality monitoring stations located approximately 1.9 kilometers (1.2 miles) southeast of the plant and 5.5 kilometers (3.4 miles) north of the plant. The monitoring data confirms compliance with State and Federal ambient air quality standards for SO2, PM1o, and CO. [FEIS, Chapter 3, page 32] Noise Quality Noise sources currently at and in the vicinity of the Keahole Generating Station include various diesel generators and combustion turbines, vehicular traffic on Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway, and aircraft at Kona International Airport at Keahole. Significant noise control treatments have been implemented for the existing plant equipment. Each treatment project will specify property line sound level targets for the subject equipment. These targets will vary with a goal of meeting HELCO's overall property line target of 55dBA during daytime operation and 45 dBA during nighttime operation for all plant equipment." [FEIS, Chapter Three, page 54] Existing and future mitigation measures at the Keahole Generating Station will be evaluated to address adverse noise impacts and the ability to maintain noise levels at 45/55 dBA once the generating station is fully operational with all the proposed improvements discussed above. HELCO has taken steps to control noise levels from the generating station to satisfy applicable regulations. Water Quality HELCO developed and pump tested in 1993 an onsite brackish supply well, identified as State No. 4461- 02, for its proposed improvements and expansion of the generating station. This well can be pumped at an average of 210,000 to 230,000 gpd and is being used for the existing operations at the generating station. HELCO is using the brackish water supplied by the well as the primary source of water for operating the improvements to the station, allowing HELCO to allocate its share of County of Hawaii DWS's potable commitment in excess of its needs to DHHL. The State, County, DHHL, and the immediate area will 17 benefit from this arrangement. Subsequent to the completion of the FEIS, HELCO has secured the necessary approvals and has transferred 90 percent of its potable water allocation to the DHHL. Annual rainfall in the North Kona area surrounding the project site is approximately 10 to 20 inches per year. Rainfall on the higher slopes of the mountain upslope from the project site increases to a rate of about 75 inches per year. Rainfall is uniformly distributed from March to October, with 60 percent or more of the annual rainfall occurring in the remaining four winter months. Due to the permeable character of the prehistoric and historic lava flows that comprise the west and northwest facing slopes of Hualalai, virtually all rainfall permeates into the ground, eventually collecting as groundwater. There is no surface water at or near the project site. There are no known perennial or intermittent streams at or near the site. Storm water runoff does not occur in any significant amount even during the most intense rainfalls, due to the high permeability of the ground surface at or near the subject property. According to the FEIS, two distinctly different modes of groundwater occur in the general vicinity of the subject property. Groundwater underlying the entire coastal zone occurs in a thin, brackish to saline basal lens which is underlain by saltwater at depth and is in hydraulic contact with seawater at the shoreline. Inland in the near vicinity of Mamalahoa Highway and extending some 20 miles from Kalaoa to Kealakekua, there is an abrupt change from basal to high-level groundwater. The existence of high-level groundwater was discovered in 1990. The geologic feature (e.g., one or more vertically oriented faults, dikes, or other low permeability zones) that causes this abrupt change has no surface expression and has not been identified. The presence of this feature has resulted in a substantial reservoir of potable quality groundwater impounded behind the feature that also controls the location and manner of leakage into the down -gradient basal lens in ways that are not yet understood. Groundwater is the most widespread source of fresh water, which is captured in aquifers (layers of sand, rock, limestone or gravel that form natural receptacles for the water as it is pulled downward by gravity). The aquifers catch the water as it seeps through the ground, and store it in large pools called water lenses. When the rock becomes too solid for the water to go farther, the water puddles along that rock layer forming the water lens pool, where wells are dug to draw the water. There are two kinds of water lenses, basal and parabasal. Water lenses can be a few feet to dozens of feet deep. Communities without surface water must rely on a water lens to supply their water. Care must be taken to not remove too much water at one time from the water lens or the lens may be destroyed. Basal lens is a type of fresh water pool found floating on top of salt water. This happens when an aquifer is shallow or has a hard rock layer that the water cannot seep through. Water enters the aquifer and then runs off the rock layer to the side. The fresh water then sits on top of a salt -water layer. These two layers don't mix because of the difference in their densities so the top stays fresh, the bottom stays salty, and where they touch is a thin layer of brackish water. When wells are drilled down into a basal water lens, it is very important to not pump out too much fresh water or the salt water will be drawn up and destroy the fresh water lens. 18 Potential Water Quality Impacts and Mitigations The FEIS discussed the potential impacts on water resources from the completion of CT4, CT -5, and ST - 7 with SCR. By itself, ST -7 with SCR has the potential to impact water resources in three ways: (1) by drawing brackish groundwater from the underlying basal lens; (2) by the disposal of additional treated wastewater in the saline zone below the basal lens; and (3) by the disposal of a de minimis amount of additional domestic wastewater in the existing septic tank and leach field system. Pumnage of Onsite Brackish Groundwater. With the completion of ST -7, usage of brackish, basal groundwater will increase by approximately 0.02 mgd to approximately 0.21 to 0.23 million gallons per day (mgd). The brackish, basal groundwater will be pumped from the plant's existing onsite well. The groundwater flowrate at Kedhole is relatively low, on the order of 1.2 to 2.0 mgd per coastal mile. That means that withdrawal of 0.21 to 0.23 mgd would not be an insignificant amount. However, the only use of groundwater in the coastal area downgradient of the power plant is the Uwajima Fisheries Wells at NELH (Nos. 4363-01 to 12). These wells would not be adversely impacted by the power plant's withdrawals for the following reasons: • The loss of basal flowrate toward the NELH shoreline would translate to a small salinity increase, which would be of no consequence to the Uwajima saltwater wells. • The Uwajima wells are directly downgradient of Cyanotech's subsurface saltwater disposal of two to three mgd. Elsewhere within NELH, another 7 to 8 mgd is also disposed of in pits, trenches, and on the ground surface. The impact of the power plant's use of 0.23 mgd of brackish groundwater is inconsequential in comparison to the ongoing saltwater disposal throughout the NELH facility. Subsurface Disnosal of the Power Plant's Treated Wastewater. Normal operation of ST -7 with SCR will require occasional cleaning of the HRSG boiler tubes to remove deposits from SCR operations, which will likely result in the generation of an additional wastewater source at the KeRhole facility. HELCO will collect HRSG cleaning wastewater and determine appropriate disposal options in compliance with regulatory requirements. If it is determined that wash water from the HRSG system can be treated on site, an additional wastewater treatment system will be added to the facility. This addition would require an amendment to the current Department of Health (DOH) Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit. It is presently estimated that approximately 40,000 gallons of wash water will be generated a year. With the completion of ST -7, the plant's wastewater will increase by approximately 0.02 mgd to an average of about 0.13 mgd. The plant's wastewater will be treated, in its existing wastewater treatment system and will be disposed of in its two existing disposal wells. Most of its major chemical constituents will be similar to diluted seawater. However, there may be minor amounts of other constituents, which would not be removed completely by the media and cartridge filters. The maximum allowable levels of these constituents are specified by DOH UIC Permit No. UH -1776. Both disposal wells are at ground elevations of 195 to 200 feet and are 500 to 505 feet deep. The discharges from the reverse osmosis water treatment system will be collected in a storage tank. After the storage tank is filled to a prescribed capacity, the water will be pumped through a nutshell filter medium and a reinjection cartridge filter to remove residual oil and suspended solids to a concentration of approximately 1 ppm. Because the water will be stored in a storage tank prior to injection, the water will be at ambient air temperature when it is pumped to the injection well. A maximum injection rate of 250 gpm will be used until the tank is emptied. The injection well is expected to operate for 8.5 hours per day, 19 with an average daily injection rate of 89 gpm. All discharges to the injection well system would be in compliance with the UIC permit. If it is determined that wash water from the HRSG system can be treated on site, an additional wastewater treatment system will be added to the facility. This addition would require an amendment to the current UIC permit. It is presently estimated that approximately 40,000 gallons of wash water will be generated a year. If the wash water contains hazardous waste, in the form of heavy metals, these must be extracted during the treatment process and disposed in a manner approved by the State DOH and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A wash water sample will be collected each time the HRSG tubes are washed. All samples will be analyzed by an analytical laboratory following appropriate EPA methodologies for determining hazardous wastes. The frequency of sampling may be adjusted after significant testing (e.g., after collection of 10 or more data sets) has been conducted to properly characterize the waste stream as being hazardous or not. The need to wash the HRSG boiler tubes will be dependent on the freshness of the SCR catalyst and type of fuel. The fresher the catalyst and higher the sulfur content in the fuel, the more frequent washing will be needed. If the catalyst is kept fresh and low sulfur fuel is used, washing could be required only once per year; otherwise it could be more frequent, possibly quarterly. Hazardous wash water will be sent to EPA -approved treatment and disposal facilities on the mainland, in compliance with all applicable Federal and State hazardous waste regulations. These are EPA -permitted facilities that are designed to properly treat and/or dispose of hazardous wastes. However, at some future time, HELCO may determine that is economically prudent and environmentally appropriate to treat the wash water on site at the Kedhole facility. Such treatment would involve the construction of a separate discrete wastewater treatment facility dedicated to treating the wash water. The sizing of the facility cannot yet be determined because the actual volume of wash water will depend upon the frequency that washing will occur. Therefore, the matter of whether or not the wash water may at some future time be treated on site is an Unresolved Issue. For further discussion of this matter, please refer to Section 6.4 of the FEIS. The injected water temperature will be 70 degrees and not a substantial contrast to the temperatures in the receiving zone in the bottom 50 feet of the wells, which is between 68 and 70 degrees. The salinity of the injected water will also be less than in the receiving groundwater. Both these aspects mean that the injected water will be less dense than the ambient groundwater at depth. Disposal into groundwater would be limited to the lowest 50 feet in the wells at elevations from 250 to 300 feet below sea level. The only functional supply wells, which are nominally downgradient of this disposal, are the Uwajima Fisheries wells (Nos. 4362-01 to 12) in NELH. As discussed previously, the Uwajima Fisheries wells are near to and directly downgradient of the disposal of 2 to 3 mgd of saltwater by Cyanotech and in the general vicinity of another 7 to 8 mgd of saltwater disposal elsewhere at NELH. HELCO's disposal would be occurring about 1.8 miles away and at substantial depth below the basal lens. Its 0.13 mgd average disposal rate would be two orders of magnitude less than the present rate of saltwater disposal at NELH. The horizontal and vertical separation, meaning the distance between the HELCO and Uwajima wells, together with the ongoing disposal activities at NELH, mitigate against any adverse impact to the Uwajima wells. Treatment and Disposal of Domestic Wastewater. As a result of the power plant expansion (i.e. the completion of CT -4, CT -5, and ST -7), the amount of domestic wastewater generated by the plant (i.e., restroom facilities, wash waters for sink, shower, and floor drains, and landscaping) that will be treated and disposed of in the plant's existing septic tank and leach field system will increased by 2,000 gpd, of 20 which a de minimis amount is attributable to ST -7.. All of this water will ultimately reach the underlying basal lens. The primary issue with this method of disposal is the addition of nutrients to the underlying basal lens. Its potential impact can be qualified with the following series of approximations: • Raw domestic wastewater will have total nitrogen levels of 30 to 40 milligrams per liter (mg/1) and total phosphorus o£4 to 15 mg/l. The high ends of these ranges are assumed to be the case at the power plant. • Nitrogen and phosphorus removals by the septic tank and leach field system are conservatively assumed to be 50 and 20 percent, respectively. These relatively inefficient rates of removal were chosen because the leach field trenches were backfilled with gravel and crushed stone rather than with a loamy soil. • Further nutrient removal will occur naturally during the wastewater's downward movement through the vadose zone and lateral movement with groundwater toward the shoreline. Based on the analyses in Nance (2002), these rates are conservatively assumed to be at 80 percent for nitrogen and 95 percent for phosphorus. The above series of assumptions indicates that the disposal of 2,000 gpd of domestic wastewater would add 0.066 pounds per day of nitrogen and 0.010 pounds per day of phosphorus to the flow of groundwater beneath the site. However, the nutrient load "naturally" in this groundwater is many times greater than this. For example, using a low flux rate of 1.2 mgd per mile and the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the underlying groundwater of 1.85 and 0.40 mg/l, respectively, (based on the level in Well 4462-05 immediately downgradient), the nutrient load in basal groundwater discharging into the marine environment along the 1.3 -mile long shoreline between Keahole Point and Unualoha Point amounts to 24.0 pounds of nitrogen and 5.2 pounds of phosphorus. The power plant's addition would amount to just 0.3 to 0.2 percent of this amount, respectively. When combined with the plant's present disposal of 1,500 gpd of wastewater, the loading would still only amount to 0.5 and 0.3 percent of nitrogen and phosphorus already "naturally" conveyed by groundwater into the marine environment. Historic Resources 18. EXISTING ARCHAEOLOGICAL, CULTURAL OR HISTORIC SITES ON NATIONAL REGISTER OF HAWAII REGISTER: (CONTACT DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES) The subject property has no archaeological, cultural or historic sites on the National or Hawaii Register. A survey in 1992 and an updated inspection in 2003 were conducted by Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI). Four quarry sites, ranging from poor to good physical condition, were identified in the 1992 survey. The sites were assessed as significant for information content, and no further work or preservation was recommended. [FEIS, Chapter Three, pages 64-65] Natural Resources 19. EXISTING FLORAL/FAUNAL RESOURCES (ANY NATIVE OR EXOTIC PLANTS; ANY LISTED OR CANDIDATE FOR ENDANGERED SPECIES) Most plants on the subject properties are introduced or alien species. Three native species on the property are `Uhaloa and `ilima along the roadsides and disturbed areas, and beach naupaka cultivated as landscape material. No threatened or endangered plant species were by the flora survey. [FEIS, Chapter Three, pages 58-591. 21 No threatened or endangered birds or mammals were observed during a fauna survey of the subject properties. Only introduced species of birds and mammals were observed. [FEIS, Chapter Three, page 61]. 20. SCENIC OR COASTAL RESOURCES The subject property consists of a generating plant and substation facilities that "...are comprised of stacks, turbines, industrial equipment, and related structures, and are not visually appealing." The property sits in the midst of undeveloped areas of open lava flows to the north, agricultural fields and residential areas to the south and south east, and Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway to west. Being on the mauka side of the highway, the subject property does obscure uphill views from the highway, but does not impinge on scenic coastal views from the highway. "...the visual impacts of a generating station decrease by distance and by the creation of buffers. In order to lessen the visual impacts of the improvements to the generating station on the immediate neighboring community, HELCO has sought and received approval from the DLNR for landscape improvements, gate modifications, and fence construction at the subject property. The perimeter landscaping along the southwest, west, and northwest sections of the property will be redone to help mitigate the adverse visual impacts of the improvements to the station. HELCO will create bermed planters in areas that are currently landscaped and transplant some of the existing vegetation. New trees and plants will also be added to create a more effective and attractive visual buffer. The proposed planters is approximately 9,500 square feet (See FEIS, Figure 3-12 Landscape Concept Plan)" HELCO will also convert its existing fence into a permanent perimeter fence and modify two existing gates by recessing the gates into the facility. The new gates would be automated, electronic card -reading gates."[See FEIS, Chapter Three, pages 56-57.] Valued Cultural Resources 21. IDENTIFY ANY TRADITIONAL AND CUSTOMARY NATIVE HAWAIIAN RIGHTS THAT ARE EXERCISED IN THE AREA; THE EXTENT IN WHICH THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT WILL AFFECT THESE RIGHTS; AND FEASIBLE ACTION TO BE TAKEN TO PROTECT NATIVE HAWAIIAN RIGHTS IF THEY EXIST PHRI conducted a cultural impact assessment of the Kefthole Generating Station parcel [TMK 3-7-3- 49:36] in 1992 and an updated assessment in 2003. "PHRI found no evidence of any potentially significant traditional cultural properties, natural resources, practices, or beliefs in the 1992 inventory survey covering Parcel 36 and the current inventory of Parcel 37 and the primary and secondary access roads." [FEIS, Chapter Three, pages 66-67.] Public Access 22. EXISTING PUBLIC ACCESS TO AND ALONG THE SHORELINE OR TO MOUNTAIN AREAS AND KNOWLEDGE OF PUBLIC ACCESS BEING USED The applicant is not aware of any existing public access on the subject properties. The archaeological and cultural impact assessment study for the FEIS did not identify any exercising of traditional and customary access rights associated with the property. [FEIS, Appendix K -Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study.] 22 Social -Economic Characteristics 23. SOCIAL SETTLEMENT PATTERN FOR THE AREA The West Hawaii region has experienced large population increases during the last 30 years, particularly in North Kona and South Kohala. These two districts have developed a visitor industry that is staffed by residents from all over West Hawaii and even from the rest of the island. Over the last 30 years, the average annual growth rate in North Kona has reached 6.1 percent on average, and South Kohala 6 percent. West Hawaii is home to nearly 40 percent of the County of Hawai`i's (Big Island) residents. It also has more than 80 percent of the island's visitor rooms. The average visitor count in 2000 on the Big Island was about 15 percent the size of the resident population, while visitors numbered over 30 percent of the resident population in West Hawai`i.[FEIS, Chapter Four, pages 1-2] 24. ECONOMIC RESOURCES OF THE AREA Economically, the Big Island has endured a number of years of uncertainty with high unemployment, but today, the economy stands strong with a robust visitor industry; a soaring real estate market; an active construction industry; a healthy diversified agriculture industry; continuing expansion of high-tech research organizations; and a growing retail industry. The Big Island's unemployment rate has fallen steadily from 10.2 percent in 1997 to 5.6 percent in 2004. Nearly 40 percent of the Big Island's residents live in the West Hawaii region, and daily visitors equate over 30 percent of the resident population in West Hawaii compared to 15 percent island wide. Kona International Airport is one mile west of the subject property. Just west of Kona International Airport is the NELHA located on 870 acres of State-owned land. NELHA supports the research, development, and commercialization of alternative energy and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)-related technologies. HELCO is an active participant and monitors the open -cycle OTEC demonstration project at NELHA. Commercial companies located at NELHA specialize in a variety of land-based operations, including the production of algae, finfish, crustaceans, and mollusks. Other tenants are research alternative energy, ocean instrumentation, marine biotechnology, and desalination." [FEIS, Chapter Two, pages 2-3.1 25. LAND VALUES According to the FEIS, "Reclassification is not expected to affect property values, since value is estimated on the basis of market trends for similar properties, not the classification of very different ones. Analyses were run on both appraised values and records of sales. In all cases, the uphill location was not significantly associated with value. In short, the presence of industrial activity and an international airport at KeRhole does not now affect residential property values uphill. While we cannot rule out the possibility that the recently completed stacks and new turbines, will have a discernable impact on values, there is no evidence to suggest this." [FEIS, Chapter 4, page 25.] The proposed rezoning is not anticipated to impact land values as the plant already exists. Surrounding lands 26. LAND USE On the south side of the property is the State's Keahole Agriculture Park, a subdivision of 5 -acre diversified agricultural lots. On the east side is a 4 -acre lot with four 90 -foot antennas owned by the Big 23 Island Broadcasting Co. On the west side is the Kona International Airport at Keahole, along with a portion of the State's Keahole Agricultural Park. Finally, on the north side is State DHHL that is planned for development in the future. [FEIS, Chapter Four, page 1.] 27. ZONING The properties to the north are zoned Open while those on the south are zoned A -5a (Agricultural District, minimum 5 -acre lots). The subject properties are currently zoned Open. The Open zoning is generally intended for open space areas, including golf courses, landscape buffers, and scenic areas. Utility substations, but not power stations, are allowed uses, as permitted under Section 254-11 of the Hawaii County Code. The proposed MG zoning is intended for General Industrial uses, including "Utility facilities, public and private, including power plants, offices or yards for equipment" and "Utility substations, as permitted under Section 25-4-11." [Hawai`i County Code, Section 25-5-152.] The requested change in zoning will bring the subject property into conformance with its existing use, i.e. electric power generation and substation. D. PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES 28. DESCRIPTION OF ACCESS: (PAVED OR UNPAVED; PRIVATE OR COUNTY, RIGHT-OF-WAY AND PAVEMENT WIDTH. IF PRIVATE ROAD, SUBMIT EVIDENCE OF LEGAL ACCESS RIGHTS) Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway access on the north side of the property is from Reservoir Road, a paved single -lane road that serves the subject property and terminates at the County reservoir mauka of the subject properties. Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway access on the south side of the property is via Pakiawe Street and then to Kaiminani Street which intersects with Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. Pukiawe Street is a two-lane road within a 60 -foot right-of-way. Kaiminani Street is a two-lane road within a 60- foot right-of-way. 29. AVAILABILITY OF WATER Prior to completion of CT4 and CT -5 and conversion to primarily brackish water, the facility had used about 40,000 gpd for domestic consumption, landscape irrigation, and the facility operations. Upon completion of CT -4 and CT -5 and with the facility's successful conversion from potable to brackish water for process water use, domestic water consumption has been reduced to approximately 25,000 gpd. With the completion of ST -7, there will be a de minimis increase in domestic water usage and an increase of approximately 0.02 mgd of brackish water use. An onsite well, State No. 4461-02, is being used to satisfy the facility's brackish water demand. The available potable water in excess of HELCO's demand has been conveyed to the State DHHL for its developments in the West Hawaii area. [FEIS, Chapter Two, pages 13-14.] 30. SEWAGE DISPOSAL There are two types of wastewater generated at the Keahole facility: domestic wastewater (sewage) and industrial wastewater. Please refer to Section 17 above for a discussion of the disposal of industrial wastewater. Upon completion of CT -4 and CT -5, the amount of domestic wastewater generated by 24 employees from sinks, showers, and toilets that are treated and disposed of in the plant's existing septic tank and leach field system has been increased by approximately 2,000 gpd. [FEIS, Chapter Two, page 14.] With the completion of ST -7, the amount of such domestic wastewater will increase by a de minimis amount. 31. SOLID WASTE The current operation of Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation generates about 100 pounds of solid waste per day. With completion of the improvements, the future operations will generate about 150 pounds of solid waste per day. This increased amount represents a 50 percent increase over present conditions, but just .03 percent of the average daily volume handled at the Pu`u Anahulu landfill. [FEIS, Chapter Three, page 67-68.] 32. POLICE & FIRE PROTECTION The County provides both police and fire protection services to the subject property. These services will continue to be needed with the proposed improvements. The Fire Department did not offer any comments as part of the draft EIS review process. The Police Department, in noting their concern for any traffic impacts on Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway, (1) concurred with the use of Pukiawe Street as the south access onto Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway; (2) requested consideration of access via an intersection aligned with the existing Airport Access Road (north access); and (3) have no other additional driveways or intersections on Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway. 33. PARKS Not applicable. 34. OTHER UTILITIES AND SERVICES (TELEPHONE/ELECTRICITY) The Keahole Generating Station presently uses 0.8 megawatts of electrical energy to power the facility. Upon completion of the ST -7 unit, the total electrical energy consumption of the plant will increase to 2.1 megawatts. The increase of 1.3 megawatts is necessary to operate the ancillary equipment associated with the operation of the proposed heat recovery steam generator and the SCR system, which requires the pumping of approximately 200,000 gpd of brackish water through the demineralizing system. The impacts of this increase are considered negligible as it represents approximately 1.5 percent of the total energy output of the facility. [FEIS, Chapter Three, pages 21-22.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS 35. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT TERM USES OF ENVIRONMENT AND MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG TERM PRODUCTIVITY The proposed change in zoning would bring the property designation into conformance with its existing industrial use. The ongoing consumption of petroleum for the generation of electricity supports long-term economic productivity on the island. Further, the addition of the new steam turbine generator (ST -7) would improve efficiency and, thereby contribute to a reduction in the facilities' dependence upon increased consumption of petroleum. [FEIS, Chapter Six, page 1] 25 36. MITIGATIVE MEASURES PROPOSED TO AVOID, MINIMIZE, RECTIFY OR REDUCEIMPACT Neighboring property owners and/or tenants have raised concerns about increased noise, air quality, and visual impacts arising from the proposed improvements to the generating station. To address these concerns, mitigation measures include ammonia injection for nitrogen oxides (NOJ control, installation of enclosures around certain equipment and the installation of silencers in the CT horizontal exhaust ducts at ground level. Furthermore, the perimeter landscaping along the southwest, west, and northwest sections of the property have been redone or enhanced to help mitigate the adverse visual impacts of the improvements to the station. HELCO has created bermed planters in areas that are currently landscaped and transplanted some of the existing vegetation. New trees and plants have been added to create a more effective and attractive visual buffer. The area of the planters is approximately 9,500 square feet. HELCO has also converted its existing fence into a permanent perimeter fence and modified two existing gates into the facility. The new gates are automated, electronic card -reading gates. Mitigation measures are discussed in the Chapter Three [Environmental Setting] and Chapter Four [Socio -Economic Factors] of the FEIS. 37. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT The five alternatives (including the selected alternative) considered were as follows: • Alternative 1: No Action Alternative • Alternative 2: Proposed Alternative • Alternative 3: Simple -cycle Combustion Turbine in West Hawaii, Other than at subject property: This alternative would have a combustion turbine installed on an alternative site, e.g. Pu`u Anahulu, in West Hawaii. New transmission lines will likely be needed to connect the new facility onto the existing West Hawaii transmission system. • Alternative 4: Dual -Train Combined -Cycle plant in East Hawaii: This alternative would have the new combustion turbines replace the existing steam unit in Hilo. The additional power would be directed to West Hawaii via new transmission lines. • Alternative 5: Utilization of Firm Renewable Resources: This alternative would install a firm generating resource that uses renewable energy. A 25 MW biomass plant is assumed in this alternative to be a reasonable source of firm power derived from a renewable resource. 38. IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF NATURAL RESOURCES THAT WOULD BE INVOLVED IF PROPOSED ACTION IMPLEMENTED Major resource commitments by HELCO, which is not limited solely to natural resources, are identified in the FEIS as follows: (1) substantial operational and equipment expenses and costs; (2) the resolve to bring an end to a lengthy litigation process; (3) the alleviation of fears and environmental concerns within the neighboring community by agreeing to institute environmental measures; and (4) the allocation of potable water and other resources to the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL).[FEIS, Chapter Six, pages 1-2.1 26 F. AGENCIES -COMMENTS 39. YOU MAY CONSULT WITH THE FOLLOWING AGENCIES AND INCLUDE DISCUSSION IN YOUR REPORT OR ATTACH THEIR WRITTEN COMMENTS REGARDING YOUR PROPOSAL The FEIS at Chapter Seven includes a list of parties consulted during the environmental process. Copies of the comments and HELCO responses are attached at the end of Chapter Seven. Substantive comments are summarized below: a. Department of Public Works: Consulted in the EIS process and commented on drainage and roadways. [FEIS, Chapter Seven, page 11.] b. Department of Water Supply: Consulted in the EIS process but no comments were received. C. Police: Consulted in the EIS process and commented on traffic impacts on Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway. Using Puldawe Street would help to mitigate concerns. [FEIS, Chapter Seven.] d. Fire: Consulted in the EIS process, but had no comments to offer. [FEIS, Chapter Seven.] e. Department of Finance -Real Property Tax Division: The Department of Finance issued the Real Property Tax Clearance (submitted with this Application), which certifies that Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. is exempt from paying real property taxes on the subject property. f. State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources -Historic Preservation Division: (If your parcel is in its natural state and has not been cleared previously) SHPD was consulted in the EIS preparation and agreed that an updated inventory survey was needed. [FEIS, Chapter Seven, page 3 1 g. State of Hawaii Department of Transportation-Higbways Division: (If applicable) The DOT was consulted in the EIS preparation and had no comments. [FEIS, Chapter Seven, page 13] h. State of Hawaii Department of Health: The Safe Drinking Water Branch, Environmental Management Division, Department of Health, commented on the DEIS by concurring on the injection wells and UIC permit. [FEIS, Chapter Seven] The Environmental Health Program, Noise, Radiation and Indoor Air Quality Branch, Department of Health, commented on the DEIS by noting that the proposed project activities shall comply with provisions of the DOH Administrative Rules, Chapter 11-46 Community Noise Control. The Wastewater Branch, Department of Health, commented on the DEIS by noting that all wastewater plans shall comply with provisions of the DOH Administrative Rules, Chapter 11 -62, "Wastewater Systems" i. State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture: (Agriculture lands) Consulted in the EIS process, but no comments were received. 27 j. Community groups/individuals: Civil Defense, Office of Housing and Community Development, Kailua Village Design Commission, State ofHawai`i Real Estate Commission, and State of Hawaii Department of Human Services: (If applicable) State of Hawaii Department of Human Services, Housing and Community Development: Consulted in EIS preparation and had no comments. [FEIS, Chapter 7, page 10] 28 SECTION 4. LEGAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPERTY Being portion of the.Govarnment Land. of -TAU*& 1st -4th. KEAROLE SUBSTATION. .S=: Beginning at a Mil in "+".-'in eoscreta, at the northeast corner of this parcel. of land And at'tbe northwest corner of-Leahola.Diesel Generation.Site,- thecoordinate, -of said "point of beginning referred to Government Survey Tiiangulatibn .Station "AKAHiPl70" being 6972.44 feet South and 20;189_20,1"t -West, thence .runningby.azlnuthe measured clockwise. from True South.--. 1. 90 19' 55" - 198.81 foot along Keahola.Dias1 Generation Site k. to a spika in ennNrate;- 2. 99' 19' 35" - 150.00 feet along Lot $, Keahole -Agricultural Park. Phasw I, Fila Plan 1691 to is 3/4 -inch pipe in concrete; 3. 199' 19' 55" 177.10 feet along Lot S. Ksahole Agricultural Park, Phaso.i, Fila Plan 1691 and Along Goverment Land to a 3/4 -inch pipe in concrete; 4. Thence along Government Land an_a curvetothe left with a radius of 3063.46., foot, the chord -`azimuth and distance being: 271' 05.' ..5.1.5" 151-.574vot to the: point of beginning and containing . - an `ARL OF 0.645 -ACRE. . TOGLTBER, Whit; eagaments l and 2, as show on plan and more particularly.described:as_4110vsfi -1- ..February 18,.1983 L•ASEMEUT 1:_ -Non-exclusive. easement_foi utilltY�.purposaa. . Beginning at :,the. northwest .coraer.of this easement and on the east aide Of: Queen Kaablmaou.Highway, ene coordinates -.of -said point of - begluning-referred to: Government Survey trisngalstion Station-"AKANSPUU" being 6958:90 feet South an4-21l {696 atl feet .Wert, thence-running.by- azimuthsmeasured clockwise from True. South -,- 1. -274' 51' 25" 30.50 feet along Goverrmedt-Lend; - 2. Thence along,Cavernment Land on a curva:to .cbe left with a radius of 3063.86 .feet, the chord azimuth and distance being; - - 2730 -41''09.5"- 125.23 fest to.a 9/4 -Inch pipe in concrete; 3• 9' 19' 55" 27.08 feet. along Keshole Substation Hire; 4. 99' 19' '55" - 155.03 feet -along Lot S, Kaahole Agricultural -Park,-Phase I, Pile Plan 1691; 5• 189` 19' 55": - 121.38 feet Tong the Most aide ot.Qusen Kaahumanu .8ighwaT-to the poiat.'.of. beginning' -and . .,containintraq-A$FA `QF`O:OdB-ICKL. [ASEMEMf Z.- Non-exclusive easement; for access and utility putposes. Beginnigg'.at: the southwast . corner of'this-leas Lot. and ou the east side of. Queen _Kaahumenu. Highway, the coo rdinates%ofI said point of beginning referred to Covprnment Survey Triangulation Station "AKAHIPUU" being 6958.90 feet South and 20,696.10- ..feet West,.!thence running by azimuths measured clockwise -from ?rue South;— - 1. 189' 19' 55" - 80.24 feet along the --•cast. side. ofQueen Kaahuaunu:Highway; 2.. 274• 51' '23" 24,24 feet along Goverment Land; 3. Thence along :Government Land on curve to the left with a radiusof 2983.86 Yeet,.the chord azimuth and distance being; 272'-- 16' 07" 269.50 feet;,.. 4. 3590 --40'. 49" 80.00 feet along Govsr®6t Land to a. nail in +" in concrete; - -2- 0. -3- •1�,,Z9$ 348 19, 675 - - - February:18, 1983 - 5. nonce alpn8,.4&hole . Subetition Site: and t0oaer=aght - Lend on a curve to.the.right oath'a.Tadius.of 8.6'`fesr; the. chord:aiimith and -' :-di1' baiI�- - 42• 16' . ,07" 276,.73 feet:; - 6, 94° Sl: 25" ' 30:50 fest al'oag Govfrpment Land - to. the -.-point of . _ bsginniar.ead coataindng -en AREA OF 0532d1CRE. - SURVEY DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF ACCOMIM AND GENERAL SERVICES STATE EDF-RAWA.M 1 8y: Paul TNuh . Land Surveyor . c Compiled from survey' - - apd nap by R.. Kube and Govt. Survey Records. 0. -3- 0 19,676 cl`(41 18293 337 STATE OF HAWAII SURVEY DIVISION DEPT. OF ACCOUNTING AND GENERAL SERVICES roNo�uw February 18, 1983 MANGLE DIESEL GENERATION SITE AND EASMEN[S 2 AND 3 Kalaca 1st -4th, North Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii Being portion of the Govetrnoent Land of Kalaoa 1st -4th. KEAFOLE DIESEL GENERATION SITE: Beginning at a nail in "+" in concrete at the northwest comer of this parcel of land and on the northeast comer of Keahole Substation Site, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "AKAHIPUU" being 6972.44 feet South and 20,389.20 fret Nest, thence running by azinuths measured clockwise from True Souch:- 1. Along Government Land on a curve to the left with a radius of 3063.86 feet, the chord azimuth and discsnce being: 264' 41' 22" 533.09 feet to a nail in concrete; 2. 259' 41' 55" 312.39 feet along Government Land to a nail in in concrete; 3. 9' 19' 55" 940.46 feet along Government Land to a 1/2 -inch pipe in concrete; 4. 99' 19' 55" 810.00 feet along Lots 6 and 5, Keahole Agricultural Park, Phase I, File Plan 1691 and along the north end of Pukiawe Street to a nail in concrete; 5. 189' 19' 55" 700.75 feet along Lot 5, Keahole Agricultural Park, Phase 1, File Plan 1691 and Keahole Substation Site, to the point of beginning and containing an AREA OF 14.998 ACRES. TOGETHER, WITH, Easements 2 and 3, as shown on plan and more particularly described as follows: -1- c.sr. "o. 19,676 February 18, 1943 �- FASEYENT 2: Yon -exclusive easement for access and utility purposes. CO W 40 Beginning at a nail in "+" in concrete at the southeast comer W W of this easement, the northeast comer of Keahole Substation Site and on W do the northwest corner of Keahole Diesel Generation Site, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation - Station "AKAHIFUU" being'6972. 44 feet South and 20,389.20 feet West, thence running by azimuths measured clockwise from True South: - 1. Along Keahole Substation Site and Government Land on a curve to -the right FAMMENT 3: Non-exclusive easement for access and utility purposes. Beginning at a nail in "+" in concrete at the southwest comer of this easement, the northeast corner of Keahole Substation Site and an the northwest corner of Keahole Diesel Generation Site, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "AKAHIPUU" being 6972.44 feet South and 20,389.20 feet West, thence running by azimuths measured clockwise from True South: - 1. 179' 40' 49" 80.00 feet along Government Land; 2. thence along Government Land on a curve to the left with a radius of 2983.86 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 2640 41' 22" 519.17 feet; -2- - - with a radius of 3063.86 feet, -the chord azimuth and distance being: -- 92' 16' 07" 27.6.73 feet; 2. 949 51' 25" 30.50 feet along Government Land; 3. 1899 19' 55" 80.24 feet along the east side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway; 4. 274' 51' 25" 24.24 feet along Government Land; 5. Thence along Government Land on a curve to the left with a radius of 2983.86 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 272' 16' 07" 269.50 feet; 6. 359' 40' 49" 80.00 feet along Government Land to the point of beginning and containing an AREA OF 0.552 ACRE. FAMMENT 3: Non-exclusive easement for access and utility purposes. Beginning at a nail in "+" in concrete at the southwest comer of this easement, the northeast corner of Keahole Substation Site and an the northwest corner of Keahole Diesel Generation Site, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "AKAHIPUU" being 6972.44 feet South and 20,389.20 feet West, thence running by azimuths measured clockwise from True South: - 1. 179' 40' 49" 80.00 feet along Government Land; 2. thence along Government Land on a curve to the left with a radius of 2983.86 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 2640 41' 22" 519.17 feet; -2- «f - „e- 19.676 18293 339 February 18. 1983 3. 259' 41' 55" 312.39 feet along Government Land; 4. 349' 41' 55" 80.00 feet along Government Land to a nail in - "+" in.concrete; 5. 79' 41' 55" 312.39 feet along Keahole Diesel Generation Site to a nail in concrete; 6. Thence along Keahole Diesel Generation Site on a curve to the right - vith a radius of 3063:86 'feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 84' 41' 22^ 533.,09, -feet, to _ the point of beginning and containing an AREA OF 1.541 ACRE--. Compiled from survey and map by R. Kuhn and Govt. Survey Records. SURVEY DIVISION DEPARMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND GENERAL SERVICES STATE OF HHAWAII Panl� Y'- Naha Land Surveyor -3- lc r I� o a I �,at` E NORTry I�'PE OJ6f 1 N "C,yF 3 n � � a) � n.• "' G h�qh+ o 4e 10)v 4 s 18293 340 1l any ♦I _ en �bS ENT2 _ 2 AC. �d To 11A. ~MsI �`�+ QL'EtN U" a I Zr 50, o off' pc„� t ft fey h,q q HLMq N L II kE ro 0l.:21 AIA? mor ro c,-2"le KEAHOLE SUBSTATION SITE KEAHOLE DIESEL GENERATION SITE AND EASEMENTS 1 , 2 AND 3 Kalaoa lei -9th, North Kona, island of Hawaii, Hawaii SCa)e : I inch = HCO feet JOB H-G192,H-G709 A k_ Denotes access permitted C.BN b, Ha$hlmCiG - DenOf es no vehicle access Pcrroitled TAX MAP 7 -3 -IC SURVEY DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND GENERAL SERVICES c. S. F. mm ;$-G�;$ I STATE OF HAWAII llqbB Feb. IB. 7905 SECTION 5. SURROUNDING PROPERTY OWNERS SURROUNDING PROPERTY OWNERS TAi fVl .., ly - WN , 0 x Loop" (3) 7-3-010-033 State of Hawai'i Land Management Division Department of Land and Natural Resources P.O. Box 621 Honolulu, Hawai'i 96809 (3) 7-3-010-039 State of Hawai'i Department of Hawaiian Home Lands 1099 Alakea Street Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813 (3) 7-3-010-040 State of Hawai'i Department of Hawaiian Home Lands 1099 Alakea Street Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813 (3) 7-3-010-045 State of Hawai'i Land Management Division Department of Land and Natural Resources P.O. Box 621 Honolulu, Hawai'i 96809 (3) 7-3-049-014 State of Hawai'i Land Management Division Department of Land and Natural Resources P.O. Box 621 Honolulu, Hawai'i 96809 (3) 7-3-049-038 State of Hawaii Big Island Broadcasting Co. 688 Kino'ole Street Hilo, Hawai'i 96720 (3) 7-3-049-999 Pukiawe Street State of Hawai'i Department of Transportation 869 Punchbowl Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 (3) 7-3-049-999 Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway State of Hawai'i Department of Transportation 869 Punchbowl Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 (3) 7-3-049-004 State of Hawai'i Henry Cho, Sr. P.O. Box 314 Honaunau, Hawai'i 96726 (3) 7-3-049-005 State of Hawai'i Ms. Joni Cooper Ms. Mahi Cooper TA7N AtA KAY O"Sw t P.O. Box 4961 (3) 7-3-010-043 Kailua Kona, Hawaii 96745 (3) 7-3-049-006 State of Hawaii Mr. Kazumi Shigezawa Keahole AG Ventures, Inc. (3)7-3-043-007 P.O. Box 7121 Kamuela, Hawaii 96743 TA7N AtA KAY O"Sw t Mr. Keichi Ikeda, President (3) 7-3-010-043 State of Hawai'i County of Hawai'i Water Commission 345 Kek0anao'a Street, Ste. 219 Hilo, Hawai'i 96720 (3)7-3-043-007 Chauncey Wong -Yuen District Manager Kona International Airport at Keahole 73-200 Kupipi Street Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i 96740-2645 (3) 7-3-049-017 State of Hawai'i Stanley T. Tomono P.O. Box 327 Honaunau, Hawai'i 96726 (3) 7-3-049-014 State of Hawai'i George Broderson Honoree Broderson 73-897 Kupaloke Street Kailua Kona, Hawai'i 96740 arm. rr�e . Mr. Keichi Ikeda, President Keahole Defense Coalition P.O. Box 5618 Kailua, Kona, Hawai'i 96745 Michael J. Matsukawa, Esq. Territorial Center 75-5751 Kuakini Hwy., Ste. 201 Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i 96740 Ms. Peggy J. Ratcliff 73-4348 Laui Street #3 Kailua Kona, Hawai'i 96740 N 0 0 8 m N 8 r el �� YC 7; I A [k VI Z L ,a N 4e •art I II'.i e,� A � z Rs a],$3�Si. �;e til d re E A � 1 ©i FC I Ci � i �I ��0 �. � w h �•. � I I a P °s T a - 10 -/� 1 AIRPO T'� '•9 ?11.. .e �-�� / I II EKE tANOLE21 I I e r Q�_ s S az � m O c Um r C O 1 TN M h ¢E40 c C C) c N r rn O J N Crn c N U L d Uw 0 O (�y S .rn ag6�fno . 4 ii � i i� • CaeCae : � ~y�� oa 2 � i yw.r'• _ S ` 4 i'�1 �I� � u� •.1 LY�,ezy c m ;° ref V ° -f4 ♦ • °et) 0 ' b 3 © 4 g s • i ° $ qea i° i1 7 t • a3NOlVdOM i ° i 133NI5 <^ 4 ate �n e a U � 8 e 0 W 2 e i' ``• I� S{�� • v_KY � �. JA 2V i KA'IM/NANI @) a W 4 C n J O QQ� a.w FAO ^7 Y � � t 8 R�e ^ : ]pd� a we k •A1 _ � ` i w g o S i ° 0 • iO iii° 0 .l 1 0 4al yW xi 44 k e 4 Q w I`1j W I W O x W Y SECTION 6. REAL PROPERTY TAX CLEARANCE Harry Kim Mayor County of Hawaii DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE - REAL PROPERTY TAX Aupuni Carter • 101 Pauahi Street • Suite 4 • Hilo, Hawaii 967204224 e Fax (808) 961-8415 Appraisers(808)961-8354 • Clerical(808)961-8201 • Collections (808) 961-8282 75-5706 Kuakini Highway • Suite I l2 • Kailua-Kona, Hawaii %740 • Fax(808)327-3538 Appraisers(808)327-3542 • Clerical(808)327-3540 REAL PROPERTY TAX CLEARANCE Date: July 20, 2005 TMK(s): (3) 7-3-049-036-0000 7-3-049-037-0000 William Takaba Finance Director Nancy E. Crawford Deputy Director This is to certify that the HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT CO INC (owner of record) is exempt from paying real property taxes on the above referenced parcels. Therefore, there are no taxes due on these parcels. This tax clearance was requested by BELT COLLINS HAWAII. By,(?W afi�� Toni Ann Shimasaki, Tax Clerk Collections REAL PROPERTY TAX DIVISION County of Hawaii is an equal opportunity provider and employer. SECTION 7. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY REPORT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY REPORT Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., dba Paul H. Rosendahl, Inc. (PHRI), conducted in 1992 an archaeological inventory survey of the Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc.'s (HELCO) Keahole Generating Station property, identified as Tax Map Key No. 7-3-049:036, comprised of 14.998 acres. The survey was conducted in connection with the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the Conservation District Use Application (CDUA) that proposed additional generating capacity for the Keahole Generating Station. The basic objective of the survey was to provide information sufficient for compliance with all historic preservation regulatory review requirements of the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) and the Hawaii County Planning Department. The specific objectives of the survey were four -fold: (a) to identify all potentially significant archaeological remains present within the parcel; (b) to collect information sufficient to evaluate and document the potential significance of all identified remains; (c) to evaluate the potential impacts of any proposed development upon any identified significant remains; and (d) to recommend appropriate measures that would mitigate any adverse impacts upon identified significant remains. More recently on September 22, 2003. PHRI conducted an updated inspection to include TMK 7-3- 049:037, comprised of 0.645 acres, and the primary and secondary access roads. HELCO's request for a reclassification from the Conservation District to the Urban District includes the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation, Parcels 36 and 37. A complete copy of the 1992 survey and the 2003 update, Archaeological and Cultural hnpatt Aswssinent Study, are provided in Volume 2 of the EIS, identified as Appendix K. Dr. Rosendahl found that: Based on the negative results of both the 1992 inventory survey and the more recent 2003 inspection, and the absence of any evidence that the project site is currently being used for any legitimate traditional cultural purposes by either Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners or individuals of any other cultural affiliation, it can be concluded that the HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project should have no significant effects much less any adverse impact upon any cultural resources, and that no mitigation measures of any kind are needed. Based on the negative conclusions of both the present archaeological assessment and cultural impact assessment, it is believed appropriate for the SHPD to prepare and issue in accordance with the general guidance provided by Chapter 284: Section 5(b) of the SHPD Rules Pertaining to the Historic Preservation Review Process (HAR Title 13, DLNR; Subtitle 13, SHPD) (DLNR 2003b), a formal written determination of "no historic properties affected" for the I IELCO Keahole Generating Station Project Site. (FEIS, Chapter Three, Section 3.16, Page 64: FEIS Appendices, Volume 2, Appendix K) SECTION 8. LAND USE COMMISSION DECISION AND ORDER BEFORE THE LAND USE COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF HAWAII In The Matter Of The Petition Of ) DOCKET NO. A03-743 HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC., A Hawai i Corporation To Amend The Conservation Land Use ) District Boundary Into The Urban Land ) Use District For Approximately 15.643 ) Acres Of Land At Keahole, North -Kona, ) Island Of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, Tax ) Map Key: 7-3-49:36 And 37 ) FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, AND DECISION AND ORDER FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, AND DECISION AND ORDER This is to certify that this is a true and correct copy of the document on file in the office of the State Land Use Com 'ssioh, Honolulu, Hawaii. NOV 0 7 2005 by Date Executive fi r BEFORE THE LAND USE COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF HAWAII In The Matter Of The Petition Of ) DOCKET NO. A03-743 HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC., A Hawaii Corporation To Amend The Conservation Land Use District Boundary Into The Urban Land Use District For Approximately 15.643 Acres Of Land At Keahole, North ,Kona, Island Of Hawai'i, State of Hawaii, Tax Map Key: 7-3-49:36 And 37 FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, AND DECISION AND ORDER FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, AND DECISION AND ORDER HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC., a Hawaii corporation ("Petitioners'), filed a Petition For Land Use District Boundary Amendment ("Petition") on November 25, 2003, pursuant to section 205-4, Hawaii Revised Statutes ("HRS"), and chapter 15-15, Hawaii Administrative Rules ("HAR"), to amend the land use district boundary to reclassify approximately 15.643 acres of land, situated at Keahole, North Kona, Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, identified by Tax Map Key ("TMK"): 7-3-49: 36 and 37 ("Petition Area"), from the State Land Use Conservation District to the State Land Use Urban District for improvements and upgrades to the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation ("Project"). The Land Use Commission ("Commission"), having heard and examined the testimony, evidence, and argument of counsel presented during the hearing and the Stipulated Proposed Findings Of Fact, Conclusions Of Law, And Decision And Order entered into by Petitioner, the Office of Planning ("OP"), and the County of Hawai'i Planning Department ("Planning Department"), hereby makes the following findings of fact, conclusions of law, and decision and order: FINDINGS OF FACT PROCEDURAL MATTERS On November 25, 2003, Petitioner filed the Petition. The Petition included an Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice, pursuant to section 343-5(a)(7), HRS, and section 11-200-6(b)(1)(F), HAR. 2. On December 22, 2003, Albert S. N. Hee and Waimana Enterprises, Inc., filed a Notice Of Intent To Intervene. 3. On January 15, 2004, and by a written Order dated February 9, 2004, the Commission required Petitioner to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement ("EIS"). 4. On July 9, 2004, the Commission conducted a field trip to the Petition Area. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 2 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 5. On February 10, 2005, and by a written Order dated May 24, 2005, the Commission accepted Petitioners Final EIS. 6. On February 23, 2005, Petitioner filed an Amended Affidavit Of Naomi U. Kuwaye Attesting To Service Of Petition For Land Use District Boundary Amendment and Certificate Of Service. 7. On February 28, 2005, the Planning Department filed its Statement Of Position In Support Of The Petition. 8. By letter dated March 2, 2005, the Executive Officer of the Commission deemed the Petition a proper filing as of February 23, 2005. The Petition. 9. On April 15, 2005, OP filed its Statement Of Position In Support Of 10. On April 15, 2005, a prehearing conference was conducted at the Leiopapa A Kamehameha Building, Room 405, in Honolulu, Hawai'i, with representatives of Petitioner, OP, and the Planning Department present. A Prehearing Order was subsequently issued on April 27, 2005. 11. On May 18, 2005, the Commission conducted a hearing on the Petition at the King Kamehameha's Kona Beach Hotel, pursuant to a public notice published in the Honolulu Star -Bulletin and West Hawaii Today on March 16, 2005. The Commission did not receive any petition for intervention. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 3 Findings of Pact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 12. On May 19, 2005, the Commission continued the hearing on the Petition at the King Kamehameha's Kona Beach Hotel. 13. On July 13 and 14, 2005, the Commission continued the hearing on the Petition at the Sheraton Keauhou Bay Resort and Spa. On July 14, 2005, following the completion of the parties' respective cases, the Commission closed the hearing on the Petition. 14. On August 11, 2005, the Commission held an action meeting on the Petition at the Waikoloa Beach Marriott in Waikoloa, Hawai'i. Action on the Petition was deferred to the Commission's next meeting on the island of Hawaii. 15. On September 29, 2005, the Commission continued its action meeting on the Petition at the Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel in South Kohala, Hawai'i. DESCRIPTION OF THE PETITION AREA 16. The Petition Area consists of two adjoining parcels, TMK: 7-3-49: 36 and 37, within the ahupua'a of Keahole, North Kona, Island of Hawai'i, State of Hawai'i. 17. TMK: 7-3-49: 36 ("Keahole Generating Station" or "Parcel 36") consists of approximately 14.998 acres, and TMK: 7-3-49: 37 ("Airport Substation" or "Parcel 37") consists of approximately .645 acres for a total land area of approximately 15.643 acres. Both parcels are owned by Petitioner. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 4 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order Kailua-Kona. 18. . The Petition Area is located approximately eight miles north of 19. Lava fields are located to the north and east of the Petition Area. 20. Lands to the north are currently owned by the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands ("DHHL") and are planned for future residential and commercial development. 21. Four 90 -foot towers owned by the Big Island Broadcasting Company are located on a four -acre parcel (TMK: 7-3-49: 38) on the Petition Area's eastern boundary. 22. The 179 -acre Keahole Agricultural Park, a subdivision of approximately 36 five -acre lots used for diversified agriculture, is located to the west, south, and southeast of the Petition'Area. Approximately 25 of the lessees have built their homes within this subdivision. 23. Palamanui, a master -planned village community that will consist of single-family and multi -family residential lots and built units; commercial spaces (medical, office, classrooms, business hotel and health-related facilities); active and passive recreational facilities, including an 18 -hole golf course with clubhouse and driving range; a lowland dry forest preserve; archaeological and cave preserve areas; active and passive activity parks; and a trail system, is located approximately 1.5 miles north of the Petition Area. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 5 Findings of Fact, Conclusions ol"Law, and Decision and Order 24. The future permanent location of the University of Hawai'i Center for West Hawaii is located to the northeast of the Petition Area. 25. The Kona Palisades residential subdivision is located about 3,500 feet to the southeast of the Petition Area. 26. The Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway is to the west of the Petition Area and serves as the entry road to the Kona International Airport at Keahole ("Kona International Airport"). 27. The Kona International Airport is approximately one mile west of the Petition Area. 28. The undeveloped portions of the Petition Area are generally vacant lava, grasses, and low brush. 29. The Petition Area's makai boundary is 190 feet and its mauka boundary is 230 feet above mean sea level. makai. 30. The Petition Area is relatively flat and slopes gently from mauka to 31. The annual rainfall on the Petition Area averages approximately 10 inches to 20 inches. 32. The soils within the Petition Area are characterized as Kaimu extremely stony peat and Punaluu extremely stony peat. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 6 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order • Kaimu extremely stony peat is used for pasture, macadamia nut, papaya, and citrus. • The Punaluu series is generally used for pasture. 33. Both soil types consist of well -drained thin organic soils over lava bedrock, rapidly permeable, with slow runoff and slight erosion hazard. "Very Poor." 34. The Land Study Bureau classification of the Petition Area is "E" or 35. The Petition Area is unclassified by the State Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii Map. 36. The Flood Insurance Rate Map designates the Petition Area as Zone "X," an area determined to be outside of the 500 -year flood plain. 37. The Petition Area is located entirely on the flanks of Hualalai Volcano, the least active of the Big Island's three active volcanoes. The geology of the Petition Area consists of lava flows that were previously modified with the development of the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation. Based on analysis of historical lava flows in the region, the statistical probability that future flows from Hualalai adversely affecting the Petition Area is extremely low. However, future major earthquakes could have the potential to impact the Petition Area, and as such seismic forces must be taken into account in the engineering design of structures. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 7 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 38. On September 24, 1971, the Board of Land and Natural Resources ("BLNR") approved Conservation District Use Permit ("CDUP") No. HA -71/6/7-209 to allow Parcel 37 to be used for the Keahole Airport Substation. On December 14, 1973, the BLNR approved CDUP No. HA -487 which permitted construction and operation of a new electric generating and switching station at Keahole, North Kona, Hawai'i. The station was to consist of three 2.75 -megawatt ("MW") diesel generators and associated facilities resulting in a generating capacity of 8.25 MW. During the period between 1971 and 1988, Petitioner obtained three subsequent amendments to CDUP No. HA -487 that permitted improvements to the Keahole Generating Station, resulting in an increase of generating capacity from 8.25 MW to approximately 30.25 MW. On August 26, 1992, Petitioner filed a fourth amendment to existing CDUP No. HA -487 to increase the generating capacity of the Keahole Generating Station from 30.25 MW to 86.25 MW ("CDUA 1992") and submitted an EIS for that purpose. 39. From 1993 until 2003, various stakeholders in opposition to the proposed expansion requested a contested case hearing and as a result of a lengthy complex process, the BLNR issued several decisions regarding CDUA 1992. • In April 1996, the BLNR's failure to take appropriate action on CDUA 1992 within the requisite deadline resulted in Petitioner's "default entitlement" to proceed with expansion plans under CDUA 1992, which Docket No. A03-743 Ilawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 8 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order was upheld in Civil No. 96-131K Final Judgment by the State of Hawaii, Third Circuit Court, in February 1998. • In September 2000, the Third Circuit Court determined that a three-year deadline applied to Petitioner's "default entitlement," and, as a result, in October 2000 Petitioner filed a request for extension of time to complete construction since the deadline had expired. The request was approved with conditions in March 2002. 40. In its last decision, rendered in October 2003, the BLNR approved a further 19 -month extension of the construction deadline (to July 2005) to permit completion of the expansion of the Keahole Generating Station. 41. The BLNR conditioned its approval by requiring Petitioner to file with the Commission a petition for a district boundary amendment to remove the Petition Area from the State Land Use Conservation District. 42. Petitioner worked with other interested parties to initiate settlement negotiations to resolve issues raised by its immediate neighbors, surrounding property owners, and the concerned citizens of the community -at -large. 43. The protracted litigation spanning the period from 1993 until November 2003 culminated in Petitioner entering into an agreement ("Settlement Agreement") with all of the neighbors, individuals, and/or groups constituting the opponents to the Project (i.e., Keahole Defense Coalition ("KDC"); Peggy J. Ratliff; Mahi Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 9 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order Cooper; DHHL; Department of Health, State of Hawaii ("DOH"); Director of Health, State of Hawaii; Department of Land and Natural Resources ("DLNR"); and BLNR) except Waimana Enterprises, Inc. PROPOSAL FOR RECLASSIFICATION 44. Petitioner's proposal for reclassification includes, but is not limited to, the following improvements to the existing Keahole Generating Station': ? Conversion of two simple -cycle combustion turbines ("CT -4" and "CT -5") to a combined -cycle system by adding a steam turbine generation system ("ST -7) comprised of two heat recovery steam generators ("HRSG"); a steam condensing system; and a steam turbine generator, including ancillary equipment. These components will constitute a dual -train, combined -cycle plant. ? Implementation of new emissions controls, specifically, a Selective Catalytic Reduction ("SCR") system and improvements to the existing wastewater treatment system. ' The improvements are one of five alternatives that were considered in planning for the future of the Keahole facilities. The four other alternatives consisted of the following: (i) no action; (ii) West Hawaii Alternative; (iii) East Hawaii Alternative; and (iv) Renewable Resource Alternative. As an energy utility, Petitioner is required by the Public Utilities Commission to develop long-range plans for meeting Hawai'i's future energy needs through Integrated Resource Planning ("IRP"). IRP evaluates and integrates both resources that supply electricity and resources that reduce or better manage the demand for electricity. The above alternatives were formulated in coordination with Petitioner's second Integrated Resource Plan ("IRP -2") and the IRP -2 Evaluation. The Project was deemed the preferred alternative in that (i) the Petition Area is owned by Petitioner and is large enough to accommodate the necessary improvements; (it) substantial air quality data have already been collected and submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"); (iii) it will meet the need to add new generating capacity; (iv) it will improve overall system reliability and keep additional capital, operating, and maintenance expenses at a reasonable level; and (v) it will optimize the benefits of using existing utility infrastructure. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 10 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 45. As of July 13, 2005, approximately 99 percent of the construction of the C717-4 and CT -5 expansion has been completed. 46. The SCR system, combined with water injection, is an emissions control process that will reduce nitrous oxides ("NO=") emissions by up to 65 percent during the combined cycle operation of CT -4, C717-5, and ST -7. 47. SCR utilizes ammonia as a re -agent in the process. Petitioner will conduct additional studies to determine whether anhydrous ammonia or solid (urea) ammonia will be used in the SCR unit. The type of ammonia selected will be based on safety (during shipping, handling, mixing, storage, and use), operational, availability, and cost considerations. If solid ammonia is used, it is estimated that approximately 12,500 pounds will be used per week under full load conditions. If anhydrous ammonia is used, it is estimated that 5,000 gallons of liquified compressed gas ammonia would be used per week under full load conditions. It is anticipated that delivery of either form of ammonia to the Project would occur every two weeks. 48. SCR was not required and was not included in the plans submitted to BLNR in 1992 and arguably could not be added in the State Land Use Conservation District under current law. Pursuant to Act 270 (1994), the DLNR's regulations no longer permit the future addition or improvement of fossil fuel burning power plants within the State Land Use Conservation District after 1994. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 1 I Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 49. The construction of ST -7 together with the implementation of the SCR system is prohibited absent reclassification and rezoning, but the use of the Petition Area for the operation of the Keahole Generating Station will continue regardless of whether the land is reclassified from the State Land Use Conservation District to the State Land Use Urban District. 50. The construction of ST -7 with SCR and other auxiliary equipment will be done after land reclassification, rezoning, and applicable permits are received. Construction of ST -7 is estimated to take one year with completion in 2009. Currently, Petitioner's forecasts and plans for new generation only cover the present until 2017, and necessary generation in that time period is designed to be satisfied by the addition of ST -7. 51. Petitioner anticipates the following improvements and upgrades to the Airport Substation: ? Future replacement or addition of transformers and switchgear equipment to service the area community. ? Painting and landscaping to mitigate visual impacts. 52. Petitioner may explore the use of alternate fuels in the future and may consider a fuel conversion to naphtha to reduce emissions. 53. The potential fuel conversion may result in having to enlarge existing fuel storage tanks, tank -berm walls, adding more storage tanks, additional fuel Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 12 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order distribution pumps/piping, and additional fire protection (foam bank, nozzles, and piping) - NEED FOR THE PROPOSED RECLASSIFICATION 54. Petitioner is faced with an increased demand for electrical power due to the Big Island's steadily growing population and heightened economic activity, particularly in the West Hawaaz i region. 55. The reclassification of the Petition Area from the State Land Use Conservation District to the State Land Use Urban District is required pursuant to the BLNWs 2003 Order and the terms of the Settlement Agreement. 56. The reclassification will also facilitate the completion of improvements necessary to increase the current generating capacity, which is a nominal 65 MW, to an anticipated generating capacity of a nominal 81 MW (net) upon the completion of ST -7. 57. The combined -cycle system (ie., CT -4, CT -5, and ST -7) would capture the waste heat in the exhaust gas produced by the existing combustion turbines (i.e., CT -4 and CT -5) and convert this waste heat into additional megawatts, producing a nominal 16 MW (net) of generating capacity from ST -7 without any additional fuel. 58. The addition of ST -7 is intended to improve fuel efficiency and thereby contribute to a reduction in the facility's dependence upon increased consumption of petroleum. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 13 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 59. The resulting increase in generating capacity would accommodate the increased demand for electrical energy by providing a firm and reasonably reliable source at the existing facility. 60. Reclassification of the Petition Area will accomplish several objectives, including: • assignment of a more appropriate designation for the Petition Area in conformance with its long standing use as a power generating facility in the West Hawai'i region (i.e., North Kohala, South Kohala, North Kona, and South Kona); • implementation of emissions reducing technology; • increase the generating capacity by making use of the waste heat from existing units; and facilitate future operations and maintenance of the generating station. 61. Reclassification of the Petition Area facilitates the continued generation of firm power and voltage support where the demand is located and under more fuel-efficient and environmentally sound conditions. 62. Although Petitioner would like to meet the growing demand through the increased use of renewable energy resources, there are major impediments to the increased use of such resources, including high costs, proximity to the grid, and reliability. As such, Petitioner must continue to use a multi -faceted energy portfolio Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 14 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order employing combined -cycle, fossil -fuel -fired power plants together with wind, hydroelectric for central stations, geothermal, and distributed generation for selected sites to provide quality power reliably. STATE AND COUNTY PLANS AND PROGRAMS 63. The Petition Area is within the State Land Use Conservation District, as reflected on the Commission's official map, H-2 (Keahole Point). 64. The Petition Area is zoned Open (0) by the County of Hawaii. Petitioner intends to seek rezoning of the Petition Area from Open to General Industrial (MG). 65. The height of the existing exhaust stack was originally permitted within the State Land Use Conservation District and will become non -conforming upon reclassification of the Petition Area to the State Land Use Urban District; however, the height of the stack can be allowed as a legal non -conforming use under the zoning regulations of the County of Hawaii. 66. The Hawaii County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map designates the Petition Area as Urban Expansion Area, which allows for a mix of high-density, medium -density, low-density, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 15 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 67. The Petition Area is not located within the Special Management Area ("SMA") of the County of Hawai'i. PETITIONER'S FINANCIAL CAPABILITY TO UNDERTAKE THE PROTECT 68. Petitioner has provided information on its financial status in Exhibit 10 to the Petition, which includes U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Quarterly Report, Form 10-Q of Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc., and Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc., for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2003. 69. Financing for the Project is provided for by a combination of equity investment and debt, including both long-term and short-term debt. Petitioner is financially capable of completing the Project upon reclassification, because it generally maintains a balance of debt and equity in its capital structure and this capital is used to fund all of Petitioner's capital projects. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS 70. SMS Research ("SMS") prepared a report entitled Socio -Economic Impact Assessment of Redesignation of Keahole Generating and Transmission Sites dated September 2004. 71. Existing socio-economic conditions are based on information derived from public documents (e.g., census) and interviews conducted with a wide range of stakeholders (e.g., residents of the Keahole Agricultural Park, Kona Palisades; Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 16 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order business owners and operators, and others active in West HawaiTs civic and economic life). 72. The analysis of economic impacts is based upon information derived from the State Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism Input -Output Model to identify impacts at the State and County level. 73. Most of the interviewees did not have a strong reaction to the reclassification of the Petition Area. They viewed the issue as part of the Settlement Agreement that would allow Petitioner to proceed with the Project and to respond to the community's concerns. The construction of ST -7 with SCR was seen favorably as a means to contribute to near-term generating capacity and provide the island of Hawai'i with the. firm capacity to depend on resources other than fossil fuels. 74. SMS also assessed the Project's impact upon population and housing. To the extent that the Project supported new permanent jobs, it could encourage in -migration. With new jobs, resident workers may have enough income to form new households. It is anticipated that the majority of the operational workers associated with the Project would be specialized, with new hires possibly coming from off -island and adding to the local housing demand. The number of these workers is expected to be small, minimizing the demand on the local housing market. 75. The Project's impact upon residential property values was also assessed. The presence of the Project is not expected to affect property values for the Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 17 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order following reasons: (a) sales in the Keahole Agricultural Park are well above assessed values; and (b) existing residential areas are nearly a mile or more away from the Petition Area. 76. Between 2006 and 2025, a total of $45.2 million (in 2004 dollars) in construction spending would be realized and a total of 326 direct construction jobs (in person-years) could be expected with the Project. During the same time period, direct, indirect, and induced construction -related jobs (in person-years) are projected to amount to 812. Approximately 671 of these jobs are expected to be in the County of Hawaii. The cumulative workforce income from direct construction -related jobs is expected to be $15.10 million (in 2003 dollars), while income from all construction - related jobs (direct, indirect, and induced) is projected at $29.8 million (in 2003 dollars). Approximately $24.3 million (in 2003 dollars) of this income is expected to be in the County of Hawaii. 77. Direct operational jobs with the Project are estimated to number approximately 21 in 2025, while direct, indirect, and induced operational- related employment would amount to approximately 65 jobs in 2025. Of this total, approximately 51 jobs are expected to be in the County of Hawaii. The workforce income from direct operational jobs is projected at $1.5 million (in 2003 dollars) in 2025, while income from direct, indirect, and induced employment is estimated to be $2.8 Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 18 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order million (in 2003 dollars) in 2025. The share of this income to the County of Hawaii is anticipated to be approximately $2.4 million (in 2003 dollars). 78. Over the 2006-2025 time period, the State is expected to realize approximately $4.3 million (in 2003 dollars) from cash flows associated with the construction of the Project, including revenues from excise taxes, personal income taxes, and corporate income taxes. 79. The main revenue source for the County of Hawaii is real property taxes. To the extent that utilities pay only nominal real property taxes, no difference in County receipts is anticipated as a result of the Project. IMPACTS UPON RESOURCES IN THE AREA Agricultural Resources 80. The Petition Area has been developed with the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation since the early seventies. There is currently no agricultural activity on the Petition Area. 81. The 179 -acre State-owned and leased Keahole Agricultural Park that borders the Petition Area to the south and southeast is used for diversified agriculture, including flowers, plants, and local fruits. Residents of the subdivision had expressed concern about the Project's emissions. 82. Robert E. Paull prepared a report entitled Emission Studies — Impact on Keahole Agricultural Park dated June 27, 2004. The report examined the potential Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 19 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order effects of ethylene, sulfur dioxide ("SO2"), and No. emissions on plants and crops in the Keahole area. Of these emissions, ethylene has the greatest potential to adversely impact plant growth and development, while SO2 and No. would cause phytotoxic symptoms on plants. Given the infrequency and short duration of plume impact from the Project's stacks on the park and the lack of any information on orchid phytotoxicity to these gases, it was difficult to determine the impacts. The plume's short duration made extrapolation from research results difficult as most of the research was based on continuous chronic exposure of 24 hours or more. Phytotoxicity would not be immediately apparent under these circumstances. Given these conditions, cumulative response would not be expected with the impact duration and dose levels expected to affect the Keahole Agricultural Park. A reduction of ethylene levels would be anticipated as the diesel generators were phased out and simple combustion cycle and combined cycle combustion turbines were used exclusively. 83. The reclassification of the Petition Area will not adversely impact agricultural resources. Flora Resources 84. Char & Associates, Botanical Consultants, prepared a report entitled Botanical Resources Assessment Study dated August 2003. 85. The vegetation within the Petition Area is composed almost exclusively of introduced or alien species. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 20 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 86. The three native species found in the Petition Area, all indigenous, include the 'uhaloa and 'ihma, which were observed along the roadway and other disturbed areas, and the beach naupaka, which is used as landscape material. 87. None of the plants observed within the Petition Area and along the primary and secondary access roads is a threatened or endangered species or a species of concern. 88. The reclassification of the Petition Area will not adversely impact botanical resources. Fauna Resources 89. Phillip L.'Bruner, Environmental Consultant, prepared a report entitled Avifaunal and Feral Mammal Field Survey of Keahole Generating Station, North Kona, Island of Hawaii dated July 31, 2003.' 90. A total of 13 species of introduced (non-native) birds were recorded on the survey and are typical of what is expected in this area. 91. The Petition Area does not contain any unusual or unique habitat important to native or migratory birds. No native birds or migratory birds were observed within the Petition Area. 92. No threatened or endangered animal species as listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service were found on the Petition Area. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company. Inc. Page 21 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order _ 93. The reclassification of the Petition Area will not adversely impact fauna resources. Historical and Archaeological Resources 94, Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., prepared a report entitled Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study dated February 2004. The report consisted of an updated inspection of Parcel 37 and the primary and secondary access roads to supplement the previous archaeological inventory survey of Parcel 36 done in 1992. The report also updated the previous cultural impact assessment of Parcel 36 in 1992 with the addition of Parcel 37 and the access roads. The report confirmed that the Petition Area has been extensively modified and developed for the operation of the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation. 95. Four quarry sites consisting of seven component features, all pahoehoe excavations, were identified and assessed as significant for their information content. 96. No subsurface test excavations were conducted since there were no cultural deposits of any kind within the identified features. 97. The pahoehoe excavations were interpreted as quarry features related to prehistoric occupation of the general area, as evidenced by the habitation and refuge cave sites previously identified to the south in the area of the Keahole Agricultural Park. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 22 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 98. The State Historic Preservation Division of DLNR ("SHPD") determined that no further work or preservation was recommended for any of the sites because the data collected during the inventory survey was deemed adequate. 99. The Project will not significantly affect or adversely impact any historic properties or archaeological resources on the Petition Area, and thus no mitigation measures of any kind are needed. 100. No evidence of any potentially significant traditional native Hawaiian cultural properties, natural resources, practices, or beliefs were identified during either the 1992 inventory survey of Parcel 36 (i.e., Keahole Generating Station) or the updated survey of the three additional Project elements (i.e., Parcel 37 and the primary and secondary access roadways). 101. There is no evidence of any kind that the Petition Area has any natural resources necessary to or is currently being used by either native Hawaiian cultural practitioners exercising traditional and customary access and use rights for any purposes or by individuals of any other cultural affiliation for any traditional cultural purposes. 102. The Project will not significantly affect or adversely impact any cultural resources, and thus no mitigation measures of any kind are needed. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 23 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order Recreational Resources 103. Given the industrial nature of the Project, it is not anticipated to generate a demand for additional recreational resources nor adversely impact existing recreational facilities in the Keahole area. Scenic Resources 104. Petitioner has committed to work with its immediate neighbors and the surrounding community to mitigate against the visual impacts of the Project as set forth under the Settlement Agreement. 105. Petitioner implemented the following visual mitigation measures: (1) low intensity stack lighting; (2) color coordinated exterior painting; and (3) perimeter landscaping. 106. Petitioner collaborated and consulted with KDC and the Kona Outdoor Circle in developing appropriate landscaping plans. 107. Petitioner hired a landscape architect to produce a plan to mitigate visual impacts of the building lines a viewer might see from the airport, airport access road, along Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, and the surrounding community. 108. The final landscaping plan ("Landscape Concept Plan") developed by the landscape architect is in the process of being implemented. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 24 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order ab Groundwater Resources 109. Tom Nance Water Resource Engineering prepared a report entitled Potential Impact on Water Resources of the Expansion of the Hawaii Electric Light Company's Power Generating Station at Keahole in North Kona, Hawaii, dated December 2003 and revised in October 2004. 110. The Petition Area is located on the western flank of the Hualalai mountain. Due to the high permeability of the ground surface, stormwater runoff does not occur in significant amounts. Two distinctly different modes of groundwater occur in the general vicinity of the Petition Area. Groundwater underlying the entire coastal zone occurs in a thin, brackish to saline basal lens which is underlain by saltwater at depth and is in hydraulic contact with seawater at the shoreline. There is an abrupt change from basal to high-level groundwater inland near Mamalahoa Highway extending approximately 20 miles from Kalaoa to Kealakekua. The existence of high- level groundwater was discovered in 1990. The exact geologic cause of this abrupt change is unknown, but the result is a significant reservoir of potable quality groundwater. 111. Due to the high formation permeabilities at and below the sea level where the basal lens resides and the relatively low flow of groundwater through the lens, the basal groundwater in the Keahole area, including the Petition Area, is relatively saline. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 25 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 112. The flow of brackish groundwater beneath the Petition Area is in the range of 1.2 to 2.0 million gallons per day ("MGD") per coastal mile. 113. The Project may affect the water resources in four ways: (i) by increased pumpage of an additional 15,000 gallons per day ("gpd") of the high-level wells that constitute the County Department of Water Supply's ("DWS") North Kona System; (ii) by the use of onsite brackish groundwater drawn from the underlying basal lens at Well 4461-02; (iii) by the disposal of plant wastewater in the saline zone below the basal lens; and (iv) by the disposal of domestic wastewater in the existing septic tank and leach field system. 114. The increased pumpage of the DWS's high-level wells by 15,000 gpd would decrease the ultimate discharge of groundwater into the marine environment by 15,000 gpd. This total represents a decrease of less than one-tenth of 1 percent of the total groundwater flow to the marine environment. The decreased groundwater flow rate is not anticipated to adversely impact the saline wells or the anchialine ponds that are downgradient from the Petition Area. 115. The pumpage of onsite brackish groundwater would eliminate the need for the additional 15,000 gpd from the high-level wells. This would allow the DWS to reduce pumpage (at least until the water is used by other developments) from its Kahalu'u wells, which have been excessively pumped to the extent that they have produced undesirable salinity levels. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 26 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 116. Any salinity changes to groundwater in the coastal area as a result of the pumpage of onsite brackish groundwater are expected to be insignificant and of no consequence to wells downgradient of the Petition Area, including the wells used by Uwajima Fisheries, given the large amount of saltwater disposal already occurring at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii ("NELH") facility. 117. Most of the major chemical constituents of the plant's wastewater would be similar to diluted seawater, although there would be minor amounts of other constituents that media and cartridge filters failed to remove. The DOH Underground Injection Control ("MC") Permit No. UH -1776 specifies the maximum allowable levels of these constituents. Petitioner intends to comply with these requirements. None of the functioning wells downgradient of this disposal are expected to be adversely impacted due to (i) the large amount of saltwater that is currently being disposed of from activities at the NELH facility (Petitioner's disposal rate of about 0.1 MGD will be two orders of magnitude less than the present rate of saltwater disposal at NELH); and (ii) the horizontal and vertical separation between Petitioner's wells and the downslope wells (Petitioner's disposal via the injection wells occurs approximately 1.8 miles away from the Uwajima Fisheries' wells at substantial depth below the basal lens). 118. The wastewater that will be treated and disposed of in the Project's existing septic tank and leach field system will ultimately reach the underlying basal lens. The addition of nutrients to the groundwater beneath the Petition Area in the Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 27 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order _ form of nitrogen and phosphorus is expected to represent less than 0.5 percent of the nitrogen and phosphorus that are continually discharged into the marine environment through natural groundwater flux. 119. The Project is not expected to adversely impact present or foreseeable uses of groundwater in the Keahole area. Coastal Resources 120. Marine Research Consultants prepared a report entitled An Assessment of Potential Impacts to the Marine Environment dated February 2004. 121. The assessment of the effects of the Project on nearshore waters is based on data from the NELH Authority Cooperative Environmental Monitoring Program ("CEMP"), as well as estimates of change to groundwater composition. 'Ihe CEMP data were utilized to develop a conservative mixing model that scales nutrient concentrations to salinity to determine the extent of nutrient subsidies to nearshore areas that exceed the levels of natural input. 122. The two intake pipes used to pump deep, cold, nutrient -rich water to NELH are located relatively far offshore (approximately 5,000 feet) from Keahole Point at relatively great depths (approximately 2,000 feet). 123. Another "warm surface water pipe" is located about 300 feet offshore at a depth of about 65 feet. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 28 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 124. There will be no effect on intake water for NELH even if there were a detectable change of groundwater from the Petition Area, because all of NEUYs intake pipes are located in waters of sufficient depth and distance from shore that they will not be affected by any changes to groundwater discharge. 125. The Project will not have a significant or even measurable effect on marine waters in the region. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 126. HFP Acoustical Consultants, Inc., prepared a noise study entitled Noise Study for Draft Environmental Impact Statement dated October 13, 2004. 127. The Settlement Agreement specifically provides that Petitioner will install and/or use noise mitigation equipment, operating procedures, and other measures to meet the applicable 55 dBA (decibel (A -weighted scale))(day time) and 45 dBA (night time) Class A Zoning District noise standards for the normal operation of the Keahole Generating Station. 128. Petitioner is implementing a variety of noise mitigation measures to lessen the acoustical impacts on the immediate neighboring community pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, including, but not limited to: (a) silencers (similar to automobile mufflers) in the exhaust ductwork and stacks; (b) double encasements around exhaust ductwork with insulation; (c) sound -absorbing enclosures surrounding engine Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 29 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order compartments; (d) sound -absorbing enclosures encompassing all major subsystems with moving equipment, including pumps, motors, filters, orifices, and valves; (e) flexible couplings; and (f) replacement of inertial particle separators with paper filters. 129. The combined cycle equipment will also be chosen and installed to meet Petitioner's overall property line noise target. Once equipment design is completed, actual property line or other sound level targets will be calculated for each piece of combined cycle equipment and included in the specification of equipment. 130. The acoustical environment will significantly improve after the Project and associated noise abatement projects are completed due to the comprehensive noise abatement equipment that has been and will be installed at the Petition Area pursuant to the Settlement Agreement. Air Quality 131. Jim Clary & Associates prepared a report entitled Climate and Air Quality Assessment dated July 2004. 132. The emissions of air pollutants are regulated at the federal level pursuant to the Clean Air Act ("CAA") 133. The maximum ground level concentrations for SO2, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter for CT -4 and CT -5 and the existing diesel and combustion turbine units were predicted using a modeling analysis. No federal or state ambient air quality standards were exceeded. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 30 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 134. To comply with the applicable air quality standards, Petitioner must demonstrate that the CT -4 and CT -5 emissions do not exceed the rates used in these studies by continuously monitoring pollutant rates and by periodic independent source tests that also measure emission rates. Petitioner's air permit includes those emission rates as enforceable permit emission limits. 135. Petitioner must demonstrate to the DOH and the EPA during the permitting process that the immediate areas surrounding the Petition Area will not be adversely impacted by the emissions from the generating units. 136. The DOH will assess everything outside the Petition Area boundary to determine the predicted concentrations for various pollutants, various averaging times, and whether they meet health -based standards. Performing such an assessment is one criterion for obtaining an air permit from the DOH, and this is accomplished through complex air dispersion models approved by the EPA. 137. Petitioner's dispersion models have been reviewed by both the DOH and EPA. Both agencies have confirmed that the surrounding areas will not be adversely impacted by these generating units and approved Petitioner's air permit in July 2001. 138. Petitioner has been conducting post -construction monitoring of the air quality since July 2004 in accordance with permit conditions issued by the DOH. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. - Page 31 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order _ 139. The results of this monitoring confirm that the air quality is not being adversely impacted by Petitioner's activities on the Petition Area, and the actual air quality impacts are much less than predicted in the conservative dispersion models. 140. Petitioner will commence engineering, design, and construction of ST -7 with SCR upon obtaining the necessary permits and approvals as set forth under the Settlement Agreement, and thereafter will operate the Keahole Generating Station with SCR. 141. The ST -7 unit operates as a heat recovery unit and does not burn fuel in and of itself because it operates entirely on the exhaust heat generated by CT4 and CT -5. 142. The ST -7 unit will meet all applicable air quality standards based on the DOH's and EPA's reviews of the modeled impacts of the ST -7 unit. 143. The addition of the SCR system with ST -7 will further reduce NO= emissions by up to 65 percent when CT -4, CT -5, and ST -7 are run in combined cycle mode. 144. The Project will not adversely affect air quality and will ultimately improve it with the expected reduction in emissions. Water Quality 145. The federal regulations set forth under the Safe Drinking Water Act govern the Keahole Generating Station's treatment and disposal of industrial Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 32 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order wastewater into groundwater via injection wells. The Safe Drinking Water Act is administered in Hawai'i by the DOH, Safe Drinking Water Branch ("SDWB"), 146. A UIC permit is required for the disposal of treated wastewater from the Keahole Generating Station and the UIC permitting is handled by the SDWB's UIC section. The UIC permit process is designed to be protective of the environment, particularly groundwater resources. 147. UIC Permit No. UH -1776 allows Petitioner to dispose of treated industrial wastewater, including wastewater from: the water treatment system [e.g., reverse osmosis ("RO"), demineralization, and dual media filter systems]; oil/water separator system ("OWS"); reinjection filter backwash system; demineralized water; and stormwater from the fuel oil berm. The permit was recently renewed in January 2004 and is valid for five years until it expires on January 14, 2409: 148. UIC Permit No. UH -1776 specifies the maximum allowable levels of chemical constituents that may be contained in the wastewater with which Petitioner must comply. ADEQUACY OF PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES Highway and Roadway Facilities 149. Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd prepared a report entitled Traffic Impact Analysis Study dated October 2004. Docket No, A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 33 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of law, and Decision and Order on the south. 150. The Petition Area has two access roads, one on the north and one 151. The principal access road is from Pukiawe Street, which intersects with Kaiminani Drive and terminates at the Petition Area in the northbound direction. Pukiawe Street is a two-lane collector road that provides access to both the Petition Area (to the north) and a portion of the Keahole Agricultural Park (to the south). 152. A secondary access is provided on the north of the Petition Area by Reservoir Road, which is mauka of the extension of the Kona International Airport Access Road ("Airport Access Road"). The Airport Access Road is a two-lane collector road providing access to the Kona International Airport. 153. In 2009, the signalized intersections on Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway at Reservoir Road and at Kaiminani Drive will be operating with significant delays even without the plans for the Project. 154. The Project is projected to contribute approximately one-half of one percent to the total traffic volume. 155. The Project will have no significant adverse impacts on current or future traffic conditions on the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. 156. The Department of Transportation ("DOT") recommended that Petitioner coordinate its plans with the DOT highway or airport district offices on the Big Island. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 34 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 157. The DOT further recommended that Petitioner participate in the planning for a roadway connection next to the Petition Area at the Kona International Airport entrance should such a roadway connection become necessary. Water Service 158. The DWS, through its North Kona System, currently provides approximately 40,000 gpd of potable water to the Petition Area, 159. Approximately three-quarters of the 40,000 gpd of potable water is used for power generation. The potable water is also used for domestic consumption by employees and landscape irrigation. 160. Petitioner. will use brackish groundwater from its onsite well, rather than potable water, as the primary source of water for operation of the Project pursuant to the terms set forth under the Settlement Agreement. Once the legal challenge to the BLNR's issuance of the water lease that granted Petitioner the use of brackish groundwater is resolved (Waimana Enterprises, Inc. v. Board of Land and Natural Resources, et al.), Petitioner will transfer 90 percent of its existing additional incremental potable water allocation of 100,000 gpd to the DHHL, subject to the approval of the DWS. 161. In a letter dated October 29, 2004, the DLNR confirmed that it would allow Petitioner continued use of the brackish groundwater until resolution of the pending litigation. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 35 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 162. Upon completion of the Project, it is anticipated that the demand for potable water will be reduced from 40,000 gpd to 15,000 gpd. 163. Until this potable water is used by other developments, Petitioner's reduced use of potable water at the Petition Area will allow the DWS to reduce pumpage from its Kahalu'u wells, if only slightly. 164. Although Petitioner's onsite well produces brackish groundwater too saline for irrigation purposes, it is suitable for power generating purposes after treatment by media filtration, RO filtration, and demineralization. groundwater. 165. CT4 and CT -5 require approximately 170,000 gpd of brackish 166. The use of brackish groundwater will be approximately 190,000 gpd upon installation of ST -7. Wastewater Treatment and Disposal 167. Petitioner presently disposes of its industrial wastewater through two underground injection wells within the Petition Area. 168. Petitioner's monitoring of wastewater discharged into the underground injection wells is consistent with industry practice and in accordance with UIC permit requirements. 169. In addition to monitoring required under the UIC permit, Petitioner has voluntarily conducted weekly monitoring of wastewater discharges of Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 36 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order total petroleum hydrocarbon ("TPH") using a hand-held TPH meter to confirm that wastewater TPH concentrations are below permit levels prior to discharge to the injection wells. 170. Petitioner has taken additional measures to assure wastewater discharges meet permit requirements, including, but not limited to: automatic pH monitoring; manual operation of the OWS; weekly water samples taken to check TPH levels, coupled with use of a hand-held TPH meter to confirm TPH levels; and installation of an on-line TPH monitor (i.e., Turner Designs TD 4100) in June 2005 to continuously measure TPH levels of treated wastewater prior to discharging into the injection wells. 171. Petitioners wells are configured to'deliver the effluent between 250 and 300 feet below sea level where the groundwater is of seawater salinity, and, as a result, the effluent discharged into saline groundwater at this depth will move toward the shoreline. 172. Although the density difference between the slightly lighter effluent and the denser saline groundwater may cause the injectate to rise as it moves toward the shoreline, other factors, specifically the dip of the lava flows and their substantial vertical to horizontal permeability contrast would tend to inhibit the density -driven upward movement, spreading this movement over a greater lateral distance than would otherwise be the case. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 37 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 173. The injectate would be mixed into the saline groundwater during this process, increasing its salinity and density and thereby decreasing the density - driven upward movement. 174. The injectate plume cannot rise any higher than into the lower half of the transition zone because the injectate starts with a density similar to that of water in the upper half of the transition zone of the basal lens and its density would be progressively increased by mixing with saline groundwater. 175. There was a concern raised by NELH regarding the need for groundwater monitoring wells, but the treatment and disposal of industrial wastewater at the Petition Area is closely monitored in a manner beyond the requirements set forth under the DOH UIC program. In comparison, a groundwater monitoring well would only be monitored intermittently, limiting its effectiveness. 176. There is the potential for 10,000 gallons of SCR/HRSG-related boiler tube cleaning wastewater to be generated per cleaning activity. If HRSG boiler tube cleaning is needed on a quarterly basis, the estimated annual wastewater volume generated, on a worst-case basis, would be approximately 40,000 gallons. The actual wastewater volume, washing frequency, and waste characteristics will not be determined until ST -7 operations commence. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 38 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 177. Wastewater samples would need to be collected during the cleaning activity to determine if any portion of the HRSG wastewater will be hazardous. 178. There are two main options for the disposal of SCR/HRSG-related wastewater: (i) collect and transport the wastewater to an EPA -approved disposal facility on the mainland; or (ii) construct a totally enclosed treatment system to treat the wastewater onsite. If cleaning is not required as often as anticipated and/or washing volumes are minimal, it may be more economical to treat the wastewater offsite. In that case, hazardous wastewater would be placed in EPA and DOT -approved containers for shipment to an EPA -approved disposal facility on the mainland. Hazardous wastes would be shipped by registered hazardous waste transporters only. All transporters are 40 -hour Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response ("HAZWOPER") trained and carry spill kits on their vehicles for first response. In the event additional response is needed, emergency callouts can be made to the local fire department, HAZMAT team, and police. If the frequency of washing and the volume of wastewater generated require that it be treated onsite, the resulting non -hazardous wastewater can be disposed of with other plant wastewater via the facility's injection wells. This would require a modification to the UIC permit. 179. Domestic wastewater generated by the Project will be treated and disposed of in Petitioner's existing septic tank and the leach field system. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 39 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 180. The amount of domestic wastewater generated by employees from sinks, showers, and toilets that will be treated and disposed of in the septic tank and leach field system will be increased by approximately 2,000 gpd. The additional leachate will add nutrients to the underlying basal groundwater but in negligible quantities as compared to the levels of nutrients naturally occurring in the groundwater. Drainage 181. There is no significant stormwater runoff because of the high permeability of the ground surface at the Petition Area. 182. The Project is not anticipated to have a cumulative impact upon drainage or runoff, when combined with the projected effects of the adjacent DHHL lands. Solid Waste Disposal 183. Solid waste disposal will be handled in accordance with all applicable County, State, and federal regulations. 184. At full buildout, the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation are anticipated to generate approximately 150 pounds of solid waste per day, or 50 pounds more than the 100 pounds currently generated. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 40 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 185. The refuse is the direct result of day -today plant operations and includes trash generated by employees, as well as used materials such as filters and cleaning supplies which are all disposed of at the Pu'u Anahulu landfill. 186. The solid waste generated represents only .03 percent of the average daily volume handled at the Pu'u Anahulu landfill. 187. The Project will have no significant negative impact upon solid waste disposal at the Pu'u Anahulu landfill. Schools 188. The North Kona region is served by four public school complexes: Konawaena, Ho'okena, Kahakai, and Kealakehe. The Kealakehe school complex is closest to the Petition Area and is approximately 3.5 miles away, 189. Given the industrial nature of the Project, it isnot expected that it will adversely impact school facilities in the region. Rather, the Project will ensure the availability of firm power to the region's schools and minimize the future potential for occasional disruption to service. Police and Fire Protection 190. Police protection is available from the Kealakehe station and the closest fire station is located near the corner of Palarii Road and Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway in Kailua-Kona. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 41 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 191. The nearest fire department facility is located on Palani Road. Advanced life support ambulance units are located at the Kailua-Kona fire station on Palani Road. 192. Fire sensors are installed and alarms are annunciated at the Petition Area and also at Petitioner's operations center in Hilo. The fire department would be contacted if there were an alarm. 193. The Keahole Generating Station has an automated fire suppressant system with electric and diesel -fuel -fired water pumps. Medical Services 194. The Kona Community Hospital is located approximately 16 miles south of the Petition Area in Kealakekua. Kona Community Hospital has 61 licensed beds, of which 44 are for acute care. 195. The Project will ensure the availability of firm power to the Kona Community Hospital and minimize the future potential for occasional disruption to service. Emergency Response 196. Concerns have been raised about Petitioner's ability to respond in the event of a fuel truck accident within the vicinity of the Petition Area and the Kona International Airport. Petitioner has and will continue to address this concern with appropriate contingency plans developed in accordance with applicable law. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 42 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 197. Petitioner's onsite staff is trained to handle containment and cleanup in accordance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration's HAZWOPER. 198. Petitioner has a draft Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure plan, which prescribes inspections and preventive measures to minimize the likelihood of a fuel release within the Petition Area. 199. Petitioner's personnel are trained in response procedures in the event of a fuel release within the Petition Area and have response supplies available to handle most release situations. 200. Petitioner.is a member of the Clean Island Council ("CIC") and can activate CIC response personnel as needed. 201. If Petitioner converts to the use of naphtha fuel in the future, Petitioner will be required and is committed to address any environmental impacts of converting to naphtha in addition to redesigning the fuel storage, fuel handling, and fire protection systems currently at the Petition Area. 202. Naphtha would be delivered to the Petition Area by barge from Honolulu and then trucked to the Petition Area using the same method as is currently used for diesel. 203. Upon determination of the form of ammonia that will be used at the Petition Area, Petitioner will develop and implement a response plan based on how Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 43 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order ammonia will be delivered, how it will be stored, and the type of equipment that will be on the Petition Area. 204. Petitioner's Risk Management Plan will be developed in accordance with guidelines issued by the EPA pursuant to Section 112r of the CAA Amendments of 1990 prior to bringing the ammonia on the Petition Area. Electricity and Telephone Service Area. 205. Electricity and telephone services are available within the Petition 206. The Keahole Generating Station presently uses 0.8 MW of electrical energy to power the facility. Upon completion of the ST -7 unit, the total electrical energy consumption of the plant will increase to 2.1 MW. The increase of 1.3 MW is necessary to operate the ancillary equipment associated with the operation of the proposed HRSG and the SCR system, which require the pumping of approximately 200,000 gpd of brackish water through the demineralized system. The impacts of this increase are considered negligible as it represents approximately 1.5 percent of the total energy output of the facility and will ultimately contribute to the operational efficiency of the facility. COMMITMENT OF STATE FUNDS AND RESOURCES 207. It is not anticipated that the reclassification of the Petition Area will result in any commitment of State funds or resources, except for the costs associated Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc, page 44 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order with the hearing and processing of the Petition. The construction of the Project is, in fact, expected to generate revenues for the State in the form of excise taxes, personal income taxes, and corporate income taxes. CONFORMANCE TO URBAN DISTRICT STANDARDS 208. The proposed reclassification of the Petition Area is in general conformance to section 15-15-18, HAR, standards for determining "U" Urban District boundaries, as follows: (1) It shall include lands characterized by "city -like" concentrations of people, structures, streets, urban level of services and other related land uses The Petition Area has been developed into an existing power generating station and substation. (2) It shall take into consideration the following specific factors: (A) Proximity to centers of trading and employment except where the development would generate new centers of trading and employment; (B) Availability of basic services such as schools, parks, wastewater systems, solid waste disposal, drainage, water, transportation systems, public utilities, and police and fire protection; and (C) Sufficient reserve areas for foreseeable urban growth The Keahole Generating Station is an existing facility that has been in operation and providing the electrical energy needs of West Hawai'i for over thirty years. Basic services are already available to serve the Project and Petition Area. The Petition Area is in proximity to Kailua-Kona, the Kona International Airport, and the resort developments of North Kona and South Kohala. The proposed reclassification of Docket No. A03.743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page45 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order the Petition Area will enable Petitioner to effectuate improvements to increase the generating capacity and efficiency of the existing operations to meet the electrical needs of West Hawai'i. (3) It shall include lands with satisfactory topography, drainage, and reasonably free from the danger of any flood, tsunami, unstable soil condition, and other adverse environmental effects The Petition Area is relatively flat and is not subject to adverse environmental effects. The Project would involve the installation of new equipment on an existing asphalt pad. The Petition Area itself is located on the axis of a high -standing mound of pahoehoe lava and does not lie in any observed potential flood channel. The Petition Area is outside of the 500 -year flood plain. The lava flows surrounding and underlying the Petition Area are highly permeable and surface water would quickly percolate downward. These lava flows are generally well suited to support properly designed construction. No indications of tectonic ground cracking or other secondary deformation structures were observed in the vicinity of the Petition Area. Finally, the Petition Area is located approximately 3.5 miles from the shoreline and out of the tsunami evacuation zone. (4) Land contiguous with existing urban areas shall be given more consideration than non-contiguous land, and particularly when indicated for future urban use on state or county general plans The Petition Area abuts lands within the State Land Use Urban District and is further identified on the Hawaii County General Plan as Urban Expansion. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 46 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order (5) It shall include lands in appropriate locations for new urban concentrations and shall give consideration to areas of urban growth as shown on the state and county general plans The Petition Area has been in urban use since the early 1970s with the construction and operation of the Keahole Generating Station. Over time, areas of urban growth consistent with State and County plans have developed in close proximity to the Petition Area. (6) It may include lands which do not conform to the standards in paragraphs (1) to (5): (A) When surrounded by or adjacent to existing urban development; and (B) Only when those lands represent a minor portion of this district The reclassification of the Petition Area conforms to the standards in paragraphs (1) through (5) above. (7) It shall not include lands, of which the urbanization will contribute toward scattered spot urban development, necessitating unreasonable investment in public infrastructure or support services; and The proposed reclassification of the Petition Area will not contribute toward scattered spot urban development as there is already an existing urban use on the Petition Area that has been established for over 30 years. Other major urban developments such as the Kona Palisades residential subdivision and Kona International Airport are located in proximity to the Petition Area. Public infrastructure and support services are already available to serve the Project and Petition Area. (8) It may include lands with a general slope of twenty per cent or more if the commission finds that those lands are desirable and suitable for urban Dockct No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 47 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order purposes and that the design and construction controls, as adopted by any federal, state, or county agency, are adequate to protect the public health, welfare and safety, and the public's interests in the aesthetic quality of the landscape. This criterion is not applicable because the Petition Area is essentially flat. The Petition Area does not have a general slope of 20 percent or more. It is relatively flat and gradually slopes downward in a mauka to makai direction. CONFORMANCE WITH THE GOALS OBIECTIVES, AND POLICIES OF THE HAWAII STATE PLAN; RELATIONSHIP WITH APPLICABLE PRIORITY GUIDELINES AND FUNCTIONAL PLANS 209. The proposed reclassification of the Petition Area is in general conformance with the following goals, objectives, policies, and priority guidelines of the Hawaii State Plan: Section 226-4 State Goals Section 226-40): A strong, viable economy, characterized by stability, diversity, and growth, that enables the fulfillment of the needs and expectations of Hawai'i's present and future generations. Both the State and County of Hawaii have planned for and projected economic growth in the West Hawaii region. As the primary power provider, Petitioner is improving its facilities to meet the near-term and long-term consumer demand for firm power and voltage support. The Project will contribute to the physical, social, and economic well being of the community by providing an efficient, reliable source of electrical power to meet its energy needs. Docket No. A03-743 I lawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 48 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order Section 226-10 Objective and Policies for the Econoaly-Potential Growth Activities Section 226-10(a): Planning for the State's economy with regard to potential growth activities shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of development and expansion of potential growth activities that serve to increase and diversify Hawai'i's economic base. Section 226-10(b)(1): Facilitate investment and employment in economic activities that have the potential for growth such as diversified agriculture, aquaculture, apparel and textile manufacturing, film and television production, and energy and marine -related industries. The Project will improve and upgrade the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation, providing additional electric power to support farther investment and employment in industries with potential for growth, including diversified agriculture, aquaculture, commercial retailing, and industrial activities that depend on the reliable delivery of electrical services. Section 226-13 Objectives and Policies for the Physical Environment - Land, Air, and Water Ouality Section 226-13(a)(1): Maintenance and pursuit of improved quality in Hawai'i's land, air, and water resources. Section 226-13(b)(4): Encourage actions to maintain or improve aural and air quality levels to enhance the health and well-being of Hawai'i's people. The Project will include (i) SCR with ST -7 to reduce Na emissions; (ii) additional noise controls, such as new enclosures for diesel units, CT -2, and ancillary equipment, barrier walls along portions of the Petition Area boundary, and possible Docket No. A03.743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 49 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order increases to the diameter of the upper portion of the CT -2, CT -4, CT -5, and diesel units' stacks; and (iii) upgrades to the wastewater collection and treatment system. Section 226-14 Objective and Policies for Facilitti Systems -In General Section 226-14(a): Planning for the State's facility systems in general shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of water, transportation, waste disposal, and energy and telecommunication systems that support statewide social, economic, and physical objectives. Section 226-14(b)(1): Accommodate the needs of Hawai'i's people through coordination of facility systems and capital improvement priorities in consonance with state and county plans. Section 226-14(b)(2): Encourage flexibility in the design and development of facility systems to promote prudent use of'resources and accommodate changing public demands and priorities. Section 226-14(b)(3): Ensure that required facility systems can be supported within resource capacities and at reasonable cost to the user. As the primary electrical utility that serves the County of Hawaii, Petitioner worked with State and County projections to ensure that the necessary electrical infrastructure would be in place to accommodate the expected growth in the West Hawaii region. The Project will improve overall system reliability and keep additional capital, operating, and maintenance expenses at a reasonable level. The Project will further optimize the benefits of using existing utility infrastructure, such as existing transmission lines. Section 226-18 Objectives and Policies for Facility Systems -Energy Section 226-18(a)(1): Dependable, efficient, and economical statewide energy systems capable of supporting the needs of the people. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 50 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order Section 226-18fc)(3): Base decisions of least -cost supply-side and demand-side energy resource options on a comparison of their total costs and benefits when a least -cost is determined by a reasonably comprehensive, quantitative, and qualitative accounting of their long-term, direct and indirect economic, environmental, social, cultural, and public health costs and benefits. Section 226-18(c)(5): Ensure to the extent that new supply-side resources are needed, the development or expansion of energy systems utilizes the least -cost energy supply option and maximizes efficient technologies. The reclassification of the Petition Area is the most viable of the alternatives examined in planning for the future of the Keahole facilities. The alternatives were formulated in cbordination with Petitioner's IRP -2 and the IRP -2 Evaluation. The Petition Area is in a beneficial location near the demand and has the necessary transmission infrastructure in place to deliver the electricity in a timely, more fuel-efficient, and relatively cost-effective manner. The Project's combined cycle system will capture the waste heat in the exhaust gas produced by the existing combustion turbines, CT -4 and CT -5, and convert this waste heat into additional megawatts, producing an additional nominal 16 MW net of generating capacity from ST -7 technology without any additional fuel, thereby contributing to a reduction in the facility's dependence upon increased consumption of petroleum. Section 226-103 Economic Priority Guidelines Section 226-103(a): Priority guidelines to stimulate economic growth and encourage business expansion and development to provide needed jobs for Hawai'i's people and achieve a stable and diversified economy. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 51 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order Section 226-103(a)(1): Seek a variety of means to increase the availability of investment capital for new and expanding enterprises. Section 226-103(a)(1)(A): Encourage investments which: Section 226-103(a)(1)(A)(i): Reflect long term commitments to the State. Section 226-103(a)(1)(A)(ii): Rely on economic linkages within the local economy. Section 226-103(a)(1)(A)(iii): Diversify the economy. Section 226-103(a)(1)(A)(iv): Reinvest in the local economy. The Project will provide the necessary firm electrical power to support current and future economic activities, including but not limited to agriculture, communication, construction, manufacturing, distributing, retail, finance, hotel, and food service, that diversify the local economy and provide long-term investment opportunities that link local businesses to the rest of the global economy. Section 226-104 Population Growth and Land Resources Priority Guidelines Section 226-104 (a): Priority guidelines to effect desired statewide growth and distribution: Section 226-104(a)(3): Ensure that adequate support services and facilities are provided to accommodate the desired distribution of f ituregrowth throughout the State. The Project will provide additional generation capacity in West Hawaii where development of resort and resort -residential projects, as well as large-scale residential and commercial uses, is occurring and is expected to continue in the future Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 52 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order in accordance with State and County plans. All of these developments depend on electrical generating capacity being available to support their activities. 210. The reclassification of the Petition Area is in general conformance with the Energy Functional Plan. The Project will increase the generating capacity of the Keahole Generating Station by making efficient use of waste heat. It will also utilize emissions reducing technology. The Project will facilitate the generation of firm power and voltage support to the West Hawai'i region where the demand is located. CONFORMANCE WITH THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 211. The reclassification of the Petition Area is in general conformance with the policies and objectives of the Coastal Zone Management Program, chapter 205A, HRS. The Petition Area is not located within the SMA and is approximately 3.5 miles mauka of the shoreline. No coastal recreation opportunities will be impacted. There are no significant historical sites or features within the Petition Area nor is there any evidence of significant traditional native Hawaiian cultural resources, practices, or beliefs within the Petition Area. Petitioner has undertaken various measures to mitigate the visual impacts from the Project, including low intensity stack lighting, color coordinated exterior painting, and perimeter landscaping. It is anticipated that the Project will have no significant or even measurable effect on the marine environment. Industrial and domestic wastewater will be treated and disposed of in an appropriate manner. The Petition Area is suitable for the Project as the Keahole Generating Station Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 53 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order has been in operation at this location for over 30 years. Because the Petition Area is located approximately 3.5 miles from the coastline, it is not subject to tsunami inundation or storm waves. The Petition Area is located within Zone "X," an area determined to be outside of the 500 -year flood plain, and the high permeability of the land surrounding the Petition Area minimizes the potential for stormwater runoff and erosion. Given the age of the underlying lava flow, the Petition Area is not subject to subsidence. The addition of the SCR system with ST -7 will reduce NOS emissions and improve the air quality in the area. Although the Project does not involve the management of marine and coastal resources, it has been subject to the environmental review process under chapter 343, HRS, inviting public participation and awareness of the Project. Finally, the Project will not adversely impact efforts to protect, use, and develop any marine and coastal resources. CONFORMANCE WITH THE COUNTY GENERAL PLAN 212. The reclassification of the Petition Area is in general conformance with the goals, policies, and standards of the County of Hawaii General Plan in the following areas: Economic, Energy, Environmental Quality, Flooding and Other Natural Hazards, Natural Resources and Shoreline, Public Facilities, Public Utilities, Electricity, Land Use, and Land Use -Industrial. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 54 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order INCREMENTAL DISTRICTING 213. As of July 13, 2005, approximately 99 percent of construction for CT -4 and CT -5 expansion has been completed. The construction for ST -7 with SCR and other auxiliary equipment will be done after land reclassification, re -zoning, and applicable permits are received. Construction of ST -7 is anticipated to begin in 2008 and will take approximately one year. Therefore, Petitioner anticipates that the Project will be completed within ten years after urbanization of the Petition Area. RULING ON PROPOSED FINDINGS OF FACT Any of the findings of fact submitted by Petitioner or other parties not already ruled upon by the Commission by adoption herein, or rejected by dearly contrary findings of fact herein, are hereby denied and rejected. Any conclusion of law herein.improperly designated as a finding of fact should be deemed or construed as a conclusion of law; any finding of fact herein improperly designated as a conclusion of law should be deemed or construed as finding of fact. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW Pursuant to chapter 205, HRS, and the Commission Rules under chapter 15-15, HAR, and upon consideration of the Commission decision-making criteria under section 205-17, HRS, this Commission finds upon the dear preponderance of the evidence that the reclassification of the Petition Area, consisting of approximately Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 55 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 15.643 acres of land at Keahole, North Kona, Island of Hawai'i, State of Hawai'i, identified by TMK: 7-3-49: 36 and 37, from the State Land Use Conservation District to the State Land Use Urban District, and subject to the conditions stated in the Order below, conforms to the standards for establishing the boundaries of the State Land Use Urban District, is reasonable, not violative of section 205-2, HRS, and is consistent with the policies and criteria established pursuant to sections 205-16, 205-17, and 205A-2 HRS. 2. Article XII, Section 7, of the Hawai'i Constitution requires the Commission to protect native Hawaiian traditional and customary rights. The State reaffirms and shall protect all rights, customarily and traditionally exercised for subsistence, cultural, and religious purposes and possessed by ahupua'a tenants who are descendents of native Hawaiians who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778, subject to the right of the State to regulate such rights. The State and its agencies are obligated to protect the reasonable exercise of customarily and traditionally exercised native Hawaiian rights to the extent feasible. Public Access Shoreline Hawaii v. Hawai'i County Planning Commission, 79 Hawaii 425, 450, n.43, 903 P.2d 1246, 1271, n.43 (1995), certiorari denied, 517 U.S. 1163, 116 5. Ct. 1559, 134 L.Ed.2d 660 (1996). 3. The Commission is empowered to preserve and protect customary and traditional rights of native Hawaiians. Ka Pa'akai O Ka 'Aina v. Land Use Commission, 94 Hawaii 31, 3 P.3d 1068 (2001). Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 56 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 4. There are no significant historic properties within the Petition Area because of the developed condition of the Petition Area. 5. The Project will not significantly affect or adversely impact any historic properties or archaeological resources. Therefore, no mitigation measures of any kind are needed. 6. Absent any evidence that the Petition Area is currently being used for any traditional cultural purposes by either native Hawaiian cultural practitioners or individuals of any other cultural affiliation within the otherwise fully developed Petition Area, the Project will not significantly affect or adversely impact any cultural resources. Therefore, no mitigation measures of any kind are needed. 7. Article Xl, Section 1, of the Hawaii Constitution requires the State to conserve and protect Hawai'i's natural beauty and all natural resources, including land, water, air, minerals, and energy sources, and to promote the development and utilization of these resources in a manner consistent with conservation and in furtherance of the self-sufficiency of the State. 8. The addition of ST -7 is intended to improve fuel efficiency and thereby contribute to a reduction in the facility's dependence upon increased consumption of petroleum. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 57 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 9. The Project will use brackish water rather than potable water as the primary source of water. After treatment by media filtration, RO filtration, and demineralization, the water will be suitable for power generating purposes. 10. Article XI, Section 7, of the Hawai'i Constitution states that the State has an obligation to protect the use of Hawaii s water resources for the benefit of its people. 11. The treatment and disposal of treated industrial wastewater is subject to federal regulations set forth under the Safe Drinking Water Act, which is administered by the DOH. A UIC permit is required for the disposal of treated wastewater to protect the quality of underground sources of drinking water. The UIC program identifies aquifers that should be protected from subsurface disposal of wastewater through injection wells and designates areas currently being used or could potentially be used for drinking water. The underground sources of drinking water are protected and the program prohibits the construction of new injection wells that may pollute these sources. Injection wells are allowed in exempted areas. The UIC line separates the underground sources of drinking water from the exempted areas. The Petition Area is located makai of the UIC line, and therefore injection wells are permissible without affecting the underground drinking water sources. Petitioner's current UIC permit expires on January 14, 2009. In addition to the monitoring required Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 58 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order under the UIC permit, Petitioner has conducted additional monitoring of wastewater discharges to ensure they meet permit requirements. ORDER IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Petition Area, being the subject of this Docket No. A03-743, consisting of approximately 15.643 acres of land at Keahole, North Kona, Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii; further identified by TMK: 7-3-49:36 and 37, and approximately shown on Exhibit "A," attached hereto and incorporated by reference herein, shall be and is hereby reclassified from the State Land Use Conservation District to the State Land Use Urban District, and the State land use district boundaries are amended accordingly. Based upon the findings of fact and conclusions of law stated herein, it is hereby determined that the reclassification of the Petition Area will not significantly affect or impair the preservation or maintenance of natural systems and habitats or the valued cultural, historical, agricultural, and natural resources of the area. IT I5 HEREBY FURTHER ORDERED that the reclassification of the Petition Area from the State Land Use Conservation District to the State Land Use Urban District shall be subject to the following conditions: Visual Mitigation. Petitioner shall provide additional landscaping to mitigate the visual impacts of the Keahole Generating Station, as set forth in the Landscape Concept Plan. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 59 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 2. Air Emissions Mitigation, SCR. Petitioner shall expeditiously commence the permitting process and, subsequent to obtaining the necessary permits and governmental approvals, proceed expeditiously with the process of engineering, design, and construction of ST -7 with SCR for installation at the Keahole Generating Station in conjunction with CT -4 and CT -5. 3. Air Emissions Mitigation, CT -2. After CT -4 and CT -5 are operational, Petitioner shall operate within the limits set forth in the original air permit granted for CT -2. 4. Air Emissions Mitigation, General. Petitioner shall comply with all applicable federal, state, and county laws, rules, and regulations relating to air quality in the operation of the Project. 5. Noise Mitigation. Petitioner shall install and use noise mitigation equipment, operating procedures, and other measures to meet the 55 dBA (day time) and 45 dBA (night time) Class A Zoning District noise standards for the normal operation of the Keahole Generating Station, provided the foregoing requirements shall not apply to occasional and unavoidable noise peaks associated with Keahole Generating Station operations, emergency operational impacts, construction, startup and testing of generators, and other equipment at the Keahole Generating Station. Petitioner shall not commence full time (twenty-four (24) hours a day, seven (7) days a Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 60 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order week) operations of CT -2, CT -4, and CT -5 until after the noise mitigation equipment is installed and Petitioner is able to comply with the foregoing noise standards. 6. Potable Water Rights Transfer. Petitioner shall transfer its excess potable water right commitments for the Project to the DHHL in accordance with the provisions of the Settlement Agreement. 7. Transportation. When a roadway connection (concerning access to Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway such as via Reservoir Road) next to the Petition Area at the Kona International Airport entrance becomes necessary as determined by the DOT, Petitioner shall participate in the planning for the roadway in facilitating the connection, including any necessary arrangements for the use of the Keahole Generating Station's two access roads (from Reservoir Road off Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, and from Pukiawe Street off Kaiminani Drive). S. Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Facilities. Petitioner shall provide adequate wastewater treatment, transmission, and disposal facilities, including underground injection wells and groundwater monitoring (including consideration of groundwater monitoring wells in the future if deemed by the DOH to be a necessary and appropriate monitoring method to address groundwater issues arising in the operation of the Keahole Generating Station) as determined by the DOH. 9. Previously Unidentified Burial/Arehaeological/Historic Sites. Without any limitation to any other condition found herein, if any burials or Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 61 Findings of fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order _ archaeological or historic sites, such as artifacts, marine shell concentrations, charcoal deposits, stone platforms, pavings, and walls not previously identified in studies referred to herein, are discovered during the course of construction of the Project, then all construction activity in the vicinity of the discovery shall stop until the issuance of an archaeological clearance from the SHPD that mitigative measures have been implemented to its satisfaction. 10. Air Quality Monitoring. Petitioner shall participate in an air quality monitoring program as specified by the DOH. 11. Drainage Improvements. Petitioner shall fund the design and construction of drainage improvements required as a result of the Project to the satisfaction of appropriate State and County agencies. 12. Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan. Petitioner shall cooperate with the DOH and County of Hawai' i to bring the operation of the Project into conformity with the program goals and objectives of chapter 342G, HRS, and the County of Hawaii s approved integrated solid waste management plan in accordance with a schedule and timeframe satisfactory to the DOH. 13. Water Resources Allocation. Petitioner shall provide adequate potable and non -potable water source, storage, and transmission facilities and improvements to accommodate the Project as approved by appropriate State and County agencies. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 62 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order 14. Best Management Practices. Petitioner shall implement Best Management Practices ('BMP") to protect surface and groundwater resources on or beneath the Petition Area. The BMP shall be designed to minimize infiltration and runoff from construction and vehicle operations, reduce or eliminate soil erosion and ground water pollution, and effect dust control measures during and after the development process in accordance with the DOH guidelines. 15. Water Conservation Measures. Petitioner shall implement water conservation measures and best management practices, such as use of indigenous and drought tolerant plants and turf, and incorporate such measures into the landscape planting. 16. Hazardous Materials. Storage and/or disposal of hazardous materials/wastes on the Petition Area shall be in conformance with all applicable DOH and EPA requirements. 17. Civil Defense. Petitioner shall fund and construct or provide its fair share of adequate civil defense measures serving the Petition Area as required by the State Department of Defense, Office of Civil Defense, and the County Civil Defense Agency. 18. Compliance with Representations to the Commission. Petitioner shall develop the Petition Area in substantial compliance with the representations made to the Commission. Failure to so develop the Petition Area may result in reversion of Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 63 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order the Petition Area to its former classification, or change to a more appropriate classification. 19. Notice of Change of Ownership. Petitioner shall give notice to the Commission of any intent to sell, lease, assign, place in trust, or otherwise voluntarily alter the ownership interests in the Petition Area, prior to development of the Petition Area. 20. Annual Reports. Petitioner shall timely provide without any prior notice, annual reports to the Commission, OP, and the Planning Department in connection with the status of the Project and Petitioner's progress in complying with the conditions imposed herein. The annual report shall be submitted in a form prescribed by the Executive Officer of the Commission. 21. Release of Conditions. The Commission may fully or partially release the conditions provided herein as to all or any portion of the Petition Area upon timely motion and upon the provision of adequate assurance of satisfaction of these conditions by Petitioner. 22. Notice of Imposition of Conditions. Within seven days of the issuance of the Commission's Decision and Order for the subject reclassification, Petitioner shall (a) record with the Bureau of Conveyances a statement that the Petition Area is subject to conditions imposed herein by the Commission in the reclassification Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 64 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order of the Petition Area; and (b) file a copy of such recorded statement with the Commission. 23. Recordation of Conditions. Petitioner shall record the conditions imposed herein by the Commission with the Bureau of Conveyances pursuant to section 15-15-92, HAR. Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 65 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order ADOPTION OF ORDER The undersigned Commissioners, being familiar with the record and proceedings, hereby adopt and approve the foregoing ORDER this 7th day of November , 2005. This ORDER and its ADOPTION shall take effect upon the date this ORDER is certified and filed by this Commission. Done at Honolulu . Hawai'i, this art, day of November 2005, per motion on September 29, 2005. APPROVED AS TO FORM to ens Deputy Attorney General LAND USE COMMISSION STATE OF HAWAII �RANDA L S KUMOTO Chairperson and Commissioner By (absent) STEVEN LEE MONTGOMERY Vice -Chairperson and Commissioner By-aK' LISA M. JUDGE — Vice -Chairperson and Commissioner Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 66 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order Filed and effective on N 0 7 20fir Certified by: l!:ANiO.. C�! I e� By THOMAS CONTRADES 0 KYONGSC7 IM Commis qD w t ,Y " D ANE KA RANSOM PIL.TZ Docker No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Licht Company, Inc Pape 67 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Lew, and Decision aid Order Unualoha Point Makako Say Natural Energy of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) KONA + INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT O 1 I �1 E /"a A03-743 HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC. Hawaii MAP LOCATION Tax Map Key: 7-3-49: 36 and 37 Keahole, North Kona, Island of Hawai i, State of Hawaii t ' Scale: I" = 2,000 ft. Map ® Approved Petition Area Location EXHIBIT "A" _ -- BEFORE THE LAND USE COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF HAWAII In The Matter Of The Petition Of HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC., A Hawaii Corporation To Amend The Conservation Land Use District Boundary Into The Urban Land Use District For Approximately 15.643 Acres Of Land At Keahole, North Kona, Island Of Hawai i, State of Hawaii, Tax Map Key: 7-3-49:36 And 37 DOCKET NO. A03-743 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that a copy of the Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order was served upon the following by either hand delivery or depositing the same in the U. S. Postal Service by regular or certified mail as noted: DEL. LAURA THIELEN, Director Office of Planning P. O. Box 2359 Honolulu, Hawaii 96804-2359 JOHN CHANG, Esq. Deputy Attorney General Hale Auhau, Third Floor 425 Queen Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Docket No. A03.743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 68 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order LINCOLN ASHIDA, Esq. Corporation Counsel County of Hawaii 101 Aupuni Street, Suite 325 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 CHRISTOPHER YUEN, Director Planning Department County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 CERT. BENJAMIN A. KUDO, Esq. WESLEY M. FUJIMOTO NAOMI U. KUWAYE 745 Fort Street, 171h Floor Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Dated: Honolulu, Hawaii, NOV 0 7 205 AWI .nI � 1,IZ/� �z �,�_.00 Docket No. A03-743 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Page 69 Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Decision and Order SECTION 9. STATE DLNR GENERAL LEASE NO. S•5706 LAND COURT SYSTEM ) REGULAR SYSTEM Return by Mail ( ) Pickup ( ) To: Total Number of Pages: Tax Map Key No. (3)7-3-49:por. 36 STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES GENERAL LEASE NO. S-5706 between STATE OF HAWAII and HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC. (HELCO), a Hawaii corporation, whose address is Post Office Box 1027, Hilo, Hawaii 96720 covering 250,000 gallons per day of groundwater emanating from the Keauhou aquifer and pumped to the surface via the HELCO Keahole Well No. 4461-02 situate at Keahole, North Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii tax map key no. (3) 7-3-49:por. 36 95609_1.DOC DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO BOX 621 HONOLULU..." 96809 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TERMOF LEASE ............................................ 1 ANNUAL RENTAL ............................................ 2 REOPENING OF ANNUAL RENTAL ............................... 2 INTEREST RATE/SERVICE CHARGE ............................. 3 RESERVATIONS ............................................. 3 AGREEMENTS AND COVENANTS BETWEEN PARTIES: 1. Payment of rent ................................ 4 2. Taxes, assessments, etc ......................... 4 3. HELCO well and access ........................... 4 4. Covenant against discrimination ................ 4 5. Water quality ................................... 4 6. Waste and unlawful, improper or offensive use of Water Resource ........................ 4 7. Compliance with laws ........................... 5 8. Right to enter and inspect ...................... 5 9. Water Meter ................................... 5 10. Modification of water works ...................... 5 11. Liens .......................................... 5 12. Character of use ............................... 5 13. Assignments, etc ................................ 6 14. Subletting ..................................... 6 15. Indemnity ...................................... 6 16. Costs of litigation ............................ 7 17. Liability insurance ............................ 7 18. Bond, performance .............................. 8 19. Lessor's lien .................................. 8 20. Mortgage ....................................... 9 21. Breach ......................................... 9 22. Right of holder of record of a security interest ..................................... 10 23. Condemnation ................................... 11 24. Acceptance of rent not a waiver ................ 11 25. Extension of time .............................. 11 26. Justification of sureties ...................... 11 27. Waiver, modification, reimposition of bond and liability insurance provisions ...... 12 28. Quiet enjoyment ................................ 12 95609 1.DOC 1 DEPARTMENTOF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO. BOX 621 HONOLULU.H WNII M6 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT'D) m- 29. Surrender ...................................... 12 30. Non -warranty ................................... 13 31. Hazardous materials ............................. 13 32. Hawaii law ..................................... 13 33. Exhibits - Incorporation in lease .............. 14 34. Headings ....................................... 14 35. Partial invalidity ............................. 14 36. Time is of the essence ......................... 14 37. Incorporation by reference ..................... 14 38. Government approval ............................. 14 39. Audit and examination of books, etc. ........... 14 40. Environmental regulations ...................... 14 41. Water quality assessment ....................... 14 42. Overpumpage................................... 15 43. Watershed management plan ...................... 15 44. Water for farm, ranch and other public uses .... 15 45. Legislative action ............................ 16 DEFINITIONS .............................................. 17 SIGNATURE PAGE ........................................... 18 ACKNOWLEDGMENT PAGE ...................................... 19 95609 I.DOC 1 i DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION P.O. BO% 021 HONOLULU, HAWAII M009 STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES GENERAL LEASE NO. S-5706 THIS LEASE, made this /9� day of SZ�y 20 0// , by and between the STATE OF HAWAII, hereinafter referred to as the "Lessor," by its Board of Land and Natural Resources, called the "Board," and HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC. (HELCO), a Hawaii corporation, whose address is Post Office Box 1027, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, hereinafter referred to as the "Lessee"; WITNESSETH: The Lessor, pursuant to Section 171-58, Hawaii Revised Statutes, for and in consideration of the rent to be paid and of the terms, covenants and conditions herein contained, all on the part of the Lessee to be kept, observed and performed, does lease unto the Lessee, and the Lessee does lease from the Lessor 250,000 gallons per day (computed on a 12 -month moving average) of groundwater emanating from the Keauhou aquifer and pumped to the surface via the HELLO Keahole Well No. 4461-02 situate on former State land conveyed to Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. by Land Patent Grant No. S-15,591 dated April 29, 1983, and in which Grant the State reserved for itself the right to all surface and ground water appurtenant to the land covered by said grant situate at Kalaoa 1st -4th, North Kona, Hawaii, tax map key no. (3) 7-3-49:por. 36, and identified as "Keahole Diesel Generation Site," more particularly described in Exhibit "A" and as shown on the maps marked Exhibits "B" and "C," all of which are attached hereto and made parts hereof, which is hereinafter referred to as the "Water Resource." TO HAVE AND TO HOLD the use of the leased Water Resource unto the Lessee for the term of sixty five (65) years, commencing on the 1st day of August, 2004, up to and including the 315t day of July , 2069, unless sooner terminated as hereinafter provided, the Lessor reserving and the Lessee yielding and paying to the Lessor at the Office of the Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu, Oahu, State of Hawaii, an annual rental as provided hereinbelow, payable in advance, without notice or demand, in equal semi-annual installments on August 1st and February 1st of each and every year during the term as follows: 95609 1.DOC DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES --- LAND DNISION Ra a W, .O ULU. lUW" B!!p0 A. For the first twenty (20) years, the sum of ONE THOUSAND ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-EIGHT AND N0/100 DOLLARS ($1,138.00) per annum. B. The annual rental reserved shall be reopened and redetermined on the twentieth (20th) and fortieth (40th) C. Determination of rental upon reopening of the annual rental. The rental for any ensuing period shall be the fair market rental at the time of reopening. Except as provided herein, the provisions in Hawaii Revised Statutes, Chapter 658A, shall be followed. At least six (6) months prior to the time of reopening, the fair market rental shall be determined by a staff appraiser or independent appraiser, as allowed by law, whose services shall be contracted for by the Lessor, and the Lessee shall be promptly notified by certified mail, return receipt requested, of the fair market rental as determined by Lessor's appraiser; provided, that should the Lessee fail to notify Lessor in writing within thirty (30) days after receipt thereof that Lessee disagrees with the fair market rental as determined by Lessor's appraiser and that Lessee has appointed its own appraiser to prepare an independent appraisal report, then the fair market rental as determined by Lessor's appraiser shall be deemed to have been accepted by Lessee and shall be the fair market rental as of the date of reopening. If Lessee has notified Lessor and appointed his appraiser as stated hereinabove, Lessee's appraiser shall complete his appraisal and the two appraisers shall then exchange their reports within forty-five (45) days from the date of Lessee's appointment of the appraiser. The two appraisers shall review each other's reports and make every effort to resolve whatever differences they may have. However, should differences still exist fourteen (14) days after the exchange, the two appraisers shall within seven (7) days thereafter appoint a third appraiser who shall also prepare an independent appraisal report based on the review of the two appraisal reports prepared and any other data. Copies thereof shall be furnished to the first two appraisers within forty-five (45) days of the appointment. Within twenty (20) days after receiving the third appraisal report, all three shall meet and determine the fair market rental in issue. The fair market rental as determined by a majority of the appraisers shall be final and binding upon both Lessor and Lessee, subject to vacation, modification or correction in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 658A, Hawaii Revised Statutes. Each party shall pay for its own appraiser and the cost of the services of the third appraiser shall be borne equally by the Lessor and the 95609 1 -DOC 2 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO. BOX W1 HONOLULU. MAW "809 Lessee. All appraisal reports shall become part of the public record of the Lessor. In the event that the appraisers are unable to determine the fair market rental before the reopening date, or by the foregoing prescribed time, whichever is later, the Lessee shall pay the fair market rental as determined by Lessor's new appraised value until the new rent is determined and the rental paid by Lessee shall then be subject to retroactive adjustments as appropriate to reflect the fair market rental determined as set forth hereinabove. However, Lessee or Lessee's appraiser's failure to comply with the procedures set forth above shall constitute a waiver of Lessee's right to contest the new rent, and the Lessee shall pay the rent as determined by Lessor's appraiser without any retroactive adjustments. Alternatively, Lessor may treat this failure as a breach of this lease and terminate the lease. D. The interest rate on any and all unpaid or delinquent rentals shall be at one percent (1%) per month, plus a service charge of FIFTY AND N0/100 DOLLARS ($50.00) a month for each delinquent payment. RESERVING UNTO THE LESSOR THE FOLLOWING: 1. Right to withdraw. Lessor reserves the right to withdraw the Water Resource or any portion thereof to meet the following requirements as the Lessor in its sole discretion may determine: Constitutionally protected water rights; reservations, including but not limited to the 1.59 million gallons per day reserved by the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands from the Keauhou Aquifer to meet the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands' rights under Section 221 of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act; as well as other statutorily or judicially recognized interests relating to the right to withdraw water for the purposes of and in accordance with the provisions of Section 171-58(d), Hawaii Revised Statutes; provided, however, that if any portion of the Water Resource should be withdrawn for any purpose, the rent shall be reduced in proportion to the value of the portion of the Water Resource withdrawn. 95609 1.DOC 3 DEPARTMENTOF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION P.O. BO% 621 HONOLULU, HAWAII WIM) THE LESSEE COVENANTS AND AGREES WITH THE LESSOR AS FOLLOWS: 1. Payment of rent. The Lessee shall pay the rent to the Lessor at the times, in the manner and form provided in this lease and at the place specified above, or at any other place the Lessor may from time to time designate, in legal tender of the United States of America. 2. Taxes, assessments, etc. The Lessee shall pay or cause to be paid, when due, the amount of all taxes, rates, and assessments of every description associated with the use of the Water Resource which the Lessor or Lessee are now or may be assessed or become liable by authority of law during the term of this lease. 3. HELCO well and access. This lease is only for to the right to use the Water Resource and does not include any rights or privileges accruing to the Lessee to or in the HELLO Keahole Well No. 4461-02 or to access the HELCO Keahole Well No. 4461-02. The Lessee shall be responsible for obtaining any and all rights, privileges, and approvals necessary to use the Water Resource as provided in this lease, including, but not limited to, any leases, Lessor's rights of ent=ry and inspection as provided in paragraph 8, licenses and utility services, and shall pay when due all charges, duties and rates of every description, and Lessor shall not be made liable for payment of any such charges, duties, and rates. 4. Covenant against discrimination. The use and enjoyment of the Water Resource shall not be in support of any policy which discriminates against anyone based upon race, creed, sex, color, national origin, religion, marital status, familial status, ancestry, physical handicap, disability, age or HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. 5. Water Quality. In using the Water Resource, the Lessee shall do all things necessary to prevent the degradation of the quality of the water in the Keauhou aquifer and Lessee is expressly prohibited from engaging in any acts or omissions that may endanger the public health, safety, and welfare with respect to the use of the Keauhou aquifer. 6. Waste and unlawful, improper or offensive use of. Water Resource. The Lessee shall not commit, suffer or permit to be committed any waste, nuisance, strip or unlawful, improper or offensive use of the Water Resource. 95609 1.DOC 4 "- DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION 1,O. 80.521 HONOLULU, HAWAII 809 7. Compliance with laws. The Lessee shall Comply with all of the requirements of all municipal, state, and federal authorities and observe all municipal, state and federal laws applicable to the Water Resource, now in force or which may be in force. 8. Right to enter and inspect. The Lessee shall provide to Lessor and its employees and agents access to the HELLO Keahole Well No, 4461-02 and to the premises upon which the Water Resource is being used and permit the Lessor and its agents at all reasonable times during the term of this lease to conduct such examinations as may be reasonably related to this lease, including, but not limited to, inspection of the water meter, water quality testing, and compliance with the terms of this lease; provided, however, in the exercise of these rights, the Lessor shall not interfere unreasonably with the Lessee or Lessee's use and enjoyment of the Water Resource. 9. Water Meter. The Lessee, at its own cost and expense, shall at all times during the term of this lease have and maintain in good working condition a water metering system approved by the Lessor. Lessee shall provide to Lessor monthly, quarterly, and annual reports of the amount of water used, which reports shall include a computation of the 12 -month moving average of water usage. 10. Modifications of water works. Prior to any expansion or modification of any works applicable to the Water Resource, including, but not limited to, the HELCO Keahole Well No. 4461-02 and the water metering system, the Lessee shall document all such proposed expansions or modifications and submit such documentation to the Lessor and the State Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM) and obtain, if necessary, approvals from CWRM. 11. Liens. The Lessee shall not commit or suffer any act or neglect which results in the Water Resource, or the leasehold estate of the Lessee becoming subject to any attachment, lien, charge, or encumbrance, except as provided in this lease, and shall indemnify, defend, and hold the Lessor harmless from and against all attachments, liens, charges, and encumbrances and all resulting expenses. 12. Character of use. The Lessee shall use or allow the Water Resource to be used solely for industrial and emergency fire suppression purposes. 95609 1.DOC 5 DEPARTMENT OF LANG AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POBOX 621 HONOLULU, HM All QBW9 13. Assignments, etc. The Lessee shall not transfer, assign, or permit any other person to occupy or use the Water Resource, or any portion, or transfer or assign this lease or any interest, either voluntarily or by operation of law, except by way of devise, bequest, or intestate succession, and any transfer or assignment made shall be null and void; provided that with the prior written approval of the Board the assignment and transfer of this lease, or any portion, may be made in accordance with current industry standards, as determined by the Board; provided, further, that prior to the approval of any assignment of lease, the Board shall have the right to review and approve the consideration paid by the Assignee and may condition its consent to the assignment of the lease on payment by the Lessee of a premium based on the amount by which the consideration for the assignment, whether by cash, credit, or otherwise, exceeds the straight-line depreciated cost of improvements and trade fixtures being transferred to the Assignee pursuant to the Assignment of Lease Evaluation Policy adopted by the Board on December 15, 1989, as amended, a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit "D." The premium on any subsequent assignments shall be determined as specified in the above-mentioned Evaluation Policy. If the Lessee is a partnership, joint venture or corporation, the sale or transfer of 20% or more of ownership interest or stocks by dissolution, merger or any other means shall be deemed an assignment for purposes of this paragraph and subject to the right of the Lessor to impose the foregoing premium as set forth in Exhibit "D." 14. Subletting. The Lessee shall not rent or sublet the whole or any portion of the Water Resource, without the prior written approval of the Board; provided, however, that prior to this approval, the Board shall have the right to review and approve the rent to be charged to the proposed sublessee and that in the case where the Lessee is required to pay rent based on a percentage of its gross receipts, the receipts of the sublessee or any subsequent sublessees shall be included as part of the Lessee's gross receipts, and the Board shall have the right to revise the rent for the Water Resource based upon the rental rate charged to the sublessee including the percentage rent, if applicable, and provided, further, that the rent may not be revised downward. For good cause, the Board may waive the requirement that the Lessee obtain prior written approval to rent or sublet all or any portion of the Water Resource. 15. Indemnity. The Lessee shall indemnify, defend, and hold the Lessor harmless from and against any claim or demand for loss, liability, or damage, including claims for bodily 95609 1.DOC 6 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO BOX 621 110 DLULU, MAWNI 96809 injury, wrongful death, or property damage, arising out of or resulting from: 1) any act or omission on the part of Lessee relating to Lessee's use of the Water Resource; 2) any failure on the part of the Lessee to protect the quality of the Water Resource; and 3) from and against all actions, suits, damages, and claims by whomsoever brought or made by reason of the Lessee's non -observance or non-performance of any of the terms, covenants, and conditions of this lease or the rules, regulations, ordinances, and laws of the federal, state, municipal or county governments. 16. Costs of litigation. In case the Lessor shall, without any fault on Lessor's part, be made a party to any litigation commenced by or against the Lessee (other than condemnation proceedings), the Lessee shall pay all costs, including reasonable attorney's fees, and expenses incurred by or imposed on the Lessor; furthermore, the Lessee shall pay all costs, including reasonable attorney's fees, and expenses which may be incurred by or paid by the Lessor in enforcing the covenants and agreements of this lease, in terminating the use of the Water Resource, or in the collection of delinquent rental, taxes, and any and all other charges. 17. Liability insurance. The Lessee shall procure and maintain, at its cost and expense and acceptable to the Lessor, in full force and effect throughout the term of this lease, commercial general liability insurance, or its equivalent, in an amount of at least $2,000,000.00 for each occurrence and $2,000,000.00 aggregate, with an insurance company or companies licensed to do business in the State of Hawaii. The policy or policies of insurance shall name the State of Hawaii as an additional insured. The insurance shall cover the Water Resource and the HELCO Keahole Well No. 4461-02 and all infrastructure associated with the use of the Water Resource for the purposes set forth in this lease. The Lessee, prior to use of the Water Resource or within fifteen (15) days from the effective date of this lease, whichever is sooner, shall furnish the Lessor with a certificate(s) showing the policy(s) to be initially in force, keep the certificate(s) on deposit during the entire lease term, and furnish a like certificate(s) upon each renewal of the policy(s). This insurance shall not be cancelled, limited in scope of coverage, or nonrenewed until after thirty (30) days written notice has been given to the Lessor. The Lessor shall retain the right at any time to review the coverage, form, and amount of the insurance required by this 95609 1.DOC 7 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO.8 .621 �gNCLULU. MPWPII 96809 lease. If, in the opinion of the Lessor, the insurance provisions in this lease do not provide adequate protection for the Lessor, the Lessor may require Lessee to obtain insurance sufficient in coverage, form, and amount to provide adequate protection. The Lessor's requirements shall be reasonable but shall be designed to assure protection for and against the kind and extent of the risks which exist at the time a change in insurance is required. The Lessor shall notify Lessee in writing of changes in the insurance requirements and Lessee shall. deposit copies of acceptable insurance policy(s) or certificate(s) thereof, with the Lessor incorporating the changes within thirty (30) days of receipt of the notice. The procuring of the required policy(s) of insurance shall not be construed to limit Lessee's liability under this lease nor to release or relieve the Lessee of the indemnification provisions and requirements of this lease. Notwithstanding the policy(s) of insurance, Lessee shall be obligated for the full and total amount of any damage, injury, or loss caused by Lessee's negligence or neglect connected with this lease. It is agreed that any insurance maintained by the Lessor will apply in excess of, and not contribute with, insurance provided by Lessee's policy. 18. Bond, performance. The Lessee shall, at its own cost and expense, within fifteen (15) days from the effective date of this lease, procure and deposit with the Lessor and thereafter keep in full force and effect during the term of this lease a good and sufficient surety bond, conditioned upon the full and faithful observance and performance by Lessee of all the terms, conditions, and covenants of this lease, in an amount equal to two times the annual rental then payable. This bond shall provide that in case of a breach or default of any of the lease terms, covenants, conditions, and agreements, the full amount of the bond shall be paid to the Lessor as liquidated and ascertained damages and not as a penalty. 19. Lessor's lien. The Lessor shall have a lien on the HELLO Keahole Well No. 4461-02, whether the same is exempt from execution or not, and on the rents of all improvements and buildings associated with the use of the Water Resource for all Lessor's costs, attorney's fees, rent reserved, for all taxes and assessments paid by the Lessor on behalf of the Lessee, and for the payment of all money provided in this lease to be paid by the Lessee, and this lien shall continue until the amounts due are paid. 95609 I.DOC 8 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO. BOX 621 MONOLULL, HAWAII 96609 20. Mortgage. Except as provided in this lease, the Lessee shall not mortgage, hypothecate, or pledge the Water Resource, any portion, or any interest in this lease without the prior written approval of the Chairperson and any mortgage, hypothecation, or pledge without the approval shall be null and void. Upon due application and with the written consent of the Chairperson, the Lessee may mortgage this lease, or any interest, or create a security interest in the leasehold of the Water Resource. If the mortgage or security interest is to a recognized lending institution in either the State of Hawaii or elsewhere in the United States, the consent may extend to foreclosure and sale of Lessee's interest at the foreclosure to any purchaser, including the mortgagee, without regard to whether or not the purchaser is qualified to lease, own, or otherwise acquire and hold the Water Resource or any interest. The interest of the mortgagee or holder shall be freely assignable. The term "holder" shall include an insurer or guarantor of the obligation or condition of the mortgage, including the Department of Housing and Urban Development through the Federal Housing Administration, the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Veterans Administration, the Small Business Administration, Farmers Home Administration, or any other Federal agency and their respective successors and assigns or any lending institution authorized to do business in the State of Hawaii or elsewhere in the United States; provided, that the consent to mortgage to a non-governmental holder shall not confer any greater rights or powers in the holder than those which would be required by any of these Federal agencies. 21. Breach. Time is of the essence in this agreement. If the Lessee shall fail to pay the rent, or any part thereof, at the times and in the manner provided in this lease and this failure shall continue for a period of more than thirty (30) days after delivery by the Lessor of a written notice of breach or default and demand for cure, by personal service, registered mail or certified mail to the Lessee and to each holder of record having a security interest in the Water Resource, or if the Lessee shall become bankrupt, or shall abandon the HELCO Well No. 4461-02, or if this lease and Water Resource shall be attached or taken by operation of law, or if any assignment is made of the Lessee's leasehold interest for the benefit of creditors, or if Lessee shall fail to observe and perform any of the covenants, terms, and conditions contained in this lease and on its part to be observed and performed, and this failure shall continue for a period of more than sixty (60) days after delivery by the Lessor of a written notice of breach or default and demand for cure, by 95609 1.DOC 9 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION P.O. BOX Bit HONOLULU. HAWA1190008 personal service, registered mail or certified mail to the Lessee at its last known address and to each holder of record having a security interest in the Water Resource, the Lessor may, subject to the provisions of Section 171-21, Hawaii Revised Statutes, at once terminate this lease without prejudice to any other remedy or right of action for arrears of rent or for any preceding or other breach of contract; and in the event of termination, Lessor shall retain all rent paid in advance to be applied to any damages. 22. Right of holder of record of a security interest. In the event the Lessor seeks to forfeit the privilege, interest, or estate created by this lease, each recorded holder of a security interest may, at its option, cure or remedy the default or breach of rent payment within thirty (30) days or any other default or breach within sixty (60) days, from the date of receipt of the Lessor's notice, or within an additional period allowed by Lessor for good cause, and add the cost to the mortgage debt and the lien of the mortgage. Upon failure of the holder to exercise its option, the Lessor may: (a) pay to the holder from any moneys at its disposal, including the special land and development fund, the amount of the mortgage debt, together with interest and penalties, and secure an assignment of the debt and mortgage from the holder or if ownership of the privilege, interest, or estate shall have vested in the holder by way of foreclosure, or action in lieu thereof, the Lessor shall be entitled to the conveyance of the privilege, interest, or estate upon payment to the holder of the amount of the mortgage debt, including interest and penalties, and all reasonable expenses incurred by the holder in connection with the foreclosure and preservation of its security interest, less appropriate credits, including income received from the privilege, interest, or estate subsequent to the foreclosure; or (b) if the Water Resource cannot be reasonably reassigned without loss to the State, then terminate the outstanding privilege, interest, or estate without prejudice to any other right or remedy for arrears of rent or for any preceding or other breach or default and use its best efforts to redispose of the affected land to a qualified and responsible person free and clear of the mortgage and the debt secured; provided that a reasonable delay by the Lessor in instituting or prosecuting its rights or remedies shall not operate as a waiver of these rights or to deprive it of a remedy when it may still otherwise hope to resolve the problems created by the breach or default. The proceeds of any redisposition shall be applied, first, to reimburse the Lessor for costs and expenses in connection with the redisposition; second, to discharge in full any unpaid purchase price or other indebtedness owing the Lessor in 95609 i.Doc 10 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION eO. BOX 621 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96609 connection with the privilege, interest, or estate terminated; third, to the mortgagee to the extent of the value received by the State upon redisposition which exceeds the fair market lease value of the land as previously determined by the State's appraiser; and fourth, to the owner of the privilege, interest, or estate. 23. Condemnation. If at any time, during the term of this lease, any portion of the water Resource should be condemned, or required for public purposes by any county or city and county, the rent shall be reduced in proportion to the value of the portion of the Water Resource condemned. The Lessee shall not by reason of the condemnation be entitled to any claim against the Lessor for condemnation or indemnity for leasehold interest and all compensation payable or to be paid for or on account of the leasehold interest by reason of the condemnation shall be payable to and be the sole property of the Lessor. The foregoing rights of the Lessee shall not be exclusive of any other to which Lessee may be entitled by law. Where the portion taken renders the remainder unsuitable for the use or uses for which the Water Resource was leased, the Lessee shall have the option to surrender this lease and be discharged and relieved from any further liability. 24. Acceptance of rent not a waiver. The acceptance of rent by the Lessor shall not be deemed a waiver of any breach by the Lessee of any term, covenant, or condition of this lease, nor of the Lessor's right to terminate this lease for breach of covenant, nor of the Lessor's right to declare and enforce a forfeiture for any breach, and the failure of the Lessor to insist upon strict performance of any term, covenant, or condition, or to exercise any option conferred, in any one or more instances, shall not be construed as a waiver or relinquishment of any term, covenant, condition, or option. 25. Extension of time. Notwithstanding any provision contained in this lease, when applicable, the Board may for good cause shown, allow additional time beyond the time or times specified in this lease for the Lessee to comply, observe, and perform any of the lease terms, conditions, and covenants. 26. Justification of sureties. Any bonds required by this lease shall be supported by the obligation of a corporate surety organized for the purpose of being a surety and qualified to do business in the State of Hawaii, or by not less than two personal sureties, corporate or individual, for which justifications shall be filed as provided in Section 78-20, Hawaii Revised Statutes; provided, however, the Lessee may 95609 1.DOC I 1 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LANDDIVISION - RO.BOX 621 HONOLULU. HAWAII MBN furnish a bond in like amount, conditioned as aforesaid, executed by it alone as obligor, if, in lieu of any surety or sureties, it shall also furnish and at all times thereafter keep and maintain on deposit with the Lessor security in certified checks, certificates of deposit (payable on demand or after a period the Lessor may stipulate), bonds, stocks or other negotiable securities properly endorsed, or execute and deliver to the Lessor a deed or deeds of trust of real property, all of a character which is satisfactory to Lessor and valued in the aggregate at not less than the principal amount of the bond. It is agreed that the value of any securities which may be accepted and at any time thereafter held by the Lessor shall be determined by the Lessor, and that the Lessee may, with the approval of the Lessor, exchange other securities or money for any of the deposited securities if in the judgment of the Lessor the substitute securities or money shall be at least equal in value to those withdrawn. It is further agreed that substitution of sureties or the substitution of a deposit of security for the obligation of a surety or sureties may be made by the Lessee, but only upon the written consent of the Lessor and that until this consent is granted, which shall be discretionary with the Lessor, no surety shall be released or relieved from any obligation. 27. Waiver, modification, reimposition of bond and liability insurance provisions. Upon substantial compliance by the Lessee with the terms, covenants, and conditions contained in this lease on its part to be observed or performed, the Lessor at its discretion may in writing, waive or suspend the performance bond or improvement bond requirements or both or may, in writing, modify the particular bond(s) or liability insurance requirements by reducing its amount; provided, however, that the Lessor reserves the right to reactivate the bonds or reimpose the bond(s) or liability insurance in and to their original tenor and form at any time throughout the term of this lease. 28. Quiet enjoyment. The Lessor covenants and agrees with the Lessee that upon payment of the rent at the times and in the manner provided and the observance and performance of these covenants, terms, and conditions on the part of the Lessee to be observed and performed, the Lessee may use the Water Resource for the term of the lease, without hindrance or interruption by the Lessor or any other person or persons lawfully claiming by, through, or under it. 29. Surrender. The Lessee shall, at the end of the term or other sooner termination of this lease, peaceably cease the use of the water Resource. Furthermore, upon the expiration, termination, or revocation of this lease, should the Lessee fail 95609 1.DOC 12 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO. BOX 521 HONOLULU, HAWAII% BM to cease the use of the Water Resource the Lessee shall be liable for and shall pay the Overpumpage Rent, as herein provided, computed and prorated on a daily basis. 30. Non -warranty. The Lessor does not warrant the availability or the quality of the Water Resource. 31. Hazardous materials. Lessee shall not cause or permit the escape, disposal or release of any hazardous materials into the Keahole aquifer except as permitted by law. Lessee shall not allow the storage or use of such materials in the vicinity of Helco Keahole Well No. 44GI-02 in any manner not sanctioned by law or by the highest standards prevailing in the industry for the storage and use of such materials, nor allow to be brought onto the well site any such materials except to use in the ordinary course of Lessee's business, and then only after written notice is given to Lessor of the identity of such materials and upon Lessor's consent which consent may be withheld at Lessor's sole and absolute discretion. If any lender or governmental agency shall ever require testing to ascertain whether or not there has been any release of hazardous materials by Lessee, then the Lessee shall be responsible for the reasonable costs thereof. In addition, Lessee shall execute affidavits, representations and the like from time to time at Lessor's request concerning Lessee's best knowledge and belief regarding the presence of hazardous materials on the premises placed or released by Lessee. Lessee agrees to indemnify, defend, and hold Lessor harmless, from any damages and claims resulting from the release of hazardous materials into the Keauhou aquifer occurring during the term of this lease and in association with the use of the Water Resource. These covenants shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of the lease. For the purpose of this lease "hazardous material" shall mean any pollutant, toxic substance, hazardous waste, hazardous material, hazardous substance, or oil as defined in or pursuant to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as amended, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, as amended, the Federal Clean Water Act, or any other federal, state, or local environmental law, regulation, ordinance, rule, or by-law, whether existing as of the date hereof, previously enforced, or subsequently enacted. 32. Hawaii law. This lease shall be construed, interpreted, and governed by the laws of the state of Hawaii. 95609 1 .➢OC 13 _. .... DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION P.O. BOX 521 HONOLULU. HR 1186809 33. Exhibits - Incorporation in lease. All exhibits referred to are attached to this lease and hereby are deemed incorporated by reference. 34. Headings. The article and paragraph headings herein are inserted only for convenience and reference and shall in no way define, describe or limit the scope or intent of any provision of this lease. 35. Partial invalidity. If any term, provision, covenant or condition of this lease should be held to be invalid, void or unenforceable, the remainder of this lease shall continue in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated thereby. 36. Time is of the essence. Time is of the essence in all provisions of this lease. 37. Incorporation by reference. Except as may be inconsistent with the terms of this lease, Notice of Sale and the Conduct of Sale which, together with the Special Notice to Bidders, are incorporated and made a part of this lease. The terms of this lease shall govern where there is any inconsistency between the lease terms and the terms contained in the Special Notice to Bidders. 38. Government approval. The Lessee shall be responsible for obtaining all necessary federal, state or county permits and approvals. 39. Audit and examination of books, etc. The Lessee shall, at all reasonable times, permit the Lessor or its authorized agents and employees, upon reasonable notice given by the Lessor, to audit, examine and to make copies of the relevant portions of books, accounts, records and receipts of the Lessee to the extent necessary to verify its operations under this lease. Lessor shall not have tie right to audit other financial records of the Lessee. 40. Environmental regulations. Lessee shall comply with all applicable federal, state and county environmental impact regulations, including but not limited to chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes, as amended, and regulations governing historic preservation. 41. Water quality assessment. Prior to the termination of this lease or the assignment of the leasehold, Lessee shall conduct a water quality assessment reasonably 95609 1.00C 14 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION Co. BOX 621 XONOLULU. HAWAII 96909 satisfactory to the State Department of Health, the State Commission on Water Resource Management, and the Department of Land and Natural Resources. If any degradation in water quality may be attributable to Lessee's acts or omissions, Lessee shall conduct all acts deemed reasonable and necessary by the State Department of Health, the State Commission on Water Resource Management, and the Department of Land and Natural Resources to remediate and restore the quality of the water to a condition it would have been in but for Lessee's acts or omissions. Any assignment or voluntary termination by the Lessee will not be approved by the Board of Land and Natural Resources unless this evaluation and remediation provision has been executed. This provision shall survive and continue in effect after termination of this lease. 42. overpumpage. In the event the Lessee withdraws more than 250,000 gallons per day (computed on a 12 -month moving average), Lessee shall pay to Lessor an Overpumpage Rent which shall be an amount two times the annual rental amount prorated on a daily basis for the period that the overpumpage occurs. overpumpage shall constitute a breach of this lease for which all remedies provided for herein shall be applicable. Acceptance of the overpumpage Rent shall not be deemed a waiver of a breach of this lease. This paragraph shall not apply if the overpumpage is solely the result of use of water for fire suppression purposes. 43. Watershed management plan. No later than sixty (60) days following the effective date of this lease, Lessee shall submit a watershed management plan for review and approval by the Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, which management plan shall include, but not be limited to, the prevention of the degradation of ground water quality to the extent that degradation can be avoided using reasonable management practices. 44. Water for farm ranch and other public uses. Pursuant to section 171-58(d), Hawaii Revised Statutes, as amended, Lessee shall provide from the Water Resource to any farmer or rancher engaged in irrigated pasture operations, crop farming, pen feeding operations, or raising of grain and forage crops, or for those public uses and purposes as may be determined by the board, at the same rental price paid under this lease, plus the proportionate actual costs, as determined by the board, to make this Water Resource available, so much of the Water Resource as is determined by the board to be surplus to Lessee's needs and for that minimum period as the board shall accordingly determine; provided, however, that in lieu of the payment for the Water Resource or such portion as may be taken for public uses 95609 I.DOC 15 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION 10 80.621 HONOLULU. HAWAII W809 and purposes, the board may elect to reduce the rental price under this lease in proportion to the value of the Water Resource and the proportionate actual costs of making the water available. 45. Legislative action. This lease shall be subject to disapproval by the legislature by a two-thirds vote of either the Senate or the House of Representatives, or by a majority vote of both, in any regular or special session next following the O3 tP of this disposition as set forth above. 95609 1.DCC 16 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO. 8OX 621 HONOLULU. HAWAil %BO9 Definitions. 1. The use of any gender shall include all genders, and if there is more than one lessee, then all words used in the singular shall extend to and include the plural. 2. As used in this lease, unless clearly repugnant to the context: (a) "Chairperson" means the Chairperson of the Board of Land and Natural Resources of the State of Hawaii or his successor. (b) "Lessee" means and includes the Lessee, its officers, employees, invitees, successors or permitted assigns. (c) "Holder of record of a security interest" means a person who is the owner or possessor of a security interest in the Water Resource leased and who has filed with the Department of Land and Natural Resources and with the Bureau of Conveyances of the State of Hawaii a copy of this interest. (d) "Waste" includes, but is not limited to, (1) utilizing the Water Resource in an uneconomic and inefficient manner; (2) for a purpose not authorized under this lease; and (3) permitting significant degradation in the quality of the Water Resource. (f) "Days" shall mean calendar days, unless otherwise specified. (g) "Water Resource" means 250,000 gallons per day (computed on a 12 -month moving average) of groundwater emanating from the Keauhou Aquifer and pumped to the surface via HELLO Keahole Well No. 4461-02. 95609 1.DOC 17 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO. BO%621 HONOLULU. HAWAII WSM IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the STATE OF HAWAII, by its Board of Land and Natural Resources, has caused the seal of the Department of Land and Natural Resources to be hereunto affixed and the parties hereto have caused these presents to be executed the day, month and year first above written. STATE OF HAWAII Approved by the Board By of Land and Naturalirperson Resources at its meeting and of Land and held on March 12, 2004. Natural Resources y LESSOR HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC., a Hawaii corporation By O'�O� SCJ AJ L ' Warren H. W. Lee Its t% s�Tfr.m r Its LESSEE APPROVED AS TO FORM: Deputy Attorney General Dated: -7 13 t� 95609 1.DOC 18 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION P08 N 621 HONOLULU, HAWPII 96009 STATE OF HAWAII ) SS. CITY AND COUNTY OF HONOLULU On this 1��l day of JULY 20C4 , before me appeared W O.Q,2JEtJ H -yU LE' and to me personally known, who, being by me duly sworn, did say that i1e ih e the Feeslv�T Ulaur and Q respectively, of HAWAIIAAL ELECTRIC,COMPANY, INC., a Hawaii corporation, cr , e r ;s the corp=ate Paal of said that said instrument was signed Q,g Rpaled in behalf of said bAyll, corporation by authority of its Hoard of Directors, and the said Officers acknowledged said instrument to be the free act and deed of said corporation. Notary Public, State of Hawaii 9. L.T. NAbN5t"WN My commission expires: J UWF, 28�20�g 95609 I . DOC 19 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION P.O. 90X 621 HONOLULU. HAWAII 80009 STATE OF HAWAII SURVEY DIVISION DEPT. OF ACCOUNTING AND GENERAL SERVICES C.S.F. No. 19,676 HONOLULU KEAHOLE DIESEL GENERATION SITE February 18, 1983 AND EASEMENTS 2 AND 3 Kalaoa 1st -4th, North Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii Being portion of the Government Land of Kalaoa 1st -4th. KEAHOLE DIESEL GENERATION SITE: Beginning at a nail in "+" in concrete at the northwest corner of this parcel of land and on the northeast comer of Keahole Substation Site, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "AKARIPUU" being 6972.44 feet South and 20,389.20 feet West, thence running by azimuths measured clockwise from True South: - 1. Along Government Land on a curve to the left with a radius of 3063.86 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 264° 41' 22" 533.09 feet to a nail in concrete; 2. 259° 41' 55" 312.39 feet along Government Land to a nail in "+" in concrete; 3, 9° 19' 55" 940.46 feet along Government Land to a 1/2 -inch pipe in concrete; 4. 99° 19' 55" 810.00 feet along Lots 6 and 5, Keahole Agricultural Park, Phase I, File Plan 1691 and along the north end of Pukiawe Street to a nail in concrete; 5. 189° 19' 55" 700.75 feet along Lot 5, Keahole Agricultural Park, Phase 1, File Plan 1691 and Keahole Substation Site, to the point of beginning and containing an AREA OF 14.998 ACRES. TOGETHER, WITH, Easements 2 and 3, as shown on plan and more particularly described as follows: dC EXHIBIT "'Al" C.S.F. se. 19,676 February 18, 1983 EASEMENT 2: Non-exclusive easement for access and utility purposes. Beginning at a nail in "+" in concrete at the southeast corner of this easement, the northeast corner of Keahole Substation Site and on the northwest corner of Keahole Diesel Generation Site, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "AKAHIPDD" being 6972.44 feet South and 20,389.20 feet West, thence running by azimuths measured clockwise from True South: - 1. Along Keahole Substation Site and Government Land on a curve to the right EASEMENT 3: Non-exclusive easement for access and utility purposes. Beginning at a nail in "+" in concrete at the southwest comer of this easement, the northeast corner of Keahole Substation Site and on the northwest corner of Keahole Diesel Generation Site, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "AKAHIPDD" being 6972.44 feet South and 20,389.20 feet West, thence running by azimuths measured clockwise from True South: - 1. 179° 40' 49" 80.00 feet along Government Land; 2. Thence along Government Land on a curve to the left with a radius of 2983.86 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 264° 41' 22" 519.17 feet; -2- with a radius of 3063.86 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 92° 16' 07" 276.73 feet; 2. 940 51' 25" 30.50 feet along Government Land; 3. 189° 19' 55" 80.24 feet along the east side of Queen Kaahumanu Highwav; 4. 2740 51' 25" 24.24 feet along Government Land; 5. Thence along Government Land on a curve to the left with a radius of 2983.86 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 272° 16' 07" 269.50 feet; 6. 359° 40' 49" 80.00 feet along Government Land to the point of beginning and containing an AREA OF 0.552 ACRE. EASEMENT 3: Non-exclusive easement for access and utility purposes. Beginning at a nail in "+" in concrete at the southwest comer of this easement, the northeast corner of Keahole Substation Site and on the northwest corner of Keahole Diesel Generation Site, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "AKAHIPDD" being 6972.44 feet South and 20,389.20 feet West, thence running by azimuths measured clockwise from True South: - 1. 179° 40' 49" 80.00 feet along Government Land; 2. Thence along Government Land on a curve to the left with a radius of 2983.86 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 264° 41' 22" 519.17 feet; -2- C.S.F. No. 19.676 February 18, 1983 3. 259° 41' 55" 312.39 feet along Government Land; 4. 3490 41' 55" 80.00 feet along Government Land to a nail in in concrete; 5. 79° 41' 55" 312.39 feet along Keahole Diesel Generation Site to a nail in concrete; 6. Thence along Keahole Diesel Generation Site on a curve to the right with a radius of 3063.86 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 84° 41' 22" 533.09 feet, to the point of beginning and containing an AREA OF 1.541 ACRES. Compiled from survey and map by R. Kuba and Govt. Survey Records. SURVEY DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND GENERAL SERVICES STATE OF HAWAII By: �n -ter Paul T. Nuha Land Surveyor -3- jc s lob � o Thu ' m a4' I Mgr E NORTfr t _ 349.41'$5" ilU}}ylll my C�6 of � »oTy° •�ry JGf m� m i C. c r Go u Mlm � "•l°,SS J.yq_ UJ�Of 7rn0n•� o s, �- N �In O'4G R90G3.B6 ------------------ _-- 999.4)'55"-• = R N SCF --R.e--6 589Noii in ---'fi rnncrcie WNIl0' anni� G q� yn O filo:}; 4 eRgT ON FSE o Q Hila Ni «.8 s q� Sir L W _rlt dr F I96 RES ar >6i ! \ r's•+e• �' o� Ph qe.. _____95e•}e• m4ee � W� 6972 Q� .A n f) P 9 -__--_Re�•S}•_ i I o�N GN 3y.' .% "D. eS` � Vh),yW Ea a, Iy O *'s)•2s•, Yo >' ° lye 6fo�� °c" i P Q�ar s>REEr -____-_ �•sOma.ec 1u = 3y°a� SI>� CE s E)eef \ ° �jP L a 9'ss.. seh �'Bs•� )'ee eek des, aq° s N°n Ery) P Uilvsl 1 g Pi s � �%qh�6 oo1S O.We qunnEa�ser�ny �0v !I'auat�ae QLE �sA rTiyyed reP E^) tSq A�LMA�'U kE �•o veh Ott. �(c[l4o-. Ge h no,.. f s,�s^v>R•�Rr sss�ye �'ber REDUCED NOT TO SCALE 2q>2 KEAHOLE SUBSTATION SITE KEAHOLE DIESEL GENERATION SITE AND EASEMENTS 1 9 e AND 3 Kaiaoa ist-qth, North Kona, Talarld of Hawaii, Hawaii Scale: 1 inch - 2cofe°t JOB H-GI92,H-6709 11oamcie5 access permitted C. BK 19, H091111010 Dene+e9 no vehicle access Dermttted rwK MAP 1-9-10 SURVEY DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND GENERAL SERVICES e- s. ►. Nm. �7.6�5 STATE OF HAWAII Ines Feb. le, 1983 EXHIBIT EXHIBIT "C'° oL oLL 0 a 0 0 0 N O O O C O ri Y F O U EXHIBIT "C'° 1 E 7 4 ASSIGNMENT OF LEASE EVALUATION POLICY Enabling Statute. Act 104, effective May 24, 1989, amended Chapter 171-36(a)(5) to read in part: provided further that prior to the approval of any assignment of lease, the board shall have the right to review and approve the consideration to be paid by the assignee and Qualifying Leases. This policy shall be applicable to the subject lease. Prior Approval. Prior to giving its consent to an assignment, DLNR must receive (i) the name, legal composition and address of any proposed assignee, (ii) a complete copy of the purchase agreement and the proposed assignment agreement, including the total consideration to be paid by the assignee for the assignment whether by cash, credit or otherwise, and (iii) the best available financial statement or balance sheet no older than 1 year prior to date of purchase agreement of the proposed assignee or any other such statement, audited or certified as correct by a financial officer of the proposed assignee. Assignments of lease shall not be entered into until the Attorney General has reviewed the proposed assignment and the Land Board have given their approval. Such assignments shall be entertained only if they meet the criteria set forth in Section 171-36(a)(5), HRS. Qualifications of Assignee. If qualification was required of a the lease, the prospective assignee assume the lease. lessee as a pre -condition of must also be qualified to EXHIBIT "D" 18196 1.DOC - Page 1 of 10 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO. BOX 621 HONOLULU, HAWAII W9 5 M Consideration to be Paid. Prior to review by the Attorney General and approval by the Land Board, the lessee (assignor) must present with written evidence of the consideration to be paid by the assignee and any other cost data that the state may require. Payment of Premium. The act permits the state to receive from the lessee (assignor) a premium based on the amount by which the consideration for the assignment, whether by cash, credit, or otherwise, exceeds the depreciated cost of improvements and trade fixtures being transferred to the assignee. The value of the inventory of merchandise and any other tangible assets in the sale of a business shall be deducted from the consideration paid. The appropriate cost index is then applied to determine the adjusted depreciated cost. All lessees shall be required to furnish the state with the actual costs of construction of all improvements and renovations within 30 calendar days after its completion as well as the purchase costs of all trade fixtures acquired for the lessee's operation on the premises within 30 calendar days after their purchase. Lessees shall be required to furnish evidence of the actual costs by copy of the construction contract, receipts or otherwise. Lessees shall also be required to furnish an inventory of all personal property placed on the premises. Records of all costs incurred by the lessee for construction of improvements or renovations as well as trade fixtures submitted by the lessee shall be maintained in the lease file and shall include the Construction Cost Index for Apartments, Hotels, Office Buildings (CCI) and the Honolulu Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI) as published by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for the year construction is completed. The replacement cost for improvements or renovations is calculated by using the CCI for the evaluation year divided by the CCI for the year in which the improvements or renovations were completed (base year). The result is then multiplied by the original cost of the improvements or renovations. For trade fixtures, the cost is similarly calculated by using the CPI for the purchase year (base year) and the evaluation year. Depreciation of improvements and trade fixtures will be determined on a straight line basis. Depreciation of improvements or renovations will be determined in the same proportion that the expired term of the improvements or renovations bear to the whole term. The whole term will be 18196 1.DOC Page 2 of 10 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO. sm .fi l H ONOLVLU, MPWAII 96809 7 El from the date the construction of the improvements or renovations are completed until the termination date of the lease. Depreciation of trade fixtures will be determined in the same manner, except that the whole term will be the anticipated life of the trade fixture. The premium will be a maximum of 50% of the excess. The percentage will decrease by 5% after every 5 years of the term has elapsed in accordance with Schedule C. The sliding scale will encourage long term occupancy and prevent speculation as well as recognize the investment, effort, and risk of the lessee. In cases where the lessee is unable to furnish the Department of Land and Natural Resources with evidence of the actual cost of construction of improvements because the lessee has performed the work itself, the State may determine the cost or the lessee shall have the option of paying for an appraiser, to be selected by the Department of Land and Natural Resources, to determine what the improvements would have cost if the labor had been performed by a third party rather than the lessee. The lessee shall exercise its option by giving written notice to the lessor within thirty (30) calendar days after completion of construction of the improvements. If the lessee fails to exercise its option within this period, the lessor shall have the right to determine the cost of the improvements. Schedule D attached provides a typical example of the evaluation calculations using Schedule A to calculate the replacement cost for improvements or renovations and depreciation, Schedule B to calculate the cost and depreciation for trade fixtures, and Schedule C to obtain the premium percentage. Non -qualifying Deductions. The statute only recognizes such as "goodwill", business deductible. Subsequent Assignments. tangible items. Intangibles name recognition, etc., are not If the consideration for any subsequent assignment includes the purchase of existing tenant owned improvements, the evaluation will be conducted in a similar manner as the first assignment. An example is shown on Schedule E. Using Schedule E, the consideration the assignor paid less included inventory and any premiums will be used to obtain the adjusted depreciated cost of improvements and trade fixtures. Also, the Base Year is redefined to be the date 18196 1.DOC - Page 3 of 10 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO 0 6't1 HONOLULU. HAWAU 96W9 0 M11 the assignor received the Consent of the Board to occupy the premises. The holding period (redefined Base Year to assignment date), or actual occupancy of the assignor, is used in place of the "expired term" when calculating depreciation. Depreciation will be calculated by dividing the holding period by the whole term of the lease (The whole term will remain unchanged). The change in the CCI will be reflected by comparing the CCI for the redefined base year to the most current CCI. The holding period will be the basis for determining the appropriate premium percentage. Subtracting the included inventory and any premiums from the consideration the assignor paid will result in a reassessment of the market value of the improvements. If additional improvements were constructed by the assignor, they will be treated in the same manner as improvements constructed by an original lessee. The excess of subtracting the adjusted depreciated consideration the assignor paid and the adjusted depreciated cost of additional improvements, if any, from the consideration the assignor received will be used against the appropriate premium percentage to determine the amount payable to the state. Rights of Holders of Security Interest -Agricultural Leases only. In the event of foreclosure or sale, the premium, if any, shall be assessed only after the encumbrances of record and any other advances made by the holder of a security interest are paid. When state-owned improvements are included in the leased premises, improvement renovation requirements shall be recognized as being tenant -owned improvements for evaluation in the policy. In other words, the total expenditure of the lessee to fulfill the requirement would be treated as though a new improvement was constructed. 18196 1.DOC Page 4 of 10 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO. BOX 641 HONOLULU. HAWAII 96BM SCHEDULE A. Adjusted Depreciated Cost of Improvements or Renovations 1. Adjusted Cost of Improvements or Renovations. Multiply the actual cost of the improvements or renovations by the most recent U.S. Construction Cost Index for Apartments, Hotels, Office Buildings (CCI)* and divide the result by the CCI of the year construction was completed (base year) to get the adjusted cost of improvements or renovations. 2. Depreciation Determine the depreciation percentage on a straight-line basis by dividing the expired term of the improvements or renovations by the whole term of the improvements or renovations, the whole term beginning on the date the improvements or renovations are completed to the expiration date of the lease. Multiply the adjusted cost of the improvements or renovations by the depreciation percentage to determine the depreciation. 3. Depreciated Cost of Improvements or Renovations Subtract the depreciation from the adjusted cost of improvements or renovations. The balance is the depreciated cost of improvements or renovations. *As published by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Example Actual cost: $500,000 CCI (most recent): 121.1 CCI (base year): 102.3 1. Adjusted Cost of Improve- Expired term: 57 mos. ments or Renovations Whole term: 408 mos. Actual Cost X CCI (most recent) CCI (base year) $500,000 X 121.1 = $591,887 102.3 2. Depreciation $591,887 X 57 mos. _ $82,690 408 mos. 3. Adjusted Depreciated Cost of Improvements or Renovations $591,887 - $82,690 = $509,197 18196 1.DOC ., Page 5 of 10 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO. BOX 521 HONOLULU, HAWAII WIM9 SCHEDULE B. Adjusted Depreciated Cost of Trade Fixtures 1. Adjusted Cost of Trade Fixture. Multiply the actual cost of the trade fixture by the most recent Honolulu Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI)* and divide the result by the CPI of the year in which the purchase was made (base year). 2. Depreciation. Determine the depreciation percentage on a straight-line basis by dividing the expired term of the trade fixture by its anticipated life. Multiply the adjusted cost of the trade fixture by the depreciation percentage to determine the depreciation. 3. Depreciated Cost of Trade Fixtures. Subtract the depreciation from the adjusted cost of the trade fixture. The balance is the depreciated cost of the trade fixture. *As published by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of labor Statistics Refrigerator Example Actual cost: $1,510 CPI (most recent): 118.1 CPI (base year): 104.6 1. Adjusted Cost of Trade Expired term: 57 mos. Fixture Whole term: 96 mos. (Anticipated life) Actual Cost X CPI (most recent) CPI (base year) $1,510 X 118.1 + $1,705 104.6 2_ Depreciation $1.705 X 57 mos. _ $1,012 96 mos. 3. Adjusted Depreciated Cost of Trade Fixture $1,705 - $1,012 = $ 693 18196 1.DOC Page 6 of 10 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO. a. 621 HONOLULU. HAWAII 96809 SCHEDULE C. Premium Percentages 1. For the first 5 years, the premium is 50% of the amount by which the consideration for the assignment, whether by cash, credit, or otherwise, exceeds the depreciated cost of improvements and trade fixtures being transferred to the assignee. The percentage will decrease by 5% after every 5 years of the total term has elapsed. Years Percentage I _ 5 50% 6 - 10 45% 11 - 15 40% 16 - 20 35% 21 - 25 30% 26 - 30 25% 31 - 35 20% 36 - 40 15% 41 - 45 10% 46 - 50 5% 51 - 0% As an example, if a 55 year lease was assigned after 57 months, the premium percentage would be 50%. If the assignment occurs after 130 months (10+ years), the percentage would be 40%. 2. The Board of Land and Natural Resources may impose a ten percent (10%) surcharge if the assignor has not performed lease covenants to improve or use the property. 18196 1.00C ' Page 7 of 10 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION P. 80% 621 HONOLULU. HL All 9 M SCHEDULE D. Assignment of Lease Calculations 1. Subtract from the consideration for the assignment that amount, if any, that is attributable to inventory. 2. Calculate the Adjusted Depreciated Cost of Improvements or Renovations (see Schedule A). 3. Calculate the Adjusted Depreciated Cost of Trade Fixtures (see Schedule B). 4. Calculate the amount by which the consideration for the assignment, whether by cash, credit, or otherwise, exceeds the depreciated cost of improvements and trade fixtures being transferred to the assignee by subtracting the amounts derived by no. 2 and 3 from the amount in no. 1 above. 5. Determine the appropriate premium percentage (see Schedule C). Multiply by the excess, if any, derived by no. 4. Example A lease is being assigned 57 months after completion of the improvements at a consideration of $600,000. The initial cost of the improvements was $500,000 while the current year CCI and base year CCI were 121.1 and 102.3, respectively. The whole term for the improvements is 408 months. For the trade fixtures, the initial cost was $1,510 with the current year CPI and base year CPI being 118.1 and 104.6, respectively. The total life expectancy is 96 months. 1. Net Consideration: 2, Adj Cost Imp/Ren: Depreciation: Adj Dep Cost Imp/Ren: 3. Adj Cost Trade Fixtures: Depreciation: Adj Dep Cost Trade Fixtures: 4. Excess: 5. Premium: $591,887 - 82,690 1,705 - 1,012 Percentage 18196 1.DOC - Page 8 of 10 $600,000 -509,197 - 693 $ 90,110 50% $ 45,055 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION `0BOX 621 HONOLULU. HAWA1196009 SCHEDULE E. Subsequent Assignment of Lease Calculations 1. Subtract from the consideration the assignor received for the assignment that amount, if any, that is attributable to inventory to derive the net consideration received. Subtract from the consideration the assignor previously paid for the assignment that amount, if any, that was attributable to inventory. Also, subtract from the consideration the assignor previously paid for the assignment that amount, if any, that was attributable to premiums. The net consideration paid is now defined to be the value of improvements as of the date of the occupancy by the assignor. Using the result from no. 2, calculate the Adjusted Depreciated Value of Improvements or Renovations (see Schedule A). Subtract the amount derived by no. 3 from the amount in no. 1 to determine the amount by which the consideration received for the assignment, whether by cash, credit, or otherwise, exceeds the adjusted depreciated value of improvements being transferred to the assignee. Determine the appropriate premium percentage (see Schedule C). Multiply by the excess, if any, derived by no. 4. Example An assignor is assigning a lease 107 months after receiving the consent of the Board. Occupancy or the holding period is defined to be 107 months. The consideration received is $1,000,000. The consideration paid by the assignor was $600,000 while the current year CCI and redefined base year CCI were 156.4 and 121.1, respectively. The whole term was 408 months. 18196_1.DOC Page 9 of 10 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO. BO% 621 HONOLULU. HAWAII 86809 No inventory was included in either consideration. However, a premium of $45,055 was paid to the state by the previous occupant from the $600,000 consideration. 1. Net Consideration Received: $1,000,000 2. Consideration Paid: $600,000 Premium: - 45,055 Net Consideration Paid: $554,945 3. Adj Value Consideration (improvements): $554,945 X 156.4 = $716,708 121.1 Depreciation: $716,708 X 107 mos. _ -187,960 408 mos. Adj Dep Value Consideration: - 528,748 4. Excess: $ 471,252 5. Premium: Percentage: 45% $ 212,063 18196 1.DOC - Page 10 of 10 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION PO BOX 621 MONOLUW. KA 1196809 I i waii Electric Light Company, inc. CEAHOLE GENERATING STATION AND AIRPORT SUBSTATION URBAN RECLASSIFICATION FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT North Kona, Hawaii January 24, 2005 ,f F, The Appendices for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc.'s Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) dated January 24, 2005 can be found on a CD located at the end of this FEIS. The Appendices are comprised of various consultant and expert reports that evaluate and assess the probable and potential impacts the improvements of the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation would have on the community. These reports, which are listed alphabetically by consultant as Appendices A -P, also include HELCO's Integrated Resource Plan and Evaluations. The CD has been prepared in order to reduce printing and mailing costs and contains all of the material originally published in the second volume of the FEIS. This Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) has been prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd., acting as a consultant to Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. The EIS has been prepared under the signatories' direction and supervision. All information submitted, to the best of signatories' knowledge, fully addresses document content requirements set forth in Sections 11-200-17 and 11-200-18 of the Hawaii Administrative Rules, as appropriate. HAWAI FLECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC. By: *ARREN H.W. LEE Its: President BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. �¢ T ,U u Date By: _ 2a — A E MA—VES Daki Its: President OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CONTROL CONTENT REQUIREMENTS CHECK LIST FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT o ? z 3 w i $ o w LL a m w w THE DRAFT EIS REVISED TO INCORPORATE SUBSTANTIVE COMMENTS ✓ RECEIVED DURING THE CONSULTATION AND REVIEW PROCESSES; REPRODUCTION OF ALL LETTERS RECEIVED CONTAINING SUBSTANTIVE COMMENTS AND, AS APPLICABLE, SUMMARIES OF ANY ✓ SCOPING MEETINGS A LIST OF PERSONS ORGANIZATIONS AND PUBLIC AGENCIES ✓ COMMENTING ON THE DRAFT EIS; THE RESPONSES OF THE APPLICANT TO EACH SUBSTANTIVE ✓ COMMENT THE RESPONSE TO COMMENTS SHALL INCLUDE: Point -by -point discussion of the validity, significance, and ✓ relevance of comments: and Discussion as to how each comment was evaluated and ✓ considered in planning the proposed action. Response letters reproduced in the final EIS shall indicate ✓ verbatim changes that have been made to the draft EIS. Reasons why specific comments were not accepted, and ✓ factors of overriding importance warranting an override THE READER CAN EASILY DISTINGUISH CHANGES MADE TO THE ✓ DRAFT EIS. THE APPLICANT SHALL SIGN THE FINAL EIS AND SHALL INDICATE ✓ i THAT DOCUMENTS WERE PREPARED UNDER THE SIGNATORY'S DIRECTION REVISIONS TO THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SECTION CHANGE' Signature Page A Signature Page has been added to the beginning of the document. After Signature Page EIS Checklist has been added after the Signature page Acronyms, Page 3 Added HCPS = Hawaii Content and Performance Standards Acronyms, Page 3 Added HFP = HFP Acoustical Consultants Acronyms, Page 4 Added MSRI = Million Solar Roofs Initiative Added SCANS = Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Acronyms, Page 5 Skills Executive Summary, Page t, 2nd paragraph Changed 1st sentence to "The reclassification has been required by "Once the Slate Board of Land and Natural Resources." Added: reclassified from the Conservation District to the Urban District, HELCO must seek rezoning to Industrial." Added "." at the end of second paragraph Executive Summary, Page 2, last paragraph Added "HELCO will conduct additional studies to determine the type of ammonia it will use in the SCR unit (anhydrous or urea pellets), whether to use naphtha as an alternate fuel source, and if it is environmentally appropriate and economically feasible to construct an additional wastewater treatment facility on site to treat the wash water from periodic cleaning of SCR components (the wash water would contain heavy metals and therefore be classified as hazardous waste). Once all necessary approvals for the facility are secured (2007 or beyond), HELCO will commence its studies associated with the ammonia and naphtha. The analysis of the potential need for an additional wastewater treatment facility will not commence until operational experience has been gained to determine the actual volume of wash water generated and the frequency of required cleanings." Executive Summary, Page 3, Ist paragraph Removed "Proposed" from the third line. Deleted "." at end of second paragraph Executive Summary, Page 3 Inserted "Hawaii County Planning CommissionP at the beginning of the fifth bullet _ Chapter One, Section 1.1, Page 1, fourth paragraph, Emphasis added to its 1st line Deleted the phrase "...and is in conformance with the Conservation Chapter One, Section 1.2, Page 1, 3rd sentence District" Chapter One, Section 1.6.2, Added: It should be noted that several other projects in the region surrounding the Kean le Generating Station are presently To readily identify any changes made to the Draft Environmental Impact Statement, the additions noted in this table will be made to the Chapters in grey and underlined. Deletions will be noted in the right margin. REVISIONS TO THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT undergoing environmental review. For a broader perspective, the reader may wish to consult the Office of Environmental Quality Control to obtain copies of documents pertaining to the University of Hawaii's proposed West Hawaii campus, the Hiluhilu development (also known as Palan i), and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands." Chapter One, Section 1.7.2., Page 4 Added "(6)" before developing ... Chapter One, Section 1.7.8 Added New Section "Additional Studies Required" with following text: "HELCO must conduct additional studies to determine the type of ammonia it will use in the SCR unit (anhydrous or urea pellets), whether to use naphtha as an alternate fuel source, and if it is environmentally appropriate and economically feasible to construct an additional wastewater treatment facility on site to treat the wash water from periodic cleaning of SCR components (the wash water would contain heavy metals and therefore be classified as hazardous waste). The studies associated with the ammonia and the naphtha will not commence until all necessary approvals for the facility are secured (2007 or beyond). The analysis of the potential need for an additional wastewater treatment facility will not commence until operational experience has been gained to determine the actual volume of wash water generated and the frequency of required cleanings." Chapter One, Section 1.9, Page 1-6 Added "See Section 2.10 for a more detailed explanation" Added "Planning Commission" after Hawaii County in the sixth bullet oint Chapter Two, Section 2.1, Page 1, 3rd sentence Footnote added: "It should be noted that the rules governing permitted uses in the Conservation District have evolved over time. In 1973, industrial uses (such as a power plant) were deemed to be appropriate uses in the Conservation District. This helps explain why the origin I facility was permitted in the first instance" Chapter Two, Section 2.2, Page 2, 1st paragraph, 1 st Added ", and both owned by the applicant." line Chapter Two, Section 2.3, end of first paragraph, Added "The subject properties were originally zoned Open by the page 2-6 County to conform with the State Land Use Commission's classification of the property as Conservation District in the early 1960s." Chapter Two, Table 2-A, Page 7 Added discussion of engineering and design -related activities between 2004 and 2009 to the table entries Chapter Two, Section 2.4.1, last paragraph Deleted the phrase "...and is in conformance with the Conservation District" Added to the end of the paragraph: "The reclassification and change in zoning would bring the subject property into conformance with its existing use for industriaV purposes. The generating station and airport substation have been operating on the subject property since 1973, and HELCO has been serving the island of Hawaii (Big Island) REVISIONS TO THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT since 1894. The ongoing consumption of petroleum for the generation of electricity ensures long-term economic productivity on the island. The addition of ST -7 is intended to improve efficiency, thereby contributing to a reduction in the facilities' dependence upon increased consum tion ofpetroleum." Chapter Two, Section 2.7.1. , Page 17 Added "there" after Recognizing that ... Chapter Two, Section 2.9.3.2, Page 23 Added last paragraph to read: "Although regulatory officials applied an "emissions netting" formula to exclude the mandatory use of SCR at the Keahole Generating Station, under the Settlement Agreement, HELCO and State Department of Health officials agreed to the use of SCR." Chapter Two, Section 2.9.4.7, Page 27 Added: "HELCO is also required to prepare and submit a Risk Management Plan (RMP) in accordance with guidelines issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pursuant to Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Ammonia, in both anhydrous and aqueous forms, is listed as a regulated substance under 40 CFR Part 68. The RMP will include the following components: • Hazard assessment that details the potential effects of an accidental release, an accident history over the last five years, and an evaluation of worst-case and alternative accidental releases, • Prevention program that includes safety precautions and maintenance, monitoring, and employee training measures; and • Emergency response program that spells out emergency health care, employee training measures and procedures for informing the public and response agencies should an accident occur. These plans are submitted to the EPA and made available for public review. The plans must be updated and resubmitted every five years. Also, under EPA's Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act f,EPCRA), the quantities of ammonia and storage locations are reported to the State of Hawaii Department of Health, the Local Emergency Planning Committee, and the Hawaii County Fire Department. This information is submitted annually under the EPCRA Tier II program. Compliance with the risk management program requirements (including submission of an RMP) is required by the date on which a regulated substance first becomes present above a threshold quantity in a process at a stationary source (the initial compliance deadline was June 21, 1999 for sources holding more than a threshold quantity of a regulated substance in a process prior to that date) (40 CFR §68.10(a)). If EPA adds a chemical to the list of regulated substances, part 68 requirements must be met with respect to that chemical within three years of the date on which the chemical is listed (40 CFR §68.10(a) (2)):" REVISIONS TO THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Chapter Two, Section 2.9.5.8., Page 28 Changed "." to "," in $4,870,000 Chapter Two, Section 2.9.6.2, Page 33 Changed "Agriculture" to "Agricultural" Chapter Two, Section 2.10, Page 34 Added explanation of status of each permit or approval needed. Also added new discussion of the need for Public Utilities Commission approval for CT -2 Noise Modification. Chapter Three, Section 2.9.6.2, Page 31, 2nd Changed "Agriculture" to "Agricultural" paragraph, 3rd sentence Chapter Three, Section 3.5.10.3., Page 14 Deleted extra Chapter Three, Section 3.6.1, Page 17 Deleted sixth paragraph. Chapter Three, Section 3.6.2, Point 3, end of 3rd Added: "A wash water sample will be collected each time the HRSG paragraph, Page 19 tubes are washed. All samples will be analyzed by an analytical laboratory following appropriate EPA methodologies for determining hazardous wastes. The frequency of sampling may be adjusted after significant testing (e.g., after collection of 10 or more data sets) has been conducted to properly characterize the waste stream as being hazardous or not. The need to wash the HRSG boiler tubes will be dependent on the freshness of the SCR catalyst and type of fuel. The fresher the catalyst and higher the sulfur content in the fuel, the more frequent washing will be needed. If the catalyst is kept fresh and low sulfur fuel is used, washing could be required only once per year, otherwise it could be more frequent, possibly quarterly. Hazardous wash water will be sent to EPA -approved treatment and disposal facilities on the mainland, in compliance with all applicable Federal and State hazardous waste regulations. These are EPA - permitted facilities that are designed to properly treat and/or dispose of hazardous wastes. However, at some future time, HELCO may determine that is economically prudent and environmentally appropriate to the wash water on site at the Keahole facility. Such treatment would involve the construction of a separate discrete wastewater treatment facility dedicated to treating the wash water. The sizing of the facility cannot yet be determined because the actual volume of wash water will depend upon the frequency that washing will occur. Therefore, the matter of whether or not the wash water may at some future time be treated on site is an Unresolved Issue. For further discussion of this matter, please refer to Section 6.4 of this EIS." Chapter Three, Section 3.8.3.1, Page 27 Added: "Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Although carbon dioxide is not a regulated substance, it is a topic of ongoing discussion with regard to global warming. The issue of climate change continues to undergo complex debate at international levels. It is appropriate that once global strategies are developed, national and state strategies and action plans should follow in that order. In the meantime, Hawaiian Electric Company and its subsidiaries remain committed to doing their part in addressing the issue of climate change by participating in voluntary efforts such as the U.S. Department of Energy's Climate Challenge Program, supporting renewable energy, offering demand side management and energy efficiency programs, developing efficient combined heat and power systems for customers, and REVISIONS TO THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT continuously working to improve the efficiency of its generating units." Chapter Three, Section 3.8.6.3, Page 34 Changed three 15 -minute period to three 15 minute periods Added: "Further, traditional and customary Native Hawaiian cultural Chapter Three, Section 3.17.2, Page 66 practices that may occur along the Keahole shoreline are not anticipated to be negatively impacted by the proposed project. As discussed in Section 3.6.2, the project will have no significant adverse impacts on the nearshore waters resulting from its use of groundwater and the subsequent disposal of the facility's effluent. Chapter Three, Section 3.18, Page 66 Section 3.18 added to address solid waste impacts Chapter Four, Figures 4-2 and 4-3, Page 4 Deleted "\FF codes New section added to address impacts on public services and Chapter Four, Section 4.8.7, Page 22 facilities, including distance to nearest public school. Chapter Four, Section 4.11., Page 26 Capitalized "Settlement" Chapter Five, Section 5.1, Page 1, 3rd sentence Changed "Agriculture" to "Agricultural" Chapter Five, Table 5-A, Page 13 Under commentary, paragraph three, deleted ", which" Paragraph revised to provide consistency with content of Final EIS Chapter 5, Section 5.3.4.2, Page 32, 4th paragraph for Palamanui Chapter Five, Section 5.3.13.2, Page 43 Changed " " to Chapter Five, Section 5.8., Page 50 Added "in" after as discussed in third paragraph Chapter Five, Section 5.10, Page 57 Capitalized County or State in first paragraph Paragraph changed to new paragraphs summarizing the project's Chapter Five, Section 5.11, Page 68+, 3rd paragraph conformance with 10 objectives of CZM program Chapter Five, Section 5.13, Page 58 New section added: Federal Aviation Administration Added new paragraphs: "At the time of the preparation of this Chapter Six, Section 6.4, Page 6 Environmental Impact Statement, a determination has not yet been made regarding the type of ammonia (anhydrous or urea pellets) that will be utilized at the facility. A decision is anticipated before mid -2007. Once a decision has been made a plan addressing emergency procedures in case of accidental release or spill during transit or operations at the facility will be developed and submitted to the State Department of Health for approval. At the time this Environmental Impact Statement is being prepared HELCO has not yet determined whether it is economically prudent and environmentally appropriate to treat the wash water on site rather than ship it to a disposal facility on the mainland. If treated on site, the heavy metals removed from the wash water would be shipped to an EPA -approved disposal facility on the mainland. This would greatly reduce the volume of hazardous material being transported. If treated onsite, all wastestreams (water and solid) should be nonhazardous. Samples will be collected to confirm this. As such, the treated nonhazardous sludge remaining after treatment REVISIONS TO THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (which will contain heavy metals) can be dewatered and disposed of at a local landfill (e.g., West Hawaii Landfill). All requests for solid waste disposal at the West Hawaii Landfill must go through a review and approval process. This option for waste disposal could eliminate the need to send anything to the mainland. However, a detailed analysis must be conducted by HELCO to determine the feasibility of this approach before a commitment can be made to a specific course of action. At this time, it is HELCO's intention that once the ST -7 unit with the SCR has become operational, and the frequency of washing the HSRG tubes has been determined, a study will be conducted to determine the feasibility of treating the wash water on site. This study will include an analysis of the physical requirements of a discrete wash water treatment facility, the operational requirements, the cost, and most importantly, the environmental considerations, including mitigations and a detailed response plan for emergency situations. HELCO recognizes that the decision to treat hazardous waste on site is a matter that deserves full public disclosure, review and participation, and will therefore comply with all applicable requirements of environmental review pursuant to Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes as amended. At this point in time, it is anticipated that a study to determine the feasibility of treating wash water on site commence approximately one year after ST -7 becomes opera ional. Chapter Six, Section 6.6, Page 8 and 9 Sections 6.6.1 to 6.6.6 added to address cumulative impacts. 6.6.1. DRAINAGE AND RUNOFF The project's cumulative contribution to regional drainage and runoff as it relates to surrounding land uses, both present and future, Is anticipated to be negligible. As is required of any new development, storm runoff generated by new impermeable surfaces (roofs and pavement) is required to be minimized and must be contained on site. With regard to regional drainage, the high permeability of the ground at and around the property results in no observable drainageways. Thus, the presence of the project is not anticipated to have a cumulative impact upon drainage or runoff, when combined with the projected effects of the adjacent DHHL lands. Other projects such as Palamanui, Coma, and Kohanaiki are too far from the Keahole site to be considered for prospective cumulative drainage impacts. 6.6.2. TRAFFIC As the proposed project is anticipated to have a negligible impact on regional traffic (a total of 21 A.M. peak hour trips and 14 P.M. peak hour trips on a roadway with over 1,100 vehicles moving in each direction during peak hours), both now and in the foreseeable future, the anticipated impact, when taking into account other proposed regional projects, Is also negligible. As discussed In Section 3.9.2, the traffic impacts of the proposed Palamanui project were included in the traffic analysis of future impacts for the Keahole project. General traffic impacts related to other development projects in the area were assumed to be part of an annual future growth factor of 4.B percent. REVISIONS TO THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 6.6.3. VISUAL The cumulative visual impacts of the project, with relation to future surrounding development cannot be assessed easily, as the visual character of development that may be proposed on the adjacent DHHL land is not yet known. As discussed in this Final EIS, the proposed project includes specific landscaping recommendations to help mitigate its visual impacts. If it can be assumed that other projects will consider similar landscaping mitigation measures, then the cumulative impact may be a regional change in the character of the landscaping. The low scrub vegetation may be replaced with more formalized landscaping, including trees and palms and hedges to screen specific project elements. 6.6.4. AIR AND NOISE The subject property is required to operate under very specific air quality and noise regulations. Given the assumption that it will continue to do so, the cumulative impact on regional noise and air quality, when taking into consideration other adjacent or nearby development proposals, is not anticipated to constitute a significant negative impact. As CT -4 and CT -5 will be in operation well before other developments in the region commences, and ST -7 will be implemented with SCR and noise controls to specifically reduce air quality and noise impacts, other future projects will have to include the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation as part of the baseline condition. 6.6.5. GROUNDWATER The proposed project will have no substantive cumulative impact upon the quality or quantity of groundwater that enters the ocean approximately three and a half miles down slope from the project site. As the project has already been granted the necessary withdrawal permits and it is not anticipated that well practices will deviate from their current permits, the proposed project is considered as part of the baseline condition for future development projects in the region and future development projects' assessment of cumulative impacts will have to take into account the operations of the Keahole facility. In addition, the State's continuing oversight with regard to new well permits represents an opportunity for the cumulative impacts on groundwater and the aquifer to be addressed with each new project. Thus, through the previous granting of the withdrawal permit for the Keahole facility, the project's cumulative impacts on the regional groundwater have already been assessed and found to not have a significant impact on water resources in the region. 6.6.6. COASTAL WATERS Closely related to the discussion of groundwater above, the project's cumulative impacts upon coastal waters relate to the dynamics of surface runoff and drainage, groundwater impacts, and social impacts. In the former two instances, surface runoff and drainage, and groundwater impacts, are anticipated to not have a significant impact on water resources in the region. Therefore, no significant negative impact upon the coastal waters is anticipated. The cumulative impact of other existing and proposed developments has REVISIONS TO THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT been taken into account in this finding to the extent that specific facts about those projects are known. Future projects that are only in their conceptual stage will have to include the Keahole facility in their baseline. With regard to social impacts, as the project will create only a limited number of new permanent jobs and will have no identifiable impact on population generation, the project's presence is not anticipated to generate an increase in shoreline recreational activity (either passive or active), that in turn might impact the quality of coastal waters. Chapter Seven, Section 7.2.3, Page 6 to 31 Images of letters enlarged. Chapter Seven, Section 7.2.3, Page 31 "Blank box' removed from the Melvin Kaku letter Chapter Seven, Section 7.3, Page 42, second page of Added the following sentence after Land Ownership paragraph: "Permits response letter and approvals: Section 2.10 has been revised to include the status of thepermits." Appendix Table of Contents Revised to correct Appendix M and Appendix N titles Appendix I Amended to include bibliography Pae 2 revised to remove a pencil mark. T A B L E O F C 0 N T E N T S SUMMARYSHEET ........................................ ....... .............. .......................................................................... Summary I ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................................................Acranvm.s I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............... ............................................................ ........................... ....... Executive Samman I CHAPTER ONE: SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSED ACTION 1.1. APPLICANT AND ACCEPTING AUTHORITY...................................................................................... 1-1 1.2. PROPOSEDGOVERNMENTACTION..................... ........... ................................... .......... ..................... 1-1 1.3. PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENTT..................................._........................................................................ 1-1 1.4. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES......_.................................................. .............................................. ...... 1-2 1.5. SUBJECFPROPERTY.............................................................................................................................. 1-2 1.6. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ......... ...................................................... ......................... ............................... 1-2 1.6.1. Proposed Action and Alternative....................................................................................__.......... 1-2 1.6.2. Scope of the EIS............................................................................................................................ 1-3 1.7. SUMMARY OF UNRESOLVED ISSUES................................................................................................ 1-3 1.7.1. Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV) Capacity Issues....................................................................... 1-4 1.7.2. Distributed Generation Docket ............................. 1-4 1.7.3. Competitive Bidding for New Generation ........ ......... ............. -... ............... ................................ 1-4 1.7.4. Utility and Non -Utility Combined Heat and Power ....... .............................. ....................._........ 1-5 1.7.5. I filo Coast Power Company (Formerly Hilo Coast Processing Company) (I ICPC) Contract Termination.............. _........................._........................-.............................................................. 1-5 1.7.6. County Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ............ .......................... .................. ............................ _. I -S 1.7.7. Queen Kaahumamt Highway ............................ .................................. ........ ................................ 1-5 1.7.8. Additional Studies Required ............................. .................................................... .................... ... 1-6 1.8. SUMMARY OF COMPATIBILITY WITH LAND USE: PLANS AND POLICIES.. ............................... 1-6 1.9. NECESSARY APPROVALS AND PERMITS.......................................................................................... 1-6 CHAPTER TWO: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ............................ ....... 2-1 2.1. INTRODUCTION ............... ......... .................................................... ........... .............. .................. ............ 2-1 2.2. REGIONAL CONTEXTT.................-......................................................................._................................. 2-2 2.3. HISI'ORY OF THE FACILITY .... .............................................................. ............... ........................... .... 2-3 2.4. DESC'RIP'TION OF THE EXISTING FACILITY...................................................................................... 2-8 2.4.1. Purpose and Need ................. ._...................................................................... ............................ ... 2-8 2.4.2. New and Existing Components ..............................................................._..._.........................._... 2-9 2.4.3. Potable Water......................................................... 2.4.4. Non -Potable Water ........ ........................... ................................................... .............................. ..2-14 2.4.5. Proposed Changes to Water Usage ........................................... ._._............ ................................ 2-14 14.6. Lmission Controls...-.................................................. -............................................................... 2-14 2.4.7. Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Disposal..._ ....................................... ................. ............. -14 2.4.8. Industrial Wastewater.................................................................................................................. 2-14 .. ___IAEA ._ ARPCR __ GAPE.. GAPE... .......__. .. .__..... .....___._... .. .... _.___m_.__... _... PAGE_ HELCO-KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 6 AIRPORT SUBSTATION TABLE OF CONTENTS, PAGE I HELCO KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION TABLE OF CONTENTS, PAGE I 2.4.9. Personnel......................................................................................................................................2-15 2.4.10. Vehicular Access and Roadways ................................................ ................................................. 2-15 2.4.11. Existing and Proposed Landscape.............................................................._................................2-15 2.4.12. Electrical Energy Consumption...................................................................................................2-15 2.5. THE PLANNING HORIZON...................................................................................................................2-15 2.5.1. Integrated Resource Planning......................................................................................................2-15 2.5.2. Estimating Short- and Long -Term Growth of Electricity ................................. ........................... 2-16 2.6. 11 IE NATURE OF DEMAND..................................................................................................................2-16 2.6.1. East vs. West ................................................................................................................................2-16 2.6.2. Peak Demand...............................................................................................................................2-16 2.6.3. Technological Dependency..........................................................................................................2-17 2.6.4. C'onservation................................................................................................................................2-17 2.6.4.1. Energy Efficiency............................................................_....................................2-17 2.6.4.2. Consumer Responsibility .... ........................................................ ............................ 2-17 2.7. THE ISSUE OF SUPPLY ...................... ............................... ......................................... ............................ 2-18 2.7.1. Firm Capacity and As -Available Generation ................................................... ........................... 2-18 2.7.2. Independent Power Producers..........................................................................._.........................2-19 2.8. THF. RECOMMENDED STRATEGY.....................................................................................................2-19 2.9. DISCUSSION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES................................................2-19 2.9.1. Description of the Proposed Action.............................................................................................2-20 2.9.2. The Practicality of ST -7 at Keahole Instead of an Alternative Site ................. ........................... 2-20 2.9.3. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system .........................._....................... ........................... 2.9.3.1. SCR System Description........................................................................................2-21 2.9.3.2. Control Philosophy ........................... ...................................................................... 2-22 2.9.3.3. Ammonia Supply........................................................ ................ ........................... 2-22 2.9.4. Equipment Physical Attributes and Layout .......... ............................................ ............................ 2-23 2.9.4.1. Ammonia Storage ........................... ............................................ .............. ............. 2-23 2.9.4.2. HRSG/Catalyst.......................................................................................................2-24 2.9.4.3. Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (LEMS) .................. ............................ 2-24 2.9.4.4. Ammonia Tank Misting System ................................................. ............................ 2-25 2.9.4.5. Ammonia Detection...............................................................................................2-25 2.9.4.6. Waste Generation and Disposal..............-_.......................................................... 2.9.4.7. Ammonia Supply Logistics...._..............................................................................2-25 2.9.5. Alternative Fuel : Naphtha .................................... ........................................... ........................... 2-26 2.9.5.1. Naphtha Properties ............ -....................... ............................. .. ............................ 2-26 2.9.5.2. Naphtha System Description .................. .................................. ..................... ....._2-27 2.9.5.3. Equipment Physical Attributes and Layout ............................. ............ ................. 2-28 2.9.5.4. Waste Product Production and Disposal .............. ..................... ..................... ...... 2-28 2.9.5.5. Regulatory and Permitting Requirements...._...................__..................................2-28 2.9.5.6. Naphtha Supply and Logistics ................................................... ...... ........... .......... -29 HELCO KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION TABLE OF CONTENTS, PAGE I 2.9.5.7. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation................................................................ 2.9.5.8. Engineering, Procurement, and Construction Cost Estimate ................................. 2-29 2.9.6. Alternatives to the Proposed Action........................................................................................... 2-30 2.9.6.1. Alternative 1 - No Action Alternative ....................................... ............................. 2-30 2.9.6.2. Alternative 3 - Simple -Cycle Combustion Turbine in West Hawaii, other than at SubjectProperty.....................................................................................................2-30 2.9.6.3. Alternative 4 - Dual -Train Combined -Cycle Plant in East Hawaii ...................... -.2-34 2.9.6.4. Alternative 5 - Utilization of Firm Renewable Resources ......... ............................. 2-34 2.10. NECESSARY APPROVALS AND PERMITS ............................................................ .............. - ............. -36 CHAPTER THREE: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING............................................................................................. 3-1 3.1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2. PHYSICAL SETTING................................................................................................................................ 3-3 3.2.1. Existing Conditions .......... ................ ............................................................. .................... ......... 3-3 3.2.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigation.............................................................. -................................. . 3-4 3.2.3. The Impacts of the Alternatives on the Environment... ............... ............................... .......... _.. 3-5 3.3. GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY...................................................................._......................................3-6 3.3.1. Existing Conditions ................ ......................... ................. ........................................................ - 3-6 3.3.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigation.................................................................................................. 3-6 3.3.3. The Impacts of the Alternatives on Geology and Topography ...................... ................... ............ 3-7 3.4. SOIL AND AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL.............................................................................. 3-7 3.4.1. Existing Conditions .......... ........................................ .......................................................... _..... .. 3-7 3.4.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigations ...................... ........................................ .................... ............ .. 3-8 3.4.3. The Impacts of the Alternatives on Soil and Potential for Agriculture .........................._........... . 3-8 35. NATURAL HAZARDS............................................................................................................................ 3-9 3.5.1. 1'Sunami Inundation - Existing Conditions................................................................................... 3-9 3.5.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigations................................................................................................. 3-9 3.5.3. The Impacts of Tsunami Inundation on the Alternatives......._...................................._............... 3-9 3.5.4. Flood Inundation — Existing Conditions......................................................._.............................3-10 3.5.5. Potential Impacts and Mitigations.............................................................. ................... ............ .3-10 3.5.6. The Impacts of Flooding on the Alternatives ................................................ _............................3-10 3.5.7. Earthquakes- Existing Conditions ....................................... ....................... .............................. .3-11 3.5.8. Potential Impacts and Mitigations ............. .................................................... ........... .............. ..... 3.5.9. The Impacts of Earthquakes on the Alternatives .............................. ........................................... 3-1 I 3.5.10. Volcanic Hazards- Existing Conditions................................................................._.................3-11 3.5.10.1. Lava Flows ..... _............................................... ............ ........... .............................. -12 3.5.10.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigations........_................._............................._........._...3-12 3.5.10.3. The Impacts of Volcanic Hazards on the Alternatives ............ ............... ..........._.3-13 3.5.10.4. Tephra—Existing Conditions ...... ......... -........... -............ ....... ........ ...................... 3-14 3.5,10.5. Potential impacts Mitigation Measures ................................... ............................ ..3-14 3.5.10.6. The Impacts of Tephra on the Alternatives ............................. ............................ _3-14 HELCO-KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION ✓; AIRPORT SUBSTATION TABLE OF CONTENTS, PAGE III R ELCO- REAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION TABLE OF CONTENTS, PAGE IV 3.5.11. Wind Damage - Existing Conditions...........................................................................................3-15 3.5.12. Potential Impacts and Mitigation.................................................................................................3-15 3.5.13. The Impacts of Wind Damage on the Alternatives ........................................... ........................... 3-16 3.6. GROUNDWATER, HYDROLOGY, SURFACE WATER AND DRAINAGE ............ ........................... 3-16 3.6.1. Existing Conditions................__..................................................................................................3-17 3.6.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigations..................................................._...........................................3-I8 3.6.3. The Impacts of the Alternatives on Groundwater, Hydrology, Surface Water, and Drainage ..... 3-21 3.7. IMPACTS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION ......................... ................ .......................... 3-21 3.8. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................. ........................................... .......................... 3-22 3.8.1. Climate and Air ................... .................................. ...................................................................... 3-22 3.8.2. Existing Conditions ............................................... ....................................................................... 3-22 3.8.3. Components of the Clean Air Act (CAA) and the Regulatory Process .......................... .............. 3-23 3.8.3.1. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)...................................... ........ 3-25 3.8.3.2. New Source Review.......................................................... 3-28 3.8.3.3. New Source Performance Standards ............................................ _.......................... 3-29 3.83.4. National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)............... 3-29 3.8.3.5. Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Standards ............................ 3-30 3.8.3.6. Good Engineering Practice (GEP) Stack I leight Provisions ...... ............................ 3-30 38.4. Potential Impacts and Mitigations ......................... ....................................................................... 3-30 3.8.5. How Does HELCO Measure Up to the Federal and State Regulations? ........... ................ ........... 3-30 3.8.5.1. National Ambient Air Quality Standards......_............................._.........................3-30 3.8.5.2. New Source Review...............................................................................................3-31 3.8.5.3. National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants..................................3-32 3.8.5.4. Maximum Achievable Control Technology (Matt) Standards .... ........................... 3-33 3.8.5.5. Good Engineering Practice (GEP) Stack Height Provisions ....... ........................... 3-33 3.8.6. The Impacts of the Alternatives on Climate and Air Quality ............................ ...................... .... 3-33 3.8.6.1. Construction Air Emissions ............. ............................................ _.._._..............__3-33 3.8.6.2. Operational Air Emissions ............... .......................... .................. ........................... 3-33 3.8.6.3. Impacts to Vegetation.................................................................._.........................3-34 3.9. TRAFFIC CONDITIONS ............... ._................................ ,........................................... .......................... 3-36 3.9.1. Existing Roadway System .................................... ............... ........... ..... .......... ............. ............... ..3-36 3.9.1.1. Traffic Counts .................................. ..................... ............... ...... ........... ............... 3-37 3.9. 1.2 Analysis Results .............................. ............................................ .......................... 3-37 3.9.2. Future Traffic Conditions Without The Project ................................................ ........................... 3-37 3.9.3. Project Traffic ............................... .......... .............................. ............. ............. ............................ 3-41 3.9.3.1. Trip Generation ............. -........................................................... -................... I...... 3-41 3.9.4. Future Traffic Conditions With The Project ..................................................... ........................... 3-42 3.9.5. Findings And Recommendations........................................................ .......... ... ............... ............. 3-47 3.9.6. The Impacts of the Alternatives on Traffic Conditions ................................................................ 3-48 R ELCO- REAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION TABLE OF CONTENTS, PAGE IV 3.10. NOISE QUALITY.......................................................... .......................................................................... 3-49 3.10.1. Noise Standards and Measurements..................................................... -...................................... 3-50 3.10.2. Existing Conditions......................................................................................................................3-51 3-58 3.10.3. Potential Impacts and Mitigations ..................... ........................................................................... 3-54 3.10.4. The Noise Impacts of the Alternatives.........................................................................................3-54 3.11. VISUAL ATTRIBUTES......................................................... ................................................................... 3-55 3.11.1. Existing Conditions ......................... --- ........... ........................................................................... 3-55 3.11.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigation ...................... ...... ..................................................................... 3-56 HELLO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION ti AIRPORT SUBSTATION TABLE OF CONTENTS, PAGE V 3.11.2.1. Cumulative Impacts ..................... .................. ......................... ............................. ..3-57 3.11.3. The Visual Impacts of the Alternatives ............. .......................................... ................................. 3-58 3.12. TERRESTRIAL FLORA...........................................................................................................................3-58 3.12.1. Existing Conditions ......... .................................. ......................................................... ................... 3-58 3.12.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigation . ...................... ............. ............................................................. 3-59 3.12.3. The Impacts of the Alternatives on Terrestrial Flora...................................................................3-59 3.13. TERRESTRIAL FAUNA ................................................ .......................................................................... 3-60 3.13.1. Existing Conditions ...... ..................................... .................................................... ............... ....... 3-60 3.13.1.1. Avifauna - Native, Migratory, and Introduced Birds. - ..........................................3-60 3.13.1.2. Mammals ..................................... .......................................................................... 3-60 3.13.1.3. Threatened and Endangered Species ..................... ................................................. 3-60 3.13.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigation ...................... .......................... .._............. ................... ........... 3-61 3.13.3. The Impacts of the Alternatives on Terrestrial Fauna ..... ................... ........... ... ......................... ..3-61 3.14. NEARSHORE ENVIRONMEN"I'................................... .......................... ............................................... ..3-61 3.14.1. Existing Conditions ........................................... ............................................ ............................. ..3-61 3.14.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigation.................................................................................................3-62 3.15. WATER CHEMISTRY ................................................... ........................................................................... 3-62 3.15.1. Existing Conditions ........................................... ....... .............................. -.................................. 3-62 3.15.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigation.................................................................-..............................3-63 3.15.3. The Impacts of the Alternatives on Marine Resources & Water Chemistry ................................ 3-64 3.16. HISTORICAL, ARCHAEOLOGICAL, AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ................... .......................... 3-64 3.16.1. Existing Conditions......................................................................................................................3-65 3.16.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigation.................................................................................................3-65 3.16.3. The Impacts of the Alternatives on Historical, Archaeological, and Cultural Resources ............ 3-66 3.17. CULTURAL IMPACT ANALYSIS ......................................... ................................ ................................ 3-66 3.17.1. Existing Conditions .............. .................................................... ................................................... 3-66 3.17.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigation ....................... .............................. -.......... ................................ -67 3.17.3. The Impacts of the Alternatives on Cultural Issues ........... -- ......................................................3-67 3.18. SOLID WASTE ...................................................... —................................................. .............................. 3-67 3.18.1. Existing Conditions ......... ............................................ ............................................................... 3-67 3.18.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigation.........—...................................................... ... .- ........................ 3-68 CHAPTER FOUR: SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS ......................... ....................... ............. ................................. 4-1 4. I . INTRODUCTION .......................... -.......................................................................... .......................... ....... 4-1 HELLO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION ti AIRPORT SUBSTATION TABLE OF CONTENTS, PAGE V 4.2. SOCIAL IMPACTS.................................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2.1. Existing Land Uses in The Area................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2.2. Population......................................................................_.............................................................4-1 4.3. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS...................................................................................................................... 4-5 4.3.1. Existing Employment .......................................... -................................... ..................................... 4-5 4.3.2. Industries in West Hawaii............................................................................................................. 4-7 4.3.3. Emerging trends............................................................................................................................4-9 4.3.4. Issues and Concerns Related to Project........................................................................................4-10 4.4. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS................................................................................................................ 4.4.1. Local, Regional. or General Impacts ............................................... ................. .......................... 4-11 4.5. DIRECT, INDIRECT OR INDUCED IMPACTS.....................................................................................4-11 4.5.1. Cumulative Impacts.....................................................................................................................4-11 4.5.2. Symbolic Impacts............................................_...........................................................................4-11 4.6. EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES ... ..... ............................... ............... ...................................................... 4-12 4.6.1. Construction.................................................................................................................................4-12 4.6.2. Operations............................................................... ......................................... ............................ 4-14 4.7. POPULATION AND HOUSING IMPACTS ....................... .......................................... ........................... 4-15 4.8. IMPACTS ON THE ECONOMY .......... -..................................................................................................4-16 4.8.1. Implications of the Alternative Plans on Energy Production and Cost........................................4-16 4.8.2. Impacts of Alternatives on the I lawaii County Economy ................................. ........... ................ 4-18 4.8.3. No Action Alternative......_..........................................................................................................4-18 4.8.4. Alternative Plans ............... ........................................................................................................... 4-20 4.8.5. Impacts on Ratepayers .............. ................................................................................................... 4-20 4.8.6. Impacts on Stockholders.............................................................................................................4-21 4.8.7. Impacts on Public Services and Facilities.................................................... .......... ...................... 4-21 4.9. FISCAL IMPACTS ....................... ............................................................................................................. 4-22 4.9.1. State of Hawaii ......................... ......................................................................... .......................... 4-22 4.9.2. County of Hawaii ..................... ................................. ........................................ ...... ........... ......... 4-22 4.10. IMPACTS ON NEARBY AREAS AND ACTIVITIES............................................................................4-22 4. 10.1. Agricultural Areas.............................................................. -............. ............... ._............ ............. 4-22 4. 10.2. Impacts on Activities and Occupants .................... ...................................................................... 4-23 4. 10.3. Impacts on Property Values .................................. ................................................................... .... 4-23 4. 10.4. Residential Areas .......... ........................................ ......... -............. ............... ................................ 4-24 4. 10.5. Impacts on Activities and Occupants .................... ............................................ _.... ..................... 4-24 4. 10.6. Impacts on Property Values.........................................................................................................4-24 4. 10.7. Commercial and Industrial Areas ........ .................. ............................................ ........................... 4-25 4. 10.8. Other Areas and Activities in Hawaii County ....... ......... ................................. .............._...........4-25 4.11. MEASURES TO MITIGATE ADVERSE IMPACTS IDENTIFIED IN THIS REPORT ........................4-25 4.12. MITIGATION PROCESSES ......... ................................................................................. ........................... 4-26 CHAPTER FIVE: RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROPOSED ACTION TO LAND USE PLANS, POLICIES, ANDCONTROLS FOR THE AFFECTED AREA ............................................... -..................... ............................ 5-1 .----------- - -.... __ _- - -- --- _-------' -.._._- -. HELCO- NEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT 568STATION TABLE OF CONTENTS, PAGE VI 5.1. THE LAND -USE LAW............................................................................................................................. 5-1 5.1.1. Land Use District Boundaries ........................... ............................................ ............................. .. 5-1 5.1.1.1. Urban District .................................... ...................................... ................. .._........... 5-1 5.1.1.2. Agricultural District................................................................................................. 5-2 5.1.1.3. Conservation District............................................................................................... 5-2 5.1.1.4. Rural District ..............................._..........................................................................5-2 5.1.2. The Land Use Commission ........................................ -................................. ................................ 5-3 5.1.3. Decision -Making Criteria For A Boundary Amendment .............................. ....... 5-3 5.2. HAWAII STATE PLAN............................................................................................................................. 5-5 5.3. STATE FUNCTIONAL PLANS ............................ ....... ........................................................................... 5-26 5.3.1. State Agricultural Functional Plan (1991)._ ..... ....................................................... ._................5-27 53.1.1. Goals of the Plan ............................. ........... ..._........................................................ 5-27 53.1.2. Agriculture in the County of Hawaii ....................................... .............................. 5-27 53.1.3. Conformance with the Goals of the Plan ...................... ........... ............................. ..5-28 5.3.2. State Conservation Functional Plan (199 1) ....... .................... ......................... ............................. _5-28 5.3.2.1. Goals of the Plan .......................... ............................................ .................. ............ 5-28 5.3.2.2. Conservation Land in the County of Hawaii .......................... _ ............................. 5-28 5.3.2.3. Conformance with the Goals of the Plan ................................. ............................. ..5-29 5.3.3. Slate Educational Functional Plan (1989) ......... ............................................ ............................... 5-29 5.3.3.1. Goals of the Plan ..................... .... ......... ............ ..................... ............................ ..5-29 53.3.2. Education in West Hawaii......................................................_..............................5-29 5.3.3.3. Conformance with the Goals of the Plan.............................................................. -5-30 5.3.4. State higher Education Functional Plan (1984) ............................................ ............................ _5-30 5.3.4.1. Goals of the Plan ................ .......................................... ................. ................ ....... 5-30 5.3.4.2. Higher Education in the County of I lawaii.............................. ............................... 5-30 53.4.3. Conformance with the Goals of the Plan................................................................5-31 5.3.5. Stale Employment Functional Plan (1990) ........ _ ......................................................................_5-32 5.3.5.1. Goals of the Plan................................................................................ 53.5.2. Employment Opportunities in West Hawaii...........................................................5-32 5.3.53. Conformance with the Goals of the plan._........................................__.................5-34 5.3.6. State Energy Functional Plan (1991) ........ ................................................... .............................. 5-34 5.3.6.1. Goals of the Plan ...................................... ................................ ............................ _5-34 5.3.6.2. Energy in The County of Hawaii...................................._........__.........................5-34 53.6.3. Conformance with the Goals of the Plan ................................ ............................... 5-35 5.3.7. State Health Functional Plan (1989) ....................................... ........... ..................... .............. ..... 5-37 5.3.7.1. Goals of the Plan ........................... .......... ....................... ........ ............................... 5-37 5.3.7.2. Health Conditions in the County of Hawaii.._.............._.._...._.............................. 5-38 5.3.7.3. Conformance to the Goals of the Plan ............................ ....... ......... ...................... 5-39 HELCO - NEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION TABLE OF CONTENTS, PAGE VII HELCO- NEAHOLE GENERATING STATION &AIRPORT SUBSTATION CABLE 0F CONTENTS, PAGE Vlll 5.3.8. State Historic Preservation Functional Plan (1991).....................................................................5-39 5.3.8.1. Goals of the Plan ............................... ............ ................ .......................................... 5-39 5.3.8.2. Historic Preservation Sites in the County of Hawaii ................... .......................... 5-39 5.3.8.3. Conformance to the Goals of the Plan ....................................... ............................. 5-40 5.3.9. State Housing Functional Plan (1989, 1990)_ .................................................. ....... .................. 5-40 5.3.9.1. Goals of the Plan .......................................... ...........................................................5 -40 5.3.9.2. Housing on the County of Hawaii ............................................... ........................... 5-40 5.3.9.3. Conformance to the Goals of the Plan....................................................................5-41 5.3.10. State Human Services Functional Plan (1989) ......................... ....................................................5-41 5.3.10.1. Goals of the Plan... ....................................................................... ......................... 5-41 5.3.10.2. Human Services in the County of Hawaii .......... .................................................... 5-41 5.3.10.3. Conformance to the Goals of the Plan ......................................... .......................... 5-41 5.3.11. State Recreation Functional Plan (1991) .................................. ...................................................5-41 5.3.1 I. L Goals of the Plan................................................................................._..................5-41 5.3.11.2. Recreation in West Hawaii.......................................................... ........................... 5-41 5.3.1 1.3. Conformance to the Goals of the Plan ......................................... _......................... 5-42 5.3.12. State Tourism Functional Plan (1991)......................................................................................... 5-42 5.3.12.1. Goals ofthePlan ... ............................ ........................................... .......................... 5-42 5.3.12.2. Tourism in West Ilawaii...................... ......................................... ..................... .... 5-42 5.3.12.3. Conformance with the Plan ................. ........................................ ..... ...................... 5-43 5.3.13. State Transportation Functional Plan (1991)................................................................................ 5-43 5.3.13.1. Goals of the Plan....................................................................................................5-43 5.3.13.2. Transportation Conditions in West Hawaii ................................. _......................... 5-43 5.3.13.3. Conformance with the Plan....................................................................................5-44 5.3.14. State Water Resources Development Functional Plan (1984) ........................... _......................... 5-45 5.3.14.1. Goals of the Plan ................................................... ._.................... ........................... 5-45 5.3.14.2. Water Conditions in West Hawaii ....... ......................................... ...._.................... 5-45 5.314.3 Conformance with the Plan .......... ............................................... ......................... .5-46 5.4. HAWAII WATER CODE... .................................................................................... .................................. 5-46 5.5. STATE OF HAWAII WAFER PI.AN.......................................................................................................5-47 5.6. STATE UNDERGROUND INJECIION CONTROL (UIC) PROGRAM ............. ....... _ .........................5-47 5.7. STATE ENVIRONMEN'fALP01_ICY............................................. 5.8. THE PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION (PUC) .......................... ............. ............... ........................... 5-50 5.9. WEST HAWAII REGIONAL PLAN (1989)........................................_...................................................5-50 5.10. STATE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACF SfATFMENT REQUIREMENTS SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA............................................. ............... ................ .......................................... .......................... 5-54 5.11. COASTAL. ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT (HRS CHAPTER 205A) ............................ ......................... 5-57 5.12. FFDF.RAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY (FEMA) NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM...................................... ............................................... ...........................................................5 -60 HELCO- NEAHOLE GENERATING STATION &AIRPORT SUBSTATION CABLE 0F CONTENTS, PAGE Vlll 5.13. FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION.......................................................... ................................ 5-60 5.14. COUNTY OF HAWAII GENERAL PLAN .......... .................................................................................... 5-61 5.15. KEAHOLE TO KAILUA DEVELOPMENT PLAN ..... ......... ............................................................. .._..5-78 7.1.3. County of Hawaii ..... .._............................................................................_................................... 7-2 5.15.1. Goals and Objectives of the Keahole to Kailua Plan...................................................................5-79 7-2 7.1.5. Neighboring Property Owners and Residents ....................... ..................... 5.15.2. Land Use Plan for the Area ............................... ......................... ............................................... ...5-79 5.15.3. Current and Projected Resident Population in West Hawaii .................... .................................... 5-79 72.1, Belt Collins Hawaii, Ltd . ...................................................... -...................... ................................ 5.15.4. H ELCO's Conformance and Support of the Keahole to Kailua Plan .......... ........................... .. ... 5-80 CHAPTERSIX: CONTEXTUAL...........................................................................................-................................ 6-1 6.1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT-TERM USES AND MAINTENANCE OF LONG-TERM PRODUCfIVI"fY........__ .......................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2. IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES .............................._ _ 6-1 6.3. OFFSETTING CONSIDERATIONS OF GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES .............................................. 6-2 6.4. UNRESOLVED ISSUES ........... ................. .................................... ......................... _............................... 6-2 6.5. SECONDARY IMPACTS ...... .......... ................. .................. -............................... ......................... ___ ...... 6-7 6.6. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ..................... -................................................................ ......................... ....... 6-7 6.6.1. Drainage and Runoff..................................................................................................................... 6-8 6.6.2. Traffic...........................................................................................................................................6-8 6.6.3. Visual .............................. .............................................. ................................................................ 6-8 6.6.4. Air and Noise .... ......................................................................................... ................................ ...6-8 6.6.5. Groundwater ................... ............................................................................ ................................ 6-9 6.6.6. Coastal Waters.............................................................. ....................... ....... _............................... .6-9 CHAPTER SEVEN: PARTIES CONSULTED AND THOSE WHO PARTICIPATED IN TI IE PREPARATIONOF THIS EIS................................................................................................................................. 7-1 7.1. CONSULTED PARTIES ...... -.................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.1.1. Federal Government._................................................................................ 7-1 7.1.2. State Government .... .................... ........................................................ ......................................... 7-1 7.1.3. County of Hawaii ..... .._............................................................................_................................... 7-2 7.1.4. Community Organizations, Associations, and Interest Groups .................... ................................ 7-2 7.1.5. Neighboring Property Owners and Residents ....................... ..................... 7-3 7.2. ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS WHO ASSISTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ................................ ._....................................... 7-3 72.1, Belt Collins Hawaii, Ltd . ...................................................... -...................... ................................ 7-; 7.2.2. Subconsultants............. ......................................................... ....................... - ............................ _. 7-3 7.2.3. Eispn Comments And Responses.................................................................................................. 7-4 7.3. C'OMMF.N I'S ON DRAFT EIS..................................................................................................................7-33 CHAPTERE1GH 1: REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 8-1 GLOSSARY........ ........................................................................... .......... .............. ................... _.... ............... G/nssuiT 1 HELLO KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION &AIRPORT SUBSTATION TABLE OF CONTENTS, PAGE IX PHOTOGRAPHS Photograph 2-1: View Of Keahole Looking West/Northwest With The Keahole Agricultural Park In The Foreground. Kairnmani Drive Appears At Lower Leff.................................................................................. 2-6 Photograph 3-I: View Of Keahole Generating Station Looking South. The Secondary Access Off The Reservoir Road Is In The Foreground.......................................................................................................... 3-4 Photograph 3-2: View Of Keahole Generating Station Looking West Toward The Airport ......... ........................... 3-5 Photograph 3-3: View Of Keahole Generating Station Looking North At Main Entrance. Queen Kaahumanu Highway Is On The Left. The Keahole Agriculture Park Is In The Foreground . .......................... ........................... 3-56 LIST OF FIGURES Figure2-1: Project Location ............................................... ........................................................... ............................ 2-4 Figure 2-2: Map Of Existing And Surrounding Uses................................................................................................ 2-S Figure 2-3: Keaholc Generating Station And Airport Substation ....................... ........................... ........................... 2-10 Figure 2-4: West Hawaii Site Study — FOLu Alternative Sites..................................................................................2-31 Figure2-5: Pun Anahulu Site.............................._...................................................................................................2-32 Figure 2-6: Location Of Hill Plant In East Hawaii...................................................................................................2-33 Figure 3-1: All Other Islands Can Fit Into The Big Island ........................ 3-2 Figure 3-2: Power Plant Locations On The Big Island.................................._.......................................................... 3-2 Figure 3-3: Graphical Depiction Of Lava Flows (Lockwood And Garcia).............................................................. 3-13 Figure 3-4: Monitoring Site 062 Wind Rose.. ................................... ........................................ ............................. 3-24 Figure3-5: ExistingI raffic Volumes ................................................ ......... .................................... .......................... 3-38 Figure 3-6: Proposed Palamanui Access Roads ................................. .._.............................................. ...................... 3-39 Figure 3-7: Future Traffic Assignment Without Project And With Palamanui North Access Road .......... .............. 3-39 Figure 3-8: Future'I'raffic Assignment Without Project And With Palamanui South Access Road ........................ 3-40 Figure 3-9: Future Fraffic Assignment With Alternative A ......................................................... ........................ .... 3-43 Figure 3-10: Future Traffic Assignment With Alternative B ..................................................... -............................. 3-43 Figure 3-11: Proposed Intersection Configurations ..................................................................................................3-48 Figure 3-12: Landscape Concept Plan.. .................................................................................................................... 3-57 Figure 4-1: West I lawmi Share Of County Resident Population............................................................................... 4-2 Figure 4-2: Government Forecasts Of Resident Population Growth, Hawaii County ................_ ........................... 4-4 Figure 4-3: Forecast Visitor Census, Hawaii C'ounty........................................................... ....... ................... ........ 4-4 Figure 4-4: Civilian Labor Force And Unemployment Trends .......... ................ ......................... ............................. 4-6 Figure 4-5: Demand For Firm Generating Capacity And Capacity Available With No Action Alternative ............ 4-17 Figure 5-1: Proportion Of Land In District Boundaries............................................................................................ 5-1 HELLO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION TABLE OF BONTENT5, PAGE X LIST OF TABLES "fable 2-A: Historical Overview Of The Keahole Generating Station And Airport Substation ................................. 2-7 Table 2-B: Estimate OfHELCO's Peak Demand.....................................................................................................2-17 Table 2-C: Average Kwh Use Per Residential Customer.........................................................................................2-17 'Fable 2-D: Independent Power Producers On The FIELCO System._......................_.............................................2-19 Table2-E: Alternative Plans ................ .............................................. ........................................................................ 2-35 Table 3-A: HELC'O Sales In Gwh................................................... 3-3 Table 3-B: Ages Of Dated Lava Flows Within The Keahole Generating Station Study Area . ................................ 3-12 Table 3-C: Summary Of Modeling Significant Impact Levels, Monitoring De Minimis Levels, PSD Increments, And Stale And Federal Standards For Selected Pollutants .................................... ... -.......................... 3-31 Table 3-D: Comparison Of Net Project Emission Rates To PSD Significant Net Emission Rates ..........................3-32 Table 3-E: Ambient Air Quality Impact Analysis (Data Sets: Huehuc — February 1, 1999 To May 17, 2000 And Kakahiaka — February 5, 2000 "ro May 17, 2000) ............................................................................................ 3-34 Table 3-F: Existing Traffic Conditions — Signalized Intersection Analysis Results ............. .................................. ..3-38 'Fable 3-G: Future Traffic Conditions Without Project (With Palamanui North Access Road ..... ............................ 3-40 Tab1c 3-11: Future Traffic Conditions Without Project (With Palamanui South Access Roa...................................3-41 Table3-I: Project Trips ........................................ ........................... ............ -............. ................. ........................... 3-42 Table 3-J: Future Traffic Conditions With Alternative A ................ .................... ........................ ............................ 3-44 Table 3-K: Future Traffic Conditions With Alternative B ............... ...................... ................................................. 3-45 Table 3-L: Future fraffic Conditions Willi Alternative A And With Mitigation ....................... _........................... 3-46 Table 3-M: Future Traffic Conditions With Alternative B And With Mitigation ........................ .... ....................... 3-46 Table 3-N: Project Traffic Volumes Entering Study Intersections ..... .................................. ......_....__........._........3-47 Table 3-0: Summary Of Measurement Period Data..................................................................................._............3-52 Table 3-P: Predicted Existing Plant Contributions ............. _........... ................................................................ Table 3-Q: Calculated Total Existing Environmental Sound Levels, With Plant ................................... .................3-53 Table 3-R: Summary Of Property Line Noise Control Targets .......... ....................... ............. ....................... ......... 3-54 Table 4-A: Resident Population, Hawaii County And Districts, 1970 - 2000._............. ............ ...................... ...... 4-2 Table 4-B: Demographic Characteristics, 1990 And 2000.......................................................... ............................. 4-3 Table 4-C: Projected Growth Of Population And Demand For Electricity, fo 2025 ................................................ 4-5 Table 4-D: Income And Poverty, 1990 And 2000 ......................... .,.................... ............ ...... ..................... ............ .. 4-6 Table 4-F,: Thirty Largest Employers, County Of Hawaii, 1999 ...... ............ ............................. ............................. - Table 4-F: Countv And State Economics ................................... ......... ............... .............. .._............. ............... ....... . 4-8 Table 4-G: Employment In Hawaii County Industries, 2002 ...... ........... ........................................_....................... 4-9 Table 4-11: Direct Construction Employment .............................. .............................. ............... ................ ...... ...._... 4-13 Table 4-1: Direct, Indirect And Induced Construction Employment ...... .................... .. .......... .................. 4-13 Table 4-J: Workforce Incomes From Construction -Related Employment..............._..........._................................ 4-14 Table 4-K: Direct, Indirect And Induced Operations Employment._ ................. ....................... .............................. 4-15 Table 4-L: Workforce Incomes From Operations -Related Employment .................................... ............................. 4-15 HELCO KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION TABLE OF CONTENTS, PAGE XI Table 4-M: Population And New Housing Impacts.................................................................................................4-I6 Table 4-N: Forecast Costs For Alternative Plans.....................................................................................................4-I8 Table 4-0: State Revenues Associated With Construction......................................................................................4-22 Table 4-P: Valuation Of Comparable West Hawaii Agricultural Properties............................................................4-23 Table5-A: Hawaii State Planning Act...................................................................................................................... 5-6 Table 5-B: District Boundaries In The County Of Hawaii By Area.........................................................................5-28 Table 5-C: County Of Hawaii - Employment By Industry .......................................................................................5-32 Table 5-D: Electric Utility Power Production By Resource - Hawaii County, 2000 AND 2001 __ ......................._5-36 'Table 5-E: Passenger'£raf7ic At Kona International Airport At Keahole...................................... ........................... 5-44 Table 5-F: State Environmental Policy ......... ................................................................................ ............................ 5-48 Table 5-G: West Hawaii Regional Plan............................................................................................... 5-51 'Table 5-H: County Of Hawaii General Plan._..........................................................................................................5-61 Table 5-I: Projection Of Resident Population By District Year 2000 To 2020 ............................. .......................... 5-80 -- STAT._ -- -._..._—----`-------- -- HELLO NEAHOLE GENERATING STATION &AIRPORT SUBSTATION TABLE OF CONTENTS, PAGE %II S U M M A R Y S H E E T PETITIONER: Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc PROPERTY LOCATION: 73-4249 Queen Kaahumanu Highway • Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 (Keahole, North Kona, approximately one mile east of the Kona International Airport at Keahole) TAX MAP KEY(S) 7:-3-049:036 ("Keahole Generating Station' or "Parcel 36"), consisting of 14.998 acres, and 7-3-049:037 (`Airport Substation' or "Parcel 37), consisting of 0.645 acres. TOTAL AREA: 15.643 acres. PROPOSED PROJECT: Reclassification of the subject property from the State of Hawaii Conservation District to the Slate Urban District; subsequent rezoning from the Open zone to the General Industrial zone; and the installation of a heat recovery steam generator system and additional air quality control technology to improve operational efficiency of the existing facility and further reduce impacts to air quality. SIGNIFICANT BENEFICIAL IMPACTS: The provision of a source of firm and reasonably reliable electrical energy to the entire island to meet growing demand for the foreseeable future. SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE IMPACTS: Noise and air quality impacts to occupants of surrounding properties. PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES: The installation of a Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) system to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions to the air and the installation of equipment to mitigate the noise impacts of the heat recovery steam generator system to levels compatible with Stale Department of Health regulations. UNRESOLVED ISSUES: The rate of growth in demand for electrical energy; the cost -efficiency of emerging renewable resource technologies; the future plans of independent power producers; continuing opposition to the project by Waimana Enterprises; and the proposed widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, together with a possible new interchange at the Airport Access Road intersection, or further north of the Keahole facility. Also additional studies will be conducted in the next several years to determine the feasibility of implementine an alternate fuel source (naphtha), determining the tune of ammonia to be used in the SCR (anhydrous or area pellets) and whether it is environmentally feasible to treat wash water containing heavy metals on site. The studies are awaiting the overall project approval, and in the case of the wash water treatment require at least a year of operational experience to generate the data necessary for analvsis. HELCO- KEAHOLEGENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION SUMMARv, PAGI. 1 COMPATIBILITY WITH LAND The proposed project is compatible with the Hawaii County General USE PLANS AND POLICIES: Plan as well as all other known land use plans and policies. PERMITS AND APPROVALS NEEDED: Federal Environmental Protection Agency - Prevention of Significant Deterioration air permit, covered source permits; State Land Use Commission - Reclassification from the Conservation District to the Urban District; State Department of Health - Air permit approvals, covered source permit, Underground Injection Control permit, community noise permit renewal, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit, and Heat Ventilation Air Conditioning permit; State Water Commission - Pump Installation Permit; State Board of Land and Natural Resources - Revocable Water Permit and Water Lease; I-lawaii County Council/Mayor- Rezoning from Open to Industrial; Ilawaii County Department of Public Works - Building Permits; and Hawaii County Department of Water Supply - Water meter and back-flow preventor plan approval. HELCO - KFAHOLE GENF RAT ING STAT ION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION SUMMARY, PAGF 2 A C R 0 N Y M S A N D A B B R E V I A T 1 0 N S AAQS Ambient Air Quality Standards ACSR Aluminum conductor steel reinforced ADPV Average delay per vehicle, in seconds ADT Average daily trips AEC Apollo Energy Corporation AFDUC Allowance for funds used during construction AFFF Aqueous film -forming foam AFL-CIO American Federation of Labor, Congress of Industrial Organizations AGC Automatic generation control ALISH Agricultural lands of importance to the State of Hawaii AVC Average visitor count ANSI American National Standards Institute BACT Best available control technology BCH Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. Be Beryllium BESP Battery energy storage plan BESS Battery energy storage system BLNR Board of Land and Natural Resources BOD Biochemical oxygen demand CA Consumer advocate CAA Clean Air Act CAB Clean Air Branch CADD Computer-aided design and drafting CDUA Conservation District Use Application COUP Conservation District Use Permit CEMP Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program CEMS Continuous emissions monitoring system CFLs Compact Fluorescent lamps CFR Code of Federal Regulation CHP Combined heat and power CICR Commercial and industrial customized rebate CIEE Commercial and industrial energy efficiency cm Centimeter CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide CWRM Commission on Water Resource Management (Slate, DLNR) CT Combustion turbine CZM Coastal Zone Management CZMA Coastal Zone Management Area D Diesel (generating unit) HELCO KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION ACRONYMS, PAGE 1 A C R 0 N Y M S A N D A B B R E V I A T 1 0 N S DAGS Department of Accounting and General Services (State) DAHS Data Acquisition and Handling System dB Decibel dBA Decibel (A -weighted scale) dBC Decibels with C weighted average DBEDT Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism (State) DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement DC Direct current DER Distributed energy resources DG Distributed generation DHHL Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (State) DHS Department of Human Services (State) DLIR Department of Labor and Industrial Relations (State) DLNR Department of Land and Natural Resources (Stale) DNL Day -night sound level D&O Decision and order DOA Department of Agriculture (State) DOD Department of Defense (Federal) DOE Department of Education (State) DOH Department of Health (State) DOT Department of Transportation (State) DSM Demand-side management DTCC Dual -train, combined cycle DTCT Dual -train, combustion turbine DTS Department of Transportation Services (City) DTST Dual -train, steam turbine DWS Department of Water Supply (County of Hawaii) EFOR Equivalent forced outage rate EIS Environmental Impact Statement EISPN Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice EMD Electro -motive diesel EMF Electromagnetic fields EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPRI Electric Power Research Institute ESA Electronic shock absorber ESLs Effects screening levels F Fahrenheit FAA Federal Aviation Administration FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency ---- - ---- ----------- HELCO - REAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION ACRONYMS, PAGE 2 A C R 0 N Y M S A N D A B B R E V I A T 1 0 N S FHWA Federal Highway Administration FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map FI Fluorine or Fluoride FOR Forced outage rate ft/sec Feet per second GEP Good engineering practice GPD Gallons per day gpm Gallons per minute GWh Gigawatt hours HsS Hydrogen sulfide HAP Hazardous air pollutant HAIR Hawaii Administrative Rules HCM Highway Capacity Manual HCPC Hilo Coast Power Company (formerly Hilo Coast Processing Company) HCPS Hawaii Content and Performance Standards HECO Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. HEI Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. HELCO Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. HEP Hamakua Energy Partners HERS Hawaiian Electric Renewable Systems (subsidiary of HEI) HFD Honolulu Fire Department HFP HFP Acoustical Consultants Hg Mercury HNEI Hawaii Natural Energy Institute HOST Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology HPD Honolulu Police Department H -Power Honolulu Project of Waste Energy Recovery HRD Hawi Renewable Development HRS Hawaii Revised Statutes HRSG Heat recovery steam generator HUD Housing and Urban Development HVAC Heating, ventilation, air conditioning HVCB Hawaii Visitors & Convention Bureau Hz Hertz IBEW International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers ICBO International Conference of Building Officials GAP Intermittent generation assessment protocol IPP Independent Power Producers IR Information request IRP Integrated Resource Planning HELCO KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION ACRONYMS, PAGE 3 A C R 0 N Y M S A N D A B B R E V I A T 1 0 N S JCA Jim Clary & Associates KCMIL 1000 circular mils kV Kilovolt kW Kilowatt kWh Kilowatt hour Ib Pound LED Light emitting diode LEL Lower explosive limit Leq Equivalent sound level LOS Level -of -service LOTMA Leeward Oahu Transportation Management Association LUC Land Use Commission (State) LUPAG Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide MACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology Standards MCF Million cubic feet MECO Maui Electric Company, Inc. MG General industrial (County zoning designation) mgd Million gallons per day mgll Milligrams per liter mil Millimeters MKAEC Mauna Kea Astronomy Education Center MSFO Medium sulfur fuel oil msl Mean sea level MSRI Million Solar Roofs Initiative MVA Megavolt -amperes MW Megawatt MWH Megawatt hour NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NELH National Energy Laboratory Hawaii NELHA National Energy Laboratory Hawaii Authority NEM Net energy metering NEMA National Electrical Manufacturer Association NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NESHAP National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants NH3Ammonia NO2 Nitrogen dioxide NO„ Nitrogen oxide NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory NRIAQ Noise Radiation and Indoor Air Quality HELCO - KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION ACRONYMS, PAGE 4 A C R O N Y M S A N D A B B R E V I A T 1 0 N S NSPS New Source Performance Standards NSR New Source Review ntu Nephelometric turbidity units NUG Non-utility generator 0 Open (County zoning designation) 02 Oxygen Oa Ozone OEQC Office of Environmental Quality Control (State) OHA Office of Hawaiian Affairs (State) ONR Office of Naval Research OTEC Ocean thermal energy conversion Pb Lead PBR Performance-based rate -making PD -R Planned Development— Resort PEA Preliminary energy assessment PGV Puna Geothermal Venture PHRI Paul H. Rosenthal Ph.D., Inc. PICHTR Pacific International Center for High Technology Research PACK Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center PM10 Particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter PM25 Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter PPA Power purchase agreement ppm Parts per million ppmdv Parts per million on dry volume PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration PSH Pumped storage hydroelectric psi Pounds per square inch psig Pounds per square inch gage pte Potential to emit PUC Public Utilities Commission (State) PV Photovoltaic RCP Reinforced concrete pipe R&D Research and development RD&D Research, development, and demonstration RE Renewable energy RE RFPP Renewable Energy Request for Project Proposals REWH Residential efficient water heater RFEIS Revised Final Environmental Impact Statement RO Reverse osmosis ROH Revised Ordinances of Honolulu HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION ACRONYMS PAGE 5 A C R 0 N Y M S A N D A B B R E V I A T 1 0 N S RPS Renewable portfolio standard SAAQS State Ambient Air Quality Standards SCANS Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills SCR Selective catalytic reduction SFCA State Foundation on Culture and Arts SHPD State Historic Preservation Division SLUC State Land Use Commission SMA Special Management Area SMS SMS Research & Marketing Services, Inc. SNG Synthetic natural gas S02 Sulfur dioxide SO4 Sulfate sox Sulfur oxides SPCC Spill Control & Counter Measures ST Steam turbine TAT Transient Accommodations Tax TCEQ Texas Commission on Environmental Quality TO Transmission and distribution TMK Tax map key tpy Tons per year TRB Transportation Research Board TNWRE Tom Nance Water Resource Engineering TRC Total resource cost TSS Total suspended solids UBC Uniform Building Code UC Utility cost ug Micrograms ug/lit Microns per liter ug/m3 Microns per cubic meter UH University of Hawaii USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency VIC Volume -to -capacity ratio VFD Variable frequency drive VOC Volatile organic compound vog Volcanic haze or smog w.c. Water column Wh Watt hour HELCO -KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION ACRONYMS, PAGE 6 E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTION Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO) seeks a reclassification of its Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation lands (collectively "subject property") from the State of Hawaii (State) Conservation District to the Urban District, and a subsequent change in Hawaii County zoning from Open ("O") to General Industrial ("MG"). The accepting authority is the State Land Use Commission. The reclassification has been required by the State Board of Land and Natural Resources. Once deleted: ,nd chan, IR zonnn. w,um reclassified from the Conservation District to the Urban District. HELCO must seek rezonine to hGn, tun FNhy,I imo wnformence wuh its cxrvON, m<fol Industrial. Improvements would then be made at the facility to increase generating capacity with the ndu nuIni oup,oecs installation of a steam turbine (ST -7) with selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The installation would allow the utilization of waste heat generated by two recently completed combustion turbines (CT), which would make the plant more fuel-efficient. SIGNIFICANT BENEFICIAL IMPACTS The principal long-term benefits- of the project would include increased generating capacity for the County of Hawaii. The added capacity would accommodate increased demand for electrical energy by providing a firm and reasonably reliable source at an existing facility. HELCO would be able to (1) improve the subject property; (2) implement environmental mitigation measures; and (3) accommodate future legal and operational requirements. The long-term productivity of the subject property would be significantly enhanced with the installation of ST -7 with SCR. The community would benefit by being provided with a source of reasonably reliable electrical power. SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE IMPACTS Neighboring property owners and/or tenants have raised concems about increased noise, air quality, and visual impacts arising from the proposed improvements to the generating station. PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES Mitigation measures include ammonia injection for nitrogen oxides (NOx) control, installation of enclosures around certain equipment and the installation of silencers in the CT horizontal exhaust ducts at ground level. Furthermore, the perimeter landscaping along the southwest, west, and northwest sections - of the property will be redone or enhanced to help mitigate the adverse visual impacts of the improvements to the station. HELCO will create bermed planters in areas that are currently landscaped and transplant some of the existing vegetation. New trees and plants would also be added to create a more effective and attractive visual buffer. The area of the proposed planters is approximately 9,500 square feet. HELLO will also convert its existing fence into a permanent perimeter fence and modify two existing gales by recessing the gates into the facility. The new gates would be automated, electronic card - reading gates. ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED Four alternatives to the Preferred Alternative (also known as the Proposed Project and Alternative 2) that sketch different approaches to meeting the Big Island's need for firm generating capacity (electrical power that can be reliably supplied at any time of day, in all climatic conditions) have been considered for the future of the Keahole facilities. These include: Altemative I — No Action; Alternative 3 — We,Ti HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STA'GN & AIRPORT SUBSTATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, PAGE I Hawaii; Alternative 4 — East Hawaii; and Alternative 5 — Renewable Resource - Biomass. Under the No Action Alternative, the land would remain under the current State Land Use Designation and County zoning. The installation of ST -7 with SCR would not be possible at Keahole. The West Hawaii Alternative would involve a new site in West Hawaii, possibly at Pun Anahulu adjacent to the existing landfill. The East Hawaii Alternative would involve expanding the Hill Station in Hilo and using new transmission lines to deliver power across the island to meet demand largely from West Hawaii. The Renewable Resource Alternative would involve a new biomass plant at an unknown location in either Hamakua or North Kohala and the cultivation of a biomass product as fuel. UNRESOLVED ISSUES One of the ways HELCO intends to meet growing demand is through the increased use of renewable energy resources. However, major impediments to the increased use of renewable energy sources include high costs, proximity to the grid, and reliability. Most renewable energy source(s) have not developed to the point where they can replace fossil fuels reliably at a reasonable cost to the consumer. In the near term, Hawaii will continue to need fossil fuels for its electrical energy and transportation needs. As such, HELCO must continue to use a multi -faceted energy portfolio using combined -cycle fossil -fuel -fired power plants together with wind, hydroelectric for central stations, geothermal, and distributed generation for selected sites in order to provide quality power reliably. The State's Renewable Portfolio Standard law requires electrical utilities to increase their use of renewable energy sources and meet a percentage of electricity sales that should come from renewable energy. HELLO has been able to meet the requirements of the law. However, the emerging and evolving character of supply and demand means that some issues pertaining to HELCO's future ability to produce energy from renewable resources are unresolved at the time this document is prepared. I IELCO is also mindful of the operating status of various Independent Power Producers (IPPS), which provide approximately 43 percent of HELCO's generating capacity under power purchase agreements. Hilo ('oast Power Company (HCPC), which supplies energy from coal, Feased to be Deleted: w:u a source of firm power onpecember 31. 2004. Deleted: oTn�r,T� HELCO completed installation of two combustion turbines and has laid the groundwork for the implementation of S 1-7 with SCR. However, HELCO's plans for the installation of ST -7 and SCR are pending until it obtains the reclassification of the subject property from the Conservation District to the Urban District, the subsequent rezoning to General Industrial, and other necessary permits. Additionally, project opponents have continued to pursue efforts to stop or delay the Keahole project and to interfere with implementation of a recent Settlement Agreement. As a result, there could be further delays in completing construction. HELCO will conduct additional studies to determine the type of ammonia it will use in the SCR unit (anhydrous or urea pellets), whether to use naphtha as an alternate fuel source, and if it is environmentally ppropriate and economically feasible to constmct an additional wastewater treatment facility on site to treat the wash water from periodic cleanine of SCR components (the wash water would contain heavv metals and therefore be classified as hazardous waste). Once all necessary approvals for the facility are secured (2007 or beyond), HELCO will commence its studies associated with the ammonia and naphtha. The analysis of the potential need for an additional wastewater treatment facility will not commence until operational experience has been HELCO- KEAHOLE GENEWQ IN G STATION ri AIRPORT SUBSTATION FXECUTIVC SUMMARY, PAG[ 2 gained to determine the actual volume of wash water generated and the frequency of required cleanings. COMPATIBILITY WITH LAND USE PLANS AND POLICIES HELCO's petition for a reclassification of the subject property from the State Conservation District to the Urban District is generally consistent with the overall objectives and policies of the Hawaii State Plan, the _ State Functional Plans, the County of Hawaii general Plan, the West Hawaii Regional Plan, the Keahole - Deieted: Popo I to Kailua plan, and recently enacted land classifications for power plant use. LISTING OF PERMITS OR APPROVALS • Federal Environmental Protection Agency - Prevention of Significant Deterioration air permit, covered source permits • State Land Use Commission - Reclassification from the Conservation District to the Urban District • State Department of Health - Air permit approvals, covered source permit, Underground Injection Control permit, community noise permit renewal, NPDES permit, and HVAC permit • State Water Commission - Pump Installation Permit • State Board of Land and Natural Resources - Revocable Water Permit and Water Lease • Hawaii County Planning Commission/Hawaii County Council/Mayor - Rezoning from Open to Industrial • Hawaii County Department of Public Works - Building Permits • Hawaii County Department of Water Supply - Water meter and back-flow preventor plan approval HELCC - KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, PAGE I CHAPTER ONE SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSED ACTION CHAPTER ONE: SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSED ACTION 1.1. APPLICANT AND ACCEPTING AUTHORITY The applicant, Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO), is a Hawaii corporation that has served the island of Hawaii (Big Island) for over a century. HELCO has a history intertwined with the growth and modernization of the Big Island. In 1890, the trustees of the Hilo Boarding School and others installed a small water -driven dynamo at the school's irrigation ditch to light 12 light bulbs in a study hall and the principal's cottage from dusk to 10:00 p.m. Acting on requests by citizens, the group formed a private company called Hilo Electric Light Company. In 1894, the Legislature of the Republic of Hawaii officially granted the company a franchise to operate. From 1920 through 1955, Hilo Electric either acquired or merged with other electrical utility companies in Kohala and Kona until an island -wide grid was formed. Hawaiian Electric Company, Ltd. (HECO) acquired Hilo Electric in 1970 and subsequently changed its name to more accurately reflect its island -wide service area. HECO and its subsidiaries are a critical part of Hawaii's economy and supply power to over 400,000 customers or 93 percent of the Hawaii market through its electrical utilities. The State of Hawaii (State) Public Utilities Commission (PUC) regulates HELCO and all other utility companies. HELCO has filed a petition for a boundary amendment to reclassify Nrts Keahole Generating_ Station and Deleted:I:, Airporl Substation properties (collectively "subject property") located in North Kona, from the Conservation District to the Urban District. HELCO's facilities have been operating on the subject property since 1973. The accepting authority for the reclassification is the State Land Use Commission (Commission). 1.2. PROPOSED GOVERNMENT ACTION The proposed action is the reclassification of the subject property from the State Conservation District to the Slate Urban District and a subsequent change of County of Hawaii zoning from Open (0) to General Industrial (MG). The State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), the government entity vested with jurisdiction over Conservation District lands, has highly encouraged the reclassification of the subject property for industrial purposes. Although the current use of the subject property has been permitted, urban classification is more in line with recently enacted land classifications for power plant_ _ - - Deleted: end .. In amfNnGaG,c PIT use. The present situation limits HELCO's ability to make future improvements to existing facilities, :hc Cunscrvvfion Dwno including environmental mitigation measures, which would make it more efficient and consistent with legal and operational requirements, and commitments made in a recent Settlement Agreement. Furthermore, reclassification and a zone change would allow HELCO to make appropriate changes to the existing plant that may be required by future legal and operational requirements. 1.3. PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT The purpose of this document is twofold: (I) to comply with the provisions of Section 11-200-6(b)(1)(F) of the Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), which requires the applicant to prepare an environmental impact statement (EIS) for the reclassification of any land in the State Conservation District, as well as Section 343-5(a)(9)(E), Hawaii Revised Statutes, as amended, which requires an EIS for the expansion of a power -generating facility; and (2) to provide baseline information to support an application to the HELCO —HEANOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER ONE, PAGE 1 I County of Hawaii for a zone change if the Commission approves the reclassification of the land to the State Urban District. HELCO filed in 1992 a State Conservation District Use Application (CDUA) with the Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR) to amend its existing Conservation District Use Permit (CDUP) #HA -487 to increase the generating capacity of the plant by 56 megawatts (MW). An EIS was also tiled with the State BLNR, and in December 1993, the BLNR accepted HELCO's Revised Final F.nvironmenfa! Impact ,Statement (1993 RFEIS). However, at this time, the applicant has decided to file a new document with current data. Although no substantive work is presently anticipated at the Airport Substation, HELCO has included the substation parcel in the proposed land use reclassification to ensure uniformity in the subject property's land use entitlements. The current EIS is intended to comply with the requirements of HAR, Section 11-200-6(b)(1)(F). 1.4. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES HF-LCO is seeking the proposed action in order to: (1) bring the State Land Use District Classification into conformance with the existing and proposed use of the project area as an electrical generating station and substation; (2) facilitate future operation and maintenance of the generating station; and (3) implement proposed environmental mitigation measures. 1.5. SUBJECT PROPERTY The subject property is situated in Keaholc, North Kona, on the west side of the Big Island in the State Conservation District General Subzone. It is designated as Urban Expansion on the land Use Pattcrn Allocation Guide map of the 1989 Hawaii County General Plan and as Urban Expansion on the December 21, 2001 County of Hawaii General Plan Revision draft document. The subject property is not located within the Special Management Arca (SMA). It is zoned Open (0) by the County of Hawaii. 1.6. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1.6.1. PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVE HELCO plans to complete the following: • Conversion of two simple -cycle combustion turbines (CT -4 and CT -51 to a combined -cycle system by adding a steam turbine generation system (ST -7), which is comprised of two heat recovery steam generators, a steam condensing system, and if norninal 17.8 -MW steam turbine generator, including ancillary equipment. Together, these components will constitute a nominal 60 -MW net, dual -tram, combined -cycle plant'. • Secure the necessary approvals to draw brackish water from a groundwater supply well that has already been permitted and constructed at the Keaholc Generating Station. Preliminary effic eacy idling of Cf -4 and (7-5 indicates that their estimated output may be nominally 60 megawatts, rather than the 56 megawatts presented in previous documents, including the EIS Preparation Notice for this project, which was based upon the manufacture's specifications_ However, it should be noted that the 60 megawatt number may change slightly, once S1 -7 is installed, noise mitigations are implemented, the plant becomes fully operational, and a subsequent round 01 chiciency testing is conducted. At the Nine of the ir,p cation of this LIS, the necessary approvals have been secured but they have been subjected to a umrt challenge. HELLO - HEAHOrE GENERAT.NG STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER ONE, PAGE 1-2 • Implementation of new emissions controls, specifically a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system, which is expected to involve ammonia or urea transport, storage, and usage, as well as improvements to the existing wastewater treatment system to process on-site and dispose of on-site treated waste, generated as a result of the SCR system. In the future, HELCO may use alternate fuels, specifically naphtha, to reduce emissions, which could result in having to enlarge existing fuel storage tanks and tank -yard berm walls, adding more storage tanks, additional fuel distribution pumps/piping, and additional fire protection (foam tank, nozzles and piping). In addition, HELCO anticipates the following improvements and upgrades to the Airport Substation: • Future replacement or addition of transformers and switchgear equipment at the Airport Substation to service the area community. • Painting and landscape improvements to mitigate visual impacts at the Airport Substation. 1.6.2. SCOPE OF THE EIS This EIS will address the reclassification of the subject property from the Conservation District to the Urban District. It will also address the impacts of the improvements and expansion of the generating station to ensure that they are assessed within the context of the environmental, social, economic, and cultural conditions that currently exist in North Kona and on the Big Island today. It should be noted that several other proiecls in the region surrounding the Keahole Generating Station are presently undergoing environmental review. For a broader perspective, the reader may wish to consult the Office of Environmental Quality Control to obtain copies of documents pertaining to the University of Ilawaii's proposed West, Hawaii campus the Hiluhilu development (also known as Palamanui), and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands. 1.7. SUMMARY OF UNRESOLVED ISSUES HELCO is faced with an increased demand for electrical power due to the Big Island's steadily growing population and heightened economic activity, particularly on the west side of the island. One of the ways HELCO would like to meet growing demand is through the increased use of renewable energy resources, which in 2003 amounted to 22 percent of HELCO's total annual electrical energy production. However, major impediments to the increased use of renewable energy sources include high costs, proximity to the grid, and reliability. As such, HELCO must continue to use a multi -faceted energy portfolio using combined -cycle fossil -fuel -fired power plants together with wind, hydroelectric for central stations, geothermal, and distributed generation for selected sites in order to provide quality power reliably. The Slate's Renewable Portfolio Standard law requires electrical utilities to increase their use of renewable energy sources and meet a percentage of electricity sales that should come from renewable energy. HELCO has been able to meet the requirements of the law, but must continue with parallel path Planning, using a multi -pronged approach, for its operations until such a time that a renewable energy source(s) has developed to the point where it can replace fossil fuels reliably at a reasonable cost to the consumer. In the near term, Hawaii will continue to need fossil fuels for its electrical energy and transportation needs. HE�00-KEARO E GENERATING STATIOL & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHPPTER ONE, PAGE 1-3 The State requires that every energy utility systematically and thoroughly develop long-range plans for meeting Hawaii's future energy needs. HELLO evaluates and integrates both resources that supply electricity and resources that reduce or better manage the demand for electricity and prepares an Integrated Resource Plan (IRP), which is then submitted to the PUC. (See Appendices E and F in Volume 2 of the EIS.) The emerging and evolving character of supply and demand means that some issues pertaining to HELCO's future ability to produce energy are unresolved at the time this document is prepared. These are presented below. 1.7.1. PUNA GEOTHERMAL VENTURE (PGV) CAPACITY ISSUES HELCO has it 35 -year power purchase agreement (PPA), which expires on December 31, 2027, with PCV for 30 MW of firm capacity from its geothermal steam facility. PGV's output was reduced to 6 MW from April 2002 to March 2003. The Toss of generation was attributed to the blockage of a source well due to a failed liner 5,000 feet below the earth's surface and decreasing steam quality emanating from one of PGV's source wells. PGV completed drilling an additional source well in February 2003, and converted the blocked source well into an injection well in early March 2003. As of early 2004, PGV anticipated that it would be fully restored to 30 MW by late 2004, with the increase of steam supply from existing wells. As of September 2004, PGV exports approximately 26 MW. In September 2003, PGV announced that it had long-range plans to expand the capacity of the facility to 60 MW, in 8 MW increments. However, in April 2004Ormat Industries purchased PGV for $71 million. Therefore, current long-range planning activities do not assume that PCV will provide capacity above 30 MW. As further information becomes available as to the direction Ormat Industries will lake the company in the near future, HFLCO would then be able to include actual anticipated geothermal capacity in the next IRP. 1.7.2. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION DOCKET In October 2003, the PU(' opened Docket No. 03-0371 to investigate Distributed Generation (DG) issues in Hawaii. DG involves the use of small electric power generators, using fossil fuels or renewable energy sources, located on the utility system at a utility site or at a customer site that may or may not be connected to the utility's power grid. The issues include, but are not limited to: (I) addressing interconnection matters; (2) determining who should own and operate distributed generation projects; (3) identifying what impacts, if any, distributed generation will have on Hawaii's electric distribution systems and market; (4) defining the role of regulated electric distributions companies and the PUC in the deployment of distributed generation in Hawaii; (5) identifying the rate design and cost allocation issues associated with the deployment of distributed generation facilities; and (6) developing the necessary revisions to the integrated resource planning process, if necessary. As of September 2004, HELLO is unable to predict the outcome of the proceedings, and how it may impact long-term planning activities such as IRP. 1.7.$. COMPETITIVE BIDDING FOR NEW GENERATION In October 2003, the PUC opened Docket No. 03-0372 to evaluate competitive bidding as a mechanism for acquiring or building new generating capacity in Hawaii. The competitive bidding process has been widely implemented throughout the United States and may serve as an alternative for Hawaii to facilitate wholesale market competition and enhance the potential for higher efficiency and lower costs for its electric industry. Competitive bidding for new generating capacity is often referred to as a wholesale HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION S AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER ONE, RAG 14 market model that includes equity and efficiency considerations, encouragement of competitive generation options and new technologies, lower costs through competition, more choices, reliable supplies, and a level playing field on which all generation options could compete. The issues include, but are not limited to: (1) evaluating the benefits and impacts of competitive bidding; (2) developing a fair competitive bidding system, if necessary, (a) ensuring that competitive benefits result from the system and ratepayers are not placed at undue risk; (b) specifying competitive bidding guidelines and requirements to prospective bidders, including the evaluation system to be used, and process for evaluation and selection; (3) encouraging broad participation from a range of prospective bidders; and (4) developing the necessary revisions to the integrated resource planning process, ifnecessary. As of September 2004, HELCO is unable to predict the outcome of the proceedings, and how it may impact long-term planning activities such as IRP. 1.7.4. UTILITY AND NON-UTILITY COMBINED HEAT AND POWER Combined Heat and Power (CHP), or cogeneration, is an electricity generation technology that involves the recovery of waste heat from the electric generation process to produce other forms of useful energy simultaneously, such as useable heat or steam. CFIP is better for the environment, the economy, and our nation's energy supply than generating heat and power separately because conventional electricity generation is inherently inefficient. For the purposes of this analysis, forecasts have been made regarding the impact of Utility and Non - Utility CHP units on the HELCO system. These estimates are consistent with the October 2003 PUC application for approval of a proposed utility -owned CHP program in Docket No. 03-0366. At this time, HELLO is unable to predict the outcome of the proceedings. In reference to load forecast, while a comprehensive analysis is undertaken to develop HELCO's Sales and Peak forecast, there are uncertainties regarding any forecast. Load forecasts are used to help determine when a generating unit must be added. Therefore, the precise timing of unit additions, especially in distant years, is often difficult to achieve. 1.7.5. HILO COAST POWER COMPANY (FORMERLY HILO COAST PROCESSING COMPANY) (HCFC) CONTRACT TERMINATION On October 4. 1999, HELLO entered into a power purchase agreement (PPA) with HCPC effective _ January 1, 2000. The agreement terminated on December 31, 2004, subject to early termination by - oetetetl: mR,Rsn HELCO after two years, whereby HELCO purchases 22 MW of firm capacity from HCPC's coal-fired facility. 1.7.8. COUNTY MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) As of September 2004, HELCO in unaware of any MSW projects. However, HELCO is aware of the County of Hawaii's ongoing process of soliciting proposals to handle solid -waste, which may include a future MSW plant. If such a facility is constructed in the future, inclusion of garbage -to -energy technology could have a beneficial impact upon the availability of additional electrical energy resources 1.7.7. QUEEN KAAHUMANu HIGHWAY Access to the Keahole facility is presently provided by two roads that intersect with Queen Kaahumanu Highway, one to the south and one to the north. A private development project, Palamanui, north of the HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION § AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER ONE, PAGE 1.5 Keahole facility, has proposed to realign and expand the right of way of the access road on the north side of the generating station. At this point in time, the location and configuration of the realigned access road's intersection with Queen Kaahumanu Highway has not been resolved between Palamanui and the State Department of Transportation. However, because the Keahole Generating Station can continue to use the access road on the south side of the generating station, the ultimate decision regarding the northern access road intersection would not substantively affect the future operation of the facility, one way or the other. 1.7.8. ADDITIONAL STUDIES REQUIRED HELCO will conduct additional studies to determine the type of ammonia it will use in the SCR unit (anhydrous or urea pellets), whether to use naphtha as an alternate fuel source, and if it is environmentally appropriate and economically feasible to construct an additional wastewater treatment facility on site to treat the wash water from periodic cleaning of SCR components (the wash water would contain heavy metals and therefore be classified as hazardous waste) Once all necessary approvals for the facility are secured (2007 or beyond), HELCO will commence its studies associated with the ammonia and naphtha. The analysis of the potential need for an additional wastewater treatment facility will not commence until operational experience has been gained to determine the actual volume of wash water generated and the frequency of required cleanings. 1.8. SUMMARY OF COMPATIBILITY WITH LAND USE PLANS AND POLICIES HELCO's petition for a boundary amendment to reclassify the subject property from the Conservation District to the Urban District appears to be compatible with existing land use plans, policies, and controls for the affected area, as discussed in Chapter Five. 1.9. NECESSARY APPROVALS AND PERMITS HELCO has or is in the process of obtaining the following permits and/or approvals for the subject property. See Section 2.10 for a more detailed explanation. • Federal Environmental Protection Agency - Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) air permit, covered source permits • Stale Land Use Commission - Reclassification from the Conservation District to the Urban District • Stale Department of Health - Air permit approvals, covered source permit, Underground Injection Control permit, community noise permit renewal, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit, and Heating, Ventilation. Air Conditioning (HVAC) permit. • Stale Water Commission -Pump Installation Permit • State Board of Land and Natural Resources - Revocable Water Permit and Water Lease • Hawaii County Planning Commission/Council/Mayor- Rezoning from Open to Industrial • Hawaii County Department of Public Works - Building Permits • Hawaii County Department of Water Supply - Water meter and back-flow preventer plan approval HELCO-KEAEOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER ONE, PAGE 1b CHAPTER TWO DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT CHAPTER TWO: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 2.1. INTRODUCTION This Environmental Impact Statement (FIS) is required by Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc.'s (HELCO) proposed reclassification of its Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation land (collectively "subject property") from the Conservation District to the Urban District. Unlike most projects, the subject property is already developed and was the subject of a previous EIS (1993 RFEIS). The subject property in question has been used for industrial purposes since 1973 under permits granted by the State of Hawaii (State) Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR).1 The underlying land use designation is now being changed to bring it into conformance with its existing use for industrial purposes. The project is complicated by the fact that the improvements addressed in the 1993 RFEIS, though approved by the accepting authority, had been tied up in thejudicial system for over 10 years. The Third Circuit Court ("Circuit Court") on November 12, 2003 issued a Findings (if Fact, Conclusions of Lam, and Order vacating a previous 2002 order that had halted the completion of the improvements. Up until that point, 85 percent of the improvements addressed in the 1993 RFEIS had been completed. The Circuit Court issued its November 12, 2003 decision as a result of a mediated settlement agreement (Settlement Agreement or Settlement) reached between HELCO and the various organizations and individuals that were opposing the improvements to the facilities. The Circuit Court found that the resolution of issues between the parties would accrue in the public interest as a whole. HELCO has now completed a substantial portion of the construction of combustion turbines (CT) CT -4, CT -5, and related ancillary equipment. HELCO proposes to: (1) bring the State Land Use District Classification into conformance with the existing and proposed use of the project area as an electrical generating station and substation; (2) facilitate Iuture operations and maintenance of the generating station; and (3) implement proposed ery ironmenlal mitigation measures. The project scope includes: Conversion of two simple -cycle CTs (CT -4 and CI' -5) to a combined cycle system by adding a steam turbine generation system (ST -7), which is comprised of two heat recovery steam generators, a steam condensing system, and a nominal 17.8 -megawatt (MW) steam turbine generator, including ancillary equipment. Together, these components will constitute a nominal 60.3 -MW net dual -train, combined - cycle plant. Seeming the necessary approvals to draw brackish water from a groundwater supply well that has already been permitted and constructed at the Keahole Generating Station. Implementation of new emissions controls, specifically a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system, which is expected to involve ammonia or urea transport, storage, and usage, as well as improvements to the existing wastewater treatment system to process on-site and dispose of on-site treated waste, generated as a result of the SCR system. Al the time this FIT a.ronmcnad Impact Statement was being prepared, the necessary approvals have been secured hill Ihcy have been challenged in court. HELCO- EEAHOLE GENERAT INS SIA➢ON & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER PAO, PAGE 2-1 In the future, HELCO may use alternate fuels, specifically naphtha, which could result in having to enlarge existing fuel storage tanks and tank -yard berm walls, adding more storage tanks, additional fuel distribution pumps/piping, and additional fire protection (foam tank, nozzles and piping). (Sec discussion on naphtha in subsequent sections.) In addition, HELLO anticipates the following improvements and upgrades to the Airport Substation: • Future replacement or addition of transformers and switchgear equipment at the Airport Substation to service the area community. • Painting and landscape improvements to mitigate visual impacts at the Airport Substation. Thus, for the purposes of this FIS, the "existing use" of the subject property includes all of the components of the facilities that exist on the subject property and/or are under construction, pursuant to the 1993 RFEIS and the Settlement Agreement. It is anticipated that most all of the improvements would be completed by the end of 2004. This EIS, unlike the 1993 RFEIS, also includes reclassifying the abutting Airport Substation arca Tor purposes of land use consistency. Additionally, because over 10 years has lapsed since the 1993 RFEIS, the impacts of the improvements of the existing facilities upon the current physical and social environment are being evaluated in this EIS. 'Tile following sections describe the proposed project (the urbanization of the land, the construction and operation of ST -7, and various mitigative issues), and begins with a description of the regional context, followed by a review of all the existing facilities at the plant, including, those under construction. This Chapter then places the existing facility in the context of planning for the Big Island's energy future and concludes with a description of the proposed action. 2.2. REGIONAL CONTEXT The subject property consists of two abutting tax map key parcels, both situated in Keahole, North Kona, on the west side of the island of Hawaii (Big Island), and both owned by the applicant The tax map key numbers are (3) 7-3-049:036 ("Keahole Generating Station' or "Parcel 36'), consisting of 14.998 acres, and (3) 7-3-049:037 ("Airport Substation" or "Parcel 37"), consisting of 0.645 acres. The total arca of the subject property is 15.643 acres. The subject property is located approximately eight miles north of Kailua-Kona, within the district of North Kona, which is one of the fastest growing areas on the island, in terms of new development. Since the early 1990s, several large commercial and residential projects have been either approved, built, or are under consideration. Economically, the Big Island has endured a number of years of uncertainty with high unemployment, but toduy, the economy stands strong with a robust visitor industry; a soaring real estate market; an active construction industry; a healthy diversified agriculture industry; continuing expansion of high-tech research crganizznlons; and a growing retail industry. Fhe Big Island's unemployment rate has fallen steadily from 10.2 percent in 1997 to HELLO- HEAHOLE GENERATING STATION x AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER TWO, PAG, 22 5.6 percent in 2004. Nearly 40 percent of the Big Island's residents live in the West Hawaii region, and daik visitors equate to over 30 percent of the resident population in West Hawaii compared to 15 percent island wide.° Kona International Airport is one mile west of the subject property. Just west of Kona International Airport is the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) located on 870 acres of State- owned land. NELHA supports the research, development, and commercialization of alternative energ} and Ocean Thermal Fnergy Conversion (OTEC)-related technologies. HFLCO is an active participant and monitors the open -cycle OTEC demonstration project at NELHA. Commercial companies located al NELHA specialize in a variety of land-based operations, including the production of algae, finfish. crustaceans, and mollusks. Other tenants are researching alternative energy, ocean instrumentation. marine biotechnology. and desalination. 2.3. HISTORY OF THE FACILITY The Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation were built in 1973 on Conservation District land Under State law, HFLCO first needed to obtain a Conservation District Use Permit (CDUP) from the BLNR of the State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) before it could utilize the land for the generating station. 'The BLNR approved a CDL in 1973, and HELCO has operated its facilities on the subject property since. Over the course of time, various improvements have been made to the facilities as conditions have changed. Since the 1970s, the population on the Big Island has more than doubled and HELCO has had to expand its facilities accordingly, to accommodate growth in the region and the demand for additional power. In 1970, the U.S. Census registered 73,325 residents; in 1980 92,053; in 1990 120,317; and in 2000 148,677 residents. On Nov given day, the influx of visitors to the island adds approximately 15 percent to the population count, which today exceeds over one million visitors annually. The West Hawaii region has grown more substantially than the east side. For example, the combined energy sales of the Kona and Waimea districts in a five-year period (1998 through 2003) have grown approximately 35-40 percent faster than sales in the Hilo district. Over a 10 -year period (1993 through 2003) combined energy sale, growth in the Kona and Waimea districts was approximately 100 percent higher than the energy sale, growth of the Hilo district. The subject properties were originally zoned Open by the County to conform with the State [,and Use C'ommission's classification of the property as Conservation District in the early 1960s. First 11a..Iian Bank Economic FOH,,a,t, 2004. 111r://wew dhb.coni /AdfOR I Apal t T .Snain-EL'nnmu ir/nrp... 4»essnxml of Redes,gerrlioeofKroholtGeneralinAand fi'ansnncsinn .Sime prepared by SMS. HELCO- NEAHOLE GENE0.ATING STAT ION 8 AIRPORT SUBS W ION CHAP HER W. PAGE 2 3 Updu PMS IIA P a c i f i c O c e a n l ISLAND OF IIAWM ItawaM1ro B/ay�.- PROJECT LOCATION N,Irob Bay Kon In1arNBmn1 Airport I I Hu Iili T KAILUA-KO1,1111 Mauna Loa Mauna K" Figure 2-1 PROJECT LOCATION ®DraK Environmental Impact Stm staenl 0 3.5 ] KIGENERATING STATION URBAN RECLASSIFICATION Preparao for Hawan Electric Light Company, Inc NORTH SCALE IN MILES Prepereo Ey Ball Collins Hewdi • Oclo0er 21x4 HELCO- HEAHOLE GENERATING STATION B AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER TWO, PAGE 2 4 Kona International Airport i Z' EfWW Energy LaD•........ KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION PROJECT AREA I. -.'Kan Kaehole -�--+ nr Ag Park oenip l Kon, - Mamalahoa-�r� Hghway t e'r Figure 2-2 MAP OF EXISTING AND SURROUNDING USES ® Draft Environmental Impact Statement 0 KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION URBAN RECLASSIFICATION (-� prepared for Hawaii Electric light Company, Inc NORTH SCALE IN MILES Prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii • October 2004 The subject property is surrounded by vacant areas of open lava flows to the north and east. the Keahole Agricultural Park to the south and southeast, and a residential subdivision- Kona Palisades, beginning approximately 3,500 feet to the southeast. Four 9O400t towers owned by the Big Island Broadcasting Co. are located on a 4 -acre parcel on the subject property's eastern boundary. The adjacent property to the north is owned by the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL), and is planned for residential and commercial development. To the south and southeast of the subject property is the State Keahole Agricultural Park, a 179acre owned and leased subdivision of approximately 36 five -acre lots used for diversified agriculture. About 25 of the lessees have built homes on their properties. 'I he subject property is situated approximately 750 feet east (upslope) of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the principal arterial roadway serving the coastal areas of the North Kona District. HELGO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STAT ION & AIRPORT SOaSI AT ION CHAPTER TPJO. PAGE % 5 PHOTOGRAPH 2-1. VIEW OF KEAHOLE LOOKING WESTINORTHWEST WITH THE KEAHOLE AGRICULTURAL PARK IN THE FOREGROUND. KAIMINAM DRIVE APPEARS AT LOWER LEFT. The BLNR in 1973 originally approved 8-25 megawatt (MW) of generating capacity for the Keaholc Generating Station. As the demand for additional power grew, particularly in the West Hawaii region, HELLO applied for subsequent amendments to the CDUP, which were subsequently approved by the BLNR. The following Table provides a brief historical chronology of the expansion and improvements 10 the generating station: TABLE 2-A. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION AND AIRPORT SUBSTATION YEAR HELLO ACTIONS 1973 HELCO seeks approval to build Keahole Generating Staten and Airport Substation 1984 HELCO files amendment to CDUP for additional generating power 1987 HELCO files amendment to CDUP for additional generating power 1988 HELCO files amendment to CDUP for additional generating power, staling that this would be the last amendment because other sites at Kawaihae and Pull Anahulu were being investigated 1988- HELCO's attempt to acquire and develop a new 1991 generating site at Kawaihae or Puu Anahulu prove I unsuccessful and much too costly. APPROVING AUTHORITY CAPACITY BLNR grants CDUP allowing three 2 75 MW generators B 25 MW BLNR approves two additional 2.75 MW generators 13.75 MW BLNR approves an additional 2 75 MW generator 16 50 MW BLNR approves a 13.75 MW combustion turbine (CT) 30.25 MW HELCO —KEAHOLE GENERATING SI A I ION & AIRPORT sna$*ATION CHAPTER TWO, PAGE 2A YEAR HELCOACTIONS APPROVING AUTHORITY CAPACITY 1988- HELCO enters into a contract with Puna Geothermal PGV encounters start-up problems and are unable to 1991 Ventures (PGV) to provide specified increments of provide increments of geothermal power on a timely geothermal power basis 1992, HELCO files a Conservation District Use Application BLNR accepts 1993 RFEIS and approves the CDUA for (CDUA) for an additional 56 MW of power, and the installation of a combined -cycle plant submits an EIS to amend CDU. HAAB7. 1993 Various stakeholders oppose expansion; HELCO Judge Ronald Ibarra rules in favor of HELCO obtains a default entitlement as a result of a contested 1 case hearing 1994, HELCO loses firm biomass power as Hamakua Sugar - Company closes 1997 HELCO seeks building permit for installation of County of Hawaii grants HELCO a permit to install CTA combined -cycle plant per 1993 RFEIS CT -5, and the related ancillary equipment 1998 HELCO appeals an administrative decision In order to Circuit Court rules that HELCO may proceed with the proceed with its Improvements and expansion plans default entitlement provided by the CDUA 2001 HELCO obtains an air permit from the Environmental Federal Environmental Appeals Board affirms permit on Protection Agency (EPA) appeal 2002 1 HELCO completes 85 percent of installation of CTA, 'I, Project opponents oppose expansion; Circuit Court halts CT -5, and ancillary equipment i completion of work ruling that a lapsed construction deadline could not be extended by the BLNR 2003 HELCO reaches settlement with a majority of project Circuit Court issues order vacating 2002 ruling opponents (fully executed on 11/5/03) 2003 HELCO petitions Land Use Commission (Commission) pursuant to DLNR recommendations to reclassify the land from the Conservation District to the Urban District 2004 HELCO proceeds to complete the installation of CT -4, CT -5, ancillary equipment, and mitigation measures 1 2004 HELCO retires diesel units D18, D19, and D20 22 MW 2004 HELCO completes installation of CT4, CT -5 ancillary 64.6 MW equipment and mitigation measures, and begins the process of reclassifying the land and obtaining permits for the installation of the steam turbine generation system (ST -7) with SCR_ 2006 Contract engineering consultant and commence engineering design for ST -7. Conduct analysis of changing to Naphtha as a fuel source. 2007 Equipment bid selection and order. Submit building permit application. 2008 Begin construction of ST -7 with SCR. 2009 or ST -7 with SCR to be operational _ _ _ _ _ 82_4 MW_ sooner HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER Two, PAGE) 7 Deleted: HELCO will begin the engineering, design, and construction of ST -7 with SCR by converting two simple cycle CTs )CT4 and CTS) to a Combined cycle system by adding ST-7which will be comprised of Iwo heat recovery steam generators, a steam condensing system, and a nominal 17 840W steam turbine generator, including ancillary an ... nei 2.4. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING FACILITY A site plan of the existing facility, color -coded to depict the proposed improvements is presented as Figure 2-3. The proposed improvements generally include a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) that will improve the efficiency of CT -4 and CT -5, a new SCR system to reduce nitrogen oxide (NO,)` emissions, and the appurtenant facilities and systems to support these improvements, together with additional transformers and switching gear at the Airport Substation. All the existing and proposed facilities are described in more detail below. 2.4.1. PURPOSE AND NEED The proposed action is the reclassification of the subject property from the State Conservation District to the State Urban District and a subsequent change of County zoning from Open (0) to General Industrial (MG). The rules and regulations governing the Conservation District mainly deal with protecting and preserving the land, while the Urban District is generally defined as lands in urban use with sufficient reserve in accommodate foreseeable growth. The use of urban lands is governed by the County, while the use of conservation lands is governed by the State DLNR, and permitting processes for special uses can be lengthy and cumbersome The BLNR/DLNR has highly encouraged the reclassification of the subject property to the Urban District for purposes more suited for industrial use. The Hawaii County Code defines the O district as "areas that contribute to the general welfare, the bill enjoyment, or the economic well-being of open land type use which has been established, or is proposed. The object of this district is to: (1) encourage development around it such as a golf course and pack; (2) protect investments which have been or shall he made in reliance upon the retention of such open type use; (3) buffer an otherwise incompatible land use or district; (4) preserve a valuable scenic vista or ,In arca of special historical significance; or (5) protect and preserve submerged land, fishing ponds, and fakes (natural or artificial tide)." Utility substations, as permitted under section 25-4-11 of the Hawuii County Code, are allowahle. The MG district applies to "areas for uses that arc generally considered to be offensive or have some clement of danger." The MG designation is more appropriate for the generating station and the land uses in the immediate arca. Some of the permitted uses in the MG district include • Agricultural products processing, major and minor • Airfields, heliports and private landing strips • Aquaculture activities and facilities • Broadcasting stations ` Nitrogen oxides (NO,), the generic ten for a group of highly reactive gases that contain nitrogen and oxygen In varying amounts, play a major role in the formation of ozone, PM, haze, and acid rain. (See also Chapter Three and the glossary at the end of this EIS for definitions of various emissions.) TELCO - KEAHOLE GENE RAI ING STATION & AIRPORT GUPSTAI ION CHAPTER 1 WO. `AGE 28 • Greenhouses, plant nurseries Utility facilities, public and private, including power plants, offices or yards for equipment • Utility substations, as permitted under section 25-4-11 Although the current use of the subject property has been permitted thepresent situation limits HELCO's ability to make future improvements to existing facilities, including environmental mitigation measures, which will make it more efficient and consistent with legal and operational requirements and commitments made in the Settlement. Reclassification and a zone change would allow HELLO to make appropriate changes to the existing plant that may be required by future legal and operational requirements. The reclassification and change in zoning, would brine the subiect property into conformance with its existing use for industrial purposes. The generating station and airport substation have been operating on the subiect property since 1973, and HELCO has been serving the island of Hawaii (Big Island) since 1894. The ongoing consumption of petroleum for the generation of electricity ensures Iona -term economic productivity on the island. The addition of ST -7 is intended to improve efficiency, thereby contributing to a reduction in the facilities' dependence upon increased consumption of petroleum. 2.4.2. NEW AND EXISTING COMPONENTS As stated in the above historical table, HELCO completed in 2002 approximately 85 percent of the installation of CT -4. C7-5, and ancillary equipment but halted completion of the work after a lawsuit was filed. Work recommenced after an agreement had been reached in November 2003 among the intervening parties. On June 30, 2004, CT -4 and CT -5 were placed in commercial operation on a limited basis. Once noise mitigations are completed, C7-4 and CT -5 will become fully operational. Both will be online with noise mitigation equipment before the end of the year. The following description presents all the existing and proposed components of the Keahole Generating Station and the Airport Substation, including tho.e presently under construction (see Figure 2-3). The reference numbers correspond to those in Figure 2-3. HELLO- HEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER TWO, PART 79 Deleted: and .s m conR,"Oa" c "0' the CT,nscrvauon Pismo m" c 22n Q N µ EE c? E 'J O E E �b3i3inS iidO—.UxuLL6[i O r� z = a o o co o� h- LL 5 LL 9 5, gg J N O LL N 0 a LL E U N N S Z i U J U N U w O U w w w .� yd o� me1�' nm wmr�rnamm �x iZ—N/"1ONm� — NNNNN 000000000000000000000000000000 O 000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 z NQ Er .0� N a0 O yE— 0)z =w� "O 3 €¢y W� w`03 i WO) W0 ay pm 0r dm WQ wag Y a Q Y �Md'! NO SYSTEMS QTY DESCRIPTION 1. Fuel oil storage tanks 2 Each storage tank is 50 feet in diameter and 42 -feet high, and has a 617,000 -gallon capacity. The components include two storage tanks, transfer pumps, and piping. The tanks store No. 2 diesel fuel, which is received from tanker trucks. 2. Demineralized water storage tanks 2 Each water storage tank is 30 feel in diameter and 24 -feet high, and has a 110,000 -gallon capacity. The components include two storage tanks, transfer pumps, and piping. The tanks serve as the main demineralized water storage for the station. 3. Water injection pumps for 4 The water injection pumps pump demineralized water into the CTs for NOx emissions combustion turbine (CT) (2 ea) controls. 4. Neutralization tanks 2 Each tank is 10 feet in diameter and 20 -feet high, and has a 10,000 -gallon storage capacity. The neutralization tanks are used as mixing tanks to treat the station's wastewater. 5. Wastewater tanks 2 Each tank is 20 feet in diameter and 24 -feet high, and has a 150,000 -gallon capacity. The wastewater tanks are used for the storage of treated and untreated wastewater. 6. Steam turbine (ST -7) building 1 The building will house the future ST -7 steam turbine generator and ancillary steam turbine equipment 7. Fire and service water tanks (both 2 Each tank is 35 feet in diameter and 36 -feet high, and has a 240,000 -gallon capacity. The fire tanks same size) water lank is a reservoir for potable water, which supplies water to the fire protection system in case of a fire. The service water tank can store either potable water or brackish water, which is used to supply feed water to the demineralizer system. 8. Fire pump package 1 The fire pump package is on a 700 square -foot concrete pad. The components include one 2,000 glom electric fire pump, one jockey pump, one 2,000 gpm diesel fire pump, and piping. The package contains the fire protection pumps and ancillary equipment. 9. Pipe rack 1 The pipe rack is a structure that secures and elevates the fuel transfer piping, service water piping, demineralized water piping, wastewater piping, fire protection water Piping, electrical power and data conduits, and compressed air piping. The pipe rack traverses the water treatment facility, each of the CTs, the Main Control Room building, and the Control House building. 10. Dual flue stack 1 The stack measures 104 feet above sea level with a 24feetouter flue diameter. The components include one inner flue for CT -4, one inner flue for CT -5, obstruction lighting (at top), and continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS) room (at bottom). The dual flue stack primanly serves as an exhaust structure for both combustion turbines. 11. Injection well 2 Each injection well is 8 inches in diameter by 508 feet deep. Both wells combined have a pennitted daily maximum Flow rate of 251,000 gallons per day (gpd). The injection wells are used to dispose of treated wastewater from the plant's wastewater treatment facility. The wastewater is injected into the well at an average rate of 148,000 god. 12. Main Step-up Transformers 3 The transformers convert lower voltage electrical power from CT -4, CT -5, and future ST -7 generators to higher transmission power voltage. There is one for each CT -4, CT -5, and ST - 7. The transformer for ST -7 will be installed. when ST -7 is installed. 13 Condensate storage tank 1 The condensate storage tank is 12 feel in diameter and 14 feet high, and has a 11,700 -gallon storage capacity. The tank will serve as storage for ST -7 condensate Fluid, which is demineralized water that is heated in the HRSGs to produce steam to rotate the steam turbine. The tank will be built with ST -7. 14. Heat recovery steam generator 4 Each pump has a 400 gpm capacity (HRSG) feed pumps 15. Fuel oil unloading facilities 1 The unloading facilities include two fuel unloading pumps, each with a capacity of 250 gpm each. The impervious unloading system transfers diesel fuel from the tanker trucks to the main fuel storage tanks in a safe and expedient manner. The system is designed to contain and recycle any spilled fuel. 16. Fuel oil storage tank 1 The tank is 80 feet in diameter and 42 feet high, and has a 1.5 million gallon capacity. The components include one tank, fuel transfer pumps, and piping. It is used to store diesel fuel to support the ST -7 system. The tank is placed on an impervious surface within berms designed to contain any leakage or spills. The tank will be constructed for the ST -7 system. 17. Demineralized water transfer 2 Each pump has a 350 gpm capacity for the transfer of demineralized water from the storage pumps tanks to the demineralized water day tanks. HELLO- NEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT sl1aSTATION CHAPTER TWO, PAGE 2 11 No SYSTEMS QTY DESCRIPTION 18. Demineralized water day tanks 2 Each tank is 12 feet in diameter and 16 feet high, with a capacity of 13,600 gallons. The day tanks are intermediate demineralized water storage tanks that receive water from the demineralized water storage tanks and supply water to the water injection pumps for the combustion turbines. 19. Fuel oil day tanks 2 Each tank is 12 feet in diameter and16 feet high with a capacity of 13,600 gallons each. The day tanks am intermediate fuel storage tanks that receive fuel from the fuel centrifuge and supply fuel to the fuel injection pumps for the combustion turbines. 20. Oil/Waar separator 2 Each separator has a 65 gpm rapacity to process oily wastewater, sending the coalesced water to the wastewater system and the oily waste to a holding tank within the wastewater treatment facility for off-site recycling. 21. Sulfuric acid & caustic soda storage 2 Each storage tank is 5 feet in diameter and 7 feet high, with a capacity of 1,000 gallons These chemicals are used to neutralize wastewater, and to process demineralized water by regenerating the demineralizer mixed bed resin. 22. Solid settling basin 1 The basin has a capacity of 60 gpm. It is used to filter wastewater solids, as part of the wastewater disposal process. 23 Turbine -Generator lube oil radiator 1 The radiator is a heat exchanger used to cool lubricating oil for the combustion turbines. It has a 150 -gallon turbine lube oil and 215 -gallon generator lube oil capacity. 24. 12" diesel fire pump exhaust flue 1 The exhaust is 12 inches in diameter by 104 feet high. It serves as a chimney for diesel driven fire protection pump. 25. 10" blackstarl diesel exhaust flue 1 The flue is 10 inches in diameter and 71 feet high. It Is used as a chimney for the station emergency diesel generator. 26. Brackish water well pump 1 The pump has a 500-gpm capacity. It is a vertical pump used to withdraw brackish water from the groundwater well, approximately 250 -feet deep. 27. Air compressor radiator 1 The radiator has a capacity of 90 gallons and is used to cool cooling Fluid for air compressors inside the Main Control Building 28. Fuel centrifuge 1 The centrifuge has a nominal 90-gpm capacity. It serves as a fuel clarifier and separator that removes water and impurities from diesel fuel originating from main storage tanks. 29. Main Control Building 1 The Main Control Building is comprised of the main station control room, control system hardware, electrical shop, electrical switchgear, air corepressors, personnel office space, and restrooms. 30. Control House 1 The Control House is comprised of the electrical switchgear and breakers, control system hardware, and battery banks. 31. ShoplWarehouse 1 The Shop/Warehouse is comprised of a maintenance shop, warehouse, and restrooms. 32. Steam Condensing System 1 The steam -condensing system is sized to support a 20 MW steam turbine. It is a ST -7 cooling system that cools steam exiting the steam turbine in order to condense the steam into water (condensate), which is reused In the HRSGs It will be built with ST -7- 33. Heat Recovery Steam Generator 2 The generator has 2 x 10 -MW capacity. It is pad of the future ST -7 system that uses waste heat from the combustion turbine exhaust gases (1,000 degrees Fahrenheit) to heat condensate (water)to make steam, which drives the steam turbine generator and additional power is produced with essentially no additional consumption of fuel 34. New electrical switchyard 1 The electrical switchgear and breakers are used to connect the export power from the CT 4, CT -5, and future ST -7 generators to the HELCO electrical grid. This system is also used to connect import power from the grid to the Keahole plant. The ST -7 portion has not been built yet. 35. a Water Treatment Facility 1 The capacity for the water treatment facility Is 131 gpm input with a 67.3 gpm output of demmeratized water. The facility is comprised of a dual -train demineralized water system. The demineralizer processes either potable water or brackish water to produce distilled water (i.e. demineralized water) for the combustion turhirri water injection (for NO, control) andior steam turbine condensate. b. Wastewater Treatment Facility The wastewater system collects station generated wastewater, neutralizes it, and disposes of the neutralized water by discharging to the reinjection well Wastewater streams that are sent to the wastewater treatment facility include 63.7 gpm of rejected water from the water treatment facility, and 4.1 gpm from site's oil/water separator HELCO-KEAHOLE GENERATING STAPO4 & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER TWO. PAGE 9-12 No. SYSTEMS Cry DESCRIPTION 36. Combustion Turbine (CT -t) i The capacity of CT -4 is 21.3 MW. It is an oil -fired, simple cycle combustion turbine (model GE LM -2500). 37. Combustion Turbine (CT -5) 1 The capacity of CT4 is 21.3 MW. It is an oilfired, simple cycle combustion turbine (model GE LM -2500). 38. Control House 1 The Control House is the previous administration building for HELCO personnel. 39. Switching Station 1 The Switching Station holds the electrical switchgear and breakers used to connect the export power from the CT -2 and D18-23 generators to the HELCO electrical grid. This system is also used to connect import power from the grid to the Keahole plant. 40. CT -2 Control Room 1 The Control Room serves as the control center for CT -2. 41. Emergency Diesel Generator 1 The capacity of the generator is 600 kilowatt (KW) and serves as the station's emergency generator. 42. Diesel Generators (EMD 18-23) 6 Each diesel generator has a capacity of 2.75 MW D18, 19, 20 were retired in 2004. D21, 22, 23 are still in operation 43. Combustion Turbine (CT,2) 1 The capacity of CT -2 is a nominal 13.75 MW. It is a dresel-fued, simple -cycle combustion turbine. 44. Demineralizer 1 The demineralizer has a capacity of 40 gpm. It processes potable water to produce distilled water (i.e. demineralized water) for the CT -2 combustion turbine water injection (for NOS control). 45. Demineralizer Water Storage 2 Each tank is 16 feet in diameter and 18 feet high, with a 33,000 -gallon capacity. The tanks Tanks store demineralized water for CT -2. 46. Fuel Oil Storage Tanks 2 Tank 1 JK1)1s 35 feet in diameter and 18 feet high wdh a capacity of 115,248 gallons. Tank 2 (TK -2) is 50 feet in diameter and 18 feet high with a capacity of 220,332 gallons. The tanks store diesel fuel for CT -2 and D21-23 (D18-20 have been retired), and previously received fuel from tanker trucks. Once the CT -4 and CT -5 main storage tanks are commissioned, these tanks will receive cleaned fuel from the fuel centrifuge 47 69kv line drop 1 Delivers electrical power to the Airport Substation 48. Unit No. 1 switchgear and pad 1 High voltage switch used to transfer power 49. Unit No. 1 transferrer and pad 1 Steps voltage down for local use 50. Future Unit No. 2 transformer and 1 Steps voltage down for local use pad 51- Future Unit No. 2 switchgear and 1 High voltage switch used to transfer power pad 52. Future insulator support structure 1 Structure supporting high voltage insulation 53. Future 3-phase disconnect 1 Switch to disconnect three high voltage conductors Switch support structure 54 Future dead-end tower switch 1 Switch at the terminus of a high voltage line coming into the substation 55. Future 69kv line drop 1 Delivers electrical power to the Airport Substation 2.4.3. POTABLE WATER The County of Hawaii, Department of Water Supply (DWS), provides approximately 40,000 gallons per- day erday (gpd) for CT NO, control, the production of steam, domestic consumption by employees, and landscape irrigation. Upon completion of the improvements to the facilities, the demand for potable water from the DWS will decrease to 15,000 gpd. 'f lie reduction of approximately 25,000 gallons per day results from the conversion of the facility from potable to brackish water use as described below. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENEHATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER TWO, PAGE 2 13 2.4.4. NON -POTABLE WATER HELCO's onsite brackish supply well, identified as State No. 4461-02 and depicted at item 26 in Figure 2-3, was developed and pump tested in 1993, and has been in use since mid -2004. About 210,000 to 230,000 gpd of brackish, basal groundwater would be pumped to provide the remaining supply requirement for the plant's improvements. The additional supply is necessary to accommodate the combined cycle portion of the improvements to the plant. 2.4.5. PROPOSED CHANGES TO WATER USAGE HELLO has converted its industrial consumption of water at Keahole from potable to brackish water to the extent allowable, as specified in the November 2003 Settlement negotiated among HELCO and the parties contesting the original project. Once HELCO has established its right to use brackish water_ HELLO will transfer 90 percent of its existing additional incremental potable water allocation of 100,000 gpd to DHHL, subject to DWS approval. The consent to transfer activity could begin promptly, but the actual transfer of potable water to DHHL cannot begin until a legal challenge to the granting of brackish water use to HELCO by the DLNR has been resolved. 2.4.6. EMISSION CONTROLS The Keahole facility is presently operating under three Air Quality Permits issued by the State Department of Health (DOH) on July 5, 1989, May 30, 2002, and July 25, 2001. The first two permits allow the operation of the Kcahole facilities in existence prior to 2003. The third permit allows the operation of C'1'-4 and C7-5 and ST -7. 2.4.7. DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL Upon completion of the improvements to the generating station, the amount of domestic wastewater generated by employees from sinks, showers, and toilets that will be treated and disposed of in the plant's existing septic tank and leach field system will be increased by approximately 2,000 gpd. All of this water will ultimately reach the underlying basal lens. 'rhe additional leachate will add nutrients to the underlying basal groundwater. but in negligible quantities as compared to the levels of nutrients "naturally" occurring in the groundwater. (See Tom Nance Water Resource Fngineering report in Volume 2 of the EIS, identified as Appendix P.) 2.4.8. INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER HELCO developed two 500 -foot deep disposal wells in 1993 under Underground Injection Control (UICI Permit No. UH -1776, (their locations are shown as item I I in Figure 2-3, the project site plan). These arc used to dispose of the plant's various wastewaters which will consist of the concentrate from reverse osmosis (RO) filtration units; backwash water from the RO plant, demincralizers, and dual media filters; wastewater from file HRSO units and storm -water runoff aficr it has passed through oil/water separators. All of the various wastewaters are directed into a storage tank. When the water reaches a pre-set level in the tank, it is pumped at 250 gpm through a filter medium and cartridge filter and then to disposal in the UIC wells. The expected operating time of 8-1/2 hours each day will dispose of about 130,000 gpd. This would amount to approximately 55 percent of the combined supply from DWS and the onsite brackish well. Most of the remaining supply would be lost to the atmosphere. (See 'Porn Nance Water Resource Engineering's report in Appendix P ) HELLO -HEAHOLE GENERATING SI AT ON &AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHARIER TWO. PAGE 2-14 2.4.9. PERSONNEL HELLO presently employs 12 personnel at the subject property. Upon completion of the current construction activities, on-site staff will increase by an additional three people a control technician, a power plant supervisor, and a material coordinator. Approximately 73 percent of HELCO's staff in trade, craft, and clerical positions are unionized members of the American Federation of Labor, Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW), Local 1260. 2.4.10. VEHICULAR ACCESS AND ROADWAYS The subject property is accessible by two roadways, one on either side of the facility, and both linking it to the Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The facility's main entrance is located on the south side of the subject property and is accessed by Pukiawe Street, which intersects Kaiminam Drive. On the north side, the subject property is accessed by Reservoir Road, which contains three access easements. The easements are Easement 1, containing an area of approximately 0.068 acres; Fasement 2, containing an area of approximately 0.552 acres; and Easement 3, containing an area of approximately 1.541 acres. All three easements are on property owned by the State and controlled by the State Department of Transportation (DOT). 2.4.11. EXISTING AND PROPOSED LANDSCAPE The landscaping surrounding the subject property was installed pursuant to the 1993 RFEIS. Norfolk pine, coconut palms, native wiliwili (fiddle Zeal), and areca palms were planted around the subject property to help lessen the visual impacts of the generating station. HELCO plans to redo and enhance portions of the perimeter landscaping along the southwest, west, and northwest sections of the property, since it appears that certain trees have grown slower than anticipated Bermed planters will be placed in certain areas, trees will be transplanted, and new trees and plants will be added. The existing fence will be convened to a permanent fence and two gates will be modified to automated electronic card -reading gates. (See landscape sketches in Chapter Three.) 2.4.12. ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION The Keahole Generating Station presently uses 0.8 megawatts of electrical energy to power the facility. Upon completion of the ST -7 unit, the total electrical energy consumption of the plant will increase to 2.1 megawatts. 2.5. THE PLANNING HORIZON 2.5.1. INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLANNING Each energy utility in the State is required by the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) to systematically and thoroughly develop long-range plans for meeting Hawaii's future energy needs through Integrated Resource Planning (IRP). IRP evaluates and integrates both resources that supply electricity and resource, that reduce or better manage the demand for electricity. HELCO on March 31, 2004 filed with the PU( an evaluation (Appendix F) of Its second Integrated Resource Plan (IRP -2), which was originally filed in September 1998 (Appendix E). HELLO is in the process of preparing its third IRP (IRP -3), which will address long-term planning issues and be completed in the 2005 tirrellame. "Phe evaluation of IRP-' provides an update of recent developments (i.e. changes in forecasts) that may significantly impact IRP - since its filing in 1998. A key element of the evaluation includes the installation on the subject property of HELCO-HEAHOLE GENERATING STA! ION 8 ARROW SUBSIATION CHATTER TWO. PAGE 2-I S ST-7 with SCR emissions control. The engineering, design, and installation of ST-7 with SCR is estimated to begin once the reclassification, rezoning, and permitting processes have been completed. 2.5.2. ESTIMATING SHORT- AND LONGTERM GROWTH OF ELECTRICITY HELCO uses various forecasting techniques to estimate short- and long-term growth of electricity "Sales and Peaks." Load-reducing factors such as "Demand-Side Management" (DSM) programs and "Rate Riders" are also estimated. DSM programs promote technologies that help HELCO customers use electricity more efficiently, thereby theoretically reducing overall consumption. Rate riders are incentir es Offered to consumers to reduce peak-load demand. While DSM programs will be used to offset a portion of the load growth, new sources of firm power are needed to meet the growing energy needs of HELCO's customers. IIELCO typically performs a short-term forecast of electricity Sales and Peaks on an annual basis. 'this short-tern forecast estimates load growth for a nominal period of five or six years. Long-term foreca,ts covering 20-year periods are periodically performed as part of HELCO's major IRP processes. HELLO plans to update its long-term forecast in the 2004 timeframe, in conjunction with its major IRP-3 filing planned for 2005. 2.6. THE NATURE OF DEMAND While there may be uncertainties with regard to the rate at which load will grow, there is little uncertainty in the direction of growth: HELCO is faced with increasing consumer demand for electricity with each passing year. This trend is consistent with other electric utilities in the State, as well as most areas of the United States with the exception of areas in which the economy is declining. 2.6.1. EAST VS. WEST Most of HELCO's existing generation is located on the cast side of the island. However, load growth on the west side has been increasing at a much faster pace. For example, the combined energy sales of the Kona and Waimea district in a five-year period, 1998 through 2003, have grown at approximately 35_10 percent faster than sides in the Hilo district. Over a ten-year period, 1993 through 2003, combined energy sales growth in the Kona and Waimea districts was approximately 100 percent higher than the energy sales growth of the Hilo district. It is advantageous to locate new generating units in areas where they are closer to the faster-growing loads. Stated simply, infrastructure improvements should be located where they are needed most. If new generating units were to be placed on the cast side, existing transmission lines may need to be replaced with larger capacity conductors, or new transmission lines may need to he built. These improvements would be necessary to increase the ability to transport bulk power from the area of generation to the arca of load (demand). Furthermore, Targe distances between load and generation result in increased transmission losses and exposure to transmission system contingencies. 2.6.2. PEAK DEMAND Growth in system peak is the primary driver for new generating units, and is caused by the simultaneous demand for electricity. Consistent growth of the system peak is not unique to the HELLO system or the State. The forecast for HELCO's peak demand is summarized in Table 2-B, and takes into account the peak-reducing impacts of HELCO's DSM programs HELCO-KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER NJO, PAGE ' 16 TABLE 2-B'. ESTIMATE or HELLO s PEAK DEMAND YEAR MEGAWA'1'rS 2005 192 2010 214 2015 240 2020 280 2025 322 2.6.3. TECHNOLOGICAL DEPENDENCY In the development of a Sales and Peak forecast, trends in recent recorded sales are analyzed. The total average monthly kilowatt-hour (kWh) use per residential customer for 2002 increased approximately I I kWh from 2001. The average kWh use per customer increased in all three of HELCO's service districts: Hilo, Kona, and Waimea. HEL.CO's sales data over a longer period are illustrated below. TABLE 2-C'. AVERAGE KWH USE PER RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMER YEAR Kwu 1992 552 1994 564 1996 557 1998 549 -- 2000 561 2002 _ 569 HELCO anticipates that the total average use per customer will continue to grow in 2003 through 2008. This expectation is due to various factors such as: (1) rising popularity of home-based businesses and home electronics; (2) high demand in mortgage refinancing that provides homeowners with purchasing power (e.g. larger refrigeration units, air conditioning, etc.); and (3) increasing occupancy in timeshare condominium units. 2.6.4. CONSERVATION 2.6.4.1. Energy Efficiency IIELCO's DSM programs provide incentives to customers to install energy efficiency measures such as solar water heating and high -efficiency electric -resistance water -heaters (for residential customers) or high -efficiency lighting, air conditioning, and motors (for commercial and industrial customers), thereby reducing the overall demand for electricity on the HELCO system, and at the same time, allowing consumers to save on electricity costs. 2.6.4.2. Consumer Responsibility III through its parent company, continues to promote energy-efficient technologies to commercial and residential customers through various media: the worldwide web, newsprint media (includiug advertisements in Hawaii Tribune Herald, West Hawaii Today, Hawaii Island Journal, and Kamaaina Shopper), bill inserts. lobby displays. and energy exhibits at community events. However, awareness of ILLCO-KEAHOLE GENERATING SIA I ION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER TWO, PAGE 117 cnergy-efficiency benefits in itself docs not always lead to implementation. Conservation programs depend on voluntary consumer participation. Because participation is not mandatory, the consumer bears the responsibility to adopt energy-efficient technologies and conservation practices. As an analogy, many automobiles with poor fuel -efficiency are very popular, even though many consumers have the option of driving vehicles with higher fuel -efficiency and are fully aware of the societal objectives of consuming less oil. HELCO will continue to do its part in promoting energy efficient technologies to commercial and residential customers, but the full potential of these programs cannot be achieved without voluntary consumer participation. 2.7. THE ISSUE OF SUPPLY To meet HELCO's near-Icrnl future energy needs, a portfolio of resources will be required. Demand-side resources allow both commercial and residential customers to reduce electrical usage, and help to defer the need for additional generation. Increased renewable energy generation from as -available (e.g. wind, solar, hydro) resources will reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. HELCO and non-utility central station resources will continue to provide firm power (c.g, fossil fuels, geothermal, biomass) in order to meet the growing demand for electricity. Lastly, it is also estimated that customer -sited combined heat and power (('HP) units will begin to play a larger role in Hawaii's energy future. The following subsections provide background information on various supply issues, including the difference between firm capacity and as -available generation, a discussion of alternative energy resources. and a description of distributed generation. 2.7.1. FIRM CAPACITY AND As -AVAILABLE GENERATION Unlike electric utilities in the continental United States that are able to obtain power from other state,, through transmission lines, utilities In Hawaii do not have interconnections to other utilities to provide backup power. Hawaii utilities, therefore, must rely on dependable firm power that can be dispatched to customers when needed. Many renewable resources, such as solar, wind, and run -of -river hydro, are not available on demand, and therefore, require backup generation or energy storage to ensure power is available when needed. HI'LCm O estimates that two large wind farms will add roughly 10 to 20 MW ofas- mailable mailable capacity to the ELLO system prior to the installation of ST -7 at Kcahole. In addition, it is estimated that I IELCO will be able to rehabilitate its Puueo hydroelectric plant in the 2005 timeframe, replacing an aged, severely damaged t,500 kilowatt (kW) generator with a modern, efficient turbine generator sized between 2, 280 kW and 2,400 kW. The new wind and hydroelectric facilities will increase the amount of renewable generation on the HEI.('O system, reducing the consumption of fossil fuels. However, these renewable projects use as -available resources, and cannot be depended on to serve consumers when the wind is not blowing and rains do not support river flow. HELCO must therefore plan for the addition of firm capacity, such as that represented by the installation of ST -7 at Keahole, which will improve operational efficiency by producing energy from otherwise wasted heat. Recognizing that there arc emerging technologies in the field of heat recovery and improved facility efficiency, HELCO will continue to explore the means to maximize operational efficiency at Kcahole. HELCO also recognizes that recent revisions to Chaptcr 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes require that any improvements to an existing energy plant that result in the increase of 5 megawatts or more be subjected to an environmental assessment. Therefore, if its quest for improved operational efficiency results in it substantive increase in megawatt output, HELLO is committed to fulfilling its obligations pursuant to Chapter 343. KELCO- KEAKOLE 6 NERATNG STMT GPI &A RPORT SUSSTAI vN CHAPTER TzG. PAGE 2-t8 At full build out, the dual -train combined cycle (DTCC) unit to be added to the subject property will provide approximately 60.3 MW of firm capacity to the HELCO system. 2.7.2. INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCERS HELCO currently purchases power from a wide variety of independent power producers (IPPS), as shown in Table 2-D. As -available producers include Wailuku River Hydroelectric (run -of -river hydro) and Apollo Energy Corporation (wind). Additional as -available generation is expected to be added to the system in future years. As previously mentioned, as -available generation cannot be relied upon to meet the consumer's growing demand for firm power. Firm power is currently purchased from PGV, Hilo Coast Power Company (HCPC), and Hamakua Energy Partners. It should be noted that HCPC's contract has been terminated, and HCPC ceased to be a source of firm power on�Eeceir 31, 2004. TABLE 2-O: INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCERS ON THE HELCO SYS] EM E ENTITY SOURCE OF ENERGY FIRM OR As -AVAILABLE MASIMUM CAPACRY (NOMINAL) Wailuku River Hydroelectric Run -of -River Hydm As -Available 12.1 MW Apollo Energy Corporation Wind AsAvailable7 MW Vanous Small Producers Wind and Hydro As -Available Less than i MW Puna Geothermal Venture Geothermal Firm 30 MW Hamakua Energy Partners Naphtha Firm 60 MW Hilo Coast Power Company Coal Firm 22 MW 2.8. THE RECOMMENDED STRATEGY To meet HELCO's future energy needs, a mix of demand-side resources, central -station generators, and CHP systems will be used. Demand-side resources allow both commercial and residential customers to reduce electricity usage, and help to defer the need for additional generation. Central station resources on the HELCO system will consist of both utility and non-utility generators, firm and as -available, fossil - fueled and renewable. It is also estimated that customer -sited CHP units will begin to play a larger role in I lawaii's energy future, and HE.LCO's IRP Evaluation reflects this expectation. 2.9. DISCUSSION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES Five alternatives have been considered in planning for the future of the Keahole facilities. These alternatives have been formulated in coordination with the aforementioned 1998 IRP -2 and the recently filed IRP -2 Evaluation. 'I he alternatives are presented in Table 2-E and include I - No Action; 2 — IRI' Preferred Alternative; 3 West Hawaii Alternative; 4 - East Hawaii Alternative; and 5 — Renewable Resource Alternative. The Proposed Action discussed in this EIS is the IRP Preferred Alternative (42). As discussed in previous sections, the ability of HELLO to meet the energy demands of the future will depend upon a variety of initiatives, both on the demand side and on the supply side. Each program may be considered to be a variable for which the outcome may not yet be known. This fact complicates the discussion of alternatives. 9 -here are, in fact. so many variations on the alternatives that presenting them and analyzing them becomes unwieldy for both the writer and the reader, and counterproductive to the process. Therefore, all five alternatives assume the,vlalus quo for energy supply and demand on the rest Id HELCO -KEAHGLE GENERA r INC STAT'oN &A RPORT SU9STAl ION CHAPTER TWO, PAGE 2 19 Deleted: will Deleted: orbcium _ the island. This means that no significant changes in forecast supply or demand arc anticipated beyond those expressed in the IRP. Secondly, all five alternatives assume that the IRP programs discussed in Appendix G, A Review ofAlternative Resources Discussedin the IRP will be pursued and implemented as opportunities arise. 2.9.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION The proposed action (Preferred Alternative) includes the urbanization of the land at the Keahnle Generating Station and Airport Substation and the addition of ST -7 with SCR. The two simple -cycle combustion turbines about to come on line (177-4 and CT -5) will be converted to a combined -cycle unit by adding two HRSGs and a steam turbine generator (ST -7). Together, these components will constitute a nominal 60.3 -MW (net) DTCC. It is estimated that the DTCC will be completed by 2009 or sooner, subject to the duration of the permitting process. In addition to the new generating facilities, HE:L(-O proposes to install an air-cooled condenser to support combined -cycle operation. The utilization of waste heat will make the DTCC unit fuel-efficient. In the State, DTCC units have been installed on Oahu (Kalaeloa), Maui (Maalaea), and Hawaii (Hamakua Energy Partners), as both utilities and IPPS alike have recognized the benefits offered by DTCC units. 2.9.2. THE PRACTICALITY OF ST -7 AT KEAHOLE INSTEAD OF AN ALTERNATIVE SITE The subject property is the only viable alternative for the following reasons: • The site is owned by HHLCO and is large enough to accommodate the proposed expansion. • Substantial air quality data has already been collected and submitted to the EPA_ • The proposed expansion, which will occur on of before 2009, will meet the need to add net+ generating capacity. • The proposed unit addition will improve overall system reliability and keep additional capital, operating, and maintenance expenses at a reasonable level. Installation of S1 -7 at Keahole will allow for the utilization of waste heat from the existing Cf -4 and CT -5, which will make the completed Kcahole DTCC unit fuel-efficient In the State, DTCC units have been installed on Oahu (Kalacloa). Maui (Maalaca), and Hawaii (Hamakua), is both utilities and Independent Power Producers (IPP) alike have recognized the benefits offered by DTCC technology. • The proposed expansion will optimize the benefits of using existing utility infrastructure, such as existing transmission lines. If a new site were selected for development, new transmission lines would be needed to link the new source of generation to the existing transmission system. • Developing new generating units in West Hawaii near the arca of demand will reduce transmission line losses and will reduce the need for transmission line construction bet"ecn East and West Hawaii. In addition_ attempting to add generation to East I Iawaii, either by developing a now site or expanding an existing site, would result in the same permitting delays identified for a new West Hawaii site. Specifically, a new air permit would have to he obtained for new generation in East Hawaii. 2.9.3. SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION (SCR) SYSTEM The Kcahole combined -cycle project consists of The installation of a nominal 60.3 -MW DIC( electric generating facility, utilizing two C rs. Each of the CTs Exhaust into a I IRSG, which provides steam to a TELCO-KEAHOLE 3ENERATING STA➢ON & AIRPORT S09STAI ION CHAPTER IWC, PAGE 2-20 steam turbine -generator. The CTs fire No. 2 fuel oil and employ water injection for combustion -based NOx mitigation. A SCR system within the HRSG is a system that further reduces NO, emissions. 2.9.3.1. SCR System Description There are two ways to describe this system: from a layman's perspective and from a technical perspective. In the interest of ensuring a better understanding for the reader, we offer both descriptions. We begin with the layman's. The SCR system is designed to reduce NO, emissions. There are two types of NO, emissions: thermal NO, or fuel NO,. Thermal NO, is created by the high temperature reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in the combustion air. It is a function of the combustion chamber design and technical parameters such as flame temperature, residence tune at flame temperature, combustion pressure, and air/fuel ratios in the primary combustion zone. Fuel NO,, on the other hand, is formed by the gas -phase oxidation of fuel -bound nitrogen, and is largely independent of the combustion temperature and the nature of organic nitrogen compound. SCR is a post -combustion NO, control technology that utilizes ammonia. The ammonia is injected into the exhaust gas created after combustion of the fuel. The ammonia reacts with the NO, to form molecular nitrogen and water vapor. Optimum NO, reduction occurs at temperatures between 500° F and 750" F. Below this optimum temperature range, catalyst activity is greatly reduced, allowing unreacted ammonia to slip through (this is what is referred to as -ammonia slip"). Above 850° F, ammonia begins to oxidize to form additional NO,. The ammoma oxidation increases with increasing combustion temperature. Sulfm released from the diesel fuel used for combustion oxidizes and reacts with the ammonia, forming ammonium bisulfate mut other sulfale solids. Because these ammonia bisulfate compounds are corrosive - they need to be periodically removed from the interior of the system using high pressure washing. Thr resulting wash water is deemed a hazardous waste and is collected, contained and transported out of stank for disposal. Here is a much more technical description. NO, emissions from CTs are classified by their formation mechanisms as either thermal NO, or fuel NO,. Thermal NO, is created by the high temperature reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in the combustion air and is a function of the combustion chamber design and if)(- turbine heturbine operating parameters. Fuel NO, is formed by the gas -phase oxidation of fuel -bound nitrogen. SCR is a post -combustion NO, control technology that has been extensively applied to natural gas-fired and to a very limited extent to liquid fuel fired, combined cycle CT operations. In this process, ammonia is injected into the turbine exhaust gas upstream of a catalyst bed. On the catalyst surface, the ammonia reacts with NO, in the flue gas to form molecular nitrogen and water vapor. The expected inlet concentration of the NO, is 42 (parts per million on dry volume) ppmvd (w 15 percent Oz with water injection mitigation measures. The maximum fuel bound nitrogen content per the fuel specification is 0.015 percent by weight. The 42 ppmvd tiD, 15 percent O, value accounts for this level of fuel bound nitrogen. The SCR sysiem is designed to further reduce NO, emissions from the stack to the desired or required levels. For this study, a reduction to 15 ppmvd a( 15 percent Oc and 11.7 lb/hr NO, from the inlet 42 ppmvd (a 15 percent O, is assumed and provides the basis of the estimates and calculations presented later in the study. HELLO- HFAHOLE GENERATING STAB ION 8 gIRPORT SUBSTAI ION CHAPTER TWO, GAGE 2 21 The SCR system controls will be designed to inject ammonia to meet the NO, limit with a maximum ammonia slip (emissions) of 3.5 Ib/hr and 10 ppmvd @15 percent 02. The SCR catalyst would be located within the HRSG casing downstream of the high pressure evaporator tube section, to provide optimum exhaust gas temperature for the reaction. Optimum NO, reduction occurs at catalyst bed temperatures between 5000 and 750° F for conventional base metal oxide ( vanadium- or titan inm-based) catalyst types. 2.9.3.2. Control Philosophy The philosophy of the SCR control system is to inject ammonia (NH3) into the turbine exhaust upstream of a reactor that contains catalyst to promote the reaction of NH, with NO, and thereby limit NO, emissions to concentrations at or below the regulatory levels described in the operating permit. Ammonia is delivered to the reactor using the inlet NO, and oxygen concentrations and turbine -operating parameters for feed forward control and outlet NO, concentration for feedback trim. The SCR will have a dedicated ammonia injection grid to distribute ammonia evenly across the cataly,t face. The ammonia flow control to this grid anticipates the amount of ammonia flow required to achieve an outlet NO, concentration of 15 ppmvd based on turbine operating conditions and the catalyst inlet N(1, and Oxygen concentrations. The ammonia demand signal is then trimmed using a feedback controller that compares the measured SCR outlet NO, to the operator controlled set -point. Finally, the resulting ammonia demand signal is compared to the measured ammonia flow rate, the difference is conditioned, and the resulting control signal is used to modulate the ammonia flow control valve. Ammonia emissions, or ammonia slip, may be directly measured (using differential NO, measurcmcm), or calculated (using predictive Emissions Monitoring) depending on the operating permit. Although regulatory officials applied an "emissions netting" formula to exclude the mandatory use of SCR it the Keaholc CenerLtine Station under the Settlement Agreement, HELCO and State Department of Hcalth officials agreed to the use of SCR. 2.9.3.3. Ammonia Supply The ammonia supplied to the flow control skid can be one of several forms: (1) aqueous ammonia; (?) anhydrous ammonia; or (3) arca solution (using urea to ammonia technology ). AQUEOUS AMMONIA. Aqueous ammonia is typically either 19 percent or 29 percent ammonia in solution with water. and is not recommended or considered further in the study because of premiums in costs due to its shipping requirements, its requiretnent for high purity water, and the need for a heat source to vaporii,e the ammonia. ANHYDROUS AMMONIA Anhydrous ammonia is a volatile form of ammonia that is transported as a liquified compressed gas. For the application at Keahole, a 20,000 gallon pressurized storage tank is proposed in order to maintain a one-month storage of ammonia that will support both combustion turbines operating at full load in combined cycle mode. The storage tank for the anhvdrous ammonia will contain liquid and gaseous ammonia in equilibrium. The vapor pressure of the ammonia at 50" F is 75 pounds per square inch gage (psig), which will provide sufficient pressure to deliver the ammonia vapor to the control valve. In the event the storage tank supply pressure is not auffiCiCut, an immersion heater would be provided to raise the sataratlon HElGO-N,AHOLE GENERAT NA STA ION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER N O, PAGE ' 22 temperature/pressure. A pressure controller will control the heat input such that the vapor pressure is maintained at a minimum of 75 psig. UREA. Urea systems convert granular area or urea solution to ammonia. The systems are safer than the anhydrous system and are available in several designs. One design involves dry urea, which is delivered in palletized form, and is solid under ambient conditions, is a nontoxic substance and presents essentially no danger to humans and the environment. Urea can be economically and safely shipped and stored In bulk quantities until it is eventually mixed with water. Dry urea is received in pelletized form mld unloaded by pneumatic conveying into a dry storage silo. The typical capacity of a truck transporting urea is approximately 25 tons, which equals approximately a one month supply for the Keahole plant, to allow complete unloading of the tank truck, a storage silo of approximately 1,000 cubic feet is required. From the storage silo the urea is delivered to a mixing tank via a rotary feeder where the urea is mixed with demineralized water to produce a 40 percent urea solution. An alternate design includes a 40 percent area solution al the plant site. The 40 percent area solution would also be delivered by truck and would require a storage tank of approximately 7,000 gallons to allow complete truck unloading. This would offer approximately a three-week supply for the Keabolc plant. 'this system has a lower capital cost and operating cost compared to the dry urea system discussed above, however its viability depends un the availability ofthe urea solution. In a typical urea to ammonia system, the ammonia solution is delivered to a pressurized vessel, with the heat input controlled to maintain the pressure. The urea is decomposed into a NHT, CO2 and water vapor mixture, and the mixture is further diluted with air prior to discharge into the flue gas. Other urea systems introduce ammonia into the flue gas by spray injection of ammonia solution into a hot flue gas bleed stream followed by a decomposition catalyst. The mixture is discharged into a hot flue gas bleed stream as a fine mist and subsequently vaporized. The flue gas and ammonia mixture is then injected into the main flue gas stream upstream of the SCR catalyst. AMMONIA INJECTION. Prior to entering the flue gas, ammonia vapor from the ammonia storage tank is supplied to it flow control skid where the ammonia flow rate is controlled and also the ammonia is diluted with an below the LEL. The NH, is diluted with all to less than 3 percent by volume, which is considerably below the LEL of 16.5 percent The ammonia/air mixture is then delivered to an injection grid, which distributes the ammonia into the flue gas within the HRSG casing directly upstream of the catalyst. 2.9.4. EQUIPMENT PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES AND LAYOUT The proposed action also includes several minor changes to the facilities operations. These are discussed below. 2.9.4.1. Ammonia Storage ANHmRous AMMONIA. An Anhydrous Ammonia System will include a storage tank and associated containment areas, and could be located north of the C7-5 HRSG, adjacent to the plant access road. On the north side of the containment area would be a curbed area for truck unloading, with ammonia flow control skids adjacent to each HRSG. An area for catalyst loading,'unloading is also provided for each HRSG. Anhydrous ammonia is delivered by truck in liquid font and delivered war, on-site storage tank utilizing ammonia vapor compressors. HFLCQ- NtAHUE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTAI ION CHAPTER 1160 PAGE 2-23 All piping and hose connections to the storage tank would be provided with excess flow valves. A dual safety valve system is also provided which includes two 100 percent capacity relief valves, which are connected to a three-way valve, which allows one valve to be isolated for servicing while the others remain on line. The unloading station includes an ammonia compressor to withdraw ammonia vapor from the top of the storage tank. The vapor is then compressed and the pressure forces the liquid ammonia from the isotaincr (container used for ammonia transport) into the storage tank. A containment area, which consists of a raised concrete curb, surrounds the storage tank. The containment area would also capture water from the misting system in the event of an accidental release of ammonia vapor. UREA. A area system will include a urea storage silo, pneumatic conveying system for truck unloading, mixing tank, heat exchanger, hydrolyzer vessel and flash tank, a hydrolyzer feed pump and dilution air system. This equipment would be located in the same general arca as shown for the anhydrous ammonia storage tank. The arca system utilizes pelletized area. It is a solid under ambient conditions, and can be economically and safely shipped and stored in bulk quantities until it is eventually mixed with water. Urea would typically be delivered by truck and unloading would be performed by a pneumatic conveying system using a blower and discharging into a storage silo. Conveying air would be discharged to atmosphere through a bin vent tiller mounted on top of the storage silo. 2.9.4.2. HRSGICatalyst -1he HRSG design would need to be modified significantly to accommodate an SCR system, including additional ductwork sections to house the catalyst and the ammonia injection grid. Downstream of the catalyst, in low temperature sections, tubes may be subject to ammonium bisulfate deposition, specifically in the low-pressure economizer. All tubes and fins subject to this should be of 409 SS material and a maximum fin spacing of 4 tins per inch should be used. A maximum of 10 rows of tubes per bank should he used and a minimum of 4 feet between tube banks is required to facilitate washing operations. The SCR section of the HRSG is a duct section, which is filled with catalyst modules. Each catalyst module contains catalyst elements. An opening is provided in the top of the SCR duct to allow installation and removal of the catalyst modules with a monorail hoist system. The SCR section is located downstream of the H[ evaporator. Clearances between catalyst modules and between the modules and the SCR housing are sealed to prevent any flue gas from bypassing the catalyst. The SCR system is typically designed to limit the gas side pressure drop to 2" w.c. (water column). Additional pitch of the catalyst w dl be required to minimize soot deposits associated with the diesel fuel. 2.9.4.3. Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) The CEMS will consist of all hardware and soflwarc required to measure and report regulated emissions. CEMS will be able to measure and report 'JON, and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The existing simple -cycle CEM system will be expanded to handle these functions. HELCO- HEAHOLE GENERATING SIA 90N & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER P O, PAGE 2-24 2.9.4.4. Ammonia Tank Misting System A misting system would be installed to control and mitigate an ammonia vapor cloud, in the event of an ammonia leak from the tank area. The misting system would be automatically activated upon detection of ammonia vapor by the Ammonia Detection System. Water supply for the misting system would be from the lire protection piping loop. Upon system activation, an alarm will sound locally and in the control room. A diked area is provided for the ammonia storage tank, containing the contents of the storage tank, as well as any water discharged from the misting system. 2.9.4.5. Ammonia Detection Ammonia detectors would be located in the vicinity of the storage tank, and will activate both alarms locally and in the control room, and the misting system. 2.9.4.6. Waste Generation and Disposal Because the catalyst has an affinity, for heavy metals, it is possible that spent catalyst may have to be treated as hazardous waste. HF LCO will comply with all federal, state, and county laws regarding the handling, transport, and disposal of hazardous waste. Only certified hazardous material transporters and disposal facilities will be used for managing/disposing of hazardous wastes. Currently, all certified disposal facilities are located out of state. Water washing of the HRSG tubes will be required to remove corrosive deposits of heavy metals, which accumulate on the tubes/tins. The main deposition is typically ammonium bisulfate containing heavy metals from the tubes/fins, and can be removed by water washing. If the wash water waste is determined to be hazardous, it will be collected for off-site disposal. Hazardous wastewater generated from HSR(, cleaning will need to be collected in drums and shipped to an offsite (mainland) disposal site. Wastewater will be containerized and then shipped, following all federal, state, and county requirements- It i, estimated that approximately 40,000 gallons per year of HRSG wash water will be generated. if it is determined that the wash water is non -hazardous, an additional wastewater treatment system may be added to the Keahole facility to treat the wash water to it level that would allow it to be disposed at an onsite injection well. 2.9.4.7. Ammonia Supply Logistics Ammonia delivered to the Keahole plant site is expected to be in anhydrous form or as area solution of pellets. The ammonia consumption rate is expected to be approximately 1,000 gallons per week. The vessels that arc utilized to deliver anhydrous ammonia are called `isotainers" which also contain pressurized liquid anhydrous ammonia. An isotainer contains approximately 6,000 gallons of ammonia Isotainers are typically dedicated to it particular plant and delivered to the plant every three weeks. The isotainers are typically filled on the mainland (in the Los Angeles area), shipped to Hawaii and then transposed by truck to the site and emptied into the plant storage tank. The empty isotainers are then returned to the mainland for refilling. This entire cycle takes approximately 3 weeks Ureacan be supplied to the plant site as a solid or in solution. As a solid, the area is delivered in pelletized form. The estimated annual cost of solid urea for the Keahole Plant is approximately $70,000 If delivered in solution. the urea is supplied as a 40 percent solution. The estimated annual cost of area HE.CO-KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION x AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER TWO, PAGE 2 2L solution for the Keahole Plant is approximately $275,000. These costs reflect arca supply from the mainland U.S. Urea systems which receive dry urea offer cost advantages for area delivery, but initial capital cost and operating Costs will be higher when compared with the area solution systems. A dry area system would require a larger storage tank, would require demineralizcd water and a source of heat to dissolve the urea. HELLO is also required to prepare and submit a Risk Management Plan (RMP) in accordance with guidelines issued by the Environmental Protection Aecncy (EPA) pursuam to Section 112(r) of the Cle In Air Act Amendments of 1990 Ammonia in both anhydrous and aqueous forme is listed as a re�ulatcd substance under 40 C'FR Part 68. The RMP will include the following components- • Hazard assessment that details the potential effects of an accidental refeasc, an accident history over the last 5 years, and an evaluation of worst-case and alternative accidental releases; • Prevention program that includes safety precautions and maintenance_ monitoring and employee_ trainipg mcasures� • Emergency response prorrl.�m that spells out emergency health care, employee training measures and procedures for informing the public and response agencies should an accident occur. These plans are submitted to the EPA and made available for public review, The plans must be undated and resubntitted every fiveyears. Also, under EPA's Emen, c Planning and Community Richt to Know Act (EPCRA), the quantities of ammonia and storiaw locations are reported to the State of Hawaii Department of Health_ the Local Emergency Planning Committee, and the Hawaii County Firc Department This information is submitted annually under the EPCRA Tier II program. Compliance with the rusk management program requirements (including submission of an RMP) is required by the date on which a regulated substance first becomes present above a threshold quantity in it process at a siationary source the initial compliance deadline was lune 21. 1999 for sources holding more than a threshold quant of a regulated substance in a mocess prior to that (late) X40 CFR 668.101 a)). 11 EPA adds a chemical to the list of reeulated substances, Dart 68 requirements must he met with respect to that chemical within three years of the date on which the chemical is listed (40 CFR s68. 10 2.9.5. ALTERNATIVE FUEL : NAPHTHA Kcahole CT -4 and CT -5 arc currently configured to burn No. 2 diesel. In the event that fuel diversity or alternatives are sought for availability, reliability, of regulatory reasons, Naphtha will be considered as one of the alternatite fuel sources. Combustion turbine performance with naphtha will generate essentially equal power ratings as for No. 2 diesel. Use of naphtha would require significant modifications to the fuel storage and handling systems, as well as the combustion turbine fuel supply, ventilation, and control systems. No. 2 diesel fuel would still be required for start -op and low output operation. 2.9.5.1. Naphtha Properties Naphtha is a light fraction fuel produced through refinement of crude oil. The sulfur content in naphtha is low In comparison to diesel fuel. Naphtha has Tess than 0.05 percent sulfur content, while conventional HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING S100N & A, RPORT SURSTAI ION CHAPTER PAID, PAGE 2 26 diesel fuel has a sulfur content of approximately 0.40 percent. Because of this, naphtha will burn more cleanly than conventional diesel fuel and generate correspondingly lower sulfur dioxide emissions. Naphtha, unlike diesel fuel, more easily vaporizes and produces ignitable gases at low air pressures, resulting in a low flash point for the fuel. The flash point for naphtha is typically in the 20-55 degree F range. Because of this low flash point, naphtha requires an alternative fuel to add stability and prevent possible explosions during system start-up or low -load operation. The diesel fuel supply system would be retained for use as a Stan -up fuel for naphtha. A flash point detection system would be required to switch fuels and operate on diesel at lower loads. Naphtha vapors, which are heavier than air, require heavy gas fans in the bottoms of enclosures- to remoi e them. The fuel skid and turbine compartment require special ventilation systems that vent the exhaust to an unconfined area to minimize the explosive hazard. Because naphtha is very sensitive to changes in temperature, the fuel and piping must be maintained between 69° F and 140° F. A naphtha cooler is required prior to the booster pumps if the naphtha cannot be maintained below 140° F. Heat tracing of piping will be required if the temperature range cannot he maintained. 2.9.5.2. Naphtha System Description The following modifications to the existing equipment are necessary for operation with Naphtha: • A grounding system and new unloading pumps will be required at the unloading facility. • The planned diesel fuel storage tanks for CT -4 and CT -5 would be converted to naphtha storage tanks. The converted storage tanks would include floating roofs and be equipped with gimbals for fuel loading, floating pump suction, and floating roof drain. The lined containment area for the tanks will be sized to ensure there is adequate secondary containment in the event of a tank breach. • Fire protection requirements for Naphtha include an aqueous film -forming foam (AFFF) system for the fuel unloading and storage areas, loam spray systems I'or the truck unloading area (with automatic foam chambers to dispense AFFF in the tank), and Bram monitors around the perimeter of the containment arca. • Naphtha is pumped directly to the combustion turbine fuel injection pumps from the main storage tank, and forwarding pumps will be mounted in a pit to prevent cavitation. • For fuel control and flow division, naphtha will require new VFD (variable frequency drive) pumps, delivering both naphtha and No. 2 diesel. A three-way valve is required on the pump feed to control the switch over of fuel. • Fuel injection nozzle materials and design must be modified to account for naphtha's greater potential for erosion. Fuel injection will be accomplished by a new pressure flow division system, which would be used for both naphtha and No. 2 diesel. • A flash point detection system can be employed to optirnize the switchover point to diesel, monitoring and controlling fuel switch -over to diesel at low loads. Heavy gas exhaust fans are required for the HEICO- KEYHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUB STATION CHAPTER TWO, PAGE 2 27 combustion turbine enclosure, and LEL sensors and control system are required for the turbine and generator compartments. Additional control modifications will be required in the existing ABB/Bailey distributed control system. 2.9.5.3. Equipment Physical Attributes and Layout FUEL STORAGE TANKS AND CONTAINMENT. 1 h floating roof storage tanks required for naphtha, will require that the two existing 617,000 gallon No. 2 diesel fuel storage tanks (PLTLF-TKIA and PLTLFTK2A) be expanded to accommodate a volume of 775,000 gallons for naphtha (increasing their heights from 42 feet. to approximately 54 feet), and a new 2,000,000 gallon (42 feet high, 90 feet diameter) tank would also be provided for the naphtha. The volume of the containment area around the storage tanks would need to be increased accordingly. FUEL UNLOADING FACILITY. The fuel unloading facility size and location would remain essentially unchanged, but would require some enhancements to safely handle naphtha, including grounding system, a breather system, and an AFFF spray system. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM. An AFFF fire Fighting system is required for the storage tank areas, consisting of a foam chamber for each storage tank (two required for the future TKIC), foam spray systems in the unloading area, 1,100 gallon horizontal bladder tank (foam storage), and foam monitors around the perimeter of the containment area (supplied with 265 gallon totes of foaming agent which is educated into the monitor when in use). FUEL FORWARDING Pumps. Naphtha forwarding pumps would be located in a recessed pit in the containment area. DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM_ fhe existing diesel unloading and storage facilities would be used for start-up and low power operation of CT -4 and CT -5. TURBINE SUPPORT EQUIPMENT New fuel pumps and tillers are required for delivery of naphtha to the combustion turbine, with a three-way control valve required for fuel switch over. 'These would be housed in an enclosed area near the combustion turbine and the enclosure will require it C O, fire protection system. TURBINE ENCLOSURE MODIFICATIONS. Additional LEL and tire detection sensors and control equipment will ba housed within the existing turbine enclosure, with heavy gas exhaust fans attached to the enclosure. 2.9.5.4. Waste Product Production and Disposal Normal operation of The facility should produce no continuous waste streams containing naphtha. As rated by the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA), naphtha has a more severe hazard classification for health and flammability than diesel fuel and has the same rating for the reactivity hazard classification. Naphtha has a health classification of I (Diesel has 0) and is only slightly hazardous to health with only breathing protection is needed. Naphtha has a flammability classification of 4 (Diesel has a 2), which is the most flammable. The preferred method of controlling a fire is to stop the flow of material and to allow the fire to burn itself out. In controlling a naphtha fire, AFFF is preferred to water. 2.9.5.5. Regulatory and Permitting Requirements For the conversion to naphtha, the following permits will likely require updates or resubmittal. LAND Use PERMITS. If the property remains in the Conservation District, the conversion to naphtha would not be possible. If the land is reclassified to the Urban District, then a permit would be obtained from the CountN of Hawaii. GENERATING SIA I ION 6 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAFER IWQ PAGE PERMIT MOOIFICATIONs- An updated air permit will be required to verify that all requirements of the Clean Air Act (CAA) are satisfied, including National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), State Ambient Air Quality Standards (SAAQS), New Source Review/Prevention of Significant Deterioration (NSR/PSD), and Good Engineering Practice (GEP) stack height provisions. Plant sulfur emissions (HzS, SOD will be considerably lower with naphtha, with other emissions such as NO, CO, and PMIO remaining essentially unchanged from No. 2 diesel see Appendix N). EPA RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN: The plan will be revised to address emergency response requirements in the event of a fire or fuel spill and would be revised to reflect changes associated with storing and using naphtha its the primary fuel. All other permits associated with noise generation, well water supply, waste water reinjection, etc., are unaffected by the conversion to naphtha and would not require modification. 2.9.5.6. Naphtha Supply and Logistics The availability of naphtha in Hawaii is highly dependent on the type of crude oil processed by the refineries and available supplies will be dependent on the level of demand from other users of naphtha In Hawaii. Currently all naphtha used in Hawaii is produced on Oahu. Naphtha is presently transported In barges from Oahu to Hilo, where an off-loading facility or terminal exists. New terminaling infrastructure would need to be installed to support Keahole's needs and additional storage tanks also need to be installed at the loading terminal on Oahu to accommodate additional volumes. Estimates for file] delivery indicate that transportation costs for naphtha are approximately equal to No. 2 diesel on a SBtu basis and ultimately, the total number of trips required for fuel will remain essentially unchanged with naphtha. 2.9.5.7. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Emergency response plans will need to be created in response to all foreseeable conditions where naphtha fuel spills, leaks or burns. The following mitigation features are currently envisioned; 100 percent fuel containment volume provided with foam spray system, fi el unloading area draining to the tank containment area with foam spray system, training and proper pernulting of the transportation company, and LEL detection and CO2 fire protection systems. 2.9.5.8. Engineering, Procurement, and Construction Cost Estimate The following budgetary price estimate includes budgetary quotes for capital equipment where available and estimates for engineering and construction. The estimated cost reflects 2003/2004 labor and material rates, and labor escalation factors and material cost changes should be considered for implementation ul the project at some point in the future. COST SUMMARY QTY_ UNIT PRICE TOTAL PRICI ENGINEERING $120000 PROCUREMENT 700,000 gal Floating Roof Storage Tank 2 $350,000 $700,000 HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STAT ON 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER TWO, PAGE 229 COST SUMMARY QTY. UNIT PRICE TOTAL PRICE 2,000,000 gal Floating Roof Storage Tank (future) (Note 1) 1 $450,000 $450,000 GE LM2500 MODIFICATIONS INCLUDING: Naphtha pump/filter/fuel injection system, Control System upgrade (Note 2); LEL System; Heavy Exhaust System 2 $1,000,000 $2,000,000 AQUEOUS FILM -FORMING FOAM (AFFF) SYSTEM 1 $100,000 $100,000 CONSTRUCTION AND STARTUP $1,500,000 TOTAL $4,870000 N018S 1. me original estimate container, yauu,uuu tera cuti gallon tank. 2. Includes complete controls upgrade to a Mark VI. Per GE, controls upgrade is $650,000NnIt. 2.9.6. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION Conceptual alternatives to urbanizing the property and installing new generation (Preferred Alternative 2) are summarized below. 2.9.6.1. Alternative 1 - No Action Alternative The No Action Alternative assumes that the Kcahole facility will remain in the Conservation District and operate at a capacity no greater than 64.6 megawatts. It assumes that S'G7 will not be constructed and that no SCR unit would be added It assumes that CT -4 and CT -5 will conic on line in 2004. 2.9.6.2. Alternative 3 - Simple -Cycle Combustion Turbine in West Hawaii, other than at Subject Property In this planning scenario, the subject property is not expanded after the installation of CT -4 and CT -5 generating units. Efforts are made to purchase a site with an advantageous location in West Hawaii, A combustion turbine, very similar or identical to CT -4, is installed and operated in simple cycle mode. A logical place to start in selecting an alternative site was to review past efforts: In this case, the 1988 West Hawaii Site Study prepared by CH2M Hill, The study identified 20 possible locations and concluded with the ranking of 7 potential sites, utilizing twenty-two weighted site evaluation criteria_ These criteria included land use, environmental, cost and operational, and site development issues. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERAI ING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATON CHAPTER TV O, PAGE 230 Trr. r. • KAWAIHAE 'A!lw KAWAIHAE B' • PUU ANAHULU MUHEENUICONE KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 1 CH2MHILL 1998 ® 0 3 6 12 N NORTH APPROXIMATE SCALE IN MILES I,._„ ,I . -. ii II I WEST HAWAII SITE STUDY Four Alternative Site. Eafl Environmental Impact Statement KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION URBAN RECLASSIFICATION Prepared for Hawan Electnc L19H1 Company, Inc Prepared D Bee Colons Hawaii • OcicIder 200,1 TELCO—KEAHOLE GEN63ATING STATION & FIPPON' SUBSTAION OHAPTEv TWO, PAGE 2 11 The study concluded that of the possible sites identified, two sites at Kawaihac appeared to be the most suitable for a power plant facility, followed by a site which has subsequently been developed as the Puu Anahulu landfill, and a site at the Muhecnui Cone. (See Figure 2-4.) For the purposes of this alternatives analysis, potential sites must be available for purchase and development by HELLO. The Kawaihac sites hace been eliminated from further consideration becau,e they are owned all or in part by the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL), and therefore, are not available for purchase by HELLO. Waimana Enterprises, a native Hawaiian company, qualifies as a potential lessee for the site identified as Kawaihac B and in the early 1990s proposed the construction of a power plant there. Nothing has come of the proposal and at the time of the preparation of this environmental impact statement, Waimana holds no lease for the property. Should Waimana eventually secure a lease and successfully develop Kawaihac B as a power plant, it is assumed that HELLO would enter into negotiations with Waimana as a potential IPP. .:. ' $t 1 -1 \ Ff / t veli " site �" -A, - Figure 2-5 PUU ANAHULU SITE ® _ Omb ON URBAN R Impact $Iaienient CATION 0 J000 8000 KLAl10LE GENERATING STATION URBAN RECLASSIFICATION L�L� r reened for Hewan ns Ho c ll I Company, Inc NORTH SCALE IN FEE 1 Rreparatl by Ba11 Collins Howell • OctoOm 2004 HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION& AIRPORT SUBS rATION CHAPTER' OPAGE 2-3, Of the two remaining sites, the Muheenui Cone site was eliminated because it is situated within the State Conservation District. Due to a recent rule change by the Board of Land and Natural Resources, power generating facilities are no longer allowed in the Conservation District. The Mubeenui Cone site would have to be reclassified to the Urban District and would likely meet the same opposition as the proposed expansion of the Keabole site did in the early 1990s. In addition, it is immediately inland of the Kukio Resort and would be likely opposed by the resort's owners and residents. Therefore, the Pun Anahulu site was selected as a viable alternative site for a new West Hawaii power generating facility for the purposes of this alternatives analysis. It is a 30 -acre area situated within the State Agricultural District approximately five miles inland from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The nearest residential or resort development is several miles away from the site. The property is owned by the State and is available for either purchase or lease by HBLCO. A power generating station would require a Special Use Permit to operate in the State Agricultural District or a State Land Use District_ boundary amendment from Agricultural to Urban, and subsequent industrial zoning. This alternative assumes that new transmission lines will be required to connect a pun Anahulu power generating plant to the existing West Hawaii transmission system. HAc. H:mhor t F, rtEh+�a'/ a� -, � � � Hen fn[ernaironUl F.rz Jllrt W �° Location of Hill Plant u ... Figure 2-6 LOCATION OF HILL PLANT IN EAST HAWAII PI HELLO- MEAHOLE GENERATING S1ATION &A 110RT SUBSTATION CHAPTER TWO, PAGE 2,J - Deleted: AgTicul¢vc Deleted: Ag RB1wrr - Deleted: AIHUlwre 2.9.6.3. Alternative 4 - Dual -Train Combined -Cycle Plant in East Hawaii In this planning scenario, new combustion turbines would be installed near an existing steam unit in Hilo rather than at Keahole. The existing Hill 5 boiler, which currently bums No. 6 medium sulfur fuel oil (MSFO), would be retired or mothballed. Two new HRSGs would be installed. The exhaust heat from the combustion turbines would be directed to the HRSGs to generate steam. The steam would be used to drive the Hill 5 steam turbine. The condensing system would remain the same. This alternative assumes that the additional power produced at Hill 5 would be directed to West Hawaii via new transmission lines crossing the island. 2.9.6.4. Alternative 5 - Utilization of Firm Renewable Resources In this planning scenario, the subject property is not expanded after the installation of C14 and (71-5 generating units. Instead, efforts are made to install a firm generating resource that uses renewable energy. Since many renewable resources are unable to provide firm capacity, a 25 MW biomass plant is assumed to be it reasonable source of firm power derived from a renewable resource. To date, there are no known commercially dedicated biomass -to -electricity facilities in the United States. All existing biomass -to -electricity plants use waste products (i.e., wood waste, agricultural wastes, etc.) to power their facilities as part of a cogeneration process. In Hawaii, the cultivation of sugar came provided the waste product known as bagass, which was used as a biomass fuel. However, since the demise of the sugar industry, no replacement has emerged. Since the production of fuel crops is not HEL('O's core business, it would have to depend on a non-utility entity to grow and harvest the fuel. This entity would need to withstand fluctuating yields that may accompany periodic poor weather or disease, so that it can supply firm power to the utility for the duration of a long-term contract. In absence of a long-term commitment, HELM would not be able to rely on this resource and would be unable to defer or eliminate the installation of other generating units. Furthcnnore, if a non-utility entity intends to build the biomass plant, it must secure the site and necessary permits, and obtain financing lot its capital m%estmcnt. 'These hurdles are not trivial. Lastly, the location of the combustion facility used to generate the power must be considered. If the former agricultural areas of North Hilo, Hamakua, and North Kohala are assumed to be the most reasonable locations for the cultivation of a potential biomass product, then it would be expected that the combustion facility needed to produce firm energy would be located in reasonable proximity to the fields - It is assumed that new transmission lines would be required to connect the combustion facility to the grid and transmit power to West Ilawaii. Table 2-E summarizes the milestone events associated with each of the five alternatives during the planning horizon. Milestone events are defined as those actions that have been identified at this point iu time to ensure that supply is sufficient to accommodate anticipated demand. HELCO- REMOTE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER TWO, PAGE 2 TABLE 2-E: ALTERNATIVE PLANS Notes' CT = combustion turbine', D = diesel, DTCC =dual -train combined cycle; HCPC = Hilo Coast Power Company pormedy Hilo Coast Processing Company) IRP = Integrated Resource Planning; Sl' -7 = steam turbine, SCR=selective catalyst reduction, X =future turbine (e_g. CT6, etc) Should the fronting process allow for earlier installation of ST -7 with SCR, then the installation would be in place sooner than 2009. Under the No Action Alternative, the turbines would be brought on line, but no further development occurs at Keahole. Under the Preferred Alternative, new, development occurs at Keahom as soon as practicable. The remaining alternatives have been generated using a model that identifies when new capacity would be needed in order to deliver power reliably in response to demand. (The No Action Alternative does not show new capacity; the power in the grid is expected to be well below the level demanded by users_) HELCO- NEAHOLE GENERATING SI A TION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER TWO, PAGE 2 35 ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE No ACTION ^' IRP PREFERRED NEW WEST HAWAII SITE EAST/WEST HAWAII RENEWABLE YEAR ADDITIONSIRETIREMENTS ADDITICNSIRETIREMENTS ADDITIONSIRETIREMENTS AODITIONWRETIREMENTS ADDITIONSIRETIREMENIf 2004 Add CT -4/5, Retire D18, Add CT -415, Retire Add CTA/5, Retire Add CT 4/5, Retire Add CTA/5, Retire 19, and 20 Terminate D18, 19, and 20 D18, 19, and 20 D18, 19, and 20 D18, 19, and 20 HCPC Terminate HCPC Terminate HCPC Terminate HCPC Terminate HCPC ----- ------- zoos ---------- --- zoos 2007 2000 T 2009 Anticipated completion of ST -7 with SCR " ,tom - — -- 2011 — -- - - mtz 2013. 2014 Ipadequate Cr;Billy Add Hill 5 Repower 111 Add Biomass #1 �Pa ems Add West Hawaii CT CT 2016 ! ; —_XI 2017 Add West Hawaii CT Add West Hawaii CT III xi X2 2018 Add Hill 5 Repower 2nd Add Biomass #2 1, CT Convert to Hill 5 Repower DTCC 2019 202e Add West Hawaii CT Convert to West Hawaii Add West Hawaii CT X2 DTCC X1X2 X1 2021 Add Biomass #3 2022 t Convert to West Hawaii Add West Hawaii CT p; ... DTCC XIX2_. X3_ 2023 .. Add West Hawaii CT X2 2024 - - Add West Hawaii CT Add West Hawaii CT Add Biomass #4 X3 X4 2025 Add West Hawaii CT X3 J Notes' CT = combustion turbine', D = diesel, DTCC =dual -train combined cycle; HCPC = Hilo Coast Power Company pormedy Hilo Coast Processing Company) IRP = Integrated Resource Planning; Sl' -7 = steam turbine, SCR=selective catalyst reduction, X =future turbine (e_g. CT6, etc) Should the fronting process allow for earlier installation of ST -7 with SCR, then the installation would be in place sooner than 2009. Under the No Action Alternative, the turbines would be brought on line, but no further development occurs at Keahole. Under the Preferred Alternative, new, development occurs at Keahom as soon as practicable. The remaining alternatives have been generated using a model that identifies when new capacity would be needed in order to deliver power reliably in response to demand. (The No Action Alternative does not show new capacity; the power in the grid is expected to be well below the level demanded by users_) HELCO- NEAHOLE GENERATING SI A TION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER TWO, PAGE 2 35 2.10. NECESSARY APPROVALS AND PERMITS As stated in Chapter One, IIELCO is in the process of or has obtained the following permits and'or approvals: • Federal Environmental Protection Agency - Prevention of Significant Deterioration air permit, covered source permits Status: To be submitted in the first quarter of 2005. • State Land Use Commission - Reclassification from the Conservation District to the Urban District Status: Petition filed with State Land Use Commission on November 25, 2001 • State Department of Health - Air permit approvals, covered source permit, Underground Injection Control permit, community noise permit renewal, NPDES permit, and HVAC permit. Status: Air permit and covered source permit to be submitted in the first quarter of 2005 J he existing UIC permit was renewed on January 15, 2004. Further modification of the UIC permit will be required to address the discharge of onsite generated and treated wastewater related to ST -7 operations as necessary. The National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit application will be submitted when construction on ST -7 begins (2009 or earlier). The application for the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) permit will be submitted in 2007 or 2008 denendinQ upon other permit approvals. • State Water Commission - Pump Installation Permit Status: This permit has been granted. • State Board of Lund and Natural Resources - Revocable Water Permit and Water Lease Status: This permit and lease has been granted. Hawaii County Planning Commission/Council; Mayor- Rezoning from Open to Industrial Status: Rezoning cannot be considered by Hawaii Countv until the subiect property is classified in the Urban District. The County has no jurisdiction over the Conservation District. If the Petition for reclassification to the Urban District is approved by the State Land Use Commission the application tot rezoning is anticipated for submission to the Connie in the first half of 2006. Hawaii County Department of Public Works - Building Permits Status: A building permit apnfication for CT -2 Noise Modification will be submitted in the first quarter of 2005. The application for a building permit for ST -7 will be submitted in 2009 or earlier, subject to other permits being granted. Hawaii County Department of Water Supply - Water meter and back-flow preventor plan approval Status. If HFI.CO's potable water allocation is transferred to the Department of Hawaiian Homelands (which is subject to Legislative review), the DWS approval is not needed. • Public Utilities Commission (PUC) approval of CT -2 Noise Modification Status: The application has been submitted and a waiver has been obtained to proceed with the bid and planning process. The project is scheduled for completion June 30, 2005, subject to buildup permit approval. HELCO-KEAHOLE GENERATING STAT10N & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER TWO, PAGE 236 CHAPTER THREE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING CHAPTER THREE: ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 3.1. INTRODUCTION The Hawaiian Islands are located lust below the "tropic of Cancer in the middle of the Pacific Oceati. Many people consider Hawaii's tropical climate to be the world's ideal. The northeast trade winds prevail for most of the year to make what some would consider humid temperatures very comfortable. The environment and natural beauty of the islands have created a lucrative tourism industry that contributes heavily into State of Hawaii's (State) economy. The State also draws a large amount of federal dollar because of its strategic location, which is important to the global defense system of' the United States. Activities of national and international importance include research and development in oceanography, geophysics, astronomy. satellite communications, and biomedicine. While Hawaii's unique location has many advantages, its isolation also serves as an economic disadvantagc, due in large part to Hawaii's dependence on imports. Transportation and shipping costs are included in the prices of nearly all consumer goods and services, and contribute, among other factors, to the high cost of living in Hawaii. Hawaii's insularity serves as somewhat of it disadvantage for electrical utility providers and the public they serve. Unlike mainland electrical utility companies that can interconnect between states to save on costs, each of the islands must have its own grids to maintain and operate. Additionally, fuel needs to he transported across the Pacific, which further adds to the cost of electricity. As a result, consumers in Hawaii pay higher prices for power, which in turn affects the cost of all goods and services in Hawaii. However, because Hawaii's utilities must be more self-reliant, they are ranked among the most reliable in the nation. Mainland utilities have lower reserve margins because they can rely on imported power vrr interconnections to other utilities. Hawaii utilities must (])have enough generators to produce power during "peak" tithes: (2) install more reserve generation to account for generating units taken down fur regular maintenance: and (3) cover the potential unplanned loss of the largest generating unit. Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELLO) provides electrical power for the largest island in the island chain. All other islands combined in terms of area can lit into the island of Hawaii (Big Island). According to the 2000 U.S. Census, the Big Island has 148,700 people occupying a land area of 4,028 square miles (approximately 37 persons per square mile) compared to Oahu's 881,000 people that occupy it land area of 600 square miles (approximately 1.468 persons per square mile). This means that fewer people carry the costs for the electrical infrastructure and service on the Big Island, which results in it resident typically paying atrnost double per kilowatt-hour (kWh) than a person living on Oahu. Operating an island -wide grid over a large, relatively sparsely populated area has had its challenges. By seeking a reclassification of its lands and improving the generating station, HELCO would like to ensure that its capacity and reserve margins are adequate to fulfill the growing needs of the Big Island. As a publicly regulated utility, HBLCO's primary goal is to provide reliable power to Big Island consumers at it reasonable cost. HELCO- NEAHOLE GENERATING STATION&AIRPORT SUBSTATION ,IAP R NN, "", I FIGURE 3-1: ALL OTHER ISLANDS CAN FIT INTO THE BIG ISLAND. A UM. N Maul d M.aN . Mbm el MumwN s I.laae d W.1 6 bbM N Mllluu T MMne d.MwM+. FIGURE 3-2: POWER PLANT LOCATIONS ON THE BIG ISLAND ■ HOP Ala HELCO- NEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3 2 As pan of a publicly traded company with 20,000 Hawaii residents as shareholders, the company is also obligated to its shareholders to make wise decisions that maximize efficiency and increase profits. The company remains one of the few locally owned and operated major companies in the State. It must proceed with caution as unstable world events, national policies, rising oil prices, changes in teehnolog}, and other challenges could alter future plans. While sales have increased over the previous year due to economic growth on the Big Island, conditions may be subject to change. HELCO sales rounded to nearest gigawan hours (GWh) was as follows: TABLE 3A. HELCO SALES IN GWH YEAR GWH 2001 963 2002 993 2003 1,046 11112003 thru 613012003 505 1/1/2004 thru 613012004 526 The exemplar economic activity that exists on the Big Island today stands as a stark contrast to the economic conditions that existed just a couple of years ago following the events of September I I and the adverse affects of the Iraq war on tourism and the Hawaii economy. To meet HELCO's near-term future energy needs, a portfolio of resources will be required. Demand-side resources allow both commercial and residential customers to reduce electrical usage, and help to delcr the need for additional generation. Increased renewable energy generation from as -available resuurccs will reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. I4ELCO and non-utility central station resources will continue to provide firm power in order to meet the growing demand for electricity. Lastly, it is also estimated that customer -sited combined heat and power (('HP) units will begin to play a larger role in Hawaii's energy future. 3.2. PHYSICAL SETTING 3.2.1. EXISTING CONDITIONS HELCO in 1973 constructed the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation (collectively "subject property") in the West I lawaii region to solidify the generation of electrical power on the Big Island, and in particular, to accommodate growth in the region 'The facilities were built on Conservation District land under permits granted by the Boatd of Land and Natural Resources (BI,NR) of the State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DI.N12). As is evident from the Site Plan (C'hapter Two, Figure 2.3), the entire project site consists of improved Iwai that has been extensively modified to accommodate the various components of the subject property. Its physical appearance is that of an industrial facility. The subject property consists of two adjoining tae map key parcels (3-7-3-049:036 and 3-7-3-049:037), all Situated in Keahole, North Kona on the west side of the Big Island. The total area of the subject property is 15.643 acres. It is situated approximately one mile east of Kona International Airport at Keahole and approximately 750 feet east (upslope) of Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The terrain is relatively Out and consists of lava flows, grasses, and low brush. Access to the generating station from Queen Kaahumanu Highway is from a 16 -foot -wide, paved roadway. The subject property is surrounded TELCO —KAHOLE GENERAHNG STA➢ON A AIPPOR' Suss LATION CHAP IE R THI E. oAGE 13 PHOTOGRAPH 3-1. VIEW OF KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION LOOKING SOUTH. THE SECONDARY ACCESS OFF THE RESERVOIR ROAD IS IN THE FOREGROUND. by vacant areas of open lava flows to the north and east, the Keahole Agricultural Park to the south and southeast, and a residential subdivision, Kona Palisades, beginning approximately 3,500 feet to the southeast. Four 90 -foot towers owned by the Big Island Broadcasting Co. are located on a 4 -acre parcel on the subject property's eastern boundary. '[he adjacent property to the north is owned by the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHI), and is planned for residential and commercial development. The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) is located on 870 acres of State-owned land j ust west of the airport. 3.2.2. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION Reclassification of the land to the Urban District and its eventual rezoning to an industrial designation would have a minimal impact on the surrounding area. The land has been used for industrial purposes for over 30 years and surrounding uses (i.e. airport, broadcast towers, agricultural concerns) support the industrial district ("MG-) classification of the County of Hawaii Zoning Code. Though the reclassification would have a minimal impact on the surrounding area, improvements and expansion of the existing facilities would in fact impact the neighboring community. These impacts and how they would positively or negatively affect the entire community are being thoroughly assessed in this Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). (here is general consensus that the Big Island's electrical infrastructure must be improoed and expanded to accommodate growth and ensure reliability. However, concerns have emerged within the immediate neighboring community over visual impacts, noise, air quality, the potential strain on natural resources, and the increased use of renewable energy Source., HELCO-KEAHOLE GENERATING STAT 04 B AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAP ER THREE, PAGE 3-0 PHOTOGRAPH 3-2: VIEW OF KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION LOOKING WEST TOWARD THE AIRPORT. demand-side management (DSM), and energy efficient programs. All of these issues in addition to other factors are discussed in the following sections, along with any mitigation measures HEECO plans to institute. 3.2.3. THE IMPAC IS OF THE ALTERNATIVES ON THE ENVIRONMENT As discussed in Chapter Fwo, there are five alternatives that HELLO could take to accommodate present and projected future demand for electrical power on the Big Island. Each of these alternatives would impact the environment in differing ways and are discussed in subsequent sections. For all alternatives, HELLO would continue to depend oil a portfolio of power sources, including distributed generation, geothermal- wind, and run -of -river hydroelectric power to power its grid. The alternatives show proposed firm energy sources only. Alternative 5 incorporates biomass -produced power, a firm source of renewable power, which in the past, HELLO purchased from local sugar mills until the industry's subsequent dernise in Hawaii. HELCO's use of renewable energy sources, which Is ranked among the highest in the nation, would be maintained or increased, subject however, to co,t issues. proximity to grid, and other factors. For the West Hawaii Alternative (Alternative 3), the proposed landfill site below Pun Mahulu (Puu Anahulu site). which was part the 1988 Wevi //auzui Site Slue{v conducted by CH2M Hill, is being used for comparison pugToses and to appropriately assess the impacts of a generating station on an alternatix e site in West Ilawaii. H3CO-KEAHOI_E GENERAr ING GTAT�ON & AIRPOR- GIIRSTA rION CHA°IER THREE, PAGE 15 For the East Hawaii Alternative (Alternative 4), the Hill Plant located in Hilo has been examined as it possible site. HELC'O's Hill Plant is located in Hilo, on Halekauila Street between Kanocichua Avenuu and Railroad Avenue. It is a few blocks south of the Hilo Airport. The site covers approximately 14.s acres. HELLO has a generating plant and ancillary facilities (fuel storage, wells), a substation, the operating station for the island grid, offices for transmission and maintenance staff, and parking and equipment storage space on-site. Adjoining properties are industrial. 3.3. GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY 3.3.1. EXISTING CONDITIONS the Keahole Generating Station is located downslope from Hualalai's Northwest Rift Zone. The surface lavas along the rift zone are almost all less than 10,000 years old and most are less than 3,100 years old. See geological report prepared by John P. Lockwood, Ph.D. of Geohazards Consultants International. Inc., and Michael O. Garcia, PIT.D., a professor of Geology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, in Volume 2 of the EIS, identified as Appendix D.) All of the flows on the northwest flanks of the volcano. including those In the area, originated from the Northwest Rift Zone. These flows range widely in texture. from fluid, smooth pahochoe to pasty, rough a'a.l. The subject property is relatively flat and slopes gently downward from the mountains cast of the station to the Pacific Ocean. It is underlain by a single lava flow, which forms Keahole Point and underlies much of the Kona International Airport at Keahole to the west. Charcoal recovered beneath this flow gave a radiocarbon age of 2,140 plus or minus 100 years. This flow apparently erupted from four or more vent, along Hualalm's Northwest Rift Zone at elevations of 2,000 to 4,200 feet above mean sea level lmsl). The portion of the few under the subject property consists of dense pahoehoe at the surface with irregular subsurface a a lenses exposed in excavations on the subject property. Lava flows are generally well suited to development that is appropriately designed and constructed. No indications of tectonic ground clacking or other secondary deformation structures were observed in th, v icinity of the subject property. 3.3.2. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION Reclassification of the land to the Urban District and its eventual rezoning to an industrial designation would have no impact upon the topography or geology of the site. The reclassification and rezoning arc policy actions that for all intents and purposes represent after -the -fact approvals of an existing facility. The installation of the ST -7 and the SCR system would not require ground disturbance, as it would result in the addition of new equipment atop an existing asphalt pad. As stated in Chapter Two, the installation of ST -7 at Keahole would allow far the utilization of waste heat from the existing CT -4 and CT -5, which would make the completed Keahole D rCC unit more fuel-efficient. SCR would further reduce emissions_ In the State, DI CC units have been installed on Oahu (Kalaeloa), Maui (Maalaea), and Hawaii (Hamakua Energy Partners). Both utilities and independent power providers alike have recognized the benefits offered by DTCC units. I Pahoehoe la a timooth, unbroken type of logia and a'a is a stony rough lata. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3 6 « I A,TERNAI IVES i 1. No Action THE IMPACTS OF THE ALTERNATIVES ON GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY No POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS IMPACTS IMPACTS COMMENTSIMPIGATION MEASURES ✓ No impacts are anticipated under the No Action Alternative. The generating'I 2. Proposed Action ✓ 3. West Hawaii ✓ j 4 East/West Hawaii 5. Renewable station would run in simple -cycle mode without ST -7 and SCR and the land would remain in the Conservation District. No mitigation measures in terms of geology or topography are warranted. ST -7 and SCR would not require ground disturbance and would result in the installation of new equipment atop an existing asphalt pad. The generating station would be improved with the installation of ST -7, which would allow for the utilization of waste heat from the existing CTA and CT -5. The Keahole DTCC unit would be more fuel-efficient and SCR would former reduce emissions. No mitigai measures in tenns of geology or topography are warranted The Pun Anahulu site contains varying topography and is within a potential I geologic risk area and fault zone. The site Consists of exposed as lava Cows, which would likely require removal of these flows by site excavations. It is anticipated that layers of varying thickness of pahoehoe and a lava i occur at the site. Lava tubes also appear to exist and would need to be filled to avoid collapse of these tubes prior to construction of critical facilities such as a generating station and fuel tanks. Earthwork would consist of excavating and reworking equal potions of both a'a and pahoehoe lava flows. The topography is relatively Flat, although Pun Anahulu rises steeply mauka of the site. The nearby PLO Anahulu presents concerns about downwash andlor higher than usual impact levels in Complex topography . around the site. The facilities would need to be built far enough away from the base of the 600 -foot -high ridge to avoid ridge downwash influences on the plant stacks. The slopes at the site appear to be less than 5 percent. The construction of new turbines at the Hill Plant location would not impact the geology and topography of the site, primarily because generating stations are already operational at this location. However, geological conditions and topography would be key factors in the construction of transmission lines over varying terrains, which would be necessary to transport power over to West Hawaii In terms of geology and topography, the land for this alternative must be conducive to growing crops for biomass power. HELCO's current planning assumptions are based on banagrass as the most -likely biomass feedstock. Land requirements would need to be project specific and highly depended on the yield of the acreage and the operational requirements of the generating unit. The projected land requirements would be 250-730 acresi If the assumed biomass plant on the HELLO system it, a nominal 25 MW, then the land requirements would be 6,250-8,250 acres of banagrass. Assuming that this cultivation would occur on former sugar lands, no impacts to geology or topography are anticipated. 3.4. SOIL AND AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL 3.4.1. EXISTING CONDITIONS The terrain in the project area is gently undulating, and consists of soils associated with lava Flows, which include excessively drained, nearly barren lava flows and somewhat excessively drained and well - drained, coarse-textured and medium -textured soils that formed in volcanic ash, pumice, and cinders. Lee Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D.'s report in Volume 2 of the EIS, identified as Appendix K.) There are two types of soils in the project area: Kaimu extremely stony peal and Punaluu extremely stony peat. Kaimu extremely stony peat is used for pasture, macadamia nut, papaya, and citrus. The Punaluu series is generally used for pasture. Both are well -drained, thin organic soils that have developed over HEL00- KEAHOLE GENT ING S IA' ION & AIRPORT SUBS TAI ION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE W lava bedrock, that are found on uplands from sea level to 1,000 feet, and are rapidly permeable, with slow runoff and slight erosion hazard. The 179 -acre Kcahole Agriculture Park borders the subject property to the south and southeast. The park is a State-owned and leased subdivision of approximately 5 -acre lots used for diversified agriculture. Crops grown in the agricultural park include flowers, plants, and local fruits. 3.4.2. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS While the subject property of approximately 15.643 acres potentially could have been used for agriculture, the need for adequate electrical infrastructure to power the region outweighs the need for agricultural use of the land. Approximately 1.2 million acres or 46 percent of the total land area in the County of Hawaii are in the State Land Use Agricultural District. Approximately 720,099 acres are in West Hawaii. This includes potentially high or high capacity agricultural lands as well as potentially low capacity lands. A sizeable percentage of the land is not currently being used for agriculture.2 The generating plant has existed within the community on the subject property for over 30 years. Reclassification of the land to the Urban District and its eventual rezoning to an industrial classification would have minimal impact upon the soil or potential for agriculture on the subject property. 3.4.3. THE IMPACTS OF THE ALTERNATIVES ON SOIL AND POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULTURE I No POTENTIAL ADVERSE V ALTERNATIVES MPACTS IMPACTS IMPACTS COMMENTS/MITIGATION MEASURES 1. No Action ✓ No substantial impacts on soil and potential for agriculture are anticipated under this alternative. The generating station has been operational for over 30 years. 2. Proposed Action ✓ ! No mitigation measures in terms of soil and potential for agnculture are warranted. No soil would be lost with the installation of ST -7 with SCR. 3. West Hawaii ✓ The Puu Anahulu site is on property owned by the State and lies within the Agriculture District. The County General Plan designates it for agricultural use, and the zoning is openiunplanned. All surrounding lands within approximately 10.000 feet of the site are also In the agricultural zone. A special use permit would be needed and the County zoning amended to allow industrial development. Given permitting requirements, development of this site would preclude agricultural use of the property. However, due to the tact that the property is predominately lava, its practical use for agnculture is questionable. Therefore, its redevelopment would likely have a negligible impact on agricultural activities. 4. EastWest Hawaii ✓ The construction of new turbines at the Hill Plant location would not impact the soil and the potential for agriculture at the site, primarily because a generating station and ancillary facilities are already operational at these locations. Increasing capacity on the east side of the island and transporting power to the west side would require additional transmission capacity. Additional transmission equipment may have an affect on soil and the potential for agriculture as transmission equipment are constructed arross the island. This issue would need to be addressed if the Eastlwest Hawaii Alternative Is selected. County of lawaii Proposed GencraI Plan, 2001[herevised 2001 General Plan was used instead of the existing plan because the County conduces five- and ten-year comprehensive reviews and updates of the General Plan to maintain dynamism end rexibility- I he revised plan contains major changes and trends that have occurred and updated statistics. HELCO- REAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION GHAPTE R THREE, PAGI 38 ALTERNATIVES 5. Renewable No -._.._PmtNTIL_ _. ADVERSE ... ... ......... _ .... .-. _... _ __ _. ... IMPACTS IMPACTS IMPACTS COMMENTS/MITIGATION MEASURES ✓ The renewable or biomass alternative would require agricultural lands to ! grow and harvest fuel crops, possibly banagrass. Land requirements would ! need to be project specific and highly depended on the yield of the acreage and the operational requirements of the generating unit. The projected land requirements would be 250-330 acres/MW. If the assumed biomass plant on the HELCO system is a nominal 25 MW, then the land requirements would be 6,250-8,250 acres of banagrass. With increased generating capacity, the land requirements would increase accordingly. Over the long term, plant cultivation impacts soil by depleting its nutrients, thereby requiring periodic application of fertilizers. To date, there are no known commercially dedicated biomass-toelectricity facilities in the United Stales. All existing biomass-toelectricity plants use waste products to power their facilities as part of a cogeneration process. HELCO would need to depend on a non- utility entity to grow and harvest the fuel crop for this alterative. The grower would need to be able to withstand potentially low yield, caused by poor weather or disease, and ensure the supply of consistent finn power. 3.5. NATURAL HAZARDS 3.5.1. TSUNAMI INUNDATION— EXISTING CONDITIONS The largest and most destructive tsunami waves in reported history struck the Big Island early in the morning of April I, 1946. The tsunami was generated by an earthquake in the Aleutian Islands off of Alaska that occurred five hours earlier with a reported magnitude of 7.1. Maximum runups were reported to be 54 feet in Molokai, and 55 feet in Pololu Valley on the Big Island. Waves in some areas penetrated more than half a mile inland Between wave crests, the drawdown was reported to have exposed some areas of the seailoor 500 feet in the seaward direction. A total of 159 tsunami -related fatalities resulted from this destructive event. During the pact century, 13 significant tsunamis impacting Hawaii were generated by earthquakes occurring along the geologically active margins of the Pacific basin. The last Pacific -wide tsunami occurred in 1964. The lJniversity of Hawaii has developed a methodology for determining the maximum expectable inundation of our shores for worst-case tsunamis, drawing on the records compiled by the Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research. Historical data are mathematically analyzed to predict maximum wave heights along the coast. 'I hose heights are then used in numerical models involving the topography (land contours) to map the inundation in each location. In coordination with the Civil Defense officers on each island, a final trap is prepared showing the actual evacuation zones. 3.5.2. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS The subject properly is located approximately three -and -a -half miles from the shoreline and out of the evacuation zone. As such, probable impacts from a tsunami are highly unlikely. No mitigation measures are warranted. 3.5.3. THE IMPACTS OF TSUNAMI INUNDATION ON THE ALTERNATIVES NO POTENTIAL ADVERSE ALTERNATIVES IMPACTS IMPACTS IMPACTS COMMEMSIMIIIGATION MEASURES 1 No Action ✓ The subject property is located out of the tsunami evacuation zone and the risks are very minimal. No mitigation measures to guard against tsunami Inundation are warranted. HErCO-KEAHOLE 5ENERAT ING S I AT ION& AIRPORT SUBS'ATION CAAPIER1HREE PAGES 9 No 1 PDT ENrIAL ALTERNATIVES IMPACTS IMPACTS 2 Proposed Action ✓ 3 West Hawaii ✓ 4. EasUWest Hawaii ✓ f5. Renewable ✓ _ L _ -- - - -- ------- - ------__ - - -- ADVERSE —r' IMPACTS COMMENTS/MITIGATION MEASURES Tsunami inundation would not pose a threat to the improvements and expansion of the generation station, which would bring added capacity and reserve margins to the region No mitigation measures are warranted. The Pun Anahulu site is located out of the tsunami evacuation zone and the risks of tsunami inundation appear minimal. New studies, permits, and further research would be required prior to the construction of a facility at a new site, which would involve substantial time and costs. The Hill Station site is outside of the tsunami evacuation zone identified by Hawaii County Civil Defense. If the biomass plant and/or site for growing fuel crops are located In the evacuation zone, the impacts of a tsunami relate mainly to the potential damage on the power plant or cultivated field. The risks would need to be assessed once a location is identified. 3.5.4. FLOOD INUNDATION — ExISTING CONDITIONS The subject property is located on the axis of a high -standing mound of pahoehoe and does not lie in any observed potential flood channel. The rocks underlying the subject property consist entirely of pahoehoe and consolidated a'a. The lava flows underlying the site are highly permeable, and surface water would quickly percolate downward. Narrow lenticular' voids up to several feet across were observed in the pahoehoe lavas in the walls on the eastern margin of the subject property, and similar cavities were also reported in the subsurface investigation of the subject property, based on numerous drill holes at the site. Lava flows are generally well suited to support properly designed construction. No indications of tectonic ground cracking or other secondary deformation structures were observed in the vicinity of the subject property, (See report by Drs. Garcia and Lockwood in Volume 2 of the EIS, identified as Appendix D.) 3.5.5. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS Flooding is not expected D) be a hazard at the subject property, except at times of extremely heavy rainfall when local accumulations of rainwater may briefly appear at the site. No mitigation measures one warranted. 3.5.6, ALTERNATIVES 1 No Action 2 -Proposed Action 3. West Hawaii THE IMPACTS OF FLOODING ON THE ALTERNATIVES No POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPAC IS IMPACTS IMPACTS COMMENTSIM 111GATION MEASURES ✓ Because the subject property is located on the axis of a high -standing mound of pahoehoe and does not lie in any observed potential flood channel, the risk of flooding is minimal. Furthermore, lava flows underlying the site are highly permeable and surface water will quickly percolate downward No mitigation measures to guard against flooding are warranted. The subject property is at minimal risk for flooding and Is large enough to accommodate the improvements and expansion of the Keahole Generating Station. The subject property is not located in a flood zone. There are no known food hazards In the Pun Anahulu area. The site is riot mapped by the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) as within a 100 or 500 -year flood plain Drainage of the site should not be a significant problem though onsite drainage must be properly designed to control erosion and runoff. Havingthe shape ota b1-conven lens, otHi relalin, to a len,_ A creek that', narrow is the middle and wide at each end. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENEA&T%C SW [(IN & AIRPORT SURS'A➢ON GHAPILR THREE, PAGE &1U 3.5.7. EARTHQUAKES — EXISTING CONDITIONS The Big Island is one of the most seismically active areas on Earth, with more destructive earthquakes than in any other comparably sized area in the United States. According to Drs. Lockwood and Garcia, although the most severe historical earthquakes have occurred on the southern flank of Hawaii, the Kona area is subject to earthquakes with Intensities up to VHI on the Modified Merealli Scale. 3.5.8. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS Intensities of VIII on the Modified Merealli Scale can cause moderate to severe damage to unreinforced structures or to buildings with inadequate foundations. Significant vertical ground accelerations are possible in this area, and must be considered in designing buildings. The International Conference of Building Officials (ICBG), as expressed in their Uniform Building Code (UBC), has recommended that the entire island of Hawaii meet the UBC standards for Seismic Zone 4 (ICBG Code Committee, 1996). HELCO has constructed the station and substation in accordance with the UBC and County of I lawaii requirements. 3.5.9. ALTEHNATNES 1_NoAction THE IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON THE ALTERNATIVES No POTENT AL ADVERSE IMPACTS IMPAcrs 1 IMPACTS COMMEN I SCM II GAT ION MEASURES ✓ The facilities and additions were constructed In accordance with the UBC 1 2. Proposed Acton ✓ 3 West Hawaii 4 East/West Hawaii 5. Renewable ✓ and built to mitigate the impacts of an earthquake The existing facilities as well as any improvements to the facilities comply with design codes and regulatory standards. This site contains varying topography and is within a potential geologic risk area and fault zone. Consideration of this risk would be a factor In the construction of new facilities. The East/West Hawaii Alternative would entail additional transmission across the island. Transmission lines have been known to be susceptible to damage in the event of a severe earthquake The impacts of earthquakes on biomass plant and/or site for growing fuel crops would need to be investigated once a site is located. It is assumed that a biomass plant would be constructed to the approved standard. 3.5.18. VOLCANIC HAZARDS — EXISTING CONDITIONS The subject property is located entirely on the flanks of Hualalai Volcano, the least active of Big Island's three active volcanoes. This volcano is representative of the post -shield stage of Hawaiian volcanism, which is characterized by a marked decrease in the eruption rate as the volcano drifts off the Hawaiian HELCO—KEAHOLE GENERAL ING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUNSTAI ION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 1 11 No POTENTIAL ADVERSE ALTERNATIVES IMPAC`S IMPACTS IMPACTS COMMENTSMIITIGALION MEASURES 4 East/Nlest Hawaii ✓ Flooding would not be a concern in the construction of new turbines at the I Hill Plant, primarily because generating stations are already operational. However, flooding could be a factor in the construction of transmission lines over varying terrains, which would be necessary to transport power over to,� West Hawaii i 15 Renewable ✓ Flood impacts for this alternative cannot be known until the details of a biomass plant and/or location to grow fuel crops are determined. However, flooding of cultivated land could increase sail runoff if it occurs at a time when soils are exposed during the early portion of a cultivation cycle. !, _ 3.5.7. EARTHQUAKES — EXISTING CONDITIONS The Big Island is one of the most seismically active areas on Earth, with more destructive earthquakes than in any other comparably sized area in the United States. According to Drs. Lockwood and Garcia, although the most severe historical earthquakes have occurred on the southern flank of Hawaii, the Kona area is subject to earthquakes with Intensities up to VHI on the Modified Merealli Scale. 3.5.8. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS Intensities of VIII on the Modified Merealli Scale can cause moderate to severe damage to unreinforced structures or to buildings with inadequate foundations. Significant vertical ground accelerations are possible in this area, and must be considered in designing buildings. The International Conference of Building Officials (ICBG), as expressed in their Uniform Building Code (UBC), has recommended that the entire island of Hawaii meet the UBC standards for Seismic Zone 4 (ICBG Code Committee, 1996). HELCO has constructed the station and substation in accordance with the UBC and County of I lawaii requirements. 3.5.9. ALTEHNATNES 1_NoAction THE IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON THE ALTERNATIVES No POTENT AL ADVERSE IMPACTS IMPAcrs 1 IMPACTS COMMEN I SCM II GAT ION MEASURES ✓ The facilities and additions were constructed In accordance with the UBC 1 2. Proposed Acton ✓ 3 West Hawaii 4 East/West Hawaii 5. Renewable ✓ and built to mitigate the impacts of an earthquake The existing facilities as well as any improvements to the facilities comply with design codes and regulatory standards. This site contains varying topography and is within a potential geologic risk area and fault zone. Consideration of this risk would be a factor In the construction of new facilities. The East/West Hawaii Alternative would entail additional transmission across the island. Transmission lines have been known to be susceptible to damage in the event of a severe earthquake The impacts of earthquakes on biomass plant and/or site for growing fuel crops would need to be investigated once a site is located. It is assumed that a biomass plant would be constructed to the approved standard. 3.5.18. VOLCANIC HAZARDS — EXISTING CONDITIONS The subject property is located entirely on the flanks of Hualalai Volcano, the least active of Big Island's three active volcanoes. This volcano is representative of the post -shield stage of Hawaiian volcanism, which is characterized by a marked decrease in the eruption rate as the volcano drifts off the Hawaiian HELCO—KEAHOLE GENERAL ING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUNSTAI ION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 1 11 hotspot. The estimated lava production rate for Hualalai over the last 3,000 years is about 2 percent of the current rate of Kilauea volcano. 3.5.10.1. Lava Flows 'ro evaluate the statistical likelihood of a future eruption threatening the Kcaholc Generating Station, past eruption records were reviewed to understand how often lava flows have impacted this area. The lava flow underlying the subject property is more than 2,000 years old. Flows that occurred in 1801 are situated about a mile to the northwest. Thus, for a statistical evaluation of risk, a broader area than the subject property was selected for evaluation, using a 25 -square -mile area centered on the subject property. Six lava flows entered the subject property study area during the past 4,700 years, including five radiocarbon -dated lava flows and one, (Kona palisades) whose age is inferred from paleomagnetic4 and field data. These flows are randomly distributed in time, show no periodicity or other time -dependent trends, and by various statistical tests can be shown to follow a Poisson (random) time distribution. Small outcrops of as many as six undated older flows (>5,000 years) are also exposed in the area (Moore and Clague, 1991), but these cannot be used for statistical analyses, as they are undated. The portion of the flow under the subject property consists of dense pahoehoc at the surface with irregular subsurface a'a lenses exposed in excavations on the subject property. To the north, the Keahole Point flow consists of rubbly a'a lava with common rocks within rocks. The flow is bordered by older lava flows to the north and south. 'ro the west, it is overlain by the 1801 "Huchuc Flow". TABLE 3-B. AGES OF DATED LAVA FLOWS WITHIN THE KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION STUDY AREA. INFORMAL LAVA FLOW NAME Huehue Kona Palisades Keahole Point Kaloko Kohanaiki Unnamed old flow AGE (RADIOCARBON YEARS B.P.) AD 1801 1,750 yrs b p_ (esti 2,140+1 100 yrs. b.p. 2,410 +1 40 Yrs bp 3,020+/ 150 yrs. b.p_ 4,700-1 350 yrs. b.p. 3.5.10.2. Potential Impacts and Mitigations REFERENCE Kauahikaua and Camera (2000) Garcia and Lockwood (2004) Moore and Clague (1991) Garcia and Lockwood (2004) Moore and Clague (1991) Moore and Clague (1991) Hualalai is a geologically active volcano with clusters of eruptions occurring about every 500 years. According to Drs. Lockwood and Garcia, although the probability is high that Hualalai will erupt somewhere within the next few centuries, the odds that such an eruption will threaten the subject property are low. The most recent flow to enter the 25 square mile study area surrounding the subject property is the 1801 Huchuc lava flow, located about I mile to the northwest of the subject property. The next youngest flow, the "Kona Palisades Flow" (about a mile to the southeast), has an estimated age of about 1,800 years. Other lava flows in the arca are more than 2,000 years old. Based upon the research, the .statistical probability that future flows will enter this 25 square mile arca within the next 50 years is about 0 percent the alignment or iron and nickel grams in rock with the caah's magnclic poles, fixed auhe time of that tuck's ]Urination. TELCO —KEAHOLE GENERATING S I A I ION fi AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAP HER THREE, PAGL 312 and within the next 100 years about 12 percent. The chance that a flow would directly impact the Keahole Generating Station is much lower. (See Volume 2, Appendix D.) 1945 FIGURE 3-3: GRAPHICAL DEPICTION OF LAVA FLOWS (LOCKWOOD AND GARCIA) EXPLANATION IINalxlai Ia'a Ilm.A of shii 1801 Mauve I ON lava flaw of 1859 EB VichulonC Mauna I oa NVR how, Rachyte lava flow and ander, > 100000 yrs.ok 1 a I Iupuvc ve,A, alum) NualaPAis nil tone, Road+ l upupTxplliT rmnuun Future llualalai eruptive vents that Could threaten the subject property are likely to develop 4-6 miles to the east on Ilualulai's Northwest Rift Zone, at elevations between 2.000 and 4,200 feet above sea level Eruptions from vents below the 2,000 lee( elevation would send lava (lows north of the subject property. eruptions occurring above 4,200 feet elevation would send flows south of the facility. 3.5.10.3. The Impacts of Volcanic Hazards on the Alternatives No II PGT=_NTAL ADVERSE AJERNATIVES IMPACTS IMPACTS IMPACTS COMMENTSItMT I IGA110N Iv1EAaUGES 1. No Acton ✓ I Based on the statistical probability of risk, the likelihood of volcanic hazards I adversely affecting the subject property is minimal. No mitigation measums are warranted. 2. Proposed Action ✓ The improvements and expansion of the generating station would be at I minimal risk to volcanic hazards. The generating station 1s well suited to HELLO- CAHOLE GENERATING STA IICal &AIRPORI BUBSTATON CHAP TER THREE. PAGE 3-T 1 No I POTENTIAL ALTERNA➢VES IMPAC'S 11 IMPACTS 3. West Hawaii ADVERSE IMPACTS COMMENTSdM I I IGA II ON MEASURES accommodate the improvements to meet growing demand in the region. The site may be exposed to volcanic impacts due to its exposure to the historic disk associated with Mauna Loa. The probability and potential impacts of future volcanic hazards would need to be assessed to determine I the actual amount of risk involved. 4 EasgAest Hawaii ✓ The construction of new turbines at the Hill Plant in East Hawaii may be impacted by volcanic activity due to the historic risk associated with the South Hilo area's exposure to lava flows from Mauna Loa 5. Renewable ✓ The impacts of volcanic hazards for this alternative cannot be known until the details of a biomass plant and/or location to grow fuel crops are determined. However, the disk of lava flow inundation is quite low if lands CalOvated for biomass are in general proximity to those cultivated for sugar on the Hamakua Coast. 3.5.10.4. Tephra- Existing Conditions Tephra is a general term for fragments of volcanic rock and lava, regardless of size, that are blown into the air by explosions or carried upward by hot gases in eruption columns or lava fountains. Volcanic ash is highly disruptive to economic activity because it covers just about everything, infiltrates most openings, and is highly abrasive. Airborne ash can obscure sunlight to cause temporary darkness and reduce visibility to zero. Ash is slippery, especially when wct: roads, highways, and airport runways may become impassable. Automobile and jet engines may stall from ash -clogged air filters and moving parts can be damaged from abrasion. including bearings, brakes, and transmissions. Fragments range in sire from less than Z millimeters (ash) to more than I millimeter in diameter. Large-sized tephra typically fall, back to the ground on or close to the volcano and progressively smaller fragments are carried away from the vent by wind. Volcanic ash, the smallest tephra fragments. can travel hundreds to thousands of kilometers downwind from a volcano.` Tephra deposits on Hualalai are uncommon and if any, arc of two basic types: cinder and spatter. Drs. Lockwood and Garcia examined many contacts between lava flows in the study area around the subject property. Ihey observed no tephra in the vicinity of the subject property and no indication that tephra had fallen in these low-lying areas away from the rift zone. 3.5.10.5. Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Drs. Lockwood and Garcia could not exclude the possibility that minor amounts of glassy tephra ("Pcle's hair") could fall in the future from high-fountaining episodes of the volcano. However, both expected these amounts to be slight and have little impact on the operations of the subject property. They did recommend that if a high-fountaining eruption were to occur, air filters on the air intakes at the plant would need to be changed more frequently. 3.5.10.6. The Impacts of Tephra on the Alternatives No POTENTIAL AovERSE ALTERNATIVES IMPA("S IMPAC'S IMPACTS 1 NO Action V COMMENTSdM, I!GATION MEASURES In accordance with procedural operations and applicable regulations, HELCO would take every precautionary measure to guard against any a high-fountaining emption. In all probability air filters on the air intakes at the generating station would be changed more frequently. United Stat , Go,ernmunt Sereice (IJ%S) Volcanic Ilai ud, Program; htip:/volcanoes usgs'.gov. 9ELCo— KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3 14 ' NO POTENTIAL ADVERSE ALTERNATIVES IMPACIS IMPACTS IMPACTS COMMENTSIMITIGATION MEASURES 2. Proposed Action ✓ HELCO would make every effort to safeguard the generating station from any high-fountaining eruptions, in accordance with operational procedures In all probability air fillers on the air intakes at the generating station would be changed more frequently 3. West Hawaii ✓ The hazards of tephra fall on this site would need to be assessed to ascertain potential risks. It is assumed there would be no greater risks that at Keahole. 4 Easr(West Hawaii ✓ The risk of tephra impacts is considered low because of the distance between historic eruption sites on Mauna Loa and the urbanization areas of Hilo. 5. Renewable ✓ The impacts of tephra hazards for this alternative cannot be known until the details of a biomass plant and/or location to grow fuel crops are determined. However, if former sugar land in Hamakua and North Kohala are used, the risk is considered to be quite low. 3.5.11. WIND DAMAGE — EXISTING CONDITIONS The area is periodically subjected to seasonal high winds, which have been known to be damaging. The extent, duration, and intensity of these winds cannot be predicted. Severe weather can be destructive, causing outages, property damages, and significant expenses. During the last 50 years many hurricanes and tropical storms have affected the Hawaiian Islands, but three have had devastating impacts. In all three cases, the island of Kauai was the hardest hit. Hurricane Iniki was the most destructive storm to strike the State in recorded history, with widespread wind and water damage exceeding $2.2 billion." "Phe Big Island, in comparison to Kauai and Oahu, suffered relatively minimal damages. 3.5.12. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION Power outages- may occur from high winds and other natural disasters, and all islands could fall victim. Certain commercial buildings may suffer less damage than others, especially those built with heavier masonry such as reinforced concrete. Buildings built out of lighter materials may be more prone to damage by strong winds. Larger commercial and public buildings are usually designed by engineers and built to withstand earthquakes and strong winds. HELCO's facilities have been engineered to withstand strong winds, in conformance with the Uniform Building Code (UBC). However, certain equipment may still be susceptible to severe weather conditions, in particular, transmission lines and other related equipment. In Hawaii, hurricane winds, especially where augmented by local terrain or tall building structures, may be damaging to lightly built dwellings and other structures. 9'he presence and design of the Keahole facilities, including the stacks, are not believed to contribute to how the wind would impact the surrounding area. I Sec (Try & C'ounly of Honolulu, Oahu Civil Defense Agency, wcbsitcat http://www,co,hoiiolu l u.hi.us/occlichurr l.h[m. HELLO- KEAHOLE GENERATING SIA I ON $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPIEH THREE, PAGE 3-1S 3.5.13. THE IMPACTS OF WINO DAMAGE ON THE ALTERNATIVES No POTENTIAL I ADVERSE ALTERNATIVES IMPACTS { IMPACTS i IMPACTS COMMENTSIMRIWION MEASURES 1, No Action ✓ The existing facilities have been built to withstand high wind damage, in accordance with the UBC and other regulatory design guidelines governing electrical generating stations. However, some damage may result from severe wind conditions. 2. Proposed Action ✓ Any improvements would also be designed and constructed to withstdnd high wind damage, in accordance with electrical design procedures as well I as the UBC. 3. West Hawaii ✓ New studies, permits, and further research on the wind conditions would be I needed prior to the construction of a facility at a new site, which would I involve substantial time and costs 4. East'West Hawaii ✓ The EastlWest Hawaii Alternative would entail additional transmission equipment across the island. Transmission lines have been known to be more susceptible to wind damage than sturdier components of the plant itself. 5. Renewable ✓ The wind conditions affecting a new biomass plant and/or site for growing fuel crops would need to be assessed once a site is located. In general, however, crops are susceptible to wind damage, which In terms of biomass !I production could have a long-term effect on the production of firm energy 3.6. GROUNDWATER, HYDROLOGY, SURFACE WATER AND DRAINAGE Over the past 15 years, West Hawaii has experienced tremendous growth in population and resort development. In the early 1990s, there was fierce competition for water resources among landowners, developers, and other water purveyors in the region. The State Commission on Water Resource Management (CW RM) stepped in and found they needed to gather pertinent data on baseline water levels in order to mediate the problem and avoid major disputes. A 1991 — 2002 report, A Soid'v of the Cround- Water Conditions in North and South Kona and South Kohala Ois(ricis, Island of Hunan, is ongoing and presents over 10 years of baseline water -level data. Many wells were drilled in the region during the past 10 years by private landowners, public utilities, and the State, who invested large sums of money to drill these wells for the economic benefit of the island and the State. The CW RM credited these entities for allowing access to their wells for data collection and sampling used in the report.' HELC'O developed and pump tested in 1993 an onsite brackish supply well, identified as State No. 4461- 02, for its proposed improvements and expansion of the generating station. This well can be pumped at an average of 210,000 to 230,000 gpd and is being used for the existing operations at the generating station. I i ELCO is using the brackish water supplied by the well as the primary source of water for operating the improvements to the station, which would allow [IF I.CO to allocate its share of County of Hawaii Department of Water Supply's (DWS) potable commitment in excess of its needs to DIIIIL. The State, County, DHHI., and the immediate area would highly benefit from this arrangement. Although HELCO's right to use the brackish water has been challenged in court, at the time this document was being prepared, HELCO has not been Enjoined from using the water. While reclassification of the subject property would have it minimal impact on water resources in the area, improvements to the generating station would impact water resources in various ways. To assess all Data obtain,-[/ fmm IM OR weli (hum://www.6awaii_gov/dlnr/cwnn/(Iata/rcports/pr20n301.pd1). HELCO-KEAHGLE GENERATING STATION A AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3 16 of the impacts, HELLO retained Tom Nance of Tom Nance Water Resource Engineering (TNWRE), who is well-known in his field of study. The Stale CWRM also sought information from Mr. Nance for inclusion in its ongoing report. A summary of Mr. Nance's assessment pertaining to the improvements of generating station follows, and a complete copy of his report, Potential Impacts on Water Resources of the Expansion of the Hawaii F.,lectric Light C'ompany's Power Generating Station at Keahole in North Kona, Hawaii, is provided in Volume 2 of the EIS, identified as Appendix P. 3.6.1. EXISTING CONDITIONS Annual rainfall in the North Kona area surrounding the project site is approximately 10 to 20 inches per year. Rainfall on the higher slopes of the mountain upslope from the project site increases to a rate of about 75 inches per year. Rainfall is uniformly distributed from March to October, with 60 percent or more of the annual rainfall occurring in the remaining four winter months. Due to the permeable character or the prehistoric and historic lava flows that comprise the west and northwest facing slopes of Hualalat, virtually all rainfall permeates into the ground, eventually collecting as groundwater. There is no surface water at or near the project site. There are no known perennial or intermittent streams at or near the site. Stor n water runoff does not occur in any significant amount even during the most intense rainfalls, due to the high permeability of the ground surface at or near the subject property. According to the TNWRE report, two distinctly different modes of groundwater occur in the general vicinity of the subject property. Groundwater underlying the entire coastal zone occurs in a thin, brackish to saline basal lens which is underlain by saltwater at depth and is in hydraulic contact with seawater at the shoreline. Inland in the near vicinity of Mamalahoa Highway and extending some 20 miles front Kakma to Kcalakekua, there is an abrupt change From basal to high-level groundwater. The existence of high-level groundwater was discovered in 1990. The geologic feature (e.g., one or more verticallN oriented faults, dikes, or other low permeability zones) that causes this abrupt change has no surface expression and has not been identified. The presence of this feature has resulted in a substantial reservoir of potable quality groundwater impounded behind the feature that also controls the location and manner of leakage into the down -gradient basal lens in ways that are not yet understood. Ground water is the most widespread source of fresh water, which is captured in aquifers (layers of sand. rock, limestone or gravel that form natural receptacles for the water as it is pulled downward by gravity). The aquifers catch the water as it seeps through the ground, and store it in large pools called water lenses_ When the rock becomes too solid for the water to go farther, the water puddles along that rock layer forming the water lens pool, where wells are dug to draw the water. There ale two kinds of water lenses, basal and parabasal. Water lenses can be a few feet to dozens of feet deep. Communities without surface water must rely on a water lens to supply their water. Care must be taken to not remove too much water aI one time from the water lens or the lens may he destroyed. Basal lens is a type of fresh water pool found floating on top of salt water. This happens when an aquifer is shallow or has a hard rock layer that the water cannot seep through. Water enters the aquifer and then runs off the rock layer to the side. The fresh water then sits on top of a salt -water layer. These two layers don't mix because of the difference in their densities so the top stays fresh, the bottom stays salty, and where they touch is a thin layer of brackish water. When wells are drilled down into a basal water lens, It is very important to not pump out too much fresh water or the salt water will be drawn up and destroy the flesh water lens. HE,CO- KFAHOLE GENERA I ING S IA I iON f AIRPOR I SUBS-ATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3.1' 3.6.2. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS According to the TNWRE report, the completion of CT -4, CT -5, and ST -7 with SCR has the potential to impact water resources in four ways: (I) by an increase in pumpage by the County DWS high elevation wells; (2) by drawing brackish groundwater from the underlying basal lens; (3) by the disposal of plant coolant waters in the saline zone below the basal Tens; and (4) by the disposal of domestic wastewater in the existing septic tank and leach field system. Increased Pumpage by DWS' Hitch Elevation Wells. HELCO presently consumes approximately 30,000 gpd of potable water at the facility. The improvements to the generating station would require an additional 15,000 gpd of supply from DWS' North Kona system. Based on the systems hydraulics, most, if not all of this additional supply would come from DWS's four, high level wells toward the north end of its system (State Nos. 4057-01, 4158-02, 4258-03, and 4358-01). This increase of well pumpage would mean that the ultimate discharge of groundwater into the marine environment would be decreased by the same 0.015 mgd amount. Most of this decrease will occur nominally downgradient of the wells. The downgradicnt area for DWS' four high elevation wells is the 8 -mile -long section of the coastline between Keahole Point and Kailua 'town, a section where the groundwater discharge into the marine environment is on the order of 20 to 25 mgd. The plant expansion's use of 0.015 mgd of this from DWS high elevation wells would represent a decrease of less than one-tenth of one percent of the total groundwater flow toward and into the marine environment. The decrease would be distributed over a longer section of coastline and comprise an even smaller percentage of decrease. The only present uses of groundwater in the nominally downgradient area are for aquaculture (Well 3960-01 on Lilmokalani Trust property and Wells 4363-01 to 12 at the National Energy Laboratory Hawaii (NELH)). All of these are saline wells that would not be affected by a negligible decrease in the amount of fresh water leaking from the high level aquifer into the basal lens. Anchiuline pools in the Kaloko-Honokohau National Historic Park and elsewhere along this shoreline are also dependent on the rate of basal groundwater flow. however, the negligible decrease in groundwater flowrate would be far too small to have an effect. 2. Pumpage of Onsite Brackish Groundwater. About 0.21 to 0.23 mgd of brackish, basal groundwater would be pumped from the plant's onsite well. 'lbe groundwater flowrate at Keahole is relatively low, on the order of 1.2 to 2.0 mgd per coastal mile. That means that withdrawal of 0.21 to 0.23 mgd would not be an insignificant amount. However, the only use of groundwater in the coastal arca downgradicnt of the power plant is the Uwajima Fisheries Wells at NELII (Nos. 4363-01 to 12). Thcsc wells would not be adversely impacted by the power plant's withdrawals for the following reasons: • The loss of basal flowrate toward the NF,LH shoreline would translate to a small salinity increase. which would be of no consequence to the Uwajima saltwater wells. • The Uwajima wells arc directly downgradicnt of Cyanotech's subsurface saltwater disposal of two to three mgd. Elsewhere within NELH, another 7 to 8 mgd is also disposed of in pits, trenches, and on the ground ,surface. The impact of the power plant's use of 0.23 mgd of brackish groundwater is inconsequential in comparison to the ongoing saltwater disposal throughout the NELH facility. HELLO — RLAHOLE GENERATING SIAI ION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE :I 1B Deleted: e .I ,), k I in c I l n Lno.xl ". . .1,111 ai „p.:: T< 1, 1i . P .It, Tdnl ',I .-il. I,rl�l 3. Subsurface Disposal of the Power Plant's Treated Wastewater . An average of about 0.13 mgd of the plant's wastewater from the plant's wastewater treatment system will be disposed of in its two existing disposal wells. Most of its major chemical constituents will be similar to diluted seawater. However, there may be minor amounts of other constituents, which would not be removed completely by the media and cartridge filters. The maximum allowable levels of these constituents are specified by the Department of Health (DOH) Underground Injection Control (UIC) Permit No. UH -1776. Both disposal wells are at ground elevations of 195 to 200 feet and are 500 to 505 feet deep. The discharges from the reverse osmosis water treatment system will be collected in a storage tank. After the storage tank is filled to a prescribed capacity, the water will be pumped through it nutshell filter medium and a reinjection cartridge filter to remove residual oil and suspended solids to a concentration of approximately I ppm. Because the water will be stored in a storage tank prior to injection, the water will be at ambient air temperature when it is pumped to the injection well. A maximum injection rate of 250 gpm will be used until the tank is emptied. The injection well is expected to operate for 8.5 hours per day, with an average daily injection rate of 89 gpm. All discharges to the injection well system would be in compliance with the UIC permit If it is determined that wash water from the HRSG system can be treated on site, an additional wastewater treatment system will be added to the facility. This addition would require an amendment to the current UIC permit. It is presently estimated that approximately 40,000 gallons ofwash water will be generated a year. If the wash water contains hazardous waste, in the form of heavy metals, these must be extracted during the treatment process and disposed in a manner approved by the State DOH and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A wash water sample will be collected each time the HRSG tubes are washed. All samples will be analyzed by an analytical laboratory followine appropriate EPA methodologies for determiniruz hazardous wastes. The frequency of sampling may be adiusted after significant testing (e.g., after collection of 10 or more data sets) has been conducted to properly characterize the waste stream as being hazardous or not. The need to wash the HRSG boiler tubes will be dependent on the freshness of the SCR catalyst and type of fuel. The fresher the catalyst and higher the sulfur content in the fuel the more frequent washing will be needed. If the catalyst is kept fresh and low sulfur fuel i used washing could be required only once per year: otherwise it could be more frequent, possibly quarterly. Hazardous wash water will be sent to EPA -approved treatment and disposal facilities on the mainland ,in compliance with all applicable Federal and State hazardous waste regulations, These are EPA -permitted facilities that are designed to properly treat and/or dispose of hazardous wastes. However, at some future time, HELCO may determine that is economically prudent and environmentally appropriate to treat the wash water on site at the Keahole facility. Such treatment would involve the construction of a separate discrete wastewater treatment facility dedicated to treating the wash water. The sizing of the facility cannot vet be determined because the actual volume of wash water will depend upon the frequency that washing will occur. Therefore, the matter of whether or not the wash water may at some future time be treated on site is an Unresolved Issue. For further discussion of this matter, please refer to Section 6.4 of this HIS. The injected water temperature will be 70 degrees and not it substantial contrast to the temperatures in the receiving zone in the bottom 50 feet of the wells. which is between 68 and 70 degrees. The salinity of the injected water will also be less than in the receiving groundwater. HE,CO-NEAHOLE GENERA f ING S I AT ION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 319 Both these aspects mean that the injected water will be Tess dense than the ambient groundwater at depth. Disposal into groundwater would be limited to the lowest 50 feet in the wells at elevations from 250 to 300 feet below sea level. The only functional supply wells, which ate nominally downgradient of this disposal, are the Uwajima Fisheries wells (Nos. 4362-01 to 12) in NELH. As discussed previously, the Uwajima Fisheries wells are near to and directly downgradient of the disposal of 2 to 3 mgd of saltwater by Cyanotech and in the general vicinity of another 7 to 8 mgd of saltwater disposal elsewhere at NELH. HELCO's disposal would be occurring about 1.8 miles away and at substantial depth below the basal lens. Its 0.13 mgd average disposal rate would be two orders of magnitude less than the present rate of saltwater disposal at NELH. The horizontal and vertical separation, meaning the distance between the HELCO and Uwajima wells, together with the ongoing disposal activities at NELH, mitigate against any adverse impact to the Uwajima wells. 4. Treatment and Disposal of Domestic Wastewater. As a result of the power plant expansion, the amount of domestic wastewater generated by the plant (i.e., restroom facilities, wash waters for sink, shower, and floor drains, and landscaping) that will be treated and disposed of in the plant's existing septic tank and leach field system would be increased by approximately 2,000 gpd. All of this water will ultimately reach the underlying basal lens. The primary issue with this method of disposal is the addition of nutrients to the underlying basal lens. Its potential impact can he qualified with the following series of approximations: • Raw domestic wastewater will have total nitrogen levels of 30 to 40 milligrams per liter (mg/I) and total phosphorus of 4 to 15 mg/I. The high ends of these ranges are assumed to be the case at the power plant. • Nitrogen and phosphorus removals by the septic tank and leach field system arc conservatively assumed to be 50 and 20 percent, respectively. These relatively inefficient rates of removal were chosen because the leach field trenches were backfilled with gravel and crushed scone rather than with a loamy soil. Further nutrient removal will occur naturally during the wastewater's downward movement through the vadosc zone and lateral movement with groundwater toward the shoreline Based on the analyses in Nance (2002), these rates are conservatively assumed to be at 80 percent for nitrogen and 95 percent for phosphorus. The above series of assumptions indicates that the disposal of 2,000 gpd of domestic wastewater would add 0.066 pounds per day of nitrogen and 0.010 pounds per day of phosphorus to the flow of groundwater beneath the site. However, the nutrient load "naturally" in this groundwater is many times greater than this. For example, using a low flux rate of 1.2 mgd per mile and the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the underlying groundwater of 1.85 and 0.40 mg/I, respectively, (based on the level in Well 4462-05 immediately downgradient), the nutrient load in basal groundwater discharging into the marine environment along the 1.3 -mile long shoreline between Kcaholc Point and Unualoha Point amounts to 24.0 pounds of nitrogen and 5.2 pounds of phosphorus. The power plant's addition would amount to just 0.3 to 0.2 percent of this amount, respectively. When combined with the plant's present disposal of 1,500 gpd of wastewater, the loading would still only amount to 0.5 and 0.3 percent of nitrogen and phosphorus already "naturally" conveyed by groundwater into the marine environment. HELLO-REAHOLE GENERAI MG STATION A AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE. PAGE ] ZU 3.6.3. THE IMPACTS OF THE ALTERNATIVES ON GROUNDWATER, HYDROLOGY, SURFACE WATER, AND DRAINAGE No POTENTIAL ADVERSE ALTERNATIVES IMPAC -S IMPACTS IMPACTS 1 No Action ✓ 2. Proposed Action ✓ 3. West Hawaii ✓ 4. EasVWest Hawaii ✓ 5- Renewable ✓ COMMENTB/MIT IGATION MEASURES The impacts under this alternative would be minimal. Reclassification of the land to the Urban District and its eventual rezoning to I an industrial designation would have no impact on groundwater, hydrology, surface water, and drainage. The improvements and expansion of the generating station would have the following impacts. (1) Use of an additional 15,000 glad from DWS's potable system. (2) Use of 0.21 to 0.23 mgd of brackish basal groundwater, which would be a relatively significant quantity. However, according to the TNWRE study, minimal impacts on other wells would Occur by the use of brackish groundwater at the generating station. Moreover, because HELCO would primarily use brackish water for the operations of the station, HELCO would then be able to transfer its potable water allocation to the DHHL This would be highly beneficial to the DHHL and its proposed development of its property. (3) An average of 0.13 mgd of the plant's wastewater would be disposed of into the saline groundwater. Because the wastewater would be stored in a storage lank pnor to injection, the wastewater would be at ambient air temperature when it is pumped to the injection well. TNWRE concluded from the data that injection would be at 70 degrees, which would not be a substantial contrast to the temperatures in the receiving zone in the bottom 50 feet of the wells, which is between 66 and 70 degrees. (4) Disposal of about 2,000 gpd of domestic wastewater in the plant's existing septic tank and leach field system would add nutrients to the underlying basal groundwater, but in negligible quantities as compared to the levels of nutrients "naturally" Occurring in the groundwater. Based on these results, TNWRE concluded that this alternative would not have a significant impact on water resources in the region. While the proposed action would increase the amount of impermeable surfaces at the plant, the resulting stone water runoff is not anticipated to be significant, as storm water runoff will be readily absorbed by the surrounding non -paved surfaces. Only groundwater is available at the Pup Anahulu site. Surface water does not exist near the site and the ocean is a considerable distance away Groundwater quality in the vicinity of the site is anticipated to be brackish. Wells for this site would be placed at the approximately 700-800 elevation levels. Discharge would most likely be through injection wells located onsite. An underground injection control permit would be required. Ocean waters directly accessible from the site are designated Class AA waters by the State, which would mean that discharge into the water is not allowed The construction of new turbines at the Hill Plant in East Hawaii would Impact water resources in that area The impacts would need to be analyzed before conclusions can be drawn. The groundwater, hydrology, surface water, and drainage affecbng a new biomass plant and/or site for growing fuel crops would need to be assessed once a site is located. It is unclear, however, if the process would require a significant volume of wash water, prior to combustion. 3.7. IMPACTS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION The Keahole Generating Station presently uses 0.8 megawatts of electrical energy to power the facilih. Upon completion orthe ST -7 unit, the total electrical energy consumption of the plant will increase to 2 1 megawatts. The increase of 1.3 megawatts is necessary to operate the ancillary equipment associated with the operation of the proposed heat recovery steam generator and the SCR system, which require the pumping of approximately 200,000 gpd of brackish water through the demineral i zing system. The HECO—KEAHOLE GENERA I ING SI A nON & AIRPORT W9STATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3 '1 impacts of this increase are considered negligible as it represents approximately 1.5 percent of the total energy output of the facility. As the proposed heat recovery system is intended to improve the operational efficiency of the facility by capturing waste heat, the increased consumption of electrical energy to operate the HRSG system is viewed as a positive impact. Installation of a similar system in East Hawaii or at a new facility in West Hawaii would result in a similar impact, all other things being equal. It is not possible to estimate the consumption of electrical energy by a plant fueled by biomass as no specific designs are available. However, we believe it can be safely assumed that the electrical energy consumed would represent a fraction of the energy produced. �i:)� `J_\l9:t/1� �:►7LZr79IJ SLI 3.8.1. CLIMATE AND AIR Many people live in areas where air pollution can cause serious health problems. Local air quality can affect our daily lives. Like the weather, it can change from day to day depending on climatic conditions and other factors. Air pollution comes from many different sources such as factories, power plants, cars, buses, trucks, windblown dust, wildfires, and volcanic emissions. Air pollution can threaten the health of human beings, trees, lakes, crops, and animals, as well as damage the ozone layer and buildings. The EPA protects human health and the environment through the regulatory process and voluntary programs. Under the Clean Air Act (CAA), the EPA sets limits on how much of a pollutant is allowed in the air anywhere in the United States. National air quality has improved over the last 20 years due to increased awareness, research, and the regulatory process. In order to adequately assess the impacts on air quality that may arise from the improvements to the subject property, HELCO retained Jim Clary & Associates (.ICA) of Dallas, Texas to evaluate the climate and air quality conditions at or near the subject property. JCA has completed air projects in 26 states and has become a recognized leader in air quality consulting. The firm is comprised of engineers, scientists, and meteorologists with extensive experience addressing air quality matters for industrial clients, such us electrical power, chemical manufacturing, oil and gas, portland cement, airline maintenance, coatings, pulp and paper, and various other industries. Specific data from JCA's report are incorporated in subsequent sections and a complete copy of ICA's report, Climate and Ah Quality, dated July 2004, is provided in Volume 2 of the EIS, identified as Appendix I. HELCO also retained Robert E. Paull, Ph.D., a professor of horticulture at the University of Hawaii at Manua, to evaluate the potential effects of certain emissions on the plants and crops on the neighboring Keahole Agricultural Park. Dr. Paull is the author of numerous books and articles on tropical fruits and plants, plant physiology, and increasing plant life. Data from Dr. Paull's report are incorporated in subsequent sections and a complete copy of his report, Emission ,Studies Impact on Keahole Agm in'tural park, is provided in Volume 2 of the EIS, identified as Appendix L. The following sections will discuss (1) climate and air quality conditions near or at the subject property; (2) the CAA and the pollutants that are monitored and regulated: and (3) potential impacts and mitigation measures. 3.8.2. EXISTING CONDITIONS The subject property is located on terrain that slopes gently downward from the mountains. There are no significant terrain features such as cliffs, bluffs, and hills that would affect air circulation. The Big Island enjoys a belt of uniform winds blowing from the Northeast. 'two massive mountains, Mauna Loa and HELLO - KI,AHOLE GENERATING STATION f AIRPORT SUB StAION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3 22 Mauna Kea, which are connected by a high saddle, effectively block most trade wind air to the subject property. Thus, the daily land and sea breezes are the dominant conditions for the project area. Figure 3-4 shows a strong daily recurring (diumal) flow for much of the year. Average monthly temperatures at the subject property range from the low 70s (°F) in the coldest month of February to the upper 70s in August and September. Annual rainfall is approximately 10 to 20 inches per year Rainfall is uniformly distributed form March to October, with 60 percent or more of the annual rainfall occurring in the remaining winter months. The subject property is located about one mile east of the Kona International Airport and about two miles northwest of the Kalaoa residential area. No other major industrial stationary sources are in the vicinity. 3.8.3. COMPONENTS OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT (CAA) AND THE REGULATORY PROCESS Although the CAA, as amended, is a federal law covering the entire country, the states do much of the work to carry out the Act. Under this law, the EPA sets limits on how much of a pollutant can be in the air anywhere in the United States. This ensures that all Americans have the same basic health and environmental protections. The law allows individual states to have stronger pollution controls, but not weaker ones than those set for the whole country. HE,CO-KEAHOLE GENERATING SIAL ION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3 21 FIGURE 3-4: MONITORING SITE 062 WIND ROSE Z 1-2 t4 7-10 14-101]-212 " 14 (20 0 443 0122 Oft 0 1100 WIND SPEED SCALE (KNOTS) NOTE - WIND DIRECTION IS THE DIRECTION WIND IS BLOWING FROM Mon ttor tng Stte 062 Mer 1993 - Feb 1994 32-m Wtnds The law recognizes that the states should take the Lead in carrying out the CAA, because pollution control problems often require special understanding of local industries, geography, housing patterns, ce. The United States government, through the EPA, assists the states by providing scientific research, expert studies, engineering designs, and money to support clean air programs. "The major components of the HEL00-KEAHOLE GENERATING S IATION $ AIRPORT SOBSI AT ION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE' 24 N. is x 12 W' I i t.et 6 a� ' E CALM / ' ) 12 tt 1\ s'N i 1-2 t4 7-10 14-101]-212 " 14 (20 0 443 0122 Oft 0 1100 WIND SPEED SCALE (KNOTS) NOTE - WIND DIRECTION IS THE DIRECTION WIND IS BLOWING FROM Mon ttor tng Stte 062 Mer 1993 - Feb 1994 32-m Wtnds The law recognizes that the states should take the Lead in carrying out the CAA, because pollution control problems often require special understanding of local industries, geography, housing patterns, ce. The United States government, through the EPA, assists the states by providing scientific research, expert studies, engineering designs, and money to support clean air programs. "The major components of the HEL00-KEAHOLE GENERATING S IATION $ AIRPORT SOBSI AT ION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE' 24 CAA include standards, programs, and provisions. In Hawaii, the DOH is the agency responsible for enforcing the CAA. 3.8.3.1. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) The NAAQS under the CAA establishes the maximum pollution controls to be acceptable, with an adequate margin of safety, to protect public health and welfare. These standards must be attained in all areas that are accessible to the general public. NAAQS monitors six criteria pollutants: sulfur dioxide (SO2); nitrogen dioxide (NO2); carbon monoxide (CO); ozone (01); particulate matter (PM); and lead (pb). An explanation of these pollutants follow. Hawaii's State Ambient Air Quality Standards (SAAQS) are very similar to the NAAQS, although the State has more stringent standards for carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and has not adopted a standard for PM,, s. Hawaii also has a standard for hydrogen sulfide (H2S). HOW DO THESE POLLUTANTS AI IICT US°K Sulfur Dioxide (SO,). SO2 belongs to the family of sulfur oxide gases (SOx), which dissolve easily in water. Sulfur is prevalent in all raw materials, including crude oil, coal, and ore that contains common metals like aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, and iron. SO, gases are formed when fuel, containing suNhr, such as coal and oil, is burned. Over 65 percent of SO2 released to the air, or more than 13 million tone per year, comes from electric utilities, especially those that burn coal. Other sources of SO2 are industrial facilities that derive their products from raw materials like metallic ore, coal, and crude oil, or that burn coal or oil to produce process heat. Examples are petroleum refineries, cement manufacturing, and metal processing facilities. Studies havc found that SO2 contributes to respiratory illness, and aggravates existing heart and lung diseases. SO, also contributes to the (1) formation of acid rain, which damages trees, crops, historic buildings, and monuments; and makes soils, lakes, and streams acidic; (2) formation of atmospheric particles that cause visibility impairment, most noticeably in national parks; and (3) SO, and the pollutants formed from SO2, such as sulfate particles, can be transported over long distances and deposited far from the point of origin, which means that problems with SO2 are not confined to areas where it is emitted. Reducing emissions of SO, remains a crucial component of the EPA's strategy for cleaner air. Meeting EPA's national health -based air quality standards is an important .step toward ensuring the air is safe to breathe. The EPA, states, and local governments work to reduce emissions of SO2 through first meeting the national air quality standards. Levels of SO2 in the air have decreased over the past 20 years. These reductions over tune were accomplished by installing pollution control equipment at coal-fired power plants, reducing pollution from industrial processing facilities, reducing the average sulfur content of fuels burned, and using cleaner fuels like natural gas for residential and commercial heat. However, further reductions of SO2 and other pollutants will likely be needed to solve the particulate matter and acid rain problems. I Infouniinon from www.cpa_gov/aid HELLO - KEAHOLE GENERAI ING STA HON & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGt 3-25 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO,). NOs is a reddish brown, highly reactive gas that is formed in the ambient air through the oxidation of nitric oxide (NO). Nitrogen oxides (NO,), the generic term for a group of highly reactive gases that contain nitrogen and oxygen in varying amounts, play a major role in the formation of ozone, PM, haze, and acid rain. While the EPA tracks national emissions of NOx, the national monitoring network measures ambient concentrations of NO2 for comparison to national air quality standards. The major sources of man-made NOR emissions are high-temperature combustion processes such as those that occur in automobiles and power plants. Home heaters and gas stoves can also produce substantial amounts of NO2 in indoor settings. Motor vehicles contribute to 49 percent of NOx emissions, utilities 27 percent, industrial/eommereial/residential 19 percent; and other sources 5 percent. NO2 may lead to increased susceptibility to respiratory infection and may cause irreversible alterations in lung structure. Carbon Monoxide (CO). CO is a colorless and odorless gas, formed when carbon in fuel is not burned completely. It is a component of motor vehicle exhaust, which contributes about 60 percent of all CO emissions nationwide. High concentrations of CO generally occur in areas with heavy traffic congestion. In cities, as much as 95 percent of all CO emissions may come from automobile exhaust. Other sources of CO emissions include industrial processes, non -transportation fuel combustion, and natural sources such as wildfires. CO enters the bloodstream through the lungs and reduces oxygen delivery to the body's organs and tissues. The health threat from levels of CO sometimes found in the ambient air is most serious for those who suffer from cardiovascular disease. At much higher levels of exposure not commonly found in ambient air, CO can be poisonous, and even healthy individuals may be affected. Visual impairment, reduced work capacity, reduced manual dexterity, poor learning ability, and difficulty in performing complex tasks arc all associated with exposure to elevated CO levels. Nationally, the 2001 ambient average, CO concentration is almost 62 percent lower than that for 1982 and is the lowest level recorded during the past 20 years. CO emissions from transportation sources, the major contributor to ambient CO concentration, have decreased slightly during this period. Between 1992 and 2001. ambient CO concentrations decreased 38 percent. This air quality improvement occurred despite an approximately 35 percent increase in vehicle miles traveled in the United States during this 10 -year period and an increase in total CO emissions of 6 percent due to extremely serious wildfires in 2000. Nearly twice the number of U.S. acres burned in 2000 compared to the average year since 1982. Ozone0 . 0, is a gas that is not usually emitted directly into the air, but at ground level it is created by a chemical reaction between oxides of nitrogen (N0,) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of heat and sunlight. Ozone has the same chemical structure (VOC + NOx + Heat + Sunlight - Ozone) whether it occurs miles above the earth or at ground level and can be good or bad, depending on its location in the atmosphere. Good ozone occurs naturally in the stratosphere approximately 10 to 30 miles above the earth's surface and forms a layer that protects life on earth from the sun's harmful rays. In the earth's lower atmosphere, ground -level ozone is considered "bad." Motor vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents are some of the major sources of NO, and VOC that help to form ozone. Sunlight and hot weather cause ground -level ozone to form in harmful concentrations in the air. As a result, it is known as a summertime air pollutant. Many urban areas tend to have high levels of "bad' ozone, but even rural areas are also subject to increased HEL00- MFAHOLE GENERATING STATION F AIRPORT SUBSIAT10N CHART ER 1 HXtt, `AGG "I ozone levels because wind carries ozone and pollutants that form it hundreds of miles away from their original sources. ozone triggers a variety of health problems even at very low levels and may cause permanent lung damage after long-terin exposure. It may also damage plants and ecosystems. Particulate Matter (PM, PM, PM , s1. I'M is the term for particles found in the air, including dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. PMH, is an air pollutant consisting of small particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to a nominal 10 microns (about 1/7 the diameter of a single human hair). PNI,s refers to particulate matter that is 2.5 microns or smaller in size, which is approximately 1/30 the size of a human hair; so small that several thousand of them could fit on the period at the end of this sentence. Fine particles are of concern because they are risk to both human health and the environment, contributing to acid rain. Particles can be suspended in the air for long periods of time. Some particles are large or dark enough to be seen as soot or smoke. Others are so small that individually they can only be detected with an electron microscope. Some particles are directly emitted into the air from a variety of sources such as cars, trucks. buses, factories, construction sites, tilled Gelds, unpaved roads, stone crushing, and burning of wood. Other particles may be formed in the air from the chemical change of gases. They are indirectly formed when gases from burning fuels react with sunlight and water vapor. These can result from fuel combustion in motor vehicles, at power plants, and in other industrial processes. PM is associated with (I) serious health effects; (2) major source of haze that reduces visibility in many parts of the United States, including our National Parks; (3) settles on soil and water and harms the environment by changing the nutrient and chemical balance; (4) causes erosion and staining of siructu-es including culturally important objects such as monuments and statues. In 1997, EPA strengthened its health protection standards for PM by adding an indicator for even smaller - sized or "fine" particles. Pine particles generally come from industrial fuel combustion and from vehicle exhaust. We now know that fine particles are most closely associated with increased respiratory disease, decreased lung functioning, and even premature death. EPA has begun collecting monitor data at locations across the country to determine the levels of these smaller -sized particles in the air. Depending on the results. EPA may take steps in the future that result in fewer PM emissions being released into the air Crum sources such as utilities and other industrial fuel combustion. Prior to 1994, newly manufactured diesel trucks and buses produced higher levels of PM. Starting with model year 1994, engines for new diesel trucks have been built to meet EPA's emission standards, reducing PM emissions by 90 percent. Remodeled buses also reduced PM emissions even more than trucks. EPA is continuing to work with manufacturers to further reduce emissions from diesel engines, including non -road engines such as construction equipment. EPA issued visibility protection regulations in 1999 to reduce emissions That cause haze over large areas of the country. 'file haze is formed by pollution particles in the air, which can be carried by the wind and cause problems hundreds of miles away. Leadighl. Lead is a metal found naturally in the environment as well as in manufactured products. file major sources of lead emissions have historically been motor vehicles (such as cars and trucks) and industrial sources. Due to the phase out of leaded gasoline, metals processing is the major source of lead emissions to the air today. other stationary sources are waste incinerators, utilities, and lead -acid battery manufacturers. REEoo-HEAHOIE OENERAT M6 SIA➢ON & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE. PA ;6317 Children arc at greatest risk to lead, which is still found at high levels in urban and industrial areas. Deposits of pb on soil and water harms animals and fish. Although overall blood lead levels have decreased since 1976, infants and young children still have the highest blood lead levels. Children and others can be exposed to lead not only through the air, but also through accidentally or intentionally eating soil or paint chips, as well as food or water contaminated with lead. Hydroeen Sulfide (:LS). HAS is a colorless, extremely poisonous gas that has a very disagreeable odor, much like that of rotten eggs. It is slightly soluble in water and is soluble in carbon disulfide. Dissolved in water, it forms a very weak dibasic acid that is sometimes called hydrosulfitrie acid. Hydrogen sulfide is found naturally in volcanic gases and in some mineral waters. It is often formed during decay of animal matter. It is a part of many unrefined carbonaceous fuels, e.g., natural gas, crude oil, and coal; it is obtained as a byproduct of refining such fuels. It may be made by reacting hydrogen gas with molten sulfur or with sulfur vapors, or by treating a metal sulfide (e.g., ferrous sulfide (FCS)) with an acid. Ilydrogen sulfide reacts with most metal ions to form sulfides; the sulfides of some metals are insoluble in water and have characteristic colors that help to identify the metal during chemical analysis. Hydrogen sulfide also reacts directly with silver metal, forming a dull, gray -black tarnish of silver sulfide. Carbon Dioxide W02 1. Although carbon dioxide is rot a regulated substance it is a topic of ongoing discussion with regard to global warming, The issue of climate change continues m undergo complex debate at international levels. It is appropriate that once global strategies are developed national and state strategies and action plans should follow in that order. In flicirreantinic, Hawaiian i Electric Company and its subsidiaries remain committed to doing their part lit addressing the issue of climate chance by participating in voluntary efforts such as the U.S. Departure lit of Encrgv's Climate Chal lenge Program supporting renewable energy, offering demand side management and energy efficiency lacerates, developing efficient combined heat and power systems for customers and continuously working to improve the efficiency of its generating units. 3.8.3.2. New Source Review Congress established the New Source Review (NSR) pre -construction permitting program to (1) ensure That air quality is not significantly degraded from the addition of new and modified factories, industrial boilers, and power plants; and (2) assure people that any large new or modified industrial source in their neighborhoods will be as clean as possible, and that advances in pollution control occur concurrently wish industrial expansion. NSR requires stationary sources of air pollution to get permits before they start construction. NSR is also referred to as construction permitting or preconstruction permitting. There are three types of NSR permitting requirements. A source may have to meet one or more of these permitting requirements. The three types of NSR requirements are: (I ) Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) permits which aic required for new major sources or a major source making a major modification in an attainment-' arca; (2) nonattainment0— NSR permits which arc required for new major sources or major sources ma mg a major modification in a nonattainment arca; and (3) minor source permits. An attainment area is a geographic area in which levels of a criteria air pollu4mt meet the health -based primary standanl (national andeent air quality standard, or NAAQS) for the pollutant. An area may have on acceptable level for one criteria air puliutem, but may Lute unacceptable levels or others.'I Ims, un area could be both attainment and nonattern mens at the scone time. Attuinmrnt arcus arc defined using federal pollutant limits set by PTA, to A nonattamment area docs not meet one or more of the NAAQS for the criteria pullut'aots designated in the CAA_ HELCO—KEAHIXE GENERATING s IA PON & AIRPORT SUBSTAI ION CHAP CH i PHte. PAUL 3 [b The PSD regulations (40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 52.21) define a major source as any source That belongs to a list of 28 source categories that emit or have the potential to emit 100 tons per year or more of any pollutant regulated under the CAA, or any other source type that emits or has the potential to emit pollutants in amounts equal to or greater than 250 tons per year. Keahole Generating Station is currently classified as if major stationary source. A PSD review is required in attainment areas for all pollutants from a major source showing significant net increases in emissions due to a modification. Because the Keahole Generating Station area has been designated either attainment or unclassifiable for all the NAAQS, a PSD review was required for all the pollutants that showed it significant net emissions increase associated with the addition of Cf -4 and C7-5 (Alternative 1 or Alternative 2 without SCR). The PSD regulations provide for the designation of all geographic areas into one ofthree classes: • Class I applies to areas where practically any deterioration in air quality would be significant. • Class 11 applies to areas where moderate, welt -controlled, and sited industrial growth would he permitted. • Class Ill applies where industrial areas would be allowed to experience the greatest degree of air quality deterioration. NSR vermits are legal documents that the source must follow. They specify what construction is allowed. what emission limits must be met, and often how the source must be operated. They may contain conditions to make sure that the source is built to match parameters in the application that the permit agency relied on in their analysis. For example, the permit may specify stack heights that the permit agency used in their analysis of the source. Some limits in the permit may be there at the request of the source to keep them out of other requirements. For example, the source may take limits in a minor NSR Permit to keep the source out of PSD. To assure that sources follow the permit requirements, permits also contain monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements. In Hawaii, the State DOFI, CAA branch, usually issues the NSR permits. The EPA issues the permit in some cases. 3.8.3.3. New Source Performance Standards The New Source Performance Standards (HSPS) are national emission standards that are progressively tightened over time to achieve a steady rate of air quality improvement without unreasonable economic disruption. The NSPS imposes uniform requirements on new and modified vources through the nation. These standards are based on the best demonstrated technology (BDT). BDT refers to the best system of continuous emissions reduction that has been demonstrated to work in a given industry, considering economic costs and other factors, such as energy use. ht other words, any new source of air pollution must install the best control system currently in use within that industry. 3.8.3.4. National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) The National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) is comprised of a list all air pollutants (not already identified as criteria pollutants) identified by the EPA, pursuant to the CAA Amendments of 1970. The identified air pollutants "may reasonably be anticipated u> result in an Increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness." For each pollutant identified, EPA was to then promulgate national emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants (HAP) at levels that would 01 ensure the protection of the public health with an ample margin of safety; and HELLO-KEAHOLE GENERAL ING STATION $ AIR"ORT SOBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 328 (2) prevent any significant and adverse environmental effects, which may reasonably be anticipated, on wildlife, aquatic life, or other natural resources. 3.8.3.5. Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Standards The EPA developed a list of categories of industrial sources that must meet technology requirements to control HAP. They are referred to as Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards because they are based on the emission limitation that can be achieved using state-of-the-art emission control technologies and strategies, including pollution prevention. The EPA has developed, or are developing, MACT standards for each industrial source category that it's required to regulate.'' (As of October 9, 2001, 50 MACT standards covering 86 different types of major industrial sources, such as chemical plants, oil refineries, aerospace manufacturers, and steel mills, as well as categories of smaller sources, such as dry cleaners, commercial sterilizers, secondary lead smelters, and chromium electroplating facilities. The requirements in many of these regulations take effect between 1996 and 2002. When fully implemented, these standards are projected to reduce annual air toxic emissions by about 1.5 million tons. The EPA has also proposed 21 MACT standards, and expect to propose an additional 24 MAC'h standards in the next year. Combined, these rules will cover all of the source categories that the EPA is required to regulate. 3.8.3.6. Good Engineering Practice (GEP) Stack Height Provisions Good Engineering Practice (GEP) Stack Height Provisions are federal guidelines that identify the design criteria acceptable to regulatory agencies to establish a method for determining the stack height that will minimize the influence of nearby structures on normal plume dispersion. 3.8.4. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS .ICA evaluated the State DOH Ambient Air Qualm, bnpact Report for Alternatives I and 2 without SCR issued on December 27, 2000. The impact analysis used dispersion modeling to predict emissions of regulated air pollutants expected to be emitted from the Kcahole Generating Station, and addressed the implementation of the improvements to add Alternatives I and 2 without SCR to the existing facilities. -rhe addition of Alternative 2 with SCR would require updates to the report to address the impact of adding SCR, which would reduce NO, emissions and add a small amount of ammonia emissions. HELLO has operated air quality monitoring stations at the Huchme Substation (Site 063, approximately 3.4 miles cast -northeast of the Kcahole Generating Station) and at the Kakahiaka Monitoring Station (Site 064, approximately 1.2 miles southeast of the Keahole Generating Station). An quality data were collected at the Kakahiaka monitor at the request of DOH and EPA Region 9 to confirm that Huchue air quality data were representative of the Keahole Generating Station maximum impact anus. 3.8.5. How DOES HELLO MEASURE UP TO THE FEDERAL AND STATE REGULA rIONS? 3.8.5.7. National Ambient Air Quality Standards Because the project was a major source in an arca that is in attainment for all NAAQS, the PSD permitting process rather than the nonattainment permitting process was followed. Hawaii's attainment status for all criteria pollutants means that the nonattainment regulations do not apply. Table 3-C shows the Federal and State Ambient Air Quality Standards (AAQS). " See I11EIT. wwu.cna.eovian/ahv/enurules.hnnl. Sec, also, secant 112 of 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. HELCO— KLAMOLE GENERATING STATIONS AIRPORT SUBS1Al ION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 130 TABLE 3-C. SUMMARY OF MODELING SIGNIFICANT IMPACT LEVELS, MONITORING DE MINIMIS LEVELS, PSI) INCREMENTS, AND STATE AND FEDERAL STANDARDS FOR SELECTED POLLUTANTS POLLUTANT AVERAGING 500 PERIOD ,.___.._...... S02 --- ___.._. 3 -hour PSD 24-hour IMPACT LEVELS Annual NO2 Annual PM25 24-hour 0, Annual PMta 24-hour 500 Annual rPM 24 hour PSD Annual IMPACT LEVELS LEVELS (PG/M3) �Co 1 1 -hour (pGM3) 8 -hour 0, hour 25 8 -hour 4. Annual HaS 1 -hour Pb - 3 -month MODELING MONITORING DE 500 575 SIGNIFICANT MINIMIS PSD INCREMENT IMPACT LEVELS LEVELS (PG/M3) CLASS I CLASS II (pGM3) 1300- (PG/M3) (UGA13) 25 - 25- 512- 5 13 5- 91,' 1 150° 2° 20, 1 _ 14 2.5- 25, -.. _ 10 8, 301 -4( 17' 5 10 . 101 37 19- 2000 - 500 575 9 p 0.2 oni FEDERAL STATE NAAOS SAAOS (pGtM3) (pGtM3) 1300aA 1300- 365- 365- 80, a0° 100 70 65. 150° 150° 50- 1 50- 40,000- 10,000- 10,000- 5,000- .__2350 157° 35 1.5° 1.5, Notes' a. Not to be exceeded more than once per year. m Secondary Standard. C, Never to be exceeded. it Standard is attained when the expected number of exceedances is less than or equal to 1. A Standard is attained when the expected annual arithmetic mean Is less than or equal to 50 pg/m'. t Effective June 3, 1994 g. No significant ambient impact concentration has been established. Instead, any net emissions increase of 100 tons per year of VOC subject to PSD would be required to perform an ambient impact analysis. I. Any new source or modified existing source located in an unclassified or attainment area for ozone that Is equal to or greater than 100 tons per year emissions will be required to monitor ozone. I. Standard is attained when the 3 -year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations at each popclationodented monitor within an area mull not exceed 65 ug/ms. F Standard is attained when the 3year average of the annual arithmetic mean Pi concentrations from single or multiple communityorlented monitors most not exceed 15 uglm'. Do r w nus refers to those levels below which the DOH may exempt a stationary source or modification from the air quality analysis pre-construr am monitoring requirements. The preconstruction monitoring &minimi, levels are also listed in the table_ 3.8.5.2. New Source Review As stated above, a PSD review is required in attainment areas for all pollutants from it major source showing significant net increases in emissions due to a modification. A PSD review was required for all the pollutants that showed a significant net emissions increase associated with the addition of CT -4 and CT -5 (Alternative I or Alternative 2 without Si Table 3-D compares the project emissions with the PSD significant levels. HELCO— KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 331 TABLE 3-D'. COMPARISON OF NET PROJECT EMISSION RATES TO PSD SIGNIFICANT NET EMISSION RATES AIR POLLUTANT NET PROJECT EMISSIONS"(ToNs/YR) PSD SIGNIFICANT LEVEL(TONS/YR) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 39.8 40 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 964 40 _ Carbon Monoxide (CO) 4,166 ) 100 Volatile Organic Compounds 2,607 - - - _ 40 Particulate Matter (TSP) 173 25 ) - - - - - -- - I Lea Particulate Matter ( Mia 17 15 I Lead (Ph) 0.1 i .. 0.6 Sulfuric Acid Mist 18 7 Beryllium (Be) 0.00035 0.0004 ISI Mercury (Hg) 0.001 0.01 ...Fluorides 0.018.. _. _ ... 9 .. ........ Arsenic 0.0098 It ° Benzene 0.22 ° Source. 09/28195 Hawaii Dept. of Health Ambient Air Quality Impact report, Table 3, page 33, except for nitrogen muee (N0,) net project emissions, which were revised to 39.8 toy In DOH's July 30, 1997 Supplement B.1, page 4. a — Estimated emissions are based on CTA and CT-5 units operating 8760 hours per year, and on the emergency diesel fire pump operating 80 hours per year. ° - Any emission rate. 1 he net emissions increases for the addition of CT-4 and Cf-5 are shown in']'able 3-D. These emission increases are based on worst-case operations of 8,760 hours per year. On this basis, the addition of CT-4 and CT-5 was if significant source of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, Sulfuric acid mist, arsenic, and benzene. The addition of CT-4 and C1-5 was not if significant Source for beryllium (Be), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), or fluorides (FI). Therefore, according to JCA's report, the project was subject to PSD review only for SO2, CO, vOC, PM/PMiu, sulfuric acid mist, arsenic, and benzene as follows: • Application of Best Available Control Technology (BALI') • Analysis of ambient air quality impacts from the project (PSD Class II increments for sulfur dioxide and PM/PMIe; NAAQS/SAAQS for sulfur dioxide, PM/PMio, and carbon monoxide) • Analysis ofair quality and/or visibility impacts on Class I areas • Analysis of air quality-related values such as soils, vegetation, and visibility that are affected directly as it result of the project and general commercial, residential, and other growth associated with the project The DOH has designated the Kcahole area as Class II. The closest Class I area is the Volcanoes National Park, which is approximately 50 miles southeast of the project site. Th, Class 1 and Class It PSD increments and the NAAQS/SAAQS for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, PM/PMio, and carbon monoxide arc presented in Table 3-1 The modeling significant impact levels and de minimi.s monitoring levels for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and PM/PM IO t`.rc also presented. 3.8.5.3. National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants According to JCA's evaluation, the Kcahole Generating Station with Alternative I or Alternative 2 added is not a major source of HAPS (i.e., has it potential to emit (PTE) of less than 10 tons per year Tpy) for any HAP and es's than 25 tpy for all HAPS collcctivcly). Thus, NFSHAP standards do not apply. HELCO—NEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SHBeTAT ION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3 32 3.8.5.4. Maximum Achievable Control Technology (Matt) Standards According to 1CA's findings, the Keahole Generating Station with Alternative I or Alternative 2 added is not a major source of HAPS (i.e., has a potential to emit (PTE) of less than 10 tons per year (tpy) for any HAP and less than 25 tpy for all HAPS collectively). Thus, MACT standards do not apply. 3.8.5.5. Good Engineering Practice (GEP) Stack Height Provisions The GEP stack height analysis performed for the Keahole Generating Station results in a 104 -foot -high exhaust stack. 3.8.6. THE IMPACTS OF THE ALTERNATIVES ON CLIMATE AND AIR QUALITY JCA used EPA guideline dispersion models to calculate maximum concentrations of combustion pollutants that would potentially result from Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 without SCR additions at the Keahole Generating Station. The two models were used to estimate the impacts in the various terrain types surrounding the generating station. The following information was used to predict the maximum ground -level concentrations of air pollutants from Keahole Generating Station: • A full year of meteorological data collected at the Keahole monitoring station, Site 062 • CT -4 and CT -5 emission rates as defined in Table 3-D • The emission rates as defined in PSD permit application 88-01, which includes CT -2 and all existing sources at the generating station • The existing generating station configuration GEP analysis JCA evaluated the potential impacts of ( I ) construction air emissions; (2) operational air emissions; and (3) impacts to vegetation that the proposed expansion would have. 3.8.6.1. Construction Air Emissions JCA found that in completing construction two types of emissions would be produced: (1) exhaust from vehicles and construction equipment, and (2) dust generated during site excavation and equipment movement. However, exhaust emissions would be small, localized, and transient. Dust emissions would also be insignificant because of the average level of on-site vehicle activity. Watering trucks will wet unpaved roadsat least three times per day (and more frequently if dust is observed). Also, many unpa\ ed roads have been surfaced with gravel to minimize dust from vehicle movement. JCA concluded that construction emissions would be insignificant. 3.8.6.1. Operational Air Emissions The modeling analysis .ICA used to predict the maximum ground -level concentrations for SO2, CO, and PMI, for the CT -4 and CT -5 and the existing diesel and combustion turbine units at Keahole were added to the maximum background concentration data. It was then compared with the most stringent Slate or Federal AAQS. Table 3-E contains the results. According to these modeling results, no federal or state AAQS are exceeded. The pollutant with the largest impact is carbon monoxide. The maximum annual concentration for carbon monoxide added to the background concentration will equate to 57 percent of the SAAQS. As stated earlier, this maximum ground -level concentration is from all existing units at the generating station plus CT -4 and CT -5. HELCO-KEAHOLE GLNEHAI ING SIA I 'ON & AIRPOR I SUBS I Al ION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE }33 TABLE 3-E'. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IMPACT ANALYSIS (DATA SETS: HUE HUE — FEBRUARY 1, 1999 TO MAY 17, 2000 AND KAKAHIAKA— FEBRUARY 5, 2990 TO MAY 17, 2000) AIR POLLUTANT PERIOD MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION 4(pglma) BACKGROUND (pg/ma) TOTAL CONCENTRATION (pg/ml) AIR STANDARD (pglms) PERCENTOF STANDARD N Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 3 -Hour 381 87 468 1,300 36 24 -Hour 71 34 105 365 29 Annual 14 4s 18 80 23 Particulate (Phl 24 -Hour 34 27 61 150 41 Annual 7 12e 19 50 38 Carbon Monoxide (CO)1-Hour 4,718 969 5,687 10,000 57 8 -Hour 1,178 736 1,914 5,000 38 Source: 12/27/00 Hawaii DOH Ambient Air Quality Impact report, Supplement D, Table 2, page 13. Maximum concentrations are the greater of Scenario 1 and Scenario 2. Scenario 1 includes CTs -2, 4 8 5, units D18 - D23, the emergency fire pump, and the black start unit. Scenario 2 includes CTs -2, 4 8 5, units D2C - D23, the emergency fire pump, and the black start unit See Supplement A of the Ambient Air Quality Impact Report dated September 28, 1995. "Annual' concentrations are the highest, rolling 12 -month averages. The addition of selective catalytic reduction (S('R) for Ni emission control, will result in some ammonia emissions. (See JCA report in Volume 2 of the EIS, identified as Appendix I.) Specifically, the addition of SCR will result in a maximum 1 -hour average concentration of 20.7 micrograms of ammonia per square meter of air, and It maximum annual average of 0.2 micrograms per square meter of ail. Because the Hawaii Department of Hcalth docs not have any ammonia ambient standards, JCA used the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality's Effects Screening Levels (ESLs) to evaluate the impacts of the estimated ammonia slip. ESLs are used to evaluate the potential for effects to occur as a result of exposure to concentrations of Constituents in air. ESLs are based on data concerning health effects, odor nuisance potential, effects with respect to vegetation, and corrosive effects. While they are not ambient all standards, if predicted or measured airborne levels of a constituent do not exceed the screening level, adverse health effects would not be anticipated. Based upon the comparison, JCA concluded that the estimated I -hour average ammonia concentration would be only 12 percent of the ESL, and the estimated annual average concentration would be only one percent of the ESL. Therefore, ammonia emissions are expected to be insignificant. 3.8.6.3. Impacts to Vegetation Because of concerns expressed about the proximity of the project to the Keahole Agricultural Park (which is located to the south of the Keahole Generating Station), HELCO commissioned a study by Dr. Robert Paull on the potential effects of ethylene' 2, SO_, and NO, emissions from the expanded Keahole Plant on plants and crops in the Kcahole area. Of these emissions, ethylene has the greatest potential to adversely impact plant growth and development, while SO_ and NOx would cause phytotoxic1° symptoms on plants. I'- Eth)'lene is a natural plant growth regulator used In agriculture in I lawau and elsewhere to induce flowering of pineapple and ripening ofbaremas-'flie major urban and rural Sam ces of ethylene are gasoline, diesel engines and fires. These Sources lead to a localized Increase in ethylene that may exceed the plant response threshold concentration 'mtluence plant growth. The other component of a plant's responsiveness to ethylene is the duration ofexposure. Poisonous to plants. HELLO— KEAROLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3-f4 Dr. Paull found that based on his review there would be no effect of the current operations or planned expansion at the generation plant on the plants growing in the agricultural park. His findings are based on the following: The plume from the stacks are estimated to only impact the agricultural park an average of three 15 minute period. per month with another 21 possible impacts of less than 15 minutes, giving a possible total of 24 per month. • The highest ethylene levels recorded for brief periods in the agricultural park are similar to those found in urban air in which the main source is automobile exhaust. The agricultural park would be exposed to ethylene from all sources in the area for 15 minutes at 1/10 of the concentration of the 8 hour recommended American Hygiene Association Rural Standard (0.05 IIL•L-I). The American Hygiene Standard and the higher California Standard are commonly used measures to avoid crop damage. There are no known published reports dealing with injury to ornamental plants including orchids, from ethylene, sulfur dioxide or nitrogen dioxide at the concentrations, frequency and exposure duration of gases from the generation plant impacting the agricultural park. The lack of published reports is due in part to the difficulty of performing these types of experiments and the lack of observable plant responses at these concentrations and exposure durations-. It is important to note that the PSD modeling process makes a number of conservative assumptions that overstate emissions from the generating station. Therefore, projected concentrations that result from the modeling can be considered "worst case," and typical ground -level concentrations should be lower than those described in the PSD application. Post -construction monitoring is designed to confirm that this is the case. Alternative 1 - No Action Alternative 2 - Proposed Action Alternative 3 - West Hawaii Alternative 4 - I Hawaii Alternative 5 - Renewable NO POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS IMPACTS IMPACTS ✓ I COMMENTSIMITIGATION MEASURES The generating station is already operational under an existing permit. A permit for construction and operation dated July 25, 2001, was issued under state and federal regulatory authorities, which means that the modification fully complies with the applicable rules, regulations, and air quality standards. The provisions of the permit incorporate miligation measures that will minimize air quality impact. Mitigation measures include limitations on the fuel sulfur content, water Injection for N0x control, GEP stack height for CT exhaust, emission limitations (3 -hr averages) for five pollutants, and 110. netting resulting In the retirement of units D18 -D20 and a fuel limitation on unit D21. Post construction air quality monitoring will be performed continuously for one year after initial startup. ✓ The permitting process is often extensive, costly and time consuming Ari ste would require new studies, new permits, and new construction. The most efficient and cost-effective alternative to meet cunent demand and near-term projected demand would be to utilize an existing site. ✓ While this alternative would utilize an existing site, transmission equipment would need to be constructed to transmit power to West Hawaii, where most of the load growth has occurred or is expected. Furthermore, new permits and studies would be needed for the additions to the generating station. ✓ Property would need to be located, possibly numerous studies conducted, new permits would need to be obtained for a new biomass plant. HELLO- REAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 135 3.9. TRAFFIC CONDITIONS Following is description of existing traffic conditions in the vicinity of the Keahole Generating Station and an analysis of the proposed project's impacts upon future traffic conditions. This information is it summary of the Traffic Impact Analysis Study prepared for the project and identified as Appendix A to this EIS. 3.9.1. EXISTING ROADWAY SYSTEM In the vicinity of the project, Queen Kaahumanu Highway is a two-lane State highway that provides access between Kawaihac and Kailua town. Generally, Queen Kaahumanu Highway has two 12 -foot travel lanes, one in each direction, with 10 -foot shoulders. The existing Kcahole facility has two accesses, one on the north and one on the south. The principal access is on the south from Pukiawc Street which intersects with Kaiminanl Drive and terminates at the facility in the northbound direction. Pukiawc Street is a two-lane collector road that provides access to both the Keahole facility (to the north) and a portion of the Keahole Agricultural Park (to the south). A secondary access is provided on the north side of the facility by the Reservoir Road, which is the mauka extension of the Keahole Airport Access Road. The Keahole Airport Access Road is it two-lane collector road that provides access to the Kona International Airport, as well as supporting facilities such as rental car companies and other businesses that support airport operations. For this project, there arc two study intersections: Queen Kaahumanu Highway with the Keahole Airport Access Road and Reservoir Access Road. Queen Kaahumanu Highway with Kaiminanl Drive. For the signalized intersection of Queen Kuahumanu Highway, Keaholc Airport Access Road and Reservoir Road, there are separate left turn lanes on the highway in the northbound and southbound direction and it separate right turn lane in the eastbound direction. Thcre are southbound deceleration and acceleration lanes on the highway for the Keahole Airport Access Road. The Reservoir Access Road is u single lane road and serves the Kcahole facility, including the Airport Substation, and terminates at the driveway to two water tanks uphill from the Kcahole facility. The Reservoir Access Road abuts the north side of the Kcahole facility, providing secondary access to it. As discussed above, the primary access to the Kcahole facility is provided by Kaiminani Drive, which also links Queen Kaahumanu Ilighway and Mamalahoa Highway. Kaiminani Drive serves as it collector road for the Kona Palisades subdivision and meets Queen Kaahumanu Highway in a signalized T - intersection. There is a separate left turn lane on the highway in the southbound direction. In addition, for the signalized intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Kcaholc Airport Access Road and Reservoir Road, there are separate left tum lanes on the highway in the northbound and southbound direction and a separate right turn lane in the eastbound direction. There are southbound deceleration and acceleration lanes on the highway for the Kcaholc Airport Access Road. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 316 3.9.1.1. Traffic Counts Manual turning movement count data was collected at the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway with Keahole Airport Road and Reservoir Road as well as the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaiminani Drive. The traffic counts were conducted on March 9 and 10, 2004. The manual traffic count data is contained in Appendix A as an appendix to the traffic study. The weekday morning peak hour is at 6:30 to 7:30 a.m. white the weekday afternoon peak hour occurs at 3:15 to 4:15 p.m. The existing morning and afternoon peak hour traffic volumes are presented in Figure 3-5. 3.9.1.2. Analysis Results The traffic study utilizes the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2000 analytical methodology for signalized intersections. The analysis results protide Level of Service conditions, which are rated from A to F (best to worst), and capacity conditions. Level of Service represents a qualitative measure of traffic operating conditions and considers speed, travel time, freedom to maneuver, types of traffic controls and interruptions as well as driver comfort and convenience. Level of service definitions for signalised intersections are summarized in Appendix B of the traffic study, which is presented as Appendix A to this EIS. For the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Keahole Airport Road and Reservoir Road, the overall intersection is at Level of Service B during the looming peak hour and at Level of Service C during the afternoon peak hour. For the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaiminani Drive, the overall intersection is at Level of Service B during the morning and afternoon peak hour. Overall, the field observations concur with analysis results of Level of Service C or better for these two study intersections. A summary of the analysis results is presented in Table 3-F. 3.9.2. FUTURE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS WITHOUT THE PROJECT Research of historical traffic volume data and traffic generated by nearby projects was conducted to develop future Year 2009 traffic forecasts without the proposed project improvements. Regional traffic studies, such as the Hawaii Long Range Land Transportation Plan, Keahole to Kailua Development Plan and the Keahole to Honaunau Regional Circulation Plan, were also reviewed. A growth factor of 4.8 percent was applied to account for historical regional growth in traffic volumes. In addition, traffic volumes generated by the nearby proposed Palamanui project were derived for Year 2009 from the project's traffic study report by Austin, Tsutsani & Associates, Inc., dated January 27, 2004. The Palamanui project has proposed two alternate access mads, as shown in Figure 3-6, and is currently conducting feasibility studies. The north access road for the Palamanui project would create a new T- inlersection with Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Palamanut's south access road would connect to Queen Kaahumanu Highway at the current location of the Reservoir Road. Two future Year 2009 traffic assignments without the proposed HELCO project have been developed. 11 the Palamanui project selects its north access road as its primary access, then Figure 3-7 contains the future traffic assignment. However, if the Palamanui project prefers the south access road as its primary access road, then Figure 3- 8 shows the traffic assignment for this proposal. HELLO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STAT ION&AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE T37 TABLE 3-F'. EXISTING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS - SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION ANALYSIS RESULTS AM Peak Hoar PM Peak Hour vtc Daley LawtTOf We Delay level of hNINliection Ratio (seconds) SemYR Eji Isecondsl $i g Oneen KaalWlnane HighwayX.ahole Au(yn Roao & RaY6nVV Roa0 IISf2941 Oulen KeaM1Umenu Highway —'e65a7) OVEEN KMHIJMANtI NoOhlyi Approach - 125 8 „ 14.3 6 Call Tum 0 3 6.3 A 0.12 30.5 C R{gra TurhlThiak NMwai 016 140 8 039 76 A SOulhhound Approach 631581 61 A -- 300 C Lek Turn 000 6.5 A 000 85 A ThrMlgh Movenl9nl 029 64 A 090 315 C Right Tum 008 69 A 007 90 A Keahole Alpahl Road HOUR VOLUME w Eastdplwa Approach 14561 - PM PEM( Left Turn 0.12 224 C 0.60 34 5 C Reservoir Road EXISTING TRAif IC VOLNMES NOHh Weslhodml Appmacn 001 21 7 C Opt 273 C Overall lnt.h.tlon 0.60 116 B 092 246 C Quem Keahumanu loial.y!Kairnmeni Dnve Quem Kaalwmanu Highway NorindouiM App!oecn - 119 B 10o A Through Movement 082 195 B 055 10.6 8 Right Turn 015 75 A 092 83 A Soulhcound Approach - 7 5 A - 14 2 6 Tell Tum 014 79 A 0.75 196 B Thloagb Mi,Oyh n( 035 74 A 074 12 - B Goah and Dnve Westtmund Appra.0 LetlTum 066 258 C 032 260 C Right turn FREE RIGHT TURN FREE RIGHT TURN Over»II 1p1e�5eC:on 0.86 164 B 065 130 B HELCO- BEAROLE GENERATING STATION 5 AIRPORT SOBSTAI ION CHAPTER THREE, IISf2941 —'e65a7) OVEEN KMHIJMANtI HIGHWAY Om1J - 331r1J 487 (0531-+- - � 3u 51 I833, 631581 u� n 143 - AM PERI( d o HOUR VOLUME w 14561 - PM PEM( HOUR VOLUME gore 3-6 EXISTING TRAif IC VOLNMES NOHh HELCO- BEAROLE GENERATING STATION 5 AIRPORT SOBSTAI ION CHAPTER THREE, 100 IT, A. J � ® MMtlN RwY, Nu Arrow INAEFEr ny `�9Xo X m. 4� Note: See Appendix A for larger scale drawing. QUEEN KMHUMANU HIGH PY is ` PR0POSED FALAMANUI ACCESS RD 06 iyL �O 2¢ N� ;0 1 b� 4— u5Mo( �-- +t6o (roeoT It.,�� ., �RN,j 566fix6'�—� —r 5610333I—� Un , y 'a Ka 11] - AM PEAK 2qHOUR WIUNE ¢ RUi - PM PEAK HOUR W UME FUTURE TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT WITHOUT FARCUES"AND WITH PAICAMANUI NORTH AC HELCO-ERAHOLE GENERATING S TA 1 ION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPI ER THREE. PAGE 339 TABLE 3-G: FUTURE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS WITHOUT PROJECT (WITH PALAMANUI NORTH ACCESS ROAD) AM Peak Hour PM peak Hour me DNay Levelolwe Delay Leveiof Ineisec Ratio woos Semw Haao Larondsl Sefw•Cg Chaim KeahumanU HigbwaylKeahole Aqp rt Road A Reaervar Hoon Queen Keehumanu Highway Northbound Approach Left Tum Right TurrvThrough Movement SwNtround Approach Leh Turn Through Movement Hight Tum Keande Alport Road Easlbounn Approach Leb Turn ReeervmrR.0 W es,6ound Approach Overall lntersechon Oueen Kanhumnnu HghwoyrKaminan Drive Oueen Karec'manu H,hway NOropound Approach Through Movement Hight Turn Soap pounn Aph,ncn Taft Turn ThroughlM»amen. Kalminani Drive Westhound ApplO.xii Let, Tum Right Turn 04Pr4u mtersenlon - 296 C - 694 F 050 40 A 1 12 324 9 F 097 34.5 C 069 9.3 A 47 A - T2.J F �R 27 A 0.00 5,7 A 045 49 A 122 4218 F 009 29 t- In is (55ei E1 A 042 338 C 1 13 neo roam OVEENKMHUTAANU 303 C 001 460 D HIGHWAY vo lamlJ aso nea.l --� 225 ��F— eLAsmJ oev a aaa. v - 672 E - 422 D 101 941 E 097 2 123 y - AM PEAK 013 v, A 036 HMR WLUME - 67 A - 49.9 D 0J9 96 A 0.96 lvl Cll - PM 1`45,w<HOUR 1149 85 A 097 VOLUME 091 66.0 F 062 586 E FREE RIGHT TURN FREE RIGHT TURN g 52.0 D 099 45.9 D FUTURE TflAry irF.. IG ASSIGNMENT WITHOUT PC NO WITH MLTMU9WTH ACCESS ROA. ® Norgi TABLE 3-G: FUTURE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS WITHOUT PROJECT (WITH PALAMANUI NORTH ACCESS ROAD) AM Peak Hour PM peak Hour me DNay Levelolwe Delay Leveiof Ineisec Ratio woos Semw Haao Larondsl Sefw•Cg Chaim KeahumanU HigbwaylKeahole Aqp rt Road A Reaervar Hoon Queen Keehumanu Highway Northbound Approach Left Tum Right TurrvThrough Movement SwNtround Approach Leh Turn Through Movement Hight Tum Keande Alport Road Easlbounn Approach Leb Turn ReeervmrR.0 W es,6ound Approach Overall lntersechon Oueen Kanhumnnu HghwoyrKaminan Drive Oueen Karec'manu H,hway NOropound Approach Through Movement Hight Turn Soap pounn Aph,ncn Taft Turn ThroughlM»amen. Kalminani Drive Westhound ApplO.xii Let, Tum Right Turn 04Pr4u mtersenlon - 296 C - 694 F 050 40 A 1 12 324 9 F 097 34.5 C 069 9.3 A 47 A - T2.J F V01 27 A 0.00 5,7 A 045 49 A 122 4218 F 009 29 A 007 E1 A 042 338 C 1 13 3622 F 003 303 C 001 460 D 092 225 C 1 34 2661 F - 672 E - 422 D 101 941 E 097 51.6 D 013 65 A 036 123 6 - 67 A - 49.9 D 0J9 96 A 0.96 74.5 E 1149 85 A 097 389 D 091 66.0 F 062 586 E FREE RIGHT TURN FREE RIGHT TURN 1 IN 52.0 D 099 45.9 D HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERA1l, SIeTION8 AIRPORT Sl1BSrAT,ON GRAPTER THREE, PAGE 340 The State Department of Transportation has proposed the Phase I widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway from two to four lanes between Henry Street and Kealakehe Parkway; this improvement is scheduled for completion in Year 2008. In addition, a Phase 2 Queen Kaahumanu Highway widening between Kealakehe Parkway and Keahole Airport Road is being programmed for completion in Year 2011. The analysis results for future conditions without the project are identified in Table 3-G with Palamanui north access road and in Table 3-H with Palamanui south access road. The signalized intersection analvsis shows similar results if either the Palamanui north or south access road serves as its primary access road. TABLE 3-K FUTURE TRAFFIC CONDInONS WITHOUT PROJECT (WITE PALAMANUI SOUTH ACCEss ROAD) Intereedfpn Queen Kaahumanu Hg6wEyro ahole Arpod Road 8 Reservar Road Quin Kaahumanu Hghwav NorthbourM Approach tell Lam Through MdvenP.nl Rgnf Tum Soulhdouna Approach Lea Turn IArough Movemenl RNn1 Tum Keallae Aron Road Eablboum Approach Len Turn Through Mnveroonl Reservoir Road Weslbourd Appmacll Led Tum Lnn Turr,M. 9h Movement Ovare111nIel5eclwn Qaeao Kaahurtranu HghWay(Kannlnanr Drlvn Queen Kaahumanu HrI Nor6Jwunn ApPmach Through MOVemenl Rgnt Tum Sou"Ibound Approach 1.01 Turn Through Movement Katnnnam Dnve WeSflfound Approach Lafl 'Na,, Rigor Turn Overall InlorsnOmn 3.9.3. PR03ECT TRAFFIC AM Peak Wwr we DI tevel of Rai. Ls4SOntls1 Service PM Peak Hour 0EWy Lens of Ratio tee Rein s"I'a - 1062 F 1421 F 34500 54 A 131 636,6 F 107 1560 F 066 268 c 0.33 94 A 050 22.6 O - 319 C - 404 6 F 0-93 870 F 0 78 39,6 D 038 9.7 A 1 26 511.8 F 0 09 7.4 A C 10 16.5 B 020 261 C 1 32 664 3 F 114 3318 F 130 6031 F 105 1056 F 1.64 349 3 F - 672 E -- 422 D 1 61 74 1 E 097 51 6 D 013 65 A 0.36 123 R - a7 A - 479 D 039 96 A 0% 74.6 E 046 86 A 097 369 D 091 860 F 062 58,6 E FREE RIGHT TURN FREE RIGHT TURN 1.04 520 D 0.99 459 D The Keahole Generation Station expansion will add additional equipment and improved facilities at the project site. The traffic forecast of project traffic volumes is developed through a three-step procedure of trip generation, trip distribution and traffic assignment. 3.9.3.1. Trip Generation In trip generation, the estimates of project traffic volumes are quantified through discussions with the HELCO staff about the number of employees at the site and their shill hours as well as deliveries. With HELLO—KEAHOLE GENLRATIN6 STATION 5 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPI ER THREE. the recently completed installation of the two new CTs the staffing at the Keahole Generation Station has been modified. During the weekday, six maintenance personnel are employed between 6:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. while three operating personnel work on the first shift, 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. and two operating personnel are on the second shift, 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. During the weekend, there are four operating personnel assigned with two persons in two shifts of 6:00 a.m to 2:00 p.m and 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. Hence, most of the current shift changes occur at different times than the Queen Kaahumanu Highway peak hours of 6:30 to 7:30 a.m, and 3:15 to 4:15 p.m. The fuel truck deliveries usually range between 3 to 4 trips per day, Monday through Friday. Fuel is trucked from Hilo Harbor. The Keahole Generation Station receives five mail deliveries per week. Also, other deliveries by vendor/supplier goods and services are likely to increase to between 5 and 10 deliveries per week. At project completion in Year 2009, the Keahole Generation Station weekday staffing would change to eight maintenance personnel between 6:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. and seven operating personnel in three shifts (one person from 7:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., two persons from 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., two persons from 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. and two persons from 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.). For the weekend staffing, there would be six operating personnel with two persons in each of the three shifts: 6:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m., 2:00 p.m. - 10:00 p.m, and 10:00 p.m. - 6:00 a.m. Fuel deliveries would increase to 7 or 8 fuel trucks per day, Monday through Friday, but deliveries would be from Kawaihac Harbor instead of Hilo Harbor. Also, there would be five mail deliveries and approximately 8 to 12 vendor/ supplier deliveries per week. The Kcahole Generation Station and the Airport Substation would have the largest staffing, fuel truck deliveries and vendor/supplier deliveries at project completion. Although employee shifts are slightly different from the existing morning and afternoon roadway peak hour periods, some of the employee trips are included in the morning and afternoon peak hours since it is possible the project peak hour periods may become coincident to the future highway peak hour periods. The estimated project trips, as given in Table 3-I, arc utilized for the future with project traffic conditions. 3.9.4. FUTURE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT The future Year 2009 traffic forecasts with the project arc developed by adding the future project to the projected future conditions. The future traffic assignment with the project volumes with Alternative A and Alternative B is shown in Figure 3-9 and Figure 3-10, respectively. xf CO-KEAHOLE GENEW NG SW109 8 NPRORT SJ&A NcON CRPTiEH TABLE 3-I. PROJECT TRIPS AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour Enter Exit Enter Exit Staff 13 4 2 10 Fuel Trucks 2 2 1 1 Ammonia Trucks 0 0 0 0 Vendor)Supptier 0 Q 9 0 Total 15 6 3 11 3.9.4. FUTURE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT The future Year 2009 traffic forecasts with the project arc developed by adding the future project to the projected future conditions. The future traffic assignment with the project volumes with Alternative A and Alternative B is shown in Figure 3-9 and Figure 3-10, respectively. xf CO-KEAHOLE GENEW NG SW109 8 NPRORT SJ&A NcON CRPTiEH 'a AM PEAR ,8,5,55A1 x� QUEEN HAAHUMANU HOUR VOLUME HIGHWAY tIMl m a pol� r II9p 1�0`!Ol QUEENWNMANU HIGHWAY zr11J ytlll i l qcJ) —a —��� BJLs,1J hY[ 11999i.v HOUR VOLUME b 1a55. - P I PEN( HOUR VOLUME Eg-1B FUTURE TRhFFIC AEBB . BAT"T WITHALTERNATIVEA ®'fr I i'��ayr!i rn NorM _" R,,.,J) j 4W tIJJB1— AM PEAR ,8,5,55A1 Ia551 — PM PEN( QUEEN HAAHUMANU HOUR VOLUME HIGHWAY IBP 12JSI � —, i r- a pol� R,,.,J) j 4W tIJJB1— lUTURB TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT I WITH ALTERNATIVE BJ NorTn e.. HILTON —HEAHI GENERATING STATION B AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 143 AM PEAR HOUR VOLUME Ia551 — PM PEN( o HOUR VOLUME x lUTURB TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT I WITH ALTERNATIVE BJ NorTn e.. HILTON —HEAHI GENERATING STATION B AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 143 The State Department of Transportation is currently planning to implement the Phase 1 widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway from two to four lanes between Henry Street and Kealakehe Parkway by Year 2008. Also, the Phase 11 widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway to four lanes between Kealakehe Parkway and the Keahole Airport Road is scheduled for completion by Year 2011. The analysis results with a two-lane Queen Kaahumanu Highway are similar to the future without project traffic conditions with the Palamanui north access road (Table 3-J, HELCO Alternative A) or south access road (Table 3-K, HELCO Alternative B). The intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Keahole Airport Road and Reservoir would be at Level of Service F and or operate with volume -to -capacity ratios greater than 1.0 during the aftemoon peak hour while the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaiminani Drive would exceed capacity during the morning peak hour. If Queen Kaahumanu Highway were widened to four lanes, then the analysis results in Table 3-L and Table 3-M indicates that both of these study intersections would operate at Level of Service E conditions of better. TABLE 3-J'. FUTURE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS WITH ALTERNATIVE A I M.OnslE., Oueen Kaahumanu HighwdWKeahole Aapp1 Road H Reservoe Ruud tturni Kaallumana High., NOrlhti Approach Lett Turn Right TUINThunu9n Muveur nl Sou hb .nd A,r.01 Lett Turn Through Movnmanl Right Turn Keahole Atpwl Road E.tWund Appruath Lett Turn Reservoir Road Westbaund APproeah Overall lnlerseceon Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Kaun.u.ri Dnve Oueeh Kaahumanu Highway NON,hwrW Appraatl1 Through Movement Right Turn 50GIhWrW Approach Leh Turn Through Movemant Kam n�onv i, a W Westbound Atwmacn LOT Turn Rgnl Turn OVBrall lnlerseclon HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTA11ON CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 344 AM Peak Hr _ PM Peak Hour - '+c, Delay Level0 Delay Level0 R_Jq SBWnd6 Servax R.I. nu,.Ods ScO,Cb - 29. C - 694 E 050 t0 A 112 3243 F 097 349 C 069 93 A -- 4 7 A 402 3 F 002 29 A 000 57 A 046 49 A 122 4218 F 007 28 A 007 61 A 042 336 C a 13 3622 F 009 304 G 001 460 D 093 227 G 1 34 2660 F -- 56 8 E -- 42 2 D 101 74 1 E 0 97 51 F D 014 66 A 036 12.2 B - 8l A - 479 D 040 97 A 0.96 745 E 048 a6 A 097 389 D 092 885 F 066 612 E FREE RIGHT TURN FREE RIGHT TURN 105 521 D 1.00 46.0 D HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTA11ON CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 344 TABLE 3-K-, Fl1Tl1RE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS WIT" ALTERNATNi: 3 AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hour vG: Delay Le.1M P;c Delay Leve -of Irltel_.111on RLIo (SBtor") �r lye Relitr IIAM-0It .send Oueen Kaahumanu W9hwaylKeahole Airport RINI & Repanror Road Cueau KaahU .,,, HrgttwaY Norlhbouhd Approach - 819 F - 142 6 F Left Tum 0.42 80 A 131 6366 F Through Movement 103 118.0 F 0.66 268 c R19h1 Turn 033 14 3 8 0.50 228 c 5ou1hhmmd Appmaah - 411 D - 4045 F LeflTurn 094 1156 F 078 400 D Through Alovemenl 037 147 B 1.26 5118 F HIS",forn 000 116 B 010 165 B "Ar role lulwh Rued EAUteou0d Appruech 082 1354 F 132 6843 F Len Turn Thr.u9h MOvprnoM - - - - - -- Reservoir Road WP.Mburod Approach 0n8 1474 F 132 6400 F Left Turn .. .. .. - .. .. Left TurN,Throuyh Mavernenl - - OveralllnlersedllM I.00 790 E 165 354,4 F Duces KaehrTru P Wglrwey(Kelmmem DRve Queen Kaahumarnl HlOhway N.mbbuBed Approach - 739 E 426 D Torough Movement 1 01 81 5 F 097 52.1 D BONN Turn 013 6.5 A 036 12.3 B Soum6au.d Approach - 8.8 A - 502 D 01 Tum 040 97 A 096 75.8 E Through Movemeul 048 aG A 0.98 416 D Karrnaranl Dnvc Weatbullad Approach LAMTum 091 860 F 062 58.6 E Rlght Turn FREE RIGHT TURN FREE RIGHT TURN 0ve1a0 lrnereruloo 105 559 E 094 473 D HEL CO - KEAHOLE GENERATING STAT ION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE J45 TABLE 3-L: FUTURE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS WITH ALTERNATIVE A AND WITH MITIGATION AM PeaF Neer PM Peak Hour V Dela, L<vel of Delay L -We 1 Inlereec w Rat", Ixm;ss!m;F1 $qry ce RatI0 15xtieu9J Ssrv_ Queen K.ldNinTPnu N�R�+waY1KPPM1Me 0.ngwt RfOtl 8 RYxefvCm R[Mn Ouunn KiNllumenu A.'Pay NwtftppioacP�umi A - 132 B - 1e3 B LeflTuen OBS 165 B 1149 968 D Ri9KI TurNThrouy6 M[p'eTe111 6G9 R 645 91 A 5oumnowa APera.fn - luI 3 B - 110 Lell Turn 002 8 A 4 B 6 remem TMRt 034 TO B 088 088 25C 45] f. Tupo Rport Tmn 010 89 89 A 010 t11 B Kealwln A11P11 R Ea[I bound Apf+roacft 11 leh Turn U 11 19 9 B .60 3p I C Reservpn Roaa WnalfWYnJ APP' -.l U01 12 B Vol 201 C 0ve1a111n1e2eWon I, NO 1255 B 069 21t C Oucen DI - Queen B-h-1anu Hi9ew1y Nolllwl. A},,., 129 B - 219 C TMuuyn Mavema0l (17, 13 0 B 081 29 N C RigMTun+ OIS 53 A 057 206 C 6oulnOounO A,,r-.., - 46 A - 132 B LettTum 006 108 R 084 179 C 1Hhmu91'Mnrxmnnl 1192 TO A 062 02 A K..nP xa Derv. Weslpnun0 Ap,-aCK Left Tum 0 41 27 1 C 0 39 266 C RLOftiTwr= FREE RIGHT TURN FREE RIGHT TURN ovaram lnlersetlron u83 130 a 1186 181 B TABLE 3-M'. FUTURE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS WITH ALTERNATIVE B AND WITH MITIGATION AM Pea, Naar _ PIA Peek Hou DPI., LevelIf UP;S, I.RAA 11, Ia1w,,gllitlu NR" (sLZ+{'A, SLr¢ R41PP :2440,U GSR IV OuA ,, KaNNr RP,, Hn)nway'KaanOM A,...1 I ROA k R1r-,,., RU.i4 om �� K.1h IS,, 11,1h.ay NP111,A110 A,,I..1e - 220 c 3B2 D Ie11Tnm136 ore H TRf 1144 0 gnt TNOuT,, 056 05 1C 0:6 311 C r,, RgMTu rn Jy2 ISI 181 11 (I 6S 31,11, D $W01oPAuproain - 200- B -- .13S U 01 n iur82 U X3 C OFi 203 TNwpn Moremonl Tl,, 930 141 8 1191 499 D RIOI,I TarII r=14 132 B 1113 %EJ C Keapale A E,,10 -P A 261, C - 61:1 f 14 1-1 LEleNTssm +A 161, ]fi4 C OT6 7i t' E Tnrnupn Mu.e.umrc n [ 4 26 A C G02 <.i 4 IJ P"A- a RINd L -Ibl and AUG,., 1, 0 51 25 1 c 116, 45 6 C PET Turn - - - - - LulllurRrian.ugOMovemem - - - OvnralllnitrsrcOrn IT 11 219 C 1) 64 429 D 0JNV1` KNnnumnrnl "',-6YMPv......en IT.... �Ii1an Oui n Ka= .� H�yAwaV N-111111,11,1r..A(rPmeCJi 130 B - 149 B M✓vi�mr P; C 41 X28 B P75 165 R R"I't T Rb.T..IA C 1 62 A OSU 161 B Snutii0ourrrl ApOroncP 8 -- 126 H Lell Tuna CJS i 3 e B 084 C Tlvaugn Mpverner-I 092 73 A OG! h9 69 A Kai ,, DI rWestMun6 PE"P,aA, 1ry111am (i 4: '171 !: 1'4] 255 C Ri01.1lan FREE RIGHT IURN FREE MGHI TURN Ovotall lnlrrtucuru: ('81 1 f 1 B C IX1 152 B HEL00-KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION[ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3-06 With HELCO Alternative A or Alternative B, the proportion of project trips entering the Queen Kaahumanu Highway intersections with Keahole Airport Road/ Reservoir Road and with Kaiminaui Drive ranges between 0.10 percent and 0.64 percent, as identified in Table 3-N. Hence, the proportion of traffic volumes attributable to the HELCO Keahole Generation Station and Airport Substation at the study intersections is less than one percent during morning and afternoon peak hour periods. TABLE 3-N'. PROJECT TRAFFIC VOLUMES ENTERING STUDY INTERSECTIONS ALTERNATIVE APrimary Access at South Gate and Fuel Trucks at North Gales Intersection Queen Kaahumanu Highway! Keahole Airport Road I Reservoir Road Queen Kaahumanu Highway / Kaminam Drive ALTERNATIVE 0 Primary Access at North Gates and South Gate Closed Intersection Ocean Kaahumanu Highway I Keahole Airyorl Road t Reservoir Road Queen Kaahumanu Highway t Keimnanl Drive 3.9.5. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS AM PBek�H ur PM Pgak Hour 0.30% 010% 0.50% 024% AM Peak Hour PM Peak Hou 0.60% 027% 0.38% 0.21% The existing intersections of Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Keahole Airport Road/Reservoir Road and Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Kaiminani Drive operate at Level of Service C' conditions or better during the morning and afternoon peak hours. During the morning peak hour of the March 2004 traffic counts. There were total of 48 vehicles arriving and I I vehicles departing at the north and south gates. During the afternoon peak hour, there were 7 vehicles arriving and 16 vehicles departing the north and south gates - Contractor vehicles parked external of the south gate and are included in these traffic counts. Most of the traffic volumes are due to the construction activities and testing of newly installed equipment at the Keahole Generation Station. With the existing traffic conditions, most of the HELCO generation station employees utilize the south gate and the north gates are used by fuel trucks. For future traffic conditions without the project, there are increases in the forecasted Queen Kaahumanu Highway traffic volumes that would result in Level of Service F conditions or where highway capacity conditions are exceeded. The Paurnanut project is currently studying the feasibility of a north access road and a south access road. 'fhe analysis results indicate that widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway to four lanes would mitigate traffic conditions to Level of Service E or better. 'Phe proposed laneage configurations at the two study intersections are provided in Figure 3-11. For future traffic conditions with the project, the analysis results would be similar to future traffic conditions without the project and the laneage recommendations would be the same as shown in Figure 3- HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 347 �a K Y QUEEN KAAHOMANO MGHWAY AE 0 a a ag 0 5 Y 0,..3-11 PROPOSED INTERSECTION CONFIGURATIONS ® 1xineNc+ m:t Sv�irevrt Nl •tCt[ [{JIVlp'fga�T�T 11Wi UPtloN M( WbtilYiv,IIJN If Palamanui project chooses to use its north access road as its primary connection to Queen Kaahumanu Highway, then HELCO would continue to utilize their north and south gates in a similar manner as the existing situation. If the Palamanui project selects to construct their south access road so that it connects at the Keahole Airport Road'Reservoir Road intersection, then HELCO would utilize their north gate for all project trips and close the south gates, HI:LCO is coordinating with the Palamanui developer as part of the Palamanui access feasibility study, but HE.LCO could continue with its existing gate usage for an indefinite period of time. 3.9.6. THE IMPACTS OF THE ALTERNATIVES ON TRAFFIC CONDITIONS No POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS IMPACTS IMPACTS COMMENTSIMITICATION MEASURES Alternative 1 — No Action ✓ Operating the Keahole facility with CT4 and CT -5, but without ST -7 with .SCR as a continuing use within the Slate Conservation District would have no substantive impact upon traffic conditions. Because no further amendments to the existing Conservation District Use Permit, under which the plant presently operates, would be considered by the OLNR, it Is unlikely that there would be any change to fuel types used at the plant In addition, there would be no need for the delivery of ammonia related to the SCR system. Alternative 2—Proposed Action ✓ The additional vehicular traffic generated by new employees, additional fuel delivery, ammonia delivery, and other vehicular -related activities associated with the HELLO—KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 5 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER 1 HREE PAGE 3-0e No POTENTIAL ADVERSE f IMPACTS (IMPACTS IMPACTS 1 COMMENTSR,Innn"MEAS URES Proposed Action is projected to constitute between one Alternative 3 - West Hawaii ✓ Alternative 4 - EaSUWest Hawaii ✓ Alternative 5 - Renewable ✓ 3.10. NOISE QUALITY tenth and six tenths of one percent of the future traffic projected on Queen Kaahumanu Highway in 2009. This can be considered to be a negligible impact. Although no traffic, study was performed on the Alternatives, in comparison to traffic volumes at the Airport intersection 1 on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, traffic at the Puu Anahulu intersection is expected to be of significantly lower volume. Extrapolating the relatively low volume of traffic created by a power generating facility would lead us to anticipate little if any impacts on future traffic conditions. 1, Given the character of Highway 11 in Hilo, and assuming the same relative traffic impacts to the Hill Station as to the Keahole Station, we anticipate that there may not be a significant impact upon traffic by expanding the Hill plant Using the historical experience of the former sugar can industry's impact upon traffic in the Hamakua and North Kohala areas, we would anticipate that the transportation of the cultivated biomass product from the fields to the combustion site would have a potentially significant impact upon the Hawaii Belt Road in Harni Loud noises are known to have adverse physiological and psychological effects on people. Residential and resort areas near airports are particularly affected. The State DOH Noise Radiation and Indoor Air Quality (NRIAQ) Branch conducts investigations of health and environmental -related problems, and performs regulatory functions to monitor compliance with applicable statutes and rules. These functions include permit issuance, monitoring, and enforcement," NRIAQ also assures that noise emissions (tom permitted activities, including construction operations (day and night), stationary noise sources, and agricultural and industrial operations comply with specified conditions, standards, and rules. In order to assess the noise impacts associated with improvements to the generating station, HFLCO retained HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. (HFP) of Houston, Texas to conduct an acoustical study for this HIS. HFP provides acoustical consulting services for major industrial, infrastructure, and architectural clients. Since 1979, HFP has completed more than 2,800 acoustical engineering projects in 19 countries on 6 continents. HFP has a strong history in noise measurement, assessment, and noise control for industrial facilities. The purpose of the study was to (1) quantitatively describe the existing acoustical environment surrounding the plant, (2) predict the future changes in sound level due to the improvements to the generating station and changes in traffic, and (3) predict the overall cumulative sound -level impact of the proposed improvements. FIFP's report is summarized in subsequent sections and an entire copy of the report is attached as Appendix H. HFP performed an environmental sound -level survey to characterize and quantify the existing acoustical environment in the area surrounding the subject property. It then processed the data to separate (to the extent possible) the noise contributions from existing conditions. 1T Data From Slate DQII wchsite (hilp:/hvww.hawaii,govAtcilthi cnaironnienta Vnoise/.) HELCO-KEAEOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 149 In order to assess the noise impacts of the proposed improvements, HFP constructed a computer noise model of the existing plant facility based on field measurements of the existing plant equipment and a separate model of the proposed improvements to the plant, including all proposed noise control treatments. The measurement data from the environmental sound level survey was combined with these computer noise model predictions to calculate the potential future environmental sound levels in the area surrounding the plant. 3.10.1. NOISE STANDARDS AND MEASUREMENTS State DOH regulations require industrial facilities to generate less than the specified noise levels at the industrial facility property line. The specified noise levels depend on the arca classification of the land surrounding the industrial area. However, the area classification of the land surrounding the subject property is unclear. Thus, HELLO voluntarily decided to meet the residential property line regulation of 55 dBA'5 during the daytime (7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.) and 45 dBA during the nighttime (10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.). HFP surveyed the area surrounding the plant from June 25 through June 29, 2004. Nine measurement locations were chosen to characterize the acoustical environment surrounding the plant. Seven of these locations were in the residential neighborhoods to the south and west of the plant, with the remaining locations placed in the undeveloped lava fields to the north and east of the plant. Measurements were taken at each of the seven neighborhood locations for two 24 hour (approximately) non-contiguous measurement periods. The intent was to measure a large enough sample of sound levels to fairly characterize the existing acoustical environment. Only one measurement was taken at each of the lava field locations to the north and east of the plant. The measurement at the north location was approximately 17 hours in duration. The measurement at the cast location was approximately 48 hours in duration. LOCATION I: West of Pukiawe Street at the Kupaloke Street intersection. The monitor was placed approximately 5 feet northwest of telephone pole number 7. This location has, a clear line of sight to the plant. The exhaust stacks for CT -2, the reciprocating units, and CT -4 and 5 are clearly visible. Lot A NON 2: North side of Kupalokc Street at the west edge of the driveway to Residence C, on the north side of Kupalokc Street. The monitor was placed approximately 5 feet cast -northeast of telephone pole number 3. The location has a direct line of sight to the plant, and the exhaust stacks for CT -2, the reciprocating units, and CT -4 and 5 are clearly visible. 3 LOCA IPON 3: East side of Lau'i Street at Kupalokc Street at the north edge of the intersection. The monitor was placed approximately 6 feet north of the telephone pole located east of the north edge of Kupalokc Street. The top of the plant stacks are barely visible from this location. The other plant equipment is not visible I lie decibel Idl31 IS used to measure sound level, but It is also widely used in electronics, signals and communication. I he dR is a logarithmic unit used to describe a ratio. The ratio may be power, Sound pressure, voltage of iuenxity or several other Things. Irthe "A weighting filter" is used, the sound pressure level is given in unils ol'dB(A) ordRA_ sound pressure level un the 113A scale is easy to measure and is Iheretorc widely used HELLO-KEAHOLE GENERA IING STAI ION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 30 LOCATION 4: East of Residence A, east of the centerline of the residence/ business located to the west of the plant. The monitor was located approximately 4 feet inside the fence, directly east of the television aerial on the business / residence. This location is shielded from the plant by the maintenance building and topography. None of the equipment stacks are visible due to the building and the large elevation change. LOCATION 5: East side of Lau'i Street, one block south of Kupaloke Street approximately one block south of Location 3. The monitor was placed approximately 6 feet north of telephone pole number 9 on I.Not Street. The generating station is not visible from this location. LOCATION 6: North of Kupaloke Street, north of Residence B. The monitor was placed approximately 3 feet west north-west of telephone pole number 2. The location has a direct line of sight to the plant, and the exhaust stacks for C7-2, the reciprocating units, and CT -4 and 5 are clearly visible. LOCATION 7: West of Pukiawe Street, one block south of Kupaloke Street Location 7, approximately one block south of Location 1. The monitor was placed approximately 8 feet south of telephone pole number 10. The plant is partially visible from this location, though most of the equipment is shielded by ground vegetation or the residences to the north. LOCATION 8: Approximately 2,000 feet northeast of the Plant in the middle of the lava field This location was approximately 1,500 feet north northwest of the northwest corner of the two water tanks located at the east end of the access road north of the plant. This location has a direct line or sight to the plant equipment. This location is representative of the existing sound levels to the north and northeast of the plant. There are currently no residences or other structures in this undeveloped area. Lot, A RON 9: Approximately 2,500 feet southeast of the Plant in the middle of the undeveloped lava field. The monitor was located directly east of Residence E and north of telephone pole number 11 on Kaiminani Road The location has a direct line of sight to the CT -4 and Cf -5 exhausts but most other of the plant noise sources were hidden by terrain and foliage. This location is representative of the sound levels to the east and southeast of the plant. There are currently no residences or other structures in this undeveloped area. At the generating station, CT -4 was in peaking mode operation during the measurement periods. CT -5 was undergoing peilmmance testing. One or both of these units were in operation during each measurement period. The weather conditions during the survey period were appropriate for an environmental sound -level survey. There were a few brief periods of rain during the measurement survey, and the only significant rain occurred on the morning of June 26, 2004. During field observations the plant was inaudible at Locations 3, 5, 7, and 0. The plant was barely audible at measurement Locations 1, 2, 4, and 6. The plant was clearly audible at Location 8 3.10.2. EXISTING CONDITIONS HFP divided the environmental noise sources surrounding the plant into short-term and steady state categories. Short-term sources include aircraft overflights and local neighborhood traffic. Steady stale sources include the generating station, insects and birds (while they are active), traffic on Queen Kaahumanu I lighway and Kaiminani Drive, and wind noise. The steady stale sources vary with time, but their variation takes place over tens of minutes rather than one or two minutes like the short term sources. HELCO- NEAHOLE GENEFAT ING SWION&AI JHT SUBSTATION CHAPTERTHREE, PAGE s51 HFP presented the results of its survey in graphical, tabular, and statistical form, all of which can be reviewed in its entirety in the Noise Study attached as Appendix H. The statistical results are presented herein in the following table. TABLE 3-0'. SUMMARY OF MEASUREMENT PERIOD DATA AVERAGE OF 15 MINUTE L90s (Notes'. Ed = day average', Ln = night average; WIN = day -night average sound level's; Leq = Average of sound levels for a specified period; L90 = Sound level exceeded 90 percent of time; indicator of background or ambient sound level) In addition to the noise generated from the plant, HFP found that the existing acoustical environment surrounding the plant was dominated by noise from traffic on Queen Kaehumanu Highway, aircraft traffic from the Kona International Airport, and local traffic on Kaiminant Drive and other neighborhood streets. HFP observed several agricultural facilities in and around the neighborhood with significant truck and farm machinery activity associated with the facilities. The plant was inaudible at most of the measurement locations during the daytime hours because of the other environmental noise sources. HFP measured existing plant contributions to the acoustical environment. The results for the existing, untreated plants' arc shown in Table 3-P. This table shows the calculated environmental sound level contributions with two combinations of existing equipment in operation: ( I) nighttime operation of the three combustion turbines (CT -2, CT -4, and CT -5) and (2) daytime operation of three combustion turbines and three reciprocating units (D-21, D-22, D-23). Ic A standard noise measurement that takes into account the noise level, of all individual events that occur during a 24-h0ur period and the number of times those events occur. This measure includes a 10-decibcl (dFn adjustment for the added intrust veness of noise that ocnvs during normal sleeping hour, when people are more sensitive to noise. Without noise mitigation aloopment LELco-rcFAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER LREE, PAGE 3.52 T... .. .. . ___ _ _..__ .___I ..__- _ - START DATE , LOCATION Lo ! LIN LDN LEO L90 DAY L90 NIGHT L90 PERIOD 6/24/2004 1A 55.5 48.7 57.0 54.0 45.0 42.1 44.1 6/26/2004 18 54 0 500 57.2 52.8 46 1_ 42.8 452 6124/2004 2A', 560 1 54.5 61.2 _ 55.5 _ _ 443 44.8 _ 445 6126/2004 213 53.3 53.9 S60.2 53.5 44.1 40.9 43.2 6/24/2004 3A 61.7 50A 61.3 59.8 54.8 35.7 52.7 6/26/2004 3B 59.6 538 I 61.7 58.2 51.5 34.9 49.5 6/24/2004 4A 55.0 496 57.3 53.6 484 449 474 6126/2004 4B 1 54 3 48.7 56.5 52.9 490 44.0 .47.7 6125/2004 5A 51.5 48.9 55.8 50.7 40.8 40.2 40.6 6/27/2004 5B 507 442 52.3 492 38.8 373 384 fi125/2004 6A 53.3 48.3 55.9 52.1 44.2 1 41.4 43.4 6/27/2004 6B 53.9 53.5 60.0 53.7 42 2 43.0 42 5 6/25/2004 7A 1 57.8 50.4 59.0 56.2 46.1 423 45.0 6/2712004 713 57.3 52.1 59 7 55.9 44.9 41.6 44.0 6125/2004 8 51.9 493 56.5 51 2 46.2 44.6 457 6/27/2004 9 48.3 474 54.0 48.0 39.2 39.3 39 2 In addition to the noise generated from the plant, HFP found that the existing acoustical environment surrounding the plant was dominated by noise from traffic on Queen Kaehumanu Highway, aircraft traffic from the Kona International Airport, and local traffic on Kaiminant Drive and other neighborhood streets. HFP observed several agricultural facilities in and around the neighborhood with significant truck and farm machinery activity associated with the facilities. The plant was inaudible at most of the measurement locations during the daytime hours because of the other environmental noise sources. HFP measured existing plant contributions to the acoustical environment. The results for the existing, untreated plants' arc shown in Table 3-P. This table shows the calculated environmental sound level contributions with two combinations of existing equipment in operation: ( I) nighttime operation of the three combustion turbines (CT -2, CT -4, and CT -5) and (2) daytime operation of three combustion turbines and three reciprocating units (D-21, D-22, D-23). Ic A standard noise measurement that takes into account the noise level, of all individual events that occur during a 24-h0ur period and the number of times those events occur. This measure includes a 10-decibcl (dFn adjustment for the added intrust veness of noise that ocnvs during normal sleeping hour, when people are more sensitive to noise. Without noise mitigation aloopment LELco-rcFAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER LREE, PAGE 3.52 TABLE 3-P: PREDICTED EXISTING PLANT CONTRIBUTIONS ALL EXIST ING EQUIPMENT OPERATING, AS CURRENTLY INSTALLED D-21, D-22, D-23, CT -2, CT4, CT -5 LOCATION CALM WITH WIND LD LN LEN LD LN LDN 1 53 53 60 56 54 61 2 54 54 60 57 55 62 3 41 43 49 45 44 50 4 55 56 62 56 56 63 5 46 49 55 51 50 56 6 55 55 61 58 56 62 7 46 49 55 51 50 56 8 46 51 57 52 52 58 9 40 45 50 47 46 52 Table 3-1) calculates the total existing environmental sound levels, and summarizes all existing environmental noise sources as separated and calculated in the tables above along with the computer model prediction of the existing plant. The "Combination of All Sources' column shows the logarithmic sum of the noise from the different environmental noise sources. -r TABLE 3-Q:CALCULATED TOTAL EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL SOUND LEVELS, WITH PLANT --�I LOG TRAFFIC AIRCRAFT INSECTS PRI COMBINATION Of ALL DICTED PLANT SOURCES LD I LN LDN LD LN _ LoNLD I LN ITCH LD LN LDN LD LN 1 Lou 1 A 506 46.1 53,5 52.9 41.6 52 4 1 48.8 142.8 50.8 56 54 !61 59 55 * 62 18 50,8 44.7 52 7 48.5 41.3 49 8 48.1 47.6 54.1 56 f 54 61 58 55 62 2A 4-7-3- 43 2 507 49.3 36.1 484 54.0 � 48.9 56.5 57 55 62 60 56 63 ! 213 469 40.0 48 3 1 46.0 34 5 45.5 51 0 1 53.7 59.8 57 55 62 _ 59 58 64 1 3A _� 45 6 40.1 _ 480 1 56.2 I- 39.6 543 60.2 49.8 60 1_ 45 44 50 62 51 62 3B 44 6 f 38.3 463 50.0 35.5 48 8 59.1 53.7 61.4 45 44 50 60 54 62 4A 52 3 464 54 3 51,5_ 42 1 51 8 43.0 450 51.2 56 56 �63 59 57 64 _ III -. I 48 52,7 ! 461 54 3 {1 �4-8.6 t 39.2 469 421 44.2 504 56 56 �63 56 57� l 63 5A 45.7 1 42.5 495 500 46.3 53,5 40 8 42.7 48.9 51 50 56 54 , 53 59 513 1 443 40.7 48.0 49.2 40.5 49,7 40.0 35.4 429 51 50 56 54 777 51 58 6A 48.1 45.3 52 3 514 41.9 51.6 42.9 X43.0 49.4 58 56 62 59 57 64 68 46.5 43.0 50.1 51.7 41.9 51.8 47.8 .53.0 569 5856 62 59 58 65 j ` 7A 510 47.6 54 7 5 4 44.3 55 0 517 , 44.3 52.9 51 50 566 59 53 61 7B 49 7 45.6 52 9 54.31 47.2_55 6 ! 52.8 48.4 55 8 51 50 56 58 54 61 49.3 47.9 54 fi 487 42.7 1 506 32.0 42.7 48.5 52 52 58 55 54 61 9,JI 418 402_ 469. 45.1_ 42.5 1494 1 43.6 4 508 47 146 �52 51 50 56 TELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBS]ATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 353 3.10.3. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS Significant noise control treatments are planned for the existing plant equipment, Each treatment project will specify property line sound level targets for the subject equipment. These targets will vary with a goal of meeting HELCO's overall property line targets of 55 dBA during daytime operation and 45 dBA during nighttime operation for all plant equipment. A summary of the property line targets for each treatment project are shown in Table 3-R. TABLE 3-R: SUMMARY OF PROPERTY LINE NOISE CONTROL TARGETS PROPERTY LINE LIMIT EQUIPMENT NORTH EAST 1 SOUTH WEST CT4 and CT -5 Simple Cycle 42 dBA, 70 dBC CT -2 Simple Cycle 36 dBA _ 40 dBA 34 dBA _ 40 dBA Diesel Units, per Unit 48 dBA Notes. dBA =decibel with A weighting, dBC = decibel with C weighting (See glossary for weighting definitions). 3.10.4. THE NOISE IMPACTS OF THE ALTERNATIVES NO POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS IMPACTS IMPACTS 1, Alternative 1- No Action ✓ I Alternative 2 - Proposed Action COMMIT NTS/MITIGATION MEASURES HELCO will install noise control equipment that will limit the noise contributions of the CTA and CT -5 simple -cycle equipment to less than 42 dBA at all plant property lines. HELCO performed an analysis of the required noise control for CT -2 so that all plant equipment in simultaneous operation would produce less than 45 dBA at the plant property line. The initial review of the noise control treatments necessary to reduce the reciprocating diesel unit (D-21, D-22, and 0- 23) property line noise contributions to less than the nlghthme 45 dBA target found that the predicted cost per megawatt hour would exceed HELCO's target. Since these units are used primarily as peaking power units and are small compared to the other equipment on site, HELCO has decided to restrict their use to daytime operation only. The daytime property line target chosen by HELCO is 55 dBA. HELCO will reduce noise impacts by (1) installing enclosures around certain egwpment and (2) installing silencers in the CT horizontal exhaust ducts at ground level. HELCO's December 19, 2003 letter to DOH provided analysis results confirming that the Installations of enclosures and silencers do not change the results of the ambient air quality impact modeling analysis for the modification. According to HEP, the noise controls required for the CT 4 and CT -5 will be sufficient for the combined -cycle expansion to meet a 45 dBA property line target with all equipment In operation. HRSGs will be added to both the CT -4 and CT 5 exhaust ductwork. These are large devices, and they will function as additional barriers for the exhaust ductwork and other plant noise sources- The HRSGs will also provide significant additional exhaust silencing HELLO- NEAHOLE GENERAL ING STATION 8 AIRPORT SeaSrATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3-'rvr No POTENTIAL AovERSE IMPACTS IMPACTS IMPACTS COMMENTSIMITIGATION MEASURES Alternative 3 - West Hawaii Alternative 4 - EasUWest Hawai Alternative 5 - Renewable 3.11. VISUAL ATTRIBUTES The most significant noise sources added with the combined cycle project would be the ST -7 unit and the associated ST - 7 air cooled condenser bank. HELCO will install the equipment necessary to mitigate the noise generated by the condenser bank to the regulatory requirements. ✓ The noise conditions and the impacts on the surrounding area would need to be assessed if a new generating station is built at the Pun Anahulu site Because there are no residences in the immediate vicinity of the PUT Anahulu site, it is anticipated that noise mitigation measures would be less costly than those. proposed for implementation at the Keahole site. ✓ The expansion of rhe Hill site to accommodate new energy production equipment is anticipated to have a significant negative impact upon the surrounding area, because of its built-up character. The noise mitigation equipment needed is anticipated to represent a significant expenditure ✓ It is not possible to determine what the precise noise impacts might be because the specific location of a biomass running facility is unknown However, given the character of the facility, it is likely that it would be constructed away from existing urban concentrations. The components that are used to generate power to homes, hospitals, research facilities, universities, schools, businesses, federal, state, and county government facilities are of an industrial nature with a focus on function rather than lorm. The facilities, as depicted in Figure 2.3, are comprised of stacks, turbines, industrial equipment, and related structures, and are not visually appealing. 3.11.1. EXISTING CONDITIONS As described in detail in Chapter 'Two, the subject property includes a generating station and substation- It is surrounded by vacant areas of open lava flows to the north and east, the Keahole Agricultural Park to the south and southeast, and a residential subdivision, Kona Palisades, beginning approximately 3,500 feet to the southeast. Four 90 -foot towers owned by the Big Island Broadcasting Co. are located on a 4 - acre parcel on the subject property's eastern boundary. The adjacent properly to the north is owned by the Department of Hawaiian florae Lands (DHHL), and is planned Cor residential and commercial development. To the south and southeast of the subject property is the State Keahole Agricultural Park, a 179 acre owned and leased subdivision of approximately 36 live -acre lots used Ibr diversified agriculture. HELCO—KEAHOE GENERATING SIAL ION & AI HIOR° SUBSTATION CHAP ER 1 HREE PAGE 155 Kona International Airport is one mile west of the subject property. ,lust west of Kona International Airport is the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) located on 870 acres of State - owtied land. 3.11.2. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION Site selection helps to mitigate adverse visual impacts. The subject property is currently zoned "Open' (0) under the County of Hawaii zoning code. However, the `MG" (general industrial) designation appears to be more applicable to the current uses in the area, which inclw.le: ( I ) agricultural product,. processing, major and minor; (2) airfields, heliports and private landing strips: (3) aquaculture activities and facilities; (4) broadcasting stations; (5) greenhouses, plant nurseries; (6r utility facilities, public and private, including power plants, offices or yards for equipment, utility substations, as pemtitted under section 25-4-11. All of these "MC" or industrial permitted uses have co -existed in the area for main years. PHOTOGRAPH 3-31 VIEW OF KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION LOOKING NORTH AT MAIN ENTRANCE. QUEEN KAAHUMANU HIGHWAY IS ON THE LEFT. THE KEAHOLE AGRICULTURE PARK IS IN THE FOREGROUND In addition to site selection, the visual impacts of a generating station decrease by distance and by the creation of buffers. In order to lessen the visual impacts of the improvements to the generating station on the immediate neighboring community, HF.LCO has sought and received approval from the DLNR for landscape improvements, gate modifications, and fence construction at the subject property. The perimeter landscaping along the southwest, west, and northwest sections of the property will be redone to help mitigate the adverse visual impacts of the improvements to the station. HELLO will create bernted planters in areas that are currently landscaped and transplant some of the existing vegetation. New trees HELLO—KEAHOLE GENERA I ING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3Ga and plants will also be added to create a more effective and attractive visual buffer. The area of the proposed planters is approximately 9,500 square feet. (See landscape concept plan.) HELLO will also convert its existing fence into a permanent perimeter fence and modify two existing gates by recessing the gates into the facility. The new gates would be automated, electronic card -reading gates. FIGURE 3-12. LANDSCAPE CONCEPT PLAN ,4 F a. .Y 3.11.2.1. Cumulative Impacts New lights were recently installed on the C'P-4 and CT -5 exhaust stack. 'Phe lights are required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to identify the stack, which is treated as an obstruction in the area. HELCO has received comments from the community about the lights, which are 24-hour strobe lights. The lights do switch from 'day' intensity to a lower'night' intensity, but is still somewhat bright for people in the area. The FAA permit explicitly calls for medium intensity, white obstruction lights with 24-hour strobe and require a certain number of lights. HELCO must comply with FAA regulations. However, the situation TELCO - tEAHOLE GENERATING 51A I ION & AIRPOR- SIIBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3i 3.11.2.1. Cumulative Impacts New lights were recently installed on the C'P-4 and CT -5 exhaust stack. 'Phe lights are required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to identify the stack, which is treated as an obstruction in the area. HELCO has received comments from the community about the lights, which are 24-hour strobe lights. The lights do switch from 'day' intensity to a lower'night' intensity, but is still somewhat bright for people in the area. The FAA permit explicitly calls for medium intensity, white obstruction lights with 24-hour strobe and require a certain number of lights. HELCO must comply with FAA regulations. However, the situation TELCO - tEAHOLE GENERATING 51A I ION & AIRPOR- SIIBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3i provides little comfort to the community. Given the public concerns, HELLO is discussing the matter with the FAA to see if there is any Flexibility in the requirements. 3.11.3. THE VISUAL IMPACTS OF THE ALTERNATIVES No POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS IMPACTS IMPACTS Alternative 1 - No Action ✓ Alternative 2 - Proposed Action Alternative 3 - West Hawaii Alternative 4 - EastlPtlest Hawaii Alternative 5 - Renewable 3.12. TERRESTRIAL FLORA COMMENTSIMITIGATION MEASURES As depicted in the landscape concept plan. HELCO plans to improve the landscaping along the perimeter of the subject property. Tall, medium, and small trees: palms, medium and large shrubs: and groundcover will be planted to lessen the visual impacts of the CT 4 and CT -5 exhaust stack. The reclassification and rezoning are policy actions that for all intents and purposes represent after -the -fact approvals of an existing facility. Uses in the area fall under the MG designation. The perimeter landscaping along the southwest, westand northwest sections of the property will be redone to help mitigate the adverse visual impacts of the improvements to the station. HELCO will create banned planters in areas that are currently landscaped and transplant some of the existing vegetation. New trees and plants will also be added to create a more effective and attractive visual buffer. The area of the proposed planters is approximately 9,500 square feet. As improvements are installed and cumulative impacts become apparent (e. g. FAA light requirements) HELCO has made reasonable efforts to address public concerns and work with the community. It may not be necessary to institute visual buffers at the Pun Anahulu site. However, an assessment would need to be made identifying the attributes of the site and the surrounding area. Unless transmission lines are constructed underground, it would be difficult to mitigate the visual impacts in this urban area. The cost would be substantial as the Big Island spans a large area and is not densely populated like Oahu. Depending on the location of the new biomass plant, it may be necessary to institute visual buffers to mitigate the impacts. Winona P. Char of Char & Associates, Botanical Consultants, conducted an updated field survey of the Keahole Generating Station (Parcel 30) and also surveyed the Airport Substation site (Parcel 37). She had surveyed in 1993 the Keahole Generating Station site for the 1993 Revised Final EIS (1993 RFEIS). I he primary objectives of the field survey were to: ( I ) prepare a general description of the vegetation on the entire project site; (2) search for threatened and endangered specie and specie of concern; (3) identify areas of potential environmental problems or concerns; and (4) propose appropriate mitigation measures. A summary of her survey follows, and a complete copy of the Rolanind Resources Assessnrent SoodY dated August 14, 2003. is provided in Volume 2 of the EIS, and identified as Appendix C. 3.12.1. EXISTING CONDITIONS According to the study, the vegetation on the Keahole Generating Station and the primary and secondary access roads are comprised altnost exclusively of introduced or alien species. Introduced species are all HELCO—NEAHO.E GENERATING SIA IGN & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 350 those plants that were brought to the Hawaiian Islands by humans, intentionally or accidentally, after Western contact (Cook's anival in the islands in 1778). Three native species were observed during the Geld studies. All are indigenous, that is, they are native to the Hawaiian islands and elsewhere. `Uhaloa and ilima are found along the roadsides and other disturbed areas, while the beach naupaka is cultivated as landscape material. The vegetation on Parcel 36 consists of landscape plantings with occasional weedy patches, especially along the perimeter fence line. Parcel 37 is located makai (west) of the larger Parcel 36. It has been bulldozed and supports a transformer station that is surrounded by a chain-link fence. There are only a handful of plants, which cover less than 1 percent, on the level, gravel -coveted parcel. None of the plants observed on Parcels 36 and 37 and along the primary and secondary access roads are threatened or endangered species or a species of concern. All of the plants can be found in similar lowland, dry habitats throughout the West Hawaii region. The previous botanical study conducted in 1993 also reported similar findings. 3.12.2. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION Given these findings, the reclassification or improvements of the land is not expected to have a significant negative impact on the botanical resources. According to Char & Associates' report, there are no botanical reasons to impose any restrictions, conditions, or impediments to the proposed land use reclassification. No mitigation measures of any kind are warranted. 3.12.3. THE IMPACTS OF THE ALTERNATIVES ON TERRESTRIAL FLORA No POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS IMPACTS IMPACTS COMMENTS/MITIGATION MEASURES Alternative 1 — No Action ✓ There would be no adverse impacts to botanical resources under the No Action Alternative. The land is developed and the plants are not threatened or endangered. The reclassification and rezoning are policy actions that for all intents and purposes represent after -the -fact approvals of an existing facility. Alternative 2 — Proposed Action ✓ The reclassification of the land to the Urban District and Its eventual rezoning to 'MG" or general industrial would have no Impact upon the botanical resources. The improvements would not require extensive ground disturbance, as the addition of new equipment would be atop an existing asphalt pad. No adverse impacts to botanical resources are anticipated under the Proposed Alternative. Alternative 3 — West Hawaii !I ✓ A study would have to be conducted of the botanical resources at the Pun Anatole site prior to the construction of the facilities. A new generating station would require substantial ground disturbance Alternative 4 — EastAmst Hawaii ✓ The construction of new turbines at the Hill site in East Hawaii location would not impact the botanical resources of the site, primarily because the property is already developed. However, this issue may pose a problem as transmission lines are constructed over varying terrains across the island TELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION$ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 159 NO POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS i IMPACTS IMPACTS COMMENTSIMITIGATION MEASURES Alternative 5 - Renewable _ ✓ The Impacts on botanical resources for this alternative cannot be known until the details of a biomass plant and/or location to grow fuel crops are determined. However, it is anitcipated that this alternatve would have the greatest potemal impact due to the likelihood that several hundred acres, if not thousands, might be required 3.13. TERRESTRIAL FAUNA Environmental Consultant Phillip L. Bruner conducted a field survey of the Keahole Generating Station property and nearby surrounding lands. The goals of the survey were to document the species of birds and mammals currently on or near the property, and to note any features of the site or nearby lands that contained habitat of potential value for native and migratory birds. A complete copy of the survey, Avifauna/ and Fera/ Mammal Field Survey of Keahole Generating Station dated July 29, 2003, is provided in Volume 2 of the EIS, identified as Appendix B. Dr. Bruner surveyed the arca on foot and by car using existing roads to the north and south of the property. He accumulated data during the early morning and late afternoon when birds were most active and easily detectable. He established count stations throughout the survey area. All birds seen or heard - over an eight -minute period at each count station were tallied. Observations made outside these stations were also noted. Estimates of the relative abundance of each species were drawn from the data. Data on mammals were obtained from visual observations and scats, and no trappings were conducted. Weather during the survey was partly cloudy with light winds. 3.13.1. EXISTING CONDITIONS 3.13.1.1. Avifauna - Native, Migratory, and Introduced Birds Dr. Bruner reported that no native birds were observed during the current survey of the area. Also, migratory birds were not observed on the survey, which may have been primarily due to the timing of the survey as migratory birds are on their breeding grounds in the arctic at the time the survey was taken. The most abundant migrant to Hawaii is the Pacific Golden -Plover (Pluviales fuiva). However, this species Is not listed as threatened or endangered. A total of 13 species of introduced (Tion -native) birds were recorded on the survey. None ofthe introduced birds are listed as threatened or endangered. The array of species recorded on the 1992 and current survey are typical of what would be expected in this area. 3.13.1.2. Mammals Di. Bruner saw two domestic cats (hell. (atus) and one small Indian mongoose (Herpestro auropwl(tatus) during the survey. The cats may not be feral since there are plant nurseries nearby. No rats or mice were observed. However, they are likely to occur in this area. 3.13.1.3. Threatened and Endangered Species The actual generating plant site docs not contain any unusual or unique habitat important to native or migratory birds or mammals. The findings conform with the results of the earlier survey of this area conducted in 1992. HELLO-KFAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3 60 3.13.2. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION No significant negative impacts on terrestrial fauna are likely to occur as a result of the proposed land use change or from the improvements. No mitigation measures of any kind are warranted. 3.13.3. THE IMPACTS OF THE ALTERNATIVES ON TERRESTRIAL FAUNA __--1 No (POTENTIAL ADVERSE _ IMPACTS IMPACTS IMPACTS _ _ COMMENTS/MITIGATION MEASURES Alternative 1 - No Action ✓ ! . The study found that the subject property does not contain ! any unusual or unique habitat important to fauna. No mitigation measures are warranted.. Alternative 2 -Proposed Action ✓ The improvements to the generating station would not adversely impact the terrestrial fauna, and no mitigation measures are warranted. Alternative 3 - West Hawaii ✓ New studies would need to be conducted to ascertain the conditions of the Puu Anahulu site. Alternative 4- East/West Hawaii ✓ The construction of new turbines at the Hill site in East Hawaii would not impact the terrestrial fauna of the site, primarily because the property is already developed. However, this issue may pose a problem as transmission ilines are constructed over varying tenains across the island. Alternative 5 - Renewable ✓ The impacts on fauna for this alternative cannot be known I until the details of a biomass plant and/or location to grow fuel crops are determined. However, because a large area of land is required for this alternative, impacts on fauna will probably occur. The degree cannot be ascertained at this I .. time. 3.14. NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT Marine Research Consultants conducted an assessment of the potential impacts on the marine environment that may arise from the improvements and expansion of the subject properly. A summon of Marine Research Consultants' report follows, and a complete copy of the report, An Assessment o/' Polenlial Impac[.e to the Marine Rnlrromnew dated February 2004, is provided in Volume 2 of the EIS, identified as Appendix J. 3.14.1. EXISTING CONDITIONS The Ilawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) Park and the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH), which lie adjacent to one another at Keahole Point, North Kana, Hawaii, are nearly directly downslope from the HELCO facilities. HOST and NELII are owned and operated by the State, and administered by the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA). The land on which NELHA is situated consists of 870 acres with a steep offshore balhymetry for easy access to the ocean depths. These facilities accommodate tenants doing business in ocean -related science and technology industries, research, development and commercial application of technology -intensive activities that utilize ocean water as a resource or depend on proximity to the ocean, including aquaculture, mariculmre, and ocean -related activities. All groundwater that is not pumped from the aquifer ultimately reaches the ocean. Alteration of groundwater flow and/or composition also is a factor that can potentially alter the nearshorc marine environment. Alteration of groundwater flowing under HELCO's project site will represent a subsidy to existing conditions that may already be affected by other human activities. HELLO- NEAHOLE GENERATING STATION& AIRPORT SU95TATION CHAPTER THREE, GAGE 361 In the case of the HELLO generating station, the location of the project site dictates that groundwater flow to the ocean would interact to some degree with the functional aspects of NELH and HOST Park, in terms of both water usage and discharge of "used" water back to the marine environment. These interactions are important because of the reliance on "high quality" ocean water for NELHA mariculture uses. Marine Consultants used existing data to assess the magnitude of changes that could be caused by HELCO's project with respect to the historical alteration to groundwater discharge to the ocean as a result of NELH/HOST Park activities. The contextual evaluation provided a valid basis in assessing the potential for impacts directly attributable to HELCO's project, which in turn, provided an estimate of the impact on marine biotic communities. 3.14.2. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION According to Marine Consultants' report, improvements, and expansion of the generating station have the potential to impact brackish groundwater in the vicinity of the plant through several means: (1) alteration of supply of onsite brackish groundwater; (2) subsurface disposal of the plant wastewater; and (3) disposal of domestic wastewater generated by operation of the power plant. In addition, HELCO's project will result in potential changes to the supply from the Hawaii County DWS system. Marine Consultants evaluated various data sources, in particular the Tom Nance Water Resources Engineering report (attached to the EIS in Volume 2 as Appendix P), and the Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) data. CEMP was originally laid out in a 1987 EIS for the NELH and HOST Park and has since been modified several times. The two broad objectives of CEMP were to: (1) protect the unique environmental resources of the Keahole Point area and their diverse uses. and (2) provide the information necessary to comply with the permit requirements of various county, state and federal agencies. The water quality components of CEMP have produced a massive amount of data, which may be the largest set of continuous water quality data in the State for a single location. Virtualh no other analysis or interpretation of the data had been conducted or reported. The State in 2001 funded a comprehensive review of the seawater return system at NELH, which included a thorough examination of CEMP. The data analysis was designed to elucidate the effects the discharge of return water has had on the ncarshore marine -receiving environment With the large existing data set, a clear "story" of the effects of the discharge became evident. Because the return seawater i:, mixed with low salinity groundwater prior to discharge to the ocean, utilization of a conservative hydrographic mixing model proved to be an effective tool for evaluating the results of the CEMP Because the effects to NELWHOSI' Park are a concern in planning of HELCO's project, Marine Consultants used the long-term data set for the present evaluation of the potential effects of HELCO's project. 3.15. WATER CHEMISTRY Marine Consultants interpreted the CEMP water chemistry data, which draws samples from a variety of water sources, including disposal trenches, wells, anchialine ponds, shoreline and offshore ocean samples 3.15.1. EXISTING CONDITIONS Marine Consultants used the NELHA CEMP database to analyze various fresh and marine water source near the shoreline of Kcahole Point directly downslope of the HELCO generating station. In evaluating the data, it was found through the evaluation that the disposal of seawater from NF.LH1IOST Park activities is responsible for periodic large nutrient subsidies that reach the ocean. The structure of the HELCO— KEAHOLE SENERAI ING STATION & AIRPORT SUESIATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE a 6 CEMP was such that it was not possible to trace the exact source of the subsidies, although it is virtually certain that it is at least one of the mariculture ventures. While these subsidies are not continuous, they have been ongoing for decades. In addition, the discharge contains a percentage of `deep seawater" which contains substantially more nutrients than surface seawater. Time -course biological monitoring that was also part of the NELHA CEMP showed no impacts to the benthos or fish communities that could be attributable to the nutrient subsidies. Biotic monitoring did indicate, however, that there were changes to the biota from other factors (e.g., storm for the benthos, and fishing pressure). 3.15.2. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION The only potential source of change to nutrient loading to groundwater from the HELCO project is the disposal of domestic sewage generated at the plant. TNWRE estimated that the maximum change in loading of nitrogen and phosphorus from the total (existing plus future) discharge of domestic sewage effluent would amount to a maximum of OS percent of the nutrient load that exists in natural groundwater, unaltered by human activities. On the other hand, mixing plots scaling nearshore nutrient concentrations to salinity can be used to calculate the percentage increase of nutrient subsidies from land relative to natural concentrations. In the case of nitrogen and phosphorus, there is an increase of up to about 20-30 percent over natural conditions in nearshore waters, which is likely a result of mariculture discharge. The potential changes attributable to the HELCO project of less than 1 percent are likely below the limits of detection compared to the existing fluctuations. According to Marine Consultants, there is little potential for impact to marine communities in the nearshore area downslope from the project site. While human activities can increase the concentration of nitrate in groundwater entering the nearshore ocean, the concentration of natural groundwater (-80 µM) is approximately three orders of magnitude (i.e., one thousand times) higher than coastal ocean water. Hence, if nutrient subsidies were responsible for negative impacts to nearshore marine communities, such impacts would likely occur under natural conditions, with no subsidies from the activities of man. Hawaiian nearshore marine communities appear to have adapted to substantial input of groundwater nutrients. Other land -use projects that have been in place in West Hawaii for decades also illustrate that it is very unlikely that there would be any effects to the nearshore marine environment as a result of increases in nutrient concentrations in groundwater. Dollar and Atkinson (1992) modeled the input of nutrients to the ocean downslope from two golf courses at Keauhou in West Hawaii over a four-year period. Discharge to the ocean of groundwater that flows under the golf courses is focused into Keauhou Bay, which is a small semi -enclosed basin with restricted circulation relative to the open ocean. Results of the studies showed that groundwater entering Keauhou Bay was enriched in nitrate nitrogen by about 100 percent over natural groundwater, while phosphate phosphorus enrichment was about 20 percent over natural conditions (compared to less than I percent projected for the HELCO project). Because the nutrients were retained within a well -stratified surface layer, however, there was no exposure to the benthos. Other areas of similar input along open coastlines do not exhibit such strong stratification owing to rapid mixing of the water column. The major impact to coral reef communities from nutrient subsidies does not occur from a toxic effect to the corals, but rather from a changing competitive advantage between corals and maeroalgae. In high nutrient conditions, algae may increase growth Tates- to either smother existing HELCO-KEAHOLL GENERATING SI AT ION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 3 63 corals, or to monopolize settling sites to prevent attachment of coral planulae./" With no increase in nutrient concentrations in the bottom waters, owing to the stratified water column or thorough mixing, such shifts in competitive advantage do not occur. Circulation within the embayment was also rapid enough to prevent phymplankton blooms. These results indicated that even with long-term input of extremely high nutrient subsidies, there were no negative effects to the receiving environment. She situation at Keimhou can be considered extremely relative to that at Keahole Point. Therefore, it Is also unlikely that there would be any negative effects from the operation of the HELCO project. Based on these results, Marine Consultants determined that it is reasonable to conclude that the improvements and expansion of the Keahole generating station would not have a significant or even measurable effect on marine waters in the region. 3.1$.3. THE IMPACTS OF THE ALTERNATIVES ON MARINE RESOURCES & WATER CHEMISTRY NO POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS IMPACTS 1. IMPACTS COMMENTS/MITIGATION MEASURES Alternative 1 -No Action ✓ Based upon the data and comparable studies no significant Alternative 2 - Proposed Action ✓ i i Alternative 3- West Hawaii ✓ Alternative 4-EasYWest Hawaii ✓ Alternative 5 -Renewable ✓ impacts on marine water are anticipated The only potential source of change to nutrient loading to groundwater from the HELCO project is the disposal of domestic sewage generated at the plant. The potential changes attributable to the HELCO project of less than 1 percent are likely below the limits of defection compared to the existing fluctuations. Based upon the data and I comparable studies, no significant impacts on marine water are anticipated from the improvements to the generating 1 station. li New studies would need to be conducted to ascertain the impact on marine resources of new facilities at Pun Anahulu. New studies would need to be conducted to ascertain the impact on marine resources at the Hill site in East Hawaii. The impacts on marine resources for this alternative Cannot be known until the details of a biomass plant and/or location to grow fuel crops are determined. 3.16. HISTORICAL, ARCHAEOLOGICAL, AND CULTURAL RESOURCES Paul H. Rosendahl, PhD., dba Paul H. Rosenclahl, Inc. (PHRI), conducted in 1992 an arclhaeologicul inventory survey of the HELCO Kcahole Generating Station property, identified as TMK 3-7-3-49:30, comprised of 14.998 acres. The survey was conducted in connection with the preparation of an EIS for the Conservation District Use .Application (CDUA) that proposed to additional generating capacity to dlc Keahole Generating Station. "I he basic objective of the survey was to provide information sufficient for compliance with all historic preservation regulatory review requirements of the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) and the Hawaii County Planning Department. The specific objectives of the survey were four -fold: (a) to identity all potentially significant archaeological remains present within the parcel; (b) to collect information sufficient to evaluate and document the potential significance of all identified remains; (c) to evaluate the I" 15'ee-swimming ru crawling larval type common In many species of phylum ('nfdariu (r_g_, jellyfish, cel'als, and s,a anemones) HELCO —KEAHOLE GENERATING s I AT ION & AIRPORT SUBSTAI ION CHAP OR 1 HREE, PAGE 3 64 potential impacts of any proposed development upon any identified significant remains; and (d) to recommend appropriate measures that would mitigate any adverse impacts upon identified significant remains. More recently on September 22, 2003, PHRI conducted an updated inspection to include TMK 3-7 3- 49:37, comprised of 0.645 acres, and the primary and secondary access roads. HELCO's request for a reclassification from the Conservation District to the Urban District includes the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation, Parcels 36 and 37. A complete copy of the 1992 survey and the 2003 update, Archaeological and Culairal Impacl Assessment Snrdy, are provided in Volume 2 of the EIS, identified as Appendix K. 3.16.1. EXISTING CONDITIONS Four quarry sites consisting of seven pahoehoe excavations were identified during the 1992 fieldwork. These sites ranged from poor to good in physical condition, and were interpreted as quarry features related to prehistoric occupation of the general area. All four sites were assessed as significant for information content, and no further work or preservation was recommended. No subsurface lest excavations were conducted as no cultural deposits of any kind were found within the identified features. The updated field inspection of September 22, 2003 confirmed that the additional areas: Parcel 37 comprised of 0.645 acres, and the primary and secondary access roads, were fully developed elements of the project site. Parcel 37 is occupied by an existing transformer station and is related to the existing Ketihole Generating Station site. Both the primary and secondary access roadways consist of existing paved roads, with the former being paved roadways within the adjacent Keahole Agricultural Park, and the latter being a paved roadway within the access and utility easement immediately adjacent to the north. 3.16.2. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION To the extent that no significant archaeological sites have been identified on the subject property, and being that the subject properties have been operational for close to 30 years, no significant archaeological impacts arc anticipated. Pursuant to PHRI 1992 report and the updated 2003 inspection, the data collected from the past archaeological surveys, and current inspections have been considered adequate and sufficient mitigation of the potential adverse impacts of further development and use of the parcel. SHPD reviewed the 1992 final report on the inventory survey and determined that: • The field survey had adequately covered the project area. • Data sufficient to determine and document the general significance of the four identified sites had been recorded. • All four sites were significant for their information content only. • Sufficient data had been collected from all four sites so that neither further work nor preservation of the sites was necessary or appropriate. • No significant sites retrained within the project area. • The proposed expansion of the existing generation station would have "no effect" on historic properties. TELCO- KEAHO_E GENERATING SIAION & AIHPOR I SUBSTATION CHAP HER THREE, PAG4 %5 3.16.3. THE IMPACTS OF THE ALTERNATIVES ON HISTORICAL, ARCHAEOLOGICAL, AND CULTURAL RESOURCES . N0 POTENTIAL I ADVERSE IMPACTS IMPACTS IMPACTS COMMENTS/MITIGATION MEASURES Alternative l - No Action ✓ To the extent that no significant archaeological sites have Alternative 2 - Proposed Action ✓ Alternative 3- West Hawaii Alternative 4 - EasfNVest Hawaii FA j Alternative 5 - Renewable ✓ 3.17. CULTURAL IMPACT ANALYSIS been Identified on the subject property, and being that the subject properties have been operational for close to 30 years, no significant archaeological impacts are anticipated and no mitigation measures are warranted No mitigation measures are warranted as the proposed expansion of the existing generation station would have no effect on historic properties. The historical, archaeological and cultural resources of the Pur Anahulu site would need to identified. New studies and further research would be needed prior to the construction of a facility at a new site, which would involve substantial time and costs The constracfion of new turbines at the HIII Site in East Hawaii would not Impact the historical, archaeological and cultural resources of the site, primarily because generating stations are already operational at these locations. New transmission lines and switching station would need lu be constructed over varying terrains to transport power to West Hawaii. The impacts on historical, archaeological, and cultural resources for this alternative cannot be known until the details of a biomass plant and/or location to grow fuel crops are determined. PHRI also conducted in 1992 a cultural impact assessment of Parcel 36, and more recently, conducted an updated inventory of Parcel 37 and the two access roads. The assessment was conducted pursuant to the requirements of Chapter 343, as amended, and HAIR Title 11, Chapter 200. The scope of work and methodology for the assessment considered: (I) the probable number and significance of known or suspected cultural properties, features, practices, or beliefs within or associated with the specific project area; (2) the potential number of individuals (potential informants) with cultural knowledge of the specific project arca; (3) the availability of historical and cultural information on the specific project area or immediately adjacent lands; (4) the physical size, configuration, and natural and human modification history of the specific project area; and (5) the potential effects of the project on known or expected cultural properties, features, practices, or beliefs within or related to the specific project arca. 3.17.1. EXISTING CONDITIONS Rased on the location, size, and the fact that historically Parcel 36, Parcel 37, and the access roads have been modified, developed and utilized, PHRI's study found that ( I) potential cultural impact assessment issues would be highly unlikely, and (2) the negative results ofthe archaeological reconnaissance survey conducted for the project would confirm both the greatly altered physical nature of the project arca and the absence of cultural resources within or related to the project arca. PHRI found no evidence of any potentially significant traditional cultural properties, natural resources, practices, or beliefs in the 1992 inventory survey covering Parcel 36 and the current inventory of Parcel 37 and the primary and secondary access roads. HELLO—KEAHOLE GENERAI ING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAG[ 3 65 3.17.2. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION Based on the results of the 1992 inventory survey and the more recent 2003 inspection, and the absence of any evidence that the project site is currently being used for any legitimate traditional cultural purposes by either Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners or individuals of any other cultural affiliation, it can be concluded that the HEI.CO Keahole Generating Station project should have no significant effects or any adverse impacts upon cultural resources. Further, traditional and customary Native Hawaiian cultural practices that may occur alone the Keahole Shoreline are not anticipated to be negatively impacted by the proposed project. As discussed in Section 3.6.2, the project will have no significant adverse impacts on the nearshore waters resulting from its use of groundwater and the subsequent disposal of the facility's effluent. 3.17.3. THE IMPACTS OF THE ALTERNATIVES ON CULTURAL ISSUES NO IM No Alternative 1 — No Action Alternative 2 — Proposed Action Alternative 3 — West Hawaii Alternative 4 — EastfWest Hawaii Alternative 5 -Renewable 3.18, SOLID WASTE POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS IMPACTS I GOMMENTSIMITIGATION MEASURES The results of the 1992 inventory survey and the more recent 2003 inspection showed an absence of any evidence that the project site Is currently being used for any legitimate traditional cultural purposes by either Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners or individuals of any other cultural affiliation. No mitigation measures are warranted PHRI concluded that the Improvements to the Keahole Generating Station should have no significant effects or any adverse impacts upon cultural resources No mitigation measures are necessary. ✓ New studies and further research of the cultural aspects of I the Puu Anahulu site would be conducted prior to the construction of the new facility. The process would involve substantial time and costs. ✓ The construction of new turbines at the Hill site in East Hawaii would in all probability not incur any cultural impacts as the land is already developed. Cultural issues may arise as transmission lines and switching stations are constructed across the island. ✓ The cultural impacts for this alternative cannot be known until the details of a biomass plant andlor location to grow fuel crops are determined. Following is an analysis of the solid waste requirements of the proposed project and the alternatives. 3.18.1. EXISTING CONDITIONS Current operations of the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation presently result in the generation of approximately 100 pounds of solid waste per day. The refuse is the direct result of day-to- day plant operations and includes trash generated by the employees, as well as used materials such as filters and cleaning supplies. It is all disposed of at the Puu Anahulu landfill. None of the refuse disposed of at the land fill is hazardous waste When the County s Puu_Anahulu landfill was opened in North Kona approximately 7.5 miles north of the project site it was anticipated{ to accommodate a solid waste volume of approximately 70,300 tons per HELCO—REAHOLE GENERAT WG STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE 1-67 year. In 2002, the County estimated that 90,000 tons were deposited at Pun Anahulu in the year 2000. This is equivalent to just over 246 tons per day (based on 365 days). 3.18.2. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION At full build out the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation is anticipated to generate approximately 150 pounds of solid waste per day, or iust over 27 tons per year. This represents a fifes percent increase over present conditions but only .03 percent (three one-hundredths of one percent) of the average dailv volume handled at the Pau Anahulu landfill The reclassification of the subiect propel from the Conservation District to the Urban district will have, therefore, no significant negative imo_act upon solid waste disposal at the Puu Anahulu landfill. The No Action alternative would hold the existing generation of solid waste as a constant, approxjmatd I00poundsper day, It is estimated that Alternatives 3 and 4 would generate the same increase in solid waste as the Proposed Action (50 percent), as the improvements that would be required would be similar. Alternative 3 would have the same impact in terms of volume upon the Pun Anahulu landfill as the Proposed Action because it would require a new facility in West Hawaii. However, as the West Hawaii alternative would be located in close proximity to the Puu Anahulu landfill, the costs associated with transporting the solid waste to the landfill would be less than the Proposed Action. Alternative 4 (Bast Hawaii) would also impact the Pun Anahulu landfill because there is little capacity remaining at the South Hilo Landfill. Alternative 4 will therefore have increased impacts over the Proposed Action because it will require the transportation of its solid waste from the east side to the west side of Hawaii Island. The solid waste impacts of Alternative 5 cannot be determined because the number of emplovees that may be associated with the production and processing of biomass cannot he easily Estimated at this time. However, we believe it is reasonable to assume that there would be more than the 17 emplovees anticipated to be emploved at the Keahole facility at full build out. In addition, based on the experience of operations of Hawaii's sugar industry over 40 years ago, it is anticipated that most of the ash generated by the burning of biomass would either escape to the air or be turned back into the cultivated fields. Thus we expect that the extent of solid waste impacts would be focused primarily on the employees and their discarded equipment and supplies. Assuming that the biomass cultivation would occur in the llamakua and Kohala areas, which are generally equidistant between Puu Anahulu and South Hilo, it would be difficult to estimate which landfill would be most impacted. Potential mitigations associated with solid waste generation are generally limited to enCOLIL M recy imand promoting higher consciousness among employees about their disposal habits. HELCO-KEAHOLE GENERATING SIATIGN $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER THREE, PAGE i 68 IS CHAPTER FOUR SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS CHAPTER FOUR: SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS 4.1. INTRODUCTION Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELLO) retained SMS Research & Marketing Services. Inc. (SMS) to conduct a socioeconomic assessment for the proposed improvements and reclassification of the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation lands (collectively -subject property"). The purpose and organization of the assessment is intended to serve as an aid to decision makers and the w-idcr community as they vie", and decide on the practicality of HELCO's petition for a reclassification and subsequent improvements to the subject property. The analysis of impacts is approached through the various alternatives discussed in Chapters Two, Threc, and subsequent sections. This chapter provides the (1) socioeconomic context of the region: (2) the concerns of stakeholders; and (3) the potential impacts and mitigation measures, which have or are in the process of being implemented. John Kirkpatrick, Pit D.. of SMS gathered, researched. and analyzed information from a number of sources, and prepared a report titled, Socio -Economic Impact Assessment u/Rcdecignation of Keahole Generating and Tvan.wnOsion Sties. The report is summarized in subsequent sections and attached in its entirety in Volume 2 of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) as Appendix M. 4.2. SOCIAL IMPACTS 4.2.1. EXISTING LAND USES IN THE AREA The Keahole Agricultural Park, a 179 -acre State-owned and leased subdivision of approximately 5 -acre lots used for diversified agriculture, is located to the south and southeast of the subject property. Occupants of the park must demonstrate agriculture use of the property, although a number of lessees have actually built homes and live on their lots. The State Department of Hawaiian Homelands (DHHI.I owns the land to the north, and plans are underway for future development. Four 90 -foot towers owned by the Big Island Broadcasting Co. are located on a 4 -acre parcel on the eastern boundary of the subject property. Directly to the west (makai or seaward) is the entry road to Kona International Airport at Keahole. Commercial aircraft make daily scheduled stops at the airport on inter -island, mainland, and international (lights. Further seaward and to the south is the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) park, under the administration of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHAI. Queen Kaahumanu Highway is the primary roadway that connects Kailua-Kona, the major urban center of West Hawaii, with the South Kahan resort areas and the commercial port of Kawaihae. 4.2.2. POPULATION The West Hawaii region has experienced large population increases during the last 30 years, particularly in North Kona and South Kohala. These two districts have developed a visitor industry that is staffed by residents from all over West Hawaii and even from the rest of -the island. However, the fastest growth hits occurred in Puna, which according to Dr. Kirkpatrick can be attributable to the availability of inexpensi Te land and housing in that district. Over the last 30 years, the average annual growth rate in Puna has been 6.2 percent, while North Kona has reached 6.1 percent on average, and South Kohala 6 percent. HELCO - KEA HOLE GENERATING STAT ION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGEI-0 West Hawaii is home to nearly 40 percent of the County of Hawaii's (Big Island) residents. It also has more than RO percent of the island's visitor roor l The average visitor count in 2000 on the Big Island was about 15 percent the size of the resident population, while visitors numbered over 30 percent of the resident population in West Hawaii. TABLE 4-A'. RESIDENT POPULATION, HAWAII COUNTY AND DISTRICTS, 1970 - 2000 COUNTY AND DISTRICT 1970 1980 1990 2000 STATE TOTAL 769,913 964,691 1,108,229 1,211,537 HAWAIICOUNTY 63,468 92,053 120,317 148,677 Puna 5.154 11,751 20,781 31,335 South Hilo 33,915 42,278 44,639 47,386 North Hilo 1,881 1,679 1,541 1.720 Hamakua 4,648 5,128 5,545 6,108 North Kohala 3,326 3.249 4,291 6,038 South Kohala 2,310 4,607 9,140 13,131 North Kona 4,832 13748 22,284 28,543 South Kona 4,004 5,914 7,658 8,589 Kau 3,398 3,699 4438 5,827 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 FIGURE 4-11 WEST HAWAII SHARE OF COUNTY RESIDENT POPULATION 1970 1980 1990 2000 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIiWestHawaii -4 West Hawaii Share of County Population 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Note- In this report. "West Hawaii' is the combined judicial districts of North Kohala, South Kohala, North Kona and South Kona. I Stateolllawail, Department of Business- Economle Development and 10dristo 2003 report HFLCO- KEAHOI E GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSIATION GRAPIER FOUR, PAGE 4-1 TABLE 4B'. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, 1990 ANO 20002 1 2 SOurcQ IIS CCIffi05 for 1990 and 20110. HELCO-KEAHOLE GENE RAI ING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-3 COUNTY OF HAWAII WEST HAWAII NORTH KONA SOUTH KOHALA 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 RESIDENT POPULATION Total 120,317 148.677 43,373 56,301 22.284 28.582 9,140 13,131 Under 5 Years Of Age 7.9% 4.6% 8.1% 6.3% 7.8% 6.4% 8.2% 5.3% 18 And Over 71.3% 75.2% 71.9 % 74.3% 73.6% 75 5% 70.3% 72.1% 65And Over 12.5% 14.6% 10.0% 11.5% 10.1% 10.8% 74% 108% Median Age 34.3 38.6 NIA NIA 34.7 39.4 32.1 3n.2 VISITOR POPULATION Annual Visitor Census 16 698 17 784 13,502 16.092 NIA NIA NIA NA Hotel Rooms 7,846 9,774 7,423 8,278 4,096 4,295 3,327 3,983 HOUSING Total Housing Units 48,253 62,674 18,693 25.190 9.990 13,960 4,235 5,794 Occupied 85-9% 84.5% 79-9% 79.5% 79.1 % 754% 73 1% 80.2% Vacant 14.1% 155% 20.1% 20-5% 20.9% 24.6% 26.9% 19.8% Seasonal Recreational or Occasional Use 4 2% 87% 7 4% 15 4% 8.1% 197% 10.3% 153% HOUSEHOLDS Number 41,461 52,895 14,935 20,034 7,898 10,522 3,095 4,648 Owner -Occupied 61.1% 64.5% 55.4% 602% 54.6% 585% 527% 58.0% Renter -Occupied 389% 35.5% 44.6% 39.8% 45.4% 415% 473% 41.1% Rental Vacancy Rate Average Household Size 2.86 2 75 2.85 2 81 2.75 2.7 2.91 2 81 GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY Share of Population born In Hawaii 65-8% 63.3% 53.9% 532% 45.5% 481% 54-6% 53.2% Share from Other States, Territories 25.7% 26.4% 384% 32.5% 468% 41.5% 36.2% 341% Foreign -Born 85% 10.2% 77% 127% 7.6% 10.4% 92% 127% Share Living In Same House for Five Years 53.1% 57 7% 42.9% 492% 39.4% 467% 374% 46 1% Share Same County, Different House 25.7% 26-5% 26.8% 25.5% 268% 27.0% 274% 31 1% _ Share Same State, Different County 67% 48% 7.2% 42% 6.8%33% 10.0% 77% 1 2 SOurcQ IIS CCIffi05 for 1990 and 20110. HELCO-KEAHOLE GENE RAI ING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-3 According to County and State population forecasts, growth rates are expected to be higher than the mid- 1990s, but lower than the 1980s. The resident population growth estimates of the State Department of Business Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) and the County, are shown on Figure 4-2 and the visitor population is shown on Figure 4-3. Near- and long-term growth rates are both much higher than the recent rates. However, the average annual visitor growth rate slightly below 2 percent is lower. FIGURE 4-2. GOVERNMENT FORECASTS OF RESIDENT POPULATION GROWTH, HAWAII COUNTY''-' 250,000 /a 200,000 150,000 . •� 100,000 50,000 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 +DBEDT 2020 (Rev. 1996) .-A- DBEDT 2025 Forecast (2000) —A Hawaii County Series B (2000) FIGURE4-3FORECAST VISITOR CENSUS HAWAIICOUNTY^ Sources, DBE,D'I 1996 2000 Counts of] lawaii General Plan Drub Iwww e0 hawaii.hl.uSl P (SoLIec: DBI1YI (2000) HEI CO—KEAHOI E GENERATING STA I ION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-4 Table 4-C' shows the overall relationship between population forecasts and energy demand forecasts. IIELC'10 s estimates of growth in demand for electricity, as stated in its Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) and IRP Evaluation Roort (see Appendices E and F in Volume 2 of the Draft EIS), are somewhat higher than the population forecasts. According to Dr. Kirkpatrick, this is reasonable in light of the combined effects of (a) renewed economic growth, (b) a tourism economy in which the visitor population is a significant contributor, and (c) a long-term trend for increasing demand for electricity, independent of population growth. TABLE 4-C, PROJECTED GROWTH OF POPULATION AND DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY, T02025-5 Note. AVC =average visitor count. 4.3. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 4.3.1. ExISTING EMPLOYMENT The Big Island has experienced a surge of economic activity and recent job growth, particularly in construction and tourism -related industries. The unemployment rate in 2004 fell below 5 percent, which is well under the national rate (6.0 percent for March 20114).6 lust a decade ago, lower visitor numbers and plantation closures created serious job loss, which resulted in high unemployment at around 10 percent. During the slowdown of the 1990s, many visitor industry workers had only part-time jobs. In times of economic growth, both unemployment and underemployment decline. The DBEDT 2025 forecast projects slow growth to wage and salary jobs (averaging 1.6 percent to 1.9 percent annually) in the coming years. ° Data from Stutc Department of Labor and Industrial Relations (DLIR) vreb,ue, atp:,/www slate hI a,'dIIr r,10Ih i'. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING SI Al ION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-5 COUNTY of HAWAII SERIES B DBEDT 2025 SERIES TELCO ESTIMATES of PEAK LOAD (MW) RESIDENTS RESIDENTS VISITORS (AVC)" IRP IRP2 EVALUATION A. FORECAST YEARS 2000 148,677 144,600 23,200 167 +71 2005 159,907 151,400 26,800 181 '92 2010 176,938 159,600 30,300 203 214 2015 195,965 168,300 33,300 230 244 2020 217,718 176,900 36,600 280 2025 187,700 40,200 322 B. AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATE FOR FIVE- YEAR PERIODS ENDING IN: 2005 1.5% 0.9%429% 16% 23% 2010 20% 1.1% 23% 22% 2015 2.1% 11% 25% 21% 2020 21% 10% 28% 2025 72% 28% Note. AVC =average visitor count. 4.3. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 4.3.1. ExISTING EMPLOYMENT The Big Island has experienced a surge of economic activity and recent job growth, particularly in construction and tourism -related industries. The unemployment rate in 2004 fell below 5 percent, which is well under the national rate (6.0 percent for March 20114).6 lust a decade ago, lower visitor numbers and plantation closures created serious job loss, which resulted in high unemployment at around 10 percent. During the slowdown of the 1990s, many visitor industry workers had only part-time jobs. In times of economic growth, both unemployment and underemployment decline. The DBEDT 2025 forecast projects slow growth to wage and salary jobs (averaging 1.6 percent to 1.9 percent annually) in the coming years. ° Data from Stutc Department of Labor and Industrial Relations (DLIR) vreb,ue, atp:,/www slate hI a,'dIIr r,10Ih i'. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING SI Al ION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-5 FIGURE 4-4. CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT TRENDS' '1F F Census data (2000) show that West Hawaii has had a higher level of labor force participation than the Big Island as a whole. However, the level is falling as the population ages and retirees form a larger group. While the Big Island saw a major increase in the number of persons in poverty by the end of the 1990s, the increase was less severe in West Hawaii. The share of children in poverty was still high, although declining in West Hawaii. TABLE 4-D. INCOME AND POVERTY. 1990 AND 2000 Sur cc I lawan SCuQ Department of L'ebor and Indr sinal Relations in D@EDl 20036- HEL CO— KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-6 COUNTY OF HAWAII WEST HAWAII NORTH KONA SOUTH KOHALA 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 :19990=2000 EMPLOYMENT STATUS Population 16 Years Over 88,999 114,647 32,201 43473 16,836 22,390 6.613 9,706 Share in Labor Force 64.1 % 61.9% 71.0% 67.5% 70,7% 392% 73-9% 70.7 % Civilian Labor Force 56,986 70,592 22,670 29,347 11,902 15,484 4,886 6 862 Unemployed 4.6% 4-9% 35% 2.8% 2.9% 27% 2.8% 2.3% CLASS OF WORKER Private Wage and Salary Workers 71.0% 65.4% 74.9% 728% 757% 736% 79-9% 781% Government Workers 17.6% 190% 10.4% 120% 9.1% 10.7/0 74% 96% Self -Employed. Not Incorporated 10.7% 120% 13.6% 13.2% 13.9% 13.7% 122% 109% Unpaid Family Workers 0.7% 0.7 % 10% 0 7% 1.3% 0.9% 05% 0 3% Sur cc I lawan SCuQ Department of L'ebor and Indr sinal Relations in D@EDl 20036- HEL CO— KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-6 4.3.2. INDUSTRIES IN WEST HAWAII As the center of the Big Island's visitor industry, West Hawaii is the site of most of the jobs and employment growth. As the following t>, able indicates, 9 of the 15 largest employers in the Big Island are West Hawaii resorts, and the remaining six are countywide agencies. Within West Hawaii, the upscale South Kohala resorts (notably, Mauna Lani with some 2,000 employees) have larger staffs than the Not Kona hotels and resort areas. TABLE 4-E: THIRTY LARGEST EMPLOYERS, COUNTY OF HAWAII, 19990 RANK COUNTY OF HAWAII WEST HAWAII NORTH KONA SOUTH KOHALA State of Hawaii 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 POVERTY STATUS, PREVIOUS YEAR Individuals 3 C. Brewer 8 Co. 1987, Holding company; agribusiness; Ian development, alternative energy; tacking; guav and macadamia nuts; Kona coffee 4 Hilton Waikoloa Village 1,200 Tourism Total Below Poverty Line 16,776 22,821 4,343 5,581 2,032 2,756 922 1,100 Share of Related Children Under 18 41.3% 35.9% 38.1% 337% 34.7% 32.7% 444% 419% Share of Persons 65 and Over 8.2% 6.1% 5.8% 6.4% 4.9% 64% 4.1% 45% 4.3.2. INDUSTRIES IN WEST HAWAII As the center of the Big Island's visitor industry, West Hawaii is the site of most of the jobs and employment growth. As the following t>, able indicates, 9 of the 15 largest employers in the Big Island are West Hawaii resorts, and the remaining six are countywide agencies. Within West Hawaii, the upscale South Kohala resorts (notably, Mauna Lani with some 2,000 employees) have larger staffs than the Not Kona hotels and resort areas. TABLE 4-E: THIRTY LARGEST EMPLOYERS, COUNTY OF HAWAII, 19990 RANK COMPANY EMPLOYEES BUSINESS 1 State of Hawaii 7,450 V Stale government 2 County of Hawan 2,250 V County government 3 C. Brewer 8 Co. 1987, Holding company; agribusiness; Ian development, alternative energy; tacking; guav and macadamia nuts; Kona coffee 4 Hilton Waikoloa Village 1,200 Tourism 5 United States Government 850 Federal government 6 Mauna Lani Resort (Operation), Inc. 800 Tourism 7 KTA Superstores 776 Supermarkets 8 Mauna Lear Bay Hotel 650 Tourism 9 Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel 579 Tourism 10 Orchid at Mauna Lam 554 Tourism 11 Mauna Kea Beach Hotel 543 Tourism 12 Four Seasons Hualalai 492 Tourism 13 Sure Save Supermarkets 455 g; Supermarkets 14 Royal Waikoloa Hotel 374 Tourism 15 Kona Coast Resort 325 Tourism 16 Mac Farms of Hawaii Inc. 231 Grower, processor and marketer of macadami nut products 17 Hilo Hawaiian Hotel 230 Tourism 18 HELCO 225 Utilities 19 Kona Surf Resort and Country Club 217 Tourism 20 GTE Hawaiian Telephone 203 Utilities Sourer=c' Ilan Cuun1Y,2001. HELCO - KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 5 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-7 RANK COMPANY EMPLOYEES BUSINESS 21 HPM Building Supply 200 Wholesale, retail and manufacturing; lumber and building materials 22 Kona Village Resort 186 Tourism 23 Keauhou Kona Resort Co. 180 General contractor 24 Royal Kona Resort 180 Tourism 25 King Kamehameha's Kona Beach Hotel 166 Tourism 26 Meryl Group Inc. 165 Land developer; general contractor 27 Life Care Center of Hilo 160 Healthcare 28 Jack's Tour Inc. 150 Tourism 29 Isemoto Contracting Co., Ltd. 140 General contractor 30 Suisan Group Inc. 3/ 130 Wholesale frozen foods, dry groceries, produce, wholesale and retail fresh fish, freshfishauction Notes. 1/ Annual average job counts. 21 Includes Wei Wlkl one and Wikl Wilk Video, 31 Previously ranked as Suisan Co. Ltd. Government, hotels, trade, and health services are major components of the Big Island economy, which accounts for about 10 percent of the overall State economy. The Big Island also has a small manufacturing sector and a strong agricultural industry. Even following the closure of major plantations, West Hawaii has continued to have productive agricultural areas. South Kona is the heart of Hawan's coffee industry. The Parker Ranch, based in Waimea in the South Kohala uplands, is one of the largest ranches in the United States. Along the north coast of North Kohala are well -watered agricultural lands. The Keahole Agricultural Park provides about 179 acres of leased agricultural land near the airport and urban center, but it is only a small part of West Hawaii's agricultural arca. As of 2000, some 484,741 acres in West Hawaii were designated Agricultural. TABLE 4-F. COUNTY AND STATE ECONOMIESs COUNTY OF HAWAII STATE OF HAWAII SHARE A. INDICATORS OF COUNTY SHARE OF STATE ECONOMY Employed Persons, 2002 66,150 557,400 11 9% Wage and Salary Job Count, 2002 58,250 562,600 104% Personal Income, 2001 (Millions $) $3,335 $35,625 94% Estimated Personal Income, 2005 (Million 1992 $) $2,760 $31,764 8 7% B. ESTIMATED COUNTY ECONOMY (BASED ON RECENT STATE DATA AND PROJECTIONS FOR 2003) Personal Income (Million $) $3,690 $39.416 94% Gross Domas6c Product (Million $) $5,063 1 $48,067 105% I Sources: UHFD1- 20016 2001c 2000 HCI GO— KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUnSTATION CHARIER FOUR, PAGE 4-8 TABLE 4 G'. EMPLOYMENT IN HAWAII COUNTY INDUSTRIES, 2002La 4.3.3. EMERGING TRENDS Recent economic growth and prosperity have brought both advantages and disadvantages to the West Hawaii region. New retail opportunities have been created with the opening of Costco, WalMart, Hone Depot, and Lowe's in the Kailua area. At the same time, traffic congestion (long a problem during rush hour on Palani Road), has worsened appreciably on Queen Kaahumarm Highway and on the Hawaii Belt Road between Kailua and South Kona. However, plans are under way on highway improvements for both State and County roads. (See Traffic Report, attached as Appendix A.) During the 1990s, little new investment occurred in the visitor industry until the Hualalai Resort at Kaupulehu opened in 1998. The project was highly successful and now includes several increments of resort housing along with a hotel and golf course. New and revived plans for urban growth have emerged closer to the project: New development is being proposed for the Kohanaiki site, where disputes over Nansay Hawaii's proposals for a reson project led to the PASH decision (protecting native Hawaiian access rights)_ Rutter Development now plans a golf course and housing project, while setting aside coastal lands for a public access beach park. At Honokohau, the State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) has requested proposals for marina redevelopment. The DHHL has entered into a lease agreement with a private development team for 200 acres, which will include commercial uses, resort development, and a possible golf course. DHHl_ also intends to increase its residential development in the Laiopua project, above the Queen Kaahumanu Highway near Honokohau, from 225 units to "more than double" that number. At Oonra, south of the HOST Park, the current owners have proposed developing some 400,000 square feet of commercial space, 400 hotel rooms, and 240 multi -family units. The Hawaii Planning Commission approved the project, Ilowever, Mayor Harry Kim has requested that the project be I Source_ Department of Labor and Industrial Relatlons,2003. HELLO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-9 COVERED EMPLOYMENT, 2002 AVERAGE EMPLOYMENT TOTAL WAGES (MILLION El GOODS PRODUCING: 7,575 $261.0 Consirudion 3,846 $1768 Manufactunng 1,406 $35 2 Agriculture, Forestry, Mining 2,323 $490 DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICES: 39,275 $989.1 Transportation, Utilities 2,414 $81 6 Trade 9,335 $2414 Finance, Insurance, Real Estate 2,312 $75 4 Food Services 4,393 $58 5 Hotel, Accommodations 6,687 $1881 Health Services 5 482 151 7 GOVERNMENT 11,016 $416.7 TOTAL 57,866 51,666.8 4.3.3. EMERGING TRENDS Recent economic growth and prosperity have brought both advantages and disadvantages to the West Hawaii region. New retail opportunities have been created with the opening of Costco, WalMart, Hone Depot, and Lowe's in the Kailua area. At the same time, traffic congestion (long a problem during rush hour on Palani Road), has worsened appreciably on Queen Kaahumarm Highway and on the Hawaii Belt Road between Kailua and South Kona. However, plans are under way on highway improvements for both State and County roads. (See Traffic Report, attached as Appendix A.) During the 1990s, little new investment occurred in the visitor industry until the Hualalai Resort at Kaupulehu opened in 1998. The project was highly successful and now includes several increments of resort housing along with a hotel and golf course. New and revived plans for urban growth have emerged closer to the project: New development is being proposed for the Kohanaiki site, where disputes over Nansay Hawaii's proposals for a reson project led to the PASH decision (protecting native Hawaiian access rights)_ Rutter Development now plans a golf course and housing project, while setting aside coastal lands for a public access beach park. At Honokohau, the State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) has requested proposals for marina redevelopment. The DHHL has entered into a lease agreement with a private development team for 200 acres, which will include commercial uses, resort development, and a possible golf course. DHHl_ also intends to increase its residential development in the Laiopua project, above the Queen Kaahumanu Highway near Honokohau, from 225 units to "more than double" that number. At Oonra, south of the HOST Park, the current owners have proposed developing some 400,000 square feet of commercial space, 400 hotel rooms, and 240 multi -family units. The Hawaii Planning Commission approved the project, Ilowever, Mayor Harry Kim has requested that the project be I Source_ Department of Labor and Industrial Relatlons,2003. HELLO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-9 deferred until the timing of highway improvements could be clarified. The Mayor's position was that this project and others like it would create new traffic and should not proceed until major nearby roadways are improved. • At the HOST Park, a new Gateway Center is being developed to showcase new energy technologies. • The 725 -acre Palamanui project (Hiluhilu Development, LLC) north of the HELCO site would include commercial development, single- and mulli-family housing, a golf course, and infrastructure in support of the University of Hawaii's West Hawaii College on adjoining State land. The University would first rent space in the commercial arca, then presumably later develop its acreage. An access road for the private and public projects would connect with the Queen Kaahumanu access next to the subject property. • DHHL acreage between the Palamanui project site and the HELCO facility could benefit from the proposed access road. Those lands are shown in DHHL's land inventory as largely residential, although part of the land, next to the highway and across the road from the project site, is identified as appropriate for commercial use. No further plans are definite. Further development is possible in existing resort areas such as Mauna Lani and Waikoloa in South Kohala, Kaupulchu, and Kukio at the north end of North Kona, and Kcauhou at the southern end of North Kona. In the near term to about 2007, new construction is bringing needed new residential housing to North Kona in single-family and townhouse subdivisions. Development of resort residential projects is very active in South Kohala and proposed for Kcauhou in North Kona and for South Kona. According to Dr. Kirkpatrick, the visitor -oriented projects would have little impact on population, but the higher density projects noted above would house more people and support more jobs in West Hawaii. Much of the development proposed could occur by the end of this decade. 4.3.4. ISSUES AND CONCERNS RELATED TO PROJECT Dr. Kirkpatrick interviewed stakeholders about the proposed reclassification of the subject property and subsequent improvements. According to Dr. Kirkpatrick, most of those interviewed had no strong reaction to The reclassification of the lands, and actually viewed the issue as part of the Settlement Agreement, which they characterized as a "win-win" agreement. Nearly all those interviewed agreed that the settlement process was an important step for the community. The settlement would allow HELLO to proceed with improvements to the generating station while responding to neighbors' concerns. Many viewed HELCO's plan to implement a high level of emission controls favorably, and uniformly saw reclassification as not being a conccm, but merely part of the process. According to Dr. Kirkpatrick, most stakeholders were glad to see the lengthy arguments over power generation at Kcahole finally resolved and new generators being installed. Many welcomed the new generating capacity on the Big Island grid to serve customers and lower the likelihood of blackouts. However, a few commented that they wished HELCO had shifted to another site sonic years ago. Many of those interviewed commented that they favored increased reliance on renewable resources. A number of stakeholders saw the installation of a steam Turbine (ST -7) with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) at the generating station as valuable, not just as a contribution to near-term generating capacity but also as giving the Big Island the firm capacity needed to depend more and more on resources other than fossil fuels. HELCO - KEAHOLE GFNF RAT INC, STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-10 4.4. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS In this section, the social and economic impacts associated with the Preferred Alternative will be discussed and viewed in relation to the No Action Alternative and to the three remaining alternatives discussed in Chapters Two and Three. 4.4.1. LOCAL, REGIONAL, OR GENERAL IMPACTS A project can have local impacts because its construction or its operations affect the lives and community organization of neighbors and nearby groups. It can have regional impacts by providing services or employment for a region, or by withdrawing resources that would otherwise be used in the area. General impacts are more widespread or widely dispersed. On a local level, the Preferred Alternative would mainly consist of the mitigation of potential impacts discussed in Chapter Three (e.g., noise, emissions, water resources). The presence of additional generating capacity very close to the HOST Park and the new Energy Gateway Center would minimize the likelihood of transmission -related outages to these facilities. At the regional and island levels, assurance of generating capacity would support economic growth for West Hawaii and the Big Island. 4.5. DIRECT, INDIRECT OR INDUCED IMPACTS In an input/output analysis, direct spending (on construction or operations) leads to direct employment and incomes. Indirect jobs and incomes are created as goods and services are purchased for the activity from other firms in the economy. Induced jobs and incomes are created is direct and indirect workers spend their wages in the economy. DBEDT has developed and refined a statewide inputloutput model, and these impacts can be calculated using industry multipliers in the model (DBEDT, 2002). Tables 4-H through 4-J identity direct impacts of construction and operations and show indirect and induced impacts on employment and wages. 4.5.1. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS Cumulative impacts are the result of the insertion of a new activity in a developing context. They are the total impacts of the new activity and pre-existing factors. Cumulative impacts become especially important if a project adds to the demand for limited resources that are barely sufficient without the project but less than adequate for the project, plus all the other developments expected to exist ahead of- the fthe subject project. The key cumulative impact of the Preferred Alternative and Alternatives 3 through 5 is that him generating capacity to meet demand is assured through the year 2025, while the No Action Alternative does not provide that assurance. In Tables 4-K and 4-M, the number of operations -related workers, their families, and their demand for new households are calculated. While some of these calculations rest on the input-output model (i.e., on a model of the entire economy), their cumulative impact is visible only when viewed in the context of the island worklonce, population, and housing demand. 4.5.2. SYMBOLIC IMPACTS According to Dr. Kirkpatrick, an action may have equal importance in the way it is perceived and by actual tangible results. Symbolic impacts are not always easily classified as adverse or beneficial. 11 a project is viewed as a sign of unwanted impending changes, that does not necessarily signal future MELCO - KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4 11 disorganization or a need by a community organization to avert adverse impacts. Symbolic impacts deserve close study, but since they are matters of value and expectation, their importance and consequences are often uncertain. The Preferred Action allows HELCO to proceed with certain mitigation measures that would alleviate concerns identified by some of its neighbors as important to them. Under all the other alternatives, some change would be needed to the terms of the settlement between HELCO and other parties. 4.6. EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES" The alternatives under study fall into three groups in terms of genemtingjobs. • The No Action Alternative creates no new jobs, either in construction or in operations. • Alternatives 2 through 4 depend on the eventual construction of fossil fuel based generating facilities. Over the study period (2005 to 2025), these would involve some $30 to S36 million in construction costs. • Alternative 5 depends on the construction of a new biomass plant to process organic matter and create energy. Such a plant is estimated to be considerably more expensive to build than a diesel fuel-based plant. Also, it demands far more workers. Hence this alternative involves a considerably larger workforce (and population, and housing demand) than the others. 4.6.1. CONSTRUCTION Construction employment can be estimated based on construction costs and historic ratios of workers to construction spending. 'Fable 4-H shows the workforce needed to put in place the various improvements needed to meet expected demand under the various alternative plans (Alternatives 2 through 5). The No Action Alternative is not included since it includes no construction. Construction jobs are full-time equivalents in "person-years." One person-year may represent steady employment for a worker or shorter engagements by several contractors. The Input-Output model is used in Table 4-1 to estimate the additional jobs in Hawaii associated with construction. Construction jobs pay well, and construction typically involves materials and supplies from local sources, so more indirect and induced jobs are supported than direct ones. The State Input-Output model does not report county-level impacts; these have been estimated by SMS. County-level estimates are hence approximations. Incomes can be estimated from industry averages (Department of Labor and Industrial Relations (DLIR), 2003), adjusted in proportion to increases in the Consumer Price Index (DBEDT, 2003c). For indirect and induced jobs, average incomes for all wage earners are used. Incomes for the County of Hawaii workforce were estimated first, on the basis of County averages, and incomes for the remaining workforce associated with construction were estimated from State-wide averages. II Two different approaches arc used with the inonetary caladanuns in this report. When assessing the impact of different itemmives on Incomes and govcmmeal resenues, all calculations use constant 2003 dollars. Again, estimates of impact ofthe No Action Alternative's low reliability alter 2015 are phrased in constant 2003 dollars. This approach allows readers to judge impacts in relation m current experience. However, when developing alternatives, IIELCO used a more complex model, since the eventual cost of development for ratepayers and investors will be affected not just by the cost of new facilltles but also by the timing of then installation. HEI 00-KCAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4 If TAB[E 4-H DIRECT CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENRr TABLE 4-I: DIRECT, INDIRECT AND INDUCED CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENT 2006-2010 2011.2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 1 CUMULATIVE CONSTRUCTION SPENDING IN MILLIONS OF 2004 $ Alternative 2 Preferred 210 Alternative Preferred $11.7 $0.0 $14.9 $18.6 $45.2 Alternative 3 West Hawaii $00 $7.4 $17.5 $16.0 $ 40.9 Alternative 4 East Hawaii $00 $ 7.2 $17.4 $14.9 $ 39.5 Alternative 5 Renewable $00 $25.4 $27 3 $50.9 $103.6 DIRECT CONSTRUCTION JOBS PERSON-YEARS Alternative 2 Preferred 174 221 Alternative 2 Preferred 85 Alternative 3 1U7 134 326 Alternative 3 West Hawaii 608 54 126 116 296 Alternative 4 East Hawaii 586 52 126 107 285 Alternative 5 Renewable 1539 183 197 367 747 TABLE 4-I: DIRECT, INDIRECT AND INDUCED CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENT 12 Sourer. Construction cost c,iona[es from HELLO in 2004 $ These es(nates arc (or work by local comracton and e%CIULIC thC t f offbines not Rill nuior equipment.I the were estimates by SMS based D T N stor c rata s of construction npcTd ne to cntn toymcnl HELCO— KEAHOLE GENERATING SIA I ION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER POUR, PAGE 4-13 2006-2010 1 2011.2015 1 2016-2020 2021-2025 CDMBL4TIVE DIRECT, INDIRECT, AND INDUCED CONSTRUCTION -RELATED JOBS -PERSON-YEARS Alternative 2 Preferred 210 267 335 812 Alternative West Hawaii 133 313 288 734 Alternative 4 East Hawaii 129 313 267 709 Alternative 5 Renewable 457 490 914 1861 DIRECT, INDIRECT, AND INDUCED CONSTRUCTION -RELATED JOBS IN COUNTY OF HAWAII- PERSON-YEARS Alternative 2 Preferred 174 221 277 671 Alternative 3 West Hawaii 110 259 238 608 Alternative 4 East Hawaii 106 259 221 586 Alternative 5 Renewable 378 406 755 1539 12 Sourer. Construction cost c,iona[es from HELLO in 2004 $ These es(nates arc (or work by local comracton and e%CIULIC thC t f offbines not Rill nuior equipment.I the were estimates by SMS based D T N stor c rata s of construction npcTd ne to cntn toymcnl HELCO— KEAHOLE GENERATING SIA I ION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER POUR, PAGE 4-13 TABLE 44 WORKFORCE INCOMES FROM CONSTRUCTION -RELATED EMPLOYMENT 4.6.2. OPERATIONS A number of jobs would be created front the direct operations of power generation (whether for HEL('O or another power producer). SMS treated the many jobs created in Alternative 5 for biomass plants as similar to those in sugar mills to estimate the impacts of the jobs for the larger economy and for incomes. Those jobs arc on average not as highly paid as are power generation personnel. However, the economic impact of the sugar mills has had a great impact on Hawaii. The direct workforce in biomass plant, is much larger than that needed to generate power using diesel fuel, but the ratio of indirect and induced jobs to directjobs associated with a biomass plant is also much higher than for fossil -fuel burning plants. (Tables 4-K and 4-L estimate the workforce and payrolls involved.) The No Action Alternative creates no operations jobs. It is not shown in the tables. Operational jobs unlike construction jobs are long -terns. Initially, there would be minimal employment associated with any of the alternatives, since the completion of combustion turbines CT -4 and CI -5 would expand generating capacity. Over time, the direct job count for the Preferred Alternative and Alternatives 3 and 4 would climb above 20 jobs. The job count for a system that relics on biomass for new generating capacity would exceed 100 jobs between 2005 and 2025. HELCO-KEAHOLE GENEHN ING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGF 4-14 2006.2010 1 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 CUMULATIVE DIRECT CONSTRUCTION JOBS IN MILLIONS OF 2003 $ Alternative 2 Preferred $ 3.9 $00 $50 $ 6.2 $15.10 Alternative 3 West Hawaii $00 $ 2.5 $ 5.8 $ 5.3 $13.60 Alternative 4 East Hawaii $00 $ 2 4 $ 5.8 $ 5.0 $13.20 Alternative 5 Renewable $00 $ 8.5 $ 9.1 $17.0 $34.60 DIRECT, INDIRECT, AND INDUCED CONSTRUCTION -RELATED JOBS IN MILLIONS OF 2003 $ Alternative 2 Preferred $ 7.7 $ 0.0 $98 $12.3 $29.80 Alternative 3 West Hawaii $ 0.0 $ 4.9 $11 5 $10.6 $27.00 Alternative 4 East Hawaii $ 0.0 $ 4.7 $11.5 $9.8 $26.00 Alternative Renewable $0.0 $16.7 $18.0 $33.5 $68.20 DIRECT, INDIRECT, AND INDUCED CONSTRUCTION -RELATED JOBS IN COUNTY OF HAWAII IN MILLIONS OF 2003 $ Alternative 2 Preferred $63 $00 __$_8_0 $10.0 $24.30 Alternative 3 West Hawaii $ 0.0 $40 $94 $ 8.6 $22.00 Alternative 4 East Hawaii $00 $39 $94 $ 8.0 $21.30 Alternative 5 Renewable $00 $13.7 $14.7 $27.4 $55.80 4.6.2. OPERATIONS A number of jobs would be created front the direct operations of power generation (whether for HEL('O or another power producer). SMS treated the many jobs created in Alternative 5 for biomass plants as similar to those in sugar mills to estimate the impacts of the jobs for the larger economy and for incomes. Those jobs arc on average not as highly paid as are power generation personnel. However, the economic impact of the sugar mills has had a great impact on Hawaii. The direct workforce in biomass plant, is much larger than that needed to generate power using diesel fuel, but the ratio of indirect and induced jobs to directjobs associated with a biomass plant is also much higher than for fossil -fuel burning plants. (Tables 4-K and 4-L estimate the workforce and payrolls involved.) The No Action Alternative creates no operations jobs. It is not shown in the tables. Operational jobs unlike construction jobs are long -terns. Initially, there would be minimal employment associated with any of the alternatives, since the completion of combustion turbines CT -4 and CI -5 would expand generating capacity. Over time, the direct job count for the Preferred Alternative and Alternatives 3 and 4 would climb above 20 jobs. The job count for a system that relics on biomass for new generating capacity would exceed 100 jobs between 2005 and 2025. HELCO-KEAHOLE GENEHN ING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGF 4-14 TABLE 4-K: DIRECT, INDIRECT AND INDUCED OPERATIONS EMPLOYMENT Notes: Direct employment esOmated by HELCO planners. Indirect and Induced labs estimated by SMS based on the State Input -Output model (DBEDT) TABLE4-L W ORKFORCE INCOMES FROM OPERATIONS -RELATED EMPLOYMENT 2010 2015 2020 2025 DIRECT OPERATIONS JOBS- CUMULATIVE NEW PERMANENT JOBS DIRECT OPERATIONS JOBS- MILLIONS Of 2003 $ Alternative 2 Preferred 4 4 12 21 Altema0ve 3 West Hawaii 0 4 13 21 Alternative 4 East Hawaii 0 4 16 24 Alternative 5 Renewable 0 34 68 136 DIRECT, INDIRECT AND INDUCED OPERATIONS -RELATED JOBS -CUMULATIVE NEW PERMANENT JOBS $ (1.0 $ 1.0 $ 2.0 Alternative 2 Preferred 12 12 37 65 Alternative 3 West Hawaii 0 12 F 40 F 65 Alternative 4 East Hawaii 0 12 50 74 Alternative 5 Renewable 0 228 456 913 DIRECT, INDIRECT AND INDUCED OPERATIONS -RELATED JOBS IN COUNTY OF HAWAII CUMULATIVE NEW PERMANENT JOBS Renewable $ 0.0 $70 Alternative 2 Preferred 10 10 29 51 Alternative 3 West Hawaii 0 10 32 51 Alternative 4 East Hawaii 0 10 39 58 Alternative 5 Renewable 0 160 320 639 Notes: Direct employment esOmated by HELCO planners. Indirect and Induced labs estimated by SMS based on the State Input -Output model (DBEDT) TABLE4-L W ORKFORCE INCOMES FROM OPERATIONS -RELATED EMPLOYMENT 4.7. POPULATION AND HOUSING IMPACTS SMS estimated the population and housing impacts From the job -creation associated with the project. I'o the extent that a project supports new permanent jobs, it may encourage in -migration. With new jobs, I esident workers may have enough income to form new households. HELCO - KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBs1A1 ION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4 15 2010 2015 2020 2025 DIRECT OPERATIONS JOBS- MILLIONS Of 2003 $ Alternative 2 Preferred $ 0.3 $ 0.3 $09 $ L5 Alternative 3 West Hawaii $ 0.0 $03 $ 0.9 $ 1.5 Alternative 4 East Hawaii $00 $ 0.3 $ 1,1 $ 1.7 Alternative 5 Renewable $ (1.0 $ 1.0 $ 2.0 $ 4.1 DIRECT, INDIRECT AND INOUCED OPERATIONS -RELATED JOBS - MILLIONS OF 2003 $ ABernaOve 2 Preferred $ 0 5 $05 $ 1.6 $ 2.8 Alternative 3 West Hawaii $ 0.0 $ 0.5 $ 1,8 $ 2.8 Alternative 4 East Hawaii $0 0 $ 0.5 $22 $ 3.2 Alternative 5 Renewable $ 0.0 $70 $14.0 $27.9 DIRECT, INDIRECT AND INDUCED OPERATIONS -RELATED JOBS IN COUNTY OF HAWAII - MILLIONS OF 2003 $ Alternative 2 Preferred $0.5 $ 0.5 $ 1.4 $ 2 4 Alternative 3 West Hawaii $00 $ 0.5 $ 1,5 $ 2 4 Alternative 4 East Hawaii $00 $ 0.5 $ 1.8 $ 2.7 Alternative 5 Renewable $00 $ 4.7 $ 9.4 $18.8 4.7. POPULATION AND HOUSING IMPACTS SMS estimated the population and housing impacts From the job -creation associated with the project. I'o the extent that a project supports new permanent jobs, it may encourage in -migration. With new jobs, I esident workers may have enough income to form new households. HELCO - KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBs1A1 ION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4 15 The number of operations workers involved in Alternatives 2 through 5 is small, as shown in Table 4-M.11 Since many of the direct workers are specialized technicians, some new hires could come from off -island, and add to local housing demand. A few more operations -related workers would be able to set up separate homes after some time, and their eventual creation of new households is also shown in Table 4-M. TABLE 4-M: POPULATION AND NPN HOUSING IMPACTS Notes: Population and housing impacts based on opeRNonsjobs, since construction jobs are for a limited term. The number of persons per household (295) and ratio of jobs per household (1.41) are estimated from 2000 census data, State DLIR job counts, and SMS estimates. New household creation estimated at 15 percent to 30 percent of households, based on past resod studies. New household creation occurs over time, not necessarily in the year operations began, slow workers accumulate income and for other reasons wait to establish households In West Hawaii, as in most of the State, affordable housing is very limited. Thus, a major increase in the demand for housing for an industrial workforce could be a significant impact. However, the eventual increase in demand associated with the fossil -fuel based alternatives is very small: less than one n v, house per year over 20 years. If one or more biomass plants were built, housing demand would be greatci, but likely spread over the island. 4.8. IMPACTS ON THE ECONOMY 4.6.1. IMPLICATIONS OF THE ALTERNATIVE PLANS ON ENERGY PRODUCTION AND COST According to Dr. Kirkpatrick, the altematives considered by TELCO, other than the No Action Alternative, would meet the requirements of a planning model intended to assure the Big Island with adequate generating capacity to meet demand for electrical power. As a result, Alternatives 2 — 4 do nor vary in reliability as to the power supply over the long term, but do vary in cost and local impacts. In contrast, the No Action Alternative does not meet the demands of the planning model, and hence it involves Icss firm generating capacity. A shortfall in supply relative to demand could become problematic by 2015. Figure 4-5 uses a planning standard— peak demand plus a 20 percent margin — against which the No Action Alternative would lead to shortfalls. (IIEL('O's capacity criterion calls for it reserve margin adequate to cover (II peak demand; (2) a generating unit off-line for plttnned maintenance; and (3) u (see attachment to SMS report attached as Appendix M fur calculations or impact for each alternative plan) HEL CO— KFAHOLE GENE RAI ING STATION $ AIRPORT SUB$ t ATI ON CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-16 AS OF: POPULATION SUPPORTED, COUNTY OF HAWAII 2010 —2015-F-202072025 Alternative 1 No Action 0 0 0 0 Alternative 2 Preferred 20 20 61 107 Alternafive 3 West Hawaii 0 20 66 to/ Alternative 4 East Hawaii 0 20 81 122 Allernabve'i Renewable 0 20 227 451 ON OR MORE LIKELY AFTER: MAXIMUM NEW HOUSING CREATION, COUNTY OF HAWAII 2610 2015 2020 2625 Alternative 1 No Action 0 0 0 0 Alternative 2 Preferred 2 2 6 11 Alternative 3 West Hawaii 0 2 7 11 Alternative 4 East Hawaii D 2 8 11 Alternal 6 Renewable 0 34 68 131; Notes: Population and housing impacts based on opeRNonsjobs, since construction jobs are for a limited term. The number of persons per household (295) and ratio of jobs per household (1.41) are estimated from 2000 census data, State DLIR job counts, and SMS estimates. New household creation estimated at 15 percent to 30 percent of households, based on past resod studies. New household creation occurs over time, not necessarily in the year operations began, slow workers accumulate income and for other reasons wait to establish households In West Hawaii, as in most of the State, affordable housing is very limited. Thus, a major increase in the demand for housing for an industrial workforce could be a significant impact. However, the eventual increase in demand associated with the fossil -fuel based alternatives is very small: less than one n v, house per year over 20 years. If one or more biomass plants were built, housing demand would be greatci, but likely spread over the island. 4.8. IMPACTS ON THE ECONOMY 4.6.1. IMPLICATIONS OF THE ALTERNATIVE PLANS ON ENERGY PRODUCTION AND COST According to Dr. Kirkpatrick, the altematives considered by TELCO, other than the No Action Alternative, would meet the requirements of a planning model intended to assure the Big Island with adequate generating capacity to meet demand for electrical power. As a result, Alternatives 2 — 4 do nor vary in reliability as to the power supply over the long term, but do vary in cost and local impacts. In contrast, the No Action Alternative does not meet the demands of the planning model, and hence it involves Icss firm generating capacity. A shortfall in supply relative to demand could become problematic by 2015. Figure 4-5 uses a planning standard— peak demand plus a 20 percent margin — against which the No Action Alternative would lead to shortfalls. (IIEL('O's capacity criterion calls for it reserve margin adequate to cover (II peak demand; (2) a generating unit off-line for plttnned maintenance; and (3) u (see attachment to SMS report attached as Appendix M fur calculations or impact for each alternative plan) HEL CO— KFAHOLE GENE RAI ING STATION $ AIRPORT SUB$ t ATI ON CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-16 unexpected removal of the largest generating unit in the system. This criterion has been used since 1990.14 Depending on which unit is on planned maintenance, the capacity needed over peak demand is about 17 percent to 20 percent. HELCO uses 20 percent to provide a margin of safety in general planning. The No Action Alternative leads to an imbalance of demand and capacity similar to that seen in County of Hawaii in the early 1990s. This imbalance would be a continuing, worsening condition, not a short -tern one. The cost of lowered reliability is discussed in the next section. 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 FIGURE 4-5: DEMAND FOR FIRM GENERATING CAPACITY AND CAPACITY AVAILABLE WITH NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE "(F F O O O O O O N N N N N N O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O CO O O O N N N Co N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N —Peak Demand + 20% Safety Margin --- —Capacity, No Action The cost of supplying electrical power by different means can be estimated on the basis of forecasts of lmore costs. Table 4-N shows the total costs of the various alternatives that would meet planning criteria for supplying firm power. Cost estimates include equipment, construction, operations, and maintenance. The dollar values represent the net present value of future costs and treats near-term costs as larger than similar costs occurring later.l` The No Action Alternative is not fully comparable to the others, since it does not involve facilities and operations at levels needed to meet expected demand. The No Action Alternative is less expensive, but does not deliver the same service. Among the comparable plans, the Preferred Alternative and West Hawaii Alternative are the least expensive).10 �' Personal communication with Ross Sakuda, IIECO Generation Development Planning. ,lane 2004 Estimates of Prescnt Value include a discount tate and inflation rate that wiII affect futum costs. The discount rate allows lot the fact that future expenditure of funds is less expensive than saving now, and paying later (all other factors held equal), while the inflation rate allows for cost increases throughout the economy. With these rotes used to adjust future investments and costs, lire resulting calculations are in tents comparable to present day dollars. in 'Fire cost animate to, the PrMcrred Alternative IS actually about $63,500 lower than for arc West Hawaii Alternative. For this discussion, SMS sicwcd that difference, over a long-term analysis as too small to diffemntiate. Readers should note that the emissions controls accepted for Kcnhole under the Scalcmcnt Agreement were not necessary to meet environmental HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORI SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-17 Over time, the difference in cost among the plans with expanded reliance on fossil fuels is 0.6 percent or less. The difference in cost between dependence on biomass and on fossil fuels for a new firm energy - generating source is larger, ranges up to 7.4 percent. TABLE 4-N: FORECAST COSTS FOR ALTERNATIVE PLANS Notes: Components of plans are shown in Chapter Three. Cost estimates are expressed as Net Present Values 2004 dollars. Comparisons show relative cost of alternatives, expressed as perranta0es of lowest cost plan. (Source. HELCO estimates, 2004) 4.0.2. IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVES ON THE HAWAII COUNTY ECONOMY The Big Island accounts for about 10 percent of the State economy and totals about $5 billion in gross domestic product. ']'he Preferred Alternative fund the remaining alternatives designed to provide firm power adequate to support demand) would supply generating capacity to support anticipated economic growth. The No Action Alternative would subject Big Island customers to an increasingly inadequate power supply. Many customers would need to have back-up generating capacity. 4,8.3. NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE The No Action Alternative would return the Big Island to a situation in which generating capacity was inadequate to meet demand. This would limit productivity and increase costs for firms. When HELCO is unable to meet demand. unanticipated outages or planned rolling blackouts may occur. Rolling blackouts typically occur at peak demand times around 6:00 p.m. Circuits at various places island wide are removed from the grid. In 1991-1992, HELCO had to refuse service to customers on 22 different days because of a shortfall in capacity." On average, about 15,000 customers lost power on those days. A total of 387 circuit interruptions occurred. While the average interruption was for about 45 minutes, the longest single interruption lasted nearly three hours. When blackouts are possible, many firms must plan to protect their core functions and information systems. According to Dr. Kirkpatrick, residential customers typically are resigned, but unhappy about blackouts, reporting that they keep candles and flashlights handy. Some have home generators, even though they are on the grid. Occasional blackouts have important consequences even for well-prepared customers, for example: stoortmo] . Ileave, they were not include(] in the costs of development at other sites. Should other sites be chosen and should IIELCO implement the control technologies requested and accepted for Keahole in the Settlement, then the cost of new plants elsewhere would rise. AI that time, I'mm Geothermal Vena'.re had been contracted to provide 25 MW, but was not yci on line. Blackouts occurred when generating capacity was less than actual demand, because other units nettled maintenance and wont oB-line. HFI CO— KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTFR FOUR, PROF 4-18 PLAN DEVELOPMENT COSTS (MILLION $) NET PRESENT VALUE To 2025 COMPARISON RANK Alternative No Action $1,003.7 NC Alternative 2 Preferred Action $1,808.5 100.0% 1 Alternative 3 New West Hawaii Plant $1,808.5 100.0% 1 Alternative 4 East Hawaii $1,819.8 1006% 3 Alternative Biomass $1,942.3 107.4% 4 Notes: Components of plans are shown in Chapter Three. Cost estimates are expressed as Net Present Values 2004 dollars. Comparisons show relative cost of alternatives, expressed as perranta0es of lowest cost plan. (Source. HELCO estimates, 2004) 4.0.2. IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVES ON THE HAWAII COUNTY ECONOMY The Big Island accounts for about 10 percent of the State economy and totals about $5 billion in gross domestic product. ']'he Preferred Alternative fund the remaining alternatives designed to provide firm power adequate to support demand) would supply generating capacity to support anticipated economic growth. The No Action Alternative would subject Big Island customers to an increasingly inadequate power supply. Many customers would need to have back-up generating capacity. 4,8.3. NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE The No Action Alternative would return the Big Island to a situation in which generating capacity was inadequate to meet demand. This would limit productivity and increase costs for firms. When HELCO is unable to meet demand. unanticipated outages or planned rolling blackouts may occur. Rolling blackouts typically occur at peak demand times around 6:00 p.m. Circuits at various places island wide are removed from the grid. In 1991-1992, HELCO had to refuse service to customers on 22 different days because of a shortfall in capacity." On average, about 15,000 customers lost power on those days. A total of 387 circuit interruptions occurred. While the average interruption was for about 45 minutes, the longest single interruption lasted nearly three hours. When blackouts are possible, many firms must plan to protect their core functions and information systems. According to Dr. Kirkpatrick, residential customers typically are resigned, but unhappy about blackouts, reporting that they keep candles and flashlights handy. Some have home generators, even though they are on the grid. Occasional blackouts have important consequences even for well-prepared customers, for example: stoortmo] . Ileave, they were not include(] in the costs of development at other sites. Should other sites be chosen and should IIELCO implement the control technologies requested and accepted for Keahole in the Settlement, then the cost of new plants elsewhere would rise. AI that time, I'mm Geothermal Vena'.re had been contracted to provide 25 MW, but was not yci on line. Blackouts occurred when generating capacity was less than actual demand, because other units nettled maintenance and wont oB-line. HFI CO— KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTFR FOUR, PROF 4-18 • The HOST Park assures its tenants of a continuous supply of cold deep -ocean water. To do so, it maintains generating capacity and fuel to supply the pumps even if the local power supply fails for up to two weeks. • The Keck Observatory can close its telescope dome using emergency power in the event of an outage. It does not have enough power to make and record observations, so viewing time is lost. • At the North Hawaii Community Hospital, generators can supply offices and wards with power, but the operating theater is closed in the event of an outage. In all these cases, uncertainty about power raises operating costs and can lower productivity. Under the No Action Alternative, rolling blackouts could be increasingly expected by 2015. This would make the Big Island less competitive than other counties in attracting new investment, since firms would need to plan to supply their own power as a matter of course. As noted earlier, residential energy demand per person has been consistently growing. While some of that demand is unproductive, use of computers from home offices are productive and support residents' income-producing activities. Under the uncertain conditions that the No Action Alternative would create, residents would not be able to depend on power for such activity, and hence would be less able to telecommute and otherwise work from home. Not all customers would be affected in the same way by rolling blackouts. HELCO first tries to minimize interruptions for commercial areas, taking areas with a largely residential customer base off the grid rather than commercial ones. Next, the largest customers are increasingly being encouraged to develop their own power resources. Mauna Lani, a major resortnow draws on its own solar power sources to supply 800 kW for hot water and air conditioning, and even to contribute to the grid. In such a case, HELCO and the customer would negotiate fee .structures and connection agreements. The largest customers are likely to be insulated front the uncertainties of outages in the case of the No Action Alternative. This alternative could increase third -party producers' interest in developing distributed generation capacity.'" Distributed generation is an objective of HELLO plans and included in all alternatives under study. Distributed generation is most cost-effective, and most likely to be implemented by large customers. Those customers would in turn be protected from the risks that would arise under the No Action Alternative, while smaller customers would face both the risks and the reduced productivity associated with that alternative. To encourage energy efficiency in this industry, HELCO offers substantial cost savings and rebates to hotels and other tourismrelated businesses as an incentive for long-term planning and managing energy costs. Under HELCO's energy -efficiency rebate programs, customers who install energy efficient equipment receive cash incentives to reduce upfront costs. For most customers, installation costs can be recouped within three to five years- with energy savings. The company also provides long-term planning and feasibility studies for specific projects or an overall facilities master plan including HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air ( onditioning), water heating lighting, pumping systems, and other energy uses and supplies. The company will generate a detailed report on the: (1) condition of the existing equipment with estimated remaining life; (2) opportunities for energy efficiency and recommendations for upgrades; in The List, of small acetic power generators, using fossil If or renewable energy sources, located on the utility system at it utility site oral a cosu n ct site that nary or may not be coaneeted to the utility's power grid HELCO - KEAHOLE GENE RAI ING STATION d AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4 19 (3) estimated energy savings, payback and life cycle cost analysis based on recommended upgrades; (4) priorities for upgrading mechanical systems; and (4) recommended maintenance for upgraded systems. By encouraging conservation and energy efficiency, HELCO: (1) delays the construction of new plants that could cost millions of dollars; (2) offsets huge operating costs created by excessively high demand and system vulnerability; (3) supports and works with government initiatives to fulfill and achieve the desired level of energy sources needed to safeguard Hawaii's future; and (4) fulfills its duty and legal obligation to serve the public. 4.8.4. ALTERNATIVE PLANS The Preferred Alternative and Alternatives 3 through 5 were designed to provide reliable service and avoid rolling blackouts. However, service interruptions could still occur due to unforeseen circumstances. The Alternatives vary in costs for ratepayers (discussed below), and should provide adequate capacity for consumer demand. Hence, the Alternatives do not involve major impacts on the island economy due to reliability. Alternative 5 was included to address the feasibility of renewable firm resources as an alternative to fossil fuels. Currently, the renewable resources capable of supplying firm power on a large-scale are geothermal energy and biomass. FIELCO has a 35 -year power purchase agreement with Puna Geothermal Ventmes (PGV) for 30 megawatt (MW) of firm capacity, However, PCV has not always consistently produced at that level due to initial startup problems and a blocked source well. PGV completed drilling an additional source well in February 2003, and converted the blocked source well into an injection well in early March 2003. The new injection well was tested and PGV's capacity is currently between 25 to 28 MW. As of early 2004, PGV anticipated that it would be fully restored to 30 MW by late 2004. As of January, '_, I 2005 this did not vet happen. In April 2004, Ormat Industries purchased PGV for $71 million. The Big Island grid for many years depended on biomass in the form of bagasse burned by sugar mills. With the closing of the sugar plantations in the 1990s, biomass is not readily available. In its place, Hllo Coast Power Company, formerly Hilo Coast Processing Company, (HCFC) supplied power by burning imported coal, rather than a locally grown resource. The contract with HCPC will ended on December 31 f Deleted: bcbre o,, eFd or ,2004. Should new biomass plants become viable, whether because of high fossil -fuel costs or energy policy, The Big Island would probably need to grow biomass expressly for this purpose, rather than as a by- product of plantation agriculture. For each 25 MW biomass plant, approximately 6,300 acres would be needed to supply biomass. This alternative would then provide demand for nearly 20,000 acres of agricultural land over the next two decades. (That amount is 1.6 percent of County's land designated as Agricultural by the State Land Use Commission.) 4.8.5. IMPACTS ON RATEPAYERS 'fhe costs of Alternatives 2 - 5 are comparable because they are supplying generating capacity at the level forecast needed by Big Island consumers. The No Action Alternative is not comparable, because it docs not involve the provision of the same amount of power. HFI GO—KEA HOI E GFNERAI IN S I A I ION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPI Eft FOUR, PAGE 4.20 Should the Biomass Alternative be pursued, ratepayers would likely cover the cost of this alternative- It would amount to about $50.50 per customer per year over the 21 -year planning period.19 A few agricultural ratepayers would of course offset this cost by supplying biomass for the plants. When the Preferred Alternative and West Hawaii Alternative are compared, the cost difference is minimal, and the Preferred Alternative is slightly less expensive. 4.8.8. IMPACTS ON STOCKHOLDERS Hawaiian Electric Industries' (HBI) reports to stockholders have discussed the stalled development of the subject property as problematic. Alternative 2 or the Preferred Alternative would allow HELCO to generate power to meet demand and also to support a settlement that has been presented as a solution Tor the entire community. In contrast, the No Action Alternative and the Alternative 3 - 5 fail to meet key terms of the settlement. Consequently, the Preferred Alternative offers stockholders a much less uncertain future than the other alternatives. In that future, continuing good relations between HELCO and its customers could well lead to less contentious planning and permitting processes, and hence more efficient actions by HELCO. The Preferred Alternative develops a dual -train combined -cycle (DTCC) plant at Keahole in this decade. As a result. energy generation becomes more cost-efficient, and energy lost through waste heat will be reduced under the Preferred Alternative. 4.8.7. IMPACTS ON PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES The North Kona reeion is served by four public school complexes: Konawaena, Ho'okena, Kahakai, and Kealakehe; and three public libraries. The Kealakehe school complex is closest to the Keahole Generating Station: approximately three and a half miles away. The nearest police station is also situated at Kealakehe downslope of the school complex. The nearest Eire Department facility is located on Palani Road. The Kona Hospital is the nearest full-service hospital facility to the subject properties. It has fit licensed beds of ehich 44 are for acute care. Advanced life support ambulance units are located at the Kailua-Kona fire station on Palani Road. The operation of the Keahole Generatme Station and Airport Substation is critical to all of the aforementioned public facilities. Reclassification of the nroperty to Urban will not undermine electrical service to these facilities, but rather, will help to ensure the availability of film power and minimize the future potential for occasional disruptions to service. The No Action alternative presents the potential for a significant adverse impact to the aforementioned public facilities because, as Indicated in Table 2-E, it results in inadequate capacity in the system within nine years. From the point of view of providing uninterrupted electrical energy to the aforementioned public facilities, Alternatives 3 and 4 result in the same minimal impact as the Preferred Alternative. Alternative 5 presumably will result in the same provision of uninterrupted service, but secondary impacts related to it (in terms of changing land use and population impacts) could place greater demand on the public services and facilities. For example. the additional employment generated by biomass cultivation and In 2002, IIGLC'O had 66,411 customers (DBGDT, 2003), Fpr this companion, SMS assumed that HELCO would have, on average, 70,000 customcrrs between 2004 and 2025_ HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4 21 processing will likely increase the demand for new housing, and therefore, the public services and facilities essential to serve the population. 4.9. FISCAL IMPACTS Fiscal impacts consist of changes in government costs and revenues due to a project. In the present case, direct impacts are small. For the No Action Alternative, major cumulative impacts could arise, inasmuch as the reduced generating capacity under that alternative would tend to limit economic activity, as discussed in preceding sections. With reduced economic growth, government revenues tied to the economy in terms of general excise tax collections and property tax values would be lower or grow more slowly. 4.9.1. STATE OF HAWAII Construction activities generate revenues for the State in the form of excise taxes, personal income tax, and corporate income tax. Table 4-0 shows that the State would gain approximately $4 million (2003 dollars) from cash flows associated with construction for Alternatives 2 through 4, and $9 million lot Alternative 5. Table 4-0 draws on estimates of local construction spending- Estimates of specific revenue flows are shown in the Appendix to this report. TABLET -O. STATE REVENUES ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTRUCTION STATE TA REVENUES, IN MILLION 2003$ 2006.2010 2011,2015 2018.2020 1021-2025 CUMULATIVE Alternative 2 -Preferred $11 $0.0 $1,4 $1.8 $4.3 Alternative 3—West Hawaii $00 $0.7 $1.7 $1.5 $3.9 Alternative 4 — East Hawaii $0.0 $07 $1 7 $1.4 $3.8 Alternative 5 - Renewable $00 $2.4 $2.6 $4.9 $9.9 The State public service company tax is calculated on the basis of gross receipts of utilities. So long as HELCO is able to respond appropriately to demand (under Alternatives 2 through 5), no difference in receipts is anticipated. The No Action Alternative potentially could have a secondary impact on State revenues to the extent that it would limit economic growth, and hence, income. While SMS finds this argument plausible, it cannot be quantified without making speculative assumptions about the share of growth that would be diverted to other Counties, rather than outside Hawaii. 4.9.2. COUNTY OF HAWAII The County's main revenue source is real property tax. Utilities pay only nominal real property taxes ($100/parcel). Consequently, no difference in County receipts is anticipated. Also, no difference in County costs is anticipated under Alternatives 2 through 5. For the No Action Alternative, with an important risk of omages, the County could anticipate lost work time and need to pay staff overtime due to disruptions associated with outages. 4.10. IMPACTS ON NEARBY AREAS AND ACTIVITIES 4.10.1. AGRICULTURAL AREAS The Kcahole Agricultural Park includes 36 lots, which are currently fully leased. Of those, 25 have dwellings. The developers of the Palamanui project plan to build a roadway that will connect to Reservoir HELCO—KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGET 22 Road (the access road located on the north side of the HELCO property). It would then become the major road into and out of the Palamanui project and the eventual State developments on adjacent land. if the Palamanui project moves forward, then HELCO could consider changes in access to the Keahole Generating Plant. At present, fuel trucks enter and leave by the north gate (to the access road currently used only by HELCO) but all other visitors and workers reach the plant by the south gate, traveling through the agricultural park. With a wider access road, HELCO can consider using the north gate for all traffic to and from the generating station, which would lessen the impact of the station on its neighbors in the agricultural park. This road plan is unrelated to the project and alternatives discussed here, except as part of the context for impact analysis. 4.10.2. IMPACTS ON ACTIVITIES AND OCCUPANTS In the past, neighbors have expressed concern that emissions from the generating station might, in combination with cog, result in air quality harmful to those living and working nearby. This issue has been addressed in the Settlement Agreement and in Chapter Three. Under the Preferred Alternative, air quality will continue to meet or be better than current standards. Moreover, neighbors will have assurance that HELCO is taking steps to mitigate and monitor noise and emissions. Development of ST -7 with SCR would provide further reassurance, since it would use steam generated by the other combustion turbines to create additional power, thereby limiting emissions. Under the other alternatives, the generating station would have increased generating capacity, increased emissions, and a higher stack to disperse the emissions. HELCO would comply with environmental standards and regulations. However, under the other alternatives, not all the measures in the Settlement designed to address the concerns of the Keahole plant's neighbors would necessarily be implemented, either at Keahole or at other generating plant sites. 4.10.3. IMPACTS ON PROPERTY VALUES Land in the net park is leased by the Stale Department of Agriculture. Lease rents are determined by independent appraisals and leases may be sold to active farmers. When data on parcels in the agricultural park is compared with comparable leasehold agricultural parcels in West Hawaii, it turns out that sales values for land in the agricultural park are high, while the assessed values determined by County tax assessors are low: 20 TABLE 4-P: VALUATION OF COMPARABLE WEST HAWAII AGRICULTURAL PROPERTIES According to Dr. Kirkpatrick, the park's status and/or location clearly tend to hold lax valuation dorm, but not sales values and the level of sales activity. It appears that Keahole Agricultural Park has maintained high sales values despite the presence of an active power plant to the north, and a major Dau were gathered using Ilawaii Information Sereice record, in November 2003. Sale, are for the period Cmm 1/1/1998 to III time of analysts_ The comparable data are for leasehold agricultural parcels from III to len acres in eve. HELOO-KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBS IAT ION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4 23 TOTAL SAMPLE KEAHOLE AGRICULTURAL PARK Parcels 642 36 Parcels with Sales Since 1/1/1998 121 15 Average Land Value/Acre $5,680 $ 1,845 Average Sales Price/Acre $6,786 $18,650 According to Dr. Kirkpatrick, the park's status and/or location clearly tend to hold lax valuation dorm, but not sales values and the level of sales activity. It appears that Keahole Agricultural Park has maintained high sales values despite the presence of an active power plant to the north, and a major Dau were gathered using Ilawaii Information Sereice record, in November 2003. Sale, are for the period Cmm 1/1/1998 to III time of analysts_ The comparable data are for leasehold agricultural parcels from III to len acres in eve. HELOO-KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBS IAT ION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4 23 highway and airport to the west. In this situation, there is no obvious reason why the changes now underway, or the reclassification of the HELCO parcels could be expected to affect lease and resale values. The Renewable Alternative or Alternative 5 would have an important impact on agricultural land, since it would involve production of fuel crops on some 20,000 acres by 2025. The consequences for valuation would depend on whether land used for biomass production had been valued previously as appropriate for high value crops or for little more than pasture. Agricultural values in the County range from $7 per acre (for poor pasture land, dedicated to agricultural use) to $2,000 per acre for land used for truck crops. Land for production of biomass or forage crops and dedicated to agricultural use would be valued at S250 per acre. Currently, there is a lot of agricultural land in large lots on the Big Island that is used minimally, and valued at about $150 per acre or less.2 1 Use of such property for biomass production with long-term agricultural dedication would lead to higher valuations and taxes. The tax impact for the entire arca involved in biomass production would likely be a gain for the County in the order of $20,000 annually. 4.10.4. RESIDENTIAL AREAS Currently, Kona Palisades is the only residential subdivision near the project and stretching below the 800 -foot elevation. The closest homes are about 0.9 miles from the subject property by road. Eventually, additional housing could be located directly north and east of the subject property, in the Palamanui project and on State land, beginning about a mile away from the site. Additional housing could also be developed to the south of Kona Palisades. 4.10.5. IMPACTS ON ACTIVITIES AND OCCUPANTS With the Preferred Alternative, HELCO would be able to implement the mitigations and control measures noted in the Settlement Agreement. Under all other Alternatives, residents would face a situation in which HELLO could not implement all the controls. Consequently, while the precautions in place would meet State and Federal standards, they are less stringent than the ones that some of the nearby property owners sought. Such a situation would be unsettling to some of HELCO's neighbors at the location of the Alternate sites, and unlikely to encourage improved relations between HELLO and its local customers. 4.10.6. IMPACTS ON PROPERTY VALUES Reclassification is not expected to allect property values, since value is estimated on the basis of market trends for similar properties, not the classification of very different ones. Residents may be concerned that plant development and energy production may affect residential property values in the surrounding subdivisions. In the 1993 Revised Final EIS (RFEIS) for Keahole, an appraisal firm compared selected subdivisions and found no impact. For the present FIS, SMS ran a similar analysis for single-family properties in much of North Kona (in 'IMK zones 3-7-3 through 3-7-5) between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and about the 1,200 foot elevation. fhe aim was to learn whether location of residential property uphill from the Kcaholc industrial arca was an important cotnponcnt of value. Analyses were run on both appraised values and records of sales. In all cases, the uphill location was not significantly associated with 'I This claim is hosed on ecamination of value, of some 20 propenes in Ilalnakua and Kau over 500 acres, zoned for agricultural use. Since no sires for IMITTo biomass production arc known, any sampling of potent la l I affected ugn c If t ural land is only preliminary. HELCO—KEAHOLE GFNFRAT INO STATION 8 AIR PORI SuaSTATI ON CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-24 value. In short, the presence of industrial activity and an international airport at Keahole does not now affect residential property values uphill. While we cannot rule out the possibility that the recently completed stack and new turbines will have a discernible impact on values, there is no evidence to suggest this. (As noted earlier, the new stack is an existing condition and is included under all alternatives, as part of the construction currently permitted in advance of the proposed land use changes.) 4.10.7. COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL AREAS The Alternatives considered here would have minimal impact on commercial and industrial areas. These areas are largely exempt from rolling blackouts that could occur if the No Action Alternative is realized Improved reliability could lead to higher productivity and lower costs for Big Island businesses under Alternatives 2 through 5, but this is not an impact on a specific commercial area. NELHA is developing an Energy Gateway site along Queen Kaahumanu Highway south of the subject property. That site will highlight energy research and development efforts in Hawaii and around the world. HELCO is an active collaborator in developing the site. 4.10.0. OTHER AREAS AND ACTIVITIES IN HAWAII COUNTY The most immediate impact of the improvements to the subject property for the Big Island community in general is the provision of additional generating capacity. Many residents that SMS interviewed commented that a visible industrial plant with a tall stack would be undesirable at the intersection of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway with the road to and from the airport They suggested that tourists' appreciation of Kona as a destination would be lessened by the sight. In order to lessen the visual impacts of the improvements to the generating station, HELCO plans to increase landscaping that would tend to mask the contours of the plant from observers on the highway. HELCO has sought and received approval from the DI.NR for landscape improvements, gate modifications, and fence construction at the subject property. The perimeter landscaping along the southwest, west, and northwest sections of the property will he redone to help mitigate the adverse visual impacts of the improvements to the station. HELCO will create hermed planters in areas that are currently landscaped and transplant some of the existing vegetation. New trees and plants will also be added to create a more effective and attractive visual buffer. The area of the proposed planters is approximately 9,500 square feet. (See landscape concept plan in Chapter Three.) IIELCO will also convert its existing fence into it permanent perimeter fence and modify two existing gates by recessing the gates into the facility. The new gates would be automated, electronic curd -reading gates. The Renewable Alternative could well have complex impacts on the areas surrounding biomass plants Environmental impacts such as water, air quality, and noise would likely arise. Traffic impacts associated with hauling biomass to the plant would need to be considered. These impacts could have important implications for nearby communities' quality of life. Those implications cannot be assessed here, for lack of detailed plans and siting decisions, but they must be acknowledged as issues to be faced if this alternative were to be implemented. 4.11. MEASURES TO MITIGATE ADVERSE IMPACTS IDENTIFIED IN THIS REPORT The only adverse socio-economic impacts identified in this report for the Preferred Alternative are the higher cost for ratepayers and stockholders as compared to the West Hawaii Alternative. According to Dr.Kirkpatrick, these costs may be balanced against the gain in certainty achieved through the Settlement HELCO- NEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER TOUR, PAGE 4-26 Agreement. Also, the costs are minimal in relation to the overall costs of power generation over the study period. The actions in the Settlement Agreement include specific responses to the concerns of the parties to the agreement, notably the installation of SCR technology to deal with air quality, and the use of landscaping and painting to minimize visual impacts. Leaving aside the technical question of how severe the impacts in question would have been, it is clear that these measures have served to demonstrate the willingness of HELCO to work with neighbors and have offered sonic reassurance that the Keahole plant will, under the Preferred Alternative, have less impact than feared. In this sense, the components of the Settlement Agreement can be seen as mitigating ongoing problems of community relations. 4.12. MITIGATION PROCESSES Mitigation measures can be taken unilaterally or through a process in which key parties identify what they take to be important impacts, propose responses, and agree which response or set of responses most appropriately deal with the problem. The history of the Keahole proposal includes both types of decision- making process. HELLO has proposed and implemented some activities to limit impacts on neighbors, while others were proposed in the context of contested -case hearings and subsequent negotiations. 'I he Settlement includes specific actions that respond to neighbors' concerns anti hence mitigate both physical and social potential impacts. The Preferred Alternative, as the implementation of the Settlement, continues this mitigation process. I he No Action Alternative would set aside the settlement and offer no substitute. The remaining Alternatives would also leave the implementation of the Settlement unfinished, and would hence likely demand reopening negotiations with the other parties to the Settlement. HE LCO-KEAHOLE GENFRATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FOUR, PAGE 4-26 CHAPTER FIVE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROPOSED ACTION TO LAND USE PLANS, POLICIES, AND CONTROLS FOR THE AFFECTED AREA CHAPTER FIVE:_ RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROPOSED ACTION TO LAND USE PLANS, POLICIES, AND CONTROLS FOR THE AFFECTED AREA HAWAII STATE PLANS AND CONTROLS 5.1. THE LAND USE LAW The Legislature for the Stale of Hawaii (State) determined in 1961 that a state-wide zoning system was needed to protect Hawaii's valuable land from development that provided a short-term gain for a few and resulted in a long -tern loss to the income and growth potential of the State's economy. Accordingly, the Legislature established an overall framework of land -use management and adopted the Land Use Law under Chapter 205 of the Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS). The law placed all lands in the State in one of four land -use districts: I ,ban, ricaGuru/, C'on.servalion, or Rural (the Rural District was added in Deleted: ,Ip,��,dn„�- 1963), and established the [.and Use Commission (Commission) under HRS Section 205-I. 5.1.1. LAND USE DISTRICT BOUNDARIES The Commission identified land areas suitable for inclusion in one of the four districts and set the standards for determining the boundaries. There are approximately 2.5 million acres of land in the County of Hawaii (Big Island); 1.4 million acres are in West Hawaii (North Kohala, South Kohala, North Kona, South Kona, and Kau). A large portion of the land is in the Agricultural and Conservation Districts. FIGURE 5-1: PROPORTION OF LAND IN DISTRICT BOUNDARIES —WEST HAWAII 5.1.1.1. Urban District The Urban District is generally defined as lands in urban use with sufficient reserve to accommodate foreseeable growth. This district generally includes city -like concentrations of people, structures, services, and vacant areas for future development. The individual county governs the zoning within the district. In the County of Hawaii, this district is comprised of approximately 54,267 acres or 2 percent of the island's total land area TELCO —KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT $UBSTA i ION CEAP' ER t rvh, `Aul Si 5.1.1.2. Agricultural District The Agricultural District includes lands with a high capacity for intensive cultivation as well as those with low capacity. The minimum lot size in this district under the State Land Use Law is one acre. This district has the second greatest land arca with approximately 1,184,599 acres or slightly over 46 percent of the total land area of the County of Hawaii. This district includes activities or uses such as farming, aquactdture, game and fish propagation; agricultural services; farm buildings, employee housing, district mills, storage facilities, processing facilities, vehicle and equipment storage areas, roadside stands; wind machines and wind farms; small-scale meteorological, air quality, noise. and other scientific and environmental data collection and monitoring facilities: agricultural parks: and open arca recreational facilities, including golf courses and golf driving ranges, provided that they are not located on land in the highest productivity categories as determined by the Commission. The Commission andtor County regulate special uses within the Agricultural District depending upon lot size. County zoning ordinances may further define accessory uses within this district. 5.1.1.3. Conservation District Conservation Districts are primarily those lands in the existing forest and water reserve zones. This district has the largest land arca with approximately 1,338,135 acres or 52 percent of the total land area of the County of Hawaii. This district includes areas necessary for ( I ) protecting watersheds and water sources; (2) preserving scenic and historic areas; (3) providing park lands, wilderness, and beach reserves. (4) conserving indigenous or endemic plants, forestry, fish, and wildlife; (5) preventing floods and soil erosion; (6) retaining open -space areas to enhance the present or potential value of abutting of surrounding communities: (7) using areas of value for recreational purposes. other related activities, and other permitted uses not detrimental to a multiple -use conservation concept. The State Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR) administers conservation lands and the State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) sets rules governing its uses. The Conservation District has five subzones: (I) Protective, (2) Limited, (3) Resource, (4) Cie neral and (5) Special. the first four subzones 'arc arranged in a hierarchy of environmental sensitivity, ranging from the most environmentally sensitive (Protective) to the ]cast sensitive (General). The Special subzonc applies to special cases, specifically to allow a unique land use on a specific site. Each subzone has a set of "identified land uses" which may be allowed by discretionary permit. Applications can only be accepted for an identified land use listed under the particular subzonc covering the subject property. Most of the identified land uses require a discretionary permit or some sort of approval from the DLNR m BLNR. Major permits arc required for land uses, which have the greatest potential impact, and an environmental assessment and/or an EIS is required (and may also require a Public Hearing). 5.1.1.4. Rural District Rural Districts are defined under the State Land Use Law its lands primarily comprised of small farms mixed with low-density residential lots that have a minimum lot size of one-half acre. Of the four districts, this is the smallest, with approximately 807 acres of the County of Hawaii's total land area. This district generally includes low-density residential uses, agricultural uses, public, quasi public, and public utility facilities. These districts may include contiguous areas not suitable for low-density residential lots or small farms. Jurisdiction over rural districts is shared by the Commission and respective county. HELLO - KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5-1 5.1.2. THE LAND USE COMMISSION The Commission's primary responsibilities are to: (1) administer the law and determine the boundaries for each district; (2) preserve and protect Hawaii's land; (3) encourage uses to which lands are best suited; and (4) ensure that areas of State concern are addressed in the land -use decision-making process. The Commission also reviews and rules on applicant -initiated amendments to the district boundaries, pursuant to HRS Section 205-4 and the Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), Chapter 15-15, Hawail Land Use Commission Rides, as amended, and approves special -use permits for land comprised of 15 acres or more, pursuant to HRS Section 205-6. The Governor appoints members to the Commission, and the Senate confirms the appointments. Members are selected from a cross-section of the community for a specified term. One member is appointed from each of the four counties and five at large, for a total of nine.1 5.1.3. DECISION-MAKING CRITERIA FOR A BOUNDARY AMENDMENT The Commission, when reviewing a. petition for a boundary amendment, considers the decision-making criteria of HAS Section 205-17: (l) The extent to which the proposed reclassification conforms to the applicable goals, ahjectives, and policies of the Hawaii .state plan and relates to the applicable priority guidelines of I llaawn .state plan and the odopled.fmctionol plans; DISCUSSION: Based upon the facts, data, and information compiled, Hawaii Electric Light Compan} Ins.'s (HELLO) Petition for a Land Use District Boondari Amendment for the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation (collectively "subject property"), filed on November 25, 2003, appears to be consistent and on track with the goals, objectives, policies, and priority guidelines of the Hawaii State Plan and the State Functional Plans. A thorough review of the Hawaii State Plan and the adopted State Functional Plans are discussed in detail in subsequent sections, beginning with Section 5.2. (_') The extent to which the proposed reclaasificalion comorms to the applicable district standards; DISCUSSION: Both the BI.NR and DLNR, the govemrnental entities that govern the Conservation District, support the reclassification of the subject property Gom the Conservation District to the Urban District. Staff members of the DLNR have stated that the land (1) does not have any important natural resource attributes; (2) has been utilized for industrial purposes for over 30 years; and (3) surrounding lands are being utilized tut commercial/industrial purposes? The Commission itself recently reclassified approximately 2,640 acres in the immediate vicinity of State-owned lands mauka of Queen Kaahumanu Highway from the Conservation and Agricultural Disniets to the Urban District. (See Commission Docket No. BR92-685.) A reclassification to the Urban District would allow the subject property to _ Duta in Section 5.1 ohtaincd Gom (Choker 205 of the liawaii Revised Statutes, Slate of Ilawaii Land Use Commission website (hnp'. Olucstatchl us), and the 2001 County of Hawaii Proposed General Plan. The revised 2001 Gcncral Plan wa,. used instead of the existing plan hccausc the County conducts five- and Ien-ycar comprehensive reviews and updates of the Gcncral Plan to maintain dynamism and flexibility. The revised plan contains major changes and trends that have occurred and updated statistics reflecting these changes. See memorandum to Nicholas Viccam. Land Agent fm the State DLNR, Goin Sam I,emmo. Administrator, Office of ('onscrvariou and Coawal Lands, DLNR, in Chapter Scvco. Panics Considtcd HE L00- HEAHOLE GENERAi ING STAI ION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 1 ( ])conform with the existing and proposed land use for an electrical generating station and substation; (2) accommodate the projected population growth of the island of Hawaii (Big Island); (3) support the current State land use classifications in the area; (4) support the State and County of Hawaii's proposed land uses in the area which include, but are not limited to, the Palamanui/University of Hawaii-West Hawaii College, University Heights Subdivision, Coma Resort, improvements to the Kona International Airport, Keahole Agricultural Park, and the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELHA). (3) The impact gjthe proposed reclassification on thefollowing areas o(state concern: (A) preservation or maintenanc e of impo-tant natural systems or habitats,: (B) Maintenance ol'valued cacitural, historical, or natural resources; (C) Maintenan(e of other natural resources relevant to Hawaii's ecconon(v, including, but not liana d to, agricultural resources; DISCUSSION: As the proposed action is to reclassify the subject property from the Conservation District to the Urban District, the impact on natural systems, habitats, cultural, historical or natural resources, and agricultural resources in the area will be negligible because the subject property is already developed and has been since the 1970s. However, HELCO has conducted, through various sub-consultants, updated studies to assess the current situation and address any cumulative impacts the improvements to the subject property would bring. (Sce Chapter Three.) (U) Commitment cf statefttnds and resomres: DISCUSSION: No commitment of State funds and resources are necessary, except for the costs- associated with the hearing and processing of the proposed boundary amendment. In respect to improvements to the subject property, Hawaiian Electric Industries (HEI) maintains a balance of debt and equity in its capind structure, and this capital is used to fund all capital projects for its subsidiaries. Financing for ongoing improvements is a combination of equity investment and debt, including long- and short-term debt. (G) Provi.siolt for enrpdgwneni opportunities and economic development; and DISCUSSION: Reliable sources of electricity are key to economic development and employment opportunities. No adverse economic impacts stemming from a boundary amendment from the Conservation District to the Urban District are anticipated, because the subject property has been operating as an electrical utility since 1973. However, improvements to the generating station will be a key component in supplementing and firming the energy needed to meet growing demand in the region. (See Chapter Four.) /F) Provision far housing opportunities for all income groups, parliccularh the low, low-modest., and gap groups; DISCUSSION: As a publicly regulated utility, HELCO is obligated to provide reliable electricity at a reasonable cost for existing and new housing regardless of income considerations. However, HELLO through its parent company docs work with the State and counties on various programs designed for low- income residents to save on energy costs. HELCO-K[AHOLE GENERATING STATION iv AIRPORT SUBSTATION GIAPTER FIVE, PAGE V4 The State Functional Plan for Housing, which is discussed in Section 5.3.9, lists one of the obstacles to the development of affordable housing as the lack of infrastructure, particularly on the neighbor islands. HELCO is seeking to improve its facilities to accommodate the increasing amount of planned residential and resort -residential construction on the west side of the Big Island. (4) The representations and commitments made by the petitioner in securing a houndI change. DISCUSSION: HELCO is seeking the proposed action in order to: (1) bring the State Land Use District Classification into conformance with the existing and proposed use of the project area as an electrical generating station and substation; (2) facilitate future operation and maintenance of the generating station; and (3) implement proposed environmental mitigation measures. In approving a boundary amendment, the Commission must also take into account the General Plan of the respective County; and where applicable, the objectives, policies, and guidelines of the State Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA), HRS Chapter 205A. The following sections will discuss the various State and County of Hawaii plans and identify the applicability and the extent to which HELCO's proposed petition for a boundary amendment conforms to these plans. 5.2. HAWAII STATE PLAN The Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) (formerly known as the Department of Planning and Economic Development) completed in 1978 a Hawaii State Plan to: (I) improve the planning process; (2) increase the effectiveness of government and private actions; (3) improve coordination among agencies and levels of government: (4) provide for the wise use of Hawaii's resources; and (5) guide the future development of the State. (State of Hawaii, Department of Planning and Economic Development, 1978, Revised 1989, 1991.) The Legislature adopted in 1978 the Hawaii State Planning Act (Planning Act), as HRS Chapter 226. The Planning Act consists of a series of broad goals, objectives and policies that serve as guidelines for future long -tern growth and development. It further (1) provides a basis for determining priorities and allocating limited resources; (2) seeks to improve coordination of Federal, State, and County plans, policies, programs, projects, and regulatory activities; and (3) establishes a system for plan formulation and program coordination to provide for an integration of all major State and County activities. The Planning Act is divided into three sections: (1) Overall Theme, Goals, Uhjeciives and Policies; (2) Planning Coordinalion and Implementation; and (3) Priority Guidelines: Part I of the Planning Act consists of three overall themes: (1) individual and family self-sufficiency; (2) social and economic mobility; and (3) community or social well-being. These themes are considered "basic functions of society" and goals toward which government must strive FIRS Section 226-3). Part 11 of the Planning Act primarily addresses internal government policies to help streamline, coordinate, and implement various plans and processes between governmental agencies. It seeks to eliminate or consolidate burdensome or duplicative governmental requirements imposed on business, where public health, safety, and welfare would not be adversely affected. HELCO- NEAHOLE GENERATING STATION a AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 5 Part III of the Planning Act establishes overall priority guidelines to address areas of statewide concern (HRS Section 226-101). The overall direction and focus are on improving the quality of life for Hawaii's present and future population through the pursuit of desirable courses of action (HRS Section 226-102). The following table, identified as Table 5-A, presents Parts I and III of the Planning Act, and rates HELCO's conformance and support of the State's goals and objectives. Part 11 is not presented, as this section primarily pertains to internal government affairs. TABLE 5-A: HAWAII STATE PLANNING ACT SECTION CHAPTER 226 -PART I. OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A c ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS_ I e GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIVES NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE 226-1 Findings and purpose. 226-2 Definitions. 226-3 Overall Theme 2264 State Goals. In order to guarantee, for present and future generations, those elements of choice and mobility that insure that individuals and groups may approach their desired levels of self-reliance and self, determination, it shall be the goal of the State to achieve: (1) A strong, viable economy, characterized by stability, diversity, and growth. that enables the fulfillment of the needs and expectations of Hawaii's present and future generations. (2) A desired physical environment, characterized by beauty, cleanliness, quiet, stable natural systems, and uniqueness, that enhances the mental and physical well being of the people. (3) Physical, social, and economic well being, for individuals and families in Hawaii, that nourishes a sense of community responsibility. of caring, and of participation in community life. COMMENTARY: HELLO has served the Big Island for over a century and has provided the necessary electrical infrastructure to help build a strong, viable economy. Reliable sources of power contribute to the physical, social, and economic well being ofthe entire population. HELCO is a publicly regulated utility providing electricity in response to existing and prospective patterns of development. The demand for electricity occurs from changes in land use, population density, and development. Changes In the intensity of land use greatly influence the quantitative design of utilities and services, particularly the design capacity. Both the State and County have planned and projected high economic and socioceononie growth in the West Hawaii region. All plans, current and proposed projects, point to growth in many industries, and with it a growth in population and services. As the primary power provider, ILEI Co is improving its facilities to meet demand and implement environmental mitigation measures for legal and operational requirements. IIELCO will be making a major fnancial commitment in infrastructure to accommodate demand. while safeguarding the environment. 226-5 OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES FOR POPULATION (a) It shall be the objective in planning for the State's population to guide population growth to be consistent with the NA achievement of physical, economic, and social objectives contained in this chapter, (b) To achieve the population objective, it shall be the policy of this State to; (1) Manage population growth statewide in a manner that provides increased opportunities for Hawaii Is people to NA pursue their physical, social, and economic aspirations while recognizing the unique needs of each county. (2) Encourage an increase In economic activities and employment opportunities on the,neighbor islands consistent C with community needs and desires. (3) Promote Increased opportunities for Hawaii's people to pursue their socio-economic aspirations throughout the C islands (4) Encourage research activities and public awareness programs to foster an understanding of Hawaii's limited capacity to accommodate population needs and to address concerns resulting from an increase in Hawaii s A population. (5) Encourage federal actions and coordination among major governmental agencies to promote a more balanced NA distribution of Immigrants among the states, provided that such actions do not prevent the reunion of Immediate HELCO—KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPOR' SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE Sa SECTION CHAPTER 226 - PART (.OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE -C= CONFORMS_ 1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIVES_ NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE family members. (6) Pursue an increase in federal assistance for states with a greater proportion of foreign immigrants relative to NA their state's population. (7) Plan the development and availability of land and water resources in a coordinated manner so as to provide for NA the desired levels of growth in each geographic area, COMMENTARY: As a public utility, HELCO is unable to manage growth. Rather, it responds to growth by providing the required services. Federal, State, and County governments primarily institute and oversee population control measures. Electrical utilities emerge as growth or projected growth occurs from changes in land use, population density, and development. Population growth in the region has contributed to a rising demand for electrical services. Statistics show that load growth on the west side has increased at a much faster pace than on the cast side of the island. Hence, the need to expand generating capacity on the west side. 226-6 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES FOR THE ECONOMY -IN GENERAL. (a) Planning for the State's economy in general shall be directed toward achievement of the following objectives: (1) Increased and diversified employment opportunities to achieve full employment, increased income and lob C choice, and improved living standards for Hawaii's people (2) A steadily growing and diversified economic base that is not ovedy dependent on a few industries, and includes f the development and expansion of industries on the neighbor islands. (b) To achieve the general economic objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Expand Hawaii's national and international marketing, communication, and organizational ties, to increase the State's capacity to adjust to and capitalize upon economic changes and opportunities occurring outside the NA State. (2) Promote Hawaii as an attractive market for environmentally and socially sound investment activities that benefit NA Hawaii's people. (3) Seek broader outlets for new or expanded Hawaii business investments. NA (4) Expand existing markets and penetrate new markets for Hawaii's products and services C (5) Assure that the basic economic needs of Hawaii's people are maintained in the event of disruptions in overseas A transportation. (6) Strive to achieve a level of construction activity responsive to, and consistent with, state growth objectives NA (7) Encourage the formation of cooperatives and other favorable marketing arrangements at the local or regional A level to assist Hawaii's small-scale producers, manufacturers, and distributors. (6) Encourage labor-intensive activities that are economically satisfying and which offer opportunities for upward NA mobility. (9) Foster greater cooperation and coordination between the government and private sectors in developing Hawaii's r employment and economic growth opportunities (10) Stimulate the development and expansion of economic activities which will beri areas with substantial or A expected employment problems (11) Maintain acceptable working conditions and standards for Hawaii's workers f (13) Provide equal employment opportunities for all segments of Hawaii's population through affirmative action and t nondiscrimination measures. (14) Encourage businesses that have favorable financial multiplier effects within Hawaii's economy. NA (15) Promote and protect intangible resources In Hawaii, such as scenic beauty and the aloha spirit, which are vital t. to a healthy economy. (16) Increase effective communication between the educational community and the private sector to develop relevant curricula and training programs to meet future employment needs in general, and requirements of new, potential NA growth industries in particular. HEI -GO -KEAHOLE GENERA ING SIATON & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE S] SECTION CHAPTER 226 - PART (.OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A= ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C=CONFORMS 1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIVES NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE (17) Foster a business climate in Hawaii - including attitudes, tax and regulatory policies, and financial and technical assistance programs - that is conducive to the expansion of existing enterprises and the creation and attraction C of new business and industry. COMMENTARY: Hawaiian Electric Industries (HEI), a publicly traded company, is the parent company of HECO, HELCO, and MECO. Almost 20,000 Hawaii residents are shareholders of HEI, which remains one of the few locally owned and operated major companies in the State. As a publicly traded company, HEI is obligated to its shareholders to make wise decisions that maximize efficiency and increase profits. As a public utility that serves the community, its subsidiaries are obligated to provide electrical power reliably at the lowest possible cost to consumers. while addressing environmental concerns. HELLO is among the top 30 employers in the County of Hawaii. The company has provided employment Opportunities that support the State's objectives to help achieve full employment, increase income andjob choice, and improve living standards for Hawaii's people. The company as a whole follows equal employment and affirmative action measures and maintains acceptable working conditions. A collective bargaining agreement with the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers H.B.E.W.), American Federation of labor -Congress of Industrial Unions (AFL-CIO), covers 73 percent of HELLO employees. All economic activity agriculture, communication, construction, manufacturing, distributing, retail, finance, hotel, food service requires reliable electricity to power its business activity loudly, nationally, or globally. A robust economy creates jobs and benefits everyone. The company has encouraged economic activity and has been a major contributing member of the community. It has ( I ) conducted research, formed partnerships, and invested in alternate and renewable energy sources; (3) promoted energy education and legislation through Hawaii's schools, businesses, and communities; (4) supported and developed an integrated approach to energy development and management; (5)_imested when necessary in infrastructure to provide reliable energy for Hawaii's people, and (6) provided substantial rebates and consulting services to all businesses in terms of energy efficiency, production, and cost reduction. 226-7 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES FOR THE ECONOMY -AGRICULTURE (a) Planning for the State's economy with regard to agriculture shall be directed towards achievement of the following objectivesPlanning for the State's economy with regard to agriculture shall be directed towards achievement of the following objectives: (1) Viability of Hawaii's sugar and pineapple industries. NA (2) Growth and development of diversified agriculture throughout the State. C (3) An agriculture Industry that continues to constitute a dynamic and essential component of Hawaii's strategic, t, economic, and social well-being. (b) To achieve the agriculture objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to. (1) Establish a clear direction for Hawaii's agriculture through stakeholder commitment and advocacy. NA (2) Encourage agriculture by making best use of natural resources. C (3) Provide the governor and the legislature with information and options needed for prudent decision making for NA the development of agriculture. (4) Establish strong relationships between the agricultural and visitor industries for mutual marketing benefits C (5) Foster increased public awareness and understanding of the contributions and benefits of agriculture as a major NA sector of Hawaii's economy. (6) Seek the enactment and retention of federal and slate legislation that benefits Hawaii's agricultural Industries. NA (7) Strengthen diversified agriculture by developing an effective promotion, marketing, and distribution system NA between Hawaii's producers and consumer markets locally, on the continental United States, and internationally. (8) Support research and development activities that provide greater efficiency and economic productivity in A agriculture. (9) Enhance agricultural growth by providing public incentives and encouraging private Initiatives A (10) Assure the availability of agriculturally suitable lands with adequate water to accommodate present and future NA HEL00- NEAHOLE GENERATING S I AI IGN&AIRPORT SUB51AHON CHAPTER FIVE, PAG( 58 SECTION CHAPTER 226 - PART I. OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A c ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE_ C= CONFORMS_ 1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIVES_ NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE needs. (11) Increase the attractiveness and opportunities for an agricultural education and livelihood. NA (12) Expand Hawaii's agricultural base by promoting growth and development of flowers, tropical fruits and plants, C livestock, feed grains, forestry, food crops, aquaculture, and other potential enterprises. (13) Promote economically competitive activities that increase Hawaii's agricultural self-sufficiency C (14) Promote and assist in the establishment of sound financial programs for diversified agriculture. NA (15) Institute and support programs and activities to assist the entry of displaced agricultural workers Into alternative NA agricultural or other employment. (16) Facilitate the transition of agricultural lands in economically nonfeasible agricultural production to economically A viable agricultural uses. COMMENTARY: HH.LCO, through its parent company, has supported and encouraged the agricultural industry. For several decades, it purchased biomass power from local sugar mills to help extend the viability of this agricultural commodity in Hawaii. h has also worked with agricultural businesses to achieve cost savings, increase production, and become energy efficient. The company is presently pursuing or working with cicctro-lechnologics that would help agricultural businesses become more productive. These technologies include: (1)post harvest cooling system (to increase the shelf life of locally grown produce); (2) dairy farm and food processing technology; (3) energy management systems; (4) indoor air quality and dchumidi ftcation systems; (5)hcat pump water heating; (6) cool thermal cncrgy storage; and (7) new food processing technologies. 226-8 OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES FOR THE ECONOMY -VISITOR INDUSTRY. (a) Planning for the State's economy with regard to the visitor Industry shall be directed towards the achievement of the objective of a visitor industry that constitutes a major component of steady growth for Hawaii's economy. (b) To achieve the visitor industry objective, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Support and assist in the promotion of Hawaii's visitor attractions and facilities. A (2) Insure that visitor Industry activities are in keeping with the social, economic, and physical needs and aspirations NA of Hawaii's people. (3) Improve the quality of existing visitor destination areas, C (4) Encourage cooperation and coordination between the government and private sectors in developing and maintaining well-designed, adequately serviced visitor industry and related developments which are sensitive to A neighboring communities and activities. (5) Develop the industry in a manner that will continue to provide new job opportunities and steady employment for A Hawaii's people (6) Provide opportunities for Hawaii's people to obtain job training and education that will allow for upward mobility NA within the visitor Industry. (7) Foster a recognition of the contribution of the visitor industry to Hawaii's economy and the need to perpetuate A the aloha spirit (8) Foster an understanding by visitors of the aloha spirit and of the unique and sensitive character of Hawaii's NA cultures and values. COMME,NI'FARY- Tourism contributes about $10 to $14 billion annually to the Stales economy, and provides numcrom opportunities for the people of Hawaii. At the same time, it also places a heavy demand on public utilities and services. Io encourage energy efficiency in this industry, HELCO offers substantial cost savings and rebates to hotels and other tourism -related businesses as an incentive for long -tern planning and managing energy costs. Under HLLCO's cncrgy-cfJicicncy rebate programs, customers who install energy efficient equipment receive cash incentives to reduce ul l costs. For most customers, installation costs can be recouped within three to five vem5 with energy savings. The company also provides long-term planning and feasibility studies for specific projects or an overall facilhics master plan including HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning), water heating, lighting, pumping systems and other cncrgy uses and supplies. The company will generate a detailed report on the: (I) condition of the existing equipment with estimated remaining life; (2) opportunities for energy efficiency and recommendations fir upgrades; (3) estimated energy savings, payback and life cycle cost analysis based on HELCO—NEAROLL GENERATING STA! ION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE. PAGE"9 SECTION CHAPTER 226 - PART (.OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A =ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS 1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIVES NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE recommended upgrades; (4) priorities for upgrading mechanical systems; and (4) recommended maintenance for upgraded systems. For example: (I ) The Hilton Waikoloa Village installed new lights, motors/drivers, and window film and received $92,000 in total rebates from HELCO and will save 1.8 million kWh per year. (2) The Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel installed new lights and received $54,000 in rebates and will save 967,000 kWh per year. (3) The Mauna Lam Bay Hotel installed new lights, air conditioning, and window, film and received $93,900 in rebates and will save 1.1 million kWh per year. (4) The Outrigger Waikoloa Beach Hotel installed new lights and motors and received $21,700 in rebates and will save 404,000 kWh per year. Also, the Outrigger Waikoloa Beach Hotel partnered with HELLO on a high temperature solar thermal system pilot study, which indicated savings of $86,757 and 231,260 kWh per year. (5) The Hapuna Beach Resort laundry worked with HELCO to install an ozone laundry system. The study slowed savings of 80-90 percent hot water usage, 30 percent water and sewer costs, and net savings of 40 percent overall 226-9 OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES FOR THE ECONOMY -FEDERAL EXPENDITURES. (a) Planning for the Stale'a economy with regard to federal expenditures shall be directed towards achievement of t the objective of a stable federal investment base as an integral Component of Hawaii s economy; de To achieve the federal expenditures objective, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Encourage the sustained flow of federal expenditures in Hawaii that generates long -ten government civilian NA employment (2) Promote Hawaii's supportive role in national defense. NA (3) Promote the development of federally supported activities in Hawaii that respect state-wide economic concerns, are sensitive to community needs, and minimize adverse impads on Hawaii's environment. (4) Increase opportunities for entry and advancement of Hawaii's people into federal government service. NA (5) Promote federal use of local commodities, services, and facilities available in Hawaii. NA (6) Strengthen federal -state -county, communication and coordination in all federal activities that affect Hawaii. NA (7) Pursue the return of federally controlled lands in Hawaii that are not required for either the defense of the nation or for other purposes of national importance, and promote the mutually beneficial exchanges of land between NA federal agencies, the State, and the counties. COM M E N A RY: According to reports generated by DBEDT, military and civilian expenditures by the federal government make up a large and dependable inflow of funds to Hawaii's economy. Federal spending, including transfer payments, exceeded $9 billion in 2001, Lind indications are that federal spending will increase to support military efforts in the coming years. Executive Order 13123, adopted in 1994, mandates that each federal agency develop and implcmcnt a program to reduce energy consumption by 35 percent by the year 2010 to the extent that these measures are cost effective. The 35 percent reduction will be measured relative to the agency's 1985 energy use. HECO and HELCO continue to work With various federal agencies to implement demand-side management (DSM) programs that will help them achieve their energy reduction objectives. For example, the USDA, Smithsonian Institute, US Postal Services, and the US Department of Interior, installed new lighting, high efficient air conditioning, and window film and received $10,861 in total rebates and will sme 169,490 kWh per year. HFCO and its subsidiaries have secured a number of large federal contracts that have brought millions of dollar, into the State's economy and createdjobs for its own staff and for small businesses. An example is the Million Solar Itoofs Initiative (MSRI) wherc HECO worked with the U.S. Navy to install over 12,000 solar energy systems on Ouhu to date. HELLO has installed 3,170 solar energy systems on the Big Island as part of MSRI. The goal is 21,000 sy,acros in Hawaii by 2010. The project is a joint effort with the U.S. Department of Energy, HECO, and the solar and building industries. HELCO provides a $1.000 rebate, but relics on local solar industry for sales and installations. Hawaii's 35 percent tax credit and awareness program contributes to the success of the partnership. Senator Danicl Inouye helped secure initial funding for a Hawaii Fuel Cell Test Facility through a $1.5 million U.S. Department of Defense appropriation for research collaboration between the University of Hawaii at Manoa s Hawaii Natural Energy Inst it Lite (LINEA) and the Naval Research Laboratory undothe Hawaii Encrgy and Environniental Technology (HEFT) Initiative. (The IIEET initiative integrates research efforts on fuel cell development and HELCO -KEAHOLE GFNERATING SIA PON 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE. PAGE' -1D SECTION CHAPTER 226 - PART I. OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELLO'S OBJECTIVES NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE alternative fuel sources such as biofuels and hydrogen -rich methane hydrates, an enormous energy resource found in sea floor sediments.) The I Iswat i Fucl Cell Test Facility is a joint research project between HNEI, UTC Fuc] Cells, the Off -ice of Naval Research Hawaii Fuel Cell Test Facility, and RECO. The haci]ity is located in a 4,000 sq. it. warehouse at HECO's Ward Avenue property and currently houses three fuel cell test stands, with two more to be received by the end of the year. (See Appendix G for further discussion on fuel cell technology.) HELCO obtained federal funds for a project, Managing High Saturations of 7Ji.sirihuted Energv Resources as a ,Wicrognd on the Big /shard. The purpose was to optimize HELCO's utility network to produce the lowest electrical costs, highest reliability and power quality, and improved emissions levels. HELCO will work with the State to evaluate combinations of hybrid, controllable distributed energy resource systems, including: mic oturbincs, fuel cells, customer -sited storage systems, hydrogen generation and storage, small wind, and photovoltaic systems and responsive load technologies. 226-10 OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES FOR THE ECONOMY -POTENTIAL GROWTH ACTIVITIES. (a) Planning for the State's economy with regard to potential growth activities shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of development and expansion of potential growth activities that serve to increase and diversify Hawaii's economic base. (b) To achieve the potential growth activity objective, it shall be the policy of this State to. (1) Facilitate investment and employment in economic activities that have the potential for growth such as diversified agriculture, aquaculture, apparel and textile manufacturing, film and television production, and energy and marine -related industries. (2) Expand Hawaii's capacity to attract and service international programs and activities that generate employment for Hawaii's people. (3) Enhance and promote Hawaii's role as a center for international relations, trade, finance, services, technology, education, culture, and the arts. (4) Accelerate research and development of new energy- related industries based on wind, solar, ocean, and underground resources and solid waste (5) Promote Hawaii's geographic, environmental, social, and technological advantages to attract new economic activities Into the State. (6) Provide public incentives and encourage private initiative to attract new industries that best support Hawaii's social, economic, physical, aid environmental objectives (7) Increase research and the development of ocean -related economic activities such as mining, food production, and scientific research. (8) Develop. promote, and support research and educational and training programs that will enhance Hawaii's ability to attract and develop economic activities of benefit to Hawaii (9) Foster a broader public recognition and understanding of the potential benefits of new, growth-onented Industry in Hawaii. (10) Encourage the development and implementation of joint federal and state initiatives to attract federal programs and projects that will support Hawaii's social, economic, physical. and environmental objectives (11) Increase research and development of businesses and services in the telecommunications and information industries COMMENTARY: The goals and policies set ibrth in HRS 226-10 correspond with the changes and growth occurring in the West Hawaii region. Bold initiative Set by the County of Hawaii's General Plan, the Static's 1989 West Hawaii Regional Plan, the County's 1991 Kcaho]c to Kailua Development Plan, and overall State plans are steadily materializing in the arca. Over $1 billion of planned construction of resort -residential complexes has been announced, in addition to the substantia] investment already in place. Various resod and resort -residential complexes are cumemly under construction or are planned ]or construction in the near future. Government, commercial. industrial activities. retail, banking services have sprouted in the region. including "Big -box" retailers such as Gstco, K -Marl, and WalMarl and international spurting events such as the IronMan are 1n Kona. New projects for 2004 on the Big Island include but are not limited to: Lnwc's Homc Improvement Center, Home Depot, reopening of Kona Surf as Sheraton KCatLOU Bay Iicsorl, Kovo I Bottling Company, NELI IA process seawater pump st ration, HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING 81 A I ION a AIRPORT SUESTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE' 11 SECTION CHAPTER 226 - PART (.OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORAM I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCOIS OBJECTIVES NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE Kamehamcha School, North Hawaii Community Hospital expansion, West Hawaii Concrete, and Waikoloa Water Company. Diversified agriculture continues its upward momentum, bringing with it the potential for growth in related industries such as exporting, manufacturing, and production. Agricultural commodities for the local and export markets continues to expand and gain exposure through the tourism industry. The State in collaboration with Hiluhilu Development LLC (also known as Palmnanui), is currently in the planning stages for the new Palamanui/University of Hawaii Center at West Hawaii College project combined with residential development, which will encompass approximately 1,225 acres. The project will bring higher educational, research and information facilities, residential and commercial complexes, a medical wellness center, and numerous growth opportunities in the region. Research projects at NELHA located on 870 acres of State-owned land supports development and commercialization of alternative energy and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTECErelated technologies. Commercial companies located at NELHA specialize in a variety of land-based operations, including the production of algae, finfmsh, crustaceans, and mollusks. Other tenants are researching alternative energy, ocean instrumentation, marine biotechnology, and desalination. HELCO, together with its parent company, monitors the open -cycle OTEC demonstration project at NELHA, provides technical input on electrical interface concerns during plant stall -up, and is a team member in a 51 closed -cycle OTEC demonstration project at NELHA. HELLO has provided the necessary electrical infrastructure to reliably power growth in the region and to meet the demand for additional services. The company has encouraged economic activiiv and has been a major contributing member of the community. It has ( I ) conducted research, formed partnerships, and invested heavily in alternate and renewable energy sources; (3) promoted energy education and legislation through Hawaii's schools, businesses, and communities; (4) supported and developed an integrated approach to energy development and management; (5) invested when necessary in infrastructure to provide reliable energy for Hawaii's people, and (6) provided Substantial rebates and consulting services to all businesses in terms of energy efficiency, production, and cost reduction. 226-10.5 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES FOR THE ECONOMY -INFORMATION INDUSTRY. (a) Planning for the State's economy with regard to the information industry shall be directed toward the achievement of the objective of positioning Hawaii as the leading dealer in information businesses and services C in the Pacific Rim', (b) To achieve the Information Industry objective, It shall be the policy of this State to (1) Encourage the continued development and expansion of the telecommunications Infrastructure serving Hawaii C to accommodate future growth in the information industry, (2) Facilitate the development of new business and service ventures in the information industry which will provide employment opportunities for the people of Hawaii, (3) Encourage greater cooperation between the public and private sectors in developing and maintaining a well- NA designed information industry, (4) Ensure that the development of new businesses and services In the industry are in keeping with the social, C economic, and physical needs and aspirations of Hawaii's people, (5) Provide opportunities for Hawaii s people to obtain lob training and education that will allow for upward mobility NA within the information Industry, (6) Foster a recognition of the contribution of the information Industry to Hawaii's economy; and NA (7) Assist In the promotion of Hawaii as a broker, creator, and processor of information In the Pacific. C COMMEN TAR V; By being able to depend on a reliable source of electrical power, the information industry can continue with the advancernents it has made in this segment our economy. The State views high technology as an important driver in the diversification of Hawaii's cemmonty and one that provides quality, high -paying jobs for Hawaii residents. HELCO-KEAHOLE GENERATING SFAT ION &AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5.12 SECTION CHAPTER 226 - PART I. OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A =ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS 1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIM NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE HELLO through its parent company also publishes literature and posts information on its website for students, educators, businesses and residents on energy and how one could save on energy costs. HELCO also sends to its customers by request a residential handbook, Energy Tips & Choices, which contains useful information on reducing energy costs. i 226-11 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES FOR THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT-LANDBASED, SHORELINE, AND COMMENTARY: The ,subject property is located approximately 3.5 miles inland from the shoreline. Howceer, to ensure that its operations would not be of detriment to marine resources, HELCO commis's'ioned a study by Marine Research Consultants. This report analyzed and interpreted data and found that the expansion of the generating station would in all probability not advcrscbl affect Earn: resources. (Sec Chaptcr Thrcc and Appendix J.) In reference to conservation and enviromncntal protection measures, HELLO, through its parent company, has invested in renewable energy sources That would benefit the physical environment. The company currently supports renewable sources in various ways: ( I ) such as solar water heating and heat pump programs; and (2)lhrough punhascd power contracts with return] try generators' using renewable sources (c.p., geothermal, try droclectri,, and wind turbine generating systems). HELCO has a 35 -scar powcr purchase agicensnt with Puna Gcothcrind VCnILIres (P(3V) for 30 MV, of firm capacity. PGV, which was purchased by Orono Industries in April 2004. The PGV facilities arc located about 21 miles south of Hilo with facilities situated on about 25 acres of a 500 -acre plot along the Lower Fast Rift Zone (LERZ) of the Kdauca Volcano. PGV's design is quite simplc._Gcothcnnal fluid is brought to the surface through production wells, which trip into the resource at a depth of almost a mile. All fluids are returned to the resource arca through injection wells, which extend to a depth of a little more than a mile. I he good hcrmal fluid, which is comprisal of geothermal steam and brine, is separated in large separators. The steam, along with its nun -condensable gases, is routed to the power plant and used la produce electricity for the needs of the Big Island. This quantity allows for operation/Inaintcnancc flexibility and for more efficient production of electrical power during the large load changes between div and night. PGV has plans to expand its operations in the immediate future 1 On December 30. 3003, HELCO srgncd an approximately 10 MW as -available wind powcr contract with Hawi Puna Geothermal wVhsa, at lap:/ www.puiizigeollieriiiiiicenikiic ca, HELCO —KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 1-13 MARINE RESOURCES. (a) Planning for the State's physical environment with regard to land-based, shoreline. and marine resources shall be directed towards achievement of the following objectives: (1) Prudent use of Hawaii's land-based, shoreline, and marine resources. C (2) Effective protection of Hawaii's unique and fragile environmental resources. A (b) To achieve the land-based, shoreline, and marine resources objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Exercise an overall conservation ethic in the use of Hawaii's natural resources. A I (2) Ensure compatibility between land-based and water-based activities and natural resources and ecological A systems (3) Take into account the physical attributes of areas when planning and designing activities and facilities. A (4) Manage natural resources and environs to encourage their beneficial and multiple use without generating costly ASI or irreparable environmental damage (5) Consider multiple uses in watershed areas, provided such uses do not detrimentally affect water quality and NA recharge functions. (6) Encourage the protection of rare or endangered plant and animal species and habitats native to Hawaii. (. (7) Provide public incentives that encourage private actions to protect significant natural resources from degradation or unnecessary depletion (8) Pursue compatible relationships among activities, facilities, and natural resources. C (9) Promote Increased accessibility and prudent use of inland and shoreline areas for public recreational, NA educational, and scientific purposes. COMMENTARY: The ,subject property is located approximately 3.5 miles inland from the shoreline. Howceer, to ensure that its operations would not be of detriment to marine resources, HELCO commis's'ioned a study by Marine Research Consultants. This report analyzed and interpreted data and found that the expansion of the generating station would in all probability not advcrscbl affect Earn: resources. (Sec Chaptcr Thrcc and Appendix J.) In reference to conservation and enviromncntal protection measures, HELLO, through its parent company, has invested in renewable energy sources That would benefit the physical environment. The company currently supports renewable sources in various ways: ( I ) such as solar water heating and heat pump programs; and (2)lhrough punhascd power contracts with return] try generators' using renewable sources (c.p., geothermal, try droclectri,, and wind turbine generating systems). HELCO has a 35 -scar powcr purchase agicensnt with Puna Gcothcrind VCnILIres (P(3V) for 30 MV, of firm capacity. PGV, which was purchased by Orono Industries in April 2004. The PGV facilities arc located about 21 miles south of Hilo with facilities situated on about 25 acres of a 500 -acre plot along the Lower Fast Rift Zone (LERZ) of the Kdauca Volcano. PGV's design is quite simplc._Gcothcnnal fluid is brought to the surface through production wells, which trip into the resource at a depth of almost a mile. All fluids are returned to the resource arca through injection wells, which extend to a depth of a little more than a mile. I he good hcrmal fluid, which is comprisal of geothermal steam and brine, is separated in large separators. The steam, along with its nun -condensable gases, is routed to the power plant and used la produce electricity for the needs of the Big Island. This quantity allows for operation/Inaintcnancc flexibility and for more efficient production of electrical power during the large load changes between div and night. PGV has plans to expand its operations in the immediate future 1 On December 30. 3003, HELCO srgncd an approximately 10 MW as -available wind powcr contract with Hawi Puna Geothermal wVhsa, at lap:/ www.puiizigeollieriiiiiicenikiic ca, HELCO —KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 1-13 SECTION CHAPTER 226 - PART I. OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A = ACTNELY SUPPORTIVE_ C= CONFORMS 1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTNES NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE Renewable Development. The electric utilities continue to initiate and support many renewable energy research and development projects to help develop these technologies (e.g., photovoltaic projects). Its Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) will continue to evaluate the use of more renewables. In December 21 HECO forted a non-regulated subsidiary, Renewable Hawaii, Inc. (RHq, to invest in renewable energy projects. In 2003 and 2004, RHI solicited competitive proposals for investment opportunities in projects (I MW or larger) to supply renewable energy on the islands of Oahu, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii. RHI is currently reviewing proposals received. RHI is seeking to take a passive, minority interest in such projects to help stimulate the addition of cost-effective, commercially viable renewable energy generation in the State. Investment in renewable projects through RHI in 2004 is estimated to be an additional $1 million. 226-12 OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES FOR THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT -SCENIC, NATURAL BEAUTY, AND HISTORIC RESOURCES. (a) Planning for the State's physical environment shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of C enhancement of Hawaii's scenic assets, natural beauty, and multi-culturallhistoncal resources. (b) To achieve the scenic, natural beauty, and historic resources objective, it shall be the policy of this State to. (1) Promote the preservation and restoration of significant natural and historic resources. NA (2) Provide incentives to maintain and enhance historic, cultural, and scenic amenities. NA (3) Promote the preservation of views and vistas to enhance the visual and aesthetic enjoyment of mountains, t ocean, scenic landscapes, and other natural features. (4) Protect those special areas, structures, and elements that are an integral and functional pad of Hawaii's ethnic C and cultural heritage. (5) Encourage the design of developments and activities that complement the natural beauty of the islands. A COMMENTARY: An electrical power plant by its very nature must include an emission stuck- The height of the stack is a direct means of mitigating impacts on air quality by maximizing dispersal of regulated emissions. In order to mitigate any visual impacts, HELLO will use earth -tone construction materials and paint to minimize visibility of the project. As discussed in Chapters T,vo and Three, the landscaping will be improved to partially screen the project from viewers. 226-13 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES FOR THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT -LAND, AIR, AND WATER QUALITY. (a) Planning for the State's physical environment with regard to land, air, and water quality shall be directed towards achievement of the following objectives. (1) Maintenance and pursuit of improved quality in Hawaii's land, air, and water resources. (2) Greater public awareness and appreciation of Hawaii's environmental resources. (b) To achieve the land, air, and water quality objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Foster educational activities that promote a better understanding of Hawaii's limited environmental resources. (2) Promote the proper management of Hawaii's land and water resources. (3) Promote effective measures to achieve desired quality in Hawaii's surface, ground, and coastal waters. (4) Encourage actions to maintain or improve aural and air quality levels to enhance the health and well-being of Hawaii's people (5) Reduce the threat to life and property from erosion, flooding, tsunamis, hurricanes. earthquakes, volcanic NA eruptions, and other natural or man -induced hazards and disasters. (6) Encourage design and construction practices that enhance the physical qualities of Hawaii's communities. A (7) Encourage urban developments in close proximity to existing services and facilities. NA (8) Foster recognition of the importance and value of the land, air, and water resources to Hawaii's people. their C cultures and visitors. COM MENTA HI Elcon real utilities are under stringent guidelines set by Federal, State, and County governments. As discussed in preceding chapters. HELCO will implement env iroumental mitigation measures, as necessary, fur the improvements and upgrades to the Kr-ahOle Ocneml I g Starter) and Airport Substation. Improvements will include the HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STAT ION & AIRPORI SUB iTAI ION CHAPTER IIVE PAGE 5 14 SECTION CHAPTER 226 - PART I. OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELLO'S OBJECTIVES NA =GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE following: (I) now emissions controls, spcei Gcal ly a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system which is expected to involve ammonia transport, storage, and usage; (2) additional noise controls: new enclosures for diesel units, CT -2, and ancillary equipment; barrier walls along portions of the subject property boundary; and possible increases to the diameter of the upper portion of the CT -2, CT -4, CT -5 and diesel units stacks; (3) upgrades to the wastewater collection and treatment system, including waste management plans, UIC permit modification, and Spill Control and Counter Measures (SPC(-) plans, etc. 226-14 OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES FOR FACILITY SYSTEMS --IN GENERAL. (a) Planning for the State's facility systems in general shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of water, transportation, waste disposal, and energy and telecommunication systems that support statewide social, economic, and physical objectives. (b) To achieve the general facility systems objective, it shall be the policy of this State to (1) Accommodate the needs of Hawaii's people through coordination of facility systems and capital improvement priorities in consonance With state and county plans. (2) Encourage Flexibility in the design and development of facility systems to promote prudent use of resources and accommodate changing public demands and priorities. (3) Ensure that required facility systems can be supported within resource capacities and at reasonable cost to the user. (4) Pursue alternative methods of financing programs and projects and cost-saving techniques in the planning, construction, and maintenance of facility systems. COMMENTARY: More than a decade ago, the State and County recognized that "extraordinary" dcvclopmcnt would occur in the West Hawaii region, and initiated plans to direct and guide this growth to ensure a well-planned, Successful dcvclopmcnt that would serve as a model for future developments. As the primary electrical utility that serves the County of Hawaii, HELCO worked with State and County projections to ensure that the necessary electrical nfmstruclurc would be in place to accommodate growth in the region. HELLO invested in infrastructure and also in renewable energy sources and research to respond to government initiatives, changes in the intensity of land use, population growth, and demand. 226-15 OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES FOR FACILITY SYSTEMS --IN GENERAL (a) Planning for the State's facility systems with regard to solid and liquid wastes shall be directed towards the achievement of the following objectives'. (1) Maintenance of basic public health and sanitation standards relating to treatment and disposal of solid and liquid wastes. (2) Provision of adequate sewerage facilities for physical and economic activities that alleviate problems in housing, A employment, mobility, and other areas. (b) To achieve solid and liquid waste objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Encourage the adequate development of sewerage facilities that complement planned growth. A (2) Promote re -use and recycling to reduce solid and liquid wastes and employ a conservation ethic. A (3) Promote research to develop more efficient and economical treatment and disposal of solid and liquid wastes. A COMMENTARY: HELC'0 in 1993 developed two 500 -loot deep disposal wells under UIC Permit No. UH 1776. "I head wells arc being used to dispose of' the plant's various treated wastewaters. Additionally, a 2,325 -gallon septic tank and Icach Held have been constructed to accommodate approximately 2,000 gpd of domestic wastewater. 226-16 OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES FOR FACILITY SYSTEMS -WATER. (a) Planning for the State's facility systems with regard to water shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of the provision d water to adequately accommodate domestic, agricultural, commercial, industrial, recreational, and other needs within resource capacities. (b) To achieve the facility systems water objective, It shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Coordinate development of land use activities with existing and potential water supply. TELCO-NEAHI GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SU1STATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE I115 SECTION CHAPTER 226 - PART (.OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS -1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH NELCO'S OBJECTWES NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE (2) Support research and development of alternative methods to meet future water requirements well in advance of anticipated needs. A (3) Reclaim and encourage the productive use of runoff water and wastewater discharges. A (4) Assist in improving the quality, efficiency, service, and storage Capabilities of water systems for domestic and agricultural use. A (5) Support water supply services to areas experiencing critical water problems. A (6) Promote water conservation programs and practices in government, tamale industry. and the general public to help ensure adequate water to meet long-tenn needs. A COMMENTARY: HELLO developed and pump tested in 1993 an onsite brackish supply well identified as State No. 4461-02. This well is able to be pumped at an average of 210,000 to 230,000 glad and used for the existing operations and proposed -improvements to the generating station. 226-17 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES FOR FACILITY SYSTEMS -TRANSPORTATION (a) Planning for the State's facility systems with regard to transportation shall be directed towards the achievement of the following objectives: (1) An integrated multi modal transportation system that services statewide needs and promotes the efficient, economical, safe, and convenient movement of people and goods. A (2) A statewide transportation system that is consistent with and will accommodate planned growth objectives A throughout the State. (b) To achieve the transportation objectives, It shall be the policy of this State to. (1) Design, program, and develop a multi -modal system in conformance with desired growth and physical NA development as stated in this chapter; (2) Coordinate state, county, federal, and private transportation activities and programs toward the achievement of A statewide objectives; (3) Encourage a reasonable distribution of financial responsibilities for transportation among participating NA governmental and private paries; (4) Provide for improved accessibility to shipping, docking, and storage facilities; NFl (5) Promote a reasonable level and variety of mass transportation services that adequately meet statewide and NA community needs, (6) Encourage transportation systems that serve to accommodate present and future development needs of NA communities; (7) Encourage a variety of carriers to offer increased opportunities and advantages to intensland movement of NA people and goods, (8) Increase the capacities of airport and harbor systems and support facilities to effectively accommodate NA transshipment and storage needs, (9) Encourage the development of transportation systems and programs which would assist statewide economic A growth and diversification; (10) Encourage the design and development of transportation systems sensitive to the needs of affected A communities and the quality OF Hawaii's natural environment (11) Encourage safe and convenient use of low-cost, energy-efficient, non-polluting means of transportation, A (12) Coordinate intergovernmental land use and transportation planning activities to ensure the timely delivery of NA supporting transportation Infrastructure In order to accommodate planned growth objectives; and (13) Encourage diversification of Transportation modes and infrastructure to promote alternate fuels and energy A efficiency. COM MFIN I ARY: For the last nine years, HPLCO, HECO, MECO, U.S. Department of Defense, State Depart nent of Education (DOE), U.S. Department of Encrgy, and Young Brothers, Ltd. have partnered to sponsor the Elcrtron Marathon. The first Electron Marathon was hold in 1996 at Hawaii Raceway Park and has been an annual event ever since. This project requires the integration ofacademicsto file construction of the electric vehicle. Students apply HE GO- Nb1HOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATON CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 516 SECTION CHAPTER 226 - PART (.OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A= ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE CIE CONFORMS I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIVES NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE math, science, automotive, electronics, and language arts skills teamed in the classroom to the project. All parts of the project are aligned with the DOE's Hawaii Content and Performance Standards (HCPS 11) and the U.S. Department of Labor Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills (SCANS), Electron Marathon addresses the need for an environmentally -clean ground transportation alternative. This program was developed to: (1) increase students' and teachers' knowledge and understanding of the technologies related to electric vehicles; (2) actively involve students and teachers in the design and construction of a mini -electric vehicle while using an integration of academic areas; (3) provide a variety of groups an opportunity to explore the pros and cons of electric vehicles; (4) foster teamwork within a Nudely of groups (students and students, students and teachers, teachers and teachers). HF.LUO assists in planning, while HECO employees provide training for teachers in theory and concepts of electric vehicles. The company also assists the DOE and private schools in coordinating the teams for this event and provides each school with a standard kit which includes a motor, controller, potentiometer, emergency disconnect switch, fuse, contact, gears, steering kit, and brake kit, A cash grant is also given to each participating school. 226-18 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIEiS FOR FACILITY SYSTEMS -ENERGY (a) Planning for the State's facility systems with regard to energy shall be directed toward the achievement of the following objectives, giving due consideration to all (1) Dependable, efficient, and economical statewide energy systems capable of supporting the needs of the people; (2) Increased energy self-sufficiency where the ratio of indigenous to imported energy use is increased; (3) Greater energy security in the face of threats to Hawaii's energy supplies and systems, and (4) Reduction, avoidance, or sequestration of greenhouse gas emissions from energy supply and use. (b) To achieve the energy objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to ensure the provision of adequate, reasonably priced, and dependable energy services to accommodate demand. (c) To further achieve the energy objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to. (1) Support research and development as well as promote the use of renewable energy sources; (2) Ensure that the combination of energy supplies and energy-saving systems is sufficient to support the demands of growth, (3) Base decisions of least -cost supply-side and demand-side energy resource options on a comparison of their total costs and benefits when a least -cost is determined by a reasonably comprehensive, quantitative, and qualitative accounting of their long-term, direct and indirect economic, environmental, social, cultural, and public health costs and benefits. (4) Promote all cost-effective conservation of power and fuel supplies through measures including: (A) Development of cost-effective demand-side management programs (B) Education; and (C) Adoption of energy-efficient practices and technologies: (5) Ensure to the extent that new supply-side resources are needed, the development or expansion of energy systems utilizes the least -cost energy supply option and maximizes efficient technologies; (6) Support research, development, and demonstration of energy efficiency, load management, and other demand-side management programs, practices, and technologies, (7) Promote alternate fuels and energy efficiency by encouraging diversification of transportation modes and infrastructure; (8) Support actions that reduce, avoid, or sequester greenhouse gases in utility, transportation, and Industrial sector applications: and (9) Support actions that reduce, avoid, or sequester Hawaii s greenhouse gas emissions through agriculture and forestry initiatives. COMMENTARY. There are a variety of issues relating to renewable energy that must be addressed when trying to balance the four statutory energy objectives of HRS 226-18. According to HELCO's second IRP, these issues ins ludc: (1) higher costs and technical maturity; (2) integration with the existing electric system (intermittency, output variability, and system minimum Toad); (3) site and resource availability; and (4) environmental and social issues Most renewable energy technologies that are applicable for use in Hawaii cost more than conventional fossil fuel TI-KEAHOLE GENERATING S1AI,ON 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION GrAPTER FIVE, PAGE' -t] SECTION CHAPTER 226 - PART (.OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A= ACTNELYSUPPORTNE-C= CONFORMS 1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIVESNA=GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE technologies. Higher costs of renewable energy technologies are attributable to the lack of technical maturity and market development, as well as characteristics inherent to obtaining the energy from the renewable resource. For example, photovoltaics, ocean, and hydrogen fuel cell energy systems require further technological advancements and subsequent cost reductions. Also, the cost to obtain the energy from ocean and closed-loop biomass resources can be high. Unlike electric utilities in the continental United States that are able to obtain backup Dower from other states through transmission lines, utilities in Hawaii do not have interconnections to other utilities. Therefore, Hawaii utilities must rely on dependable firm power that can be dispatched to customers when needed. Many renewable resources, such as solar, wind, and run -of river hydro, are not available on demand, thus requiring backup generation or energy storage to ensure power is available when needed. The variability of the resource must also be considered. For example, the intermittent nature of wind can negatively affect the quality of power, especially on small island -based electric grid systems. Existing wind farms on the island of Hawaii have a measurable impact on system frequency deviations, especially during periods of low system load. Despite the challenges, HEU'O has incorporated renewable energy sources on its grid. In 2001, about 27 percent of energy generation was from renewable sources: 20 percent from geothermal, 5 percent from hydropower, 2 percent from wind, and a small percentage from solar photovoltaic panels. The percentage of renewable energy used on the grid fell in 2002 due to independent power producer PGV's drop in production because of a blocked injection well. PGV completed drilling an additional source well in February 2003, and converted the blocked source well into an Injection well in early March 2003. The new injection well was tested and PGV's capacity is currently between 25 to 28 MW. As of early 2004, PGV anticipated that it would be fully restored to 30 MW by late 2004. In April 2004, Omtat industries purchased PCV for$71 million. 226-18.5 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES FOR FACILITY SYSTEMS -TELECOMMUNICATIONS. (a) Planning for the State's telecommunications facility systems shall be directed towards the achievement of dependable, efficient, and economical statewide telecommunications systems capable of supporting the needs NA of the people. (b) To achieve the telecommunications objective, it shall be the policy of this State to ensure the provision of NA adequate, reasonably priced, and dependable telecommunications services to accommodate demand. (c) To further achieve the telecommunications objective, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Facilitate research and development of telecommunications systems and resources; NA (2) Encourage public and private sector efforts to develop means for adequate, ongoing telecommunications NA planning (3) Promote efficient management and use of existing telecommunications systems and services) and C (4) Facilitate the development of education and training of telecommunications personnel. NA 226-19 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES FOR SOCIO -CULTURAL ADVANCEMENT -HOUSING (a) Planning for the State's sociocultural advancement with regard to housing shall be directed toward the achievement of the following objectives (1) Greater opportunities for Hawaii's people to secure reasonably priced, safe, sanitary, and livable homes, located in suitable environments that satisfactorily accommodate the needs and desires of families and individuals, through collaboration and cooperation between government and nonprofit and for-profit developers to ensure NA that more affordable housing s made available to very low, low- and moderate -income segments of Hawaii's population. (2) The orderly development of residential areas sensitive to community needs and other land uses. NA (3) The development and provision of affordable rental housing by the State to meet the housing needs of Hawaii's NA people (b) To achieve the housing objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Effectively accommodate the housing needs of Hawaii's people. NA (2) Stimulate and promote feasible approaches that increase housing choices for low-income, moderate -Income, NA and gap -group households. HELCO-KEAHOLE GENLRATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 549 SECTION CHAPTER 126 - PART (.OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A= ACTIVELY SUPPORTNE C= CONFORMS I= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIVES NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE (3) Increase homeownership and rental opportunities and choices in terms of quality, location, cost, densities, style, NA and size of housing. (4) Promote appropriate improvement, rehabilitation, and maintenance of existing housing units and residential NA (2) areas. C (5) Promote design and location of housing developments taking into account the physical setting, accessibility to NA (1) public facilities and services, and other concerns of existing communities and surrounding areas. NA (6) Facilitate the use of available vacant, developable, and underutilized urban lands for housing. NA (7) Foster a variety of lifestyles traditional to Hawaii through the design and maintenance of neighborhoods that NA reflect the culture and values of the community. (8) Promote research and development of methods to reduce the cost of housing construction in Hawaii. NA COMMENTARY: As a public utility, HELCO must accommodate demand for residential consumption across the board, regardless of income bracket. However, HELLO and affiliated companies have established a numlwr of programs to help residents save on cncrgy costs. Through a partnership between HELCO, CU Hawaii, and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, the Big Island Solar Roots Program will offer low-interest loans (0 percent or 3 percent) to qualified homeowners to help them install solar water heating systems on their homes. Staining in January 2005, this program was designed in part to assist families in the low to moderatc income bracket, as well as families earning above the low and moderate income. By installing a solar water heating system, one can expect to save over 90 percent of the electricity one would normally use with an electric resistance water heater. HELCO will also pay the customer an instant $1,000 rebate on the system. The State offers a 35 percent tax credit for solar systems, which is basal on the actual cost of the system less rhe $1.000 HELCO incentive amount, Rebates are also given on heat pump water heaters and high efficiency electric water heaters on qualifying models. HELLO also recently launched two sersicc programs by distributing over 17,000 high -efficient showenccads and 9,900 23W compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) to residents of Hawaii County. HF.CO also publishes literature and posts information at its website on the many ways residents can save on energy costs, and thereby, reduce monthly costs for electricity. HELCO will also send to its customers by request a residential handbook, Energy'I ins & Choices, which contains useful infmTnation on reducing energy costs. 226-20 OBJECTIVESAND POLICIES FOR SOCIO-CULTURALADVANCEMENT-HEALTH (a) Planning for the State's socio -cultural advancement with regard to health shall be directed towards achievement of the following objectives (1) Fulfillment of basic individual health needs of the general public NA (2) Maintenance of sanitary and environmentally healthful conditions in Hawaii s communities C (b) To achieve the health objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to'. (1) Provide adequate and accessible services and facilities for prevention and treatment of physical and mental NA health problems, including substance abuse. (2) Encourage improved cooperation among public and private sectors in the provision of health care to NA accommodate the total health needs of individuals throughout the State. (3) Encourage public and private efforts to develop and promote statewide and local strategies to reduce health NA care and related insurance costs. (4) Foster an awareness of the need for personal health maintenance and preventive health care through education NA and other measures (5) Provide programs, services, and activities that ensure environmentally healthful and sanitary conditions C (6) Improve the State's capablllties In preventing contamination by pesticides and other potentially hazardous NA substances through increased coordination, education, monitoring, and enforcement. COMMEYEARY: Eleenical power is vital to healthy and sanitary conditions. Electricity powers hospitals, water pumps, refngcration, heating, cooling, and numerous other functions that contribute to advancements in heahli and HEL(O— xEAm E GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT $U9sTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE')19 SECTION CHAPTER 126 - PART (.OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A=ACTNELV SUPPORTIVE_ C= CONFORMS_ I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIVES NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE quality of life. - ... .. .. 226-21 OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES FOR SOCIO -CULTURAL ADVANCEMENT -EDUCATION (a) Planning for the State's socio -cultural advancement with regard to education shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of the provision of a variety of educational opportunities to enable individuals to NA fulfill their needs, responsibilities, and aspirations. (b) To achieve the education objective, it shall be the policy of this State to'. (1) Support educational programs and activities that enhance personal development, physical fitness, recreation, NA and cultural pursuits of all groups. (2) Ensure the provisionof adequate and accessible educational services and facilities that are designed to meet NA individual and community needs. (3) Provide appropriate educational opportunities for groups with special needs. NA (4) Promote educational programs which enhance understanding of Hawaii's cultural heritage. NA (5) Provide higher educational opportunities that enable Hawaii's people to adapt to changing employment NA demands. (6) Assist individuals, especially those experiencing critical employment problems or barriers, or undergoing employment transitions, by providing appropriate employment training programs and other related educational NA opportunities. (7) Promote programs and activities that facilitate the acquisition of basic skills, such as reading, writing, computing, NA listening, speaking, and reasoning (8) Emphasize quality educational programs in Hawaii's institutions to promote academic excellence. NA (9) Support research programs and activities that enhance the education programs of the State. NA 226-23 OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES FOR SOCIO -CULTURAL ADVANCEMENT -LEISURE. (a) Planning for the State's socio -cultural advancement with regard to leisure shall be directed towards the achievement of the objective of the adequate provision of resources to accommodate diverse cultural, artistic, NA and recreational needs for present and future generations (b) To achieve the leisure objective, it shall be the policy of this State to. (1) Foster and preserve Hawaii's multi -cultural heritage through supportive cultural, artistic, recreational, and NA humanities -oriented programs and activities. (2) Provide a wide range of activities and facilities to fulfill the cultural, artistic, and recreational needs of all diverse NA and special groups effectively and efficiently (3) Enhance the enjoyment of recreational experiences through safety and security measures, educational NA opportunities, and improved facility design and maintenance. (4) Promote the recreational and educational potential of natural resources having scenic, open space, cultural, NA historical, geological, or biological values while ensuring that their Inherent values are preserved. (5) Ensure opportunities for everyone to use and enjoy Hawaii's recreational resources. NA (6) Assure the availability of sufficient resources to provide for future cultural, artistic, and recreational needs. NA (7) Provide adequate and accessible physical fitness programs to promote,physical and mental well-being of NA Hawaii's people. (8) Increase opportunities for appreciation and participation in the creative arts, including the literary, theatrical, NA visual, musical, folk, and traditional art forms. (9) Encourage the development of creative expression in the artistic disciplines to enable all segments of Hawaii's NA population to participate in the creative arts. (10) Assure adequate access to significant natural and cultural resources in public ownership. NA 226-24 OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES FOR SOCIO -CULTURAL ADVANCEMENT --INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND PERSONAL WELL-BEING. (a) Planning for the State's socio -cultural advancement with regard to Individual rights and personal well-being shall NA be directed towards achievement of the objective of increased opportunities and protection of individual rights to TELCO —NEANOLE GENERATING SIA r ION &AIRPORT SUBS IATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5/n SECTION (b) (t) (2) (3) (4) 226-25 (a) (b) (2) (3) (4) 226-26 (a) It) (2) (3) (b) (t) (2) (C) (2) (3) (d) (t) (2) 226-27 (a) CHAPTER 226- PART L OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING A =ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIVES_ NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE enable individuals to fulfill their socia -economic needs and aspirations. To achieve the individual rights and personal well- being objective, it shall be the policy of this State to. Provide effective services and activities that protect individuals from criminal acts and unfair practices and that alleviate the consequences of criminal acts in order to foster a safe and secure environment. Uphold and protect the national and state constitutional rights of every individual. Assure access to, and availability of, legal assistance, Consumer protection and other public services which strive to attain social justice. Ensure equal opportunities for individual participation in society. OBJECTIVE AND POLICIES FOR SOCIO -CULTURAL ADVANCEMENT -CULTURE Planning for the State's socio -cultural advancement with regard to culture shall be directed toward the achievement of the objective of enhancement of cultural identities, traditions, values, customs, and arts of Hawaii's people. To achieve the culture objective, it shall be the policy of this State to'. Foster increased knowledge and understanding of Hawaii's ethnic and cultural heritages and the history of Hawaii. Support activities and conditions that promote cultural values, customs, and arts that enrich the lifestyles of Hawaii's people and which are sensitive and responsive to family and community needs. Encourage increased awareness of the effects of proposed public and private actions on the integrity and quality of cultural and community lifestyles in Hawaii. Encourage the essence of the aloha spirit in people's daily activities to promote harmonious relationships among Hawaii's people and visitors. SECTION 226-26 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES FOR SOCIO -CULTURAL ADVANCEMENT -PUBLIC SAFETY. Planning for the State's socio -cultural advancement with regard to public safety shall be directed towards the achievement of the following objectives' Assurance of public safety and adequate protection of life and property for all people. Optimum organizational readiness and capability in all phases of emergency management to maintain the strength, resources, and social and economic well-being of the community in the event of civil disruptions, wars, natural disasters, and other major disturbances. Promotion of a sense of community responsibility for the welfare and safety of Hawaii's people To achieve the public safety objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: Ensure that public safety programs are effective and responsive to community needs. Encourage increased community awareness and participation in public safety programs. To further achieve public safely objectives related to criminal justice, it shall be the policy of this State to Support criminal justice programs aimed at preventing and curtailing criminal activities. Develop a coordinated, systematic approach to criminal justice administration among all criminal justice agencies. Provide a range of correctional resources which may include facilities and alternatives to traditional incarceration in order to address the varied security needs of the community and successfully reintegrate offenders into the community. To further achieve public safety objectives related to emergency management, it shall be the policy of this State to Ensure that responsible organizations are In a proper state of readiness to respond to major war -related, natural, or technological disasters and civil disturbances at all times. Enhance the coordination between emergency management programs throughout the Stale. OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES FOR SOCIO -CULTURAL ADVANCEMENT -GOVERNMENT Planning the State's socio -cultural advancement with regard to government shall be directed towards the NA NA NA NA ./9 NA NA NA NA NA A NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA HERE) —KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 121 SECTION CHAPTER 226 - PART I. OVERALL THEME, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES RATING (II A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTWE C= CONFORMS I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WIN HELCO'S OBJECTIVES NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE A (Iii) achievement of the following objectives: A (1) Efficient, effective, and responsive government services at all levels in the State. NA (2) Fiscal integrity, responsibility, and efficiency in the state government and county governments. NA (b) To achieve the government objectives, it shall be the policy of this Stale to: NA (1) Provide for necessary public goods and services not assumed by the private sector. NA (2) Pursue an openness and responsiveness in government that permits the flow of public information, interaction, NA (3) and response. NA (3) Minimize the size of government to that necessary to be effective. NA (4) Stimulate the responsibility in citizens to productively participate in government for a better Hawaii. NA (5) Assure that government attitudes, actions, and services are sensitive to community needs and concerns. NA (6) Provide for a balanced fiscal budget. NA (7) Improve the fiscal budgeting and management system of the State. NA (8) Promote the consolidation of state and county governmental functions to increase the effective and efficient NA (6) delivery of government programs and services and to eliminate duplicative services wherever feasible. NA SECTION CHAPTER 226 -PART III. PRIORITY GUIDELINES RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS_ I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIVES NA = GOAL Is NOT APPLICABLE 226-101 Establishes overall priority guidelines to address areas of statewide concem. 226-102 Overall direction. The State shall strive to improve the quality of life for Hawaii s present and future population through the pursuit of desirable courses of action in five major areas of statewide concern which meat priority attention economic development, population growth and land resource management, affordable housing, crime and criminal justice, and quality education. 226-103 ECONOMIC PRIORITY GUIDELINES. (a) Priority guidelines to stimulate economic growth and encourage business expansion and development to provide needed jobs for Hawaii's people and achieve a stable and diversified economy. (1) Seek a variety of means to increase the availabilry of investment capital for new and expanding enterprises. A (A) Encourage investments which (i) Reflect Tong term commitments to the State, A (II Rely on economic linkages within the local economy, A (Iii) Diversify the economy; A (iv) Reinvest in the local economy: A (v) Are sensitive to community needs and priorities, and A on) Demonstrate a commitment to provide management opportunities to Hawaii residents. A (2) Encourage the expansion of technological research to assist industry development and support the development A and commercialization of technological advancements (3) Improve the quality, accessibility, and range of services provided by government to business, including data and NA reference services and assistance In complying with governmental regulations. (4) Seek to ensure that state business tax and labor laws and administrative policies are equitable, rational, and NA predictable. (5) Streamline the building and development permit and review process, and eliminate or consolidate other burdensome or duplicative governmental requirements imposed on business, where public health, safety and NA welfare would not be adversely afiected. (6) Encourage the formation of cooperatives and other favorable marketing or distribution arrangements at the regional NA or local level to assist Hawaii's small-scale producers, manufacturers, and distributors. HELCO-KEAEOLE GENERATING STATION i AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 592 SECTION CHAPTER 226 -PART III. PRIORITY GUIDELINES RATING A= ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS. I= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIVES NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE (7) Continue to seek legislation to protect Hawaii from transportation interruptions between Hawaii and the Continental NA United States. (6) Provide public incentives and encourage private initiative to develop and attract industries which promise long-term A growth potentials and which have the following characteristics: (A) An industry that can take advantage of Hawaii's unique location and available physical and human resources. A (B) A clean industry that would have minimal adverse effects on Hawaii's environment. A (C) An industry that is willing to hire and train Hawaii's people to meet the industry's labor needs at all levels of A employment, (D) An industry that would provide reasonable income and steady employment. I A (9) Support and encourage, through educational and technical assistance programs and other means, expanded opportunities for employee ownership and participation in Hawaii business. A (10) Enhance the quality of Hawaii's labor force and develop and maintain career opportunities for Hawaii's people through the following actions: (A) Expand vocational training in diversified agriculture, aquaculture, information industry, and other areas where growth C is desired and feasible. (B) Encourage more effective career counseling and guidance In high schools and post -secondary institutions to informI' students of present and future career opportunities. C (C) Allocate educational resources to career areas where high employment is expected and where growth of new C Industries is desired. (D) Promote career opportunities in all industries for Hawaii's people by encouraging firms doing business in the State to NA hire residents. (E) Promote greater public and private sector cooperation in determining industrial training needs and in developing C relevant curricula and on-the-job training opportunities. (F) Provide retraining programs and other support services to assist entry of displaced workers into alternative NA employment. (b) Priority guidelines to promote the economic health and quality of the visitor industry: (1) Promote visitor satisfaction by fostering an environment which enhances the Aloha Spirit and minimizes A Inconveniences to Hawaii's residents and visitors. (2) Encourage the development and maintenance of well-designed, adequately serviced hotels and resort destination areas which are sensitive to neighboring communities and activities and which provide for adequate shoreline A setbacks and beach access. (3) Support appropriate capital improvements to enhance the quality of existing resort destination areas and provide A incentives to encourage investment in upgrading, repair, and maintenance of visitor facilities. (4) Encourage visitor industry practices and activities which respect, preserve, and enhance Hawaii's significant natural, A scenic, historic, and cultural resources. (5) Develop and maintain career opportunities In the visitor industry for Hawaii's people, with emphasis on managerial NA positions. (6) Support and coordinate tourism promotion abroad to enhance Hawaii's share of existing and potential visitor NA markets. (7) Maintain and encourage a more favorable resort investment climate consistent with the objectives of this chapter. C (B) Support law enforcement activities that provide a safer environment for both visitors and residents alike. C (9) Coordinate visitor industry activities and promotions to business visitors through the state network of advanced data NA communication techniques. (c) Priority guidelines to promote the continued viability of the sugar and pineapple Industries. (1) Provide adequate agricultural lands to support the economic viability of the sugar and pineapple Industries. NA (2) Continue efforts to maintain federal support to provide stable sugar prices high enough to allow profitable operations NA in Hawaii. FELCE- KEAEOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5-A SECTION CHAPTER 226 - PART III. PRIORITY GUIDELINES RATING A= ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS 1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIVES NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE (3) Support research and development, as appropriate, to improve the quality and production of sugar and pineapple crops. (d) Prionty guidelines to promote the growth and development of diversified agriculture and aquaculture: (1) Identify, conserve, and protect agricultural and aquacultural lands of importance and initiate affirmative and comprehensive programs to promote economically productive agricultural and aquacultural uses of such lands. (2) Assist in providing adequate, reasonably priced water for agricultural activities. (3) Encourage public and private investment to increase water supply and to improve transmission, storage, and irrigation facilities in support of diversified agriculture and aquaculture. (4) Assist in the formation and operation of production and marketing associations and cooperatives to reduce production and marketing costs. (5) Encourage and assist with the development of a waterbome and airbome freight and cargo system capable of meeting the needs of Hawaii's agricultural community (6) Seek favorable freight rates for Hawaii's agricultural products from interisland and overseas transportation operators. (7) Encourage the development and expansion of agricultural and aquacultural activities which offer long-term economic growth potential and employment opportunities. (8) Continue the development of agricultural parks and other programs to assist small independent farmers in securing agricultural lands and loans. (9) Require agricultural uses in agricultural subdivisions and closely monitor the uses in these subdivisions. (10) Support the continuation of land currently In use for diversified agriculture. Net Priority guidelines for water use and development (1) Maintain and improve water conservation programs to reduce the overall water consumption rate. (2) Encourage the improvement of irrigation technology and promote the use of nonp0t2ble water for agricultural and landscaping purposes. (3) Increase the support for research and development of economically feasible alternative water sources. (4) Explore alternative funding sources and approaches to support future water development programs and water system improvements. (f) Priority guidelines for energy use and tlevelopment. (1) Encourage the development, demonstration, and commercialization of renewable energy sources. (2) Initiate, maintain, and improve energy conservation programs aimed at reducing energy waste and increasing public awareness of the need to conserve energy. (3) Provide incentives to encourage the use of energy conserving technology in residential, industrial, and other buildings. (4) Encourage the development and use of energy conserving and cost-efficient transportation systems. (g) Priority guidelines to promote the development of the Information industry. (1) Establish an Information network that will serve as the catalyst for establishing a viable information Industry in Hawaii. (2) Encourage the development of services such as financial data processing, products and services exchange, foreign language translations, telemarketing, teleconferencing, a twenty -four-hour international stock exchange, Intematlonal banking, and a Pacific Rim management center. (3) Encourage the development of small businesses in the information field such as software development, the development of new Information systems and peripherals, data conversion and data entry services, and home or cottage services such as computer programming, secretarial, and accounting services. (4) Encourage the development or expansion of educational and training opportunities for residents in the information and telecommunications fields. (5) Encourage research activities, Including legal research In the Information and telecommunications fields. (6) Support promotional activities In market Hawaii s information Industry services. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA C NA NA A NA A A NA A A A A NA NA NA NA NA NA HEL00-KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIWOHI SU1STATION CHAPIER FIVE, PAGE 424 SECTION CHAPTER 226 -PART III. PRIORITY GUIDELINES RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE CE CONFORMS I E GOAL IS INCONSISTENT NRH HELCO'S OBJECTIVES_ NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE 226-104 POPULATION GROWTH AND LAND RESOURCES PRIORITY GUIDELINES. (a) Priority guidelines to effect desired statewide growth and distribution. (1) Encourage planning and resource management to insure that population growth rates throughout the State are A consistent with available and planned resource capacities and reflect the needs and desires of Hawaii's people. (2) Manage a growth rate for Hawaii's economy that will parallel future employment needs for Hawaii's people. NA (3) Ensure that adequate support services and facilities are provided to accommodate the desired distribution of future A growth throughout the State. (4) Encourage major state and federal investments and services to promote economic development and private A investment to the neighbor islands, as appropriate. (5) Explore the possibility of making available urban land, low-interest loans, and housing subsidies to encourage the NA provision of housing to support selective economic and population growth on the neighbor islands. (6) Seek federal funds and other funding sources outside the State for research, program development, and training to C provide future employment opportunities on the neighbor islands. (7) Support the development of high technology parks on the neighbor islands. C (b) Funny guidelines for regional growth distribution and land resource utilization: (1) Encourage urban growth primarily to existing urban areas where adequate public facilities are already available or can be provided with reasonable public expenditures, and away from areas where other important benefits are A present, such as protection of important agricultural land or preservation of lifestyles. (2) Make available marginal or nonessential agricultural lands for appropriate urban uses while maintaining agricultural NA lands of importance in the agricultural district. (3) Restrict development when drafOng of water would result in exceeding the sustainable yield or in significantly NA diminishing the recharge capacity of any groundwater area. (4) Encourage restriction of new urban development in areas where water is insufficient from any source for both NA agricultural and domestic use. (5) In order to preserve green belts, give priority to state capital -improvement funds which encourage location of urban development within existing urban areas except where compelling public interest dictates development of a NA noncontiguous new urban core (6) Seek participation from the private sector for the cost of building infrastructure and utilities, and maintaining open A spaces. (7) Pursue rehabilitation of appropriate urban areas. C (8) Support the redevelopment of Kakaako into a viable residential, industrial, and commercial community. C (9) Direct future urban development away from critical environmental areas or impose mitigating measures so that NA negative impacts on the environment would be minimized. (10) Identify critical environmental areas in Hawaii to include but not be limited to the followings watershed and recharge areas; wildlife habitats (on land and in the ocean); areas with endangered species of plants and wildlife; natural C streams and water bodies; scenic and recreational shoreline resources; open space and natural areas; historic and cultural sites; areas particularly sensitive to reduction in water and air quality; and scenic resources. (11) Identify all areas where priority should be given to preserving rural character and lifestyle A (12) Utilize Hawaii's limited land resources wisely, providing adequate land to accommodate projected population and economic growth needs while ensuring the protection of the environment and the availability of the shoreline, A conservation lands, and other limited resources for future generations. (13) Protect and enhance Hawaii's shoreline, open spaces, and scenic resources. A 226-105 CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRIORITY GUIDELINES IN THE AREA OF CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE (1) Support law enforcement activities and other criminal justice efforts that are directed to provide a safer environment NA (2) Target state and local resources on efforts to reduce the incidence of violent crime and on programs relating to the NA apprehension and prosecution of repeat offenders. (3) Support community and neighborhood program initiatives that enable residents to assist law enforcement agencies NA In preventing criminal activities. HELCG-KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 521 SECTION CHAPTER 226- PART III. PRIORITY GUIDELINES RATING A =ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTNES NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE (4) Reduce overcrowding or substandard conditions in correctional facilities through a comprehensive approach among all criminal justice agencies which may include sentencing law revisions and use of alternative sanctions other than NA incarceration for persons who pose no danger to their community. (5) Provide a range of appropriate sanctions for juvenile offenders, including community-based programs and other NA alternative sanctions. (6) Increase public and private efforts to assist witnesses and victims of crimes and to minimize the costs of NA victimization. 226-106 AFFORDABLE HOUSING. PRIORITY GUIDELINES FOR THE PROVISION OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING: (1) Seek to use marginal or nonessential agricultural land and public land to meet housing needs of low -and moderate- NA income and gap -group households. (2) Encourage the use of alternative construction and development methods as a means of reducing production costs. NA (3) Improve information and analysis relative to land availability and suitability for housing. NA (4) Create incentives for development which would increase home ownership and rental opportunities for Hawaii's low- NA and moderate -income households, gap -group households, and residents with special needs (5) Encourage continued support for government or private housing programs that provide low interest mortgages to NA Hawaii's people for the purchase of initial owner -occupied housing. (6) Encourage public and private sector cooperation in the development of rental housing alternatives. NA (7) Encourage improved coordination between various agencies and levels of government to deal with housing policies NA and regulations (8) Give higher priority to the provision of quality housing that is affordable for Hawaii's residents and less priority to NA development of housing intended primarily for individuals outside of Hawaii. 226-107 QUALITY EDUCATION. PRIORITY GUIDELINES TO PROMOTE QUALITY EDUCATION. (1) Pursue effective programs which reflect the vaned district, school, and student needs to strengthen basic skills NA achievement; (2) Continue emphasis on general education "core" requirements to provide common background to students and NA essential support to other university programs, (3) Initiate efforts to Improve the quality of education by improving the capabilities of the education work force, NA (4) Promote Increased opportunities for greater autonomy and flexibility of educational institutions In their decision- NA making responsibilities; (5) Increase and Improve the use of information technology in education by the availability of telecommunications equipment for: (A) The electronic exchange of information; C (B) Statewide electronic mail; and C (C) Access to the Internet C (6) Encourage programs that increase the public's awareness and understanding of the impact of information C technologies on our lives: (7) Pursue the establishment of Hawaii's public and pnvate universities and colleges as research and training centers of C the Pacific; (8) Develop resources and programs for early childhood education; C (9) Explore alternatives for funding and delivery of educational services to improve the overall quality of education; and NA (10) Strengthen and expand educational programs and services for students with special needs. NA 5.3. STATE FUNCTIONAL PLANS The Planting Act called for the creation of functional plans to set specific objectives, establish policies, and implement actions fora particular field of activity. 'these functional plans further identified those TELCO -HEAHOLE GENERATING STA7ION & AIRPORT SLSSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5.26 organizations responsible in carrying out the actions, the implementing timeframe, and the proposed budgets. The most current functional plans and the relationship, if any, to HEll proposed petition for a boundary amendment are discussed in the following sections. It is important to note that while these plans are considered to be the current "official" State Functional Plans, a deviation from the original goals of the plan may have occurred due to national and world events or other unforeseeable factors. 5.3.1. STATE AGRICULTURAL FUNCTIONAL PLAN (1991 5.3.1.1. Goals of the Plan The State Agricultural Functional Plan sought to ultimately increase the overall level of agrieullw al development in Hawaii. At the time the plan was written, the two fundamental objectives were to (1)ensure the continued viability of Hawaii's sugar and pineapple industries, and (2) encourage the continued growth and development of diversified agriculture throughout the State. As we now know, (ower labor and production costs in other parts of the world caused a rapid decline and demise of the pineapple and sugar industries in Hawaii. Diversified agriculture however has helped offset year-to-year declines fm- sugar and pineapple. According to Department of Agriculture (DOA) 2001 statistics, overall revenue for diversilted agriculture had risen for nine consecutive years. The estimated gross state product for agriculture in 2001 was approximately $504 million (Stale ofHawaii Data Book, 2002). The functional plan for agriculture also set objectives to develop capabilities to convert Hawaii -grown crops into potential new value/added products for the local community, visitor industry, and export markets. DEBDT, large corporations, and other organizations were delegated with the task of implementing actions to develop linkages between the agriculture industry and the State's $10-$14 billion annual tourism industry. The goal was to promote and develop a diverse range of products and programs focusing on niche marketing, such as Agritourism, and to assist in the development of diversified agriculture. 5.3.1.2. Agriculture in the County of Hawaii Agriculture is an important industry in the County of Hawaii that helps to broaden and diversify the economy in terms of employment, and also supplies residential communities and resorts with agricultural commodities. A number of growers are also exporters of various crops. Other related agricultural industries include packing, processing and manufacturing. Statewide, the County of Hawaii produces 25 percent of Gesh vegetables, 72 percent of bananas, 30 percent of coffee, 95 percent of macadamia nuts, 51 percent of Bowers and nursery products, and 37 percent of the total aquaculture operations in the Stale. The Big Island also hosts a number of energy farms that produce geothermal, wind, and hydroelectric power that I IELCO purchases to meet increasing demand. Approximately 1.2 million acres or 46 percent of the total land area in the County of Hawaii are in the State land Use Agricultural District. Approximately 720,099 acres are in West Hawaii. This includes potentially high or high capacity agricultural lands as well as potentially low capacity lands. A sizeable percentage of the land is currently not used for agriculture. The County predicts that agriculture's future will remain lavorable with strong diversification and development of new export protocol and technology. If trends remain constant and diversified agricultural HELLO-FEAHOLE GENERATING STA-, ION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE' 27 continues its upward climb, the need for energy efficient technologies to support increased production will continue to evolve by necessity. 5.3.1.3. Conformance with the Goals of the Plan HELCO for several decades purchased electricity from local sugar mills generated by the burning of biomass to help extend the viability of the agricultural industry in Hawaii. HELLO currently purchases renewable energy from it number of independent power producers (IPP). It has also worked with agricultural businesses to achieve cost savings, increase production, and become energy efficient. The company is presently pursuing or working with electro -technologies that would help agricultural businesses become more productive. These technologies include: (1) post harvest cooling system (to increase the shelf fife of locally grown produce); (2) dairy farm and food processing technology; (3)energy management systems; (4) indoor air quality and dehumidification systems; (5) heat pump water heating; (6) cool thermal energy storage; and (7) new food processing technologies.° 5.3.2. STATE CONSERVATION FUNCTIONAL PLAN (1991) 5.3.2.1. Goals of the Plan The State Conservation Lands Functional Plan addresses the impacts of population growth and economic development on Hawaii's natural environment and provides a framework for the protection and preservation of pristine lands and shore lands- The objective of the plan is to provide for a management program allowing the j udicious use of State's natural resources balanced with the need to protect these resources to varying degrees. The State is primarily responsible to provide the management of conservation areas. However, counties play a key role in directing urban and agricultural activities and in retaining open space and cultural sites as lands become urbanized. 5.3.2.2. Conservation Land in the County of Hawaii Conservation Districts are primarily those (ands in the existing forest and water reserve zones. This district has the largest land area with approximately 1,338,135 acres or 52 per of the total land arca of the County of Hawaii. The following table shows the amount of acreage for the various districts in the ('ounty of Hawaii: TABLE 5$=B :DISTRICT BOUNDARIES IN THE COUNTY OF HAWAII By AREA AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION ROME URBAN TOTAL Puna 175,104 138,563 146 6,329 320,142 South Hilo 70,695 169,493 0 12,814 253,002 North Hilo 53,587 120,110 71 608 174,376 Hamakua 162,729 235,805 13 1,041 399,588 East Hawaii 462,115 663,971 230 20,792 1,147,108 North Kohala 64,713 13,187 16 2,434 80,350 South Kohala 150,426 15,356 53 10,608 176443 Noah Kona 158,853 188,331 477 17787 355,448 South Kona 110,749 35,051 31 B45 146676 Data in Section S 1A Obtained from Ike 1991 State AgriculRual Functional Plan, 2001 County of llawaii Proposed Genenll Plan for Agricultural, If I website (www.heco.coin), State of I lawaii, DIFEDT, Oflicc of Planning GIS Data, ('aunty d llawaii Planning Department. HELLO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STA -ION &AIRPORT SLI CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 528 AGRICULTURAL I CONSERVATION RURAL URBAN TOTAL Kau 237,743 422,239 0 1,801 661,783 West Hawaii 722,484 674,164 577 33,475 1,430,700 TOTAL 1,184,599 1,338,135 807 54,267 2,577,808 State of Hawaii, DSEDT, Office of Planning GIS Data County of Hawaii Planning Department 5.3.2.3. Conformance with the Goals of the Plan The Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation are situated within the State Conservation District -General Subzone. It is designated as Urban Expansion on the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide map of the 1989 Hawaii County General Plan, as amended, and on the December 21, 2001 County of Hawaii General Plan Revision draft document. The subject property is not located within the Special Management Area. It is zoned Open (0) by the County of Hawaii. In 1973, the State BLNR approved Conservation District Use Permit ("CDUP") No. HA -487 to allow construction and operation of the Keahole generating and switching station. Portions of the subject property are improved with operational components of an electrical energy generating facility, including transmission lines. The undeveloped portions of the subject property are generally vacant lava and soil vegetated with grasses and low brush. HELCO's Petition for a Boundary Amendment would not have a detrimental effect on the State Conservation bands Functional Plan as the current use for the subject property has been permitted and is in conformance with the State's regulation of uses within the Conservation District. No significant impacts are anticipated by the removal of the subject properties from the Conservation District because the continuing use of the properties is essentially the same as it has been for the past 30 years. The County of Hawaii would still retain 52 percent of its total land area in the Conservation District, even after the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation properties (comprised of approximately 15.643 acres), are reclassified into the Urban District.` 5.3.3. STATE EDUCATIONAL FUNCTIONAL PLAN (1989) 5.3.3.1. Goals of the Plan The Stale Educational Functional Plan reflects the Department of Education's (DOE) strategy to address the goals, policies, and priority guidelines of the Planning Act and the goals of the Board of Education (BOE). The plan outlines actions to be taken by the DOE to improve the public school system and to attend to various societal needs and trends. 5.3.3.2. Education in West Hawaii New schools have emerged in the West Hawaii region to accommodate the increase in population arising from growth in the region. The Konawaena High School complex includes Konawaena High School, Konawaena Middle School, the newly constructed Konawaena Elementary School, Hookena Elementary School, and Honawrau Elementary School and serves approximately 2,882 students. The Kealakehe High School complex is comprised of the newly constructed Kealakehe High School, Kealakehe Intermediate School, Holualoa Elementary School, Kealakehe Elementary School, and Kahakai Elementary School, Data In Section 5.3.2 obtained from the 1991 State Conservation Functional Plan, 2001 County of Hawaii Proposed Genc,al Plan far Agricultural; Stale of Hawoii, DH61Tf, OfFec of Planning GIS Data: and County of Hawaii Planning Department TELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 129 and serves approximately 4,063 students. The Kau High School complex is comprised of Kau High School, Pahala Elementary School.. and Naalehu Elementary and Intermediate School, and serves a total enrollment of approximately 810 students from kindergarten through the 12th grade level. The State is currently in the planning stages for the new University of Hawaii Center at West Hawaii, which will be located initially on a 33 -acre portion of a larger 500 -acre site on the mauka side of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, directly mauka of the Kona International Airport. (See discussion in the next Section.) Upon completion, the new campus is anticipated to accommodate approximately 1,500 students. 5.3.3.3. Conformance with the Goals of the Plan As a public utility, HFI.CO strives to ensure the reliable availability of electrical energy to serve the needs of the public school system. In addition, HELCO, through its parent company, collaborates with DBEDT to educate the public on energy conservation and usage. The company has worked with schools to (1) promote energy conservation education and legislation; (2) develop teaching materials on renewable energy of all kinds, such as videotapes and literature on conservation, environment, energy sources, and electricity available, free of charge; (3) support the school -to -work initiative; (4) provide annual electric car contests; and (5) support the National Science Foundation program. The company website provides an "Electric Universe," which serves as an educational and informational site covering topics such as electrical safety, science, history, and the use of electricity. In a number of schools, HELCO installs, operates and maintains, through the support of the community, solar electric systems using photovoltaic technology.' 5.3.4. STATE HIGHER EDUCATION FUNCTIONAL PLAN (1984) 5.3.4.1. Goals of the Plan The objectives of the State Higher Education Functional Plan are to provide (1) a number of diverse postsecondary education institutions; (2) quality educational, research, and public services programs; (3) appropriate opportunities for all who can benefit; (4) financing to ensure accessibility; and (5) coordination of educational resources. 5.3.4.2. Higher Education in the County of Hawaii The University of Hawaii at Hilo (located in Hilo on the cast side of the island) provides altematire higher educational opportunities within the University of Hawaii system through a variety of programs. The Hawaii Community College provides access to higher education and workforce training for the entire County, and offers an extensive program of certificate and associate degree programs onsite and through distance education technologies. In West Hawaii, in addition to the Hawaii Community College programs, the college is responsible for the University of Hawaii Censer, through which it delivers baccalaureate and masters degree programs. The State completed in 1998 a long-range development plan for a University of Hawaii -West Hawaii College, and is currently preparing an environmental impact statement for the initial development phase on a 33 -acre portion of a 500 -acre State-owned parcel. Just adjacent to the proposed campus, Hiluhilu Data in Sctinon 53.3 obtained from the 1089 Slate ISducational IunPHRnal Plan, 2001 ('ounry of Ilawaii Proposed General Plan for Public I adhocs, and 11FC0's website (www.hccu.conir FALCO—FEMALE GENERATING SI AT ION & AIRPORT SUB STA I ION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 30 Development LLC (Hiluhilu) plans to develop a 725 -acre vacant parcel and has proposed to provide supporting infrastructure for the West Hawaii College. The project, which is known as Palamanui/University of Hawaii -West Hawaii College (formerly referred to as Hiluhilu Development) envisions a master planned community with a mix of single- and multi- family units, an 18 -hole golf course, a university village center with commercial uses, university related uses, and a medical wellness center. Subject to an agreement with the University, plans include a mixture of classroom, offices, commercial areas, conference and community outreach facilities, parking, and athletic fields. According to Hiluhilu's Final Environmental Impact Statement, the residential component of the project will include a mixture of housing types including single family, townhouses, condominiums, and apartments. A total of 845 housing units are planned: 590 for sale single family and attached residential units and 255 multi -family rental units. The single family units are envisioned to include a mixture of condominiums patio or townhouse units, as well as single family detached lots. The multi -family residential units are envisioned to include 100 general apartments 75 units for student housina� nd 80 units for senior housing. The commercial components of Palamanui will consist of retail office, and professional uses which will provide support for the residential component of Palamanui and the adjacent University of Hawaii West Hawaii campus. Proposed commercial development includes 80.000 square feet of University Village commercial; 200,000 square feet for community commercial; 120,000 square_ feet for medical and 220,000 square feet for research and development flex space. The University of Hawaii's vision for West Hawaii is to develop a unique educational environment dual will integrate the community into the educational enterprise. The mission is to incorporate the philosophies of multidisciplinary educational programs with an emphasis on Hawaiian studies, a multicultural environment, a learning -centered focus using the island as a living laboratory, and a technically advanced campus well positioned to support the future needs of the community. The proposed project will bring many opportunities to the region in terms of research, education, training, economic development, and diversification. The West Hawaii College will serve as a center for information technology and will provide job training and educational opportunities for local residents and incoming students. 5.3.4.3. Conformance with the Goals of the Plan The proposed development will require electrical utilities to be brought onsite. As a public FII HELCO must ensure the reliable availability of electrical energy to meet current and future demand in the region, including the needs of higher educational facilities. HELCO plans to work with the developers of the project to maximize energy efficiency and conserve energy usage by installing cost-effective technologies. HELCO has worked and is currently working on a number of projects with the University of Hawaii. HELLO, through its parent company formed an energy partnership with the University of Hawaii in 1998 to incorporate innovative energy-efficient, cost-effective technologies on the University campus,+, including the University of Hawaii at Hilo and Hawaii Community College. Projects initiated under the partnership have saved the University over 4.5 million kWh per year and 'almost $550,000 in operating costs annually. "through 2003, HELCO has paid $148,392 in energy efficiency rebates for University of Hawaii facilities on the Big Island. HELCO has also provided assistance on energy efficient design for HELCO- KEMPLE GENERATING S-ATION S AIRPOR7 SUMIATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5-'1 Deleted: At Cording to I I lulu It I./i oft Environmenral /npmoe Sraro,em uppniximurnl} 3211 le -homily umi. covering 142 ncre, and 70 one.acrc Iota will be buil[ in the Kau Upland.,_ An additional 175 rtxClenual and rental unna will be developed In suppon the weal Hawaii C of lege In the university .11layc arca.'[ he it, w ill he Io, revdnu.. ,indent,, workco. and leculty_ A uut n,crciul el 11 m Inppon the rccldentlol unili and the well lib"o, C'ar P., In,I V, i acrc, of2IiP.room. and leaching lube, III acrc, of general unrvnncrcial s,,, x Here, no, u c,Cy hou,c Inn and conlercmc :cuter; 10 xcns devoted to o mcdoal and welhi 'ant".." H a"', Un aaCnled living unit.: So acne Fit re,ncb I, al<d eubatur and dcvclopmcnt ,pace, and 10 T,ov, lot.Vln IT an", . con,nTcv,il develomnaa. the University's new construction projects, including the New Classroom Office Building, which opened in 2002, and the planned Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center (PACRC), Mauna Kea Astronomy Education Center (MKAEC), Science & Technology Building, and Student Life Center. Additionally, HELCO has offered hands-on learning experiences to University students. HELCO has provided engineering mentors for students as well as summer internships in its Engineering and Distribution Departments. Also, HELCO personnel have served and continue to work with the University of Hawaii and Hawaii Community College in teaching or advisory capacities. For example, HELCO's Engineering Department, via the Electrical Installation & Maintenance Advisory Council, advises Hawaii Community College instructors on their curriculum, tools and equipments, etc. FELCE) Engineers also volunteer as technical speakers for the classroom. In terms of employment opportunities requiring higher education, HELLO, HECO, and MECO combined are the largest energy employer in the State. It provides a number of positions requiring higher education in the field of engineering, business administration, technology, and management.7 5.3.5. STATE EMPLOYMENT FUNCTIONAL PLAN (1999) 5.3,5.1. Goals of the Plan The 1990 State Employment Functional Plan's objectives, policies, and implementing actions address four major issue areas: (I)education and preparation services for employment; (2) job placement; (3) quality of work life; and (4) employment planning information and coordination. 5.3.5.2. Employment Opportunities in West Hawaii Employment opportunities on the Big Island have increased substantially and primarily have been created by the expanding visitor industry. A substantial amount of investor interest continues to flow into West Ilawaii, primarily the Kohala and Kona districts, which according to the Hawaii County General Plan continue to accommodate the majority of the visitor market within the County, Over $1 billion of planned construction of resort -residential complexes has been announced, in addition to the substantial investment already in plucc. TABLE 5-C'. COUNTY OF HAWAII - EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY Description CLASS OF WORKER Employed persons 16 years and over Private wage and salary workers Government workers Self-employed workers Unpaid family workers INDUSTRY I Employed persons 16 years and over Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining Construction 1980 38,150 27,226 7,335 3,310 279 38,150 4,272 3,477 1990 2000 5,437 4.600 I. 54,348 64,979 1, SII 38,606 43,888 9,565 12,782 5,802 7,807 375 502 54,348 - 64,975 5,437 4.600 5,153 5,057 Dam in secaon S 3.4 untamed from the 1984 State I ligher Inucaaon I uncuonal Plan, 2001 County of I lawan Propo,ed General Plan', Draft Fnvinmremind Impact Statement Gtr I lilu id. Development, and from III (70's w,b,It, (www.heco.com) HELCO—KEAHOLL GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAVI ER ENE, PAGE 32 Description -- 1980_ 1990 2000 Manufacturing 3,177 1, _ 1 2,721 1,685 Transportation and warehousing, and utilities 2,336 3,459 3,546 Information - - 1,159 Wholesale trade j 1,477 ''I 1,754 1,786 Retail trade 6,683 10.055 7,826 Finance, insurance, real estate and rental and leasing 1 2,174 21810 j 3,346 Educational, health and social services 1 4,790 7,338 12,287 Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation and food services 4,154 7.221 11,462 Professional, scientific, management, administrative, and waste 1,588 2,992 5,596 management services Other services (except public administrator) 1,251 21244 2,911 Public ad ministration 2771 3,164 3,718 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1980 Census of flop Laron, Geneial5oculond Economic CharacrenfPCO Hawin. PC80-1-C13 (June 1983), tables 176 and 178, and 1990 census STF 3A, 1990 CPH-L-81 (1992), table 2', and U.S. Census Bureau, "Table DP -3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics. 200('.' series Annual employment for secondary industries, such as government, construction, trades (retail and wholesale), utilities, financial institutions, and professional services accounted for approximately 68 percent of the County's workforce. Kailua-Kona functions as the center for government, commercial, and industrial activities for West Hawaii. Retail, banking services and "big -box" retailers such as Costco, K - Mart, and WalMart and international sporting events such as the IronMan are in Kona. Additionally, diversified agriculture in West Hawaii helps to broaden and diversify the economic base in terms of employment. Processing, manufacturing, and packaging are growing industries. Coffee production since the 1800s continues in the North and South Kona districts, with Kona coffee experiencing in 1982-1995 sales fluctuating between $2.1 and $8.7 million. Other agricultural enterprise, include cattle ranching, aquaculture, and the growing of flowers, fruits, macadamia nuts, and vegetables. Timber and fishing are small industries in Kona. The Kailua-Kona Wharf is considered a major center fur big game fishing and annual international tournaments. Quarrying operations for building materials are also conducted in North Kona. The old Kailua and Kaloko industrial areas provide the large,t concentration of industrial activities within West Ilawaii, which accommodate a wide range of manufacturing, service, wholesale, and retail Curti, ities. NELHA is a state agency created in 1974 by the Hawaii State Legislature. NELHA operates a unique and innovative ocean science and technology park at Keahole Point next to the Kona International Airport .it Keahole and adjacent to one of the steepest bathymetric offshore slopes in the Hawaiian Island,. NELHA's assets include office and laboratory facilities, infrastructure, pristine natural resources, and leasable open land for use by tenant research, education, and commercial projects. NELHA currently hosts nearly 30 thriving enterprises which generate about $30-40 million per year in total economic impact, including tax revenues, over 200jobs, construction activity and high value product exports. Two pipeline systems pump deep and surface seawater to shore 24 hours per day, 7 days a week, and a third, the world's largest and deepest (to a depth of 3,000 feel), is being developed. A new federally funded facility, the NELHA Gateway project, will provide a setting for leading edge research and development in distributed energy resources and renewable energy technologies, and a new commercial ocean center development that will provide opportunities for new ocean -related businesses. HELLO - KEAHOLE GENERATING eTATION $ AIRPORT SU951A1ION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 a 5.3.5.3. Conformance with the Goals of the plan HELCO itself is among the top 30 employers in the County of Hawaii, employing approximately 226 people in management, engineering, administrative, technical, clerical, and service jobs. The improvements to the Keahole Generating Station .scheduled for completion in mid 2004 will create jobs during construction and may add a few positions to HELCO's staff. Additionally, HELCO provides technical input on electrical interface concerns during plant start-up for the OTEC demonstration project at NELHA. HEM is a team member in a 50 -kW closed -cycle OTEC demonstration project at NELHA." 5.3.6. STATE ENERGY FUNCTIONAL PLAN (1991) 5.3.6.1. Goals of the Plan T he State Energy Functional Plan sought to (1) support the commercialization of Hawaii's altetnatiTe energy resources, (2) implement a wide range of energy conservation and efficiency technologies; (3) prepare for disruptions in the energy supply; and (4) reduce the State's dependence on imported fossil fuels, such as oil, for 90 percent of its total energy needs as opposed to 42 percent nationally. 'Ihe plan called for objectives and courses of action to lessen Hawaii's dependence on imported fossil fuels. The objectives were to: (I) moderate the growth in energy demand through conservation and energy efficiency; (2) displace oil and fossil fuels through alternate and renewable energy sources; (3) promote energy education and legislation; (4) support and develop an integrated approach to energy development and management; (5) ensure the State's abilities to implement energy emergency actions immediately In the event of fuel supply disruptions, and ensure essential public services are maintained and provisions are made to alleviate economic and personal hardships that may arise. The State Legislature in 2001 passed a law establishing "renewable portfolio standard" goals for electric utilities of 7 percent by December 31, 2003, 8 percent by December 31, 2005, and 9 percent by December 31, 2010. HELCO is permitted to aggregate its renewable portfolio with other HEI electrical utilities in order to achieve these goals. Any electric utility whose percentage of sales of electricity represented by renewable energy that does not meet these goals will have to report to the PUC and provide :in explanation. The law also requires that electric utilities offer net energy metering to solar, wind turbine, biomass or hydroelectric generating systems (or hybrid systems) with a capacity up to 10 kilowatts (i.e., a customer -generator may be a net user or supplier of energy and will make payments to or receive credits from the electric utility accordingly). 5.3.6.2. Energy in The County of Hawaii HELC'O's service territory is larger than the combined mass of the seven major Hawaiian islands. The Big Island has 148,700 people on 4,028 square miles compared to Oahu's 881,000 people on 600 square miles. This lower density equates to fewer people on the Big Island carrying the costs for the electrical infrastructure and service. A homeowner on the Big Island typically pays almost double per kilowatt hour than on Oahu. Dant in Section 5.3 5 obtulned Iron, the 1990 Sine Employment Functional Plan; 2001 ('ounty of I lewaii Proposed Gen, Plain, the NEI I I A Annual Report and website(a% www.nclhe.org) HELCO—REMOTE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION cnnP tR nvt, vnti['rw The Big Island's power supply is characterized by: (1) diverse generating sources widely distributed around the island; (2) a mix of fossil fuels and renewable energy sources with a potential for more renewable sources; (3) aging equipment with some units dating to the 1950s, 60s, and 70s; (4) a geographical mismatch of generating sources and loads a large concentration of generating units are in East Hawaii, while the largest loads and rapid growth rate are found in West Hawaii; (5) sufficient capacity and reserves, but unit availability on occasion is insufficient due to the age of the equipment, HELCO has about 250 MW of firm capacity (net) generating units located in West Hawaii (42 MW) and East I lawaii (213 MW). However, because one or more of these units are undergoing maintenance at any one time, HELCO's effective reserve margin to meet the expected 2003 peak of 183 MW is only about 30 MW. HELCO has about 24 MW of "as -available" energy from intermittent sources of power (mostly hydropower and wind) potentially available. However, at many times during the year when streams are running low and there are no trade winds, only 10 percent of this amount can be relied on to support the peak system demands. The energy delivery system is characterized by (1) mostly 69,000 volt, single -circuit, wooden pole structures; (2) long cross -island transport of power from east to west with significant line losses; (3) supply to distribution substations isolated from other island transmission grids, which means that there are no inter -ties for importing or exporting power when needed; (4) exposure to environmental stress: lightning temperature extremes, wind, rain, altitude conditions, earthquakes, volcanic fumes, corrosion, rapid tree growth, termites; (5) limited transmission capacity in certain areas when a key transmission line fails; (6) extra redundancy is required to ensure reliability. 5.3.6.3. Conformance with the Goals of the Plan In conjunction with State energy initiatives, HELCO and affiliated companies have (1) helped moderate growth in energy demand by instituting programs that encourage conservation and energy efficiency; (2) conducted research, formed partnerships, and invested in alternate and renewable energy sources; (3) promoted energy education and legislation through Hawaii's schools, businesses, and communities; (4) supported and developed an integrated approach to energy development and management; (5) invested when necessary in infrasn-ueture to provide reliable energy for Hawaii's people. By encouraging conservation and energy efficiency, HELCO: (1) delays the construction of new plants that could cost millions of dollars; (2) offsets huge operating costs created by excessively high demand and system vulnerability; (3) supports and works with government initiatives to fulfill and achieve the desired level of energy sources needed to safeguard Hawaii's future; and (4) full -ills its duty and legal obligation to serve the public. The Big Island leads the State in the use of renewable energy with over 22 percent of its energy use supplied by renewable energy resources in 2003. This percentage is one of the highest in the nation and includes the following renewable resources: Geothermal Energy - from an active volcano • Wind Energy - the largest concentration in the State • Solar Water Healing- HELCO's program is one of the most successful in the nation HEIGO-KFAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 15 • Run -of -the -River Hydro Energy — from the abundant rainfall received along the lush Hamakua Coast, and • Solar Electric Energy— from the abundant year-round sunlight HELCO has a 35 -year purchased power contract with PGV for approximately 30 MW of geothermal power of firm capacity, which will expire on December 31, 2027. It signed in December 2003 an approximate 10 MW as -available wind power contract with Hawi Renewable Development. HELCO's parent company in 2002 formed a non-regulated subsidiary, Renewable Hawaii, Inc. (RHI), to invest in renewable energy projects. The electric utilities continue to initiate and support many renewable energy research and development projects to help develop these technologies (e.g., fuel cell research, photovoltaic projects). They are also conducting integrated resource planning to evaluate the use of more renewables. However, major impediments to the increased use of renewable energy sources include high costs, proximity to the grid, and reliability. HELCO is currently using combined -cycle fossil -fuel -fired power plants, wind, hydroelectric for central stations, geothermal, and distributed generation for selected sites in order to provide quality power reliably, The Renewable Portfolio Standard law requires electrical utilities to increase its use of renewable energy sources and meet a percentage of electricity sales that should come from renewable energy. HELCO has been able to meet the requirements of the law, but must continue with parallel path planning using a multi -pronged track for its operations until such a time that a renewable energy sourcc(s) has developed to the point where it can replace fossil fuels reliably at a reasonable cost to the consumer. In the near term, Hawaii will continue to need fossil fuels for its electrical energy and transportation needs." TABLE 5-D ELECTRIC UTILITY POWER PRcuUCTION BY RESOURCE -HAWAII COUNTY, 2606 AND 2001 RESOURCE HELCO POWER Helco Diesel Hall Steam Helco Hydropower (NF)=' Helco Wind (NF)'--' Total Here Resources PURCHASE POWER Total Coal' Total Naphtha 1 Total Geothermal 2000 2001 NET KWHIYR % TOTAL NET KWHI % TOTAL j. 263,611,6601 25.2 77,887,670 74 369,728,4201 35.3 304,860,090 290 15,113,760 1.4 18,133,515 1 7 - - 2,649,300 0.3 .._.. - 2,110,000 02 651,103,140 62.2 402,991,275 384 62,593,653 6.0 69,079,118 66 39,836,806 3.8 322288,290 307 250,194,036 23.9 206,660,432 197 Uwa in the section obtained from the 1991 Stale t.nergy Functional PImH 2001 County of I lawaii Proposed General Plan, IIBLC'O's 1999-2018 Dia IF Integrated Resource flan 2004 Evaluation Report: I/EL('0, Addreae m /he I/aowo Leonard Planning ('mocrenre, August 22, 2003. HELCO- KFAHOLE GENERATING ST AT ION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 136 2000 2001 RESOURCE NET KWH/YR % TOTAL NET KWH/YR % OF TOTAL Total Purchase Hydro (NF) 11 30,653,392 2.8 34,170,771 3.3 Total Wind (NF) 11 13,228,723 1.3 15,318,737 1.5 Total Purchased Power I _ 396,506,610 37.8 _ _ 647,517,348 61.6 Total Energy Delivered to System 1,047,609, 750 100.0 1.050, 508.623 100.0 i/'Non-firm'resources (NF) produces electricity as the resource (is wind, stream flow) Is available. 2/ Hilo Coast Power Company. 3/ Hamakua Energy Partners. source. Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc., Customer Services Department. 5.3.7. STATE HEALTH FUNCTIONAL PLAN (1969) 5.3.7.1. Goals of the Plan The 1989 State Health Functional Plan addressed six issue areas: (1) health promotion and disease prevention; (2) communicable disease prevention and control; (3) special populations with impaired access to health care; (4) healthcare services (acute, long-term, primary and emergent) for rural communities; (5) environmental health and protection; and (6) Department of Flealth (DOfD leadership. The plan also sought to boost the long-term economy by attracting a share of the rapidly developing. affluent, wellness -oriented market. It also sought to develop and implement new environmental protection and health services that would protect, monitor, prevent degradation, and enhance the quality of Hawaii's air, land, and water. The generation of power, though necessary, may have significant impacts Upon the em ironmenl unless mitigation measures are instituted. Legitimate contents over the continuing reliance upon fossil fuels, emission impacts, noise impacts, and visual impacts all complicate the utility's ability to provide reliable power to the community at a reasonable cost. Oovemment regulations related to facility operations are also continuing to evolve- Utilities are subject to stringent Federal, State. and County environmental laws. Applicable Federal and Slate laws include the ( 1) Federal Clean Air Act as amended; (2) Federal Regulations: Title 40, ('ode of Federal Regulations, Parts 50, 51, 52.21, 53, 58, 60, 6L 63, 70; (3) HRS, Chapter 3428, Air Pollution Control; and (4) FIAR Title I I ('hapters 50, 60J, The DOH monitors ambient in quality in the State. There are a total of 16 stations: nine on Oahu, one on Kauai, two on Maui and fou- on Hawaii. -pile primary purpose of the state-wide monitoring network is to measure ambient air concentrations of the six criteria pollutants that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The six criteria pollutants with NAAQS are: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide tNOo2), sulfur dioxide lead(ilb), ozone �Op), and particulate matter less than or equal to 10 micrometers (PMuT). (See Chapter Three.) The State also has standards for carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, which is more stringent than the NAAQS, and an ambient air quality standard for hydrogen sulfide. Also, in September 2001, the State's ozone standard was revised to reflect the latest health studies and to be consistent with the new federal eight-hourozone standard. Most commercial, industrial, and transportation activities and their associated effect on air quality occur on Oahu where nine of the stations are located. Agricultural operations produce the greatest air quality HELCO-KEAHOLE GENERATING S1A1 ON $ AIRPORT SUBST AT ON CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 q impacts on Maui and Kauai. Impacts on ambient air quality from the ongoing eruption of the Kilauea Volcano and from activities associated with geothermal energy production are being monitored on the Big Island. Water and noise are other environmental concerns. The DOH is responsible for establishing, monitoring, and enforcing the Water Quality Standards. These standards are intended to protect the environmental quality of the waters of the island and maintain public health. The DOH is also responsible for establishing standards and regulations for noise control, which are uniform throughout the State. The Federal Aviation Agency has established noise guidelines for determining compatible land uses surrounding airports; however the regulation of uses on surrounding lands remains with the State and County. 5.3.7.2. Health Conditions in the County of Hawaii Hawaii is recognized worldwide for its natural resources and pristine environment. The summits of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa offer some of the best areas in the world for astronomy because of thelr optical clarity and accessibility. The Big Island and the other Hawaiian islands, escape major sources of man-made pollutants, because of their geographic isolation from mainland industries. However, as in anv metropolitan area, there are pollution concerns over air quality, water contamination, and noise.S(_ee Chapter Thrce for an in-depth discussion.) The major sources of air pollution on the Big Island are volcanic emissions, open burning, sprayed agricultural chemicals, modes of transportation, and fixed combustion sources such as power plant emissions. Natural pollutants from airborne dust me also contributing factors. Prevailing northeast trade winds and diurnal land and sea breezes form air circulation patterns that can create local concentrations of pollutants. In areas where the topography favors it confluence of air currents, the potential is great for hazy conditions to develop, especially if vehicular, volcanic, and other air pollution sources increase. Surface water resources, coastal waters, and groundwater resources of the County of Hawaii are vulnerable to contamination as population increases and further development occurs. According to County of Hawaii dala, the major sources of water pollution are sewage, natural surface runoff, and the by-products of agricultural activities. Recycled water is currently being used for erosion and dust control at lined landfills, and there may be a need in the future to recycle sewage and wastewater diluent for use in irrigation. There arc five municipal sewage systems with treatment plants that serve limited areas. As a result, only it small portion of the County of Hawaii's sewage is treated. Most sewage is disposed of in private cesspools, septic systems, or private wastewater treatment plants that must meet the State DO] I water quality standards. The State DOH intends to promulgate rules that will prohibit the installation of cesspools. Loud noises are known to have adverse physiological and psychological effects on people. Residential and resort areas near airports are particularly affected. Increased air transportation activity and changes In aeronautical technology could change the "noise contours" that affect lands surrounding the Kona International Airport at Kcahole and Hilo International Airport, The County recommends appropriate casements and/or covenants- be required in conjunction with land use approvals for lands in the vicinity of the airports to eliminate the likelihood of surrounding land use development conflicting with futmc airport activity and/or expansion. HELLO- NEAHOLE GENERATING S IATIGN & AIRPORT BUBSTVION CHAP TER FIVE, PAGE 530 5.3.7.3. Conformance to the Goals of the Plan Emissions fiom other private and municipal sources such as power generation facilities are controlled through State and Federal regulations. Under the guidance of the Federal government, the Stale DO11 continuously scrutinises and updates the State's standards and regulations to address current issues, either meeting or exceeding Federal standards. Emissions from the Keahole Generating Station have been monitored by air quality monitoring stations located approximately 1.9 kilometers (1.2 miles) southeast of the plant (i.e., Kakahiaka monitor) and 5.5 kilometers (3.4 miles) east-northeast of the plant (i.e., Huehue monitor). The Kakahiaka monitor operated from February 5, 2000 to May 17, 2000, and the Huehue monitor operated from February I, 1999 to May 17, 2000. The monitoring data confirmed compliance with State and Federal ambient air quality standards for SOS, PMIo, and CO and that the Huehue monitoring data set is representative of the maximum impact areas. (See Chapter Three.) In continuing support of environmental health, HELCO plans to implement new emissions controls at the Keahole Generating Station, specifically a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system, which is expected to involve ammonia transport, storage, and usage. h will also improve the existing wastewater treatment system to process on-site and dispose of on-site treated wastewater, generated as a result of the SCR system. It has secured the necessary approvals to draw brackish water from a groundwater supply well that has already been permitted and constructed at the Keahole Generating Station. Noise sources currently at and in the vicinity of Keahole Generating Station include various diesel generators and combustion turbines, vehicular traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, and aircraft at Kona Inlemational Airport at Keahole. Existing and future mitigation measures at the Keahole Generating Station will be evaluated to address adverse noise impacts and the ability to maintain noise levels at 45/55 dBA once the generating station is fully operational. HELCO has taken steps to control noise levels from the generating station with the intent of satisfying applicable regulations. to 5.3.8. STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION FUNCTIONAL PLAN (1991) 5.3.8.1. Goals of the Plan The State Historic Functional Plan identifies issues, policies, and implementing actions that seek to preserve and protect the unsurpassable beauty, history, and culture of the Hawaiian islands. Hawaii's natural scenic beauty, clean environment, and rich multi -cultural heritage (including historic/culturol sites) are reasons why so many people have made Hawaii their home, and why so many visit the Slate. 5.3.8.2. Historic Preservation Sites in the County of Hawaii According to the DI.NR's State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD), an estimated 11,500 archeological and historic sites have been identified on the Big Island. However, only 5 percent of the island has been surveyed, and the other 95 percent of the island contains an undeterminable number of historic and archeological sites. The abundance of historic sites can be attributed to the fact that much of the early history of the Hawaiian islands had its setting on the Big Island. Archeological data indicates that Polynesian voyagers may have settled there as early as 600 A.D. 10 Duro for this zcetioN obtuincd from the 1989 Stalc I Icalth Functional Plan; 2001 County of IIawaii Proposed General Plan; DO] 1, Clean Air 13ranc-h. 2001 Annual Repon, and Gom RECO HELCO—KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 519 5.3.8.3. Conformance to the Goals of the Plan In 1992, Paul H. Rosendahl, PhD., dba Paul H. Rosendahl, Inc. (PHRI), conducted an archaeological inventory survey of the HELCO Keahole Generating Station, described as TMK 3-7-3-49:36, comprised of 14.998 acres. The survey was conducted in connection with the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement for the CDUA that proposed additional generating capacity to the Keahole Generating Station. The basic objective of the survey was to gather and provide information for compliance with all historic preservation regulatory review requirements of the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) and the Hawaii County Planning Department. The specific objectives of the survey were four -fold: (1) to identify all potentially significant archaeological remains present within the parcel; (2) to collect information sufficient to evaluate and document the potential significance of all identified remains; (3) to evaluate the potential impacts of any proposed development upon any identified significant remains; and (4) to recommend appropriate measures that would mitigate any adverse impacts upon identified significant remains. Since its construction in the 1970s, no native Hawaiian archaeological sites or cultural practices were known to be associated with the Keahole Generating Station More recently on September 22, 2003, PARI conducted an updated inspection to include the Airpoit Substation, described as TMK 3-7-3-49:37, comprised of 0.645 acres, and the primary and secondary access roads. IIELCO's request for a reclassification from the Con se rear on District to the Urban District includes both the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation properties. The current inspection confirmed that no significant historical, archaeological, or cultural resources were found on the project site. (Sec Chapter Three.)11 5.3.9. STATE HOUSING FUNCTIONAL PLAN (1989, 1990) 5.3.9.1. Goals of the Plan The 1990 State Housing Functional Plan identified a need to develop affordable housing throughout the State, and found that the housing needs of lower income households would not be adequately met in future residential developments. Obstacles identified to the development of affordable housing include (lithe lack of infrastructure, particularly on the neighbor islands; (2) the high cost of zoned land, high development costs, and the regulatory system particularly on Oahu; (3)government policies that have created it shortage of urban land zoned for housing; (4) lack of government funds to develop rental housing; (5) building codes and subdivision standards that constrain innovative, cost-saving technologic,; and (6) current labor wages. The Plan recommended increased densities in residential developments where feasible, smaller and basic units, funding for rental developments, and state subsidies. 5.3.9.2. Housing on the County of Hawaii The value of residential building permit authorizations was up 40.5 percent statewide for the second quarter of 2003. The number of single-family unit authorizations was up 22.2 percent, but multi -family units authorized were down 19.0 percent. Hawaii County authorizations increased 35.8 percent. In the North Kona arca, over $1 billion of planned construction of resort -residential complexes have been _ Data in this +ecuon obtained Irom the 1991 State Histone Preservation Frmetlonal Plan and the 2001 Cormty of Ilaw.,ii Proposed General Pla,,. HE LGO- REMOTE GENE RAI ING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 540 announced, in addition to the substantial investment already in place. Various resort and resort -residential complexes are currently under construction or are planned for construction in the near future. 5.3.9.3. Conformance to the Goals of the Plan As a publicly regulated utility, HELCO is obligated to ensure that existing and new housing is provided reliable electricity in a cost-effective manner. In view of the increasing amount of planned residential and reson-residential construction on the west side of the Big Island, HELCO asserts that the most efficient and cost-effective solution is to expand its existing operations at the Keahole Generating Station. Thus, HELCO believes the proposed action is directly supportive of the Housing Functional Plan. 5.3.19. STATE HUMAN SERVICES FUNCTIONAL PLAN (1989) 5.3.10.1. Goals of the Plan The Human Services Functional Plan addressed: (1) elder abuse; (2) child abuse and neglect; and (3) spouse/domestic abuse and violence. The plan details statistics, causes, and prevention measures that can help to combat very pressing societal issues. 5.3.10.2. Human Services in the County of Hawaii The State Department of Human Services offers various programs throughout the State to assist the elderly, poor, and disabled and provides general assistance and cash benefits for food, clothing, shelter, and other essentials. The Hawaii County Office of Aging, an Area Agency on Aging, is responsible for developing a comprehensive system of services for older persons in the County of Hawaii. 5.3.10.3. Conformance to the Goals of the Plan I IELCO's petition for a boundary amendment will have a negligible effect on this plan. 5.3.11. STATE RECREATION FUNCTIONAL PLAN (1991) 5.3.11.1. Goals of the Plan The 1991 State Recreation Functional Plan focused on six issue areas: (1) ocean and shoreline recreation; (2) mauka, urban, and other recreation; (3) public access to the shoreline and upland recreation areas; (4) resource conservation and management, (5) management of recreation programs and facilities; and (6) wetlands protection and management. 5.3.11.2. Recreation in West Hawaii The County expects heavy demand on recreational resources as a result of an expanding population and u growing number of visitors in West Hawaii. According to the County of Hawaii General Plan, existing recreational areas and facilities in the North Kona district are being targeted for improvements and expansion as the area is generally inadequate. Approximately 27,400 residents are presently served by only nine County parks. Improved and expanded recreational facilities that support the proper ratio of 5.0 acres of recreation area for every 1,000 people are a part of the County's goals. Some of the new or improved areas in the region include the newly completed Kealakehe High School, which offers facilities that are open to the public during non -school hours. The Kailua Park (Old Kona Airport) consists- of 34 acres and provides lighted Melds for baseball, softball, and football. New baseball and soccer fields were recently constructed. Also situated here are four lighted tennis courts, the old terminal building houses. restrooms, offices, and a meeting place. A multipurpose gymnasium was HELCO —KEAHOLE GENERA'ING STA' ION & AIRPORT SOeSTATION CHAFER FIVE, PAGE 5 11 completed in 1993 and a 50 -meter olympic-size swimming pool was completed in 1999. The County has three developed beach parks in North Kona. There are three small boat harbors in the district: - Kailua Bay, Keauhou, and Honokohau. Honokohau harbor has a capacity for 450 small boats and has oter facilities to accommodate boat repair, restaurant, dry storage, etc. 12 5.3.11.3. Conformance to the Goals of the Plan Any improvements to the Keahole Generating Station are supportive of the State's Recreation Function Plan and State and County plans for the expansion of recreational facilities in the region. 5.3.12. STATE TOURISM FUNCTIONAL PLAN (1991) 5.3.12.1. Goals of the Plan The 1991 State Tourism Functional Plan focused on six issues: (1) the positive and negative impacts of tourism growth on the community; (2) physical development in terms of product quality, product diversity, land use planning, adequate infrastructure, and visitor use of public services; (3) environmental resources and cultural heritage; (4) community, visitor, and industry relations; (5) employment and career development; and (b) effective marketing. The plan primarily sought to strengthen tourism, "hilt developing other industries to diversify the State's economic base in order to reduce its vulnerability from the fluctuations of a single market. Currently, however, despite the fluctuations caused by national and world events, tourism remains the primary source of revenue into the State through visitor expenditures and tourism -related capital investment. According to the Hawaii Tourism Authority (HTA) 2002 Annual Report to the Legislature, tourism In 2002 remained Hawaii's economic driver, providing one out of five of jobs and about 21 percent of the State's tax revenue. Taxes generated from tourism provide the State with an immediate economic return, as the generated revenue goes to support schools, highways, police, parks, etc., and benefits practically every segment of the community. Hawaii's visitor industry rebounded following the events of September 11, and showed overall growth In 2002 with total visitor days by air and by cruise ships up 4.1 percent compared to 2001. Total expenditures by air and cruise ship visitors rose 8.7 percent to nearly $10 billion. 5.3.12.2. Tourism in West Hawaii Current growth in the County of Hawaii in terms of employment, population, income, and economic activity has been more closely tied to the visitor industry than any other sector of the economy. Employment opportunities spurred by the growth of tourism has been the catalyst for economic growth in the County. A substantial amount of investor interest continues to flow into West Hawaii primarily the Kohula and Kona districts, which according to the Hawaii County General Plan continues to accommodate the majority of the visitor market within the County. Over $1 billion of planned construction of resort -residential complexes have been announced, in addition to the substantial investment already in place. Various resort and resort -residential complexes are currently under construction or are planned for construction in the near future. Continued investor interest in resort and 1 Data Gam this "Edon obtained from the 2001 County of I lawat Pmpo�ed Oenelal Plan. HEL00-KEAHOLE GENERA I ING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBS IA[ ION CHAPTER I IVE, PAGE!) 42 resort -residential development in the County suggests an economic future that promises new jobs and more commercial, recreational, and cultural activities,." 5.3.12.3. Conformance with the Plan As a regulated public utility, HELCO is obligated to ensure that the visitor industry is provided with a reasonably reliable source of electrical energy in a cost-efficient manner. The proposed action Is supportive of this obligation and of the State Tourism Functional Plan, to that end. HELCO offers cost- saving conservation measures for hotels to help reduce energy costs. HHLCO's Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Program offers participants rebates for energy conservation measures beyond current standard practice in retrofit and new construction projects. These measures include lighting (T-8 lamps and electronic ballasts, occupancy sensors, and optical reflectors), motors (high efficiency), space cooling (direct expansion air conditioners and chillers), and customized incentives. For example: (1) The Hilton Waikoloa Village installed new lights, motors/drivers, and window film and received $92,000 in total rebates from HELCO and will save 1.8 million kWh per year. -(2) The Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel installed new lights and received $54,000 in rebates and will save 967,000 kWh per year. (3) The Mauna Lani Bay Hotel installed new lights, air conditioning, and window film and received $93,900 in rebates and will save 1.1 million kWh per year. (4) The Outrigger Waikoloa Beach Hotel installed new lights and motors and received $21,700 in rebates and will save 404,000 kWh per year. 5.3.13. STATE TRANSPORTATION FUNCTIONAL PLAN (1991) 5.3.13.1. Goals of the Plan The 1991 State 'Transportation Functional Plan sought to (1) construct facility and infrastructure improvements in support of Hawaii's thriving economy and growing population base; (2) develop a transportation system balanced with an array of new alternatives; (3) implement Transportation Systems Management to max IiniYe the use of existing facilities and systems; (4) foster innovation and use of new technology in transportation; (5) maximize joint efforts with the private sector; (6) pursue land use initiatives which help reduce travel demand; (7) encourage resident quality -of -fife impioverneras through improved mobility opportunities and travel reduction. 5.3.13.2. Transportation Conditions in West Hawaii Kona International Airport at Keahole occupies 3,450 acres of land about seven miles northwest of Kailua-Kona and one mile east of HELCO's Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation. The airport accommodates domestic overseas, international, inter -island, commuter/air taxi, and general aviation activities. According to the County of Hawaii Data Book, intrastate and overseas arrivals and departures have increased steadily since 1991, except for 2001 due to the tragic events of September 1 1, 2001. "Data for ON,, section obtained from the 2001Connty of Moran Proposed General Plan and the Hawaii Tourism Authority (I ITA) 2002 Asnnal Rrpun lo Ore Lrgislam, HELCO—KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 n3 TABLE 5-E: PASSENGER TRAFFIC AT KONA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AT KEAHOLE Notes: April 26,1993: Keahole Airport was renamed the Keahole-Kona International Airport. June 2,1996: Japan Airline's first Tokyo -Kona landing at Keahole-Kona International Airport. June 16, 1997 Keahole-Kona International Airport was renamed the Kona Intemaboral Airport at Keahole. September 11, 2001'. Terrorist snacks on the United States led to the closing of all U.S. airports. Source. Hawaii State Department of Transportation, Airports Division, Airport Activity Statistics, Calendar Year 2001. The major traffic arteries serving the North Kona district are the Hawaii Belt Highway connecting Kona with South Kohala and Kau, the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the Kuakini Highway connecting Kailua with the ntauka Kcauhou area, and Alii Drive serving the shoreline areas between Kailua and Keauhou. The latter of these systems is the only access to areas along the shoreline between Kailua and Keauhou. Mauka-makai access between the Mamalahoa Highway and the Queen Kaahumanu f lighway is provided by Kainninani Drive, Iiina Lanni Drive and Palani Road. Currently in its design stage, the proposed Kahului-Kcauhou Parkway (formerly known as the Alii Highway) will provide another north -South arterial betwecn its northern connection to the Queen Kaahumanu Highway at Kahului ahupuaa and its southern terminus al the Alii Drive-Kamehameha III Road intersection in Kcauhou. The Mamalahoa I lighway is the only arterial roadway currently serving all of the South Kona Distrit I. Many portions of this roadway are narrow and winding. Lands mauka and makai of this roadway are served by private and County -owned collector roadways, many in poor condition. The Hawaii ('ounty Mass Transit Agency provides public transportation around the island on the Heledtn bus. In addition, the I7ansit Agency offers a Shared Ride Taxi program which provides door-to-door transportation for as little as $2.00 within the urbanized area of Hilo and Kona. Recent economic growth and prosperity in the West Hawaii region, have brought traffic congestion, which has worsened appreciably on Queen Kaahumanu Highway and on the Hawaii Bell Road betwecn Kailua and South Kona. However, plans are under way for highway improvements for both State and County roads 5.3.13.3. Conformance with the Plan Currently, fuel trucks uldize the north gates of the Keahole Generation Station while employees and deliveries access the project site through the South gate at Pukiawe Street. HELCO employees work In HELCO—KEAHOLE GENERATING SIA I'ON & AIRPORT SUBSTAr ION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 44 OVERSEAS _ INTRASTATE 1 Year Departures Arrivals Departures Arrivals 1991 128,630 134,006 941,346 914,795 1992 137,803 141,192 957,567 925,374 1993 145.980150,796 l 952,901 929 385 1994 146,820 150,660 981,913 959190 1995 113,115 - - 108,972 1.051409 1,029959 L 1996 121704 154,187 1,154,761 1,093,750 ' 1997 157,671 213,268 1 775,607 1.061,611 ' 1998 1 159,291 I 251,899 1,184,128 1,057.637 1999, 198,599 253,630 1,166,265 1,049,688 2000 254,670 316,211 1,194,754 1,076,462 2001 275,062 356,116, 1054,349 954,789 Notes: April 26,1993: Keahole Airport was renamed the Keahole-Kona International Airport. June 2,1996: Japan Airline's first Tokyo -Kona landing at Keahole-Kona International Airport. June 16, 1997 Keahole-Kona International Airport was renamed the Kona Intemaboral Airport at Keahole. September 11, 2001'. Terrorist snacks on the United States led to the closing of all U.S. airports. Source. Hawaii State Department of Transportation, Airports Division, Airport Activity Statistics, Calendar Year 2001. The major traffic arteries serving the North Kona district are the Hawaii Belt Highway connecting Kona with South Kohala and Kau, the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, the Kuakini Highway connecting Kailua with the ntauka Kcauhou area, and Alii Drive serving the shoreline areas between Kailua and Keauhou. The latter of these systems is the only access to areas along the shoreline between Kailua and Keauhou. Mauka-makai access between the Mamalahoa Highway and the Queen Kaahumanu f lighway is provided by Kainninani Drive, Iiina Lanni Drive and Palani Road. Currently in its design stage, the proposed Kahului-Kcauhou Parkway (formerly known as the Alii Highway) will provide another north -South arterial betwecn its northern connection to the Queen Kaahumanu Highway at Kahului ahupuaa and its southern terminus al the Alii Drive-Kamehameha III Road intersection in Kcauhou. The Mamalahoa I lighway is the only arterial roadway currently serving all of the South Kona Distrit I. Many portions of this roadway are narrow and winding. Lands mauka and makai of this roadway are served by private and County -owned collector roadways, many in poor condition. The Hawaii ('ounty Mass Transit Agency provides public transportation around the island on the Heledtn bus. In addition, the I7ansit Agency offers a Shared Ride Taxi program which provides door-to-door transportation for as little as $2.00 within the urbanized area of Hilo and Kona. Recent economic growth and prosperity in the West Hawaii region, have brought traffic congestion, which has worsened appreciably on Queen Kaahumanu Highway and on the Hawaii Bell Road betwecn Kailua and South Kona. However, plans are under way for highway improvements for both State and County roads 5.3.13.3. Conformance with the Plan Currently, fuel trucks uldize the north gates of the Keahole Generation Station while employees and deliveries access the project site through the South gate at Pukiawe Street. HELCO employees work In HELCO—KEAHOLE GENERATING SIA I'ON & AIRPORT SUBSTAr ION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 44 shifts, and as such, do not contribute heavily to traffic congestion. During the weekday, six maintenance personnel are employed between 6:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. while three operating personnel work on the first shift, 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., and two operating personnel are on the second shift, 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. During the weekend, there are four operating personnel assigned with two persons in two shifts of 6:00 a.m to 2:00 p.m and 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. Hence, most of the current shift changes occur at different times than the Queen Kaahumanu Highway peak hours of 6:30 to 730 a.m. and 3:15 to 4:15 p.m. The fuel truck deliveries usually range between 3 to 4 trips per day, Monday through Friday. Fuel is trucked from Hilo Harbor. The Keahole Generation Station receives five mail deliveries per week. Also, other deliveries by vendor/supplier goods and services are likely to increase to between 5 to 10 deliveries per week. At project completion on or before 2009, the Keahole Generation Station weekday staffing would change to eight maintenance personnel between 6:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. and seven operating personnel in three shifts (one person from 7:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., two persons from 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., two persons from 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. and two persons from 10:00 p.m, to 6:00 a.m.). For the weekend staffing, there would be six operating personnel with two persons in each of the three shifts: 6:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m., 2:00 p.m. - 10:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. - 6:00 a.m. Fuel deliveries would increase to 7 or 8 fuel trucks per day, Monday through Friday, but deliveries would be from Kawaihae Harbor instead of Hilo Harbor. Also, there would be five mail deliveries and approximately 8 to 12 vendor/supplier deliveries per week. The Keahole Generation Station and the Airport Substation would have the largest staffing, fuel truck deliveries and vendor/supplier deliveries at project completion. 5.3.14. STATE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT FUNCTIONAL PLAN (19841 5.3.14.1. Goals of the Plan The 1984 State Water Resources Development Functional Plan set objectives to: (1) clarify The State water policy and improve management framework; (2) maintain the long-term availability of freshwater supplies while considering environmental values; (3) improve management of flood plains; (4) assure adequate municipal water supplies for planned urban growth; (5) assure the availability of adequate water for agriculture; (6) encourage and coordinate development of self- supplied industrial water and the production of water-based energy; (7) provide for the protection and enhancement of Hawaii's freshwater and estuarine environment; (8) improve state grant and loan procedures for water programs and project,; and (9) pursue water resources data collection and research to meet changing needs. 5.3.14.2. Water Conditions in West Hawaii West Hawaii over the past 15 years has experienced tremendous growth in population and resort development, accompanied by a reliance on the available ground -water resources. In the early 1990~, there was fierce competition for water resources among landowners, developers, and other water purveyors in the region. 'I State Cornmission on Water Resource Management (('WRM) stepped in and found they needed to gather pertinent data on baseline water levels in order to mediate the problem mud avoid major disputes. A 1991 - 2002 report, d Sunni, of the Gi ound-Water Conditions in North and ,South Kona and South Kohalu Di.so icls, /stand o///a vaii is ongoing and presents over 10 years of baseline water level data. Many wells were drilled in the region during the past 10 years by private landowner,, public utilities, and the State, who invested large sums of money to drill these wells for the economic TELCO -KEAHOLE GENERATING SIA IION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CyAPTER FIVE. PAGE 545 benefit of the island and the State. The CWRM credited these entities for allowing access to their wells for data collection and sampling used in the report. 14 The Kcahole Generating Station and Airport Substation are located on the western flank of Hualalai where the ground surface is highly permeable and storm water runoff does not occur. Two modes of groundwater occur in the general vicinity: (I) a thin, brackish to saline basal lens underlying the entire coastal zone; and (2) high-level groundwater near the vicinity of Mamaloahoa Highway and extending 20 miles from Kalaoa to Kealakekua. Wells in the near vicinity of the Keahole Generating Station show that the basal groundwater is relatively saline.ls 5.3.14.3. Conformance with the Plan The County of Hawaii, Department of Water Supply (DWS) provides approximately 40,000 gallons per day (gpd) for CT NO, control, the production of steam, domestic consumption by employees, and landscape irrigation. Upon completion of the improvements to the facilities, and by using the brackish water well, the demand for potable water will decrease to about 15,000 gpd. HELCO's onsite well, identified as State No. 44461-02, was developed and pump tested in 1993, and recently put into use. li ELCO plans to pump from the well an average of between 210,000 and 230,000 GPD of brackish water to provide the majority of water needed for improvements to the plant. Per the Settlement Agreement, HELCO will transfer 90 percent of its existing potable water right commitments at Keahole to the DHHL. Once HELCO has confirmed its right to use brackish water (permits and approvals have already been granted, but the matter has been subjected to a legal challenger, HELCO will transfer 90 percent of its existing additional incremental potable water allocation of 100,0(1(1 gpd to DHHL, subject to DWS approval. The consent to transfer activity could begin promptly, but the actual transfer of potable water to DHHL cannot begin until HELCO confirms its right to use brackish water resources at Kcahole. 5.4. HAWAII WATER CODE The State Legislature adopted in 1987 the Hawaii Water Code, as HRS Chapter 1740, as amended, to "protect. control, and regulate the use of Hawaii's water resources for the benefit of its people." 'the CWRM administers the water code. The Code's policies include the (1) protection of water resources, maintenance of ecological balance and scenic quality with regard to the development of new resources; (2) improvement of water quality; and (3) the establishment of comprehensive water planning statewide. A major element of the code is the development of the Hawaii Water Plan. The State Water Code pursuant to HRS 174-2(c) allows "maximum beneficial use of the waters of the State for purposes such as domestic uses, aquaculture uses, irrigation and other agricultural uses, power development. and commercial and industrial uses." Furthermore, the Code shell be liberally interpreted and applied in a manner, which conforms with intentions and plans of the counties in terms of land use planning. la Data obtained Gom UI NR website (hop:/hvww.hawaii.powdln�icwrin/data/rcpnns/pr200301.pdQ �� Dato oMained Innn Tom Nance Water Resource lingmeenn� repnn for I IHL('O 1115, I7econbcr 2003. TELCO - KEAHGLE GENERATING STATION K AIRPORT SUBS AT ION CHAFIER FIVE, PAGE 546 5.5. STATE OF HAWAII WATER PLAN The Hawaii Water Plan, under HRS Section 174C-31, consists of four parts: (1) a water resource protection plan prepared by the water commission; (2) water use and development plans for each county prepared by each separate county and adopted by ordinance, setting forth the allocation of water to land use in that county; (3) a state water projects plan prepared by the agency which has jurisdiction over such projects in conjunction with other state agencies; and (4) a water quality plan prepared by the DOH. All water use and development plans shall be conditioned upon and be consistent with: (1) water resource protection and water quality plans; (2) respective county land use plans and policies including general plan and zoning as determined by each respective county; (3) state land use classification and policies. To prepare the water resource protection and water quality plans, the commission shall assess the quantity and quality of water needed for existing and contemplated uses, including irrigation, power development, geothermal power, and municipal uses. 5.6. STATE UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL (UIC) PROGRAM The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 legislated the protection of all aquifers, portions of aquifers, and any potential aquifer capable of yielding consumable drinking water sources. This mandate was based on increased evidence of contamination of this valuable resource and on a national concern for the quality of groundwater. In 1976, the State Legislature enacted Act 94, relating to Safe Drinking Water, which required the State DOH to establish an IJIC program to protect the quality of underground sources of drinking water. The IJIC program identifies aquifers that should be protected from subsurface disposal of wastewater through injection wells, and designates areas now being used or could potentially be used for drinking water. The underground sources of drinking water (USDW) are protected and the program prohibits the construction of new injection wells that may pollute the USDW. Injection wells are allowed in exempted areas. The boundary lines, known as the UIC line, between the USDW and the exempted areas have been developed, with a 1,000 -foot setback of wastewater systems from all public drinking water wells and springs. The Keahole Generating Station is situated makai of the UIC line and injection wells are permissible in this area, without affecting USDW. 5.7. STATE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY HRS Chapter 344 establishes an environmental policy that (1) encourages productive and enjoyable harmony between people and their environment; (2) promotes efforts to prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere; (3) stimulates the health and welfare of humanity; and (4) enriches the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the people of Hawaii. HRS Section 344-2 defines "environment' as the complex of physical and biological conditions that influence human well-being, including land, air, water, minerals, flora, fauna, energy, noise, and places of historic or aesthetic significance. An Electrical generating station, while necessary, also generates concerns over emissions and other environmental issues. The following table, identified as fable 5-F, contains the policies of the State HELCO-KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGES:] Environmental Policy, IIRS Section 344, and discusses the relationship and applicability, if any, of the policy to HELCO's petition fora boundary amendment. TABLE 5 -FI STATE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY SECTION STATE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS_ I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCOA OBJECTIVES NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE 344-3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY. It shall be the policy of the State, through its programs, authorities, and resources to (1) Conserve the natural resources, so that land, water, mineral, visual, air and other natural resources are protected A by controlling pollution, by preserving or augmenting natural resources, and by safeguarding the State's unique natural environmental characteristics in a manner which will foster and promote the general welfare, create and maintain conditions under which humanity and nature can exist in productive harmony. and fulfill the social, economic. and other requirements of the people of Hawaii. (2) Enhance the quality of life by: (A) Setting population limits so that the interaction between the natural and artificial environments and the population is NA mutually beneficial; (B) Creating opportunities for the residents of Hawaii to improve their quality of life through diverse economic activities A which are stable and in balance with the physical and Social environments, (C) Establishing communities which provide a sense of identity, wise use of land, efficient transportation, and aesthetic NA and social satisfaction in harmony with the natural environment which is uniquely Hawaiian; and (D) Establishing a commitment on the pad of each person to protect an enhance Hawaii a environment and reduce the A drain on nonrenewable resources. 344A GUIDELINES. In pursuance of the state policy to conserve the natural resources and enhance the quality of life, all agencies, In the development of programs, shall, insofar as practicable, consider the following guidelines: (1) POPULATION (A) Recognize population impact as a major factor in environmental degradation and adopt guidelines to alleviate this NA Impact and minimize future degradation: (B) Recognize optimum population levels for counties and districts within the State, keeping in mind that these will NA change with technology and circumstance, and adopt guidelines to limit population to the levels determined (2) LAND, WATER, MINERAL, VISUAL, AIR, AND OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES. NA (A) Encourage management practices which conserve and fully uullze all natural resources, A (B) Promote irrigation and waste water management practices which conserve and fully utilize vital water resources, A (C) Promote the recycling of waste water', A (D) Encourage management practices which conserve and protect watersheds and water sources, forest and open A space areas, (E) Establish and maintain natural area preserves, wildlife preserves, forest reserves, marine preserves, and unique NA ecological preserves; (F) Maintain an integrated system of state land use planning which coordinates the state and county general plans. C (G) Promote the optimal use of solid wastes through programs of waste prevention. energy resource recovery, and A recycling so that all our wastes become utilized. (3) FLORA AND FAUNA (A) Protect endangered species of indigenous plants and animals and introduce new plants or animals only upon NA assurance of negligible ecological hazard, (B) Foster the planting of native as well as other trees, shrubs, and flowering plants compatible to the enhancement of NA our environment. (4) PARKS, RECREATION, AND OPEN SPACE. (A) Establish, preserve and maintain scenic. historic, cultural, park and recreation areas, including the shorelines, for NA public recreational, educational, and scientific uses, HELCO—BEAHOLL GENERATING STATION & AIRPOR+ SUBS IATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE S48 SECTION STATE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY RATING -CLCD- MEAHOLE GENERATING STA -ION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 49 A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OBJECTIVES NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE (B) Protect the shorelines of the State from encroachment of artificial improvements, structures, and activities; NA (C) Promote open space in view of its natural beauty not only as a natural resource but as an ennobling, living NA environment for its people (5) ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. (A) Encourage industries in Hawaii which would be in harmony with our environment; A (B) Promote and foster the agricultural industry of the State; and preserve and conserve productive agricultural lands, A (C) Encourage federal activities in Hawaii to protect the environment A (D) Encourage all industries including the fishing, aquaculture, oceanography, recreation, and forest products industries A to protect the environment, (E) Establish visitor destination areas with planning controls which shall include but not be limited to the number of NA rooms; (F) Promote and foster the aquaculture industry of the State; and preserve and conserve productive aquacultural lands. A (6) TRANSPORTATION (A) Encourage transportation systems in harmony with the lifestyle of the people and environment of the State, A (B) Adopt guidelines to alleviate environmental degradation caused by motor vehicles; A (C) Encourage public and pnvate vehicles and transportation systems to conserve energy, reduce pollution emission, A including noise, and provide safe and convenient accommodations for their users. (7) ENERGY. (A) Encourage the efficient use of energy resources. A (8) COMMUNITY LIFE AND HOUSING. (A) Foster lifestyles compatible with the environment preserve the variety of lifestyles traditional to Hawaii through the NA design and maintenance of neighborhoods which reflect the culture and mores of the community; (B) Develop communities which provide a sense of identity and social satisfaction in harmony with the environment and NA provide internal opportunities for shopping, employment. education, and recreation; (C) Encourage the reduction of environmental pollution which may degrade a community. A (D) Foster safe, sanitary, and decent homes, A (E) Recognize community appearances as major economic and aesthetic assets of the counties and the State, A encourage green belts, plantings, and landscape plans and designs in urban areas", and preserve and promote mountain -to -ocean vistas (9) EDUCATION AND CULTURE (A) Foster culture and the ads and promote their linkage to the enhancement of the environment A (B) Encourage both formal and informal environmental education to all age groups. A (10) CITIZEN PARTICIPATION. (A) Encourage all individuals in the State to adopt a moral ethic to respect the natural environment to reduce waste A and excessive consumption; and to fulfill the responsibility as trustees of the environment for the present and succeeding generations; and (B) Provide for expanding citizen participation in the decision making process so it continually embraces more citizens A and more Issues. -CLCD- MEAHOLE GENERATING STA -ION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 49 SECTION STATE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCIRS OBJECTIVES NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE COMMENTARY, HELCO highly encourages conservation measures and demand-side management programs that utilize natural resources and conserve energy (e.g., rebates on solar panels, efficiency water heaters, etc.). Moreover, its use of renewable energy sources such as geothermal, wind, water ranks among the highest in the nation. Research and development of alternative energy resources have been an adopted policy and accepted practice of the company (e.g. OTEC at NEI] LA, fuel cell research, photovoltaic, etc.). Spanning a 110 -year history, the company has grown with the community and has worked with State and County plans to meet projected growth and demand. The historical facts show that HELLO, for the most part, has provided the necessary electrical infrastructure to power diverse economic activities and provide stability on the Big Island. 5.8. THE PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION (PUC) The PUC, as established by IIRS Chapter 269 and HAR, Title 6, Chapter 60, (1) regulates all franchised or certificated public service companies operating in the State; (2) prescribes rates, tariffs, charges and fees; (3) determines the allowable rate of earnings in establishing rates; (4) issues guidelines concerning the general management of franchised or certificated utility businesses; and (5) acts on requests for the acquisition, sale, disposition or other exchange of utility properties, including mergers and consolidations. The PUC recognizes that public utilities are undergoing significant changes due to developments in technology, markets, economic conditions, consumer needs, and environmental concerns. As a regulatory commission, it must protect public interest while simultaneously allowing and encouraging the public utilities to efficiently operate, grow, and develop. Its primary purpose is to efficiently, fairly, and impartially ensure that regulated utilities efficiently and safely provide utility customers with adequate and reliable utility services at just and reasonable rates, white providing regulated utilities with a reasonable opportunity to earn a fair rate of return. 16 The PUC is also the accepting authority for all electrical IRPs. An IRP as discussed in previous chapters requires all electrical utilities in the State to systematically and thoroughly develop long-range plans for meeting Hawaii's future energy needs through integrated resource planning. IRP is it key vehicle for State regulatory commissions, electric utilities, energy stakeholders, and the public to understand and influence the planning process of identifying and evaluating combinations of demand-side and supply-side resources that will achieve objectives and meet forecasted demand. The main goal of IRP is to identify the resources or mix of resources for meeting near and long-term consumer energy needs in an efficient and reliable manner at the lowest possible cost. (Sec I IELCO's 1998 Second IRP, 2004 Evaluation Report, and Review of Alternatives attached as Appendices E, P, and G, respectively.) 5.9. WEST HAWAII REGIONAL PLAN (1989) 'The Office of State Planning, under former Governor John Waihce, produced in 1989 the West Hawaii Regional Plan to guide the development of the region. The State formulated the plan to ( I) coordinate State activities in West Ilawan and respond effectively to emerging needs and critical problems; (2) address areas of State concern; (3) coordinate the Capital Improvements Program; and (4) provide guidance in the State land -use decision-making process. Contributors to the plan included the West Hawaii community, Federal, State, and County agencies. " See PUC Annual Report tar tiscal vcar2002-2003. TELCO —KEAHOLE GENERATING SIAI ION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE The following table, identified as 5-H, presents the general goals of The Vision Jar West Hawoii Plan, and two pertinent sections, Conservation District Lands, and Energy and Power Facilities. TABLE 5=1 HAWAII REGIONAL PLAN .__ -_ — _.. _.._--- ..._..--- .__.__--- —_.___._— ___.—_-r GENERAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES FOR THE VISIONS OF WEST HAWAII RATING ,A= ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVECI CONFORMS I= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTh NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE Plan and maximize benefits for Hawaii's people. A Optimize the use of State-owned lands. NA Promote a diversified economic base which maximizes job choice and opportunities. A Ensure access to and adequacy of health, education, job -training, and human service programs. NA Ensure provision and adequacy of affordable housing. NA Minimize adverse impact of new development on local lifestyles, historic and cultural resources and community values. A Provide a wide range of outdoor recreational opportunities NA Protect scenic areas, natural landmarks, open space, and viewsheds. C Ensure that existing and proposed developments can be adequately accommodated A Support urban developments that maintain the unique character of the West Hawaii region. A Protect State investments of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii, the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park, A Keahole Airport, and the Mauna Kea observatories. Ensure that new development does not adversely impact agricultural resource activities, A aquacultural resource activites; A the quality of the aquifer A the quality of nearshore waters (including anchiallne ponds) A the quality of offshore and deep ocean waters A the quality of air _ A - -A the watersheds Ensure that the servicing of resort development does not result in unnecessary in -migration. NA Ensure the clustering of resorts in order to minimize public service costs. NA Promote quality and diversity in future resort developments. A Develop only within mirastmcWre capacities and constraints A Maintain the diversity of the region's natural and cultural assets NA Maintain the diversity and character of existing communities. NA Ensure that development does not lead to deterioration in the quality of life. A Maintain opportunities for community participation during plan implementation. A f ONISIENTARN As the primary proaidei of clectncal power on the Big Island, HELCO has sought to meet growing demand as development, changes in ]and use, and population increases have occurred or have been plrojectcd to Occtu-. As a publicly regulated utility, HELCO must provide electrical power reliably at the lowest possible cost, while adopting a renewable energy portfolio that would help reduce Hawaii's dependence on imported fossil fuels. HEL('O has gained national recognition for its use of renewable energy resources on its grid. However, because a number of renewable sources' are considered non-firm power, It must continue to chart it cournc of parallel planning and u,c convcnbonal fossil -lust methods in order to ensure reliability on its isolated grid. HE, CO- KEAHOLE GENE RATINGSIA' ION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAG, 5-5i GENERAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES FOR THE VISIONS OF WEST HAWAII - RATING A= ACTIVELY SUPPORTI VE C= CON FORMSI= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTIWSNA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE Rolling blackouts have had to occur during peak times as demand outweighed supply. HELCO however has still managed to powerfihc tremendous development that is occurring in the West Hawaii region today. CONSERVATION DISTRICT LANDS PROBLEM STATEMENT The laws and Rules governing uses in the Conservation District from 1964 - 1978 permitted quarries, resorts, subdivisions, A residential uses, Commercial and industrial communications and energy facilities in this district. Rules promulgated in 1978 no longer permitted such uses. In spite of changes, Conservation District evaluation criteria still allow approval of non - conservation type of land uses in specific Conservation District subzones. There is a need to reevaluate the boundaries of the Conservation District and Conservation District subzones to ensure consistency with heritage values, and a need to reevaluate the evaluation criteria for proposed uses in specific subzones. STRATEGY Ensure that approved land uses are consistent with the purpose and intent of the Conservation District. ACTIONS Reevaluate the criteria for the designation of lands in the Conservation District particularly in relation to areas where conservation uses may not be defined, but where urban use would be premature Reevaluate the boundaries of the Conservation District and its subzones during the five-year review of the Land Use District Boundaries. Reevaluate the criteria used to evaluate uses in specific subzones during the five-year review of the Land Use District NA boundaries. Require the consistency of conservation district land use approvals with the West Hawaii Regional Plan. RATIONALE Conservation District lands encompass some of the most important natural, scenic, and cultural resource areas. Some of these areas embody our natural and cultural heritage, they represent some of the things, which are unique to the identity of the region - to its sense of place Many of these resources are critical to the viability of the region and to a preferred quality of Itte. The management of Conservation Districts represents the State's direct influence on a significant portion of the lands in the region. The uses allowed have a direct influence on the successful implementation of this plan. COMMEN'fA RY: According to the West Hawaii ['];In_ which was written in 1989, there is a need to reevaluate the criteria for proposed uses on conservation lands in specific subzones. The Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation are sitrmred within the State Coi>_wrvution District General Subzone. It is designated as Urban Expansion on the Lund Use Pattern Allocation Guide map of the 1959 Hawaii County General Plan, as amended, and on the December 21, 2001 County of Hawaii General Plan Revision draft document. The generating station and substation were constructed in 1971 and has been operational since. The BLNR and DLNR highly encourage and approvr of HELC'O's petition for a boundary amendment. ENERGY AND POWER FACILITIES PROBLEM STATEMENTS The Office of State Planning identified in 1989 the problems and issues associated with energy and power facilities arising out of development In the region. The following Issues were identified The impact of the proposed developments in West Hai on the County's energy mix would be severe. The two-year trend toward energy self-sufficiency has been reversed, in large part due to large resorts, which typically requires five to ten megawatts of electricity. Additional power is needed for the demands of population growth, increased residential and commercial activities, associated developments such as marinas. and other services HELLO plans to construct additional power plants fueled by petroleum or coal to meet increasing demand, which Is expected to be 200 MW by 2007. HELLO-KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE r-52 GENERAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES FOR THE VISIONS OF WEST HAWAII RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS 1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTIVES NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE Two sites were identified at Kawaihae Harbor, but further studies were needed. Power plants located close to the demand can provide more efficient and reliable electricity, as less energy would be lost in transmission and chances of power line failures are minimized. Additional capacity could prevent interruptions in service; however, negative impacts can be expected from fossil fuel -fired plants, and the State's progress toward energy self-sufficiency will be affected, and unless emission controls were Instituted, there could be a negative effect on the region's air quality. New power plants will require new power lines or improvements to existing power lines which may draw public concern in terms of lower property values and health concerns; establish corridors. Geothermal resources is expected to satisfy 200 MW of increased demand and the transmission of up to 500 MW of geothermal power via the proposed undersea Cable to Maui and Oahu. Large-scale use of geothermal energy would displace fossil fuel plants, though it would not address the utility's preference for locating power supply facilities near demand. At present IF 989), plans for major resorts and utility expansion do not specify further development or use of renewable energy resources, such as geothermal, wind, biomass, hydro, solar, and ocean thermal. The conservation of energy Is a matter of serious concern and minimizing energy requirements should be a priority. The design of energy efficient buildings and devices should be encouraged to conserve energy. STRATEGIES A A A A A A A A A Minimize the impact of new power plant construction on energy self-sufficiency. A Develop indigenous alternative energy resources. A Restore the trend toward energy self-reliance in Hawaii County. C Minimize the negative impacts of changes in the fuel and power generation and delivery systems on existing and new A communities of residents and visitors. Minimize the resortsimpact on energy supply. A Encourage the use of climate appropriate architecture, vegetation and landscaping A Minimize transportation fuel consumption. A ACTION Devise a long-term Integrated resource plan that provides for the energy needs of West Hawaii residents, workers, guests and A businesses in the most economical and environmentally acceptable manner. Encourage early communication between the electric utility and potentially affected communities regarding power plant siting, A power line condors, likely emission levels, and other concerns in planning for the region. Establish utility rights-of-way In new or proposed urban and residential developments to facilitate the expansion of water, gas A and electric services while minimizing disruptions to established communities. Encourage and promote the development of the Big Island's Indigenous energy resources — wind, geothermal solar, biomass A hydroelectricity, and ocean thermal energy— as alternatives to increased importation of fossil fuels. Promote the development of geothermal energy for use on the Big Island as well as for export. A Promote the installation of cogeneration and other energy-efficient power supply alternatives. A Actively support efficient transportation methods for residents, visitors, and resort workers, such as buses, safe bicycling A routes, van pooling and car pooling, to minimize traffic and fuel supply problems. TELCO -KEAHOLE GENERATING S"ATION i AIRPORT SOBSI ATION 6HAP7ER FIVE, PAGE 55' GENERAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES FOR THE VISIONS OF WEST HAWAII RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WIN NELCO'S WECTIVES NA = GOAL I$ NOT APPLICABLE RATIONALE The Big Island is in the unique position of being able to secure and ensure its energy future through the use of its ample indigenous energy resources. However, this future is being threatened by haphazard response to an enormous increase in regional energy requirements, and by slow development of the available resources State and County planning efforts need to address energy systems that require the least use of fossil fuels and the most efficient use of the fuels consumed, and would be in keeping with the State's long-term objective of becoming energy self-sufficient." COMMENTARY: HELCO purchases and Invests in renewable resources and research to comply with the State's objectives toward energy self-sufficiency It has embarked on a course of parallel planning using conventional fossil fuel methods, until such time that a renewable energy resource (s) can replace fossil fuels reliably 5.10. STATE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT REQUIREMENTS SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA HAR, Section II -200-12, establishes thirteen (13) significance criteria which agencies shall use in evaluating an action's impacts. Following is a discussion of how the proposed action relates to the thirteen criteria. Pursuant to subparagraph 12. ...au action shall he determined to have a .signifhaw e(%(9 on the environment r/ ii: (l) Invuh es an irrevocable commitment to loyv or destruction q/anr natural or ruhura! resource; Discussion: The applicant docs not anticipate the loss or destruction of any significant natural or cultural resource resulting from the proposed project. According to past and current studies, no significant cultural or natural resources are known to exist on the property. The subject property is it disturbed land area that has been developed as an electrical generating station and has operated since 1973. (2) Curtails the gunge of beneth ial uses o/'the environment; Discussion: The improvements would bring additional capacity to meet rising demand for elechlc services; increase overall system reliability and margin of reserve generating capacity, improve system voltage, and help to ensure the availability of firm generating capacity to meet demand through the year 2025. Because the subject property has operated as an electrical generating station for over 30 years, and because the proposed action does not alter the substantive character of the facility, the range of beneficial uses of the property is generally limited to its existing use. Emissions and other potential adverse impacts arising from this generating station that may affect the environment will be monitored closely, and mitigated as necessary. (3/ Conflicts with the .date's long -lean en it onnwntal policies or goals and guidelines as esprevsrd in Chapter 344. [IRS. and an I, recisions thereof and mnendments thereto, court decisions, or exec wire orders: Discussion: 1 he stated purpose of Chapter 344 is to establish it state policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between people and their environment, promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate danwge to the cnviromncnt and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of NELCO- KEAHOTE GENERATING STA I ION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTA1ION CHAR I ER FIVE, PAGE 5:-0 humanity, and enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the people of Hawaii. The proposed project complies with the policies, goals, and guidelines of Chapter 344. The Keahole Generating Station has operated as a legally permitted facility for 30 years in compliance with all federal, state and local regulations and controls. Although it functions as an "industrial' use, HELCO has strove to ensure that the facility does not operate in a manner that is detrimental to the environment. HELCO also continues to implement programs with beneficial long-term environmental impacts. The most recent example of this is its conversion of the facility to brackish water, which will facilitate the use of up to 90,000 gallons per day of potable water by the DHHL. (4) Substantially affects the economic at social welfare of the community or State; Discussion: By creating reliable energy sources that meet present and future demand for electricity, the improvements will have a substantial effect on the economic and social welfare of the community. Electricity is a vital component of our community that is often taken for granted until a power failure occurs and everyone realizes how important it is in daily living. Electricity is used for heating, cooling, cooking, refrigeration, light, sound, computation, entertainment, communication, and numerous other functions. Without adequate power, life would be difficult and highly restrictive. Economic growth and development would be unlikely and virtually impossible. (5) Substanliali,v affects public health; Discussion: No significant effects on public health are anticipated. The proposed facility will be required to operate in conjunction with EPA requirements under permits granted by the Department of Health. The applicant intends to operate the facility in compliance with all applicable rules, regulations, and permits. (6) Involves .substantia[ secondary Impacts such as population changes or effects on public facditie."; Discussion: Except lot the addition of a small number of employees, the improvements would not substantially increase population in the area. The DWS water supply will actually decrease for domestic consumption by employees, various wash waters, and landscape irrigation due to the conversion of the plant to brackish water use. The demand on other public facilities will be minimal. The proposed increa.e in generating capacity is intended to ensure that the County is provided a fine and reliable source of power to meet its energy needs _It is not anticipated that the availability of electrical energy will, in and of itself, induce new population growth. (7) Involves asubstanlial degradation of emnonrnental quality; Discussion: The reclassification of the subject property would have a minimal impact on the surrounding area. However improvements and expansion of the existing facilities have raised concerns among the immediate neighboring community over visual impacts, noise, air quality, and the potential strain on natural resources. To address these concerns, HELLO has or is in the process of instituting mitigation measures to address the impacts. Tile reclassification of the property to the Urban district and its proposed subsequent rezoning to "General Industrial' will bring the property designations into conformance with the existing and proposed use _The new technology proposed for implementation will help to ensure that the surrounding environment is not degraded by the quality of air emissions- TELCO- EEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE i, 55 (8) is individually limited but curnulative[v has considerable effect upon the environment or involtes a eonunitmern for larger actions; Discussion: Detailed mitigation measures will be taken to minimize any adverse effects the improvements would have in the short-term and in the future. 'I he improvements represent a large commitment from HELC'O to provide and meet the energy demands for the Big Island.- The Keahole facility is part of the County -wide electrical grid. The proposed expansion will help to ensurthe provision of firm energy _The implementation of the proposed project will not result in a commitment for larger actions _As discussed in Chapter 2, the facility will fulfill the need to provide additional electrical energy in the foreseeable future. Beyond that, population growth and electrical demand are likely to be affected by decision making outside of the control of HELCO._State and County land use policies and transportation policies will largely dictate HELCO's long-term future obligations to provide additional electrical energy.—If the proposed project is approved, the future of the Keahole facility will be generally limited to operational improvements to increase efficiency. (9) Suh.vtantialty affects a rare, threatened, or endangered .species, or its habitat; Discussion: According to past and current ,studies, no rare, threatened, or endangered species or habitats are affected by the current actions. (10) Detrimenlal[v allecis air or mater quality or ambient noise levels; Discussion: pollutant emissions from the existing generating station are currently closely monitored for compliance with applicable State and Federal regulations. Monitoring will continue after the improvements arc implemented, and any adverse effects will be mitigated as necessary. Anticipated noise levels from the improvements arc expected to fall within applicable guidelines. New studies assessing air and water quality and noise levels have been conducted The findings are discussed in Chapters Two and Three, and complete copies of the studies are attached as appendices. Mitigation efforts will be undenaken to prevent anv detrimental affects on air or water quality and ambient noise levels.- This F IS confirms that no detrimental affects on air, water or noise quality are anticipated as the result of the proposed action. ( I I) Affects or i., likeh, to suffer damage by being localed in an environmentaliv sensitive area such u.s a flood plain. Isunami Zone, beach. erosion -prone area, geologically hazurdou.s land, esluary, Ir( sh Water, or r'oa57al "EacrV; Discussion: The subject property is not located in a flood zone, tsunami zone, beach or erosion -prone area. Current volcanic and geological studies have assessed the hazards as minimal. According to current studies, the impacts on flesh and coastal waters are minimal. Therefore, the facility is not likely to sutler damage as the result of its location. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER HVE PAGE SSS (12) Substanlially allects .scenic vistas and viewplanes idenlii ied in county or state plans or studies; or, Discussion: The subject property is not located in scenic vistas or viewplanes identified in county or state plans or studies. It co -exists in an area of general industrial or "MG" uses. However, because the generating station is of an industrial nature and not visually appealing, HELCO plans to lessen the visual impacts by improving the perimeter landscaping along the southwest, west, and northwest sections of the property. New trees and plants will be added to create a more effective and attractive visual buffer. Earth - tone construction materials and paint will be used to minimize visibility of the project. -The facility's location at the exit from the Kona International Airport at Keahole predated the expansion of the airport. HELCO recognizes its obligation to ensure that the facility does not detract from arriving visitors' first impressions of the area. (13) Requires substantial energy, consumption. Discussion: The Keahole Generating Station presently uses 0.8 MW of electrical energy to power the facility. Upon completion of the ST -7 unit, the total electrical energy consumption of the plant will increase to 2.1 MW. - The facility's demand for energy is more than compensated by the additional electrical energy that it will provide to the entire County. FEDERAL LAWS AND CONTROLS 5.11. COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT (HRS CHAPTER 205A) Federal Coastal Zone Management (CZM) enforcement authority (Public Law 92-583), as amended, has been delegated to the State and enacted as HRS Chapter 205A. The Hawaii CZM Program was promulgated in 1977 in response to the Federal CZM Act of 1972. Other than the review of federal applicants, federal permits, or federal activities, the State CZM review authority has been delegated to the county level through the Special Management Area (SMA) controls for development along the shoreline The CZM area encompasses the entire Slate including all marine waters seaward to the extent of the State's police power and management authority, including the 12 -mile U.S. territorial sea and :III archipelagic waters. The CZM Act is comprised of a number of objectives primarily related to (1) protecting and preserving the coastal zone; (2) improving the quality of coastal scenic and open spare resources and ensuring that coastal dependent development such as harbors and ports, and coastal -related development such as visitor industry facilities and energy generating facilities, are located, designed, and constructed to minimize adverse social, visual. and environmental impacts in the coastal zone management area; and (3) encouraging research and development of new, innovative technologies far exploring, using, or protecting marine and coastal resources. ollowillis a summary of the project's conformance with the ten objectives of the coastal zone manaeement Droeram, 1A Provide coastal) ctioalion cpporiunowk accessible to the public, Not applicable, as the proiecl is approximately 3.5 miles from the coastline. HELLO-NEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 57 Deleted: The eubTmt property al ocaml w11hln the SMA and , epproxnnntcly 3,5 ..tiles iron, Tho shorclinc. Landscaping nmmum, s,,a be usedto noon/cvadvc ., ',d vrcual, and aU,,H ic,I7mpwn rut the expansion and improvemcniao the generating station L t'lo AT Throe 1 2A Protect, preserve, and where desirable, restore those natural and manmade historic and prehistoric resources in the coastal zone management area that are significant in Hawaiian and American hisfory and culture. The proposed project will have no significant negative impact upon historic, prehistoric or cultural resources identified within the coastal zone management area. The only element of the project that has been identified during the consultation process as having potential impact is the iniection of effluent at the project site into the groundwater, and its subsequent impact upon nearshore water quality at the shoreline. It has been suggested that this might constitute a negative impact upon traditional and customary Native Hawaiian cultural practices related to fishing and gathering along the shoreline_ We disagree with this assertion. As discussed in Section 3.6.2.2 and 3.6.2.3, the volume of water being extracted from the groundwater and later injected as effluent constitutes a fraction of the volume of saltwater that is disposed of at the subsurface level by operations associated with Cvanotech and the NELH which arc situated between the HELCO facility and the shoreline. Specifically. HELCO will extract about 0.21 to 0.23 Engel of groundwater, or 210,000 to 230,000 gallons of groundwater net day. It will infect approximately 130,000 gallons per day back into the aquifer at depths of 250 to 300 feet below sea level. The composition of the injected effluent will comply with criteria established by the State Department of Health's Underground Injection Control (UIC) Permit No. UH -1776. It should be noted that together Cvanotech and NELH dispose of a combined total of 9,000,000 to 1 1000 000 gallons per day of saltwater. The total daily volume of HELCO's iniected effluent constitutes between 1.2 to 1.4 percent of the volume of seawater being disposed of downstream of HELCO's facility. This is considered to represent a negligible impact upon the groundwater. In addition the effluent injected by HELCO must travel approximately 3.5 miles before reaching the octan. During this time and over this distance, it will mix with the existin2 groundwater flow, and become part of the 1200,000 to 2,000 000 gallons of groundwater that enter the ncarshore waters net coastal mile net day and then mixes with occanwater. Given the ove,ral, I dynamic of saltwater disposal in the region, and the fact that NELH has been disposing of copious amounts of seawater for, at the very least, the past 15 years, traditional and customary Native Hawaiian practices that may have occurred along the Keahole shoreline over that same period of time have been entirely subject to ncarshore water quality resulting from the NELH operations. Given the negligible surcharge resulting from the HELLO project, no significant adverse impacts to groundwater quality, ncarshore water quality or cultural resources or activities are anticipated. The proiect is consistent with this objective. 3A Protect preserve and where desirable, resfore m improve the aualily ofcoa.stal scenic and open Souc'e resvntrces. As the proposed project is located about 35 miles from the shoreline, it is not applicable to this objective. 4A ProlecI valuable coastal erns Cslems, including reefs /rom disruption and minimize adverse inyTnclaon ull rnaefal ecocysfenuc. As discussed under Objective 2A above the proposed project will not have a significant adverse impact on the coastal ecosystem. In fact according to the project's marine biologist there is little HE1CO- KF ROTE GENERAI ING SIPHON & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CWTER PVE, PAGE 458 potential for impact to marine communities in the nearshore area downslope of the project site. The project is consistent with this objective. 5A Provide publicor private facilities and improvements important to the State's economy in suitable locations. The subject property has been utilized as an electrical veneration station and transmission station for over 30 vears. It is located outside of the Special Management Area, directly inland from West Hawaii's largest industrial site, the Keahole International Aimort, and adiacent to the region's principal highway. The site is considered to be an ideal location for its use. The service the facility provides benefits the entire population and economy of Hawaii County. The oroiect is consistent with this objective. 6A Reduce hazard to lite and properly from tsunami storm vaaves stream flooding erosion_ subsidence andpolhdion. The Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation are situated about 3.5 miles from the coastline well outside of the identified tsunami inundation zone and the effects of storm waves. There are no streams in the vicinity of the project. Given the disturbed nature of the facility, there is little if ariv possibilitvfor erosion to result from storm water runoff. The ape of the under) in lava flow would sugizest that the property is not sub'ect to subsidence. Finallv, and most importantly, the facility cannot operate without the approval of the State Department of Health and the Federal Environmental Protection Agency. Some of the improvements proposed to be implemented at the facility are intended to specifically improve the air quality of emissions. Thus, the project is consistent with this objective. 7 Improve the development review mocess communication and public' parlicipalion in the monauemenl of coaslol resources and hazards. While the coastal element of this objective is not relevant toth�rpblic participation aspect is. This Environmental Impact Statement was specifically prepared to be as "user friendly" as possible to ensure that the project is understood by the general population. A Slimidale public awareness. education. and porticinalion in coaslal manaeemenl As this project is not situated near the coastline. this objective is not applicable. 9 Proleel beaches for public use and recrealion. As this project is not situated near the coastline this objective is not applicable. 10 Promole the proicclion are and development of marine and coastal resources to assure their suslainabilill. As discussed above thet( roposed project will have no S4,,nifieant negative impact upon the coastal resources of Keahole Therefore, it is consistent with the intent of -this objective. HELCO—KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBS IATI0N CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5s9 5.12. FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY (FEMA) NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) assists states through disasters both natural and manmade, and has over the years undergone numerous changes. FEMA is a former independent agency that in March 2003 became a pan of the new Department of Homeland Security (DHS). FEMA responds to, plans for, recovers from and mitigates against disasters. The Congressional Act of 1803 is generally considered the first piece of disaster legislation, followed in the next century by ad hoc legislation passed more than 100 times in response to hurricanes, earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters. FEMA in 2001 had to focus on issues of national preparedness and homeland security following the terrorist attacks of September l lth. Billions of dollars of new funding were directed to FEMA to help communities face the threat of terrorism. FEMA began actively directing its "all -hazards" approach to disasters toward homeland security issues. FEMA in March 2003 joined 22 other federal agencies, programs, and offices in becoming the DHS. The new department, headed by Secretary Tom Ridge, brought a coordinated approach to national security for emergencies and disasters both natural and man-made. Today, FEMA is one of four major branches of DHS with 2,500 full-time employees in the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate, supplemented by more than 5,000 stand-by disaster reservists. The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is just one of FEMA's mitigative measures to assist communities in time of flood disaster. The U.S. Congress in 1968 established the program to enable property owners in participating communities to purchase insurance as a protection against flood losses. States and communities must first establish floodplain management regulations that reduce future flood damages. Participation in the NFIP is based on an agreement between communities and the federal government. If a community adopts and enforces a floodplain management ordinance to reduce future flood risk to new construction in floodplains, the federal government will make flood insurance available within the community as a financial protection against flood losses. This insurance is designed to provide an insurance alternative to disaster assistance to reduce the escalating costs of repairing damage to buildings and their contents caused by floods. The NFIP identifies and maps the Nation's floodplains. FEMA prepared in 1988 Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMS) for the County of Hawaii to delineate flood hazard zones and base flood elevations lines. The subject property is located 1.6 miles inland from the shoreline and outside of the 500 -year floodplain. (FIRM Map No. 0681 C, Zone X, September 16, t988.f Flood requirements and restrictions of the program do not apply. 5.13. FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION The Kcaholc Generating Station and Airport Substation are located approximately one mile east of Kcahole International Airport. All new development in the vicinity of the airport is required to submit a "Notice of Construction or Alteration" FAA Form 7460-1 to the FAA to assist the aecney in determining whether there may be any impacts to the airport or air traffic in the area As the proposed action is the reclassification of the property from the Conservation District to the Urban District, the reclassification, in and of itself is not anticied to impact the airport ar air traffic. Before new facilities associated with the proposed action at constructed, the aforementioned form will be submitted to the FAA for review. Based _on the fact that the existine stack has already been apnroved by the _FAA Lind no construction exceeding, the height of the cis a on the airport or air traffic are anticipated. NE\co-rcFAHOIe GENERAr�rvc GTar10N 8 AIRPOP.1 SUK 1 AWN cNPFIEHf mE, PAGE S6 COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANS AND CONTROLS 5.14. COUNTY OF HAWAII GENERAL PLAN The County of Hawaii adopted in 1971 its first comprehensive General Plan for the island of Hawaii. This General Plan reflected a departure from previous regional plans that had little island -wide integrative efforts and were primarily land use or physically oriented. 'Phe General Plan set forth a policy of comprehensive development for the entire island, and incorporated an awareness of the relationship between social, physical, and economic environments. The plan called for five- and ten-year comprehensive reviews and updates to maintain the dynamism and flexibility of the plan, and also, to accommodate major changes and trends that may occur. The County initiated a review of the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map (LUPAG) in 1978 that led to several changes to the map, which included the addition of an energy element and procedures for specific amendments to the General Plan. The first comprehensive 10 -year review of the General Plan occurred in the mid-1980s, and adopted in November 1989 by the County Council. This comprehensive revision program resulted in various revisions to supporting data, individual study elements, and LUPAG and Facilities maps. The LUPAG map serves as a guide for the direction of future developments, and indicates the general location of various land uses in relation to each other. A second 10 -year review of the General Plan began in 1999 and is currently with the Hawaii County Council for adoption. The plan consists of 12 major elements that are further broken down into sub -elements. The following table, identified as 5-H, presents the goals and policies of the proposed 2001 Hawaii County General Plan and discusses by element the relationship and applicability, if any, to HELCO's petition for a boundary amendment. TABLE 5-H. COUNTY OF HAWAII GENERAL PLAN ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE BE CONFORMS_ I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTIVES_ NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE GENERAL PLAN — ECONOMIC GOALS Provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life through economic development that enhances the County's natural and social environments A Economic development and improvement shall be in balance with the physical, social, and cultural environments of the island of Hawaii. A Strive for diversity and stability in the economic system. A " Provide an economic environment that allows new, expanded, or Improved economic opportunities that are Compatible with A the County's cultural, natural and social environment. Strive for an economic climate that provides its residents an opportunity for choice of occupation. A SNve for diversification of the economy by strengthening existing industries and attracting new endeavors. A Strive for full employment. A Promote and develop the island of Hawaii into a unique scientific and cultural model, where economic gains are in balance with social and physical amenities. Development should be reviewed on the basis of total Impact on the residents of the A County, not only in terms of immediate short tun economic benefits. POLICIES Assist In the expansion of the agricultural Industry through the protection of Important agricultural lands, development of marketing plans and programs. Capital improvements, and continued cooperation with appropriate State and Federal A agencies TELCO -KEAHOLE GENERATING STAIION 5 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 61 ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN TRATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE -C.= CONFORMS I - GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTIVES_ NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE The County of Hawaii shall strive for an economic climate which provides its residents an opportunity for choice of A occupation. Encourage the expansion of the research and development industry by working with and supporting the University of Hawaii at Hilo and West Hawaii, the Natural Energy Laboratory at Hawaii Authority, and other agencies' programs that support A sustainable economic development In the County of Hawaii. - Encourage the development of a visitor industry that is in harmony with the social, physical, and economic goals of the y residents of the County. Require a study of the significant cultural social and physical impacts of large developments prior to approval. i C Encourage the sustainable development of the fishing industry, various forms of aquaculture, and other fresh and sea water- based activities. Support all levels of educational, employment and training opportunities and institutions. C Capital improvements program shall improve the quality of existing commercial and industrial areas. C The land, water, air, sea, and people shall be considered as essential resources for present and future generations and A should be protected and enhanced through the use of economic incentives Continue to encourage the research, development and implementation of advanced technologies and processes. i. Support the development of high technology industries. A Continue to encourage development and utilization of by-products from alternate energy conversion projects. A _.oenc .0lata-_by-products from ..nate.ene Identify and encourage primary industries that are consistent with the social, physical and economic goals of the residents A of the County. Encourage active liaison with the private sector with respect to the County's requirements for establishing businesses on the A island. Encourage the development of the retirement industry NA Promote a distinctive identity for the island of Hawaii to enable government, business and travel industries to promote the NA County of Hawaii as an entity unique within the State of Hawaii. Identify the needs of the business community and take actions that are necessary to improve the business climate. A Support research and development that would lead to the removal of marketing restrictions on Hawaiian fruits and other NA perishables. Assist in the development of a film and video industry program to market Big Island sites and coordinate film and video NA activities on the Big Island Assist the further development of agriculture through the protection of important agricultural lands. NA Assist in the promotion of the agriculture industry whose products are recognized as being produced on the island of Hawaii. A Encourage the establishment of open fanners markets to allow local agricultural producers to market their products. NA Assist in cooperative marketing and distribution endeavors to expand opportunities for local agricultural products for export A as well as to the local market. Encourage the further development of the overseas capacity of Hilo International Airport for the exportation of agricultural NA crops. Encourage the health/wellness industry NA HELCG-KEAHOLE GENERAJ IN(; S1AJKIN & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPI ER FIVE, PAGE SG2 ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN �_ RATING A= ACTWELY SUPPORTWE-C= CONFORMS -1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTIVES-NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE Encourage new industries that provide favorable benefit -cost relationships to the people of the County. Benefit cost relationships A include more than fiscal considerations. COMMENTARY: Electrical power provides a basic and essential service that is often taken for granted until a power failure occurs and everyone realizes how important it is in daily living. Electricity is used for heating, cooling, cooking, refrigeration, light, sound, computation, entertainment, communication, and numerous other functions. Without adequate power, life would be difficult and highly restrictive. Economic growth and development would be unlikely and virtually impossible. For over a century, HELCO has provided electrical power for the Big Island and responded to prospective patterns of development. HELCO today has committed close to $100 million for improvements to the subject property, including environmental protection measures to meet current demand and future projections for electrical power. It has invested heavily in research and development of renewable energy sources and continues to utilize renewable sources on its island -wide grid. The Rig Island is presently undergoing a surge of economic activity across various industries, particularly in West Ilawaii. Economic activity has helped reduce the once high unemployment rate on the Big Island, which stood at a record high Several years ago. Furthermore, statistics (2000 Census) show that approximately 22,821 residents on the Big Island were living in poverty, 35.9 percent of which were children. With increased economic activity, the numbcn living in poverty, particularly in West Hawaii, arc on the decline. (Sec, Socio -Economic Impact Assessment, attached as Appendix M, which is also summarized in Chapter Four.) Basic electrical infrastructuic lays the foundation for a strong economy and allows a community to properly function in a modem society, where technological advancements and worldwide interaction have created a global economy. GENERAL PLAN - ENERGY GOALS Strive towards energy self-sufficiency. A Establish the Big Island as a demonstration community for the development and use of natural energy resources. A I POLICIES Encourage the development of alternate energy resources. A Encourage the development and use of agricultural products and by-products as sources of alternate fuel A Encourage the expansion of energy research industry. A Strive to educate the public on new energy technologies and foster attitudes and activities conducive to energy conservation A Ensure a proper balance between the development of alternative energy resources and the preservation of environmental A fitness and ecologically significant areas Strive to assure a sufficient supply of energy to support present and future demands. A Provide Incentives that will encourage the use of new energy sources and promote energy conservation. A Seek funding from both government and private sources for research and development of alternative energy resources. A Coordinate energy research and development efforts of both the government and private sectors. A i Encourage the continuation of studies concerning the development of power that can be distributed at lower costs to 1 A consumers. Strive to diversify the energy supply and minimize the environmental impacts associated with energy usage. A Continue to encourage the development of geothermal resources to meet the energy needs of the County of Hawaii. A Encourage the use of solar water heating through the continuation of state tax credit programs, through the Building Code, A and in County construction Encourage energy-saving design in the construction of buildings A Support net metering and other incentives for independent power producers. A STANDARDS New power plants shall incorporate devices that minimize pollution. A HELCO- NEAROLE OF BE RATING 5-ATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE Seri ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN TRATING A= ACTIVELY SUPPORTWE C= CONFORMS -1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTIVES NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE Applicable standards and regulations of Title 11, Chapter 46, "Community Noise Control of the Hawaii Administrative Rules. A Applicable standards and regulations of Title 11, Chapter 59, "Ambient Air Quality Standards" of the Hawaii Administrative A Rules Applicable standards and regulations of Title 11, Chapter 60.1, "Ar Pollution" of the Hawaii Administrative Rules. A Commentary: HELCO has complied with, supported, and urged the advancement of all of the above-stated goals and policies set forth in the County General Plan for Energy. It has worked with government on initiatives to help achieve optimal results for the community in terms of energy policy. The company currently uses a number of renewable energy sources on its grid and supports the continued research and development of alternative energy sources, DSM programs, education, consulting, conservation through incentives and rebates, investments in renewable resources. HELCO has operated the generating station in accordance with HAR Title 11, Chapter 46, for Community Noise ; Control: Title 11, Chapter 59 for Ambieni Air Quality .Standards: and Title 11, Chapter 60.1 Im Ah Pollution. T'he improvements to the subject property will include added noise control and air quality measures beyond what is currently required. GENERAL PLAN - ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY GOALS Define the most desirable use of land within the County that achieves an ecological balance providing residents and visitors A the quality of life and an environment in which the natural resources of the island are viable and sustainable. Maintain and, if feasible, improve the existing environmental quality of the island. A Control pollution. A POLICIES Take positive action to further maintain the quality of the environment A Reinforce and strengthen established standards where it is necessary, principally by initiating, recommending, and adopting A ordinances pertaining to the control of pollutants that affect the environment. Advise the public of environmental conditions and research undertaken on the island's environment. A Encourage the concept of recycling agricultural, industrial, and municipal waste material. A Encourage the State to establish air and water quality monitoring stations in areas of existing and potential urban growth. A Encourage the State to continue aircraft noise abatement strategies at Hilo International Airport and the Kona International NA Airport at Keahole. Participate in watershed management projects to improve stream and coastal water quality and encourage local A'I communities to develop such projects. Work with the appropriate agencies to adopt appropriate measures and provide incentives to control point and nonpoint III A sources of pollution Support programs to prevent harmful alien species from becoming established. ' NA Require golf courses to implement best management practices to limit leaching of nutrients to groundwater in areas where NA they may affect streams or coastal ecosystems. Require implementation of the management measures contained in Hawaii s Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program as NA a condition of land use permitting Review the County grading and grubbing ordinances to ensure that they adequately address potential erosion and runoff A - problems. STANDARDS - Pollution shall be prevented, abated, and controlled at levels that will protect and preserve the public health and well being, A through the enforcement of appropriate Federal, State and County standards. Incorporate environmental quality controls either as standards in appropriate ordinances or as conditions of approval A Federal and State environmental regulations shall be adhered to. A HELCO-KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SIRBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5d ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING A= ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE -C= CONFORMS -1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTIVES NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE COMMENTARY: HELCO complies with all Federal, State, and County regulatory permits with regard to environmental controls and building standards. The addition of noise equipment and ST -7 with SCR, will contribute less noise to the acoustical environment, and make the plant more fuel-efficiwt while further reducing emissions. The use ol'brackish water at the plant, its treatment and subsequent injection has been demonstrated to result in no significant impact upon groundwater or nearshore water quality. GENERAL PLAN - FLOODING AND OTHER NATURAL HAZARDS GOALS Protect human life. _ _ _ _ A _ _ _ Prevent damage to man-made Improvements. A Control pollution. A Prevent damage from inundation. A Reduce surface water and sediment runoff. A Maximize soil and water conservation. A POLICIES Enact restrictive land use and building structure regulations in areas vulnerable to severe damage due to the impact of wave action. Only uses that cannot be located elsewhere due to public necessity and character, such as mantime activities and NA the necessary public facilities and utilities, shall be allowed in these areas. Review land use policy as it relates to flood plain, high surf, and tsunami hazard areas. NA Update and improve the Flood Insurance Rate Maps and other flood maps in compliance with the National Flood Insurance NA Program (NFIP) as needed. Any development within the Federal Emergency Management Agency designated flood plain must be in compliance with NA Chapter 27. j Promote and provide Incentives for participation in the Soil and Water Conservation Districts' conservation programs for NA developments on agricultural and conservation lands. The "Drainage Master Plan for the County of Hawaii" shall be reviewed and updated to incorporate new studies and reflect NA newly identified priorities Development -generated runoff shall be disposed of in a manner acceptable to the Department of Public Works. and In A compliance with all State and Federal laws Develop a comprehensive program for the coordinated construction of a drainage network along a single drainage system. NA Explore new methods of funding for the provision of adequate drainage systems and regulating potential flood inundation NA areas. The County and the private sector shall be responsible for maintaining and improving existing drainage systems and A constructing new drainage facilities. Develop an Integrated shoreline erosion management plan that ensures the preservation of sandy beaches and public NA access to and along the shoreline, and the protection of private and public property from flood hazards and wave damage. Continue to promote public education programs on tsunami, hurricane, storm surge, and flood hazards. NA Encourage grassed shoulder and swale roadway design where climate and grade are conducive. NA Develop drainage master plans from a watershed perspective that considers non-structural alternatives, minimizes channelization, protects wetlands that serve drainage functions, coordinates the regulation of construction and agricultural NA operation, and encourages the establishment of floodplains as public green ways. Encourage and provide Incentives for agricultural operators to participate in Soil and Water Conservation District Programs NA Where applicable, natural drainage channels shall be improved to increase their capacity with special consideration for the 1 A practices of proper soil conservation, and grassland and forestry management Consider natural hazards in all land use planning and permitting. A I Discourage intensive development In areas of high volcanic hazard. NA HE.CO-KEAHCLE GENERATING SIH ZION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5LS - ---- -- -- - - -- - - - -- - --- ------ ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING A =ACTIVELY SUPPORTNE C= CONFORMS.I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTNES_ NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE COMMENTARY: Because HELCO provides a vital and essential service for the community and functions as a public service, HELCO goes through a rigorous and thorough process in the selection of a site for a new generating facility. For example, a study was conducted in 1988 for a potential new West Hawaii site. Certain lands were eliminated altogether: (I ) flood plains, areas mapped by FEMA as locations within a 100- or 500 -year flood plain; (2) military lands owned or managed by federal or state government for military purpose; (3) all (ands designated as Federal, State, or County parks; (4) significant historic or cultural areas recognized by a governmental body as significant to the Cultural history of the area; (5) planned resort developments for resort or commercial development; (6) all lands that have existing developments or are currently zoned for residential or commercial - lands; (7) State -designated air quality non-anaimnent areas; (8) any areas mapped as unique or special habitat areas by local, state, or federal agencies (including threatened or endangered species). Arca, that are carefully screened and scrutinized but not eliminated include ( I ) hazard areas mapped by Federal, State, or County agencies as hazard areas (e.g. seismic, volcanic); (2) special management areas: all lands currently within the SMS were given close scrutiny because of the importance to sonic types of power generation; (2) all lands designated as Conservation on State or County maps were given close scrutiny (3) all areas mapped inside the underground injection control areas were given close scrutiny. Preference was given to (1) all areas that are within 15 miles of existing or planned major arterial or larger roadway; and (2) all lands within 10 miles of an cxi,ting power transmission line. At the Keahole site, HELLO developed its own brackish well for industrial use as well as two injection well, for wastewater. Because HELLO provides a basic and essential service, it works extensively with government agencies in the planning and permitting process. GENERAL PLAN - HISTORIC SITES GOALS Protect, restore, and enhance the sites, buildings, and objects of significant historical and cultural importance to Hawaii. A Appropnate access to significant historic sites, buildings, and objects of public interest should be made available NA Enhance the understanding of man's place on the landscape by understanding the system of ahupuaa. NA POLICIES Agencies and organizations, either public or private, pursuing knowledge about historic sites should keep the public apprised I" of projects. Amend appropriate ordinances to incorporate the stewardship and protection of historic sites, buildings and objects. NA Require both public and private developers of land to provide historical and archaeological surveys and cultural assessments, where appropriate, prior to the clearing or development of land when there are indications that the land under NA consideration has historical significance. Public access to significant historic sites and objects shall be acquired, where appropriate NA Embark on a program of restoring significant historic sites on County lands. Assure the protection and restoration of sites on NA other public lands through a joint effort with the State. Encourage the restoration of significant sites on private lands. NA Collect and distribute historic sites information of public Interest and keep an inventory of sites NA Aid in the development of a program of public education concerning historic sites. NA Signs explaining historic sues, buildings and objects shall be In keeping with the character of the area or the cultural aspects NA of the feature. Develop a continuing program to evaluate the significance of historic sites. NA Develop policies to protect Hawaiian rights as identified under judicial decisions. NA Support the establishment of Hawaiian Heritage Corridors- NA All new historic sites placed on the Stale or Federal Register after the adoption of the general plan shall be included in the NA General Plan Consider requiring Cultural Assessments for certain developments as pan of the rezoning process. NA HELLO- KEAHOLE GENERAIINGSrMION A AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGr 566 ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS I =GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTIVIES NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE Recognize the importance of certain natural features in Hawaiian culture by incorporating the concept of "cultural NA landscapes' in land use planning. I COMMENTARY: In June 1992, HELCO hired sub -consultant PHRI to conduct a historical and cultural assessment of the generating station site for the 1993 EIS. PHRI determined then that the expansion of the 1 gcncrating station would have no effect on historic properties. More recently, in September 2003, PHRI surveyed the Airport Substation and casements along the property, and confirmed that all three additions were fully i developed elements of the project site. Dr. Roscndahl found that they was "no evidence of any potentially significant traditional cultural properties, natural resources, practices, or beliefs identified within the 1992 inventory survey project arca or the three small project elements." GENERAL PLAN -NATURAL BEAUTY GOALS Protect, preserve and enhance the quality of areas endowed with natural beauty, including the quality of coastal scenic C resources Protect scenic vistas and view planes from becoming obstructed. C Maximize opportunities for present and future generations to appreciate and enjoy natural and scenic beauty. C POLICIES Increase public pedestrian access opportunities to scenic places and vistas. NA Develop and establish view plane regulations to preserve and enhance views of scenic or prominent landscapes from NA specific locations, and coastal aesthetic values. Maintain a continuing program to identify, acquire and develop viewing sites on the island. NA Access easement to public or private lands that have natural or scenic value shall be provided or acquired for the public NA Develop standard criteria for natural and scenic beauty as part of design plans. C Consider structural setback from major thoroughfares and highways and establish development and design guidelines to A protect important viewplanes. Maintain a continuing program to identify exceptional trees or tree masses NA Protect the views of areas endowed with natural beauty by carefully considering the effects of proposed construction during A all land use reviews. Do not allow incompatible construction in areas of natural beauty. NA COMMENTARY As discussed in previous dtaptcrs and subsections, HELLO plans to mitigate the adverse visual impacts of the generating station with landscape improvements along the perimeter of the subject property. New trees and plants will be added to create a more effective and attractive visual buffer. HELLO will also convert its existing fence into a permanent perimeter fence and modify two existing gates by recessing the gates into the facility. The new gala would be automated, electronic card -reading gates. GENERAL PLAN - NATURAL RESOURCES AND SHORELINE GOALS Protect and conserve the natural resources from undue exploitation, encroachment and damage. C Provide opportunities for recreational, economic, and educational needs without despoiling or endangering natural A resources. Protect and promote the prudent use of Hawaii's unique, fragile, and significant environmental and natural resources A Protect rare or endangered species and habitats native to Hawaii C Protect and effectively manage Hawaii's open space, watersheds, shoreline, and natural areas. C Ensure that alterations to existing land forms, vegetation, and construction of structures cause minimum adverse effect to water resources, and scenic and recreational amenities and minimum danger of floods, landslides, erosion, siltation, or A failure in the event of an earthquake. POLICIES HELCO-KEAHOLE GENERATING c-ATION $ AIRPORT SOBSIA rION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE SE] ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING A= ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C=CONFORMS 1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTIVES NA=GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE Require users of natural resources to conduct their activities in a manner that avoids or minimizes adverse effects on the environment. Encourage a program of collection and dissemination of basic data concerning natural resources. Maintain the shoreline for recreational, cultural, educational, and/or scientific uses in a manner that is protective of resources and is of the maximum benefit to the general public. Protect the shoreline from the encroachment of man-made Improvements and structures. Coordinate programs to protect natural resources with other government agencies. Investigate methods of beach replenishment and sand erosion control. Promote sound management and development of Hawaii s land and marine resources for potential economic benefit. Encourage public and private agencies to manage the natural resources in a manner that avoids or minimizes adverse effects on the environment and depletion of energy and natural resources to the fullest extent. Encourage an overall conservation ethic in the use of Hawaii's resources by protecting, preserving, and conserving the critical and significant natural resources of the County of Hawaii. Encourage the protection of watersheds, forest, brush, and grassland from destructive agents and uses. An identification and inventory of forest lands suitable for watershed purposes should be conducted jointly by County, appropriate State and Federal agencies, and private landowners. Work with the appropriate State, Federal agencies, and private landowners to establish a program to manage and protect Identified watersheds Encourage appropriate State agencies to review and designate forest and watershed areas Into the conservation distnct during State land use boundary comprehensive reviews. The installation of utility facilities, highways and related public improvements in natural and wildland areas should avoid the contamination or despoilment of natural resources where feasible by design review, conservation principles, and by mutual agreement between the County and affected agencies. Encourage the continued identification and inclusion of unique wildlife habitat areas of native Hawaiian flora and fauna within the Natural Area Reserve System. NA NA NA NA NA l NA NA A A i NA I NA NA NA A NA Encourage the use of native plants for screening and landscaping. A Develop policies by which native Hawaiian gathering rights will be protected as identified under judicial decisions. NA Ensure public access is provided to the shoreline, public trails and hunting areas, including free public parking where NA appropriate. Establish a system of pedestrian access trails to places of scenic historic, cultural, natural, or recreational values_ i NA Preserve and protect significant lava tube caves. NA Ensure that activities authorized or funded by the County do not damage important natural resources. NA Within the Kona high ramfall/fog-ddp belt, ground disturbing activities such as excessive soil compaction and excessive removal of vegetative cover should be minimized and mitigated consistent with management strategies that encourage the y retention of existing forested and pasture areas, reforestation, minimal coverage by impervious surtaces and other strategies that encourage effective infiltration to groundwater. Implement Council Resolution Nos. 33096 and 58-97 in land use approvals " A Create incentives for landowners to retain and re-establish forest cover in upland watershed areas with emphasis on native NA forest species. it Resolution No. 330.96 119961: No lands in North or South Kona above 2,500 feet in elevmioo texcep( in Ibe existing Kaloko Mauku Subdivision) should be rezoned to lot sires Tess than 20 acres, without a corresponding reduction in density on contiguous lands. In Kaloko Mario, the Council found that the concurs could be mitigated by specific rezoning conditions which would require that at least 80 per cent of property be kept in forest cover, in the area, above 3,000 feet in elcvetmn (Resolution No. 58.97). HELCO—KEAHOLL GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUSETATION CHAPTER FIVE, PACE 5Ee ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING A= ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS I= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTIVEB_ NA =GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE COMMENTARY: HELCO's general approach and policies in constructing and/or improving its facilities to serve the Big Island have been conducted in accordance with all laws, rules, and regulations that protect Hawaii's natural resources. HELCO continuously promotes conservation measures and utilizes renewable energy Sources to power its grid whenever feasible, It assists residential and commercial consumers in ways to reduce energy costs by offering consulting services, incentives, and rebetes_As demonstrated in this EIS, the project is anticipated to have no significant impact upon coastal or nearshore resources. GENERAL PLAN - HOUSING GOALS Attain safe, sanitary, and livable housing for the residents of the County of Hawaii. NA Attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix throughout the different parts of the County. NA Maintain a housing supply that allows a variety of choices NA j Create viable communities with affordable housing and suitable living environments. NA Improve and maintain the quality and affordability of the existing housing inventory. NA Seek sufficient production of new affordable rental and fee -simple housing In the County Ina variety of sizes to satisfactorily NA accommodate the needs and desires of families and individuals. Ensure that housing Is available to all persons regardless of age, sex, marital status, ethnic background, and income. NA Make affordable housing available in reasonable proximity to employment centers. I NA Encourage and expand home ownership opportunities for residents. NA 1 POLICIES Encourage a volume of construction and rehabilitation of housing sufficient to meet growth needs and correct existing NA deficiencies Encourage the construction of specially designed facilities or communities for elderly persons needing Institutional care and NA small home care units for active elderly persons. Encourage corporations and nonprofit organizations to participate in Federal, State and private programs to provide new and NA rehabilitated housing for low and moderate income families. Support the construction of housing for minimum wage and agricultural workers. NA Continue to review codes and ordinances for Every stringent restrictions that may impose unnecessary hardship and adopt NA amendments if warranted. Continue to study and implement appropriate measures to curb property speculative practices that result in increased NA I housing costs. Large industries or developments that create a demand for housing shall provide employee housing based upon a ratio to be NA determined by an analysis of the locality's needs. Formulate a program for housing that identifies specific mechanisms to Implement the housing goals. NA Utilize housing powers and programs to accomplish housing goals and seek out new programs and resources to address NA the housing needs of the residents. Ali Initiate and participate in activities with the private sector including the provision of leadership and expertise to NA neighborhoods and nonprofit organizations in the development of housing and community development projects. Increase rental opportunities and choices in terms of quality, cost, amenity, style and size of housing, especially for low and NA moderate Income households. Support programs that improve, maintain, and rehabilitate the existing housing inventory to maintain the viability of existing NA communities_ Accommodate the housing requirements of special need groups Including the elderly, handicapped, homeless and those NA residents in rural areas. Investigate, developand promote the creation of new innovative and timely financing techniques and programs to reduce NA the cost of housing Encourage the use of suitable public lands for housing purposes in fee or lease. NA HELCO— KMHOLE GENERATING SIATIOn $ AIRPORT SUBS fA nGN CHAPTER HVE, PAGE' fib ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS I= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTWES NA =GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE Encourage the construction of homes for lease or lease with option to purchase. NA Promote research and development of methods, programs, and activities including the review of regulatory requirements NA and procedures as they affect housing, to reduce the costs consistent with the public health, safety and welfare. Adopt appropriate ordinances and rules as necessary to implement its housing programs and activities. NA - Utilize financing techniques that reduce the Cost of housing, including the issuance of tax-exempt bonds and the NA implementation of interim financing programs. Ensure that adequate infrastructure is available in appropriate locations to support the timely development of affordable A housing. Investigate the use of the County's taxing powers as a possible means to increase the supply of affordable housing. I NA Work with, encourage and support private sector efforts in the provision of affordable housing NA I Encourage the development of affordable retirement communities NA Vacant lands in urban areas and urban expansion areas should be made available for residential uses before additional I NA agricultural lands are converted into residential uses. I Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing mix. NA COMMENTARY: Affordable housing has been a major issue in the islands. As stated in previous sections, one of the reasons cited, in addition to the limited land arca zoned for residential development, is the lack of adequate infrastructure (i.e., roads, wastewater, utilities, etc.). HELCO is seeking to improve its facilities with increased generating capacity in order to meet current and projected demand Basic infrastructure such as electrical power is vital to the development of additional residential units. Many now residential and commercial projects are eurrcnlly underway or being planned for future development in West Hawaii, To help residential consumers save on energy costs, HE,LCO offers rebates and incentives in energy Boxings. GENERAL PLAN—PUBLIC FACILITIES GOALS Encourage the provision of public facilities that effectively service community and visitor needs and seek ways of improving public service through better and more functional facilities In keeping with the environmental and aesthetic concerns of the A community. POLICIES Continue to seek ways of improving public service through the coordination of service and maximizing the use of personnel P and facilities. Coordinate with appropriate State agencies for the provision of public facilities to serve the needs of the community. A Develop short and long-range capital improvement programs and operating budgets for public facilities and services_ _ A Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance j NA Capital Improvement and Operating budgets shall reflect the goals and policies of the County General Plan. A Require a six-year, long-term, capital improvements budget by County Departments and agencies that shall be reviewed for A consistency with the General Plan. COMMENTARY. HEI CO seeks to improve its service to the conununity by increasing generating capacity to meet demand while incorporating environmental and visual mitigation measures. The improvements are in coordination with Slate and County plans for the region. By expanding and improving Lin existing facility, HEI CO maximizes the use of that facility Lind acconipanyi ng personnel. GENERAL PLAN - PUBLIC UTILITIES GOALS Ensure that properly regulated, adequate, efficient and dependable public and private utility services are available to users. Maximize efficiency and economy in the provision of public utility services. n Design public utility facilities to fit into their surroundings or concealed from public view. AELCO—NEAHOLE GENERATING STATON $ AIRPORT SUBS A➢ON CHAPTER LIVE, PACT 5]a ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING A= ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE -C= CONFORMS. 1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELLO'S OJECTIVES NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE POLICIES Public utility facilities shall be designed to complement adjacent land uses and shall be operated to minimize pollution or A disturbance. The County shall encourage the use of properties or easements owned by public or private utility companies or agencies as A supplemental open space and recreational areas whenever practical. Provide utilities and service facilities that minimize total cost to the public and effectively service the needs of the community. A Utility facilities shall be designed to minimize conflict with the natural environment and natural resources. A Improvement of existing utility services shall be encouraged to meet the needs of users. A Encourage the clustering of developments in order to reduce the cost of providing utilities NA Develop short and long range capital improvement programs and plans for public utilities within its jurisdiction that are A consistent with the General Plan. COMMEN'T'ARY: Throughout the years, HELCO and its parent company, have been fiscally responsible, and have provided properly regulated, and dependable services for the islands. By improving the existing facilities, HELCO maximizes efficiency and minimizes the total cost to the public, while servicing the needs of the community. I IELCO has a long history of working with the County in ensuring that adequate electrical power is available for the Big Island community. GENERAL PLAN - ELECTRICITY POLICIES Power distribution shall be placed underground when and where practical. Encourage developers of new urban areas to A place utilities underground Route selection for high voltage transmission lines should include consideration for setbacks from major thoroughfares and A residential areas. Where feasible, delineate energy corridors for such high voltage transmission lines. Continue to advise the electrical utility companies on the future revisions of their comprehensive Integrated Resource Plans. A Conform to safety standards as established by appropriate regulatory authorities. A STANDARDS There shall be minimal obstruction of scenic views and vistas by electrical facilities. A Facilities such as substations shall mitigate and minimize any aesthetic Impacts to surrounding properties and scenic vistas A COMMENTARY: Whenever feasible and practical, HF.LCO places power distribution equipment unclerground and considers setbacks I}om major thoroughfares and residential areas for high-voltage transmission lines. HELCO has worked wish State and County projections in the preparation of its IRP and Evaluation report. Conformance to safety standards established by regulatory authorities is an integral part of HELCO's procedures I and policies. New and improved landscaping will help to mingaic and minimize any aesthetic impacts to Surrounding properties and scenic villas. GENERAL PLAN- RECREATION GOALS Provide a wide variety of recreational opportunities for the residents and visitors of the County. NA Maintain the natural beauty of recreation areas. NA Provide a diversity of environments for active and passive pursuits. NA POLICIES Strive to equitably allocate facility-based parks among the districts relative to population, with public input to determine the NA locations and types of facilities Improve existing public facilities for optimum usage NA HELCO-KEAHOLE GENERA I INGS IAT ION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 4)t ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN TRATING A= ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C CONFORMS. l— GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTIVES NAGOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE Provide a transportation system whereby people and goods can move efficiently, safely, comfortably and economically. Recreational facilities shall reflect the natural, historic, and cultural character of the area. NA The use of land adjoining recreation areas shall be compatible with community values, physical resources, and recreation I NA potential A framework of transportation facilities that will promote and influence desired land use shall be established by concerned INA Develop short and long range capital improvement programs and plans for recreational facilities that are consistent with the NA General Plan. agencies I The "County of Hawaii Recreation Plan" shall be updated to reflect newly Identified recreational priorities. NA FacilNies for compatible multiple uses shall be provided. NA Provide facilities and a broad recreational program for all age groups with special considerations for the handicapped, the NA elderly, and young children Consider the provision of adequate transportation systems to enhance the economic viability of a given area. Coordinate recreational programs and facilities with governmental and private agencies and organizations. Innovative ideas NA for improving recreational facilities and opportunifles shall be considered. automobile, mass transit, bicyCle and pedestrian systems, In coordination with appropriate Federal and State agencies Develop local citizen leadership and participation in recreation planning, maintenance and programming. NA Adopt an on-going program of identification, designation, and acquisition of areas with existing or potential recreational NA resources, such as land with sandy beaches and other prime areas for shoreline recreation in cooperation with appropriate governmental agencies. Public access to the shoreline shall be provided in accordance with an adopted program of the County of Hawaii. NA Develop a network of pedestrian access trails to places of scenic histonc, natural or recreational values- This system of NA trails shall provide at a minimum, an islandwide route connecting major parks and destinations. Establish a program to inventory ancient trails, cad roads and old govemment roads on the island in coordination with NA appropriate State agencies. Develop facilities and safe pathway systems for walking, jogging and biking activities NA _ Develop a recreation Information dissemination system for the public's use. NA Revise the ordinance requiring subdivisions to provide land area for park and recreational use or pay a fee in lieu thereof. NA Develop and adopt an Impact Fees Ordinance. NA Consider alternative sources of funding for recreational facilities. NA Develop best management practices for the development of golf courses in coordination with developers, State Department NA of Health, and other government agencies. Provide access to public hunting areas. NA GENERAL PLAN — TRANSPORTATION GOALS Provide a transportation system whereby people and goods can move efficiently, safely, comfortably and economically. NA Make available a variety of modes of transportation that best meets the needs of the County. NA POLICIES A framework of transportation facilities that will promote and influence desired land use shall be established by concerned INA agencies I The agencies concerned with transportation systems shall provide for present traffic and future demands, including the NA programmed development of mass transit programs for high growth areas by both the private and public sectors. I The improvement of transportation service shall be encouraged. I A Consider the provision of adequate transportation systems to enhance the economic viability of a given area. A Develop a comprehensive, islandwide multi -modal transportation plan that identifies the location and operation of NA automobile, mass transit, bicyCle and pedestrian systems, In coordination with appropriate Federal and State agencies Work with various non-profit agencies to coordinate transportation opportunities. A HELCO-KLAHOLE GENEHAI ING SIAI ION 8 AIRPOR I SUBSIATION CRAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5]2 ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING A= ACTWELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WMA HELCO'S OJECTIVES-INA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE COMMENTARY: For the last nine years, HELCO, HECO, MECO, U.S. Department of Defense, State Department of Education DOE, U.S. Department of Energy, and Young Brothers, Ltd. have partnered to sponsor the Electron Marathon. The Electron Marathon addresses the need for an environmentally -clean ground transportation altemative. This program was developed to: (1) increase students' and teachers' knowledge and understanding of the technologies related to electric vehicles; (2) actively involve students and teachers in the design and construction of a mini -electric vehicle while using an integration of academic areas; (3) provide a variety of groups an opportunity to explore the pros and cons of electric vehicles; (4) luster teamwork within a vart i of groups (students and students, students and teachers, teachers and teachers'). HELCO assists in planning, while HECO employees provide training for teachers in theory and concepts of electric vehicles. 'hhe company also assists the DOE and private schools in coordinating the foams for this event and provides each school with a standard kit which includes a motor, controller, potentiometer, emergency disconnect switch, fuse, contact, gears, steering kit, and brake kit. A cash grant is also given to each participating school. As discussed in this EIS, the proposed improvements to the project have a negligible impact upon the existing and future use of the surrounding roadways. HELCO recognizes that State DO'f plans for expansion of Queen Kaahumanu Highway arc intended to address new growth in the region _However, that growth is not attributable to the proposed HELCO project or the existing and on-going operations at the Kcahole facility. GENERAL PLAN - LAND USE GOALS Designate and allocate land uses in appropriate proportions and mix and in keeping with the social, cultural, and physical NA environments of the County. Protect and encourage the intensive and extensive utilization of the County's important agricultural lands. NA Protect and preserve forest, water, natural and scientific reserves and open areas. POLICIES Zone urban types of uses In areas with ease of access to community services and employment centers and with adequate A public utilities and facilities. Promote and encourage the rehabilitation and use of urban areas that are serviced by basic community facilities and utilities. A Allocate appropriate requested zoning in accordance with the existing or projected needs of neighborhood, community, A region and County Conduct a review and re-evaluation of the real property tax structure to assure compatibility with land use goals and policies NA Incorporate Innovations such as the "zone of mix' and "mixed use zones" into the Zoning Code NA Encourage the development and maintenance of communities meeting the needs of its residents in balance with the A physical and social environment. Establish a program of continuing review of the Zoning Code in light of emerging new industries and technologies and NA incorporate revisions to land use regulations as necessary. Develop community development or regional plans for all of the districts or combinations of distracts in cooperation with A community residents and periodically review and amend these documents as necessary or as mandated. Ensure that condominium property regimes (CPR) comply with the requirements of the Zoning Code Subdivision Control NA Code and other applicable rules and regulations. Encourage urban development within existing zoned areas already served by basic infrastructure, or close to such areas, A instead of scattered development. HELCO —KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE }]9 ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING ! A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE -C= CONFORMS.I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTIM NA = GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE COMMENTARY: The reclassification of the subject property to the State Urban District and a change in County zoning would be in accordance with the existing or projected needs of the neighborhood, community, region, and the County. The improvements to the Keahole Generating Station will serve an area where current and future growth have occurred or are anticipated. The expansion of generating power on the west side of Hawaii would alleviate the need to transport power across the island. HELCO has continually worked with government projections j and responded to prospective patterns of development by providing the electric power needed to sustain the community. GENERAL PLAN - LAND USE AGRICULTURE .-- -GOALS Idenufy, protect and maintain important agriculture lands on the island of Hawaii. NA Preserve the agricultural character of the island. Nq Preserve and enhance opportunities for the expansion of Hawaii's Agricultural Industry. I A POLICIES _ Assist in the development of basic resources such as water, roads, transportation and distribution facilities for the .. A -, agricultural industry. Assist other State agencies, such as the University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Hilo, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Management, Department of Business, A Economic Development and Tourism, Office of Planning, Department of Land and Natural Resources and Department of Agriculture, on programs that aid agriculture. Agricultural land may be used as one form of open space or as green bell NA Coordinate and encourage efforts to solve the problems of the agricalWral uWusbg in the County of Hawaii. A In order to minimize the potential conflicts between agricultural and non-agricultural uses, standards and guidelines for the 4 establishment of well defined buffer areas as part of new, non-agricultural developments that are located adjacent to A important agricultural lands shall be developed Land zoned for use in the Rural District shall be expanded, where appropriate. NA Develop subdivision standards that make a distinction between agricultural and urban land uses NA Designate, protect and maintain important agricultural lands from urban encroachment. NA Ensure that development of important agricultural land be primarily for agricultural use NA Support the development of private and State agricultural parks to make agricultural land available for agricultural activities. A Assist in the development of agriculture A Assist in the development of water for agricultural purposes NA Investigate possibilities to prevent non-agricultural uses that could interfere with potential or existing agricultural activities on NA important agricultural lands. Support efforts to provide tax relief and other incentives to enhance competitive capabilities of commercial farms and NA ranches, thereby insuring long-term preservation, enhancement, and expansion of viable agnouti lands. Ensure that condominium property regimes (CPR) on agricultural -designated lands comply with the requirements of the NA Zoning Code and other applicable laws, rules and regulations. Farm labor housing projects shall be developed in a manner that minimizes the use of important agricultural lands and is NA consistent with the character of surrounding land uses Encourage, where appropriate, the establishment of visitor -related uses and facilities that directly promote the agriculture NA industry. Important agricultural lands shall not be rezoned to parcels too small to support economically viable farming units. NA Discourage speculative residential development on agricultural lands. NA Encourage other compatible economic uses that complement existing agricultural and pastoral activities. NA HELLO-KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 74 ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING A = ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE_ C= CONFORMS.I = GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTNES_ NA =GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE COMMENTARY: As stated in subsequent sections, HELCO has supported and encouraged the agricultural industry. For several decades, it purchased biomass power from local sugar mills to help extend the viability of this agricultural commodity in Hawaii. It has also worked with agricultural businesses to achieve cost savings, increase production, and become energy efficient. The company is presently pursuing or working with electro -technologies that would help agricultural businesses become more productive. These technologies include (1)post harvest cooling system (to increase the shelf life of locally grown produce); (2) dairy farm and food processing technology; (3) energy management systems; (4) indoor air quality and dehumidification systems; (5) heat pump water heating; (6) cool thermal energy storage; and (7) new food processing technologics._As discussed in this EIS, the Kcahole facility has no substantive impact on agricultural activities in the neighboring agricultural park. The proposed project will not have a negative impact on the agricultural park.—Agreed upon terms of the Settlement Agreement I ensure that all mitigation measures requested by adjoining park tenants have been addressed by HELLO. GENERAL PLAN - LAND USE COMMERCIAL GOALS Provide for commercial developments that maximize Convenience to users NA Provide commercial developments that complement the overall pattern of transportation and land usage within the Island's regions, communities, and neighborhoods. NA POLICIES Urban renewal, rehabilitation, and/or redevelopment programs shall be undertaken in cooperation with communities, businesses and governmental agencies A Commercial facilities shall be developed In areas adequately served by necessary services, such as water, utilities, sewers, and transportation systems Should such services not be available, the development of more Intensive uses should be in A concert with a localized program of public and private capital improvements to meet the expected increased needs. Distribution of commercial areas shall meet the demands of neighborhood, community and regional needs. A Existing strip development shall be converted to more appropriate uses when and where It is feasible. NA Encourage the concentration of commercial uses within and surrounding a central core area. A The development of commercial facilities should be designed to fit into the locale with minimal intrusion while providing the desired services _Appropriate infrastructure and design concerns shall be incorporated into the review of such A developments. Applicable ordinances shall be reviewed and amended as necessary to include considerations for urban design, aesthetic A quality and the protection of amenities In adjacent areas through landscaping, open space and buffer areas. Require developers to provide basic infrastructure necessary for development. NA I Encourage commercial areas to develop on an axis perpendicular to the highway. NA COMMENTARY: Increased generating capacity at the Kcaholc Generating Station would serve existing regional commercial facilities, recently built, and/or proposed developments. Placing utilities close to demand is practical, I more efficient, and Icss susccpttblc to power interruptions_ GENERAL PLAN - LAND USE - INDUSTRIAL GOALS Designate and allocate industrial areas in appropriate proportions and in keeping with the social, cultural, and physical A environments of the County. Promote and encourage the rehabilitation of industrial areas that are serviced by basic Community facilities and utilities. _ A . POLICIES Support the creation of industrial parks in appropriate locations as an alternative to strip development. NA Achieve a broader diversification of local industries by providing opportunities for new industries and strengthening existing A Industries Locate Industrial areas convenient to transportation facilities, and provide a variety of industrial zoned districts and lot sizes. A depending on the needs of the industries and the communities HELCO-KI,AHOLE GENERA ING SIAION & AIRPOH 1 SU13SIAIOW CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE X75 ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING —, A= ACTIVELY SUPPORTNE C= CONFORMS. 1= GOAL M INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTIVES NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE Improve the aesthetic quality of industrial sites and protect amenities of adjacent areas by requiring landscaping, open A I spaces, buffer zones, and design guidelines. A _ Industrial development shall be located in areas adequately served by transportation, utilities, and other essential NA infrastructure A Provide flexibility within the Zoning Code to accommodate emerging new Industries. NA Industrial -commercial mixed use districts shall be provided In appropriate locations. NA Require developers to provide basic Infrastructure necessary for development. NA STANDARDS --_- - Industrial development shall maintain or Improve the quality of the present environment. A Industrial activities may be located close to raw malenals or key resources. A Topography of industrial land shall be reasonably level. A Industrial development shall be conveniently located to its labor resource. A Buffer zones shall be established between industrial and adjacent incompatible uses of land A The direction of wind patterns and the absence of tradewinds shall be considered in the siting of industrial areas. A COURSES OF ACTION Identify sites suitable for future industrial activities. A Additional industrial acreage should be provided at the Kona International Airport at Keahole for support facilities for the A airport. Industrial development should be in harmony with surrounding uses and the environment. A Industrial -commercial mixed-use districts may be provided In appropriate locations. A Service oriented Limited Industrial and/or Industnal-Commercial uses may be permitted in the Kainaliu-Honalo area although NA the area is not currently identified on the LUPAG map. COMMENTARY: HELCO is located on relatively flat terrain near the Kona International Airport at Keahole. Whle the land is within the State Conservation District and County "O" zone, the State Urban District classification and the County "MG" zone (general industrial) appear In be more appropriate for the subject property and the co- existing uses in the arca, which includes agricultural products processing, major and minor, airfields, heliports and private landing strips; aquaculture activities and facilities; broadcasting stations; greenhouses, plant nurseries; utility facilities, public and private, including power plants, offices or yards for equipment; utility substations, as permrtted under Section 25-4-11. The subject property is in conformity with the general goals, standards, policies, and courses of action for land use in an industrial area. GENERAL PLAN - LAND USE RESIDENTIAL GOALS To provide for multiple residential developments that maximize convenience for its occupants. NA To provide for suitable living environments that accommodate the physical, social and economic needs of the island NA residents. To enhance the overall quality of life in our residential communities. Wl POLICIES Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the demand for multiple residential dwellings increases. These areas shall be allocated with respect to places of employment, shopping facilities, educational, recreational and cultural facilities, and 1 A I public facilities and utilities. Incorporate reasonable flexibility in applicable codes and ordinances to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing mix. NA Encourage flexibility in the design of residential sites, buildings and related facilities to achieve a diversity of socio-economic NA housing mix and Innovative means of meeting the market requirements. The rehabilitation and/or utilization of multiple residential areas shall be encouraged. NA To assure the use of multiple residential zoned areas and to curb speculation and resale of undeveloped lots only, the NA HELLO-KEAHOLE GENERAL MG S'Al ION & ARGON SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5-06 ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN RATING A =ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE_ C= CONFORMS_ 1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH NELCO'S OBJECTIVES_ NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE ' County may impose incremental and conditional zoning, which shall be based on performance requirements. Applicable codes and ordinances shall he reviewed and amended as necessary to include consideration for urban design, NA and aesthetic quality through landscaping, open space, and buffer areas. Support the rezoning of those multiple residentially zoned lands that are used for other purposes to a more appropriate NA zoning designation. Require developers to provide basic infrastructure necessary for development. NA Recreational area and/or facilities shall be considered In multiple residential development. NA COURSES OF ACTION Re-evaluation of existing zoned areas and re allocation of lands in appropriate locations shall be undertaken. A I COMMENTARY: A number of residential developments are being planned in the West Hawaii. HFLCO plans to provide adequate electrical power for these residential dwellings as they increase, as well as places of employment, shopping facilities, educational, recreational and Cultural facilities, and public facilities. GENERAL PLAN• LAND USE RESORTS GOALS Maintain an orderly development of the visitor industry. NA Provide for resod development that maximizes conveniences to its users and optimizes the benefits derived by the residents NA of the County. Ensure that resort developments maintain the cultural and historic, social, economic, and physical environments of Hawaii NA and its people. POLICIES The County may Impose incremental and conditional zoning that would be based on performance requirements. NA Promote and encourage the rehabilitation and the optimum utilization of resod areas that are presently serviced by basic A facilities and utilities Lands currently designated Resort should be utilized before new resorts are allowed in undeveloped coastal areas. NA Zoning of resort areas shall be granted when the proposed development is consistent with and incorporates the stated NA goals, policies and standards of the General Plan. Continue to seek funds from the State Capital Improvement Program to help develop visitor destination areas in accordance NA with the County's General Plan. Designate and allocate future resort areas in appropriate proportions and in keeping with the social, economic, and physical NA environments of the County Evaluate resod areas and the areas surrounding existing resorts to insure that viable quality resorts are developed and that NA the surrounding area contributes to the quality, ambience and character of the existing resorts. Encourage the visitor industry to provide resod facilities that offer an educational experience of Hawaii as well as NA recreational activities. Coastal resort developments shall provide public access to and parking for beach and shoreline areas NA Re-evaluate existing undeveloped resod designated and/or zoned areas and reallocate these lands in appropriate locations. NA Require developers to provide the basic infrastructure necessary for development. NA COMMENTARY: HFLCO oilers substantial cost savings and rebates to hotels and other tourism -related businesses as an incentive for long-term planning and managing energy costs. Under HELCO's cnergy-efGcicncy rebate programs, Cuslnmcrs who install energy efficient equipment receive cash incentives to reduce upfront casts. For most customers, Installation costs can be recouped within three to live years with energy savings. The company also provides long-term planning and feasibility studies for specific projects or an overall facilities master plan. GENERAL PLAN - LAND USE OPEN SPACE GOALS HELCO-MEATI GENERATING SIAVON & A'RPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE SP ELEMENTS OF THE HAWAII COUNTY GENERAL PLAN — I RATING A =ACTIVELY SUPPORTIVE C= CONFORMS 1= GOAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH HELCO'S OJECTIVES NA= GOAL IS NOT APPLICABLE Provide and protect open space fa the social, environmental, and economic well-being of the County of Hawaii and its NA _ residents. Protect designated natural areas. NA POLICIES Open space shall reflect and be in keeping with the goals, policies, and standards set forth in the other elements of the I NA General Plan I ' Open space in urban areas shall be established and provided through zoning and subdivision regulations. NA Encourage the identification, evaluation and designation of natural areas. NA Zoning, subdivision and other applicable ordinances shall provide for and protect open space areas. NA Amend the Zoning Code to create a category for lands that should be kept in a largely natural state, but that may not be in NA the Conservation District such as certain important viewplanes, buffer areas, and very steep slopes. GENERAL PLAN - LAND USE - PUBLIC LANDS'I GOALS .. Utilize publicly owned lands In the best public Interest and to the maximum benefit for the greatest number of people. I A Acquire lands for public use to implement policies and programs contained in the General Plan. A POLICIES Encourage uses of public lands that will satisfy specific public needs, such as housing, recreation, open space and NA education. Encourage the adoption of State programs for State lands consistent with the General Plan State and County Capital Improvement Programs should continue to be coordinated. NA A sub -classification. University use, shall continue to be utilized, permitting the primary institutional and numerous supportive NA and accessory uses required for establishing and/or expanding a public university Its designation shall continue to be shown on the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide map Support the U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service's expansion plans for the Hawaii Volcanoes, Puukohola and NA Puuhonua 0 Honaunau National Historic Parks. Encourage the State to continue the Villages of Lai opua project at Kealakehe. NA COM MEN"I'ARV: [Ii CO owns the subject property, and as a publicly rcgLIImcd utility, it uses the property in the best interest of the public for the maximum benefit of the greatest number of people. As part of a publicly traded company, HELC'O sucks to profit from its investment by providing an essential service for the public. rhe gcncration of cicctrical power lights homes, schools, hospitals, businesses, government services, and affects almost everyone in the community. 5.15. KEAHOLE TO KA ILUA DEVELOPMENT PLAN The County of Hawaii initiated in July 1988 the Keahole to Kadua Development Plan ,study (Keahole Plan) with the intent of developing the area. The Kcaholc Plan serves as an implementing tool for the General Plan of the County of Hawaii and as a sub -regional plan and developmental framework for the West Hawaii Plan, The County contracted R.M. Towill Corporation to prepare the Keahole Plan, and in 1990 adopted it to serve as a guide for future infrastructure and land uses in the region. The I lawaii County Council in 1991 amended the plan to incorporate electricity and telephone accommodations- that would allow improvements as demand increased. HELCO estimated at the time that full development could entail an additional 100 MW ofpowcr. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION Yr AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER hVE, PAGE W8 5.15.1. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE KEAHOLE TO RAILUA PLAN The goal of the Keahole Plan was to develop a mixed residential, commercial, resort, industrial, and recreational community, with appropriate shoreline uses, public facilities, and infrastructure, which would be built in phases over the course of 20 years. The objectives were to: ( I ) develop a plan for an integrated community that can be served by the required infrastructure in phases and provide a mix of land uses; (2) develop design guidelines for critical visual aspects; (3) develop an efficient, safe and pleasing road network over the next 10-20 years; (4) identify all areas subject to flood and tsunami inundation and develop a comprehensive flood control system; (5) develop a water system with 6 mgd capacity to serve land uses; (6) develop area -wide system of sewage facilities with 6 mgd capacity; (7) develop adequate solid -waste facilities; (8) develop recreational facilities that would meet the rise of new residents; (8) develop a financing approach that provides infrastructure financing, feasible land development, and feasible level of County capital expenditures. Four alternative concept plans were slated for the area. A regional center; residential development; elementary, middle and high schools; university site; community, district, and waterfront parks; municipal golf course; regional sports complex; industrial: judiciary, hospital; fire station, and cemetery were included in these plans. 5.15.2. LAND USE PLAN FOR THE AREA The major growth assumptions of the plan were that (I ) the Keahole to Kailua area would be the location for a new "Civic and Business Center- with civic and commercial uses; (2) 4,500 new residential units would be built between 1990 and 2010; (3) a number of facilities were planned that would serve a much larger region, including it municipal golf course, regional sports complex and University of Hawaii - West Hawaii College: and (4) the project area would accommodate resort development in the range of 1,500 visitor units. A flexible land use plan was developed lot the area to provide a Itamework for future growth, infrastructure costs, public-private implementation of major infrastructure projects, and State and County action on designating lands for urban development. However, more importantly than specific boundaries, the plan emphasized that four major development themes should guide the planning and development of the arca: (1) three major development zones; (2) new civic and business center; (3) major new roadways; and (4) regional greenbelt system. 5.15.3. CURRENT AND PROJECTED RESIDENT POPULATION IN WEST HAWAII "rhe population in the North Kona region increased 62 percent in 1980-1990 from 13,748 to 22,284, and 28 percent in 1990-2000 from 22,284 to 28,543. (U.S. Census, 2000; Hawaii County Department of Research and Development). The following table shows the numbers as of 2000 and the projected population to the year 2020. HELEN- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SU39TATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE 5 79 TABLE 5_1: PROJECTION OF RESIDENT POPULATION By DISTRICT YEAR 2000 To 2020 DISTRICT 1 2000 I 2005 2010 - 2015 2020 None Kohala 6,038 6,622 7,917 9,446 11,273 South Kohala 13,131 15,659 18,184 21,072 24,416 t North Kona 28,543 - 30,467 1 34,024 37,922 1 42,275 South Kona 8,589 10,253 11,414 12,681 14,092 r Kau 5,827 6,443 7,050 7,698 8,408 64,128 71,449 _ _ 80,599 90,834 _ 102,494 Economic Assessment PIKE Hawaii, January 2000 U.S. Census, 2000 Hawaii County Department of Research and Development According to the County of Hawaii General Plan, _various resort and resort -residential complexes are currently under construction or are planned for construction in the near future. Most of these developments are concentrated in West Hawaii in the Kohala and Kona Districts, which will continue to accommodate the majority of the visitor market within the County. Visitor accommodation units within the County totaled 9.655 units in 1998, up from 8,952 units in 1990. Bed and breakfast units, although not a significant part of the total visitor unit count, have been the fastest growing segment of the industry, growing from 55 units in 1990 to 171 units in 1998. 5.15.4. HELCO's CONFORMANCE AND SUPPORT OF THE KEAHOLE TO KAILUA PLAN In light ofthe current and anticipated development in the region, HELCO needs to provide the necessary electrical power to support current and future demand in the region. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER FIVE, PAGE "0 CHAPTER SIX CONTEXTUAL CHAPTER SIX: CONTEXTUAL 6.1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT-TERM USES AND MAINTENANCE OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELLO) seeks a reclassification of its Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation lands (collectively "subject property") from the State of Hawaii (State) Conservation District to the Urban District, and a subsequent change in County of Hawaii zoning from Open ("O") to General Industrial ("MG"). The reclassification and change in zoning would bring the subject property into conformance with its existing use for industrial purposes. The generating station and airport substation have been operating on the subject property since 1973, and HELCO has been serving the island of Hawaii (Big Island) since 1894. The ongoing consumption of petroleum for the generation of electricity ensures long-term economic productivity on the island. The addition of ST -7 is intended to improve efficiency, thereby contributing to a reduction in the facilities' dependence upon increased consumption of petroleum. The reclassification and change in zoning should result in a shorter permitting process. Currently, HELCO must first obtain approval from the State Board of Land and Natural Resource (BLNR) of the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), before it can make any improvements to the subject property. As discussed in Chapters Two and Five, the State Legislature established the Land Use Law and set the boundaries for the Conservation District to protect and preserve Hawaii's lands and natural resources, not to oversee issues of urbanization. The governance of the Urban Districts rests with the Counties as they are better suited to decide on urbanization issues within their own jurisdiction. The principal long-term benefits would include increased generating capacity for the Big Island to accommodate economic activity and projected growth in the region. HELCO would be able to (I)improvc the subject property; (2) implement environmental mitigation measures; (3) improve operating efficiency at the existing power plant; (4) accommodate future legal and operational requirements; and (5) alleviate a costly and time-consuming step in the permitting process. Moreover, the BLNR and DLNR would not have to decide on issues of urbanization that arc out of the department's jurisdiction. The long-term productivity of the subject property would be significantly enhanced with the completion of two combustion turbines (CT -4 and CT -5), noise mitigation equipment, installation of a steam turbine (ST -7) with selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The installation would allow the utilization of waste heat, which would make the plant more fuel-efficient. New and improved landscaping would help to mitigate any adverse visual impacts. SCR would further reduce emissions. The community would benefit by being provided with a source ofreasonably reliable electrical power. Socioeconomic benefits would also accrue to the State and County in the form of added revenue as a result of increased economic activity. By being assured that adequate and basic infrastructure such as electrical power are in place, the State and County could further their plans to encourage commercial and residential development, build higher educational facilities, and create a sustainable future for the Big Island community. 6.2. IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES Major resource commitments by HELLO include (1) substantial operational and equipment expenses and costs: (2) the resolve to bring an end to a lengthy litigation process; (3) the alleviation of fears and HELCO - KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SIX, PAGE 6-1 environmental concerns within the neighboring community by agreeing to institute environmental measures; and (4) the allocation of potable water and other resources to the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DfiIIL), subject however, to various permitting approvals. According to the latest quarterly report' filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, HELCO's costs incurred in its efforts to put CT -4 and CT -5 into service and to support existing units amounted to approximately $93 million. This includes $34 million for equipment and material purchases; $39 million for planning, engineering, permitting, site development, and other costs; and $20 million for an allowance for funds used during construction (AFUDC) up to November 30, 1998, after which date HELCO's management decided not to accrue AFUDC because of the delays that had been experienced. As of .lune 30, 2004, estimated additional costs of $8 million would be required to complete the installations of CT -4 and CT -5, including the costs necessary to satisfy the requirements of the Settlement Agreement. To date, HELCO has reclassified $81 million of capital costs for C1 -4, C7-5, and related pre - air permit facilities from "construction in progress" to "plant and equipment." Depreciation will be recorded beginning in January 2005. HELCO's electric rates, however, will not change as a result of including CT -4 and CT -5 as plant and equipment. To obtain any electric rate increases, I TELCO must first file an application with the State Public Utilities Commission (PUC) and the PUC must then grant HELCO rate relief. Based on management's expectation that the remaining conditions under the Settlement Agreement will be satisfied, FIELCO recorded as expenses in November 2003, approximately $3.1 million of legal fees and other costs required to be paid under the Settlement Agreement. Assuming that the Settlement Agreement is implemented and ST -7 is installed, HELCO would have incurred approximately $21 million of capital expenditures relating to noise mitigation, visual mitigation, and air pollution control at the subject property (approximately $8 million for CT -4 and CT -5, $9 million for ST -7 when installed, and approximately $4 million for other existing units). The reclassification would allow HELCO to significantly improve the subject property to accommodate current and future power demand in the region. The project does not call for a commitment of government supplied services or facilities over and above that which would be required and necessary for permitting and other government related functions. The continued reliance upon non-renewable fuel sources to meet Hawaii County's electrical energy demand represents a significant irreversible and irretrievable commitment. To that end, the construction of ST -7 will help reduce the impacts by improving, the operational efficiency of the facility. 6.3. OFFSETTING CONSIDERATIONS OF GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES The proposed project is generally consistent with the applicable Hawaii State Plan, the various State Functional Plans, the County of Hawaii Revised General Plan, the West Hawaii flan, the Keahole to Kailua Plan, the Land Use Law, and various laws, goals, policies, and standards. 6.4. UNRESOLVED ISSUES I IELCO is faced with an increased demand for electrical power due to the Big Island's steadily growing population and heightened economic activity, particularly on the west side of the island. One of the ways Sec HEI Quarterly Report at www.sec.gov. HELCO— KFAHOLF GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SIX, PAGE 6-2 HELCO would like to meet growing demand is through the increased use of renewable energy resources, which in 2003 amounted to 22 percent of HELCO's total annual electrical energy production. However, major impediments to the increased use of renewable energy sources include high costs, proximity to the grid, and reliability. As such, HELCO must continue to use a multi -faceted energy portfolio using combined -cycle fossil -fuel -fired power plants together with wind, hydroelectric for central stations, geothermal, and distributed generation for selected sites in order to provide quality power reliably. The State's Renewable Portfolio Standard law requires electrical utilities to increase their use of renewable energy sources and meet a percentage of electricity sales that should come from renewable energy. HELCO has been able to meet the requirements of the law, but must continue with parallel path planning using a multi -pronged approach for its operations until such a time that a renewable energy source(s) has developed to the point where it can replace fossil fuels reliably at a reasonable cost to the consumer. In the near term, Hawaii will continue to need fossil fuels for its electrical energy and transportation needs. The State requires that every energy utility systematically and thoroughly develop long-range plans for meeting Hawaii's future energy needs. HELCO evaluates and integrates both resources that supply electricity and resources that reduce or better manage the demand for electricity and prepares an Integrated Resource Plan (IRP), which is then submitted to the PUC. (See Appendices E and F in Volume 2 of the EIS.) The emerging and evolving character of supply and demand means that some issues pertaining to HELCO's future ability to produce energy are unresolved at the time this document is prepared. These are presented below. IIELCO has a 35 -year power purchase agreement (PPA), which expires on December 31, 2027, with Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV) for 30 MW of firm capacity from its geothermal steam facility. PGV's output was reduced to 6 MW from April 2002 to March 2003. The loss of generation was attributed to the blockage of a source well due to a failed liner 5,000 feet below the earth's surface and decreasing steam quality emanating from one of PGV's source wells. PGV completed drilling an additional source well in February 2003, and converted the blocked source well into an injection well in early March 2003. As of early 2004, PGV anticipated that it would be fully restored to 30 MW by late 2004, with the increase of steam supply from existing wells. As of September 2004, PGV exports approximately 26 MW. In September 2003, PGV announced that it had long-range plans to expand the capacity of the facility to 60 MW, in 8 MW increments. However, in April 2004 Ormat Industries purchased PGV for $71 million. Therefore, current long-range planning activities do not assume that PGV will provide capacity above 30 MW. As further information becomes available as to the direction Ormat Industries will take the company in the near future, HELCO would then be able to include actual anticipated geothermal capacity in the next IRI'. In October 2003, the PUC opened Docket No. 03-0371 to investigate Distributed Generation (DG) issues in I lawaii. DG involves the use of small electric power generators, using fossil fuels or renewable energy sources, located on the utility system at a utility site or at a customer site that may or may not be connected to the utility's power grid. The issues include, but are not limited to: (1) addressing interconnection matters; (2) determining who should own and operate distributed generation projects; (3) identifying what impacts, if any, distributed generation will have on Hawaii's electric distribution systems and market; (4) defining the role of regulated electric distributions companies and the PUC in the deployment of distributed generation in Hawaii: (5) identifying the rate design and cost allocation issues HELOO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SIX, PAGE 6-3 associated with the deployment of distributed generation facilities; and developing the necessary revisions to the integrated resource planning process, if necessary. As of September 2004, HELCO is unable to predict the outcome of the proceedings, and how it may impact long-term planning activities such as IRP. In October 2003, the PUC opened Docket No. 03-0372 to evaluate competitive bidding as a mechanism for acquiring or building new generating capacity in Hawaii. The competitive bidding process has been widely implemented throughout the United States and may serve as an alternative for Hawaii to facilitate wholesale market competition and enhance the potential for higher efficiency and lower costs for its electric industry. Competitive bidding for new generating capacity is often referred to as a wholesale market model that includes equity and efficiency considerations, encouragement of competitive generation options and new technologies, lower costs through competition, more choices, reliable supplies, and a level playing field on which all generation options could compete. The issues include, but are not limited to: (1) evaluating the benefits and impacts of competitive bidding; (2) developing a fair competitive bidding system, if necessary, (a) ensuring that competitive benefits result from the system and ratepayers are not placed at undue risk; (b) specifying competitive bidding guidelines and requirements to prospective bidders, including the evaluation system to be used, and process for evaluation and selection; (3) encouraging broad participation from a range of prospective bidders; and (4) developing the necessary revisions to the integrated resource planning process, if necessary. As of September 2004, HELCO is unable to predict the outcome of the proceedings, and how it may impact long-term planning activities such as IRP. Combined Heat and Power (CLIP), or cogeneration, is an electricity generation technology that involves the recovery of waste heat from the electric generation process to produce other forms of useful energy simultaneously, such as useable heat or steam. CHP is better for the environment, the economy, and our nation's energy supply than generating heat and power separately because conventional electricity generation is inherently inefficient. For the purposes of this analysis, forecasts have been made regarding the impact of Utility and Non - Utility CHP units on the HELCO system. 'These estimates are consistent with the October 2003 PUC application for approval of a proposed utility -owned CHP program in Docket No. 03-0366. At this time, HELCO is unable to predict the outcome ofthe proceedings. In reference to load forecast, while a comprehensive analysis is undertaken to develop HELCO's Sales and Peak forecast, there are uncertainties regarding any forecast. Load forecasts are used to help determine when a generating unit must be added. Therefore, the precise timing of unit additions, especially in distant years, is often difficult to achieve. On October 4, 1999, HELCO entered into a power purchase agreement (PPA) with Hilo Coast Processing Company (HCPC) effective January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2004, subject to early termination by HI?LCO after two years, whereby HELLO purchases 22 MW of firm capacity from IICPC's coal -tired facility. As of September 2004, HELCO in unaware of any municipal solid waste (MSW) projects. However, HELCO is aware of the County of Hawaii's ongoing process of soliciting proposals to handle solid -waste, HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SIX, PAGE 6-4 which may include a future MSW plant. If such a facility is constructed in the future, inclusion of garbage -to -energy technology could have a beneficial impact upon the availability of additional electrical energy resources. In addition to energy issues, HELCO is also faced with unresolved traffic issues. Access to the Kcahole facility is presently provided by two roads that intersect with Queen Kaahumanu Highway, one to the south and one to the north. A private development project, Palamanui, north of the Keahole facility, has proposed to realign and expand the right of way of the access road on the northside of the generating station. At this point in time, the location and configuration of the realigned access road's intersection with Queen Kaahumanu Highway has not been resolved between Palamanui and the State Department of Transportation. However, because the Kcahole Generating Station can continue to use the access road on the south side of the generating station, the ultimate decision regarding the northern access road intersection would not substantively affect the future operation of the facility, one way or the other. More than a decade ago, HELLO had planned to increase generating capacity and retire older units with the installation of CT -4 and CT -5, followed by a 17.8 -megawatt (MW) heat steam turbine recovery generator (ST -7). The installation was significantly stalled as a result of (I)delays in obtaining an amendment of a land use permit from the BLNR; (2) delays in obtaining a required air permit from the State Department of Health (DOH) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); and (3) by lawsuits and administrative proceedings initiated by independent power producers (IPPs) and other parties contesting the grant of these permits and objecting to the expansion of the generating station on numerous grounds. One of the issues of contention for the IPPs was that HELCO could alternatively purchase power from them to meet increased electrical generation demand. Numerous proceedings commenced before the Third Circuit Court and the BLNR, which further delayed or otherwise adversely affected the completion of the improvements. In November 2003, a Settlement Agreement had been entered into by all of the parties, except for Waimana Enterprises, an ]PP. On November 17, 2003, HELCO resumed construction of CT -4 and CT -5. On June 30, 2004, CT -4 and CT -5 were placed in commercial operation. Under the Settlement Agreement, HELCO has agreed to undertake a number of actions, which include (l ) applying stricter noise standards; (2) further mitigating air emissions; (3) using primarily brackish instead of potable water resources; (4) assisting DHHL in installing solar water heating in its housing projects; (5) transferring a major part of HELCO's potable water allocation from the County of Hawaii to DHHL; (6) supporting the Kcahole Defense Coalition in participating in certain PUC cases; (7) addressing aesthetic concerns by new and improved landscaping; (8) expediting efforts to obtain permits and approvals necessary for the installation of ST -7 with SCR emissions control equipment; (9) operating existing CT -2 within existing air permit limitations rather than the less stringent limitations in a pending air permit revision; and (9) cooperating with neighbors and community groups. Since construction activities resumed in November 2003, HELCO has laid the groundwork for implementation of many of its commitments under the Settlement Agreement. However, project opponents have continued to pursue efforts to stop or delay the Kcahole project and to interfere with implementation of the Settlement Agreement. As a result, there could be further delays in completing construction. In the meantime, IIELCO's management remains concerned with the condition and performance on the I IELCO system of certain aging generators, which were to be retired or operated less frequently once CT- HELLO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SIX, PAGE 6-5 4 and CT -5 were installed. However, since progress has been made in completing the installation of C'T-4 and CT -5, ancillary equipment, and mitigation measures, a few generators have since been retired. IIELCO is also mindful of the operating status of various IPPS, which provide approximately 43 percent of HELCO's generating capacity under power purchase agreements. Hilo Coast Power Company (HCPC), which supplies energy from coal, will cease to be a source of firm power on or before December 31, 2004. A related concern is the possibility of power interruptions under exigent circumstances, including rolling blackouts, as IPPs and/or HELCO's generating units become unavailable or less available (i.e., available at (ower capacity) due to forced outages or planned maintenance. HELCO is continuing its efforts to avert power interruptions, but there can be no assurance that power interruptions will not occur. I IELCO's plans for ST -7 with SCR are pending until it obtains the contemplated reclassification of the subject property from the Conservation District to the Urban District and other necessary permits. The costs of ST -7 will be higher than originally planned, not only by reason of the change in schedule in its installation, but also by reason of additional costs that will be incurred to satisfy the requirements of the Settlement Agreement. At the time of the preparation of this Environmental Impact Statement, a determination has not yet been made regarding the type of ammonia (anhydrous or urea pellets) that will be utilized at the facility. A decision is anticipated before mid -2007. Once a decision has been made a plan addressing emergency procedures in case of accidental release or spill during transit or operations at the facility will be developed and submitted to the State Department of Health for approval. At the time this Environmental Impact Statement is being prepared, HELCO has not vet determined whether it is economically prudent and environmentally appropriate to treat the wash water on site rather than ship it to a disposal facility on the mainland. If treated on site, the heavy metals removed from the wash water would be shipped to an EPA -approved disposal facility on the mainland. This wouldrg eatly reduce the volume of hazardous material being transported. If treated onsite, all wastestreams (water and solid) should be nonhazardous. Samples will be collected to confirm this. As such, the treated nonhazardous sludge remaining after treatment (which will contain heavy metals) can be dewatered and disposed of at a local landfill (e.g., West Hawaii Landfill). All requests for solid waste disposal at the West Hawaii Landfill must &o through a review and approval process. This option for waste disposal could eliminate the need to send anything to the mainland. However, a detailed analysis must be conducted by HELCO to determine the feasibility of this approach before a commitment can be made to a specific course of action. At this time, it is HELCO's intention that once the ST -7 unit with the SCR has become operational and the frequency of washing the HSRG tubes has been determined, a study will be conducted to determine the feasibility of treating the wash water on site. Phis study will include an analysis of the physical requirements of a discrete wash water treatment facility, the operational requirements the cost and most importantly, the environmental considerations, including mitigations and a detailed response plan for emergencysituations. HELLO recognizes that the decision to treat hazardous waste on site is a matter that deserves full public disclosure, review and participation, and will therefore comply with all applicable requirements of environmental review pursuant to Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes as amended At this point in time, it is anticipated that a study to determine the feasibility of treating wash water on site commence approximately one year after ST -7 becomes operational. HELCO KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SIX, PAGE 6-6 6.5. SECONDARY IMPACTS The term "secondary impact" means effects which are caused by the action and are later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable. These impacts may include growth inducing effects and other effects related to induced changes in the pattern of land use, population density or growth rate, and related effects on air and water and other natural systems, including ecosystems. The Proposed Action of urbanizing the subject property and rezoning it to industrial use will have no impact upon population growth in the locale or region. Since the facility already exists, the proposed reclassification of its State Land Use designation is, in effect, bringing its land use classification into conformance with it use. The action of reclassification will not induce people to relocate to the properties surrounding the facility. Nor will it present a motivation for people to relocate from elsewhere in the State to the Kona area. Thus, no impact on existing land use patterns is anticipated. The availability of an increased supply of electrical energy resulting from the approvals sought is not anticipated to induce population growth or affect land use patterns. Rather, the increased supply will help to ensure that residents of the Big Island enjoy continued and uninterrupted electrical service. Because the improvements proposed to the facility in the form of making productive use of a by-product of the existing generating system (heat) through the installation of ST -7 are subject to compliance with air quality and noise quality standards, and are not anticipated to exceed those standards, they are not anticipated to result in a substantive impact upon the natural environment. As discussed in the Socio -Economic Impact Study appended to this document (Tables 4-A through 4-F), of the alternatives considered, other than the No Action alternative, the Proposed Action (also known as the Preferred Alternative) has the least amount of induced or secondary socio-economic impacts. While the other alternatives (3-5) arc more labor intensive, thereby contributing potentially more revenue to the State and County economics, they will also result in greater impacts in the form of population change resulting from the need for more employees, altered land use patterns resulting from the need for more housing, and potentially greater impacts upon the natural environment. 6.6. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS Cumulative impacts arc defined as impacts on the environment which result from the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency or person undertakes such actions. Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time. The Proposed Action would contribute to the applicant's goal of ensuring firm generating capacity to meet demand projected to the year 2025, and would thus serve as the primary cumulative impact. Because the public utility is obligated to provide power, at some point in the future, additional population growth on the Big Island may require the development of additional generating capacity (i.e. expansion of the electrical grid). The applicant has agreed to a settlement which states, in part, that there will be no further expansion of generating facilities at Kcaholc. Therefore, if new facilities arc required in the future, they must be developed elsewhere. To that end, the Proposed Action will ensure that the Kcaholc facility remains an important element of Hawaii County's cumulative electrical energy supply system until such time that technological advancements render its operating system obsolete. Said another way, implementation of the proposed project docs not preclude the development of alternative fortes of energy HELOO - KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SIX, PAGE 6-7 supply. Rather, it extends the period until demand is projected to once again exceed supply. Thus, implementation of the Proposed Action has a cumulative impact upon the integrity of the entire electrical system by providing a firm and relatively reliable source of power for the foreseeable future. And during this period when supply is sufficient to meet projected demand, it is hoped that new alternative forms of energy supply may become technologically and financially feasible options for the Island of Hawaii. 6.6.1. DRAINAGE AND RUNOFF The project's cumulative contribution to regional drainage and runoff as it relates to surrounding land uses, both present and future, is anticipated to be negligible. As is required of any new development storm runoff generated by new impermeable surfaces (roofs and pavement) is required to be minimized and must be contained on site. With regard to regional drainage, the high permeability of the ground at and around the property results in no observable drainageways. Thus, the presence of the project is not anticipated to have a cumulative impact upon drainage or runoff, when combined with the projected effects of the adjacent DHHL lands. Other projects such as Palamanui. Ooma, and Kohanaiki are too far from the Keahole site to be considered for prospective cumulative drainage impacts. 6.6.2. TRAFFIC As the proposed project is anticipated to have a negligible impact on regional traffic (a total of 21 A.M. peak hour trips and 14 P.M. peak hour trips on a roadwav with over 1,100 vehicles moving in each direction during peak hours), both now and in the foreseeable future, the anticipated impact, when taking into account other proposed re ie oval projects, is also negligible. As discussed in Section 3.9.2, the traffic impacts of the proposed Palamanui project were included in the traffic analysis of future impacts for the Keahole project. General traffic impacts related to other development projects in the area were assumed to be Dart of an annual future growth factor of 4.8 nercent. 6.6.3. VISUAL The cumulative visual impacts of the project, with relation to future surrounding development cannot be assessed easily, as the visual character of development that may be proposed on the adjacent DHHL land is not vet known. As discussed in this Final EIS, the proposed protect includes specific landsca in recommendations to help mitigate its visual impacts. if it can be assumed that other projects will consider similar landscaping mitigation measures, then the Cumulative impact may be a regional chanee in the character of the landscaping. The low scrub vegetation may be replaced with more formalized landscaping, including trees and palms and hedges to screen specific project elements. 6.6.4. AIR AND NOISE The subject property is required to operate under very pecific air quality and noise regulations. Given the assumption that it will continue to do so, the cumulative impact on regional noise and air quality, when taking into consideration other adjacent or nearby development proposals, is not anticipated to constitute a significant negative impact. As C1-4 and CT -5 will be in operation well before other developments in the region commences, and ST -7 will be implemented with SCR and noise controls to specifically reduce air quality and noise impacts, other future projects will have to include the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation as part of the baseline condition. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SIX, PAGE 6-8 6.6.5. GROUNDWATER The proposed project will have no substantive cumulative impact upon the quality or quantity of groundwater that enters the ocean approximately three and a half miles down slope from the project site. As the project has already been granted the necessary withdrawal permits and it is not anticipated that well practices will deviate from their current permits, the proposed project is considered as part of the baseline condition for future development projects in the region and future development proiects' assessment of cumulative impacts will have to take into account the operations of the Keahole facility. In addition, the State's continuing oversight with regard to new well permits represents an opportunity for the cumulative impacts on groundwater and the aquifer to be addressed with each new proiect. Thus, through the previousrg anting of the withdrawal permit for the Keahole facility,project's cumulative impacts on the regional groundwater have already been assessed and found to not have a significant impact on water resources in the region. 6.6.6. COASTAL WATERS Closelv related to the discussion of groundwater above, the project's cumulative impacts upon coastal waters relate to the dynamics of surface runoff and drainage, groundwater impacts, and social impacts. In the former two instances, surface runoff and drainage, and groundwater impacts, are anticipated to not have a significant impact on water resources in the region. Therefore, no significant negative impact upon the coastal waters is anticipated The cumulative impact of other existing and proposed developments has been taken into account in this finding to the extent that specific facts about those projects are known. Future projects that are only in their conceptual stage will have to include the Keahole facility n their baseline. With regard to social impacts as the project will create only a limited number of new permanent ')obs and will have no identifiable impact on population generation, the project's presence is not anticipated to generate an increase in shoreline recreational activity (either passive or active), that in turn might impact the quality of coastal waters. HELCO— KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SIX, PAGE 6-9 CHAPTER SEVEN PARTIES CONSULTED AND THOSE WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS EIS CHAPTER SEVEN: PARTIES CONSULTED AND THOSE WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS EIS 7.1. CONSULTED PARTIES Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO) on November 25, 2003 submitted a Petition for a Land Use District Boundary Amendment; Verification; Certificate of Service; Exhibits 1-I1 to the State of Hawaii (State) Land Use Commission (Commission). A copy of HELCO's Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice (EISPN) was attached to the Petition as Exhibit 4. Additional copies of the EISPN, together with the Office of Environmental Control (OEQC) Bulletin Publication Form and EISPN Distribution List were also provided to the Commission for forwarding to the OEQC, State Department of Health (DOH). The OEQC on December 8. 2003 published in its Bulletin a summary of the EISPN to officially notify the public of HELCO's Petitionfor a Land Use District Boundary Amendment. The following parties, in addition to the Commission and the OEQC have either received copies of the EISPN and/or will be receiving a copy of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for participation in the EIS process. Furthermore, copies of the Draft EIS will be sent to major State and regional libraries and various news agencies 7.1.1. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Army Pacific Headquarters U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Department of Agriculture, Resources Conservation Service U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Services U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Island Contact Office U.S. Federal Aviation Division U.S. Navy, Naval Base Pearl Harbor 7.1.2. STATE GOVERNMENT Office of the Governor, Honorable Linda Lingle, Governor The Senate, Honorable Paul Whalen, Senator — District 3 The Senate, Honorable Carol Fukunaga, Chair-- Economic Development The Senate, Honorable J. Kalani English, Chair— Energy & Environment The Senate, Honorable Rosalyn Baker, Chair — Health The Senate, Honorable Lorraine R. Inouye, Chair— Water Land & Agriculture House of Representatives, Honorable Cindy Evans, District Representative House of Representatives, Honorable Brian Schatz, Chair— Economic Development HELCO KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SEVEN, PAGE 7-1 House of Representatives, Honorable Hermina Morita, Chair — Energy & Environment House of Representatives, Honorable Dennis Arakaki, Chair— Health Department of Accounting & General Services Department of Agriculture Department of Defense Department of Education Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, Hawaiian Homes Commission Department of Health, Environmental Planning Office Department of Health, Office of Environmental Quality Control Department of Land & Natural Resources Department of Land & Natural Resources, State Historic Preservation Office Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (DBEDT) DBEDT— Energy, Resources & Technology Division Department of Transportation Housing & Community Development Corporation of Hawaii National Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority Office of Planning University of Hawaii —Manua, Institute of Marine Biology University of Hawaii - Manua, Environmental Center University of Hawaii - Manoa, Water Research Center 7.1.3. COUNTY OF HAWAII Office of the Mayor, Honorable Harry Kim, Mayor Hawaii County Department of Environmental Management Hawaii County Department of Parks & Recreation Hawaii County Department of Public Works Hawaii County Department of Research & Development Hawaii County Department of Water Supply Hawaii County Fire Department Hawaii County Planning Department Hawaii County Police Department 7.1.4. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS, ASSOCIATIONS, AND INTEREST GROUPS American Lung Association HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SEVEN PAGE 7-2 Hawaii's 1000 Friends Keahole Defense Coalition The Nature Conservancy Office of Hawaiian Affairs The Outdoor Circle Sierra Club Waimana Enterprises, Inc. 7.1.5. NEIGHBORING PROPERTY OWNERS AND RESIDENTS Big Island Broadcasting Co. George and Honoree Broderson Henry Cho Mahi and Joni Cooper County of Hawaii Water Commission Kona International Airport at Keahole Peggy J. Ratcliff Michael J. Matsukawa, Esq. Kazumi Shigezawa, Keahole AG Ventures Stanley T. Tomono 7.2. ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS WHO ASSISTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT The following parties were involved in the preparation of this Draft Environmental Impact Statement: 7.2.1. BELT COLLINS HAWAII, LTD. Anne Mapes, Principal Lee W. Sichter, Principal Planner and Project Manager Susan Uejo, Civil Engineer - Traffic Gene Yong, Planner Ed Kuniyoshi, Senior Planner Karon Aoki, Graphic Designer Diane Yamamoto, Graphic Designer 7.2.2. SUBCONSULTANTS Philip L. Bruner, Avifaunal and Feral Mammal Environmental Consultant Winona P. Char. Botanical Consultant HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SEVEN, PAGE 7-3 Michael Garcia Ph.D. and John P. Lockwood, Geohazards Consultant HFP Acoustical Consultants, Noise Consultant Jim Clary & Associates, Climate and Air Quality Consultants JTJL Business Services LLC, Publication and Administrative Consultant Marine Research Consultants, Marine Consultant Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D. Inc., Archaeological and Cultural Consultant Robert E. Paull, Ph.D., Emissions Consultant SMS Research, Socioeconomic Consultants Stone & Webster, Inc., A Shaw Group Company, Naptha Fuel and SCR Consultants Tom Nance Water Resource Engineering; Water Resource Consultant 7.2.3. EISPN COMMENTS AND RESPONSES Following arc copies of all responses received, commenting on the aforementioned EIS Preparation Notice, published on December 8, 2003. A copy of each comment is presented, followed by a written response letter. The parties commenting on the EISPN were: Russ K. Saito, State Comptroller, State of Hawaii Department of Accounting and General Services Genevieve Salmonson, Director, State of Hawaii Office of Environmental Quality Control George P. Young, Chief- Regulatory Branch, U.S. Department of the Army Stephanie Aveiro, Executive Director, Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii Galen M. Kuba, Division Chief, County of Hawaii Department of Public Works Rodney K. Haraga, Director, State of Hawaii Department of Transportation George Broderson, Keahole Agricultural Park Neighboring Property Owner Anthony J.H. Ching, Executive Officer, Stale of Hawai Land Use Commission Patricia Hamamoto, Superintendent, State of Hawaii Department of Education Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director, County of Hawaii Planning Department Dicdre S. Mamiya, Administrator, State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources Gary Martin, State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources Sam Lemmo, Administrator, State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources Keith Chun, State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources Eric T. Hirano, Chief Engineer, State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources Michael G. Buck, Administrator, State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources Daniel S. Quino, State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources Mary Lou Kobayashi, Planning Program Administrator, Office of Planning - HELLO KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SEVEN, PAGE 7-4 John B. Ray, President, Hawaii Leeward Planning Conference Melvin N. Kaku, Director, U.S. Department of Navy, Environmental Planning Division P. Holly McEldowncy, Administrator, Historic Preservation Division HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SEVEN, PAGE 7-5 \�\ �Kf \ �Kf ))_ 77) }\) \)} !|) ; }�I + }|: ! ») - t•` ! ! Ij \% §}j k f \- _ § /L,SS. 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COMMENTS ON DRAFT EIS The Notice of Availability of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation Urban Reclassification was published in the Office of Environmental Quality Bulletin on November 8, 2004. The 45 -day public review and comment period ended on December 23, 2004. A total of twenty-six (26) written comments were received, and postmarked before the deadline. One additional comment letter was received after the deadline and has been included in this Final Environmental Impact Statement. Following is a list of the agencies, organization and/or individuals who commented on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement, in the order the comments were received All 27 letters, together with our responses to them are reproduced below. Where ever changes to the document have been made in response to a comment received, the revised text is presented in our response letter and the revision is highlighted in the text of the Final Environmental Impact Statement. We sincerely appreciate the time and effort of the consulting parties in reviewing the document. We believe it is better because of their participation. William Wong, P.E., Chief, Safe Drinking Water Branch, Environmental Management Division, State of Hawaii, Department of Health Russell S. Takata, Program Manager, Noise, Radiation & Indoor Air Quality Branch, State of Hawaii Department of Health Harold K. Yee, P.E., Chief, Wastewater Branch, State of Hawaii, Department of Health Raymond Carr, Energy Coordinator, County of Hawaii, Department of Research and Development Darice B. N. Young, Realty Contracting Officer, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration, Western -Pacific Region, Real Estate and Utilities Section, AHNL-54B Stephanie Aveiro, Executive Director, State of Hawaii, Department of Human Services, Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii Genevieve Salmonson, Director, State of Hawaii, Office of Environmental Quality Control Dierdre S. Mamiya, Administrator, State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Land Division. Includes letters from the Engineering Division, Commission on Water Resources Management, Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands, Land -Hawaii District Land Office, and Land -Gary Martin. George P. Young, P.E., Chief, Regulatory Branch, Department of Defense, Department of the Army Maurice H. Kava, P.E., Chief Technology Officer, State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, Strategic Industries Division Darryl Oliveira, Fire Chief, County of Hawaii, Fire Department Lawrence K. Mahuna Police Chief, County of Hawaii, Police Department Anthony J. 11. Ching, Executive Officer, State of Hawaii, Department of Business. Economic Develonment & Tourism. Land Use Commission HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SEVEN, PAGE 7-33 Ernest Y. W. Lau, Public Works Administrator, State of Hawaii, Department of Accountingaeneral Services Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director, County of Hawaii, Planning Department John T. Harrison, Ph.D., Environmental Coordinator, University of Hawaii at Manna, Environmental Center Michael J. Matsukawa, Attorney at Law Kaipo Kincaid, Executive Director, Hui Kako`o `Aina Ho`opulapula Rae M. Loui, Assistant Superintendent, Office of Business Services, State of Hawaii, Department of Education Rodney K. Haraga, Director of Transportation, State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation Wilfred K. Nagamine, Manager, Clean Air Branch, Statc of Hawaii, Department of Health Mary Lou Kobayashi Administrator, State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, Office of Planning Clyde W. Namu'o, Administator, State of Hawaii, Oft -ice of Hawaiian Affairs HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION CHAPTER SEVEN, PAGE 7-34 o_ 00 P 0 6 R > O c P E E O L � � C J 3 � a u O O C[ L 4 > y O c rr� U o.m 2 c a N c y a7 mt a,n E - o i S _arn oo c a E _ c E H m G — � C n u N w O a N N m Lu q vuic UJ U Z q m N m c w O — J Q W p N Wa Q O Com+ L V KVHiF ro3 u3 QW m� ❑ z ., m xoa= o?O F Z a L N Q r U N C N G� r0. 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O y O .O �. j V V p F u E E O .S W U 2 ffi o C C oF0 J Ao as s.e LmLgFylj m ami` .2p F' LL9p„ 00 O vtpNfl —.q V JFa vLu UU ^c 3 _ Lys N Q Z mPs `o F y_.5 o LL o• f°I Si ;F V Q p v v —"I N C V N O O m O W U O WO U o y: N2 a vJ a0 p _ 2ros L ..-..- d E W -oi3Y ri e }k ;§ {} ] }{ � $1 } §} § ) - )\r ) § � )! { � 2 A^ § .■ k£/2 ]®. ;!! ;¥ � 3%!% ]!, |! .■ •b // |! !!! °� f|! « !� :/ ; /` ƒ§ 02!! �� wtl 2 / 2 ())k\Qa 0 2l ) \ƒ\2) /(! & ! !e!!! /!( ..n. C C 'J 'c 3 w c z v 5 E � O = T C P - V v m M v C N 9 C N � V n � � � L 'J � p G e `o O O L 0 � - E .�. Q : m ry � ws `" G o � Y C � � O .� � � C = T G h � � " c d T � F O N 9 O d LLui � O 'C' Q � G G i 7 _-© rn J c t c 3 0 3 ;'E — E = mo o z �� n �O 6= F- C > _T � �R V E Y _ Y °c L QC;nr 2 O °�' _ CHAPTER EIGHT REFERENCES CHAPTER EIGHT: REFERENCES Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd., September, 2004. Trade Impact Analysis. Unpublished. Prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Bruner, Phillip L., July 2003. Avifaunal and Feral Mammal Field Survey of Keahole Generating Station, North Kona, Island of Hawaii. Unpublished. Prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Char & Associates. August 2003. Botanical Resources Assessment Study, Keahole Generating Station, North Kona District, Hawaii. Unpublished. Prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. County of Hawaii. 2001. Proposed General Plan Document. Geohazards Consultants International, Inc., Geological Consultant. February 28, 2004. Volcanic Hazards at the HELCO Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation, North Kona Hawaii. Unpublished. Prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. September I, 1998. Second Integrated Resource Plan 1999-2018. Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. March 31, 2004. Evaluation Report of Second Integrated Resource Plan. Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. June 2004. A Review of Alternative Resources Discussed in the IRP. HFP Acoustical Consultants, Inc., Noise Study for Draft Environmental Impact Statetnew. Unpublished. Prepared for Ilawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Jim Clary & Associates. July 2004. Climale & Air Studv. Unpublished. Prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Marine Research Consultants. April 2004. An Assessment of Potential Impacts to the Marine Environment.. Unpublished. Prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Ine. Memorandum to Nicholas Viccarro, State Department of Land and Natural Resources, from Sam Lcmmo, Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands, DLNR. Paull, Robert E., Ph.D. June 27, 2004. Emissions Study — Impact on Keahole Agricultural Park. . Unpublished. Prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Personal Communication with Ross Sakuda, June 2004. HECO Generation Development Planning. PHRI (Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc.). April 2004. Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study. Unpublished. Prepared for Hawaiian Electric Light Company, Inc. SMS Research. July 2004. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Redesignation of Keahole Generating and Transmission Sites. Unpublished. Prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. State of Hawaii. Department of Agriculture. 1991. State Agricultural Functional Plan. Honolulu. State of Hawaii. Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. 1991. State Energy Functional Plan. Honolulu. State of Hawaii. Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. 1989. Slate Housing Functional Plan. Honolulu. State of Hawaii. Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. 1991. State Tourism Functional Plan. 110110411 U. HELOO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION REFERENCES, PAGE 8-1 State of Hawaii. Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. 1991. The Hawaii State Plan: Revised. Honolulu. State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. 1999. The State of Hawaii Data Book 1998. Honolulu. State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. Land Use Commission. Data available electronically at http://Iuc.state.hi.us/. Honolulu. State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001. Data available electronically, at http://www.hawaii.gov/ dbedt/db99/index.html. Honolulu. State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism. 2000. Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to 2025. Honolulu. State of Hawaii. Department of Education. 1989. State Educational Functional Plan. Honolulu. State of Hawaii. Department of Health, Clean Air Branch, Hawaii. 2000. Annual Summary Hawaii Air Quality Data. State of Hawaii. Department of Health. 1989. State Agricultural Functional Plan. Honolulu. State of Hawaii, Department of Health. August 30, 1991. Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 62, Wastewater Systems. Section 11-62-08, Table 1. State of Hawaii, Department of Health. October 29, 1993. Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 59 and 1 1.60.1. State of Hawaii Department of Health. September 23, 1996. Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 46, Community Noise Control. State of Ilawaii, Department of Health. September 8, 1997. Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title I1, Chapter 55, Water Pollution Control. Appendix G. State of Hawaii. Department of Labor and Industrial Relations. 1990. State Employment Functional Plan. Honolulu. State of Hawaii. Department of Land and Natural Resources. 1991. State Historic Preservation Functional Plan. Honolulu. State of Hawaii. Department of Land and Natural Resources. 1991. State Recreation Functional Plan, Honolulu. State of Hawaii. Department of Land and Natural Resources. 1991. State Water Resources Development Functional Plan. Honolulu. State of Hawaii, Department of Planning and Economic Development (now known as Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism). 1978, Revised 1989, 1991, l lawaii State Plan. State of Hawaii. Hawaii Tourism Authority, Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism. 2001. Annual Report to the Hawaii State Legislature. State of Hawaii. Department of Transportation. 1991. State Transportation Functional Plan. Honolulu. State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation. Harbors Division. 1999. Oahu Harbors 2020 Master Plan. HELCO KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION REFERENCES, PAGE 8-2 State of Hawaii, Environmental Council. 2001. The 2000 Environmental Council Annual Report. State of Hawaii, Environmental Council and the Office of Environmental Quality Control. 2001. Environmental Report Card, 2000 — An Assessment of Hawaii's Environmental Health. State of Hawaii, Office of Environmental Quality Control. October 1997. A Guidebook for the State . Environmental Review Process. State of Hawaii, Environmental Protection Agency. April 1996. State Implementation Plan — Hawaii Air Pollution Control. State of I lawaii, Hawaii Revised Statutes. Chapter 205. Land Use Law. State of Hawaii. Office of Environmental Quality Control. November 19, 1997. Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts. Adopted by the Environmental Council. State of Hawaii. 1985. Water System Standards, Volume 1. Stone & Webster, Inc., A Shaw Group Company. February 2004. Naptha Fuel Study — Keahole Combined Cycle Plant. Unpublished. Prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Stone & Webster, Inc., A Shaw Group Company. February 2004. SCR Study Keahole Conrhined Cycle Plant. Unpublished. Prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Tom Nance Water Resource Engineering. December 2003. Potential Impact on water Resources of the Expansion of the Hawaii Electric Light Company's Power Generating Station at Keahole in North Kona, Hawaii.. Unpublished. Prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1983. 1980 Census of Population and Housing, Census Tracts: Hawaii, Selected Areas. PHC80-2-13. Washington DC. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1991. 1990 Census of Population and Housing, Summary Tape File 1-A: Pacific Division, Vol. 1. CD90-IA-9-1. Washington, DC. United States Federal Emergency Management Agency. November 20, 2000. Flood Insurance Rate Map Number 1500300365 F. Panel 365 of 395, City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii. United States Environmental Protection Agency. August 1994. Motor Vehicles and the 1990 Clean Air Act, EPA 400-F-92-013. United States Environmental Protection Agency. April 1998. Idling Vehicle Emissions. Air and Radiation, EPA 420-F-98-014. United States Environmental Protection Agency. The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act. Data available electronically at www.epa.gov. University of Hawaii. 1990. State Higher Education Functional Plan. Honolulu. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION REFERENCES, PAGE 8-3 GLOSSARY G L 0 5 S A R Y O F T E R M S A -weighting A sound level weighting scale in which the sound levels in individual frequency bands are adjusted to match the response of the human ear. The reference adjustment is 0 d13 at 1000 Hz. The human ear is much less responsive at low frequencies. An A -weighted overall sound level is the total contribution from all sound frequencies, with the appropriate weighting factors applied. A'a Stony rough lava. Actual Peak Load Reductions The actual reduction in annual peak load (measured in kilowatts) achieved by consumers that participate in a utility DSM program. It reflects the real changes in the demand for electricity resulting from a utility DSM program that is in effect at the same time the utility experiences its annual peak load, as opposed to the installed peak load reduction capability (i.e., Potential Peak Load Reduction). It should account for the regular cycling of energy efficient units during the period of annual peak load. Air Pollution The contamination of the atmosphere by any toxic or radioactive gases and particulate matter as a result of human activity. Air Quality Assessment A prescribed level of atmospheric pollution allowed for a certain compound during a specific time in a specific geographical area. Standards are set by some regulating body, office or agency. Air Quality Standards The level of pollutants prescribed by regulations that are not be exceeded during a given time in a defined area. Allowance A tradable permit to emit a specific amount of a pollutant. For example, under the Acid Rain Program, one allowance permits the emissions of one ton of sulfur dioxide (502). Alternative Fuels: Substitutes for traditional liquid, oil -derived motor vehicle fuels like gasoline and diesel. Includes mixtures of alcohol -based fuels with gasoline, methanol, ethanol, compressed natural gas, and others. Ambient Air: Any unconfined portion of the atmosphere: open air, surrounding air. Ambient Temperature: Temperature of the surrounding air or other medium. Ammonia The molecular formula for ammonia is NH3. Ammonia is one of the most important inorganic nitrogen compounds in atmospheric water droplets. It reacts with strong acids and is one of the only known basic, gas phase atmospheric components. Atmospheric ammonia can also enhance the nucleation rate and the production of new particles in the atmosphere. These new particles can be activated to become condensation nuclei and then, through various processes, grow to a particle size of 0.05 micrometer or larger which can then be effective as cloud condensation nuclei. This process can, therefore, affect the global radiation budget. The major sources of ammonia are decaying natural organic matter. livestock wastes, fertilizers, and industrial activity. Ampere (amp) A unit for measuring the strength of an electric current. The unit of measurement of electrical current produced In a circuit by 1 volt acting through a resistance of i ohm. Measurement of the amount of Flow in an electrical current; shorten to "amp", named in honor of Andre' -Marie Ampere (1775-1836) for his early work in the field of electrodynamics. Ancillary Services Services necessary to support the transmission of energy from resources to loads while maintaining reliable operation of the Transmission Provider's transmission system in accordance with Good Utility Practice. Anhydrous Free from water and especially water of crystallization. Annual Consumption Annual consumption refers to the amount of electricity used by a consumer in one year and is typically measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). This information can be acquired from your electricity bill or by contacting your energy provider. Annual Transmission Costs The total annual cost of the Transmission System shall be the amount specified in Schedule 1 until amended by the Transmission Provider or modified by the Commission. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY. PAGE 1 G L O S S A R Y O F T E R M S Aquifers Layers of sand, rock, limestone or gravel that form natural receptacles for the water as it is pulled downward by gravity. Attainment Area An area considered to have air quality as good as or better than the national ambient air quality standards as defined in the Clean Air Act. An area may be an attainment area for one pollutant and a non -attainment area for others. Basal A type of fresh water pool found floating on top of salt water. Base Load An electric utility's minimum load of electricity over a certain time period. The minimum amount of electric power delivered or required over a given period of time at a steady rate. Baseload Capacity The generating equipment normally operated to serve loads on an around-the-clock basis. Bathymetry The measurement of water depth at various places in a body of water; alsothe information derived from such measurements. Benthos Organisms that live on or in the bottom of a body of water. Beryllium (Be) A metal that could be hazardous to human health when inhaled as an airborne pollutant. It is discharged by machine shops, ceramic and propellant plants, and foundries. Biomass Material composed of garbage, leaf and yard debris, and other organic materials; when decomposed, serves as source of methane gas used for fuel. Biomass Burning The process of oxidizing living material. This process produces atmospheric particulates as well as the production of greenhouse and reactive tropospheric gases. These gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), Gabon monoxide (CO), (nitrogen oxides) NO., methane (CH4), methyl chloride/chloromethane (CH3CI) along with the addition of black carbon. All of these chemical species can be lofted relatively high in the atmosphere due to the convective heating of a fire. British Thermal Unit (Btu) Often marked on heaters to show their measure of heating capacity; measure of heat needed to raise temperature one degree Fahrenheit in one pound of water. (See also, Calorie.) Buffering Capacity The resistance of water or soil to changes in pH. C -weighting A sound level weighting scale that is relatively flat from 31.5 Hz to 8k Hz with a roll -off higher and lower than those frequencies. The adjustment is 0 dB from 200 Hz to 1250 Hz. A C -weighted overall sound level is the total contribution from all sound frequencies, with the appropriate weighting tactors applied Capability The maximum load that a generating unit, generating station, or other electrical apparatus can carry under specified conditions for a given period of time without exceeding approved limits of temperature and stress. Capacity The amount of electric power delivered or required for which a generator, turbine, transformer, transmission circuit, station, or system is rated by the manufacturer. Carbon 14 An isotope of carbon 12 (containing two more neutrons) that is radioactive and used in carbon dating. Carbon Cycle A complex cycle that circulates carbon through the atmosphere, oceans, and land, which includes vegetation and soil and carbon is in various forms and oxidation states throughout the cycle_ HELCO - KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY, PAGE 2 G L O S S A R Y 0 f T E R M S Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A compound consisting of one carbon and two oxygens. It is a reactant in photosynthesis and necessary for plant life. Abundant in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic and natural activities. It is a greenhouse gas. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon that has been stored underground for millions of years into the atmosphere. Carbon Monoxide (CO) A toxic, odorless, colorless gas produced during fossil fuel or biomass burning. Compound consisting of one carbon and one oxygen. Except for carbon dioxide, it is one of the longest lived naturally occurring atmospheric carbon compounds. Carbon monoxide Is produced as a result of incomplete burning of carbon -containing fuels including coal, wood, charcoal, natural gas, and fuel oil. Running cars produce CO. It can be emitted by combustion sources such as unvented kerosene and gas space heaters, furnaces, woodstoves, gas stoves, fireplaces, water heaters, automobile exhaust from attached garages, and tobacco smoke. In low concentrations, it can cause fatigue in healthy people and chest pain in people with heart disease. At higher concentrations, it can cause impaired vision and coordination; headaches, dizziness, confusion; nausea. Catalytic Converter An air pollution control device using the exhaust system of cars. The converter helps complete combustion of any fuel that was not burned in the engine and reduces the presence of other harmful emission concentrations. The converter changes the unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust into carbon dioxide and water vapor. The converter use chemical catalysis to create this change. Clean Air Act (CAA) The Clean Air Act passed in 1970 and later in November of 1990 made into law established nationwide levels of acceptable air pollution from automobiles, individuals, and industry- The Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for enforcement of standards and regulations of the Clean Air Act, Coal Coal is formed from plant and animal matter that has been subjected to geologic heat and pressure, transformed over millions of years into hard black solids. Because coal is a readily available resource in the United States, coal power plants provide about half of the nation's electricity. However, coal-fired power plants generally cause more pollution per unit of electricity than any other fuel. Most coal plants are required to have several pollution control devices to reduce the amount of pollutants that are released into the air from burning the coal. These controls have played an important role in cleaning up air quality in many areas of the country. Cogenerator A generating facility that produces electricity and another form of useful thermal energy (such as heat or steam) used for industrial, commercial, heating, or cooling purposes. To receive status as a qualifying facility (OF) under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), the facility must produce electric energy and "another form of useful thermal energy through the sequential use of energy," and meet certain ownership, operating, and efficiency criteria established by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Combined Cycle An electric generating technology in which electricity is produced from otherwise lost waste heat exiting from one more gas (combustion) turbines, The exiting heat is routed to a conventional boiler or to a heat recovery steam generator for utilization by a steam turbine in the production of electricity. This process increases the efficiency of the electric generating unit. Combined Cycle Unit An electric generating unit that consists of one or more combustion turbines and one or more boilers with a portion of the required energy input to the boiler(s) provided by the exhaust gas of the combustion turbine(sj. Combined Heat And Power (CHP) Use of waste heat to drive a system and thereby reducing the energy it otherwise would need. Combined heat and power (CHP), or cogeneration, is an electricity generation technology that involves the recovery of waste heat from the electric generation process to produce other forms of useful energy simultaneously, such as useable heat or steam. CHP is better for the environment, the economy, and our nation's energy supply than generating heat and power separately because conventional electricity generation is inherently inefficient. On average, two-thirds of the heat used to make electricity is emitted as excess heat. CHP systems, in contrast, are capable of converting more than 70 percent of the fuel into usable energy. Combustion Burning, or rapid oxidation, accompanied by release of energy in the form of heat and light. Refers to controlled burning of waste, In which heat chemically alters organic compounds, converting into stable inorganics such as carbon dioxide and water. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENE RATING STATION& AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY PAGE G L O S S A R Y O F T E R M S Combustion Turbine (CT) Combustion turbines have been used for power generation for decades and range in size from units starting at about i MW to over a 100 MW. Combustion turbines have relatively low installation costs, low emissions, high heat recovery, infrequent maintenance requirements, but low electric efficiency. With these traits, combustion turbines are typically used for cogeneration, as peakers, and in combined cycle configurations. Conservation (DSM) This Demand -Side Management category represents the amount of consumer peak load reduction at the time of system peak due to utility programs that reduce consumer load during many hours of the year. Examples include utility rebate and shared savings activities for the installation of energy efficient appliances, lighting and electrical machinery, and weatherization materials. In addition, this category includes all other Demand -Side Management activities, such as thermal storage, time -of -use rates, fuel substitutions, measurement and evaluation, and any other utility -administered Demand -Side Management activity designed to reduce demand and/or electricity use. Consumption (fuel) The amount of fuel used for gross generation, providing standby service, start-up and/or Flame stabilization. Control Area An electric power system or combination of electric power systems to which a common automatic control scheme is applied in order to: (1) match, at all times, the power output of the generators within the electric power system(s) and capacity and energy purchased from entities outside the electric power system(s), with the load in the electnc power system(s); (2) maintain, within the limits of Good Utility Practice, scheduled interchange with other Control Areas; (3) maintain the frequency of the electric power systems) within reasonable limits in accordance with Good Utility Practice; and (4) provide sufficient generating capacity to maintain operating reserves in accordance with Good Utility Practice. Cooling System Energy Efficiency program promotion aimed at improving the efficiency of the cooling delivery system, including replacement, in the residential, commercial, or industrial sectors. Current A Flow of electrons in an electrical conductor. The strength or rate of movement of the electricity is measured in amperes. Bill (dBA) The decibel (dB) is used to measure sound level, but it is also widely used in electronics, signals and communication. The dB is a logarithmic unit used to describe a ratio. The ratio may be power, sound pressure, voltage or intensity or several other things. If the "A weighting filter" is used, the sound pressure level is given in units of dB(A) or dBA. Sound pressure level on the dBA scale is easy to measure and is therefore widely used. Demand (electric) How consumers purchase supplies; the amount of services the electric utility has to provide at any one time. The rale at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a system or piece of equipment, at a given instant or averaged over any designated period of time. Demand Side Management (DSM) A conservation measure that encourages commercial and residential customers to use electricity more efficiently, and thereby reduce electricity usage. Distributed Generation (DG) The use of small electric power generators, using fossil fuels or renewable energy sources, located on the utility system at a utility site or at a customer site that may or may not be connected to the utility's power grid. Distribution System (Grid) The portion of an electric system that is dedicated to delivering electric energy to an end user. Dual Train Combined Cycle (DTCC) A configuration in which there are two combustion turbines, two heat recovery steam generators, and one steam turbine. Efficiency In electrical energy; the amount of a utility's power generation process that is efficiently used to produce power; some power is lost in the transmission process. HELCO- xEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY, PAGE 4 G L O S S A R Y O F T E R M S Electric Plant A facility containing prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical, and/or fission energy into electric energy. Electric Rate Schedule A statement of the electric rate and the terms and conditions governing its application, including attendant contract terms and conditions that have been accepted by a regulatory body with appropriate oversight authority. Electric Utility A corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal entity or instrumentality that owns and/or operates facilities within the United States, its territories, or Puerto Rico for the generation, transmission, distribution, or sale of electric energy primarily for use by the public and files forms listed in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 18, Part 141. Facilities that quality as cogenerators or small power producers under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act are not considered electric utilities. Electrical Energy Energy converted; the force of moving electrons. Electron Basic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom; can be stimulated to movement by various forces like magnetism. Emission The release or giving out of a gas, light or heat. An automobile releases uncombusted or partially oxidized hydrocarbon emissions from its tailpipe when the engine is running. Atoms in an excited state often emit light in order to reach a lower energy state. These emissions can be used to determine the presence of the atoms in a sample. Energy Efficiency (products) Energy efficiency refers to products or systems using less energy to do the same or better job than conventional products or systems. Energy efficiency saves energy, saves money on utility bills, and helps protect the environment by reducing the amount of electricity (and associated environmental impacts) that needs to be generated. When buying or replacing products or appliances for your home, look for the EPA ENERGY STARC label — the national symbol for energy efficiency. For more information on ENERGY STAR® labeled products, please visit the ENERGY STAR® Web site. Energy Efficiency (programs) Programs that are aimed at reducing the energy used by specific end-use devices and systems, typically without affecting the services provided. These programs reduce overall electricity consumption (reported in megawafthours), often without explicit consideration for the timing of program -induced savings. Such savings are generally achieved by substituting technically more advanced equipment to produce the same level of end-use services (e.g. lighting, heating, motor drive) with less electricity. Examples include high -efficiency appliances, efficient lighting programs, high -efficiency healing, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems or control modifications, efficient building design, advanced electric motor drives, and heal recovery systems. Energy Source The primary source that provides the power that is converted to electricity through chemical, mechanical, or other means. Energy sources include coal, petroleum and petroleum products, gas, water, uranium, wind, sunlight, geothermal, and other sources. Energy The study of energy; the capacity to do work; many forms of conversion using various fuels; in electrical energy. (see also, joules, calorie, btu, or kilowatt-hour) The capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing work (potential energy) or the conversion of this capability to motion (kinetic energy). Energy has several forms, some of which are easily convertible and can be changed to another form useful for work. Most of the world's convertible energy comes from fossil fuels that are burned to produce heat that is then used as a transfer medium to mechanical or other means in order to accomplish tasks. Electrical energy is usually measured in kilowatt-hours, while heat energy is usually measured in British thermal units. Equivalent Forced Outage Rate (EFOR) Calculated rate, which takes into account forced partial outages. For each forced partial outage, an equivalent full load outage duration is calculated to include the effect of partial as well as full forced outages on the forced outage rate. Equivalent Forced Outage Time (TE) For a forced partial outage, an equivalent full load outage duration calculated from the duration and load reduction of a Forced Partial Outage. HELCO- FEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 6 AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY, PAGE 5 G L O S S A R Y O F T E R M S Ethanol Also known as ethyl alcohol or alcohol, (102H50H) is an oxygenated hydrocarbon that can be burned as a fuel, or blended into gasoline. Thought of as an alternative fuel and clean fuel, ethanol is a renewable energy source that is made from corn or other grains. If blended into gasoline, ethanol helps with the combustion process and therefore less unburned hydrocarbons form. Ethanol blended fuels competed with methyltertbutylether (MTBE), but because of the cost and the fact MTBE can be shipped through exisisting pipelines, MTBE was chosen. MTBE is now being banned because of its ability to travel in ground water and the bad taste it imparts to drinking water, because of this ethanol is once again being put back into the gas. Ethylene A flammable and colorless gas that has considerable effect as a regulator of plant growth. It is used to induce pineapple Flowering and fruit coloring, ripen bananas, and induce Flowering. Evaporation - The process of the change in the state of a liquid or solid to a gas or vapor. Vanishing of the surface of a liquid to the atmosphere. Fauna - Animals or animal life of a particular region or a particular time. Firm Power Power or power producing capacity intended to be available at all times during the period covered by a guaranteed commitment to deliver, even under adverse conditions. Flora A plant or plant life of a specific region or particular period. Forced Outage (FO) The occurrence of a component failure or other condition which requires that a unit be removed from service immediately or up to and including the very next weekend. Forced Outage Hours (FOH) The time in hours during which a unit or major equipment is unavailable due to a Forced Outage. Forced Partial Outage Hours (FPOH) The time in hours during which a unit or major equipment is unavailable for full load due to a forced partial outage. Forced Partial Outage The occurrence of a component failure or other condition which requires that the load on a unit be reduced 2 percent or more immediately or up to and including the very next weekend. Fossil Fuels Any naturally occurring organic fuel, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are the nation's principal source of electricity. The popularity of these fuels is largely due to their low costs. Fossil fuels come in three major forms --coal, oil, and natural gas. All three were formed many hundreds of millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs—hence the name fossil fuels. Because fossil fuels are a finite resource and cannot be replenished once they are extracted and burned, they are not considered renewable. These natural resources contain stored energy from the sun, which is released upon combustion. These fuels also release various types of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide when burned. Fuel Cell In electrical generation, apparatus for combining a certain fuel and oxygen to help in the generation of electricity; converting chemicals to electrical energy. Generating Capacity The maximum output commonly expressed in megawatts (MW), that generating equipment can supply to system load, adjusted for ambient conditions. Generating Plant In electrical generation; location where certain fuels (coal, natural gas, or nuclear) or hydro power are converted to electrical power; composed of turbines, generators, transformers, substations, power towers, and transmission lines. Generating Unit Any combination of physically connected generator(s), reactor(s), boiler(s), combustion turbine(s), or other prime mover(s) operated together to produce electric power. HELCO - KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY, PAGE 6 G L O S S A R Y O F T E R M S Generation (electricity) The process of producing electric energy by transforming other forms of energy; also, the amount of electric energy produced, expressed in watt-hours (Wh). Generator A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Geologic Time Scale A time scale in which the earth and its atmosphere are dated. It is broken into two division; Relative Time: Determines the age relative to other surrounding objects, Absolute Time: Obtained with radiometric dating of the object. Geothermal Energy The potential energy contained in the earth; the molten rock heats underground water into steam, which, in some locations, may be harnessed to drive turbines to generate electricity. Geothermal Plant A plant in which the prime mover is a steam turbine. The turbine is driven either by steam produced from hot water or by natural steam that derives its energy from heat found in rocks or fluids at various depths beneath the surface of the earth. The energy is extracted by drilling and/or pumping. Gigawatt (GW) One billion watts. Gigawafthours (GWh) One billion watt-hours. Grid The layout of an electrical distribution system. Ground -Levet Ozone Ground -level ozone is formed by a chemical reaction between volatile organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight. Ozone concentrations can reach unhealthful levels when the weather is hot and sunny with little or no wind. High concentrations of ozone near ground level are harmful to people, animals, crops, and other materials. Haze Haze consists of sufficient smoke, dust, moisture, and vapor suspended in air to impair visibility. The term regional haze means haze that impairs visibility in all directions over a large area. Heat Pump Apparatus that converts cool temperatures into heat, or warmer temperatures into cool, using some kind of energy, like electricity; used in businesses, homes, other structures. Hydrocarbons Chemicals containing only carbon and hydrogen. These are of prime economic importance because they encompass the constituents of the major fossil fuels, petroleum and natural gas, as well as plastics, waxes, and oils. In urban pollution, these components --along with NO, and sunlight --contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone. Hydroelectric Power (large) The process of generating electricity by harnessing the power of moving water is called hydroelectricity. Hydroelectric power (hydropower) is generated by forcing water that is Flowing downstream, often from behind a dam, through a hydraulic turbine that is connected to a generator. The water exits the turbine and is returned to the stream or riverbed. Much of the hydroelectricity in the United States is generated at large facilities and In the Pacific Northwest, where It meets about two-thirds of the electricity demand. In the U.S., hydroelectricity contributes about 10 percent of the total electricity supply. Hydroelectric Power (small) In addition to very large hydro plants in the West, the United States has many smaller hydro plants. Like large plants, small-scale hydroelectric systems capture the energy in flowing water and convert it to electricity. Although the potential for small hydroelectric systems depends on the availability of suitable water flow, these systems can provide cheap, clean, reliable electricity where the resource exists. Hydroelectricity In electrical generation, using the power of rushing water to push turbine blades, which turn shafts in generators that produce electricity. HELCO KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION$ AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY, PAGE G L O S S A R Y O F T E R M S Hydrogen Sulfide (I H2S, hydrogen sulfide is a reducing species, which is relatively unstable but survives for rather a long time owing to its slow reaction with atmospheric oxygen. This sulfur -containing gas is a major participant in gas to particle conversion in the atmosphere. Many sulfur -containing gases are reactive and thus are rapidly converted to sulfuric acid. Indoor Air Quality A measure of the value or comfort of people with the air they breathe inside buildings and homes. "Suitable" indoor air quality can conferred on air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful levels as determined by appropriate authorities or --more likely --air with which 80 percent or more of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction. Industrial Air Pollution This term refers to the emissions of the following pollutants: sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, mercury, and carbon dioxide. These air emissions contribute to such environmental concerns as urban smog; acid deposition; excessive nutrient loads to important bodies of water, such as the Chesapeake Bay; haze in national parks and wilderness areas; and global climate change. Integrated Resource Planning A planning process required of each energy utility in the State of Hawaii to systematically and thoroughly develop long-range plans for meeting Hawaii's future energy needs. An IRP evaluates and integrates both resources that supp/,electricity and resources that reduce or better manage the dernandfor electricity. Kilowatt (kW) A unit of electrical power equal to 1000 watts. A kilowatt represents the rate at which energy is being used or the size of the electrical load. Kilowatt -Hour (kWH) A unit of electrical energy equal to one kilowatt used for one houc(For example, a 1000 watt appliance running continually at full load for one hour will consume one KWH of energy; a 100 watt light bulb left on for ten hours will consume one KWH of energy.) Ld, Ln, Ldn Ld = day average; Ln = night average; Ldn = day -night average sound level. A standard noise measurement that takes into account the noise levels of all individual events that occur during a 24-hour period and the number of times those events occur. This measure includes a 10 -decibel (dB) adjustment for the added intrusiveness of noise that occurs during normal sleeping hours, when people are more sensitive to noise. L90 A statistical parameter representing the sound level exceeded 90 percent of the sampled time period. The L90 is often used as an indicator of the background or ambient sound level, because short term higher-level noise events have limited effects on the L90 value. Lead (Pb) A heavy metal used in gasoline, paints, and plumbing compounds has been sharply restricted or eliminated by federal laws and regulations. Metallic elements with high atomic weights; (e.g. mercury, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, and lead); can damage living things at low concentrations and tend to accumulate in the food chain. May be hazardous to the health if breathed or swallowed. Lenticular Having the shape of a double -convex lens; of or relating to a convex lens Leq The equivalent continuous A -weighted sound level. It is defined as the logarithmic average of the sound levels for a specified time period. It is the most commonly used form of sound level averaging L90 A statistical parameter representing the sound level exceeded 90 percent of the sampled time period. The L90 is often used as an indicator of the background or ambient sound level, because short term higher-level noise events have limited effects on the L90 value. Line Losses The amount of energy lost during transmission and distribution of electricity, including unaccounted for uses. Load (electric) The amount of electric power delivered or required at any specific point or points on a system. The requirement originates at the energy consuming equipment of the consumers. Magnetic Field In study of magnetism; area around a magnet which is influenced by the magnet's power. ---- ------------__..-----..__.._— HELCO- NEAHOLE GENERATING STATION 8 AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY, PAGE 8 G L O S S A R Y O F T E R M S Mariculture The cultivation of marine organisms in their natural environment Megawatt(MW) A unit for describing how much electricity a power plant can generate; 1,000,000 watts of power or 1,000 kilowatts Megawatthour (MWh) One million waft -hours. Mercury (Hg) Heavy metal that can accumulate in the environment and is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed. Mercury/Mercury Compounds Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that is a byproduct of the combustion of fossil fuels, especially coal. Mercury and compounds containing mercury can accumulate in the environment and are highly toxic to humans and animals if inhaled or swallowed. Exposure can permanently damage the brain, kidneys, and fetuses. Naphthalene A naturally occurring volatile organic compound, is a component of petroleum and coal and is released by the burning of wood or tobacco. It is also used in moth repellents, dyes and pharmaceuticals. Like other nonmethane hydrocarbons, it reacts with NO in the atmosphere to produce NO2. The NO2 is photolzed to produce NO and 0. The 0 then reacts with 02 to produce ozone. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Sets the levels of air quality for the United States, in the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR §50.2), to protect the population is health. These are the minimum and might be more stringent from stale to state. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAH) A United States Government agency created in 1970 as part of the United States Department of Commerce to determine how our oceans and atmosphere should be developed, regulated, analyzed, formed, and mined. NOAA tries to achieve these goals with the help of eight major federal services, The National Oceanic Survey, The National Weather Service, The National Fisheries Service, The Environmental Research Laboratories, The Environmental Data Service, The Environmental Satellite Service, The Office of Sea Grant, and The Office of Coastal Zone Management. Natural Gas A fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and animals decompose over a long period of time. The energy that the plants and animals originally obtained from the sun is stored in the natural gas. The primary component of natural gas is methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Natural gas is a nonrenewable resource because it cannot be replenished on a human time frame. Natural gas power plants provide about 14 percent of the electricity produced in the United States, ranking third behind coal and nuclear power. Natural gas is available in most areas of the U.S. However, natural gas is not as plentiful as coal, and it is estimated that United States' supply of natural gas will last only 60 more years Net Energy Metering If you own an eligible renewable energy generator, you may enter into an agreement with your utility to connect your generator to the utility grid, allowing it to feed surplus electricity into the grid. Net energy metering applies to solar, wind, biomass or hydroelectric generating facilities, or a hybrid system consisting of two or more of these facilities, with a capacity of not more than 10 kilowatts. Net energy metering means that any kilowatt-hours your renewable energy generator produces and feeds back into the grid will be subtracted from the kilowatt- hours of electricity you obtain from your utility to determine the net amount of kilowatt-hours. You will be billed only on the net kilowatt-hours. Net Generation Gross generation less the electric energy consumed at the generating station for the station's use. Nitrogen (142) A colorless, tasteless, odorless gas, which makes up 78.1 percent of the atmosphere. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted by nitrogen fixation and nitrification into compounds used by plants and animals. In the far upper atmosphere, N2 is broken down when large numbers of energetic secondary electrons are produced and available to react with the N2. This leads to the eventual production of NO in that part of the atmosphere and is not- by definition -anthropogenic in nature. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION $ AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY, PAGE 9 G L O S S A R Y O F T E R M S Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) A reddish brown, highly reactive gas that is formed in the ambient air through the oxidation of nitric oxide (NO). Nitrogen oxides (ki the generic term for a group of highly reactive gases that contain nitrogen and oxygen in varying amounts, play a major role in the formation of ozone, PM, haze, and acid rain. While the EPA tracks national emissions of NOx, the national monitoring network measures ambient concentrations of NO2 for comparison to national air quality standards. The major sources of man-made NOx emissions are high-temperature combustion processes such as those that occur in automobiles and power plants. Home heaters and gas stoves can also produce substantial amounts of NO2 in indoor settings. NO2 may lead to increased susceptibility to respiratory infection and may cause irreversible alterations in lung structure. Nitrogen Monoxide (NO) The principal emitted NO„ gas from high temperature combustion in air. This gas can act as a catalyst in the reactions that cause the destruction of ozone. Reacting with ozone and tropospheric radicals, NO is inextricably linked with the polluted urban atmospheric production of NO2, ozone, and other secondary pollutants. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Nitrogen oxides include various nitrogen compounds like nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide. These compounds play an important role in the atmospheric reactions that create ground -level ozone and acid rain. Ozone is formed when volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of heat and sunlight. Nitrogen oxides form when fuels are burned at high temperatures. The two major sources of nitrogen oxides are transportation vehicles and stationary combustion sources, such as electric utility and industrial boilers, and other industrial, commercial, and residential sources that burn fuels. It is one of the main ingredients involved in the formation of ground -level ozone, which can trigger serious respiratory problems. Nitrous Oxide (N20) This is a by-product of biological activity of a symbiotic bacteria living in leguminous plant roots. It is a principal greenhouse gas that absorbs in the infrared wavelength region and unfortunately falls in an IR 'Window" between IR absorbing features or water and carbon dioxide (a characteristic of all the 'trace" greenhouse gases with significant radiative forcing). It is also laughing gas used in medicine as a gentle general anesthetic. Non -Attainment Area Area that does not meet one or more of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for the criteria pollutants designated in the Clean Air Act. Non -Firm Power Power or power producing capacity supplied or available under a commitment having limited or no assured availability. Nonutility Power Producer A corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal entity or instrumentality that owns electric generating rapacity and is not an electric utility. Nonutility power producers include qualifying cogeneralors, qualifying small power producers, and other nonutility generators (including independent power producers) without a designated franchised service area, and which do not file forms listed in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 18, Part 141, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Uses the difference in temperature between the surface of the ocean and the bottom of the ocean. This process produces a vapor, which then turns a turbine generator to make electricity. Off -Peak Power In electrical generation; amount of power generation during a period of low consumer demand. (see also, peak power). Oil A liquid fossil fuel formed from layers of buried plants and animals that have been subjected to geologic heat and pressure over a long period of time. The energy that the plants and animals originally obtained from the sun is stored in the oil in the form of carbon. In addition to carbon, oil contains elements such as nitrogen, sulfur, mercury, lead, and arsenic. Oil is a nonrenewable resource because it cannot be replenished on a human time frame. Oxygen (02) Is found on Earth as a gas and constitutes about 20.8 percent of the air we breathe. Elemental molecular oxygen consists of two oxygen atoms bonded together. A photochemical reaction of oxygen is (ultimately) responsible for the production of ozone in the stratosphere. Oxygen concentrations found in ice core samples (using isotopic 1601180 rations) have been used to determine past atmospheric levels of oxygen and have helped in determining past climates. HELCO - KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY, PAGE 10 G L O S S A R Y O F T E R M S Ozone (Oz) A bluish gas that is harmful to breathe. Nearly 90 percent of the Earth's ozone is in the stratosphere and is referred to as the ozone layer. The ozone layer absorbs a band of ultraviolet radiation called UVB that is particularly harmful to living organisms. For people, overexposure to UV rays can lead to skin cancer, cataracts, and weakened immune systems. Increased UV can also lead to reduced crop yield and disruptions in the marine food chain. It is caused by the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS), which were used widely as refrigerants, insulating foams, and solvents. When CFCs reach the stratosphere, the ultraviolet radiation from the sun causes them to break apart and release chlorine atoms which react with ozone, starting chemical cycles of ozone destruction that deplete the ozone layer. One chlorine atom can break apart more than 100,000 ozone molecules. Other chemicals that damage the ozone layer include methyl bromide (used as a pesticide), halons (used in fire extinguishers), and methyl chloroform (used as a solvent in industrial processes for essential applications). As methyl bromide and nations are broken apart, they release bromine atoms, which are 40 times more destructive to ozone molecules than chlorine atoms. Pahoehoe Smooth, unbroken type of lava, contrasting with a'a. Paleomagnetic The intensity and direction of residual magnetization in ancient rocks. Parabasal Lens A type of fresh water pool found floating on lop of a rock layer. Particulate Matter (PMto) Particulate matter (Pil is an air pollutant consisting of small particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to a nominal 10 microns (about 1/7 the diameter of a single human hair). Their small size allows them to make their way to the air sacs deep within the lungs where they may be deposited and result in adverse health effects. Particulate matter is the generic term used for a type of air pollution that consists of complex and varying mixtures of particles suspended in the air we breathe. Particles are present everywhere, but high concentrations and/or specific types of particles have been found to present a serious danger to human health. Particulate matter is a combination of fine solids such as dirt, soil dust, pollens, molds, ashes, and soot; and aerosols that are formed in the atmosphere from gaseous combustion by-products such as volatile organic compounds, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Particulate pollution comes from such diverse sources as factory and utility smokestacks, vehicle exhaust, wood burring, mining, construction activity, and agriculture" Particulate Matter (PMrs) Particulate matter (nominally 15m and less). Particulate Matter (PMz.$) Refers to particulate matter that is 2.5 microns or smaller in size, which is approximately 1/30 the size of a human hair; so small that several thousand of them could fit on the period at the end of this sentence. The sources of PM2.5 include fuel combustion from automobiles, power plants, wood burning, industrial processes, and diesel -powered vehicles such as buses and trucks. These fine particles are also formed in the atmosphere when gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (all of which are also products of fuel combustion) are transformed in the air by chemical reactions. Fine particles are of concern because they are risk to both human health and the environment, contributing to acid rain. Particulate Matter (PM) PM includes dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets directly emitted into the air by sources such as factories, power plants, cars, construction activity, fres, and natural windblown dust. Particles formed in the atmosphere by condensation or the transformation of emitted gases such as sulfur dioxide and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are also considered PM. Particulates Fine liquid or solid particles such as dust, smoke, mist, fumes, or smog, found 'In air or emissions. Very small solids suspended In water; they can vary in size, shape, density and electrical charge and can be gathered together by coagulation and flocculation. Parts Per Million (ppm) and Parts Per Billion (ppb) These terms give scientists a way to describe how much of a substance is contained in a sample: parts of analyte per million parts of sample, for instance. In atmospheric chemistry these become volume parts of analyte per volume parts of atmosphere: ppmv, ppbv, etc. At low analyte gas phase concentrations the analyte is assumed to act as an ideal gas. For instance, a 1 ppmv concentration of formaldehyde would represent 1 liter of formaldehyde per every 1,000,000 liters of air; also equivalent to 1 microliter of i per 1 L air. In gas phase concentrations these units are also called gas phase mixing ratios. The reason is because they are just that, ratios of analyte volume to sample volume: the volume of the sample doesn't matter. See American Lung Association website at http://www.Iungtisa.org. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION$AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY PAGE it G L O S S A R Y O F T E R M S Peak Capacity Capacity of generating equipment normally reserved for operation during the hours of highest daily, weekly, or seasonal loads. Some generating equipment may be operated at certain times as peaking capacity and at other times to serve loads on an around-the-clock basis. Peak Demand The maximum load during a specified period of time. Peak Load Plant A plant usually housing old, low -efficiency steam units, gas turbines, diesels, or pumped storage hydroelectric equipment normally used during the peak -load periods. Peak Power (On -Peak power) In electrical generation; amount of power generation during a period of high consumer demand. (see also, off-peak power) Photovoltaic Cell In electrical generation; a device where light energy is converted to electrical energy. Plant A facility with prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical, and/or nuclear energy into electric energy. A plant may contain more than one type of prime mover. Planulae Free-swimming or crawling larval type common in many species of the phylum Cnidana (e.g., jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones). Pleistocene An epoch in Earth history from about 2-5 million years to 10,000 years ago. Also refers to the rocks and sediment deposited in that epoch. Plume A plume is a visible smoke -like structure, which may contain pollutants emitted from an exhaust or smoke slack and released into the atmosphere. This elongated band of smoke has changing characteristics that vary with its local environmental conditions. These conditions may include the physical and chemical nature of the pollutant, weather conditions and downwind topography. Point Source Pollutants which are put into the atmosphere by stationary objects, such as refineries, power plants, mills, and the like. In Texas any source that emits more than one ton in a calendar year is considered a point source. Pollutants A pollutant may be considered as any substance. usually an unwanted by-product or waste, that is released into the environment as a result of (human) activities that alter the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the environment. These substances may be found in any of the solid, liquid or gas phases. Their long-term effects are difficult to predict and depend upon future human or cultural judgments. Radiocarbon Dating Establishing the relative age of various materials with the use of carbon-14. This involves measuring the amount of 14C and of 12C and comparing the measured ratio to the one established by the production of 14C in the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays. When an organism is alive the 14C1 '2C ratio in its biomass is constant (because of constant atmospheric 14C production, difussion to the lower atmsophere, absorption by organisms, and because of constant 14C radioactive decay) but when the organism dies the ratio begins to change --at a very predictable rate. Therefore knowing the carbon-14/carbon-12 ratio now in some artifact gives a very good measure of how long the carbon has been "dead" The object however must obviously have organic material either In it or on it for this method to work. Also the tenth of time one can "look back" is limited because the amount of carbon-14 must be detected with some certainty for the age to be known with confidence, and the longer the sample has been dead the less 16C is present because it is continually decaying. Rate Base The value of properly upon which a utility is permitted to earn a specified rate of return as established by a regulatory authority. The rate base generally represents the value of property used by the utility in providing service and may be calculated by any one or a combination of the following accounting methods: fair value, prudent investment, reproduction cost, or original cost. Depending on which method is used, the rate base includes cash, working capital, materials and supplies, and deductions for accumulated provisions for depreciation, contributions in aid of construction, customer advances for construction, accumulated deferred income taxes, and accumulated deferred investment tax credits. Rate Rider Consumers incentives to reduce peak load demand. HELCO-KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY, PAGE 12 G L O S S A R Y O F T E R M S Renewable Energy (RE) Energy sources that are renewed or replenished through natural forces such as wind, solar, biomass (including municipal solid waste), and geothermal. The term renewable energy generally refers to electricity supplied from renewable energy sources. These energy sources are considered renewable sources because they are continuously replenished on the Earth. Reserve Margin (operating) The amount of unused available capability of an electric power system at peak load for a utility system as a percentage of peak load. Sales The amount of kilowatt-hours sold in a given period of time; usually grouped by classes of service, such as residential, commercial, industrial, and other. Other sales include public street and highway lighting, other sales to public authorities and railways, and interdepartmental sales. Scheduled Partial Outage The occurrence of a component failure or other condition which requires that the load on a unit be reduced 2% or more but where this reduction could be postponed past the very next weekend. Sea Level This is the average level of the ocean over the entire earth. Tidal Fluctuation is taken into account when determining sea level. Mean Sea Level (MSL) is used to reference the height of structures above ground level and depth below the ocean's surface. Atmospheric pressure is also referenced from sea level. At sea level, 760mm (29.92 inches) of mercury is normally displaced by the pressure of the air column above that point on the earth. Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) A process that reduces nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from power plants. SCR uses ammonia and a catalyst to convert NOx to nitrogen IQ) and water (H20) Settlement Agreement An agreement entered into in November 5, 2003 by HELCO, Keahole Defense Coalition, at al., State of Hawaii Department of Health, Department of Land & Natural Resources and Board of Land and Natural Resources The Agreement resolved various issues between the parties and allowed the completion of the improvements to the Keahole Generating Station. Solar Cell A apparatus that collects energy from the sun and converts it to electrical energy; often an arrangement of solar cells would be used to provide the optimum collection. Solar Energy The use of energy that reaches the Earth from the sun. Stability The property of a system or element by virtue of which its output will ultimately attain a steady state. The amount of power that can be transferred from one machine to another following a disturbance. The stability of a power system is its ability to develop restoring forces equal to or greater than the disturbing forces so as to maintain a state of equilibrium. Steam Electric Plant (conventional) A plant in which the prime mover is a steam turbine. The steam used to drive the turbine is produced in a boiler where fossil fuels are burned. Steam Turbine (ST) A device for converting energy of high-pressure steam (produced in a boiler) into mechanical power, which can then be used to generate electricity. Substation Facility equipment that switches, changes, or regulates electric voltage Sulfur Dioxide (S02) Sulfur Dioxide (SOI is a pungent, colorless gas about 2.5 times as heavy as air, with a suffocating smell, faint sweetish odor and becomes a pollutant when present in large amounts. The main natural sources of sulphur dioxide are volcanoes, forest fires, and oceans. The main human sources of sulphur dioxide are burning fossil fuels, smelting, paper manufacture, and the production of sulphuric acid. Increasingly there are health concerns with sulphur dioxide as it can trigger respiratory conditions in certain individuals. Sulphur dioxide is found in soft drinks such as fruit juices, some meats and wines and is also found in bleaching and in purifying petroleum products. Sulphur dioxide is a reducing agent and is used as a fumigant and food preservative. HELLO - KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY, PAGE 13 G L O S S A R Y O F T E R M S Sulfuric Acid In the atmosphere sulfur oxides (see sulfur dioxide) are converted to sulfuric acid. Oxides of sulfur and nitrogen combine with atmospheric moisture to produce acid rain. Although some sulfur oxides are introduced into the atmosphere by natural means, such as volcanic eruptions, the majority of the sulfur oxides responsible for the damaging effects of acid rain come from anthropogenic sources, mainly the burning of fossil fuels. Areas in the northeastern United States, eastern Canada, and northern Europe have suffered damage due to the effects of acid rain. In many areas damage to forests, crops, lakes, and streams are so severe that they are completely devoid of any life forms. Steps are now being taken in many parts of the world to reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide introduced into the atmosphere. In 1990, amendments where made to the Clean Air Act that places restrictions on the release of sulfur dioxides by power plants. The amendment calls for the reduction of sulfur emissions from a 1990 level of nearly 20 million tons per year to approximately 10 million tons per year by January 1, 2000. Switching Station Facility equipment used to tie together two or more electric circuits through switches. The switches are selectively arranged to permit a circuit to be disconnected, or to change the electric connection between the circuits. System (electric) Physically connected generation, transmission, and distribution facilities operated as an integrated unit under one central management, or operating supervision. Tectonic Activity - The process of the formation, movement, interaction, and destruction of parts of the earth's crust on a generally large scale. This can be used to explain seismicity, volcanism, and mountain building. Tephra Solid material ejected into the air during a volcanic eruption; especially ash. Such fragments range in size from less than 2 mm (ash) to more than 1 in in diameter. Large-sized tephra typically falls back to the ground on or close to the volcano and progressively smaller fragments are carried away from the vent by wind. Volcanic ash, the smallest tephra fragments, can travel hundreds to thousands of kilometers downwind from a volcano. Tephra Zone The area where tephra is likely to fall during a volcanic eruption. Total Full Force Outage Time (TF) The total number of hours that the full rated capacity of a unit is unavailable due to a Forced Outage. Transformer An electrical device for changing the voltage of alternating current. Transmission The movement or transfer of electric energy over an interconnected group of lines and associated equipment between points of supply and points at which it is transformed for delivery to consumers, or is delivered to other electric systems. Transmission is considered to end when the energy is transformed for distribution to the consumer, Transmission Lines Wires for getting the high voltage of electricity from one place to another. Transmission System An interconnected group of electric transmission lines and associated equipment for moving or transferring electric energy in bulk between points of supply and points at which it is transformed for delivery over the distribution system lines to consumers, or is delivered to other electric systems. Turbine A machine for generating rotary mechanical power from the energy of a stream of fluid (such as water, steam, or hot gas). Turbines convert the kinetic energy of fluids to mechanical energy through the principles of impulse and reaction, or a mixture of the two. Ng A microgram is one millionth of a gram, Urea A soluble weakly basic nitrogenous compound that is the chief solid component of mammalian urine and an end product of protein decomposition; is synthesized from carbon dioxide and ammonia, and is used especially in synthesis (as of resins and plastics) and in fertilizers and animal rations. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY, PAGE 14 G L O S S A R Y O F T E R M S Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Any organic compound that participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions except those designated by EPA as having negligible photochemical reactivity. Volt (V) A unit of electrical pressure, the force at which electrical charges move through conductors. (In most homes, 120 volt service is supplied to all wall outlets and lights and 240 volt service is supplied to large appliances — electric ranges, water healers, clothes dryers and larger air conditioners.) Voltage In electrical generation; a measure of the force of electrical current; named after the scientist who perfected the dry cell battery in 1800, Alessandro Volta. Watt (W) A Unit Of Electrical Power. A Wali Represents The Amount Of Electricity Required To Power A Light Bulb, An Appliance, Or Other Electrical Equipment. The Rate Of Energy Transfer Equivalent To 1 Ampere Flowing Under A Pressure Of 1 Volt At Unity Power Factor. Watt Hour (Wh) An Electrical Energy Unit Of Measure Equal To 1 Watt Of Power Supplied To, Or Taken From, An Electric Circuit Steadily For 1 Hour. HELCO- KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION & AIRPORT SUBSTATION GLOSSARY, PAGE 15 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION AND AIRPORT SUBSTATION URBAN RECLASSIFICATION FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT APPENDICES IMPORTANT (please read carefully) Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd.'s electronic media are furnished without guarantee of compatibility with the Recipient's software or hardware, and Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd.'s sole responsibility for the electronic media is to furnish a replacement for defective disks within thirty (30) days after delivery to the Recipient. Use of these materials for modification, extension, or expansion of this Project or on any other project, unless under the direction of Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd.. shall be without liability to Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. and Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd.'s consultants. Because data stored in electronic media form can be altered, either intentionally or unintentionally, by transcription, machine error, environmental factors, or by operators, it is agreed that the Recipient shall indemnify, defend, save harmless Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd., Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd.'s consultants, and the officers and employees of any of them from and against any and all claims, liabilities, damages, losses, and costs, including but not limited to costs of defense, arising out of changes or modifications to the data in electronic media and printed hard copy of drawings and specifications outside the license granted by this provision. Created By: Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. 2153 North King Street, Suite 200, Honolulu, HI 96819-4554 Phone: (808) 521-5361 Fax: (808) 538-7819 e-mail: honolulu@belteollins.com web site: www.beltcollins.com Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION AND AIRPORT SUBSTATION URBAN RECLASSIFICATION FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT APPENDICES awaii Electric Light Company, Inc. retained various consultants and experts to evaluate conditions and assess the probable and potential impacts the improvements of the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation would have on the community it serves. These studies, as well as HELCO's Integrated Resource Plan and Evaluations, are attached alphabetically by consultant as Appendices A- P. STUDIES Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd.; Traffic Impact Analysis Study; October 2004 Bruner, Phillip L. Environmental Consultant; Avifauna/and Feral Mammal Field Survey of Keahole Generating Station, North Kona, Island of Hawaii; July 31, 2003 Char & Associates; Botanical Consultants; Botanical Resources Assessment Study; August 2003 Geohazards Consultants International, Inc., Geological Consultant; Volcanic Hazards at the HELCO Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation, North Kona Hawaii; February 28, 2004 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc.; Second Integrated Resource Plan 1999-2018; September 1, 1998 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc.; Evaluation Report of Second Integrated Resource Plan; March 31, 2004 I_12241kh7iA A Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc; A Review of Alternative Resources Discussed in the IRP; June G 2004. HFP Acoustical Consultants; Noise Study for Draft Environmental Impact Statement; September 2004 H Jim Clary & Associates; Climate and Air Quality Assessment, July 2004 Marine Research Consultants; An Assessment of Potential Impacts to the Marine Environment; April J 2004 Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D. Inc.; Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study; February 2004 K Paull, Robert E., Ph.D.; Emission Studies — Impact on Keahole Agricultural Park; June 27, 2004 L SMS Research; Socio -Economic Impact Assessment of Redesignation of Keahole Generating and M Transmission Sites; September 2004 Stone & Webster, Inc., A Shaw Group Company; Naphtha Fuel Study, Keahole Combined Cycle Plant; N February 2004 Stone & Webster, Inc., A Shaw Group Company; SCR System Scope Study— Keahole Combined 0 Cycle Plant; February 2004 Tom Nance Water Resource Engineering; Potential Impact on Water Resources of the Expansion of P the Hawaii Electric Light Company's Power Generating Station at Keahole in North Kona, Hawaii; December 2003 APPENDIX A- TRAFFIC ANALYSIS TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS STUDY HELCO KEAHOLE GENERATION STATION AND AIRPORT SUBSTATION KEAHOLE, HAWAII October 2004 Prepared For: HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC. P.O. Box 1027 Hilo, Hawaii 96721-1027 Prepared By: BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. 2153 North King Street, Suite 200 Honolulu, Hawaii 96819 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES Table Paae ExecutiveSummary ................................................................................................. ES -1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 ProjectDescription..................................................................................................... 1 StudyMethodology..................................................................................................... 5 Existing Traffic Conditions........................................................................................... 5 Future Traffic Conditions without the Project............................................................. 10 ProjectTraffic............................................................................................................. 19 Future Traffic Conditions with the Project.................................................................. 24 Findings and Recommendations............................................................................... 32 References................................................................................................................. 35 LIST OF TABLES Table Page_ 1 Existing Traffic Conditions......................................................................... 9 2 Future Traffic Conditions without Project (with Palamanui North AccessRoad)................................................................................ 14 3 Future Traffic Conditions without Project (with Palamanui South AccessRoad)................................................................................ 15 4 Future Traffic Conditions without Project (with Palamanui North Access Road) and with Mitigation ................................................. 17 5 Future Traffic Conditions without Project (with Palamanui South Access Road) and with Mitigation ................................................. 18 6 Project Trips............................................................................................. 20 7 Future Traffic Conditions with Alternative A ............................................. 27 8 Future Traffic Conditions with Alternative B ............................................. 28 9 Future Traffic Conditions with Alternative A and with Mitigation ............... 29 10 Future Traffic Conditions with Alternative B and with Mitigation ............... 30 11 Project Traffic Volumes Entering Study Intersections .............................. 31 Figure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 LIST OF FIGURES VicinityMap...................................................................................... LocationMap.................................................................................... ProjectSite Map............................................................................... Existing Traffic Volumes.................................................................. Proposed Palamanui Access Roads... .................................. .......... Future Traffic Assignment without Project and with Palamanui North Access Road............................................................... Future Traffic Assignment without Project and with Palamanui South Access Road.............................................................. Alternative A Project Traffic Assignment .......................................... Alternative B Project Traffic Assignment .......................................... Future Traffic Assignment with Alternative A .................................... Future Traffic Assignment with Alternative B .................................... Proposed Intersection Configurations .............................................. LIST OF APPENDICES MANUAL TRAFFIC COUNT DATA LEVEL OF SERVICE DEFINITIONS Page 2 3 4 8 12 .. 13 .. 22 .. 23 .. 25 .. 26 .. 33 HELCO KEAHOLE GENERATION STATION AND AIRPORT SUBSTATION KEAHOLE, HAWAII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report summarizes the analysis and findings of a traffic impact study for the proposed improvements by the Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO) to the existing Keahole Generation Station and Airport Substation in the Keahole area on the island of Hawaii. The potential traffic impacts of the proposed expansion are described and mitigation measures are identified, as needed. Traffic count data and field observations were collected on March 9 and 10, 2004 at the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway with Keahole Airport Road and at the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway with Kaiminani Drive as well as at the project's north and south gates. Under the existing traffic conditions, fuel trucks utilize the north gates of the Keahole Generation Station while employees and deliveries access the project site through the south gate at Pukiawe Street. During the morning peak hour, 48 vehicles arrived and 11 vehicles departed from the project site. In the afternoon peak hour, there were 7 vehicles that arrived at the project site while 16 vehicles departed from the site. Most of these trips are related to the construction activities and testing of new equipment installed at the Keahole Generation Station. The analytical results of these two signalized intersections indicate the existing traffic conditions operate at Level of C or better during the morning and afternoon peak hour periods. For future without the project conditions, a growth rate of 4.8 percent was applied to Queen Kaahumanu Highway traffic volumes as well as the addition of project trips from the proposed Palamanui project which has two possible access roads that would connect to Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The analysis results of the signalized intersections of Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Keahole Airport Road ES -1 and Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Kaiminani Drive indicates Level of Service F conditions meaning that the existing two-lane highway would be inadequate to serve the future traffic assignment associated with the growth in regional highway traffic and the Palamanui development, but without the HELCO project. Estimates of HELCO-related project trips were developed for Year 2009 when the project improvements are expected to be completed. During the morning peak hour, there would be approximately 15 entering trips and 6 exiting trips at the project driveways. During the afternoon peak hour, 3 entering trips and 11 exiting trips are expected at the project driveways. The future HELCO project trips would be less than the existing traffic volumes that were counted during current construction activities. The future proportion of HELCO-generated trips at the Keahole Airport Road and Kaiminani Drive intersections with Queen Kaahumanu Highway would be less than one percent during the morning and afternoon peak hour periods. Therefore, no mitigation measures are needed to accommodate the future HELCO project trips. ES -2 HELCO KEAHOLE GENERATION STATION AIRPORT SUBSTATION KEAHOLE, HAWAII INTRODUCTION This report summarizes the analysis and findings of a traffic impact study for the proposed improvements by the Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO) to the existing Keahole Generation Station and Airport Substation in Keahole, Hawaii. 'The potential traffic impacts of the proposed expansion are described and mitigation measures are identified. as needed. It. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The general location of the Keahole Generation Station and the Airport Substation is shown on the vicinity map in Figure 1. The project is situated near the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Keahole Airport Road and Reservoir Road, as identified in Figure 2. The Keahole Generation Station Tax Map Key is (3) 7-3-049:036 (14.998 acres) and the Airport Substation is located at Tax Map Key (3) 7-3-049:037 (0.645 acres). The project sites are delineated in Figure 3. The Keahole Generation Station had an original capacity of 30.25 megawatts (MW), which consisted of six nominal 2.75 MW diesel -fueled generating units and one nominal 13.75 -MW, simple cycle combustion turbine (CT). Two simple cycle CTs (CT -4 and CT -5) have been recently brought on-line. The proposed project will convert the two CTs to a combined cycle system that will add two heat recovery steam generators, a steam condensing system and a nominal 16 -MW steam turbine generator and ancillary equipment. Subsequently, approvals will be sought to utilize brackish water from a groundwater supply well at the Keahole Generation Station. - 1 - Upolu Point 1 � ISLAND OF HAWAII c\WAIHAE Kawaihee Bay `� PROJECT LOCATION K,hob Say I r Kona International �C Airport � Hua a a KAILUA-KONA KEALAKEKUA 3 North CLE IN MILES S WAIKOLOA P a c i f i c O c e a n Kohala Mounta.ns \ .._...: . WAIMEA S °av Mauna. Loa Mauna Kea Figure 1 Vicinity Map Prepared for. Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Prepared by: Belt Collins Hawaii October 2004 Q<< M +n=:��xema000 t z TANKS KEAHOLE GENERATION STATION i AIRPORT SUBSTATION Figure 3 Project Site Map Prepared for: Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Prepared by: Belt Collins Hawaii October 2004 o -- Figure 3 Project Site Map Prepared for: Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Prepared by: Belt Collins Hawaii October 2004 HELCO is considering the use of alternative fuels, such as naphtha, which may require enlargement of existing fuel storage tanks and tank -yard berm walls as well as addition of storage tanks, fuel distribution pumps/piping and fire protection. New emissions control, possibly a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system or a SCR alternative that uses ammonia, is also under consideration. For the Airport Substation, there may be future replacement or addition of transformers and switchgear equipment. Painting and landscaping are proposed to mitigate visual impacts of the Airport Substation. Current plans indicate that the improvements at the Keahole Generation Station and Airport Substation would be completed in Year 2009. The existing Keahole Generation Station has two driveways onto Reservoir Access Road and a driveway onto Pukiawe Street on the south side of its property. Pukiawe Street connects to Kaiminani Drive which links to Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Mamalahoa Highway, III. STUDY METHODOLOGY Various types of information, including traffic volume data, roadway laneage, and intersection operations, are collected to establish existing traffic conditions at the selected study locations. Subsequently, the future traffic forecasts without the project area were developed. Estimates of project traffic are determined and the future traffic assignments with the project traffic are analyzed. The comparison of analytical results of future traffic conditions with and without the project is utilized to determine the project - related traffic impacts and mitigation measures,. IV. EXISTING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS The analysis of existing traffic conditions establishes the current traffic operating conditions for the traffic study. Existing data, such as traffic volume data, traffic signal phasing and timing and intersection and roadway laneage and signage are collected for this assessment. -5- A. Existing Roadway System In the vicinity of the project, Queen Kaahumanu Highway is a two-lane State highway that provides access between Kawaihae and Kailua town. Generally, Queen Kaahumanu Highway has two 12400t travel lanes, one in each direction, with 10 -foot shoulders. The Keahole Airport Access Road is a two-lane collector road that provides access to the Kona Airport as well as supporting facilities, such as rental car companies and other businesses that support airport operations. For this project, there are two study intersections: • Queen Kaahumanu Highway with the Keahole Airport Access Road and Reservoir Access Road. • Queen Kaahumanu Highway with Kaiminani Drive. For the signalized intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Keahole Airport Access Road and Reservoir Road, there are separate left turn lanes on the highway in the northbound and southbound direction and a separate right turn lane in the eastbound direction. There are southbound deceleration and acceleration lanes on the highway for the Keahole Airport Access Road. The Reservoir Access Road is a single lane road and serves the Keahole Generation Station, a substation and terminates at the driveway to two water tanks. Kaiminani Drive links Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Mamalahoa Highway. Kaiminani Drive serves as a collector road for the Kona Palisades subdivision and meets Queen Kaahumanu Highway in a signlalized T -intersection. There is a separate left turn lane on the highway in the southbound direction. In addition, there are existing deceleration and acceleration lanes in the northbound direction for Kaiminani Drive. M B. Traffic Counts Manual turning movement count data was collected at the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway with Keahole Airport Road and Reservoir Road as well as the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaiminani Drive. The traffic counts were conducted on March 9 and 10, 2004. The manual traffic count data is contained in Appendix A. The weekday morning peak hour is at 6:30 to 7:30 a.m. while the weekday afternoon peak hour occurs at 3:15 to 4:15 p.m. The existing morning and afternoon peak hour traffic volumes are presented in Figure 4. C. Analysis Results This report utilizes the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2000 analytical methodology for signalized intersections. The analysis results provide Level of Service conditions, which are rated from A to F (best to worst), and capacity conditions. Level of Service represents a qualitative measure of traffic operating conditions and considers speed, travel time, freedom to manuever, types of traffic controls and interruptions as well as driver comfort and convenience. Level of service definitions for signalized intersections are summarized in Appendix B. For the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Keahole Airport Road and Reservoir Road, the overall intersection is at Level of Service B during the morning peak hour and at Level of Service C during the afternoon peak hour. For the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaiminani Drive, the overall intersection is at Level of Service B during the morning and afternoon peak hour. Overall, the field observations concur with analysis results of Level of Service C or better for these two study intersections. The summary of the analysis results is presented in Table 1. -7- W W E J 7 S 3 c $ YYaaJ LL VA v mm x CL m � a I I c �d a W„ na m � x 3m W ma N Ln N S co n � n m a 3nlaa INVNIWIVN (Be) vez 1i t (6L) 6LZ co ms N C.) h (7 M 4 m N (-(L6Z) 86 r--d--(0) 0 7� r(84l) 4E GVO8 OV0a ?JIOA83s3N i8Od6lV 3-IOHV3N (o)o, t ►(o) (0)o —► (0.- (o) o -1 LO Ln oaoco co m w N Q Qy { RR2 �S Q 3 ]�Lf 2 � E W p$Y W A ®z Z d A f N 2 O 0 Z O U U w LL Q 4' f z 2 'r U) X W H J U) U) uiK y Y J Q Q 0 U W U) K W F z c W N J Q 2 H O U Ol > N J � m U Q U Q U Q U U U o r o C M O M N N r M; o m o (OD . m 00 O O O O O O mQmQQQQ U Um 00 o O o 0 0 0 a 0 x O Z N d C6 a m O O QmQmmm U m Z K 7 H H m ��nrnv °DSd ai � N � r LU LU IY N N In p N LL- LLJ M D CO (D O O O O O O m m Q Q Q Q U m Z S H H m ��nrnv °DSd ai � I� Lu I31 IY N u'J 11 (O M D CO (D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 V. FUTURE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS WITHOUT THE PROJECT Research of historical traffic volume data and traffic generated by nearby projects was conducted to develop future Year 2009 traffic forecasts without the proposed project improvements. Regional traffic studies, such as the Hawaii Long Range Land Transportation Plan, Keahole to Kailua Development Plan and the Keahole to Honaunau Regional Circulation Plan, were also reviewed A growth factor of 4.8 percent was applied to account for historical regional growth in traffic volumes. In addition, traffic: volumes generated by the nearby proposed Palamanui project were derived for Year 2009 from the project's traffic study report by Austin, Tsutsumi & Associates, Inc., dated January 27, 2004. The Palamanui project has proposed two alternate access roads, as shown in Figure 5, and is currently conducting feasibility studies. The north access road for the Palamanui project would create a new T -intersection with Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The south access road would connect to Queen Kaahumanu Highway at the current location of the Reservoir Road. Two future Year 2009 traffic assignments without the proposed project have been developed. If the Palamanui project selects the north access road as its primary access road, then Figure 6 contains the future traffic assignment. However, if the Palamanui project prefers the south access road as its primary access road, then Figure 7 shows the traffic assignment for this proposal. The State Department of Transportation has proposed the Phase I widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway from two to four lanes between Henry Street and Kealakehe Parkway; this improvement is scheduled for completion in Year 2008. In addition, the Phase 2 Queen Kaahumanu Highway widening between Kealakehe Parkway and Keahole Airport Road is being programmed for completion in Year 2011. A. Analysis Results The analysis results for future conditions without the project are identified in Table 2 with Palamanui north access road and in Table 3 with Palamanui south access road. The signalized intersection analysis show similar results if either the Palamanui north or south access road serves as its primary access road. 10- Oz W naos \p z z T JF - ,f v R? y> 1 � r � F � � 4y 93p � ami e o n a vi Oz W naos \p z z ���nvmi caw v R? y> 1 � r � � 93p ami e o n a vi Oz W naos \p z z 1 � � 93p ami e o n a vi Oz W naos \p z z W W t09 m �= 3 3 a oT � cm y 0 0 U dj LL 4.j 0t mO id= a= m gn I i Zmd �W„ Of N p M tn W� m a E CL � d �� 3a �d ca 3AI8G 1O INVNIWIVN (aot) tca � t o a (otee c 0 2 y GnD N in C d E c n, Q u m f- _ v m � � N r o N U) N �(e4e)st� 7 LL j (4Lt) 04 avow OV08 810A83S38 iHOd8rV 310HV3)f (o) o , t (► (o) o - ► (o) o -� o U) D z a j Y� � W W 7 a ez LLJ h C Q IL L 0F U Va (g O CL Cr IL 0 Edi 20Ir CL ua I t U) m d Wn 0 0 m q a0` 1A W m N o y S d /I L{ C a 3N80 d INVNINIIVH m (ZOO LL? J f 0 (0 L L) LEE LO m Cl 3 OD N umi C d E 01 'w a U FE m �m� Louvl N_ w V N a N `lE4E) Elt &0 O4 OV08 OV08 810n63s38 laodalV 310HV3N (Zeal 90Z , f (4-- ►(5)4 (9)9 (49Z) LE t o N �a r- n o �co m Z Q Q Y � W W D O 0 ®z Z a el n a r a W LL Q LL Q I Q LL DLL 17 1l OJ N D• e N N^ � N N O N pi O N 1� m e fp S O N O O N O Q U Q Q Q Q O o O N O R M I� T m m t7 N N O� e N e N m N O o m p W o W p z m r r rc V N O h t7 N q e W mm W Q �o m� c pi m mLLrn O O O O O O W W Q Q Q Q LL p z m H r rc w mm We 0 0 o c d 0 ro ryryryry T u �1 m.2 0 N t U 3 2 O C C O a Q i n Ec E E s < E� o �cargorndoof- 00 c o r>> c r d >>,LCo tomos LL�' oz mN y0 Y O O N H a O U j Z d LL LL U U LL p LL m LL i� LL I LL p p m O W p W p J N Z O � m o rvro�Nemm� a vi of Nmr�m mm W=m m (J N a W W o � 0 0 0 0 0 0 o � d Z LL Q LL Q U LL Q Q U i i LL I I LL W W Q¢ Q Q LL p d J n Z 7 im _ d O m Q tp O n d i m N^ m n m m H CL ❑ N O^ N N m M m m n N m m r m m m m mm U' N Q W o n n m m m O Ni; e in -tic m m I O l7 O W m O LL' O O O O O O O O O a d 0 0 t d K oC N 0 m L d O D C R E o d d O 0 C C C C d d t d L d d L d d L d L d in m o d O > m d d0 O q m o d p d N O o f LLn E m a 0' n C c > > O m n g Si°a5rnra3 o+tisQEc QEE4 �¢L7¢EL ¢Eoo E c r o c F cc A m O O Opp J L O O c O R N Z 3 - m Y d m N N Y N E Y O w ? v - O O Level of Service F conditions or volume -to -capacity ratios that exceed 1.0 are expected at the Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Kaiminani Drive intersection during the morning peak hour and at the Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Keahole Airport Road/Reservoir Road intersection during the afternoon peak hour. The Level of Service F conditions and the volume -to -capacity ratios greater than 1.0 indicate that the two-lane Queen Kaahumanu Highway intersections would be inadequate to serve the forecasted traffic volumes. If Queen Kaaahumanu Highway were widened to four lanes, the two study intersections would have adequate capacity to serve the forecasted traffic volumes and the intersection would operate at Level of Service E or better, as shown in Table 4 and Table 5. 16- a v r 7 i O R v Z > m J � m o Q U m U m V V V M w o m o ^ 0 — �O �- N V - C� n O: Ow— w Ow O O O O O O O O mmmmQmQ m mm N � t0 m y N m I W1 m m m m N m O o m 0 00 000 o 00 ci o 0 a V m Z E it Q v v r 0 � r W N Y t O L d o E 0 m O L O > O 3: 3 S a 0 C a a o n M C Q C Q C LL Lp .0 0 N p� 0~ Of O O r D O L 0 O N O Q n d' W R E ry L J K L J r a G J y L Y O N N Z o W q m L W O y> O Y N m > v0 Y m O v O m m m m U Q V m Z it r r W< N A A N A S O N � �- W W LL O O O O O O m m Q Q m Q V m Z f r W< N A A N A S O N � �- w 0 0 0 0 0 0 a r 'O u 7&E O O U p Q U 0 U w w 0 I p 7 0 m m m m U Q U m J m Z � 7 O � � d 00 Nem v inry m a nmv v m m m -<d vm v�= N a nl N t7 [7 V N O N tP m V t V � N m N N w a0 > I mem I �? m r o 1 iD I m i n ui I m ui v LL m C C o d d o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o N N W U V Q S r N O N Jm V m U m m ci m m U of) I U 1 U m m Q Q m Q U [O Z Q w � 5 t M Y d O 1O •- m m N 1� Ot V O m O� O N^ 1� m .- = O __ d d p d C4 1 N� •� O rrw J ;Q z < w m O F O > H O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O CJ r S U Or W ; O UO a Q K LL LL O o N J d r z m W 0 m Q N LL' OM 6 m r Y d > OO Q E O S r d 3 d O > C fL d Ib L d L d d N N t P L _Y 3 L LL 3 i p O p O c x�a mea 3rn air' > O m� E A r J r¢ L J Q p J r J J d E ry r K L_ J l- J CE L Y H y 0 w O m 0 Y O m ct O O VI. PROJECT TRAFFIC The Keahole Generation Station expansion will add additional equipment and improved facilities at the project site. The traffic forecast of project traffic volumes is developed through a three-step procedure of trip generation, trip distribution and traffic assignment. A. Trip Generation In trip generation, the estimates of project traffic volumes are quantified through discussions with the HELCO staff about the number of employees at the site and their shift hours as well as deliveries of fuel trucks and supplies, maintenance services and possible visitors. With the recently completed installation of the two new CTs the staffing at the Keahole Generation Station has been modified. During the weekday, six maintenance personnel are employed between 6:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. while three operating personnel work on the first shift, 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. and two operating personnel are on the second shift, 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. During the weekend, there are four operating personnel assigned with two persons in two shifts of 6:00 a.m to 2:00 p.m and 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. Hence, most of the current shift changes occur at different times than the Queen Kaahumanu Highway peak hours of 6:30 to 7:30 a.m. and 3:15 to 4:15 p.m. The fuel truck deliveries usually range between 3 to 4 trips per day, Monday through Friday. Fuel is trucked from Hilo Harbor. The Keahole Generation Station receives five mail deliveries per week. Also, other deliveries by vendor/supplier goods and services are likely to increase to between 5 and 10 deliveries per week. At project completion in Year 2009, the Keahole Generation Station weekday staffing would change to eight maintenance personnel between 6:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. and seven operating personnel in three shifts (one person from 7:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., two persons from 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., two persons from 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. and two persons from 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.). For the weekend staffing, there would be six operating personnel with two persons in each of the three shifts: 6:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m., 2:00 p.m. - 10:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. - 6:00 a.m. Fuel deliveries would increase to 7 or 8 fuel trucks per day, Monday through Friday, but deliveries would be from Kawaihae Harbor instead of Hilo Harbor. Also, there would be five mail deliveries and approximately 8 to 12 vendor/ supplier deliveries per week. For the new emissions control system, ammonia would be delivered by truck from Hilo Harbor once every three weeks. It is expected that ammonia deliveries would arrive at the Keahole Generation Station after the end of the morning peak hour period and depart for the return trip to Hilo prior to the start of the afternoon peak hour period. The Keahole Generation Station and the Airport Substation would have the largest staffing, fuel truck deliveries and vendor/supplier deliveries at project completion. Although employee shifts are slightly different from the existing morning and afternoon roadway peak hour periods, some of the employee trips are included in the morning and afternoon peak hours since it is possible the project peak hour periods may become coincident to the future highway peak hour periods. The estimated project trips, as given in Table 6, are utilized for the future with project traffic conditions. Staff Fuel Trucks Ammonia Trucks Vendor/Supplier Total Table 6 PROJECT TRIPS -20- AM Peak Hour Enter Exit 13 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 15 6 PM Peak Hour Enter Exit 2 10 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 11 B. Trip Distribution In trip distribution, the general direction of trips traveling to and from the project site is identified. Information about population and employment on the island of Hawaii was utilized to determine the direction of travel for trips entering and exiting the project site. It is estimated that approximately 15 percent of the trips would travel to and from the north, while 60 percent would travel to/from the south and 25 percent of the trips would travel to/from the east. Fuel trucks would arrive and depart from the north side of the project site. C. Traffic Assignment Traffic assignment defines the specific roadways that would be utilized by the project traffic as well as the proportion of project traffic volumes on each of these roadways. In addition, two alternatives were developed for the Keahole project. For Alternative A, if the Palamanui project builds the north access road as its primary roadway, then the Keahole gates would operate in the same fashion as the existing conditions. Fuel trucks would continue to use the north gate via Reservoir Road and the staff and vendors would use the south gate on Pukiawe Street. For Alternative B, if the Palamanui project constructs the south access road as its primary roadway, then all staff, vendors and fuel trucks would use the north gates of the HELCO generation station and the south gate would be closed. The project traffic volumes for Alternative A and Alternative B are provided in Figures 8 and 9, respectively. 21- W W J J coC m m i U d1 U O CL Cr IL X 0 20 V 4m J CL X F 09N uw� N Ln O �a a= m L y a 3AI80 Q INVNIWIVH (9) z `� f N O O � O (—(o) o o o y `(o) o OV08 GV08 81on83s38 AOdW 3'10HV3N (o) o --� W iso N N O � Z Q QQa= $ W a �O Z a Y f A W W C (j:; d J J OI C m m a O W im Fxa o U y U O 0. aZ% Edi as WE � ro U L r = m A ' 47 A m ® �a N � m 0. = O co W a ro C d y a 3nlaa a INVNMIVN (0) 0 t (0) 0 o �o O N 1i W O O `(0) 0 -.*—(0) 0 r (0) 0 OV0a CIVON 810MMb IbOdblV 3-IOHV3>1 (9)Z �► (0) 0 --► (Z)E� moo voo F s � t Z Q � S r $ S Q C7 $ W a W 8 � 0 ®Z i VII. FUTURE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS WITH THE PROJECT The future Year 2009 traffic forecasts with the project are developed by adding the future project to the projected future conditions. The future traffic assignment with the project volumes with Alternative A and Alternative B is shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11, respectively. The State Department of Transportation is currently planning to implement the Phase I widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway from two to four lanes between Henry Street and Kealakehe Parkway by Year 2008. Also, the Phase II widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway to four lanes between Kealakehe Parkway and the Keahole Airport Road is scheduled for completion by Year 2011. A. Analysis Results The analysis results with a two-lane Queen Kaahumanu Highway are similar to the future without project traffic conditions with the Palamanui north access road (Table 7, HELCO Alternative A) or south access road (Table 8, HELCO Alternative B). The intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, Keahole Airport Road and Reservoir would be at Level of Service F and or operate with volume - to -capacity ratios greater than 1.0 during the afternoon peak hour while the intersection of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaiminani Drive would exceed capacity during the morning peak hour. If Queen Kaahumanu Highway were widened to four lanes, then the analysis results in Table 9 and Table 10 indicates that both of these study intersections would operate at Level of Service E conditions of better. With HELCO Alternative A or Alternative B, the proportion of project trips entering the Queen Kaahumanu Highway intersections with Keahole Airport Road/ Reservoir Road and with Kaiminani Drive ranges between 0.10 percent and 0.64 percent, as identified in Table 11. Hence, the proportion of traffic volumes attributable to the HELCO Keahole Generation Station and Airport Substation at the study intersections is less than one percent during morning and afternoon peak hour periods. -24- W W Q :� ]<C = m W �go �qY](CJ i WO i a WO sum CL ir i0 mo L m t �m RC 2 CL 3 a I I C IL N od ,.N � - a E'Nm o CM — N Ln a of Q ,o p w R U F [L 3AI80 INVNIYWVN 3 t LL (SOL) eca LoCn CD� t0 D7 co V N �(SLl) 04 avow OV08 81on83S38 180d8IV 310HV3)4 (0) 0 (o) o --► N � � m Lo F � E Z $ 22 Q Y S a Z = w - c7 a o z cZ Y W W .r.. m _ m 3 V 7 = N J 7�q �3_$ yayJ a� LLd 3O Q r m Edi t 4m az 3 Ya dW„ _a �m CM N r LO m - � x m m n � m r a` 3AWO INVNIWIVH 1204) tLZ LL lOtt)LEE U) m e m n- m(D Ln n ul co (LO to �lE4E) N N E t t (SL t) 04 ovoa ovoa HIOA83s38 i2]OdHIV 310HV3N (99E) 90Z t Ws —► (9SZ) 04 t o N N (O O r tD f0 Z Q ]; 3 = Y Z = � W a W d i eto z L O O S s N N a a n m F o v U 0 2 > y � N W LL Q LL Q LL Q LL O LL m m m N O m Q d m N U Q U Q Q Q Q U U U MC, M mmm w <n N d d N Q N mO N O n N m n N Q m Vl O O d O Q o C, 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 Y C E a m o L F N T L j L O O ry E L U U O O N O 3 S ¢ C > O C¢ o a a m J¢ c Q c E¢ E m a n c J Q c L J o Q E Q o Sma S�c�mh-� Jaav R L O Z Of O .F E M O J L O J N n E O L J O J 2 d N W L J H 2 t y YJ Mao y N O y_ 0 0 z yN N N J �O ry 0 > y ff O J 0 O O m O W O W O Z w D F f N m m N N 01 N= O N! n ^ m Q a W W n m m n m LL 0 rn m A m 0 0 0 00 c, 0 W W Q Q Q Q LL O 2 S H f a W W d O m N LL 10 o Q Q o+ o m a m U m LL LL U U LL p LL m LL„ LL LL 0 0 M O W O W O Z IY O � W ry O O m M N n 1D N n o D S m d O vm(�N D O Y N s �aCp ob mm�n omN M o a {D� MNmtD m=M a Q J O N N R N 0 y i V N 0,;; NUI- N K a m 0 W a 0 2 W m N m K m a m 0 s m J Z IY O � W ry O O m M N n 1D N n o rn h m n b S m d O vm(�N Y N ¢ IL O( U a m 0 K 0 2 m N m K m a m 0 s m o PL a > O d E m i a T o m m mL E y L L T m m L m L m m O O > On O 0 jo >o oo E Lx3o EL =mE Eo nn c c ¢cnn rom Qvn E 3 E L> ~ 'r~ ¢ E E° ¢Onn E c ¢O> E o9 O O O L O G C m Ch cH~ v C p mm> ' Nm'�m J HO N J J=N E m Lm mE c O O M Yd> m O 0z > ¢aNi O O 0 Om a F m O Q U m U m U U U 6 N— M N N O O O O O O O O mmmmQmQ m mm N � ro M O h m f, W N .N- O N O co O m m O t0 t0 i 0 n 0 0 O N 0 0 0 0 0 o c o V U U m U Q U m 2 Q 5 r r m at Gl N m N (O S r t7 N � r W W crW n N m LL W O> N m (O til W w O O O O O O mmQQmQ U m Z Q r r m O O m m O S O N N � r W W Q n e m 'dd n m o0 0 a m r '6..0 U ZI p p U p p V p V W W O O O m m m m U Q U m m Z � N � O '^ r S T OC N d N N t O Of t0 i � m W w a O OI CI w 07 ZG Of m t0 N an d ID r A O N d 1O m N A N A N OJ t0 A LL O d Of > 0 0 0 666 0 0 6 0 0 0 00 0 6 m m j Hit U m U m m U m m V U U U t i U m m Q a m¢ V m J m m Z � r m N m N N t2 (2 m M1 O A N 9 O a i i a m N N N t7 N N N H0 r Q m W Z ¢ w Q (� YI N M r No N M1 m 1O N A d l7 LL d A Qt Z r Og F 37i ¢ 10 6 '000 000 00 0 0 00 00 0 0 ~ _ N O; K o VZ _ Q 2 LL 0 O W � N y r W J = m � j V etl r � N a o LL m L i N O Q y c m o > m c m L m Amo v B d ac% r=mE>mm a ao�Ea i c ¢ O E Ea Lr>rnO a rLw rLO ytLZnOJ0 sm aoJ mo- rr =vM'9 rmrLE mm yLB�am rJo ~Jo FJom L Lc O~aC raO Lr>rnO` LnC S O LYCm>pCm J J'E m L OnL y C 17 O N NH — Co N Y v E y m m m O ` m m °1 3 Q O r W F a z w W H J Q J O = e j p o = 0 0 O 7 5 C 5 CL a p U J 5 5 O p S o 0 2 0 0 u0i m (P cn a o o o 0 a Q Q U J VIII. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The existing intersections of Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Keahole Airport Road/ Reservoir Road and Queen Kaahumanu Highway/Kaiminani Drive operate at Level of Service C conditions or better during the morning and afternoon peak hours. During the morning peak hour of the March 2004 traffic counts, there were total of 48 vehicles arriving and 11 vehicles departing at the north and south gates. During the afternoon peak hour, there were 7 vehicles arriving and 16 vehicles departing the north and south gates. Contractor vehicles parked external of the south gate and are included in these traffic counts. Most of the traffic volumes are due to the construction activities and testing of newly installed equipment at the Keahole Generation Station. With the existing traffic conditions, most of the HELCO generation station employees utilize the south gate and the north gates are used by fuel trucks. For future traffic conditions without the project, there are increases in the forecasted Queen Kaahumanu Highway traffic volumes that would result in Level of Service F conditions or where highway capacity conditions are exceeded. The Palamanui project is currently studying the feasibility of a north access road and a south access road. The analysis results indicate that widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway to four lanes would mitigate traffic conditions to Level of Service E or better. The proposed laneage configurations at the two study intersections are provided in Figure 12. For future traffic conditions with the project, the analysis results would be similar to future traffic conditions without the project and the laneage recommendations would be the same as shown in Figure 12. If Palamanui project chooses to use its north access road as its primary connection to Queen Kaahumanu Highway, then HELCO would continue to utilize their north and south gates in a similar manner as the existing situation. If the Palamanui project selects to construct their south access road so that it connects at the Keahole Airport Road/Reservoir Road intersection, then HELCO would utilize their north gate for all project trips and close the south gates. HELCO is coordinating with the Palamanui developer as part of the Palamanui access feasibility study, but HELCO could continue with its existing gate usage for an indefinite period of time. -32- r o c 10 3: Im FG C LL C U U O L% P m C .. O U T �a Y V d d d W N m m c = v .. d _o Oc o C d 0.a` 3nlaa INVNIWIVN t OV08 avow 8IOA83S38 Iaoaaly 310Hv3N , ! Z r a =a � 3 � w 0 8 4 ®Z Y 6 The future HELCO project trips would be less than the existing traffic volumes that were counted at its north and south gates since construction activities have been completed. During the morning peak hour, there would be 15 entering trips and 6 exiting trips at the project site. During the afternoon peak hour, estimated project would be 3 entering trips and 11 exiting trips. Further, the proportion of HELCO project traffic volumes at the Queen Kaahumanu Highway/ Keahole Airport Road/Reservoir Road intersection and Queen Kaahumanu/Kaiminani Drive intersection would be less than one percent during the morning and afternoon peak hour periods. Therefore, no measures to mitigate the impacts of the HELCO project trips are required. 34- IX. REFERENCES Austin, Tsutsumi & Associates, Inc., Palamanui Traffic Impact Analysis Report, North Kona, Hawaii, prepared for Hiluhilu Development LLC, Final Draft, January 27, 2004. County of Hawaii Department of Planning and R. M. Towill Corporation, Keahole to Kailua Develooment Plan. North Kona. Island of Hawaii, April 1991. Frederick R. Harris, Inc. in association with William L. Moore Planning and Julian Ng, Inc., Hawaii Long Range Land Transportation Plan, prepared for the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation in cooperation with County of Hawaii Department of Public Works and County of Hawaii Planning Department, Final Report, May 1998. National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Highway Capacity Manual 2000, published by the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2000. Townscape, Inc., Keahole to Honaunau Regional Circulation Plan, prepared for County of Hawaii Planning Department, Final Report, February 2003. 35- APPENDIX A MANUAL TRAFFIC COUNT DATA O N N N r h N m n a n N� n O m N Z O In'I m O m R N n W F U y ........... O O W N N N r m n r r r m pp Q r N 2� d ~W p \+ Y = U 0 6 LLDOoO0000000 0 0 U NOO }�+ Y rvNNnnvaa � S w..Oopo.00DD D o Y a Q p0000000_Dao � o i�rvrvNnN_rvNNm n L 8 Q � U O o O o O O O O o o O O D 2 O N D ry ry ry N N ,D Y O 3 o m N n m r a m m O n W .......... O O E�$ ¢meoOry _Nm m mvvem8m � n >a N ¢ C d Y m o` LL O�i6YU p o q 4 y a 0 O S v 0 Q O a t C �pmy mC Ci0 `U n n m O O _ ;` LLe8'=Re8�Re8=' m oLLe8.m.8^R<8m m _ u° ENmmm�nrrrrmm gEa+ a 0 mm�N��eddd y 0 0 0 . . . O O O U 0 � 091 Y1� 2000 0 P O d n n ry ry r O d N IjF^ m1. n 0 N N N n n ry ry � t N y O o O O O O O O O O O O O O O W m p m b b n n n a m v v b IF 10 a � N a�z d^bmbmmmv��Rm c K }LL Ya— c ............ O O LL 00000000__ O U m Q u O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O m x w 00000000000-0 - o Y O rc 000J00000Jmmao 0 0 �g mmmmdnN^ S Q 3 �000aoo�ooJ000 - 0 4e Y Z N mea � a ry Y �sK mb v � Y O.ayci u p „orU3 Ee8onnvdd�'d�g��m o n QE.Smmmge.dbb��u, n pmn�nrvnrvnNrva U � n 2� a���ry rv$HNrv��'f° ry Y p LL �4 p� p FrvN�nv aannn 4 nmmOAnnN p _O _,7m Y �a U W W n44 me`�m� m 6 n4�&v�m a� O dFE x° p4�rv4rvNNrv�AM ry � pmrmmmNmrvmn` a n m�g�No�n�nr E Y � m�rvnm�eaPrrm dem _ n m ry _��a�_ _ Y N " z a 0 x m mmmmmr$$e�$ 'o x < ��mmmmmmrc,m x p �nNn ry a $ m N N i _12 _� m - NNS � �-� ✓ 1 o u 01m _ y p ry e m m m m m m n m m r m m N O Y I O n�R Y r d via � x Ifo u � Ea a v F3 'oEo_ oo,° noe8� a8 0 .......... ra- n N APPENDIX B LEVEL OF SERVICE DEFINITIONS SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS LEVEL OF SERVICE DEFINITIONS Level of service for signalized intersections is defined in terms of control delay, which is a measure of driver discomfort, frustration, fuel consumption and increased travel time. Control delay is the component of delay that results when a traffic control signal causes vehicles to reduce speed or to stop at intersection. Total delay is defined as the difference between the actual travel time and the reference travel time that would occur under ideal, base conditions (absent of traffic control, geometric delays, incidents, or presence of other vehicles). Delay experienced by motorists are affected by a number of factors that relate to control, geometrics, traffic, and incidents. Analytically, control delay is a complex technical measure that considers the quality of progression, cycle length, green phase -to -total cycle ratio, and the volume -to -capacity (v/c) ratio for each lane group. The v/c ratio provides an indication of the utilization of the lane group capacity. The critical v/c ratio is an approximate indicator of the overall sufficiency of an intersection and is affected by the critical lane flow rates and traffic signal phasing. The six levels of service for signalized intersections are described below and summarized in Table B-3. Level of Service A describes operations with low control delay between 0 to 10 seconds per vehicle, where there is extremely favorable progression. Most vehicles arrive during the green phase and many vehicles do not stop at all. Short cycle lengths may tend to contribute to low delays. Level of Service B describes operations with control delays greater than 10 and up to 20 seconds per vehicle. There is generally good progression with short cycle lengths and slightly more vehicles stopping than in Level of Service A. Level of Service C describes operations with control delays greater than 20 and up to 35 seconds per vehicle. These higher delays may result from fair progression, longer cycle lengths or a combination of both conditions. Cycle failure and overflow begins to occur at this level when a green phase is unable to serve all of the queued vehicles. The number of vehicles stopping increases, although many vehicles are still able to pass through the intersection without stopping. Level of Service D describes operations with control delays greater than 35 and up to 55 seconds per vehicle. At this level, congestion becomes more noticeable. A combination of unfavorable progression, long cycle lengths and high v/c ratios may result in longer delays. Individual cycle failures become noticeable and the vehicles stopping become significant, although many vehicles pass through the intersection without stopping. Level of Service E describes operations with control delays greater than 55 and up to 80 seconds per vehicle. Individual cycle failures are frequent and the high delay values are usually an indicator of poor progression, long cycle lengths and high v/c ratios. Level of Service F describes operation with control delays greater that 80 seconds per vehicle. This level is considered unacceptable to most drivers and oversaturated conditions occur when arrival flow rates are greater than capacity of the lane group. There are many individual cycle failures related to high v/c ratios, poor progression, long cycle lengths or long red phase. The designation of Level of Service F does not automatically imply that the intersection, approach, or lane group is over capacity. Also, a Level of Service better than E does not necessarily imply that unused capacity is available. Table B-1 LEVEL OF SERVICE CRITERIA FOR SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS Average Control Delay Level of Service (seconds per vehicle) A <10 B > 10-20 C > 20 — 35 D > 35-55 E > 55 — 80 F > 80 SourceHighway Capacity Manual 2000 APPENDIX B - AVIFAUNAL AND FERAL AVIFAUNAL AND FERAL MAMMAL FIELD SURVEY OF KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION NORTH KONA, ISLAND OF HAWAII Prepared for: BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. 31 July 2003 Prepared by: Phillip L. Bruner Environmental Consultant Faunal (Bird & Mammal) Surveys # 1775 BYU-H 55-220 Kulanui St. Laie, Hawaii 96762 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to provide the findings of a one -day (29 July 2003) field survey of the Keahole Generating Station property and nearby surrounding lands, North Kona, Island of Hawaii (Fig. 1). References to pertinent published and unpublished sources, particularly Bruner (1992a) an earlier survey of this area, are also given in this report in order to provide a broader perspective of the species known from this region of the island. The goals of the survey were to: I- Document the species of birds and mammals currently on or near the property. 2- Note any features of the site or nearby lands that contain habitat of potential value for native and migratory birds. SITE DESCRIPTION This property is developed but does contain ornamental trees around the perimeter fence and a few trees inside the site. Lands to the south are developed into plant nurseries. Lands, to the east and north are covered in dry grass while Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Kona Airport lands lie to the west. METHODS OF SURVEY The area of the survey was covered on foot and by car using existing roads to the; north and south of the property. Data were taken during the early morning (0545-0930 hours) and late afternoon (1600-1800 hours) when birds are most active and therefore detectable. Count stations were established throughout the survey area (Fig. 1). All birds seen or heard over an eight - minute period at each count station were tallied. Observations made outside these stations were also noted. These data were used to estimate a relative abundance for each species. Data on mammals were obtained from visual observations and scats. No trapping of mammals was 2 conducted. The length and nature of this survey did not warrant trapping. Weather during the survey was partly cloudy with light winds. The scientific and common names used in this report follow Pyle (2002) and Honacki et al. (1982). RESULTS Native Birds: No native birds were observed on the survey. This finding conforms with the results of the earlier survey of this area (Bruner 1992a). Two native birds are known to occur rather infrequently in this region: Short -eared Owl or Pueo (Asio Jlammeus sandwichensis) and Hawaiian Hawk or `Io (Buteo solitarius). The `Io is listed as endangered. These two species forage over large areas and utilize a wide variety of habitats: grasslands, agricultural fields, and forests (Pratt et al. 1987, Hawaii Audubon Society 1997). Migratory Birds: No migratory birds were observed on the survey. This finding was not unexpected due to the timing of the survey. Migratory birds are on their breeding grounds in the arctic at this time of year. The most abundant migrant to Hawaii is the Pacific Golden -Plover (Pluvialis fulva). Extensive, long-term studies have documented many details of their life history (Johnson et al. 1981, 1989, 1993, 2001). This species is not listed as threatened or endangered. They prefer open habitat such as lawns, cleared agricultural fields and short grass habitat along roadsides, It is possible that plover might forage along the access road on the north side of the property when they are wintering in Hawaii from August to the end of April. 3 Introduced Birds: A total of 13 species of introduced (non-native) birds were recorded on the survey. Table One gives the names of these species and the total number of each species. This table also provides data from an earlier survey (Bruner 1992a) for comparison purposes. Three species not found on the 1992 survey were: Saffron Finch (Sicalis flaveola), Yellow -billed Cardinal (Paroaria capitata) and Java Sparrow (Padda oryzivora). None of the introduced birds are Listed as threatened or endangered. The array of species recorded on the 1992 and current survey are typical of what would be expected in this area (Bruner 1985, 1989a, 1989b, 1990. 1992a, 19926, 1993). Mammals: Two domestic cats (Felis catus) and one Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) were seen on the survey. The cats may not be feral since there are plant nurseries nearby. No rats or mice were observed, however, they likely occur in this area. The only native land mammal in Hawaii is the endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus). This species is often seen foraging along the Kona coast (pers. observ.). Tomich (1986) along with Kepler and Scott (1990) provide information about the habits and distribution of this endangered species. They typically roost solitarily in trees and forage for insects in a wide variety of native and non-native habitats, including urban areas. None were seen on this survey. The plant nurseries might attract flying insects that could also attract the bats (pers. obser.). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The field survey examined not only the area containing the electrical generating plant but also nearby lands. The findings of this survey supplement and support the earlier study (Bruner 1992a). The array of species found on both surveys are those expected to occur in this area of the El island. The actual generating plant site does not contain any unusual or unique habitat important to native or migratory birds. The endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat might on occasion be seen in this area since they forage in a wide variety of habitats and are not uncommon on this side of the island. 7 } qg KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION PROJECT AREA YQcrN KC -AHOLE -LI/TPOTT ��C Primary Access �- r KAANUMdNU HIGHWAY — v - An�.v Lf-«-a-x, e.lal A.J ry ,�"' ilk ..Ir «xF O FAF �•F (^n^„ " taoffAnJ G L. S-Iaar n L. TTrr «a �5.�y9a Y. O4 , Goae wf, e t 13s:JAS SQ9TAt. pOOfAt. : O — Secondary ,<,• ,.. � t i Access ,,.I. ..... ,.... _: r r� a`ds :�:>, i',":�EET..�#.i.�".;�;r....v. O 1 (NrM. 1 ^s-�~• O ;:� Oxy T. Hi • r F.Jtt. Q. L, i-�f if sO O. L, /-III, (T. T./(y O,w.w// ` A (F A'J•'1 $ � N...✓/r�Glxftl� 111 4 <. S-IIIf � Minty T. Nw.IyJ{w a n-.aaf 4'9h! Cs,.lnti W 1 ' fy, P Nw7JC J ,-� �./al Aa T. xSJi1e, SOIIM, S/a3 Ae 111 ^ d % q Z N.99I Aa. ' Iib L.0 !'4. Ge mut t 8 � ;\ a.272 A,14 13 s pec/Aa ! Ae. '^ $ O6I 507 TAc a[a- NDe STREET 1 l.11l A.. i.yG H/�i-R oLa-tet Y BLJ - }4Y (r /tr.rt T. d+ifMlGl 4 e 11l i �.a.. f. Ac. II D.DQG Ac. � g l4 1 I-- (A PROPOSED STUDY ARI u n.JA1 A..j.. v3a A.. ti 1 1 Keahole Generating Sta' i- t PCA7 to 0 200 Fig. 1. Location of faunal survey. Solid dots mark location of census Stations, SCALE IN FEET TAX MATS DRAWN -6- TAX MAP rnixc T.wrroN ossa �CNEiSECyEc n FOR "CPIRTT ASSISWINT )URM313 7 I 3 4 J . C) SMICT TO CNANGi X u 1 ♦1. = 200 TABLE ONE Introduced birds recorded on both the 1992 and this current 2003 survey of the Keahole Generating Plant property and surrounding area. Relative abundance estimates are based on the following: A=Abundant — (10+ individuals on a count station), C=Common — (5-9 individuals on a count station), U=Uncommon — (less than 5 on a count station), R=Recorded — (seen or heard at times other than on count stations). Number which follows the status symbol is an average of the data taken from all count stations or the number seen or heard over the duration of the survey for those species not recorded on the count stations. The * symbol designates those species not recorded on the 1992 survey. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME RELATIVE ABUNDANCE 1992 2003 Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus C=6 U=2 Gray Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus R=3 U=1 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis U=2 U=3 Zebra Dove Geopelia striata C=6 A=11 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis C=7 C=9 Japanese White -eye Zosterops japonicus U=3 A=12 Saffron Finch* Sicalis jlaveola U=4 Yellow -billed Cardinal* Paroaria capitata R=3 Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis R=2 U=2 House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus U=4 C=6 House Sparrow Passer domesticus R=7 C=6 Nutmeg Mannikin Lonchura punctulata C=8 AA 1 Java Sparrow* Padda oryzivora C=7 7 SOURCES CITED Bruner, P.L. 1985. Avifaunal and Feral Mammal Survey of Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Property at Keahole Point, North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. Prep. for Marine Sicences Group (MSG). 1989a. Survey of the Avifauna and Feral Mammals at Queen Liliuokalani Trust Property, Kailua Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. Prep. for Belt Colins & Associates. _ 1989b. Survey of the Avifauna and Feral Mammals at Kealakehe Property, North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. Prep. for Belt Collins & Associates. 1990. Survey of the Avifauna and Feral Mammals at Honokahau, North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. Ms. Prep. for PBR-Hawaii. 1992a. Survey of the Avifauna and Feral Mammals at Keahole, North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl, ms. Prep. for CH2M Hill. 1992b. Survey of the Avifauna and Feral Mammals on State -Owned Lands in the Kailua to Keahole region, North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms. Prep. for Helber Hastert & Fee. 1993. Survey of the Avifauna and Feral Mammals at Moeauoa, Kailua- Kona. North Kona, Hawaii. Unpubl. ms Prep. for PBR-Hawaii. Hawaii Audubon Society. 1997. Hawaii's Birds. Fifth edition. Hawaii Audubon Society of Honolulu. 112pp. Honacki, J.H., K.E. Kinman and J.W. Koeppl eds. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press Inc. and the Association of systematic Collections. Lawrence, Kansas. 694pp. Johnson, O.W., P.M. Johnson and P.L. Bruner. 1981. Wintering Behavior and Site -Faithfulness of Golden -Plovers on Oahu. `Elepaio 41(12): 123-130). Johnson, O.W., M.L. Morton, P.L. Bruner and P.M. Johnson. 1989. Fat Cyclicity, Flight Ranges and Features of Wintering Behavior in Pacific Golden -Plovers. Condor 91:156-177. Johnson, O.W., P.G. Connors, P.L. Bruner, J.L. Maron. 1993. Breeding Ground Fidelity and Mate Retention in the Pacific Golden -Plover. Wilson Bull. 105: 60-67. Johnson, O.W., P.L. Bruner, J.J. Rotella, P.M. Johnson, and A.E. Bruner. 2001. Long -Term Study of Apparent Survival in Pacific Golden -Plovers at a Wintering Ground on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. The Auk 118(2): 34-351. n Kepler, C.B. and J.M. Scott. 1990. Notes on the distribution and behavior of the endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus). `Elepaio 50(7): 59-64. Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, and D.G. Berrett. 1987. A field guide to the birds of Hawaii and the tropical Pacific. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. 409pp. Pyle, R.L. 2002. Checklist of the birds of Hawaii — 2003. `Elepaio 62(6): 137-148. Tomich, P.Q. 1986. Mammals in Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 375pp. 0 APPENDIX C - BOTANICAL RESOURCES BOTANICAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT STUDY KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION NORTH KONA DISTRICT, HAWAII by Winona P, Char CHAR $ ASSOCIATES Botanical Consultants Honolulu, Hawai'i Prepared for: BELT COLLINS HAWAII LTD. August 2003 BOTANICAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT STUDY KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION NORTH KONA DISTRICT. HAWAII INTRODUCTION HELCO's Keahole Generating Station is presently identified as Conservation District by the State Land Use Commission (LUC). An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to support an application to the LUC for a boundary amendment to reclassify the subject property to the State Urban District is being prepared; a County Change of Zone to General Industrial is also being sought. A botanical survey (Char 1992) was prepared for a Revised Final EIS for the power plant (Parcel 36) as part of HELCO's application to expand the capacity of the generating station in 1993. The adjacent Parcel 37 which now supports a transformer station and the primary and secondary access roads were not included in the 1993 EIS document. Field studies to update the earlier botanical study and include Parcel 37 and the access roads were conducted on 14 August 2003. The primary objectives of the field survey were to: 1) prepare a general description of the vegetation on the project site; 2) search for threatened and endangered species as well as species of concern; and 3) identify areas of potential environmental problems or concerns and propose appropriate mitigation measures. DESCRIPTION OF THE VEGETATION The plant names used in this report follow Wagner et al. (1990) and Wagner and Herbst (1999). The few recent name changes are those reported in the Hawaii Biological Survey series (Evenhuis and Eldredge, editors, 1999-2002). The vegetation on Parcel 36 consists of landscape plantings with occasional weedy patches, especially along the perimeter fence line. The most commonly used ornamental plants include coconut palms (Cocos nucifera), oleander (Nerium oleander), Erythrina variegata cv. "Tropic Coral", Erythrina sp., and various Bougainvillea hybrids. Weedy patches occur among the landscape plantings. These include Natal redtop grass (Melinis re ens), coat buttons (Tridax procumbens), wild bittermelon (Momordica charantia), puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris), wild spider flower (Cleome gynandra), Spanish needle (Bidens ilosa), and Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum). Weedy shrubs such as sourbush (Pluchea carolinensis), koa haole or 'ekoa (Leucaena leucocephala), Christmas berry (Schinus terebinthifolius), and noni (Morinda citrifolia, a Polynesian introduction) are found along the fence line. Parcel 37 is located makai (west) of the larger Parcel 36. It has been bulldozed and supports a transformer station which is surrounded by a chainlink fence. There are only a handful of plants, plant cover is less than 1%, on the level, gravel -covered parcel; these include lovegrass (Eragrostis amabilis), fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum), Natal redtop grass, hairy spurge (Chamaesyce hirta), and red pualele (Emilia fosbergii). Patches of weedy, mostly annual, herbaceous species line the gravel -covered road shoulder. Clumps of fountain grass are common to abundant. Other plants occasionally observed include Natal redtop grass, hairy spurge, coat buttons, Cuba jute (Sida rhombifolia), puncture vine, Portulacaip'losa, swollen fingergrass (Chloris barbata), and partridge pea (Chamaecrista nictitans). Two native species are occasionally found along the roadside; these are 'uhaloa (Waltheria indica) and 'ilima (Sida fallax). Along the primary access road, a number of ornamental species front the plant nurseries. These include Ficus_ benjamina, Erythrina variegata, Ficus sp., beach naupaka hedges (Scaevola sericea), and Plumeria hybrids. Rows of noni shrubs are found on a lot close to the generating station. 2 DISCUSSION The vegetation on the Keahole Generating Station and the primary and secondary access roads is composed almost exclusively of introduced or alien species. Introduced species are all those plants which were brought to the Hawaiian Islands by humans, intentionally or accidentally, after Western contact, that is, Cook's arrival in the islands in 1778. Three native species were observed during the field studies. All are indigenous, that is, they are native to the Hawaiian Islands and elsewhere. 'Uhaloa and 'ilima are found along the roadsides and other disturbed areas, while the beach naupaka is cultivated as landscape material. None of the plants observed on the generating station site (Parcels 36 and 37) and along the primary and secondary access roads is a threatened or endangered species or a species of concern (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1999a, 1999b; Wagner et al. 1999). All of the plants can be found in similar lowland, dry habitats throughout the West Hawai'i region. The previous botanical study (Char 1992) also reported similar findings. Given these findings, the proposed land use change is not expected to have a significant negative impact on the botanical resources. There are no botanical reasons to impose any restrictions, conditions, or impediments to the proposed land use reclassification. 3 References Char, W.P. (Char & Associates). 1992. Botanical survey, Keahole Generating Station Expansion, North Kona District, island of Hawai'i. Prepared for CH2M HILL. July 1992. Evenhuis, N.L. and L.G. Eldredge, editors. 1999-2002. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers Nos. 58-70. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999a. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service species list, plants. March 23, 1999. Pacific Islands Office, Honolulu, HI. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999b. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. 50 CFR 17.11 and 17.12. December 31, 1999. Wagner, W.L., M.M. Bruegmann, D.R. Herbst, and J. Q.C. Lau. 1999. Hawaiian vascular plants at risk: 1999. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 60. Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. 2 vols. University of Hawai'i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. Wagner, W.L. and D.R. Herbst. 1999. Supplement to the Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, pp. 1855-1918. In: Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer, Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. 2 vols. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. U APPENDIX D • VOLCANIC HAZARDS Volcanic Hazards at the HELCO Keahole Generating Station, North Kona, Hawai i FINAL REPORT Prepared for: Belt -Collins Hawaii Ltd. m John P. Lockwood Michael O. Garcia Geohazards Consultants International, Inc. Geological Consultant Volcano, Hawaii Honolulu, Hawai i February 28, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF WORK 4 GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF HUALALAI VOLCANO 4 METHODOLOGIES 6 Geologic mapping 6 Paleomagnetic determinations 6 Radiocarbon dating 7 GEOLOGY OF THE KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION AREA 7 GEOLOGIC HAZARDS 12 Volcanic Hazards 12 Lava flows 12 Volcanic Gases 15 Tephra Fall 17 Earthquakes 18 Flooding and Ground Stability 18 CONCLUSIONS 19 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 19 APPENDIX A Statistical Analyses of Lava Flow Age 20 REFERENCES CITED 22 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY • The Keahole Generating Station (KGS) is located on the western slopes of Hualalai Volcano. The threat of lava flow inundation during future eruptions of Hualalai is the principal volcanic hazard that could impact the KGS. This threat, however, is considered statistically to be very small. The KGS is situated on a lava flow that is over 2,000 years old. Younger lava flows are more than one mile from the facility. • Hualalai is a geologically active volcano with clusters of eruptions occurring about every 500 years. Although the probability that Hualalai will erupt somewhere within the next few centuries is high, the odds that such an eruption will threaten the KGS are low. • The most recent flow to enter the 25 square mile area surrounding the KGS (the "Study Area") is the 1801 Hu ehu'e lava flow. It is located about 1 mile to the northwest of the KGS. The next youngest flow, the "Kona Palisades Flow" (about a mile to the southeast), has an estimated age of about 1,800 years. Other lava flows in the area are more than 2,000 years old. • Based on the ages of all lava flows less than 5,000 years old in the Study Area, and using a random, Poisson distribution for eruption frequency, the statistical probability that future flows will enter this 25 square mile area within the next 50 years is about 6% and within the next 100 years about 12%. The chance that a flow that entered the Study Area would directly impact the Keahole Generating Station is much lower. • Future Hualalai eruptive vents that could threaten the KGS facility are likely to develop 4-6 miles to the east on Hualalai's Northwest Rift Zone, at elevations between 2,000 and 4,200 feet above sea level. Eruptions from vents below 2,000' elevation would send lava flows north of the KGS; eruptions occurring above 4,200' elevation would send flows south of the facility. • Future eruptions of Hualalai Volcano will likely be preceded by extensive precursory seismic activity. These precursors will allow staff at the KGS adequate time to secure and evacuate the facility if an eruption directly upslope from the KGS appears likely. • The most likely geologic hazards that could impact the KGS area in the future are large earthquakes. The last major earthquake in the Kona area was the August 21, 1951 magnitude 6.9 on the Richter scale (M=6.9) earthquake, which caused extensive damage to the then largely undeveloped Kona area. Facilities at the KGS must be designed to survive the effects of such large earthquakes. • Atmospheric pollution derived from the current eruption of Kilauea Volcano is the principal impact to air quality at the KGS and the surrounding Kona area. These volcanic pollutants consist dominantly of sulphate particulate matter. Compared to Kilauea Volcano, the atmospheric pollution from the expanded Keahole Generating Station is expected to be minor. • No significant hazard to the Keahole Generating Station is expected from future flooding, tephra fall, or ground instability. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF WORK This report evaluates future geologic, volcanological and other natural hazards that could impact the area of the HELCO Keahole Generating Station in North Kona, Hawaii based on the limited published geologic information on the area, new reconnaissance field work, paleomagnetic measurements and carbon 14 age dates, and the extensive volcanological experience of the two authors. Gaps remain in our knowledge of the volcanic history but the following summary is based on the best available evidence that was field checked. This study was initiated on 23 July, 2003, following an authorization to proceed by Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF HUALALAI VOLCANO The Keahole Generating Station area (KGS) is located entirely on the flanks of Hualalai Volcano (Fig. 1), the least active of Hawai'i Island's three active volcanoes'. This volcano is representative of the post -shield stage of Hawaiian volcanism, which is characterized by a marked decrease in eruption rate as the volcano drifts off the Hawaiian hotspot (Frey and others, 1990). The estimated lava production rate for Hualalai over the last 3000 years is about 2% of the current rate of Kilauea volcano (Moore and others, 1987). Hualalai comprises about half of the Kona district of Hawai i. It rises to an elevation of 8271 feet and covers about 325 square miles. Most Hualalai eruptions have taken place from vents along two primary rift zones (Fig. 2); the Northwest Rift Zone, extending 15 miles from the sea to the summit, and the Southeast Rift Zone, trending about 8 miles from the summit to the southeast where it is buried by Mauna Loa flows. The less active North Rift Zone, extends northward about 6 miles from the volcano's summit to Pu'u Wa'awa'a (Fig. 2). Moore and others (1987) concluded that about 25% of the volcano is covered by lavas less than 10,000 years old. In contrast, 90% of Kilauea 20 N 19N 156 W 155 W T— KOHALA Ar-------- MAUNA KEA Hilo HUALAL.AI; MAUNA LOA do:o tie„ © Mokmweoweo KILAUEA e .� y '. 0 2U 40 Kilamtlers Fig. 1. Map of the island of Hawaii showing the location of the 5 volcanoes and Figure 2. volcano has been covered by new lavas flows in the last 10,000 years (Holcolmb, 1987). The most recent Hualalai volcanic activity is thought to have occurred in 1801 (Kauahikaua and others, 2002). The volcanic history of the Hualalai volcano was subdivided in the most recent geologic map of the volcano into 8 basic age groups ranging from the 106,000 year old Pu'u ' Volcanologists consider any volcano with humanly -documented eruptions to be "active" and to have the potential to erupt again. Wa'awa'a cone and flow to the two historic eruptions at about 1800 A.D. (Moore and Clague, 199 1) Within these age groups, most of the eruptions apparently occurred in clusters closely related in time, as did the historical eruptions about 200 years ago. Thus, the number of separate eruptive sequences is less than indicated on the geologic map of Moore and Clague (1991). Single eruptive sequences consist of many separate eruptive phases (as exemplified by the ongoing eruption of Kilauea Volcano, where 55 separate eruptions have occurred during the single eruptive episode that began in 1983). Paleomagnetic studies and radiocarbon dating of many Hualalai lava flows mapped as products of separate eruptions by Moore and Clague show that they were part of eruptive sequences and should be treated as products of single, rather than several, eruptions. 1116M 19 45' EXPLANATION Hualalat lava flows of 1800- 1801 Mauna Loa lava flow of 1859 Prehistoric Mauna Loa lava flows Trachyte lava flow and cinders. > 100,000 yrs.old Eruptive vents along Hualaiat s rift zones Roads Awa Topographic contours Figure 2. Principal geographic and geologic features of Hualalai Volcano (modified after Macdonald and others, 1983). The box indicates the 25 square mile Study Area surrounding the Keahole Generating Station. Contour interval is 1,000 feet. Hualalai's most recent eruption occurred along its Northwest Rift Zone (NWRZ) in 1801 from vents at about 1800 feet above sea level. This eruption sent several lava flows, collectively known as the Hu'ehu'e Flow, westward to the sea (Fig. 2). The IHu'ehu'e flow field underlies the north end of Keahole Airport and is a mile to the northwest of the KGS. A larger historic flow, known as the Ka'apulehu Flow was also erupted from NWRZ but from vents at about 5000 to 6000 feet above sea level. The flow traveled to the north entering the ocean at Ka'upulehu, about seven miles to the northeast of KGS. The precise age of this flow is uncertain. Kauahikaua and others (2002) believe it may have formed a few decades before 1801 based on historic accounts by Hawaiians (Kauahikaua and Camera, 2000). Paleomagnetic data and radiocarbon ages for these two historical flows are, however, identical within analytical error (Kauahikaua and others, 2002). The similar compositions of these two flows (Kauahikaua and others, 2002) indicate that they are related to the same magmatic "pulse" of activity, which ended about 200 years ago. A seismic swarm on Hualalai in 1929, which lasted over a month (Macdonald and others, 1983) may have been related to an intrusion and thus represent a failed eruption (Moore and others, 1987). This event and an estimate of about 200 eruptions over the past 10,000 years led Moore and others (1987) to conclude that the average recurrence interval for Hualalai eruptions was about 50 years. They predicted that the next eruption could come within the next few decades. We believe this estimate and prediction are incorrect. As noted by Moore and others (1987), Hualalai eruptions have not been periodic. Instead, they occurred in clusters of several eruptions within a few hundred years, separated by several centuries of inactivity. Thus, the absence of a Hualalai eruption in last 200 years does not mean an eruption is 'overdue". Nonetheless, the volcano is "active" in geologic terms and will certainly erupt again. There are, however, no seismic or other indicators of an imminent eruption. METHODOLOGIES Geologic mapping The most recent geologic mapping of Hualalai was by Moore and Clague (1991). This mapping was not in sufficient detail to allow for a thorough volcanic hazards analysis of the Keahole Generating Station. For our analysis, we selected a 25 square mile area surrounding the KGS (the Study Area) as representative of the lava flows that had impacted the area. This area was re - mapped by field inspections, including examination of the mineralogy of the lavas, and by interpretation of both color and black & white aerial photographs. This work added considerable additional detail to our knowledge of the geology of the KGS area. Paleomagnetic determinations The orientation of the Earth's magnetic field changes slowly with time (Hagstrum and Champion, 1995). Lava flows record the direction of the ambient magnetic field at the time of their cooling. The differences in magnetic orientation of lava flows may thus be used to distinguish flows from one another if sufficient time elapsed (typically 100 years or more) between the times of 6 Figure 3. Drilling rock cores for paleo- Magnetic studies their eruptions. To aid us in grouping and separating flows and in assigning approximate eruption ages, we conducted extensive sampling for geomagnetic studies (Fig. 3). Over 100 rock cores were obtained from eight different outcrop areas, precisely oriented with a solar compass, and their magnetic properties analyzed at the Rock Magnetism Laboratory of Western Washington University. Radiocarbon dating The best guide to future activity of a volcano is the record of past activity. For this reason, reliable appraisals of future lava flow hazards depend on accurate age determinations of the lava flows in the area under consideration. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal fragments recovered from beneath lava flows is the most reliable means to establish eruption ages for Hualalai lavas. A great deal of effort was expended in searching for datable charcoal beneath the lava flows of the Study Area (Fig. 4). Because the Study Area is extremely arid, however, and soils between lava flows are generally absent (Fig. 5), plant materials necessary for charcoal formation are uncommon and carbonaceous material for dating is difficult to find. Of the four charcoal samples recovered during our study, three were contaminated by later wildfire carbon and gave unusable age dates. Figure 4. Collecting charcoal from a soil developed on tephra under the Kaloko Flow. A radiocarbon age oil 2,410 ± 40 years was obtained on this sample. This sample locality is high on the flanks of Hualalai where soils are more common. GEOLOGY OF THE KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION STUDY AREA The Keahole Generating Station is located downslope from Hualalai's Northwest Rift Zone (Fig. 2). The surface lavas along the rift zone are almost all less than 10.000 years old and most are less than 3,100 years old (Moore and Clague, 1991). All of the flows on the northwest flanks of the volcano, including those in the KGS area, originated from the Northwest Rift Zone. These flows range widely in texture, from fluid, smooth pahoehoe to pasty, rough a a. All of these flows covered less area than the current eruption of Kilauea (Moore and others, 1987; Garcia and others, 2000). The main lava flows in the Study Area (Fig. 6) are discussed below. Figure 5. Keahole Point flow overlying the Kohanaiki flow one mile west of the KGS. Almost 1,000 years separates the emplacement of these two flows. No soils formed nor did tephra accumulate during this time interval. Keahole Point flow The KGS Property is underlain by a single lava flow, here informally named the "Keahole Point flow" (Fig. 6), which forms Keahole Point and underlies much of the Keahole International Airport to the west. Charcoal recovered beneath this flow by Moore and Clague (199 1) gave a radiocarbon age of 2,140 ± 100 years. This flow was apparently erupted from 4 or more vents along Hualalai's NWRZ at elevations of 2,000 to 4,200 feet above sea level. The portion of the flow under the KGS consists of dense pahoehoe at the surface with irregular subsurface 'a a lenses exposed in excavations on the KGS site (Figure 7). These stacked flow lobes each have somewhat variable amounts of small olivine crystals (<1 to 6%) and minor plagioclase (<I %). For a determination of lava flow hazards at the KGS site it was critical to know if these lobes were all emplaced at the same time., or if they were products of separate eruptions. Our paleomagnetic studies show that these internal lobes were erupted at about the same time (Figure 8). To the north, the Keahote Point flow consists of rubbly 'a a lava with common xenoliths of gabbro and dunite, and moderate amounts of olivine (3-6%). The flow is bordered by older lava flows to the north and south (Fig. 6). To the west. it is overlain by the 1801 "Hu'ehu'e Flow" (Kauahikaua and others, 2002). I I I 0 1 2 miles LEGEND (Informal unit names) Huehue flow (AD 1801) Kona Palisades flow. Est. age 1,750 yrs. Keahole Point flow 2 1 2 �1w 14C age 2,140 ± 100 yrs. Kaloko flow 14C age 2,410 ± 40 yrs. Kohanaiki flow 14C age 3,020 ± 150 yrs. Unnamed older flow 14C age 4,700 ± 350 yrs. Undated older flows Est. ages > 5,000 yrs. Figure 6. Geologic map of the Keahole Generating Station Study Area. Geology in part after Clague and Moore (1991). Numbers on map are in thousands of years. Ages for the Kona Palisades and undated older flows are estimated based on field relationships with dated flows and paleomagnetic results. Hu ehu'e 1501 Flow This flow covers the northern portion of the Keahole International Airport a mile northwest of the KGS. The Hu ehu'e Flow is a compound flow sequence consisting of two main units: an early, mostly 'a a flow overlain by pahoehoe to the south and a northern flow of mostly pahoehoe with minor'a'a . These flows have similar mineralogies with sparse olivine crystals. The southern'a'a flow contains small, scattered fragments ("xenoliths") of gabbro and dunite from the interior of the volcano (Kauahikaua and others, 2002). Eruption temperatures for these flows are estimated to have been about 1180°C (Kauahikaua and others, 2002), which is typical of Hawaiian basalts. The rheology of this flow was been inferred from its glass chemistry and eruption temperatures. Viscosities as high as 60 pascal seconds (Pa s) were estimated (Kauahikaua and others, 2002), which are within the range for the lavas from 1984.Mauna Loa eruption (Moore and others, 1987). Other investigators have calculated much lower viscosities and assumed much higher flow emplacement rates than have been observed during eruptions of Mauna Loa or Kilauea (for example, Baloga and others, 1995; Guest and others, 1995). Figure 7. Mixed'a'a and pahoehoe lavas of the Keahole Point flow exposed in the northern wall of the Keahole Generating Station site. Paleomagnetic sampling of similar flows exposed in a roadcut 500 feet south of the KGS site showed that all of these flows were emplaced during the same eruptive period. Kona Palisades flow This distinctive'a'a flow, located about 1.5 miles southeast of KGS, underlies much of the Kona Palisades Subdivision, and is well -exposed in many roadcuts. Where the original surface is preserved, this flow is covered with loose, rubbly'a'a fragments. The rock contains 2- 4% olivine crystals 114 inch in diameter and sparse (<1-2%) crystals of white plagioclase up to '/4 inch long with aggregates to almost'/2 inch in diameter making this flow mineralogically distinct. This flow was considered to be part of the 1801 flow sequence by Moore and Clague (1991) and was, therefore, of particular interest for this study. Our field work revealed that this flow is extensively weathered, indicating that it is much older than 200 years. Our paleomagnetic observations (Fig. 8) clearly show that this flow is not of 1801 age, and comparisons with paleomagnetic data of Clague and others (1999) and Hagstrum and Champion (1995) suggest that it formed about 1,750 years ago. This flow is mineralogically similar to a lava flow exposed on the north side of the NWRZ west of the Ka'upulehu Flow (Fig. 2), and paleomagnetic data obtained on this flow (Fig. 8) show that it likely represents a branch of the "Kona Palisades" flow that traveled north of the NWRZ from a vent that also fed a flow to the south. to 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Paleomagnetic Data - Keahole Area Kaupulehu Flow (19 sites) (3 sites) Huehue (1601) Flow (12 sites) Keahole Point Flow North slope flow • Kona Palisades Flow 3500 3550 3600 50 100 15 Magnetic Declination (3600= North) Figure 8. Direction of paleomagnetic fields preserved in lava flows of the Keahole area, as expressed by magnetic declination and inclination. Solid symbols indicate new data collected during this study (Petro, 2003). Open symbols are averaged paleomagnetic field directions measured in this area by Champion (2004). Kaloko Flow This major'a'a flow is exposed at the southern margin of the Study Area (Fig. 6). We collected a charcoal sample at the base of this flow (Fig. 4) from higher on the flanks of the volcano which yielded a radiocarbon age 2410 ± 40 years. This flow is characterized by sparse (<I%), small olivine crystals. Kohanaiki Flow This flow occurs just south of the overlying Keahole Flow (Figs. 5, 6). It forms the southern boundary of the Keahole Airport. Charcoal collected beneath this flow near the Kalaoa School at about 1,700 feet above sea level gave an age of 3,020 t 150 years (Moore and Clague, 1991). The flow consists of dense, tube -fed pahoehoe characterized by a very fine-grained, tough internal fabric and the presence of rare, small crystals of olivine. This lava flow is also characterized by irregular surfaces with many localized depressions and elevated hillocks (tumuli). The low-lying depressions, up to 100 feet across and 10 feet deep, were formed by the subsurface draining of lava seaward during emplacement of the flow and collapse of the crust. Although about 95% of this unit consists of dense pahoehoe, several small patches of high - standing, rubbly'a'a lava were found in the eastern exposures of the Kohanaiki pahoehoe:. These 'a'a patches are slightly older products of the Kohanaiki eruption, and were formed by fragmentation of early pahoehoe during emplacement. Unnamed older flow The oldest dated lava flow in the Study area is a narrow, 'a'a flow exposed along the northeast margin are the area (Fig. 6). This flow was derived from an unnamed, small vent located at 4,000 feet elevation along Hualalai's Northeast Rift Zone, and is characterized by abundant olivine crystals and minor small plagioclase. It was radiocarbon dated at 4,700 ± 350 years before present (Moore and Clague, 1991). Older Lava flows About 14% of the Study Area is underlain by remnants of older lava flows (Fig. 6), exposed as "islands" of highly weathered pahoehoe and 'a'd, surrounded by younger flows. They can commonly be recognized by the presence of lush grass cover, which reflects the. development of soil on their surfaces. Their ages are not known except that they are older than the overlying 4,700 flow described above. Judging from degree of weathering, these older lavas are all older than 5,000 radiocarbon years. These older flows consist dominantly of'a'a in the northern part of the Study Area, although pahoehoe is more common in the small remnants found in the southern area. Just north of the Keahole Point Flow, pahoehoe lavas of this unit are characterized by large tumuli structures. Most of these older flows are characterized by relatively abundant, small crystals of olivine. GEOLOGIC HAZARDS Volcanic Hazards Lava Flows The KGS property lies entirely within Lava Flow Hazard Zone 4 of Heliker (1997), Mullineaux and others (1987), Wright and others (1992) indicating that less than 15% of this area has been.covered by lava flows within the past 750 years. This classification of the entire Hualalai volcano as hazard zone 4 is far too generalized to reflect the variations of relative hazards exposure over the entire volcano. A more detailed classification for Hualalai has not been established, but would obviously show that hazards are greater along the volcano's rift zones, and lessen with increasing distance down the volcano's flanks. Hualalai is the least active of Hawaii's three "active" volcanoes and its eruptions have been infrequent. Moore and others (1987) suggested that the average recurrence interval for Hualalai eruptions is about 50 years, based on their estimate of about 200 eruptions over the past 10,000 years, but there is ample evidence that indicates Hualalai's eruption recurrence interval is much longer than this. Our reconnaissance geologic mapping and the detailed paleomagnetic studies by Champion (2004) suggest that far fewer than 200 separate eruptions have occurred over the past 10,000 years. It appears that Moore and others (1987) counted many non- contiguous lava outcrops as belonging to separate eruptions, whereas our new paleomagnetic data and the extensive paleomagnetic data of Champion (2004) indicate that many are actually part of the same eruptive period. Furthermore, it appears that Hualalai eruptions have not occurred randomly over time, but instead have been periodic. Eruptions have apparently occurred in clusters separated by several centuries or more of inactivity, as was recognized by Moore and others (1987). Thus, the fact that Hualalai has not erupted in nearly 200 years. does not mean an eruption is overdue. 12 In evaluating the statistical likelihood of a future eruption threatening the Keahole Generating Station, our best guide is the record of the past eruptions. This record provides an understanding of how often lava flows have impacted this area. Although the lava flow underlying the KGS is more than 2,000 years old, flows erupted in 1801 lie about a mile to the northwest. Thus, for a statistical evaluation of risk, a broader area than the KGS must be considered. As stated earlier, we selected a 25 square mile area centered on the Keahole Generating Station for our evaluation (Fig. 6). Six lava flows entered the KGS Study Area during the past 4,700 years, including five radiocarbon -dated lava flows and one, (Kona Palisades) whose age is inferred from paleomagnetic and field data (Table 1). These flows are randomly distributed in time (Fig. 9), show no periodicity or other time -dependent trends, and by various statistical tests can be shown to follow a Poisson (random) time distribution (Appendix A). Small outcrops of as many as six undated older flows (>5,000 years) are also exposed in the KGS area (Moore and Clague, 1991), but these cannot be used for statistical analyses as they are undated. Table 1. Ages of dated lava flows within the Keahole Generating Station Study Area. Informal Lava Flow Name Age Reference (radiocarbon years b.p.) Hu'ehu'e e AD 1801 Kauahikaua and Camera (2000) Kona Palisades 1,750 yrs. b.p. (est.) This Report Keahole Point 2,140 +/- 100 yrs. b.p. Moore and Clague (1991) Kaloko 2,410 +/- 40 yrs. b.p. This Report _ Kohanaiki 3,020 +/- 150 yrs. b.p. Moore and Clague (1991) Unnamed old flow 4,700 +/--350 yrs. b.p. I Moore and Clague (1991) The probability of flows from future eruptions reaching the Study Area, assuming that the random time distribution of flows in the past will also characterize the future, can be calculated for various time intervals using a Poisson probability model. The Poisson probability model assumes that: a) eruptions occur independently, b) the probability that an eruption will occur does not change with time, c) the probability that an eruption will occur in a particular time period is proportional to the length of the interval, and d) the probability of more than one eruption occurring at the same time is extremely small (after Davis, 1973). The following equation from Kauahikaua and others (1998) is useful for calculating probabilities that future events will occur over differing future periods: P-100 l_e T where t= probability evaluation window in years, and T= lava flow recurrence interval in years. Since six lava flows have entered the KGS area in the past 4,700 years, the recurrence interval T for this period (assuming random Poisson distribution) is 783 years. 13 n 5 N 4 1 KGS Area 11-0 0 1000 2000 3000 Flow Age _OM 5000 Figure 9. Radiocarbon and paleomagnetically-inferred ages and estimated stu face areas of lava flows in the KGS study area. Ages from Moore and Clague (1991) and our new charcoal and paleomagnetic data. The resulting probabilities that future flows will reach the Study Area (within 2.5 miles of the Keahole Generating Station) are given in Table 2: TahlP ? Prnhahil;riec fnr future lava flows enterine the 25 square mile Studv Area Evaluation Period t (years): 10 50 100 250 500 1,000 Probability 1,3% 6.2% 12.0% 27.3% 47.2 Ile 72.1% Lava flow emplacement rates are another factor to be considered in an evaluation of lava flow hazards. Emplacement rates for Hualalai's recent eruptions have been debated in the scientific literature with rates varying from extremely fluid (up to 120,000 feet per hour for near vent areas; Baloga and others, 1995) to values typical of the recent eruptions of Kilauea and Mauna Loa (Kauahikaua et at., 2002). Measured flow rates for Mauna Loa and Kilauea lavas vary from 16 to 30,000 feet per hour (Rowland and Walker, 1990). A typical rate for pahoehoe flows like those that underlie KGS on a gentle slope might be about 65 feet per hour, whereas for an 'a'a flow on a steep slope the rate would be 3000 to 7000 feet per hour (Rowland and 14 Walker, 1990). The slopes down rift from the Hualalai vents vary from steep to gentle. Therefore, depending on eruption conditions, a flow might move quickly down the steep slopes for about 3 miles taking 2-5 hours and then more slowly on the gentle slopes above the KGS. Fortunately, the inferred deep sources of Hualalai lavas (based on the presence of deep crustal accidental blocks that are found in some of these lavas; Clague, 1987) imply that a relatively long period of seismic unrest (weeks to months) is likely to precede an actual eruption. This would give ample time to secure the KGS facility and to allow for precautionary evacuation of staff should a lava flow threaten the KGS. Volcanic Gases The most important sources of atmospheric pollutants in Kona area are related to the downwind transport of magmatic gases from Kilauea Volcano. Kilauea's shallow summit magma chamber has slowly released large amounts of volcanic gases (principally sulphur dioxide, SO2, and carbon dioxide, CO2) into the atmosphere for thousands of years. Kilauea eruptions bring fresh supplies of gas -rich magma directly to the surface causing dramatic increases in gas emission. During Hawaii's prevailing tradewind conditions these gases travel to the southeast then circulate northward in the lee of Hawaii Island (Fig. 10). Diurnal upslope Figure 10. Distribution of winds around the Island of Hawaii during trade wind (blue) and Kona wind (red) conditions. Figure from Sutton and others (1997). winds bring these gases on land during daylight howl, and the resultant "vog" causes poor visibility and respiratory distress in many people. During much of the 20`h century, Kilauea's eruptions have been of short duration, a few days to a few months (Garcia and others, 2003). The quantities of SO2 were typically around 100-150 metric tons/day during this period (Elias and others, 1998), which are insufficient to greatly impact air quality in the Kona area. Thus, the negative effects on Kona's atmospheric quality were short-lived. This changed dramatically in January, 1983, when the Pu a O'o 15 eruption began. For the first three years of this eruption, eruptive episodes occurred about once a month and were short-lived (about one day). The atmospheric impact on the Kona area was slight as pollutants quickly dissipated during the month long periods between eruptions. The style of this eruption changed in the summer of 1986, when the eruptions switched to steady- state lava lake activity resulting in the near -continuous emission of large quantities of volcanic gases (Fig. 11; Sutton and others, 2001). The quantities of SO2 gas released by this eruption are Figure 11. Typical fuming from Pu'u O'o, Kilauea Volcano — aerial view to southeast. The fume, which consists dominantly of H2O, SO2, and CO2, is being blown to the west by the prevailing tradewinds. USGS photo by Christina Heliker, January, 2003. The SO2 gas from Kilauea eruptions is quickly oxidized to sulphuric acid (H2SO4; Sutton and others, 2000), which has an estimated half-life of only six hours (Porter and others, 2002). This acid reacts with airborne elements to produce mixtures of sulphate particles and weak acids, which are the principal components of the volcanic "vog" that impacts the Kona area (Elias, personal communication, 2003). Southerly winds at the Keahole Generating Station (HELCO Air Quality Impact analysis, Figure 3-1, unpublished report, 2003) bring diluted amounts of this "vog" into the KGS area from accumulation centers further to the south (Fig. 10). Optical photometric and condensation nuclei observations carried out in West Hawaii and Waimea show that vog is present on the leeward side of Hawaii Island during tradewind conditions (Fig. 12), and that vog concentrations vary with diurnal wind directions (Ryan, 2000). Mauna Loa volcano can also produce large quantities of volcanic gases during eruptions (Ryan, 1995), but the high altitudes of most eruption sites for the past 90 years cause these gases to remain at upper atmospheric levels and to not impact the Kona area. Mauna Loa Southwest Rift Zone eruptions occurred below 5,000 elevation in 1868, 1887, and 1907. 1t is likely that these eruptions may have impacted the Kona area, although these eruptions were short-lived ( a week or two), and their effects on the atmosphere were short-term. 16 Z3 22.5 22 21.5 21 d a 20.5 16 J 20 19.5 19 18.5 18 -161 MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth Band 1 Vog 11/072002 21:17:34-21:20:21 UTC -160 -159 -158 -157 -156 -155 -154 Longitude Figure 12. Distribution of sulphur -bearing volcanic pollutants from Kilauea volcano (yellowish areas) as observed on a MODIS satellite image obtained during tradewind conditions. Image from Porter and others (2002). Tephra Fall Tephra deposits on Hualalai are uncommon and are of two basic types: cinder and spatter. These tephra deposits are localized around vents with little dispersal by winds, although phreatic (steam) explosions similar to the 1924 eruption of Kilauea Volcano (Macdonald and others, 1983) have scattered blocks widely around craters on Hualalai's East Rift Zone. In their review of volcanic hazards in Hawaii, Mullineaux and others (1997) considered the hazard from tephra fall (airborne ashfall) for all of Hualalai Volcano to be "Zone 2", the same as the southern flanks of Kilauea Volcano. They describe Zone 2 as areas where "tephra falls from lava fountains should be frequent but thin". We disagree with this characterization for Hualalai, since tephra has only been observed along the summit and rift zones of the volcano or high on its flanks, and Hualalai does not have frequent eruptions. We examined many contacts between lava flows in the "Study Area" around the KGS (Fig. 6). No tephra was observed in the vicinity of the KGS and there were no indications that tephra has fallen in these low-lying areas away from the rift zone. While we cannot exclude the possibility that minor amounts of glassy tephra ("Pele's hair") could fall in the future from high fountaining episodes of the volcano, we would 17 expect these amounts to be slight and to have little impact on operations of the KGS facility, although filters on the air intakes at the plant may need to be changed more frequently if such an eruption were to occur. Winds reported at the KGS in year long observation period in 1984 (HELCO EIS, 2003, Section 3; Environmental Setting, Impacts and Mitigation Measures) were mostly (98%) less than 10 knots and usually from southerly directions away from the Northwest Rift Zone. Earthquake Hazards The Island of Hawaii is one of the most seismically active areas on Earth, with more destructive earthquakes than in any other comparably sized area in the United States (Wyss and Koyanagi, 1992). Although the most severe historical earthquakes have occurred on the southern flank of Hawaii, Wyss and Koyanagi indicate that the Kona area is subject to earthquakes with intensities up to VIII on the Modified Mercalli Scale. Such intensities can cause moderate to severe damage to unreinforced structures or to buildings with inadequate foundations. Significant vertical ground accelerations are possible in this area, and must be considered in designing buildings. The last major earthquake in the Kona area [M=6.9] occurred on August 21, 1951, with its epicenter about 18 miles to the south of the KGS site. A series of strong earthquakes of uncertain magnitude were apparently epicentered on the north flank of Hualalai in the fall of 1929, and caused extensive damage all over west Hawaii. Describing one particularly strong earthquake on October 5, 1929, Jaggar (1929) wrote: "In Kealakekua the motion was a heavy jerk, somewhat prolonged, and applied very suddenly. Vertical retaining walls broke on the downhill sides of roads and of filled land, stone houses were cracked, water tanks burst or were thrown off their foundations, and some weak structures collapsed. Furniture was moved, and loose objects were thrown about. Puuwa'awa'a Ranch received the brunt of the disturbance as usual, unbraced.foundation posts went over, the masonry of the basement of the main house was partly thrown down, new avalanches felling the gulches of Puuwa'awa'a Hill, bowlder fences were generally prostrated, and a chimney stump was broken for a second time. " The International Conference of Building Officials (ICBG), as expressed in their Uniform Building Code (UBC), has recommended that the entire Island of Hawaii meet the UBC standards for Seismic Zone 4 (ICBG Code Committee, 1996). The recommendations of the ICBO are not binding on local authorities, however, and the County of Hawaii is still requiring the less rigorous standards of Seismic Zone 3, established in 1970. It is recommended that any future construction contemplated at the KGS site meet the more stringent design codes of Seismic Zone 4, with the expectation that the County of Hawaii will eventually adopt these higher standards. Flooding and Ground Stability The Keahole Generating Station is located on the axis of a high -standing mound of pahoehoe and does not lie in any observed potential flood channel. Therefore, flooding is not expected to be a hazard at the KGS, except at times of extremely heavy rainfall when local accumulations of rainwater may briefly appear at the site. The lava flows underlying the site are highly permeable, and such surface water will quickly percolate downward. 18 The rocks underlying the KGS consist entirely of pahoehoe and consolidated Va. Narrow lenticular voids up to several feet across were observed in the pahoehoe lavas in the walls on the eastern margin of the KGS, and similar cavities were also reported in the subsurface investigation of KGS by Dames and Moore (1998) based on numerous drill holes at the site. Lava flows are generally well-suited to support properly designed construction. No indications of tectonic ground cracking or other secondary deformation structures were observed in the vicinity of the KGS facility. CONCLUSIONS The probabilities that future eruptions of Hualalai Volcano will directly impact the Keahole Generating Facility are quite low, but still finite. Long-term "forecasting" of future eruptions from dormant volcanoes like Hualalai is impossible (Decker and others, 1995), but as volcanoes become restless before eruptions, geophysical and geological observations make forecasts possible. Forecast precisions improve as eruptions draw nearer and premonitory phenomena become better defined. In the case of Hualalai, it is likely that an extended period of seismic unrest will precede any eruptive outbreak Such earthquake activity, possibly accompanied by surface deformation of the volcano, should give adequate warning for KGS Staff to secure the facility and to evacuate safely, if an eruption above the KGS appears possible. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Gary Petro of the Rock Magnetism Laboratory at Western Washington University performed all the paleomagnetic determinations and Tim Scheffler assisted in all aspects of field work and paleomagnetic sampling. Radiocarbon age del erminations were made by the Beta Analytic Corporation. Shane DeMello provided access to the Keahole Generating Station and valuable background on plant operations. 19 APPENDIX A ___ Statistical Analyses of Lava Flow Ages The six lava flows that have entered the 25 mile square "Study Area" around the Keahole Generating Station in the past 5,000 years (Table 1; Figure 9) appear to have occurred randomly over time, thus satisfying a critical criterion for the Poisson distribution analysis of future lava flow probabilities. To better evaluate this assumption, statistical tests for randomness were performed, using the methods employed by Davis (1973) in his analysis of the time distribution of historical eruptions of Aso volcano, Japan. The sample size to be analyzed for the Study Area is small, but since these six flows include the entire population of flows that entered the Study Area over the past 5,000 years, the sample adequately describes the activity of this period. To evaluate the possibility that eruptions were entering the Study Area either more or less frequently with time, a trend analysis and regression line analysis were performed to reveal any changes in the rate at which flows have entered the Study Area. Following the method used by Davis (1973) this was done by dividing the 5,000 year time into five equal segments of 1,000 years each and plotting the number of eruptions that occurred in each time interval (Figure A-1). The horizontal regression line indicates the absence of any time -dependent trends. Lava Flow Age Trend Analysis m ' o ' o I r 2 ■ L O C m 1 ■ ■ ■ ■ > R O Z 0 — -- -- — — 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time Interval (years b.p) Figure A-1.Trend analysis for ages of lava flows that have entered the Study Area over the past 5,000 radiocarbon -years before the present (b.p.), showing the number of flows that entered the Study Area within each of five 1,000 year time intervals. The horizontal slope of the least squares regression line (dark) shows that there has been no increase or decrease in lava flow activity over this time period. 20 To evaluate the possibility that a serial correlation might exist in the data, the time between lava flows might depend on the time between the previous lava flows (i.e. that a short time between two flows would be followed by a short time till the next flow, or that a long time interval between flows would be followed by a long time until the next flow), a scatter plot was constructed for the four time intervals that were both preceded by, and followed by eruptions (Figure A-2). This plot shows both large dispersion and a concentration of points near the axes, typical of a random series of events (Davis 1973), and although sparse, the data show no connection between the lengths of repose before and after lava flows entered the Study Area. Serial Correlation Test - Interflow time duration 2000 m d 3 1500 0 N 0 1000 m 500 0 d 0 ■ N ■ ■ 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Time to next flow (years b.p.) Figure A-2. Duration of time between successive lava flows that have entered the Study Area., showing intervals before and after individual flows. Repose intervals before individual lava flows show no relationship to length of time to next lava flow. These tests demonstrate that the timing of lava flow entry into the KGS Study Area has indeed been random over the past 5,000 years, and that the flows that have entered the area are mutually independent events. The probability of future lava flow impact on the Study Area can thus be analyzed by Poisson probability statistics. 21 REFERENCES CITEID Baloga, S., Spudis, P. D., Guest, J. E., 1995, The dynamics of rapidly emplaced terrestrial lava flows and implications for planetary volcanism: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 24,509-24,519. 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M., Swanson, K., 2000, Magmatic processes during the prolonged Pun Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Petrology, v. 41, p. 967-990. 22 Garcia, M.O., Pietruszka, A. J., Rhodes, J. M., 2003, A Petrologic Perspective of the Summit Magma Chamber of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Petrology, v. 44, 2313-2339. Guest, J. E., Spudis, P. D., Greeley, R., Taylor, G. J., Baloga, S. M., 1995, Emplacement of xenolith nodules in the Kaupulehu lava flow, Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, p. 179-184. Hagstrum, J. T. and Champion, D. E., 1995, Late Quaternary geomagnetic secular variation from historical and 14C -dated lava flows on Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 24,393 — 24,403. Heliker, C., 1997, Volcanic and seismic hazards on the island of Hawaii: U. S. Geological Survey General Interest Publication, 48 p. Holcomb, R., 1987, Eruptive history and long-term behavior of Kilauea Volcano: U. S. 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J., Lienert, Barry, Sharma, S. K., Lau, Eric, Sutton, J. A., Elias, Tamar, and Oppenheimer, Clive, 2002, Sun photometer and lidar measurements of the plume from the Hawaii Kilauea Volcano Puu Oo vent — aerosol flux and SO, lifetime: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, n. 16, p. 30-1-4. Rowland, S. K. and Walker, G. P. L, 1990, Pahoehoe and'a'a in Hawaii: volumetric flow rate controls the lava structure: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 52, p. 615-628. Ryan, Steven, 1995, Quiescent outgassing of Mauna Loa Volcano 1958-1994: In Rhodes, J. M. and Lockwood, J. P., 1995, Mauna Loa Revealed — Structure, Composition, History, and Hazards, American Geophysical Union Monograph 92, p.95-115. Ryan, Steven, 2000, The distribution of volcanic aerosols in Hawaii from VOGNET: NOAA Mauna Loa Observatory Special Report. Available online at http://wwvv.mlo.noaa.govlhistory/publishlstevelvognet%20paper. pdf. Stearns, H. T. and Macdonald, G. A., 1946, Geology and ground -water resources of the Island of Hawai'i: Territory of Hawai'i, Division of Hydrography, Bulletin 9, 363 pp. Sutton, A. J., Elias, Tamar, Gerlach, T. M., and Stokes, J. B., 2001, Implications for eruptive processes as indicated by sulphur dioxide emissions from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, 1979-1997: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 108, p. 283-302. Sutton, A. J., Elias, Tamar, Hendly, J. W., and Stauffer, P. H., 1997, Volcanic air pollution — a hazard in Hawaii: U. S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 169-97, 2 pp. Wright, T. L., Chun, J. Y. F., Esposo, J., Heliker, C., Hodge, J., Lockwood, J. P., and Vogt, S. M., 1992, Map showing lava -flow hazard zones, island of Hawaii: U. S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF -2193. Wyss, M., and Koyanagi, R. Y., 1992, Isoseismal maps, macroseismic epicenters, and estimated magnitudes of historical earthquakes in the Hawaiian Islands: U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2006, 93 p. 24 APPENDIX E - HELCO SECOND IRP 1999-2018 Hawaii Electric i.rgnc Company. Inc. • �-Cx ",C Warren H.W Lee, PE. September 1, 1998 W. Lee President T. S. Goya Butes (� m Hashiro C. Chang f•" rNn Nihei The Honorable Chairman and Members of G v �— the Hawaii Public Utilities Commission B. Naltamoto Kekuanaoa Building " = 0 rq 465 South King Street, 1st Floor o ~rTt N. 0 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 W Willoughby C.n W Ituku CT Yamamoto Dear Commissioners: D. Brown Subject: Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO 1998 Integrated Resource Planning In accordance with Order No. 15977 dated September 26, 1997, attached is HELCO's 1998 IRP Plan for the 20 -year planning horizon of 1999 - 2018. Volume 1 contains the 1998 IRP Plan, and Volume 2 contains supporting appendices. HELCO has scheduled the following for publication of a Notice of Integrated Resource Plan Filing: 1) The Honolulu Advertiser 2) Hawaii Tribune Herald 3) West Hawaii Today Attachments CC: Division of Consumer Advocacy An HEI Company September 13, 1998 September 14, 1998 September 15, 1998. Sincerely, W. Lee T. S. Goya Butes �w G. Hashiro C. Chang C. Nihei A. Selo B. Naltamoto J. Dizon N. Creveston G. Willoughby E. Ituku a. Yamamoto D. Brown T. Williams NP File Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Integrated Resource Plan 1999-2018 Docket No. 97-0349 Table of Contents ExecutiveSummary ............................................................. .......... .................. .... ..... ........ ............... ES -1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................1-1 1.2 PREVIOUS INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN ......................................... .................... 1-1 1.2.1 Original IRP -93 (October 1993).......................................................... .................... 1-1 1.2.2 Modified IRP -93 (June 1994 Reassessment)...........................................................1-1 1.2.3 Commission's Findings...........................................................................................1-4 1.3 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE IRP-1............................................................... .................... 1-6 1.3.1 Contingency Plans....................................................................................................1-6 1.3.2 Annual Evaluation Report ....................................................................................... 1-7 1.3.3 Encogen Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) ........................................ .................... 1-7 1.3.4 Change in the Planning Context........................................................... ................... 1-8 2. IRP OBJECTIVES 2.1 IRP OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................2-1 2.2 IRP PLAN ATTRIBUTES.................................................................................................2-2 3. IRP PROCESS, METHODS AND MODELS 3.1 IRP -98 PROCESS....................................................... ....................................................... 3-1 3.2 HELCO IRP -98 ORGANIZATION...................................................................................3-2 3.3 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION...............................................................................................3-2 3.3.1 IRP Advisory Group.................................................................................................3-2 3.3.2 Public Meeting.........................................................................................................3-3 3.4 INTEGRATION METHODS AND MODELS..................................................................3-3 3.4.1 PROSCREEN II Corporate Strategic Planning System..........................................3-3 3.4.2 Attribute Analysis Methods......................................................................................3-4 4. PLANNING ASSUMPTIONS 4.1 SALES AND PEAK FORECAST......................................................................................4-1 4. 1.1 Existing Customer Base...........................................................................................4-1 4.1.2 Base Forecast ............................................... ............................................................. 4-I 4.1.3 High and Low Forecasts...........................................................................................4-5 4.1.4 June 1998 Short-term Forecast .................... ............................................................. 4-6 4.1.5 Forecast Sensitivities................................................................................................4-7 4.2 FUEL PRICE FORECAST .................................... ............................................................. 4-8 4.3 EXISTING SYSTEM.........................................................................................................4-11 4.3.1 HELCO System........................................................................................................4-11 4.3.2 HELCO Unit Retirements........................................................................................4-12 4.3.3 Puna Standby............................................................................................................4-14 4.3.4 Non -Utility Generating Resources...........................................................................4-14 4.4 COMMITTED SUPPLY SIDE AND DSM PROJECTS...................................................4-15 4.4.1 Status of Keahole CT -4 and CT-5............................................................................4-15 4.4.2 Status of Encogen....................................... .............................................................. 4- 15 4.4.3 Existing DSM...........................................................................................................4-16 4.5 SUPPLY SIDE RESOURCE OPTIONS (SRO).................................................................4-16 4.6 DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM OPTIONS ....................... ..................... 4-18 4.6.1 Energy Efficiency DSM...........................................................................................4-18 4.6.2 Capacity Buy -Back Pilot Program...........................................................................4-18 4.7 SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL DATA AND OTHER ASSUMPTIONS ...........................4-19 5. PLANNING CRITERIA AND CONSIDERATIONS 5.1 CAPACITY PLANNING CRITERIA........................................................... ..................... 5-1 5.2 MINIMUM LOAD.............................................................................................................5-1 5.3 SPINNING RESERVE.......................................................................................................5-3 5.3.1 Issues in IRP-93.......................................................................................................5-3 5.3.2 IRP -98 Spinning Reserve Analysis..........................................................................5-4 5.4 TRANSMISSION CONSIDERATIONS..................................................... ...................... 5-6 Table of Contents 5.4.1 T&D Considerations in Generation Planning ........................................ ................... 5-6 5.4.2 T&D Considerations for Supply -Side Options ........................................... .. ........... 5-6 5.4.3 T&D Considerations for Demand -Side Options......................................................5-6 ................ 8-16 5.5 CONSIDERATION OF NON-UTILITY GENERATION IN THE IRP ............................5-7 8-16 5.6 EXTERNALITIES ............... .......................................................... ..................... ............... 5-7 5.7 IMPACT ON THE STATE ECONOMY...........................................................................5-8 ................ 8-20 6. DSM ASSESSMENT 6.1 BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW................................................................................6-1 6.2 OBJECTIVES.....................................................................................................................6-2 6.3 UPDATED DSM PROGRAM IMPACTS AND COSTS..................................................6-3 6.3.1 Comparison of 2 -year and 20 -year DSM Program Potential...................................6-3 6.3.2 Individual DSM Programs - Updated Data..............................................................6-6 6.3.3 Calculation of Shareholder Incentive and Lost Margin Estimates ...........................6-17 6.3.4 Summary of Total Program Revenue Requirements................................................6-21 6.4 VALIDATION OF UPDATED DSM IMPACT AND COST ESTIMATES .....................6-22 6.4.1 Comparison to Previous DSM Impact and Cost Estimates......................................6-22 6.4.2 Comparison to State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) Study Results...............................................6-24 6.5 DETERMINATION OF PROGRAM COST-EFFECTIVENESS.....................................6-24 6.5.1 Standard Practice Tests............................................................................................6-24 6.5.2 Summary of IRP -98 Benefit/Cost (B/C) Test Results..............................................6-26 6.5.3 Comparison of IRP -98 B/C Test Results to Prior Analyses ...................... ............... 6-26 6.6 PROSCREEN II MODELING DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS.........................................6-27 6.6.1 PROSCREEN Input Data and Assumptions ............................................. ............... 6-27 7. ASSESSMENT OF SUPPLY-SIDE RESOURCES 7.1 IDENTIFICATION OF SUPPLY-SIDE RESOURCE OPTIONS.....................................7-1 7. 1.1 Combined Cycle Fuels ..................................... ........................................................ 7-4 7.2 FUTURE NON-UTILITY GENERATION........................................................ ............... 7-4 7.3 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ............................... ........................................................ 7-4 7.4 RENEWABLE RESOURCES............................................................................................7-5 7.4.1 Biomass............................................................ ........................................................ 7-5 7.4.2 Geothermal...............................................................................................................7-5 7.4.3 Wind.........................................................................................................................7-5 7.4.4 Photovoltaic(PV).....................................................................................................7-6 7.4.5 Storage Technologies ....................................... ........................................................ 7-6 8. INTEGRATION OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND-SIDE RESOURCES 8.1 STEP l: DEVELOP BASE CASE ASSUMPTIONS ......................... ................ .............. 8-1 8.2 STEP 2: IDENTIFY & SCREEN DSM AND SUPPLY OPTIONS.................................8-1 8.2.1 DSM Options .................................................... ........................................................ 8-1 8.2.2 Supply-side Options.................................................................................................8-2 8.3 STEP 3: DEVELOP CANDIDATE PLANS.....................................................................8-2 8.3.1 Consideration of Various Perspectives.....................................................................8-2 8.3.2 Advisory Group input to the candidate plans...........................................................8-3 8.4 STEP 4: SELECTION OF FINALIST PLANS.................................................................8-4 8.4.1 Advisory Group input to the Finalist Plans..............................................................8-4 8.5 STEP 5: ATTRIBUTE AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS, SPECIALCONSIDERATIONS.......................................................................................8-6 8.5.1 Attribute Analysis....................................................................................................8-6 8.5.2 Sensitivity Analyses.................................................................................................8-6 8.5.3 Special Considerations ........ ..................................................................................... 8-7 8.6 STEP 6: SELECTION OF THE IRP PREFERRED PLAN .............................. ................ 8-16 8.6.1 DSM ......... ................................................................................................................ 8-16 8.6.2 Preferred Location of Future Generation.................................................................8-18 8.6.3 Future renewable energy development..................................................... ................ 8-20 Table of Contents 8.6.4 Distributed Generation............................................................................................8-26 8.7 IRP -98 PREFERRED PLAN..............................................................................................8-28 8.7.1 Demand -Side Features of the Preferred Plan ....................................... .................... 8-28 8.7.2 Supply -Side Features of the Preferred Plan .......................................... .................... 8-29 8.7.3 Comparison with the IRP -93 Preferred plan ........................................ .................... 8-31 8.7.4 Risks and Uncertainties............................................................................................8-31 8.7.5 Other Scenarios and Impacts on the Preferred Plan.................................................8-33 ACTION PLANS 9.1 DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT (DSM) ACTION PLAN ...... 9.1.1 Overview.............................................................................. 9.1.2 Planned Tasks and Activities ............................................... 9.1.3 Impacts......................................................................... 9.1.4 Expenditure Schedules ................................................. 9.2 SUPPLY-SIDE ACTION PLAN ............................................ 9.2.1 Overview...................................................................... 9.2.2 SRO Action Plan Activities .......................................... iii List of Figure ES -1. IRP -98 Preferred Plan ..................... ......................................................... ES -2 Figure 1-1. Original HELCO IRP -93 .............................................. ........................... 1-2 Figure 1-2. Modified IRP -93 (June `94 Reassessment)..............................................1-2 Figure 3-1. HELCO IRP -98 Process..........................................................................3-1 Figure 3-2. Corporate Organizational Structure for HELCO IRP -98 ........................3-2 Figure 3-3. Matrix used to determine weighting factors for Advisory Group multi -attribute tool..................................................................................3-8 Figure 4-1. Comparison of 1994 and 1997 Base Peak Forecasts...............................4-2 Figure 4-2. Comparison of Base, Low and High Net Peak Forecasts ........................4-5 Figure 4-3. May 1995 MSFO Price Forecast vs. Actual.............................................4-8 Figure 4-4. May 1995 Diesel Price Forecast vs. Actual.............................................4-9 Figure 4-5. Historical and Forecasted Fuel Prices ...................................................... 4-1 l Figure 5-1. Forecasted Minimum Load and System Minimum Capability................5-2 Figure 5-2. Comparison of plan costs: Diesel plan vs all DTCC plan.......................5-5 Figure 6-1. DSM Forecast Update Methodology ................................................. ...... 6-2 Figure 6-2. Total Annual Energy Savings(GWh)................................................ ...... 6-3 Figure 6-3. Total Peak Impact(MW).........................................................................6-3 Figure 6-4. System Load Profile with DSM...............................................................6-4 Figure 6-5. Total DSM Expenditures . ..... ................................................................... 6-5 Figure 6-6. September 2009 Normalized Typical Week Impacts, Residential WaterHeating..........................................................................................6-6 Figure 6-7. September 2009 Normalized Typical Week Impacts, Commercial & Industrial Energy Efficiency ..................................... ............................... 6-9 Figure 6-8. September, 2009 Normalized Typical Week Impacts, Commercial & Industrial New Construction............................................................ ..... 6-12 Figure 6-9. September, 2009 Normalized Typical Week Impacts, Commercial & Industrial Customized Rebate..................................................................6-15 Figure 6-10. Base Reference Supply -Only Plan ... ........................................................ 6-20 Figure 6-11. Comparison of 20 -year Energy Efficiency Program Estimates...............6-22 Figure 6-12. Comparison of DBEDT Potential Study and 1997 HELCO DSM Assessment Results..................................................................................6-24 Figure 8-I. Comparison of MSFO price forecasts (delivered to Hill) .................. ...... 8-14 Figure 8-2. Comparison of Diesel price forecasts (delivered to Puna) ................. ...... 8-14 Figure 8-3. Comparison of Coal price forecasts (transport to HELCO not included) 8-14 Figure 8-4. Difference in Average system 0/kWh against No DSM (from 1999) baseline....................................................................................................8-17 Figure 8-5. Difference in Residential Non -participant Monthly bill from No DSM (from 1999) Plan ........................ ..... ......................................... 8-18 Figure 8-6. IRP -98 Preferred Plan ............. ................................................................. 8-28 Figure 8-7. Alternate Plan C 1 .................................... ........................................... ..... 8-36 Figure 8-8. Alternate Plan C2 ........................................................ ............................. 8-36 Figure 8-9. Alternate Plan C3....................................................................................8-37 List of Tables Table ES -1. Summary of Preferred Plan System Peaks and Capacity ....................... ES -3 Table ES -2. Major differences between IRP -93 Reassessment and IRP -98 .............. ES -4 Table ES -3. Supply-side Resources considered in the Integration Analysis .............. ES -7 Table ES4. Summary of IRP -98 analysis assumptions ............................................... ES -8 Table 1-1. HELCO's IRP Plan Comparison........................................................... 1-3 Table 2-1. IRP Plan Attributes and Method of Calculation ............................. ....... 2-8 Table3-1. IRP -98 Attributes...................................................................................3-7 Table 3-2. Advisory Group's weighting factors for use in the multi -attribute tool..................................................................................3-9 Table 3-3. Advisory Group Weight -and -Rank Results.............................................3-10 Table 4-1. Peak Load Forecast Comparison (Gross MW) - September 1997 vs. March 1994............................................................4-2 Table 4-2. Comparison of Base, Low and High Net Peak Forecasts ........................4-5 Table4-3. Sales Sensitivity ......................................................................................4-7 Table 4-4. Comparison of May 1995, August 1992 and Actual Fuel Prices.............4-10 Table 4-5. Firm Generating Resources.....................................................................4-13 Table 4-6. As -available (Non-firm) Resources ........................................ ................. 4-12 Table 4-7. IRP -98 Supply-side Resources included in Integration Analysis ............4-17 Table 4-8. Summary of IRP -98 Assumptions .......................................... ................. 4-19 Table 5-1. Plans compared in IRP -98 spinning reserve analysis..............................5-4 Table 5-2. Comparison of plan costs with and without spinning reserve.. ................ 5-5 Table 5-3. Summary of Externalities Workbook Results ......................................... 5-8 Table 6-1. Residential Water Heating Program Rebates .......................... ........ ........ 6-6 Table 6-2. Residential Water Heating Energy Savings (GWH Requirements) ........6-7 Table 6-3. Residential Water Heating Peak Impacts (MW) ............................ ......... 6-7 Table 6-4. Residential Water Heating Incentives ($000) .........................................6-8 Table 6-5. Residential Water Heating Annual Budget ($000) ........................ ......... 6-8 Table 6-6. Residential Water Heating B/C Ratios.....................................................6-8 Table 6-7. Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Average Rebates..................................................................................................... 6-9 Table 6-8. Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Energy Savings (GWH Requirements) ..............................................................................6-10 Table 6-9. Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Peak Impacts (MW) .......6-10 Table 6-10. Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Incentives ($000) ............ 6-11 Table 6-11. Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Annual Budget ($000)....6-1 l Table 6-12. Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency B/C Ratios ......................6-11 Table 6-13. Commercial and Industrial New Construction Average Rebates.............6-12 Table 6-14. Commercial and Industrial New Construction Energy Savings (GWh Requirements) .................. ............................................................. 6-13 Table 6-15. Commercial and Industrial New Construction Peak Impacts (MW) ........ 6-I3 Table 6-16. Commercial and Industrial New Construction Incentives ($000) ............ 6-14 Table 6-17. Commercial and Industrial New Construction Annual Budget ($000)....6-14 Table 6-18. Commercial and Industrial New Construction B/C Ratios ......................6-14 Table 6-19. Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate Average Rebates ........... 6-15 Table 6-20. Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate Energy Savings (GWh Requirements)...............................................................................6-16 Table 6-21. Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate Peak Impacts (MW) ...... 6-16 Table 6-22. Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate Incentives ($000) .......... 6-16 Table 6-23. Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate Annual Budget ($000)..6-16 Table 6-24. Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate B/C Ratios ....................6-16 Table 6-25. DCE Shareholder Incentive Estimates (Dollars)......................................6-18 Table 6-26. DCE Lost Margin Estimates ($000).........................................................6-19 Table 6-27. Five -Year Summary of Total DSM Revenue Requirements ....................6-21 Table 6-28. Comparison of 20 -year Energy Efficiency Program Estimates ...............6-23 List of Tables Table 6-29. Standard Practice Test Components ................................................... ..... 6-25 Table 6-30. Summary Of Cost Effectiveness, With Shareholder Incentives...............6-26 Table 6-31. Summary Of Cost Effectiveness, Without Shareholder Incentives .........6-26 Table 6-32. Comparison of B/C Ratios to Previous Analyses (Without Shareholder Incentives)..........................................................................6-27 Table 6-33. Residential Construction Forecast (number of accounts) ........................6-28 Table 6-34. Commercial Construction Forecast (millions of square feet) ..................6-28 Table 7-1. Candidate Resource Options............................................................. ..... 7-1 Table 7-2. Commercial Fossil -Fired Supply -Side Resource Options ........................7-2 Table 7-3. Bus -bar Cost Rank of Baseload Units ................................................. ..... 7-3 Table 7-4. Bus -bar Cost Rank of Cycling Units........................................................7-3 Table 7-5. Bus -bar Cost Rank of Peaking Units ................................................. ..... 7-3 Table 7-6. Indigenous and Renewable Resources....................................................7-4 Table 8-1. HELCO IRP -98 Finalist Plans.................................................................8-5 Table 8-2. Comparison of 1995 and 1998 Fuel Price Forecasts................................8-15 Table 8-3. Comparison of No DSM (from 1999), 2 -year and 20 -year DSM plans... 8-17 Table 84. Plans analyzed in IRP transmission study................................................8-20 Table 8-5. Ranking of plans with renewables by cost ......................................... ...... 8-22 Table 8-6. Summary of DSM Impacts in the Preferred Plan ..................................... 8-29 Table 8-7. Comparison of IRP -98 and IRP -93 Preferred Plans ........................... ..... 8-32 Table 9-1. Projected Schedule of DSM Plan Implementation...................................9-3 Table 9-2. Summary of DSM Action Plan Incremental Energy Savings (GWh) ...... 9-5 Table 9-3. Summary of DSM Action Plan Incremental Peak Impacts(MW) ............ 9-5 Table 9-4. Expenditure Schedule for CIEE Program ($000) ....................................9-6 Table 9-5. Expenditure Schedule for CINC Program ($000) .............................. ...... 9-6 Table 9-6. Expenditure Schedule for CICR Program (5000) ....................................9-6 Table 9-7. Expenditure Schedule for REWH Program ($000) ..................................9-6 Table 9-8. Summary of Keahole ST -7 expenditures (In Thousands of Dollars) ...... .9-7 Table 9-9. Summary of Major Milestones for West Hawaii Site Acquisition ........... 9-8 Table 9-10. Summary of West Hawaii Site Acquisition Expenditures (5000) ............ 9-8 Table 9-11. Summary of Major Milestones for Renewable Resource Acquisition ..... 9-9 Table 9-12. Expenditure Schedule for Renewable Resource Acquisition (5000) ....... 9-9 A 17 E F G H I J K L M N O P U9 List of Appendices A Framework for Integrated Resource Planning (IRP Framework) Docket No. 96-0493, Order No. 15285, filed December 30, 1996 - Instituting a Proceeding on Electric Competition, Including an Investigation of the Electric Utility Infrastructure in the State of Hawaii Advisory Group Membership Roster Advisory Group Presentation Material and Correspondence September 11, 1997 Sales and Peak Forecast May 22, 1995 Fuel Price Forecast IRP -98 Supply -Side Resource Option Portfolio Development, Black & Veatch, August 1998 Capacity Planning Criteria for Addition of Generation in HELCO Long -Range Expansion Studies Executive Summary, Externalities Workbook Candidate Plans Attribute Analysis Rates and Bills Analysis Sensitivity Analysis IRP -98 Transmission Analysis Evaluation of Biomass Energy for the Big Island Executive Summary, HELCO Generation Resource Contingency Plan Update #4 Glossary Reference Section 1.1 1.3.4 3.3.1 3.3.1 4.1 4.2 7.1 5.1 5.6 8.3 8.5.1 8.5.1 8.5.2 5.4.1, 8.6.2 5.7 1.3.1, 4.4.2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HELCO IRP -98 BACKGROUND HELCO submits this major review of its IRP in compliance with the Commission's Framework for Integrated Resource Planning (Framework), as revised May 22, 1992, in Decision and Order No. 11630, Docket No. 6617. Section VILA of the Decision and Order established July 1, 1997, as the date by which HELCO must conduct a major review of its IRP. By letter dated July 5, 1996, HELCO requested Commission approval of an extension of the submission date of HELCO's revised IRP from July 1, 1997, to September 1, 1998. By Order No. 14866, dated August 8, 1996, the Commission approved HELCO's request to extend the submission date. On September 26, 1997, the Commission issued Order No. 15977, opening Docket No. 97-0349, regarding HELCO's 1998 IRP filing (IRP -98). IRP -98 PREFERRED PLAN The IRP Framework states that the overall objective of the IRP process is to identify "the resources or mix of resources for meeting the near and long-term consumer energy needs in an efficient and reliable manner at the lowest reasonable cost"' and that the "ultimate objective of utility's integrated resource plan is meeting the energy needs of the utility's customers over the ensuing 20 years .,,2 it is with this primary intent that HELCO has selected its preferred integrated resource plan. In the plan selection process, the Company also gave substantial consideration, and incorporated where possible, those resources that provide non -monetary benefits to both utility customers and society in general. Figure ES -1 illustrates the preferred plan for IRP -98. Table ES -1 summarizes the system ' IRP Framework, Section 11.A, page 3. 21RP Framework, Section IV.13.1, page 20. ES -1 Erecauve peak forecast and the firm capability of the system assuming the resources in the preferred plan are installed. The demand-side features of the preferred plan include: Four energy efficiency DSM programs implemented over the 20 -year period, 1999-2018. The programs include: Residential Water Heating, Commercial & Industrial Energy Efficiency, Commercial & Industrial New Construction and Commercial & Industrial Custom Rebate programs. A forecasted maximum energy efficiency DSM peak impact of about 15.2 MW, reducing the forecasted net peak load in 2018 from 263.6 to 248.4 MW. A forecasted total energy savings of roughly 1300 GWh, or a savings of about 3 million barrels of oil from energy efficiency DSM over the 20 -year planning period. Continuation of existing load management rates and rider contracts, estimated to reduce the system peak demand by more than 6.7 MW. The supply-side features of the preferred plan include: Retire Keahole D18-20 (total of 8.25 MW) with the addition of CT -4 and CT - 5 in December 1998 Retire Shipman 1, Waimea D8-10 and D12-14 (total of 14.3 MW) upon completion of Encogen Phase P, currently estimated to be in April 1999 Retire Kanoelehua Dl 1 and D15-17, Keahole D21-23 and CT -I (total of 30 MW) upon completion of Phase 2 of the Encogen combined cycle 4, currently estimated to be in August 1999 ' Consistent with HELCO Rate Case, Docket No. 97-0420 (HELCO T4, p. 43) < Ibid. HELCO IPP -98 ES -1. IRP -98 Preferred Plan Executive Summary HELCO IRP -98 PREFERRED INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (1999-2018) 2aynr DSM 041 0 1 061 071 081 1 091 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 18 ; CINC - Commercial & Industrial New Construction Protnm (REWH. CICR - Commercial & Industrial Custom Rebate CIES, CINC, CICR) Rairr Reline Reli.e Cantr.et SAipmn 3 Ship... . Hill s Expire E.estn %w W., W.I Wm 'TCC Punule. H...ii "...ii R.w.ii H...ii Bestial,return Ir.. Knhplr DTCr DTCT DTST DTCT DTR I/5 .u.4hy DTST 7 Ph HA) Ph 2(A) Ph 3(AI Ph IIB) I 001 01 1 021 031 041 0 1 061 071 081 1 091 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 18 ; CINC - Commercial & Industrial New Construction to Combined Cycle CICR - Commercial & Industrial Custom Rebate HCS Rairr Reline Reli.e Cantr.et SAipmn 3 Ship... . Hill s Expire Resin: Petro Will an D-6.9,10,12.Is,la Ke.Aale 0.It,193a K...elehu. 0.11,15,16,Ir,Cr-1 KnhNe 0.213233 ship... 1 Standby: Pun. Kev Elements of Action Plan (1999-2003) -Pursue installation of a wind project and/or photovoltaic facility -Conduct a more refined analysis of distributed generation resources, to determine whether or not they should be implemented -Permitting and engineering activities for Keahole ST -7 -Acquire new West Hawaii site (to support 2009 DICT) DTCC - Dual -train Combined Cycle REWH - Residential Efficient Water Heating DTCT - Combustion Turbine CIEE - Commercial & Industrial Energy Efficiency DTST - Steam Turbine with conversion of DTCTs CINC - Commercial & Industrial New Construction to Combined Cycle CICR - Commercial & Industrial Custom Rebate Place the Puna steam unit on cold standby upon completion of Phase 2 of the Encogen combined cycles, currently estimated to be in August 1999 Expiration of the contract between HELCO and HCPC for the purchase of 22 MW of firm capacity on December 31, 1999 Return the Puna steam unit to service from cold stand-by for cycling operation in 2003 Install Keahole ST -7 in 2006, converting CT -4 and CT -5 to dual train combined cycle ' Ibid. ES -2 Install a 60.7 MW dual train combined cycle at a new West Hawaii site in phases, with the first phase combustion turbine added in 2009. The second combustion turbine and steam turbine would be installed in 2012 and 2016, respectively. Install the first combustion turbine of a second 60.7 MW dual train combined cycle at the new West Hawaii site in 2017. The IRP analyses, and consideration of Advisory Group input, suggested pursuing various means of acquiring additional wind and PV resources and performing site - HELCO IRP -98 Table ES -1. Summary of Preferred Plan System Peaks and Capacity Executive Year Base Peak Forecast, Without Peak Reduction Benefits of DSM Energy Efficiency DSM Peak, Reduction Benefit Base Peak, Forecast, With Peak Reduction Benefits of DSM Total System Capability for Preferred Plan Gross MW Net MW Gross MW Net MW Gross MW Net MW Gross MW Net MW 1999 172.7 166.8 0.8 0.8 171.9 166.1 239 235 2000 174,4 168.5 1.5 I'S 172.8 167.0 217 213 2001 177.2 171.2 2.3 2.2 174.8 168.9 217 213 2002 180.9 174.7 3.0 2.9 177.9 171.8 217 213 2003 184.9 178.6 3.8 3.7 181.1 174.9 232 228 2004 188.9 182.5 4.6 4 4 164.3 178.0 232 228 2005 193.1 186.5 5.4 5.2 187.7 181.3 232 228 2006 198,8 192.1 6.3 6.1 192.5 186.0 243 238 2007 20,12 197.3 7.2 6.9 197.0 190.4 243 238 2008 209.5 202.4 8.1 7.8 201.4 194.6 243 238 2009 214.7 207.5 9.0 8.7 205.7 198.7 256 251 2010 220.0 212.6 10.0 9.7 210.0 202.9 256 251 2011 226.0 218.4 11.0 10.6 215.0 207.8 256 251 2012 2323 224.5 11.9 11.5 220.4 213.0 278 272 2013 239.0 230.9 12.9 12.5 226.0 218.4 278 272 2014 245.3 237.0 13.4 13.0 231.8 224.0 278 272 2015 251.7 243.2 14.0 13.5 237.6 229.7 278 272 2016 258.5 249.8 14.6 14.1 243.9 235.7 284 278 2017 265.5 256.6 15.1 14.6 250.4 242.0 305 299 2018 1 272.8 263.6 15.7 15.2 257.1 248.4 305 299 specific studies on distributed generation resources. Details on how these resources may be incorporated into HELCO's long- term strategy are provided in the IRP -98 Action Plan. ES -3 HELCO IRP -98 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CURRENT INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN Scenarios for the future electricity business environment vary widely, with many risks and much uncertainty. The goal of the planning process was to develop a plan or plans which would be responsive to an array of reasonable scenarios for the future. Flexibility and resilience are essential attributes of a long-term integrated resource plan. The planning context for IRP -98 was similar to that of IRP -93 in terms of risk, uncertainties and conflicting objectives. One major difference is a clear change toward increased competition in the electric utility industry. Other differences are summarized in Table ES -2. All of these Executive differences were considered in the plan development process of IRP -98. As in IRP - 93, HELCO made every reasonable effort to comply with the requirements of the IRP Framework. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION An IRP Advisory Group, comprised of representatives from state and county agencies, environmental, cultural, business and community interest groups, as well as other interested individuals, served to provide HELCO with a diverse set of opinions and perspectives for consideration in the development of its IRP plan. HELCO made extensive effort to keep its IRP Advisory Group educated, informed and involved, by scheduling meetings at major Table ES -2: Major differences between IRP -93 Reassessment and IRP -98 IRP -93 (reassessment) IRP -98 March 1994 Sales & Peak Forecast September 1997 Sales & Peak Forecast. (lower than March 1994 forecast) August 1992 Fuel Price Forecast May 1995 Fuel Price Forecast (lower than August 1992 forecast) Forecast of DSM impacts as of June 1994 Forecast of DSM impacts as of November 1997 (lower than June 1994 estimates) Supply-side resource data as of July 1993 Supply-side resource data as of October 1997 Planned addition of CT -4 and CT -5 at Planned addition of CT -4 and CT -5 at Keahole in 1995, ST -7 in 1997 Keahole in 1998, ST -7 in 2006 Addition of Encogen's proposed 62 MW' dual -train combined cycle in 1999 Deferral of planned unit retirements (Waimea D8-10, 12-14; Kanoelehua D11, 15-17, CT -I and Shipman 1) until sufficient capacity is installed. Retire Shipman 1, Waimea D8-10 and D12-14 after Encogen Phase 1; retire Kanoelehua Dl 1, D15-17, CT -1 (and Keahole D21-23) upon completion of Phase 2 of the Encogen combined cycle HCPC assumed to continue to provide 18 MW HCPC contract for 22 MW of firm capacity of firm capacity through the IRP -93 planning terminates on December 31, 1999 period (2013) Commission opened Docket No. 96-0493, Order No. 15285, instituting a proceeding on electric competition, including an investigation of the electric utility infrastructure in the State of Hawaii ES -4 HELCO IRP -98 points throughout the IRP process, as well as through written correspondence and informal discussions with HELCO staff. While HELCO welcomed the feedback it received from the Advisory Group members, it was not possible to incorporate all suggestions into the preferred plan due to competing objectives and other constraints. IRP OBJECTIVES AND PLAN ATTRIBUTES As stated in the IRP Framework, the goal of integrated resource planning is "the identification of the resources or mix of resources for meeting near and long term consumer energy needs in an efficient and reliable manner at the lowest reasonable cost."' With input from its IRP Advisory Group, HELCO prepared a list of objectives and plan attributes to assist in evaluating plans supportive of the IRP goals. The nine IRP objectives were: Meet Customer Electrical Needs at the Lowest Reasonable Cost Improve the Quality of Electrical Products and Services Maintain Corporate Financial Integrity Maintain Corporate Competitiveness Increase Fuel Diversity for the Electrical System Support the State of Hawaii Energy Objectives Protect the Environment Mitigate Potential Negative Societal and Cultural Impacts of the IRP Plan Increase Plan Flexibility SALES, PEAK DEMAND AND FUEL FORECASTS The IRP -98 analyses were based on the following forecasts: Long-term sales and peak forecast, dated September 11, 1997 Fuel Price Forecast, dated May 22, 1995 IRP Framework, Section 11 A. ES -5 Executive On May 22, 1998, RECO adopted an updated fuel price forecast, which forecasts fuel prices for HECO, HELCO and MECO. The 1998 fuel price forecasts for diesel and MSFO are lower than the 1995 forecast used in the IRP -98 analysis. The 1998 forecast for coal is higher in the near term, but lower in the long term. By the time the 1998 fuel forecast was issued, the IRP -98 analysis was near completion. Therefore, the 1998 forecast was not used in the development of the IRP preferred plan. However, the 1998 fuel forecast does not affect the selection of the preferred plan for the following reasons: The supply-side resources in the 20 -year IRP preferred plan were determined to be all oil -fired units using the 1995 fuel forecast. Lower oil prices and a smaller differential between coal and oil prices in the 1998 forecast will increase the cost premium for renewable energy and coal. HELCO performed an analysis which indicated that all four 20 -year energy efficiency DSM programs remain cost- effective with the 1998 forecast. Lower fuel prices in the 1998 fuel forecast would reduce the cost of transmission energy losses, but would not change HELCO's preference to install efficient generation closer to the load in West Hawaii. HELCO IRP -98 ASSESSMENT OF DEMAND-SIDE RESOURCES Four energy efficiency DSM programs were evaluated in IRP -98. These programs represent continuation of the DSM programs approved by the Commission for the 5 -year period 1995-2000: Residential Efficient Water Heating Program (REWH), Docket No. 95- 0173. Incentives encourage homeowners to install solar water heaters, electric heat pumps or high efficiency resistance water heaters. • Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Program (CIEE), Docket No. 95-0174. Incentives encourage commercial and industrial customers to replace existing air conditioning, refrigeration, electric motors and lighting with more energy efficient equipment. Commercial and Industrial New Construction Program (CINC), Docket No. 95-0175. Technical assistance is provided to the engineering community to design energy efficient buildings and facilities. Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate Program (CICR), Docket No. 95-0176. Incentives encourage commercial and industrial customers to identify opportunities to increase the efficiency of electrical energy use in their businesses or facilities and implement them. The DSM programs reduce both energy consumption and peak demands on the system. They were evaluated as both 2 -year programs (1999-2000), completing the five- year period currently approved by the PUC) and 20 -year programs (1999-2018, through ES -6 Executive Summar, the IRP planning period) in the integration analysis. A pilot Capacity Buy-back DSM prograrn was approved by the PUC in Decision and Order 15457, Docket No. 96-0421 on March 24, 1997. Given the positive customer response to HELCO's rate rider contracts, HELCO is not pursuing implementation of the Capacity Buy-back program at this time. As part of its Contingency Generation Resource Plan, HELCO has made an aggressive effort to acquire 28 contracts, or about 6.7 MW of potential peak -shaving capacity through its existing load management rates and rate riders (Schedule U, Rider M and Rider T). These rider contracts give incentives to customers to curtail load during system peak periods. However, compliance on any given night is not assured and long-term participation by customers has not been demonstrated. Therefore, for long-term planning purposes, HELCO has assumed 5.5 MW is curtailed at the daily peak. HELCO IRP -98 ASSESSMENT OF SUPPLY-SIDE RESOURCES For the purposes of integrated resource planning, HELCO evaluated commercial supply-side technologies that could be developed by either the utility or by Non - Utility Generators. The cost and performance characteristics of existing HELCO-owned generating units were updated in IRP -98 based on actual performance data. Cost and performance characteristics of future supply-side resource options were also updated from IRP -93 to reflect current performance and cost estimates. A broad range of fossil -fired supply-side resource options was screened down to a shorter list of the most cost-effective alternatives. A number of renewable technologies were also considered in the supply-side resource option portfolio. The short-list of fossil fueled and renewable resource alternatives is shown in Table ES - 3. RESOURCE INTEGRATION ASSUMPTIONS The PROSCREEN II model was used to develop a multitude of plans which varied in demand-side and supply-side resource combinations, sequence of installation and timing of resource additions. The HELCO generation planning criteria was applied to determine the timing of firm resource additions. Table ES -4 highlights the significant assumptions used in the IRP -98 analyses. INTEGRATION ANALYSIS AND CANDIDATE AND FINALIST PLAN SELECTION Resource integration is the process by which demand-side and supply-side alternatives are combined into resource plans capable of meeting the forecasted electrical energy needs of the Big Island. Executive Table ES -3. Supply-side Resources considered in the Integration Analysis Simple Cycle Combustion Turbines MW GE LM -2500 Simple Cycle 20.9 GE LM -2500 STIG 22.7 GE LM6000 Simple Cycle 43.5 Single Train Combined Cycle Resources MW GE LM -2500 1 on I Combined Cycle 29.7 Dual Train Combined Cycle Resources MW GE LM -2500 2 on 1 Combined Cycle 60.7 Steam Units MW Atmospheric Fluidized Bed 26.7 Repower Resource Options MW Hill 5 Repowering 58.3 Puna Steam Turbine Repowering 57.3 Hill 6 Repowering 58.1 Diesel Engine Resources MW Diesel Engine 10.4 Diesel Engine 1.0 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell 0.19 Renewables IOMW (rated maximum) Wind energy (Lalamilo) 5MW (rated maximum) Wind energy (Lalamilo) IOMW (rated maximum) Wind energy (N. Hawaii) 5MW (rated maximum) Wind energy (N. Hawaii) IOMW (rated maximum) wind energy (N. Hawaii) 5MW (rated maximum) Wind energy (N. Hawaii) Battery Energy Storage: 3 hrs @ 5MW or 1.5 hrs @ IOMW Battery Energy Storage Spinning Reserve: 20 min @ I OMW 0.9 kW (rated maximum) PV Energy -Distributed 4MW (rated maximum) PV Energy Pumped Storage Hydro: 5 hrs @ 30MW (S. Hawaii) Pumped Storage Hydro: 5 hrs @ 30MW (Kona) 13.8MW Run of River Hydro (E. Hawaii) 25MW Geothermal 25MW Biomass 'Capacity of fossil fired units represent net MW at average conditions ES -7 HELCO IRP -98 Table ES -4. Summary of IRP -98 analysis assumptions Executive Summary ITEM ASSUMPTION Analysis Period 1999-2018 (specified by IRP Framework) Transmission & Distribution Losses and 8.64% of net generation Company Use set of Finalist Plans Sales & Peak Load Forecast September 1997 HELCO Sales & Peak Forecast (Appendix E) Fuel Price Forecast May 22, 1995 Fuel Price Forecast (Appendix F) DSM Cost and Performance Data Data shown in Section 6 Future Supply-side Resource Cost and Data shown in Table 4-7 and Appendix G Performance Data Finalist Plans Existing generating unit data Data shown in Section 4.3 Existing unit retirements Data shown in Section 4.3 Purchase Power Agreements Data shown in Section 4.3 Cost of Capital Weight Rate (for long-term planning) Short-term debt 5% 6.5% Long-term debt 40% 6.5% Preferred stock 7% 9% Common equitv 48% 12% Composite Weighted Ave. 9315% After-tax Weighted Ave. 8.177% Inflation Rate 1999-2000 2.64% (source: May 1995 Fuel price forecast) 2001-2005 3.31% 2006-2018 3.40% Composite Income Tax Rate 38.91% Revenue Taxes 8.885% Extemality Costs Data shown in Table 5-3 Integration analysis involves the application of quantitative analytical techniques and experienced planning judgment to screen possible plans down to progressively smaller pools and to ultimately select the final preferred plan. The integration process entailed the following steps: Step 1: Development of base case IRP assumptions, including the Sales & Peak Forecast, Fuel Forecast, and existing unit data. Step 2: Identification and screening of DSM options and supply-side alternatives Step 3: Development of Candidate Plans, representing a broad array of objectives and including various ES -8 combinations of DSM and supply- The intent of Step 3, development of Candidate Plans, was to generate a diverse set of plans with various supply and DSM resource combinations from different perspectives (Utility, Customer and Societal). In addition to Candidate Plans HELCO developed according to suggestions from the Advisory Group, a number of PROSCREEN 11 optimization runs were side resources Step 4: Elimination of redundancies within the Candidate Plan set, to arrive at a set of Finalist Plans Step 5: Detailed attribute and sensitivity analysis on the Finalist Plans; and analysis of the impact of other "special considerations" to the Finalist Plans Step 6: Selection of the IRP Preferred Plan The intent of Step 3, development of Candidate Plans, was to generate a diverse set of plans with various supply and DSM resource combinations from different perspectives (Utility, Customer and Societal). In addition to Candidate Plans HELCO developed according to suggestions from the Advisory Group, a number of PROSCREEN 11 optimization runs were HELCO IRP -98 made to develop plans with the following objectives: Plans with 2 -year and 20 -year DSM bundles Plan with no future DSM (from 1999) Plans with a coal unit Plans with repowering Plans with indigenous and renewable resources Plans with and without Keahole ST -7 as the next unit addition Plans optimized by either 20 -year (planning period) or 50 -year (study period including 30 -year end effects) cost perspectives The Candidate Plans were further narrowed to 14 Finalist plans in Step 4. Each candidate plan retained as a finalist plan had some distinguishing trait that HELCO and/or its Advisory Group (AG) felt deserved further consideration. All AG - suggested Candidate Plans were retained as Finalist Plans. While the AG generally concurred with the types of plans in HELCO's proposed finalist plan list, the AG requested that renewable resources be added earlier in the plans, ideally within the five- year Action Plan period. HELCO complied with this request, and the Finalist Plans reflect this change. Since there is a necessity to add baseloaded generation at the load center in West Hawaii, and inclusion of transmission costs associated with East and West Hawaii generation determined that ST -7 on the West side is the least cost next unit addition, the majority of the Finalist Plans have ST -7 in 2006. Selection of a reasonable number of Finalist Plans allowed for more in-depth analyses to be performed. An attribute analysis was conducted to identify significant differences between the Finalist Plans in achieving the IRP objectives. A sensitivity analysis determined how resource selection could change with deviation of actual sales or fuel prices away from the current base forecasts. In addition, other special considerations that ES -9 Executive could affect the selection of a preferred plan were taken into account at this stage of the IRP process. This included: the Hawaii Energy Strategy, • climate change and an updated fuel price forecast.. In its review of the finalist plans, HELCO identified four major distinguishing characteristics among the plans: 1. Length of commitment to energy efficiency DSM programs 2. Location of future generation additions 3. Future renewable energy development 4. Distributed generation to defer large scale, central station generation Thorough examination of each of the four differentiating factors consequently led to the selection of the IRP -98 Preferred Plan. Selection of the preferred IRP plan was made in consideration of the requirements of the IRP Framework, the planning context, forecasts, IRP objectives and their relative importance, premises for the analyses, results of the analyses and Advisory Group input. The four major issues are discussed below. 1. DSM All four 20 -year energy efficiency programs continue to be cost effective from the utility, total resource cost (TRC) and societal perspectives even with a reduced level of penetration from what was expected at the time of the program applications. The fact that the programs are cost-effective from the TRC perspective is especially important, since this indicates that customer costs, as a whole, will be reduced relative to a no DSM case. Aside from economic benefits, there are also reductions in air emissions and fuel usage associated with implementation of energy efficiency programs. Solar water heating in the residential water heating program will support HELCO's participation in the federal Million Solar HELCO IRP -98 Roofs Program. DSM can provide HELCO flexibility in the timing of generating unit additions, to the extent that program ramp rates can be modified. At the same time, though, energy efficiency DSM does increase the per unit cost of electricity, seen by the consumer as higher electric rates. HELCO believes that the advantages of continuing energy efficiency DSM programs outweigh the drawback of increased rate impacts at this time, and therefore is including all four 20 -year DSM programs in its preferred plan. The Advisory Group has also demonstrated support for 20 -year DSM, assigning the IRP attribute of "increase DSM penetration" the highest weight in their rank -and -weight attribute analysis. Having the 20 -year DSM programs in the IRP plan will give HELCO the flexibility to continue with these programs over the long term, provided they are justified in applications and approved by the Commission beyond the currently approved 5 -year period. Future changes in the nature of the electric utility business environment may justify an increased weight placed on mitigating rate impacts to the point where it may be high enough to offset the favorable attributes of DSM. In that case, HELCO would need to be able to scale back or phase out the DSM programs in order to reduce rate impacts. 2. Preferred Location of Future Generation In the year 2000, HELCO forecasts approximately 56 percent of the total system load to be situated on the West side of the Big Island. However, only about 26 percent of total generation, comprised of three relatively inefficient combustion turbines, will be located in West Hawaii at Keahole. Thus, a large proportion of the energy needs on the West side must be exported across the island, incurring high losses across transmission lines. Or, if the West side CTs need to be run for voltage support, then Executive Summary losses will be reduced, but operating fuel costs will increase. This obvious mismatch between the location of generation and load will continue to grow if future generation is not sited in West Hawaii, as more than half of future load growth is projected to be on the West side of the island. ES -10 Completion of the Keahole dual -train combined cycle with the addition of ST -7 will contribute an additional 18 MW (gross) of capacity as well as significant gains in efficiency to West Hawaii. This capacity addition and efficiency improvement will be achieved without burning more fuel or generating additional emissions. Moreover, the conversion of CT -4 and CT -5 at Keahole to combined cycle will provide voltage support from efficient generation on the West side. However, even with ST -7, total generation on the West side will only amount to about 30 percent. Future generation additions beyond ST -7 at a new West Hawaii site will bring a closer balance between generation and load to the west side of the island. This will not only serve to reduce transmission losses, but will increase the chances that the system will remain stable in case a transmission line or lines are out of service and system separation should occur. The closer generation is to the load, energy delivery becomes less dependent on the transmission system, thereby increasing system reliability. HCPC and PGV, independent power producers currently providing firm power to the HELCO system, have expressed interest to expand their power generation operations on the Big Island. Since these existing facilities are located in East Hawaii, and contracts could be negotiated with these parties in the future through PURPA, there is even more reason for HELCO to pursue efficient generation on the west side to serve that local load. HELCO IRP -98 Executive Summary When transmission costs are accounted for, it is lower in cost to add ST -7 at Keahole as the next unit in 2006 than repowering Hill 5. In consideration of the cost and non -cost aspects of siting future generation noted above, HELCO's preference is that the next unit after ST -7 be sited in West Hawaii near the load center. 3. Future renewable energy development In 1997, about 30 percent of total generation on the HELCO system came from renewable sources, ranking HELCO among the top utilities in the nation in terms of renewable energy as a percent of total generation. HELCO's existing grid - connected renewable sources include geothermal, run -of -the -river hydro and wind. Assuming continued operation of all existing renewable facilities through 2018, HELCO would surpass the federal Comprehensive Electricity Competition Plan proposal of a 5.5 percent minimum energy from renewable sources by more than four times over the 20 -year period. The integration analysis determined that plans with future addition of renewable resources are more expensive than a comparable all -fossil plan within the 20 - year IRP planning horizon. This is true even under a high fuel price sensitivity analysis or including the highest value externality adders. In the 50 -year study period horizon, the plan that adds wind generation has a slightly lower present value of revenue requirements than a comparable all -fossil plan (estimated difference of about $800,000 over a 50 -year period, using the base case fuel forecast). It should be noted that the PROSCREEN II model is not capable of modeling the curtailment of supplemental energy sources; therefore, the integration analysis overstates the energy from wind during the minimum load periods. Only if the low capital cost estimate is assumed for geothermal is the ES -1 I plan with geothermal and wind lower in estimated cost than the all -fossil plan in the 50 -year study period. All other renewable plans considered are more expensive than a comparable all -fossil plan even when considering the longer term study period and including the highest value externality adders. a. Supplemental energy sources (Run -of - river hydropower units, Wind turbines, Photovoltaic panel generating systems) Since each of these resources depends either directly or indirectly on the weather, they are non-firm generation sources. HELCO utilizes supplemental resources to reduce fuel oil consumption. Fuel savings also has the effect of reducing air emissions. Supplemental renewable resources will increase the fuel diversity of the system and support the State of Hawaii energy objective to increase the proportion of energy from indigenous and renewable resources. However, there are limitations to the amount of supplemental generation that can be incorporated into the utility system. Due to a relatively small margin between the minimum capability of its baseload units and its minimum load, HELCO has recently experienced instances where it had to curtail generation from existing hydro and wind resources. HELCO is also incurring increased production costs with existing wind resources because of operating reserve that must be carried by oil -fired units capable of regulating system frequency. The operating reserve is necessary to counter excursions of the system frequency away from 60 Hz, such that power quality will not be compromised and load shedding will not occur. HELCO is aware of the growing development of the wind industry and the gains that have been made with new technology. These new technologies, however, need to withstand Feld testing and HELCO IRP -98 performance verification. The various advanced wind turbines are currently being field tested at various locations on the mainland. These new advanced wind turbines do not have any significant track record to measure their performance over a long period. In consideration of the result of the Advisory Group rank -and -weight analysis which indicated a preference for wind and PV, and the positive aspects of these resources such as fuel savings and reduced emissions, HELCO is proceeding to concentrate its renewable energy efforts on acquiring additional wind and PV resources as listed below. HELCO is currently negotiating with Zond Pacific, Inc. ("Zond") for purchase of as - available energy from a 10 MW windfarm which would be located at Kahua Ranch. HELCO has also received a proposal from Amoco/Enron Solar Power Development ("Amoco/Enron") for purchase of as - available energy from a 4 MW PV resource. As part of its IRP Action Plan, HELCO will continue to negotiate with Zond and Amoco/Enron for wind and PV resources, respectively. However, in the case that either or both projects do not materialize, HELCO will consider the purchase of wind and/or PV resources through one of the following avenues: a. Renewable Resource Request for Proposal (RFP) — HELCO will develop a Renewable RFP to invite renewable developer(s) to submit a proposal to provide energy to the HELCO system in return for payments at or below HELCO's avoided energy cost; b. Green Pricing Expansion — HELCO will expand and extend the current Green Pricing program filed with the PUC to include a wind and/or photovoltaic projects. HELCO customers will be given the choice to pay a premium for these renewable resources; or ES -12 Executive c. Utility Installation — HELCO will consider installing a wind and/or a photovoltaic project as part of its utility - owned electrical generating system. In addition to these utility scale projects, HELCO and the Big Island community are participating in the federal Million Solar Roofs Program, with a vision to have 20,000 solar systems in place on the Big Island by the year 2010. The types of solar systems include both water heating and photovoltaics. The solar water heating system portion of the vision is reflected in HELCO's Residential Water Heating DSM program and therefore is reflected in HELCO's IRP plan. The photovoltiac systems may involve a number of different types of applications such as remote homes, solar communities, remote water pumping and PV lighting, commercial building rooftop grid -connected systems and residential grid -connected systems. While HELCO envisions having a role in this new PV energy development activity, the precise nature of that role is presently undetermined. Other possible partners in the realization of this vision for the Big Island include the solar industry, government, educational institutions, and related professional groups like architects, realtors, and engineers. As the estimated PV installations in the federal Million Solar Roofs Program is a vision and is still in the conceptual stage, it was not possible to reflect it in HELCO's IRP plan. b. Geothermal Due to potential minimum load constraints and uncertainties in the forecasts, geothermal was allowed in candidate plans where sufficient margin was forecasted between the system minimum load and minimum baseload capability. Geothermal power is normally designed and operated as a baseload resource because it has a high capital cost but essentially no fuel costs. Minimum load conflicts could require HELCO IRP -98 future geothermal plants to be designed to be dispatchable and for cycling duty. HELCO recognizes that, if successfully developed and operated, and if it can be integrated with existing resources on the system, geothermal can be a highly beneficial source of firm power. Geothermal does not consume fuel oil. Under normal operations, it releases relatively insignificant amounts of the criteria pollutants into the atmosphere as compared to fossil fired generation.? It would increase the ratio of energy from indigenous and renewable resources in support of the State of Hawaii energy objectives, and improve fuel diversity. However, geothermal is only cost-effective if considering a long-term, 50 -year study period horizon and if geothermal can be acquired at the low capital cost estimate of about $3,700 per kW. Realization of this installed cost would depend on the number of wells that would have to be drilled to find an adequate geothermal resource to provide 25 MW of firm power, and the cost to drill each well. Enhancing load following capability would probably require more wells at a greater capital cost. Aside from this uncertainty in initial development cost, geothermal faces a number of uncertainties and risks throughout the period in which it is operational. Geothermal facilities are limited to certain areas of the Big Island where there is some risk of either lava flow or earthquake, which could cause long-term damage to the generation facility. Since HELCO would depend on geothermal to provide firm capacity to the system, additional geothermal on the system may require HELCO to increase its reserve r see Unit Information Form for 25 MW geothermal in Appendix G, "IRP -98 Supply -Side Resource Option Portfolio Development" (Black K Veatch) ES -I3 Executive Summary margin requirement. There is also uncertainty in the long term reliability of geothermal. There are also members of the Big Island community that are strongly opposed to geothermal development. In consideration of these factors, geothermal was not included in the preferred IRP plan. c. Biomass HELCO recognizes that biomass resources have a number of environmental and societal benefits, including: promotion of fuel diversity with the use of banagrass as feedstock, increasing energy from indigenous and renewable resources, consistent with the State of Hawaii energy objectives, reducing total fuel oil consumption, and reducing PM and SOx emissions. While biomass has these favorable attributes, HELCO does not believe that it supports the IRP objective of meeting consumer energy needs in a "reliable manner at the lowest reasonable cost" for the following reasons: Biomass resources are still not cost - competitive when compared to conventional technologies, and would thus add a cost -premium to utility ratepayers if implemented. Biomass plants carry substantial risks. The dependability as well as the cost of the feedstock may be subject to much variability, as the result of inclement weather or crop damage due to pests, brush fire or disease. Opportunities already exist at former sugar plantations to grow and utilize a biomass feedstock. However, none of the former plantations are currently pursuing this, indicating that it may not be economically attractive to do so. According to the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), at this time there are no commercial biomass -to - electricity facilities utilizing a crop HELCO IRP -98 grown solely for electricity generation in the United States. Biomass resources require significantly more land area than an equivalent sized oil -fired generating unit for cultivation of the banagrass crop. Due to these factors, biomass was not included in the IRP preferred plan. d. Pumped Storage Hydro The Advisory Group suggested a plan that paired a 10 MW wind resource with pumped storage hydro (PSH) in 2009 after the addition of ST -7. The idea behind the concurrent installation of wind and PSH was that the negative effects on system frequency of wind fluctuations could be avoided by having wind energy directly provide pumping power for the PSH resource. However, the physical location of wind (Lalamilo) and PSH would not be able to accommodate such a configuration. There are also uncertainties as to whether or not the PSH resource can actually withstand the volatility in power input, as would be realized with wind. Pumped storage can provide system benefits by pumping at, and thereby increasing, the system minimum load. This would serve to reduce the probability that the minimum baseload capability of the system would exceed the minimum load. Storage technologies such as PSH are designed to take advantage of the differential in system production costs between the peak and off- peak periods. The differential in on -peak and off-peak costs is not wide enough to make PSH cost effective at HELCO. For IRP analysis purposes, PSH was given partial firm capacity due to its limited availability over a 24 hour period. Even with this assumption, PSH was not cost- effective. With these cost and operational considerations in mind, PSH was not selected as a resource in the preferred plan. ES -14 Executive Sumnvan, 4. Distributed Generation In the integration analysis, HELCO found that the installation of multiple 1 MW diesels in 2009 may be cost -competitive with large-scale generation resources over the 20 -year planning period. Over the 50 - year study period, however, the plan with multiple I MW diesels in 2009 had a higher estimated present value of revenue requirements than a comparable plan comprised of dual -train combined cycles. In the plan with 1 MW diesels, generation is added in small increments commensurate with the growth in system load, thus having the potential to defer large-scale generation additions. Distributed generation could also provide system cost savings if it is sited to defer the need for transmission or distribution lines. Operationally, the 1 MW diesels would provide quick -start capability to the system in times of system emergency. The costs and benefits of distributed generation, however, are highly sensitive to the site and case under consideration. The IRP analysis has assumed planning level cost estimates, and the specific location of each 1 MW unit has not yet been identified. As a component of its Action Plan, HELCO will evaluate distributed generation in further detail on a site-specific basis. If siting and permitting issues can be resolved, the refined cost of distributed generation is determined to be less than or equal to the costs assumed in this IRP planning analysis, and if system benefits can be achieved, then HELCO will pursue installation of distributed resources. ACTION PLANS Demand -Side Action Plan In order to implement the DSM Action Plan, a number of activities must continue to be accomplished. i HELCO IRP -98 HELCO will continue to monitor the DSM programs for their effectiveness and will continue to identify methods by which the programs can be better targeted, implemented and administered. Programs will continue to be adjusted as the implementation process moves forward. The DSM plans must be flexible and allowed to change over the IRP cycle as experience with the DSM programs is developed. The pilot Residential Direct -Install Effort (referred to as the Residential Retrofit Program in the 1996 and 1997 M&E Reports and A&S Reports) will make free energy efficiency measures available to qualified customers. HELCO is working with community organizations, government and the company's credit division to identify participating customers for this pilot effort. Budget flexibility shall continue to be required as some programs will exceed their goals and others will fall short due to customer interest and market conditions. Baseline data collection efforts shall be implemented to strengthen the basis for DSM planning in the next IRP cycle. The implementation steps now under way that will continue include: 2. 3 4. Ongoing Staffing, Training, and Program Procedures Ongoing Measurement and Evaluation Activities Preparation of Annual Reports - The Annual Program Modification and Evaluation Report and the Annual Program Accomplishments and Surcharge Report are intended to be filed in the Fall and Spring of each year, respectively Preparing for the next IRP Plan. ES -15 Executive In order to mitigate risks associated with the DSM programs, HELCO has undertaken, and will continue to undertake, the following efforts: • Baseline Data Collection - to 1) prepare information for the next IRP cycle, 2) support program planning, as information becomes available, and 3) support market assessment and demand forecasting efforts. • Measurement and Evaluation - to not only measure the impacts of the programs, but also to diagnose what aspects of the programs are working well and which parts can be improved. • Work with Vendors and Contractors - to be able to monitor problems that can occur and identify actions HELCO can take to assure performance from the trade allies. • Research and Development - to initiate, where appropriate, pilot programs or exploratory research to determine the viability of DSM options and identify appropriate design options for Hawaii. Annual Program Plans - to continue to update program plans on an annual basis, incorporating modifications in order to best acquire the DSM resource based on lessons learned from program implementation. Supply -Side Action Plan The major elements of the IRP -98 supply- side action plan, which include activities between 1999 and 2003, are: Permitting and preliminary engineering activities for Keahole ST -7 Continue efforts to acquire a new West Hawaii site to support the 2009 addition of the first phase simple cycle combustion turbine of a dual train combined cycle Conduct site-specific studies to validate the generic data used in the IRP -98 HELCO IRP -98 analysis for distributed generation resources Continue to pursue installation of a wind farm and/or photovoltaic facility. In the event that current negotiations with renewable energy developers for a wind farts and photovoltaic facility do not result in a power purchase agreement, HELCO will consider the purchase of a wind project and/or a photovoltaic project from other renewable energy developers and manufacturers through the following options: a. Renewable Resource Request for Proposal (RFP) — HELCO will develop a Renewable RFP to invite renewable developer(s) to submit a proposal to provide energy to the HELCO system in return for payments at or below HELCO's avoided energy cost; b. Green Pricing Expansion — HELCO will expand and extend the current Green Pricing program filed with the PUC to include a wind and/or photovoltaic projects. HELCO customers will be given the choice to pay a premium for these renewable resources; or ES -16 Executive Summary c. Utility Installation — HELCO will consider installing a wind and/or a photovoltaic project as part of its utility -owned electrical generating system. Continue other renewable energy activities, including: continue commitment to assist in renewable energy development as presented in PUC Renewable Energy Resource Investigation, Docket No. 94-0226. increase commitment to educate customers on renewable energy technologies continue to evaluate and assess renewable energy resources and technologies continue to examine and, if prudent, develop renewable energy technologies through small-scale demonstration and pilot projects, or expand existing demonstration or pilot projects in situations where knowledge can be gained through hands-on experience. I. IAT rRO,)vCrzON HELCO IRP -98 1.1 BACKGROUND By Decision and Order No. 11523, filed March 12, 1992, in Docket No. 6617, the Hawaii Public Utilities Commission (Commission) established a framework for integrated resource planning (IRP Framework) by the electric and gas utility companies, and ordered them to develop an Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) in accordance with the IRP Framework. The IRP Framework was subsequently revised by Decision and Order No. 11630, dated May 22, 1992, in Docket No. 6617. A copy of the IRP Framework is provided in Appendix A. On October 15, 1993, Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO) filed its initial IRP. By letter dated March 28, 1994, HELCO notified the Commission of its intent to assess the impact of its new March 1994 sales and peak forecast. The primary purpose of this assessment was to reschedule the timing of the planned supply- side additions and to validate the continued cost-effectiveness of the previously proposed DSM programs. Hence, on June 6, 1994, HELCO filed an IRP Plan Reassessment. On May 29, 1996, the Commission issued Decision and Order No. 14708 in Docket No. 7259 stating that HELCO's proposed IRP and action plans complied with the IRP Framework and were approved, subject to the conditions within the Decision and Order. Section VILA of the Decision and Order established July 1, 1997, as the date by which HELCO must conduct a major review of its IRP. By letter dated July 5, 1996, HELCO requested Commission approval of an extension of the submission date of HELCO's revised IRP from July 1, 1997, to September 1, 1998, By Order No. 14866, dated August 8, 1996, the Commission Section l: Introduction approved HELCO's request to extend the submission date. On September 26, 1997, the Commission issued Order No. 15977, opening Docket No. 97-0349. Among other things, this docket directed HELCO to submit a revised IRP for Commission review and approval no later than September 1, 1998. 1.2 PREVIOUS INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN 1.2.1 Original IRP -93 (October 1993) On October 15, 1993, HELCO filed its initial integrated resource plan. This plan consisted of both demand-side and supply- side resources and was developed using a March 1993 forecast of long-term sales and peak loads. The demand-side resources consisted of demand-side programs intended to increase the efficiency of customers' use of electricity. The supply- side resources included resources that would produce additional amounts of power and energy to meet the forecasted increase in demand. Figure I-1 illustrates HELCO's original IRP plan filed on October 15, 1993. 1.2.2 Modified IRP -93 (June 1994 Reassessment) On June 6, 1994, HELCO filed an IRP Plan Reassessment. The primary purpose of this reassessment was to incorporate HELCO's most recent sales and peak forecast, the March 1994 Forecast, and to reschedule the timing of the planned supply-side additions. The reassessment also modified HELCO's October 1993 DSM Action Plan by re- bundling the DSM technology options into four DSM programs (three commercial and industrial market programs and one residential market program). Figure 1-2 illustrates the modified HELCO IRP plan. HELCO IRP -98 Figure 1-1. Original HELCO IRP -93 Section 1: Introduction DSM Enegy DTCT 45 ERcicocy DTCT DTCT DTCT DTCT DTCT DTCT DTCT Program, DTST 7 Ph 1(A) Ph 2(A) Ph 3(A) Ph 1(B) Ph 2(B) Ph 3(B) Pb 1(C) 1994 95 961 971 98 1 99 1 00 1 01 021 03 1 04 051 06 07111 08 09 10 11 121 13 Lass of Retire Retire Retire Hamakua Kaholr D-20.21,2233 Shipment 3 Shipman 4 Retire Retire W aims D-8.9,10,12 K'..hole D-18.19 DSM Entero Efliciacy: Keooelehue D-11.CT-1 Retire Shipman 1 Kaaoelehue D-17 BASE - Residential Water Hasten. Comm. HVAC SOLAR - Residential Solar Water Hasten Retire LITE -Commercial Lighting Weimas D-13,14 CUST- Containing Rebate & Comm. Refrigeration Kanoelebue D-15,16 HEAT - Commercial Water Honer L,egend: DTCT - Combustion Turbine DTST -Stam Turbine with eaneenion of DTCTs to Comhieed Cyde Figure 1-2. Modified IRP -93 (June `94 Reassessment) DSM EaerV DTCT 415 EfficiencyDTCT DTCT DTCT DTCT Programs 1— DTST 7 Ph 1(A) Ph 2(A) Ph 3(A) Ph 1(B) 1994 I 95 1 961 97 1 98 1 99 1 00 I 011 021 03 1 04 1 051 061 071 081 09 1 10 1 11 112 1 13 0— Last of Retire Retire Retire Hannahua Kaholc 11-20313233 Shipman 3 Shipman 4 Retire Retire Kasbole D-18.19 Weimer. D-8,9,10.12 DSM Enema ElBciener: Kanoelebua D-1l,CT-1 Retire Shipman 1 Keoaelcbua D-17 C&I - C&1 grilling market NEW C - C&I New Cmuuaion Retire CUST -C&1 Customer Rebate Wnimu D-13,14 RWH- Rmideotol Weser Heating (New & Esisting) Kauoelebua D-15,16 ' end: DTCT - Combustion Turbine DTST - Steam Turbine with coovenion of DTCTs to Combined Cycle 1-2 HELCO IRP -98 The results of the June 1994 reassessment confirmed the continued need for the Keahole Combined Cycle project (I)TCT 4/5, DTST 7) despite the slightly lower March 1994 short-term forecast (by 1996, the March 1994 Forecast was about 2 MW lower than previously forecasted). Other unit in-service dates, however, were revised Table 1-1. HELCO's IRP Plan Comparison ongtrd IF (17dalta 1987) Section 1: Introduction to meet the decreased long-term load growth, and approximately 65 MW of supply-side capacity additions were deferred beyond the 20 -year planning period. A comparison of the original IRP and the IRP reassessment is shown in Table 1-1. IRP F1aisewsrmt (.kra is" 1999 Rot DSM SAdern Reewm Rasoure plat laved On CEPPSM Rcst D6n1 9ys0en pw Yssr Pwk Ptak cattail Oawip M Ym Prlc Plank C PWRIt 200 1990 165 166 19B l[ss d Hairlike (1) 1994 161 161 198 In of 1$raka(1) 1995 171 170 218 Cr -4 M 1995 16B 185 210 CT -4 (2) Paiam SFipren 3 278 Cr5(3) 2706 229 206 278 CPS (3) 235 241 210 215 243 2E2 235 RrOmW4mea DA 9. 10 2313 348 309 M5 Ra6eN hila 68.9. 10 2613 Z73 242 233 Rabe Kavdai 611 233 Fimm Kaloeldar611 730 p4are3ipW 1 23D Rim Shpren l 221 Rehm Kaodahn Cr -1 221 RabmKamMii Crn 21B RdinaWarma612 218 RN"V*nm Dl2 1996 177 174 218 1995 175 172 218 1997 184 179 276 Sr-7(CP46CPSba=#1) 1997 179 174 235 ST-7(Cr4dCr-5JD=#7) 225 PibmWorme613314 225 RaemNYinala D13814 Fde6m Kanelehw615816 RmmKaoddna615816 1998 191 183 222 Rare Kanddaa 617 1998 180 177 272 Rmra Ka3odd4a617 1999 199 189 722 fire KeddeDIA 19 Rasoure plat laved On CEPPSM CT=c3lhatimltrtire- DiC4W= tlaViranmltxatim kxbm Pres# 217 2010 207 194 233 Rdim K®Icle 620.21.2227 DICr-pm(a) 20W 228 201 215 200 251 2002 224 2D7 251 2003 233 213 251 2034 242 219 251 215 251 725 270 252 251 233 262 271 242 785 283 252 277 - 1999 190 181 222 fire KeddeDIA 19 Rasoure plat laved On CEPPSM CT=c3lhatimltrtire- DiC4W= tlaViranmltxatim kxbm Pres# 217 DICT -'H1 W 200 196 las 239 Rdim K®Icle 620.21.2227 DICr-pm(a) 20W 22B DICr-PF4 (W 2067 212 181 221 2002 207 192 729 2DM 212 194 718 2004 217 197 251 DTST4PF9 A (D7CP4'Fi1 (A) S 20D5 227 202 243 mcr-F W A m ITFCC#2) Paiam SFipren 3 2706 229 206 243 DITC7-pH1 A 2(107 Rim 9wrerl4\ 2D08 235 241 210 215 243 2E2 342 70TALSYSTEMCAPA98IPY(MM 277 PYte: (1)F§relaa ar/mC reneed4vn10tD8MNtafind Fka%e4 P®la per FPC 301M (2) SdiaMedinstdltlde (3) Sdislled install Ede FeWMdd9M4/V%. Rasoure plat laved On CEPPSM CT=c3lhatimltrtire- DiC4W= tlaViranmltxatim kxbm Pres# HUMIFtn008/1-10006 255 209 295 233 300 DICr-pm(a) 20W 247 220 277 2010 308 273 30(7 MID 753 275 Z77 2011 321 785 319 MST-FI'0(a)F01CP' " (6)8 2D11 259 230 Z77 DICPPF2 (B) t0 n1CC#3) 2012 334 296 342 MCP -Hl (L) 2712 266 236 777 2313 348 309 342 2613 Z73 242 Z77 342 70TALSYSTEMCAPA98IPY(MM 277 PYte: (1)F§relaa ar/mC reneed4vn10tD8MNtafind Fka%e4 P®la per FPC 301M (2) SdiaMedinstdltlde (3) Sdislled install Ede FeWMdd9M4/V%. Rasoure plat laved On CEPPSM CT=c3lhatimltrtire- DiC4W= tlaViranmltxatim kxbm Pres# HUMIFtn008/1-10006 DM ,'+* daFtrdn dea%Lrbe, pate#nFCO-dgi4 naorhnad Olde PRDAEN-7BL7,4.RFP Ftda pa FPC 391/93 1-3 Ream Ka3Ftde D18. 19 DTC -PH1 A PAM FAIde62).21.2.23 CIXT-FF2 (A) Rebm 9ipne73 DISTARD A (DTCT-PM A 8 MUT-R42 A l0Er=AZ7 Famm SHprmn 4 nPCTAi R HELLO IRP -98 1.2.3 Commission's Findings On May 29, 1996, the Commission issued Decision and Order No. 14708 in Docket No. 7259 stating that HELCO's proposed IRP and action plans, as submitted in the original filing and subsequently modified in the June 1994 Reassessment, were approved. This approved plan is hereon referred to as IRP -93. In this major review of its IRP, HELCO has produced a revised IRP, hereon referred to as IRP -98. In its development, HELCO drew upon much of the work done in IRP - 93 in order to contain costs while still maintaining the integrity of the process and work products. Examples of this are in the areas of the demand-side resource assessment, where the current effort drew from the IRP -93 effort (See Section 6) and the State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism's Hawaii Demand -Side Management Opportunity Report; and the supply-side resource assessment, where results of the previous supply-side resource identification and evaluation effort was used as a starting point for IRP -98 (see Section 7). Furthermore, in order to make this a quality and meaningful effort, HELCO continued with those processes which the Commission found to be satisfactory in IRP -93 and improved upon those areas which the Commission found needing some development. Following is a summary of the areas which the Commission found to be satisfactory and those areas where improvement was expected. IRP Framework - The Commission noted in its D&O that "HELCO made a good faith effort to comply with each requirement set forth in the framework for its initial IRP.` The Commission also stated that "HELCO's IRP is in the public interest, is consistent with the ' Docket No. 7259, D&O No. 14708, filed May 29, 1996, page 7. 1-4 Section I: Introduction goals and objectives of integrated resource planning, and represents a reasonable course for meeting the energy needs of its customers."' In this major review of its IRP, HELCO again made every effort to comply with all of the Framework requirements. Public participation - The Commission noted that they were "generally satisfied with HELCO's efforts to involve the public in its planning process, ... [and that] all in all, HELCO provided sufficient opportunity for the Advisory Group to participate in and contribute to the development of its IRP."10 HELLO continued to work with its Advisory Group in a similar manner in developing IRP -98. Details are given in Section 3.3, Public Participation. Supply-side resource options - The Commission noted that "HELCO's selection of supply-side resource options is reasonable, [and] that HELCO's initial IRP, as modified, considered and analyzed the cost- effectiveness and benefits of all appropriate, available, and feasible supply-side options."" In this major review of its IRP, HELCO built upon the supply-side resource assessment work of IRP -93 and applied a similar screening and evaluation process. Demand-side manaeement (DSM) resource options - While the Commission concluded that "HELCO considered and analyzed the cost- effectiveness and benefits of all appropriate, available, and feasible DSM options,`2 it also directed HELCO to "include a methodical determination of the achievable DSM potential for its service territory in its program implementation schedule for the next integrated resource planning ' Ibid., page 45. 0 Ibid., page 6. " Ibid., page 16. Ibid., page 22. HELCO IRP -98 cycle"" HELCO has addressed this using the DBEDT assessment of DSM potential in lieu of duplicating the study. (See Sections 6.1 and 6.4). Externalities - While the Commission found HELCO's qualitative approach to consider externalities reasonable in its initial integrated resource planning cycle, the Commission noted, "We expect HELCO to quantify externalities in subsequent integrated resource planning cycles.s10 To the extent feasible, HELCO did quantify externalities through its participation in a separate Externalities Project that was led by HECO. The details and results of that project are documented in the Hawaii Externalities Workbook, which was submitted to the Commission on July 22, 1997. The Executive Summary of the Hawaii Externalities Workbook is included as Appendix I, and the entire report can be reviewed at the HELCO Customer Service office. The Commission also stated that "No values derived for externalities shall be used without prior Commission approval.s15 However, by Order No. 14862, filed August 8, 1996, of Docket No. 95-0347, the Commission approved the Companies' request to use the externality values in sensitivity analyses in the second cycle of its integrated planning process prior to receiving Commission approval of the externalities study. The externality values were used to evaluate possible, relative impacts on a societal level. This was done to comply with Section II.13.4 of the IRP Framework, which requires HELCO to give consideration to the plans' impacts upon the utility's consumers, the environment, culture, community lifestyles, the State's economy, and society. " Ibid., page 21. 0 Ibid., page 24. B Ibid., page 49. 1-5 Section 1: Introduction Supply-side action Ulan - While the Commission found HELCO's supply- side action plan to be consistent with section III.D.2.a of the Framework, the Commission also directed HELCO to "conduct an updated study to determine the cost-effectiveness of establishing spinning reserve criteria."" The Commission requested that HELCO's analysis include a determination of whether the tangible and intangible costs of establishing spinning reserve criteria would exceed the benefits and that this study be submitted to the Commission with HELCO's next IRP or with its next application to commit generation capacity funds. A spinning reserve assessment is included as Section 5.3 of this report. Multi -attribute analysis (MAA) - The Commission noted that "Although the MAA is not perfect, we find that the MAA is an acceptable method to review the competing objectives. We expect that HELCO will review the MAA process and refine the system in future integrated resource planning cycles." In IRP -98, HELCO did review the MAA process used in IRP -93 but found that the process could not be refined to avoid the criticisms received during the IRP - 93 hearings. HELCO, therefore, has chosen to evaluate the various attributes using a direct -comparison approach. This method is similar to that which was used in HECO's IRP -97. HELCO explained the direct -comparison analysis to the Advisory Group, including reasons for using this method. The Advisory Group, however, requested the use of a rank -and -weight tool, similar to that used in IRP -93, to assist in their understanding of the attribute trade-offs. HELCO informed the Advisory Group that it would not endorse the rank -and -weight exercise as the preferred multi -attribute analysis 1 Ibid., page 33 HELCO IRP -98 method, and would continue with its plans to use the direct -comparison approach. Nevertheless, HELCO recognized the desire of the Advisory Group and agreed to facilitate the development and application of an Advisory Group rank -and -weight tool at scheduled meetings. Details are given in Section 3.4.2, Attribute Analysis Methods. 1.3 MAJOR CHANGES SINCE IRP -1 1.3.1 Contingency Plans As shown in Section 1.2.2, HELCO's IRP - 93 Preferred Plan included the installation of Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 in 1995 and the conversion of those units to a dual -train combined cycle unit in 1997. The planned in-service dates were based on an accelerated schedule for CT -4 and the receipt of necessary approvals for the Keahole site by December 1994. Due to delays and significant uncertainty in adding a large increment of firm capacity (whether at Keahole, at Kawaihae, at Hamakua or by other developers), HELCO developed a contingency plan and continues to re- evaluate, re -assess and update the plan to reflect changes in circumstances. On June 9, 1995, HELCO filed its first Generation Resource Contingency Plan with the Commission. The purpose of this contingency plan was to address the possibility of delays at Keahole or the possibility that the Conservation District Use Permit (CDUP) or the covered source air permit would be denied. The contingency plan focused on the following areas: 1) maximizing available generation; 2) accelerating the installation of additional generation; 3) minimizing load demand through DSM; and 4) evaluating other mitigation measures. 1-6 Section l: Introduction Delays in permitting of the Keahole project occurred, and HELCO filed subsequent Contingency Plan Updates in March and October 1996, April 1997, and June 1998. As a result of its contingency planning efforts, HELCO was able to reach an agreement with HCPC for the continued operation of the facility through 1999, and to increase the capacity provided from 18 to 22 MW. HELCO began receiving 22 MW from HCPC on June 1, 1995. In December 1994, PGV began providing 3 to 3.5 MW above the 25 MW of the firm power contract amount, which later was increased to 3 to 5 MW. On February 12, 1996, HELCO and PGV executed an amendment to the PGV PPA increasing the capacity provided from 25 to 30 MW and on September 23, 1996 PGV began supplying HELCO with 30 MW of firm capacity. In its most recent Contingency Plan Update (June 1998), HELCO reported substantial progress with respect to its contingency plan efforts. For instance, a significant milestone had been reached in negotiating a power purchase agreement (PPA) with Encogen, a Non -Utility Generator (NUG) affiliated with Enserch Development Corporation (EDC). The June 1998 Update reported that on January 16, 1998, HELCO filed an application requesting Commission approval of a PPA and an Interconnection Agreement with Encogen dated October 22, 1997. The June 1998 Update also addressed uncertainties associated with the next increment of generation additions. With regard to HELCO's Keahole project, the update reported that much of the uncertainty regarding the permitting for HELCO's Keahole dual -train combined cycle unit has been resolved and that HELCO expects to be able to install both CT -4 and CT -5 in the December 1998 timeframe. On the other hand, the Encogen project has not yet received its final air permit nor a "non - appealable" PUC order approving the PPA. As such, the Encogen project could be installed as early as 1999, but could also be HELCO IRP -98 delayed pending resolution of any appeal of a PUC decision or appeal to the Environmental Appeals Board (EAB) of the air permit. More details about the Encogen project are given in Section 1.3.3. The June 1998 Contingency Plan Update concluded that in order to address delays in and uncertainties associated with the addition of needed generation, HELCO would maximize its generation options by proceeding with Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 in parallel with Encogen. This strategy increases the likelihood of providing reliable power to HELCO's customers. See Appendix P for the Executive Summary of the June 1998 Contingency Plan Update. 1.3.2 Annual Evaluation Report On June 30, 1997, in Docket No. 7259, HELCO filed its Annual Evaluation Report with the Commission. The primary purpose of this report was to assess the continuing validity of the forecasts and assumptions upon which the approved IRP Plan and Action Plans were based and to assess the impact of changes in forecasts, assumptions, and conditions on these plans. Some of the key findings and conclusions of the evaluation were as follows: Uncertainty of the timing and regulatory approvals remained an issue for both the Keahole and Encogen projects. Unit retirements scheduled in 1995 and 1997 in HELCO's approved IRP Plan would be deferred until a large new increment of capacity is added to the system. Encogen's proposed 60 MW (net) dual train combined cycle at Hamakua was added to HELCO's updated plan. Lower diesel fuel prices in the May 1995 fuel forecast as compared to the August 1992 fuel forecast used in IRP - 93 made the dual -train combined cycle resource more cost effective. HELCO's planned addition of a 58 MW phased combined cycle unit at its 1-7 Section 1: Introduction Keahole power plant site in West Hawaii continued to be a necessary and cost-effective component of its plan to meet both near-term and long-term customer needs. 1.3.3 Encogen Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) HELCO negotiated a finalized PPA with Encogen, and on June 2, 1997, in Docket No. 94-0079, filed with the Commission a Motion for Approval of Settlement Agreement. On August 7, 1997, the Commission issued Order No. 15745, in which it 1) approved the Settlement Agreement, insofar as it settled the issues concerning the terms and conditions of a PPA and interconnection agreement between HELCO and Encogen; and 2) ordered HELCO and Encogen to submit to the Commission for review and approval executed copies of the PPA and interconnection agreement. On January 16, 1998, HELCO filed an application for approval of a PPA and an Interconnection Agreement dated October 22, 1997. Encogen's proposal consists of a 60 MW (net) oil -fired combined cycle Qualifying Facility ("QF") at Hamakua. The project is to be installed in two phases. The Phase 1 and Phase 2 in-service dates are generally tied to the Commission approval date ("PUC Approval Date") for the PPA. If the Commission order approving the PPA is appealed, the PUC Approval Date will be the earlier of the date upon which it becomes non -appealable (i.e., after successful resolution of an appeal) or two years after January 16, 1998 (with Encogen having the right to terminate the agreement if the appeal is not resolved within two years). The Encogen in-service dates for Phase 1 and 2 generally are set at 8 months and 12 months, respectively, after the PUC Approval Date, subject to extension for force majeure (such as further delays in the issuance of Encogen's air permit). As a HELCO IRP -98 result, Encogen Phases 1 and 2 could be installed as early as April and August of 1999, but could also be delayed to 2001 or 2002. For example, an appeal of a PUC decision could go to the Hawaii Supreme Court. Two previous electric utility cases at the Hawaii Supreme Court took 25 months and 40 months to resolve." 1.3.4 Change in the Planning Context One significant difference in the planning context between IRP -93 and IRP -98 is a clear change toward increased competition in the electric utility industry. New federal rules have opened wholesale power markets to competition on the mainland.18 The new federal rules are aimed at encouraging economic efficiency and lower electricity prices in wholesale power markets. Among other things, the rules will facilitate the development of competitive generation markets and consumer -oriented energy services." Competition has also moved to the retail level in a number of states through retail wheeling pilot programs and increased legislative, regulatory or utility support of retail competition initiatives. In Hawaii, which is among the remaining states which have legislative, regulatory or end-use activity in progress, the PUC opened Docket No. 96-0493, Electricity Infrastructure Investigation, Order No. 15285, filed December 30, 1996, to "examine the issues related to the introduction of competition in the electric utility industry and to identify the " See June 1998 HELCO Generation Resource Contingency Plan Update #4, Section 6.3 " The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued the final rules in FERC Order No. 888, Promoting Wholesale Competition Through Nondiscriminatory Transmission Services by Public Utilities; Recovery of Stranded Costs by Public Utilities and Transmitting Utilities. See 18 C.F.R. Parts 35 and 385 (1996). " PUC Order No. 15285, Docket No. 96-0493, filed December 30, 1996, page 2. 1-8 Section 1. Introduction infrastructure necessary to support the transition to a competitive electric industry marketplace in Hawaii."" A complete copy of the Order is included as Appendix B. $0 Section II1.13, page 6, of Order No. 15285, Docket No. 96-0493. z. IRP OBJECTIVES HELCO IRP -98 2.1 IRP OBJECTIVES As stated in the IRP Framework, the goal of integrated resource planning is "the identification of the resources or mix of resources for meeting near and long term consumer energy needs in an efficient and reliable manner at the lowest reasonable cost.i21 With input from its IRP Advisory Group, HELCO prepared a list of objectives and plan attributes to assist in evaluating plans supportive of the IRP goals. This section provides an explanation of the nine IRP objectives used to evaluate plans from various perspectives. The objectives encompass a wide range of considerations, such as uncertainties, risk, and other issues that are technical, social, and economic in nature. Objective 1: Meet Customer Electrical Needs at the Lowest Reasonable Cost One of the goals of integrated resource planning is to meet near and long term energy needs at the lowest reasonable cost. Objective 2: Improve the Quality of Electrical Products and Services The primary measure of the quality of electric utility service from the customer perspective is the level of service reliability. Although improvements in reliability often mean increases in costs, HELCO finds it necessary to maintain reasonable levels of reliability for the safety and satisfaction of its customers. Objective 3: Maintain Corporate Financial Integrity Section ILB.5 of the IRP Framework states that the IRP shall take into account the utility's financial integrity. As an investor- owned utility, a financially stable standing is critical to the company's ability to acquire relatively low-cost capital from " IRP Framework, Section ILA. 2-1 Section 2: IRP investors and financial institutions. This, in turn, determines the utility's ability to make capital additions and improvements that are necessary to provide reliable energy services at the lowest reasonable cost. Lower financing costs for the Company result in lower rates for its customers. Objective 4: Maintain Corporate Competitiveness The electric utility industry has been going through many changes recently that stress the importance of a good competitive position. This objective seeks to minimize investment risks and allow the Company to provide energy services at a competitive cost. Objective 5: Increase Fuel Diversity for the Electrical System Fuel prices are subject to worldwide influences and are sometimes volatile. Therefore, it is important to reduce the risks of both large fuel price increases and potential limitations in the availability of certain fuel types. Risk reduction can be achieved by selecting resources that add fuel flexibility and diversity. Objective 6: Support the State of Hawaii Energy Objectives The State of Hawaii's statutory energy objectives given in Section 226-18(a) of the Hawaii Revised Statutes, as amended by Act 96, Session Laws of Hawaii, 1994 are to achieve: 1. dependable, efficient, and economical state-wide energy systems capable of supporting the needs of the people; 2. increased energy self-sufficiency where the ratio of indigenous to imported energy use is increased; and 3. greater energy security in the face of threats to Hawaii's energy supplies and systems. HELCO IRP -98 Section 2: IRP Objectives The plans seek to achieve these statutory objectives along with consideration of all other planning objectives. Objective 7: Protect the Environment All plans must be in compliance with all environmental regulations with respect to air quality, water quality, and land use. In terms of air emissions, all plans must fall within the maximum allowable levels set by state and federal standards. Objective 8: Mitigate Potential Negative Societal and Cultural Impacts of the IRP Plan Depending on the nature of the plan or the location of the resources in the plan, there may be negative societal or cultural impacts, such as increased development where none is desired by the local community. An important consideration in the development of the plan is mitigating any negative impacts on the local culture or society. Objective 9: Increase Plan Flexibility Deviations from forecasted fuel prices or the peak demand for electricity, the ability to achieve estimated DSM penetration, changes in regulation, and other unforeseeable and uncontrollable circumstances pose investment risks to the utility and its customers. For this reason, flexibility of a resource plan is very important. 2.2 IRP PLAN ATTRIBUTES For each of the nine objectives above, attributes were selected that could be used to measure the level of attainment of each objective. Attributes were quantitatively measured where possible, and otherwise qualitatively evaluated. Certain attributes were assumed equal among plans, but were stated because of their importance. The list of attributes, including unit of measure and the formula used to calculate the attribute, is 2-2 provided in Table 2-1 at the end of this section. Objective 1: Meet Customer Electrical Needs at the Lowest Reasonable Cost Attributes for Objective 1: a) Reduce the accumulated present worth of revenue requirements (APWRR) of the plan over the 20 year planning period - Total revenue requirements for generation include capital, fuel, operation and maintenance, and DSM program costs. b) Reduce the average "rate" impact over the 20 -year planning period - Rate increases affect customers' ability to pay for necessary electric energy services. Rate increases not only affect residential customers, but may adversely impact the business sector as well. Avoidance of non -cost effective and/or capital intensive resources will mitigate the need for rate increases. This attribute was measured by comparing average annual "rates" over the 20 -year planning horizon. The annual "rate" for each plan was calculated by dividing annual revenue requirements by annual system kWh sales. It should be noted that the annual "rate" is a simplified projection of future rates. For example, these "rates" do not consider allocation of costs by class of service and timing of actual rate cases. The attribute also assumes that the decrease in revenue requirements due to the depreciation of existing assets is offset by the escalation in non - generation O&M costs, non -generation capital additions, and capital improvements. For IRP purposes, the differential between calculated "rates" for each plan served as an indicator of the rate impact plans would have relative to each other. c) Reduce "Rate Shock" - Large step increases in revenue requirements result in relatively substantial rate increases, HELCO IRP -98 here referred to as "rate shock". "Rate shock" can be reduced by evaluating supply-side resources not only by total life -cycle costs, but on an annual revenue requirements basis. Matching the size of capacity additions closer to the rate of load growth can also aid in the reduction of "rate shock". "Rate shock" was measured by determining the annual percentage change in "rates" for all finalist plans. The annual percentage change is the difference in "rates" between the previous year and the current year divided by the "rate" for the previous year. d) Reduce total customer cost over 20 - years - Total customer energy costs should be considered when evaluating resources from the customer perspective. In the integration process, use of the total resource cost (TRC) objective function minimizes the sum of customer bills plus DSM participant out-of-pocket expenses. Objective 2: Improve the Quality of Electrical Products and Services Attributes for Objective 2: a) Maintain generating system reliability - As an isolated island utility, HELCO does not have interties to alternative generation resources to draw from in times of system emergency. HELCO's capacity planning criteria takes this unique situation into account by ensuring that an adequate level of reserve margin is maintained to reduce the likelihood and duration of customer outages. All resource plans were required to satisfy the HELCO capacity planning criteria, which addresses this minimum level of reliability. In addition to reserve margin, fuel security also relates to system reliability. HELCO does not have interties to alternative generation 2-3 Section 2: IRP Objectives resources if the fuel for a resource is not available. b) Maintain an appropriate mix of baseload, cycling, and peaking generating capacity based on system needs - As a general guideline, HELCO seeks to keep a mix of 65% baseload capacity, 25% cycling capacity, and 10% peaking capacity. These tend to be the optimal points for cost-effectiveness and operational efficiency. Problems may arise if the sum of the minimum capacity of baseload units exceeds the system minimum load. Baseload units, which are designed to operate continuously, may be forced to cycle off and on in such a situation. Stresses induced by repeated thermal cycles can cause critical metal parts of these baseload units to develop cracks, thus jeopardizing the reliability of the unit or units. This minimum load constraint was measured by "dumped energy" in MWh. "Dumped energy" is a measure of the amount of generation in excess of the system minimum load, if baseload units are operating at their minimum capacities. c) Generation resources support transmission efficiency - Due to the size of HELCO's service territory, it is important that the selection of generation resources supports the efficiency of the transmission system. Transmission capital costs and losses should not outweigh the benefit of the resource selection. d) Generation resources support transmission reliability - In addition to supporting transmission efficiency, it is important that the selection of generation resources supports the reliability of the transmission system. HELCO IRP -98 Section 2: IRP Objectives Objective 3: Maintain Corporate Financial Integrity Attributes for Objective 3: a) Maintain allowed rate of return - For planning purposes, a 12% allowed rate of return on equity was used to represent a long-term outlook. The rate was kept constant throughout the 20 - year planning horizon for all plans and for all planning perspectives. Although this factor was not a differentiating characteristic between plans, it is a vital consideration in determining financial viability and was included in the list of attributes to highlight its importance. b) Maintain prudent capitalization ratios - For all plans for all planning perspectives, the target capitalization ratios were based on the Company's current long-term cost of capital forecast. Although not necessarily a differentiating characteristic between plans, it is another vital consideration in determining financial viability and was also included in the list of attributes to highlight its importance. c) Reduce capital expenditures - Reducing capital expenditures would mitigate the need to incur additional debt and fixed obligations, which could lower financial integrity. Reducing capital expenditures would also minimize exposure to stranded investment and would contain the need for increases in rates. d) Maintain low technological and financial risk - Maintaining low risk - both technological and financial - is conducive to maintaining financial integrity without jeopardizing system reliability. Objective 4: Maintain Corporate Competitiveness Attibutes for Objective 4: a) Increase deferral of capital expenditures - Pending changes in 2-4 utility regulation and the increasing uncertainty as to the recovery of the cost of major investments make it prudent for HELCO to defer major generating unit additions until the future utility environment is more certain. The deferral of capital expenditures should notjeopardize system reliability. b) Reduce annual revenue requirements in the first 12 years of the plan - Total revenue requirements for generation include capital, fuel, operation and maintenance and DSM program costs. Although this IRP considers a planning period of 20 years, a 12 -year timeframe was used here to highlight the utility's focus on the impact to annual revenue requirements of near- term unit additions. Reducing annual revenue requirements is important because it will contain the need to increase rates. c) Reduce rate impact over the first 12 years of the plan - The Company's focus is on the rate impact to customers as a result of unit additions early in the plan and/or due to the cost of DSM programs. In a competitive environment, the magnitude of rate increases will weigh heavily on the Company's ability to retain customers and sales. Objective 5: Increase Fuel Diversity for the Electrical System Attributes for Objective 5: a) Increase ability to utilize different types offiel - Fuel costs account for roughly 40 percent of total generation costs; therefore, the long-term fuel price forecast has a significant influence on the selection of the least cost resource plan at any given point in time. Fuel price forecasts are developed using the best available data and established methodologies; however, it is reasonable that fuel prices and availability during the 20 -year IRP planning horizon will vary from the HELCO IRP -98 current forecast. Therefore, it is advantageous to revisit the selection of fuel type when firm commitments for purchase of the unit must be made. Selection of certain combustion turbines and combined cycles brings fuel flexibility to the plan through their ability to utilize different fuels - from light to heavy liquid petroleum products to gasified products from solid, liquid, or emulsified fossil -fuel products. Selection of these types of units also gives HELCO the flexibility to modify the unit during its 30 -year service life if burning another fuel type should become more economical. A small variation in a fuel characteristic could result in the fuel being classified as a different type, resulting in the potential for a very large number of fuel types to be considered. As a result, this attribute was evaluated qualitatively. Renewable resources also contribute to increasing the fuel diversity of the electrical system. Objective 6: Support the State of Hawaii Energy Objectives Attributes for Objective 6: a) Increase system fuel heat rate efficiency - It is desirable to decrease overall fuel consumption through the addition of supply resources that consume less fuel per kWh generated (have a low heat rate) relative to other units. b) Increase system fuel cost efficiency - Heat rate efficiencies in Btu/kWh can sometimes be deceiving since certain supply-side units may utilize expensive fuels. Therefore, the system fuel cost efficiency in dollars/kWh was also examined. c) Increase DSM penetration - Increased DSM penetration would have the beneficial effect of reducing fuel consumption, reducing overall emissions and deferring the need for additional generating capacity. 2-5 Section 2: IRP Objectives d) Increase the ratio of energy produced by commercially viable indigenous and renewable resources as a proportion of total energy produced - This would reduce the dependence on oil and reduce cashflow out of the state. e) Reduce use of fuel oil as an energy resource - This would mitigate exposure to potential disruptions in oil supplies. The selection of coal or renewable supply-side resources and an increased amount of DSM would help to achieve this objective. Objective 7: Protect the Environment While all plans must meet State and Federal environmental regulations, certain plans may have lower total emissions than others. The following attributes were used to assess the potential air quality impacts of the various resource plans. a) Total VOC (volatile organic compounds) emissions of the plan b) Total CO (carbon monoxide) emissions of the plan c) Total PM emissions of the plan - Includes PM,o which is particulate matter 10 microns or less in diameter. d) Total NO)( (oxides of nitrogen) emissions of the plan e) Total SOX (oxides of sumer) emissions of the plan f) Total CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions of the plan - This parameter was selected because of concerns over the potential gradual rise in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 and the impact this may have on global climate change. VOC, CO, PM,, NOx and SOX were selected to assess potential air quality impacts because they are classified as "criteria" pollutants and are regulated under National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Details of the impacts of these pollutants are given in Chapter 5.0 of the Externalities Workbook filed with the Commission on July 22, 1997. Monetized externality values HELCOIPP-98 Section 1 IRP Objectives for NOS{, SOS{, and PM22 were included in the societal perspective screening. Total quantities were also accumulated in each resource plan and evaluated across all plans. With respect to water quality impacts, various attributes such as quantities of equipment cleaning wash water, facility wash water, sanitary wastewater, water treatment reject, boiler blowdown, and cooling tower blowdown were considered. However, water quality was omitted as an attribute because it was not expected to differ between plans based on the Externalities Workbook finding that water - related externality values ranged from zero to negligible. In addition, the following considerations made it difficult to consider water -related quantities as attributes: a) Water quality issues are very site- specific and plant design -specific. Different issues are raised depending on whether a plant uses brackish, potable, or salt water. b) Many water quality issues can be addressed by engineering design. All plants would have to comply with local water permit requirements. c) Water quality issues are important and are more appropriately addressed in the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for a proposed site rather than in the IRP. With respect to land use impacts, attributes such as competing land use and hazardous waste were considered. However, other than land quantity (see attribute 8d), land use impacts were omitted as attributes because of the Externalities Workbook finding that land -related externality values ranged from zero to negligible. Similar to water -related issues, land -related issues are very site and plant design specific and " Monetization of particulate matter not only included PM,,, but also particulate matter greater than 10 microns in diameter. W. would be addressed in the plant engineering design process. Land use issues are more appropriately evaluated in the EIS and not in the IRP. Objective 8: Mitigate Potential Negative Societal and Cultural Impacts of the IRP Plan Attributes for Objective 8: a) Meet all applicable federal, state, and county regulations - All plans will comply with all applicable federal, state, and county regulations. While this attribute does not differ between resource plans, it is an important aspect of societal impact. b) Mitigate potential negative impacts on social practices within various cultures - This attribute is dependent on the specific location of the resource and could not be evaluated between plans at this time. It will need to be assessed at the time of actual implementation of the plan. While the resource plans were based on assumptions using prototypical sites, their exact locations were not determined and variability in the sequence of generating unit additions made it difficult to assess the impact on social practices within various cultures. Therefore, for purposes of long-term planning, it was assumed that the impacts among plans were equal. c) Increase compatibility with community lifestyle - This attribute is also dependent on the specific location of the resource and could not be evaluated between plans at this time. Therefore, for purposes of long-term planning, it was assumed that the impacts among plans were equal. d) Reduce land use - The amount of land required for the various supply-side technologies was used as a measure of potential cultural and societal impact since competition for the "highest and best use" of land could have cultural and societal consequences. For HELCO IRP -98 example, the Advisory Group believed that "there could be aesthetic value to biomass cultivation over lands which otherwise might remain fallow -.23 Objective 9: Increase Plan Flexibility Attributes for Objective 9: a) Increase resilience under sensitivity analysis - A plan's ability to remain least -cost or near least -cost under a variety of sensitivities was considered highly desirable, given the uncertainties inherent in long-term forecasts. A plan's resilience under sensitivities is an indication of its ability to remain cost- effective under several future scenarios. b) Increase flexibility of project configurations - Flexibility can be evaluated in terms of the configuration of the plant (as in combined cycle units, for instance) for particular resources, scheduling, fuel types and sequencing. " August 7, 1998 letter from DBEDT to W. Lee, p. 6. 2-7 Section 1: IRP 16 - { r {! {.-� § E { !{ 6 .; � \ _ a ) 0 _ � | _a ; _ § § \ k - §- _� - ! r ! � !& _ ul ��� � \ \ \ \ \ { MO! @ _ \ B � §; � r r E e r : | !; �§ t ; \ / / ( { { / °r ' / .2 \ \ j j \ / \ / \ � - 2 | ■ � !. �! ` � - • ,( !. ]. t� � r | f% _ ° ; , | z © 7 � _ ! k{{ k 7 _ ( - C.- • : ! - { E ; \�/ ) ( - - - - if | . 3. IRP PROCESS, METHODS AND MODELS HELCO IRP -98 = 3.1 IRP -98 PROCESS The flowchart shown in Figure 3-1 illustrates the process for HELCO's IRP -98. Along each step of the process, the HELCO Advisory Group provided valuable review and input. Figure 3-1. HELCO IRP -98 Process Section 3: IRP Process, Methods and Models 3-1 Establish Planning Advisory Group Review 8 Input ------- , Assumptions ------- Develop Candidate Plans Select Finalist Plans _ ----- Multi -attribute Analysis on Finalist Plans Select IRP Preferred Plan Formulate ' Action Plans Finalize and Submit IRP Report 3-1 HELCO IRP -98 3.2 HELCO IRP -98 ORGANIZATION Figure 3-2 illustrates the corporate organizational structure for the HELCO IRP -98 process. It also indicates the relationship of the IRP Advisory Group to the overall organization. 3.3 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 3.3.1 IRP Advisory Group An IRP Advisory Group, comprised of representatives from state and county agencies, environmental, cultural, business and community interest groups, as well as Section 3: IRP Process, Methods and Models other interested individuals, served to provide HELCO with a diverse set of opinions and perspectives for consideration in the development of its IRP plan. HELCO made extensive effort to keep its IRP Advisory Group educated, informed and involved, by scheduling meetings at major points throughout the IRP process, as well as through written correspondence and informal discussions with HELCO staff. The subject matter discussed at the meetings covered all aspects of the IRP process, including: forecasting, development and screening of demand-side and supply-side options, renewables and the integration analysis. While HELCO welcomed the feedback it received from the Advisory Group Figure 3-2: Corporate Organizational Structure for HELCO IRP -98 HELCO FSTEERING MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE TASK FORCE HELCO CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPT. Forecast Assessment DSM Implementation ADVISORY GROUP HECO HECO POWER POWER SUPPLY ENERGY SERVICES SUPPLY PLANNING & SERVICES DEPT. DEPARTMENT ENGINEERING DEPT. FORECASTS DIVISION PROJECT MANAGEMENT FUELS RESOURCES DIVISION Sales 8 Peak Supply-side Resource Option Forecast Assessment Assessment Fuel Forecast Assessment Consultant: Tucson Consultant: Black & Veatch Economic Consulting IRP DIVISION CUSTOMER EFFICIENCY Externalities PROGRAMS DIVISION Consultant: ERG DSM Planning and Evaluation GENERATION PLANNING Consultants: New Energy DIVISION Associates, XEnergy Integration Analysis 3-2 HELCO IRP -98 Section 3: IRP Process, Methods and Models members, and took their input into the IRP -93 integration analysis, consideration in the process and analyses, it PROSCREEN II added generating units was not always possible to incorporate all to meet a minimum reserve margin of suggestions due to competing objectives and 27%. Timing of unit additions other constraints .24 according to the HELCO capacity addition criteria was later determined Copies of the Advisory Group roster, for the IRP -93 preferred plan outside of meeting agendas, and all written the PROSCREEN II model. correspondence are included in Appendices Capability to model four load points for C and D. Transcripts of the meetings were thermal generating units, and a taken and are available for review upon corresponding four -segment request. approximation of the unit heat rate curve - Previously, PROSCREEN II 3.3.2 Public Meeting could only model two segments (minimum/maximum load points) for HELCO will hold a public meeting upon thermal units. selection of the IRP preferred plan, to inform the public of the IRP preferred plan HELCO has made several changes in and receive feedback. Significant feedback modeling its generating system in will be provided to the Commission. PROSCREEN II between IRP -93 and IRP - 98: 3.4 INTEGRATION METHODS Generating unit capacities were changed AND MODELS from gross MW to capacities net of generating unit auxiliaries. This is an improvement from IRP -93, where gross 3.4.1 PROSCREEN II Corporate unit capacities were adjusted to account Strategic Planning System for differences in auxiliary loads between different types of units. The PROSCREEN II model was used to Forecasted system peaks were similarly evaluate DSM and supply-side options, changed from gross values to values net generate resource plans, determine the of generation auxiliary loads timing of generating unit additions, As discussed further in Section 6, the calculate plan generation and DSM costs DSView module of PROSCREEN II, and quantify other plan attributes. rather than the COMPASS model used Documentation for the PROSCREEN II in IRP -93, was used in the development model was included in the IRP -93 of DSM cost and impact data Integration Report". New Energy In IRP -93, PROSCREEN II study Associates, the vendor of PROSCREEN II, period costs included an infinite end - has made significant improvements to the effects period following the 20 -year IRP model subsequent to IRP -93, including: planning period. The end -effects logic Capability to model HELCO's in the Proview module of PROSCREEN generation capacity addition criteria - In II calculates capacity and production costs for a specified number of years following the 20 -year planning period. Section III.E.I.c of the IRP Framework states By extending the period over which unit that "The utility shall consider the input of each additions are evaluated, the production advisory group; but the utility is not bound to cost benefits over the lifetime of highly follow the advice of any advisory group." _' October 1993 HELCO IRP Integration Report, efficient, yet capital intensive units will Appendix B, pp. B-5 to B-9. be accounted for. It should be realized, 3-3 HELCO IRP -98 however, that evaluating plans over such an extended period tends to dilute differences in sometimes significant near-term costs. Moreover, the end - effects calculation and resulting study period optimization are highly sensitive to the assumptions made for the escalation of costs. This is especially true with regard to fuel costs, which typically comprise about 40 percent of PROSCREEN II plan costs. Historically, fuel costs fluctuate with no discernable pattern. This makes it difficult to accurately forecast what fuel prices will be even in the next few years, and any attempt at a forecast more than 20 years into the future is highly speculative. In the end -effects period calculations: System load and sales (and DSM peak and energy impacts) are held constant at the 20" year values. • No unit retirements occur during the end -effects period. New units added during the planning period are assumed replaced in kind at the end of their service lives. Capital costs are escalated at an annual rate of 3.4% (same as the capital escalation rate during the planning period). All fuel costs, fixed and variable O&M costs, purchased power costs and externality costs are escalated at 3.4% per year (same as the escalation assumed in the last year of the planning period). The present value of the escalated production costs over the end - effects period are then levelized. The levelized costs are then used to perform a single economic dispatch of the generating units to meet the system load in the last year of the planning period. Utility DSM expenses and DSM customer costs, which typically vary by year, are escalated at 3.4% 3-4 Section 3: IRP Process, Methods and Models from the costs in the last year of the planning period. The infinite end -effects period modeled in IRP -93 was reduced to a 30 -year end - effects period in IRP -98. The 30 -year period was considered reasonable as it equals the expected service life of a supply-side unit added in the last year of the planning period. This change was made such that end -effects costs do not comprise an unreasonable proportion of the total present value of study period plan costs. 3.4.2 Attribute Analysis Methods In IRP -93, HELCO used a multi -attribute method (MAA) in the process of selecting its preferred IRP plan. The IRP -93 method, used by RECO and MECO in their first IRPs as well, involved weighting various plan attributes by relative level of importance from different perspectives (utility, customer, societal). The resulting weights were then multiplied by the quantified plan attributes and summed to produce a plan score. RECO and HELCO received a number of criticisms in IRP -93 regarding this multi -attribute method: GASCO's position was that: "The multi -attribute analysis, as applied by HELCO, 'does not provide a logical nor a transparent framework for the comparison of alternative resource plans.' Without substantial revision it cannot be deemed truly useful and should be abandoned. Any revisions must address existing problems of overlapping attribute categories, double counting, attribute definition and scaling. X16 The CA summarized the shortcomings of the method identified by both GASCO and the CA as: "(1) the assignment of weights to the attribute categories is not based upon sound " (Docket No. 7259, GASCO OB, p. 22) HELCO IRP -98 evidence or analysis; (2) HELCO uses a scoring method that is not appropriate; and (3) several non -quantified external costs and benefits are not taken into consideration. 17 In the development of its second IRP, HECO attempted to refine the IRP -93 MAA method in consideration of the deficiencies identified above. However, RECO found that the problems of double -counting and scaling could not be rectified within a similar ranking and weighting type of methodology. HECO also found it infeasible to pursue an alternative method suggested by GASCO which involved direct monetization of externalities because (1) it would require intensive effort, time and expenses to determine the monetary value of certain attributes and (2) it is simply not possible to assign dollar values to certain societal and cultural attributes. HECO also explored other alternative methods, but found that each had its own inherent problems. HECO finally arrived at a method which directly compared individual attributes across the finalist plans. This method provides a clearer understanding of how well a resource plan satisfies IRP objectives relative to other alternatives. HELCO chose to adopt HECO's direct -comparison method which: Quantifies attributes to the extent possible Evaluates all other attributes on a qualitative basis Compares attribute values across finalist plans, noting similarities and examining the cause for significant differences Determines specific trade-offs between attributes that are made in the selection of one resource plan over another When HELCO presented its proposal for attribute analysis (i.e., the direct- ''' (Docket No. 7259, CA OB, p. 63) 3-5 Section 3: IRP Process, Methods and Models comparison method) at the December 16, 1997 Advisory Group meeting, members were given an opportunity to present alternate methods. One member, representing the Division of Consumer Advocacy, presented a method similar to that used in IRP -93 but which used a comparison matrix for determining weights. Another member, representing the Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism (DBEDT), presented a method for scaling the attribute data. Upon review and discussion of the various methods, the Advisory Group voted to utilize a rank -and -weight method in addition to HELCO's proposed direct - comparison method, to assist in their understanding of the attribute trade-offs. This rank -and -weight method was similar to that used in IRP -93 but incorporated the suggestions proposed by the two Advisory Group members regarding weight - determination and scaling. HELCO informed the Advisory Group that it could not endorse the rank -and -weight method as the preferred method for multi -attribute analysis. The rank -and -weight method proposed by the Advisory Group improved upon the method used in IRP -93; however, it did not rectify the problems of double - counting and scaling. HELCO's position was that it believed that the direct - comparison method was a better approach for analyzing both quantitative and qualitative attributes simultaneously. In addition, the direct -comparison method allowed one to focus on the attributes themselves rather than the numerical complexities of the rank -and -weight method - i.e., scaling, double -counting and implicit monetization. Nevertheless, HELCO recognized the desire of the Advisory Group to utilize the rank - and -weight method and agreed to help facilitate the development and application of an Advisory Group rank -and -weight method. At a March 1997 Advisory Group meeting, two exercises were conducted -- HELCO IRP -98 one to select attributes and the other to determine the corresponding weights for the selected attributes. First, members were given a list of attributes from which to choose from. This list of attributes had been explained and established at a previous Advisory Group meeting. Four of the 37 attributes were marked with a "C," meaning that those attributes did not change, or remained constant, between plans. Ten of the 37 attributes were marked with a "Q." These attributes contained qualitative measures and therefore did not lend themselves to a quantitative analysis. However, in the next Advisory Group meeting, members would be presented with the results of their rank -and -weight exercise and would then be given a chance to speak to each of the qualitative attributes. Advisory Group members then used the form shown in Table 3-1 as a ballot to select eight attributes, not including those marked with a "C" or a "Q." Since there was a tie in the number of votes received for certain attributes, ten attributes were ultimately retained for use in the rank -and -weight tool. The attributes which were selected are shown in italics. Next, Advisory Group members were provided with matrices, as shown in Figure 3-3, to determine weighting factors. As mentioned earlier, this method of determining weights had been proposed by a member of the Advisory Group. The members' individual weight sets were then combined to arrive at an "Advisory Group weight set." Members reviewed this "Advisory Group weight set" and agreed that it was acceptable. The Advisory Group weight set is shown in Table 3-2. The appropriate attribute data was compiled for the Finalist Plans, then scaled according to the method proposed by DBEDT. Although some of the plan scores that resulted from application of the AG's MAA were very close, the Finalist Plans were ranked from one to thirteen, with the a Section 3: IRP Process, Methods and Models number -one ranked plan (Plan K3) being the most desirable according to the Advisory Group's selected weights. The attribute data, as well as the results of the Advisory Group's rank -and -weight exercise, are shown in Table 3-3. Note that Plans K3 and K5 assumed the low capital cost estimates for PV and geothermal. An analysis was also done using the high capital cost estimates for PV and geothermal. The results of this analysis, as shown in the shaded columns of Table 3-3, moved the geothermal plan, K5, from rank 4 to rank 7. HELCO IRP -98 Section 3: IRP Process, Methods and Models Table 3-1. IRP -98 Attributes (Q=qualitative, C=constant between plans; attributes in italics selected for AG multi -attribute too]) 3-7 ATTRMLrrE KIWUtE Med ona r e Lost y Pia n:+are lrglwoaa TQ 1aym *W b.away: nae ulpaola pvl wry L IQ[ 0$LV III IIW N (Imeae R¢/W'V da) MMI!/mR PCr )'[(P 0IV. . rrlpArvi the Quisty of maii�ucft and Servicts s pamla eyuen waec Q FW ry Q �[ppoplae vnl B.-MBeTnry 1, bead on aYuvel.. syum mllmaa aep c leoumsppoeaaamfm nealaMm aY d Iegam YpptR et rsrvl ry j Syom Srdliryed VoltwappW nWn _tY a nae I TUM, o n e4 m[oa m Q nD lWontain Vorate atitivellm.. [ apI i Caput Fjqwdun Dderrw ■ IO1 —�PWWtoF b. novae lcgm wfim 1, Yea 1�aT. c. na mom ow )v of P1. MwTimbMwoffirmYn I ncrsare Fad IDXWVCFsitvy For theyatem a m ue qpa YW a Support the Staft of a ImineayaenEd is nn eaidacy Fud Hal Rue FBlom BUA% b. blusaaryaaadudomef5d--y Fud Cou FFi..y mnkWh c. 11. DSWpal[omlal D&Wpmmatlan AWA ncRCi[ adoqfdnog, ���/ $e'M Ra[IM1't[ RMI?JaJ e(IRpallalO mlOI aINHYN'�� AeM1u a elxR R6MIeLI 10C ON®jraYen I a 1 ! cii�ipy a. rad Yoc W e . elplea VOC ram b Tod CO .16.gfFIM Co F Tae G Tad PMe adnbw 0&1. PAIN Tom d Tod AD+ewiuiom Ofplm Atk Tam e Taa/ SO.I. alduiam Cplar .SOI Tem Tad Coy nlddau.fPlm CO, Tae aGate PoterAW NepOwOut[1111lr�4 WffWRYPrmn ------ aMmWIpplicable ,zato wary ullaw R eons 1 o — —ln TV opc Ie�Iw:Iupauem f[snas wrlae oac m ox tS al c Cglpn yin emmnry c —Tiny ry e d lncnax� a Notm Rcda:e bed IR rim Pleubi try aI¢ xlaawry Yue eq Iry Plolai �pom Sean emnuumaq Imam"Bsule C=8af1611[c 1pinlrti COn3talll800i5 aIn Imd the A= movlom - ae gunm wI Iq F:eA >� i 3-7 "i n 0 m (L Cl. C l0 d U 7 0 N `1 b N l0 O� d C_ C m 0) C U 4) N N C_ m N 7 .a .0 l0 C m L C m 0 O CL E .N N N 0 O O E N E m N N Q N 7 L m N oLn,Uno HELCO IRP -98 Section 3: IRP Process, Methods and Models Table 3-2. Advisory Group's weighting factors for use in the multi -attribute tool Attribute Weight Increase DSM penetration 19.4 Increase energy from indigenous and renewable resources 19.0 Reduce total resource cost 14.4 Reduce rate shock 13.5 Reduce total PM emissions of plan 6.2 Reduce total NOx emissions of plan 5.9 Reduce total CO emissions of plan 5.5 Reduce total SOx emissions of plan 5.5 Reduce total CO2 emissions of plan 5.4 Reduce total VOC emissions of plan 5.1 3-9 0 „l A,a a a a a ga ' of C pF Sin FSwzU RS C - qb m i' N u F ? $PS qo m pp 5 $ $ m 33 .. As rvy ; ea ' of BranR Q 45 t t ,% o m m ? o >C 1 AAA YZ I �VZry i n io m y yFj O wzu �pUUU _ E� F q F 83Fn� V oh m m 8 = m xi F�wip o u o " 9 ry aea 2n fl q c y = U RC = U U 9 $ww.uuu= 9 p�° a".y U F & 8BzF om A.a R 8na^� i9 '� c ',meq.'!, 8e "> ^ Y d 11s a Il !v , w.d 111 t.n kN pf 1� V{ ! . kk � -° E E D U a E 4s gi°s g 8 S x S S;d `3 wieVU €S A. u _ 9 ° a z x u sw "E , E 8ii i 40� N wiu RoF o� c 89666 � i" - F ig i - A. lit !-ia, AAA g'8 A. n _ s w i " E s G� c R o - = U x i # z fln^gido - o 0 t-__- so0 c F o w < F° o C g 8 E E€ E E E 0 8 ' a a o° o o 3-' H a zG r - n n n n r g 0 - o c9 s o Fa a sc g g g s s i° o � Y N a f 0 „l a. PLANNING ASSUMPTIONS 4 HELCO /RP -98 Section 4: Planning Assumptions 4.1 SALES AND PEAK FORECAST 4.1.1 Existing Customer Base In 1997, HELCO had total energy sales of approximately 894 GWh and 59,744 customer accounts. HELCO's six major customer classes include: residential service, large power, commercial cooking, heating, air conditioning and refrigeration, general service - demand, general service and street lighting. 4.1.2 Base Forecast 4.1.2.1 Background HELCO prepared the 1997-2002 short-term forecast as scheduled in late 1996. This short-term forecast was adopted by the Forecast Planning Committee (FPC) on January 17, 1997. A long-term forecast covering the period 1997-2017 was scheduled to be completed in late 1997 and used as the basis for the IRP filing in late 1998. Because the January 1997 forecast was still reasonable, HELCO extended the short-term forecast process into a long-term forecast covering the period 1997-2017. This forecast, adopted on September 11, 1997, serves as the base forecast for IRP -98. A copy of the Executive Summary of the September 11, 1997 forecast report is provided in Appendix E. HELCO's long-term sales and peaks (excluding future DSM programs and including 1996 acquired DSM and Hawaii Model Energy Code impacts) are expected to increase at an average of 2.2 percent per year between 1996 and 2017. 4-1 4.1.2.2 Economic Outlook for Base Forecast The forecast, shown in Appendix E, is based on the results of HECO's economic model for the County of Hawaii. The forecast projects the Hawaii County visitor census to grow an average of 4.1 percent annually as the length of stay decreases from 6.4 days in 1995 to 6.3 days in 2017. Projected visitor census growth over the period 1997-2017 is 98%. Real personal income increases 2.7 Percent per year on average. Projected real personal income increases 72% over the period 1997-2017. Furthermore, the county's resident population is expected to increase at an average annual rate of 1.4 percent. Resident population is projected to increase a total of 33% over the period 1997-2017. The economic forecast includes the impact of the direct flights from Japan to Kona. These flights began in June 1996. The closure of the Ka'u Sugar Plantation in March 1996 marked the end of sugar's long history with Hawaii County. However, the employment and personal income impact on the island is assumed to be offset somewhat by growth in diversified agriculture over the long term. As illustrated in Figure 4-1, the September 1997 peak forecast is lower than the March 1994 forecast which was the basis for HELCO's IRP -93 Re -assessment. The March 1994 forecast does not include full- scale DSM, Hawaii Model Energy Code (HMEC) or rate rider impacts. The September 1997 forecast includes I-IMEC, DSM acquired through 1996 and rate rider impacts. Table 4-1 provides details of the peak forecast comparison. The primary reason for the difference in the 1994 and 1997 peak forecasts is the lower economic outlook for the County. HELCO IRP -98 Section 4: Planning Assumptions Table 4-1. Peak Load Forecast Comparison (Gross MV) - September 1997 vs March 1994 Year Sept 1997 Forecast High Case (Gross MW) (A) Sept 1997 Forecast Low Case (Gross MW) (B) Sept 1997 Forecast Base Case (Gross MN) (C) March 1994 Forecast Base Case (Gross MW) (D) Peak Load Difference (E)=(C)-(D) 1997 172.9 165.9 168.9 179.0 -10.1 1998 177.7 167.3 171.6 184.0 -12.4 1999 181.6 167.9 173.41 190.0 -16.6 2000 187.5 168.3 175.1 196.0 -20.9 2001 193.4 168.9 177.9 202.0 -24.1 2002 200.2 170.3 181.6 207.0 -25.4 2003 208.1 172.1 185.6 212.0 -26.4 2004 216.3 173.9 189.6 217.0 -27A 2005 224.8 175.7 193.8 223.0 -292 2006 233.7 178.5 198.7 229.0 -30.3 2007 242.9 181.3 203.7 235.0 -31.3 2008 252.4 184.1 208.9 241.0 -32.1 2009 262.4 187.0 214.1 247.0 -32.9 2010 274.1 191.4 220.9 253.0 -32.1 2011 284.9 195.2 226.8 259.0 -32.2 2012 296.1 199.0 232.7 266.0 -33.3 2013 307.6 202.8 238.9 273.0 -34.1 2014 319.6 206.8 245.2 280.0 -34.8 2015 332.0 210.7 251.6 2016 343.8 214.5 258.4 - - 2017 355.9 218.3 265.4 Figure 4-1: Comparison of 1994 and 1997 Base Peak Forecasts 3 L U Y 4 E 375 ---- _---- _------------- _--------- ______--- __----- _----------------------- _________ 325, _________________________I _______________________ ___..___ 11 DS----------------------- --------- -- ----------------------- l 225. ._________ _ _____r IRP -93 (3/94)Base 1751________________________________________ _ ________ 1 I 125 _______________________--------- ---____.__------ ..__----------- ________ ACrd - 1 75 1977 1982 1997 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 4-2 A HELCO IRP -98 Section 4: Planning Assumptions 4.1.2.3 Demand Side Management Both the March 1994 and September 1997 forecasts include the impact of pilot DSM programs. The September 1997 forecast is the basis for this IRP and includes HMEC impacts and 1996 acquired DSM impacts, but excludes future DSM. DSM impacts assumed in IRP -98 are provided in Section 6. 4.1.2.4 Historical Data and Forecast Methods Adjustments were made to the historical sales data for Schedules G and P. These adjustments account for the transfers of customers between Schedules G and P and the sales impact of large customer additions as they came on line. Adjustments were then made to the forecasted sales derived from the econometric and trended models by rate schedule in order to appropriately reflect the customers actually expected to be on line in each rate schedule. The data used in the short-term statistical trending models were not adjusted for weather as it is assumed that, for the long period of data being used, average weather patterns resemble normal weather. This forecast continues the use of econometric models for each of the major commercial rate schedules. The Residential End Use Energy Planning System (REEPS) and Commercial End -Use Forecasting Model (COMMEND) are employed in determining the residential sales forecast and the Hawaii Model Energy Code impacts for the commercial sales forecast. End-use models basically use market share (appliance/equipment saturations), technology characteristics and energy use to calculate energy consumed. Exogenous variables drive the forecast to project energy that will be consumed in future years. 4-3 HELCO's Customer Service and Marketing staff also provide base scenario short-term forecasts. In general, because of the experience and breadth of local knowledge possessed by HELCO staff, the adopted forecast relies upon their estimates for short -tern sales. With the exception of the Schedule R forecast, which is entirely derived from the REEPS model, the long term forecast is derived by applying econometric projections for growth to the last year of Customer Service or Marketing estimates. This combination of the short- term detailed studies and the long-term perspective is a reasonable method for projecting sales over the twenty-year horizon. 4.1.2.5 Residential Sales Forecast The REEPS model was initially implemented in HELCO's March 1994 forecast. REEPS is an end use model which examines residential energy consumption at the appliance, or end use level. The REEPS model requires a large amount of end use data. A significant portion of the required information was derived from the results of the 1994 residential survey and Conditional Demand Analysis (CDA). This survey provided the base year (1994) appliance saturation and marginal saturation data. The survey was also used to determine household size and lighting technology profiles. HELCO conducted a residential appliance survey in 1996; however, the results were not available in time for this latest forecast. HELCO's appliance energy usage information, or unit energy consumption (UEC), was derived from the 1994 CDA. These UEC's were developed through an extensive analysis of customer appliance saturations and the associated billing data. These appliance usage rates were based on HELCO's specific household income, household size, and electricity price levels. HELCOIRP-98 Section 4: Planning Assumptions The water heater provisions of the proposed HMEC are equivalent to the Federal residential appliance efficiency standards. The additional impact of the proposed HMEC above the REEPS model results is minimal. 4.1.2.6 Commercial Rate Schedules For its long term forecast of commercial sector sales, HELCO relied upon an econometric equation that combines Schedules G, H and P. Combining the rate schedules in this manner removes the impact of transfers of customers among the three commercial rate schedules. Since a projection by rate schedules is still necessary for revenue estimates, the following procedure was used to allocate the commercial sales forecast into the individual rates: 1. HELCO's Customer Service and Marketing Department developed the Schedule H forecast (see discussion below), which was subtracted from the total commercial sales projection. 2. The forecasted Schedule P sales (developed by HELCO's Customer Service and Marketing Department and extended by the econometric model for rate Schedule P) were subtracted from the total commercial sales projection. 3. The remaining portion represents the Schedule G econometric forecast. Schedule H - Commercial Cooking and Heating Service: The short-term Customer Service forecast for Schedule H was adopted because it takes into account a more detailed look at customers and their electricity usage than the alternative methods. Due to the rate restructuring of Schedule J (combined with Schedule G for forecast purposes), new customers are finding that it is more advantageous to initiate service as a Schedule J customer 4-4 than as a Schedule H customer. Future schedule H sales are held constant to reflect expected stabilization in sales. Schedule F - Street Light Service: Street lighting sales have been growing at a rate of 1.8 percent over the past three years. This growth in Schedule F sales is consistent with the additions of newer residential subdivisions and roads in the County. The 1.8 percent growth is extended into the future to forecast Schedule F Sales. 4.1.2.7 System Peaks HELCO's peak forecast for the 1997 to 2017 period was prepared using the Hourly Electric Load Model (HELM) program. HELM produces a system load profile by summing the estimated aggregate load profiles of customers in each of HELCO's five rate schedules: R, G, H, P and F. The rate schedule aggregate load profiles were derived using customer load data from HELCO's 1993-94 Class Load Study. HELM then uses the energy forecast for each rate schedule to adjust the reference load profiles for each year of the forecast. HELCO's system load profile is equal to the sum of the adjusted class load profiles, and the system peak is the maximum point on the system profile. Adjustments were applied to the sales and peak forecasts to accommodate the effects of load management riders (Rider M impacts), 1996 acquired DSM efficiency programs, and the Hawaii Model Energy Code. HELCOIRP-98 Section 4: Planning Assumptions Table 4-2. Comparison of Base, Low and High Net Peak Forecasts 4.1.3 High and Low Forecasts For IRP sensitivity analyses, HELCO developed two scenarios in addition to the base scenario adopted by the Forecast Planning Committee (FPC). The FPC adopted the low and high scenarios on September 26, 1997. In the low scenario, sales grow at an average rate of 1.4% to 1,119.2 GWh in 2017. The peaks in this scenario grow at an average rate of 1.3% to 211.1 MW in 2017. In the high scenario, sales grow at an average rate of 3.6% to 1,816.1 GWh in 2017, and peaks grow at an average rate of 3.6% to 344.2 MW in 2017. In the base scenario sales grow at an average rate of 2.2% to 1,371.1 GWh in 2017, and peaks grow 2.2% annually to 256.7 MW. The September 1997 high and low peak forecasts are shown in Figure 4-2, with details provided in Table 4-2. 4.1.3.1 Economic Assumptions for High and Low Forecasts The low scenario projects the Hawaii County visitor census to grow an average of Figure 4-2. Comparison of Base, Low and High Net Peak Forecasts 0 T --- — ----------- ----- --- -------------------------- 3001 ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------�d/� ------- -- --- --------- �--------------- --- , Sept'97 High 250_- --- ----------- --------- ------------ ------------------✓-- "Sept'97 Base- ME MUMM�M __ -mss -------------- .------ __ Now= { Sept '97 Low m i150 i--------------------------- ------------'----------------'---- E � 'ti4r M MM �W� l �'a� F� t : sRz�MMWUAMMl; t • �za�tt>•tta•ts�1l:�tititar�xll.ti l �a Iraira Wrz tss MML`i!'a'��c� A � 1 �S�L Mi M sla��talt:�=a W ' �a '� MM aa�� 4.1.3 High and Low Forecasts For IRP sensitivity analyses, HELCO developed two scenarios in addition to the base scenario adopted by the Forecast Planning Committee (FPC). The FPC adopted the low and high scenarios on September 26, 1997. In the low scenario, sales grow at an average rate of 1.4% to 1,119.2 GWh in 2017. The peaks in this scenario grow at an average rate of 1.3% to 211.1 MW in 2017. In the high scenario, sales grow at an average rate of 3.6% to 1,816.1 GWh in 2017, and peaks grow at an average rate of 3.6% to 344.2 MW in 2017. In the base scenario sales grow at an average rate of 2.2% to 1,371.1 GWh in 2017, and peaks grow 2.2% annually to 256.7 MW. The September 1997 high and low peak forecasts are shown in Figure 4-2, with details provided in Table 4-2. 4.1.3.1 Economic Assumptions for High and Low Forecasts The low scenario projects the Hawaii County visitor census to grow an average of Figure 4-2. Comparison of Base, Low and High Net Peak Forecasts 0 T --- — ----------- ----- --- -------------------------- 3001 ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------�d/� ------- -- --- --------- �--------------- --- , Sept'97 High 50.-----------------------------------------------------I----------------- 0 4-5 250_- --- ----------- --------- ------------ ------------------✓-- "Sept'97 Base- 200: __ __------ _------ _ __ -mss -------------- .------ __ ? { Sept '97 Low m i150 i--------------------------- ------------'----------------'---- E � C m1001-------------------------------------------------------------- 50.-----------------------------------------------------I----------------- 0 4-5 HELCO IRP -98 Section 4: Planning Assumptions 3.3% percent annually as the length of stay decreases from 6.34 days in 1995 to 5.94 days in 2017. Projected visitor census growth over the period 1997-2017 is 62%. Real personal income increases 1.7% per year on average. From 1997 to 2017, projected real personal income growth is 41%. Furthermore, the county's resident population is expected to increase at an average annual rate of 0.9%. Over the twenty year period 1997-2017, resident population growth averages 21%. The high scenario projects the Hawaii County visitor census to grow an average of 4.5% percent annually as the length of stay increases from 6.34 days in 1995 to 6.65 days in 2017. Visitor census growth over the period 1997-2017 is 140%. Real personal income increases 4.1% per year on average. From 1997 to 2017, projected real personal income growth is 122°/x. Furthermore, the county's resident population is expected to increase at an average annual rate of 2.3%. Over the twenty year period 1997-2017, resident population growth averages 59%. 4.1.3.2 Other Electricity Price Assumptions for High and Low Forecasts Electricity Price: HELCO also evaluated the effect of changes in the price of electricity on the forecast. For the low scenario, electricity prices were assumed higher due to higher fuel prices. The high scenario assumed lower fuel prices. In addition, the price elasticity in the commercial sales econometric model was doubled in the low scenario and halved in the high scenario to reflect the uncertainty inherent in the estimates of price -based consumer behavior. Hawaii Model Energy Code (HMEQ: Impacts of the HMEC are forecasted to begin in 1998. Compliance with prescribed 4-6 energy efficient measures of the HMEC lowers forecasted sales and peaks. The uncertainty associated with HMEC impacts is incorporated by doubling the base level impact for the low scenario, and halving the base level impact in the high scenario. Residential Anoliance Efficiency Standards: In the residential low scenario forecast, certain appliance efficiency improvements in the REEPS model were accelerated. Higher efficiencies result in a lower sales forecast. These appliances include freezers, central air conditioners, room air conditioners, water heaters and dishwashers. Additionally, the low scenario assumes that an efficient refrigerator is available on the market with an efficiency rating of ERI 8. There were no adjustments made to the appliance efficiencies for the residential high scenario. Thus, the appliance efficiencies in the high scenario are the same as the base scenario. Residential Air Conditioning Saturations: The high scenario assumes that more new homes own air conditioners. Electric Vehicles (EV): In the commercial sector, the high scenario assumes 3300 EVs in the year 2017. The estimated GWh impact is assumed to be an addition to Schedule P for the years 2000-2017. 4.1.4 June 1998 Short-term Forecast A short-term HELCO sales and peak forecast was issued on June 9, 1998. The forecast covers the period 1999-2003. Sales by rate schedule was adjusted in the June 1998 forecast, but total system sales and peak remained the same as forecast in the September 1997 20 -year forecast used as the basis for the IRP -98 analyses. HELCO IRP -98 Section 4: Planning Assumptions 4.1.5 Forecast Sensitivities A summary of the differences between the scenarios broken down by exogenous variables and sector (residential or commercial) is presented in Table 4-3. The sales impact was derived by varying each variable separately between its high and low scenario values and re -running the econometric and end use models. Each resulting sales forecast was compared to the base sales forecast for 2015. The difference represents the impact of that variable on the sales forecast. For example, in the high scenario, higher economic variables were input into the residential and commercial models. These included higher population and higher income. Residential sales increased by 109.6 GWh due to the higher economic variables used. Commercial sales increased by 218.6 GWh due to the higher economic variables used. For the electricity price impact, lower prices (which result in higher sales) were input into the residential and commercial models. The impact was 4.9 GWh and 2.7 GWh on residential and commercial sales forecasts, respectively. The sum of all impacts from changes in these variables explains a majority of the differences between the alternative scenarios and the base scenario. This analysis helps to determine the magnitude of the impact that each variable has on the forecast. As shown by Table 4-3, the forecast is particularly sensitive to the economic assumptions underlying the forecast. The combination of resident population, visitor census and personal income growth rates are the primary drivers of electricity consumption and demand. The forecast is more than ten times less sensitive to electricity prices - the second key assumption. Table 4-3. Sales Sensitivity Scenario A/C Res Comm Total 109.6 218.6 328.2 4.9 2.7 7.6 .8.1 5.3 5.3 HMEC 0.0 3.2 Res Efficiencies 3.2 6.8 6.8 -8.2 12 12 117.7 234.6 352.3 143.9 251.5 395.4 2015 - Low Scenario Res Comm Total Economy -50.9 .124.6 -175.5 Electricity Prices .8.1 -5.2 .13.3 HMEC -10.6 -10.6 Res Efficiencies 0.0 Res A/C -8.2 .82 Elec Vehicles 0.0 Price Elasticity -0.6 -0.6 Total 1 .67.2 -141 -2082 Actual Difference 1 -83 -115.8 -198.6 4-7 HELCO IRP -98 4,2 FUEL PRICE FORECAST The IRP -98 analysis is based on the May 22, 1995 Fuel Price Forecast, which projects medium sulfur fuel oil (MSFO), No. 2 diesel and coal prices for the period 1995- 2020 (1995-2015 for coal). The escalation in the fuel price forecast is based on the U.S. Department of Energy's forecast of inflation (Gross Domestic Product Implicit Price Deflator (GDPIPD)) and on a forecast for real fuel price changes over and above that of the GDPIPD. Fuel prices for HELCO include barge freight from Oahu, terminalling fees and trucking to the power plants. Development of forecasts for MSFO, diesel and coal prices are discussed below. High, low and reference case forecasts are provided in Appendix F. MSFO - The medium (2%) sulfur fuel oil (MSFO) forecast for 1995 was based on Los Angeles Bunker C Fuel Oil prices. This 1995 forecasted price was then escalated by the average annual escalation of long-term price forecasts produced by other organizations: U.S. Department of Energy Section 4: Planning Assumptions California Energy Commission • DRI/Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) • American Gas Association • Gas Research Institute • WEFA DRI/EPRI and the U.S. Department of Energy also publish low and high forecasts in addition to reference price forecasts. For the period 1995-2010, these two forecasts were used as the basis for the development of the low and high case MSFO price forecasts in relation to the reference case. After 2010, when the U.S. Department of Energy forecast ends, the low and high MSFO prices are based on the DRI/EPRI forecast only. This is the reason for the slight discontinuity in the high and low forecasts in 2010. The May 1995 reference, low and high MSFO price forecasts are shown in Figure 4-3, along with historical averages from 1986. Diesel - The No. 2 diesel price forecast for 1995 was based on historical Pacific Northwest No. 2 diesel prices. Similar to development of the long-term MSFO forecast, the 1995 forecasted diesel price was escalated by the average annual Figure 4-3. May 1995 MSFO Price Forecast vs. Actual 0.00 9.00 hSFO High 8.00 7.00 6.00 m s.00 4.00 Actual 3.00 2.00 1.00 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Actual system average MSFOprices (through June 1998) vs May 1995 MSFO forecast, delivered to Hill I I I i _— hSF'O Reference I I ISS FO Low 4-8 I I 4-8 HELCO 1RP-98 Figure 4-4: May 1995 Diesel Price Forecast vs. Actual Section 4: Planning Assumptions 13.00 72.00 I T I 11.00 Diesel fftgh 10.00 9.00 2 6.00 7.00 6.00 Diesel Reference I � Diesel taw 5.00 Actual 4.00 ai 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Actual system average diesel prices (through June 1998) vs May 1995 diescl forecast, delivered to FU increase of other long-term diesel price forecasts. The low and high diesel price forecasts were developed through an identical process as described above for MSFO. The May 1995 reference, low and high diesel price forecasts, as well as historical average prices from 1986, are illustrated in Figure 4-4. Coal - The coal price forecast is based on Indonesian low sulfur coal, or coal of similar quality. The forecasted prices are based on the 1988 coal supply contract price between AES and PT Kaltim Prima Coal, a mining consortium operating the source mine in Indonesia. The 1988 AES coal price was escalated to a 1993 market price by using historical import values of coal obtained from Australia, the dominant regional producer of low sulfur coals. This surrogate for the 1993 market price for low sulfur coal imported to Hawaii was then escalated to produce a forecast for the period 1995-2015 using the annual percentage change of Japan import coal prices forecast by the International Energy Agency. 4-9 4.2.1.1 Comparison of May 1995 Forecast to August 1992 Forecast Figure 4-5 compares the August 1992 base MSFO, diesel and coal price forecasts used in IRP -93 against the May 1995 base forecasts used in the current IRP. Actual annual average fuel prices from 1986 through June 1998 are also provided as a basis for comparison. Several observations to note: a dramatic decline in the forecasted prices of all three fuel types between August 1992 and May 1995 • a significant reduction in the price differential between oil and coal deviation of actual MSFO and diesel prices from the current (May 1995) forecast in the period 1995-1997 (discussed in section 4.2.1.2 below-) Table 4-4 provides the details of the forecasted price comparison. It O O P - V F ✓t N .O e d ry Q P N P n b O m N F Q F •O •O Y Y_ Q Q n Q N N Q Q Q Q N N Q Q Q W P N P v1 •O N w Q Q F !H G O n O N O h O P d N P N bn n Q O n N b •D h P w Q O r N w n F •n h P V O " `o U 4 h P- O v1 CC N b m N � O Q N h P P O r1 n •O F P Q n d h- •O N •D O- r •O O N b w n V1 N N N N n n n Q e •n N •D •G F F w N a Y 0 e •n h n N N N 0 0 0 0 N Q P Q m P r b C t N O G N Q d N h b O W e P p. O •n N N Q O b O W O O n N P d .n F n O n n d •D W P n n N N N N N n n n n n Q d d Q N N Vf •n b e U •O N O P Q h P •D v F P O vl F O h- b n W P O F bh v N � N O P �' O P O �O - N _n Q •n N F W_ P P O m w o n w e o P W P ry b e n b- r h o b �� P N Q b P Q N n n n n Q Q Q N Vf N .D •D b F h W 0G O. h Q V1 •O F w P O r N e'1 vl �O t� w P r N d F w O N n W N N N N N N n 1+1 n •'1 YI n n n n Q d d d d Q N N N u A y - - F R n •O of W b O V� N - v� M1 F Q O m Q `G b P O n •D N O r O h� h •rbi P w n O W N r t� tOi q d Q Q e H v1 h ./� •O •O •O `O F h W w w T P P O_ O M m N W N N W F w P N •D N P F P O` O n Q b O N O� N e b h P ^ n •D w- n b P N S w (V N e0 - vl w � O n n n n n n n d Q Q d N N N •ry V b �O F F F w W w LL L � •p F W P O- N Ll P P P P P O O S O O O O O O O O O P O O O O O O O O HELCO IRP -98 Figure 45: Historical and Forecasted Fuel Prices Section 4: Planning Assumptions 4.2.1.2 Validity of Fuel Price Forecast As illustrated in Figures 4-3 and 4-4, the actual prices of MSFO and diesel fuel increased above the high price forecast for each respective fuel from the end of 1995 through Fall 1997. These higher prices can be attributed to a number of anomalous events, such as weather and the political situation between the United Nations and Iraq. The most influential factor, however, was the historically low levels of petroleum product stocks in the United States. These low levels were the result of: an extremely cold winter following several years of milder winters where inventory levels were reduced; a change in oil refineries' oil storage policies to a "just in time" policy to improve their competitive position; and, the supply from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve not being utilized to mitigate the upward price pressure. 28 " Presentation by Dr. Kenneth Haley, Manager of Energy Forecasting, Strategic Planning :Sl The high pricing level experienced is not believed to be indicative of long-term trends, and producing a new forecast from such a high base would not have been meaningful. This assessment has been confirmed in the approximately 30 percent decline in crude oil and other petroleum prices between the levels prevailing in the second half of 1996 and the first quarter of 1998. Based on these considerations, HELCO believes that its May 22, 1995 fuel price forecast is still valid for long-term planning purposes. 4.3 EXISTING SYSTEM 4.3.1 HELCO System HELCO currently owns and operates a total of 25 firm generating units, totaling about 151 MW (net), at five generating stations. HELCO also purchases a total of 52 MW of firm power from two existing independent Department, Chevron Corporation, on July 1, 1997 at a HECO IRP Advisory Group Meeting. 20 18 16 14 1992 Diesel a m 12 1995 Diesel 10 119992 MSFO 8 1995 MSFO Diesel Adam[ X992 Coal 4 2 1995 Coal MSF Actual 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Actuals for 1998 are lune YTD avcmgm 4.2.1.2 Validity of Fuel Price Forecast As illustrated in Figures 4-3 and 4-4, the actual prices of MSFO and diesel fuel increased above the high price forecast for each respective fuel from the end of 1995 through Fall 1997. These higher prices can be attributed to a number of anomalous events, such as weather and the political situation between the United Nations and Iraq. The most influential factor, however, was the historically low levels of petroleum product stocks in the United States. These low levels were the result of: an extremely cold winter following several years of milder winters where inventory levels were reduced; a change in oil refineries' oil storage policies to a "just in time" policy to improve their competitive position; and, the supply from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve not being utilized to mitigate the upward price pressure. 28 " Presentation by Dr. Kenneth Haley, Manager of Energy Forecasting, Strategic Planning :Sl The high pricing level experienced is not believed to be indicative of long-term trends, and producing a new forecast from such a high base would not have been meaningful. This assessment has been confirmed in the approximately 30 percent decline in crude oil and other petroleum prices between the levels prevailing in the second half of 1996 and the first quarter of 1998. Based on these considerations, HELCO believes that its May 22, 1995 fuel price forecast is still valid for long-term planning purposes. 4.3 EXISTING SYSTEM 4.3.1 HELCO System HELCO currently owns and operates a total of 25 firm generating units, totaling about 151 MW (net), at five generating stations. HELCO also purchases a total of 52 MW of firm power from two existing independent Department, Chevron Corporation, on July 1, 1997 at a HECO IRP Advisory Group Meeting. HELCO M-98 Section 4: Planning Assumptions power producers (IPPS), Hilo Coast Processing Company (HCPC) and Puna Geothermal Ventures (PGV). Table 4-5 summarizes the characteristics of the firm generating units presently on the HELCO system. In 1997, about 30% of HELCO's total generation came from renewable sources, including wind, hydro and geothermal. These renewable sources include a HELCO- owned windfarm at Lalamilo, two HELCO- owned run -of -the -river hydro facilities at Waiau and Puueo, and a number of wind and hydro IPPS (see Table 4-6). During the course of the IRP -98 analysis, the Hill 6 net continuous (or reserve) rating was reduced from 21.75MW to 19.6MW. The 19.6 MW net reserve rating is derived from testing, and is due to decreasing fuel efficiency over time. 4.3.2 HELCO Unit Retirements For long-term planning purposes, HELCO has estimated a typical service life of 25 years for the diesels, 30 years for the combustion turbines and 50 years for the steam turbines. The actual retirement date of a unit will depend on the condition of the unit as it nears its proposed retirement. A Table 4-6. As -available (Hon -firm) Resources 4-12 unit may be retired sooner or replaced with another unit if this is determined to be more economical. The age and expected retirement date for each HELCO owned unit is indicated in Table 4-5. As can be seen in the table, a number of generating units have already exceeded their expected service lives. HELCO originally contemplated placing CT -1 on standby status in 1991 upon the installation of PGV, and retiring diesels 8, 9 and 10 in 1993 when both PGV and CT -3 were installed. However, the delay in PGV caused HELCO to defer the retirement of CT -1. When CT -1 was operated in regular service longer than anticipated, it experienced a number of mechanical problems including failure of the starting engine, generator and turbine rotor. Extensive repairs were completed in 1992. In the October 1993 IRP -93 filing, with the next increment of capacity needed by January 1995, and the expectation at the time that CT -4 would be installed by July 1995, all plant retirements were postponed until after CT -4 was placed in service. With the continued delay in the next large increment of capacity, HELCO has pursued various avenues to maximize the amount of generation available to the system, one of which is the deferral of planned unit retirements. While discussed in detail in the Contingency Plants, mitigation measures that have been taken are summarized below: HELCO has restored 2.5 MW of reserve and 4.5 MW of normal top load (NTL) generating capacity through overhauls and repair work.30 ' Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Generation Resource Contingency Plan Update #4 was filed with the Commission on June 12, 1998 in Docket No. 96-0029. J0 Reserve rating is the maximum capacity of the unit. Normal Top Load (NTL) is the maximum capacity at which the unit is normally allowed to dispatch on a daily basis. As- 1997 Available Actual Capacity Generation (k) (MWh,,,) HELCO AS -AVAILABLE Puueo Hydro 2,250 12,161 Waiau Hydro 1,100 6,633 Lalamilo Wind Farm 2,280 4,030 AS -AVAILABLE IPPS Wailuku River Hydro 11,000 30,445 Apollo Energy 7,000 12,047 Other 399 1,446 TOTAL AS -AVAILABLE 24,029 66,762 4-12 unit may be retired sooner or replaced with another unit if this is determined to be more economical. The age and expected retirement date for each HELCO owned unit is indicated in Table 4-5. As can be seen in the table, a number of generating units have already exceeded their expected service lives. HELCO originally contemplated placing CT -1 on standby status in 1991 upon the installation of PGV, and retiring diesels 8, 9 and 10 in 1993 when both PGV and CT -3 were installed. However, the delay in PGV caused HELCO to defer the retirement of CT -1. When CT -1 was operated in regular service longer than anticipated, it experienced a number of mechanical problems including failure of the starting engine, generator and turbine rotor. Extensive repairs were completed in 1992. In the October 1993 IRP -93 filing, with the next increment of capacity needed by January 1995, and the expectation at the time that CT -4 would be installed by July 1995, all plant retirements were postponed until after CT -4 was placed in service. With the continued delay in the next large increment of capacity, HELCO has pursued various avenues to maximize the amount of generation available to the system, one of which is the deferral of planned unit retirements. While discussed in detail in the Contingency Plants, mitigation measures that have been taken are summarized below: HELCO has restored 2.5 MW of reserve and 4.5 MW of normal top load (NTL) generating capacity through overhauls and repair work.30 ' Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Generation Resource Contingency Plan Update #4 was filed with the Commission on June 12, 1998 in Docket No. 96-0029. J0 Reserve rating is the maximum capacity of the unit. Normal Top Load (NTL) is the maximum capacity at which the unit is normally allowed to dispatch on a daily basis. a Y Y c � .y r W p 8m8:Vf rir`1IN'r 4 Oi pP NiP Pi'pp PIP O pP O. pp�. P ppb P pP P qp P p. P ppb P pq� P pp P pp�,I 'k. PIP p�� PIP pP.IP P_/OV "R rOVry m n N C.SI�— Ir E P IOV C ry til Yj O j c 3 t- � � 2 � c lu Y c � c `o - O c i c ^°, o o a C u y •� � V 0 � SI .V.r = o 9 n u 2 6 V I 9 O L V pE 9 tti A aEX'=`'vm3� "" 3= u u13 c E, c n Oi^ O NI 0 al Of A H N m m n� n _ ^i'm" 1YIP iO Q ❑ i I i I n�0 P P O O N O N f 2 I I I I V i I I i i i I I I nfP 1plr G YI nj vl Ojn-PPa 100^00 ry YIa. a � O OOi O« N mi_Is O OO N N 3 j - � C010 'Im OI O:1p .O r NIH Oj^�n0„= '' i i i 5 j i I p I II j (- X GI❑ O,S O G O S G ❑ O ❑'.,O ❑-❑ fS,G G 00 ZV Y: Ei'f .s.i E'C =^ r I I I I I I. I m m C q O C C C yN��i • Ny) y_N Y. YIyITTT C T ].Iy-I17 ^ q.N 6 yW 6 6' 6 6 6 INX UU U'9 G W. 6 G.- L 6� 6 L 6 L L 6 6' U U U U Cl W U i i I i6 c ;U =I o Y �❑❑❑ I CII€x ❑, � MI oiUin �;-p +� ❑ II �p p's oIp d C � < ❑ ❑ ❑. GO ❑ ��� OV nE�oNx E.E E E ,11 o 0 0�0 0.0 0l SIYIY o -o< V �a m6 E c SiE 3 3 S 1 1 1 51 - 55O °Cjc° O r m v1,1n x S I a 3, 3 3 Y 3 Y 4 '4 'c W E c � .y r W V 111 C yld O E O t F V Q C 6 a N q = 1^ u k E o � � c 6 t C V YO y C ry til Yj O j c 3 t- � � 2 � c lu Y c � c `o - O c i c ^°, o o a C u y •� � V 0 � SI .V.r = o 9 n u 2 6 V 9 O L V pE 9 tti A aEX'=`'vm3� 3= u u13 c E, c HELCO IRP -98 HELCO has deferred the planned retirement of 33.65 MW of capacity until a sufficient increment of new capacity can be installed. Shipman 1, CT -1, Waimea D8-10, D12-14 and Kanoelehua Di 1, 15-16, which were scheduled to retire between 1995- 1997 in IRP -93, are now scheduled to retire when Encogen comes on -line. (Shipman 1, Waimea D8-10, D12-14 with Encogen Phase 1; Kanoelehua D11 and D15-17, Keahole D21-23 and CT -1 with Encogen Phase 2). HELCO has installed four 1 MW high-speed diesel generators at HELCO's Panaewa, Ouli, Kapua and Punaluu substations for stand-by operation. The four units, identified as D24 -D27, were installed between November and December, 1997. These units are currently planned to be retired upon commercial operation of the Encogen DTCC. 4.3.3 Puna Standby The Puna steam unit will be placed on cold standby reserve service upon commercial operation of the Encogen DTCC, currently planned for August 1999. It is expected that cold standby operation would entail: (1) the use of a nitrogen gas blanket for the feedwater heaters, (2) filling the boiler and condenser with water, which would be treated to prevent corrosion, (3) the installation of heat blankets on unit auxiliaries, and (4) periodic inspection and tests of the condition of the major unit components to insure their integrity. During the period when the unit is on cold standby, it will not be counted toward the total capability of the system. Placing Puna on standby will result in cost savings through reduced O&M, which will partially offset the increase in costs expected with the installation of new capacity in the 1998-99 timeframe. The Puna steam unit would be returned to service when additional generation is required (following Encogen 4-14 Section 4: Planning Assumptions and currently projected to be in 2003) to maintain compliance with HELCO's generation capacity planning criteria and to defer the installation of ST -7 at Keahole. The estimated time required to take the Puna steam unit out of cold standby and prepare it for service is several weeks. 4.3.4 Non -Utility Generating Resources Between IRP -93 and IRP -98, several changes have occurred with regard to firm purchases: The contract with Hamakua Sugar Company for 8MW expired in 1994. The IRP -93 analysis assumed that HCPC would continue to supply HELCO with 18MW of firm capacity through 2013, the end of the IRP -93 planning period. On December 12, 1994 HCPC filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and notified HELCO of its intent to shutdown the power plant (default on its contract). HELCO and HCPC negotiated an amended PPA where HCPC would provide capacity at 20MW in January 1995 and 22MW from June 1995 through December 1999. HELCO in turn would increase its capacity payment to HCPC, to provide a $6 million loan to HCPC: to pay for its employee benefits and severance pay obligations, to provide funds necessary for any capital improvements to HCPC's power plant, and to provide a $2 million revolving line of credit to HCPC for fuel purchases. HELCO is using 22MW for HCPC which terminates in December 1999. PGV increased their firm capacity from 25 MW to 30 MW on September 23, 1996. On October 22, 1997, HELCO signed a purchase power agreement (PPA) with Encogen for the purchase of 62 MW (gross) of firm capacity and energy. Encogen's dual train combined cycle is I HELCOIPP-98 Section 4: Planning Assumptions planned to be on-line by April (Phase I ) and August (Phase 2) 1999. The status of this project is further discussed in Section 4.4.2. There are also several independent power producers who furnish power to the HELCO grid on a non-firm, as -available basis, as summarized previously in Table 4-6. For IRP modeling purposes, the as -available suppliers were treated as a "transaction"; that is, they are modeled as if they supply a relatively constant supply of as -available energy throughout the year, with some seasonal variation based on a historical average of their actual generation. 4.4 COMMITTED SUPPLY SIDE AND DSM PROJECTS 4.4.1 Status of Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 HELCO's current supply-side resource plan includes the near term installation of two combustion turbine generators, CT -4 (20MW) and CT -5 (20MW) at its Keahole Generating Station. Much of the uncertainty regarding the permitting for HELCO's Keahole DTCC unit has been resolved. The three motions for stay on HELCO's Conservation District Use Permit (CDUP) Amendment were denied, and HELCO is now proceeding to put the Keahole site to use consistent with the CDUP Amendment. The prevention of significant deterioration (PSD)/covered source permit ("air permit") was issued by Hawaii Department of Health (DOH) letter dated October 28, 1997, although it will not be effective until appeals to the Environmental Appeals Board (EAB) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are resolved. Recent experience indicates that such appeals take 5'/z to 7 months to resolve. In the meantime, HELCO has proceeded with pre -PSD grading and site work (which is expected to 4-15 be completed by the end of May 1998), as previously approved by DOH with EPA's concurrence. As a result, HELCO expects to be able to install both CT -4 and CT -5 in the December 1998 timeframe. HELCO continues to provide the Commission with a monthly report on the status of these items (in accordance with Docket No. 7623, D&O No. 14284). Future conversion of CT -4 and CT -5 to a dual train combined -cycle unit with the addition of ST -7 is addressed in this IRP. 4.4.2 Status of Encogen On January 16, 1998, HELCO filed an application requesting Commission approval of a PPA and Interconnection Agreement with Encogen dated October 22, 1997. Encogen plans to install a 60 MW (net) dual -train combined cycle qualifying cogeneration facility near Haina, Hawaii. Assuming the PPA and Interconnection Agreement are approved by the Commission by August 1998 (and that the approvals are not appealed), and there are no delays due to an appeal of its air permit, the two phases of the Encogen facility, can be installed by April 1999 and August 1999, respectively. (See Docket No. 98-0013.) The June 1998 Contingency Plan Update concluded that in order to address delays in and uncertainties associated with the addition of needed generation, HELCO would maximize its generation options by proceeding with Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 in parallel with Encogen. This strategy increases the likelihood of providing reliable power to HELCO's customers. See Appendix P for the Executive Summary of the June 1998 Contingency Plan Update. See Section 1.3.1 for further information on HELCO's contingency plans. HELCO IRP -98 Section 4: Planning Assumptions 4.4.3 Existing DSM In mid-December 1995, HELCO "rolled out" its residential and commercial & industrial DSM programs. These programs include a Residential Efficient Water Heating Program, Commercial & Industrial Energy Efficiency Program, Commercial & Industrial New Construction Program, and a Commercial & Industrial Customized Rebate Program. Through 1997, the four programs had total system -level impacts of 2.365 MW peak reduction and 10,130 MWh annual energy savings. DSM Annual Accomplishments and Surcharge Reports were filed in June 1997 (with an Addendum filed in November 1997) and March 1998 to report on the detailed performance of these DSM programs. Also, HELCO's DSM Modifications and Evaluation Report, dated November 26, 1997, was filed with the Commission on November 28, 1997. HELCO plans to continue development and implementation of selected measures of the Residential Retrofit Program (Docket No. 7692) within the existing Residential Efficient Water Heating Program. In 1996 and 1997, approximately 21,000 high - efficiency showerheads were distributed to residents on request. As it did in 1996, HELCO promoted compact fluorescent lamps to residential customers through the distribution of approximately 58,000 rebate coupons via a bill insert from October to December, 1997. An additional 5,000 coupons have been distributed to participating dealers and vendors. Coupons are also being distributed to customers via the HELCO customer service lobbies. Eleven vendors participated in the program (five in Hilo, four in Kona, and two in Waimea). A similar program, with one additional vendor, is currently planned for July -August of 1998. HELCO has also continued with aggressive promotion of its load management rates and rate riders, including Rider M, Rider T and 4-16 Schedule U. As of November 30, 1997, HELCO has 28 contracts with its Commercial and Industrial customers totaling approximately 6.7 MW of loads curtailed off the priority peak period, 5:00 PM to 9:00 PM, Monday through Friday. HELCO is negotiating additional contracts for approximately 1.0 MW of load curtailment to be added in 1998. 4.5 SUPPLY SIDE RESOURCE OPTIONS (SRO) A detailed discussion of all supply-side resources considered in this IRP can be found in Section 7.0. An initial screening of commercially available fossil -fired alternatives was performed in order to limit consideration to those resources within each technology type that were most likely to prove cost-effective in the integration analysis. All renewable technologies were carried forward to the integration phase. Table 4-7 summarizes the principal characteristics of the short-list of supply- side alternatives considered in the integration analysis. Q 9 ~I� n�aan�I88 z=«n s E M1 3 rl 'Ip a. se Z e f I I > r Ii cI O'�p O10 o 4 L ® OIC O SI SIO In OIh O O M P h T g r u =� n000 o. � I. Rim-•.— _ nn6 «$v< R R eon' R'n to —eIR on ejR R R« o 0 0 o e e I !n i ! I r E 73 0 c � � i lm m A. m'mm N NIN N N AlIN NN N N N N =zl3izzzz3z3 <t k z<« z z 3z I! P ^le R el -SOI _ TI Z A M1 P n P i P p'IK FiP I„ 0.19 E 9IE $1i � N�3 r✓ i I I _ I � 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 = a CIC •C G I �� - nC - i IC C I CIC e 3 R- 71 Colo TOLL O O O10 O ow• !• m 66<<i<<Q<<of §<.<< a 4' orlo Z Z.Z to Z Z 1 624 Z Z Z old Z Z o U i IA ! Z'iZ Z Z i Z ZiZ I N. N Z Z Z � I I a a j fi IP it, 66qLp6 L'. q'VJ I X xl ry�..• O CTO �4TmTyjp1�SO 2�2� w waw Y'.c 8 4;„ c v v v __ uwl ow' l: IAIa mI zj .9 �!. 3 JI� y V IO S O:O O:O F QQ'� E� yjl � u'� � p � p � P � gg I O � w!F • L 6' HELCO /RP -98 Section 4: Planning Assumptions 4.6 DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM OPTIONS 4.6.1 Energy Efficiency DSM HELCO is currently implementing four energy efficiency DSM programs, approved by the Commission for a five-year period ending in the year 2000: Residential Efficient Water Heating (REWH) Commercial & Industrial Energy Efficiency (CIEE) Commercial & Industrial New Construction (CINC) Commercial & Industrial Custom Rebate (CICR) As discussed in detail in Section 6, forecasted costs and impacts of the four programs have been re-evaluated in this IRP, but the program structures and DSM technologies are basically the same as what is currently being implemented. Updated estimates of program costs and impacts were developed for all four programs for 2 years through the 5 -year PUC approved period (1999-2000), and 20 years through the IRP planning period (1999-2018). Tables 6-30 and 6-31 in the DSM assessment show the ratio of benefits to costs (B/C ratios) from various perspectives for each of the 2 -year and 20 -year programs. Except for the 2 -year REWH program which is marginal, all programs have B/C>1.0 by the Utility cost, TRC, Societal and Participant tests. None of the programs pass the Rate Impact Measure test. Although the DSM programs may have B/C ratios greater than 1.0 by the standard practice tests, it does not necessarily mean 4-18 that the programs will be cost-effective when allowed to "compete" against supply- side resources in a dynamic optimization. The reason for this is that the B/C ratios are derived by measuring the cost of the DSM program against the capacity deferral value and avoided production (fuel and O&M) costs of a static, least -cost reference supply plan. Proview optimization runs, where the model was allowed to select the least cost mix of the four DSM programs given various supply-side alternatives, confirmed the cost-effectiveness of all four 20 -year programs from the Utility, Societal and TRC perspectives. That is, the plan which included all four 20 -year programs was the least cost plan from these perspectives. Since this preliminary DSM analysis indicated all four 20 -year programs were cost-effective, the integration analysis evaluated two DSM options: Option 1: Continuation of all four DSM programs through the 5 -year PUC approved period, ending in 2000, and Option 2: Continuation of all four DSM programs through the 20 -year IRP planning period 4.6.2 Capacity Buy -Back Pilot Program A pilot Capacity Buy-back DSM program was approved by the PUC in Decision and Order 15457, Docket No. 96-0421 on March 24, 1997. Given the positive customer response to HELCO's rate rider contracts, HELCO is not pursuing implementation of the Capacity Buy-back program at this time. As part of its Contingency Generation Resource Plan, HELCO has made an aggressive effort to acquire 28 contracts, or about 6.7 MW of potential peak -shaving capacity through its existing load management rates and rate riders (Schedule U, Rider M and Rider T). These rider contracts give incentives to customers to HELCO IRP -98 Section 4. Planning Assumptions curtail load during system peak periods. However, compliance on any given night is not assured and long-term participation by customers has not been demonstrated. Therefore, for long-term planning purposes, HELCO has assumed 5.5 MW is curtailed at the daily peak. Table 4-8. Summary of IRP -98 Assumptions 4.7 SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL. DATA AND OTHER ASSUMPTIONS Table 4-8 summarizes the significant assumptions used in the IRP -98 integration analysis. ITEM ASSUMPTION Analysis Period 1999-2018 (specified by IRP Framework) Transmission & Distribution Losses and 8.64% of net generation Company Use Sales & Peak Load Forecast September 1997 HELCO Sales & Peak Forecast (Appendix E) Fuel Price Forecast May 22, 1995 Fuel Price Forecast (Appendix F) DSM Cost and Performance Data Data shown in Section 6 Future Supply-side Resource Cost and Data shown in Table 4-7 and Appendix G Performance Data Existing generating unit data Data shown in Section 4.3 Existing unit retirements Data shown in Section 4.3 Purchase Power Agreements Data shown in Section 4.3 Cost of Capital Weight Rate (for long-term planning) Short-term debt 5% 6.5% Long -tern debt 40% 6.5% Preferred stock 7% 9% Common equitv 48% 12% Composite Weighted Ave. 9.315% After-tax Weighted Ave. 8.177% Inflation Rate 1999-2000 2.64% (source: May 1995 Fuel price forecast) 2001-2005 3.31% 2006-2018 3.40% Composite Income Tax Rate 38.91% Revenue Taxes 8.885% emaliry Costs !Ext_ Data shown in Table 5-3 4-19 s. PLANNING CRITERIA AND CONSIDERATIONS HELCO IRP -98 5.1 CAPACITY PLANNING CRITERIA For long-term generation planning purposes, HELCO's Capacity Planning Criteria states that new generation will be added to satisfy the following Generation Addition Rule: "The sum of the reserve ratings of all available units, with a unit on maintenance, less the reserve rating of the largest available unit must be equal or greater than the system peak load to be supplied." The Capacity Planning Criteria also provides a reserve margin guideline: "In addition, consideration will be given to maintaining a reserve margin of approximately 20 percent based on Reserve Ratings. " In the development of IRP -98 resource plans, PROSCREEN II added new firm capacity to prevent violation of the rule stated above. It should be noted that the Generation Addition Rule is applicable to lona-ranee generation expansion studies. HELCO does not determine the need for new generation based solely on the application of this Rule. As capacity needs become imminent, it is essential that HELCO broaden its consideration to ensure timely installation of generation capacity necessary to meet its customers' energy needs. As stated in the Capacity Planning Criteria: "The actual commercial operation date for the next unit to be added shall be determined using these rules as guides, with due consideration given to short-term operating conditions, equipment procurement, construction, regulatory approvals, financial and other constraints, etc. " Other near-term considerations may include: 5-1 Section 5: Planning Criteria and Considerations the current condition and rated capacity of existing units the preferred mix of generation resources to meet varying daily and seasonal demand patterns at the lowest reasonable capital and operating cost the forecasted minimum demand required power purchase obligations and contract terminations the unpredictable output of supplemental resources the uncertainties surrounding Non- utility generation (NUG) resources transmission system considerations system stability considerations for HELCO's isolated system. A complete copy of HELCO's current "Capacity Planning Criteria for Addition of Generation in HELCO Long -Range Expansion Studies" is included as Appendix H. 5.2 MINIMUM LOAD Historical and forecasted minimum loads are graphed in Figure 5-1. The annual HELCO system minimum is typically about 40% of the annual system peak demand, and usually occurs between the hours of 2 and 4 A.M. Over the past five years, the system minimum load has not followed an increasing trend. In the five year period 1993-1997, the minimum load increased from 56 MW in 1993 to 62 MW in 1995, then decreased back to 56 MW in 1997. The minimum load forecast, however, projects a constantly increasing minimum load. As a result, in 1997, the actual minimum was about 6 MW below forecast. Energy efficiency DSM programs target the on -peak hours for load reduction; however, the DSM programs also reduce load in the off-peak hours. The minimum load forecast adjusted for 20 -year DSM impacts is shown in Figure 5-1. By 2018, the 20 -year DSM programs are projected to reduce the minimum load by approximately 5 MW. HELCO IRP -98 Section 5: Planning Criteria and Considerations Figure 5-1: Forecasted Minimum Load and System Minimum Capability i a A E E C a 105 95 65 75 65 55 ............... I........, less HCFCl51 4 e'W n systemncapabBdy' ....... with HI 586, Puna. PGV. 45 HCFC (55.4 847less F915 _ ............................... (36.91M )j system rtn caDabiiy' w M fill 586, PGV. (44..3 MM 35 w a m m m m m o 0 0 0 0 0 0 $ $ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N N N N N N.a IV N N N N N N N N N N N N "System minimum capability shown assumes that the Keahole DTCC cycles. It is likely that one CT of the Keahole DTCC would be baseloaded. If the sum of the minimum capability ratings of baseload units exceeds the minimum demand, HELCO will be faced with an excess generation situation during these off-peak hours and will need to cycle units designed for baseload operation. Cycling baseload units off and on can result in severe damage to the units. Stresses induced by repeated thermal cycles can cause critical metal parts to develop cracks, resulting in increased operation and maintenance costs and forced outages. Therefore, in any given year, the sum of the minimum capability ratings of baseload units should always be less than the forecasted minimum load. Future baseload unit additions must not outpace the growth in system minimum demand. One way to avoid such conflicts is to plan generation additions with cycling capability. Similar considerations are necessary for other resource types or non-utility generators added to the HELCO system. HELCO currently operates Hill 5, Hill 6 and the Puna steam unit in baseload mode. HELCO also purchases baseload power 5-2 from Hilo Coast Processing Company (HCPC) and Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV). The dotted lines in Figure 5-1 indicate the sum of the minimum capability ratings of baseload units at different points in time within the 20 -year planning period. As baseload units are added or retired, the minimum capability of the system will change. The Keahole and future DTCC units are designed to enhance cycling and minimize adverse effects to the system (startup time and unit reliability) and to the unit (increased O&M and lower reliability). However, it is still desirable to only cycle the steam turbine as a last resort, since the stresses are much greater in the thermal cycle. Under the DTCC design, one CT can be cycled off-line allowing the remaining CT and steam turbine to operate at reduced load. The Keahole unit will initially be the only efficient unit on the West side that can be base loaded to provide area reliability, to maintain system frequency and voltage control under adverse conditions, and to reduce system transmission losses. Mnnum bad forecast w/ow � Mnirum bad forecast w/o Actual DSM mninum � loetl .......................... lass M5 system rT capabiity' w/WI 586, PGV, 25MNGaothemel (69.3 KM '. (61.9 sMJ) 55 ............... I........, less HCFCl51 4 e'W n systemncapabBdy' ....... with HI 586, Puna. PGV. 45 HCFC (55.4 847less F915 _ ............................... (36.91M )j system rtn caDabiiy' w M fill 586, PGV. (44..3 MM 35 w a m m m m m o 0 0 0 0 0 0 $ $ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N N N N N N.a IV N N N N N N N N N N N N "System minimum capability shown assumes that the Keahole DTCC cycles. It is likely that one CT of the Keahole DTCC would be baseloaded. If the sum of the minimum capability ratings of baseload units exceeds the minimum demand, HELCO will be faced with an excess generation situation during these off-peak hours and will need to cycle units designed for baseload operation. Cycling baseload units off and on can result in severe damage to the units. Stresses induced by repeated thermal cycles can cause critical metal parts to develop cracks, resulting in increased operation and maintenance costs and forced outages. Therefore, in any given year, the sum of the minimum capability ratings of baseload units should always be less than the forecasted minimum load. Future baseload unit additions must not outpace the growth in system minimum demand. One way to avoid such conflicts is to plan generation additions with cycling capability. Similar considerations are necessary for other resource types or non-utility generators added to the HELCO system. HELCO currently operates Hill 5, Hill 6 and the Puna steam unit in baseload mode. HELCO also purchases baseload power 5-2 from Hilo Coast Processing Company (HCPC) and Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV). The dotted lines in Figure 5-1 indicate the sum of the minimum capability ratings of baseload units at different points in time within the 20 -year planning period. As baseload units are added or retired, the minimum capability of the system will change. The Keahole and future DTCC units are designed to enhance cycling and minimize adverse effects to the system (startup time and unit reliability) and to the unit (increased O&M and lower reliability). However, it is still desirable to only cycle the steam turbine as a last resort, since the stresses are much greater in the thermal cycle. Under the DTCC design, one CT can be cycled off-line allowing the remaining CT and steam turbine to operate at reduced load. The Keahole unit will initially be the only efficient unit on the West side that can be base loaded to provide area reliability, to maintain system frequency and voltage control under adverse conditions, and to reduce system transmission losses. HELCO IRP -98 As -available resources such as wind and hydro could also provide energy during the off-peak hours which could raise the minimum capacity of the system. If the minimum capability of the system exceeds the minimum load, HELCO would have to curtail as -available generation. If excess capacity still exists, power from PGV would probably be curtailed. If an additional 25 MW of geothermal generation is installed in the 2006 timeframe, excess capacity at the minimum could occur, resulting in the curtailment of one of the geothermal units. In addition to added O&M costs, the steam units at Hill would not be cycled since geothermal is unable to ramp up fast enough to regulate system frequency, a function necessary with the existing wind resources on the system. Consequently, additional geothermal resources were not considered until the latter part of the planning period. 5.3 SPINNING RESERVE The purpose of maintaining spinning reserve is twofold: (I) to prevent load shedding should a running unit or units suddenly trip, and (2) to be able to respond to system transients, maintaining system frequency and voltage levels. The units which provide the spinning reserve should be capable of ramping up quickly enough to restore system frequency to a normal operating level, and the source of power needs to be controllable by a system operator. As -available resources such as run -of -the -river hydro, wind and PV cannot be counted on for spinning reserve because there are times when the wind does not blow, the sun does not shine or water does not flow. The ramp rates of specific geothermal and pumped storage hydro units would need to be considered in determining whether or not these units would be capable of providing spinning reserve. Existing 5-3 Section 5: Planning Criteria and Considerations geothermal on the HELCO system is unable to contribute to frequency regulation due to its ramp rate. 5.3.1 Issues in IRP -93 In IRP -93, the Consumer Advocate presented an analysis demonstrating that: "Using reasonable spinning reserve margin assumptions significantly affects the selection of a preferred mix of resources."" The CA's analysis showed that HELCO's IRP -93 preferred plan comprised of all dual - train combined cycles was the least cost plan assuming a 5 MW spinning reserve. However, when the spinning reserve margin was increased to 20 MW, a plan with a 15 MW diesel unit as the next unit after Keahole ST -7 resulted in lower revenue requirements in the 20 -year planning period.32 In IRP -93, HELCO had calculated an increase in fuel costs of about $32 million (1993$ NPV) if spinning reserve was maintained to cover the loss of the largest unit on the system." The CA argued that this additional fuel cost could be reduced by adding a diesel engine and battery storage to the system." However, HELCO pointed out that running diesels at low loads for spinning reserve would result in higher O&M costs. Along with higher overhaul costs, diesels tend to consume more lube oil at low loads, and at low loads, combustion is less complete resulting in a higher amount of unburned fuel and lube oil in the exhaust and carbon buildup in the turbocharger. HELCO also maintained that diesels have about twenty times the NOx emissions of a combined cycle across the full load range.15 " CA OB, Docket No. 7259, p. 17. " CA OB, Docket No. 7259, p. 26. " HELCO RT -5, Docket No. 7259, p. 13. CA -T-1, Docket No. 7259, pp. 126-7. " HELCO RT4, Docket No. 7259, p. 7. HELCO IRP -98 Section 5: Planning Criteria and Considerations In Decision and Order No. 14708 in Docket No. 7259, the Commission stated: "The Consumer Advocate and HELCO have raised valid points of contention with respect to spinning reserve margins, and we believe further study of the matter is warranted"" The Commission directed HELCO to conduct an updated study to determine the cost-effectiveness of establishing a spinning reserve criteria. 5.3.2 IRP -98 Spinning Reserve Analysis The two objectives of HELCO's spinning reserve analysis in IRP -98 were: (1) to determine if supply-side resource selection is affected by the spinning reserve assumption, and (2) to calculate the cost of maintaining spinning reserve at different MW levels. The spinning reserve analysis was performed using PROSCREEN, and did not include a quick load pickup criteria. The findings of the IRP -98 analysis are: (A) Spinning reserve does not change resource selection from dual train combined cycles to a plan with a diesel engine The least cost supply-side resource plan7, comprised of all dual train combined cycles, was compared against a plan with an Il MW diesel engine after Keahole ST -7. The two plans are shown in Table 5-1. The cost of each plan was determined assuming 0, IOMW, 20MW and 30MW of spinning reserve for the 20 -year IRP planning period, then graphed in Figure 5-2. The 30MW upper bound of the spinning reserve requirement is based on a typical guideline of having enough generation spinning to 16 D&O No. 14708, Docket No. 7259, p. 33. 1 7 The all DTCC plan was the lowest cost plan in the 20 -year planning period, not including the plan with distributed diesels (discussed further in Section 8.6.4). 5-4 Table 5-1. Plans compared in IRP -98 spinning reserve analysis YM All DTCC (KI) Died aac 5T-7 MEN 1999 Encogm DTCC 20-yrDSM Encorm DTCC 20 -yr DSM 200D 2001 u 2002 2003 Iona return horn standby Ptata return from standby 2004 2005 2006 Keahole ST -7 Kehdc ST -7 2007 2008 2009 IN 5 Repow , I st CT 1 I MW Mead 2010 Hill 5 Repwser, 1st Cr 2011 2012 10 5 Rcpo , 2nd Cr 2013 2014 2015 105Reporter, conversim to DICC Ih 15 Reposser,2nd & cotrvenioo to DTCC 2016 LW500 SCCr 2017 2018 IA4500 $CCr cover the loss of the largest operating unit, currently PGV. As illustrated, the plan with the 1 I MW diesel engine is more expensive than the all dual train combined cycle plan at all levels of spinning reserve. This is contrary to the results of the CA's analysis in IRP -93. (B) Spinning reserve increases production costs Since units will be committed earlier in order to meet the spinning reserve criteria in every hour, it is expected that production costs (fuel and variable O&M) would increase. Figure 5-2 shows that production costs increase exponentially with additional spinning reserve requirements. The reason for this is that there is an inherent level of spinning reserve on the system as units are brought on-line. Low levels of spinning reserve can be maintained without major changes to the system dispatch. As the spinning reserve requirement is increased, HELCO /RP -98 Section 5: Planning Criteria and Considerations Figure 5-2. Comparison of plan costs: Diesel plan vs. all DTCC plan additional units must be started and brought on-line. Differences in 20 -year plan costs with various levels of spinning reserve are compared against a no spinning reserve case in Table 5-2 for both the all DTCC and 11 MW diesel plans. While the incremental fuel and variable O&M costs due to spinning reserve are lower for the 11 MW diesel plan, the absolute cost of the 11 MW diesel plan is higher for all levels of spinning reserve. Note that this is a conservative estimate of the costs incurred with spinning reserve, as this does not include unit start-up costs", nor does the analysis account for the possibility that additional generation capacity may need to be installed in order to meet the spinning reserve criteria. Conclusions The HELCO system currently needs capacity in order to continue to provide reliable electric service to its customers. Adoption of a spinning reserve criteria at this time will not alleviate HELCO's contingency planning situation. HELCO is also reluctant to incur the additional costs of maintaining spinning reserve, realizing that this would simply mean a higher cost of electricity to its customers. Table 5-2: Comparison of plan costs with and without spinning reserve 20 -year Present Value of Revenue Reouirements Increase in Fuel and Variable U&M Plan cost in 5000 with Spinning Reserve ($000) Spin Reserve (MW) AilmMUT liMwdleSCimw Mese D—ifference between Diesel & All DTCC Plans ($000) 7, >> "PROSCREEN II is a load duration curve model, not a chronological model, and thus does not simulate unit starts and stops. 5-5 HELCO W-98 The IRP -98 analysis showed that supply- side resource selection does not change from dual train combined cycles to diesel engines depending on the assumed level of spinning reserve. Therefore, it is not critical to the selection of a long-term IRP plan that HELCO establish future operating criteria now. HELCO's generation capacity planning criteria recognizes that over time changes may occur which make operational changes either prudent or necessary, and thus has a provision to incorporate such modifications. While HELCO will not adopt a spinning reserve criteria now, it will continue to carry spinning reserve, at the system operator's discretion, during those periods when the system is most at risk. This includes spinning reserve carried to regulate system frequency when the output of existing wind resources is highly volatile. 5.4 TRANSMISSION CONSIDERATIONS 5.4.1 T&D Considerations in Generation Planning A transmission study was performed to determine the benefits of adding West Hawaii generation versus East Hawaii generation from a transmission planning point of view. Load flow simulations were used to identify transmission capital projects that would be required and the magnitude of line losses that would be incurred with different combinations of East and West Hawaii generation. The study concluded that the addition of new baseload generating units at Keahole and West Hawaii is preferred from a transmission perspective on the basis of lower cost of transmission losses, lower cost of transmission capital additions, and an improvement in the reliability of supply by achieving a more equitable balance between load and generation on the HELCO system. 5-6 Section 5: Planning Criteria and Considerations A complete copy of the transmission study can be found in Appendix N. 5.4.2 T&D Considerations for Supply -Side Options For each of the supply-side resources evaluated, assumptions were made as to what T&D facilities would be required for interconnection into the HELCO grid. The assumptions included connecting the generator from the high-voltage side of the step-up transformer to the power plant switchyard, the configuration of the switchyard, and the transmission line connecting the switchyard to HELCO's transmission system. The assumed T&D interconnection costs were modeled as part of the capital cost of each supply-side resource and are included in the IRP -98 Supply -Side Resource Option Portfolio Development Report in Appendix G. It should be noted that actual T&D interconnection costs may deviate from those used in this IRP when site specific factors and cumulative T&D loads are evaluated in greater detail during the actual implementation of a project or subsequent analysis. 5.4.3 T&D Considerations for Demand -Side Options DSM reduces demand at the customer level (at the meter). As such, it also reduces transmission and distribution line loadings, and has the potential to defer T&D projects related to load growth. However, actual deferral of distribution or transmission lines depends on the specific location of the demand reduction, as well as the coincidence of the demand reduction with the time of peak line loading. In IRP -93, HELCO conducted a study to determine T&D costs that could possibly be avoided with DSM load reduction. In IRP - 98, a similar study was not performed by HELCO since all four 20 -year energy HELCO IRP -98 efficiency DSM programs were cost effective by the Utility, TRC and Societal tests even without a T&D credit. 5.5 CONSIDERATION OF NON- UTILITY GENERATION IN THE IRP For purposes of integrated resource planning, HELCO evaluated commercial supply-side technologies that could be developed by either the utility or by Non - Utility Generators (NUGs). In Docket No. 7259, Decision and Order 14708, the Commission stated: "We acknowledge that there are no NUG -specific projects planned or programmed for implementation by HELCO in its 20 -year planning horizon. However, this does not mean that there will be no NUG -operated facility during the period covered by the IRP. HELCO made its assessment of the supply-side resources without distinction as to the ownership of the resources. NUGs are free to submit proposals to HELCO for evaluation to implement, replace, or defer the resource options included in HELCO's IRP. The framework does not specifically address the role of NUGs in the development or acquisition of the resources deemed appropriate in the IRP. However, the framework, at section IV.D.2, provides that the utility, in the development of its IRP, shall consider supply-side and demand-side resource options that `are or may be supplied by persons other than the utility.' This provision was deliberately intended to leave to the implementation phase the determination of who should build and operate the resources included in the IRP. NUG -supplied resources 5-7 Section S: Planning Criteria and Considerations should be in conformance with the utility's IRP."39 5.6 EXTERNALITIES The Commission's Decision and Order No. 11630, filed May 22, 1992, required Hawaii's electric utilities to consider external costs and benefits in the development of integrated resource plans. The Commission defined "external costs" as: "external diseconomies; costs to or negative impacts on the activities of entities outside the utility and its ratepayers. External costs include environmental, cultural and general economic costs. " As a result of this Decision and Order, HECO engaged Energy Research Group, Inc. (ERG) to prepare the Externalities Workbook, applicable to RECO, HELCO and MECO. By Order No. 14862, filed August 8, 1996, in Docket No. 95-0347, the Commission approved HECO's request to use the externality values derived in the Externalities Workbook in its second IRP process, prior to receiving Commission approval of the study. Based on this approval, HELCO has also used the results of the Externalities study in IRP -98. HELCO performed a sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of various resource plans to society as required by the IRP Framework. The "high" air externalities in Table 5-3 under the heading "ERG Results for HELCO" were used in the sensitivity analysis for all technologies except for the biomass unit, for which air emissions are shown separately. The executive summary of the Externalities Workbook is provided in Appendix I. A complete copy of the Externalities Workbook is available for examination at the HELCO Customer Service office. JB Docket No. 7259, Decision and Order No. 14708, pp. 13-14. HELCO IRP -98 Table 5-3. Summary of Externalities Workbook Results Section 5: Plannine Criteria and Considerations Impact ERG Results for HELCO' IRP -I 2 Other Studies s'' Low High Biomass Low Average High Air -Related (Stton) NO, S 0.69 S 6.73 $ 4.98 S 16,076 0 $2,562.0 $17,536.0 s0, S 0.91 $ 10.841 $ 8.07 S 8,241 0 $1,657.0 S 8,990.0 PM, $ 34.471 S 904.34 1 S 670.00 $ 52,858 0 54,065.0 $57,659.0 VOC S 451 0 L$1,783.0 I S 9,676.0 CO $ 10,401 0 S 4.0 S 8.0 CO2 S 7 0 S 4.0 S 45.0 Water -Related (0/kWh) 0.0010 0.0020 Equipment cleaning 0 negligible Facility Water Washing 0 negligible sanitary Wastewater 0 negligible Water Treatment Reject 0 negligible BoilaBlowdown 0 negligible Cooling Tower Slowdown 0 negligible Land -Related (0/kWh) S 0.0017 0.0032 Competing Land Use 0 1 negligible Hazardous Waste 0 0 Oil Spill Ocean -related spill (S/barrel)6 n/a 0.1308 Notes: 1. Results based on direct impact assessment method presented in July 1997 Hawaii Externalities Workbook Table 5-I8. Not reduced for emission fees paid by HELCO. 2. HECO/MECO/HELCOIRP-1 values based on California Energy Commission SCAQMD externalities costs. 3. Results based on Energy Research Group's database of direct impact monetization method. 4. Based on review of values provided in Department of Energy, Estimating Externalities of Coal Fuel Cycles, Report 3, September 1994 and New York State Environmental Externalities Cost Study, January 1995 (for a 200 MW AFBC unit.) 5. Values represent total water -and land -related impacts as presented in July 1997 Hawaii Externalities Workbook. 6. Based on 1992 Sea Grant report, Oil Spills at Sea and Externalities Associated with Ocean -Related Spills, Rose T. Pfund and Henry Marcus, 1996. Shading indicates monetized cost data not available. 5.7 IMPACT ON THE STATE ECONOMY The potential economic impacts of utility resource selection result from two main factors. The first is rate impacts, or rate increases which are required to pay for the construction and operation of new utility resources. To this extent, HELCO completed a rates and bills analysis, which 5-8 can be found in Appendix L. The second factor is employment and other purchases due to the operation and maintenance of the resources that might add value to the economy. In addition, both factors are subject to multiplier effects. For coal and oil -fired plants, the local labor pool could provide much of the construction and plant operation labor requirements. However, fuel payments would flow out of HELCO IRP -98 the State. Thus, in addition to the direct and indirect effects of the rate impact of the resources, the general impact on the State economy would be: 1) an outflow of payments for plant engineering and fabrication; 2) a temporary gain in construction jobs; 3) a permanent gain in plant operation, fuel handling, and fuel refining jobs; 4) a long-term increase in general excise tax (tax on fuel) and State income tax collection, and; 5) an outflow of fuel payments. The general impact of renewable technologies on the State economy, other than the direct and indirect effects of rate impacts, would be: 1) an outflow of payments for plant engineering and fabrication; 2) a temporary gain in construction jobs; 3) a permanent gain in plant operation jobs; 4) a long-term increase in State income tax collection; and 5) a reduction in fuel payment outflow. The sum of all of the effects of the various categories mentioned above comprise the net impact on the State economy of a utility's resource selection. Chapter ten of the Hawaii Externalities Workbook describes models that can be leased or purchased to estimate the detailed economic impacts of alternative utility resource plans on the state economy. The cost of the computer model and retaining the consulting economist to conduct the analyses is significant. Therefore, HELCO chose to address the impacts to the state economy primarily through its rates and bills analysis, drawing upon HECO's analysis of alternate energy plans, and an assessment of the impact of a biomass unit on the Big Island economy. Regarding the impact to the State economy of a reduction in cash flow out of the state for fuel oil, HELCO drew upon the results of HECO's analyses of the impact of its resource plan selection on the State economy. HECO, as part of its second IRP 5-9 Section 5: Planning Criteria and Considerations for the island of Oahu, engaged National Economic Research Associates (VERA) consulting economists to perform a quantitative analysis of the impacts of alternative resource plans for HECO on the State economy. NERA utilized the computer model developed by Regional Economic Models, Inc. (REMI) to provide a detailed assessment of the impact to the State economy. from the results of the analysis, NERA concluded that the benefit of reducing the consumption of fuel oil through renewable energy technology or through alternate fuels, and the resulting reduction in cash flow out of the state for fuel oil, did not outweigh the negative effect of higher electricity rates on the State economy. The conclusion did not change even when the effects of a potential spike in oil prices was considered. In NERA's analyses, they found that a biomass unit on Oahu would lead to a gain in employment. However, there would be an overall reduction in personal income reflecting the fact that the farm jobs gained are lower -paying. Since the Big Island economy has a larger agricultural sector than Oahu, this may not be the case on the Big Island. HELCO retained Dr. Youngki Hahn of the University of Hawaii - Hilo to examine the effect of a biomass unit versus higher electricity rates on the Big Island. Dr. Youngki Hahn's analysis is provided in Appendix O. 6. ASSESSMENT OF DEMAND-SIDE RESOURCES HELCO IRP -98 Section 6: Assessment of Demand -Side Resources 6.1 BACKGROUND AND the four full-scale DSM programs on OVERVIEW December 26, 1995. In IRP -93, Synergic Resources Corporation (SRC) performed a comprehensive screening of a wide range of DSM technologies. This screening produced a number of residential and commercial energy efficient technologies best suited for Hawaii. HELCO grouped these selected technologies into four energy efficiency90 programs which targeted both retrofit of existing fixtures as well as installations in new developments for both the residential and commercial sectors. The IRP -93 (re- assessment) plan proposed the four DSM programs as 20 -year concepts. On July 6, 1995, HELCO submitted applications for Commission approval of the first 5 -year increment of the programs in the following dockets: Residential Efficient Water Heating Program ("REWH"), Docket No. 95- 0173 Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Program ("CIEE"), Docket No. 95-0174 Commercial and Industrial New Construction Program ("CINC"), Docket No. 95-0175 Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate Program ("CICR"), Docket No. 95-0176 As part of its contingency plan, HELCO requested expedited interim approval of the four energy efficiency programs. On October 26, 1995, the Commission approved HELCO's request in Order No. 14326. HELCO initiated implementation of ' Energy efficiency or conservation DSM programs are electric utility marketing programs designed to encourage the utility's customers to adopt energy efficient technologies that lower total electricity usage. The major goals of these programs are to defer the need for new capacity and reduce the total consumption of energy resources such as oil, coal or nuclear fuels. Since the filing of the DSM applications in 1994, HELCO has developed new sales and peak and fuel price forecasts, updated supply-side resource costs, collected Hawaii -specific DSM data, and acquired a more detailed DSM evaluation model. These events warranted re-evaluation of both the programs currently being implemented, as well as any future DSM plans. As part of the IRP -98 DSM assessment, HELCO also reviewed the Hawaii Demand - Side Management Opportunity Report, issued by the Energy Division of the Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism (DBED&T) in August 1995. HELCO concluded that it was addressing all of the commercial and industrial measures identified in the study and most of the measures identified for the residential sector. HELCO had conducted a compact fluorescent lighting pilot program, which did not appear to be cost-effective. HELCO also examined horizontal axis washing machines, but found that the machines are not readily available in Hawaii and are very expensive. As a result of this review, HELCO believes that the end -uses and DSM technologies identified by the IRP -93 SRC study continue to be the prime targets for realizing energy efficiency benefits in Hawaii. Accordingly, the IRP -98 assessment uses the existing framework for each of the four approved programs, focusing on updating projected participation and program costs and re-evaluating cost-effectiveness of the programs in light of updated data. HELCO IRP -98 Figure 6-1. DSM Forecast Update Methodology Section 6: Assessment of Demand -Side Resources Market Penetration Program Data Assessment Conce is Up dates Bene fiUCost Analysis Integration Figure 6-1 illustrates the workflow process employed to update the forecast of DSM impacts. All inputs to the process were revisited and updated and a new DSM screening tool, the PROSCREEN II® DSVIEW module, was used. Once preliminary information on current program results was available, meetings with the HELCO Advisory Group were held to inform interested parties of the structure of the new methodology and solicit input into the process. Upon completion of this DSM assessment, HELCO compared the estimated DSM potential to projections in DBED&T's study, Hawaii Demand -Side Management Opportunity Report. The program data developed in this assessment was subsequently used to select the optimal level of DSM in the IRP -98 integration analysis. 6.2 OBJECTIVES In IRP -98, the primary objectives of the DSM assessment remain the same as during the development of IRP -93. At that time, a strategic objective was developed by HELCO's Advisory Group to guide the process of assessing DSM resources. This objective, from the document entitled "Integrated Resource Planning Demand - Side Management Report" issued in October 1993, is described as follows: 6-2 "The DSM resource assessment activity is to develop aggressive and achievable DSM programs that: Substitute for the need for new generation capacity Are evaluated in the context of IRP Reflect the operational and contractual characteristics of the system Provide services for all customer sectors Build the capabilities of HELCO and the market to support DSMprograms Capture lost opportunity resources. " In addition to the guiding objective stated above, there continue to be operational objectives for the development of DSM resources. These objectives include: Conduct a process to gather input and provide reviews from customers, energy professionals and interested parties Ensure that the DSM resources characterized as part of this effort can actually be acquired Continue to rely upon the basic framework of programs developed for IRP -93 Obtain an updated forecast of technology penetrations which lie within the bounds of achievable program potential presented by the DBED&T study, Hawaii Demand -Side Management Opportunity Report Characterize the costs and benefits of acquiring DSM resources. Develop benefit -to -cost ratios both with and HELCO IRP -98 Section 6: Assessment ojDemand--Side Resources without estimated shareholder 6.3 UPDATED DSM PROGRAM incentives. IMPACTS AND COSTS Compile the DSM program data necessary to perform integration and optimization of demand-side and 63.1 Comparison of 2 -year and 20 - supply -side alternatives in resource plans. year DSM Program Potential DSM data was developed for a 2 -year period (1999-2000) and a 20 -year Figures 6-2 and 6-3 compare updated DSM period (1999-2018) in order to assess impacts for 2 -year and 20 -year the optimal duration of the DSM representations of the four approved energy programs. efficiency DSM programs. These graphs reflect the estimated maximum potential DSM impact if all four energy efficiency programs are pursued. The graphs show peak impacts and energy savings during program implementation as well as residual Figure 6-2. Total Annual Energy Savings (GWh) x 3 ign 100 80 60 20 Year EE Programs 40 20 D m in �n r` rn rn �n r• rn co .n n rn cn u� � D1 O O O O O N N N N N CI Ch c7 O rn o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N N 0 0 000 0 N � N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Figure 6-3. Total Peak Impact (MW) 16 14 12 10 6 20 Year EE Programs 6 4 2 0 rn en 0 C)rn in ti rn c� n rn co O O O O O O N N N N N 0 0 f7 0 O N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 6-3 HELCO IRP -98 Figure 64. System Load Profile with DSM Section 6: Assessment of Demand -Side Resources 300 250 DSM through i1i9B 200 3 150 / �ubm 100 inrosign 5a p 1 5 9 13 17 21 Hour of the SYS tem Peak My (rear 2018) effects over the lifetimes of the technologies installed. DSM peak and energy impacts were determined using PROSCREEN Ile's DSVIEW module. For a given DSM program, DSVIEW figures out the differences between a base case scenario absent HELCO promotion and a DSM case scenario where HELCO actively promotes efficient technologies. DSVIEW estimates impacts by tracking the following variables: Market size New construction entries Saturation of technologies per unit of market size Energy and demand usage by technology Technology lifetimes and resultant stock turnover Diffusion of technologies into the marketplace Customer purchase and maintenance costs Incentives paid to customers DSM administration costs DSM evaluation costs While DSM is expected to reduce system demand, Figure 6-4 illustrates that the 6-4 system load shape will not be dramatically altered, even if all 20 -year energy efficiency program impacts are fully realized. A summary of future DSM expenses" for the 2 -year representation (ending in 2000) and a 20 -year period is shown in Figure 6-5. Detailed DSM impact and cost data and cost-effectiveness evaluations for each individual program are provided in the next section (6.3.2). Note that the impacts associated with HELCO's rate riders are excluded from these summary graphs. Instead, rate riders are treated as adjustments to the base load forecast. " DSM expenses include utility program costs, customer incentives and evaluation costs. (Shareholder incentives and lost margin are not included here). DSM expenses shown do not include the current 8.885% revenue tax. HELCO !RP -98 Figure 6-5: Total DSM Expenditures I �n a5w CO o a000 0 o z5�D " zaoo 7 O F 1,000 ae Fol Section 6: Assessment ofDemand-SideResources 8 8ry t�j N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 17DSMEgeme ❑Ev&kMwnEveme �Cm�omerYeavives 6-5 HELCO IRP -98 6.3.2 Individual DSM Programs - Updated Data The following sections provide peak and energy impacts, costs, and benefit/cost (B/Q ratios for each of the four energy efficiency programs. 6.3.2.1 Residential Efficient Water Heating Program (New And Existing Customers) Docket No. 94-0206 (Application filed on July 6, 199S; D&O No. 14326 (Interim Approval) issued on October 26, 1995, D&O No. 14984 (Final Approval) issued on September 12, 1996). The residential water heating market represents one of the largest f 1 1 d Section 6: Assessmem ojDemond-Side Resources on the Big Island of Hawaii. The residential water heating program promotes the use of high efficiency water heating technologies such as solar water heating and heat pump water heaters. Since there are also customers who may not be capable of installing either a heat pump or a solar system, incentives for efficient resistance water heaters are also offered. To further reduce hot water consumption and conserve water, low flow showerheads have been offered to all residential customers. Tables 6-1 through 6-6 contain program impact and cost data for the residential water heating program. Figure 6-6 illustrates a normalized daily profile of the segments o e ecu ca energy an capaci%ty expected impacts from this program. Table 6-1. Residential Water Heating Program Rebates Residential Water Heating Existing _ Average Rebate _ High Efficiency Water Heater S 50.00 Solar Water Heater S 800.00 Heat Pump Water Heater S 275.00 Low Flow Shower Heads Given awav; one per household ` o Residential Water Heating New Construction Average Rebate High Efficiency Water Heater S 50.00 Solar Water Heater S 1,500.00 Heat Pump Water Heater S 725.00 Low Flow Shower Heads Given away; one per household Figure 6-6. September 2009 Normalized Typical Week Impacts, Residential Water Heating M D 9 G 07 E s ` o Mon Turwcd Thu Fri - Se, Sun - - - s - Hour M h d U - p •- N- W n N-- O O^ v 0 0 Q �p N O C O eV O C �D o O G O 0 6 6 O • N 0 0 0 tV O O �D O O O O C O O n H• O O O N O O N O 6 6 6 6 6 6 n Q • 00 N N 1� r OO � U � n N t� < N n— N 1� O O, O O O— n O O • o •� � vo�DN��N a oo�noo r t _ N O C 0 0 0 Op D O G O G G O O C r O N b 0 0 0 0 v`ri C 0 6 0 • O O O O O O N p 0 0 0 0 0 0 •9 N G G G O C C V tep. O C C LO C C vi • 0 n— n a0 O O 0 0 0 0 0 ry o 0 0 o C C r a c o c o c o .. o C • oo N a0 O pp OG u N ry N o 0 Y O O O N O O ' r y • 0 0 0 0 0 0 O G G Gi 0 0 C to C C O O C O y O v i p y 3 D U T u 3 u � M y m � � a m � � L OD U L L d m i L D. A E rg t; ?. V C u` C '` v n d E C v23 v C u`23 u` r b 'a v W Z h M = r M H G e H F b n V1 CO vl C - n — n N b N — n — h N _ N O •- h in O O r N N V1 Q — r r V1 - - a N N N a W N r N N 00 b v1 Q b W N -• h Q O O �O N N W N M N h M b 1'1 W VI f1 � N M1 h M = r M H G e H F b HELCO IRP -98 6.3.2.2 Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Program Docket No. 95-0174 (Application filed on July 6, 1995; D&O No. 14326 (Interim Approval) issued on October 26, 1995, D&O No. 14984 (Final Approval) issued on September 12, 1996). This program addresses existing commercial and industrial customers and includes the following features: Commercial Air Conditioning - Section 6: Assessment of Demand -Side Resources efficiency equipment than they normally would to reduce the electrical energy consumption and peak capacity requirements of the cooling plant. . Commercial Lighting - Lighting accounts for the largest consumption of electrical energy in the commercial sector. This program encourages customers to retrofit their existing fighting systems with high efficiency electronic ballasts, high 1 d flt that Commercial buildings use large amounts of performance amps, an re ec ors electrical energy to cool spaces and control allow fewer lamps to provide similar attem is to effective lighting levels. humtdlty. Thls program p influence customers to purchase higher Table 6-7. Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Average Rebates Commercial and Industrial Prescriptive Measures Average Rebate High Efficiency Chillers 555/ton Direct Expansion Chillers S45/ton Motors S8/hp T8 Lamps with Electronic Ballast 56.50/fixture Occupancy Sensor slo/fixture Reflector and Delamp SIO/fixture T8 Lamps with Electronic Ballast. Reflector and Dclamp 515.60/fixture Mechanical Subcooling $58.52/ton Industrial Motors - This program targets customers who have significant motor loads. Incentives are paid for motors of 1.0 horsepower or greater, whose efficiency meets or exceeds a qualifying level. Qualifying efficiency levels are set slightly higher than the federal governments EPACT motor efficiency standards which became effective in October, 1997. Figure 6-7. September 2009 Normalized Typical Week Impacts, Commercial At Industrial Energy Efficiency 0 G E 06 � W V L o.2 0 I I _O V °l Lr. °.2 °1 L on Tut - e Thu n _ u _ un _ Hour E y d Y d _ O 1� r a0 O N O P O M vi t� 00 Q N M O U •n M N N Q M M N o t� o O P a d h H N Q n P O N b U p m N 0< O vii O 0 v+ b G y 6 O > > U h O� M N Q n 6 P O� O O 6 P Q r N E O o vii a0 E h O— O O G G O O N m N � V U i O N aO b b N — � O 0 p N O c Y.n .5 POPMo_m m � �,oM o �y Q 00 O O O O M Q O N C YQ ' C 66 N Q O �- O N G G O 0 0 0— p U O m m M O Q O M Q O O O O N M O P 1e. U N b� O o0 b 1� O O N N O O O OMO �G O 0 0 0~ 0 0 0 6 6 0 b Z 3 S 3 0 c g u o a v _ R e m v y � T T p T U U U U G 'u tz Ls7 A V T m U _ U i WO C o d v v1 �.J L n L Q V > R 0 d U 3 O E a eo °1 s m m m u o m m u u ae 0 0 ti d U Y a. w�! CO N �D N -- O � � • _ •Z O .O ri 00 - .O t� r T U nPi C N b of � - � - �p �G �G •n m C O O • � h P e F e t+f a �D NI 00 .9 V Y S n N C N b 0 R U y w p Q S OG L,,, N h O •- -� W n1 N O n vj Ns I� h m P D oc=ocd�e—.c y$o —u u4 n m v � L ^ NO y U N2a0 V ro- V. N H 0 ,O O y C 0 H O P N C r Q O m V T T � h T _ �" p `S 00 `• V V V H Q G d •N •N y d U H� � U N � C p - O G O N N R L m R N N R Y L E T O �c E E6.o— CJ G 1 HELCO IRP -98 6.3.2.3 Commercial and Industrial New Construction Program Docket No. 95-0175 (Application filed on July 6, 1995; D&O No. 14326 (Interim Approval) issued on October 26, 1995, D&O No. 14984 (Final Approval) issued on September 12, 1996). This program addresses air conditioning, lighting, motors and other end uses in the commercial and industrial new construction market. The program provides for the unique differences between customers in existing buildings and customers who are building new facilities. The program will provide design and Section 6: Assessment of Demand --Side Resources technical assistance for the design and engineering community. The program will also provide customers with the services of a consulting engineer to evaluate the cost- effectiveness of energy-saving measures under consideration by the customer, and to recommend measures that may have been overlooked by the customer. Technical workshops and other technical development activities for the design and engineering community will be held to familiarize and educate them on energy efficient design methods and new technologies. The program will also provide design and engineering consultants with utility validation of their Table 6-13. Commercial and Industrial New Construction Average Rebates Commercial and Industrial New Construction Average Rebate High Efficiency Chillers $55/ton Direct Expansion Chillers $60/ton Motors $8/hp High Pressure Sodium Lamp $55/fixture Metal Halide Lamp $55/fixture Occupancy Sensor $lo/fixture Reflector and Delamp $10/fixture Mechanical Subcooling $140.18/ton Multiplex Compressor $175.15/ton Stand Alone Compressor $84.091ton prospective energy efficiency projects in presentations to clients. Figure 6-8. September, 2009 Normalized Typical Week Impacts, Commercial & Industrial New Construction 6-12 it c i s I it I r° �! I II e °a I °. i H o u r 6-12 M W 1 3 — �p M— Oo N M—• r N 00 O N O O O • Y d M c O 'O y N ip hy h � Q 00 op O P—^ N O N U • _ M^ P O G O O � L C O • O O C N N 0 0 0 �D € • O O O C O O G O N w C y • 0 0 0^ N J O O V 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O C d 0 .= O G G O-- o 0 o • O C G C C G O C G w.. O— � ^ 5 N s o W m o. E a. � 000-N000M ,;: P 0000-000 ca i`o a T D p _ d L Q � 0 v U r d � 7 u c m v _0 3 •i+ c � ._ v o N u u e u u'Zi u v z LIA F = 0 w= T- F O C E 2 Z n d U P� O O O e•1 � .� Q N P— U H y H r �. O O N �"+ ? CG Vv NI • Y O H Op N • y 8 VOj y N t+f 0 0— y O e0 V •.�. N ao n O yN H m H h m {� N Q b^ H f•f O n P H— � m �p b aG O �• O— N O• M� fC 0O ry y � m � Q m y b N b I'l �D OO t�f N �l n H N O O•i tl y a p O 8 O=— r N D U N H N Q y^ N H^ N P Q r N OO y q _ M P O O r eD vi Q Yo u� h — M . r�o r N U.2 N Q Qr� N r OO p L N y 8 m C O N ^ y SS YH O O Y M Q r•� N OO N H Q O N H �p n U.2 � r— N � K N O C[ f•1 Vf •� O oo Q H Q m OD " O 8 y Y � O N •+ P - O O O P 7 e e C S Q a> O F m i •C O H N N N OO P � g O Q N Vl C O H •V •u H H G H O_ V m O Q y L L C C C U U U yyH q r c h 3 3 3 F; Y eg Q • z z" z" � m � e •Y •L 1 O`+ a L N y �' `•� y OD LY 2 L T T u 2 E F= t r L L U e4 SOO n L N n A L LQ u HELCO IRP -98 Section 6: Assessment q(Demand--Side Resources 6.3.2.4 Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate Program Docket No. 95-0176 (Application filed on July 6, 1995; D&O No. 14316 (Interim Approval) issued on October 26, 1995, D&O No. 14984 (Final Approval) issued on September 12, 1996) Although a number of strategies for increasing energy efficiency were examined, the demand- side resource assessment could not identify all the energy efficiency opportunities that may exist in customers' facilities. The purpose of the custom rebate program is to provide a mechanism to develop energy efficiency opportunities that otherwise might go undeveloped. Customers will be able to identify opportunities in their facilities, develop a proposal, and present it to HELCO. HELCO will then evaluate the proposal, determine if it is a cost-effective application, and establish a cost- sharing arrangement with the customer. Table 6-19. Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate Average Rebates Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate Average Rebate Customize Rebate S125/kw peak reduction and 5 cents per annual KWH saved. Note: qualifying projects must have greater than two year simple payback without incentives. Figure 6-9. September, 2009 Normalized Typical Week Impacts, Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate 6-15 i 09 I Y O) I E os I y 6 Y L os I i G •Y L o.5 L- oI on 9 ue - ° F o Hour 6-15 0 HELCO IPP -98 6.3.3 Calculation of Shareholder Incentive and Lost Margin Estimates Section 6: Assessment ofDemand-SideResources 6.3.3.1 Differential Cost Effectiveness Approach The PROSCREEN II® Differential Cost Effectiveness (DCE) module was used in IRP - 98 to estimate shareholder incentives and lost margins for use in the determination of program cost-effectiveness and the integration analysis. The DCE methodology used to calculate DSM avoided costs for the calculation of shareholder incentives is different from the methodology established in IRP -93. The DCE methodology is not meant to be a replacement for the IRP -93 shareholder incentive calculation methodology, but provides a quick estimate which can be used to assess the cost-effectiveness of the various programs without going through extensive, plan -specific calculations. The DCE shareholder assessment methodology estimates the net present value of benefits and costs for each alternative individually against a reference supply resource optimization. As a result, the diminishing returns that would be determined by a full integrated optimization are not captured. The absence of diminishing returns results in estimates of shareholder incentives that will likely exceed, by a slight margin, the values produced using the IRP -93 methodology. Estimates of shareholder incentives and lost margin for both 2 -year and 20 -year energy efficiency DSM programs, using the DCE method, are shown in Tables 6-25 and 6-26. 6-17 = ; o M u - Y E^ 2 E° c E �j g V b o W C 3 W Y E E�w U9 c W T TG �N W w O ¢ Apa E c o o - U U a d C � o e m c � u w c i E A y E V W U c c m N C Y i.9 = N d A Y T d � 3 O d H Q b O d h x O v w C �irD G r� Ls7 a Q � N 0 b U u Z F HELCO IRP -98 6.3.3.2 Shareholder Incentive Calculation DCE calculates shareholder incentives as follows: 1. A least -cost, supply -only resource plan is selected as a base case. Each of the supply- side resources are considered deferrable in incremental MW (partial unit) amounts (i.e., I MW of a 30 MW unit can be deferred.) The base reference supply -only plan used in this analysis is shown in Figure 6-10. 2. Each DSM program is added separately to the base reference supply -only plan. When the DSM program is added, capacity benefits are quantified as the economic carrying charge of the incremental portion of the supply resources deferred. Production cost savings are equal to the reduction in variable costs due to DSM energy savings. 3. Shareholder incentives are calculated by accumulating the avoided capacity and production costs for a single year of implementation (absent evaluation expenses) and 14 residual years of impacts for each program, and applying the formula below. This is repeated for each year of the program. SI = (NB ' 0.10) / (1 - CTR) Figure 6-10. Base Reference Supply -Only Plan Date Description of Unit Type and Size net M 2002 Puna return from standby 2006 Add Keahole ST -7 (17MW) 2007 Add Hill 5 Repower (58.3MW) 2015 Add I on 1 diesel fired combined cycle (29.7MW) 2019 Add 2 on I diesel fired combined cycle (60.7MW) 2023 Add 2 on 1 diesel fired combined cycle (60.7MW) 2025 Add 2 on I diesel fired combined cycle (60.7MW) 2029 Add 2 on 1 diesel fired combined cycle (60.7MW) 2030 Add 2 on 1 diesel fired combined cycle (60.7MW) 2035 Add 2 on 1 diesel fired combined cycle (60.7MW) 6-20 Section 6: Assessment ofDemand--Side Resources Where: SI = Shareholder incentives for one program in a single year NB = Present value of net benefits associated with a 15 year life (Excluding evaluation expenses) CTR = Corporate tax rate 6.3.3.3 Lost Margin Calculation Lost margin was calculated as follows: 1. A least -cost, supply -only resource plan is selected as a base case. The base reference supply -only plan used in this analysis is the same as was used for the calculation of shareholder incentives. 2. Each DSM program is added separately to the base case plan. When the DSM program is added, production cost savings are calculated as the difference between total production costs (fuel + O&M + emission fees) with the DSM program and total production costs without the DSM program. 3. The following formula is used to calculate lost margin: LM = RC -RPC Where: LM = Lost margin for one program for one year RC = Total reduced revenue resulting from one program during one year RPC = Total reduced production cost resulting from one program during one year HELCO IRP -98 6.3.4 Summary of Total Program Revenue Requirements Table 6-27 is a summary of total DSM program revenue requirements, including lost margin, shareholder incentives and revenue taxes, for a Section 6: Assessment of Demand -Side Resources 5 -year period beginning in 1999. Note that this table reflects continuation of the energy efficiency programs beyond their currently approved 5 -year period, which terminates in the year 2000. Table 627. Five -Year Summary of Total DSM Revenue Requirements Year UtdayAshassinereunnna C,aatr (I) lasartfuo (2) Ers4 sham, Cert 531 raw Ptvgnm Cot (4) Slicutelsolaser Joas1FmgmsaCa&+S Ioeeoolvn Isubjeetiossnsnaur (5) Tau (6) Remoter Tan (1) t atgor (8) omoem 1999 ascusnergy Ismacracy 5341,352 $95,991 543,734 1481077 f0 $481,077 145,702 5318,714 2000 S350-364 589203 144.889 5484,455 5183,100 $667,555 563,418 5533,499 2001 5361,961 $85,069 54074 2493,404 $175280 5668,684 563,525 S728,510 2002 5373,942 583,266 S47.909 5505,117 5165,160 5670,277 363,676 5746.450 2003 5386,319 $83460 549,495 5519,275 1156,020 1675295 S64,153 1871.368 2004 5143.070 5143,070 S13,592 Total S1,813,937 $436,989 5232,402 52,483,328 $822,630 $3,305,958 5314,066 $3,198,542 Commneial and Industrial New Construction '999562,312 5146,906 520,922 5230,140 so $230,140 $21,863 583,461 2000 563.957 5149,120 521474 1234,552$49,700 5283252 126,909 S142,673 2001 566,074 5205,525 122,185 5293,784 555,170 5348,954 533,151 5226,863 2002 568,261 5229,152 522,919 5320,333 585,170 $405,503 538,523 $231,993 2003 170,521 $246,973 523,678 5341,171 $100,650 S441,221 541,973 5293.424 204 S109,370 5109,370 510,3% Taal 5331,125 3977,676 5111,179 51,419,980 5399,060 51,819,040 $172,809 5978,414 Camxrciel And Industrial Cotom Rabuc 1999 538.016 $45,062 58,306 591,364 5o S9064 $8,680 587,213 2000 $39.020 $47,659 58,525 $95203 565,520 5160.723 115269 3131438 2001 $40,311 549,921 58,807 S99,040 $75,670 1171,710 516,597 5192,212 2002 S41,645 152255 59,099 5102,999 581,850 5194.849 517,561 5213,281 2003 543,024 554.517 S9.400 5106,942 $87,870 $194,812 518,507 5258,721 2004 $92,390 592,3% 18,777 Total S202.016 S249,394 $44,138 5495,548 S403,300 $898,848 S85,391 3882.865 TOTALCOMMERCIALAND INDUSTRIALPROGRAMS 19995441,680 5287,939 172,%2 5802,581 so $802,581 $76,245 $489,388 2000 5453,340 5285.982 574,888 $814,210 5297,320 51,111,530 $105,596 1807,609 2001 $468.346 5340,515 S77,367 $886,228 $306,120 51,192,348 5113273 51,147,585 2002 $493.848 5364,673 579,928 MOMS, 1332.190 51,260.629 $119,760 $1,191,724 2003 $499,864 $394,951 582.573 S%7,388 5344,540 $1,311,929 5124,633 S1,423,513 20045344,830 $344,830 $32,759 Total 12,347,078 51,664,060 $387,718 54,398,856 51,624,9% 56.023,846 5572.266 55,059,821 TOTALRESIDENTIALPROGRAMS Residential Water 1999 Heating S324,594 5274,717 S59,931 $659242 so 5659,242 562,628 SM.719 2000 1333.163 5267,789 561.513 5662,466 537,360 5699,825 566,483 5311,328 2001 5344,191 5256.763 563,549 5664,504 S46,550 $711,054 567,550 5427,452 2002 S355.594 5251,117 565,653 5672,353 553,050 $725403 568,913 $416,579 2003 5367,354 5247,474 567,826 5682.654 560,520 1743.174 570.602 1495,605 2004 362,810 162.810 $5,967 Total 11,724,885 $1297,860 $318,472 53.341,218 5260,290 $3,601,508 S342,143 51,830,683 TOTAL, ALL PROGRAMS 1999 S7"274 $562,656 5132,893 $1,461,823 SO S1,461,923 5138,873 5669,107 2000 5786,504 S553.771 5136,401 SI 476,676 S334.690 51.811,356 5172,079 51,118,937 2001 5812,537 5597278 1140,916 51,550,732 5352.670 51.%3,402 1180.823 51.575,037 2002 5839,432 5615,7% 5145,581 51,600 802 $385,230 $1,986,032 1188,673 51.608,304 2003 5867,217 5632,425 5150,399 51,650,041 5405,060 $2,055,101 5195.235 11.919,118 2004 $407,640 3407.660 $38,726 Tom] 54,071,%3 S2,%1.920 5706,191 $7,740074 $1,885280 59.625,354 S914,409 56,890,503 otes. 1 Total program Costs and Shareholder Incentives5ubjem to Revenuc Tames art composed of Admin Costs, Customer Incentives. and Before Tax Sharcholdmincentiva. 2 Revenuc Tues ere assessedat a rate of 9.5%of is og un Costs and Before Tu Shareholder Incentives. 3 Shareholder Incentives are onllccted at the ntd ofcach ym. Other cots are cullemcdat the beginning. 4 Includes reduced cusromm incentives for C&I lightingmeuures and residmial water heating measures 6-21 HELLO IRP -98 6.4 VALIDATION OF UPDATED DSM IMPACT AND COST ESTIMATES 6.4.1 Comparison to Previous DSM Impact and Cost Estimates Figure 6-11 and Table 6-28 present comparisons between previous and current estimates of 20 - year DSM program impacts and costs. Evident is a significant decrease in market penetration, and a corresponding decrease in program costs. This comes primarily as a result of the change from the COMPASS model, used in all previous DSM analyses, to the DSVIEW model. DSVIEW is a more refined DSM evaluation model, as it allows multiple technologies to compete for market share whereas COMPASS relies simply on base and DSM pairs of technologies. Because the same base technology may be used repeatedly within COMPASS, the available market can be overstated. 6-22 Section 6: Assessment ofDemand-SideResources Figure 6-11. Comparison of 20 -year Energy Efficiency Program Estimates Total Coincident Peak Demand Savings 40 30 20 IRP -93 10 ON N N N N N N Total Energy Savings 180 T 160 140 tI 120 } = 100 80}T t IRP -93 60 40 20 N N N N N N N Total DSM Expenditures 12,OD0 _ 10,000 I 8,000 o c 6,000 w 4,000 IRP -93 2,000 N N N m N N N N h 3 f 0 U C N N M N Y N m r r m M r N W O O CC M aG v v C 1� ad v v 0 vi m N M N m W m m 1� R N r m m m M aD CO M O O Of m to N N N .- r N N cii N N g N --f vi n N r m n r O m m n N< O (� m m m m m W O N (M 1n r` m fV M M W (N N M uY 'M 0 0 N 7 0 m m VA O W W W W CL M M M< O Y O O Y V (O m m 0 m M O� W m M r W m N n N o O m M M W R O m M N A M m (O W C C V1 t+i m W W m M N W m m m d m W m M Cl N Oct H') M Oct N m N m M NN N N lV N N (+1 N M V (+1 m V C N h M V N f� f0 r O h lr�Ic%! m at OPP 0 10 N O A N m6oioivvvi pr I m v,vm m(cmOT(no, m ? VO. Y (ff t0 (D f% A mciO> OrNMO m1� W O O L r r r r r N N N N N N N (V M M O 'sf Vn O M m m a° (� C! m afl N N r M W ui 'R ac m M N N 1 (° m N ^ O M °� O> ci O O C a° C M r` n Q, �y O L �O tO 0 m C N Vm Wm W M aD m (� O ti N atl C N N MMvvmmmr�aommmmm O r N p N m O Y m N N N O "I" Y m N V f` O m M W N? O N m O N O W Nt 0V a'D n M dr m d 0 N M W m W h m V r rlem .- m E6 n w°i- M 0 M r W N O W m O r m r r N h N a N r O M (O m V M m r O N r N N W r M N (� W N N N N N N � N (O'f t7 CL W O 0NN L22 N N N N N N N N N N N N P - C �p "m d m L E ' c o ° v O � w L.. a' c > u c E U� C y y `m of o � m m n 0. L a m R 'O y 0 o w C = O O 9 C N Cb ° � n A en C, m o o `o o - E o c � nuc y cQ £ c m o < < ^' E E °�` v v E c E E t s m�z O Q N O .— `u 0 0 E E o a o d o uommz3zzz o a°'otUv o 0 0 ¢QLIJ ul L4❑❑33�zL) M�CC U U z �. fluAccakidwon 6.4.2 Comparison to State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) Study Results The 1995 DBED&T study, Hawaii Demand -Side Management Opportunity Report, served as a guideline in validating the reduced size of the HELCO market. Figure 6-12 contrasts the DBED&T study results (presented by DBED&T during a meeting of the HECO DSM Advisory Group on September 19, 1996) against HELCO DSM assessment results for total demand reduction. In order to arrive at a fair comparison of the two studies it was necessary to use cumulative from program inception rather than cumulative beginning in 1999 impacts for the HELCO numbers. Despite the fact that long-term projections of DSM impacts have been reduced significantly from 1993 levels, they are still aggressive when contrasted to the results of DBED&Ts study. While the results of final integration will determine the optimal duration of program activity, the results shown here assume that all four approved energy efficiency DSM programs remain active for 20 years. Figure 6-12. Comparison of DBEDT Potential Study and 1997 HELCO DSM Assessment Results 10 -------- ----- CELH O pDBEDT 5} O 1999 2006 2014 6-24 Section 6: Assessment ofDemand-SideResources 6.5 Determination of Program Cost - Effectiveness 6.5.1 Standard Practice Tests A key step in the DSM assessment process for IRP -98 was the benefit/cost analysis. In 1987 the California Energy Commission and the California Public Utilities Commission introduced the Joint Standard Practice Methodology for Benefit/Cost Analysis of DSM Programs. The five standard practice tests as they apply to PROSCREEN II® analyses are as follows: Utility Cost Test — Compares utility costs (fuel, O&M and capacity) with utility DSM program costs. Values greater than one indicate that the life -cycle fuel and capacity savings exceed the life -cycle DSM program costs. Values greater than one indicate that the net present value of revenue requirements will be reduced. Total Resource Cost Test — Compares fuel, O&M and capacity savings against utility DSM program costs plus customer costs (to participate in the DSM program). Participant Test—Quantifies the benefit a participant can derive from a DSM program. This test measures whether the DSM measure is economically attractive to the participating customer. Ratepayer Impact Measure Test — Includes the lost revenue from reduced electricity sales as a cost. Values less than one indicate that average rates may increase over the life of the program. This test needs to be interpreted cautiously, since rate increases in the years immediately following the implementation of the program are weighted much higher than the rate impacts (which often decrease) in future years. HELCO IRP -98 Societal Cost Test —Compares fuel, O&M and capacity savings against the sum of utility program costs, customer costs and externalities costs. Tax credits are added back in to total societal costs, since society as a whole bears these costs. Table 6-29: Standard Practice Test Components Section 6: Assessment of Demand -Side Resources Table 6-29 summarizes the components of each Standard Practice Test as calculated in the PROSCREEN IIe model used in this study. Total Rate Resource Impact Participant Utility Cost Societal Measure Customer BillSavi s x x Other Customer Benefits x x x Production Cost savings x x x x Deferred T&D Capacity Costs x x x x Deferred Generation Ca a' Costs x x x x Retail Fuel Switch savings x x x Wholesale Fuel Switch Benefit x x Utility Revenue Increase x x External Benefits Evaluation Expenses x Customer impact Benefits x x Incentive Payments x x x Value Increase Participant x x x Direct Customer Costs x x x Production Cost Increase x x x x T&D Capacity Cost Increase x x x x Generation Capacity Cost Increase x x x x Utility DSM Expenses x x x x Evaluation Expenses x x x x Capital Charges x x x x Incentive Payment x x External Cost Increase x Customer lnterru tCosts x Customer Impact Costs x x Utility Revenue Decrease x Customer Bill Increase x Retail Fuel Switch Costs x Wholesale Fuel Switch Costs x x Shared Savings Costs x x x x Value Decrease Participant x x x Aaemative O&M Costs x x x x Alternative Fuel Costs x x x x 6-25 HELLO IRP -98 6.5.2 Summary of IRP -98 Beneftt/Cost (B/C) Test Results Although the true value of individual DSM programs in a resource plan can only be determined through integration with the specific supply resources in that same plan, benefit/cost ratios provide an initial indication of program cost-effectiveness in this assessment phase. Tables 6-30 and 6- 31 summarize results of the cost- effectiveness tests defined above with and without shareholder incentives for the four energy efficiency programs reviewed and updated as part of this DSM assessment process. Detailed benefit and cost dollar amounts for each program appear in Section 6.3.2. The PROSCREEN II® DICE module was used to calculate these B/C ratios from five perspectives: Utility, DSM Participant, Total Resource Cost (TRC), Ratepayer Impact Measure (RIM) and Societal. Note that while all programs pass the Participant Test, no programs pass the Ratepayer Impact Measure Test. The fact that conservation -oriented programs fail the RIM test is not unexpected since average rates tend to exceed marginal avoided costs. Section 6: Assessment ofDemand--Side Resources 6.5.3 Comparison of IRP -98 B/C Test Results to Prior Analyses The IRP -98 benefit/cost analysis reflects an improvement from the approach previously taken to evaluate DSM resources. In IRP - 93 and the DSM applications, SRC's COMPASS model was used to evaluate the DSM programs. Since COMPASS relied on the entry of static avoided costs, the interactive effects that DSM has on the operation of the HELCO system were not captured. DSVIEW avoids this pitfall by actually performing a production cost simulation with and without DSM programs in place to assess the benefits and costs associated with the DSM programs. This modeling refinement, as well as the reduction in DSM market size, has resulted in a shift in program cost-effectiveness ratings. Table 6-32 shows the difference in B/C ratios between previous and current analyses. In this table, 20 -year programs are compared without shareholder incentives. Table 6-30. Summary Of Cost Effectiveness, With Shareholder Incentives Table 6-31. Summary Of Cost Effectiveness, Without Shareholder Incentives Total ResouRate ImpactaU7iTest SMeasre TestTestTestCosts Test Fartlapant Totalesouroe Kate IMPaCt Test utility Test Costs Test Societal Test Measure Test Residential water Heating - 2 year 093 r5m­m—ero-MTTFU5395TPrescnpuve meaSUrtis - I year W-2 ommeroa nus a ew Construction - 2 year een a GornMeroal Resitiermal IroUll GUStOrnMea Kebate water Heatiny -_2 year nus s rommeoa ommeoa rg nus a year s TU Uornmemal Industrialew Construction - 40 year commernal industrialus omaed Rebate - 20 year Table 6-31. Summary Of Cost Effectiveness, Without Shareholder Incentives 6-26 Total ResouRate ImpactaU7iTest SMeasre TestTestTestCosts Test es enua Water Heating-ommeo U9 U.91 I V5 11 10.40 n us na r ommeoa nus a W-2 ommeroa nus u een a r eInommeoa nus s rommeoa nus a e0.55 It—ommro us u 14 6-26 HELCO /RP -98 Section 6: Assessment of Demand --Side Resources Table 6-32. Comparison of B/C Ratios to Previous Analyses (Without Shareholder Incentives) 6.6 PROSCREEN II Modeling Data and Assumptions The remainder of the DSM program assessment is a detailed documentation of the process and assumptions used in the assessment of BSM resources for IRP -98. The PROSCREEN II® DSVIEW model used in this DSM assessment relies on four primary components of PROSCREEN IIe: The Load Forecast Adjustment (LFA) Module models chronological seasonal loads (by end-use and/or class) and hourly impacts of DSM programs (including seasonal peaks and energies, fixed and variable costs, customer costs, penetration curves, etc.). The Generation and Fuel (GAF) Module provides production costing simulation and capacity deferral benefit assessment. The Demand -Side Program Design (DPD) Module explicitly evaluates the impacts of end-use level competition, rate structure, incentive levels and stock turnover on the program's effectiveness. When DPD analysis is complete, representations of DSM programs are stored in the LFA for further benefit/cost, optimization and financial analysis. The Differential Cost Effectiveness (DCE) Module develops detailed estimates of standard benefit/cost ratios of DSM options modeled in the LFA Module. Avoided energy and capacity costs are calculated through detailed 6-27 supply system modeling in the GAF Module. 6.6.1 PROSCREEN Ir Input Data and Assumptions In addition to the PROSCREEN He input data used in the integration analysis, DSVIEW required additional information such as market size, technology cost and performance, and customer rates for DSM design and evaluation. 6.6.1.1 Market Size Assessment New residential and commercial construction forecasts were provided by the Forecast Division in the form of REEPS and COMMEND reports, respectively. REEPS provided a forecast of new residential accounts, shown in Table 6-33. The commercial forecast was given in thousands of new square feet (Table 6-34). Participant Test Utility Test Tcasl Resource Cost Test Societal Test Rate Impact Measure Test IRP -98 IRP -93 IRP -9B IRP -93 IRP -98 IRP -93 IRP -98 IRP -93 IRP -98 IRP -93 Residential Water Heating -20 year 3.73 1.85 1.57 1.82 1.13 1.10 7.14 0.99 0.46 0.52 Commtercial Industrial Prescript"Measures-20 ear 72.00 6.74 2.55 7.77 2.02 2.28 2.03 2.28 0.40 045 Commercial Industrial New Construction -20 Year 8.34 8.55 1 3.22 1 7.28 3.55 3.66 3.56 3.66 0.55 0.57 Cemmercial Industrial customized Kama, - 20 year S.t7 4.80 1 8.71 1 4.73 2.96 2.71 2.97 2.71 0.63 0.68 6.6 PROSCREEN II Modeling Data and Assumptions The remainder of the DSM program assessment is a detailed documentation of the process and assumptions used in the assessment of BSM resources for IRP -98. The PROSCREEN II® DSVIEW model used in this DSM assessment relies on four primary components of PROSCREEN IIe: The Load Forecast Adjustment (LFA) Module models chronological seasonal loads (by end-use and/or class) and hourly impacts of DSM programs (including seasonal peaks and energies, fixed and variable costs, customer costs, penetration curves, etc.). The Generation and Fuel (GAF) Module provides production costing simulation and capacity deferral benefit assessment. The Demand -Side Program Design (DPD) Module explicitly evaluates the impacts of end-use level competition, rate structure, incentive levels and stock turnover on the program's effectiveness. When DPD analysis is complete, representations of DSM programs are stored in the LFA for further benefit/cost, optimization and financial analysis. The Differential Cost Effectiveness (DCE) Module develops detailed estimates of standard benefit/cost ratios of DSM options modeled in the LFA Module. Avoided energy and capacity costs are calculated through detailed 6-27 supply system modeling in the GAF Module. 6.6.1 PROSCREEN Ir Input Data and Assumptions In addition to the PROSCREEN He input data used in the integration analysis, DSVIEW required additional information such as market size, technology cost and performance, and customer rates for DSM design and evaluation. 6.6.1.1 Market Size Assessment New residential and commercial construction forecasts were provided by the Forecast Division in the form of REEPS and COMMEND reports, respectively. REEPS provided a forecast of new residential accounts, shown in Table 6-33. The commercial forecast was given in thousands of new square feet (Table 6-34). HELCO IRP -98 Section 6: Assessment of Demand -Side Resources Table 6-33. Residential Construction Forecast (number of accounts) Table 6.34. Commercial Construction Forecast (millions of square feet) 6.6.1.2 Technology Data DPD uses a stock model to track competition amongst multiple technologies competing for end-use market share. As a result of this approach, it is possible to have more than just a single "base" and "DSM" technology pair within each specified end- use. For each technology being analyzed, whether it is a promoted technology or not, it was necessary to define the following information: • Technology cost information includine purchase Price installation expenses and maintenance costs. The introduction of full scale DSM activity on the Big Island of Hawaii and Oahu in 1996 has allowed Hawaii -specific information to be collected and used in the development of IRP -98. Technology cost data was updated for all technologies based on the DSM data collected to date. The process of obtaining accurate cost estimates is an ongoing effort, and new estimates will be incorporated as additional information is tracked and analyzed. • Energy usage characteristics including the maximum connected load (in kW for electric technologies) and a usage profile indicating the likelihood of use by hour. Since HELCO's first year of monitoring and evaluation results will not be available until late 1998, it was 6-28 necessary to rely on previous estimates of Unit Energy Consumption (UEC) developed in IRP -93. UEC information was developed from manufacturers' information, simulations in the Hawaii environment, federal energy efficiency standards, the SRC Technology Database and meetings with the HELCO Advisory Group. UEC data for residential technologies was based on energy usage per household, usage for commercial lighting technologies was based on energy usage per fixture and usage for HVAC and refrigeration technologies was based on energy usage per ton. Load shapes for commercial sector technologies were developed from commercial load shapes created by SRC for Hawaii in the 1990 EPRI Reload study. In that study, five prototypical building types were simulated in the ADM -2 hourly model using Honolulu weather data. Residential load shapes were taken from HEI's 1986 Water Heater Load Study and from EPRI Reload data. 6.6.1.3 System Losses The HELCO Generation Planning Division uses a system -wide loss factor of 8.64% which is entered into PROSCREEN IIe as a seasonal loss percent. Seasonal loss percentages represent the ratio of losses to HELCO IRP -98 total requirements, and are used to 1 differentiate total energy requirements from energy sales and the system peak from the peak -at -meter. These loss factors are applied on a seasonal (monthly) basis at the program group level. Total energy requirements = Energy sales _ (1.0 - seasonal loss percent) System peak = peak -at -meter _ (1.0 - seasonal loss percent) 6.6.1.4 Rate Schedules Lost revenue estimates, which are used in the estimate of lost margin, are calculated by PROSCREEN II® using average residential and commercial rates. Residential, commercial and industrial average rates were provided by the Pricing Division of the Energy Services Department in the form of a demand charge and a base energy charge. These charges were then used to calculate a general rate for residential and commercial customers. The average residential rate was calculated to be 20.03 cents/kWh. The average commercial rate used a weighted average of the commercial and industrial rates and was calculated to be 17.36 cents/kWh. 6.6.1.5 Seasonal Ramp -Ups Penetrations for the first three years of each DSM program were manually modified in order to accurately model the steady ramping -up of these programs. Since the incremental analysis focused on implementation in 1999 and beyond, ramping was performed for the three years from 1999 to 2001. For each year that seasonal ramping was simulated it was assumed that 1/12' of an entire year's additions would occur in each month. For the longer term, beyond 2001, DSM energy and peak impacts were annualized; i.e., peak impact for the year is acquired as of January 1". 6-29 Section 6: Assessment oJDemand--Side Resources �. ASSESSMENT OF SUPPLY-SIDE RESOURCES HELCO DRP -98 Section 7: Assessment olSupply-Side Resources 7.1 IDENTIFICATION OF SUPPLY-SIDE RESOURCE OPTIONS In IRP -93, HELCO commissioned Black & Veatch (B&V) to identify, examine and categorize all feasible supply-side resource options. A comprehensive list of candidate resource options was identified in the IRP - 93 report, following a review of the Generation Technology Assessment (GTA) report prepared by B&V for HECO in 1990 and the Energy Technology Status Report (ETSR) prepared by the California Energy Commission (CEC) in 1990, and updated in 1992. These resource options were first screened for developmental status and applicability to meeting HELCO's present and future needs for electrical power generation. Resource options were submitted for time frame placement in the final screening if they passed four initial screening criteria: 1. unit size appropriate for the HELCO system 2. technology status of commercially available within the 20 -year planning horizon 3. resource requirements and availability of resource 4. capital cost The options remaining after the initial screening were grouped into three categories: commercial, developing or other. Commercial resources considered viable in the 0- to 5 -year time frame are those that satisfy five criteria: 1. vendor availability 2. proven technology 3. utility scale 4. well-established capital and operating costs 5. resource availability Developing resources considered viable in the 6- to 20 -year time frame are those that satisfy four criteria: 7-1 Table 7-1. Candidate Resource Options Steam Recuperated Gas Turbine (SRGT or STIG) Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) Solar Parabolic Dish Collector with Stirling Engine Cascaded Humid Air Turbine Cycle (CHAT) Kalina Cycle Air Bottoming Cycle 1. sole or multiple vendors 2. emerging technologies 3. potential for competitive capital and operating costs 4. resource availability IRP -98 built upon the findings and results of the IRP -93 effort. In IRP -98, Black & Veatch performed an update to the IRP -93 Supply-side Resource Option Portfolio Development report. The IRP -98 update identified resource options that were previously considered developing, but since IRP -93 have been progressing toward commercial status. The six identified resources are shown in Table 7-I. Of the six, only the steam recuperated gas turbine (STIG) and phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) options have become sufficiently common within the power industry to achieve commercial status. Appendix G contains the Black & Veatch report, which discusses the status of the remaining four developing resources in addition to details of the commercial resources considered in IRP -98. Table 7-2 identifies all commerciai fossil - tired supply-side resources considered in IRP -98. Through bus -bar and PROSCREEN analyses, these fossil -fired resources were screened down to a smaller set for consideration in the integration phase of the IRP (indicated by • in Table 7-2). The bus -bar analysis compared the total costs (capital, O&M and fuel) of units with similar operating modes. Results of the bus -bar analysis are shown in Tables 7-3 through 7-5. Iterative PROSCREEN HELCO IRP -98 Section 7 • Assessment ojSupply-Side Resources Table 7-2. Commercial Fossil -Fired Supply -Side Resource Options dynamic optimization runs were performed to compare supply-side resource options through simulation of their operation in the HELCO system. A preference was given to those resources that consistently showed up in the least cost plans. Results of the bus -bar and PROSCREEN analyses validated each other, with the most cost- effective options ranking high in each screening method. The screening process also took into account the size of units suitable for the HELCO system, using a guideline of 15-20% of the annual system peak as the maximum unit size allowable. While the LM6000 simple cycle was retained for consideration in the integration analysis, it was not considered until 2010, when it would no longer violate this size constraint based on the reference case peak forecast. * Retained for consideration in integration analysis 8.9 MW unit evaluated in bus -bar screening later replaced with 10.4 MW diesel due to unit availability Unit capacities in net MW at SRO screening phase. Unit performance data refined for integration analysis shown in Table 4-7. 7-2 Simple Cycle Combustion Turbines MW GE LM -1600 Simple Cycle 11.7 • GE LM -2500 Simple Cycle 20.9 • GE LM -2500 STIG 23.2 GE PG -5371 Simple Cycle 24.5 • GE LM6000 Simple Cycle 38.8 GE PG -6551(B) Simple Cycle 34.7 Single Train Combined Cycle Resources MW GE LM -16001 on 1 Combined Cycle 16.7 • GE LM -2500 1 on 1 Combined Cycle 30.2 GE PG -5371 l on 1 Combined Cycle 37.1 GE LM60001 on 1 Combined Cycle 50.4 GE PG -6551(B) I on 1 Combined Cycle 55.3 Dual Train Combined Cycle Resources MW GE LM -1600 2 on I Combined Cycle 34.2 • GE LM -2500 2 on 1 Combined Cycle 60.8 GE PG -5371 2 on 1 Combined Cycle 71.4 Steam Units MW Pulverized Coal 30 Atmospheric Fluidized Bed 15 • Atmospheric Fluidized Bed 30 Oil Fired Steam 15 Oil Fired Steam 30 Repower Resource Options MW • Hill 5 Repowering 58.3 • Puna Steam Turbine Repowering 55.7 • Hill 6 Repowering 65.1 Diesel Engine Resources MW • Diesel Engine 8.9' Diesel Engine 7.6 Diesel Engine 2.1 • Diesel Engine 1.0 • Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell 0.19 dynamic optimization runs were performed to compare supply-side resource options through simulation of their operation in the HELCO system. A preference was given to those resources that consistently showed up in the least cost plans. Results of the bus -bar and PROSCREEN analyses validated each other, with the most cost- effective options ranking high in each screening method. The screening process also took into account the size of units suitable for the HELCO system, using a guideline of 15-20% of the annual system peak as the maximum unit size allowable. While the LM6000 simple cycle was retained for consideration in the integration analysis, it was not considered until 2010, when it would no longer violate this size constraint based on the reference case peak forecast. * Retained for consideration in integration analysis 8.9 MW unit evaluated in bus -bar screening later replaced with 10.4 MW diesel due to unit availability Unit capacities in net MW at SRO screening phase. Unit performance data refined for integration analysis shown in Table 4-7. 7-2 HELCO IRP -98 Section 7: Assessment ojSuppby Side Resources Table 7-3. Bus -bar Cost Rank of Baseload Units Description Bus -Bar Cost Rank Rating, MW • Hill 6 Repowering 1 65.1 • Puna Steam Turbine Repowering 2 55.7 • Hill 5 Repowering 3 58.3 GE PG -6551(B) I on 1 Combined Cycle 4 55.3 • GE LM -2500 2 on I Combined Cycle 5 60.7 GE LM6000 1 on I Combined Cycle 6 50.4 • GE LM -2500 1 on 1 Combined Cycle 7 30.2 GE LM -1600 2 on 1 Combined Cycle 8 34.2 GE PG -5371 I on 1 Combined Cycle 9 37.1 GE PG -5371 2 on 1 Combined Cycle 10 71.4 GE LM -1600 1 on 1 Combined Cycle 11 16.7 Oil Fired Steam 12 30 • Atmospheric Fluidized Bed 13 30 Pulverized Coal 14 30 Oil Fired Steam 15 15' • Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell 16 0.19. Atmospheric Fluidized Bed 17 15 Table 74. Bus -bar Cost Rank of Cycling Units Description Bus -Bar Cost Rank Rating, MW • GE LM6000 Simple Cycle 1 38.8 • GE LM -2500 STIG 2 23.2 GE PG-655I(B) Simple Cycle 3 34.7 • GE LM -2500 Simple Cycle 4 20.9 GE LM -1600 Simple Cycle 5 11.7 GE PG -5371 Simple Cycle 6 24.5 Table 7-5. Bus -bar Cost Rank of Peaking Units Bus -Bar Cost Rating, Description Rank MW • Diesel Engine 1 1.0 Diesel Engine 2 2.1 • Diesel Engine 3 8.9' Diesel Engine 4 7.6 • Retained for consideration in integration analysis 8.9 MW unit evaluated in bus -bar screening later replaced with 10.4 MW diesel due to unit availability Unit capacities in net MW at SRO screening phase. Unit performance data refined for integration analysis shown in Table 4-7. 7-3 HELCO /RP -98 Section 7: Assessment of Supply -Side Resources Table 7-6. Indigenous and Renewable Resources IOMW (rated maximum) Wind energy (Lalamilo) 5MW (rated maximum) Wind energy (Lalamilo) IOMW (rated maximum) Wind energy (N. Hawaii) 5MW (rated maximum) Wind energy (N. Hawaii) I OMW (rated maximum) Wind energy (N. Hawaii) 5MW (rated maximum) Wind energy (N. Hawaii) Battery Energy Storage: 3 his @ 5MW or 1.5 his @ IOMW Battery Energy Storage Spinning Reserve: 20 min @ IOMW 0.9 kW (rated maximum) PV Energy -Distributed 4M W (rated maximum) PV Energy Pumped Storage Hydro: 5 his @ 30M W (Kona) Pumped Storage Hydro: 5 hrs @ 30M W (S. Hawaii) 13.8MW Run of River Hydro (E. Hawaii) 25MW Geothermal 25MW Biomass All indigenous and renewable technologies shown in Table 7-6 were carried forward to the integration analysis. 7.1.1 Combined Cycle Fuels Combined cycle units are able to bum heavy fuels, such as MSFO, or light distillate fuels, such as No. 2 diesel or naphtha. For the purpose of this screening evaluation, no distinction was made between No. 2 diesel and naphtha. Although naphtha is more volatile than diesel fuel and requires more expensive fuel handling equipment, the site- specific, detailed engineering needed to estimate the capital cost differences between diesel -fired and naphtha -fired plants was not done at this level of planning. 7.2 FUTURE NON-UTILITY GENERATION For the purposes of integrated resource planning, HELCO evaluated commercial supply-side technologies that could be developed either by the utility or by Non - Utility Generators. (See Section 5.5) For purposes of IRP evaluation, the utility's cost estimates for supply-side resources and the utility's financing structure were used. 7-4 7.3 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION As a result of IRP -93, HELCO commissioned an Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) study which documented a new and different approach and methodology to assess the technical and economic feasibility of implementing distributed generation technologies. The study was initiated to assist HELCO in assessing the potential benefits and costs of distributed generation technologies in the context of an integrated resource planning process. Distributed generation is a relatively new concept to the utility industry and is only now being examined in similar feasibility studies. In the study, HELCO examined combustion technologies, renewable technologies and fuel cells. Site locations are confidential as they are customer -owned sites. The study focused on areas where technology could benefit from transmission and distribution savings. While diesel engine and combustion turbine technologies are well-developed, HELCO concluded that the concept of distributed generation as a strategy in generation planning is still in its infancy. Distributed generation provides a new and different generation planning concept from traditional centralized generation, and the study provides the foundation for a possibly different approach in future generation planning. The feasibility and cost- effectiveness of distributed generation resources are specific to technology and its assumptions (i.e., site location, permitting, operations, emissions and other considerations). As a result, distributed generation should be handled on a case-by- case basis, since site, technology and assumptions can vary substantially. HELCO /RP -98 Section 7: Assessment of Supply -Side Resources 7.4 RENEWABLE RESOURCES z 7.4.1 Biomass Pursuant to HELCO integrated resource planning action plans, the potential to generate electricity from biomass on the island of Hawaii was investigated. Key technical and economic factors, such as land suitability and availability, energy crop yield, delivery costs and potential quantities were examined for a model production unit located in Ka'u. Banagrass, a variety of Napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum), is a promising crop species for conversion into electricity through direct firing in boilers. Lands presently planted in sugarcane at Ka'u have adequate supplies of irrigation water, and terrain, soils and climatic conditions that are highly suitable for banagrass production. The estimated cost of producing banagrass feedstock, Freight on Board (FOB) conversion -facility gate, was approximately $65 per ton, dry basis. The unit information form for the 25 MW biomass facility, utilizing a crop grown solely for electricity generation, was based on this in-house analysis. 7.4.2 Geothermal The integration analysis considered a range of capital costs for a 25 MW geothermal unit from $3,700/kW to $5,100/kW to address uncertainties in the cost of future geothermal development. The capital cost estimates differ in the number of wells that would have to be drilled to find an adequate geothermal resource and the cost to drill each well. HELCO is concerned with the operational compatibility of additional geothermal on the system due to the unknown reliability of the resource over the long term and its impact on the system during minimum load 7-5 periods. Longevity of the steam resource from each supply well varies on a case by case basis, and steam production could decline unexpectedly. Problems could also arise with injection wells. In either situation, the expected firm capacity from geothermal would not be maintained, jeopardizing HELCO's ability to serve the system load. Restoring firm power output from geothermal would require drilling additional wells, which could include mobilization of the drilling rig to the islands and permitting for the additional wells. The cost of drilling each well could be as high as $3.5 million, with no guarantee of success in finding an adequate resource for power production. Additional geothermal would add to the minimum capability of the system. The geothermal resource does not allow the turbine generator to load follow well. Low ramp rates also prevent it from contributing to frequency control and spinning reserve. In the case of PGV the minimum rated load is 22 MW, or about 73% of the maximum rating of 30 MW. A lower minimum load could possibly be achieved by having mote supply wells, which would increase the cost of the resource. As discussed in Section 5.2, the sum of the minimum capability of all baseload units must be less than the system minimum load in order to avoid increased O&M costs and thermal stress on the baseload units if cycled. Due to uncertainties in the minimum load forecast, geothermal was not considered until later in the IRP planning period where sufficient margin between system load and minimum capability is forecasted. 7.4.3 Wind While it is the nature of as -available resources to exhibit some degree of variation in output, wind generation poses an operational concern for HELCO because of sub -minute power fluctuations caused by gusty wind conditions. From HELCO's HELCO IRP -98 experience, such excursions drive significant system frequency disturbances from the norm of 60 Hz such that, if not moderated by sufficient operating reserve, may cause underfrequency load shedding to occur. The ability for the system to withstand sub - minute fluctuations depends on the inertia characteristics (mass of the turbine/generators) of the generating units on-line. The HELCO system is particularly sensitive to frequency excursions because: HELCO's small, isolated system has a small composite inertia. By contrast, for mainland utilities, all generators on- line in an interconnected system support frequency for the interconnected utilities. Geothermal, hydroelectric and wind farms, which make up between 18-30% of the Big Island's generation at all times, do not contribute to frequency regulation. HELCO presently carries enough operating reserve to cover the maximum output of the wind farms when their output is highly variable. However, because of the unpredictable nature of the wind output from minute -to -minute and day -to- day, it is not possible to precisely simulate expected wind patterns, and calculate the cost of carrying operating reserve for the wind resources. For this reason, HELCO did not include the cost of operating reserve for wind in the finalist plan costs. Instead, the cost of additional operating reserves necessary if additional wind resources are added to the system in the future was captured in a sensitivity analysis. In the sensitivity analysis, it was determined that the incremental cost of operating reserve for a 10 MW future addition of wind could be as high as $4.5 million ($1999) over the 20 -year planning period. As expected, increased operating reserve requirements result in higher production 7-6 Section 7 Assessment of Supply -Side Resources costs and reduced fuel efficiency since generating units are committed earlier to provide the reserve. As previously mentioned in Section 5.2, if wind is operating during the system minimum load period, it will raise the minimum capability of the system. If the minimum capability of the system exceeds the minimum load, HELCO would have to curtail wind generation. 7.4.4 Photovoltaic (PV) The IRP integration analysis considered a range in capital cost of a 4 MW PV unit between $7,340 and $12,400 per kW, recognizing that there is some movement within the industry to reduce costs for PV systems. Similar to wind, PV is considered to provide as -available, non-firm energy. Unlike wind, PV does not impact the system minimum since PV would operate during the daytime period. 7.4.5 Storage Technologies HELCO considered two types of storage technologies: battery and pumped storage hydro (PSH). The primary benefit of storage technologies is a "flattening" of the system load curve; i.e., providing capacity during the peak period and increasing load during the system minimum when the storage unit is charging. Ideally, charging (battery) or pumping (PSH) can occur in the off-peak period, when system loads are low and marginal costs are relatively low compared to peak period costs. Then, during the system peak period, the stored energy can be released to serve load. Kona and South Hawaii sites were identified as having potential for PSH development. The 30MW capability and 5 -hour availability of the resource is governed by the geographical nature of these sites. Because the resource cannot provide firm capacity throughout the 24-hour day, for HELCO IRP -98 Section 7: Assessment of Supply -Side Resources IRP -98 evaluation purposes, the 30MW PSH unit was given capacity value determined by the following calculation: 30MW x 5 available hours = 10.7MW 14 on -peak hours This assumption would have to be further reviewed if PSH is a component of the preferred plan. 7-7 s. INTEGRATION OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND-SIDE RESOURCES HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration ojSupply and Demand-side Resources The integration analysis was a multi -step process in which DSM and supply-side resources were combined to produce resource plans capable of meeting the Big Island's forecasted electrical energy needs. The process entailed the following steps, and is further detailed in Sections 8.1 through 8.6 below. Step 1: Development of base case IRP assumptions, including the Sales & Peak Forecast, Fuel Forecast, and existing unit data. Step 2: Identification and screening of DSM options and supply-side alternatives Step 3: Development of Candidate Plans, representing a broad array of objectives and including various combinations of DSM and supply- side resources Step 4: Elimination of redundancies within the Candidate Plan set, to arrive at a set of Finalist Plans. Step 5: Detailed attribute and sensitivity analysis on the Finalist Plans; and analysis of the impact of other "special considerations" to the Finalist Plans. Step 6: Selection of the IRP Preferred Plan. 8.1 STEP 1: DEVELOP BASE CASE ASSUMPTIONS The 20 -year forecasted electricity sales and peak demand provided the basis to determine the need for future resources, either demand-side or supply-side. With exception of as -available resources, timing of the addition of future supply-side resources was determined based on HELCO's Generation Capacity Planning Criteria (Section 5.1). The existing HELCO system, including both HELCO-owned generation and purchased power, was modeled in order to assess the compatibility of future resource additions with existing units. Operating cost and 8-1 performance data was derived from actual test data and is representative of operation over the long-term. Projected fuel costs were used to estimate and compare fuel costs for both existing generation and future resource options. Sales and peak and fuel forecasts, existing and new generating unit data and other significant assumptions are further discussed in Section 4. 8.2 STEP 2: IDENTIFY & SCREEN DSM AND SUPPLY OPTIONS Both DSM programs and future supply-side options were identified, characterized and screened to determine cost-effective resource alternatives for the HELCO system. 8.2.1 DSM Options DSM impacts through the end of 1998 for the four approved energy efficiency programs were considered as on-going, and therefore fixed in all plans. As for future DSM, benefit -cost ratios for the individual DSM programs indicated that all four 20 -year programs were cost- effective (B/C>1.0) from the Utility, TRC, Societal and Participant perspectives. In addition, preliminary integration runs confirmed that from the Utility, TRC and Societal perspectives, plans that included all four 20 -year programs were lower cost than plans with a combination of 2 -year and 20 - year programs. As a result, the integration analysis did not consider a mix of 2 and 20 - year DSM programs, but instead considered bundles of all four 2 -year programs or all four 20 -year programs. The case with all four 2 -year programs represents continuation of DSM through the 5 -year PUC approved period which began in 1996. A No DSM (from 1999) case was also developed for comparison purposes. HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration ojSupply and Demand-side Resources 8.2.2 Supply-side Options Section 7-I described the screening of fossil -fired alternatives. Through preliminary PROSCREEN II optimizations of DSM and supply resources, the 15 renewable resources under consideration were also screened to a smaller set. This iterative process revealed the most cost- effective renewable resources, and was necessary to limit PROSCREEN Il optimization time to a reasonable duration. 8.3 STEP 3: DEVELOP CANDIDATE PLANS The intent of this step in the process was to generate a diverse set of plans with various resource (supply and DSM) combinations. With the base case assumptions established, and supply-side and DSM resources identified and screened, a number of PROSCREEN II optimization runs were set up to generate plans with the following objectives: Plans with 2 -year and 20 -year DSM bundles Plan with No DSM from 1999 Plans with a coal unit • Plans with repowering Plans with indigenous and renewable resources Plans with and without Keahole ST -7 as the next unit addition Plans optimized by either 20 -year (planning period) or 50 -year (study period including 30 -year end effects) cost perspectives 8.3.1 Consideration of Various Perspectives The IRP Framework states that the "integrated resource plans shall give consideration to the plans' impacts upon the utility consumers, the environment, culture, community lifestyles, the State's economy, 8-2 and society" and that the utility "shall conduct such analyses from varying perspectives, including the utility cost perspective, the ratepayer impact perspective, the participant impact perspective, the total resource cost perspective, and the societal cost perspective."' HELCO complied with these requirements by utilizing PROSCREEN II `objective functions" in generating and evaluating resource plans in conjunction with a rates and bills analysis. Each PROSCREEN II "objective function" accounts for only those plan costs which are incurred from the perspective being considered, such that the relative economics of plans generated within a single objective function can be compared. Thus, the PROSCREEN I1 Utility Cost, Total Resource Cost and Societal objective functions represented the utility, customer and societal perspectives, respectively. Ratepayer and participant impacts were measured through the rate and bill impact analysis. Utility Cost Perspective The PROSCREEN II Utility Cost (UC) objective function optimizes resource plans around the objective of minimizing the accumulated present worth of revenue requirements for the utility. PROSCREEN II utility revenue requirements include future generation capital, fuel, operation and maintenance costs for both existing and future generation, emission fees and utility DSM costs (rebates, evaluation expense, shareholder incentives). Revenue requirements for existing capital and non - generation related expenses were assumed to be equivalent between plans and were not modeled within PROSCREEN II. In anticipation of an increasingly competitive environment, the Company is AZ IRP Framework, Section II.B.4, Page 4. 93 IRP Framework, Section 11.13-4, Section IV.H.2, Page 22. HELCO IRP -98 Section 8. Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources placing more emphasis on the near-term impacts of resource plans. Thus, resource plans optimized by the UC objective function used the 20 -year IRP planning period without end -effects. Longer term impacts were taken into consideration, though, by generating plans using a 30 -year end -effects period and making comparisons to determine whether or not substantial changes in the plan would occur with a longer term study horizon. Total Resource Cost Perspective The PROSCREEN II Total Resource Cost (TRC) objective function includes total costs incurred by both the utility and its customers. That is: TRC = UC + Customer cost Since customer cost (cost to customers to participate in DSM programs) only differs between plans when the amount of DSM is changed, the relative difference between UC and TRC is the same when considering plans with identical amounts of DSM. This means that within the 2 -year, 20 -year and no DSM optimizations, the ranking of the plans by the UC and TRC tests is identical. For this reason, separate optimizations were not performed for the TRC objective function. Societal Cost Perspective The PROSCREEN II Societal Cost (SC) objective function optimizes resource plans around costs to society as a whole, including utility costs, customer costs and externality costs. Plans with renewable resources were optimized using the Societal objective function, since they would realize their greatest potential benefits when externality values were included. Although plans were optimized around both the 20 - year planning period and 50 -year study period, greater emphasis was given to the 50 -year study period horizon in the selection of plans optimized around the Societal objective function. 8-3 Using the Societal objective function, plans were also optimized using 1% and 3% real discount rates, to test the sensitivity of the optimizations to the discount rate assumed.6° The 1% real discount rate translates to a nominal rate of 3.6% to 4.4% based on the inflation rates given in Table 4-8. These nominal rates can be compared to the 8.177% nominal discount rate, the utility's after-tax weighted cost of capital, used as the base assumption. Once the resources and timing of unit additions were determined using the lower real discount rate, the present value of plan costs were recalculated using the 8.177% nominal discount rate so that cost comparisons could be made on an equal basis between plans. 8.3.2 Advisory Group input to the candidate plans Prior to development of the Candidate Plans, HELCO scheduled a meeting with its Advisory Group. At this December 16, 1997 meeting and through written correspondence, individual members of the Advisory Group provided the types of resources that they wanted to see within the Candidate Plan list. Advisory Group members were also asked to provide a preference of where in the 20 -year plan (i.e., early or late) the suggested resources should be added. Where no preference on resource timing was given, HELCO developed plans based on a least -cost optimization using the PROSCREEN II model. At the next Advisory Group meeting, HELCO went over the plans developed according to the Advisory Group's input. With exception of a few modifications, the Advisory Group agreed that the plans developed by HELCO were representative of the suggestions that they had provided. At the meeting, HELCO gave to the " A member of HECO's IRP -97 Advisory Group suggested the use of a I% real discount rate for the societal cost perspective. HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration ojSupply and Demand-side Resources Advisory Group for review and comment, its proposed list of candidate plans. The proposed candidate plans included all Advisory Group suggested plans. Since no input regarding additional plans or revisions to the proposed Candidate Plans was received, HELCO issued a Final Candidate Plan list which incorporated revisions to the Advisory Group plans received at the February 13, 1998 meeting. Appendix J contains a copy of the Candidate Plans. 8.4 STEP 4: SELECTION OF FINALIST PLANS In the development of the Candidate plans, it became apparent that repowering Hill 5 was a lower cost alternative for the next unit addition in 2006 than completing the Keahole dual train combined cycle with the addition of ST -7 when only considerine generation costs. However, as discussed later in Section 8.6.2, when transmission capital costs and line losses associated with additional East Hawaii generation were considered, ST -7 on the West side was identified as the least cost next unit addition. ST -7 would provide much needed efficient baseload generation at the load center in West Hawaii. Until the transmission study was completed upon which this conclusion was based, two sets of plans were carried forward: one with ST -7 as the next unit addition in 2006 and the other with Hill 5 repowering as the next unit addition. Each set of plans was identical in terms of plan objectives, but differed in the next unit addition. Upon selection of the Finalist Plans, the set with Hill 5 repowering as the next unit was dropped. A single plan with Hill 5 repowering as the next unit addition (after addition of 1 MW diesels) was retained as a finalist plan to represent a possible alternative to ST -7. The Candidate Plans were further narrowed to 14 Finalist plans to enable HELCO to conduct more detailed attribute and sensitivity analyses. A key objective in the 8-4 determination of the finalist plan set was to retain diversity in the combinations of resource options and plan objectives. Within the Candidate Plans, certain plans could be eliminated since they were either identical or very similar to other plans within the set. Certain plans were eliminated that had similar resources to another candidate plan, but were higher in cost. The rationale for elimination of all candidate plans not carred forward as Finalist Plans is stated in Table 3-1 of Appendix J, which contains plans that add ST -7 in 2006. As stated above, all plans with Hill 5 repowering as the next unit in 2006 (shown in Table J-2) were eliminated, except for a plan similar in concept to Candidate Plan CE23. Each candidate plan retained as a finalist plan had some distinguishing trait that HELCO and/or its Advisory Group felt deserved further consideration. While certain candidate plans (in Table 1-1) were retained in concept, slight modifications were made to the plans in the finalist plan stage. These changes were primarily related to the timing of unit additions. One such change was due to a deration of Hill 6 from a net reserve rating of 21.75 MW to 19.6 MW (see Section 4.3.1). Other changes in timing came as the result of Advisory Group input as noted in Section 8.4.1. The resulting 14 Finalist Plans are shown in Table 8-1. 8.4.1 Advisory Group input to the Finalist Plans HELCO presented a preliminary list of finalist plans to the Advisory Group (AG) on March 11, 1998. Although all AG - suggested candidate plans were retained as finalist plans, the AG was given an opportunity to add back into the finalist plan list any candidate plans they felt should be carried further. The AG generally a r C v V) Z IL F- N J Q Z LL N a w O U J W 2 d H 0 z 0 O P = r O O O Ow o v f a O O Op 000 O O U U U v ?88 888 n O Q 29 W Z U aaa N mm yN N c C q C mom 4 0 000 UU U F N a O 13w £ �5, 5. 5.� Em m tY Y ��? ba' nm m rvoi^-np pnp11 a h W N my 2 _ _ Ok � 3 Y o a £ 4 9 f y'-FpO E Sdrvj ?m f +a 3�� R W Q N Y m w § Y s a td U m y U FF w U tt o5w2U ^ E� x n m m O m O Y � ury n_vviNn .- a,N ncryi � m gYlndrvd � ` 3 E an � �U o In ^ 6 Y x 2 I I O E _ Y `v g ry2 M Y x 5 ID Cp S O PmI �� by b m N m Z V ?� Y Y � Y114 h Y N evi y" N fi n ymj N V W V N cp m a o U U U c y i m U W Z U E zS GG C �`K` §ry Yv 3R IY` _ IY riNN a w U R' w Z U N I V m N x o 1 m N m p O ry Y U a 6 a ry U Sti rv& F y M e m ry N ry d .'_. a aYa, n y S C y 2 a' I cc Tse = U NC U S W Z U $CUUU U Y3Y f OF Um um a � H a' 3 s E r la O1 t9 iwuKFsi ' o rv� Zp C u �^ m m M n b r C Yw c ba. UUU S Y.� t 3 F m §g Y b Qy V berc om m p$oiovn 0 o r^ m n vin m m N S SS. 666 Em y d b n m m N W x Ea b a a w UUU g y2 6 b b Y m N _ ` u b m r x Y Yggl m QY Y3� 96n 6"a N LL y 2 O 9 ~ NU ~ U U U U YI Y $'d6 d E u d CYa= m a Orlin I t2 y N N N 2 e gi U rpGGN t7 1i IdV 3 O m V Y x 2 a ba 9 W Yn ury C,mY Y 11 d I E - r C_ W W U U U� °`� o�'�nmoo 3 Yeo v ry 3 Frn�id e` o ttC z`=' i w p Y § LL = x a c v ~ v U i wZU Z O 166 n n n tl F c a' y I Q Q QQ zr r uUo?Eu88 c y N ry R N o r�2.a nw8'c u o Ta a Z 5.0 uR2 'Ed ry bwa C. S�'v'"" Z F N C F O N 0 z 0 O O O O Ow f a O O Op 000 O O U U U v ?88 888 c� aaa x mm T T N c C q C mom 4 0 000 UU U F N a O 1 N HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources concurred with the types of plans in HELCO's proposed finalist plan list. However, in the discussion, AG members collectively agreed that modifications should be made to the timing of certain renewable resource additions. Specifically, the AG requested that: • The as -available resources (PV, hydro, wind) in the plans should be added at the earliest possible addition date, regardless of the next capacity need date. The Advisory Group's intention was to consider renewable resource additions within the five-year Action Plan period. Advisory Group members were made aware that moving these renewable resources earlier in the plan results in a higher plan cost. • The biomass units in the "minimize oil" plan should be consecutive, even though having Hill 5 repowering between the two biomass units results in a lower cost plan. The AG sought to have the biomass units installed consecutively to reduce oil use. While HELCO's intention was to finalize the timing of resource additions in the plans at the candidate plan stage, these AG modifications were made and are reflected in the final Finalist Plan list. 8.5 STEP 5: ATTRIBUTE AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS, SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS Selection of a reasonable number of Finalist Plans allowed for more in-depth analyses to be performed. An attribute analysis was conducted to identify significant differences in satisfying the IRP objectives that are caused by selection of various resource types. A sensitivity analysis determined how resource selection could change with deviation of actual sales or fuel prices away from the current base forecasts. In addition, other special considerations that could affect the selection of a preferred plan were 8-6 taken into account at this stage of the IRP process. This included: the Hawaii Energy Strategy, climate change and an updated fuel price forecast. These analyses are further discussed below. 8.5.1 Attribute Analysis As explained in Section 3.4.2, HELCO conducted an attribute analysis on the Finalist Plans using a direct comparison method. Appendix K contains the compiled attributes in tabular and graphical format, as applicable. Better performing plans with respect to each attribute are identified, and the criteria used to rate plans for the qualitative attributes are provided as well. The rates and bills analysis methodology and results are shown in Appendix L. 8.5.2 Sensitivity Analyses Sensitivity analyses were performed on the finalist plans to determine how their relative costs would change under various scenarios, including: High fuel price forecast Low fuel price forecast High sales and peak forecast Low sales and peak forecast These analyses provide insight as to how resilient each plan is under various scenarios. Given the uncertainties facing the electric utility industry, the more favorable plans are those which provide a high degree of flexibility and which perform well under a number of scenarios. The results of the sensitivity analyses are shown in Appendix M. The plans were initially ranked in order of lowest to highest utility, TRC and societal cost. Then, under each scenario, plan costs were recalculated and the plans were re -ranked. In order to be able to recognize the magnitude of the cost differences between the plans under the various scenarios, the plan costs were indexed on a scale from zero to one. HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration ojSupply and Demand-side Resources 8.5.3 Special Considerations 8.5.3.1 Consideration of the Hawaii Energy Strategy in the Development of IRP -98 The Hawaii Energy Strategy (HES) began on March 2, 1992 under a Cooperative Agreement with the United States Department of Energy (USDOE) and the Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT). The seven projects of the HES program were designed to increase understanding of Hawaii's energy situation and to produce recommendations to achieve the state energy objectives of dependable, efficient, and economical state-wide energy systems capable of supporting the needs of the people, and increased energy self- sufficiency. The HES final report was completed in October 1995. The purpose of the HES study was to develop an integrated State of Hawaii energy strategy including an assessment of the state's fossil fuel reserve requirements and the most effective way to meet those needs, the availability and practicality of increasing the use of native energy resources, potential alternative fossil energy technologies such as coal gasification and potential energy efficiency measures which could lead to demand reduction. The HES study was intended to contribute to the USDOE mission, reduce the state's vulnerability to energy supply disruptions, and contribute to the public good. The work of the HES program was divided into seven projects. I. develop an analytical energy forecasting model for the State of Hawaii; 2. fossil fuel review and analysis; 3. renewable energy resource assessment development program; 4. demand-side management program; 5. transportation energy strategy; 8-7 6. energy vulnerability assessment report and contingency planning; and 7. energy strategy integration and evaluation system. Project 7 integrated the findings of the overall HES program into a comprehensive state energy strategy. Project 7 identified, assessed and recommended the potential public policy mechanisms by which to implement a "least -cost" strategy for energy development in Hawaii. Existing energy policy and planning management frameworks were used for synthesis, integration and evaluation of policy and planning initiatives that emerged from the component projects. This included facilitating the integration of information among the other six projects and inclusion of that information in the final report. The draft final report was presented to the public to obtain feedback for inclusion in the final published report. Policy, legislative, and regulatory initiatives for implementation and evaluation were developed and recommended. Project 7 also developed, evaluated and recommended policy initiatives and plans to formalize an energy planning and policy evaluation system within the state government; e.g., institute a statutory requirement to conduct integrated energy planning on a biennial basis. Project 7 of the HES also developed an energy planning and policy evaluation model based on ENERGY 2020, and by providing requisite staff training, would strengthen the state's in-house capabilities and reduce dependence on outside consultants. Project 7 included an analysis of three scenarios using the ENERGY 2020 model which incorporated preferred resource options (developed by DBEDT Energy Division) to move Hawaii's energy system toward the state's statutory energy policy objectives as outlined in Section 226-18(a) HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources of the Hawaii Revised Statutes, as amended by Act 96, Session Laws of Hawaii 1994. • Dependable, efficient and economical state-wide energy systems capable of supporting the needs of the people; Increased energy self-sufficiency where the ratio of indigenous to imported energy use is increased; and Greater energy security in the face of threats to Hawaii's energy supplies and systems. The energy policy objectives were the basis of three scenarios in the HES report: Cost - Effective Energy Diversification (CEED); Maximum DSM/Maximum Renewable Energy (DSMRE); and Energy Security (ES). These were compared against Baseline 2020, the energy forecast produced by ENERGY 2020 based upon the requirements of the economic forecast, types of generation planned by the utilities in their current IRPs, and the DSM programs in the utility IRPs. Baseline 2020 provides the "business as usual" future of Hawaii against which the scenarios incorporating Hawaii's energy policy objectives were compared in the HES report. The HES report stated that the Project 7 results of the scenario runs clearly show that the use of additional DSM and increased use of renewable energy to meet state energy policy objectives over the planning period yield highly favorable results. The report stated that costs are not significantly higher and there are slight improvements in Gross State Product and employment. The report also said that substitution for oil by renewables in the electricity sector is limited somewhat by the fact that extensive new generation is not required over the 20 - year period. The HES report stated that given the 30-50 year life of fossil -fueled generation, now is clearly the time to begin the transition. 8-8 A number of recommendations were made and reported in the HES report: • Diversify fuels and sources of supply; Focus diversification on power generation and ground transportation energy; Pursue coal as an option for Oahu energy diversification; • Encourage Hawaii's refineries to upgrade capabilities; Increase use of renewable energy; • Focus first on cost-effective energy efficiency and conservation; • Consider HES DSM measures in utility integrated resource planning (IRP); • Evaluate DSM mandates; • State and utilities should cooperate on DSM data gathering; • Adopt transportation energy conservation measures; • Improve fleet efficiency; • Adopt travel reduction measures; • Increase the focus on energy in transportation planning process; Increase the focus on energy in land use planning process; Expand use of alternative fuels and vehicles; Conduct transportation energy research and development programs; Improve state energy analysis; • Improve energy planning and policy development; Improve energy modeling; • Improve DSM modeling and programs; • Improve power purchase contract terms for renewable energy; Conduct additional renewable energy research and development; Conduct additional renewable energy assessments; • Obtain access to land for renewable energy projects; Develop cost-effective renewable energy projects now; • Consider renewable energy implementation plan, and; Enhance energy emergency contingency planning. HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources The utility DSM programs and IRP -98 work effort already include most of the HES DSM recommendations. HELCO developed, filed applications to the PUC for approval, and is currently implementing four DSM programs: Residential Efficient Water Heating Program Commercial and Industrial New Construction Program • Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency Program • Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate Program The DSM programs involve preparing measurement and evaluation plans, launching the programs, initiating measurement and evaluation activities and preparing annual reports. Details of the programs are discussed in Section 6. Among the resource plans generated in IRP - 98, a large number were directed toward examining various scenarios which address the state energy policy objectives and HES recommendations. These included: Plans which increase the quantity and type of renewable resources (geothermal, biomass, wind, PV, pumped storage hydro, run of the river hydro, battery) Plans with additional cost-effective energy efficiency DSM Plans with coal as an option for energy diversification (although the HES specifically targeted Oahu, coal was considered for HELCO as well) One of the nine IRP -98 objectives was to "Support the State of Hawaii Energy Objectives". IRP -98 Finalist plans were judged on how well they meet the state energy objectives by the following attributes: Increase system fuel heat rate efficiency Increase system fuel cost efficiency Increase DSM penetration Increase the ratio of energy produced by commercially viable indigenous and 8-9 renewable resources as a proportion of total energy produced Reduce use of fuel oil as an energy resource Differences in assumptions between the HES study and HELCO's IRP -98 result in contradictory conclusions regarding the cost-effectiveness of certain renewable resources. HELCO's analysis indicates that DBEDT's cost estimates and certain assumptions are highly optimistic: 55 MW of wind energy generation: With Hawaii's natural wind conditions it would be beneficial to have reliable wind energy projects integrated into the electrical system. However, HELCO is experiencing frequency stability problems even with the wind energy it currently has on the system. 55 MW of wind would increase HELCO's wind penetration from about 5% to about 20%. A wind penetration study conducted for the Big Island in 1997 determined a limit for wind penetration at 4 to 8 percent of the system peak. While battery storage could be used to stabilize a large wind penetration, at this time, wind/battery operations have not yet been demonstrated for utility scale installations. In addition, the use of battery costs taken from HELCO's IRP - 93 information for use as the HES battery cost is inappropriate since that cost was developed for a different type of operation. A higher cost would be necessary in the HES report to account for more frequent replacement of spent battery units. A key discussion point with renewable energy developers for intermittent technologies (e.g., wind, solar and run - of -river hydroelectric) has been the subject of output curtailment during periods of low power demand, such as the late evening and early morning. It is not clear how or if this issue was HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources addressed in the HES analyses of renewable energy economics. Mandated demand-side management programs: The HES assumed state - mandated control of all electric water heating in the residential sector. This does not seem reasonable since it saves no energy and if implemented would mandate controls on units where capacity savings would be limited. In an earlier HECO water heater load control pilot project it was found that a lot of customers dropped out of the program because their service was impacted to unacceptable levels. Mandated control of all water heating would have a large impact on customer satisfaction. The state -mandated control of commercial/industrial air-conditioning and water heating would also impact customer satisfaction and could disrupt many retail and office facilities. The private sector should be given the option to weigh the choices open to them in this area. 25 MW of Geothermal: HELCO's analysis in IRP -98 determined that an additional 25 MW of geothermal should not be installed as the next unit after ST -7 in 2009, in order to avoid a potential minimum load problem (under the assumption that the geothermal resource cannot load follow.) As further discussed in Section 5.2, this is based on consideration of the difference between the system minimum load forecast and the minimum capability of baseload units on-line, with some margin for uncertainties. The state -mandated use of biomass in industrial boilers may not be practical. A number of boilers, mostly associated with sugar mill operation, are specially designed and permitted for specific 8-10 fuels, including biomass. However, accommodating for a biomass fuel may not be technically possible with other existing industrial boilers, which would incur additional cost to deal with fuel storage, fuel handling, ash and particulate collection and control, and will reduce the overall plant efficiency. In addition, it is not clear where the biomass fuel would come from, since the sugar mills have closed. These highly optimistic cost estimates and assumptions of commercial availability for certain technologies are used in the HES modeling runs for the various scenarios (cost-effective Energy Diversification, Maximum Demand -Side Management/Maximum Renewable Energy, Energy Security and Baseline 2020) and result in unrealistic and potentially misleading conclusions and expectations. The differences in the HES charts and graphs presented (i.e., large peak demand, Hawaii average electricity prices, greenhouse emissions and economic effects) should be much less than shown. Another major concern involves the oil price spike analysis in the HES report. It provides a misleading indication of the effects on the Hawaii economy of relying upon oil. Recent economic research questions earlier views of the negative economic impacts stemming from oil price volatility.a5 Studies have shown that fiscal i5 References: Bohi, Douglas R. 1989. Energy Price Shocks and Macroeconomic Performance. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future Darby, Michael. 1982. "The Price of Oil and World Inflation and Recession." American Economic Review 72(4):September Hickman, Bert G., Hillard Huntington, and James L. Sweeney, 1987. Macroeconomic Impacts ofFnergy Shocks. Amsterdam: North Holland Press. Lobsenz, George. 1996. "GAO Challenges U.S. Policy on Reducing Oil Imports as Costly, Counterproductive." The Energy Daily 24(238):1-2. HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources and monetary policy measures have the potential to mitigate much of the negative effects of transient oil price increases. Moreover, the growth of petroleum futures markets and other contractual instruments to deal with the risk of higher oil prices further decreases the economic impact effects of an oil price shock. The oil price spike analysis in the HES report seems to overstate the effects of oil price volatility on the Hawaii economy. The basis for the assertion that fluctuations in oil prices have direct adverse macroeconomic consequences seems weak. What once seemed to be strong evidence of a statistical relationship between oil prices and macroeconomic activity has now been refuted, or at least put in doubt, especially where the price change is transitory. Finally, the oil price spike analysis does not appear to take into account the impact suggested elsewhere in the HES policy recommendations. Higher electricity prices due to reliance on more expensive indigenous generating options suggest that they would adversely affect the Hawaii economy in the long term. 8.5.3.2 Climate Change Climate change due to the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has become an intensely contested issue at the international level. Negotiations are currently ongoing regarding commitments for GHG emission reductions on a country - specific basis. Particularly challenging is establishing the levels of GHG emissions reductions that are reasonable and the timeframe in which the reductions can be achieved, taking into account the economic impacts of GHG emissions control. McCormack, John. 1996. "Market Protection Against Mother Oil Shock." Regulation 1:19-21. Verlergerm Philip K. Jr. 1993. Adjusting to Volatile Energy Prices. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, November. 8-11 Although there is still much debate within the scientific community as to whether global warming is being caused by anthropogenic GHG emissions, the underlying assumption to the international negotiations is that climate change is indeed occurring and that GHG emissions must be reduced. HELCO has adopted no position on whether global warming is occurring, and will not debate the adequacy of the scientific basis for such conclusions. Under a grant from the U.S. EPA, DBEDT has been working for the past few years in partnership with the State Department of Health (DOH) to develop a Hawaii Climate Change Action Plan. HELCO participated in the first phase of the project, development of an inventory of 1990 Hawaii GHG emissions, by providing detailed fuel use data and reviewing drafts of the GHG emissions inventory report. DBEDT is now in the second phase of the project which is to identify goals and formulate state policy towards controlling GHG emissions. On October 30, 1997, DBEDT held a workshop to report on progress in developing the emissions inventory and to solicit input from the public on specific goals and measures to reduce GHG emissions in Hawaii. Although HELCO will continue to cooperate with state efforts to collect data on greenhouse gas emissions, HELCO believes it is prudent to wait until national policy is set before dealing with the issue on a local level. The setting of national goals is necessary to establish the context by which Hawaii -specific goals may be developed. Furthermore, factors such as cost impact and projected growth in energy usage in the islands must be taken into account in identifying reasonable and achievable goals. As such, HELCO will not support state efforts to unilaterally impose limitations on utility GHG emissions by legislation or regulation. Any actions to develop state policy or rules concerning HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources climate change should be based on thorough evaluations of the costs and benefits of such, and should allow adequate public participation according to formal policy or rule making procedures. Notwithstanding these positions, HELCO has already taken proactive, voluntary measures to limit GHG emissions from its system. The Company will continue to identify and implement prudent cost effective measures to reduce, avoid or sequester GHG emissions consistent with our commitments to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Climate Challenge program. 8.5.3.3 Climate Challenge The Climate Challenge program is a joint, voluntary effort of the DOE and the electric utility industry to reduce, avoid or sequester greenhouse gas emissions through the year 2000. It reflects the intention of the parties to play a leadership role in pursuit of the President's goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A Climate Challenge Participation Accord between HECO and DOE was signed on March 19, 1997. RECO (including its subsidiaries MECO and HELCO) has made the following voluntary Climate Challenge commitments: Participate in the Edison Electric Institute industry initiative Utility Forest Carbon Management Program (UFCMP): HECO contributed $5,000 to pay for initial program startup costs, and $10,000 to support carbon sequestration projects. HECO will evaluate on an annual basis whether further contributions to projects will be made. Limit, through the year 2000, COZ emissions per kWh from Company owned fossil fuel generating units to 1.76 lbs CO2/kWh, calculated as a 8-12 weighted system wide average: HECO will continue to phase in cleaner, more efficient generation systems such as combined cycle combustion turbines. Additionally, RECO has implemented plant betterment projects such as control system upgrades to improve generating unit efficiency. Cumulatively avoid 380,000 tons of CO2 emissions through the year 2000 through DSM programs: In 1996, RECO began five DSM programs. To improve commercial and industrial energy efficiency, RECO is promoting energy efficient air conditioning, lighting, and motors. Residential energy efficiency is being encouraged by promoting the use of high efficiency water heating technologies. Annually purchase or produce at least 500,000 MWh of renewable energy, resulting in a five year cumulative avoidance of 2,200,000 tons of CO2 through the year 2000: RECO has a long-standing commitment to purchase and produce renewable energy. The Company will continue to purchase or produce power from geothermal, wind, hydroelectric, and waste to energy sources. HECO will also continue its purchases of biomass power from sugar companies to the extent feasible, notwithstanding recent reductions an the local sugar industry. Continue with local forestry management programs, transportation and electric vehicle programs, energy efficiency education and information projects, and renewable energy research investments. Under the terms of its Participation Accord, HECO will monitor its performance in meeting these commitments and will annually report on its progress to DOE. The first report is due to DOE in 1998. HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources 8.5.3.4 Change in the Fuel Price DSM that would result with the lower Forecast fuel forecast. On May 22, 1998, HECO adopted an updated fuel price forecast, which forecasts fuel prices for HECO, HELCO and MECO. As indicated in Figures 8-1 through 8-3 and Table 8-2, the 1998 fuel price forecasts for diesel and MSFO are lower than the 1995 forecast used in the IRP -98 analysis. The 1998 forecast for coal is higher in the near term, but lower in the long term. By the time the 1998 fuel forecast was issued, the IRP -98 analysis was near completion. Therefore, the 1998 fuel forecast was not used in the development of the IRP preferred plan. However, the 1998 fuel forecast does not affect the selection of the preferred plan for the following reasons: The supply-side resources in the IRP preferred plan were determined to be all oil -fired units using the 1995 fuel forecast. Lower oil prices in the 1998 forecast will increase the cost premium for renewable energy, as avoided fuel costs are reduced. Similarly, since the cost differential between coal and oil is expected to be narrower in the 1998 forecast, the relative cost-effectiveness of coal-fired and oil -fired generation would not change; i.e., coal would continue to be more expensive with the new forecast. The new forecast would reduce avoided fuel costs due to energy efficiency DSM. HELCO performed an analysis which indicated that all four 20 -year energy efficiency DSM programs remain cost-effective with the 1998 forecast. In the analysis, fuel costs were changed, but escalation rates for O&M and capital, which are implied by the fuel forecast, were not changed. In addition, shareholder incentive estimates were not adjusted downward to reflect reduced net benefits from 8-13 Lower fuel prices in the 1998 fuel forecast would reduce the cost of transmission energy losses. However, this would not change HELCO's preference to install efficient generation closer to the load in West Hawaii. HELCO IRP -98 `e E Section 8: Integration oJSupply and Demand-side Resources Figure 8-1. Comparison of MSFO price forecasts (delivered to Hill) I I.. 10.0 8.0 1 7 6.0 4.0 a 2.0 0.0 1995 High 1995 Reference 1995 tow 1998 High 1998 Refwr 1998 Low 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Figure 8-2. Comparison of Diesel price forecasts (delivered to Puna) 14.0 12.0 10.0 2.0 0.0 1995 1995 49h — t 1 1 7 1991 r a i 2000 2005 2010 2015 202U 995 Referenc 99B High 995 Low 99B Refers e Low Figure 8-3: Comparison of Coal price forecasts (transport to HELCO not included) 40 3.5 1995 RNaaKe cne 30 \ 1.0 05 0.0 1995 2000 2W5 2010 2015 2020 8-14 HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration ojSupply and Demand-side Resources Table 8-2: Comparison of 1995 and 1998 Fuel Price Forecasts (Current year SIMBtu) 8-15 M__,,11I7T``iyyCyyR'7�i''TL�L'1'}:'!Ll'}7 NEW., �ao0�0�o�OO ��O�OVOo00� MKWM ', i� ]�f1�i0A000 MwM- -- ���t�ii0000i� 8-15 HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources + 8.6 STEP 6: SELECTION OF THE IRP PREFERRED PLAN The IRP Framework states that the overall objective of the IRP process is to identify "the resources or mix of resources for meeting the near and long-term consumer energy needs in an efficient and reliable manner at the lowest reasonable costs°R and that the "ultimate objective of utility's integrated resource plan is meeting the energy needs of the utility's customers over the ensuing 20 years." It is with this primary intent that HELCO has selected its preferred integrated resource plan, placing emphasis on being able to provide reliable electric service to the Big Island at the lowest reasonable cost over the next 20 years. In the plan selection process, the Company also gave substantial consideration, and incorporated where possible, those resources that provide non - monetary benefits to both customers and society in general. In selecting the preferred integrated resource plan, HELCO, in accordance with the IRP Framework, gave consideration to all finalist plans' impacts to the utility's customers, the environment, culture, community lifestyles, the state's economy and society. HELCO also took into consideration the utility's financial integrity, size and physical capability.d8 Selecting the preferred integrated resource plan required the consideration of many and sometimes competing objectives amidst much uncertainty over the future of the electric business environment. HELCO appreciated the various perspectives offered by the Advisory Group throughout the 96 IRP Framework, Section ILA, page 3. IRP Framework, Section W.B.1, page 20. IRP Framework, Section ILB, page 4, paragraphs 4 and 5. 8-16 process, and the Advisory Group's many suggestions and comments were taken under advisement. However, HELCO was unable to incorporate or comply with all Advisory Group input given certain conflicting objectives. In its review of the finalist plans, HELCO identified four major distinguishing characteristics among the plans: Length of commitment to energy efficiency DSM programs Location of future generation additions Future renewable energy development Distributed generation to defer large scale, central station generation Thorough examination of each of the four differentiating factors consequently led to the selection of the IRP -98 Preferred Plan. The plan attributes, results of the sensitivity analyses, special considerations discussed in Section 8.5.3 and Advisory Group input were all considered in the analysis to arrive at the preferred plan. Each of the: four major issues are discussed at length below. 8.6.1 DSM As discussed in detail in Section 6, all four 20 -year energy efficiency programs continue to be cost effective from the utility, total resource cost (TRC) and societal perspectives even with a reduced level of penetration from what was expected at the time of the program applications. The fact that the programs are cost-effective from the TRC perspective is especially important, since this indicates that customer costs, as a whole, will be reduced relative to a no DSM case. This means that while there are direct costs to both the utility (program costs) and the participating customers (DSM measure costs), economic benefits in the form of avoided production (fuel and o&m) costs and capacity deferral benefits outweigh the costs of the programs. Table 8-3 is a comparison of 2 -year and 20 -year DSM plans against a No DSM (from 1999) HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources Table 8-3. Comparison of No DSM (from 1999),2 -year and 20 -year DSM plans ear No -yr yr 1999 Enoogen DTCC Enwgen DTCC 2 -yr DSM Enccgen DTCC 20 -yr DSM I 2002 I Puna return from standby Puna return from standby 2003 i Puna return from standlry 2005 2066 lZnS Kwhole-ST-7N e SW 00 Hill 5 Repower, 1st u I Hillepower, 1st 2009 I i epower, SI 201 11 i Hillepower, 2n 4 epower, n 2012 Hillepower, 2nd 2014 I Hill 5 Repower, conversion to DTCC Hill 6 Repovrer, 1st CT Hill 5 Repomier, conversion to DTCC Hill 6 Repower, tat CT 2015 Hill 5 Repower, conversion to DTCC 2017 Hillepower, 2n epower, n 2018 r 20 -yr U0l wet 1342,123 1,339,892 1,317,816 in 4, yr TRC 1.U2,123 11341,105 1,323.303 in baseline plan. It illustrates the deferral of unit additions with 20 -year DSM and the difference in utility and total resource costs between the three DSM cases. Aside from economic benefits, there are also reductions in air emissions and fuel usage associated with implementation of energy efficiency programs. Solar water heating in the residential water heating program will support HELCO's participation in the federal Million Solar Roofs Program. DSM can provide HELCO flexibility in the timing of generating unit additions, to the extent that program ramp rates can be modified. At the same time, though, energy efficiency Figure 84. Difference in Average system ¢/kWh against No DSM (from 1999) baseline 1.60 t 1.40 31.20 1.00 CD 0.80 or 0.60 t? 0.40 i d 0.20 0.00 -year DSM, 4 programs 2 -year DSM, 4 programs 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 8-17 2011 2013 2015 2017 HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources Figure 8-5. Difference in Residential Non -participant Monthly bill from No DSM (from 1999) Plan DSM does increase the per unit cost of electricity, seen by the consumer as higher electric rates. The reason for this is that DSM reduces total energy consumption, causing fixed utility costs to be recovered over a smaller sales base. This is illustrated in Figure 8-4, which provides an indication of the differential in average cents per kWh from a no DSM (from 1999) baseline caused by 2 -year or 20 -year commitments to DSM. Figure 8-5 depicts the effect these rate impacts would have on a typical 500 kWh per month residential (non -participant) bill over the 20 -year IRP planning period. HELCO believes that the advantages of continuing energy efficiency DSM programs outweigh the drawback of increased rate impacts at this time, and therefore is including all four 20 -year DSM programs in its preferred plan. The Advisory Group has also demonstrated support for 20 -year DSM, assigning the IRP attribute of "increase DSM penetration" the highest weight in their rank -and -weight attribute analysis. Having the 20 -year DSM programs in the IRP plan will give HELCO 8-18 the flexibility to continue with these programs over the long term, provided they are justified in applications and approved by the Commission beyond the currently approved 5 -year period. Future changes in the nature of the electric utility business environment may justify an increased weight placed on mitigating rate impacts to the point where it may be high enough to offset the favorable attributes of DSM. In that case, HELCO would need to be able to scale back or phase out the DSM programs in order to reduce rate impacts. With lower rates, customers would be less likely to leave the system for alternate suppliers or be inclined to self -generate. 8.6.2 Preferred Location of Future Generation In the year 2000, HELCO forecasts approximately 56 percent of the total system load to be situated on the West side of the Big Island. However, only about 26 percent of total generation, comprised of three relatively inefficient combustion turbines, will be located in West Hawaii at Keahole. HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources Thus, a large proportion of the energy needs on the west side must be exported across the island, incurring high losses across transmission lines (losses are proportional to the square of the current on the line). Or, if the West side CTs need to be run for voltage support, then losses will be reduced, but operating fuel costs will increase. This obvious mismatch between the location of generation and load will continue to grow if future generation is not sited in West Hawaii, as more than half of future load growth is projected to be on the West side of the island. Completion of the Keahole dual -train combined cycle with the addition of ST -7 will contribute an additional 18 MW (gross) of capacity as well as significant gains in efficiency to West Hawaii. This capacity addition and efficiency improvement will be achieved without burning more fuel or generating additional emissions. Moreover, the conversion of CT -4 and CT -5 at Keahole to combined cycle will provide voltage support from efficient generation on the West side. However, even with ST -7, total generation on the West side will only amount to about 30 percent. Future generation additions beyond ST -7 at a new West Hawaii site will bring a closer balance between generation and load to the west side of the island. This will not only serve to reduce transmission losses, but will increase the chances that the system will remain stable in case a transmission line or lines are out of service and system separation should occur. The closer generation is to the load, energy delivery becomes less dependent on the transmission system, thereby increasing system reliability. HCPC and PGV, independent power producers currently providing firm power to the HELCO system, have expressed interest to expand their power generation operations on the Big Island. Since these existing 8-19 facilities are located in East Hawaii, and contracts could be negotiated with these parties in the future through PURPA, there is even more reason for HELCO to pursue efficient generation on the west side to serve that local load. The initial integration of supply and demand-side resources in the PROSCREEN II model only accounted for generation - related costs. The PROSCREEN II model does not account for transmission requirements beyond interconnection of future generation into the transmission system. As shown in Table 8-4, without consideration of transmission costs, repowering of Hill 5 in 2006 appeared to be the least cost next unit alternative. The PROSCREEN II analysis (without transmission costs) also indicated that if ST - 7 was added in 2006, repowering Hill 5 in 2009 would be a lower cost option than installing a dual train combined cycle at a new West Hawaii site. As further discussed in Appendix N, a separate transmission study was conducted which used the PSSIE (Power System Simulator) model developed by Power Technologies, Inc. to simulate load flows given the three generation resource plans in Table 8-4. The transmission study identified the transmission capital projects (new lines or reconductoring of existing lines), if any, that would be required with each plan, as well as the transmission losses associated with each plan. Estimates of total transmission costs, including capital and losses, are indicated in Table 8-4. Clearly, consideration of total costs, including both transmission and generation, makes a difference in determining the least cost plan. Comparing Plans K7 and HI, generation savings with Plan H1 is outweighed by increased transmission costs incurred with additional East side generation. That is, when transmission costs are accounted for, it is lower cost to i HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration ojSupply and Demand-side Resources add ST -7 at Keahole as the next unit in 2006 than repowering Hill 5. A similar comparison of Plans K7 and KI revealed a slightly higher total cost (generation + transmission) to add a dual train combined cycle at a new West Hawaii site than to repower Hill 5 after ST -7. However, in consideration of the non -cost aspects of siting future generation noted above, HELCO's preference is that the next unit after ST -7 be sited in West Hawaii near the load center. Moreover, increases in West Hawaii load above the base forecast or increases in fuel prices above the reference forecast used in the analysis would result in increased transmission losses and associated costs. Table 84. Plans analyzed in IRP transmission study As a result of this analysis, HELCO's preferred plan includes Keahole ST -7 as the next unit addition in 2006 followed by a dual train combined cycle at a new West Hawaii site. 8.6.3 Future renewable energy development In 1997, about 30 percent of total generation on the HELCO system came from renewable sources, ranking HELCO among the top utilities in the nation in terms of renewable energy as a percent of total generation. HELCO's existing grid - connected renewable sources include geothermal, run -of -the -river hydro and wind. Assuming continued operation of all existing renewable facilities through 2018, year - i epower(KI) HRIS werTRTY 1999 Encogen DTCC 20 -yr DSM Encogen DTCC 20 -yr DSM Encogen DTCC 20 -yr DSM 2 OT 2003 Puna return from standby Puna return from standby Puna return from standby 2004 2005 2006 ea oe Keahole b i -t Hill 5 Repower,ts 2007 2008 2009 West Hl DTCC, 1st CT Hill 5 Repower, 1st CT Hill 5 Repower, 2nd CT and conversion to DTCC 201 11 2012 West H1 UTGC, Zndi epower, 2nd 2013 4 est OCT– 2015 Hill 5 Repower, conversion to DTCC —� 2016 West HI DTCC, conversion 10 DTCC LM2500 SCCT (W. HI) est , st 2018-- rrr 20"yr Generation & DSM Cost 1,322.207 1,317,816 West HI DTCC, 2nd 1,309,495 Difference in Uen & DSM cos " yr I ransmission os Difference in I rens. os otal Uitt.en. & I rans. " 8-20 HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources HELCO would surpass the federal Comprehensive Electricity Competition Plan proposal of a 5.5 percent minimum energy from renewable sources by more than four times over the 20 -year IRP planning period. As shown in Table 8-5, the integration analysis determined that plans with future addition of renewable resources (K2 -K6, Ki 1-K12) are more expensive than a comparable all -fossil plan (KI) within the 20 -year IRP planning horizon. This is true even under a high fuel price sensitivity analysis or including the highest value externality adders. In the 50 -year study period horizon, the plan that adds wind generation has a slightly lower present value of revenue requirements (estimated difference of about $800,000 over a 50 -year period, using the base case fuel forecast). It should be noted that the PROSCREEN II model is not capable of modeling the curtailment of supplemental energy sources, therefore the integration analysis overstates the energy from wind during the minimum load periods. Only if the low capital cost estimate is assumed for geothermal is the plan with geothermal and wind (KS) lower in estimated cost than the all -fossil plan (KI) in the 50 -year study period. All other plans, including the PV and wind plan (K3), hydro and wind plan (K4), pumped storage and wind plan (K6), biomass plan (KI 1) and minimize oil plan (K12), are more expensive than an all -fossil plan even when considering the longer term study period and including the highest value externality adders. Fuel cost savings over the 20 -year IRP planning horizon of all renewable resources considered is not sufficient to offset the higher capital costs of these renewable alternatives relative to oil -fired generation. Supplemental Resources: Supplemental energy sources are those which provide non-firm electrical power. Non-firm means that the generating unit 8-21 does not provide a specified capacity, either at a specified schedule or upon demand of the system. Supplemental energy sources that were considered in this IRP are: • Run -of -river hydropower units • Wind turbines • Photovoltaic panel generating systems A key characteristic of supplemental resources is their unpredictable variability. The output of a run -of -the -river hydro unit depends upon the flow of water available in the river, which can vary significantly over time scales of hours or days. The output of wind turbines can vary significantly from minute to minute. Photovoltaic panel output varies according to the sun angle and cloud cover. Since each of these resources depends either directly or indirectly on the weather, they are non-firm generation sources. HELCO utilizes supplemental resources to reduce fuel oil consumption. The output of these units can, at times, enable HELCO to tum down or tum off units that use oil for fuel. Fuel savings also has the effect of reducing air emissions. To a small extent, incremental additions of supplemental renewable resources will increase the fuel diversity of the system and support the State of Hawaii energy objective to increase the proportion of energy from indigenous and renewable resources. However, there are limitations to the amount of supplemental generation that can be incorporated into the utility system. During minimum demand periods, the supplemental sources can only provide the difference between the minimum output of the baseload units and the system demand. Currently, due to a relatively small margin at the minimum load, HELCO must curtail existing hydro and wind resources. Another operational concern stems from the sometimes rapid variation in wind output due to gusty conditions. HELCO is incurring increased production costs with existing wind resources because of I 4 a C V Z a c � 3 3 s u 3 C y 3 a a J pEj is U d p � _O a . m U y Nn d d •E E � mo d3ai��iaaJ� Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y g _ 3 U > d 5 m m 3 of bmd € c�E33 0 N dao= ado. E.c C< d d i ac�axo.a Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y a C .c E c n 3 E C d a � L N 3— 'n a10i FF mC N o E a :.c o E t E o c a3c�c�axaa N Ct 1n l7 d fD to Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y a c � `3 3 o ro m d rn m d 3 a 3 N V U O b o d U CL 9 O� U d C N d U N d N € L o c ad E 2L a - E �E'c CT J i m ¢3 d d> c9c�axaa Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y � NcoON[Onm�� HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration ojSupply and Demand-side Resources operating reserve that must be carried by oil -fired units capable of regulating system frequency. The operating reserve is necessary to counter excursions of the system frequency away from 60 Hz, such that power quality will not be compromised and load shedding will not occur. Operating reserve increases the cost premium for the wind plan (K2) relative to an all oil -fired plan (K1) within the 20 -year IRP planning period. HELCO is aware of the growing development of the wind industry and the gains that have been made with new technology. These new technologies, however, need to withstand field testing and performance verification. The various advanced wind turbines are currently being field tested at various locations on the mainland. These new advanced wind turbines do not have any significant track record to measure their performance over a long period. As explained in Section 3.4.2, HELCO facilitated an Advisory Group multi - attribute analysis similar to the rank -and - weight method used in IRP -93. While HELCO could not endorse this method for reasons explained in Section 3.4.2, the Advisory Group collectively agreed that this analysis was necessary for them to arrive at consensus on a preferred plan recommendation. The plan with a 4 MW PV unit and a 10 MW wind resource in 2002 (Plan K3) was the highest ranked plan using the Advisory Group method and attribute weights. In consideration of the result of the Advisory Group rank -and -weight analysis which indicated a preference for wind and PV, and the positive aspects of these resources such as fuel savings and reduced emissions, HELCO is proceeding to concentrate its efforts on acquiring additional wind and PV resources as listed below. 8-23 HELCO is currently negotiating with Zond Pacific, Inc. ("Zond") for purchase of as - available energy from a 10 MW windfarm which would be located at Kahua Ranch. HELCO has also received a proposal from Amoco/Enron Solar Power Development ("Amoco/Enron") for purchase of as - available energy from a 4 MW PV resource. These proposed wind and PV resources are similar to the units assumed in the IRP analysis and selected in the Advisory Group's preferred plan. As part of its IRP Action Plan, HELCO will continue to negotiate with Zond and Amoco/Enron for wind and PV resources, respectively. However, in the case that either or both projects do not materialize, HELCO will consider the purchase of wind and/or PV resources through one of the following avenues: a. Renewable Resource Request for Proposal (RFP}—HELCO will develop a Renewable RFP to invite renewable developer(s) to submit a proposal to provide energy to the HELCO system in return for payments at or below HELCO's avoided energy cost; b. Green Pricing Expansion--HELCO will expand and extend the current Green Pricing program filed with the PUC to include a wind and/or photovoltaic projects. HELCO customers will be given the choice to pay a premium for these renewable resources; or C. Utility Installation--HELCO will consider installing a wind and/or a photovoltaic project as part of its utility - owned electrical generating system. This is discussed in more detail in the Supply-side Action Plan in Section 9.2. In addition to these utility scale projects, HELCO and the Big Island community are participating in the federal Million Solar Roofs Program, with a vision to have 20,000 solar systems in place on the Big Island by the year 2010. The types of solar systems include both water heating and HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources photovoltaics. The solar water heating system portion of the vision is reflected in HELCO's Residential Water Heating DSM program and therefore is reflected in HELCO's IRP plan. The photovoltiac systems may involve a number of different types of applications such as remote homes, solar communities, remote water pumping and PV lighting, commercial building rooftop grid -connected systems and residential grid -connected systems. While HELCO envisions having a role in this new PV energy development activity, the precise nature of that role is presently undetermined. Other possible partners in the realization of this vision for the Big Island include the solar industry, government, educational institutions, and related professional groups like architects, realtors, and engineers. As the estimated PV installations in the federal Million Solar Roofs Program is a vision and is still in the conceptual stage, it was not possible to reflect it in HELCO's IRP plan. Firm Renewable Resources Geothermal The Advisory Group developed a plan (K5) with 25 MW of additional geothermal. The Advisory Group actually requested that the geothermal resource be added following ST - 7 in 2009. However, due to potential minimum load constraints and uncertainties in the forecasts, geothermal was added where sufficient margin is forecasted between the system minimum load and minimum baseload capability (see Section 5.2). Geothermal power is normally designed and operated as a baseload resource because it has a high capital cost but essentially no fuel costs. Minimum load conflicts could require future geothermal plants to be designed to be dispatchable and for cycling duty. HELCO recognizes that, if successfully developed and operated, and if it can be integrated with existing resources on the 8-24 system, geothermal can be a highly beneficial source of firm power. Geothermal does not consume fuel oil. It releases relatively insignificant amounts of the criteria pollutants into the atmosphere as compared to fossil fired generation .41 It would increase the ratio of energy from indigenous and renewable resources in support of the State of Hawaii energy objectives, and improve fuel diversity. However, geothermal is only cost-effective if considering a long-term, 50 -year study period horizon and if geothermal can actually be acquired at the low capital cost estimate of about $3,700 per kW. Realization of this installed cost would depend on the number of wells that would have to be drilled to find an adequate geothermal resource to provide 25 MW of firm power, and the cost to drill each well. Enhancing load following capability would probably require more wells at a greater capital cost. Aside from this uncertainty in initial development cost, geothermal faces a number of uncertainties and risks throughout the period in which it is operational. Geothermal facilities are limited to certain areas of the Big Island where there is some risk of either lava flow or earthquake, which could cause long-term damage to the generation facility. Since HELCO depends on geothermal to provide firm capacity to the system, additional geothermal on the system may require HELCO to increase its reserve margin requirement. There is also uncertainty in the long term reliability of geothermal. Steam production could decline unexpectedly, or problems could arise with injection wells. In either case, firm capacity of the geothermal resource would not be 49 see Unit Information Form for 25 MW geothermal in Appendix G, "IRP -98 Supply -Side Resource Option Portfolio Development" (Black & Veatch) HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources maintained. Depending on the magnitude of the deration, HELCO may not be able to serve the system load. In such a situation, restoring firm output would not be immediate, as it would require drilling additional wells. Restoring firm output could be prolonged if permitting is required. Costs could also be prohibitive, since the estimated cost of drilling each well could be as high as $3.5 million, with no guarantee of success in finding an adequate geothermal resource. There are also members of the Big Island community that are strongly opposed to geothermal development, as voiced during recent efforts by PGV to obtain permits from the EPA to continue operation of existing wells and to drill additional wells. These opponents to geothermal say that hydrogen sulfide presents a health risk, that "drawing volcanic steam is an affront to Madame Pele, a goddess of fire in the Hawaiian religion", and that water to the east of the existing PGV plant has been affected.' In consideration of these factors, geothermal was not included in the preferred IRP plan. Biomass The Advisory Group developed two plans (K] l and K12) which added 25 and 50 MW, respectively, of biomass capacity after ST -7. HELCO recognizes that biomass resources have a number of environmental and societal benefits, including: promotion of fuel diversity with the use of banagrass as feedstock, increasing energy from indigenous and renewable resources, consistent with the State of Hawaii energy objectives, reducing total fuel oil consumption, and reducing PM and SOx emissions. While biomass has these favorable attributes, HELCO does not believe that it supports the IRP objective of "«Hearings on drilling to begin tomorrow", The Honolulu Advertiser, April 2, 1998. 8-25 meeting consumer energy needs in a "reliable manner at the lowest reasonable cost' for the following reasons: Biomass resources are still not cost - competitive when compared to conventional technologies, and would thus add a cost -premium to utility ratepayers if implemented. This is true even assuming a high price scenario for fuel oil, including the highest value externality adders or considering the longer term 50 -year study period. Biomass plants carry substantial risks. The dependability as well as the cost of the feedstock may be subject to much variability, as the result of inclement weather or crop damage due to pests. • Opportunities already exist at former sugar plantations to grow and utilize a biomass feedstock. However, none of the former plantations are currently pursuing this, indicating that it may not be economically attractive to do so. Biomass resources require significantly more land area than an equivalent sized oil -fired generating unit for cultivation of the banagrass crop. In order to produce the banagrass necessary to fuel a 25 MW biomass unit, approximately 7600 acres of land are required, which is more than 2000 times the land requirements for an oil -fired unit. Members of the Advisory Group expressed a view that there could be aesthetic value to biomass cultivation over )ands which might otherwise remain fallow. According to EPRI, at this time there are no commercial, dedicated biomass - to -electricity facilities in the United States. Due to these factors, biomass was not included in the IRP preferred plan. Pumped Storage Hydro The Advisory Group suggested a plan that paired a 10 MW wind resource with pumped storage hydro (PSH) in 2009 after the addition of ST -7. The idea behind the HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration ojSupply and Demand-side Resources concurrent installation of wind and PSH was that the negative effects on system frequency of wind fluctuations could be avoided by having wind energy directly provide pumping power for the PSH resource. However, the physical location of wind (Lalamilo) and PSH would not be able to accommodate such a configuration. There are also uncertainties as to whether or not the PSH resource can actually withstand the volatility in power input, as would be realized with wind. Pumped storage can provide system benefits by pumping at, and thereby increasing, the system minimum load. This would serve to reduce the probability that the minimum baseload capability of the system would exceed the minimum load. Storage technologies such as PSH are designed to take advantage of the differential in system production costs between the peak and off- peak periods. If off-peak energy costs for pumping are less than the avoided costs of on -peak generation, even when the pumping cycle efficiency (70% was assumed for PSH) is accounted for, then production cost savings can be achieved. The differential in on -peak and off-peak costs are not wide enough to make PSH cost effective at HELCO. Based on economics, PSH is hardly dispatched in the modeling runs. If the unit were forced to cycle daily in order to increase the system minimum load, the unit would be operating out of economic dispatch and production costs would increase. For IRP analysis purposes, PSH was given partial firm capacity due to its limited availability over a 24 hour period (see section 7.4.5). Even with this assumption, PSH was not cost-effective. With these cost and operational considerations in mind, PSH was not selected as a resource in the preferred plan. 8-26 8.6.4 Distributed Generation In the integration analysis, HELCO found that the installation of multiple 1 MW diesels in 2009 may be cost -competitive with large-scale generation resources. Comparison of plans K1 and K13, for example, show approximately $3.5 million savings in present value of revenue requirements over the 20 -year planning period if seven I MW diesels are installed to defer the unit addition after ST -7. In the plan with 1 MW diesels, generation is added in small increments commensurate with the growth in system load, thus having the potential to defer large-scale generation additions. Distributed generation could also provide system cost savings if it is sited to defer the need for transmission or distribution lines. Operationally, the 1 MW diesels would provide quick -start capability to the system in times of system emergency. The costs and benefits of distributed generation, however, are highly sensitive to the site and case under consideration. The IRP analysis has assumed planning level cost estimates, and the specific location of each 1 MW unit has not yet been identified. Thus, rather than interpreting the integration result as reason to include distributed generation in its preferred plan, HELLO has taken it to mean that distributed generation has the potential to be cost-effective, and further study is warranted. Also, the installation of multiple i MW diesels was not cost-effective over the 50 - year study period. As a component of its Action Plan, HELCO will evaluate distributed generation in further detail on a site-specific basis. This includes identifying specific sites for each unit, refining capital and O&M costs and determining the ability to obtain air, noise and land use permits. Selection of the site and timing of the distributed resource addition may depend on the identification of HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources transmission or distribution projects that can be deferred if distributed generation is located in a certain area. Community acceptance is also a consideration, depending on the proximity of the proposed site to populated areas. If siting and permitting issues can be resolved, the refined cost of distributed generation is determined to be less than or equal to the costs assumed in this IRP planning analysis, and if system benefits can be achieved, then HELCO will pursue installation of distributed resources. Action Plan activities are further detailed in Section 9.2. 8-27 NELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources Figure 8-6. IRP -98 Preferred Plan HELLO IRP -98 PREFERRED INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (1999-2018) 2&rear DSM • Four energy efficiency DSM programs 8.7 IRP -98 PREFERRED PLAN implemented over the 20 -year period, CIES. CINC. 000 1999-2018. The programs include: In consideration of the IRP Framework, Residential Water Heating, Commercial current trends in the electric utility & Industrial Energy Efficiency, environment, forecasts, IRP objectives, Commercial & Industrial New premises and results of the various analyses Construction and Commercial & and Advisory Group input, HELCO Industrial Custom Rebate programs. proposes Finalist Plan K7 as the preferred A forecasted maximum energy integrated resource plan. This preferred efficiency DSM peak impact of about plan is illustrated in Figure 8-6. 15.2 MW, reducing the forecasted peak load in 2018 from 263.6 to 248.4 MW 8.7.1 Demand -Side Features of the A forecasted total energy savings of Preferred Plan roughly 1300 GWh, or about 3 million barrels of oil, from energy efficiency The preferred plan includes the following DSM over the 20 -year planning period. demand-side features: While not an energy efficiency DSM Figure 8-6. IRP -98 Preferred Plan HELLO IRP -98 PREFERRED INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (1999-2018) 2&rear DSM Program. (REWH. CIES. CINC. 000 aosan DTCC I Pa.. neemmr. Keahole ram. Imm KeahWe DTR NS F wndbr DTST 7 1998 199 HCPC Contract Eapiran Rnire Kaah.le D-18,19}0 want Want want want Hawaii Hmami Hawaii H.w.ii DTCr DTCr DTST DT(7r Ph )(A) Ph 2(A) Ph NA) Ph Ira) 001 Ol t 021 031 041 05 , 1 061 071081 091 101 111 121 131 141 1151 161 171 10 kw. Retire Radre Shipman 2 Shipman I MIS Rnire: Waranm D-i,9.)a12,U,1. Kaa.dah.. D-11as.14n.Cr•l K holD-2/,l2jl an e Shipman I sm.dbr: P... Dual -train Combined Cycle Combustion Turbine - steam Turbine with conversion of DTCTs to Combined Cycle Key Elements of Action Plan (1999-2003) -Pursue installation of a wind project andlor photovoltaic facility -Conduct a more refined analysis of distributed generation resources, to determine whether or not they should be implemented •Permitting and engineering activities for Keshole ST -7 •Acquire new West Hawaii site (to support 2009 DTCT) • REWH -Residential Efficient Water Heating CIES - Commercial & Industrial Energy Efficiency CMC - Commercial & Industrial New Construction CICR - Commercial & Industrial Custom Rebate 8-28 HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration ojSupply and Demand-side Resources program, continuation of existing load Keahole 1321-23 and CT -1 (total of 30 management rates and rider contracts MW) upon completion of Phase 2" of are estimated to reduce the system peak the Encogen combined cycle, currently demand by more than 6.7 MW. estimated to be in August 1999 Table 8-6 summarizes the forecasted system peaks with 20 -year DSM impacts of the preferred plan. 8.7.2 Supply -Side Features of the Preferred Plan The preferred plan includes the following supply-side features: Retire Keahole D18-20 (8.25 MW) with the addition of CT -4 and CT -5 in December 1998 Retire Shipman 1, Waimea D8-10 and D12-14 (total of 14.3 MW) upon completion of Encogen Phase 1$1, currently estimated to be in April 1999 Retire Kanoelehua DI 1 and D15-17, • Place the Puna steam unit on cold standby upon completion of Phase 2 of the Encogen combined cycles', currently estimated to be in August 1999 Expiration of the contract between HELCO and HCPC for the purchase of 22 MW of firth capacity on December 31, 1999 Return the Puna steam unit to service from cold stand-by for cycling operation in 2003 Install Keahole ST -7 in 2006, converting CT -4 and CT -5 to an efficient baseloaded dual train combined cycle unit Install a 60.7 MW dual train combined cycle at a new West Hawaii site in phases, with the first phase combustion Table 8-6. Summary of DSM Impacts in the Preferred Plan year Base Peak Forecast, Without Peak Reduction Benefits of DSM Energy Efficiency DSM Peak Reduction Benefit Base Peak Forecast, With Peak Reduction Benefits of DSM Total System Capability for Preferred Plan Gross MW Net MW Gross MW Net MW Gross MW NctMW Gross MW Net MW 1999 172.7 166.8 0.8 0.8 171.9 166.1 239 235 2000 174.4 168.5 1.5 1.5 172.8 167.0 217 213 2001 177.2 171.2 2.3 2.2 174.8 168.9 217 213 2002 180.9 174.7 3.0 2.9 177.9 171.8 217 213 2003 184.9 178.6 3.8 3.7 181.1 174.9 232 228 2004 188.9 182.5 4.6 4.4 184.3 178.0 232 228 2005 193.1 186.5 5.4 5.2 187.7 181.3 232 228 2006 198.8 192.1 6.3 6.1 192.5 186.0 243 238 2007 204.2 197.3 7.2 6.9 197.0 190.4 243 238 2008 209.5 202.4 8.1 7.8 201.4 194.6 243 238 2009 214.7 207.5 9.0 8.7 205.7 198.7 256 251 2010 220.0 212.6 10.0 9.7 210.0 202.9 256 251 2011 226.0 218.4 11.0 10.6 215.0 207.8 256 251 2012 232.3 224.5 11.9 11.5 220.4 213.0 278 272 2013 239.0 230.9 12.9 12.5 226.0 218.4 278 272 2014 245.3 237.0 13.4 13.0 231.8 224.0 278 272 2015 251.7 243.2 14.0 13.5 237.6 229.7 278 272 2016 258.5 249.8 14.6 14.1 243.9 235.7 284 278 2017 265.5 256.6 15.1 14.6 250.4 242.0 305 299 2018 272.8 263.6 15.7 15.2 257.1 2484 305 299 " Consistent with HELCO Rate Case, Docket " Ibid. No. 97-0420 (HELCO T4, p. 43) 51 Ibid. 8-29 HELCO IRP -98 turbine added in 2009. The second combustion turbine and steam turbine would be installed in 2012 and 2016, respectively. Install the first combustion turbine of a second 60.7 MW dual train combined cycle at the new West Hawaii site in 2017. Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources 8.7.2.1 Future Non -Utility Generation The resources in the preferred plan are shown without regard to ownership. While (aside from Encogen) there are no NUG - specific projects shown within the 20 -year planning horizon, this does not mean that there will not be any additional NUG - operated facilities added during the period covered by the IRP. However, a NUG proposal for firm capacity should be consistent with the timing of HELCO's need for additional capacity. HELCO's policy is that any power purchase resources, Proposed or under negotiation, which do not have an executed agreement, will not be shown in the integrated resource plan. 8.7.2.2 Combined Cycle Units in the Preferred Plan Combined cycle units offer substantial flexibility in both installation and operation. Installation in phases can better match load growth and reduce rate shock, and fuel flexibility grants HELCO production cost saving options. This flexibility, detailed in the points that follow, allows HELCO to be responsive to a number of future scenarios. Combined cycle units can be configured in different ways: 1 -on -1: One combustion turbine, with the exhaust heat directed to one heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) with the steam output directed to one steam turbine. 2 -on -1: Two combustion turbines, each one directing exhaust heat to its own HRSG and the two HRSGs directing steam to a single steam turbine. 8-30 Combined cycles offer flexibility in installation and scheduling: In a 1 -on -1 configuration, the combustion turbine and steam turbine can be installed in two separate phases. In the first phase, the combustion turbine would be installed and operated as a simple cycle unit. In the second phase, the HRSG, steam turbine and condenser would be added to form the combined cycle unit. The second phase could be added either when needed to satisfy load growth or when an economic analysis showed that it would be cost-effective to install the second phase and operate the more efficient combined cycle before the capacity was actually needed. In a 2 -on -1 configuration, the two combustion turbines and the steam turbine can be installed in three separate phases. The first phase would be the installation of the first combustion turbine, which would be operated in simple cycle mode. The second phase would be the installation of the second combustion turbine, also operated in simple cycle mode. The third phase would consist of the installation of the two HRSGs, the steam turbine and the condenser to form the 2 -on -1 combined cycle. As an option in the 2 -on -1 combined cycle, the second phase could consist of the installation of one HRSG, the steam turbine and the condenser. In this case, the generating plant would be temporarily configured as a 1 -on -1 combined cycle with an oversized steam turbine and condenser. The third phase would consist of the installation of the second combustion turbine and HRSG. The steam output from this second HRSG would be directed to the same steam turbine. Depending on the cost of fuel and the rate of load growth, this sequence of construction could be more cost-effective than the previously described sequence. HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration ojSupply and Demand-side Resources In addition to the flexibility in the sequence of construction, combined cycles also offer flexibility with respect to scheduling of the phased installation. Depending on the rate of load growth and the cost of fuel, the phases subsequent to the first phase could be accelerated or delayed. In the integration analysis, dual train combined cycles, including repowering options, were given the option to add in the most cost-effective sequence of construction within each developed plan. With only a few exceptions, it was found that the sequence of Phase ]- combustion turbine, Phase 2 - combustion turbine and Phase 3 -steam turbine, 2 HRSGs and condenser was the most economically attractive. Combined cycle units also offer flexibility in terns of the fuels they can burn. Certain models of combustion turbines can burn No.2 diesel, naphtha, medium sulfur fuel oil, or gasified fuels produced from high sulfur fuel oil, coal or a waterfbitumen emulsion. A combined cycle allows operational flexibility because it can operate at low loads during the off-peak hours. A 2 -on -I combined cycle can be designed to operate with only one combustion turbine, one HRSG and the steam turbine and condenser in service (that is, with the other combustion turbine and HRSG off-line). The combined cycle can also be designed to operate with both combustion turbines in service and the steam turbine and condenser out of service. These design features provide maintenance flexibility in that individual components can be taken out of service for planned maintenance without having to take the entire plant out of service. The combined cycle system can also be designed such that the loss of any one turbine -generator of the combined cycle due 8-31 to a forced outage will not result in the loss of more than one-half of the total generating output of the combined cycle. While combined cycle units installed in phases offer substantial flexibility, certain practical considerations must be taken into account before proceeding with implementation. If the entire combined cycle is covered by a single Covered Source Permit for air emissions, there is a requirement that construction be continuous. Depending on the length of time between the phases, this requirement may or may not be met. It may be possible to obtain a variance from this requirement, but this cannot be determined at this time. Equipment warranty conditions must also be considered. For example, conversion of the combustion turbine from simple cycle to combined cycle may take place beyond the period in which the warranty is valid. Considerations such as these will be taken into account at the time firm commitments for purchase are made. 8.7.3 Comparison with the IRP -93 Preferred plan Table 8-7 shows a side-by-side comparison of the preferred resource plan in the current IRP and the preferred resource plan in IRP - 93. Aside from the timing of resource additions, the plans are identical in terms of the type of generation technology added; i.e., phased, dual -train combined cycles. The IRP -98 plan, like its IRP -93 predecessor, includes 20 -year DSM, but at a lower penetration. 8.7.4 Risks and Uncertainties HELCO faces a number of risks and uncertainties in planning future resource additions for the next 20 years. The following paragraphs describe the major uncertainties and their expected impacts on the IRP preferred plan. HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration ojSupply and Demand-side Resources Near-term Unit Additions For IRP purposes, HELCO has assumed that Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 are installed by December 1998 and that the Encogen DTCC is completed by August 1999. Uncertainties associated with, as well as alternatives to these projects, will continue to be addressed as appropriate in near-term contingency planning. Business Environment The business environment for electric utilities is anticipated to be increasingly competitive in the future. If Hawaii follows the trend on the mainland, utility - sponsored DSM programs may be phased out because DSM is not favorable where minimizing rates is of primary importance. The changing business environment for electric utilities may also impact the selection of supply-side resources, where greater emphasis is placed on minimizing costs and rates such that renewable resources and externality considerations will decline in priority within the context of utility resource planning. However, they would continue to be addressed elsewhere such as in legislative activities. Table 8-7. Comparison of IRP -98 and IRP -93 Preferred Plans Year { IRP -96 Prelecmd Plan IRP -93 Prelmled Plan r94 Reassessment) 1994 wa 1995 j DSM (1995-1996, 20-M kom 7999) 20 -yr DSM (19952015) Keanole CT -4/5 19% 1997 Keshole ST -7 1998 Kashole CT4/5 1999 Fneoyen DTCC 2000 i West HI DTCC, 1st CT 2001 /I 2002 2003 Puna raWm horn standby 20D4 West HI DTCC, 2nd CT 2005 2006 Keahole ST -7 2007 2008 I West HI DTCC, conseraion to DTCC 2009 1 West HI DTCC, tsl CT I West HI DTCC, tat CT 2010 2011 2012 West HI DTCC, 2nd CT 2013 2014 2015 2016 West Hl DTCC, conversion to DTCC 21177 West HI DTCC, 1st CT 2018 Forecasts Deviations from the sales and peak forecast may alter the timing of supply-side resource additions. While plans with a combined cycle unit installed in phases are resilient (i.e., they are low cost plans regardless of whether the high, base or low sales and peak forecast is used), deviations from the base sales and peak forecast has a dramatic effect on the timing of firm supply-side resources added to meet load growth. If actual system peaks are higher than the base forecast, additional firm generating capacity may be required earlier. The extent of the 8-32 acceleration will depend on the magnitude of the deviation. On the other hand, if actual system peaks are lower than forecast, the need for firm capacity additions may be deferred. Deviations from the fuel price forecast could alter the optimal mix of demand-side and supply-side resources. Within the range of the 1995 high and low forecast, plans with phased combined cycles are consistently lowest cost. More pronounced, long-term deviations from the base forecast than projected in the 1995 forecast, however, could result in changes to the least cost mix of resources. Demand-side Resources If the actual impacts realized by energy efficiency DSM programs are lower than HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources forecasted, the result could be an earlier need date for the next supply-side unit. Greater than forecasted impacts could result in deferral of the next unit addition, depending on the variance. The uncertainty in future DSM peak impacts is the result of the following conditions: Baseline data: Energy and capacity savings estimates assume certain baseline conditions. However, little baseline data exists on the size of end-use markets, the intensity of electricity use and the penetration of energy-efficient equipment in Hawaii. Market risk: HELCO has designed the DSM plan assuming certain levels of market penetration. To the extent that actual participation is less than expected, forecasted peak and energy savings are less likely to be achieved. Infrastructure risk: The Hawaii market has not had extensive promotion of DSM measures or programs. As a result, many equipment vendors may not have sufficient capacity to meet the demand created by HELCO's DSM programs. Also, the volume of equipment existing in Hawaii may be insufficient to service the programs. Performance risk: Most of the DSM programs rely on equipment to improve energy efficiency. To the extent that the DSM measure does not perform as assumed, the savings may not materialize. Program design: The programs have been designed on the basis of certain technology pairings and equipment sizing protocols. To the extent that these are off -mark, the savings may be less than expected or participation may suffer. The timing of the Commission's approval of, and the commencement of the Company's implementation of future DSM programs could affect the timing of supply - 8-33 side additions. Later than expected implementation of the programs could result in an earlier need for additional firm generating capacity. Supply-side Resources Changes in the relative costs of supply-side technologies could alter the optimal mix of resources. While the cost and performance data for the supply-side technologies were based on the most current data available, improvements in technology or changes in the price of raw products could result in relative shifts in the ranking of generating technologies by cost. This could affect the selection of resources in the least cost plan. The ability to site a power generating facility is also a risk. While the IRP may he definitive in stating its preferred plan or plans, circumstances during actual implementation may warrant changes in assumptions or the plan itself. 8.7.5 Other Scenarios and Impacts on the Preferred Plan The preferred plan is sensitive to a number of variables, such as the sales and peak forecast, the fuel price forecast, projections of DSM penetration and the state of technology at the time the 20 -year IRP plan is developed. Significant changes in the sales and peak forecast or in the expected DSM penetration could change the timing of firm capacity additions. Long-term variances from the fuel price forecast would change the relative cost-effectiveness of candidate generation alternatives, which could result in a change in resource selection. Selection of the preferred plan is also sensitive to the planning context, which determines the relative weighting and importance of each IRP objective. For example, if the utility were subject to retail competition, greater emphasis would be placed on the short-term, meaning end - effects could be given less to no consideration, and the importance of rates HELCO IRP -98 Section 8: Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources could be elevated to the highest priority such that DSM programs would be quickly phased out. Given the uncertainties identified in Section 8.7.4, and possible changes in HELCO's preferred resource plan that could result, HELCO needs the flexibility to pursue plans which would be appropriate in other future scenarios. This would also include implementation of resources as a result of IRP -98 Action Plan activities. The following sections illustrate possible alternative plans and describe the conditions under which each might be pursued. HELCO is not requesting Commission approval of these alternative plans in this IRP -98 filing. 8.7.5.1 Alternate Plan A: Possible acquisition of additional wind and PV facilities This is being addressed as an IRP -98 action plan item. If wind and PV are added at any time during the 20 -year IRP planning period, firm capacity additions in HELCO's preferred plan would not be affected. This plan would be pursued if current negotiations with wind and PV developers result in purchase power contracts for as - available energy. In the case that these currently proposed projects do not materialize, HELCO may also acquire wind and/or PV through the following IRP -98 action plan activities: a. Renewable Resource Request for Proposal (RFP) — HELCO will develop a Renewable RFP to invite renewable developer(s) to submit a proposal to provide energy to the HELCO system in return for payments at or below HELCO's avoided energy cost; b. Green Pricing Expansion — HELCO will expand and extend the current Green Pricing program filed with the PUC to include a wind and/or photovoltaic projects. HELCO 8-34 customers will be given the choice to pay a premium for these renewable resources; or c. Utility Installation — HELCO will consider installing a wind and/or a photovoltaic project as part of its utility - owned electrical generating system. 8.7.5.2 Alternate Plan B: Possible installation of Distributed Generation resources As part of the IRP -98 supply-side action plan, site-specific analyses will be conducted to determine the cost- effectiveness of specific distributed generation applications. This alternate plan would be implemented if the action plan analyses find that the benefits of installing distributed technologies exceed the costs. While multiple 1 MW distributed diesels considered in the IRP -98 analysis derived cost savings through deferral of centrally located, large-scale units, generation may or may not be deferred in actuality. Realization of capacity deferral would depend on the magnitude and timing of the distributed capacity installed. Distributed generation could also be installed prior to system capacity need if, for example, it can accrue sufficient T&D deferral benefits to justify its cost. Since the timing and size of possible future distributed generation projects are presently unknown, its effect on the timing of supply- side additions in the IRP preferred plan cannot be determined at this time. 8.7.5.3 Alternate Plans Cl, C2 and C3: Alternatives to firm capacity additions in West Hawaii The preferred IRP -98 plan includes the installation of ST -7 at Keahole to complete the dual train combined cycle (DTCC) in 2006. Subsequent phased DTCCs in the preferred plan are assumed to be located at a new West Hawaii site. HELCO IRP -98 Section 8. Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources Installation of efficient generation closer to the load in West Hawaii is desirable to achieve both transmission cost savings and improvements in area reliability. However, uncertainties do exist in the implementation of HELCO's preferred course of action. Completing the DTCC at Keahole with the addition of ST -7 in 2006 would require HELCO to re -apply for its air permit, due to a continuous construction provision in the existing air permit for the Keahole DTCC (CT -4, CT -5, ST -7). In order to implement the 2009 phased DTCC on the west side, HELCO must first acquire a site in West Hawaii. If, for whatever reason, ST -7 cannot be installed, HELCO's next best alternative would be to accelerate construction of the West Hawaii DTCC in the preferred plan. Although there would be some efficiency loss without ST -7, HELCO would maintain the strategy of installing generation closer to the load on the West side. The resulting plan is illustrated as Alternate Plan Cl in Figure 8-7. If the new West Hawaii site cannot be acquired to meet the capacity need date, whether it be as an alternate to ST -7 or for the subsequent DTCC, the IRP -98 analysis has identified repowering on the East side as the next best alternative to firm generating capacity in West Hawaii. Repowering options include conversion of the existing Hill 5 or Hill 6 steam units to dual train combined cycle, or conversion of Puna CT - 3 and the Puna steam unit to DTCC. The IRP -98 analysis determined Hill 5 repowering to be the least cost repowering alternative in the 20 -year IRP planning period. However, this result is due to an assumption made in the analysis that Hill 5 would retire in 2015 upon reaching its 50 - year expected service life, if not repowered prior to this date. The analysis demonstrated that, for Hill 5, it is more expensive to replace the retired capacity 8-35 with new capacity than to incur the cost of repowering. Cost estimates for repowering used in the analysis did not take into account possible life extension costs for the Hill 5 turbine generator. Hill 6 and Puna have planned retirement dates outside of the 20 -year IRP planning horizon (past 2018, based on a 50 -year expected service life for steam units). Therefore, unlike Hill 5, Hill 6 and Puna had the option of continued operation through 2018 if not repowered. Plans that do not opt for repowering of Hill 6 and Puna require less new generation capacity over the 20 -year planning period. For Hill 6 and Puna, the analysis showed that although the repowered units are more efficient than the existing units, this efficiency benefit was not enough to offset the cost of additional new capacity in the plan. While the PROSCREEN II analysis points to Hill 5 repowering as the least cost repowering alternative, other project viability considerations, such as permitting, would have to be examined in the determination of which repowering option should be pursued. Additional analysis would be performed if HELCO is faced with not being able to complete the Keahole DTCC with ST -7 or if the Company is unable to acquire a new West Hawaii site. The resulting plan (shown with Hill 5 repowering) with repowering as an alternative to ST -7 is illustrated as Alternate Plan C2 in Figure 8-8. Plan C3 in Figure 8- 9 shows the unit additions if ST -7 is installed, but repowering serves as an alternate to the next West Hawaii dual train combined cycle. HELCO IRP -98 Section 8.' Integration of Supply and Demand-side Resources Figure 8-7. Alternate Plan C1 ALTERNATE INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN Cl: Wnt ACCELERATE WEST HAWAII DTCC (No ST -7) H.w.ii DSM DTCT Ee Ph 2(A) Eftidmq /_ Progn E.wts West Wnt Wmt Wnt west DTCC P... atnm H.w.ii Hawaii H.wai) H.w.ii H.."Keahwl Mn. from DTR DTR DTST DTR DTR DTR W5 wm.dbr Pb 1(A) Pb 2(A) Ph 3(A) Ph 1(g) Ph 2(H) 1998 1 99 11 J HCPC Co.tnct E:pirv. Refire Keaho D -I9.19,20 001 011 021 031 041 051 1 Redm ski,.. 3 Refire: W.imm D-S.f,lO.11.11,1� K. ' ' . D-11,15.16,17,CT-1 Kmhale D -21.22y Sbipma. 1 Sm.dlry: h.. [LMfDTCambo.dn T.rbi.e (20 MW) DTStrom T.rbi.e (15MW) wM cp."nio..f DTR, t. C.mbi.ed Crde (58 MR') D -D. Al3CrHH2C r1R11 \. 11 0991 101 111 121 131 141 1 161 171 18 Retia Reom Skip... 4 Hill 5 DSM Eeem ERcience(20.3<.r pmr.m): CIEE-C.mm.rd.l & Wdmnial E..v EfSdnry CINC- Cemnerd.l & l.d.ttri.l New C..,. fi . CICR - Commerd.l & i.datrid C.I. Reb.n REWH-Rd ..fi.l Effidnt W.tn Head.` ALTERNATE INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN C2: REPOWERING (HILL 5) AS NEXT UNIT IN 2006 (No ST -7) DSM E.erty ERrimry K .bole DTR 45 1998 199 i iI I HRC Cont. Eaprt, Rein Ke.hole 16I11,1930 E.cotea Hill 5 Hill 5 Repower DTCC P... M. It p .r DTR..4 mem ram DTR wnverdw m ...db, Ph 1 DTCC 00 1 01 1 02 1 03 1 04 1 05 1 061 071 081 1 Amin lndrt Ship...3 Shipman. Resin: W.imm D-9,9,10.12,13,16 l .o b.. 611.15,16,17.8-1 Ke.hde o-21,22.0 ship... 1 S..dbr: hu I e9end: DTCT - Cembmdo. T.rbioe (20 MW ) DTST - Strom T.rbi.e (1tMW I with canntvee .f DTR, to C....ed C9cn (59 MW) 8-36 Wmt Wnt R.wdi H.w.ii DTR DTCT Ph I(A) Ph 2(A) 1 /_ 111 121 J 191 19 161 171 18 DSM E.em ERdm9vl20.nar prmnn): CIEE - Commerdd & ledmd.l E.e Md.., CINC- C.mmetdd & l.d.,mid New C..nucha. CICR - C...6.1 & l.d.li Cmnn Aebme REWH. Rm lizl Erodes Wane Hndat HELCD IRP -98 Section 8: Integration ojSupply and Demand-side Resources Figure 8-9. Alternate Plan C3 ALTERNATE INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN C3: ST -7 IN 20069 REPOWERING (HILL 5) IN 2009 DSM 091 10 111 112 1 131 1d 1 15 116 117 Ito Energy HCPC R.arc PC ReOn Shipme 3 C.n tt Enid." e Eapirn Retirr. Hot" Wainn D49.10.12,23.14 Progrvm. DSM Eaem Elrtdeuna&v.ar 0rveraml: K. W. D-12,19,20 KaOadebaa D-11,15,16,19,CT-1 K"hole 0.21,2213 CIEE-Cennerdal & ledmtriel E.. Effiamq Sbipman 1 Enrogen Hill Hill Hill Wnt DTCC Pana don Rep.w<r R.pown Reposer Hawaii K. W. frvn Knbole DTR DTCr mn.W. DTCr rmini. DTCr WS aundby DTST 7 Pb 1 Ph 2 tw DTCC ft,(,) — 1998 99 Dol 01 l 021 031 041 051061 07 l 081 091 10 111 112 1 131 1d 1 15 116 117 Ito HCPC R.arc PC ReOn Shipme 3 C.n tt Shipmn e Eapirn Retirr. Hot" Wainn D49.10.12,23.14 DSM Eaem Elrtdeuna&v.ar 0rveraml: K. W. D-12,19,20 KaOadebaa D-11,15,16,19,CT-1 K"hole 0.21,2213 CIEE-Cennerdal & ledmtriel E.. Effiamq Sbipman 1 CINC-C..t,t"al & IntlutriN Neu Comtrvetioa Smdby: Puna CICR- & I.tluftrlW Cnton Rebate REWH - Rnid.6.1 ERamt Water H-6-1 Leee"d: DTCT- Cembnaoe Turbine (20 MW) DTSr - St.. Turbie< (UMW) wile .onvenios of DTCra to Cenbieed Cyd. (52 MW) 8-37 9. ACTION PLANS rrxs�rar.� Section 9: Action Plans This section describes the process by which and will continue to identify methods by HELCO's long-range resource program which the programs can be better plans are scheduled for implementation over targeted, implemented and the five-year period 1999 to 2003. This administered. Evaluations should focus includes, for each of the five years, the both on the process of implementation programs or phases of programs to be as well as the measurement of impacts. implemented, the expected level of Programs will continue to be adjusted as achievement, the expected level of the implementation process moves penetration of any DSM program, the forward. The DSM plans must be expected supply-side capacity additions, and flexible and allowed to change over the the estimated expenditures that would be IRP cycle as experience with the DSM required by the utility in order to implement programs is developed. each resource. The Residential Direct -Install Effort 9.1 DEMAND-SIDE (referred to as the Residential Retrofit MANAGEMENT (DSM) ACTION Program in the 1996 and 1997 M&E PLAN Reports and A&S Reports) will make free energy efficiency measures available to qualified customers which 9.1.1 Overview include those with delinquent bills due to medical needs or other hardships. HELCO developed a broad and aggressive HELCO is working with community DSM plan as part of IRP -93. The objectives organizations, government and the of the DSM plan were to: company credit division to identify • Acquire cost-effective energy efficiency potential participating customers. and peak reduction resources that were Budget flexibility shall continue to be less expensive than supply alternatives; required as some programs will exceed Enhance customer value by providing their goals and others will fall short due energy services not previously offered to customer interest and market by the Company; and conditions. • Promote technologies which are environmentally sensitive and minimize Baseline data collection efforts shall be environmental damage to Hawaii's implemented to strengthen the basis for unique ecosystem. DSM planning in the next IRP cycle. (The baseline data consist of the In IRP -98, HELCO has elected to continue prototypical costs and energy usage to maintain and develop the DSM resources characteristics of existing facilities and identified in IRP -93. These resources newly designed and built facilities that include the approved existing energy are used as the base cases in DSM efficiency programs described in Section 6. program planning.) These information gathering efforts should focus on the 9.1.2 Planned Tasks and Activities data most critical to the development of the plan, and that which is subject to the greatest uncertainty in the plan In order to implement the DSM Action development phase of the programs. Plan, there are a number of activities that must continue to be accomplished. Several actions are included in the task and HELCO will continue to monitor the activity statement to reflect these concerns. DSM programs for their effectiveness First, an evaluation plan has been developed 9-1 HELCO IRP -98 and implemented. This evaluation plan is dependent on the specific methods used to implement the program and will highlight the timing of evaluation efforts, the types of information to be produced, the data that must be collected in order to generate the measurements, and the costs of evaluation. This plan must continue to be conducted. HELCO believes that the DSM plans must continue to be flexible and must continue to be adjusted as experience in DSM implementation is gained. To provide information to the Commission and interested parties on the progress and upcoming changes to the DSM program, HELCO has already filed Annual Program Modification and Evaluation (M&E) Reports on DSM activities for 1996 and 1997, in addition to the annual IRP and DSM Action Plan Updates. Another M&E Report will be filed in November I998 covering program modifications to be implemented in calendar year 1999. To recover costs for the programs, HELCO has filed Annual Program Accomplishments and Surcharge (A&S) Reports in 1997 and 1998. The 1998 A&S Report, filed on March 20, 1998, provided information on program accomplishments, costs, shareholder incentives earned, and surcharge activity for calendar year 1997. The 1999 A&S Report will be filed in March 1999 covering calendar year 1998. Finding the need to allow program flexibility to deal with the market between the annual program plan reasonable, the Commission approved HELCO's request to have the ability to: (1) carry unspent program funds forward into future program years; (2) decrease customer incentives during a program year if a program is significantly oversubscribed before the end of the program year; and (3) exceed a yearly program budget by not more than 25 per cent if a program is oversubscribed and lower incentive levels appear to reduce customer participation. As described in its 9-2 Section 9: Action Plans two annual DSM reports, HELCO has found it necessary to utilize only the first of these abilities in the first year of program implementation. Finally, HELCO recognizes that substantial amounts of baseline information gathering will be required for the next IRP, which will be filed three years after this IRP -98 is filed. Since these activities are closely linked with the measurement and evaluation activities, a baseline information gathering plan was developed and implemented along with the measurement and evaluation plans. The implementation steps now under way and that will continue include: 1. Ongoing Staffing, Training, and Program Procedures. 2. Ongoing Measurement and Evaluation Activities. Two reports are to be filed at the end of every even -numbered year. (See Table 9-1 for reporting schedule.) The Commercial and Industrial Impact Evaluation Report will report on the measurement and evaluation of the savings achieved by the commercial and industrial sector programs. The Residential Impact Evaluation Report will report on the measurement and evaluation of the actual savings achieved by the residential sector programs. 3. Prepare Annual Reports - Two reports are to be filed in each year. The Annual Program Modification and Evaluation Report, intended to be filed in the Fall of each year, will propose modifications to the program design, marketing, and implementation strategy. It will also set new goals for the coming year and establish budgets. Evaluation results for the previous year will also be introduced through this report. The second report is the Annual Program Accomplishments and Surcharge Report. This report, intended HELCO IRP -98 to be filed in the Spring of each year, describes the accomplishments of the program and reassesses the cost- effectiveness of the DSM programs. Costs will be reported for the previous year, and surcharges necessary to recover the current years projected expenditures for the DSM program, reconciliation of the previous year's over or under collection of DSM -related costs, and resulting lost margins will be proposed. In addition, the surcharge for the previous years shareholder incentive will be calculated. 4. Prepare Next IRP Plan. Activities are being considered to develop the DSM programs for the next IRP. Based on these tasks, a schedule for DSM plan implementation is provided in Table 9- 1. Section 9: Action Plans In order to mitigate the risks described in Section 6 with respect to the DSM programs, HELCO has undertaken, and will continue to undertake, the following efforts: Baseline Data Collection - A substantial baseline data collection effort will continue to be undertaken to 1) prepare information for the next IRP cycle, 2) support program planning as information becomes available, and 3) support market assessment and demand forecasting efforts. The baseline data collection plan, prepared and filed with the evaluation plan, will continue to he implemented in order to coordinate data collection efforts and reduce costs. Measurement and Evaluation - Considerable measurement and evaluation efforts are being undertaken as part of the programs. These Table 9-1. Projected Schedule of DSM Plan Implementation Task Start End 1. Ongoing Staffing, Training, & Program Procedures 11/15/95 On-going 1.1 Hire Staff & Acquire Contractors as Required 11/15/95 On-going 1.2 Conduct Training as Required 11/15/95 On-going 2. Ongoing Measurement & Evaluation Activities 1/1/98 7/1/03 2.1 1998 M&E Activities 1/1/98 6/30/98 2.2 1999 M &E Activities 1/1/99 6/30/99 2.3 2000 M&E Activities 1/l/00 6/30/00 2.4 2001 M&E Activities 1/1/01 6/30/01 2.5 2002 M&E Activities 1/1/02 6/30/02 2.6 2003 M&E Activities I/1/03 6/30/03 3. Prepare Annual Reports 611198 411/03 3.1a 1998 Program Modification and Evaluation Report 6/1/98 11/1/98 3.1b 1999 Program Accomplishments and Surcharge Report 1/1/99 4/1/99 3.2a 1999 Program Modification and Evaluation Report 6/1/99 11/1/99 3.2b 2000 Program Accomplishments and Surcharge Report 1/1/99 4/1/00 3.3a 2000 Program Modification and Evaluation Report 6/1/99 11/1/00 3.3b 2001 Program Accomplishments and Surcharge Report 1/1//00 4/1/01 3.4a 2001 Program Modification and Evaluation Report 6/1/00 11/01/01 3.4b 2002 Program Accomplishments and Surcharge Report 1/1/01 4/1/02 3.5a 2002 Program Modification and Evaluation Report 6/1/01 11/01/02 3.5b 2003 Program Accomplishments and Surcharge Report 1/1/02 4/1/03 4. Prepare Next IRP Plan 1/l/00 9/1/01 9-3 HELCO IRP -98 evaluations will continue to be used not only to measure the impacts of the programs, but also to diagnose what aspects of the programs are working well and which parts can be improved. One component of the effort will be a Net -to -Gross Study. This study will attempt to determine what portion of each program's participants are freeriders - participants who would have installed the measure even if the program had not been available. The study will rely on interviews and surveys of a sampling of participants to ascertain the actual impact of the programs on their actions. Work with Vendors and Contractors - Even before the programs were officially rolled out, HELCO worked successfully with vendors and contractors to identify and resolve problems in the DSM programs. HELCO expects to increase the frequency of contact with these trade allies to be able to monitor problems that can occur and identify actions HELCO can take to assure performance from the trade allies. Research and Development - Some of the concerns about equipment performance stem from the lack of operating data in the Hawaii environment. Thus, HELCO will initiate, where appropriate, pilot programs or exploratory research to determine the viability of DSM options and identify appropriate design options for Hawaii. HELCO has already completed pilot lighting programs in the commercial and industrial and residential sectors. A potential future pilot program will look at residential load control in conjunction with HECO's planned Residential Load Control (RLC) DSM program. 9-4 Section 9: Action Plans Load Management DSM Programs - HELCO has elected not to pursue load management DSM programs at this time. Instead, it will focus its efforts on acquiring additional curtailed loads in load management rates and rate riders. • Annual Program Plans - Finally, because DSM is a new enterprise to Hawaii and HELCO, HELCO will continue to update program plans on an annual basis. The purpose of the updates is to modify the programs in order to best acquire the DSM resource based on lessons learned from operation of the programs. 9.1.3 Impacts The recorded 1996 and 1997 incremental impacts, the short-term forecasted 1998 incremental impacts, and the intermediate- term 1999-2003 incremental impacts of the DSM Action Plan are provided in Tables 9- 2 and 9-3. The 1996 and 1997 incremental impacts, as well as the short-term forecasted 1998 incremental impacts, were obtained from the 1998 A&S Report filed on March 20, 1998. The 1996, 1997, and 1998 impacts have been adjusted to the net generation level assuming a total loss factor of 11.68% of gross generation and a system loss factor of 8.64% of net generation. (E.g., from Table I of the 1998 A&S Report, the 1997 system level impacts for the CIEE program were 2.999155 GWh and 0.384 MW, net of free riders. These values were multiplied by [1-11.68%)/[1-8.64%1, or 96.673%, to obtain the values in Tables 9.2 and 9.3 respectively.) The intermediate- term 1999-2003 incremental impacts were derived from Section 6, Assessment of Demand -Side Resources. After 1999, the incremental impacts were obtained by subtracting prior year cumulative impacts (e.g. the 2000 incremental impacts for the CIES program was derived by subtracting 4.10-1.66 GWh and 0.58-0.30 MW). HELCO IRP -98 A major factor that could alter the DSM Action Plan is the advent of a significant level of wholesale and retail electricity market competition. Since the costs of the energy efficiency programs (i.e. the CIEE, CINC, CICR, and RE" programs), in conjunction with their associated sales reductions, result in higher rates, HELCO would have to take into serious consideration the rate impacts of these programs on HELCO's competitive position. In its 1997 Contingency Plan Update, HELCO elected not to pursue load management DSM programs at this time. Instead, it will focus its efforts on acquiring additional curtailed loads in load management rates and rate riders. 9.1.4 Expenditure Schedules The recorded 1996 expenditures, estimated 1997 expenditures, and forecasted 1998- 2003 expenditure schedules for the programs in the DSM Action Plan are provided below in Tables 9-4 through 9-7. Section 9: Action Plans As explained in the previous section, the advent of significant wholesale and retail electricity market competition may alter the expenditure schedules for all. energy efficiency programs. Table 9-2. Summary of DSM Action Plan Incremental Energy Savings (GWh) Program 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 CIEE 1.35 2.90 2.68 1.66 2.44 2.17 3.16 2.05 CINC 0.11 0.72 0.56 0.30 0.70 0.90 1.60 1.20 CICR 0.02 0.24 0.23 0.40 1.08 0.81 0.84 0.88 REWH 0.48 1.07 1.75 0.64 1.14 1.11 1.60 1.05 HESH 3.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 5.20 4.93 5.23 3.00 5.36 4.99 7.20 5.18 Table 9-3. Summary of DSM Action Plan Incremental Peak Impacts(MW) Program 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 CIEE 0.198 0.371 0.409 0.300 0.280 0.250 0.160 0.210 CINC 0.018 0.082 0.079 0.100 0.100 0200 0.100 0.200 CICR 0.005 0.037 0.037 0.100 0.110 0.120 0.120 0.130 REWH 0.121 0.260 0.433 0.250 0.240 0.230 0.220 0.230 HESH 1.273 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Total 1.615 0.750 0.958 0.750 0.730 0.800 0.600 0.770 9-5 HELCO IRP -98 Table 9-4. Expenditure Schedule for CIEE Program ($000) Section 9: Action Plans Expense Type 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Incentives 91 201 200 96 89 85 83 83 Direct Labor 27 32 59 59 61 63 65 67 Outside Services 177 192 357 263 270 279 288 298 Advertising/Marketing 25 30 51 53 55 56 58 60 Materials, Travel, & Misc. 21 11 10 10 10 10 11 11 Total 342 466 676 481 484 493 505 519 'Expected 1998 expenditures are as provided in the 1998 A&S Report. Expenditures for 1999-2003 are as provided in Chapter 6. Table 9-5. Expenditure Schedule for CINC Program ($000) Expense Type 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Incentives 12 73 60 147 149 206 229 247 Direct Labor 6 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 Outside Services 25 34 77 60 61 63 65 67 Advertising/Marketing - 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 Materials, Travel, & Misc. 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total 44 128 161 230 235 294 320 341 'Expected 1998 expenditures are as provided in the 1998 A&S Report. Expenditures for 1999-2003 are as provided in Chapter 6. Table 9-6. Expenditure Schedule for CICR Program ($000) Expense Type 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Incentives 2 19 40 45 48 50 52 55 Direct Labor 3 9 6 6 6 6 6 7 Outside Services 12 24 61 30 31 32 33 34 Advertising/Marketing - 7 10 10 10 11 11 11 Materials, Travel, & Misc. 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 18 60 117 91 95 99 103 107 "Expected 1998 expenditures are as provided in the 1998 A&S Report. Expenditures for 1999-2003 are as provided in Chapter 6. Table 9-7. Expenditure Schedule for REWH Program ($000) Expense Type 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Incentives 173 393 547 275 268 257 251 248 Direct Labor 65 57 57 57 59 61 63 65 Outside Services 414 258 303 216 237 245 253 262 Advenising/Marketing 42 56 59 59 61 63 65 67 Materials, Travel, & Misc. 12 11 62 37 38 39 41 42 Total 706 775 1,029 659 662 665 672 683 *Expected 1998 expenditures are as provided in the 1998 A&S Report. Expenditures for 1999-2003 are as provided in Chapter 6. •• 1996 Expenses include HESH costs of $204,401. M HELCO IRP -98 Section 9: Action Plans '•4 9.2 SUPPLY-SIDE ACTION PLAN 9.2.2 SRO Action Plan Activities 9.2.1 Overview Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. ("HELCO") last updated its five-year action plan for Supply Side Resource Options ("SRO") in the IRP Annual Evaluation in July 1997 in Docket No. 7259. This update of the SRO Action Plan includes an update of HELCO's SRO activities and expenditures scheduled for implementation over the five-year period 1999 - 2003. HELCO's SRO action plan activities are focused on the planning for generating unit additions in the 1999 - 2003 service date time frame. Activities for the Keahole ST - 7 unit fall within this time frame. HELCO's next unit addition after Keahole ST -7 is a simple cycle combustion turbine targeted for installation in 2009 and identified as DTCT-PHI. The current plans call for this unit to be installed at a new West Hawaii generation site. Included in the SRO action plan are the site selection and site acquisition efforts to support this DTCT-PHI unit. HELCO has also included a plan to further investigate the cost effectiveness of distributed generation utilizing 1 MW diesel engines. Renewable energy activities are also provided. Keahole ST -7 The current plans for the installation of ST -7 and the subsequent conversion of CT -4 and CT -5 into a dual trained combined cycle unit call for a service date of 2006. Although the planned service date for ST -7 falls outside the scope of the 5 -year action plan, project activities such as permitting and engineering need to occur within the 5 - year planning period. A summary of the estimated annual expenditures for the Keahole project is provided in Table 9-8. 2. West Hawaii Site Acquisition HELCO's current base plan includes the phased installation of a dual trained combined cycle plant to be located at a new site in West Hawaii. The first two phases, simple cycle combustion turbines CT -6 and CT -7 have target service dates of 2009 and 2012 respectively. Although these service dates fall well outside the scope of the five-year action plan period, HELCO will begin efforts to select and acquire the new West Hawaii site within the five-year action plan period with the intent of securing the new site prior to initiating permitting and engineering efforts on the CT -6 unit. Siting studies for this West Hawaii unit began with the 1988 West Hawaii Site Study. Since that time, HELCO has worked with landowners of the top sites recommended by the 1988 Study, as well as landowners for areas not included in the initial study, to acquire Table 9-8. Summary of Keahole ST -7 Expenditures ($000) 9-7 Prior Future Resource Years1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Years Total Keahole ST -7 898 0 100 0 0 0 40,508 41,506 9-7 HELCO !RP -98 a site for development of the power generation facility. Once the issues of concern are addressed with the landowners, HELCO plans to conduct a site evaluation study which is intended to select the most suitable site for HELCO's long term generation needs in West Hawaii. A summary of the major milestones is provided in Table 9-9. A summary of the estimated annual expenditures for the West Hawaii site acquisition activities is provided in Table 9-10. Costs are shown in 1998 dollars with no AFUDC. As stated in HELCO's June 1998 Generation Resource Contingency Plan Update, if CT -4 and CT -5 are installed by early 1999, but the Encogen PPA is not approved, or is terminated, one of HELCO's contingency options is to install generation at a new West Hawaii site. Or, if CT4 and CT -5 and the Encogen facility are delayed, one of HELCO's options is to install new capacity at a new site. S° If this contingency option is implemented, HELCO may have to acquire the West Section 9: Action Plans Hawaii site sooner than indicated in the schedule presented in Table 9-9. 3. Distributed Generation HELCO's initial analysis in IRP -98 shows that distributed generation in the form of 1 MW diesel engines has the potential to be cost effective. IRP -98 evaluated the case where multiple 1 MW diesels are added in 2009 to defer the next generating unit after ST -7. Some of the potential benefits include the ability to defer large capital additions, flexibility to add generation commensurate with load growth, potential to manage rate impacts, ability to provide T&D benefits depending on location, and quick start capability. In order to conduct a more refined analysis of the use of distributed generation, HELCO plans to conduct studies to identify sites which can be prime candidates for distributed generation. This will allow HELCO to better define site specific costs such as permitting, interconnection, fueling, and overall design. Once sites are identified, specific T&D and other system benefits can also be assessed. These costs and benefits could then be 1 aote Y -Y. Jammary a1 PlMlu' mucawu . ...�. ..o.. o.. .,... .y...,..... Complete site acquisition negotiations 2002 File PUC application to acquire site 2003 Receive PUC approval to acquire site 2004 Tahle 9-1n_ Summary of West Hawaii Site Acquisition Expenditures ($000) Prior Futuqtj Resource Years 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year West Hawaii Site Acquisition 0 50 50 50 50 50 950 ' HELCO Generation Resource Contingency Plan Update #4, Docket No. 96-0029, June 1998, P. 19. 9-8 HELCO IRP -98 Section 9: Action Plans - compiled and analyzed against the costs Proposal (RFP) — HELCO will develop 1 used in the IRP planning analysis to a Renewable RFP to invite renewable determine if distributed generation developer(s) to submit a proposal to should be implemented. The study is provide energy to the HELCO system in planned to be initiated in 2002 and return for payments at or below completed by 2003 such that the results HELCO's avoided energy cost; of the study can be used in HELCO's b. Green Pricing Expansion — HELCO 2004 IRP. Evaluation in the 2004 IRP will expand and extend the current should allow sufficient time for possible Green Pricing program filed with the implementation of distributed diesels in PUC to include a wind and/or the 2009 timeframe. Costs to complete photovoltaic projects. HELCO such a study should not exceed $50,000. customers will be given the choice to 393 pay a premium for these renewable 4. Renewable Resource Acquisition resources; or To increase renewable energy c. Utility Installation — HELCO will development and public awareness and consider a wind and/or a photovoltaic to meet state policy objectives for the project as part of its utility -owned increased use of renewable energy, electrical generating system. HELCO will continue to pursue a renewable energy installation. In the Table 9-11 shows a summary of the event that current negotiations with major milestones for the Renewable renewable energy developers for a wind Resource Acquisition work effort. farm and photovoltaic facility do not Table 9-12 shows an expenditure result in a power purchase agreement, schedule for the Renewable Resource HELCO will consider the purchase of a Acquisition. wind project and/or a photovoltaic project from other renewable energy 5. Renewable Energy Activities developers and manufacturers through The following renewable energy the following options: activities will continue throughout the a. Renewable Resource Request for IRP five-year action plan. Table 9-11. Summary of Major Milestones for Renewable Resource Acquisition Complete on-going negotiations' December 1999 Evaluate renewable resource acquisition options' January 2000 Develop renewable energy acquisition option January 2001 Implement renewable resource acquisition option January 2002 ' estimated milestone date—negotiations may be completed earlier or may extend beyond milestone date ' only if current negotiations does not result in a power purchase agreement Table 9-12. Expenditure Schedule Renewable Resource Acquisition (5000) Previous 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Later Total Labor Non -Labor 90 0 25 15 26 66 27 36 29 24 30 25 0 0 227 166 TOTAL 90 40 92 63 53 55 0 393 HELCO IRP -98 Section 9: Action Plans 9-10 and/or a photovoltaic project from a. PUC Renewable Energy Action Plan other renewable energy developers Implementation and/or manufacturers (see p. 9-9). HELCO will continue its commitment Schedule: on-going to assist in renewable energy 4) Participate in and monitor on-going development as presented in the PUC renewable energy research, Renewable Energy Resource development and demonstration Investigation, Docket No. 94-0226. ("RD&D") projects. HELCO's renewable energy work Accomplishment: efforts as documented in the docket a) A 1.5 kW demonstration remote report are listed below: photovoltaic system has been installed at the Ahalanui County I) Implement demand-side Beach Park. management ("DSM") programs b) A 15 kW grid -connected that utilize solar renewable photovoltaic system located on resources, and that shift load from the County of Hawaii Kona on -peak to off-peak periods. gymnasium has been Accomplishment: HELCO is operational since 1995. implementing this DSM program. c) A pilot program has begun to Future: HELCO will continue this evaluate remote photovoltaic program. residential and lighting Schedule: on-going technologies. 2) Streamline and simplify the Grant monies have been secured permitting process for renewable from Federal sources including resources. Sandia National Laboratories and Accomplishment: HECO has met the UPVG to supplement the cost of with Department of Business, these activities. Economic Development & Tourism Future: HELCO will continue to (DBEDT, lead agency) on this examine potential projects. HELCO issue. will also consider a demonstration Future: HECO and its subsidiaries wind turbine at its Lalamilo wind will work with DBEDT this issue. farm. Schedule: on-going Schedule: on-going 3) Facilitate (through the purchase of 5) Develop and implement a limited power) the implementation of number of RD&D projects targeted renewable projects that are currently to Hawaii -specific barriers. cost-effective. Accomplishment: HELCO assisted Accomplishment: HELCO is the Pacific International Center for currently negotiating with several High Technology Research work on renewable developers. the wind/battery/pumped storage Future: HELCO will continue to hydroelectric demonstration facility. work to complete these Unfortunately, the operation of the negotiations. In the event that wind/pumped storage hydroelectric current negotiations with renewable system was not completed. energy developers for a wind farm Future: HELCO will explore and a photovoltaic facility does not funding options that could be used result in power purchase for the completion of the agreements, HELCO will consider wind/pumped storage hydroelectric the purchase of a wind project 9-10 HELCO /RP -98 A 7) project and will continue to examine potential projects. Schedule: on-going Implement a "Green Pricing" program. Accomplishment: HECO and its subsidiaries' Sun Power for Schools pilot program is in place. A pool of funds from the utilities, customer contributions, and Federal government are directed towards the photovoltaic installations at public high schools. Two -kW photovoltaic systems have been installed at Kaimuki, Waianae, and McKinley High Schools on Oahu. One -kW systems are installed at Baldwin (Maui) and Kealakehe (Hawaii) High Schools. Future: Similar installations are planned for Waipahu, Campbell, Mililani, and Waialua on Oahu, Molokai High School on Molokai, and Hilo High School on the Big Island in 1998. HELCO will also examine an expanded "Green Pricing" program as part of the Renewable Resource Acquisition option (see p. 9-9). Schedule: 2000 Improve evaluation and consideration of beneficial impacts of renewable energy resources in utility resource planning processes. quantify externalities in IRP process, if and to the extent feasible, with input of Externalities Advisory Group. Accomplishment: HECO and its subsidiaries completed the Externalities Workbook and it was submitted to the PUC. IRP modeling runs were made using the externality information. Future: HELCO used the externality information in the IRP evaluation. Schedule: completed 9-11 Section 9: Action Plans consider models and criteria that are sensitive to contribution to as -available renewable resources and distributed generation to system reliability. Accomplishment: HECO and its subsidiaries are examining the limitations with its present model and potential for other commercial models. Future: HECO and its subsidiaries will model selection and evaluate probabilistic parameters. Schedule: on-going participate in and monitor renewable energy demonstration projects, and analyze the potential for distributed and remote applications for photovoltaic. Accomplishment: HELCO has completed a preliminary market survey of potential off -grid applications on the island. Three different sized photovoltaic modules have been built and tested at a number of off -grid sites. HELCO has also tested a number of photovoltaic area lighting demonstrations at off -grid locations. Future: HELCO will pursue photovoltaic applications as part of its regular service to its customers. Schedule: on-going undertake or update studies to determine the level of intermittent power that each island can absorb. Accomplishment: HELCO has completed wind penetration studies for the Big Island. There is a limit on the amount of wind turbines that the present system can accommodate. Future: HELCO will examine how this information will be HELCO IRP -98 Section 9: Action Plans used in the planning process. group; Utility Photovoltaic Group, HELCO will also explore Photovoltaics for Utilities, and other funding options that could be wind, solar, hydrogen, geothermal, used for the completion of the energy organizations). wind/pumped storage hydroelectric demonstration HELCO will continue to coordinate, project and will continue to communicate and interact with other examine potential projects. local, state, and federal and Schedule: 1999 international renewable energy continue IRP analyses of energy technology development activities. storage systems. This includes groups such as Electric Accomplishment: HELCO Power Research Institute, national continues to examine energy laboratories, U. S. Department of storage systems (i.e., battery Energy, renewable energy developers, energy storage and pumped other utilities (Sacramento Municipal storage hydroelectric). Utility District, Central and South West, Future: HELCO will explore Northern States Power, and others), funding options that could be universities, international organizations used for the completion of the and other groups. HELCO will attend, wind/pumped storage when appropriate, renewable energy hydroelectric project and will workshops, seminars, and conferences. continue to examine potential projects and will continue to d. Research, Development, and examine energy storage Demonstration technologies. HELCO will examine and, if prudent, Schedule: on-going develop the renewable energy technology through small-scale b. Education demonstration and pilot projects or HELCO will increase its commitment to expand existing demonstration or pilot educate our customers on renewable projects in situations where knowledge energy technologies through our can be gained through hands-on Consumer Lines bill stuffers, school experience. Cost-sharing, joint programs, HELCO In Your Community ventures, or other forms of partnerships fairs, Speaker's Bureau, and other (from Electric Power Research Institute, methods. national laboratories, U. S. Department of Energy, renewable energy c. Assessment and Evaluation developers, other utilities, etc.) will be HELCO will continue to evaluate and sought in these types of projects when it assess renewable energy resources and is appropriate. technologies. Proper evaluation of renewable energy resources and HELCO will continue to examine technologies require access to accurate potential sites for appropriate renewable and reliable information. This can be energy technologies. accomplished by reviewing renewable energy newsletters, journals and reports, etc. HELCO will also continue membership in renewable energy organizations (i.e., Electric Power Research Institute renewable energy 9-12 APPENDIX F - HELCO EVALUATION REPORT Warren H. W. Lee, P.E. Prescient Hawaii Electric Light Comnany, Inc. • PO Box 1027 • Hilo. HI 96721-1027 March 31, 2004 Subject: Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Plan Pursuant to Order No. 20792, filed February 4, 2004, attached is HELCO's IRP -2 Evaluation Report. Sincerely, Attachment CC: Division of Consumer Advocacy A. M. Oshima, Esq. S. P. Golden An HEI Company u C Cr N o c 1 The Honorable Chairman and Members of o 9 the Hawaii Public Utilities Commission Kekuanaoa Building w r 465 South King Street, 1st Floor Cf)'= M Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 _ CD m c Dear Commissioners: N Subject: Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Plan Pursuant to Order No. 20792, filed February 4, 2004, attached is HELCO's IRP -2 Evaluation Report. Sincerely, Attachment CC: Division of Consumer Advocacy A. M. Oshima, Esq. S. P. Golden An HEI Company Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN 1999-2018 2004 EVALUATION REPORT Docket No. 97-0349 March 2004 Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Docket No. 97~0349 HELCD|RP'2Evaluation Report 1��U ^�Contents n��"��o EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................ ........................................................................... ............ i ES]Introduction ............................. ...................................... ................................. ........... i ES.2Demand-side KxaneQunoen\.......... ................................................ .......................... i� ES.3Renewable Energy ..................................................................................................... iii ESA Distributed Generation ........................... .............. .................... .......... .................... iv ES.5KeahnkeStatus ................................................................................. ......................... v ES8Updated IRP Resource Plan .............. ........... .......................... ..... —........................ vi ES7Conclusion ................................................................................................................. ix 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................. ............................................................. 1 1] Framework Requirements for the Evaluation Report .......................................... ..... 2 1.2 Summary of HELCO'uSecond IRP (|RP~2).......... .......................... ................ ....... 3 1.3 Regulatory Procedural History ....... --...................... .......... ................................ 4 2- CURRENT PLANNING CONTEXT ...................... ....................... ........... ..... .......... —_6 21 Energy Roundtable .............. .................................................................................... G 2.2 Unique Situation onthe Big Island .................................................................. ......... G 23 Capital Expenditures and the Planning Process .............................. ........................ 8 8. UPDATED RESOURCE INFORMATION ........ .............................................................. 11 31 Demand -Side Management (DSM)Programs ....................... ......... ...................... 11 3.1.1 Background ................ ............................................................. ...................... 11 3.1.2 HELC{}'aCurrent Energy Efficiency DSM Programs .............................. ........ 71 31.21 Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency (C\EE)Program ................. 12 3.1.2.2 Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate (C|CFi)Prngnann—.......... 13 31.2.3 Commercial and Industrial New Construction (C|NC)Program ................ 15 3].24 Residential Efficient Water Heating (REVvH) Program ............................ �15 31.3 Recent Changes inDSM Technologies Since |RP^2... .......... ........................ 17 31.4 Modifications VmHELC[}uDSM Programs ..................... ................................ 18 3.1.5 Continuation of Existing DSM Programs: Stipulation and Order No. 19094 ....20 3.1.6 Load Management Programs and Interruptible Load Initiatives ....................... 21 3.1.7 DSM Programs Impact Update ............ .... --....... ................. ... ........ ........ 22 32 Distributed Generation (OG) ....... ........ ............... ............................ .................. —23 3.2.1 Potential Benefits ofD(]........................................................ ... .............. ...... 24 3.2.2 Recent Developments inDG..... ............................. ........ ....... ..................... 25 TOC -1 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report 3.2.3 HELCO Interconnection Standards, ..... .................................. .............. ......... 27 3.2.4 HELCO's Experience with Distributed Generation at Substations ................... 28 3.2.5 Distributed Generation in IRP.........................................................................28 3.3 Renewable Energy.................................................................................................29 3.3.1 Summary of Renewable Energy Issues..........................................................29 3.3.2 HELCO Renewable Energy Strategy.............................................................. 31 3.3.2.1 Facilitate Commercialization of Renewable Energy Technologies ........... 32 3.3.2.2 Facilitate Integration of Intermittent Resources ........................................ 36 3.3.2.3 Facilitate Development of Renewable Energy Technologies .................... 38 3.3.3 Recent Developments in Renewable Energy Since IRP -2 .............................41 3.4 Existing HELCO Generation.................................................................................. 43 3.5 Keahole CT -4, CT -5, and ST-7............................................................................ 44 3.6 Transmission Issues...............................................................................................47 3.7 Independent Power Producer Issues.....................................................................48 3.7.1 Puna Geothermal Ventures (PGV)................................................................. 49 3.7.2 Hamakua Energy Partners (HEP)................................................................... 50 3.7.3 Hilo Coast Power Company (HCPC).............................................................. 50 4. UPDATED PLANNING INFORMATION....................................................................... 51 4.1 Sales and Peak Forecast....................................................................................... 51 4.2 Fuel Price Forecast................................................................................................ 53 4.3 Alternative Planning Guideline................................................................................ 56 5. UPDATED RESOURCE PLAN...................................................................................... 58 5.1 Comparison of Assumptions...................................................................................58 5.2 Updated IRP -2 Plan................................................................................................59 6. UPDATED ACTION PLANS...........................................................................................63 6.1 Updated Demand -Side Action Plan........................................................................63 6.2 Updated Supply -Side Action Plan..........................................................................65 6.2.1 Renewable Energy Activities.......................................................................... 67 6.2.2 Keahole Dual Train Combined Cycle ............. ........ ..._................. ....... ............. 68 6.2.3 Distributed Generation/Combined Heat and Power ........................................ 68 TOC -2 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report List of Tables Table ES.6-1 Comparison of Assumptions: IRP -2 and 2003 IRP -2 Evaluation Report......... vii Table 3.1.2.1-1 C&I Energy Efficiency (CIEE) Program Recorded Results 1996-2003......... 12 Table 3.1.2.2-1 C&I Customized Rebate (CICR) Program Recorded Results 1996-2003 .... 15 Table 3.1.2.3-1 C&I New Construction (CINC) Program Recorded Results 1996-2003........ 16 Table 3.1.2.4-1 Residential Efficient Water Hearing (REWH) Program Recorded Results 1996-2003............................................................................................... 17 Table 4.1-1 Peak Load Forecast Comparison (Net MW) May 2003 vs. IRP -2 Forecast ...... 52 Table 4.2-1 MSFO and Diesel Price Forecast Comparison May 1998 versus July 2002...... 55 Table 5-1 Summary of Assumptions: IRP -2 and 2003 IRP -2 Evaluation Report .................. 59 Table 6.1-1 Summary of Future DSM Annualized System -Level Energy Savings (MWh)...... .... 64 Table 6.1-2 Summary of Future DSM Annualized System -Level Demand Savings (kW)........... 64 Table 6.1-3 Summary of Future DSM Expenditures (In Thousands of Dollars) ....................65 Table 6.2-1 Summary of Supply -Side Action Plan Expenditures ($000) ............................... 66 TOC -3 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report List of Figures Figure1.2-1 IRP -2 Plan......................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2.2-1 Comparative Size of the Big Islands to the Other Major Hawaiian Islands .........8 Figure 3.2.2-1 Projected Amount of Non Utility CHP Impacts on the HELCO System ......... 26 Figure 3.2.2-2 Projected Amount of Utility -Owned CHP Installations on the HELCO System ................................................................................................................. 27 Figure 3.3.2.1-1 Proposed Renewable Projects................................................................... 36 Figure 3.7-1 Location of Firm Capacity IPPs........................................................................49 Figure 4.1-1 IRP -2 Forecast vs. May 2003 Peak Forecast (Net MW) ................................... 53 Figure 4.2-1 MSFO Fuel Price Forecast Comparison May 1998 versus July 2002 ............... 54 Figure 4.2-2 Diesel Price Forecast Comparison May 1998 versus July 2002 ....................... 56 Figure 5.2-1 HELCO Updated IRP -2 Integrated Resource Plan .......................................... 60 TOC -4 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report List of Appendices Appendix A Generating Unit Ratings....... Appendix B Glossary of Acronyms.......... TOC -5 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc (HELCO) filed its second and most recent integrated resource plan (IRP -2 plan) in September 1998. This Evaluation Report provides an update of the recent developments and events, including changes in forecasts, since the filing of HELCO's IRP -2 plan that may or will have a significant impact on HELCO's IRP plan, and provides an update of HELCO's IRP supply-side and demand-side action plans. As described later in this report, HELCO is beginning its third IRP cycle (IRP -3) and therefore the focus of this report is on the near-term (2004-2006) resource plan action items with the intent that longer-term resource planning issues will be addressed in HELCO's IRP -3 process. ES.1 Introduction Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) is the planning process required of each energy utility in the State of Hawaii to systematically and thoroughly develop long-range plans for meeting Hawaii's future energy needs. IRP evaluates and integrates both resources that supply electricity and resources that reduce or better manage the demand for electricity. The IRP plan consists of a long-term 20 -year preferred IRP resource plan, and also near-term 5 - year IRP action plans. HELCO filed its IRP -2 in September 1998. The HELCO IRP -2 preferred IRP resource plan included a mix of resources that included, among other things, the continuation of demand-side management programs for 20 years, retirement of certain existing generating units, and the installation of Hamakua Energy Partners' (HEP,formerly known as Encogen) 60 MW facility and two combustion turbines (Keahole CT -4 and CT -5). A number of recent developments that may or will have a significant impact on HELCO's IRP plan have occurred since September 1998. This IRP -2 Evaluation Report provides an update of the demand-side and supply-side resources in HELCO's IRP -2 20 -year preferred resource plan. This report also updates the supply-side and demand-side Program Implementation Schedules (or Action Plans). This includes demand-side management programs (e.g.. energy efficiency and conservation), renewable energy, other new technologies such as distributed generation, and conventional generation activities in the period 2004 through 2008. On February 26, 2004, the PUC issued Order No. 20821, I March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Docket No. 04-0046, which opened HELCO's IRP -3 cycle and ordered HELCO to submit its major review of its IRP plan no later than October 31, 2005. Given the amount of time that has elapsed since the filing of HELCO's IRP -2, a new IRP cycle is appropriate in which to take these impacts, including updated forecasts and planning assumptions, into account. Consequently, HELCO and the Consumer Advocate (CA) in HELCO's IRP -2 docket (Docket No. 97-0349) reached a stipulation that, among other things, allowed for the IRP -2 docket to be closed and proposed that HELCO's IRP -3 be filed no later than October 31, 2005.' The Commission, on February 4, 2004 in Order No. 20792, approved the parties' stipulation. Accordingly, the focus of this IRP -2 Evaluation report is on the near-term (2004 through 2006). ES.2 Demand-side Management HELCO began its four energy efficiency demand-side management (DSM) programs in 1996. These DSM programs promote technologies that help HELCO's customers use electricity more efficiently and thereby reduce their overall consumption of electricity. In addition to a nationally recognized residential solar water heating program, which is a part of the Residential Efficient Water Heating program for existing homes and new homes, three additional programs target commercial and industrial customers and provide incentives for the installation of energy efficient technologies such as chillers, motors, and lighting. The programs through December 2003 have reduced the peak demand for electricity on HELCO's system by an estimated 5.3 megawatts (MW). Despite Hawaii's economic downturn during 1997 to 1998 and the increase in energy efficiency through HELCO's DSM programs, the demand for electricity continues to grow. HELCO's recorded system peak has increased from 166 MW in 1996 to 187 MW in 2003. This growth is forecasted to continue with an estimated demand for electricity of 214 MW in 2010. To help meet this expected demand and to continue to offer demand-side management options to its customers, HELCO plans to pursue the continuation of its existing energy efficiency DSM programs. 1 The Gas Company (TGC), also a party to HELCO's IRP -2, did not enter into the stipulation Instead, on January 9, 2004, TGC filed a letter with the PUC stating it received the stipulation and had no objections to the requested relief ii March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Originally, HELCO received Commission approval to conduct its four energy efficiency DSM programs until the end of 2001. HELCO subsequently received Commission approval in Amended Order No. 19094, issued December 11, 2001, to temporarily continue its four existing DSM programs beyond 2001. The Amended Order No. 19094 allows HELCO to continue its existing DSM programs until one year after the Commission makes a determination in Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc's (HECO's) next rate case of HECO's revenue requirements in an interim decision and order (D&O), or a final decision and order, whichever comes first. HECO intends to file its rate case application with the PUC by September 1, 2004. ES.3 Renewable Energy HELCO has been a strong supporter of renewable energy in Hawaii. Geothermal, wind, run -of -river hydroelectric facilities, and solar water heating supplied HELCO with approximately 23% of its 2003 energy requirements. The Island of Hawaii has always had significant renewable energy development activities, and HELCO continues its efforts to incorporate more renewable energy resources into its electric grid system, while maintaining acceptable and reliable levels of service to all customers. Since HELCO filed its IRP -2 in 1998, there has been an increased interest in renewable energy by policy makers at the local and national levels. In Hawaii, a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) was enacted into law in 2001. RPS considerations will be addressed in HELCO's IRP -3 process. Significant windfarm facilities are expected to be added to the HELCO system in the near-term. A power purchase agreement (PPA) between HELCO and Hawi Renewable Development (HRD) for a new windfarm was filed for approval by the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) on December 30, 2003. HELCO has been negotiating with Apollo Energy Corporation (AEC) for a power purchase agreement to purchase as -available wind energy from a proposed repowering of Apollo's Kamaoa facility. In total, it is estimated that approximately 10 to 24 MW of wind turbines could be added to the HELCO grid in the near future, which could more than triple the amount of wind energy currently on the HELCO system. Also, HELCO is evaluating repowering options at the Lalamilo windfarm. ' Renewable energy is energy from sources that are renewed or replenished through natural forces such as wind, solar. biomass (including municipal solid waste), and geothermal. iii March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report In addition to the wind farms described above, HELCO plans to support the use of renewable energy resources by initiating a run -of -river (no reservoir for storage) hydroelectric rehabilitation project. In September 2002, the 1.5 MW run -of -river generator at HELCO's Puueo hydroelectric plant was severely damaged. In August 2003, HELCO filed a PUC application to undertake and complete the Puueo Hydroelectric Plant Rehabilitation project, which sought to install a modern, more efficient turbine generator with a capacity of roughly 2.3 to 2.4 MW. The PUC approved the project in November 2003. Preliminary estimates indicate that the work to rehabilitate the Puueo facility can be completed in the 2005 timeframe. On January 22, 2004, Renewable Hawaii Inc. (RHI), a subsidiary of the HECO companies, released a renewable energy request for project proposal (RE RFPP) for the Big Island of Hawaii. This RE RFPP seeks to increase the amount of renewable energy resources on the island by providing passive investment in cost-effective, commercial renewable energy projects. Proposals to this RE RFPP are due by April 22, 2004. To facilitate development of renewable energy technologies, HELCO has installed a 5.4 KW photovoltaic net energy metering project at their Kailua baseyard and will install a 38 KW photovoltaic project at the NELHA gateway facility (expected to be in operation by mid 2004). ESA Distributed Generation Distributed generation (DG) is the application of small generators, typically ranging in capacity from a dozen to several thousand kWs and scattered throughout a power system, to provide the electric power needed by electric consumers. As ordinarily applied, the term distributed generation includes the use of small electric power generators, whether utilizing fossil fuels or renewable energy resources, located at a utility site or at a customer site, which is either connected to the utility's power grid or off -grid (not connected). In Order No. 20582 filed on October 21, 2003, the PUC opened Docket No. 03-0371 instituting a proceeding to investigate distributed generation in Hawaii. IV March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report As an example of DG, customers with large heating or air-conditioning loads may benefit from the use of waste heat generated by a DG resource located at a customer site. The waste heat could be used to heat water and/or through an absorption chiller, to drive an air-conditioning system, reducing the energy that would otherwise be needed for these functions. These applications, referred to as Combined Heat and Power (CHP) applications, can be economical given the right customer site and project. Generally, most of the current CHP systems remain connected to the utility grid as back up or to obtain the additional power needed beyond what is produced on site. HELCO, together with HECO and Maui Electric Company, Ltd (MECO), recently analyzed the economics of utility -owned, customer -sited CHP systems and have found them to be an attractive resource in certain situations. Consequently, HELCO believes that CHP units will begin to play a larger role in the Big Island's energy future and filed an application for a CHP Program with the PUC on October 10, 2003, Docket No. 03-0366. Additional details regarding the CHP Program are available in Section 3.2.2 of this report. In Order No. 20831, filed March 2, 2004, the Commission suspended HECO, MECO, and HELCO's application for the Utility CHP program. Thus, HELCO will have to file applications for approval of contracts entered into under Rule 4 of its Tariffs for the installation of CHP projects on a customer -by -customer basis. It is very difficult for HELCO to forecast the rate at which customer -site CHP projects will proceed, although the pace will undoubtedly be slower than if HELCO was authorized to proceed with its CHP Program at this time. With the suspension of HELCO's CHP Program application, there is greater uncertainty as to how soon utility CHP systems can be installed. ES.5 Keahole Status HELCO had been endeavoring for several years to install at its Keahole power plant two 20 MW combustion turbines (CT -4 and CT -5), followed by an 18 MW heat recovery steam generator (ST -7) as specified in the action plans from IRP -1 and IRP -2. The construction of CT -4 and CT -5 commenced in April 2002 after HELCO had obtained a final air permit and the Circuit Court had lifted a stay on construction. However, in a Final Judgment dated November 7, 2002, the Third Circuit Court of the State of Hawaii suspended the construction at Keahole. On November 6, 2003, a settlement agreement was signed by most, but not all, of the parties to the various proceedings affecting the Keahole power plant and its proposed v March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report expansion. On November 12, 2003, the Third Circuit Court of the State of Hawaii issued a ruling to vacate the Final Judgment dated November 7, 2002, which has allowed construction at Keahole to resume as long as the conditions of the settlement agreement are met. On November 25, 2003, HELCO filed a Petition For Land Use District Boundary Amendment with the State of Hawaii Land Use Commission to amend the land use classification of certain lands at Keahole from the Conservation District to the Urban district. This reclassification is necessary for the installation of ST -7 with selective catalytic reduction emissions control equipment. It is expected that CT -4 and CT -5 will go online in the second quarter of 2004 and be fully operational by year-end 2004. HELCO has retired diesel units D18-19 in February 2004 and will retire D20 at Keahole in accordance with the air permit requirements for CT -4 and CT -5. ES.6 Updated IRP Resource Plan HELCO has updated its forecasts and planning assumptions since it filed its IRP -2. The following is a summary comparison of the changes that have occurred: Vi March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Table ES.6-1 Comparison of Assumptions: IRP -2 and 2003 IRP -2 Evaluation Report IRP -2 I 2004IRP-2Evaluation Report • September 1997 Sales and Peak Forecast • May 1998 Fuel Price Forecast (IRP Supplement) • Acquired DSM program impacts for 1996 • DSM impact estimates for 1998 — 2018 as of August 1997 • No Utility or 3r° Party CHP • Keahole CT4 and CT -5 operational in 1998 HEP (formerly Encogen) operational in 1999 13 HELCO diesel units, Kanoelehus CT -1, and Shipman 1 retired after HEP and Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 are operational • Puna steam unit placed on cold standby after HEP and Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 are operational • Expiration of HCPC PPA on December 31, 1999 • Retirement of Shipman 3 and Shipman 4, in 2005 and 2008, respectively • May 2003 Sales and Peak Forecast • July 2002 Fuel Price Forecast • Acquired DSM program impacts from 1996 to 2003 • DSM impact estimates for 2004 — 2018 as of April 2003 • Includes Utility and 3 r Party CHP • Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 operational in 2004 • HEP operational in 20011 • Waimea 138-10 and Shipman 1 retired in 2002. Keahole D18-19 were retired in February 2004 and D20 to be retired in accordance with Keahole CT4 and CT -5 air permit requirements • No units placed on cold standby • Uncertainty of HCPC PPA termination on December 31. 2004 • Retirement of Shipman 3 and Shipman 4 deferred due to the uncertainty of Keahole installation • Installation of a new Hawi Renewable Energy wind farm in 2005 • Rehabilitated Puueo Hydro returned to service in 2005 This IRP -2 Evaluation report provides a current look at HELCO's IRP resource plan, incorporating recent events including HELCO's Keahole power plant expansion situation, and analyzes the changes in forecasts and assumptions upon which the IRP plan and actions plans are based. vii March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report The results of this updated analysis and assessment indicate four significant resource considerations in the near-term that may occur before the next IRP major review is completed. First, CT -4 and CT -5 are expected to be on-line in the second quarter of 2004 and fully operational by year-end 2004. Second, the five-year term of HCPC's Second Amended and Restated Purchase Power Agreement (PPA) will end on December 31, 2004. After 2004, the PPA can continue on a year-to-year basis with either HCPC or HELCO able to terminate the contract by providing written notice by May 30th of the termination year. Any decision to give notice of termination would be based on the facts and circumstances at the time. The decision of whether or not to terminate the HCPC PPA will be reflected in HELCO's IRP -3 supply-side resource update. Third, HELCO anticipates installing Keahole ST -7 (and converting CT -4 and CT -5 to a dual train combined cycle) in the 2009 timeframe, which necessitates that various older generating units that were previously targeted for retirement will no longer be retired. These older units are already permitted and grid -connected so that they can mitigate some of the uncertainty in the schedule for adding new generation. Also, a 5 -year generation asset management program has been implemented in 2003 Fourth, HELCO plans to pursue maintaining its current level of commitment to DSM and analyzing new DSM as part of IRP -3, while developing the new and emerging CHP market. Both the DSM and CHP programs have the potential to mitigate some of the uncertainty in the schedule for adding new generation, depending on how fast they can be ramped up. The figure below illustrates the timing of demand side resources, renewable resources, central station resources and combined heat and power resources discussed in previous sections. (The Apollo repowering/expansion project is not yet included, because a PPA has not been finalized.) Viii March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report HELCO IRP -98 MODIFIED PREFERRED INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (2004-2018) Install Keahole CT -4/5 Start Dtility CHP program Rehabilitate Ojai Hydro Nstall HRD Wind Continue DSM (Rl CIF$ CINQ OCR) 9! Retire Keahole D18,19,20 HCFC PPA Tanortmeni Install Keahole 5R Install (Keahole DTCC) Wast Haw aii DTCT 09 10 11 12 13 1 14 1 15 1 16 1 17 1 18 DTCC-Dual Train Combined Cycle REWH - Residential Efficient Wa[er Heeling DTCT- Combustion Turbine CIEE- Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency DTST- Steam Turbine w dh conversion of DTCTs CMC- Commercial and Industrial New Construction to Canbined Cycle OCR- Commercial and industrial Customized Rebate 'NOTE The five year term of HC a Second Amended and Restated PPA w ill end on December 31. 2004. After 2004, ,t the PPA can continue on a year -e -year basis wAlm either HCPC or HE CO able to terminate th, contract by providing wchan notice by May 301h of the termination year. ES.7 Conclusion This IRP -2 Evaluation report provides updated information on the key demand-side and supply-side elements in HELCO's IRP -2 resource plan, and assesses the continuing validity of the forecasts and assumptions upon which the IRP plan and action plans were fashioned, with a focus on the near-term (2004-2006) planning period. To meet HELCO's near-term future energy needs, a portfolio of resources will be required. Demand -Side resources allow both commercial and residential customers to reduce electricity usage, and help to defer the need for additional generation. Increased renewable energy generation from as -available resources will reduce the consumption of fossil fuels HELCO and non-utility central station resources will continue to provide firm power in order to meet the growing demand for electricity. Lastly, it is also estimated that customer -sited CHP units will begin to play a larger role in Hawaii's energy future. HELCO is currently in the process of commencing with the next major review of its IRP plan (IRP -3), which will result in a comprehensive re-evaluation of all considerations in ix March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report meeting both near-term and long-term future energy needs. All appropriate and feasible supply-side and demand-side resources will be examined, and all pertinent assumptions will be assessed in HELCO's IRP -3 process, which is expected to be filed with the PUC by October 31, 2005, in Docket No. 04-0046. X March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report INTRODUCTION Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) is a planning process required of each energy utility in the State of Hawaii to systematically and thoroughly evaluate the choices for meeting Hawaii's future energy needs. The IRP Framework issued by the Hawaii Public Utilities Commission (PUC) contains the guidelines for the IRP process. The goal of Integrated Resource Planning as specified in the IRP Framework is: "...the identification of the resources or the mix of resources for meeting near and long term consumer energy needs in an efficient and reliable manner at the lowest reasonable cost."' For an electric utility, "resources" supply electricity (e.g. supply-side resources such as conventional power plants and renewable energy installations) as well as reduce or better manage the demand for electricity (i.e. demand-side management, or DSM, resources such as energy efficiency and conservation programs). IRP is the process by which the electric utility integrates the planning for supply-side resources and demand-side resources into a plan to meet its customers' future electricity needs. The IRP Framework requires utilities to submit a long-term resource plan (IRP plan) covering a 20 -year planning period, and program implementation schedules or "action plans", covering a 5 -year period. The resource plan shows both the demand-side and supply-side resources, and provides a chronological view of when they occur in the 20 -year planning period. The action plans provide a more detailed look at the near-term activities for the resources in the 20 -year planning period. HELCO currently has two action plans, one for demand-side resources and one for supply-side resources. Both the IRP plan and the action plans will be re-evaluated in HELCO's third IRP process, which commenced in January 2004, with four Ad Hoc working group meetings. Two initial meetings were held on January B (Kona) and January 9 (Hilo), with follow up meetings on January 29 (Hilo), and January 30 (Kona). On February 26, 2004, the PUC issued Order No. 20821, Docket No. ' Hawaii Public Utilities Commission Decision and Order No 11630. Docket No 6617 1 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report 04-0046, which opened HELCO's third IRP (IRP -3) cycle and ordered HELCO to submit its major review of its IRP plan no later than October 31, 2005. 1.1 Framework Requirements for the Evaluation Report Section III.D.3 of the IRP Framework requires HELCO to submit its IRP evaluation report as follows: a. The utility shall include in its annual evaluation, an assessment of the continuing validity of the forecasts and assumptions upon which its integrated resource plan and its program implementation schedule were fashioned. b. The utility shall also include for each program or phase of program included in the program implementation schedule for the immediately preceding year a comparison of: (1) The expenditures anticipated to be made and the expenditures actually made by cost categories and cost elements. (2) The level of achievement of objectives anticipated and the level actually attained. (3) The target group size or level of penetration anticipated for each demand-side management program and the size or level actually realized. (4) The effects of program implementation anticipated and the effects actually experienced. C. The utility shall provide an assessment of all substantial differences between original estimates and actual experience and of what the actual experience portends for the future. Together with its annual evaluation, the utility shall submit a revised program implementation plan that drops the immediately preceding year from the schedule and includes a new year. The program implementation plan must always reflect a five-year time span. 2 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report This evaluation provides an interim status update and a validity assessment of the most recent IRP plan and is not intended to be a major review of the plan. HELCO is conducting a major review of its IRP plan and will file its third IRP plan by October 31, 2005. 1.2 Summary of HELCO's Second IRP (IRP -2) HELCO filed its second integrated resource plan, also referred to as the IRP -2 preferred plan, with the PUC in September 1998. The IRP -2 preferred plan, also called the IRP -98 Preferred Integrated Resource Plan, (hereinafter referred to as "IRP -2 plan"), is shown in Figure 1.2-1 below: Figure 1.2-1 IRP -2 Plan HELCO IRP -98 PREFERRED INTERGRATED RESOURCE PLAN 1 9991 00 1 01 102 1 03 1 a (1999-2018) Ra it e L— Start Retire D18, 19,20 Waimea 08, 9, 10, 12, 13,14 20 -year DSM Kanaelehua D11, 15, 16,17 -Steam Turbine with conversion of DTCT, Keahole D21, 22, 23 programs (REWH, SNpman1 Install 9landby Puna CIES, CINC, CICR) West Hawn, Install Install DFST Ph3(A) WestHawer Install Install Peon front Keahole Encogen standby West Hawaii Install Install DTCT Ph 1(A) West Hawal DTCT Ph3 (B ) DTCT-4/5 Pune DTCT Ph 2(A) 1 F— 7 TSJ 7 DT57 F- 1998 1 9991 00 1 01 102 1 03 1 a a Ra it e L— Keahole Retire D18, 19,20 Waimea 08, 9, 10, 12, 13,14 and Ind,,Mnal Energy Effiaency Kanaelehua D11, 15, 16,17 -Steam Turbine with conversion of DTCT, Keahole D21, 22, 23 Terminate HCPC SNpman1 Contract 9landby Puna 04 1 051 06 1 07 1 08 1 09 1 10 1 11 1 12 1 13 1 14 1 115 1 16 1 17 1 18 ® ® a Retire Retire Retire Shipman 3 Sldpman 4 Hir 5 Legend DTCC - Duel TralnCor lned Cycle REWH- Residential Efficient Water Heating DTCT - Combustion Turbine VEE -Commercial and Ind,,Mnal Energy Effiaency DTST -Steam Turbine with conversion of DTCT, CINC- Commentcial and Industrie) New Ca,mn,dton W Cornbined Cycle CICR -Commercial and Indusinal Cusiomized Rebase Key Elements of Action Plan (1999-2003) - Pursue Installation ofwlnd project and/or photovoltaic facility - Conduct a more refined auelysis of distributed generation resources to determine whether or riot they should be implemente - PennlWng end engineertmr actiyih.s for Keahole DTST-7 - Acquire new West Hawaii site (to support 2009 DTCT) In terms of DSM resources, the IRP -2 plan included: ® Continuation of four energy efficiency programs over a 20 -year period, 1999-2018, including one residential program and three commercial and industrial programs. These programs provide incentives to customers to install energy efficiency 3 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report measures such as solar water heating (for residential customers) or high efficiency lighting, air-conditioning or motors (for commercial and industrial customers) therefore reducing the overall demand for electricity on the HELCO system; In terms of supply-side resources, the IRP -2 plan included: • Retire Keahole D18-20 (a total of 8.25 MW) with the addition of CT -4 and CT -5 in December 1998. • Retire Shipman 1, Waimea D8-10 and D12-14, (total of 14.3 MW) upon completion of Encogen (now known as Hamakua Energy Partners, HEP) Phase 1 in April 1999. • Retire Kanoelehua D11, D15-17, and CT1, and Keahole D21-23 (total of 30 MW) upon completion of Encogen (HEP) Phase 2 in August 1999. • Place the Puna steam unit on cold standby upon completion of Encogen (HEP) Phase 2 in August 1999. • Termination of the contract between HELCO and Hilo Coast Power Company (HCPC) for the purchase of 22 MW of firm capacity on December 31, 1999. • Return of the Puna steam unit to service from cold standby for cycling operation in 2003. • Install Keahole ST -7 in 2006, converting CT -4 and CT -5 to dual train combined cycle. • Install a 60.7 MW dual train combined cycle at a new West Hawaii site In phases, with the first phase combustion turbine added in 2009. The second combustion turbine and steam turbine would be installed in 2012 and 2016, respectively. • Install the first combustion turbine of a second 60.7 MW dual train combined cycle at the new West Hawaii site in 2017. The updated IRP Plan, as part of this evaluation report, is discussed in Section 4.3 of this report. 1.3 Regulatory Procedural History HELCO submitted its IRP preferred plan and action plans to the PUC on September 1, 1998 by Order No. 15977 in Docket No. 97-0349 (HELCO IRP -2 docket). On March 5, 1999, HELCO filed a Supplement to September 1, 1998 Integrated Resource Plan. This supplement provided revised status on planned generation additions 4 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report and responded to requests for cost impacts of resource plans (preferred plan and plans where near-term planned unit additions do not occur). On June 15, 1999, HELCO filed a Revision to Supplement to September 1 1998 Integrated Resource Plan. The revision updated assumptions used to determine revenue requirements in the March 5, 1999 Supplement. HELCO filed responses to information requests and supplemental information requests on July 23, 1999 and October 8, 1999, respectively. Between 1999 and 2003 there were various proceedings and court actions related to the planned expansion of the Keahole power plant, which prevented closure of the IRP -2 docket. This is discussed in detail in Section 3.1 of this report. On November 25, 2003, the participants in the HELCO IRP -2 docket, HELCO, the Consumer Advocate (CA), and The Gas Company, participated in a status conference held by the PUC to discuss the HELCO IRP -2 docket. At that conference, the parties shared ideas for bringing IRP -2 to closure, and committed to working together to develop and file a stipulated agreement that would allow closing the HELCO IRP -2 docket. On January 9, 2004, HELCO and the Consumer Advocate filed a stipulation with the PUC. The stipulated agreement stated, among other things, that HELCO would submit an Evaluation Report of its IRP -2 Plan and Action Plans no later than March 31, 2004, and would submit its IRP -3 plan by no later than October 31, 2005.° On February 4, 2004, the PUC issued Order No. 20792, which approved the stipulation, ordered HELCO to submit its IRP -2 Evaluation report no later than March 31, 2004, ordered HELCO to conduct the next major review of its IRP plan (i.e. IRP -3) for submittal no later than October 31, 2005, and closed Docket No. 97-0349. On February 26, 2004, the PUC issued Order No. 20821, Docket No 04-0046, which opened HELCO's IRP -3 cycle and ordered HELCO to submit its major review of its IRP plan no later than October 31, 2005. The Gas Company (TGC). also a party to HELCO'a IRP -2. did not enter into the stipulation, Instead, on January 9. 2004, TGC filed a letter with the PUC stating it received the stipulation and had no objection to the requested retie! 5 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report 2. CURRENT PLANNING CONTEXT Events in Hawaii, the nation, and the world since IRP -2 was filed in September 1998 have affected the context in which HELCO develops and implements its IRP. This section describes the current context within which HELCO evaluates its IRP -2. 2.1 Energy Roundtable HELCO participated in the Hawaii Energy Roundtable, held November 22-23, 2002 at the Outrigger Waikoloa Beach Hotel. The event was organized by the Kohala Center, a private nonprofit independent academic research center in Waimea. The objective of the Roundtable was to bring together the island's major stakeholders to build community consensus on practical solutions and actions to meet the island's energy needs. The Roundtable was attended by representatives from HECO and HELCO. The Roundtable provided HELCO with an opportunity to present an overview of the historic, present, and future energy situation on the Island of Hawaii. Key challenges facing HELCO, as indicated in this overview, included the current system generation, the generation capacity and load imbalance between East and West Hawaii, the limitations of the present transmission system, and HELCO's plans to meet future energy needs through firm and non-firm resources, including renewables. HELCO continued its participation in the Roundtable by attending an update meeting on January 8, 2004 At the meeting, HELCO provided an update of the overview on the HELCO system provided at the original Roundtable meeting. HELCO plans to continue participating in future collaborative efforts such as the Roundtable as a means of obtaining community input to the IRP process. HELCO requested and received representation from the Roundtable on its Advisory Group for it's IRP -3 process 2.2 Unique Situation on the Big Island There are many challenges to developing a resource plan for HELCO due to uncertainties and its unique situation. The resource plan must be able to account for these circumstances in order to provide reliable, reasonably priced power to HELCO's customers. 6 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report As shown in Figure 2.2-1, the HELCO service territory is larger than the combined landmass of the other seven major Hawaiian Islands, which includes the service territories for HECO and MECO. Much of HELCO's existing generation is located on the east side of the island. However, load growth on the west side has been increasing at a much faster pace. For example, the combined energy sales of the Kona and Waimea districts in the five- year period 1998 thrui 2003 have grown at an approximately 35-40% faster rate than Hilo sales. Over the ten-year period 1993 thru 2003, combined energy sales growth in the Kona and Waimea districts was approximately 100% higher than the in Hilo district. Consequently, it is preferable to locate new generating units on the west side, where they would be closer to the faster -growing loads. If generating units are placed on the east side, existing transmission lines need to be reconductored with larger capacity conductors, or new transmission lines need to be built. Another unique challenge that HELCO faces is the large amount of as -available energy produced on the system from wind and hydro. Because of their intermittent nature and non-dispatchability, they are not counted as firm capacity in the resource plan. Furthermore, the variable nature of wind can adversely impact the utility. In a system like HELCO's, where the percentage of intermittent generating resources is high, fluctuating windfarm power output can have significant impacts on system operations. To keep the impacts at a manageable level, the firm capacity generators that are on-line must have sufficient inertial characteristics. Hence, the amount of proposed as -available generation must include technological improvements to minimize the impacts on the operation of the existing system. 7 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Figure 2.2.9 Comparative Size of the Big Islands to the Other Major Hawaiian Islands f Oahu f Maul .s ascan® of Kauai 4 Island of M®I®hal 6 Island of Lanai 6 Island of Niihau 3 612 _,a 2�,,,p_ a Island of Kahoolawe 2.3 Capital Expenditures and the Planning Process IRP Plans may be better characterized as planning "strategies", rather than as fixed courses of action. The IRP process identifies the information that is critical to the decision making process, and also identifies when the strategic decisions need to be made. HELCO has also strived to have plans that are flexible enough to account for changes in planning assumptions and forecasts. This allows for major decisions regarding the implementation of program options (both supply-side and demand-side resources) to be made incrementally, based on the best available information at the time decisions must be made. 8 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report While an IRP Plan is effective in identifying the major demand and supply resources, HELCO's capital projects may be driven by a variety of requirements, including environmental regulations, safety, security of infrastructure and employees, reliability, efficiency and effectiveness, power quality, and the support of corporate goals and strategies. These requirements may not necessarily be directly related to the IRP, and the precise timing and scope of expenditures can often be difficult to predict in advance. For example, projects to replace or upgrade the Utility's accounting systems or customer service systems can be significant, but are usually not examined in the context of demand-side and supply-side resources. Paragraph III.D.5 of the IRP Framework states, in relevant part, that: "The integrated resource plan and program implementation schedule approved by the commission shall govern all utility expenditures for capital projects, purchased power, and demand-side management programs." As the Commission explained, "expenditures for all capital projects should be made consistent with the integrated resource plan.... In essence, an integrated resource plan is intended to 'control, direct, or strongly influence' all capital expenditures." (Decision & Order No. 11630, Docket No. 6617, at 8.) Projects do not have to be included in an approved IRP Plan to be consistent with the plan. With a few exceptions, specific capital expenditure projects are not identified or discussed in an IRP Plan. The exceptions are planned central station generating unit additions, which generally are described as generic projects, rather than specific project proposals. They have been described as specific projects when they have already been the subject of review proceedings pursuant to paragraph 2.3(g)(2) of G.O. 7. The plan does not include Independent Power Producer (IPP) projects, unless there is a signed power purchase agreement for the project. Nonetheless, it is contemplated that IPP firm capacity projects may defer utility generation additions, and that IPP as -available energy projects may be added to the utility's system even though there is no explicit reference to these projects in the plan. Other types of projects, such as transmission and distribution (T&D) projects generally have not been considered in the IRP process. IRP Plans contemplate that measures and projects will be undertaken when necessary to maintain system reliability and security, regardless of whether the projects have been specifically identified in the plan. However, that does not mean that T&D costs are irrelevant in the IRP process, or that an IRP Plan is irrelevant to transmission planning. Avoided T&D costs may be relevant to 9 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report evaluating the cost-effectiveness of DSM programs. Transmission interconnection requirements for new generation resources should be considered in evaluating the costs of those resources. In the case of HELCO, planning for the transmission system is done in a manner that is consistent with and takes into account the resource additions in the latest resource plan. See Section 3.6 of the IRP -2 Evaluation report for more information. 10 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report 3. UPDATED RESOURCE INFORMATION 3.1 Demand -Side Management (DSM) Programs 3.1.1 Background In its IRP Framework, the PUC defines Demand -Side Management (DSM) programs as follows: "Demand-side management programs" mean programs designed to influence utility customer uses of energy to produce desired changes in demand. It includes conservation, load management, and efficiency resource programs- HELCO's three current commercial and industrial (C&I) energy efficiency programs include the C&I Energy Efficiency program (CIEE), the C&I Custom Rebate program (CICR), and the C&I New Construction program (CINC). HELCO's residential energy efficiency program is the Residential Efficient Water Heater program (REWH). Interim status updates are provided for these programs in this IRP -2 Evaluation report. All DSM resources will be re-evaluated in HELCO's IRP -3 process. 3.1.2 HELCO's Current Energy Efficiency DSM Programs HELCO's current DSM programs were approved for a five-year implementation period by the Commission in 1996 in Dockets Nos. 95-0173 (REWH), 95-0174 (CIEE), 95- 0175 (GING), and 95-0176 (CICR). Approval of the continuation of the C&I and residential programs was granted by the PUC in Order No. 18242, dated December 8, 2001, for one additional year. Subsequently, by Order No. 19094, dated November 30, 2001, the Commission approved the extension of the C&I and residential programs until one year after the Commission makes a determination in Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc's (HECO) next rate case in an interim decision and order, or a final decision and order, whichever comes first. These programs, which are discussed in detail in Section 6.0 of HELCO's IRP -2 report, improve the efficiency of the major energy consuming equipment of our residential, and commercial and industrial customers. 11 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report 3.1.2.1 Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency (CIEE) Program This program, which provides prescriptive incentives to customers for purchasing and installing energy efficient motors, air conditioning systems, and lighting systems, has resulted in a net reductions of 1.154 MW of demand and 40,108 MWH of energy since its inception in the beginning of 1996 through 2003. Total expenses during this period were $2.59 million. Net impacts and expenses by year are shown in Table 3.1.2.1-1. Table 3.1.2.1-1 C81 Energy Efficiency (CIEE) Program Recorded Results 1996-2003 Year Megawatt Hours (Iii Megawatts (li Expenses $ 1996 903 0.139 341,570 1997 2,839 0.265 466,266 1998 3,341 0.076 332,380 1999 4,529 0.171 249,354 2000 5,794 0.193 306,517 2001 6,614 0.092 292,857 2002 7,603 0.129 268,498 2003 8,485 0.089 337,258 TOTAL 40,108 1.154 2,594700 Includes the cumulative effects of energy savings from projects completed in preceding years. Many large customers have completed their lighting retrofits from standard lamps and ballasts to more efficient T-8 lamps and electronic ballasts. In order to continue to realize additional impacts from this technology, HELCO will need to work with the owners of medium and smaller sized businesses to encourage them to adopt the newer T-8 lamps and electronic ballast lighting systems. HELCO has developed an approach to the smaller s Net impacts exclude impacts that resulted from customers who participated in the DSM programs but who when questioned later in the program impact evaluation indicated that they would have installed the DSM measure without the presence of the DSM program 12 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report customer segment through its Energy Efficiency Program for small business marketing efforts In 2004, HELCO plans to expand this marketing effort to include small and medium sized customers. HELCO also plans to increase its customer awareness efforts targeting medium and small businesses. In particular, HELCO will focus on industrial customers to promote energy efficient motors, high efficiency industrial lighting systems, and high efficiency industrial process cooling allocations. 3.1.2.2 Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate (CICR) Program This program was developed to address the large number of DSM measures that are available which, due to the limited potential size of the market for these measures or to the site-specific savings resulting from their installation, do not lend themselves to a prescriptive incentive program design. These measures include variable frequency drives for electric motors, redesign of air-conditioning systems, and the installation of controls on various energy using systems Since each CICR application can be unique, this program is more labor intensive than the prescriptive CIEE program. However, since the implementation of the CICR program in 1996, HELCO has adopted spreadsheets and computer models developed by RECO, which make the analysis of many projects much simpler. The CICR program also contains a strong educational component since many of the DSM measures available to customers are new or have not been implemented in Hawaii. To educate customers regarding new and existing DSM technologies, HELCO has sponsored workshops and seminars featuring experts from both Hawaii and the mainland to address measures such as building commissioning, new lighting applications, variable speed drives, and building controls. e This program is designed to compensate for small businessesgeneral lack of technical resources in energy efficiency matters. It includes lighting audits and retrofit proposals of their facilities conducted by a HELCO representative or a lighting vendor under contract to HELCO. To date, HELCO has completed audits of 120 sites. Of these sites, 41 businesses have completed their retrofits. These businesses included grocery stores, fast food establishments, food manufacture facilities, and construction material outlets. 13 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report The CICR program also provides up to 100% of the cost for a project feasibility study, which is required for a CICR application, with a maximum share of up to $10,000 per project. Pre -approval of funding is required for customers who wish to retain an engineering firm to determine the feasibility of a DSM project or measure. This facet of the program has been popular with customers and has resulted in several major projects being implemented. In addition, HELCO has used outside engineering companies to complete Preliminary Energy Assessments (PEAS), which are general energy efficiency studies to identify energy efficiency opportunities in a customer's facility. The PEA identifies the measures, provides an estimate of potential savings and an estimate of the cost to install the measures. These PEAs have resulted in several major projects being completed that otherwise would not have been undertaken. The CICR program has resulted in a net reduction' of 0.612 MW of demand and 11,380 MWH of energy since its inception in the beginning of 1996. Total expenses during this period were $0.902 million. Impacts and expenses by year are shown in Table 3.1.2.2-1 below. ' See Footnote 5. page 12 14 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Table 3.1.2.2-1 C81 Customized Rebate (CICR) Program Recorded Results 1996-2003 Year Megawatt Hours (MWH)' Megawatts (MW) Expenses $ P 1996 19 0.004 17,665 1997 247 0.030 59,585 1998 704 0.046 77,227 1999 971 0.072 83,171 2000 1,508 0.121 167,121 2001 2,184 0.169 219,521 2002 2,636 0.106 135,659 2003 3,111 0.064 142,476 TOTAL 11,380 0.612 902,425 Includes the cumulative effects of energy savings from projects completed in preceding years. As illustrated in Table 3.1.2.2-1, impacts produced by the CICR program vary from year to year. This is due to the nature of the applications and projects, which can vary between relatively small projects to very large retrofits of major cooling plants. However, HELCO expects the CICR program to remain effective in part due to the number of potential retrofits identified in the PEAs and feasibility studies completed by HELCO in the past and that are now pending. 3.1.2.3 Commercial and Industrial New Construction (CINC) Program The CINC program addresses energy efficiency measures in new commercial and industrial buildings and in major renovations of commercial/industrial facilities. In addition to offering financial incentives for both prescriptive and customized DSM measures, the CINC program provides design assistance funding for new construction projects. This funding allows the developer to explore alternative approaches to lighting, air-conditioning, and other design features to ensure that the project will integrate the most energy efficient measures. Design assistance can either be used by the developer to fund additional studies by its design team, or to retain outside engineers to review the recommended design. As new and 15 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report emerging technologies develop, HELCO believes this design assistance feature will have a growing influence on the success of DSM in the new construction market segment in Hawaii. To date the CINC program has resulted in a net reductions of 0.458 MW of demand and 18,540 MWH of energy since its inception in the beginning of 1996. Total expenses during this period were $1.21 million. Impacts and expenses for the CINC program are shown by year in Table 3.1.2.3-1. Table 3.1.2.3-1 C&I New Construction (CINC) Program Recorded Results 1996-2003 Year Megawatt Hours (MWH)' Megawatts (MW) Expenses $ 1996 98 0.017 43,920 1997 736 0.076 128,020 1998 1,302 0.073 129,532 1999 1,957 0.069 146,754 2000 2,452 0.042 159,912 2001 3,162 0-061 191,931 2002 4,060 0.065 213,036 2003 4,773 0.055 196,237 TOTAL 18,540 0.458 1,209,342 Includes the cumulative effects of energy savings from projects completed in preceding years. 3.1.2.4 Residential Efficient Water Heating (REWH) Program The REWH program offers financial incentives to customers in new and existing residences and to developers to encourage the installation of energy efficient water heating technologies, such as solar and heat pump water heating systems and high efficiency electric resistance water heaters. The incentives are currently offered in conjunction with e See Footnote 5, page 12 16 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report available State of Hawaii Energy Conservation tax credits. In addition, HELCO has encouraged residential customers to install low -flow showerheads and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) within this program. The REWH program has resulted in a net reductions of 3.051 MW of demand and 54,012 MWH of energy since its inception in the beginning of 1996. Total expenses during this period were $6.30 million. Impacts and expenses for the REWH program are shown by year in Table 3.1.2.4-1 below. Table 3.1.2.4-1 Residential Efficient Water Hearing (REWH) Program Recorded Results 1996-2003 Year Megawatt Hours (MWH) Megawatts (MW) Expenses $ 1996" 3,776 1.416 910,076 1997 4,728 0.234 775,073 1998 5,716 0.238 707,511 1999 6,851 0.274 927,152 2000 7,711 0.198 658,943 2001 8,930 0.281 774,287 2002 9,872 0.211 722,028 2003 10,759 0.199 819,218 TOTAL 58,344 3.051 6,294,288 Includes the cumulative effects of energy savings from projects completed in preceding years. Showerhead program included in 1996. 3.1.3 Recent Changes in DSM Technologies Since IRP -2 Several recent developments in electro -technologies since IRP -2 have the potential of providing additional impacts from HELCO's existing DSM programs. The conversion of standard incandescent traffic signals to light emitting diodes (LED) traffic signals during the past two to three years has greatly increased with the ' See Footnote 5. page 12. 17 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report development of green and yellow LEDs. Prior to that time only red LEDs were suitable due to their high light output and reasonable cost. Significant energy savings could be realized by changing out the red incandescent lamps with red LEDs. With the large-scale production of green and yellow LEDs, price reductions have made them economically feasible. Since the yellow lamps have very short on times, some intersections use long -life yellow incandescent lamps due to the small energy savings relative to the cost of the LED fixture. The County of Hawaii has converted a significant number of its traffic signals with red LEDs and plans to continue its conversion to green and yellow LED traffic signals Another significant DSM measure that has gained acceptance since the development of HELCO's IRP -2 is variable speed drive controls.10 During the past years, HELCO has conducted a number of workshops and seminars on variable speed drive controls and has monitored the energy use before and after installation of the variable speed drive control on various motor applications. With this introduction of the technology and documentation of the savings, variable speed drives have gained in popularity and are expected to be a source of significant energy savings in the C&I market Other emerging DSM technologies that are expected to increase the effectiveness of HELCO's existing DSM programs include advanced commercial refrigeration applications, advanced lighting control systems, super efficient electric motors, room management systems for hotel rooms, and numerous other improvements to new and existing DSM measures. 3.1.4 Modifications to HELCO's DSM Programs New motor efficiency standards HELCO aligned its electric motor incentive requirements within the CIEE and CINC programs in its 2002 DSM Modification and Evaluation report with the specification for NEMA PremiumTM as defined by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association's 10 Variable speed drive controls, also known as variable frequency drives, control the speed of motors to better match the motor output with the work to be done For examplea motor driving a pump supplying hot water to a hotel guest room may not need to supply a lot of water during the late evening hours but must increase that supply in the mornings and early evenings. Thus, by reducing the energy used by the motor during the period of low water usage, significant energy can be saved 18 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report (NEMA). Adopting this national specification for premium efficiency electric motor made it easier for equipment vendors and customers to quickly identify which motors are considered high efficiency and qualify for HELCO incentives. Increased focus on education and engineering studies As HELCO's energy efficiency programs have progressed, certain end-use markets have matured, such as the efficient fluorescent lighting market in office buildings. In order to continue to realize energy and demand impacts in these programs, HELCO will have to rely more heavily on education and marketing to encourage more mid-sized and smaller facilities to retrofit their old inefficient lighting, and more engineering studies to help the larger customer go beyond simple lighting projects. HELCO has developed the Energy Efficiency Program for small businesses to assist small commercial customers with their lighting retrofit projects. This program is designed to provide all the information necessary for a small customer to make a good business decision on lighting retrofits. Under this program, a HELCO representative conducts a comprehensive lighting audit for the customer and provides the customer with a detailed presentation of the cost, savings and expected simple payback for an efficient fluorescent lighting retrofit. If the customer elects to proceed with the project, HELCO will contract with a lighting contractor to complete the installation. Following completion of the project the customer can elect to pay for the project in one lump sum or in four equal interest free payments. This program has been very successful in promoting efficient lighting retrofits to customers whose main focus is generally on reducing up -front cost, rather than on energy conservation. HELCO will also be looking in the future to develop similar programs designed to educate customers and simplify the process of becoming more energy efficient. Within the CICR program during the past few years, HELCO has been funding PEAS for larger customers. These assessments are conducted by outside consulting engineering firms and help to provide customers with ideas and information on energy efficiency projects that they might not otherwise consider. These studies have been successful in promoting major projects by providing facility maintenance managers with enough detailed information on energy efficiency projects to allow them to solicit capital improvement funds from their managing boards or parent companies. Based on the success of these assessments in promoting future energy efficiency projects, HELCO plans to expand the future program budgets to increase the number of assessments conducted. 19 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Impact evaluations Since 1996, HELCO has conducted two complete and extensive impact evaluations for its four energy efficiency DSM programs. These evaluations have resulted in very detailed information on the expected savings of various conservation measures in different building and business types. This information is now probably the most detailed and accurate reflection of what customers in Hawaii can expect in savings from the conservation measures offered under the current programs. 3.1.5 Continuation of Existing DSM Programs: Stipulation and Order No. 19094 HELCO's current DSM programs for a 5 -year implementation period were approved by the Commission in 1996 in Dockets Nos. 95-0173 (REWH), 95-0174 (CIEE), 95-0175 (CINC), and 95-0176 (CICR). Approval of the continuation of the C&I and residential programs was granted by the PUC in Order No. 18242, dated December 8, 2001, for one additional year. Subsequently, on October 31, 2001 the parties (HELCO & CA) filed for commission review and approval of a stipulation. By Order No. 19094, dated November 30, 2001, the commission approved the parties' stipulation, subject to certain conditions and modifications. Order No. 19094 stated, in relevant part, that: HELCO may temporarily continue its three existing commercial and industrial DSM programs and its existing residential DSM program until one year after the commission makes a determination in HECO next rate case of HECO's revenue requirements in an interim decision and order or a final decision and order, whichever comes first (HELCO's DSM Temporary Continuation Period), • HELCO may continue to recover through its existing surcharge mechanism the DSM lost margins and shareholder incentives for its three existing commercial and industrial DSM programs and its existing residential DSM program accrued through the date that interim rates are established as a result of HECO's next rate case, • HELCO may request to extend the time of such accrual and recovery of lost margins and shareholder incentives for up to a year subsequent to the date that interim rates are established as a result of HECO's next rate case, 20 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report • HELCO may continue to recover through its existing surcharge mechanism the DSM program costs for its three existing commercial and industrial DSM programs and its existing residential DSM program accrued through the date that HELCO's Temporary Continuation Period ends, and HELCO agrees to take the necessary steps to implement any changes ordered or approved by the PUC in HECO's next rate case with respect to program costs within one year from when such costs are incorporated into HECO's rates as a result of HECO's next rate case. 3.1.6 Load Management Programs and Interruptible Load Initiatives HELCO's IRP -2 did not include any load management programs, and HELCO is not proposing any new C&I or residential load management programs at this time. DSM load management programs will be evaluated, along with other load curtailment mechanisms, in HELCO's IRP -3 process. HELCO does have 26 Rider M and one Schedule U curtailable contracts totaling 6.6 MW of curtailable loads. These contracts reduce loads by up to 6.6 megawatts (MW) during peak demand periods. HELCO constantly seeks additional contracts with qualified water pumping commercial and industrial customers. In concept, the load management rates and rate riders offer benefits to customers through incentives, and provide reliability benefits to HELCO generation needs. This program builds strong partnerships in meeting Hawaii's energy needs. These contracts reduce peak load demand by requiring customers to curtail a portion of their load sometime during on -peak hours of 7 am to 9 pm (Rider M) or charging customers a higher rate during on -peak hours (Schedule U). To date, HELCO has been able to achieve substantial and effective load reductions through Rider M and Schedule U, rather than through DSM load management programs. However, load reduction through these mechanisms may or may not be sufficient in the future due to changing customer participation and/or the level of curtailable load which may not meet HELCO's need for additional load curtailment in the future. HELCO will consider implementation of other means to curtail load, including new DSM load management programs, as part of the IRP -3 process. 21 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report 3.1.7 DSM Programs Impact Update In preparing this evaluation report, HELCO estimated its DSM impacts in a manner similar to that used in its request for extension of energy efficiency programs filed in October of 2001." HELCO reviewed the historical performance and expenses of the programs, and projected their impacts and budgets for the next five year period. For this evaluation report, these short-term impacts and expenses were then projected out for the remaining years of the IRP planning period. Figure 3.1.7-1 below shows a comparison between the IRP -2 DSM impacts and the IRP -2 Evaluation report DSM impacts. Changes in DSM technologies, higher local and federal efficiency levels for new equipment, and new emerging technologies can make estimating long-term impacts of DSM programs challenging. All DSM resource options will be re-evaluated as part of HELCO's IRP -3 process. " On December 11, 2001, the PUC approved a stipulation between HELCO and the CA in Order No 19094 for an extension of HELCO's existing DSh1 programs until one year after the next HECO rate case. 22 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Figure 3.1.7-1 DSM Energy Efficiency Demand Savings Comparison IRP -2 Peak Forecast Energy Efficiency (EE) DSM Comparison (Net MW) Reduced by IRP -2 Energy Efficiency (EE) DSM and Reduced by 2004 IRP Evaluation Energy Efficiency (EE) DSM 270 250 - 230 g IRP -2 Forecast (w/ 2004 ,o IRP Eval EE DSM) G 210 — --- — - - --- - --- -- ---� 0 yyy Y ry d a Iso liarm IRP -2 Forecast (w/ IRP -2 EE DSM) — 150 ------T r - T O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Year 3.2 Distributed Generation (DG) Distributed generation (DG) is the application of small generators, typically ranging in capacity from a dozen to several thousand kWs, scattered throughout a power system, to provide electric power needed by electric consumers. As ordinarily applied, the term distributed generation includes the use of small electric power generators, whether utilizing fossil fuels or renewable energy resources, located at a utility site or at a customer site, and either connected to the utility's power grid or off -grid (not connected). These generators may be owned and operated by HELCO (utility) or by a third -parry (non-utility). 23 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Most types of distributed generators utilize traditional power generation technologies — reciprocating engines, combustion turbines, combined -cycle combustion turbines, and other rotating machinery. Other types of DG utilize fuel cells or renewable power generation methods such as small-scale wind, solar, or low -head hydro generation. 3.2.1 Potential Benefits of DG Integration of DG in a utility's grid can potentially yield benefits, including a reduction in transmission and distribution line losses, the deferral of central station generation, and the deferral of distribution (and perhaps even transmission) network expansion or improvements. These distribution and transmission system benefits can only be determined by evaluating the specific site under a set of specific planned uses for the candidate DG. In addition, the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of DG is specific to technology and assumptions (i.e. site location, permitting, operations, emissions and other considerations) of each individual project. This makes evaluation of this DG benefit and the complete evaluation of DG resources in the IRP process difficult because the IRP process analyzes resources at the system level prior to the identification of specific projects. Therefore, the resource information used in the IRP process is typically generic information, and is not developed in detail for specific projects. Customers with large heating or air-conditioning loads may benefit from the use of waste heat generated by a DG resource located at a customer site. The waste heat could be used to heat water and/or through an absorption chiller to drive an air-conditioning system and thereby reduce the use of electric energy that would otherwise be needed by these functions. Typically, DG plants used in these Combined Heat and Power (CHP) applications are operated to meet the heating/air-conditioning load. Electric energy is a by-product of the process and is usually lower in output than the customer's load. This necessitates continued connection to the utility grid to make up for the difference in electricity demand. Another potential benefit of DG is that its small size, modularity, and location at or near an end use site: provides flexibility and choice that a traditional utility system may not be able to offer. DG may provide additional reliability to a customer whose operation is willing to pay for a higher level of reliability for certain loads that cannot be economically achieved through central station generation and T&D systems. Utility DG located at customer sites 24 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report may complement central station power in small increments with the added benefit of not requiring additional land. 3.2.2 Recent Developments in DG The number of customer self -generation projects that are being proposed or installed in Hawaii, particularly those involving CHP systems, is growing. HELCO, HECO, and MECO have initiated several demonstration projects and other activities, including a small CHP demonstration project on Maui, to provide on-going evaluation of DG. The electric utilities also have made a limited number of proposals to customers, subject to PUC review and approval, to install and operate utility -owned CHP systems at the customers' sites. Incremental generation from such customer -sited CHP systems, and other DG, is expected to complement traditional central station power, as part of the electric utilities' plans to serve their forecast load growth. Several of HELCO's customers are evaluating the costs and benefits of installing DG or CHP systems on their property to serve a portion or all of their electrical demand with the added benefit of serving a portion of their thermal demand as well. Some of these customers have received proposals from third -party DG/CHP developers. Customers who are considering DG/CHP installations are evaluating the costs of installing, operating and maintaining these facilities compared to the cost of receiving service from HELCO. In some cases, these customers have determined that their overall energy bills can be reduced by CHP installations. In one particular example, the Fairmont Orchid, a resort in west Hawaii, elected to install an 800 kW CHP system. They installed four 200 KW generators, whose electrical output serves 50% of the resorts electrical demand. The heat from the engines' exhaust is used to drive an absorption chiller and heat domestic hot water for the hotel rooms. Supplemental and standby service Is still provided by HELCO for periods where their CHP facility is out of service. Figure 3.2.2-1 shows the equivalent demand-side load reduction benefits that non-utility CHP projects may have on HELCO's peak load. These projected impacts were revised in August 2003, after the May 2003 Sales and Peak Forecast. 25 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Figure 3.2.2-1 Projected Amount of Non Utility CHP Impacts on the HELCO System (Equivalent Demand-side Load Reduction Benefits) 1W 7.0 "> 5.0 A E 4.0 U $ 3.0 f 2.0 iffel M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N N N N N N N N N N N N Year From hdgfcst 8-20-03.xis In July 2003, three vendors of DG/CHP equipment and services proposed, in an informal complaint to the PUC, that the PUC open a proceeding to investigate the electric utilities' provision of CHP services and the teaming agreement with another vendor, and to issue rules or orders to govern the terms and conditions under which the electric utilities will be permitted to engage in utility -owned DG at individual customers sites. In August 2003, the electric utilities responded to the informal complaint, and to information requests from the PUC on the CHP demonstration project and teaming agreement. In October 2003, the PUC opened an investigative docket to determine the potential benefits and impact of DG on Hawaii's electric distribution systems and markets and to develop policies and a framework for DG projects deployed in Hawaii. The PUC also plans to address issues raised in the informal complaint filed by the three vendors of DG/CHP equipment. In October 2003, HELCO, together with HECO and MECO, filed an application for approval of a utility -owned CHP Program, under which they would provide CHP services to eligible commercial customers. To facilitate the offering of CHP systems, the electric utilities signed a teaming agreement with a manufacturer of packaged CHP systems in early 2003 (although the teaming agreement does not commit the electric utilities to make any CHP 26 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report system purchases). Pending approval of a CHP program, the electric utilities plan to request approval for individual CHP projects. Based on the interest received and the potential market for utility -owned CHP, HELCO estimates that the utility -owned CHP program might have the equivalent supply-side generation capacity benefits shown in Figure 3.2.2-2. The projected impact will help defer the need for additional central -station generation. Additional details on the differences between utility -owned and non-utility CHP are provided in Docket No. 03-0366, which covers the Utility CHP program application. In Order No. 20831, issued on March 2, 2004, the PUC suspended HECO, MECO, and HELCO's application for the Utility CHP program. It is anticipated that Utility CHP projects will continue on an individual project basis rather than a program basis until the final decision regarding Docket No. 03-0366 is made. However, this will increase the uncertainty of timely project implementation due to the nature of doing individual project applications. Figure 3.2.2-2 Projected Amount of Utility -Owned CHP Installations on the HELLO System (Equivalent Supply-side Generation Capacity Benefits) 30.0 25.0 'v 20.0 2 3 3 15.0 U_ F 10.0 5.0 0.0 8 8 8 8 Year n n From hdgfcst 8-20- 3.2.3 HELLO Interconnection Standards HELCO recognizes the growing Interest In customer -sited DG. To facilitate the development of customer -sited DG, HELCO (and HECO and MECO) developed 27 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report interconnection standards and a standard interconnection agreement for customers wanting to install DG operating in parallel with the utility's electric system. By Decision and Order No. 20056, filed March 6, 2003, the PUC approved HELCO's (and HECO and MECO's) interconnection standards and standard interconnection agreement, effective March 21, 2003. (By Order No. 20220, filed May 30, 2003, the PUC approved a modification to the insurance provision to the standard interconnection agreement, and the revised standard interconnection agreement for the Companies became effective June 6, 2003.) HELCO currently has 8 existing DG customers, and has executed letters of intent with 2 new DG customers to do engineering for HELCO owned and operated CHP systems (the CHP systems would not be installed unless contracts are executed, and approved by the PUC). 3.2.4 HELCO's Experience with Distributed Generation at Substations Four 1 MW DG units were installed at Panaewa, Ouli, Kapua, and Punaluu Substations in late 1997. The sites were determined to be the most feasible sites out of over 30 possible candidate sites through a ranking of various criteria (including environmental impacts, community impact, cost, and fuel). These DG units provided the most feasible means of adding generation capacity in the least amount of time. The time to obtain air permits is 6 months to a year, which is considerably less than a central station generator, which can take 5 years or more. They provide quick start capability by being able to start in 90 seconds. This is beneficial when a generator unit or transmission line trips. They were originally installed as mitigation measures in HELCO's contingency plan, but are now included as firm capacity since they are expected to remain in service until they are no longer needed to maintain reliability. Appropriate modifications have been made to the units, and to HELCO's operational and planning procedures to regard them as firm capacity. 3.2.5 Distributed Generation in IRP HELCO has been actively monitoring non-utility DG developments in its service territory. Based on known current and proposed DG projects, HELCO believes non-utility 28 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report DG will play a role in reducing overall demand on the grid in the near and long-term. For Integrated Resource Planning, HELCO reflects an estimate of non-utility DG in its sales and peak forecast. An estimate of non-utility CHP impacts included with HELCO's proposed CHP program indicates that the impacts of non-utility CHP would grow to 3.4 MW in 2008. HELCO will continue to actively monitor non-utility DG developments and update the non- utility DG penetration in its sales and peak forecast as new information becomes available. The peak forecast also accounts for the possibility that the utility may have to provide backup service for customer -owned self or co -generators. With an estimated availability factor of 91 % for base -loaded co -generators, the system peak forecast anticipates that the utility must have enough standby capacity to cover 9% of the distributed generation capacity on-line, which is approximately 0.3 MW. HELCO's proposed CHP Program is consistent with its IRP Plan, and the energy efficiency objectives of the plan. HELCO's IRP -2 Plan, adjusted for current circumstances, was utilized in analyzing and justifying HELCO's proposed CHP program as filed with the PUC in Docket No. 03-0366. The program approach to CHP, as proposed in HELCO's CHP program, makes it possible to consider CHP projects in an IRP process. Accordingly, HELCO's IRP -3 process will consider a utility CHP program as a resource option. 3.3 Renewable Energy Renewable energy is an important contributor to increasing the State's energy self- sufficiency. Various issues relating to the development of renewable energy in Hawaii need to be addressed and successfully managed. 3.3.1 Summary of Renewable Energy Issues The State of Hawaii has adopted four statutory energy objectives: (1) Dependable, efficient, and economical statewide energy systems capable of supporting the needs of the people; (2) Increased energy self-sufficiency where the ratio of indigenous to imported energy use is increased; (3) Greater energy security in the face of threats to Hawaii's energy supplies and systems, and (4) Reduction, avoidance, or sequestration of greenhouse gas 29 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report emissions from energy supply and use. 12 There are a variety of issues relating to renewable energy that must be addressed when trying to balance the four statutory energy objectives. These issues include: higher costs and technical maturity, integration with the existing electric system (intermittency, output variability and system minimum load), site and resource availability, and environmental and social issues. Most renewable energy technologies that are applicable for use in Hawaii cost more than conventional fossil fuel technologies. Higher costs of renewable energy technologies are attributable to the lack of technical maturity and market development, as well as characteristics inherent in obtaining the energy from the renewable resource. For example, photovoltaics, ocean, and hydrogen fuel cell energy systems require further technological advancements and subsequent cost reductions. Though photovoltaic energy systems are technologically mature, the current high cost of photovoltaics limits their adoption. Also, the cost to obtain the energy from ocean and closed-loop biomass resources can be high. Commercially viable renewable energy technologies will be re-evaluated during the next full review of HELCO's IRP. Unlike electric utilities in the continental United States that are able to obtain power from other states through transmission lines, utilities in Hawaii do not have interconnections to other utilities to provide backup power. Hawaii utilities, therefore, must rely on dependable firm power that can be dispatched to customers when needed. Many renewable resources, such as solar, wind, and run -of -river hydro, are not available on demand, thus requiring backup generation or energy storage to ensure power is available when needed. The variability of the resource must also be considered. For example, the intermittent and gusty nature of wind can negatively affect the quality of power, especially on small island -based electric grid systems. Existing wind farms on the island of Hawaii have a measurable impact on system frequency deviations, especially during periods of low system load. Hawaii has a variety of renewable resources, including geothermal heat, sun, wind, hydroelectric (flowing rivers and streams), biomass, and ocean sources (ocean thermal, current, and wave sources). However, commercial utilization of these resources is limited by their availability and availability of suitable sites on which to place these resources and their infrastructure. Geothermal resources are difficult to locate and drilled wells can degrade, R Hawaii Revised Statutes, Section 226-18(a), as amended. 30 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report reducing output. Biomass, wind, and solar resources have high land requirements. For each MW of electricity, biomass needs 250 to 500 acres, wind needs 11 to 15 acres, and solar (photovoltaic) requires 5 to 10 acres. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric are not considered firm resources since they are not available 24 hours a day and cannot be relied upon to provide electricity during peak load periods. Also, technology cost and technical maturity for other renewable energy resources, such as closed-loop biomass13, and ocean energy, are not in a commercial state at this time These factors must be taken into consideration in the evaluation of the level of implementation of renewable resources. 3.3.2 HELCO Renewable Energy Strategy Electricity is, and will continue to be, essential to the security and economic growth of Hawaii. The aforementioned issues relating to renewable energy must be successfully managed to achieve the competing objectives of increasing energy self-sufficiency and maintaining reliable and cost-effective electrical energy generation and delivery. Therefore, HELCO will actively work towards development and implementation of both commercial and emerging renewable technologies, in concert with planning for DSM and the best use of fossil fuel generation, until renewable energy technologies reach full maturity. HELCO will also continue to evaluate and develop partnerships that facilitate renewable energy projects. HELCO is actively seeking to increase its renewable energy portfolio. Although HELCO is already a leader in the United States in renewable energy — about 23% of the electricity sold by HELCO in 2003 was generated from a diverse portfolio of renewable resources — planned renewable energy projects could provide more renewable energy for the island of Hawaii (see the Renewable Portfolio Standards Status Report to the Hawaii Public Utilities Commission 2003 report, filed February 27, 2004). Due to the high penetration of intermittent wind generation on the island, HELCO faces many challenges with additional renewable energy development. To this end, HELCO will be participating in projects and studies to address the challenges associated with increasing its renewable energy portfolio. These challenges include the mitigation of negative impacts on HELCO's system caused by the high penetration of intermittent energy generation, the curtailment of " Closed-loop biomass refers to the dedicated growing, harvesting, and processing of crops and subsequent conversion into energy 31 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report generation during periods of low system load, and the lack of transmission and distribution capacity from the east side to the west side of the island. To meet these challenges, HELCO plans to implement a strategy that incorporates a multi -pronged approach in IRP -3: (1) facilitate commercialization of renewable energy technologies, (2) facilitate integration of intermittent resources, and (3) facilitate the development of renewable energy technologies. 3.3.2.1 Facilitate Commercialization of Renewable Energy Technologies Renewable Hawaii HECO, HELCO's parent company, created a non-regulated subsidiary in December 2002 called Renewable Hawaii, Inc. to seek passive investment (providing a reasonable return) opportunities in cost-effective, commercial renewable energy projects in the State. With an initial approval to invest up to $10 million, Renewable Hawaii's formation builds on HECO's (and HELCO's) ongoing commitment to increase Hawaii's use of renewable energy. The primary objectives of Renewable Hawaii's creation are to stimulate the addition of cost- effective, commercial renewable energy in Hawaii, promote viable projects that will integrate positively with the utility grid and encourage renewable energy generation activity where such is lacking in targeted categories. Renewable Hawaii is attempting to stimulate the renewable energy market by releasing a series of island -specific Renewable Energy Request for Project Proposals (RE RFPP). To meet Renewable Hawaii's objective, renewable projects must utilize cost-effective, commercial technologies with a proven track record and established costs and be 1 MW or larger. Technologies requiring research and design, prototype development, or demonstration will not be considered. Separate RE RFPPs for the island of Oahu and Maui County were released in 2003. Renewable Hawaii is currently reviewing several proposals submitted in response to the requests for Oahu and Maui County. A RE RFPP for the Big Island of Hawaii was released on January 22, 2004 and proposals to this RE RFPP are due April 22, 2004, 32 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Renewable Energy Project Development The following projects have the potential to increase renewable energy generation on the island of Hawaii. These projects are in various stages of development and are subject to change. Figure 3.3.2.1-1 indicates the location of the proposed projects. • On August 17, 1999, HELCO entered into a PPA with Kahua Power Partners LLC (KPP) for the purchase of as -available energy from KPP's proposed 10 MW wind farm. The PPA was amended by Amendment No. 1 dated April 4, 2000. The PUC approved the PPA, as amended, on June 1, 2001. KPP did not, however, construct its wind farm. GE Wind Energy completed the acquisition of certain assets of Enron Wind Corporation in May 2002, including the proposed KPP project. On October 7, 2003, GE Wind Energy assigned the KPP PPA to Hawi Renewable Development, Inc. (HRD). On December 9, 2003, HELCO terminated the KPP PPA pursuant to HRD's notice that it does not plan to develop that wind farm, and its request that the PPA be terminated. On January 8, 2001, HELCO entered into a PPA with HRD for the purchase of as -available energy from HRD's proposed 5 MW wind farm. An amendment to the PPA was completed on April 30, 2002. The PPA, as amended, was approved by the PUC on January 14, 2003. Due to transmission line limitations, the output of HRD would have been limited to 3 MW if the KPP wind farm was connected to the electric grid through the same 34.5 kilovolt (kV) line. On December 30, 2003, HELCO and HRD entered into a PPA under which HRD would sell energy from an expanded wind farm (approximately 10.6 MW) at HRD's 5 MW wind farm site (which can accommodate the expanded wind farm). Since the KPP wind farm would not be built, it is anticipated that the output of the 10.6 MW wind farm would not be limited by another wind farm on the 34.5 kV line (although the output of the 10.6 MW wind farm may be limited on occasion due to other factors). PUC approval of the PPA is pending. • Apollo Energy Corporation (AEC), the owner of the existing wind farm in Kamaoa, has an existing contract to provide HELCO with up to 7 MW of as - available wind power through June 29, 2002 (and extending thereafter until terminated by HELCO or Apollo). Apollo filed a petition for hearing with the PUC on April 28, 2000, alleging that it had unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate a 33 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report new power purchase agreement with HELCO. Apollo had offered to repower its existing 7 MW facility by the end of 2000 and to install additional wind turbines, up to a total allowed capacity of 15 MW, by the end of 2001. The parties agreed to limit to four issues the matters being presented to the PUC for guidance: whether Apollo is entitled to capacity payments; whether Apollo is entitled to a minimum purchase rate; whether certain performance standards should apply, and whether HELCO's proposed dispute resolution provision should apply. A hearing on these issues was held on October 3 to 5, 2000. On May 30, 2001, the PUC issued a D&O in which it ordered HELCO and Apollo to continue to negotiate a PPA, consistent with the terms of the D&O, and to submit either a finalized PPA or status reports informing the PUC of matters preventing finalization of a PPA. HELCO and Apollo were unable to agree to a PPA by the specified date, and each submitted a status report. The parties continued to negotiate through March 2003, and while agreement was reach on pricing and other matters (such as increasing the allowed capacity to 20 MW), final agreement has not been reached on certain technical and interconnection cost issues. The PUC issued an Order on February 26, 2004 for Apollo and HELCO to file (1) a joint status report or individual status reports, and (2) a stipulated procedural order establishing a scheduled of procedural or target dates, culminating in the filing of a new amended PPA with the PUC. On March 18, 2004, Apollo filed a Motion for Expedited Resolution of Issue in which it contested the necessity for a previously accepted three -breaker switching station and contended that a one -breaker switching station is sufficient. On March 25, 2004, HELCO filed a Memorandum in Opposition to Apollo's motion in which HELCO explained the necessity for a three -breaker switching station. On March 29, HELCO filed its status report with the PUC in which HELCO explained that technical and pricing issues addressed since the last status report (January 2003) and the present (March 2004) have been resolved, and that the remaining issues were generally created by Apollo by reopening previously agreed upon cost issues after the technical and pricing issues were resolved The status report also includes HELCO's procedural proposal to resolve the remaining issues. 34 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report • Lalamilo is an existing 2.28 MW HELCO-owned wind farm located in the Waimea area. HELCO is presently considering repowering options for this facility. • The existing HELCO-owned 1.5 MW run -of -river generator at HELCO's Puueo hydroelectric plant was severely damaged. In September 2002, HELCO assessed the damage and decided to rehabilitate the hydroelectric system. In August 2003, HELCO filed a PUC application in Docket No. 03-0222 to undertake and complete the Puueo Hydroelectric Plant Rehabilitation project, which sought to replace the existing 1.5 MW and 0.750 MW generators with a modern, more efficient turbine generator with a capacity of roughly 2.28 to 2.4 MW. The PUC approved the project in November 2003. Preliminary estimates indicate that the work to rehabilitate the Puueo facility can be completed in the 2005 timeframe. • Union Mill proposes to build a 0.8 MW hydroelectric plant with water storage on the northern side of the Big Island. Union Mill is studying various technical and financial issues at this time. • HECO, HELCO, and DBEDT are funding a study to assess the hydroelectric resource potential of water systems operated by the County of Hawaii Water Department, State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture, and private landowners. In addition, existing water reservoirs will be evaluated to determine the feasibility of in-line hydroelectric power production and pumped storage hydroelectric (PSH) applications. PSH has the potential to decrease curtailment of wind farms by providing a load (i.e., pumping water from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation reservoir) during periods of low electrical demand on the HELCO grid. This study is targeted for completion in late 2004. In addition, HELCO has committed funding to cost -share with the County of Hawaii Water Department for an in-line hydroelectric demonstration project. Based on an assessment of water systems conducted by the County of Hawaii Water Department, several feasible sites were identified. The County of Hawaii Water Department is assessing the next steps, including the selection of the location of the demonstration project. Installation of the in-line hydroelectric system is targeted to start by the end of 2004. 35 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Figure 3.3.2-1 Proposed Renewable Projects 0 Hawi ■ Union Mill . 4 Apollo N 3.3.2.2 Facilitate Integration of Intermittent Resources Due to the gusty and turbulent nature of wind, the energy output of a wind farm can change very rapidly. Rapidly changing energy output of a wind farm on either a weakly supported transmission line or an isolated island grid system can create fluctuations in both frequency and voltage on the transmission system. The fluctuations may require disconnection of the wind farm from the transmission system or compensation by load - following thermal generation units. To mitigate these fluctuations HELCO is studying various technologies and assessment tools. 36 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Electronic Shock Absorber To help stabilize grid operation and maintain power quality on a grid system with a high penetration of wind farms, HECO, HELCO, and MECO have teamed with a private company to examine if a device can be developed from commercial products for installation between a wind farm and the utility grid. The purpose of the device, called the Electronic Shock Absorber (ESA), is to help the electric utility ride through short duration power fluctuations (frequency, voltage, etc.) from the wind farm caused by the variable nature of wind. The intent is to have a product that is commercially available to all wind farm developers to address this issue thereby increasing the potential usage of wind energy. HECO has filed a patent application and a study has been conducted to identify available technologies. An assessment study concluded that an ESA device using commercial products could be fabricated. A demonstration unit is planned to be fabricated and tested in the near future. • Intermittent Generation Assessment Protocol (IGAP) Study To improve existing planning and evaluation tools, HECO and HELCO have funded a study to address the impact of intermittent renewable energy generation on small, isolated electric utility systems (a unique problem faced by Hawaii utilities). In the [GAP study, the consultant will work with HECO and HELCO to develop a system of policies and standards for integrating and operating existing intermittent generation on island electric utility systems; planning tools and methodologies to assess quantitatively on a discrete and aggregate basis the impacts of existing and future intermittent generation on the utility system's power quality, reliability, and economics; and a means to appropriately allocate the costs of integrating future intermittent generation into utility systems. The study is scheduled to be completed by the end of 2004. • Grid Quality Assessment Proiect Through its membership with the Utility Wind Interest Group (UWIG), HECO is participating in a project to develop assessment tools related to grid quality. The purpose of the grid quality assessment project is to determine and characterize the voltage fluctuations caused by wind farms on distribution feeder lines. 37 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Software that calculates voltage fluctuation and voltage flicker is being beta - tested by HELCO using the proposed Hawi wind farm (Big Island of Hawaii) as a model. This wind farm was selected as an ideal candidate because it is a relatively small wind farm, by mainland standards, and is connected to a radial line. Results will be made available to UWIG members, thus expanding the knowledge base of the utility industry. • Distributed Energy Resources Management as a Microgrid Funding under a U.S. Department of Energy competitive grant program has been received to conduct a study in which HELCO and the State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) will evaluate the combination of hybrid, controllable distributed energy resources (DER) systems that will encourage development of renewable and distributed energy resources. Hybrid DER combines distributed generation from renewable resources, electrical storage, thermal energy storage, and building energy management systems. Integrating these technologies with HELCO's network control and monitoring systems has the potential to help alleviate system problems and constraints. The study is targeted for completion in mid 2004. • Battery Energy Storage System Study Funding under a U.S. Department of Energy competitive grant program has been received to conduct a battery energy storage system study (BESS) in which HELCO and DBEDT will examine the ability to charge a BESS with off-peak energy (primarily from excess renewable energy sources), validate the applicability of a BESS to improve system reliability and power quality, evaluate the potential to defer new transmission lines and re-conductoring, and support the implementation of renewable energy. The project will be completed in the second quarter of 2004. 3.3.2.3 Facilitate Development of Renewable Energy Technologies HELCO is participating in several renewable energy pilot and demonstration projects. Hydrogen Power Park Study 38 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report One of the key components necessary for commercial utilization of hydrogen is a safe and reliable hydrogen storage and distribution system. HELCO and HECO are partnering with DBEDT, Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI), Sentech, Sunline, Stuart Energy, and United Technologies Company (UTC) Fuel Cells in a project to introduce and demonstrate hydrogen -based infrastructure in Hawaii. The design of the hydrogen production and storage infrastructure has been initiated. NELHA Gateway Proiect HELCO is partnering with the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA), DBEDT, HNEI, and Sentech in a project to construct distributed energy systems at the Gateway Center located at the entrance to NELHA's Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park. The Gateway Distributed Energy Resources Center is part of NELHA's ongoing efforts to help Hawaii become an international model for clean energy technologies through education, research, demonstration, development, and bringing clean, distributed and sustainable energy technologies to commercialization. Construction of the Gateway Center is targeted for completion by the end of June, 2004 with the construction of this project to follow thereafter. In partnership with NELHA, HELCO will be installing two separate photovoltaic (PV) systems within NELHA's Gateway Distributed Energy Resources Center to demonstrate solar technology applications. The first solar electric system of 20 kW AC will be installed on the Gateway Outreach Center and the second system of approximately 18 kW AC will be installed on the first of several laboratories planned for the site. In addition, HELCO has received a grant on behalf of the Island of Hawaii Million Solar Roofs Partnership of $46,000 through the U.S. Department of Energy's Million Solar Roofs program to build an educational display for the Outreach Center focusing on energy efficient building construction (zero energy homes) utilizing solar and other technologies along with the multiple uses of solar and how solar can be used as an energy source to generate hydrogen. Partnering on the grant project are NELHA and DBEDT. Solar Thermal/Cooling Pilot Project HELCO is partnering with Pacific Energy Services, Solel, and the Waikoloa Beach Marriott, an Outrigger Resort, on a pilot -scale project to evaluate and demonstrate the feasibility for full-scale solar thermal and solar cooling installations for West Hawaii hotels and resorts The purpose of the project is to gather and record operational data from the high 39 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report temperature, solar thermal panel for an engineering feasibility study to evaluate the economics of full-scale production of domestic hot water, and production of chilled water by an absorption chiller process. The pilot project has been in operation and recording operational data since May 2003, and has been used to demonstrate the technology to interested hotel customers and engineers. Sun Power for Schools Proaram Extension RECO, HELCO, and MECO have extended their Sun Power for Schools program with the State of Hawaii Department of Education for another two-year period (2003 and 2004). Through the Sun Power for Schools program, the utilities will continue to install photovoltaic systems at Hawaii public schools using voluntary customer contributions and by providing in-kind utility contributions, including engineering, project management, administration, advertising, and marketing. To date, nineteen public schools have received photovoltaic systems (nine on Oahu, four on the island of Hawaii, and five in Maui County) and benefited from the educational material developed as part of the program. About 0.7% of the electric utilities' customers are participating in this green pricing program. Program efforts will continue in 2003 and 2004 and may be extended beyond 2004. U.S. Department of Energy Million Solar Roofs Initiative (MSR) In 1997, the Hawaii Island MSR Partnership, formed and led by HELCO, was one of the first partnerships in the United States to commit to the national MSR program. Partnership members currently consist of representatives from the solar industry, government agencies, and the general public. The Million Solar Roofs Initiative is designed to support states and local communities as they develop a strong commitment to the sustained deployment of solar energy technologies. The local partnership has worked to identify and reduce the local barriers to the adoption of solar technologies. Through MSR, HELCO has written several grants and received funds to conduct several workshops and projects. These endeavors have included: • Development of an Island of Hawaii MSR web site, www.hawaiiislandsolar.org • Workshops on financing solar projects • Workshops on designing and installing code -compliant solar electric systems • Workshops for educators on including solar energy education in their classes 40 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Current projects include the development of an educational display for NELHA's Gateway Outreach Center to showcase energy efficient building design incorporating solar technologies. Through the MSR, and in partnership with the County of Hawaii, HELCO also installed a solar demonstration and educational kiosk as well as solar powered lighting for the public restrooms at the Hilo bay front. In addition, HELCO has promoted the applicability of PV installations and net -energy metering by installing a 5.4 kW PV system, which features an educational display, on its Kailua-Kona Engineering Office. 3.3.3 Recent Developments in Renewable Energy Since IRP -2 The following are some of the recent developments in renewable energy since IRP -2. • Renewable Portfolio Standard The 2001 Hawaii State Legislature passed a law introducing a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) for Hawaii. Act 272 established RPS levels for electric utilities to guide them in incorporating renewable resources into their resource portfolios and to reduce the use of imported oil.14 HECO, HELCO and MECO, were among the supporters of this law. Act 272 states that the RPS is the percentage of electricity sales that is represented by renewable energy. Renewable energy is the electrical energy produced by wind, solar energy, hydropower, landfill gas, waste -to -energy, geothermal resources, ocean thermal energy conversion, wave energy, biomass including municipal solid waste, biofuels or fuels derived from organic sources, hydrogen fuels derived entirely from renewable energy, fuel cells where the fuel is derived entirely from renewable resources, or the savings brought about by the use of solar and heat pump water heating. Act 272 further specifies that the RPS levels shall be 7% of electricity sales by December 31, 2003, 8% by December 31, 2005, and 9% by December 31, 2010. An electric utility company and its electric utility affiliates may aggregate their renewable portfolios in order to achieve the RPS. " Act 272. Part I, codified as sections 269-91 to 269-94, Hawaii Revised Statutes. 41 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report As of December 31, 2003, 8.40% of electricity sales from the HECO Utilities came from renewable energy sources (including the energy sales equivalent of the energy savings from solar water heating and heat pump systems installed under the companies' DSM programs). • Net Energy Metering Act 272 passed by the 2001 Hawaii State Legislature makes net energy metering (NEM) available to eligible customers until the total rated generating capacity of eligible customers equals 0.5 percent of the electric utility's system peak demand.15 HECO, HELCO, and MECO were among the supporters of this legislation. The NEM law states that eligible customers who own and operate a solar, wind turbine, biomass, or hydroelectric energy generating facility, or a hybrid system consisting of two or more of these facilities, with a capacity of not more than 10 kilowatts, shall be credited at the retail rate (of the rate class the customer is normally assigned to) for electrical energy generated by the eligible customer and fed back to the electric grid. Over a monthly billing period, the difference (i.e., net) between the customer -generated electrical energy and the electrical energy supplied through the electric grid is determined. In essence, customers are able to "bank" the renewable energy they generate for later use. Excess kilowatt-hours generated during this period are retained by the utility unless the electric utility enters into a purchase agreement with the customer. In response to the passage of Act 272 of the 2001 Hawaii State Legislature, HECO, HELCO, and MECO completed implementation activities for net energy metering (NEM) prior to the signing of Act 272 into law on June 25, 2001. This allowed HECO to implement the customer billing modification, a NEM Agreement, and a NEM Tariff on the same day the legislation was signed into law. In December 2001, HELCO completed installation of a grid -connected 5.4 kW photovoltaic system at HELCO's Kona Engineering Office. The system is an example of a NEM generating system and features an educational display describing NEM, the photovoltaic system, and the benefits of solar. In addition to "Act 272 Past II codified as sections 269-101 to 269-111. Hawaii Revised Statutes. 42 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report providing customer education, the system provides HELCO staff an opportunity to gain experience with a NEM solar electric system. As of December 31, 2003, one hundred and sixty information packets were sent to HELCO customers. Eleven NEM projects (photovoltaic systems) with a total rating of 42.9 kilowatts have been completed. 3.4 Existing HELCO Generation HELCO considers retiring its generating units based on the individual unit's age, condition, operation and maintenance costs, reliability, availability of spare parts, potential modernization costs, load growth, and ability to install or purchase additional firm capacity. In consideration of these factors, HELCO's IRP -2 had previously planned to retire many of its units after new capacity was added at the Keahole Generation Station. Table 4-5 on page 4- 13 of HELCO's IRP -2 report in Docket No. 97-0349 shows the planned retirement dates for various HELCO units at the time the IRP -2 report was filed. Consistent with this retirement assumption from IRP -2, some of the maintenance of the HELCO units had been deferred. However, the aging units could not be retired due to the difficulties encountered in adding new generation at Keahole. HELCO's experience has demonstrated that obtaining permits for adding new generating capacity to the system is extremely difficult. Therefore, the retirement of units that are already grid -connected and permitted must be carefully considered. Additional expenditures to keep the units operating reliably are often warranted, with the need for expenditures being considered on a case-by- case basis. Kanoelehua CT -1, D11, D15-17, Waimea D12-14, and Keahole D21-23 (38.25 MW total) will be kept in service until the units are no longer needed to maintain system reliability or maintain quick start capability. The diesel units have fast -starting capability and can be on line within 90 seconds from when they are started. The fast -start diesel units are used to balance generation and load during post -contingency situations such as a generating unit trip or a transmission line outage. In addition, the fast -staring diesel units provide flexibility in adjusting the amount of firm capacity and regulating capacity HELCO has to have on line to match system load and maintain system frequency and voltage, which can fluctuate instantaneously depending on the amount and intermittent nature of the as -available energy being provided to the system. 43 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Based on these considerations, HELCO's preferred integrated resource plan contains no planned discretionary retirements of any of its existing generating units. Keahole Diesels D18-20 retirements are mandatory and they must be retired in accordance with the CT -4 and CT -5 air permit requirements. The current status of HELCO's existing units will be reviewed as part of the IRP -3 process. Capital and maintenance projects to maintain acceptable levels of reliability will be performed as needed. 3.5 Keahole CT -4, CT -5, and ST -7 HELCO had been endeavoring for several years to install at its Keahole power plant two 20 megawatt (MW) combustion turbines (CT -4 and CT -5), followed by an 18 MW heat recovery steam generator (ST -7). As a result of a September 19, 2002 decision embodied in an order dated October 3, 2002 and a final judgment dated November 7, 2002 (the November 7, 2002 Final Judgment) by the Third Circuit Court of the State of Hawaii (Circuit Court), relating to an extension of the construction deadline, the construction of CT -4 and CT -5, which had commenced in April 2002 after HELCO had obtained a final air permit and the Circuit Court had lifted a stay on construction, was suspended. With installation of CT -4 and CT -5 halted and the proceedings described above pending and unresolved, the parties that opposed the Keahole power plant expansion project (other than Waimana, which did not participate in the settlement discussions and opposes the settlement), including Keahole Defence Coalition (KDC), the Individual Plaintiffs, and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL), engaged in a mediation process with HELCO and several Hawaii regulatory agencies in an attempt to achieve a resolution of the matters in dispute that would permit the project to be constructed and put in service. This process led to an agreement in principle ultimately embodied in the Settlement Agreement, executed by the last party to it on November 6, 2003, under which, subject to satisfaction of several conditions, HELCO would be permitted to proceed with installation of CT -4 and CT -5, and, in the future, ST -7. In addition to KDC, the Individual Plaintiffs, DHHL and HELCO, parties to the Settlement Agreement also include the Department of Health (DOH), the Director of the DOH, the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), and the Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR). In connection with efforts to implement the agreement in principle and Settlement Agreement: 44 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report • On October 10, 2003, the BLNR conditionally approved a 19 -month extension of the previous December 31, 2003 construction deadline, but subject to court action allowing construction to proceed (BLNR 2003 Construction Period Extension). • On October 14, 2003, the Hawaii Supreme Court granted a motion to remand the pending appeal of the November 2002 Final Judgment (which was halting construction) in order to permit the Third Circuit Court to consider a motion to vacate that judgment. • On October 17, 2003, a motion to vacate the November 2002 Final Judgment was filed in the Third Circuit Court by KDC and DHHL. • On November 5, 2003, Waimana filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii in which it sought, among other things, a temporary restraining order enjoining the Third Circuit Court from granting the motion to vacate the November 2002 Final Judgment. The United States District Court denied this motion on November 7, 2003 and dismissed Waimana's complaint on November 14, 2003. • On November 12, 2003, the motion to vacate the November 2002 Final Judgment was granted by the Third Circuit Court, over Waimana's objections, and, on November 28, 2003, the Third Circuit Court entered its first amended final judgment (November 2003 Final Judgment) vacating the November 2002 Final Judgment. • On November 17, 2003, HELCO resumed construction of CT -4 and CT -5. • On January 13, 2004, the Hawaii Supreme Court granted, over Waimana's objection, HELCO's motion to dismiss HELCO's original appeal of the November 2002 Final Judgment (since that judgment had been vacated). Full implementation of the Settlement Agreement is conditioned on obtaining final dispositions of all litigation and proceedings pending at the time the Settlement Agreement was entered into. While substantial progress has been made in achieving such dispositions, final dispositions of all such proceedings have not yet been obtained. HELCO has agreed in the Settlement Agreement that it will undertake a number of actions, in addition to complying with the stricter noise standards, to mitigate the impact of the power plant in terms of air 45 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report pollution and potable water and aesthetic concerns. These actions relate to providing additional landscaping, expediting efforts to obtain the permits and approvals necessary for installation of ST -7 with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) emissions control equipment, operating existing CT -2 at Keahole within existing air permit limitations rather than the less stringent limitations in a pending air permit revision, using primarily brackish instead of potable water resources, assisting DHHL in installing solar water heating in its housing projects and in obtaining a major part of HELCO's potable water allocation from the County of Hawaii, supporting KDC's participation in certain PUC cases, paying legal expenses and other costs of various parties to the lawsuits and other proceedings, and cooperating with neighbors and community groups, including a Hot Line service for communications with neighboring DHHL beneficiaries. Since the time construction activities resumed in November 2003, HELCO has laid the groundwork for implementation of many of its commitments under the Settlement Agreement. However, despite the numerous rulings against Waimana described above, it has continued to pursue efforts to stop or delay the Keahole project and to interfere with implementation of the Settlement Agreement, including (a) filing a notice of appeal to the Hawaii Supreme Court of the Third Circuit Court's November 2003 Final Judgment (vacating the November 2002 Final Judgment), (b) appealing to the Third Circuit Court the BLNR 2003 Construction Period Extension and (c) appealing to the Third Circuit Court the BLNR's approval, on December 12, 2003, of HELCO's request for a revocable permit to use brackish well water as the primary source of water for operating the Keahole plant. In January 2004, the Third Circuit Court denied Waimana's motion to stay the effectiveness of the BLNR 2003 Construction Period Extension, and granted HELCO's motion (joined in by the BLNR) to dismiss Waimana's appeal of that extension. In February 2004, the Third Circuit Court denied Waimana's motion to stay the effectiveness of the revocable permit to use brackish water, and granted HELCO's motion (joined in by the BLNR) to dismiss Waimana's appeal of that permit. After previously submitting and withdrawing a petition, HELCO submitted to the Hawaii State Land Use Commission (LUC) on November 25, 2003 a new petition to reclassify the Keahole plant site from conservation land use to urban land use. The installation of ST -7, with SCR as contemplated by the Settlement Agreement, is dependent upon this reclassification. In December 2003, Waimana filed a Notice of Intent to Intervene in the LUC proceeding. On February 5, 2004, the LUC issued an order, with which HELCO concurred, that an environmental impact statement (EIS) be prepared in connection with its 46 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report reclassification petition. Work on the EIS was already in progress before the ruling was issued. The entire reclassification process could take several years. The probability that HELCO will be allowed to complete the installation of CT -4 and CT -5 during 2004 has been substantially enhanced by the Settlement Agreement, the Third Circuit's November 2003 Final Judgment, and the decisions of the BLNR to extend the construction deadline by 19 months from December 31, 2003 and to grant to HELCO a revocable permit to use brackish water for the plant. Although additional steps must be completed under the Settlement Agreement to satisfy its remaining conditions and HELCO must obtain the further permits necessary to complete installation of CT -4 and CT -5 (and, eventually ST -7), HELCO believes that the prospects are good that those conditions will be satisfied and that any further necessary permits will be obtained. Nevertheless, Waimana has continued its efforts to stop or delay the construction and there could be further delays in completing construction. It is expected that CT -4 and CT -5 will go online in the second quarter 2004 and will be fully operational by year-end. HELCO retired diesel units D18-19 in February 2004 and will retire D20 at Keahole in accordance with the air permit requirements for CT -4 and CT -5. 3.6 Transmission issues In any electrical transmission system, it is crucial that the current flowing through the system and the voltage on the system are maintained within certain limits. Based on HELCO generating units on the system as of November 2002, 85% of HELCO's generating capacity resides on the east side of the island. Based on a normal economic commitment order with all of HELCO's transmission lines operating normally, HELCO, on a daily basis, transports the energy generated on the east side over to the load center on the west side. Only during some portions of the on -peak period, including the priority -peak period, is west side generation (via Keahole or Waimea) on-line to serve the load demand in West Hawaii. Under normal conditions, with all transmission system components in service, HELCO's transmission system can still meet all line loading and voltage level requirements. However, under certain contingency conditions, such as a transmission line being out of service, conductor overloading and/or undervoltage conditions could occur. The most problematic area is in the northwest part of the island where the Keamuku-Keahole (6800) line, the Waimea-Keamuku (7200) line and the Waimea-Ouli (7300) line serve the Kona area. The current flowing through these lines carrying power from east side generators to 47 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report meet the load demand in West Hawaii will exceed the current carrying capacity of the line under certain line contingency situations. Low voltage situation may also occur during certain line contingencies including the three mentioned above. The overload and undervoitage situations can be alleviated either by decreasing the amount of power transported from the east side generators to the west side loads or by upgrading the transmission system to accommodate the increased current Flow (that results from the increased power flow) and mitigate against low voltage conditions. For example, installing a baseload generation such as ST -7 at Keahole would allow the west side load to be served primarily by the efficient west side unit and decrease the amount of power required from east side generators. Another alternative is to upgrade the existing transmission system by reconductoring existing transmission lines and installing capacitors for voltage support. HELCO's IRP preferred plan, as filed in HELCO's IRP -2 filing, planned for the completion of a base -loaded Keahole unit (ST -7) in 2006. The date of installation for ST -7 is no longer 2006 and there is some uncertainty in forecasting the exact installation date for ST -7. Improvements to the transmission system are now being planned for the near-term because of the increasing load in West Hawaii and the uncertainty of installing a baseload generating unit at Keahole. These improvements include the following projects: • Kailua Capacitor Bank Installation (Docket No. 03-0388) • 7300 Transmission Line Reconductoring (targeted for 2004) • 7200 Transmission Line Reconductoring (targeted for 2005-2006) Transmission plans can differ depending on the location of where future generating units are located. Transmission issues will be considered in HELCO's IRP -3 process. See Section 2.3 of this report for additional discussion of transmission capital projects and their relationship to the IRP process. 3.7 Independent Power Producer Issues HELCO purchases firm capacity from three Independent Power Producers (IPPs): Puna Geothermal Ventures, Hamakua Energy Partners, and Hilo Coast Power Company. Refer to Figure 3.7-1 for location of these IPPS. 48 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Figure 3.7.1 Location of Firm Capacity IPPS 3.7.1 Puna Geothermal Ventures (PGV) PGV's PPA specifies that 30 MW be exported to HELCO during the on -peak period. From April to December 2002, PGV exported an average of 5.6 MW due to blockage of one of their source wells. PGV has drilled a new source well and has been slowly increasing their export since the beginning of 2003. As of early February 2004, PGV has been able to export roughly 27 MW on a consistent basis. PGV is a renewable resource that provides a large contribution towards the HECO Companies Renewable Portfolio Standard. However, in 2002 HELCO learned first-hand that geothermal resources are not immune to production difficulties. PGV anticipates that it will be fully restored to 30 MW by late 2004. 49 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report 3.7.2 Hamakua Energy Partners (HEP) In June 2001, HEP demonstrated 60 MW of output from the facility. Subsequently, the output deteriorated due to technical problems in the steam turbine. HEP has since resolved its nozzle plugging problems, but due to high nitrogen oxide emissions and high steam turbine vibration problems, the output had been limited to 55-57 MW in early 2003. HEP requested maintenance outages to correct the problems and returned to providing HELCO with 60 MW later in 2003. In September 2003, the parent company of the managing general partner and a limited partner of HEP, Jones Capital Corporation, filed for reorganization in bankruptcy in North Carolina. Jones is one of the two co -guarantors of the HEP project. Jones has stated that the bankruptcy filing will have no impact on HEP's ability to meet its contractual commitments. Jones has been attempting to sell its interest in HEP under the supervision of the bankruptcy court. An auction among the qualified bidders was held on February 23, 2004 and the court held a hearing on February 24, 2004. By Order dated March 2, 2004, the court approved a motion to sell substantially all of the assets of Jones to United States Power Fund L. P. (USPF) and directed the appropriate parties to implement the sale. HELCO will be working with Jones and USPF to evaluate the terms and conditions of the sale and any implications of the sale on the PPA with HEP. 3.7.3 Hilo Coast Power Company (HCPC) HCPC has helped HELCO's generation situation by switching from a 5 day per week schedule, as specified in the Second Amended and Restated PPA, to a 7 day per week schedule as needed, to prevent generation shortfalls. Weekend operations occurred frequently in 2002 after PGV's output was drastically reduced. Weekend operation was required less frequently in 2003, reflecting less frequent periods of tight capacity on the HELCO system. The five-year term of HCPC's Second Amended and Restated PPA will end on December 31, 2004, After 2004, the PPA can continue on a year-to-year basis with either HCPC or HELCO able to terminate the contract by providing written notice by May 301" of the termination year. Any decision to give notice of termination would be based on the facts and circumstances at the time. The decision of whether or not to terminate the HCPC PPA will be reflected in HELCO's IRP -3 supply-side resource update. 50 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report 4. UPDATED PLANNING INFORMATION 4.1 Sales and Peak Forecast HELCO's May 2003 short-term sales and peak forecast included updates for changes in local economic conditions. A comparison of the May 2003 forecast (extrapolated to 2018) and the IRP -2 forecast (September 1997) shows that the system peak demands in the May 2003 forecast are higher, as a result of updated economic assumptions. A new updated long-term Sales & Peak Forecast is being developed for HELCO's IRP -3 process, which is currently in progress. The following table compares the base scenario peak load values (in system net megawatts) included in the May 2003 forecast with those from the IRP -2 forecast. Actual recorded system peak demands for the years 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003 are also provided. The May 2003 forecast was extrapolated from 2009 to 2018 in order to provide a comparison with the IRP -2 forecast. Only the May 2003 forecast contains non-utility CHP impacts as discussed in Section 3.2.5. Both forecasts contain DSM impacts. 51 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Table 4.1-1 Peak Load Forecast Comparison (Net MW) May 2003 vs. IRP -2 Forecast -,.Ma2003IRP.2 x, Ic ear Recorded x, W 1999 166 170 2000 167 171 2001 169 174 2002 172 178 2003 1 183 175 187 2004 188 178 2005 192 181 2006 197 186 2007 201 190 2008 207 195 2009 210 199 2010 214 203 2011 220 208 2012 225 213 2013 231 218 2014 237 224 2015 244 230 2016 251 236 2017258 4? F- 2018 255 2 8 May 2003 Forecast adjusted for DSM (after 2008) and 3rd Party CHP impacts May 2003 Forecast extrapolated to 2018 The following graph illustrates the difference between the base scenario system peak load forecasted in the May 2003 forecast and the IRP -2 forecast. 52 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Figure 4.1-1 IRP -2 Forecast vs. May 2003 Peak Forecast (Net MW) 270 y" 250 ° 9 ° ,-. 230 May 2003 Forecast (adjusted, extrapolated) =� ° _ _ _ �.„"`� '• _ J210 �.. e Y y ' d Recorded.., m -.. IRP -2 Forecast no • _' or m o N 0 o Co0 m a o r` w m o N r� a ur co n m 0 CD 0 0 0 0 0 •— N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N C1 N N N Year 4.2 Fuel Price Forecast Using widely used government forecasts, HELCO prepared and adopted a new fuel price forecast in July 2002. In the years between the 1998 Fuel Price Forecast used in the IRP -2 Supplement and the 2002 Fuel Price Forecast, the actual price of crude oil declined to record lows in 1998, spiked in 2001, and has since gone down.” A comparison of the July 2002 Fuel Price Forecast versus the May 1998 Fuel Price Forecast is shown in Table 4.2-1. 'b The IRP -2 issued in September 1998 used the May 1995 Fuel Price Forecast. A Supplement, issued in March 1999, used the May 1998 Fuel Price Forecast. The 1995 reference forecast is generally higher than the 1998 refrrence forecast for both MSFO and diesel fuels. 53 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report The prices for both medium sulfur fuel oil (MSFO) and diesel are higher in the July 2002 Fuel Price Forecast than in the May 1998 Fuel Price Forecast. Figure 4.2-1 MSFO Fuel Price Forecast Comparison May 1998 versus July 2002 9.0 8.0 July 2002 Forecast Reference MSFO i 6.0 — • eo — -- -- — — — -- — • • — —, Actual MSFO + 4.0 —• V • r a- 3.0 -- -- -- r,-- f`� -w�� - -- May 1998 Forecast —_— t.>`�,+,-.",�:X ♦ • * Reference MSFO 1.0 0.0 N c0 O N � cO N O N V t0 ro o N '3 CO OJ O N m m m m m m m o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Year The price differentials or "spreads" between MSFO fuel forecasted prices in the July 2002 Fuel Price Forecast remained fairly consistent with the differentials in the May 1998 Fuel Price Forecast. 54 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Table 4.2-1 MSFO and Diesel Price Forecast Comparison May 1998 versus July 2002 Year -_ (A) May 1998 MSFO SWSTU (8) July 2002 MSFO SIMBTU (A) -(B) Difference MSFO $/MBTU (0) May 1998 Diesel $IMBTU (D) July 2002 Diesel '$IMSTU (c) -(D) Difference Diesel, $NBTU 2002 2.93 3.66 -0.7 4.98 5.17 -0.20 2003 3.03 4.10 -1.1 5.13 6.08 -0.94 2004 3.13 4.32 -1.2 5.29 6.44 -1.14 2005 3.26 4.44 -1.2 5.47 6.63 -1.16 2006 3.37 4.56 -1.2 5.64 6.85 -1.21 2007 3.49 4.70 1 -1.2 5.81 7.01 1 -1.20 2008 3.61 4.84 1 -1.2 5.99 7.26 1 -1.27 2009 3.73 4.98 -1.2 6.17 7.47 -1.30 2010 3.86 5.13 -13 6.36 7.48 -1.11 2011 4.00 5.27 -1.3 6.59 7.61 -1.01 2012 4.15 5.45 -1 3 6.83 7.74 -0.91 2013 4.31 5.62 -13 7,07 8.00 -0.92 2014 4.47 5.79 -1.3 7.33 8.21 -0,88 2015 4.64 5.96 -1.3 7.59 8.65 -1.06 2016 1 4.85 6.18 -1.3 1 Z91 9.16 -1.25 2017 5.06 6.40 -1.3 8.25 9.11 -0.86 2018 5.29 6.62 -1.3 8.60 9.64 -1.04 2019 5.54 6.89 -1.4 8.99 10,04 -1.05 2020 5.79 7.12 -1.3 9.40 10.37 -0.97 2021 7.38 10.76 2022 7.64 11.17 Figure 4.2-2 below illustrates the difference between the base price of diesel forecasted in the July 2002 Fuel Price Forecast and in the May 1998 Fuel Price Forecast, and highlights the change in the forecasted price spreads. 55 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Figure 4.2-2 Diesel Price Forecast Comparison May 1998 versus July 2002 12.0 10.0 - 8.0--.- m Actual Diesel 1 Q. 4.0 2.0 - July 2002 Forecast s Reference Diesel i • May 1998 Forecast ReferenceDiesel O N V �2 m O N m m rn rn s m m o 0 0 0 0 m m rn m rn rn m o 0 0 0 0 0 0 `0 0 0 0 0 Year 4.3 Alternative Planning Guideline Despite the adequacy of the amount of generating capacity with respect to HELCO's capacity planning criteria, on November 8, 2002, HELCO experienced a shortfall of power generation that made rolling blackouts necessary. The cause of the shortfall was a coincidence of simultaneous outages of HELCO and IPP units. During the period of generation shortfall, P'GV, which has a normal rating of 30 MW, was operating at an average normal top load rating of about 5.6 MW; HEP, which has a rated capacity of 60 MW, had tripped off-line, and several of HELCO's diesel engines were unable to start. On November 13, 2002, HELCO briefed the PUC and the Consumer Advocate (CA) on its generation situation. At the briefing the PUC requested that HELCO provide weekly reports on its expected generation margins for each day of the coming week and the actual margins for each day of the previous week. These reports continued until early May 2003, when the 56 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report PUC no longer required the weekly reports due to improved generation margins from increased output from PGV. However, these reports are filed periodically, whenever generation margins are projected to be low. The November 8, 2002 incident illustrates that, although HELCO may meet its capacity requirements with respect to its capacity planning criteria, there may be times during which generation shortfalls can occur due to multiple, simultaneous unplanned (forced) outages of generating units. System reliability can be improved by increasing the amount of generation margin on the system or by increasing the reliability of the generating units on the system. With PGV exporting roughly 27 MW on a consistent basis, and the addition of new central station generation this year with CT -4 and CT -5, the reliability of the system should be significantly improved. HELCO will monitor the level of reliability of its system to determine if further investigation into an alternate capacity planning criteria is warranted. 57 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report 5. UPDATED RESOURCE PLAN Sections 3 and 4 of this report contain the updated resource and planning information used in this Evaluation Report. This section of the report explains the updated IRP -2 plan developed by HELCO based upon the updated resource and planning information. • Given the amount of time that has elapsed and the numerous events that have occurred since the filing of HELCO's IRP -2 plan, the focus of this evaluation report is on the near-term (2004 — 2006). A thorough evaluation of the resources in the later years of the planning period will be made in the next major review of the IRP plan. 5.1 Comparison of Assumptions Table 5.1-1 compares the assumptions used in HELCO's IRP -2 filed with the PUC on September 1, 1998 against the assumptions used in this evaluation report. 58 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Table 5.1-1 Comparison of Assumptions: IRP -2 and 2003 IRP -2 Evaluation Report IRP -2 • September 1997 Sales and Peak Forecast • May 1998 Fuel Price Forecast (IRP Supplement) • Acquired DSM program impacts for 1996 • DSM impact estimates for 1998 — 2018 as of August 1997 • No Utility or 3'd Party CHP • Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 operational in 1998 • HEP (formerly Encogen) operational in 1999 • 13 HELCO diesel units, Kanoelehua CT -1, and Shipman 1 retired after HEP and Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 are operational • Puna steam unit placed on cold standby after HEP and Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 are operational • Expiration of IICPC PPA on December 31 1999 5.2 Updated IRP -2 Plan 2003 IRP -2 Evaluation Report • May 2003 Sales and Peak Forecast • July 2002 Fuel Price Forecast • Acquired DSM program impacts from 1996 to 2003 • DSM impact estimates for 2004 — 2018 as of April 2003 • Includes Utility and 3r1 Party CHP • Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 operational in 2004 • HEP operational in 2000 • Waimea 138-10 and Shipman 1 retired in 2002. Keahole D18-19 were retired in February 2004 and D20 to be retired in accordance with Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 air permit requirements • No units placed on cold standby • Uncertainty of HCPC PPA termination on December 31, 2004 • Installation of a new Hawi Renewable Energy wind farm in 2005 • Rehabilitated Puueo Hydro returned to service in 2005 Given the assumptions for this Evaluation Report as shown in Table 5-1 and the considerations and circumstances previously discussed, HELCO's updated IRP -2 plan is shown in Figure 5.2-1. HELCO will use the updated IRP -2 plan as its based plan for future planning activities. 59 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Figure 5.2-1 HELCO Updated IRP -2 Integrated Resource Plan HELCO IRP -98 MODIFIED PREFERRED INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN (2004-2018) Install Keahole CT -415 Start utility CHF program Rehabilitate Rcueo lmd It Install Keahole STI Hydro (Keahole DTCC) West Haw anInstall HRS WindDTCT 1 Continue DSM (REWH, CIES CINC, CICR) 05 1 06 1 07 1 08 1 09 1 10 Ill 1 12 1 13 1 14 1 15 1 16 117 118 6 Retire Keahole D18, 19, 20 Hcl-c FRA Termnates' DTCC- Dual Train Combined Cycle REWH- Residential Efficient Water Heating DTCT- Combustion Turbine CIEE- Comerclal and Industrial Energy Qfiaency DTST- Steam Turbme wdh conversion of DTCTs CINC- Commercial and industrial New Construclgri to Cbmbined Cycle CICR- Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate The five year term of HD p Second Anended and Restated WA w ill end on DeCember 31, ZUU4 104, it the FPA can continue on a year-to-year basis w Ah either HCFC or HELCO able to terminate the t by providing wMen notice by May 30th of the termination year - In terms of DSM resources, the Modified Preferred Plan includes: Four energy efficiency programs implemented over the period covered by this Evaluation Report, 2003-2018, including one residential program and three commercial and industrial programs. These programs provide incentives to customers to install energy efficiency measures such as solar water heating (for residential customers) or high efficiency lighting, air-conditioning or motors (for commercial and industrial customers) therefore reducing the overall demand for electricity on the FELCO system. These demand-side components in the Updated IRP -2 Plan remain consistent with those given in the HELCO's IRP -2 Preferred Plan. 60 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report In terms of supply-side resources, the Modified Preferred Plan includes: • Restoration of PGV output to 30 MW in 2004; • Installation of Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 in 2004; • Retirement of Keahole D18-20 in accordance with CT -4 and CT -5 air permit requirements; Continued operation of all other existing HELCO generating units"; • Consideration of HCPC PPA termination; • Implementation of utility CHP projects beginning in 2004; Installation of Keahole ST -7 with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) in 2009, converting CT -4 and CT -5 to a dual train combined cycle; • Installation of additional generating capacity at a West Hawaii site beginning in 2017; • Installation of HRD wind farm in 200518, and • Rehabilitation of Puueo hydro in 2005. The results of this evaluation report indicate four significant resource considerations in the near-term before the next IRP major review is completed. First, CT -4 and CT -5 are expected to be on-line in the second quarter of 2004 and fully operational by year-end 2004. Second, the five-year term of HCPC's Second Amended and Restated PPA will end on December 31, 2004. After 2004, the PPA can continue on a year-to-year basis with "Ship nian I and Waimea DR -10 uere retired to 2002 �" The Apollo repowerina'expansion project is not yet included, because a PPA has not been finalized. 61 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report either HCPC or HELCO able to terminate the contract by providing written notice by May 30th of the termination year. Any decision to give notice of termination would be based on the facts and circumstances at the time. The decision of whether or not to terminate the HCPC PPA will be reflected in HELCO's IRP -3 supply-side resource update Third, HELCO anticipates installing ST -7 in the 2009 timeframe rather than in 2006, which necessitates that various older generating units that were previously targeted for retirement will no longer be retired. These older units are already permitted and grid - connected so that they can mitigate some of the uncertainty in the schedule for adding new generation. Also, a 5 -year generation asset management program has been implemented in 2003. Fourth, HELCO plans to pursue maintaining its current level of commitment to DSM and analyzing new DSM as part of IRP -3, while developing the new and emerging CHP market. Both the DSM and CHP programs have the potential to mitigate some of the uncertainty in the schedule for adding new generation, depending on how fast they can be ramped up. 62 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report 6. UPDATED ACTION PLANS HELCO's IRP -2 action plans were filed in 1998 and described the process by which HELCO's long-range resource program plans were scheduled for implementation over the five-year period 1999 to 2003. As shown in Table 5-1, a substantial number of planning assumptions have changed. This section provides an update to HELCO's five-year action plans for the period 2004 to 2008 that appropriately account for the changes in planning assumptions. 6.1 Updated Demand -Side Action Plan HELCO recognizes that substantial work must be done to successfully continue the implementation of its four existing energy efficiency DSM programs in order to provide ample opportunities to ratepayers to better manage their electricity usage through energy efficiency, and to develop new programs for future implementation if warranted, including the development of applications for load management programs. Specific tasks and activities associated with this scope of work include the following: Examine the future of the current DSM programs and continue the programs until the end of HELCO's DSM Temporary Continuation Period.19 2. Continue implementation, evaluation, and reporting for the currently approved energy efficiency DSM programs. This includes meeting forecasted goals and budgets, making modifications as required, conducting an impact evaluation for program years 2000-2004, and preparing and filing annual Modification and Evaluation and Accomplishments and Surcharge reports. 3. Consider and evaluate new DSM programs as a part of its next full review of the IRP. The estimated energy and demand savings, and forecasted expenditures are shown in the following tables. Table 6.1-1 shows the system level energy savings. Table 6.1-2 " Until one year after the commission makes a determination in Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc's (HECO) next rate case of HECO's revenue requirements in an interim decision and order or a final decision and order, whichever comes first (HELCO's DSM Temporary Continuation Period). Docket No. 95-0176 (Consolidated) Order No. 19094. 63 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report shows the system level demand savings. Table 6.1-3 shows the expected expenditures for the DSM action plan period: Table 6.1-1 Summary of Future DSM Annualized System -Level Energy Savings (MWH) Program 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Commercial & Industrial 1,780 1,834 1,889 1,946 2,004 Energy Efficiency (CIEE) Commercial & Industrial 1,333 1,373 1,414 1,456 1,500 New Construction (CINC) Commercial & Industrial 1,351 1,391 1,433 1,476 1,520 Customized Rebate (CICR) Residential Efficient Water 972 972 972 972 972 Heating (REWH) TOTAL 436E 5,570 5,708 5,850 6,178 Table 6.1-2 Summary of Future DSM Annualized System -Level Demand Savings (KW) Program 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Commercial & Industrial 257 264 275 283 292 Energy Efficiency (CIEE) Commercial & Industrial 150 155 160 165 170 New Construction ICING) Commercial & Industrial 179 184 190 196 202 Customized Rebate (CICR) Residential Efficient Water 217 217 217 217 217 Heating (REWH) 803 820 842 861 881 Annual TOTAL Cumulative TOTAL 1,619 2,439 3,281 4,142 5,023 64 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Table 6.1-3 Summary of Future DSM Expenditures (In Thousands of Dollars) Program 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Commercial & Industrial 413 351 359 366 374 1,863 Energy Efficiency (CIEE) Commercial & Industrial 219 197 200 208 211 1,035 New Construction (CINC) Commercial & Industrial 218 196 204 207 215 1,040 Customized Rebate (CICR) Residential Efficient Water 802 687 697 707 717 3,610 Heating (REWH) TOTAL 1,652 1,432 1,460 1,488 1,517 7,548 6.2 Updated Supply -Side Action Plan This five-year supply-side action plan update provides a schedule of planned supply- side activities and expenditures scheduled for implementation over the five-year period 2004 to 2008. The Supply -Side Action Plan for the action plan period 2003 to 2008 is divided into • Renewable energy activities, and • Keahole DTCC. and • HELCO CHP Program A summary of the estimated annual expenditures is included in Table 6.2-1 below: 65 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Table 6.2-1 Summary of Supply -Side Action Plan Expenditures ($000) A Total project budgets. Includes extramural funding, planning, and preliminary engineering. NOTE: Budgets for 2005-2008 are dependent on results of 2004 activities. a In Order No. 20831, Docket No. 03-0366, the Commission suspended HECO, MECO, and HELCO's application for the Utility CHP program. It is anticipated that CHP projects will continue on an individual project basis rather than a program basis until the final decision regarding Docket No. 03-0366 is made. However, this will increase the uncertainty of timely project implementation due to the nature of doing individual project applications. In its HELCO IRP -2 action plan, Section 9.2.2, part 3, HELCO stated: "...HELCO plans to conduct studies to identify sites which can be prime candidates for distributed generation. This will allow HELCO to better define site-specific costs such as permitting, interconnection, fueling, and overall design. Once sites are identified, specific T&D and other system benefits can also be assessed. These costs and benefits could then be compiled and analyzed against the costs used in the IRP planning analysis to determine if distributed generation should be implemented. The study is planned to be initiated in 2002 and completed by 2003 such that the results of the study can be used in HELCO's 2004 IRP. Evaluation in the 2004 IRP should allow sufficient time for possible implementation of distributed diesels in the 2009 timeframe." Because of the extent of activities with DG, and in particular CHP that have occurred in the past two years, HELCO did not conduct a separate, stand-alone study for distributed generation. Project economics and the marketing of available technologies are actively driving actual DG and CHP projects and HELCO believes that a separate study is not needed. HELCO will conduct individual DG or CHP analyses as needed on a case-by-case basis. HELCO will also examine DG and CHP resource options within the context of integrated resource planning in its IRP -3 process. 66 March 2004 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Renewable energy activities" 3,297 53 33 19 9 3,411 Keahole DTCC 18,315 689 415 5,342 23,700 48,461 Utility CHP program 0 Totals by Year 18,501 732 448 5,251 22,189 47,121 A Total project budgets. Includes extramural funding, planning, and preliminary engineering. NOTE: Budgets for 2005-2008 are dependent on results of 2004 activities. a In Order No. 20831, Docket No. 03-0366, the Commission suspended HECO, MECO, and HELCO's application for the Utility CHP program. It is anticipated that CHP projects will continue on an individual project basis rather than a program basis until the final decision regarding Docket No. 03-0366 is made. However, this will increase the uncertainty of timely project implementation due to the nature of doing individual project applications. In its HELCO IRP -2 action plan, Section 9.2.2, part 3, HELCO stated: "...HELCO plans to conduct studies to identify sites which can be prime candidates for distributed generation. This will allow HELCO to better define site-specific costs such as permitting, interconnection, fueling, and overall design. Once sites are identified, specific T&D and other system benefits can also be assessed. These costs and benefits could then be compiled and analyzed against the costs used in the IRP planning analysis to determine if distributed generation should be implemented. The study is planned to be initiated in 2002 and completed by 2003 such that the results of the study can be used in HELCO's 2004 IRP. Evaluation in the 2004 IRP should allow sufficient time for possible implementation of distributed diesels in the 2009 timeframe." Because of the extent of activities with DG, and in particular CHP that have occurred in the past two years, HELCO did not conduct a separate, stand-alone study for distributed generation. Project economics and the marketing of available technologies are actively driving actual DG and CHP projects and HELCO believes that a separate study is not needed. HELCO will conduct individual DG or CHP analyses as needed on a case-by-case basis. HELCO will also examine DG and CHP resource options within the context of integrated resource planning in its IRP -3 process. 66 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report 6.2.1 Renewable Energy Activities Substantial effort will be required to complete the work in HELCO's renewable energy strategy described previously in Section 3.3.2. The following are the activities in HELCO's Supply -Side Action Plan for renewable energy. Please note the activities related to HELCO seeking commercial -scale renewable energy projects with Renewable Hawaii possibly providing passive equity funding are still being developed and are not reflected in the following Supply-side Action Plan. Facilitate Commercialization of Renewable Energy Technologies: Renewable Hawaii Inc. • Renwable Energy Request for Project Proposal Wind Program • Hawi Renewable Development (pending PPA approval) • Apollo Repower and expansion at Kamaoa (pending agreement on and PUC approval of a PPA) • Lalamilo Repower Hydroelectric • Puueo Hydroelectric Plant Rehabilitation Project • Union Mill • County of Hawaii Water Dept Demonstration Project Facilitate Integration of Intermittent Resources • Electronic Shock Absorber • Intermittent Generation Assessment Protocol Study • Grid Quality Assessment Project • Distributed Resources Management as Microgrid • Battery Energy Storage System Study 67 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Facilitate Development of Renewable Energy Technologies: Hydroelectric Resources Hydrogen Power Park Study Distributed Energy System • Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) Gateway Project Solar Thermal/Cooling • Solar Thermal/Cooling Pilot Demonstration at Outrigger Waikoloa Photovoltaics • Sun Power for Schools program extension • Team leader for Island of Hawaii Million Solar Roofs Partnership The aforementioned activities will continue throughout the IRP five-year action plan time period. Follow-on work for 2005-2008 is dependent on results of 2004 activities. 6.2.2 Keahole Dual Train Combined Cycle HELCO is currently proceeding with the construction of CT -4 and CT -5. It is estimated that these units will be placed into service in the 2004 timeframe. HELCO has also filed a Petition For Land Use District Boundary Amendment with the State of Hawaii Land Use Commission to amend the land use classification of certain lands at Keahole from the Conservation District to the Urban district. Once the Keahole land is reclassified from the "Conservation District" to the "Urban District", HELCO will file a request with the County of Hawaii Planning Commission and County Council to rezone the property from "Urban" to "Industrial". The total reclassification and rezoning process is expected to take four to six years to complete. This, however, would provide HELCO with the land use approval necessary to install ST -7 with selective catalytic reduction emission control equipment. 6.2.3 Distributed Generation/Combined Heat and Power Customer demand and economic factors are driving the installation of DG and CHP projects. With the PUC application suspended at this time, HELCO anticipates pursuing individual CHP projects. Section 3.2.2 shows HELCO's estimate of the size of the utility - CHP market and addresses its implementation. 68 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report APPENDICES B9 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Appendix A Generating Unit Ratings 70 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Table A - 1 Generating Unit Ratings (February 2004) Notes In Shipman 1, Waimea D&II) retired in February 2002 121 Keahole CT4 and CT5 ratings when installed Keahole D18-20 are to be retired In accordance with the CT4 and CTS air permit requirements The five-year term of HCPC's Second Amended and Restated PPA will end on December 31, 2004 01 PGV rating when fully restored 71 March 2004 (in Gross MW) (in Not MW) Reserve Rating NTL Rating Reserve Rating NTL Rating Unit 10 IMWI (MW) (MW) (MW) Shipman 1 0.00 In 0.00 (1 0.001) 0.00 111 Shipman 3 7.50 7.50 7.10 7.10 Shipman 4 7.70 7.70 7.30 7.30 Hill 5 14.10 14.10 13.50 13.50 Hilt 6 21.40 21 60 20.20 20.20 Waimea d8 0.00 1'1 0.00 11I 000") 0.00 111 Waimea d9 0.001'1 0.00 111 0.001'1 0.0011 Waimea d10 0.00 In 0.00 UI 0.00111 0.00 1° Kancelehua dl 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Waimea dl2 2.75 2.50 2.75 2.50 Waimea d13 2.75 2.50 2.75 2.50 Waimea d14 2.75 2.50 2.75 2.50 Kanoelehua d15 2.75 2.50 2.75 2.50 Kancelehua d16 2.75 2.50 2.75 2.50 Kancelehua d17 2.75 2.50 2.75 2.50 Keahole d18 2.75 1x1 2.50 121 2.75 121 2.50 121 Keahole d19 2.751x1 2.50'21 2.75121 2.50 a1 Keahole d20 2.75 1x1 2.50 121 2.75(7) 2 50 121 Keahole d21 2.75 2.50 2.75 2.50 Keahole d22 2.75 2.50 2.75 2.50 Keahole d23 2.75 2.50 2.75 2.50 Kanoelehua cti 11.50 11.50 11.50 11.50 Keahole ct2 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 Puna ct3 20.80 20.80 20.40 20.40 Puna 15.50 15.50 14.10 14.10 Keahole c14 19.90 ¢I 19.90 131 19.90 131 1990. 121 Keahole ct5 1990. 121 1990. 121 1990. 121 1990. 131 Panaewa 024 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Ouli 025 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Punaluu D26 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Kapua D27 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 HELCO total 190.30 187.30 185.90 182.90 HCPC 22.00 121 22.00 121 22A0121 22.00 ur PGV 30.00 131 30.00 (J1 30.001" 30.00 ❑1 HEP Phase 2 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 IPP Total 112.00 112.00 112.00 112.00 System total _ 302.30 299.30 297.90 294.90 Notes In Shipman 1, Waimea D&II) retired in February 2002 121 Keahole CT4 and CT5 ratings when installed Keahole D18-20 are to be retired In accordance with the CT4 and CTS air permit requirements The five-year term of HCPC's Second Amended and Restated PPA will end on December 31, 2004 01 PGV rating when fully restored 71 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Appendix B Glossary of Acronyms 72 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Acronym Full Name AEC Apollo Energy Corporation BESS Battery Energy Storage System BLNR Board of Land and Natural Resources C&I Commercial and Industrial CA Consumer Advocate CFL Compact Fluorescent Light CHP Combined Heat and Power CICR Commercial and Industrial Customized Rebate CIEE Commercial and Industrial Energy Efficiency CINC Commercial and Industrial New Construction CT Combustion Turbine D&O Decision and Order DBEDT Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism DER Distributed Energy Resources DG Distributed Generation DHHL Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, State of Hawaii DLNR Department of Land and Natural Resources DOH Department of Health DSM Demand Side Management 73 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Acronym Full Name DTCC Dual Train Combined Cycle DTCT Combustion Turbine (Phase 1 or 2 of a DTCC) DTST Steam Turbine (Phase 3 of a DTCC) EIS Environmental Impact Statement ESA Electronic Shock Absorber HCPC Hilo Coast Power Company HECO Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. HELCO Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. HEP Hamakua Energy Partners HNEI Hawaii Natural Energy Institute HRD Hawi Renewable Development IGAP Intermittent Generation Assessment Protocol IPP Independent Power Producer IRP Integrated Resource Plan KDC Keahole Defence Coalition KPP Kahua Power Partners KW Kilowatt LED Light Emitting Diode LUC Land Use Commission MECO Maui Electric Company, Ltd. 74 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Acronym Full Name MSFO Medium Sulfur Fuel Oil MSR Million Solar Roofs MW Megawatt MWH Megawatt hour NELHA Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority NEM Net Energy Metering NEMA National Electrical Manufacturer Association PEA Preliminary Energy Assessment PGV Puna Geothermal Venture PPA Power Purchase Agreement PSH Pumped Storage Hydroelectric PUC Public Utilities Commission RE RFPP Renewable Energy Request for Project Proposal REWH Residential Efficient Water Heater RHI Renewable Hawaii Incorporated RPS Renewable Portfolio Standards SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction ST Steam Turbine T&D Transmission and Distribution USPF United States Power Fund 75 March 2004 Docket No. 97-0349 HELCO IRP -2 Evaluation Report Acronym Full Name UTC United Technologies Company UWIG Utility Wind Interest Group 76 March 2004 APPENDIX G - HELCO - A REVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE RESOURCES A REVIEW OF ALTERNATIVE RESOURCES DISCUSSED IN THE IRP INTRODUCTION Alternative resources are examined during a full review of Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc.'s (HELCO) Integrated Resource Plan (IRP). The objective of the IRP process is to identify the resources or mix of resources for meeting near- and long-term consumer energy needs in an efficient and reliable manner at the lowest reasonable cost. While alternative resources are formally evaluated during the IRP process, developments in alternative technologies are continuously monitored through a wide variety of activities. This report, prepared by HELCO staff, summarizes HELCO's ongoing efforts to develop alternative resources. Recent examples of these activities include: RENEWABLE HAWAII, INC. Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. (HECO) created in December 2002 a non-regulated subsidiary called Renewable Hawaii, Inc. (RHI). The purpose of RHI is to seek passive investment opportunities that provide a reasonable return for cost-effective, commercial, renewable energy projects in the State. With an initial approval to invest up to $10 million, RHI's formation augments the company's ongoing commitment to increase Hawaii's use of renewable energy. The primary objectives of RHI are to (1) stimulate the addition of cost-effective, commercial, renewable energy in Hawaii; (2) promote viable projects that will integrate positively with the utility grid; and (3) encourage renewable energy generation activity where there is a lack in targeted categories. To meet this objective, renewable projects must utilize cost-effective, commercial technologies with a proven track record, established costs, and be I megawatt (MW) or greater. Technologies requiring research and design, prototype development, or demonstration would not be considered. RHI attempts to stimulate the renewable energy market by releasing a series of island -specific Renewable Energy Request for Project Proposals (RE RFPP). A RE RFPP for the island of Oahu was released on May 22, 2003 and closed on August 22, 2003. Three of the eight proposals submitted in response to the RE RFPP have passed initial screening and are being evaluated. A RE RFPP for the islands of Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, service territory of Maui Electric Company, Ltd (MECO), was released on September 4, 2003 and closed on December 4, 2003. Three of the five proposals received by RHI are currently in the screening process. A RE RFPP for the Big Island of Hawaii, service territory of HELCO, was released on January 22, 2004 and closed on April 22, 2004. The five proposals were submitted to RHI and are currently being screened. HIGH RESOLUTION WIND RESOURCE MAPS A project funded by HECO, MECO, the State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT), and the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) was conducted to update the State's wind resource maps. High- resolution wind resource maps, which graphically show wind -power densities and wind speed, for the islands of Oahu, Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai have been developed to help identify new wind sites that could lead to commercial wind development. HELCO -A Review ofAltematrve Resources rage i HAWAII WIND WORKING GROUP HECO and DBEDT co-chair the federal -sponsored Hawaii Wind Working Group (HWWG) as part of the Department of Energy's Wind Powering America program. The functions of the HWWG are to provide a forum for information exchange on wind energy among member organizations, the public, and decision makers and to encourage the development of technically and economically feasible wind projects. Formed in 2002, the HWWG has held several meetings to exchange information that benefits all islands. BIOENERGY PROGRAM HECO is working with the Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company and the University of Hawaii at Manoa to develop the Hawaii Biomass Program. This proposed multi-year program would take a collaborative approach in developing a policy and technology framework that would lead to commercialization of an economically viable way to make full use of the total sugarcane material (including the use of cane trash) as a biomass energy resource (i.e., implement a comprehensive dual -use crop strategy to economically produce both sugar and energy). The potential utilization of biofuels (e.g., biodiesel, ethanol, and biofuel blends) in existing and new utility power generation units is being explored under HECO's Biofuels Program. The use of biofuels in electric power generating units represents a promising renewable energy option. Before biofuels can be used on a commercial basis, however, the technical feasibility of firing stationary power generating units will need to be evaluated and demonstrated. HECO is funding a study (Phase 1 of a planned multi -phase, multi-year biofuels assessment project) to obtain information on biofuel properties, supply, availability, and pricing. Efforts to initiate Phase 2 of the program (obtain performance and emissions data of stationary power generation units fueled by biofuels) are underway. ELECTRONIC SHOCK ABSORBER To help stabilize operation of grid -connected wind turbines and minimize power fluctuations on an electric grid, which is connected to a number of wind farms, HECO, HFLCO, and MECO teamed with a private company to conduct a Phase 1 study that confirmed a device can be developed from commercial products for installation between a wind farm and the utility grid. The purpose of the device, called the Electronic Shock Absorber (ESA), is to help the electric utility ride through short duration power fluctuations (frequency, voltage, etc.) from the wind farm caused by the variable nature of wind. HECO has received a patent for the ESA. A Phase 2 demonstration project is currently in progress and scheduled for installation in late 2005. INTERMITTENT GENERATION ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL (IGAP) To improve existing planning and evaluation tools, HECO and HELCO are working with a consultant on the IGAP study to address the technical and cost impacts of relatively high levels of intermittent renewable energy generation on small, isolated electric utility systems. This issue is already being experienced by HELCO on the Big Island of Hawaii. The study will develop improved modeling to quantify the impacts of high levels of intermittent generation, establish appropriate power quality standards, and identify specific measures that can be taken by intermittent generation operators and utility operators to mitigate power quality fluctuations. HELCO -A Review of Aftemahve Resources Page 2 GRID QUALITY ASSESSMENT Through its membership with the Utility Wind Interest Group (UWIG), HECO and HELCO plan to participate in a project to develop assessment tools related to grid quality. The purpose of this project is to determine and characterize the voltage fluctuations caused by wind farms on distribution feeder lines. IN-LINE HYDRO AND PUMPED STORAGE HYDRO Under a partnership with HECO, HELCO, DBEDT, County of Hawaii, and the State Department of Agriculture (DOA), a study is being funded by DBEDT and HECOMELCO to identify the potential for in-line hydroelectric and pumped storage hydroelectric (i.e., use of wind during off- peak hours to pump water to a higher elevation and generating power through in-line hydro units during on -peak hours) in existing County, State, and private water systems. In addition, HELCO has committed funding to cost -share with the County of Hawaii Department of Water Supply (DWS) for an in-line hydroelectric generator project. HAWAII FUEL CELL TEST FACILITY HECO has partnered with the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI) of the University of Hawaii, U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), and UTC Fuel Cells to build and operate a hydrogen fuel cell test facility in Hawaii. The Hawaii Fuel Cell Test Facility, operational since April 2003, is housed in approximately 4,000 square feet of warehouse space at HECO's Ward Avenue facility and is used to evaluate the performance and reliability of production -sized, single -celled, fuel cell stack designs, materials, and fuels. Benefits to HELCO customers can be realized from the efforts at this facility. HYDROGEN POWER PARK STUDY One of the key components necessary for commercial utilization of hydrogen is a safe and reliable hydrogen storage and distribution system. HELCO is partnering with DBEDT, HNEI, Sentech, Sunline, Stuart Energy, UTC Fuel Cells, and HECO in a project to introduce and demonstrate hydrogen -based infrastructure in Hawaii. Integrated hydrogen -based infrastructure, including hydrogen production via electrolysis, hydrogen storage, fuel cell power production, and combined heat and power production, are planned for installation at the City and County of Honolulu's Kapolei Hale facility. Projects are to occur in phases through 2005. NELHA GATEWAY PROJECT HELCO is partnering with NELHA, DBEDT, HNEI, and Sentech in a project to construct distributed energy systems at the Gateway Center located at the entrance to NELHA's Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) Park. This project aims to demonstrate renewable distributed energy resources and technology. A 20 kW photovoltaic (PV) system, funded and owned by HELCO, was installed at the Gateway Visitor Center in 2004. HELCO -A Review of Altemative Resources Page 3 KONA BASE YARD GRID -CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM To demonstrate a net energy metered photovoltaic system that would be similar to what a small commercial or residential customer might consider, HELCO has installed a 5.4 kW photovoltaic system along with battery back up and an educational display at its Kona base yard. SOLAR THERMAL/COOLING PILOT PROTECT HELCO has partnered with Pacific Energy Services, Solel, and the Waikoloa Beach Marriott, and Outrigger Resort, on a pilot -scale project to evaluate and demonstrate the feasibility for full-scale solar thermal and solar cooling installations for West Hawaii hotels and resorts. The purpose of the project was to gather and record operational data from the high temperature, solar thermal panel for an engineering feasibility study to evaluate the economics of full-scale production of domestic hot water, and production of chilled water by an absorption chiller process. The pilot project has been in operation and recording operational data since May 2003, and has been used to demonstrate the technology to interested hotel customers and engineers. BULK ENERGY STORAGE TO RELIEVE TRANSMISSION CONGESTION ON THE BIG ISLAND Under a partnership between HELCO, DBEDT, and Sentech, a study is being funded by the U.S. Department of Energy to investigate new forms of energy storage that could alleviate the issue of overloading transmission lines when transporting renewable electricity to end uses, fostering the increased use of distributed energy and renewable energy systems. DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AS A MICROGRID HECO and DBEDT have received funding under a U.S. Department of Energy competitive grant program to evaluate the combination of hybrid, controllable distributed energy resources (DER) systems that will encourage development of renewable and distributed resources. EPRI OFFSHORE WAVE ENERGY PROTECT HECO is participating in a multi -phase, multi -state collaborative project headed by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to demonstrate the feasibility of wave power. The project will yield a conceptual design, including performance and cost estimates, for an offshore wave power device at a target location in each of six states (Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, California, Oregon, and Washington). Environmental and permitting issues will also be assessed. HELCO PHOTOVOLTAIC AREA LIGHTING PROIECTS To promote the use of off -grid photovoltaic applications, HELCO has partnered with various entities to install photovoltaic area lighting systems: • HELCO, the County of Hawaii, and the U.S. Department of Energy Million Solar Roofs (MSR) program teamed up to design and install a solar lighted educational kiosk and solar lighting for the Hilo bay front public restrooms. • Two solar -powered lights provide dusk -to -dawn security and improve the safety of the parking lot at the Catholic Charities Community and Immigrant Services transitional shelter Ka Hale '0 Kawaihae. HELCO -A Review of Afternatwe Resources Page 4 • A partnership between HELCO and the County of Hawaii was formed to provide improved lighting for two County parks located in Puna (Ahalanui Beach Park and Pohoiki Beach Park). SUN POWER FOR SCHOOLS PROGRAM Through the Sun Power for Schools program, HECO, HELCO, and MECO install photovoltaic systems at Hawaii public schools using voluntary customer contributions and by providing in- kind utility contributions, including engineering, project management, administration, advertising, and marketing. To date, 19 public schools have received photovoltaic systems totaling over 23 kW (nine on Oahu, four on the island of Hawaii, and six in Maui County). BACKGROUND ON ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES The subsections below provide background information on the alternative resources that may be considered by some to have the most promising prospects for long-term energy supply. This includes biomass conversion, municipal solid waste, geothermal energy, hydroelectric energy, solar energy, wind energy, ocean thermal energy conversion, coal, distributed generation and combined heat and power, and fuel cell technology. BIOMASS CONVERSION Biomass conversion involves cultivating and harvesting plants as a natural energy alternative to fossil fuels. Biomass can be used as a fuel for combustion to produce thermal energy, which is then converted to electrical power. Before the decline of the sugar industry in the County of Hawaii, the fibrous waste associated with sugar cane processing, referred to as "bagasse," was burned to produce electricity. While bagasse is still available on Maui and Kauai and used for electricity generation on Maui, it is unavailable on the Big Island. Until a significant volume of combustible plant by-product becomes available at a reasonable cost, the economics of a biomass conversion operation discourage both the utility and IPPS from pursuing this technology. Using a by-product to fuel a boiler has cost advantages over cultivation and harvesting of a dedicated energy crop. To date, there are no known commercially dedicated -biomass -to - electricity facilities in the United States. All existing biomass -to -electricity plants use waste products (i.e., wood waste, agricultural wastes, etc.) to power their facilities as part of a cogeneration process. It is estimated that about 250-330 acres per MW is required for a dedicated biomass -to -electricity power plant. A 56 MW plant would require about 14,000-18,500 acres, and at a biomass crop yield of 22 dry tons per acre, approximately 308,000-407,000 dry tons of biomass would be available for energy conversion. The availability of suitable lands and irrigation water to support such a facility, as well as the operational and economic viability, requires a statewide initiative across private and public sectors. HEI provided venture capital funding to Worldwide Energy Group, Inc., a Hawaii -based company developing a technology that converts sugarcane bagasse or other biomass resources into ethanol. Ethanol is a potential alternative fuel produced from locally available renewable sources that can be used to generate electricity. HELco AReviewof Attem weResources Pages HELCO and HECO were participants with the Pacific International Center for High Technology Research (PICHTR), the County of Hawaii, State, and other parties on a NREL study to examine biomass to ethanol and electricity applications for the Big Island. The parties determined that a biomass facility would be too costly at this time and the technology was still developing.' HECO and HELCO also followed the progress of the PICHTR and State project development of a biomass gasifier demonstration at the Paia Sugar Mill on Maui. The purpose of the federal- and state -funded project to build and operate a 100 -ton per -day facility was to demonstrate the latest gasifier technology, which could improve the efficiency of current biomass technologies. Despite gaining design and operational experience, technical problems and the corresponding lack of continued funding prevented further project phases to investigate hot gas cleanup and power production. Biomass gasification remains to progress beyond the demonstration stage .2 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Municipal solid -waste facilities such as HPOWER on Oahu use refuse derived fuel to create steam. The primary objective of municipal solid waste facilities is to reduce the volume of trash headed for landfills, with the generation of electricity being a by-product of the operation. While the County of Hawaii has explored various alternatives for disposal of its solid wastes, a municipal solid -waste facility has not been identified at this time. Therefore, HELCO is currently unable to speculate on: (1) the likelihood that a facility would be built in the next 5-7 years; (2) its location; and (3) its operating specifications (size in MW, hours of operation, maintenance outage requirements, dispatchability, etc.). The performance of such plants is dependent on the quantity and characteristics of the available waste fuel as well as the design of the plant systems and equipment. Since waste -to -energy plants are designed primarily for waste reduction, and typically must compete for materials with other government-sponsored programs, such as recycling and composting, such plants cannot be dispatched to meet load demand and cannot be considered as firm power within the resource generation plans. Since the primary issue is waste disposal, the development of a waste -to -energy facility on the Big Island is dependent on State and County actions. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy is natural heat energy from the earth that can be harnessed for electrical power generation. This energy may be found as steam, hot water, magma, or hot, dry rock. HELCO has a long-term power purchase agreement with PGV for 30 MW of firm capacity. However, in April 2002 PGV encountered significant well problems, limiting its capacity to approximately 5.6 MW. This was due to depleting steam resource (production well changed characteristics from steam -dominate to water -dominate resource) and reinjection well problems. The average capacity for all of 2002 was 8.5 MW. By April 2003, capacity was restored to 25 PICHTR Sustainable Biomass Energy Program—NREL L01—Hawaii Project. June 1996. HECO Technology Dmsion_ personal communication, 2004. HELCO -A Review of Alternative Resources Page 6 MW, and during the 2003 system peak on December 30th, PGV supplied HELCO with 27 MW.' In 2000, the U.S. EPA granted PGV final approval to expand its operation on the Big Island. HELCO is concerned with the operational compatibility of additional geothermal on the system due to the unknown reliability of the resource over the long term. Longevity of the steam resource from each supply well varies on a case-by-case basis, and steam production could decline unexpectedly. In addition, HECO is concerned with the changing geothermal resource characteristics (resource changing from steam to brine) over time, which could impede electrical production. Problems could also arise with reinjection wells. As described above, PGV experienced severe operational problems for portions of 2002 and 2003. At times, this jeopardized HELCO's ability to serve load, as the margin between demand and firm capacity was reduced. HELCO is also concerned about the limited operational characteristics of geothermal facilities. Geothermal production wells should not be throttled down during daily minimum system load periods because this can jeopardize the well casing integrity. Lastly, development of geothermal resources has caused considerable controversy among local residents and the general cultural community. This is the result of both health and safety concerns, especially concerns about noise, sulfuric acid emissions, and religious objections. As the peak demand increases, off-peak demand increases or energy storage is added to the electrical grid, additional geothermal facilities could be added to the HELCO system. The current geothermal operator has expressed interest in increasing their geothermal capacity. HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Hydroelectric power uses water from streams or rivers for generating electrical energy. On the Big Island, hydroelectric power provides only a small portion of the County's electrical energy because of limited hydropower generation opportunities. The rivers are relatively short, and few valleys or gorges can be dammed effectively. Because of the intermittent nature of the hydroelectric resource on the Big Island, hydroelectric power is purchased "as -available" rather than as firm capacity. HELCO has an as -available contract with the Wailuku River Hydroelectric Power Company for up to 12 MW of energy. HELCO had four hydroelectric units on the Wailuku River in Hilo that could generate up to 3.35 MW, depending on the river flow. In September 2002, the largest of the four units — the 1,500 kW unit at the Puueo Hydroelectric Plant — was severely damaged. In November 2003, HELCO received PUC approval to rehabilitate the Puueo Hydroelectric Plant. It is estimated that a 2.3 MW to 2.4 MW turbine would be installed in the 2005 timeframe, increasing HELCO's production of as -available hydroelectric power. Under a partnership with RECO, HELCO, DBEDT, County of Hawaii, and the State DOA, a study is being funded by DBEDT and HECO to identify the potential for in-line hydroelectric and pumped storage hydroelectric (i.e., use of wind during off-peak hours to pump water to a higher ' Newspaper articles for EPA permit. 2003 AOS for 2002 performance. and Production Reports for 2003 performance .... .. end of 2003" estimate for 30 MW restoration removed based on information regarding possible sale of facility, and corresponding lack -of -activity in restoring capacity. HELCO - A Review of Alternative Resources rage r elevation and generating power through in-line hydro units during on -peak hours) in existing County, State, and private water systems. In 1995, a study by Christensen Associates, Inc. was conducted to provide preliminary resource potential and cost information on the most -promising pumped storage hydroelectric sites on the Big Island of Hawaii. Twelve sites were screened with respect to technical merit and potential environmental issues. Of these twelve sites, three potential sites (Puu Waawaa, Puu Anahulu, and Pun Enuhe) were selected to develop resource and cost information. It was determined that Pun Anahulu is the most promising site based on location, estimated cost, and potential environmental issues. SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy comes from the radiation of the sun, and it can provide thermal energy or produce electrical power directly via photovoltaic cells or solar electric systems. Solar energy is a power source that could be used to meet customer load demand in the future. However, to be a reliable source of electricity at night and during extended cloudy periods, it must be coupled with an energy storage system. At this time, the most cost-effective approach for utilizing energy from the sun is solar water heating. One of the attractive features of solar water heating is the storage capability provided by the large capacity hot water tank, which allows water that was heated during the day to be used at night, when there is no sun. Currently, the combined HECO utilities have the highest per capita use of solar water heating in the nation. HELCO's energy efficiency DSM programs provide incentives for customers to install solar water heating systems, which help to defer the installation of generating units. A large-scale photovoltaic plant consists of a number of photovoltaic modules mounted on structures known as arrays. Between 5 to 10 acres of land (depends if the panels are fixed or stationary or if they track the sun) are estimated as necessary to house the arrays for each l MW of power production. This land must be relatively flat and should be located in an area receiving a high degree of sunlight and away from shading, clouds, volcanic haze (VOG), dust, and salt spray. The cost of such a photovoltaic system is currently estimated at $9 to $13 million per installed MW. Although such large-scale, photovoltaic facilities have been shown to be technically feasible, they are not currently economical. Photovoltaic systems are characterized as as -available resource (i.e., the photovoltaic system will operate only when the sun is shining). Shading from trees or other building can reduce the electrical output of this type of system. Passing clouds, volcanic haze, dust, water spray can also reduce electrical output. HELCO has installed a 15 kW photovoltaic system on the County of Hawaii gymnasium in Kona, a 5.4 kW net -metered photovoltaic system at its Kona Base Yard, and a 30 kW photovoltaic system at the new Gateway Building at NELHA. HELCO has also installed smaller photovoltaic systems as part of the Sun Power for Schools program and numerous installations on and off the utility grid. Private owners such as the Mauna Lani Hotel and Parker Ranch have chosen to install large photovoltaic systems on their property as well. The current net energy metering law in place allows residential and small commercial customers to install photovoltaic and other renewable technologies that are 50 kW or less and to exchange HELCO - A Review of Aftemative Resources Page 8 retail electricity with HELCO. Thus far, over 10 Big Island customers are net energy metered with HELCO. In 1992, the State DBEDT conducted an assessment of solar thermal electric generating systems for Hawaii. The results of this study revealed that Hawaii's direct insolation (i.e., the amount of direct sunlight) is lower than anticipated and that land costs are too high to make solar thermal electric power cost effective. In addition, HECO has been following the development of solar dish/Stirling engine technology for potential use. This technology is still being developed. High cost and reliability are maintenance issues that still need to be addressed. WIND ENERGY Wind energy can be used to generate electricity through wind turbine generators. Currently, there are two wind farms that provide energy on an as -available basis to the HELCO grid. Apollo Energy Corporation exports up to 7 MW from its wind farm at Kamaoa, and the HELCO-owned Lalamilo wind farm in the Waimea area exports up to 2.28 MW. Energy generated by the wind farms is typically intermittent and is considered "as -available" energy. HELCO is concerned with the operational compatibility of wind energy on the system due to the intermittent and gusty nature of wind, which can negatively affect the quality of power, especially on the small island -based electric grid systems. Existing wind farms on the Big Island have a measurable impact on system frequency deviations, especially during periods of low system load. HELCO is currently in discussions with wind farm developers, and it is estimated that 10 to 20 MW of wind turbines could be added to the HELCO system in the coming years. The additional energy provided by these wind farms would decrease the use of fossil fuels. However, because wind farms do not supply firm capacity, the addition of wind turbines to the system does not defer the need for firm generating units like ST -7 at Keahole. In the long term, to help stabilize grid operation and maintain power quality on a grid system with a high penetration of wind farms, HECO, HELCO, and MECO have teamed with a private company to examine whether a device can be developed from commercial products for installation between a wind farm and the utility grid. The ESA described above is to help the electric utility ride through short duration power fluctuations (frequency, voltage, etc.) from the wind farm caused by the variable nature of wind. HECO was awarded a patent for the ESA, and a study has been conducted to identify available technologies. An assessment study concluded that an ESA device using commercial products could be fabricated. A demonstration unit is scheduled for installation in late 2005. HELCO is also concerned about the limited operational characteristics of wind facilities. Wind facilities cannot be throttled down during daily minimum system load periods. Thus, there are times when wind energy must be curtailed because demand is too low. To be a reliable source of electricity during low -wind periods, it must be coupled with an energy storage system. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION An ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant uses the temperature difference between warm surface water and cold deep water to generate electricity. A minimum temperature difference of about 36° F is necessary to generate electricity. The movement of massive amounts HELCO -A Review of Alternative Resources Page 9 of both deep cold and warmer surface waters is required. Depending on the onshore and offshore topography, infrastructure, and environmental considerations, OTEC plants can be designed as shore -based or offshore plants. Shore -based plants are appropriate for locations with steep offshore slopes and sufficient land area for infrastructure and generation equipment. Offshore plants can be floating platforms or tower -mounted structures. The electricity generated by offshore plants can be transmitted to shore through underwater cables. Currently, OTEC technology is in the research and development stage. No commercial OTEC plants are currently operating. However, experimental plants demonstrating the OTEC concept have been constructed and tested in both the U.S. and Japan and are planned for India and Japan. NELHA, off Keahole Point on Hawaii, operated an open -cycle OTEC demonstration project which produced approximately 210 kW of gross power. A closed -cycle 50 -kW plant has also been operated at NELHA. However, the closed -cycle project had problems with ammonia leakage in the flat -plate aluminum heat exchangers. Costs for OTEC facilities are high, with the capital costs of a 50 -MW land-based facility estimated at over $300 million. Besides the high cost, other barriers must be overcome before commercial operation is realized. Reliable operation must be demonstrated and maintenance costs must be fully understood. The environmental impacts associated with intake and discharge of large volumes of warm and cold seawater must also be evaluated. The U.S. Navy is in the preliminary stages of investigating the use of OTEC at one of its installations. In addition, the Honolulu Board of Water Supply (BWS) is evaluating the feasibility of developing a deep ocean water facility to produce potable water, generate power via OTEC, and provide chilled water for air conditioning and other applications. HECO is serving on the study's technical advisory group. An IPP is proposing a 100 MW OTEC facility to be anchored off Kahe Point, Oahu. The proposal received in late December 2003 specifies a July 2008 in-service date. if the project proves to be technically and economically feasible, the facility would be the first commercial OTEC facility in the world. HECO and the IPP are at the preliminary stages of discussions. WAVE ENERGY The mechanical energy of waves can also be used to generate power. There are three basic types of wave energy conversion systems. Float systems drive hydraulic pumps, channel systems funnel waves into reservoirs, and oscillating water column systems use the waves to compress air within a sealed container. The mechanical power that is produced by these systems either drives an electrical generator directly or transfers energy to a working fluid that drives a turbine generator. In addition to participating in the EPRI multi -state offshore wave power project, HECO provided engineering support regarding electric grid interconnection and serves as a Navy technical advisor for a wave buoy demonstration project on Oahu. An at -sea demonstration of a 20 -kW buoy wave energy system will be conducted at Kaneohe Marine Base. Under a DOD Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant, the Navy is partnering with Ocean Power Technologies (OPT) to assess the technical and economic feasibility of ocean wave energy. HELCO - A Review of Altemahve Resources rage ru COAL Coal can be used as a fuel for thermal generating units. The primary fuel of the HCPC is coal, and it currently exports approximately 22 MW to the HELCO system. Coal-fired thermal units help to diversify the mix of fuel sources. During HELCO's IRP -2 process, three alternatives for using coal as a fuel were considered. A screening process was used to select the best candidate on the basis of capital costs, operation and maintenance costs, fuel costs, and appropriateness for the size of the HELCO system. A 30 MW coal unit was found to be the most financially attractive coal choice, and was used in the next tier of analysis. However, the resource plan that incorporated this coal unit was still more expensive overall than a resource plan containing other options, such as dual -train combined -cycle technology. HELCO will again consider coal units during its next IRP process. If the costs of implementing coal-fired alternatives are reduced relative to non -coal alternatives, it is possible that HELCO will incorporate a coal unit into its future resource plans. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION & COMBINED HEAT AND POWER Distributed generation ("DG") includes the application of small generators, typically ranging in capacity from a dozen to several thousand kWs scattered throughout a power system, to provide the electric power needed by electric consumers. As ordinarily applied, the term "distributed generation" includes the use of small electric power generators, whether utilizing fossil fuels or renewable energy resources, located on the utility system at a utility site or at a customer site, which is either connected to the utility's power grid or off -grid (not connected). As an example, customers with large heating or air-conditioning loads may benefit from the use of waste heat generated by a DG resource located at a customer site. The waste heat could be used to heat water or, through an absorption chiller, to drive an air-conditioning system, reducing the energy that would otherwise be needed for these functions. These applications, referred to as Combined Heat and Power ("CHP") applications, can be economical given the right customer site and project. Generally, most of the current CHP systems remain connected to the utility grid as back up or to obtain the additional power needed beyond what is produced on site. The HECO utilities have recently analyzed the economics of utility -owned, customer -sited CHP systems and have found them to be an attractive resource when certain criteria can be met. An application for a CHP Tariff was filed with the PUC on October 10, 2003. Under the terms of this Tariff, the HECO utilities will install and maintain CHP units in the HECO, HELCO, and MECO service territories. Additional details regarding the CHP Tariff are available in PUC Docket 03- 0366, On October 21, 2003, the Commission filed Order 20582 in Docket No. 03-0371, which instituted a proceeding to investigate DG in Hawaii. The stated purpose of the investigation was to examine the potential benefits and impacts of DG on Hawaii's electric distribution systems and market. The objective is to develop policies and a framework for DG projects deployed in Hawaii. At this time, the regulatory schedule for proceedings has not been established. HELCO - A Review of ABemative Resources Page 11 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY Fuel cell development is a promising energy technology that produces electricity from hydrogen and oxygen. Fuel cells are highly efficient because there is no combustion in the production of the electricity. Though today's fuel cells use primarily fossil fuel to create hydrogen, the hope is that the fuel source can be renewable in the future. Fuel cell technology can be applied to the transportation industry as well as the electric utility industry. The primary barriers to the development of fuel cells are the high cost of the fuel cell technology, reliability and longevity. In general, fuel cell power plants are characterized by high efficiency, minimal emissions, little noise, and small land requirements. A very clean fuel is required to avoid contamination and degradation of the fuel cell stack performance. An 11 -MW phosphoric acid fuel cell plant would require approximately I acre of land and have a capital cost of between $28 and $34 million. A 200 -kW phosphoric acid fuel cell plant would require approximately 1,200 square feet with a capital cost of approximately $1 million. Megawatt -scale fuel cell demonstration projects using phosphoric acid as the electrolyte and natural gas as the fuel source are operating in Japan. Applications of this technology within the U.S. are still limited and testing is still being conducted using various liquid and gaseous fuels. Other types of fuel cells are also being demonstrated in the United States. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is under research, development, and demonstration. A 200 -kW PEMFC was demonstrated in Indiana and residential sized PEMFC units have been installed and demonstrated at various locations. No commercial units are available. Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) are being tested at various locations. FuelCell Energy, the only manufacturer of MCFC in the U.S., has built a factory capable of manufacturing 50 MW of fuel cells per year and has installed about 30 units worldwide. System sizes between 250 kW and 1 MW have been designed, built, and tested. FuelCell Energy is currently demonstrating its 250 kW unit for combined heat and power applications at various field test sites. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is under research, development, and demonstration. Siemens Westinghouse Power Corp. is developing and demonstrating a tubular SOFC design with several demonstration projects (up to 250 kW) underway. The Big Island only has propane available as a fuel source. In general, the fuels cell stacks are very sensitive to contamination by certain chemicals (e.g., sulfur, chloride, etc.) that can poison or drastically reduce the life of the fuel cell stack. Certain fuel cell stacks, such as the proton exchange membrane, are also sensitive to carbon monoxide. The majority of fuel cell demonstrations used natural gas as the fuel source. Only a small number of fuel cells have been tested using propane. In addition to HECO's membership with the Electric Power Research Institute and the pooled efforts by the electric utility industry in fuel cell developments for electricity production, HECO is participating in partnerships to incorporate hydrogen and fuel cell technology into Hawaii's long-term energy future. Local activities include the construction and operation of the Hawaii Fuel Cell Test Facility at HECO's Ward Avenue complex. The fuel cell test facility was developed though a partnership of the University of Hawaii, DOD, UTC Fuel Cells and HECO. HECO's Ward Avenue complex is the site of a new hydrogen fuel cell test facility operated by the University of Hawaii School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology's Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI). Utilizing HELCO -A Review of Aftsmative Resources Page 12 approximately 4,000 square feet of HECO warehouse space, the objective of the Hawaii Fuel Cell Test Facility is to accelerate the development of fuel cells for commercial and military applications through the testing of proton exchange membrane fuel cell designs, materials, fuels and components to evaluate endurance, reliability and efficiency. (See Appendix E, HELCO IRP - 2 Evaluation Report.) In June 2002, HEI provided venture capital funding to Hoku Scientific, Inc., a Hawaii -based fuel cell R&D company that is developing proprietary fuel cell membrane technology. HEI's investment, which was part of a $1+ million round of funding, is viewed as critical to the further development of Hoku Scientific and its technology HECO and HELCO are partnering with the DBEDT, HNEI, Sentech, Sunline, Stuart Energy, and UTC Fuel Cells in a Hydrogen Power Park project to introduce and demonstrate hydrogen -based infrastructure in Hawaii. The Department of Defense (DOD) Residential Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Demonstration Program was initiated in 2001 to demonstrate fuel cell units at military facilities across the U.S. Data performance monitoring will be conducted for each PEM unit. The Marine Corp Base Hawaii at Kaneohe was selected as a demonstration site; however, a PEM fuel cell unit has not yet been installed. Through its participation in and monitoring of fuel cell research activities, HECO has determined that utility -scale application of fuel cells is not a viable alternative to installing ST -7 at Keahole. HECO cannot predict exactly when significant technology breakthroughs may occur or if suitable fuels will be available. However, the lack of commercially available fuel cells for utility generation does indicate that it may take some time before fuel -cell alternatives become cost effective. HELCO -A Review of A@emative Resources Page 13 APPENDIX H - NOISE STUDY HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. Submitted by: HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. HFP File 5535-1 October 13, 2004 Revision: FINAL 1.0 6001 Savoy Drive, Suite 115 Houston, Texas 77036-3322 # 1140, 10201 Southport Road S.W. Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2W 4X9 telephone: (713) 789-9400 tax: (713) 789-5493 telephone: (403) 259-6600 fax:(403) 259-6611 NOISE STUDY for DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Keahole Generating Station & Keahole Airport Substation North Kona, Hawaii Belt Collins Submitted by: HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. HFP File 5535-1 October 13, 2004 Revision: FINAL 1.0 6001 Savoy Drive, Suite 115 Houston, Texas 77036-3322 # 1140, 10201 Southport Road S.W. Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2W 4X9 telephone: (713) 789-9400 tax: (713) 789-5493 telephone: (403) 259-6600 fax:(403) 259-6611 October 13, 2004I HFP File 5535-1 Belt Collins Page 2 Table of Contents 1. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 4 1.1. BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................................4 1.2. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................. 4 1.3. GLOSSARY.................................................................................................................................. 4 2. APPLICABLE NOISE REGULATIONS 3. ENVIRONMENTAL SOUND LEVEL SURVEY 5 6 3.1. SURVEY METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................ 6 3.2. EQUIPMENT..................................................................................................................................6 .. ........................... 11 3.3. MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS........................................................................................................ 6 3.3.1. Location 1: West ofPukiawe Street, at Kupaloke Street ....................................................... 7 3.3.2. Location 2: North side of Kupaloke Street, driveway to Residence C ...... ........... ........ ..... .. 7 3.3.3. Location 3: East side ofLau'i Street at Kupaloke Street.......................... ...... ........................ 7 3.3.4. Location 4: West Plant Fence line, east of ResidenceA......... .......... ........ _.............. .............. 7 3.3.5. Location 5: East side ofLau'i Street, one block south of Kupaloke Street... .......................... 7 3.3.6. Location 6: North of Kupaloke Street, north of Residence B ................................................. 8 3.3.7. Location 7: West ofPukiawe Street, one block south of Kupaloke Street ............................. 8 3.3.8. Location 8: Approximately 2000 feet northeast of the Plant... ... ....... ..... ....................... ..._.. 8 3.3.9. Location 9: Approximately 2500 feet southeast of the Plant ................................................. 8 3.4. PLANT OPERATING CONDITIONS.................................................................................................. 8 3.5. WEATHER CONDITIONS.. ............................................................................... .............................. 9 3.6. FIELD OBSERVATIONS..................................................................................................................9 3.6.1. Traffic Noise Sources. .................. .................. ..................................... - . .......... ......... ........ 9 3.6.2. Insect and Bird Sounds.......................................................................................................... 9 3.6.3. Plant Contribution. ... ........ ........................... .......... ........ .. .............. ............................. 9 3.7. SURVEY RESULTS........................................................................................................................ 9 3.7.1. Graphical Results .............. .............._...................................._................. ............................9 37.2. Tabular Results._ ... ................................................................. _._-....... .... .......................... 10 3 7.3. Statistical Results_ .... ................................. ...._....................... ............. .... .... ....................... 10 4. EXISTING ACOUSTICAL ENVIRONMENT 11 4.1. TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE............................................................................................ 11 4.1.1. Time -Based Filtering .............. ............. ......... ............................. .......... .. ........................... 11 4.1.2. Frequency -Based Filtering.................................................................................................. 12 4.2. TRAFFIC NOISE.......................................................................................................................... 12 4.2.1. Current Traffic Noise ...... ......................... ..................... ._........ ._...__. .... ............................. 11 4.2.2. Projected Traffic Noise........................................................................................................ 13 4.3. AIRCRAFT AND LOCAL TRAFFIC NOISE..................................................................................... 13 4.4. INSECT AND BIRD NOISE............................................................................................................ 14 4.5. EXISTING, UNTREATED PLANT CONTRIBUTION..................................._ ..................................... 14 4.6. SUMMARY OF ALL EXISTING NOISE SOURCES........................................................................... 15 5. PREDICTION OF NOISE IMPACT.............................................................................................. 16 5.1. COMPUTER NOISE MODEL......................................................................................................... 16 5.LL Model Introduction .................. ......................... ......_........._........... ........ ........................... 16 5.1.2. Existing Plant .......... ....... ._..........._........._...._................... .................... .......................__..16 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins HFP File 5535-1 Page 3 5.1.3. Future Plant..................._..............................._........................................................._...... 16 5.1.4. Source Data for Computer Model............................................................. ................... ..._. 16 5.1.5. Noise Model Assumptions.......................................................................... ......................... 17 5.1.6, Modeled Weather Conditions .................................. --._....-..._..._.....................................18 26 5.2. FUTURE NOISE CONTROL AND PROPERTY LINE TARGETS.......................................................... 18 5.2.1. CT -4 and CT -5 Simple Cycle Noise Control Project........................................................... Is 5.2.2, CT -2 Noise Control............................................................................................................. 19 5.2.3. Reciprocating Diesel Unit Noise Control. ........ ........ ..... -................ -........ .................. ....... 19 5.2.4. CT -4. CT -5, and ST -7 Combined Cycle Noise Control................. .............. .......... _...........- 19 5.3. PREDICTED SOUND LEVELS........................................................................................................ 20 5.3.1. Existing Plant Levels .......... ........................................................ ................ ................ ........ 20 5.3.2. Predicted Plant Sound Levels ........ ................. ....... .__................... ......._....__....................20 5.3.3. Predicted Increase in Plant Contribution........................................................................... 21 6. GROUND VIBRATION................................................................................................................... 22 7. TABLES AND MAPS....................................................................................................................... 23 TABLE 1: OPERATIONAL LOG OF PLANT EQUIPMENT............................................................................... 23 TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF WEATHER CONDITIONS..................................................................................... 24 TABLE 3: SUMMARY OF MEASUREMENT PERIOD DATA.......................................................................... 24 TABLE 4: MEASURED AND PREDICTED TRAFFIC CONTRIBUTIONS............................................................ 25 TABLE 5: TRAFFIC STUDY SUMMARY AND TRAFFIC SOUND LEVEL INCREASE CALCULATION ................. 25 TABLE 6: MEASURED AIRCRAFT CONTRIBUTIONS................................................................................... 26 TABLE 7: MEASURED INSECT AND BIRD CONTRIBUTIONS........................................................................ 26 TABLE 8: COMPARISON OF CT -5 IN OPERATION AND SHUTDOWN ................................... ........ --............. 27 TABLE 9: PREDICTED EXISTING PLANT CONTRIBUTIONS......................................................................... 27 TABLE 10: CALCULATED TOTAL EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL SOUND LEVELS, WITH PLANT ................... 28 TABLE 11: SUMMARY OF PROPERTY LINE NOISE CONTROL TARGETS .................................................... 28 TABLE 12: COMBINED CYCLE EQUIPMENT AND NOISE CONTROL ASSUMPTIONS .................................... 29 MAP 1: APPROXIMATE NEIGHBORHOOD MEASUREMENT AND RESIDENCE LOCATIONS ........................... 32 APPENDIX A: OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACOUSTICS DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS................................................................................................................................................ 33 APPENDIX B: FIGURES IA THROUGH 9 ATTACHED APPENDIX C: TABLES CI THROUGH C9 ATTACHED APPENDIX D: COMPUTER MODEL DATA ATTACHED HFP Acoustical Consultants inc. October 13, 2004I I HFP File 5535-1 Belt Collins Page 4 1. Backeround and Introduction 1.1. Background HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. (HFP) of Houston, Texas was contracted by Belt Collins of Honolulu, Hawaii to conduct the acoustical portion of an environmental impact study for the Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO), Keahole Generating Station & Keahole Airport Substation, North Kona, Hawaii (Plant). 1.2. Introduction The purpose of the study was to (1) quantitatively describe the existing acoustical environment surrounding the plant, (2) predict the future changes in sound level due to plant expansion and changes in traffic, and (3) predict the overall cumulative sound level impact of the proposed power plant expansion. An environmental sound level survey was performed to characterize and quantify the existing acoustical environment in the area surrounding the plant. This data was processed to separate (to the extent possible) the noise contributions from existing traffic, aircraft, and insects. A computer noise model was constructed of the existing plant facility based on field measurements of the existing plant equipment. A separate model was constructed of the proposed plant expansion, including all proposed noise control treatments. The measurement data from the environmental sound level survey was combined with these computer noise model predictions to calculate the potential future environmental sound levels in the area surrounding the plant. 1.3. Glossary A glossary of basic environmental noise parameters, metrics, and definitions is included in Appendix A. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004I I I HFP File 5535-1 Belt Collins Page 5 2. Applicable Noise Regulations The only known applicable noise regulation for this site is the State of Hawaii's regulation regarding industrial facility noise. This regulation requires that industrial facilities generate less than the specified noise levels at the industrial facility property line. The specified noise levels depend on the area classification of the land surrounding the industrial area. The area classification of the land surrounding this HELCO plant is unclear. Without commitment or admission, HELCO has voluntarily decided to meet the residential property line regulation of 55 dBA during the daytime (7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.) and 45 dBA during the nighttime (10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.). HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 HFP File 5535-1 Belt Collins I I I Page 6 3. Environmental Sound Level Survey An environmental sound level survey was performed in the area surrounding the plant by Mr. David M. Jones of HFP from June 25'h through June 29", 2004. 3.1. Survey Methodology Nine measurement locations were chosen to characterize the acoustical environment surrounding the plant. Seven of these locations were in the residential neighborhoods to the south and west of the plant, with the remaining locations placed in the undeveloped lava fields to the north and east of the plant. Each measurement location was chosen to ensure equipment security while remaining on public street rights-of-way or public lands. Measurements were taken at each of the seven neighborhood locations for two 24 hour (approximately) non-contiguous measurement periods. The intent was to measure a large enough sample of sound levels to fairly characterize the existing acoustical environment. Only one measurement was taken at each of the lava field locations to the north and east of the plant. The measurement at the north location was approximately 17 hours in duration. The measurement at the east location was approximately 48 hours in duration. 3.2. Equipment The equipment used in the survey was field calibrated, and has current laboratory certification. The precision sound level meter standards met are ANSI SIA, Type 1; IEC 651, 804, Type 1; and DIN IEC 651, 804, Type 1. The precision filters in the sound level meter met ANSI S1.11, Type 0 -AA; IEC 225, and DIN IEC 225. 3.3. Measurement Locations A map showing the approximate location of the neighborhood monitoring equipment is attached as Map 1. Measurement Locations 8 and 9 are not shown on this map but are described below. Map 1 also shows the approximate structure locations and designations used in this report. These structures have been designated as residences, though they may be businesses. Not all structures are shown on Map 1. Where there were HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins HFP File 5535-1 Page 7 multiple structures grouped together, only one of the structures has been indicated on Map 1. 3.3.1. Location 1: West of Pukiawe Street, at Kupaloke Street Location 1 is west of Pukiawe Street at the intersection with Kupaloke Street. The monitor was placed approximately five feet northwest of telephone pole number 7. This location has a clear line of sight to the plant. The exhaust stacks for CT -2, the reciprocating units, and CT -4 and 5 are clearly visible. 3.3.2. Location 2: North side of Kupaloke Street, driveway to Residence C Location 2 is at the west edge of the driveway to Residence C, on the north side of Kupaloke Street. The monitor was placed approximately 5 feet east-northeast of telephone pole number 3. The location has a direct line of sight to the plant, and the exhaust stacks for CT -2, the reciprocating units, and CT -4 and 5 are clearly visible. 3.3.3. Location 3: East side of Lau'i Street at Kupaloke Street Location 3 is at the east edge of Lau'i street, at the north edge of the intersection with Kupaloke Street. The monitor was placed approximately 6 feet north of the telephone pole located east of the north edge of Kupaloke Street. The top of the plant stacks are barely visible from this location. The other plant equipment is not visible. 3.3.4. Location 4: West Plant Fence line, east of Residence A Location 4 is just inside the west plant fence line, east of the centerline of the residence / business located to the west of the plant. The monitor was located approximately 4 feet inside the fence, directly east of the television aerial on the business / residence. This location is shielded from the plant by the maintenance building and topography. None of the equipment stacks are visible due to the building and the large elevation change. 3.3.5. Location 5: East side of Lau'i Street, one block south of Kupaloke Street Location 5 is at the east edge of Lau'i Street, approximately one block south of Location 3. The monitor was placed approximately 6 feet north of telephone pole number 9 on Lau'i Street. The plant is not visible from this location. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004I I HFP File 5535-1 Belt Collins Page 8 3.3.6. Location 6: North of Kupaloke Street, north of Residence B Location 6 is on the north side of Kupaloke Street, north of Residence B. The monitor was placed approximately 3 feet west north-west of telephone pole number 2. The location has a direct line of sight to the plant, and the exhaust stacks for CT -2, the reciprocating units, and CT -4 and 5 are clearly visible. 3.3.7. Location 7: West of Pukiawe Street, one block south of Kupaloke Street Location 7 is on the west side of Pukiawe Street, approximately one block south of Location 1. The monitor was placed approximately 8 feet south of telephone pole number 10. The plant is partially visible from this location, though most of the equipment is shielded by ground vegetation or the residences to the north. 3.3.8. Location 8: Approximately 2000 feet northeast of the Plant Location 8 is approximately 2000 feet northeast of the plant in the middle of the lava field. This location was approximately 1500 feet north northwest of the northwest corner of the two water tanks located at the east end of the access road north of the plant. This location has a direct line of sight to the plant equipment. This location is representative of the existing sound levels to the north and northeast of the plant. There are currently no residences or other structures in this undeveloped area. 3.3.9. Location 9: Approximately 2500 feet southeast of the Plant Location 9 is approximately 2500 feet east southeast of the plant in the middle of the undeveloped lava field. The monitor was located directly east of Residence E and north of telephone pole number 11 on Ka'iminani road. The location has a direct line of sight to the CT -4 and CT -5 exhausts but most other of the plant noise sources were hidden by terrain and foliage. This location is representative of the sound levels to the east and southeast of the plant. There are currently no residences or other structures in this undeveloped area. 3.4. Plant Operating Conditions CT -4 was in peaking mode operation during the measurement periods. CT -5 was undergoing performance testing. One or both of these units were in operation during each measurement period. An equipment operational summary is shown HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins HFP File 5535-1 Page 9 in Table 1: Operational Log of Plant Equipment. CT -2 was not operated during any measurement period and D-23 was the only reciprocating unit that was operated. D-23 ran from 11:26 am until 2:16 pm on June 24`h. 3.5. Weather Conditions The weather conditions during the survey period were appropriate for an environmental sound level survey. A summary of the weather conditions is shown in Table 2: Summary of Weather Conditions. This weather data was collected from the records of the Kona International Airport, which is less than a mile west of the plant site. There were a few brief periods of rain during the measurement survey. The only significant rain occurred on the morning of June 26`h. 3.6. Field Observations 3.6.1. Traffic Noise Sources The dominant noise sources in the vicinity of the plant are traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, aircraft traffic from the Kona International Airport, local traffic on Ka'iminani Drive and other neighborhood streets, and insect and bird sounds. There are several agricultural facilities in and around the neighborhood, and there is significant truck and farm machinery activity associated with the facilities. 3.6.2. Insect and Bird Sounds Insects and birds are the most significant nighttime noise sources in the area surrounding the plant. These sources can reasonably be considered part of the normal acoustical environment. 3.6.3. Plant Contribution During field observations the plant was inaudible at Locations 3, 5, 7, and 9. The plant was barely audible at measurement Locations 1, 2, 4, and 6. The plant was clearly audible at Location 8. 3.7. Survey Results 3.7.1. Graphical Results HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004I I HFP File 5535-1 Belt Collins Page 10 The raw results of the environmental survey are presented in Appendix B: Figures 1A through 9. The figure numbers correspond to the measurement locations. The letter suffixes indicate the measurement period for locations with more than one measurement period. In those cases "A" represents the first period and `B" represents the second period. Each figure shows the results from a single 16 to 24 hour period of measurements at a single location. The top section of each graph shows the one -minute Leq, represented by a solid blue line; the fifteen -minute Leq, a stepped red line; the fifteen -minute L90, a stepped green line; and the fifteen minute L10, a stepped orange line. The bottom section of each figure shows the frequency -based data. Sound frequency is plotted on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. The color indicates the A -weighted sound pressure level at each frequency for each one -minute Leq. The frequency data is useful for determining the presence of any tonal frequencies and helps to characterize the presence of specific noise emissions. For example, the presence of insect noise is clearly visible during the night time periods as high sound levels in the 4,000 to 10,000 Hz frequencies. 3.7.2. Tabular Results A table showing a summary of the measured fifteen -minute sound level metrics at each measurement location for each period is included in Appendix C: Tables C1A through C9. Each table presents the fifteen - minute interval data measured and displayed graphically in Appendix B. 3.7.3. Statistical Results Table 3: Summary of Measurement Period Data shows the calculated Ld, Ln, and Ldn at each measurement location and period. Also shown is the logarithmic average of the 15 minute L90s measured for the day and night periods. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004I HFP File 5535-1 Belt Collins Page 11 4. Existin¢ Acoustical Environment The existing acoustical environment surrounding the plant is dominated by noise from traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, aircraft traffic from the Kona International Airport, and local traffic on Ka'iminani Drive and other neighborhood streets. There are several agricultural facilities in and around the neighborhood, and there is significant truck and farm machinery activity associated with the facilities. The plant was inaudible at most of the measurement locations during the daytime hours because of the other environmental noise sources. 4.1. Types of Environmental Noise 4.1.1. Time -Based Filtering The environmental noise sources surrounding the plant can be divided into short term and steady state categories. Short term sources include aircraft overflights and local neighborhood traffic. Steady state sources include insects and birds (while they are active), traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Ka'iminani Drive, the power plant, and wind noise. The steady state sources vary with time, but their variation takes place over tens of minutes rather than one or two minutes like the short term sources. The difference in noise contribution from the short term and steady state sources can be seen in Appendix B: Figures 1A through 9. The one - minute Leq shows the influence of a single loud short term event such as an aircraft overflight or neighborhood traffic passby. To separate the noise contributions of short term and steady state noise sources, a peak level filtering technique was used to process the one -minute measurement samples. In this technique, a peak cutoff value was determined for each measurement location. All one -minute measurement samples that exceeded this level were considered to be short term peak events and all other measurement samples were considered as part of the steady state noise environment. The sound levels chosen as the peak cutoff values were chosen from visual inspection of Figures 1A through 9, and are therefore a best -judgment selection. The selected values for the peak cutoff are listed in the results tables discussed below. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004I I I HFP File 5535-1 Belt Collins Page 12 4.1.2. Frequency -Based Filtering Insects and birds are significant sound sources in the area surrounding the plant. They are often the single most significant noise source, especially during the evening and early morning. Insect noise is generally limited to the 5000 Hz and higher third octave bands. Bird noise is dependent on the species and situation, but in this case bird noises were generally seen in the data as strong tonal components between 1500 and 5000 Hz. The contributions of the insects and birds are quite apparent on the bottom (sonograph) portion of Figures 1A through 9. Labels have been applied to many of the most obvious examples of insect and bird noises. 4.2. Traffic Noise 4.2.1. Current Traffic Noise Vehicles on Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Ka'iminani Road are the dominant noise sources at all locations surrounding the plant during the daylight hours. The traffic noise contribution can be seen on Figures IA through 9 as high amplitude mid -frequency (125 to 2000 Hz) sound energy that begins at approximately 6:00 a.m. and tapers off at approximately 10:00 p.m. The steady state traffic noise contribution was calculated at each measurement location from the one -minute Leq measurements by first eliminating the contribution of insects (by filtering out the high frequency third octave bands) and then by eliminating aircraft overflights and local neighborhood car passbys (by using a peak cutoff level). The peak cutoff level used to filter out the short term events was dependent on the location, and was selected by inspection of Figures 1A through 9. Table 4: Measured and Predicted Traffic Contributions shows the calculated traffic Ld, Ln, Ldn, and period Leq at each measurement location. The table also shows the peak cutoff level used at each measurement location to separate the short term events from the steady state traffic contribution. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins 4.2.2. Projected Traffic Noise HFP File 5535-1 Page 13 Belt Collins has generated a preliminary traffic noise study for the area surrounding the plant. The sound level contribution of traffic will increase logarithmically with traffic volume if all other variables are held constant. In this case, it was assumed that the percentage of heavy and medium weight trucks will remain relatively constant, and that the width and surface materials of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Ka'iminani Road would remain unchanged. Using the projected increase in traffic volume outlined in the traffic study, the sound level increase was estimated for the worst case morning and afternoon hours. Three different traffic cases were evaluated. However, the variation in predicted traffic volumes between the three cases was so slight that the calculated sound level increase for each case was identical, with a 1.9 dB increase for the worst-case afternoon hour and 1.7 dB for the worst-case morning hour. A summary of the measured traffic sound levels along with the predicted future traffic contributions is shown in Table 4: Measured and Predicted Traffic Contributions. A summary of the current and predicted future traffic volumes and the associated worst case predicted traffic sound level increase is shown in Table 5: Traffic Study Summary and Traffic Sound Level Increase Calculation. 4.3. Aircraft and Local Traffic Noise The highest short term sound levels at each measurement location generally resulted from events such as aircraft overflights or local neighborhood traffic passbys. These events are visible on Figures 1A through 9 as sharp peaks in the one -minute Leq. These short term peaks in sound level can have a significant effect on the long term Leq. The effect is visible on Figures IA through 9, where it is apparent that just one or two high level short term events can radically alter the 15 minute interval metrics for the corresponding measurement period. As discussed above, a peak cutoff value was used to separate the contribution of the short term noise sources from the other environmental noise sources in the area surrounding the plant. Table 6: Measured Aircraft Contributions shows the calculated Ld, Ln, and Leq derived from the one -minute measurement samples that were equal to or greater than the peak cutoff value. These represent the Leq for the daytime or nighttime period with aircraft and local traffic noises as the only noise source present. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 HFP File 5535-1 Belt Collins I I I Page 14 4.4. Insect and Bird Noise As discussed above, one technique that can be used to quantify the contribution of insect and bird noise is to use frequency based filtering to separately evaluate the high frequency components of the environmental noise measurements. Table 7: Measured Insect and Bird Contributions shows the calculated Ld, Ln, Ldn and period Leq for the measurement locations based solely on the high frequency third -octave frequency bands. This effectively isolates the insect and bird sound level contribution at each measurement location. Two different third octave ranges were used in the calculation, as appropriate (based on the characteristics of the insect and bird sounds found in the individual measurements): either 4,000 to 10,000 Hertz or 2,500 to 10,000 Hertz. The ranges varied from location to location because the mix of insect and bird noise differed by location. The one-third octave frequency range used in the calculation is shown on Table 7: Measured Insect and Bird Contributions. 4.5. Existing, Untreated Plant Contribution Table 8: Comparison of CT -5 in Operation and Shutdown shows a comparison between early morning sound levels at four measurement locations with CT -5 operating (Period 7) and with it shut down (Period 16). The value for the 4:00 a.m. to 5:00 a.m. hour is shown because this is the quietest single hour at these measurement locations, and therefore minimizes all non-powerplant noise sources, such as traffic, aircraft, and insects. Use of the L90 metric also reduces the effect of short-term noise peaks. Table 8: Comparison of CT -5 in Operation and Shutdown shows that the existing sound level contributions from CT -5 are insignificant. CT -5 was in operation for the entire On period at 40% or greater load. As shown, the period L90 actually increased at Locations 1 and 4 (moving from On to Off). The period L90 does drop by a small amount at Locations 2 and 3. Calculations indicate a sound level contribution from CT -5 of no more than 30 dBA at Locations 2 and 3. It was not possible to simultaneously operate all of the existing plant equipment, therefore no measurements could be made for this condition. A computer noise model was developed to evaluate this scenario. The details of the computer model are discussed in Section 5. The results for the existing, untreated plant are shown in Table 9: Predicted Existing Plant Contributions. This table shows the calculated environmental sound level contributions with two combinations of existing equipment in operation: (1) nighttime operation of the three combustion HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins HFP File 5535-1 Page 15 turbines (CT -2, CT -4, and CT -5) and (2) daytime operation of three combustion turbines and three reciprocating units (D-21, D-22, D-23). 4.6. Summary of All Existing Noise Sources Table 10: Calculated Total Existing Environmental Sound Levels, with Plant shows a summary of all existing environmental noise sources as separated and calculated in the tables above along with the computer model prediction of the existing plant. The "Combination of All Sources" column shows the logarithmic sum of the noise from the different environmental noise sources. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 HFP File 5535-1 Belt Collins I I I Page 16 5. Prediction of Noise Impact 5.1. Computer Noise Model 5.1.1. Model Introduction A computer noise model was constructed of the existing and the proposed plant. The model was developed using SoundPLAN, a commercial noise modeling package developed by Braunstein and Berndt, GmbH. This standards—based software takes into account spreading losses, ground and atmospheric effects, shielding from barriers and buildings, and reflections from surfaces. The ISO 9613 standard protocol was used for air absorption and the "General Prediction Method for Noise from Industrial Facilities" was used for other noise propagation factors. 5.1.2. Existing Plant A computer noise model of the existing plant equipment was constructed. The model includes Units D-21, D-22, D-23, and CT -2, plus Units CT -4 and CT -5 in their present Simple Cycle configuration without any additional noise control. Also included are all auxiliary sources such as air conditioning units, utility pumps, etc. All sources included in the model are listed by category in Appendix D. 5.1.3. Future Plant A computer noise model of the future plant was also constructed. This model includes all existing equipment at the site along with the proposed Combined Cycle plant equipment, including the CT -4 and CT -5 Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs), the new Unit ST -7 located inside an insulated metal building, and the ST -7 air-cooled condenser fans. As discussed below, the model includes all planned noise control for the existing plant equipment as well as planned noise control for the Combined Cycle equipment. All sources included in the model are listed by category in Appendix D. 5.1.4. Source Data for Computer Model Sound pressure level and sound power level data were obtained from several different sources for use as the existing and future noise sources in the computer noise model. A table summarizing all noise sources in the HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins HFP File 5535-1 Page 17 computer model, their sound power level, location, and organization is attached as Appendix D. 5.1.4.1. CT -2 CT -2 was not in operation during the sound level survey period, so measurements provided by HELCO from a previous field sound level measurement survey were used to calculate the sound power level of the CT -2 components. 5.1.4.2. CT -4 and CT -5 Simple Cycle The original Request for Quote Specification for the Simple Cycle noise control project contained several noise measurements of the various plant noise sources. This original information was supplemented with actual field sound level measurements performed by HFP of the operating CT -4 and CT -5 noise sources during the environmental survey. 5.1.4.3. CT -4, CT -5, ST -7 Combined Cycle Sound power levels for the HRSG and associated ductwork were taken from the Sound Technologies Incorporated predictions made during the Simple Cycle noise control project. The ST -7 turbine and air-cooled condenser information was taken from manufacturer data, proposed purchase specifications, and HFP field measurements of similar equipment. 5.1.4.4. Reciprocating Diesel Units Original information for the reciprocating diesel unit sound power level was provided by HELCO based on a previous field sound level measurement survey. Supplementary measurements of D-23 were performed by HFP during the environmental survey. 5.1.5. Noise Model Assumptions The noise model is intended to represent a conservative calculation of the sound level due to the existing and future plant. Terrain elevations were modeled from photos and estimated terrain heights and verified with available topographic data. No foliage or vegetation was included in the calculations. The ground was modeled as being only 30% absorptive to HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins HFP File 5535-1 Page 18 estimate the generally reflective nature of the broken lava fields surrounding the plant. 5.1.6. Modeled Weather Conditions Temperature and humidity have an influence on sound propagation. Statistical data from June 27, 2003 to June 27, 2004 was used as the basis for the computer model weather data. The average daily low temperature of 68°F was used as the night time period temperature and the average daily high temperature of 84°F was used for the daytime period. The average mean temperature of 78°F and average dew point of 67°F were used to calculate an overall average relative humidity of 69% for the year. Wind and atmospheric stability are significant factors in sound propagation calculations. The average annual wind speed of 7 mph was used along with a very conservative omnidirectional wind. In the computer noise model, the wind direction is designated as blowing from the plant to each evaluated receiver position. The atmospheric stability class for the daytime was estimated at Class B, which represents mostly -sunny moderate wind conditions, and is a conservative representation of the typical day time conditions for the area. The nighttime stability class was estimated at Class F, which represents a low cloud cover moderate wind speed condition. 5.2. Future Noise Control and Property Line Targets Significant future noise control treatments are planned for the existing plant equipment. Each treatment project will specify property line sound level targets for the subject equipment. These targets will vary by with an overall goal of meeting HELCO's overall property line targets of 55 dBA during daytime operation and 45 dBA during nighttime operation for all plant equipment. A summary of the property line targets for each treatment project are shown in Table 11: Summary of Property Line Noise Control Targets. 5.2.1. CT -4 and CT -5 Simple Cycle Noise Control Project HELCO has already contracted for the installation of noise control equipment that will limit the noise contributions of the CT -4 and CT -5 Simple Cycle equipment to less than 42 dBA at all plant property lines. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins 5.2.2. CT -2 Noise Control RFP File 5535-1 Page 19 HELCO has performed an engineering analysis of the required noise control for CT -2 so that all plant equipment in simultaneous operation would produce less than 45 dBA at the plant property line. HELCO plans to issue a Request for Quote to a design -build contractor that will implement noise control such that the property line sound level targets shown in Table 11: Summary of Property Line Noise Control Targets are met for CT -2 operating alone. These property line targets have been developed to allow the operation of CT -2, CT -4, CT -5 and ST -7 simultaneously while meeting the nighttime property line target of 45 dBA. 5.2.3. Reciprocating Diesel Unit Noise Control The initial review of the noise control treatments necessary to reduce the reciprocating diesel unit (D-21, D-22, and D-23) property line noise contributions to less than the nighttime 45 dBA target found that the predicted cost per megawatt hour would exceed HELCO's target. Since these units are used primarily as peaking power units and are small compared to the other equipment on site, HELCO has decided to restrict their use to daytime operation only. The daytime property line target chosen by HELCO is 55 dBA. The noise -control targets necessary for all three of these units to meet the 55 dBA property line target while in simultaneous operation are shown in Table 11: Summary of Property line Noise Control Targets. 5.2.4. CT -4, CT -5, and ST -7 Combined Cycle Noise Control Generally, the noise control required for the Simple Cycle CT -4 and CT -5 will be sufficient for the Combined Cycle expansion to meet a 45 dBA property line target with all equipment in operation. A Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) will be added to both the CT -4 and CT -5 exhaust ductwork. These are large devices, and they will function as additional barriers for the exhaust ductwork and other plant noise sources. The HRSGs will also provide significant additional exhaust silencing. The most significant noise sources added with the Combined Cycle project will be the ST -7 unit and the associated ST -7 air cooled condenser bank. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins HFP File 5535-1 Page 20 The ST -7 unit will be located in an insulated metal building to the west of the existing control building. The air cooled condensers will be located southwest of the ST -7 building. Table 12: Combined Cycle Equipment and Noise Control Assumptions shows the estimated sound level inside the ST -7 building, the required building wall and ventilation acoustical performance, along with the required 200 -foot sound level criterion for the air cooled condensers in order to meet HELCO's 45 dBA nighttime property line target with all equipment in operation. 5.3. Predicted Sound Levels Because of the limitations of computer noise modeling accuracy, the results from the computer model have been rounded to the nearest whole decibel. Any calculations based on the computer model results have also been rounded to the nearest whole decibel. 5.3.1. Existing Plant Levels The sound level contribution of the existing plant is shown in Table 9: Predicted Existing Plant Contributions. This table shows the predicted levels for two combinations of existing equipment in operation with (1) nighttime operation of three combustion turbines, one steam turbine, and all associated equipment (CT -2, CT -4, CT -5, and ST -7) and (2) daytime operation of the night time equipment along with three reciprocating units (D-21, D-22, D-23) and associated equipment. 5.3.2. Predicted Plant Sound Levels Table 13: Predicted Future Plant Contribution shows the predicted daytime and nighttime sound level contributions of the plant with all future planned equipment in operation and all noise control treatments installed. The daytime operation assumes that all plant equipment is in operation while meeting the individual property line targets as outlined in Table 11: Summary of Property Line Noise Control Targets. The plant contribution includes the effects of wind from the plant to all receivers, as discussed in Section 5.1.6. The predicted future sound level contribution from the plant is significantly lower than the current measured and predicted sound levels. This is due to the fact that even though equipment will be added during the combined cycle expansion, noise control treatments will be added to many of the existing noise sources during the Simple Cycle noise control project and the CT -2 noise control project. The Combined Cycle equipment will HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004I I I HFP File 5535-1 Belt Collins Page 21 also be chosen and installed with HELCO's property line noise targets in mind. Table 14: Predicted Total Future Environmental Sound Levels, with Plant shows a summation of all future environmental noise sources. The traffic levels are the predicted future traffic sound levels calculated using the volume adjustment discussed earlier. The aircraft and insect sound levels are the measured sound levels from the environmental survey. No information was available for projected increases in aircraft traffic and there is no expected change in the insect noise contribution. The Predicted Future Plant levels are as discussed above. The "Combination of All Sources" column shows the logarithmic sum of the noise from the different environmental noise sources. 5.3.3. Predicted Increase in Plant Contribution Table 15: Predicted Increase in Plant Contribution shows the difference between the predicted existing plant equipment and all future equipment. Significant decreases in sound level are predicted at all measurement locations due to HELCO's planned noise control projects, as indicated by negative table values. These reductions range from 11 to 20 dB, with the most significant reductions occurring during nighttime operation. Table 16: Predicted Overall Increase in Sound Level shows a comparison between the predicted future overall environmental levels with the measured existing levels and the predicted existing levels with all plant sources in operation. The "Increase over Measured Existing" column shows that the predicted future environmental sound levels (including all traffic increases, insects, aircraft, and all plant sources) will be very similar to the existing measured environmental sound levels. The "Increase over Measured Existing" ranges from 0.0 to +1.7 dB. Negative numbers are the result of cumulative rounding errors, and should be considered equal to zero. The increases are due exclusively to the predicted increase in traffic noise of +1.9 dB. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins 6. Ground Vibration HFP File 5535-1 Page 22 The current equipment produces no perceptible ground vibration at the fence line, and no vibration is perceptible at any of the measurement locations. It is extremely unlikely that there will be any perceptible ground vibration at the plant fence line due to any power plant equipment, existing or future. Ground home vibration requires extremely high exciting forces in order to travel distances such as those from the plant to the residences. Such powerful exciting forces might be expected during pile driving, explosive blasting, or demolition, but would not be consistent at all with modem internal combustion and steam turbine technology. Units D-21, D-22, and D-23 are reciprocating units that have been installed and operated at the Keahole site for many years. They are maintained in good operating order and balance, and would not be operated if they generated excessive vibration. They will not be modified in any way that might increase the vibration produced. Gas and steam turbines are, by necessity, extremely well balanced. Because of their high rotational speeds any small out -of -balance condition would cause operational problems or damage to the equipment components. Auxiliary equipment associated with the combustion and steam turbines, such as the various centrifugal pumps skids and electrical transformers are also, by the nature of their designs, highly unlikely to produce any significant ground vibration. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins 7. Tables and Maas HFP File 5535-1 Page 23 Table 1: Operational Log of Plant Equipment Percentage indicates approximate unit loading during the time period from the start time to the next period start time. Date Operational Period Start Time CT4 CT5 D23 6/24/2004 1 0:00 0% 0% 0% 6/24/2004 2 8:22 0% 80% 0% 6/24/2004 3 11:26 0% 80% 81% 6/24/2004 4 14:16 00/0 85% 0% 6/24/2004 5 20:39 51% 67% 0% 6/24/2004 6 22:57 0% 79% 0% 6/25/2004 7 0:00 0% 40% 0% 6/25/2004 8 9:27 90% 40% 0% 6/25/2004 9 9:47 90% 0% 0% 6/25/2004 10 11:42 83% 102% 0% 6/25/2004 11 12:16 0% 102% 0% 6/25/2004 12 23:24 0 0 0 6/26/2004 13 8:11 100% 0 0 6/26/2004 14 12:14 61% 27% 0 6/26/2004 15 13:00 100% 0 0 6/26/2004 16 23:03 0 0 0 6/27/2004 17 8:20 100% 0 0 6/27/2004 18 21:30 0 0 0 6/28/2004 19 8:35 87% 0 0 6/28/2004 20 23:22 0 0 0 6/29/2004 21 8:42 0 75% 0 1 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins Table 2: Summary of Weather Conditions HFP File 5535-1 Page 24 Day Max Temp (deg F) Mean Temp (deg F) Min Temp (deg F) Max Humidity N Mean Humidity N Min Humidity N Mean Atm. Pressure (In.) Mean Wind Speed (mph) 6/20/2004 84 78 73 89 75 62 30 4 6/21/2004 84 78 72 84 69 60 29.98 5 6/22/2004 84 80 75 82 72 61 29.98 5 6/23/2004 86 1 80 75 1 79 64 1 51 29.94 5 6/24/2004 82 78 75 82 72 65 29.95 9 6/25/2004 82 78 73 84 71 62 29.96 3 6/26/2004 86 82 78 79 68 58 29.96 8 6/27/2004 82 78 73 94 81 62 29.95 9 6/28/2004 84 78 73 84 70 58 29.99 7 6/29/2004 82 78 73 91 76 67 30 7 6/30/2004 84 80 75 87 74 60 30.01 4 7/1/2004 86 1 80 1 75 76 64 53 30.04 8 7/2/2004 84 78 73 82 71 60 30 10 7/3/2004 84 80 75 84 69 56 29.98 8 Table 3: Summary of Measurement Period Data HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. Average of 15 Minute L90s Start Date Location Ld Ln Ldn Leq L90 dav L90 nijzht L90 Period 6/24/2004 lA 55.5 48.7 57.0 54.0 45.0 42.1 44.1 6/26/2004 IB 54.0 50.0 57.2 52.8 46.1 42.8 45.2 6/24/2004 2A 56.0 54.5 61.2 55.5 44.3 44.8 44.5 6/26/2004 213 53.3 53.9 60.2 53.5 44.1 40.9 43.2 6/24/2004 3A 61.7 50.4 61.3 59.8 54.8 35.7 52.7 6/26/2004 313 59.6 53.8 61.7 58.2 51.5 34.9 49.5 6/24/2004 4A 55.0 49.6 57.3 53.6 48.4 44.9 47.4 6/26/2004 413 54.3 48.7 56.5 52.9 49.0 44.0 47.7 6/25/2004 5A 51.5 48.9 55.8 50.7 40.8 40.2 40.6 6/27/2004 513 50.7 44.2 52.3 49.2 38.8 37.7 38.4 6/25/2004 6A 53.3 48.3 55.9 52.1 44.2 41 A 43.4 6/27/2004 613 53.9 53.5 60.0 53.7 42.2 43.0 42.5 6/25/2004 7A 57.8 50.4 59.0 56.2 46.1 42.3 45.0 6/27/2004 7B 57.3 52.1 59.7 55.9 44.9 41.6 44.0 6/25/2004 8 51.9 49.7 56.5 51.2 46.2 44.6 45.7 6/27/2004 9 48.3 47A 54.0 48.0 39.2 39.3 39.2 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. HFP File 5535-1 Page 25 : Contributions Predicted Future Traffic Contribution Ld Ln Ldn Leq 52.5 48.0 55.4 51.3 52.7 46.6 54.6 51.1 49.6 45.1 52.6 48.4 48.8 41.9 50.2 47.2 47.7 42.0 49.9 46.3 46.5 40.2 48.2 44.9 54.2 48.3 56.2 52.8 54.6 48.0 56.2 53.0 47.6 44.4 51.5 46.7 46.6 42.6 49.9 45.4 50.0 47.2 54.2 49.1 48.4 44.9 52.0 47.3 52.9 49.5 56.6 51.8 51.6 47.5 54.8 50.4 51.2 49.8 56.5 50.5 43.7 42.1 48.8 43.1 Level Increase Calculation Drive TOTAL ncrease (dB) Number of Passb s Increase dB 2068 - 2522 - LO 3036 1.7 1.2 3901 1.9 1.1 3052 1.7 1.2 3910 1.9 1.0 3046 1.7 1.2 1 3908 1.9 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins HFP File 5535-1 Page 26 Table 6: Measured Aircraft Contributions These are calculated period contribution of only the one -minute samples that exceeded the Peak Cutoff level, dBA. Location Peak Cutoff Ld Ln Ldn Leq I 58 52.9 41.6 52.4 51.0 IB 58 48.5 41.3 49.8 46.9 2A 58 49.3 36.1 48.4 47.4 213 58 46.0 34.5 45.5 44.1 3A 55 56.2 39.6 54.7 1 54.2 313 55 50.0 35.5 48.8 48.0 4A 58 51.5 42.1 51.8 49.8 4B 58 48.8 39.2 48.9 47.0 5A 53 50.0 46.3 53.5 48.9 5B 53 49.2 40.5 49.7 47.5 6A 55 51.4 41.9 51.6 49.6 613 55 51.7 41.9 51.8 49.9 7A 58 55.4 44.3 55.0 53.5 713 58 54.3 47.2 55.6 52.8 8 56 48.7 42.7 50.6 47.3 9 50 45.1 42.5 49.4 44.3 Table 7: Measured Insect and Bird Contributions Averages for all one -minute measurement data in the given third -octave band frequency range, dBA. Location±(Hertz) ncy ertz)lA Ld Ln Ldn Leq k 48.8 42.8 50.8 47.3 1B k 48.1 47.6 54.1 47.9 2A Ok 54.0 48.9 56.5 52.7 2B 0k 51.0 53.7 59.8 52.2 3A k 60.2 49.8 60.1 58.4 3B k 59.1 53.7 61.4 57.7 4A k 43.0 45.0 51.2 43.9 413 4k - 10k 42.1 44.2 50.4 43.1 5A 4k - 10k 40.8 42.7 48.9 41.6 513 4k - 10k 40.0 35.4 42.9 38.8 6A 4k - 10k 42.9 43.0 49.4 42.9 613 4k- 10k 47.8 53.0 58.9 50.6 7A 2.5k - l0k 51.7 44.3 52.9 50.0 713 2.5k - IOk 52.8 48.4 55.8 51.6 8 4k - 10k 32.0 42.7 48.5 40.3 9 2.5k - I Ok 43.5 44.5 50.8 43.9 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins HFP File 5535-1 Page 27 Table 8: Comparison of CT -5 in Operation and Shutdown Table 9: Predicted Existing Plant Contributions All existing equipment operating, as currently installed D-21, D-22, D-23, CT -2, CT -4, CT -5 Location 4:00 to 5:00a.m. Hour, L90, A -weighted Location CT -5 On CT -5 Off Period 7 Period 16 1 40.8 41.6 2 33.8 31.1 3 32.4 28.8 4 43.9 44.6 Table 9: Predicted Existing Plant Contributions All existing equipment operating, as currently installed D-21, D-22, D-23, CT -2, CT -4, CT -5 Location Calm With Wind Ld Ln Ldn Ld Ln Ldn 1 53 53 60 56 54 61 2 54 54 60 57 55 62 3 41 43 49 45 44 50 4 55 56 62 56 56 63 5 46 49 55 51 50 56 6 55 55 61 58 56 62 7 46 49 55 51 50 56 8 46 51 57 52 52 58 9 40 45 50 47 46 52 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. HFP File 5535-1 Page 28 ound Levels. with Plant redicted Plant Combination of All Sources Ln Ldn Ld Ln Ldn 54 61 59 55 62 54 61 58 55 62 55 62 60 56 63 55 62 1 59 58 64 44 50 62 51 62 44 50 60 54 1 62 56 63 59 57 64 56 63 58 57 63 50 56 54 53 59 50 56 54 51 58 I 56 62 59 57 64 t 58 65 53 61 1 X52 54 61 54 61 l 50 56 -ontrol Targets ,me Limit South West 70 dBC 34 dBA 40 dBA IBA HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. HFP File 5535-1 Page 29 Control Assumptions 'ower or Pressure Level Center Frequency 71-50-0F18700 2000 4000 9000 Ln 21 2 0 6 47 16 3 ]2 3 5 41 81 80 75 78 75 78 77 73 76 73 26 34 41 44 46 ventilation silencers. evels y 13, 2003) 43.5 27.5 17.5 7.6 -2.4 18.7 3.4 1.5 7.7 15.5 19.1 3.1 -6.0 2.0 6.0 .evel 51 46 33 28 16 ltribution Nith Wind Ln Ldn 37 44 38 47 27 35 40 46 33 41 39 47 32 39 32 40 28 36 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. HFP File 5535-1 Page 30 and Levels, with Plant edicted Future Plant Combination of All Sources I Ln Ldn Ld Ln Ldn 37 44 57 50 58 37 44 55 51 58 i 38 47 57 51 59 i 38 47 54 54 61 27 35 62 51 61 1 27 35 60 54 62 40 46 56 51 59 40 46 56 50 58 1 33 41 53 50 57 33 41 52 45 53 i 39 47 55 50 57 S 39 47 --L5-54 61 32 39 58 52 60 32 39 58 60 3 32 40 53 fl48 58 i 28 36 49 55 mtribution redicted Increase A Ln Ldn 15 -17 -17 15 -17 -17 11 -17 -15 11 -17 -15 11 -17 -15 11 -17 -15 14 -16 -17 14 -16 -17 11 -17 -15 11 -17 -15 12 -17 -15 12 -l7 -15 14 -18g-I 14 -18 14 -2012 -18 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. HFP File 5535-1 Page 31 found Levels :ase over Measured Existing* Increase over Predicted Existing Ln Ldn Ld Ln Ldn 1.4 1.0 -2 -5 -4 0.9 0.8 -3 -5 4 0.8 1.0 -3 -5 4 0.3 0.8 -4 -3 -3 0.4 -0.3-• 0 -1 -1 0.2 0.3 0 0 0 1.4 1.7 -2 -6 -5 1.6 1.5 -2 -6 -5 0.7 1.2 -2 -3 -2 1.3 0.7 -2 -6 -5 1.5 1.1 -5 -7 -7 0.5 1.0 4 -4 -4 1.2 1.0 0 -2 -1 0.5 0.3 0 2 I 1.6 1.5 -2 3 3 0.6 1 LO -2 :ed traffic increase of 1.9 dB. errors and should be HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 HFP File 5535-1 Belt Collins I I I Page 32 Map 1: Approximate Neighborhood Measurement and Residence Locations HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins HFP File 5535-1 Page 33 Appendix A: Overview of Environmental Acoustics Definitions and Concepts Noise is generally defined as "unwanted sound." Annoyance due to noise is a highly subjective matter, which makes it difficult to predict or explain public response to a given noise condition. Sensitivity to noise varies widely in any population, with a few highly noise -sensitive individuals, a few that are very non -sensitive, and the majority somewhere in between. Sound Pressure Level: A logarithmic parameter describing the quantity of sound relative to a reference pressure value, expressed in units of decibels, or dB. A -weighting: A sound level weighting scale in which the sound levels in individual frequency bands are adjusted to match the response of the human ear. The reference adjustment is 0 dB at 1000 Hz. The human ear is much less responsive at low frequencies. An A -weighted overall sound level is the total contribution from all sound frequencies, with the appropriate weighting factors applied. C -weighting A sound level weighting scale that is relatively flat from 31.5 Hz to 8k Hz with a roll -off higher and lower than those frequencies. The adjustment is 0 dB from 200 Hz to 1250 Hz. A C -weighted overall sound level is the total contribution from all sound frequencies, with the appropriate weighting factors applied. Leq The equivalent continuous A -weighted sound level. It is defined as the logarithmic average of the sound levels for a specified time period. It is the most commonly used form of sound level averaging. L90 A statistical parameter representing the sound level exceeded 90 percent of the sampled time period. The L90 is often used as an indicator of the background or ambient sound level, because short term higher-level noise events have limited effects on the L90 value. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Belt Collins HFP File 5535-1 Page 34 Sound Power Level A logarithmic parameter describing the power characteristics of a noise source, relative to a reference power value. It is expressed in units of decibels, dB. The sound power level should not be confused with the sound pressure level. The sound power level is a characteristic of a noise source analogous to the wattage rating of a light bulb, and is independent of the surroundings. It is calculated from measurements of the sound pressure level. The sound pressure level is the quantity measured with a sound level meter, and is dependent upon the surroundings of the noise source. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. G n Jena7 ajnssaid Punog �JnanilF lj LL 30 c E ti i J r ' J N M / AJ1I8ni.F" lj . 7. i O Q o O m 1 0 0 Q 0 io �� x .mss ai(�■■ No's ■ moi►_ jI E ti i J r ' J N M / AJ1I8ni.F" lj . 7. i O Q o O m 1 0 0 Q 0 io x E ti i J r ' J N M / AJ1I8ni.F" lj . 7. i ._y, RS _m ' i - OIRMI, = - }}�II Ilir�ri■ _- -- ilAM ice- . - rr m,.4■� 1■� _v low -- IMF -4, r - ■�G �71M§ y M L_ y :-Mill - ice'= R_=_ ■ M�1;._ `.. a- a tE 3 III-IN wrr ■F1:1 ■ � � 1 __ =i+ i 0 m m I cNc m uNi N H v rNi c 1 �ena� ainsse�d N°°°S qu N_ o SFO 7-. 0 U � - a � o � a x .n c � c v 0 0 o m Y E N N fauanbw � I�J i o m o 0 0 0 c VJ O N U Q o 0 0 6 U u on-IIIRF� < 0U ■ l"=- Q O Q ■■ 0 0. io u. x ■F` _12, jr Ai ■ ■■' EMP j'! -I i E L- �JV2VLHlj o m o 0 0 0 c VJ O N U Q o 0 0 6 U u < 0U Q O Q 0 0. io u. x E L- �JV2VLHlj C ■iii- 11 7- . .. � io all [O p Sana i aanssa.rd pun o5 Q 3 v'c o CO C. 0 o u ro IOwn.- Ao m u 0. � u o Q u > 0.. y � a U Q u o c i tL-I Im �!'•W ' NAZI =Lzal Emilr _-_-ice [O p Sana i aanssa.rd pun o5 N Y Y Y O O N M it] N Aouanba�j Q 3 v'c o CO C. 0 o u ro U v m u 0. � u o Q u > 0.. y � a U Q u o c i N Y Y Y O O N M it] N Aouanba�j ,_� a=_: i Q 0 m a �ana� a�nssad punog Q � if� ip G m j O G � G V —o J 0 oa- w �G= •wIt ins+ Com._ _ Maw ��� it •�_��� i Q 0 m a �ana� a�nssad punog Q � G m j O G � G V —o J 0 oa- w E <T c fuuanbai� N I� -a JN C �� a �Mimi V��-s rl mr=`-Ve-q Ica 0 11117 alnssaid punog �u N 4� s �w w 'v Q U v 0 0 v v x ` �I .. Wf _ INS�3 0 11117 alnssaid punog � = v a m a 0 0 �u N s �w w 'v Q U v 0 0 v v x � = v a m a 0 0 I rc I Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results M, Colbns FINAL 1.0 NFP Acauslicel Consulmms hs. Ocwbn IJ. 2004 KcaBolc Combined Cycle Noix Study Table C1A: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 1 Scan Dam and My/ 1 Tion Night Durama LIAO 1,10.00 1,50.00 1,90.110 L95M 31.5 0 125 250 500 ION 3000 4000 8000 (meanda d A 0 A (d A) (d A)) (411W) (dB(A)) an d6 d6 dB dB dB dB dB d6 6/24/20048:21 DAY 537.625 66.6 78.7 62.6 1 48.7 1 42.6 41.9 1 64.4 67.9 63.4 67.5 1 58.9 61.8 60.3 52.2 454 fi242004 8:30 DAY 900 51.6 63.3 50.1 1 46.3 1 43.3 42.7 1 59.6 62.2 57.5 52.5 49.1 45.8 41.6 38.7 32.5 62020048:45 DAY 900 60.8 711 54 1 48 1 MA 43.8 1 60.4 66.1 61.2 63.3 59.7 55.0 51.3 46.7 42.3 6X20049:00 DAY 900 34.3 649 56.8 51.7 1 44.5 43.2 1 61.8 71.9 59.3 54.4 50.1 48.6 M.3 40.7 32.6 624120049:13 DAY 900 56.2 68.6 55.1 49.6 1 45.1 M.2 1 39.3 65.6 57.9 53.1 50.1 50.7 48.1 47.6 46.8 6/24120049:30 DAV 1 900 1 51.8 61 53.2 1 49.1 1 45.9 45.2 1 00.2 61.5 55.6 50.8 48.0 47.1 43.8 38.8 32.5 62020019:43 DAY 900 1 59.1 73.4 58.3 30] M.4 45.4 67.3 64.2 615 00.0 58.1 53.2 48.6 42.9 37.8 624200410:00 DAY 900 57.7 727 53.3 46.9 43.9 42.8 39.0 62.2 62.9 38.2 51.8 0.0 47.0 39.0 6202000 10:13 DAY 900 54.9 67.1 56.1 _ 497 15.2 r_ M 60.9 64.4 61,5 56.9 _54.7 __ 52.3 48.9 M.3 40.4 32.7 624200110:70 DAY 900 57.2 64 54.1 49.8 15.4 M.5 39.6 60.3 53.8 51.6 08.7 18.3 M.7 M.7 78.5 6/2412004 10:45 DAY 900 00.2 73.5 55-7 49.41_ 13.8 61.1 63.2 63.2 60.4 56.6 55.2 51.8 48.8 _ Il.l 624/2004 11:00 DAY 900 _L _', _ 55.1 672 _ 57.2 50.6 16.4 95 63] + 64.2 60.4 36.6 52.6 997 15.1 40.9 _ 30.1 _ 624200111:15 DAY 900 _ 54.3 _ 64.8 54.6 50.7 47 45.8 _ 60.6 _ 61.4 57.9 31.5 48.5 50.1 47.9 41.1 33.7 6241200411:30 DAY 900 54.9 65.3 56.7 '� 32.4 i 49.3 48.6 630 _62_6 39.4 1 33.8 51.8_ 50.8_ 45.8 1 39.9 A.1 620200411:45 DAY 900 1 55.6 64.4 58 1 53.5 49.6 + 48.9 60.8 62.9 58_1 51.9 510 52.1 48.1 1 411 35.0 62 020 01 12:00 DAY 900 56.7 68.2 58.9 52.7 1,_/7.8 s7 1 62.0 63.7 6/.3 36.6 33.0 51.5 /17.9 45.1 40.6 624200112:15 DAY 900 35.6 66.7 1 50.6 1 31.3 1/7.6 16.4 61.7 611 32.4 50.5 50.1 48.5 1 465 _ M,U &20200012:70 DAY 900 55A �--{- 69.2 T 543 ! 49.9 46.9 ! 46 _ 59.9 63.2 _583 57.9 I 58.1 _ 52.4 49.3 45.3 '1_ 43.3 36.2 620200412:43 --�- DAY 900_ 56411 69.3 57.1 49.9 I F-_- 45.9 r 45.2 � 62.1 60.4 62.2 567 _ _54.0 50.7 480 , 41.4 37.6 624200413:00 DAY 1 900 59.3 70.6 5 �_ 055.2 63.21 57.7 &242004 13:13 DAY ' _ 900 _ 55.1 66.5 3 _59.3 48.5 +1 45.2 14.6 63.5 61.2 SL�49.1 43.3 '+ 41.9 34.7 620200413:30 DAY 900900_ - _ 56.969.8 11 56.5 _1 48.4 45.7 .1 �� 627 64.2 61.9 59.6 _55.9 1 50.5 43.8 39.7 31.9_. &&200417:45 DAY 900 50.2 66.9 55.5 49 7 )�-OS-.8 45 64.1 64.2 60.0 y 53.6 51.0 50.2 43.3 39.9 33.2 624200411:00 DAY 900 _ 50.9 I _63.5 � 58.9 49.4_{_06.1 _�, 45.5 -_-61A _ 62.5 66.1 _ 39.3 _ SS.9 31.9 '' 09.9 45.6 1 41.7 35.1_ 624200414:13 DAY900 1 65.9 57.3 48.6 45.4 M3 61.4 60.3 550 52.4 50.9 47.3 42.9 377 624200414:30 DAY ' 9005 %7 61.5 S4 49.4 45.8 45 59.6 63.8 57.8 51.0 4].6 : 47.7 43.3 39.3 33.4 62420041445 DAY 900 52.3 65.1 53.3 47.3 M 1 43 00.2 61.3 55.3 533 47.9 1 46.7 M.1 399 36.8 620200415:00 DAY 900 53.2 67.5 1 52.8 46.2 43.5 42.9 61.6 60.4 62.0 563 509 45.2 40.2 37.5 29.9 620200415:15 I DAY 900 48.4 ''1 00.3 49.3 43.1 41.1 40.6 59.3 WA 35.6 48.1 M.0 43.5 39.0 36.8 30.5 624/2004 15:30 I DAY ' 900 57.2 68.5 1 58.6 45.8 42.3 42.1 61.3 64.3 67.9 57.6 53.3 51.4 4&7 471 377 624/200415:15 ! DAY 1 900 58.6 73.5 57.1 45.4 423 42.1 67.5 65.9 65.5 62.8 57.2 50.8 43.3 37.1 29.7 624/200416:00 1 DAY 900 51.4 69.8 51.8 45.3 42.8 42.4 60.2 1 63A 62.3 58.1 52.5 1 46.3 40.0 39.3 28.8 6.242004 16:13 1 DAY 900 M.6 55.8 47.8 MA 42.4 42.1 567 1 57.5 53A 43.1 42.2 41.0 36.5 37.8 280 624200016:30 1 DAY 90056.1 70.6 54.5 45.6 43.1 42.5 61.0 1 64.1 650 59.2 54.1 48.8 41.7 36.2 26.0 624/200416:45 DAY 900 484 58.7 50.6 454 41.6 406 36.6 576 34.9 49.6 44.9 42.7 37.8 37.8 29.2 6^_4200417:00 1 DAY 900 513 64.8 517 M,9 42 41.1 57.3 57.5 57.1 49.5 46.4 47.0 43.2 42.7 353 &24200417:15 DAY 900 586 71 54.1 46.3 47.5 43 63.7 58.1 66.4 63.8 547 49.0 46.7 M.I 38.1 &20200417:30 - DAY 9110 30.6 62.4 ", 50.2 46.3 M 43.3 64.1 57.0 52.0 46.5 46.6 46.8 42.2 39.4 34.0 624200417:45' DAY 900 54.2 666 57.3 457 43.5 43 58.9 56.4 537 46.4 45.8 43.6 40.0 51.4 46.3 620200418:00. DAY 900 32.9 63.7 52 45.5 43:2 42.5 609 62.0 61.2 57.4 49.9 M.0 39.5 38.4 30.2 624200418:15 DAY 900 46.3 352 47.8 43.6 41.1 - 40.4 580 55.1 53.8 M.6 403 01.5 362 38.6 31,5 6242004 18:30 1 DAY 1 900 51.8 64.1 53.1 43.5 41.2 40.6 57.6 574 _ 54.8 _ 49.0. , 49 0 ; 47_7 43.6 _ 38.7 29.8 624200418:45 DAY 900 M] 53] 45.9_ 419 40.3 399 556 523 488 420 46 40a _36.5 33.0 230 fi24200419:W DAY 900 56.7 6 47.8 4 6 467 404 593 594 60.2 51.5_ 462 44.2 403 75.9 320 624200419:13 DAY 1 900 46.0 6 58.6 45B 43._ 40.7 40.3 _ 57.3 53] 585 _463 40,2 39.9 _ _'� 36_0 _ 29.1 31.8 624200419:70 1 DAY 900 48.2 55.6 51.1 46.1 M.6 M.3 589 569 499 45.1 406 40.8 18.1 70.4 46.5 62421104 19:/S AY 900 60 68.1_ 66 7 52.8 49.5 49_1 _ 58_9 57 9 _ 52.1 47.4 44.9 _ M.9 42.0 _ _34.9 00.9 &±41200420:0' DAY 900 _ 64.2 ]46 _ 712 49 46.9 46.2 61,7 __._. _634 _-_- 62.0 58.1 523 46.6 41.2 32.1 64.3 _ _.__ 624200420:15 _. DAY __- 900 --.-- 45.8 482 46.9 456 M.4 "A 586 55.8 _ 501 _ 42.6 38.1 _ 38.6 36A _ 28.5 _ 4122 &2428142030 DAY 900 475 558 48.6 96 M. 436 58 551 998 459 426 W7_ 368 7843 4_ &2120042043 DAY -90-0- 491 _ 608 _489 _ 457 437 433 59.5 575 535 481 459 478 _ 398 Jl 5_ _409 624200421 W DAY _ 900 467 548 483 448 43. 431 57.6 I 590 494 M4 417 397 l]4 306 _ 41.8_ 6/'10200421 IST DAY 900 503 bJl 49.5 _ 45 41.1 427 590 581 _579 5J� 4tl1 436 SS6 596 37.5 620100411.30_` DAY 9110 _ 487 607 47 _ M6 432 43 57.4 Illfr 534 544 435 434 M2 410 362 _JS.8 6242004 2145 DAY 509 64 J 49.1 __ M 9 432 43 60.1 61.2 39 8 .- 54 5 ___ 48 3 41.7 __ 37,77 __ 27A 39 3 __ _ _ 624/200422_00 NIGHT__900_ _900 _. 46.8 - - __._ 58 46.8 - -_42.1- M3 4'1.5 42.1___598 '� 57.1 533 _._ 473 _._ 419 40.3 _ 76.1 26.0 --_ - 400 _- 6^020042±:13 NIGHT 900 59.1 45.9__ 433 0 _ -421 56.] 496 434 414 42.6 _47 78.9 33.9 39'_ 624200422:30' NIGHT _47_3 _ M.8 504 _ 45.6439 A=4. 4�_I_ _Si9_ r 518 516 M.6 796 78.3 330 27.8 795 &±0200421_:45 NIGHT _900 900 45.5 55.9 M.9 43.1 42.2 42 546 SLU 50.2 45.4 40.4 40.2 14.9 '_81 79.2 &24/200423:00 NIGHT 900 48.2 57 45.2 43 41,1 40.4 _ 544 1 531 589 50.0 46.9 38.6 342 27.8 38.9 &24200427:15 NIGHT NO 43.1 48.1 45 42.7 40 79 5;.6 49.2 45.8 41.2 _372 37.4 33.8 26.6 1 379 624200423:30 NIGHT 900 419 46 43.9 41.6 385 377 534 49.8 46.4 41.4 37.3 36.4 31.8 _26.0 1 34.7 &24/200423:45 NIGHT 900 466 53.9 45.5 42.7 40.9 40.4 54.8 52.8 54.8 45.1 41.6 41.7 374 327 372 6'2520040:0 NIGHT 900 41.9 46.6 43.6 41.4 393 39.4 54.1 49.7 46.5 419 76.0 35.5 71.5 282 361 &252040:15 - NIGHT 900 425 47.8 44 419 39.5 39.2 54.1_ 49.9 47.3 41.7 36.2 36.4 31.6 29.8 369 62520040:70 1 NIGHT 900 41.3 43.5 432 401 38.8 78.1_ 533 49.1 46.1 40.9 35.1 35.3 30.7 28.5 354 &232004045 NIGHT 900 43.3 48.4 45.5 43 392 38.6 54.5 50.3 48A M,0 383 38.6 33.2 26.7 331 &2520041:00 NIGHT 9110 47.9 59.8 479 45.9 M2 43.8 55 4 52.7 56.6 33.1 _43.1 41.6 359 28.1 31.1 6/2520041:15 NIGHT 900 M9 50 46.9 M.6 417 40.9 55.0_ 52.3 500 45.5 40539.1 739 280 377 &25200 41:30 NIGHT 900 M.8 50.5 47 43.9 42 41,2_ 58.2 55.0 47.8 M0 38.0 40.1 34.8 276 386 625/20041:45 NIGHT 900 46 58.8 45.7 43.2 41.1 40.6 55.3 511 51.1 48.6 41.5 40.7 35.5 8B 35.0 6^_5/20042:00 NIGHT 900 47.1 608 46.5 44 41.7 41.3 55,6 51.4 50.2 48.9 42.6 42.3 370 30.7 363 M, Colbns FINAL 1.0 NFP Acauslicel Consulmms hs. Ocwbn IJ. 2004 KcaBolc Combined Cycle Noix Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results &I, Co11ms FINAL LO HFP Acouwcal Cmuuhanu Inc October 13. ON Keu6ole Combsned Cycle Noise Seudy Table CIA: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 1 start Dae and Time Dar/ I1' Night Dundon LeaL1.00 I LIO.m 1,50.09 1,90.100 1,95.110 313 61 125 250 500 1000 2x00 4000 8000 (mcaeda) ;(dB(A)) (dB(A)11(dB(A)) (d A))I(dB(AH (dB(A))' dB dB dB d8 dB dB dB dB I dB 612520042:15 NIGHT 900 ! 51 65.6 47 43.8 1 42.9 1 42A 56.1 55.8 39.8 549 47.2 : 441 37.1 007 34.8 6/2520042:30 NIGHT 900 44.9 54.1 46 43.3 1 421 12.1 I 55.1 53.6 52.0 45.6, 40.5 382 319 703 37.8 6/25/200/2:45 NIGHT 900 43.7 51.8 45.2 12.6 11.3 40.9 34.8 514 50.6 45.4 l63 : 36.7 37.6 303 17.9 62320043:00 NIGHT 900 47.9 39.4 51.3 41.7 18.4 3].8 53.8 192 46.4 44.8 1It HJ 41.1 31.1 35.7 62520043:15 NIGHT 900 , 40.1 46.8 41.9 39 )8 1 37.5 523 /6.5 421 1 77.8 32.6 31.9 30.9 1 28.7 1 34.9 62520043:30 NIGHT 900 41.6 46.9 43.8 40.8 1 18.6 38.2 525 48.2 44.5 1 39.5 354 35.2 312 1 31.9 33.9 62520043:45 NIGHT 900 43.5 52.9 45.9 39.4 1 36.8 36 1 52.1 47.5 46.9 1 44.0 38.3 18.3 35.5 29.9 33A 62520044:00 NIGHT 900 45A 57 1 47.9_ 41.3 __ 389 -___ MA __- 1 56.4 58.2_ 56.8 48.4 38.6 1 16.4 32.1 289 35.9 62520044:15 NIGHT 9011 44 +... 523 16.4 _r 424 : _ 39.9 79.4 _'� 52.5 SUI 46.1 _ 1-- 40.5 37.9 � 39.5 15.0 JLB 36.9 6/2520049:70 NIGHT 900 459 53.6 1].9_ 436 41.9 CA 52.7 51U-_ 505 !_ 4,47 415 40.5_ 36.8 34A 380 6252004 4:45 NIGHT 900 /9 9 51.8 47 X43.7 41.9 _ 414 _ 1 53.4 52 7 5+,5 48 3 SI2 40.6 _ 43.7 40 6 1 100 39.7 103 36.1 36.4 72.4 72.5 35.6 35.8 62520045:00 62520045:15 NIGHT NIGHT 900 _ _ 453 49.4 ,_ 491 60_5 472 50.4 _t 44042.9 1-_ 47 __ _ 430 424 43.1 54.1 _._ t 55_1 56.5 34.8 627 _18.j 143.8 50.5 I 45.9 419 ' 41.4 QA 43.7 -_.. 40.6 11.9 442 51.4 _. 41.8 51.9 _900 _ _ _ N2580045:30 NIGHT T 900 ', 571_ 62.9 I 611 51,6 F_/5.5 45 55.1 62520043A5 NIGHT i- 900 32.1 61.8341 ~I /78 45] 452 62.4 594 33.5 49.0 46] 43D 39.1 34.0 6:00 612512004__ 62520046:15 NIGHT NIGNT i _900 900 491 1 i 52.9 I 59.5 64.8 50.7 56 472 477 '. 454 T 453 i 451 45 563 566 _ 58l 58_1 59.5_ _348 373 y 510 47.5 51.1 51.9 /4.8 499 ' 19.8 453 18.5 48.5 -41-- 130 440 _ 403 386 _ 16]_ 10] _ _ 62520046:3_0 NIGHT 900 52.8 56 55 45.7_ 431 40.3 39.2 62520076:45 1 NIGHT= 900 553 ~67 __--_I_.-_ 59 47] ",3 43.6 603 64.9 62.0 56.6 52.9 49.8 450 40.9 34A 62520017:00 _ 6252004 7:15 1 6/232004 7:30 6852004 7,45 _ 62580048:00 1 DAY 900 1 49.7 62.i Y. .. _.. DAY x___900 55.3 t 68.2 DAY 900 56.5 67 9 DAY 900 52.5- 62 7 h DAY__ 90059.9 736 50.9 _44_6 _ 57 _ 54.2 _ 54 58.2 -__ 49.7 47 4 48 3 476 __ 41,8_. , 45 8 44.3 43_1 43.5 _._.._- 413 44.8 43 7 44 1 4's6 517 ..__ 60.9 ,_60_0 60.7 60_1 _ 59.5 54.9 47.9 + 45.9 451 ___-- 41.0 3B6 33.6 66.7 601 - _._-. _-� 61.0 35.0 51 A _ 49.9 17.0 43.9 61.6 57.5 52.7 513 48.4 441 401 _ 40.4 62.3 59J 657 54.2 53.1 633 50.2 _ 492 570 _52.5_ 459 47.5 45.5 42 9 505 42.2 38.3 43.5 41.2 31A _ 39.0_ 39.8 613 _, 68520048:15 DAY 900 509 61.7 529^ 470 43.5 42.5 607 58.8 62380048:30 DAY 900 54.1 641 53.6 480 45.6 45A 58.9 61.0 58.4 53.3 50.5 494 45.9 41,7 74.8 6/2520048:45 DAY 619.125 56.5 68 55.4 51.1 46.8 45.5 60.6 61.9 59A 55.0 52.6 51.4 49.3 44.7 39.1 &I, Co11ms FINAL LO HFP Acouwcal Cmuuhanu Inc October 13. ON Keu6ole Combsned Cycle Noise Seudy Appendix C: Tabular Sound level Measurement Results Bch Collins FINAL LO HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc, Ocmber 13. 2004 Kmhole Combined Cycle Noise Swdy Table CIB: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location I surf Date mad Tlue Dry / N186t Daradw L UAO LI0.00 LSOAO 1 1,90.00 MOO 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 3000 4000 8000_ retaadr dB(A)) (dB(AB (d AH dB(Ay (dB(A)) (d A)) eB _ e8 dB d6 08 eB eB dIs d6 62620D48:47 DAY 759]5 49.2 ' 60.5 50.5 /3.5 d0A 396 _ 60.0 56.7 52.9 46.9 45.7 44.9 40.7 36.7 30.2 624200/9:00 DAY 900 553 681 55 1 463 42.6 y_ 42 60.5 622 62.2 597 54.0 48.0 41.3 36.4 29.5_ 6126/20049:15 DAY 900 51.9 63.9 34.7 45.7 42.1 41.4 59.6 593 56.5 49.5 44,8 45.1 44.8 44.5 40.3 612620049:30 DAY 900 50.4 60.5 32.4 47.8 43.5 42.5 65.6 64.2 571 50.2 47.5 45.0 42.0 34.7 26.0 612620069:45 DAY 900 49.4 54.7 51 47.7 463 43.5 67.6 60.5 54.4 46.9 44.1 43A 4L7 34.6 26.9 6126,700410:00 DAY 900 52.1 63.5 53 48.8 45.2 44 682 62.6 59.7 53.6 49.6 46.8 41.3 33.9 25.9 626'10041015 DAY 900 49 56.9 51.2 47.6 44.9 44.1 678 fi0.b 562 69.2 44.0 443 39.9 34.8 283 626,700410:30 DAY 900 56.1 67.9 58.9 � 44.8 44.2 68.5 62.5 61.9 $8.8 54.5 50.1 43.3 36.4 28.2 61262004 10:45 DAY 900 51.4 64.3 5L6 47.8 44.5 439 68.8 63.4 59.9 53.9 48J 45.0 40.7 36.7 28.4 6126200411:00 DAY 900 _ 51.1 60.] 50.9 473 1 45 _ 44.1 68.0 59.5 55.9: 48.] 46.6 672 63.1 37.0 JL5 &26200411:15 DAY 900 50.8 63 513 46.7 1 442 43.6 67.6 60.2 56.7 501 46.6 461 42.5 37.8 30.5 _ 626200411:30 DAY 900 54.5 67.3 56 472 ! 44.6 14.1 bBA 643 62.2 S78 52.9 47.fi 41.0 33.7 272 6262004 11:45 6261200412:00 626200412:15 DAY DAY DAY 900 900 900 53 1 55.1 54.4 66.2 _ b43 668 54:5_ 47.9 _ 1 44.7 415 _ 59 50.4 _� 47 _463 53.3 481 152 T 446 67.6 606 68.1 , 61.6 682 613 _ 59.2 59.1 60.9 54.8 354 57.1 50.7 53.1 L 52.4 1 47.8 50.6 482 41.9 433 42.5 35.3 38.0 39.0 29.3 289 290 626200612:30 626200412:45 DAY DAY 900 900 19.8 55.6 53.9 643 1 32_ 48.6_ 45A 45A _ 562 497 45.6 44.6 681 "A 62.8 66.0 567 60.4 1 48.7 55.2 44.6 45.4 40J _ 50.3 1 48.6 441 36$ 36.8 1 293 _ 29.1 b126200613:00 DAY 900 50.8 563 53.7 49.6 65.4 442 613 ;_63.4 57.1 502 46.3 46.1 61.5 J7.1-28 1 2 626200413:15 DAY 900 562 _ 694 56.9 49.9 45.6 44.8 62.4 64] fi33 582 54.2 1 49.8 45.0 39.5 323 626200413:30 DAY 900 51.1 60.2 54.7 48 442 432 61.0 66.1 58.0 50.3 45.8 'L 66.0 '', 416 30.4 626200613:45 DAY _ 900 50.5 59.9 53A _}- 48.3 44,6 43.7 62.0 57.8 54.6 _' 51.0 4fi_7 46.1 41,5 _37.5 37.2-28 .9 _ 626200414:00 DAY 900 54A 1 66.6 54.5 50 4&7 45.7 62.9 60.2 59.4 54.8 52.6 49.8 I 43.7 36.8 28.8 626200414:15 DAY_ 900 51.8 1 62.3 54 493 44.8 43.7 612 580 56.8 51.1_ 46.9 47.7 1_63.2 37.8 30.3 626200614:30 DAY 900 522 61.4 !, 54.6 1 49.49. 453 64.1 fi3.6 59.0 58.4 503 46.9 f 48.5^ 43.7 37.8 31.8 626200616:65 DAY 53.8 64.9 1_55.6 51-I 4688 45.5_ 655 _60.] 58.5 53.7 - - 51.4 ! 49.5 43.9 17.0 32.6 6262004 15:00, DAY _900 900 52.5 612 54.7 513 46.9 45.6 649 58.4 567 49.7 47.6 49A 439 371 31.1 62620M 15:15 626200615:30, DAY DAY _ 900 900 _ 542 _' 575 629 J_ 721_ 54A i 55 512 _ 51 1 47_1 476_ 1 45.6 46.9 617 58.8 557 _. 50.6 48.5 50.6 476 40 34.6 63.2 Q1 615 57.9 _ 56.7 , 52.1 45.9 38.8 34.6 626200615:45 DAY _ 900 51.8 S6 54.5 51.5 466 I _ 64.6 63.8 58.0 53.9 47.5 457 49.1 63.9 759 30.4 6/162OD416oD`� DAY 90D 65.1 �_ 54.5 50.6 _ 473 � 46.4 65.6 610 596 I _ 53A _ 513 49.4 63.6 36.5 313 _ 626.200416:15 DAY 900 52.8 59.4 54.9 1 52 48.4 47.4 65.8 62.5 56.2 47.9 46,6 1 50.0 44.6 77.7 32.8 6126200416:30' 6126200416:45, DAY DAY 900 900 _53A 53.9 623_, 63.4 55,6513 --56 ' 51 - 47_8 ', 48 _. 47 46.9 66.6 _58.8 56.5; 54.8 48.7 49.6 450 793 32.9 _ 672 600 592 ! 572 50.2 50.2 442 38.8 33.6 6/26200417:00! DAY 900 52.3 57s9 547 51.5 47.9 47.1 66.1 57.6 561 480 45.9 49.6 43.8 369 324 _6/26200417:15 62&200417:30' _ DAY _ DAY _ _ 900 900 52J 53.3 _ 577_ 58.4 53.9 _ 554 _ 51 6_ __ 52 487 48.2 477 469 _67.8 679 58.7_ 594 _ 57.2 557 49.0 477 _4 62 472 491 507 43.5 _ 45.0 37.6 390 333 _ 336 626/2004 17:45 62&200418:00 DAY DAY 900 900 592-706 53.6 595 56.3 54.6 52 _ _ 512 _ 47.9 46.9 46.7 45.9 60 672 _60.9 579 622 _ 564 62.0 47.5 _ 59.7 I� 47.1 51.4 49.8 48.4 442 43.2 J]3 392 37J 6126/200418:15' 6/26/200418:30' DAY DAY 900 _ 900 521 515 568 55.7 563 __509 54.2 51 47.6__ 46.5 46.7 45.5 _674___58.2_ 657 56,094 _579 532 461 450 .... 49.3 45.0 _387 _ 33.6__ 320 6/2&200418:45 DAY 900 507 56.9 534 496 46.1 453 65.4 557 512 44.0 446 48.1 42.5 36.8 71.3 626/20M 19:00' _ 6/262004 MIS. DAY, .- __ DAY _900_ 900 505 562 36.4,__ 66.5 53_ _ _ 613 49.9 503 „,.45.6_ 46 445- 442 672 8 8 5 62.5 547 SS3 50.6 _ _ .. 53.5 432 44] 479 451 48.3 483 42.4_ 422 34.6 _ 33.8 283 562 61261200419:30. &2&200419:43' DAY __. DAY _ 900 900 618 -8888_. 587 67.8 '--- 65 657 -___ 63.4 59B .8491 55.4 502 49.1 473 - 68 603 60.8 56.8 _. 56.1 58.8 559 59 52.7 sF8A_.. 464 51.6 _- a6.8 497 46.a 4J3 41.1 _34.6 32.6 625 59.0 62&200420:00' �_ &26200420:15 DAY D -AY- DAY 900 -- - 900 50.8 -__ 553 566 _-.-. 66.2 536 _..� 56.7 501 .-888 51.7 8 463 46.8 453 46.1 59.9 _- _. 58.2 550 _. 60.0 524 _-8888_- 64.6 45.8 503 643 _ -__ 484 464 888 495 40.8 8 44.2 326 37.2 47.0 515 626200420a0 DAY 900 49.1 558 52.4 474 43.6 41.1 S80 5L5 49.1 44.5 42.' 46.0 41.0 71.5 61,0 626200420:45 &2&200421:00 DAY900 DAY 900 517 557 623 65.8 56_ 2 506 489 493 _ 457 46 443 _„60.8 "'ll 575 38.6 52.1 572 6- _525 422 489 _ 416 "'5 461 412 41.5 32_3 33.1 433 55.8 &26200421:15. W6/200421:30' DAY DAY 900 900 523 _ 545 6>6 639 54.1 56 48.2 499 447 _ _ 45.9 442 44.6 59A 570 59.0 53.1 573 520 46.5 42.8 675 42.9 455 46] 40.9 418 32.8 J3.0 511 547 &2&200421:45' DAY ____-- &2&200422:00 NIGHT 900 -____ 900 566 _ ._.._ 8888 53] 662 62.7 622 __ _ 60.2 WA 484 447 47.8 434 42.6 S68 532 560 51.1 SBS -_ .... 552 5iS _.__ 42.0 5-1.4 8 61.1 49.6 _. 460 43.0 _. 40.8 12.9 _32 32-8 546 53.4 &26/200422:15. NIGHT 900 49 1-54 4 52.5 48 418 41.7 56.4 51.5 53.2 44.0 43.0 46.5 404 37.0 364 62620D422:301 6/26200422:45 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 _49.8 49 55A - 551 _51.6 - 525 476 788.8__ 4].4 42.1 42.7 40,7 _ - 422 563.' 572 514_ 510 504 _ 4]3 45.2 88 60.0 43.7 633 46.8 46.1 42.0 40.1 361 - 752 35.0 39.1 &2&200423:00 . 626200623:15' NIGHT NIGHT 97 00 900 68 55.6 517 66.1 51.7 547 _47.6 495 43.6 44.6 42.9_ 427 _63 _ 600 493 683 429 66.9 40.4 568 41.6 499 45.9 49.3 40.1 43.9 ail 39.2 36-8 450 6262004 23:30 NIGHT 626n00421.45� NIGHT _4448_. 62720040: 9011 - 900 900 50.6 _ d79 692 8492 _575 554 - _ 543 _ 503 527 48A 46 47.7 455 _ 4a3 45.1 44.9 413 ._. 45.1 51.1 ._ 50.5 _ 493 50.5 46] 48.1 499 _ 443 44.8 41A 886 _ 18.6 394 40.1 798 __ 36.8 418 8888.:.... 4J.1 419 38.6 _ 3]5 36.6 312 _ __. J06 312 49.5 64.0 _ . 486 &2]20040:151 ._ - - 62]/20060:30 NINIGHT NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 51 7 462 609 60.9 _._ 505 ,563 - 48.2 46J_ 45.7 _ 45.1 43.6 447 _ 4_6 694 _ 49.5 47.1 4fi4 _46_8 _- 431 41.1 38.9 34.6 4488._ 34.7 40.0 8884- 38.6 76.2 35.1 30.9 "-- 311 52.6 464 627/20040:45' ._ &2720061:00' NIGHT NIGHT 900 __- _ 900 46.4 55 R 616 487 _ 599 45.6 - 46.6 44.1 -_ 41.7 _ 43.6 43.1 _3A 493 '_ 8849 69'_ 46.6 47.5 44.6 _ 45.4 39.5 _ _ 38.5 37.8 _5 745 -3-9.5 __. 37.8 34,8 8328 328 30.9 _31 _ 310 "3 _ 56.1 &2]12004 1:15 _ -- _ 6/27/2006 1:30 6/2720041:45 NIGHT -_. NIGHT NIGHT 900 ..8888 900 _ 900 >0 __. 42.3 _ 339 578 30.9 607 - 53.8 66 1 _ 59.2 46_8 38.7 495 37.1 _ - 4488 36 2 38 365 35.8 36.7 49 7 - _. 49 5 69.5 452 45.7 45.8 _ 413 4275 433 37.7 3881 J7.b 343 - 7a 9 - 33.9 371 _- -. 390 _ 372 323 _ _._ _ 33,6 322 31.0 ... 291 _ 299 50 9 33A 552 627120042:00 6,17/20042:15 _NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 458 _ ._ 51.6 53.8 _._ 60 51.6 __._. 546 41 49.8 38.8 _ 483 383 475 49.1 - 495 491 465 4' 1 8888488.4 50.6 37.6 49.0 3U __- 39.0 35.9 - 35.8 31.7 '"- JO.P 70.3 . _ _ __. JO.R 46.0 . _ SL Bch Collins FINAL LO HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc, Ocmber 13. 2004 Kmhole Combined Cycle Noise Swdy Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Hot COlbns FINAL 1 0 HFP Acousaal Comulwms Inc Octnbcr 13, 2004 Kcaholc Combincd Cycic Noisc Study Table CIB: Sound Level Results at Measurement Locadon 1 Stan Date and Day / Time NiBbt Duration L LI.00 LI0.00 L50.00 L90.00 L95.00 JLS 63 125 250 500 1000 1 1000 4000 8000 (wood.) (dB(A)) (tlB(A))! Ide(A)1 (dB A)) Id A)) dB(A)) dis tlB dB dB d8 dB d8 dB tlB 6/2]20042:30 NIGHT 900 44.6 50.7 49.2 41.6 40.3 40.1 49.4 _ 44.9 44.7 41.5 34.5 11.9 25.] 30.8 _ 44.6 6/2720042:45 NIGHT 900 _ 44.9 i 48.9 1 47.7 _' 44A 390 48.7 47.8 41.7 37.7 29.5 31.5 27.8 30.9 95.2 6/27/20003:00 NIGHT 900 46.9 54.9 52.2 44.4 07.2 423 48] _ 45.1 41.] 38.4 28.] 27.2 24.5 32.6 47.1 6/27/20043:15 NIGHT 900 44.5 46.6 45.7_1 44.5 - 43 49.7 4 3 43.8 40.1 31.9 J0.7 25.3 34.1 43.2 _ _Q.4 6/2720043:30 NIGHT 900 40.2 46.1 45 44.1 03.2 4J 499 47.7 44.8 1 40.3 32.4 31.5 26.7 J6.2 02.0 627/2004 3:45 NIGHT 900 43.3 45.5 44.6 43.3 41.2 39.8 09.3 48.2 04.8 41.5 33.0 30.3 25.4 33.7 41.7 6/27/20044:00'' NIGHT 900 44.9 47 45.9 1 14.8 _ 4J2 _ 49.4 47.2 43.6 M1.8 77.5 32.1 27.4 32.8 43.7_ 62720044:15 NIGHT 9D0 42.9 44.9 47.81�42.9_F _43.5 42 41.4 50.7 49.8 45.3 412 34.2 32.5 28.1 32.5 1 403 6272004 4:J0 NIGHT 900 44.2 1 50.6 451. _ 42.4 41.1 _ 40.8 + 50.1 49.9 49.6 _ 45.1 38.8 , 36.4 32.6 31.6 393 62720044:45 NIGHT 900 41.8 I 46.2 44.1 1 414 38.5 38 49.2 49.7 46.1 402 35.8 34.9 11.6 30.6+366 6127/2004 5 001 NIGHT 900 41A �_ 45.1 43.7 40.9 I 49.4 j 47.5 43.8 1 40.3 36.4 35.4 28.6 34.4 62720045:15 NIGHT _ 900 45.5 54.3 46.8 _. 43.9 _382 41.5 _37.6 41 54.3 51.4 48.9 444.4 39.3 19 _32.8 38.1 34.2 15.5 6/27/2004 5:30i NIGHT 900 559 62.4 1 60.2 48.3 44.8 44.2 515 50.1 48.0 47.6 41.0 42.1 79.5 52.7 1 SLB 6/2]20045:/S�NIGHT 900 51 T 6051-56.2 447 41.2 40.5 51_0 50.5 47.1 3].6 rt- 78.0 47.3 -__. 46.6 6/27/2004 6:00, NIGHT 900 -- -4].4 T SB.J _ 096 14.2 41.2 404 51.9 52.9 _46_fi 54.9 50.6 _378 41.7 40.9 T 38.2 38.9 �; 18.2-- 6/27/20046: I5_MGHT 900 53_1 y _68.5 J 51_8 42.9 -- IO.J 399 60.2 _58_4 50.8 �', 48.5 47.8 OSJ_I _47A 427 33.4 62720006301 NIGHT 900 45.1 57] 1 "A 395 39.5 93 2 52J SJ.b 51.2 46.8 39.1 J].0 35J 38.2 26.5 6/27/20046:451 NIGHT 1 900 SIA i 655 1 50.4 424 I 39.5 43.8 391 42.8 56.9 52.6 60.0 53.1 59.6,1 51.9 - 55.9 49.0 500 41 0 41.8 42.9 j 37.8 40.8 76.5 35.1 26.3 24.6 6/27/2004 7:00' DAY 900 07.7 55.1 50.1 46.6 6/2720047:151 DAY ! 561 j 485 443 I 41.2 40.4 55.0 536__ 53.7 1_44.8 41A 42.5_1 394 78. 289 6/27/213047:30�DAY _ _900_ 900 .47.2 06.4 55 49.5- 44 19.J 38.4 SSJ 53.4 51.5 44.0 394 41.] J94 1'� 3].0 28] 6/27/20047:451 DAY 777.5 47.5 56.9 49.1 45.7 43.2 ' 42.5 55.3 52.2 48.3 04.6 43.6 - 93.2 40.1 35.3 29.9 Hot COlbns FINAL 1 0 HFP Acousaal Comulwms Inc Octnbcr 13, 2004 Kcaholc Combincd Cycic Noisc Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Bch Collins FINAL 10 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13. 2004 Keahole Combined Cycle Noise Study Table C2A: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 2 Start Mee aW Time Day N bt Dorado. LI.00 L1B00 L50.00 L90.00 L95A0 31.5 1 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 (oeewda) (d A)) (dB(A)) (d AD (dB(AH (dB(A)),(0 q) dB d8 8 dB dB dB dB d8 6/24/20D48:06 DAY 501.375 52.8 65.4 54.1 44.3 18.6 37.6 60.2 57.0 .3 46.1 46.0 46.1 44.2 _ 42.6 624/20048:15 DAY 900 60.2 75.4 48.2 39.5 36.4 35.6 63.2 69.7 5.0 54.6 55.7 54.1 49.5 41.8 6124/20048:30 DAY 900 47.1 50.1 45.6 42.2 77.7 36.9 57.9 55.5 8.5 78.2 24.0 62M0048:45 DAY 900 45.1 50.1 4fi.8 _ 14.5 42.2 41.6 58.0 1 62.6 9.7 _39.5 41.1 d0.d 5.7 26.1 624/20049:00 DAY 900 49.7 61.9 50.2 46.3 43.3 42.6 59.0 64.3 149,6413 9.7 46.2 42.9 7.0 28.7684(20049:15 DAY 900 487 59.7 50 46.1 43.6 43.1 57.2 54.9 4.2 47.9 42.6 7.6 29.8 684/20049:30 DAY 900 47 558 48.8 45.7 43.2 42.4 58.0 54.9 0.5 ".7 43.5 f33.234.2 4.1 26.2 6/24/20099:15 DAY 900 56.5 67.5 55.9 46.3 42.3 41.4 64.4 60.0 5.7 51.0 49.1 9.] 30.]624200410:00 DAY 900 44.1 52.4 45.9 42 39.6 39.1 56.9 52.8 1.3 38.5 36.6 6.8 26.] 6242004 10:15 DAY 900 50.1 63.5 51.1 43.8 40.9 40.3 58.5 59.1 2.1 48.5 42.4 7.9 26.9 6/24200410:70 DAY 900 47 56.9 _ 48.5 44.5 74L9 41.3 57.7 55.2 50.2 1 41.9 61.7 42.0 38.6 39.7 29.3 6124/2004 10:431 DAY 900 50.6 63.3 51 41.3 41.8_ 41A 58.4 56.4 56.6 48.0 46.9 45.5 42.9 40.4 1 34.1 624/200411:00 DAY 900 52 65.1 1 53.6 45.3 442.8 42 62.5 60.6 59.6 53.8 50.7 45.1 40.1 SS.fi 239 624/2004 11:15 DAY 900 47.5 S5 502 45.8 43.2 12.7 57.9 54.1 49.1 41 0 42.2 427 39.8 19.5 33.6 621200411:30 DAY 900 51.5 62.8 51.8 487_! 46.1 45.4 _ 59.6 _ 59.5 _ 59.1 j 51.2 49.1 46.0 40.5 39.0 33.5 6242004 11:45 DAY 900 52.4 62.5 55.7 49.3 467 45.9 58.8 57.7 53.6 ; 47.9 48.6 48.3 44.4 41.5 385 fi/24/200412:00 DAY 900 54.3 66.2 1 55 49 + 45.2 "A fi0.0 j_ fil.fi 63.9 56.4 51.4 48.3 44.4 40.8 37.2 624200412:15 DAY 900 _ 53.8 1 63 1 56.9 51.1 1 43.5 42.8 59.0 58.0 54.0 47.6 48.5 47.1 47.1 45.9 44.2 WW2004 12:301 DAY 900 49.9 - 62A 50.9 46.2 43.7 43.3578 58.1 54.0 49.1 47.7 44.6 1 39.9 78.8 1 29.6 6/24/2004 12:451 DAY 900 54.1 65.3 57.1 1 45.1 ! 42.6 42 61.6 1 62.5 61.1 1 53.6 49.1 45.7 47.7 45.1 T 35.8 6724(2004 13:001 DAY 900 59.4 1 73 _ 60.7 1 46.6 t _ 41.3 1_ 40.7 61.8 ]0.2 62.6T59.5 55.4 52.1 52.8 49.3 42.5 6/24200413:15. 620.200917:30 DAY DAY _ 900 900 52.9 56.6 65.9 70.7 53.3 52.9 44.2 40.8 43.9 41.8 40.2 41.3 61.0 60.9 594 61.5 60.1 I 62.2 53.0 58.6 _49.9 47.0 56.9 49.0 44.7 42.5 39.5 ' 38.3 334 317 6/24200413:45' DAY 900 52.5 654 '1_ 53A 47.4 44.1 _'1 43.2 62.0_ I 62.4 59.8 54.4 49.2 1 48.0 41.8 36.8 31.1 624/200414:00' DAY _ 900 55.9 67.4 56.1 46.5 43.1 ' 42.5 66.1 67.5 59.0 54.8 52.1 1 50.8 1 48.2 44.6 36.4 624/200414:15; DAY 900 48.9 59 52.1_ '447 _.,L 42.4 41.8 58.9 57.7 56.1 ILO -O- 46.6 43.8 39.0 33.8 24.] 624/200114:10: DAY 900 55.5 _ 65.1 I 60.9 474 41.6 41.1 58.2 58.2 56.8 49.0 51.3 51.6 1 47.1 45.1 39.8 6/24200414:45! DAY 55.8 65.1 586_' 52.7 47.7 42.1_ 59.2 ! 58.5 61.2 50.5 47.5 44.0 624200015:00, DAY _900 900 54.2 x634 _' 59.3 4].9 4� 9.1 All 59.3 61.1 _63.2 63.7 60.8 49.4 661-1 _45.0 40A _44.0 40.2 750 624/200415.15' DAY _ 900 45.2 1 _. t 524 1 - 45.5 _. @ I 40.3 40 57.6 55.1 __..- 49.8 ', 42.4 797 39.9 I 764 -� 77.6 32.2 624/200415:30' DAY 900 52.8 bb.5 43.6 41.3 40.8 _ _58.8 59.9 55.5 51.4 50.0 48.4 43.6 40.6 35.2 624/200415:45' DAY _ 900 _ 52.8 _. 66.5 _50.8 537 44.7 d2.8 42.3 616 64.8 62.6 554 50.5 44.3 37.4 39.3 31.8 6/24200416:001 DAY 900 50.1 62.6 49.5_ 44.1 421 41.6 _ 59.0 63.8 _60.3 53.6 46.fi 40.8 16.4 36.9 3L3 624200416:15 DAY _ 900 _ 56.6 51 44.3 41 40A 55.3 63A 579 46.5 40.2 1 40.6 1 3].2 402 32.6 6/24/2004 16:30', DAY 900 _d7.6 55.8 69.6 55,7 453 42.3 41.5 59.9 66.2 65.8 59.2 53.8 46.2 41.1 38.5 37.8 6/24/200416:45 DAY 900 50.8_ (A4-50,6 44.4 40.7. 39.6 57.9 59.1 51.8 47.0 45.3 40.8 41.0 34.0 6/24/200417:00 DAY _ _ 900 50.1 59.9 53.3 "A 417 40.7 - _ 57A 53.7 _54.1 53.3 , 46.2 44.9 47.2 40.4 39.1 1 34.0 6/24/20041]:15 6/24/200417:30 _DAY DAY _ 9W 900 _ 48.9 _' 53.9 57.4 67.2 47_7 -51.9 __449 _ 466 43 _ d1.9 42.2 _ 43.4 58.9. 54.7 54.3 47.0 44.1 43.3 40.6 40.0 X6.0 _ _ 596 _607 52.8 44.0 43.5 42.6 1 50.2 45.1 43.8 6/2420041]:45. 6/24/20041 DAY 900 900 49.2 49.7 62.5 62 48 49.9 44.] 444 426 41.5 42.2 ,59.2608 59.9 58.0 54.9 597 46.4 51.5 44.1 44.6 1 44.2 40.4 41A 37.6 38.6 39.1 34.9 34A 15 6/24200418:15, DDAY DAY 900 46.2 56.2 459 427 '. 40.6 0, 40.1 56.0 52.6 49.6 40.7 37.0 357 36.2 62.3 36.2 6/24200418:30' __ _2j_ 6/24/200418:45' DAY DAY 900 -- 900 47.9 _ _- ... 45.3 56.8_ _ _ 579 48_9_ 44.9 __ 42.5 405 _ 39.8 _ 38.1 39.2 37.5_ 56.5 _ _.._ 54.1 54.3 50.1 53.1 454 44.2 36.6 44.8 39.1 43A 39.1 389 - 39.3 3TS _ -__-__ 38.3 32.8 30.5 624/200419:00_ 624/2004 19:15 DAY DAY _ 900 - - 900 46.6 46.3 582 _ 60.5 46.1 a9.8 40.5 _ � 44.] 38.1 39.5 --- 3].5 36.9 56.5_ 55.9 59.6 53 9 52.8 59 7 - -- 45.3 447 41.1 __41.5 39A 39.8 1 38.4 43.3 33.7 32.5 29.3 30.1 6/24/200419:30 6/24200419:451 DAY DAY 900 900 65.5 - 62.3 70.9 - 69.4 69.6 66.2 63.6 59.4 42.1 507 40.5 486 57.2 52.0 43.8 36.4 35.0 37.5 41,9 29.8 66.3 _ 56.9 52.0 46.7 40.0 49.6 39.8 43.3 38.6 63.1 DAY 900 68.4 75.4 , 74.5 637 55.7 53.7_ 592 60.4 60.9 522 47.6 41.3 48.7 37.4 69.3 4 20:151 420:301 _.DAY DAY 900 900 58.4 50.5 67 4 _ 572 64.5 54.6 49_9 485 376 39.8 17.1 79.1 56.3 56.6 49.7 SOA 40.9 476 30.3 43.8 30 3 40.2 38.6 40.4 47A 48.0 36.3 36.7 58.5 77.1420:451 0421:00 DAY DAY 900 900 52 516 579 56.7 54.7 54.4 _51 SLI 47.4 4R 46 47 57.5 55.8 53.2 55.5 51.0 44.2 43.7 37.6 41.5 38.7 42.5 42.0 494 49.6 75.7 12.9 19.0 78.9 F6t2W2004420:001 0421:15' DAY DAY 9W 900 51 53.1 5]9 58.3 56.1 56 5 52 464 46.3 44.8 43.3 57.7 55.9 56_6 51.8 53.4 4]9 46.2 41.0 42.1 40.0 41.9 427 50] 51.1 313 35.0 39.20421:30, 39.30421:45. DAY 900 55.4 63.1 5].1 547 50.3 49 587 60.5 61.2 51.6 46.2 41.3 499 31.1 5170422:0. 422:151 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 51.5 50.4 5]S 567 557 54.5 50 488 41.3 41 39.8 40 58.0 53.7 543 46.7 50.6 42.1 435 340 37.5 35.5 38.6 38.5 48.2 47.7 290 28.5 45.9 44.2 422:301 6/241200422:45'. NIGHT NIGHT 000 900 53.2 49.5 W 579 SA.I 516 38.8 46 38.8 37.6 76.9 36.8 _ 52.0 _ 51.9 48.9 51.0 50.8 49.3 782 43.2 38.5 39.0 79.5 40.0 46.7 47.0 JJ_' 30.5 52.2 36.9 6/24/200423:0. 6/24/200423:15 6/24/200127:10 NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 900 54.3 47.5 55 609 56 58.2 58.8 52.4 56.8 48.6 41.8 _....__ 549 36.5 38.5 -._ 51_8 35.7 36.2 SIA 51.5 516 507 44.5 437 _.-- 44.3 38.6 _ 390 41.4 27.9 31.8 - 32.9 27.9 3 8 33.9 33.6 35.0 74.9 45.9 44.8 453 26.6 27.7 -___. 27.3 54.6 416 553 _6/24/200123:45. 62520040:00 NIGHT NIGHT 900 9W 52.6 53.8 58 593 _55.9_ 58 _ 51,6 51_.3 41,6_ _ 382 _39 35.9 515 513 46A 42.0 _41.8 _ 36.7 32.0 29.0 33.2 289 34.7 _._ 32.0 M.] 43.5 29.9 _ 26.2 _ 52.5 i9.2 6/25/20040:15 --__ 6/25/20040a0 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 54.7 -_ 51 _57.8 - 57 557 - _ 54.4 539 -._.__ _..__ 50.6 53._' - 76.1 53.1 - _ _ 74.3 51.3 _ -_ 50] 43.4 42.6 387 _..__ .. 36.0 30.2 28.6 30.4 29 '_ 32.6 _- 308 44.0 - '-1 44.4 294 _ 30.5 55.5 - 5067 6/2520040:45 6/25/20041:00 6/25/20041:15 NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 900 46 474 47.5 55.7 564 554 51 50.9 51,6 39.3 44.6 44.] _ 75_3 _ 41.1 357 346 40.3 354 5161 519 SV 43.0_ 457 456 _38.8 496 41.9 32.3 45.5 35.9 32_5 _ 39.6 36.9 35.1 4L5 416 44.0 431 44.4 31.8 _ 32.2 _ 31.0 31.6 32.3 32.6 62512004130 --- -- --_. NIGHT _____- 900 _. _._ _ 34.6 --___- 552 .___ 16.9 - 416 35.4 35 53.6 -__- 48.5 39.9 _ _- --.. 33.4 34.8 ---- 38:2 37.5 41,0 436 31.3 1 324 33.1 326 Bch Collins FINAL 10 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13. 2004 Keahole Combined Cycle Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Belt Collins FINAL LO HFP Acouzucal Consulmnrs Inc. October 13, 2004 Keuhule Cumbmed C)cie Nose Study Table C2A: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 2 Sbtl Dute and I Time Dry / Night Duration L L1.00 : 1,10.00 L50.00 L90.00I 1,95.00 I ' 31S 1 63 125 250 I 500 i 1000 2000 4000 am b/25/20042:OOi NIGHT (..ad.) _ 900 (dB(A)) (dB(AB' (d8(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A)) 46.6 56.7 _. 57 424 39.4 J8A T _ all y 52.6 _45.6 d8 dB 41.0 dB 39.4 d8 40.1 dB 48.3 dB 43.4 dB 72.6 dB 34.0 625/20042:15' NIGHT 900 4].1 57.4 51.4 413 1 39.2 38.1 53.0 MI 47.8 44.3 43.4 38.2 43.0 33.0 34.4 6/2520042:30 NIGHT 900 44.9 55.51.49.8 37.6 48.9 46.4 40.3 35.6 33.3 42.0 31.5 33.6 6/2520042:45 NIGHT 900 44.6 51 50.3 38.1 _36.3_ 36.4 _36.1 36.5 _524 52.9 50.9 48.9 40.8 32.5 32.7 31.1 27.2 443 002520043:00 NIGHT _900 52.6 i 57.9 j 554_. 51.4 43.2_9_ 51.6 45.3 39.6 423 38.4 40.2 44.3 36.5 52.2 6/2520043:15 NIGHT 900 50.4 : 55 53.2 48.4 47 46.6 50.7 45.6 42.5 30.0 29.1 29.8 33.6 25.3 51.7 6/2520043:30 625/20043:45 NIGHT NIGHT 900 _ 900 40.5 + 48.5 44_2 _y _ 43.5 _ 51.5 (_45.5 �I t 35.6 446 33.4 34.5 33.1 .33.9 51.0 _50.5 43.8 47.5 38.5 _47.1 29.2 3].5 31.3 77.2 30.2 35A 25.8 40.8 24.0 25.8 39.9 41.4 62520044:001 NIGHT 900 38.2 46 1 41.2 i 76.6 333 37.1 53.2 51.8 46.7 37.8 33.9 32.8 27.1 22.7 30.3 0025/20049:15' 6/25/20044:30' NIGNT NIGHT _ 900 900 _ 42.2 1 42] _50.5 �42�2 __J6] 49 42.8 '32] 47.6 74 316_ + 13.2 50.6 50.3 46.6_ 45.5 _44.5 43.4 _38.1 40.0 _ 36.0 39.5 36.2 39.0 34.2 34.1 26.9 28.425.2 32.1 6/2520044:45 0025/20045:00 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900-39.9 40.1 469_ 42.8 43.5 41.8 I_ 39 :_34.6_ 79] 34 36.] 7 .B 50.7 51.2 47.9 45.6 40.4 1,.34.9 41.9 33.1 16.8 74.8 36.5 35.7 29.9 29.5 _241 42.3 276 30.7 0025/20045:15 NIGHT _ 900 506_ 60 X56.6 f, 421_, _18.6 F JB 51.6 1 t_ 48.9 _40.7 T75.9_ _37.1 37.4 36.5 44.9 48.3 6/25/2004 5:30 00252004 5:45 NIGHT NIGHT _ 900 900 _49.4 49.9 '�, 59.6 52.4 _'. 61 5 T 52 2 45.6 43 7 42.7 411 _ 42 _ 40.6 51.9 49.1 43.1 35.5 _37.71 38.3 35.7 45.1 45.6 60.5 59.4 55- J 49.2 43.6 39.9 42 3 44.1 35.5 6/25/20046:00 NIGHT _ 900 47.2 _55.8 1 _47.8 44.3 410 0.5 53.3_1 554 48.0 ',_40.3 41.2 __42.0 1 38.8 40.3 1 35.0 0025/20046:15 NIGHT 900 48.6 62.1 48.1 42.4 40 39.3 55.5 SLS 50.7 45.6 07.3 44.1 39.7 76.8 29.1 6/2520046:301 6/25/20046:451 NIGHT NIGHT _ 900 _ 900 _51.5_ _ 55 62.9 1 53.3 67.9- 56.2 44.4 _'�, 43.2 41 40.1 _ 40_2 39.5 56.3 57R r 54.4 60.6 50.1 59.2 �'� 49.5 53.6 _ 47.8 51.0 _46.2 1 42.8 48.5 r 47.5 43.7 1 46.8 44.1 38.7 6/25/20047:00: 6/25/20047:151 6/25/2006 :7 30 DAY DAY DAY 900 900 900 _42.6 583 46.6 52.8_i 44.5 729 52.5 57.6 43.5 40.1 404 40.6 37.3_ 37.6 38 36.9. 371 37.4 550 53.6 49.1',40.8 38.5 37.0 33.6 34.1 26.4_ 61.3 63.6 634 54.5 _53.9 540��51.7 47.6 43.5 56.3 54.4 51.5 44.9 41.9 41.8 37.9 3].7 32.3 6452004 7:45; DAY 51 7 65.7 51.4 41.8 _ _ 39.2 _ 38_6 _ 59.1 _ 5].4 55_1 _ 50.8 48.9 47.4 X42.7 18.2 1 31.8 6/25/20048:00'' _ DAY _900 900 _ 525 72 512 _ 425 48.6 37.B 58.9 57.3 T 56.9 57.8 56.1 ''� 52.2 48.6 43.1 37.6 _6/25/20048:15'1 002520048:301 DAY _ DAY _ 900 13.875 _ 51.2 _63.5 62.4 '_ 52.9 71 68.5 46.1_ 54 44.6 51.4 40.3 51 590 54.2 _ 461 46.5 4].3 45.2144] 42.2 38.1 57.5 51.1 51.5 527 54.9 58.1 57.8 48.5 36.8 Belt Collins FINAL LO HFP Acouzucal Consulmnrs Inc. October 13, 2004 Keuhule Cumbmed C)cie Nose Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Bell Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Keahole Combined Cycle Noise Study Table C2B: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 2 Smrt Data ad Time Day Night Duration LaaI LL00 1.10.00 Lines 1.90.00 1 1,95.00 313 63 125 •I 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 mewda) (dB(A)) (dB(A) (dB(A)) (dB(A)) a A) (dB(A)) dB dB dB dB dB d6 OB dB _ dB 62620049:00 DAY 896.625 52.7 65.9 53.9 43.4 37.7 1 77 59.0 59.1 59.2 55.2 51.1 45.7 42A 39.1 36.3 6/2620049:15 DAY 900 49.3 633 48.1 41.3 18 1 37 56.9 53.7 54.6 1 54.9 46.7 40.8 773 39.7 30.3_ 6/26/20049:30 DAY 900 46 52.9 48.5 45.4 38.6 37.9 65.5 616 54.5 42.9 41.1 40.2 1 37.8 36.3 28.6 42420049:45 DAY 900 46.2 50.9 47.9 45.7 44.4 44.1 67.4 62.7 54.6 44.2 40.8 40.7 37.1 35.5 29.9_ 626200410:00 DAY 900 48.3 58.9 49.1 45.3 43.3 62.8 66.7 fi0.7 55.3 68.5 46.2 42.7 37.0 34.9 27.6 626'2004 10:15 DAY 900 47.1 53.2 48.5 45.4 43.2 42.7 66.4 60.2 54.8 47.7 42.1 41.3 37.6 35.6 31.4 624200410:30 DAY 900 53. 66.6 55.4 44.5 1 42.7 42.3 66.7 60.8 59.7 56.2 52.2 47.2 4LI 34.9 _ 27.2 426200410:45 DAY 900 49.6 62.5 5 48.9 45.2 43.4 43 67.2 61.0 57.8 51.9 46.1 42.7 38.6 37.2 312 424700411:00 DAY 900 50.5 1 62.9 48.6 44.8 43.3 42.9 65.9 59.7 Sfi.O 45.3 43.8 42.8 79.8 33.3 626200411:15 DAY 900 51.3 65.1 48.6 44.2 42.5 42.2 66.1 60.2 57.9 47.9 46.5 41.0 383 32.5 424200411:30 DAY 900 50.5 63.4 51 44.6 42.7 42.3 66.5 1 61.0 58.8 48.8 43.7 37.6 33.8 30.9 6242004 11:45 DAY 900 52.9 67.6 _ 51.9 45 ' 43 42.1 65.8 59.7 58.3 51.9 47.7 39.1 35A 301 424200412:00 424200412:15 626200412:30 DAY _ DAY DAY 900 900 900 53.7 _ 65 50.5 63.7 45.77 52.7 1 56.5 47.7 43.7 50.6 445 42.fi42.2 47A 44.8 I 43.1 1 43.3 42.5 66.2_', 59.6 66.0600 65.8 �2 57.9 59.3 52.8 � !48. 52.1 48.9 41.840.6 49.0 43.2 42.9 37.3 35.7 37.2 34.5 73.2 30.3 30.5 30.3 424200412:45, DAY 900 31.7 67.7 57.91 45.8 42.5 41.6 62.9 62.7 Sfi.B l 08.8 45.3 02.6 38.4 31.2 426200413:00 DAY 900 48 56.3 50.6 1 44.5 41.3 40.2 57.9 60.153.1 44.5 42.8 38.o 36.7 30.6 426200017:15 4262004 I1a0, DAY DAY 900 900 57.1 _ ff_ 4].9 67.6 57 T50.4 52.9 _44.6 43.3 _ 41.7 40.6 41 39.8 58.4 61.3 60.6. 55.7 _52.6 45.5 39.8 _ 35.9 29.9 57.8 r 618 52.4 45.5 44.6 i 43.3 37.3 34.8 31,0 4242004 11:45 DAY 900 45.4 54.1 47.9 __-1 43.1 40.5 39.9 59.0 _ � _ 49.9 46.0 42.7 19.9 34.4 33.0 32.9 424200014:00' DAY 900 SU 63.2 44.6 I 42.1 41.4 59.3 56.0 SLB 51.7 45.5 42.1 41.9 _ 33] 426200414:15 DAY 900 50.2 _ fi3.9 T _51.2 _ 49.4 44.6 1 41.7_.__-412 59.2 57.6 54.8 1 49.6 _48.7 466 45A 40.9 3].4 30.9 _424200414:30 424200414:45 DAY DAY _900 900 OZl 50.1 57.4 fi !� 48.9 50.9 44.9 _ 45] .2 43A 41.6 42.9 603 61.5 523 57.1 49.8 57.7 43.0 49.6 02.0 - 4Z9 41.6 44.2 40.0 39.6 77.7 38.2 1 14.8 33.3 424200415:00 DAY 900 49.1 59.7 493 46.6 i 43.8 47.2_ 58.9+52.5 50.4 1 45.7 45.7 1 44.2 li 398 40.1 35.3 424200415:15' DAY 900 47.9 56.9 1 48.9 45.7 _ 1 43.3 42.7 58.4 52.7 49.4 i 45.6 47.3-' 44.0•, 39.8 35.8 32.2 424200415:30 DAY 900 I 7L9 53.5 45.5 43.2 427 59.8 59_3 61.3 55.3 540 47.7 567 44.0 39.1 424200415:45 DAY_ _59.6 4].2 --- 575- 48.1--45.8-_�-43.1 42.3 1 60.7 60.] 540_ 1 44.8 429 43.5 38.4 32.3_ 424200416:00 DAY _ _900 900 49.2 60.8 48.8 46.1 43.7 43.2 62.2 5]3 _51.2 57.1 1. 49.2 474 433 �r 3].8 _74.7 36.1 34.1 4242004 16:15 DAY 900 OBA 1 56.4 49.7 47.1 44.6 44.1 62.0_ 54.9 48_8 42.0 43.2 43.5 40.5 40.1 36.5 424200416:30, _ DAY _ 900 48.8 00.2T _ 49.5 464 12 43.6 62.5 33.6 51.4 523 453 41.0 I 393 36.8 35.5 424200416:45, DAY 900 507 61A 1 527 47.6 45.1 44.4 66.0 59.3 58.2 50.2 08.5 44.1 39.2 40.9 36.9 424200017:00, _ DAY 900 472 ' 544 1 487 462 44.1 437 62.4 52.2 514 44.7 47.1 42.7 i 38.4 76.7 343 424200417:15 DAY 900 49 59 49.9 47 45.1 444 64.7 54.1 52.5 44.9 43.7 43.2 43.0 387 36.7 424200417:30 424200417:45 DAY_ DAY _ 900 _ %0 _ 48.5_ 55.6 55.1 69.9 49.8 _ 52.3 472_ 47 ".9 44.4 44.1 _ 434 64.9 __55.2_ 48.1 41.8 42.9 42.6 784 36.0 _43.3 650 59.9 59.1 52.5 53.0 50.2 08.8 41.1 372 624200418:00 624200018:15' DAY DAY 900 900 46.7 49.2 514 601 484 48.8 464 46 "A 43.6 43.4 431 64.1 530 054 39.5 42.1 42.2 18.3 38.3 34.6 62.1 5L6 45.9 � 40.0 44.6 '� 45.4 42.2 376 33.8 426200418:30' 624200418:45'. DAY DAY 900 900 47.1 422 5LB 49.5 49.6 46.3 45.5 04 43 .3 43.3 42.] 626 51.3 04.9 38.4 41.0 41.7 38.5 40.9 36.4 5 49.8 47.3 79.3 41.4 41.1 39.1 41.5 99 30.9 624200419:00 DAY 900 45.3 _549 51.1 47.5 44.4 42.4 41.7 58.1 48.6 426 37.2 39.8 41.0 39.0 34.8 70.9 6/242004 19:15'1 _- 4262004 19:307. DAY --- __- DAY 900 - 900 46.9 -- 63.6 543 Y- 73 8 50.2 __- 66 9 44.8 -_.. 59 42.3 .._-.____ 47.6 414 46 5] 9 _-... 58 3 49A 51 3 44.5 -_-__-_ 50.9 41,7 46.7 42.8 47.7 41.3 _ 43.3 41_7 45.9 34.1 35.0 37.9 63.8 6/24200019:45'1 6/762004 Not) DAY .___ ..__ DAY 900 __- 900 62.5 _-- 519 1 72.9 -_ 57.7 647 _.__ 54.6 58.'_ 51.1 542 _ .. 47.6 52.8 _._. 4].1 57.7 _-._ 520 570 52.1 57.3 49.4 45.8 -_. 02.6 41.9 __ ______.___ 41.6 40.9 40.3 47.5 46.5 32.3 __-,___. 72.2 '� 62.7 49.2 626200420:15' DAY 900 55.7_ 64.2 54.2 48.9 44.5 418 56.5 55.7 556 47.4 6].5 454 55.7 4L9 51.0 39.5 47.6 4L0 477 47.3 39.7 36.5 46.6 48.6 424200420:301 DAY 900 52.3 58.7 56.3 49.7 42.5 41.8 424dOD420:45i DAY 900 51 582 54.2 49 45.1 41.2 56.0 55.1 52.8 46.1 04.6 40.7 47.3 352 42.9 426200421:00 --- i 424200021:15' DAY DAY DAY 900 _-__ 900 50.4. _-_.__- SOA 56.1 - 62 536 61 48.6 492 45.2 _._--._ OJ.B 44.6 414 55.3 564 420 494 4D.6 _- 483 35.1 _ 4�.7 77.4 _ 41 .1 397 � 39.8 46.8 450 35.0 31.6 45.4 539 424200421:30; 424200421'45 _DAY_ DAY 00 900 9 55 53.6 623 6t.3 61.4 584 47.9 425 44.2 44.1 43A 43.6 54.9 54.1 47.4 49] 43.1 497 36.6 46.4 387 492 40.0 45.1 457 46.1 339 35.4 543 50.2 624200422:00 NIGHT 624200422:15' NIGHT 900 900 50.5 49.5 59.1 S6.] 53.3 57.5 49.1 08.1 467 40.7 44.5 39.0 497 49.1 45.9 453 44.3 503 34.4 78.9 37.3 78.9 39.4 39.6 44.3 44.9 35.1 3].I 482 04.5 62420042130 NIGHT 9n3 47.7 55.7 52 44.6 41.4 403 50.8 47.0 46.8 37.5 38.7 396 44.0 36.6 38.4 6261200412:d5TNIGHT 6/24300423:00' NIGHT _ 900 900 45 _ 47 53.5 51.5 47.8 5(1 43 44.5 39.2 39.7 38.3 78.5 490 _ _ 49.1 44.6 43.9 _ 36.5 39.0 33.9 14.9 38.9 386 39,6 39.6 39.0 732 34.2 28.5 36.8 45.6 424200423:15: -__4 6/24200423:30 NIGHT04.2 NIGHT 900 _._9110 49.6 44 -_.. 59 48.4 49.8 464 46.8 ._.. 41.4 37.7 _ 40.3 _ 15. 9 57.8 474 59.7 44.3 54.0 40.] 47.0 34.7 46.2 76.7 429 3].7 36.4 31.2 312 249 45.4 41.9 42 62 0 01 23 4-5 42720000:00 42720010: 15 NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 900 60.7 62.6 494 67.9 694 523 67.2 677 51,13 40.1 58.1 50.6 40.8 41.7 36.8 39,9 40.8 754 46.5 45.8 45.8 42 0 42.1 40.9 36.7 37.3 391 31 0 30.4 33.4 35.3 727 714 37.1 76.0 34.2 29.7 28.8 285 213 234 27.5 617 67.5 494 427/20040:30' 427/20040:45 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 58.8 67.4 67 _. 718 64.7_ _ 695 487 556 38.8 _ 09.8 364 46.5 _46.1_ 05.6 41.7 41.8 37.5 78.2 32.0 30.9 31.7 325 32.9 33.3 27.3 27.8 21.7 27.8 59.7 60.7 42720041:00 6h 7/20041:15' NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 59.5 51.1 659 56N 64.3 554 _ 55 48.8 46.3 7R.6 45.5 37.6 454 05.3 41.4 39.5 38.0 39.5 30.8 28.0 306 30.3 31.7 31.0 25.6 25.2 230 23.6 60.6 52.0 6/27/20041:30 __ -04 _-_ 42]/201:45. 6/2720042:00 NIGHT NIGHT 1 NIGHT 900 ....__ 90 0.5 900 56.2 _.. 46 467 63 R.3 514 617 494 504 48.6 46 44 41.9 40.6 36.8 41.3 40.3 76.3 45.7 451 05.1 40.1 40.2 42.7 360 396 362 28.6 28.7 26.4 30.4 J0� 27.2 32.6 71.1 29.0 25.8 259 20.9 22.9 23.6 25.0 574 07.3 46.9 _ 42720042:15 _ 427•'20042:70 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 494 49.2 _ 54.6 54.5 527 53.1 49 48.1 40.5 422 417 45.9 40.7 40.3 425 40.8 44.2 74.3 35.1 30.9 30.9 28.0 22.7 21.7 30.6 23.2 49.9 503 Bell Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Keahole Combined Cycle Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Belt Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consulmms Inc. Wot,cr 13, 2004 Ke hole Combined Cycle Noise Study Table C3A: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 3 Suftftte.sd Mine D.yl NI8b1 Donnie. Leg LLOO 1,10.00 L50.00 L90AD L95A0 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 (.ecw0.) (dB(A)) (48(AI) Is A)) (dB(A)) (d A)) (dB(A)) dB dB dB dB dB dB dB 48 dB 6/242004 7:54 DAY 349.375 48.1 56.5 51.4 45.6 36.4 35.4 64.6 58.8 54.3 47.4 44.7 42.2 38.6 775 11 33.9 612420048:00 DAY 900 50.1 60.9 47.8 41.2 34 33.1 57.1 50.4 49.3 "A 46.0 43.7 45.4 39.8 32.0 6/2420048:15 DAY 900 37.5 45.3 79.9 35.1 12.5 32.1 57.3 52.8 41.2 34.0 31.2 33.6 25.2 29.2 20.2 6/2Al2oD48:30 DAY 900 41.9 50.9 46.2 37.6 33.4 32.5 57.4 52.5 44.7 38.7 D.8 407 25.9 25.9 19.6 624/20048:45 DAY 900 50.3 63.1 47.8 41 38 37.2 58.4 614 54.5 45.9 46.1 44.9 42.6 389 38.5 624/20049:00 DAY 900 65.7 79.7 52 44.5 42 _ 41.3 59.4 63.7 57.1 53.8 46.2 44.8 62.9 58.1 533 62X20049:15 DAY 900 64.7 75.8 58.3 44.6 41 404 58.2 53.2 49.6 45.4 42.8 443 62.2 56.3 507 62420049:30 DAY 900 51.3 62 56 "A 40.2 39.4 58.3 51.9 43.2 ! 41.5 41.5 39.0 39.4 48.4 42.0 6/2412004 9:45 DAY 900 53.5 65.3 58.1 44.9 412 40.1 62.5 58.6 58.2 54.3 51.0 47.7 423 43.8 36.6 6ON200410:00 DAY 900 _ 56.4 69.5 46.6 39.5 37.2 36.7 57.7 51.4 46.0 41.8 357 37.1 54.6 M.2 40.1 6/2412004 10:15 DAY 9110 50 63.5 50 41.2 38.1 37.4 59.0 57.8 58.7 55.3 46.5 41.2 33.4 33.8 22.6 624/200410:30 DAY 900 43.4 52.6 _ 44.3 40.5 1 38.6 1 38.1 59.1 _ 51,0 45.6 41.8 38.4 J7.B 33.0 36.5 ! 29.6 621200410:15 6242004 11:00 6/24/200411:15 DAY DAY DAY 900 900 900 46.9 52.7 43.7 58.6 66.2 -18.7 /S] j 41.] 39 38.3 52.2 43.7 41.1 1 _ 40.6 46.2 24i 8 40.9 40.0 58.7 I, 55.6 63.2 rt 62.2 58.9 54.3 51.9 60,9 46.8T 48.2 55.8 42.4 _ 43.9 ' _4 39.9 1 41.0 44.6 39.7 36.7 41.1 73.0 35.7 33.1 _37.2 25.8_ 32.3 24.1 6242004 11:30 DAY 900 497 61 49.3 45.9 43.9 43.3 60.1 y' 58.2 57.2 52.8 45.7 i 43.0 36.6 34.4 28.1 6/24200411:45 DAY 900 __ 48.2 _ _1 56.4 50.9 45.8 44.1 43.5 59.5 56.4 _ 57.5 1 4.1 IM1.O 38.9 70.0 27.6 6/2412004 12:0D DAV 900 55.3 ' 64.9 58.8 52 _I 46_9 46.4 _ 599 5].b 39_2 544 _51.2 ! 47.0 46.5 46.9 43.2 6/24204412:15 DAY 900 55.7 1 63 60.1 52.8 44.1 U.2 58.3 563 54.3 ! 49.2 47.2 48.5 49A 49.1 _ 45.7 6/242004 12:301 DAY 900 526 t 62.4 55.6 46.fi 1 43.3 42.7 58.4 56.7 53.8 48.2 41_. 42.3 45.4 08.2 37_8 6/24/200412:45 DAY 900 54.3 i 68 55.9 _ 43.9_L 41.2 40.6 _ 59.8 60.1 _i 57.5 49.1 45A 42.0 473 i _ 377 61242004 13:00 DAY 900 _ 68A 817 71.8 53.3 91 40. 31 61.6 58.9 _61.2 55.2 �'. 490 44.5 46.4 6fi.0 59] 56.2 6/242004 13:15 6242004 13:30 DAY DAY 900 900 69.6 _ 57.9 81. 72.7 _ 73 56.1 48.8 , 49.7 41.8 41.2 43.4 41.9 59.1 1 61.1 57.9 633 58.8 657 54.6 SBA 4].5 56.3 48.2 49.9 67.7 49.7 58.8 529 41.5 367 6/2412004 13.451 DAY 900 633 52.5 45.6 _43.6 1 43 _ 62.0 ! 60.5 59.2_52.5 46.3 45.5 40.9 M.7 354 6/24120 04 14:00 DAY 900 _51.1 52.2 1. 6i 46.2 42.8 1 42.1 61.9 fi1.6 59.2 52.8 49.3 46.8 -141.2 38.5 259 62X200/ 14:15 DAY 900 48.2 56.8 51.2 45.7 ! 42.1 40.9 59.1 56.3 57.6 ' 48.6 44.1 41.8 ! 39.2 37.3 26.7 626200414_30 DAY _900 _50.1 63.7 1 -"- 49.8 41.7_ _40.6 _1 39.9_ 58.3 5].6 _ 57.3 48.7_ _� _4.5_ Q.I 41.8 43.0 36.2 6/2412004 14:45 DAY 900 46.4 �, fi0.2 I 45.6 ! 42.4 40.2 396 57.8 56.0 51.0 47.8 422.0 ' 40.8 37.9 37.7 27.7 6/2412004 15:00'. DAY 900 53.3 i 66.6 53.1 41.4 - 38.3 37.7 59.3 59.9 61.0 49.9 1 45.6_ . 44.0 40.6 34.6 6/24200415:151 DAY 900 41.3 50.7 42.8 -403 --- _' 38.5 38.2 56.6 1 513 _56.5 43.4 18.2 77.9 35.6 32.6 3LO 31.1 6/24200415:701 DAY 900 46.4 494 1 41.1_ 377 _ 37 57.0 58.4 51.7_ 46.2 427 40.6 36.7 37.2 274 624200415:45' DAY 900 ..,_575 54.7 _ 68.] 1 53.3 42.5 40.5 40.1 617 64.6 63.2 59.1 52.9 45.2 36.5 76.0 257 6/24200416:00 DAY 900 53.3 69 47.8 42.5 40.5 _ 39.8 59.5 67.6 61.5 58.1 51.9 34.5 28.6 25.1 6/2X200416:15' 62X200416:30. DAY DAY 900 __. 900 42.2 _-5557 56.7 499 71,2 43.8 _ _.._. 53.2 40.9 ___. _ 42.2 39.1 39.6 38.3 5 39.1 __ 54.8 587 477 40.6 -'42.2 37.8 372 30.8 316 25.4 _8555_ -60A-54.0 54.0 "A 598 67.5 65.6 60.1 50.0 46.4 41.6 39.2 30.0 61241200416455'1_ 6/2X200/1]:00 DAV DAV 900 _- 900 46 _____. 42 579 4555 504 48.6_ _ 44.1 _41 - 4pl 37.1 _ T 36.2 _.. 367 54.5 56.3 527 45.8 42.7 40.2 36.1 35.7 26.2 _-555.5_ -_ 57.6 if 47.9 42.0 37.4 36.7 31.6 30.4 2TO 6/241200417:151 :. 6/2412004 17:30 DAY DAY 900 900 44.5 56.6 54.7 63.1 45.1 46.7 42.8 44.2 39.8 r.___ 41 39.1 40.1 59.0 __ -_ 58.1 527 - 587 48.2 5555__ 48 4 41.5 42.0 39.0 725.7 40.2 40.2 1, 40.4 Jb.l 54.7 34.1 43.8 29.1 _ 40.0 6/2X2004 17451. DAY 900 59.2 747 50.3 42.4 39,7 387 56,7 56.4 50.5 45.4 42.9 427 50.1 56.3 50.9 6124/200418:00' 62X200418:15 DAY DAY 900 557.5 900 516 __. 55.6 647 _-_-5557._ 63.8 51.3 61.1 43 42.5 39.7 38.5 38.9 _..._-_.. 37.8 57.9 54.6 58.8 _ _-_ 52.8 60.4 09.9 57.0 43.9 47.6 _7.557 37.3 39.7 35.1 38.2 70.2 38.8 277 34.4 55.8 624/2004 1830 _--__ 6/2X200418:451 DAY DAY 900 -- 900 51.5 5.5...55577 40.1 60.9 48.3 57.5 427 41.4 _--._.-5575_ 78.3 39.1 76.2 38.2 35.6 56.1 52.8 52.5 46.5 43.5 42.9 388 33.3 49.4 __,_. _ _I __-.._-5575.-42 54.0 066 42.0 36.8 354 753 714 32.1 23.2 62X200419:00 7575._ 621200419:15' DAY DAY 9D0 - 900 43.5 5755 71.3 54.8 ]4.8 42 73.9 _713 37.8 71.3 354 55-..__._-. 654 35 67.6 56.9 556 54.9 479 52.1 _ 7 577_ 42.0 46.9 35.4 40.0 -5575 35.4 1. 36.7 1 _ 34.7 304 28.6 28.6 25.0 228 -__ 71.7 62X200419:30! DAY 90D 71.6 754 74.1 ]12 67.4 66.4 57.2 514 41.6 38.9 34.3 73.7 27.1 234 719 62X200419:45 I -._-.__ 612412g1420:mT DAY DAY 9011 5775__ 900 72.2 69.9 77.1 74 74.5 72.6 72.1 694 67.3 64.8 64.7 617 58.6 __ 60.6 53.2 60.8 45.6 61,5 39.0 .. 58.0 38.6 _____ 49.6 34.8 41.7 29.3 31.7 25.0 _21A 214 12.5 70.2 70. 624200420:15 6/2X200420:30 DAY DAY 900 900 63.9 416 12.7 - 55.55..._ 515 70 46 48.5 --. 3fi7 32.5 55.55.._._._ 33.2 32 32.2 57.5 __...___ 5].S 50.0 50.8 40.5 5..555_ 464 714 622 _ 287 _ 390 28.9 355 23.3 29.1 _ 18.2 _ 21.3 _64.4 33.9 6/241200420:45 5557 6/2X2004'_1:00- DAY DAY 900 5..755 900 569 _- _. 55.9 66.5 _. 66.7 65.5 __ _. 55.5 40.5 3].5 35.1 _ - 35.3 35.2 -- - - 74.8 58.2 - -' Sb.S 529 57.8 512 -- 45.3 45.8 19.2 79.5 __ l].l 38.6 .5555 34.3 32.7 285 23.3 -__.._ 207 59.4 _ 564 6/2X200421:15 DAY 900 43.9 568 43.5 39.2 36.8 36.2 56.2 564 53.6 474 40.1 36.8 29.9 23.3 24.7 6/2412004 21730 62X200421:45 DAY DAY 900 900 55.7 50.1 65.6 _. 64.1 61.840.5 477 4T.7 - 19 37.9 -__ 35.6 77.3 _ _ 74.8 55.9 775.5. 58.7 4P 2 _.. 59.6 482 - 60.6 41.4 _ 57.9 78.6 555 48.0 39.2 41.0 341 - 712 _ 28.6 _ 21.0 55.8 -__ 26] 6/2X200422:00 - 6/24200422:15 NIGHT NIGHT 900 5.5590 __._. 900 59 __ 39.1 67.6 447 63 41.8 40.2 38.5 _.5 36.4 35_ .547 35.6 35.5 347 589 ___12 57.2 549 44.7 51.3 .-._._._ 42.1 47.0 36.6 38.9 _.55 348 35.5 75.9 28.2 28.5 19.5 _- 214 59.3 __. 31.1 6/2X200122:30. _ 624/200422:95, 6/2X7004 73:00'. NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 900 37.6 52.3 40.5 46.8 5557 604 498 405 _ 58.4 46.8 35.6 377 32.9 31.8 31.7 31 30.6 70.6 _.... 10.5 51.7 52.1 527 � 43.0 00.0 05.0 41.0 42.7 3955 79.8 35.9 36.5 28.8 36.3 329 7727.4 2].4 72.4 76.8 28.077. 28.0 26.1 _ 28.7 22.3 20.2 720. _...- 20.7 16.5 29.6 52.9 40.7 6/24200423:151 - 5555 6/241700423:10 NIGHT NIGHT 900 _-. 900 41 _ _. 78.2 542 5755_-_. 437 41.3 41 35.9 .__ 374 32.5 32 317 309 564 51.1 49.1 43.4 41.7 7577_ 472 397 35.5 36.2 _- __7575 73.3 36.8 337 32.7 27.1 26.9 .. 18.3 30.0 _.. 73.3 612X200427:45 - _ __ __ 6/25/20040:00. NIGHT 7 755___-__ NIGHT 900 900 38.7 7557 35.2 45 _.5555__ 413 4LJ I- 375 37.5 342 35.2 __77'55 JI7 34.5 _ _- 31 52.0 52.1 45.9 43.8 424 A ...__._- 79.6 75.8 72.1 33.6 28.9 34.4 5545_7755 30.4 273 74.2 18.4 _ .9 16.8 33.6 30.9 _6/2520040:15 - 5 0 fi252004 0:30 _ 405577..NIGH- 6/'15POOd 0:45 NIGHT -4/j __ NIGHT NIGHT 900 _ . _ 900 900 J6_I J4J 43.3 _. 40 6 5577_. 479 78.1 5 75 5 37 - 387 34.9 ___ 77.8 _ .7 337 J3 775 5. 312 3 - 31] 32.5 _ . 10.6 71.3 53.0 52.1 52.7 458 44.1 5 , _. M.3 40.8 _- 7555_ 19.8 ._ 40.5 32.4 70.7 35.3 30.3 28 2 305 30.9_ 29.7 3 71.7 _250_ J 4 244 2 _ 18.7 18.4 � �� 58.3 18.3 32.0 10.9 29.1 625/70041:00 _._ _"-- 6/25/20041:15 NIGHT - NIGHT 900 _-___.._ 900 _75.8 77.9 ... _.. 34.8 .702 _ 7577 41.3 39 36.9 35 33.3 33 71.8 72.5 -- _. 31.4 534 f 53.6 46.9 47.3 466 409 42.3 34.0 _i4 37.7 55777733__ 29.3 30.1 28.0 24.0 233 18.6 _ __. 19.1 79.9 297 Belt Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consulmms Inc. Wot,cr 13, 2004 Ke hole Combined Cycle Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Bell Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13. 2004 Kcahole Combined Cycle Noise Study Table C2B: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 2 start Date and Time Day / Night Duration 1.e4 LI.00 L10.00 1,50.00 1 1,90.00 1,95.00 31.5 1_ 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 (eeeoWs) _ (d A)) (dB(A))A (dB(A)1 (dB(AD'�IdB(A)) (dB(, dB dB d8 ! dB d8 d8 dB an d6 _ 6%27/20042:45 NIGHT 900 46.1 51.1 47.9 46.2 i 42.3 42.1 45.6 41.8 35.1 1 25.5 25.1 260 35.8 32.3 1 45J 6/27/20043:00 NIGHT 900 47.9 542 1, 50.7 482 1 38.6 _ 37.9 4.9 4 37.3 34.6 1 24.0 21.4 22.2 40.0 29.9 47.8 6/27/20043x3 NIGHT 900 43 53 44.9 39.8 38.3 38.1 45.3 38.7 37.5 26.3 23.7 24.4 38.8 25.0 41.2 6/2]/20043:30 NIGHT 900 44.6 53.5 1 46.6 42.1 39.4 39 45.7_ 40.2 35.8 1 26.3 25.4 26.8 39.4 25.3 43.7 fi/2720047:45 N1GHT 900 41.1 53.1 42.6 34.6 1 32.9 72.4 44.9 44.3 36.2 29.2 26.2 24.8 37.6 244 37.2 6/27/20044:00 NIGHT 6/27/20044:15 NIGHT 6/27/20044:301 NIGHT 900 900 _ 9110 41.4_ _ 43.7 1 44.7 54.2 54.9 4 x537- 41.41 _ 49 48.2 ! 33.51 313 30.9_ 33,4_L_11_.4 31 34.7 298.6 45.1 45.7 459 39.9_ 42.0 _ 42.5 35.0 1 _ 35.7 _I 43.6 27.8 26.8 39.8 27.3 26.7 38.5 28.4 27.2 3].9 39.0 42.0 41.0 28.9 28.6 28.6 31.0 29.3_ 29.5 WMOA4'45; NIGHT 900 52 1 41.7 I_36.1 32_1 ;3Ll_ 05.4 45.6 44.4 38.3 28.6 11.8 36.7 25.4 12.0 _40_2 6/27/ MGXT 900 J5.6 42.0 -� -38 34.5 316 30.9 _ll.] 1 42.1 37.3 29.4 72.1 32.1 26.1 22.9 1 24.8 6/27/20045:15 NIGHT 900 43.8 1 58.5 `4_ 16.3_ 34 51.0 ._48_8_ 466 1_40.5 J9.9 39.1_ I6.9 32.7 1 27.7 N27/20045:30� NIGHT 900 46.5 33.1 _40.4_ 49.4 45 ] _ 36.] _33.4 37.4 46.8 40.9 3]] 70.9 30.5 32.1 J8.7 43.6 36.6 6/27/2004545; NIGHT 6/27/20066.00NIGHT 900 900 _ 48.7 4J.J 583 525 46.5 1 _45.6 S_ 408 _ 41.9 37.3 366 18.5 3].7 46.8 48.3-t 59.3 1 '_ 425 469 37.1 _50.1 32.1 42B 313 C 35] � 34.6 3].7 _� �.2 759 40.0 1 _ 36.0 i 34.3 2].3 _ 6/27/2004 6 151 NIGHT 900 50.6 65 I 52.1 42.8 39.1 38.1 _ 51.4 45.3 44.4 43 0 45.6 44 3 43.2 35.1 _ 6/27/2004 6:30: NIGHT 6/2120046:45 NIGHT 900 900 42.1 47.3 -1 1 _50.7 60.5 45.3 68.7 39.5 I 4I 1 36.5 35.6 36.2 fi 75.7 _48.9 53.6 t 46.3 _ 57.1 _ 39.3 _ 57] 1 32.7 48.6 32.0 I_ 4J.0 r 34.5 39.539.2 36_7 ', 311 31.8627/2004 7:001 627/20047:151 DAY DAY 900 900 46.6 47.6 591 ''. S6.7 48.2 f 52 ! 40.2 43 ! 369 L 37.7 36.3 36.7 _49.31 49.8 459.1_ 38.4 36.3 40.1 q31.1 40.6 31 2 53.5 N.9 39.2 30.9 32.0 13.244.8 39.3 7/20047:30 DAY 900 4J753�_ 44.8 38.1 35.1 1i 34 53.2 _ 49.3 57.5 t 47.8 55.0 49.1 49 41.1 ' 474 39.a 36.2 40.4 37.2 _ 33.7 40A 78.5 34.0 42.4 364 77.4 y _ 34_19 44.6 '. 26.3 31.6 39.6 N27/20(04 7:45 DAY _ __ 900 40.6 49 7 125 _ _ 38] 36.2 T 35 6 6127Y2004 8:00! DAY 900 48.8 60.J 52.3 39] T 34.5 :, 33.8 6/27/20048:151 b/PI20048a0' DAY_ DAY 900 _ 265.375 616_1 79.2 75]_1. 85.6 1 59.6_ 7Rl 39_.6 - 55.5-' 33.8 '_ - 40 35._1_ 386 54.3 1 472_ 35.0 : 36.7 ' 48.4 59.3 1_348__ _41`5 _31.4 56.1 50.6 46.5 -42.9 42.5 424 62.1 ]1.9� 66.7 Bell Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13. 2004 Kcahole Combined Cycle Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Bell Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Keabole Combined Cycle Noise Study Table C3B: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 3 Sort Date ad Time Day / Night Doratlao 1 LI.00 1,18.00 150.00 1,911.00 1,95.00 313 6I 125 250 Soo i 1000 2000 40M 0000 om-ft- s) (dB(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A)) (dill (dB(A)) (d A) 08 dB d8 dB dB dB dB dB dB 6/'16/20049:14 DAY 7 69.2 I 71.3 71.3 69 65.1 64 b0.0 60.6 742 76.4 66.7 ' 58.2 52.9 41.1 36.4 626/20049:15 DAY 900 47.4 58.2 51.5 40.8 35.4 1 34.7 61.3 56.5 52.8 1 47.3 44.9 41.6 36.5 37.7 29.8_ 6/2620049:30 DAY 900 414 51.5 42.6 38.8 35.7 35.1 62.0 52.9 45.6 37.7 35.2 34.2 29.3 77.0 22.1 62620049:15 DAY 900 45.4 52.9 45.2 40.7 38.4 38 64.2 55.2 48.1 41.7 76.0 15.2 11.4 37.6 27.1 626200410:00 DAY 900 46] 57 47.3 41.3 39.1 ! 78.5 64.4 573 53.1 50.0 43.8 1 41.0 32.7 31.6 23.8 626200410:15 DAY 900 44.1 51 47.2 42.2 39.8 _ 39.3 63.9 56.5 50.5 45.1 38.5 37.4 31,4 36.1 2].8 626/2004 10:30 DAY 900 533 65.6 56 43.2 _ 40.1 39.5 65.3 58.5 _ 58.9 56.3 51.4 47.3 40.6 33.4 25.9 626/200410:45 DAY 900 48.6 62.1 49.7 429 38.8 1 38.3 65.2 1 59.9 56.9 54.2 43.7 40.0 33.5 30.5 25.1 626200411:00 DAY 900 43.2 54.1 44.8 40.4 37.9 1 37.7 64.0 54.6 477 r 42.6 38.9 1 38.5 344 30.8 26.8 6262004 11:15 DAY 900 48.8 ISIS 44.5 40. 3l 8 2 I 37.8 63.2 56.1 52.0 47.3 45.8 ! "A 40.4 34.5 29.7 626200411:30 DAY 900 50 62.8 49.8 41.6 79.1 38.5 W.0 60.4 58.8 54.8 47.3 41.1 33.6 30.2 27_0 6/26/200411:45 DAY 900 51.3 65.4 _ 50.5 _ 42.9 _ 39.6 1 38.6 63.5 1 56.3 574 54.0 49.4 I 45.7 36.2 31.1 297 626200412:00 626/200112:15 626/200412:30 DAY DAY DAY 900 900 900 _ 53 66.2_$ 44.3 647 81.7 49.9 55.9 56.9 '., 46.9 45.9 41.3 1 42: 40 j 43.3 41 40.6_ 39.4 40.4 "A 64.5! 64.5 58.6 59.0 57.8 572 ! 58.0_F54.9 49.4 54.3 43.4 49_7 1 47.5 47 45.9 39.4 39A 42.0 63.6 33A 43.3 1 57.5 315 34_0 54A 30.5 6/26/200412:45 6/26/200413:00 DAY DAY 900 900 53.5 45.8 67 54.9 -� _54.8 44.1 49.2 " 42.8 r 40.9 39.8 39.6 19 62.0 460.2 61.5 58.9 _ 572 X54.3 52.6 _ 48.9 50.3 12.0: 46.5 45.3_ 79.6 t 37.8 47.1 ]0.1 31_2 27.0 6262004 13:15 DAY 900 53.6 1 6]7 51.4 43.2 39.5 38.6 61.2 ! 607 60.8 58.0 51.5 463 37.5 31.3 273 6242004 U:30 DAY 900 44.9 53.5 486 62� ]9.9 1 _ 39 60.6 601 51.4 45.6 41.1 38.8 32.8 31.5 31.0 626200413:45 DAY 900 45.5 53.7 48.9 43 40.7_1 40.2_ 61, S7A 51.5 6].3 42.0 39.6 35.1 321 28] 626/200414:00 626/200414:15 DAY DAY _ 900 900 48.i 55.7 61.8 67 1 _47.8 61.5 _ 42.8 ! 44.2 40.4 -;_ 41.1 40 _ 10.4 612 WA 54.8 557 52.6 547 ' 49.5 49.5 46_6 45.5 43.3-1 43.8 I 36.1 36.9 31.7 I 35.0 27.2 54.5 6/26200414:30 DAY 900 44.5 51.1 47 43.4 40.9 40.3 610 50.6 49.1 1 44.6_ 39.7 39.2 ' 37.4 35.9 31.4 6/24200414:45 DAY 900 51.5 : 65 49.7 44.3 42 41,3 62.7 57.8 61.1 547 49.9 42.8 35.8 33.8 314 4242004 15:00 DAY 900 46.5 55.1 47.8 441 42.3 42 61.8 52.5 50.7 46.4 42.8 41.1 35.6 37.5 33.5 4242004 IS 15 DAY 900 43.7 1 48.2 ^, 45.3 43.3 41.6 _ 41.2 _ _ 61.0 _ 50.9 _ 44.4 41.9 39.2 39.7 34.3 __ 32.4 31.8 4242004 15:30 4242004 15:45- 626/200416:00 DAY DAY DAY 900 _ _ 900 900 _ 53.6 _ W2 51 691-51 63.3 _ 66 1 51.1 43.9 44.8 44.4 42 42.5 _ 42.6 41.3 42.1 42.2 6264 _61.9 _ 625 58.8 59.1 587 61.5 5067 _ 604 58.9 4569 54.5 _ 502 436 48.7 _ 45.8 _ 44.1 1 43.1 3-8,7 �149 _ 357 37.2 40.2 34.6 31.8 36.3 30.6 4242004 16:15 DAY 900 45.7 I 51.8 --47.2 _484 44.9 412 -'- 42.9 - 62.3 _62.3 54.1 4960 44.2 41.3 40.9 35.5 36.6 31.2 426/2004 16:30: DAY 900 _ 49.1 61.5 47.9 44.8 43.1 42.5 5369 54.8 48.9 64.3 41.0 42.8 39.4 36.1- 4_24200416:45! 426/2004 17:00- DAY DAY _900_ 900 579 - 60 65.9_. 67.6 " 64.1 64.9 467 47.5 43.7 44 42.9 _ 43.3 63.3 4627 56.5 52.4 _58.3 : 51.5 52.5_ 66.5 45.6 41.6 _424 :_1]9 40.7 45.1 3567 40.9 57.3_ 59.5 624200417:15 DAY 900 6117 66.9 65.5 56.1 40 _ 4367 63.1 52.3 49.8 46.9 41.6 40.6 35.6 34.4 _ 60.9 6/242004 17:30 6/262004I]:<5 DAY DAY _900 _ 900 _ 62 _ 55.7 69.8 466.5 667 _ 59.5 57.5 475 44.5 43.P 43.4 43.1 62.8 630 55.2 5].6 52.3 57.6 48.3 5228.6 44.5 436 44.3 43.9 91.3 38.8 36.8 61,7 54.7 6/242004 18:00' 426/2004 18:15, DAY DAV 900 900 61.4 612 68 68.4 66 66.4 534 56.5 437 _ 43.9 43 _ 63.3 62.2 62.6 51.4 52.0 467 474 44.3 44.8 41.1 412 40,7 40.8 36.8 36.5 37.9 35.5 61.3 6/261-700,119:30 DAY 900 599 674_ _ 65.2___ _ 537 45.4 44.7 624 ....__3-__. 517 48.3 44.8 42.2 407 _5. 36.4 _ 37.0 59.8 426200418:45 DAY 900 .6___6__ 58 67.3 63.5 47.4 43.5 42,9 62.1 51.7 467 44.0 41,8 _ 40.4 35.2 32.3 58.1 6/24200419:00' DAY 900 67.4 73.6 71.5 65.1 46.4 45 614 51.0 45.1 43.6 42.1 41.0 35.5 31.1 67.6 426/200419:151 426/20041930 DAY _ _ DAY 900 _ _.. 900 70.8 -____. 696 ]5A - _ __. ]3� 74.1 _ 71.8 70.1 69.4 4637 657 59.5 64 61.3 ._ _. 61.1 Sd.9 528 47.9 534 447 50.0 42.0 45.7 40.3 _ �_. 41.9 34.9 _._ 340 30.5 ___.__.-.. 27.1 71.0 69.6 6/26/200419:45, 426/200420:00' DAY DAY _ 900_ 900 679_739 556 ._, 646.8 7>___ 57.1 65.9 _ 44.9 60.6 42.1 591 : 41.5 61.1 '_54.9_ 61.0 53.0 _56.1 _ 50.5 49.6 45.0 41.9 40.2 37.8 '. 37.5 73.9_ 310 _2].268.0 25.6 554 6/26/201)42015 424200120:70' DAY DAY 900 900 51A 46.6 63.2 6_666_A 57.7 53.8 53.1 41 40.2 40.2 38.4 ' -- 38.3 37.8 J],9 �. 60.4 60.1 � 59.3 49.6 6 61A 62.3 47.8 38.9 _44.3_ 36.0 43.1 ', 36.0 38.0 29.2 .2 319 24.1 24.1 47.8 _. 46A 426/200420:451 DAY 900 53.2 63.5 57.9 41 39.2 38.9 61.1 544 52.8 47.9 41.3 37.6 70.2 23.6 51.9 _6/26/20042100 424200421:155 DAY _ DAY 900 -_ 900 56.2 _.,-- 586 67.7 6_6_ 66.4 55.9 65.4 41-1 40.1 38.9 3].6 3 78.3 _5068 37.1 596 59.6 49.5 50.8 42.4 - 493 38.7 -_._- 43.9 3b2 _.__-__-- 378 36.3 37.1 29.0 293 22.1 6666_.__ 21.5 56.4 584 624200421:30, ._ 626200421:45' DAY DAY 900 6699-_ 900 40.5 '_ 56.b 44 -. 638 419 __. 621 40.2 9 45.ft 38.2 40.1 40.1 37.6 9599 79.5 59.0 _ _-.9996_ 57.2 49.5 52.3 450 1.2 512 792 -__ 48.1 36.6 -- __ 466 77.0 42.0 42.0 295 6 331 99 23.4 270 27.3 _ S6.R 6/24200422:001 b/26200422:15' NIGHT NIGHT 9D0 -- 916 59.2 -_ 414 67.6 _ 49 65.8 43.1 432 40.3 38.5 37.3 38 36.5 517 504 459 __. 45.2 44.5 _ 510 39.0 .. 61.9 37.4 3].5 38.0 77.5 31.8 30.0 257 25.P 59.8 27.0 6/24200422:30.!NIGHT 900 58 65.8 637 476 38.6 37.7 50.3 464 47.5 386 36.5 37.0 29.8 25.6 58.2 424200422:45. 426200423:00 900 90U 58.8 55.7 659 66.1 64.6 63.1 46.2 79.9 389 J7 37.9 36.3 54.1 51.1 44.9 43.7 42.0 43.0 35.6 720 7.0 37.1 371 38.1 17.2 30.5 30A 701 M] 15.7 589_9._ 5646/26/200423:15-. _ 15 424200427:30 900 90D 506 _ 57.8 632 b5.8 55.3 ___ 637 41.5 52A _ 38.1 36.4 37.1 332 547 470 9 61.2 417 53.8 423 45.5 36.4 419 _ 35.0 _389 _96 35.0 31.4 28.1 27.7500 23_2 S8.'_42620042345'900 __ 427/20040:00 42]/20040:15 900539 900 54.4 44.8 62 62.8 52.8 59.9 58.5 . 50.1 39.7 _- 40.5 37.8 347 35.1 33.9 33A 33.2 32.9 45.6 __ 442 443 41.3 ._ 400 397 40.1 _69 40.3 40.6 37.4 32.9 36.5 34.2 32A 30.4 35.0 34.7 370 264 267 267 199 22.6 24.0 54.9 546 454 6/27/20040:301 42]/20040:45 6/27/2004 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 56.6 577 64.8 62.2 61.9 90 60.4.4 _ 39.1 58 33.7 399 .5 32.7 ... 77.8 479 6999_ 44 .1 40.0 40.4 39.5 79.1 35.8 33.7 12.2 9999.3 71.5 32.2 -_ 32.7 25.46 25.2 192 IR.2 57.2 58.3 62]/20041:00' 0-71-701641 9_-__ :15 NIGHT 9966_ NIGHT 900 0696 900 584 _ _._ 52.1 654 62A 63.6 99.5 58.5 44.2 9999 ._ 377 36.3 _2 JJ2 35.7 32.3 44.1 44.7 40.3 79.9 397 40.8 729 716 30.1 _30.6 30.0 29.5 ". 23.1 22.9 196 20.7 5A.9 6266 52.1 42720041:30 427/20041:45 42720042:00 NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 9999_ 9110 54.6 48.5 9999 464 61 563 6966 549 599 __. 55 96 52.1 43.3 - _. 706 69_ _. 34.5 73.1 31.3 30.5 32A 30.6 29.8 44.4 " 43.9 _- 9962___ 43.9 38.8 2 9,0 39.0 410 38.6 3R.9 __ __ 38.3 _ 317 30,0 9999 28.8 30.1 28.5 __.___._ 27.3 31.6 29.5 29.5 ', 28.1 23.3 24 21.8 190 _-9 >2.9 179 55.1 49.0 490 0 47.0 427/20042:15 6___ 427,20042:30 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 46.8 6999_. 51,8 55.8 _._ 2266 637 53.8 _ 435 362 32.4 13.3 29.8 32.7 29.4 43.2 42.8 40.7 ..- 374 480 9922 436. 459 Sill 34.2 29.3 27.5 25.8 22.6 19.7 22_1 - 176 465 - _ 51.9 Bell Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Keabole Combined Cycle Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results B0, Colhns FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. O<robcr 13. 2004 Keaholc Combined Cycle Norse Study Table C3A: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 3 Start Date and Time Dry / Night Daradan Laq 1,1.00 1,10.011 L50.00 1,90.00 L95.00 315 _ 63 4i�� 1000 264000 am (..ads) (dB(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(All (OB(A)) dB__ dB dB dB6/25/20041:30 NIGHT 900 55.5 63] 61.7 J6.I 33.2 32.6 54.4 46.3 31.5 24.8 18.1 56.1 6/25/2004 1:45 NIGHT 900 46.5 62.6 40.1 34] 12.6 32.1 _ 53.5 _I 46.1 41.3 35.6 31.7 27.4 24.1 18.8 467 62520042:00 NIGHT 900 50.3 62 42.4 35.4 33.6 37.3 SS.B 49.1 47.0 1, 44.7 44.2 47.0 43.8 37.1 33.5 6/2520042:15 NIGHT 900 42 _ 50.4 45.8 36.7 32.9 � 72.2 54.2 + 50.9 49.1 ! 42.4 38.2 34.3 27.2 21,6 78.0 6/2520042:30 NIGHT 900 41.1 53.5 42.7 36.1 32.5 32.1 53.8 50.8 48.0 43.2 39.1 34.7 28.5 21.9 29.3 6/25/20042:45 NIGHT _ 900 62.5 68.9 ! 67.7 55.3 35.1 14.5 54.4 150.5 50.2 `45.7 40.8 40.9 40.8 37.2 1 62.9 6/2520043:00 NIGHT 900 42.1 53.8 44.5 34.9 32.6 72.1 52.8 -, 45.6_ 43.1 35.4 38.0 34.6 22.5 31.8 6/2520043:15 NIGHT 900 74.8 42.7 36.6 33.7 31.7 31.3 50.7 42.0 _42.3 39.4 30.7 287 29.5 22.6 IT4 314 6/2520043:30 NIGHT 900 _ _49.3 ' 55.8 5554 32.9 1_30.5 70.2 51.3 42.4 _ 39.8 29.8 29.5 29.1 _ 22.2 18_3 �49�.1 _ 6/2520041:15! NIGHT 900 76.1 46.5 38 33.4 30 29.3 51.2 43.5 41.5 36.6 32.8 31.7 24.9 18.0 26.7 6/25/20044:00' NIGHT 76.2 4J.b 39.6 14.1 29955 _ 28.9 51.5 48.2 44.1 -�-76.9 1].2 31.6 31 8 25.3 18.8 19.1 N2520044:15 NICHT _900 900 78.7 49.2 41.4 35.2 1, _ 30.4 50.4' 43.2 41.9 _ 74.6 359 28.5 20.7 _ 194 520044:70" 5/20044:45 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 900 40.7 497 40.5 48.5 39.1 X43.7 43.8 47.9 dlJ 1 38.1 18.5 1 36.7 33.5 J/3 35.5 1 32.3 37.9 34.9 50.5 SIA j 51.2 44.9 4fi.6 44.5 44.9 42.6 43.5 37.6 36.9 362 16.9 36.9 35.0 37.6 I 77.4 36.1 ]0.727226.5 70.9 29.5 21,6 21.4 19.65/20045:00 19.9 NIGHT r 52004 5:15 5/20045:70 NIGHT NIGHT _ 900 900 44.7 18.6 _52.1 595 48.8 I 516? 42.2 44.2 37.6 d0.5 36.8 39.8 515 517 T _47.1 46.1 _ 42.7 43.8 _36.7 78.6 36.8 --77.1 i 37.9 37.1 32.6 l].0 40.2 44.8---43.9 36.6 6125/20W545[ NIGHT 900 49.1 60.5 50 42_9 40 _39.5 60.7 60.2 57.1 57_4 45.1 y, 41.2 1 34.2 3].5 28.3 625/20046:00 NICHT 900 - 49 }-60.8 49.9 7 _' 477 40.8 40.2 _ 53.8 7 52.4 _ 46.3 --40.4 38.4 406 42.7 44.4 36.2 NICHT 900 45 55.5 I 46.9 42.3 39.6 38.8 613 402 54.2 55.2 56.3 51.0 53.1 58.1 _48.8 49.8 594 45.2 4].0 50.5 _42_3 450 48.5 407_ 1 34.3 43.2rt 373 43.1 1 75.4 3L9 39l 35.9 28.0 -31,6 297 _6/25/20046:15 6/25/20046:701 NIGHT _ _' _' _ _ 900 482 596 T 445_T -N9 42.1 900 50] 64.7 50 47.7 41 6/252004 b:OSY NICHT 625/2004 7:00, DAY 900 _ 900 _ 44.1 _ 48.8 54.9 46.6 39.7 61.1 T49.6 40.6-_372 37 -'- 1 36.4 _ 367 55.0 57.9 58.0 _ 55.9 497 _ 53.6 44.2 48.2 39.4 44.1 1 37_3 ' 427 34.3 _ 39.8 _ 36.5 40.7 _31 4 _ 34.3 6/25/2004 ]:IY DAY 625/2004 7:30. DAY 900 900 48.1 SIA fi0_8 648 504_ 51.9 40.7. __ 412 37A 79.1 36.8 38.7 55.5 587 56.6 Sb.S 47.8 542 44.2 50.6 43_3 _ r 483 42.1 1 46.5 1 39_9 41.2 40.6 42.3 37.6 309 6/25/20047:45; DAY 6125/2004800 DAY 515.375 1 577 728 58.5 429 38.8 38 602 56.6 594 58.7 1 56.5 518 I 46.5 46.7 4L0 B0, Colhns FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. O<robcr 13. 2004 Keaholc Combined Cycle Norse Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Belt Collins FINAL 10 HFP Acoustical Consolums Inc. October 13. 2004 Kcahole Combined Cyc;o Noise Study Table C4A: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 4 Shit Dace ab Tine Dy 1 Night Dumtkni 1,1.00 1,10.00 L50M L90.00 L95.00 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 �i 8008 aee4aA) (d8(A)) (d8(AH (dB(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A)) d AI) OB dB dB dB tlB tlB dB ae tlB 4/200413:55 DAY 294.375 53.1 60 55.7 51.9 46.5 48 63.1 62.1 52.8 48.9 49.2 49.8 44.4 39.5 147 4200414:00 DAY 900 MA 62.4 57.1 52 49.2 48.5 67.5 64.4 55.6 53.4 51.4 50.1 45.3 39.6 37.5 4200414:15 r&24/2004 DAY 900 54.5 64.5 _ 56.5 51.7 48.3 41.4 63.8 62.7 55.7 516 51.5 50.5 45.7 39.0 313 14:30 DAY 900 57.8 66.1 62.4 53.7 50.4 50 65.2 66.4 57.8 51.3 51.0 52.7 50.4 49.1 48.9 4/2004µ:4S1 DAY 900 56.1 65.8 61.1 51.6 48.1 46.9 64.] 6].0 58.0 49.9 49.0 49.5 47.6 47.0 50.6 6/24200415:00 DAY 900 53.3 65.6 54.5 50.1 46.3 45.5 65.1 66.8 594 56.0 51.3 45.6 41.6 77.0 32.5 6242004 15.13 DAY 900 _48.8 57.2 50.3 47.7 45.5 45 62.4 62A 54.0 47.6 43.8 43.3 40.4 38.] 3},2 624200415:30 DAY 900 51.9 VA 52.3 09.2 _ 47.3 46.9 63.6 62.2 56.] 53.8 50.8 49,0 45.] 39.6 _ 314 621200415:45 DAY 900 69.6 1 56.2 50 47.4 46.9 66.0 66.6 60.1 59.9 55.2 ' 50,0 43.7 40.0 35.9 6/24/2OD4 16,001 DAY 900 _56.6 57.2 67.8 j 61.5 _ 50 47.2 46.7 67.1 69.3 67.6 1 57.4 55.4 1 49,1 43.7 44] 42.9 6/242004 16:151 DAY 900 54.2 63.8 59.5 50 1_ 47.3 46.7 62.1 61.6 55.8 51.1 50.5 09.3 47.2 42.5 36.9 6204200418:30. DAY 900 572 70.9 58.1 50.9 1 46.4 47.4 62.4 63.3 60.8 59.9 56.5T 50.2 44.6 78.5 624200416:45 DAY 900 53.4 64.9 54 47.6 46.8 61.7 64_2 56.8 1, 47.8 j 42.7 78.3 34.0_ 6242004 17:00 624200417:15 DAY DAY _ 900 900 49.5 54.6 53.9 .{_. 66,7 51.4 53.4 _50.2 491 T 16.7 1 49.9 4].I Oti.l 46.4 _61.1 _ 59.7 fi1.2 _ 58.9 60.4 50.6 654 T58.fi /6.3 _ _48_6 45.6 49.4 411.1 48.1 Ip.6 44.2 35.3 t_ 39.0 28.9 _ 33.7 &20420041790 DAY 900 50 56A 51.9 49.2_ 46.6_ 46_1_ 60.1 157.6 46.S 45.9 462 41.0 40.4 6204200417:45 DAY 900 49.5 ' 57.2 1 50.4 48.3 46.5 Iiil 59.7 58.0 _49.2 516 '. 48.3 425 i 45.3-45.2 ' _33.7 74.1 25.5 624200418:001 DAY 900 51.8 I 63.1 52 49 46.8 4&2 61.2 61.3 56.5 54.1 49.8 46.0 90.6 33.1 23.6 624200418:151 DAY 900 48.2 55.7 493 17.] 45.4 43 _ 60.0 58.2 51.1 48.1 45.4 43.6 1. 39.1 37.1 23.3 6/24200418:30 DAY 900 _51.4 63.4_ _Y 51 _ 4].6_1 45,6 i 45 60.1 _56.5 _F 52.2 50.5 46.4 __ 4_74_ 42.6 76.0 j 252 _ 624200418:45 DAY 900 47B 52.2 49.7 47.4 45.2 1_44.6 59.3 56.8 48.6 46.1 43.5 14.2 38.9 34.0 ' 3L6 624200419:00 DAY 900 48.9 _ 56.8 49.8 47.5 45.8 45.3 _ 61.7 58.5 50.9 1 9].9 44.7 44.J 39.5 32.8 24.04 6204/2004 19:15' DAY 900 46.8 49.8 1 48 46.6 45.2 I 44.7 60.6 1. 57.5 48.2 45.5 4331 38A 31.3 21.3 624/2004 19:301 DAY 900 46.9 51 48.2 - _ 46.6 r 15.4 t 45.2 _ 6L6 59.7 50.0 45.5 11.0- r _42.7 42.1 18.0 _ 11.6 _ 32.3 624200419:45 DAY 900 47.4 52 1 49A 46.7 45.3 45.1 62.3 60.5 48.7 MA 19.8 42.8 38.1 32.0 34.5 &24200420:00 DAY 900 52.7 662 49.5 _ 471 _; 44.9 145.4 67.4 61.9 55.4 554 51.5 41.8 1 37.2 31.8 41.0 624%200420:15' DAY 900 48.3 1 51_8 49.8 48.1 46.2 45..6 61.8 60.5 510 44.0 43.8 424 37.4 33.0 47.2 624200420:30, ._. DAY _ 900 49 _ 56.4 I 50.3 _ 1 48 46.3 ! 45.8 - 62.0 59.8 _ 49.7 46.5 ! 43.4 77.5 J0.8 417 624/200920:451, DAY 900 49.7 ! _ 41 49.3-- 477 50.9 48.9 _45.2 16.1 _ 43.8 38.8 32.0 a3.3 6242004 21:00 &24200421:15 DAY DAY _ _ 900 900 48.4 52 53.8 63.8 49.3 509 475 1 48.1 46.1 46.3 1 45.8 46 61.4 61_5 61.7 624 49.6 _. 54.9 45.4 _ 523 "A 50.8 42.9 46.4 18.0 39.2 32.9 70.8 42.2 417 6204200421:30 DAY 900 _48.9 Sol 483 47.2 47 61.2 W.4 49.8 43.5 � 417 78.0 312 440 6124/2004 21:451 DAY 900 52.7 _52.3 64 SLl 476 _ 46.1 45.6 62.4' 62.2 _47.7 56.9 55.2 50.6 443 37.6 _ 32.8 42.8 &24200422:00' NIGHT 900 47.9 57.3 485 46.6 35.2 44.8 62.2 59.0 50.3 47.6 45.0 41.8 36.0 309 410 &24200422:15. -._. 629/200422:301 NIGHT NIGHT 900 400 49.9 48.2 55.8 53.2 51.1 49.5 48.4 __._ 473 45.2 46.6 44.4 462 59.5 _-_.__--48 5].9 57.3 56.1 48.1 .1 43.3 43.6 41.4 42.1 41.3 399 35.3 328 38.6 _--__-_ 36.1 47.5 454 6204200422:45''; 624/200423:001 NIGHT _--_ NIGHT 900 _- _.- 9110 48.3 _ -_ ___- 48 52.4 58.9 49.8 48.5 48 4604 46 __- 45.1 452 44.6 57.2 - _. 57.9 55.4 59.5 45.5 _.__._____ 58.1 472 46.1 40.8 , 40.2 39.8 _ 39.J 33.4 34.5 36.6 3337 34.8 45.8 43.7 &24200423'.15. NIGHT __-�_-_ &24200427:10 NIGHT _. 900 900 482 46.7 S17 50.5 49.9 483 47.9 46 46.4 44.4 46.2 44.2 S7.1 57.1 57.1355 552 55.4 440 .__ 44.6 41.6 42.0 40.6 _ 40.2 41.7 40.3 16.4 35.0 36.7 3.333_ 75.3 44.9 42.6 6204200423:45 NIGHT 900 47.3 524 49 46.6 45.4 452 58.7 56.3 45.6 42.7 40.9 41.1 35.3 36.2 43.0 62520040:00'. 1 _'_ 62520010:15 NIGHT NIGHT - 9(10 900 463 -__ 46.5 51.5 53.8 48.1 _ _.- 68.4 45.4 _ _..331.2 45.1 44.2 44.2 44.1 3333_ 44.1 57.0 .. 5].1 55.7 55.5 44.8 44.4 419 _. 42.2 ._ 36.7 39.5 39.3 39.9 34.2 33.0 J5.6_ 36.5 42.4 423 62920040:30. NIGHT -___ - 625/20040:451 NIGHT 900 .__--___ 900 456 45.9 49.1 50.2 47.5 - _..-._3.33.3_ 4].2 43.1 45.4 439 44.3 43.5 49.1 57.0 57.2 55.2 552 43.3 45.0 40.8 42.2 38.0 _-___-_.- 39.0 38.1 37.9 32.6 31.8 37.1 '-. 37.6 41,7- 1.7 - 41.9 612520041A0, r__ 6252004 1:15 NIGHT NIGHT 900 -.-__-_-__'_-___. 900 46.1 43 7 57.1 51 46.5 045.1 "3 __--_r___. 42.7 42.8 41.5 42.4 412 57.3 -_..._- 5] 2 56.0 56.4 48.5 _-333.3__ a42 482 4?.2 42.6 __ 3 38.1 37.1 35J 317 32.0 352 _- ...3333 34.6 39.5 38.7 6/23/20041:30 NIGHT 900 44.7 50.5 47.1 43.7 42.4 423 60.0 56.9 43,7 41.6 38.7 38.6 37.1 35.8 38.7 6/25120041:45' &25/20042:00' NIGHT NIGHT 900 33900 900 48 3489 48.9 639 61.7 45.4 48.J '. 42.5 537 45.7 40.3 42.5 42.5 40.1 _ 2333 a7 572 17.5 53.6 5538 55.8 _45.0 44.6 98.2 _.2.. 47.2 48.0 _ _ 4].8 40.5 41.6 34L6 323 756 14.3 335. 15.1 38.2 _ __.. 6231 625/20042:15': NIGHT 3333. __. 62520042:301 NIGHT 900 3333_ 900 51.5 _-., 46.5 65.9 56.2 48.3_ 47.8 1 _ 46.2 _ 44.7 42.5 3333. 43.7 4237 43.3 5].6 57.5 57.5 56.6 52.9 __ 3333_. 47.8 51.9 45.6 51.7 423 473 38.6 15.8 _ 348 1fi.5 3333_ 36.6 0422 406 62520042:45' NIGHT - ._ 6/2520047:00- NIGHT 900 __ 900 46.1 -_.. 3333. 49 53.3 - A.8 47.9 3333._ 30.9 45.4 475 424 45.5 42.2 95 57.5 5].3 5&0 55.6 46A 43.6 4].1 44.3 394 - _ 13.5 389 3333 432 34A _ 38.2 17.1 39] 416 43.5 62520041:151 NIGHT 900 45.8 492 47 46 416 43.3 55.3 42.9 40.5 384 37.7 35.6 38.9 40.5 6252006 J_y0 NIGHT 625/20003:45', NIGHT 900 3_ 33-3 900 45.9 75 ,._ 475 � 51.4 57.6 482 49.5 0419 - 45 44.1 _. 43.9 43.8 ._ 434 _57.0 57.1 56.9 55.7 -_.._..__ 57.3 43.3 45.6 40.9 43.1 40.9 442 392 -4.333. 41.5 35.3 __ __ 773 18.1 77.6 39,7 797 62520004:00', NIGHT 62520044:15: NIGHT 900 900 474 47.3 55 __... 535 494 0333 502 46 _- 45.9 44.6 3333 43.3 44.1 423 42.7 59.0 57.1 60.0 56.6 55.4 44.9 464 33.0 4730 41.8 _. 8 418 39.8 427 _._..__. 477 36.0 38.2 37.6 36.9 _40.5 387 62520044:30 NIGHT -_-_.. 625/20044:45I NIGHT 5t00i NIGHT C2512004_ 900 3333-._ 900 900 47.5 ._ __. 477 47.4 53.9 333 34.1 329 50.2 50.4 6939 46.2 465 46.6 47.6 44 044.1 44.3 43 4731 43.6 57.2 .573 57.6 56.4 58.5 STS STS 445 47.3 490 426 44.5 43.9 437 44.1 _- 43.1 434 42.9 4-- 36 39.3 38.9 3353 392 355 754 _ SSA -353 373 _. 31_.5 6/252004 5:151 _-. _.. _. &25/20045:30. NIGHT -__...._._ NIGHT 900 - 900 54.1 3333 55.5 59.7 3333__- 61,5 57.3 3333_ 59 _. 53 4 _ 542 451 483 44.5 3333_ 475 58.9 _- 581 60.5 _.._.__ 585 49.2 3333 49.2 45.3 _.. 44.4 45.4 3933. "1 45.4 447 41.0 _.. 40.3 50.6 _ _ 524 466 49.1 _625/20045:45 � NIGHT_ NIGHT 900 900 52.8 ._._ _-_ 50.5 63.7 56.1 55 52.8 52,8 49.6 3333._.3333_._ 49.7 469 4].3 4fi2 46.A 63A 3333 58.8 62.5 9133 59.7 55.1 3323_-- 5_] 52.9 46.5 514 46 ] 465 4737 .3 41.6 413 31 l 4739 }] 9 339 _ 15 625,20046.15 _ _ _ 625/7004630 ._ ._ _ _.______ 62320046:45 NIGHT -NIGH NIGHT NIGHT 900 6 900 3393 900 543 - 53 3333. SJ 677 __ ._. 667 3333 659 53.7 5199 _ 529 55.1 49.8 - - _ 48.9 49.9 9.9 47.4 - 46.5 -_ _ 46.5 47 _ - 41.8 __. 45.5 58.9 1303. fi10 62.0 59.5 61.1 1.1 _.3333. 66A 54,5 53 555 5A 56.9 53.1 53 52.] .- _. 54.9 523 __. 39 517 52.7 49.6 __44.9 49 48U 470 �_ 43.6 � 41,9 391 39.? _ 43.8 290 3733 33.0 67_5/2004 7:00 - _00 625120047tIS DAY 3933.. DAY 900 900 531 _. _. _ 52.9 64.1 ._._ 59.6 56.3 -__ 55.5 50.1 518 455 492 343 49.5 63.0 3333 (008 66.1 6633 692 56.5 - SA.I 046.7 46 148-.__71____1 49.6 OR 9 49.3 47.8 48.t 44.1 47A 42 ] _.. 040.] 48.0 375 Belt Collins FINAL 10 HFP Acoustical Consolums Inc. October 13. 2004 Kcahole Combined Cyc;o Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Belt Collms FINAL 1.0 HFP.Acoustical Co-;ult-a" Inc. October 13 2004 Keahole Combined Cycle Noise Smdy Table C3B: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 3 Sort Dale autl Time Day Night Duration L LIAO L10.Oil L50.00 L90.00 L95.00 3L5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 _ 4000. 8000 62720042:15 NIGHT (sec0W4) 900 (dB(A)), (dB(A)) (dB(AH (da(A)) (dBIA)) (dB(Ap 51.1 63.7 I 56.6 33.8 30.2 29.8 d0 45.2 dB 38.6 d6 37.1 dB 27.2 dB 24.9 �dB _ tlB_ 35.7 20.4 .dB h.2 tlB N2]20047:00 NIGHT 900 54.6 61.7 60.5 + 47.3 _ 35 77.7 ' 42.3 �' 36,5 363 24.6 _204 190 20,6_ _22.2 54.9 62720043:15 NIGHT 900 53.2 63.9 42.5 33.5 31.1 30.5 42.0 36.3 374 ! 27.0 22.2 E1.7 I IB.J I9.6 3.8 6272004 3:30 NIGHT 900 72.7 38.5 175.3 31.5 28.3 27.8 _ 42,64 37.2 37.0y 28.1 23-7 23.6 _ 18.4 17.4 30.4 62720043:45 NIGHT 90) 61.3 66.9 66.1 34.9 29.9 ' 29.1 42.6 . 40.8 38.0 314 25.6 23.3 ` 10.8 18.7 `, 62.4 6/27/2004 4:001 NIGHT 900 732 39.5 75.5 I 32.2 28.2 27.7 42.9 39.2 17.6 11 20.3 30.1 6272004 day NIGHT 900 31.5 37.2 33 29.5 2]Tj 27.4 43.7 41.2 33.9 r 29.9 25.0 25.2 22.2 22�''� 19.6 N27/20044:30 NIGHT 900 _ 38.3 48.6 _ 41.1 32.1 2].8 27.2 _ 43.1 01.9 44.1 . 37.0 324 32.1 26.0 21.1 J3.7 6/2720046:45 fi2]20045:00 NIGHT NIGHT 90D 900 36.2 41.9 34.9 40.3 y39.7 37.9 347 33.9 1 30.6 _ 29.1 30.3 29A 42.8 42A r _ 41.6 37.9 39.9 3].7 ', 31 9 31.7 299 301 ' 32.1 319 25.1 _ -. 25.1 _ 18.9 ' 19.6 I 30.5 20.0 6/2720045:15 62720045:30 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 375 49.2 43� 37.5 8 I 33.9 407 71.5 31 36.7 357 47.0_ 43.] 40.5 38.2 39.7 J8.7 r 36.1_ 30.7 337 28.9 J3.1.k2971 JO.fi .' 34.0 - 25.9 40.8 '36.2 20.4 62720045:85 W2720016:00 6/2]20046:15 NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT 900 _ 900 900 45 1 55.9 46_1 ? 57 - 4].2 62.1 _49.2 _ 50_I 94.6 19.6 35.7 346 _40.2 3].2 36.4 78.3-'-35.7 I 75 44.4_ 45.2 ;_ 5].3 19.7 44.9 52.8 38.1 '_ 72.] 711 77.1 41.2 37.8 _ _ _77.8_', 49.3 04.0 35.8 7_ 34.9 3 5 41.5 39.4 __ 42.7 42.5 41.6 ' 43.8 40.5 75.0 'i 2JJ 62720D46:2 62720046:45 NIGHT NIGHT 90D 900 40.7 _1 48.5 52.] 677 44.1 SL2 J].3 38.5 33.6 33.1 37.6- 32J 45.9 57.9 _42.4 57.0 37_3 32.3 29.6 _31.0 28.6 . _776 _, 27_8 58.6 54.8 48.1 374 33.4 48.0 42.4 62]20047:00 DAY 900 39.3 48.6 42.1 36.6335 13.1 47] _ 37.5 38.9 +34.8 _34.2 SO.S 32.6 '�, 29.1 34.4 �_ 28.6 39.0 _ 360 398 2i.1 370 _ 62720047:15, DAY 900 45.1 _43.4 T 55.5 42.9 37.1-r 3JJ JJ.1 54.3 4fi.3 _ 62]20047:30 6/2]/2004 745 6/2720048:00[ _ DAY DAY _ DAY 900 _ _ 900 _ 900 39.6 52 .� 40.2 52.1 _ 49.5 60.5 39.3 : 35.2 x- _ 41.5 37.7 53 39.] r 32.9 32.4 34.6 74.1_ 73.1 32.3 55A _ .49.7 _ SfiA _ 574'' 50.J _ 502 40.3 ._ 33.8 29.9 31.0 28.1 365 a 204 40.9 J6.6_ 46.2 39.9 72.7 '� 31.7 J2.6 75.0 27.9 __ 36.0: 38.3 45.fi 43.5 11.3 N27/20048: 15' DAY 1925 49.1 638 50.3 1 35.8 34 33.5 58.6 50.4 46.1 43.6 46.7 45.5 39.5 1 36.2 33A Belt Collms FINAL 1.0 HFP.Acoustical Co-;ult-a" Inc. October 13 2004 Keahole Combined Cycle Noise Smdy Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Table C4B: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 4 11 1 Sart Date xad Day I � That I Night Darads0 Len LI.00 I LI0.00 I L50.00 I L90.00 ! L95.0031.5 63125 250 500 11900 1 tab 4416 a0M1 61.4 6726/200414:301 DAV 900 }53.7 60.9 � 52.2 49.2 48.5 61.1 61.6 55.1 50.4 50.2 50.0 44.8 41.4}33.4 I fi2N200414:45. D� 9IX1�55.2 653 57.1 52.9 49J 492 E2.5 60.8 550 Sta 530 509 4v 1 195 its uL\x 16:30 DAY 900 545 629 569 S_.5 4YJ 49.2 61.1 16:45 45.2 900 54.5 9_56 7 _ 534 - 49.4_ 48.8__ 61.7 17:00 _ _DAY DAY _ 900 _ _61 53.3 58.7 _-- 55.5 523 49.9 49.3 60.6 ❑ DAY 900 53 4646_. _55 57J 552 52.5 50 _ _ 49.J -_. 60.4 __. 17:30 _ DAY -:15, 900 .... 55 4646_.._. 62.620 57.2 53.5 50.1 49.4 ._ 627 174S DAY 900 56.8 66.9 57.8 51.1 494 487 62.3 -_. 18:00, _ DAY -46.46_ 900 4646___.__ 53.1 4646_ 584 ._.._.___.. 55.6 52.3 _ _.. 49.6 464 _.. 49.1 605 18:15' DAY 900 53.2 58.4 55.6 52.4 49.4 48.8 607 18:301 DAY 900 52.7 57.3 54.9 52 49.1 48.3 60.8 1845' DAY 46.46 9 00 4655_'" _ 55]- 4646 _ 60.6 59 58.,55 _ 56 484 _ 4] �. 60.8 19:00"; DAY 900 53.4 59.8 57 52.1 _48.4 46 47.3 60.5 " 19:15 DAY 900 .46._. 52.4 59.1 54.8 512 .2 47.3 46.5 60.5 6 1930 DAY 900 54.6 64.8 57.7 517 _4 46.3 44.4 61.0 _ -.4646-._....4646'.__ 19:45 DAY 900 514 4646. 60 19 539 ,,- 49.9 4.. 45] 44.4 61.3 2000- DAY 900 51.9 56.7 53.9 51 48.6 47.4 616 20:15 DAY 900 51.8 55.9 54.1 51.3 48.2 _.. 47.4 612 __--__- 20'30 DAY -0464_ 900 561 46.46.. - _.4646-4646_-_. 59.9 58.1 51.5 _-50 50.5 _3 49.3 61.2 6 2045 DAY 900 52.1 60.3 544 0. '_ 50.6 _ _. 47.7 4646 47 .44 626 _._- _--_. 21:00. ....4646__. DAY 900 _. 4646_..63 '. 52.9 63.5 .. 54.6 � 499 99 2 452 44.4 60A 21:15 DAY 900 50.6 562 53 49.7 47.1 46.4 61.5 _-.4646 21:70' DAY - 900 51.4 56.7 53.8 .. 525 � 50.5 4] 6 472 _-2 60.2 21:45. DAY 900 54.5 66.5 552 50.8 47.3 46.6 593 22:00', NIGHT 900 51.8 56.9 53 8 51.2 4646-_- 49 _ 48.1 .4646 56.0 - 22:151 NIGHT - 900 _- 4646_. 52 _ 4646'-4646_-._ 56.5 54.7 512 47.8 _ 46.2 55.7 22:30, NIGHT 9011 51.9 60.8 542 49.7 454 44.5 59.7 --J_ 22:45. - NIGHT 9464.. 900 _.-5 50.7 -50.7 _ 58.8 _- .4646___4646 SJ.P 49 438 __.._4 4s 549 23:00' MGH} 900 507 Si.J .5 49.] 4646 47.1 _. _ _ 46.J 4646 _. 54.6 - 23'.IS' _ NIGHT 4646__.. 900 4646 4646.._ 51.3 583 .53 546 49A 45.5 44.8 59. 2330 NIGHT _-9464__- 900 4646__. 49 4646__ 564 52.5 46.6 435 432 543 23:45, NIGHT 900 48 56.1 51 45.8 434 432 54.3 '" .V 10:00' '- --" NIGHT 900 966 __. 40.2 5J.9 51_46. 514 4T2 434 "_. 4J _ 54.1 10:15 NIGHT 900 466 534 49.5 452 41.5 407 54.1 - 10'30 NIGHT 900 44.8 4646.- 51.1 48.1 43 00.6 4646 40.3 542 10:45 NIGHT 900 45 517 48.3 43 399 39A 543 _3, _--NI IL00 - NIGHT 46 94 ,L2 4446' 526 409 _ 394 392 53.9 11:15 NIGHT _900 900 f_44.9 52.6 _48.1 47.4 43.8 40 2 40 54. 11:30 NIGHT 900 464 542 487 44.8 .. _ 434 _ 43.2 54.2 4646_ 11:45 ..6446 4644 NIGHT ---"-' 900 i 46.6 " . - _- _ 5'_] 4646 _ 48J 456 43.4 _ _ 44.1 54.1 FINAL LO October 13, 2004 ean 54.5 55.2 52.6 50.4 45.1 52.5 48.9 50.5 51.0 45.2 57.0 54.5 51.9 50.5 45.1 53.9 54,7 _ 470 50.6 45.0 52.3 _ 50.0 _5LB 50.0 ,50.0 48.6 44.6 52.9 504 49.5 49.6 46.5 387 56.9 50.6 484 49.3 49.0 57.8 _ _52.5 _ 55.4 52.0 500 57.9 51.] 50.1 _-472 _ 470 57.6 49.1 47.8 47.3 469 31A I _ 36.5 _. 0 0 - 48,1 ".7 46.2 473 43.J MLI 45? _6 59.6 _ S08 - _ 490 46 46 . S1.2 _ - - _ 53.1 _ 470 ____ __- 463 - _ 486 59.1 55.2 50.9 48.6 476 412 33.2 44.5 463 56.3 47.9 47.9 .. 46_46 64.1 _ 47.2 482 46.7 4646 41.9 41.8 4J.1 56.9 49.7 47.8 46.4 4fi3 I 40.5 31.3 426 57.1 48.9 45.1 _. 46.6 8464 47.6 41.5 32.] ,7 44.5 59.3 55.3 53.8 53.7 49.2 426 327 43.8 55.9 50.7 46.2 46.4 - 47.1 ."46.46 M1.8 34.1 46 47.2 55.3 49 ] __ 66,9 46.6 4].l _ 4LJ _ - 35.5 44 07.1 59.8 634 49.9 46.4 47.1 41.8 35.5 42.2 ._, 539 _- 46.5 64.5 _ . 474 4646_ _... 41.4 4LI 326 1.3 41.7 _ 534_. 43.8 45.3 33.9 S6 B _45.8_ -362 _ 49.5 47.6 _46,7_40.8 47.3 _ 41.3 _ 35.1 _45.0 42.5 542 455 44.7 45.1 447 38.9 33.9 41.9 52.8 43.1 41.3 42.8 43.8 37.2 33.9 42.3 .-.46 54.1 42.9 4646 .._ 40.6 46.46 41 � _- 43.5 363 16.3 35A 15.1 ..4646 44.0 53.0 45.1 40.9 39.7 42.0 364 31.8 41.8 52.6 4 046.46 42.0 39.1 .. _ .4646 36.7 3 403 34... 34.9 28.1 39.5 528 43.6_ 39.7 40.5 35.1 28.0 382 _ 53.0 44 1 40.0 _ 40.0 _4L0 397 _ _ 33.2 31,5 37.6 51.5 _ 41.3 39.3 39.4 38.3 _ 32.3 324-- 41.3 52.8 39.2 40.1 41.1 33.8 33.0 427 _ 528 _42.2 430 384-- _ 38.5 39.5--J3.J _ 337 43.1 Iklt Collitu HFP Acoustical Consolunis Inc. Kmhole Combined Cycle Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Oclt Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical C9n9u1wm5 Inc. Amber 13.2W4 Kcaholc Cmnbmed C,k Noire Study Table C4A: Sound Level Results at Measurement Local ion 4 Start Date sad , Time _ D,r/ rvia01 Duration L_ LI.00 LI0.00 L50.00 L90.00 I G95.00 31.5 63 125 I. 250 500 I 1000 i 2000 4000 8000 (4erwds) (dB(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A)) (d At) dB dB dB 1 dB d8 dB dB dB d8 62520047:30 DAY 900 52.9 61.5 55.3 50.8 47.7 46.8 6L0 62.9 54.1 48.1 48.3 48.3 "A 42.9 42.0 6/2520047:45 DAY _ 900 54.7 62.7 1 58.8 SLB 1 48.2 47.4 _62.4 64.1 54.5 50.8 49.4 48.2 43.6 40.6 51.2 6/25/2004 8:00 DAY 900 59.8 69.2 62.5 52.7 46 45.2 64.2 65.6 66.6 59.1 54.5 54.9 53.0 47.6 79.3 625/20048:15' DAY 900 51.3 5].7 54.J 99.7 46.3 45.6 62.1 61.7 53.5 49.0 48.3 47.4 41.9 37.0 34.2_ 62520048:30 DAY 900 53.2 60.1 55.7 51.9 48.4 47.4 62.2 64.4 54.8 49.2 50.2 49.8 44.0 36.8 28.3 62520048:45' DAY _ 900 54 59.8 56.8 j 52_9 49.4 48.5 62.4 63.9 54.5 i_51.8 51.4 50.6 "A 36.8 29.0 6/2520049:00' 6/2520049:151 DAY DAY _ 900 900 58.1 54.2 66 6L2 61.4 57.2 _55.5 f 52.8 50.3 49.3 _ 48.9 t4]] 6].0 62.6 70.7 64.6 bl.l 56.2 56.4 52.8 54.2 51.9 54.0 50.6 49.6 44.2 44.0 16.2 35.4 30.2 N2520049:JOi 62520049:45' DAY DAY 900 900 56.8 55.6 68 66.5 I 58,1 , 51.8 __53.7-,i- 53] I__50.5 $3.1 49.1 49.5 48.4 66_5 62.6 674 64.1 5]9 __56.5 57.2 53.5 55.3 53.0 52.5 51.5 • 45.8 46.5 78.0 42.0 34.1 40.0 6/25200410:00 DAY 900 54.5 60 1 57253.7 50.5 49.9 61.6_, 62.0 52.8 50.8 51.5 51.5 947 40.0 37.2 625/200410:151 DAY 900 63.8 I 75.3 X59.9 54.6 SLS 50] 62.3 � 66.9 66.1 64.6 63.0 58.8 51.7 44.6 37.2 6/252004 10.30 DAY _ - N25/200410:45� DAY 900 900 55.4 _�- 59 62.6 696 58.2 61.J 59.1 54.2 49.1 + L7 _353 51.7 55 51.3 48 50.8 50.5 63.8 _-__ 64] 63.5 1, 67.7 _ _ 67.8 64.4 58.9 I - _ 68.0 SSS 53.3 _ 60.i 53.8 52.9 -.. 56.5 53.7 51.5 _..-._ 54.I 1 52.5 45.7 47_0 46J 37.8 40.8 39.1 30.0 34.4 33.6 6/25/200411:00' DAY 900 56.1 61.5 625/200411:15; DAY 900_ 55.3 1 61.1_ 58.4 59.6 54.1 55.3 _50.5 1 507''«49.9 49.4 62.9 63.9 1 64.9 65.0 54.2 57.3-57 52.2 .3 52.8 55.0 1 52.1 1 52.8 45.6 467 37.0 _28.8_ 38.4 299 625200411:30. DAY 900 57.1 66.5 612512004 11 DAY 900 37 1 53 2 65.6 54.5 � 0 29.0 - 6252004 12:OOI DAY -- - 900 54.5 62.1 -7 52.5 4895 ' 477 - 62.3- - - 63.1 53.5 151.7 517 51.3 _ 44.9 _38.0 l7.] 31.0 6252004 12 157 DAY 625200412:30 DAY 6/25/2004 12:451 DAY 900 _ _900 _ 900 54 3 _ 582 _ 54.4 59.5 709 60 _ 56.6 1 _ 585 _ 567 53.7 575 _ 53.7 50.5 _50.1I 50.5 49.9 49 _ 49.5 62.8 _67.4 64.1 64.8 fi78_ 67.1 55.2 _-_ _ 599 56.1 51.4 - 593 50.7 SI.0 51.1 44 9 _._- 57.5 « 527 � 458 50.9 509 T 44.7 36.9 13.2 -_�-- 79.4 !_ 294_ 41.3 28.5 625200413'A0. DAY 9W_ 54.1 604 _I 569_, 52.9 .. 49.5 48,1 62.0_'. 6L_5 53.1 5L6 514 SLI 44.3 34.2_24.6 6/25200413:151 DAY _ 900 55.5 65.7 57.5 53.4 48.8 48 64.0 _ 63.7 _' 569 56.3 517 512 44.6 38.4 29.3 6/25200413:301 6/25/200413:45 DAY DAY 900 --- 900 56 - -y_-+-53.5 54.9 657 61.5 58.3 58 53.4 1 -, 49.3 _ ..___. 49.9 47.7 48.7 64.0 ''. 64.2 6]7 64.1 59.6 53.9 58.2 512 54.0 _-•-1 53.0 50,9 51.4 44.1 44.8 35.6 I 35.2 1 29.2 25.8 6/25/200414:00 __- 6/25200414:15 6/25/20041430 DAY DAY _.-._ DAY 900 .--.- _ 900 86.175 55.8 _ 58 ._ __.__.__ Sfi.9 63 _.__._.. 66 65.1 584 ._ _-__ 62.5 5].8 547 - 54.9 ._ _ 56 49.8 50.7 __ 534 48.5 49.6 - 52.8 627 -._-_ 62.7 -- _ 66.1 64.2 64.8 _ b].I 5].1 5].2 __ __- 58.6 53.2 52.5 55.2 51.1 53.1 --_-__ 54.4 52.4 51.1 i 57.1 ! 459 499 47.2 36.6 �-_ a].8 1 42.0 ! 24.7 49.8 32.0 Oclt Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical C9n9u1wm5 Inc. Amber 13.2W4 Kcaholc Cmnbmed C,k Noire Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Bch Collins HFP Acoustical Conmltents Inc. FINAL 1.0 Octobct 13, 2006 Keaholc Combined Cycic Noise Study Table CSA: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 5 Start Date mad D+Y Time N lu Dundw Lq LL00 1,10.00 LSO.N L90.00 L95.00 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 (aeesWrI (48(AH (dB(A)) (do A) (dB(A) (dB(AB. (d A)) dB I dB dB dB dB dB dB dB y dB 625/70048:27. DAY 377.625 52.1 65.4 53.8 1 43.7 38.6: 37.4 59.8 1 58.2 55.6 49.7 48.5 4].5 44.1 40.d ! 35.3 62520048:30 DAY 900 48.2 58.9 48.2 44.1 41.1 40.5 53.5 54.7 52.7 46.1 44.4 44.5 39.3 34.9 28.5 6/2580018:45 DAY 900 48.5 57.2 50.3 46.1 43.1 ! 41.6 57A 56.5 54.2 45.4 44.3 44.8 39.9 35.2 287 62520049:00 DAY 900 64.5 52.7 46.5 _j 42.9 41.6 66.8 58.9 58.6 1 54.0 "A 45.1 40.4 174 34.2 62520049:15 DAY 900 _SIA 50.8 63.1 52 17.5 44.4 43.7 54.9 , 55.6 58.7 57.4 48.1 44.5 40.7 74.9 35.1 62520049:30 DAY 900 51.1 60.1 53.5 48.7 44 43 59.4 57.3_ 55.0 49.1 48.8 46A 42.9 35.8 1 32.8 900 51.4 61.1 Sl.fi 48.fi 1 42 41.2 55.7 54.7 54.6 47.9 48.6 46.9 43.2 39.5 30.2 6/2520049:45 DAY _ 625200410:00 DAY 900 51.2 60.4 5J 44.11 41.6 41 54.4 1 50.6 53.6 47.4 45.2 44.5 40.5 46.6 73.7 625200110:151 DAY 900 61.9 71] 51.7 45.3 42.6 _42.1 59.6 59.8 64.3 1 63.7 61.4 36.8 49A 40.9 30.2 625/200410:301 DAY 900 19.3 58.8 50.8 d5.1 41.9 40.8 557 55.9 546 487 46.2 44.9 39.8 11.8 34.2 6/252004 10:45' DAY 900 52.4 63.7 _ L 53.6 48.6 1 45.7 _ 45.1 59.6 60.4 59.4 52.2 _ 50.1 47.7 41.0 15.9 30.7 5411:001 64800 DAY 900 507 59.5 : 53.1 48.6 45.7 '�1 45.1 57.8 544 51.3 46.9 47.7447 1 41.4 43.7 29.8 6252000 11:15 DAY 900 49.6 55.5 51.5 48.3 45.9 45.2 _ 58.1 55.2 51.9 46.6 47.4 45.0 1 40.3 13Z.730.5 _ 900 52.1 61.6 53.2 49 46.2 45.6 59.5�1_ 52.5 49.9 1 46.1 41.4 35.7 33.8 623/200411:30 DAY_ _57_0 _60.6 _ - 625200111:43 DAY 900 51.8 6 . 1 52.1 46.1 12.1 41.2 55.6 5].0 54.5 1 49.6 47.8 465 05.2 39.4 1 35.5 62 520 61 1 2:00' DAY _ 900 51.9 65.6 f_52 _i43.9 _ 41.2 140.5 56.1 58.7 _ 568 151.2 47.3 46.7 44.8 10.0 ' 36.0 625200412:15 DAV 900 51.7 1 64.1 I, 51.7 45.4 41.6 40.7 56.1 1 56.6 58.7 1 49.5 47.7 46.3 1 41.2 40.6 39.6 W232004 12:301 DAY 9D0 52.2 63.5 _ 1 _ 539 45.7 _ 42.3 4L4 _ 59.9 59.8 62.1 _54.6 49.1 '' 45.1 38.4 35.8 36.5 25/2004 12:451 DAY _ 900 _ 51 65.4 48.8 13.8 41.5 41.1 56.5 y- 55.1 60.0 I 50.8 47.3 45.9 42.4 38.0 29.3 625/200113;001 DAY _54.7 900 4fi.b ''. 49.7 '1, "A i 40.5. _ 39.9 62.6 56.4 52.8 51.4 42.2 t-47.1 40.5 73.7 32.2 ', 71.7 25.0 22.8 fi25200413:15; DAY 50.7 63A 13.8 41,1 _ __40.3_ _573/ 58] fi2.4 52.8 46.9 35.2 625200413:301 DAY _900 900 57 66.6 1 _51.9_ 52 44.6'. 41.5 40.8 57.2 ! 59.2 63.7 56.1 49.4 45.1 39.6 75.0 28.8 645200611:45 DAY 900 31.9 �1 64.2 L 51.6 1 44.5 1_41.6 U.K _ 58.4 1 56.5 56.6 I 51.9 414 46.9 1 M.6 39.5 317 623200014:001 _ DAY 900 55 1, 66.5 S1.4 45.4 42.6 1 42.1 57.8 61.8 61.4 55.0 30.5 1 49.5 1 45.8 41.5 '_27.7 40.4 625/200014:151. DAY 900 48.7 60.1 50.4_1 4t.3 41 40.2_ 55.1 ,_56.6 53.1 48.1 45.1 44.2 40.4 34.4 623/200414:30i DAY 900 _' 46.8 ' 53.4 ,i 46 42.7 40.4_-40 54.3 52.8 51.7 -. 45.6 414 42.8 19.1 34.2 1 277 625200414:45', DAY 900 49.4 62 _1 50.9 44.1 41.1 40.4 58.5 57.9_ 51.7 { 49.6 46.1 45.1 1 40.1 35.9 28.6 64580041500 DAY 900 SL9 64.7 527 45 41.3_ 407 59.3 1.61_9 59.5 57.6 49.6 45.8 407 _377 30.4 6/25200015:15 DAY 900 515 63.9 IS 8 443/ d1.5 41 56.3 59.1 57.0 ! 51.1 47.8 46.1 42.7 39.5 32.0 6/25800415:30'1 DAY 900 68 53.8 44.2 41.6 41 _57.1 55.3 567 54.7 52.8 49.1 43.9 17.0 29.8 625200115:45! DAY 900 _54.1 _' 47.1 59.2--4].9 47.2 40.5 39.8 56.2 52.9 52.4 45.7 43.2 47.3 38.1 32.4 1 26.9 625200 t 16 00 DAY 900 54.6 '_68.1 49.8 43.3 -� 40.239.5 ---384- 543 WA 59.1 554 507 50.1 45.1 40.1 344 6/25200016:15' DAY 900 _ 546 69.8 �--51.3 _ 42.7 792 57.2 59.4 61.1 58.1 52.7 47.8 1 42A 36.8 31.9 6/25200416:30' DAY 900 52 66.9 49 42.9 19.1 38.1 58.7 59.0 62.2 55.7 48.7 447 38.2 340 29.9 6/25/200416:45' DAY 900_ 46.8 57.5 46.9 42_3_ 39.7 384_ 56.6 _ 57.2 _ 53.3 44.7 40.9 40.9 365 3668 _ 30.1 625/20041]:00' --DAY 9110 _ 54.1-�--68.7 _ 4].J 409 _ 3].3 36.3 55.0 51.9 61.9 51.4 52.6 47.4 ! 44.0 42.1 35.3 6/252004 17:15, DAY 900 51.8_ 66.5 51.9_ 414 _ 39 _ _ 382 _583 _ 607 6d.0 - 56.7 49.9 43.4 34 0 33.5 1 _ _26.5 6/25/200417:36, DAY __ 900 _ 50.1 611 54.4 _ 434 76.5 75.5 54.9 56.7 49.1 427 39.5 40.0 45.5 aJl � 17.0 6258001173/5' DAY 900 43.6 51944.5 39.6 35.7 _344 _ 53.6 58.7 __467 40.1 387 39.6 14.7 300 26_0 6852004 18:00 DAY _ 900 - _ - 47.1 59 2 46.8 -4&4 36.8 3569 537 517 49.4 465 45.9 42.4 1 364 31.9 25.7 612 52004 19: 15 DAY 900 50.2 63.4 499 42.3 38.7 377 56.5 574 59.3 51.9 47.7 44.1 38.1 32.8 27.7 6/25/200418:30 DAY 900 41.8 44.5 _77_6 _37.1 532 50.8 46.6 _38.6 36.1 _ 377 32.8 33.1 23.6 -_--- 625/20041845 -___ DAY _ -_ 900 _ .._ _ 43.8 _47.5 544 41.5 _411 40.9 38 77.4 524 492 448 40.5 77.4 389 36.7 74.8 27.8 625/2004 19:00. DAY900 14.5 577 44.9 38,3 _ 34.6 _ 33.9 53.8 52.9 _ 50.2 _ 45.0. 41.1 39.4_ 35A 307 212__ 6/25/200419:15 DAY -9D0 _ _ 564 _ 62 _ 42.1 373 33.7 33 520 547 654 54.8 52.0 47.7 47.1 40.2 311 6/25200419:30 DAY.__ 524 67A 459 41.3 38 372 _ _52.9 48.6 47.6 _ 79.2 _ 76:6 _35.3 219 _I79 _52J _ 6/25/2000 19:451 DAY _ _900_ 900 55.2 66.2 37.5 42.8 39.7 38.7 57.4 53.5 Sl 3 529 5().1 45,6 38.3 714 53.4 625200420:00'' DAY 900 50.5 63.5 50.7 409 37.6 37.1 56.6 60-0 61.9 5361 47.1 42.5 76.7 29.8 33.3 6/25200420:15 DAY 900 52.5 66.5 52.7 42 38.2 37.4 _ 56.9 _ _ 64.6 62.7 _ 54.8_ 49.3 45.8 _ 402 _ 32.7 .__ 322 6/25200420:30 _ DAY _ 900 _ 41.8 _ _ _ 497 4d.3 404 37.7 37 52.7 51.6 79.5 41.7 IBS 36.9 29.8 19.5 T_2 625800420:00 900 46.9 60 44.4 40.1 _ 37 36.3 54.9 54.8 53.6 48S 44.4 419 34.9 257 29.2 6/t _DAY - ppy 900 476 605 435 38.8 36.2 3i.6 53.3 533 484 469 d4.8 4l9 779 31.6 27.8 6852004 21:151 900 47 39.9 47.1 41.6 _ 37.3 36.5 S6 2 57.9 56.1 49.9 J4 3 40.6 33.2 19-R 247 6/25/20042130' _ _DAY DAY _ 900 43.6 548 454 40.6 76.9 36.2 52.9 54.1 525 454 40.4 357 28.5 D7 36.1 6/25/200421:45 DAY 900 4fi.6 589 46.5 41.8 784 777 557 56.3 54.9 49.6 _43.7 37.6 28.8 22.9 390 625200422:00_ NIGHT_ 900 44 55 42.4 39.7 _ 38 374 _ _. _. 50.7 462 46.3 _.- 41.5 39.2 39.0 6 35.9 28.3 365 _ _ 625200422:15 NIGHT _._ 900 .- 459 59.6 43.9 6666 40.3 3i.9 34.4 548 55.6 5466 47.1 428 396 3. 3_.P 7 _3.3 715 6/25/200422:30 NIGHT_ 900 47.8 61.4 412_ _ 33.7 73.1 4].5 _ 51.1 493_ 44.1 _ 447 437 _ 79.7 J3'_ 304 6/25/200122:45 NIGHT 900 36.8 42.9 39.3 _ _35.9 35.8 33.6 33.1 44.1 476 42.5 36.1 333 32.7 25.1 17.0 254 685200423:00 NIGHT_ 900 36.7 41.8 392, 35.7 33.1 31_.5 1 47.8 457 1 40.0 _34.5_ 329 319__ 26? 1846.6_ 6/25200423:15 NIGHT 900 41 515 45_ 39.1 361 _ _ 355 55.3 505 431 410_ 403 3Z8 _ 704 19;8 702 6/25200123:30' NIGHT _ 900 _ 37.6 43.6 40.4 769 37.6 33 4667 4]7 419 35.8 33.5 34.3 27.8 185 D.6 6/25/2004 23.45 NIGHT 900 44.5 58 7 41 8 363 73.5 37 45.4 46.8_ 458 40.5 16 5 40.7 _ ---36 5 30 6 30.2 626120040:0 T384 NIT NIGH 900 784 469 _ 36.6 _ 33.3 31.3 31 44.4 541 391 34.8 337 73.9 301 16.4 277 6/262004 0:15 NIGHT 79.7 57 5 >3 9 41 9 34.3 _ _ _ 73 2 43 6 _ 48 2 488 47.7 6696_ _ 43 1 43 6 _ 43.5 413 - 39.7 - _ 626/2OD40:30 NIGHT _900 _ 900 _ 51.1 629 _ 51.4 _ _. 4LI 767 35.6 50.1 42.3 419 39.1 47.0 45.5 43/5 41_.2 41,1 &2&2004 0:45 NIGHT900 615 679 65.5 573 528 522 526 480 458 479 52.7 551 r --55 4 531 51.7 626 W 2000 1 6/'16/2004 1:15 NIGHT NIGHT 900 9D0 SJ 512 608 07 8 58 56.1 51 6 47 I 454 43.7 4J 8 419 42 ] 40 9 46 �_ 77 _ 41 9 37,3 41.8 38.2 440 41 1 43 ] 43 9 484 40 7 46 J 47 fi 77.R _ 46.5 _ 43.1 36.5 6/610041:30 NIGHT 900 46.3 b9 472 411 39.7 38.6 413 397 786 369 391 406 _ 404 686/20041:45 NIGHT 900 373 429 39.i l66 33.2 337 39.8 J9'_ 370 33.5 JOS 30.0 308 1_8] 783/ Bch Collins HFP Acoustical Conmltents Inc. FINAL 1.0 Octobct 13, 2006 Keaholc Combined Cycic Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Belt Collins FINAL L0 HFP Acoustical Constituents Inc. October 13, 3004 Keahole Combined Cyele Noise Study Table C48: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 4 Steri Date end _ Day/ Duration (mesad.) I Leg � LL00 (dB(A)). (dB(A)) iTime 11,I0.00 _L50.00 L90.00 (dB�(A))A)) (dWA)) (d6(AH L95.00 (dB(A)) 31.5 dil_ 63 _ d8 125 _ do 250 dB 500 1 do 1000 d6 2000 dB 4000 dB 8000 d6 627120042:001 NIGHT 900 4S.2 50.5 47.4 44.9 d2.2 t 63.9 54.0 53.4 42.4 37.9 36.9 38.0 32.4 31.8 427 151 NIGHT 900 55.8 4].7T_43 _'`42.1 42 _54_453.2 "A 48.2 40.5 38.0 71.8 29.9 109 _6127120042 6/27/20042:70 NIGHT 900 _45.6 44 50.6 45.9 43 42 41.4 54.4 !' 52.7 42.6 I 39.9 7.87 35.2 31.5 31.4 1 41.2 6/27/20042:45 NIGHT 900 94 1_ 49.3 45.5 43.6 _ 42 _ 54.0 53.7 41.5 1 37.5 34.5 1 34.8 29.0 33.0 41.8 6/2720043-00 NIGHT - 900 42.1 463 44.6T 41.5-1 40.2 _41.5 79.9 54.4 _ 53.0 _ 41.8 38.3 33.5 70.5 24.8 28.2 40.4 62720043:15 NIGHT 900 42.4 48.7_ 41_9 40.6 40.3 54.8 43.2 38.9 34.9 37.5 26.5 32.3 39.3 002]2 NIGHT 9 00_ --4-.7-7-5o5- 440047:30 .7 I_ _43.4 46.8.43.8--_-43 42.6 550 _53.4 54.2 _! 474 39.4 36.3 36.4 29.1 _ 38.2 40.9 62720043:45. NIGHT _ 900 49.5 _ _50.5 I 5U 1I 50.6 49.6 48.3 _ 4fi.5 54.6 53.8 43.4 40.1 35.6 30.0 24.6 39.0 49.7 6/27/2004 4 001 NIGHT 900 48.8 50.7 1 498 'I_ 49 - 47.3 47.1 54.6 55.2 53.6 54.8 42.5 79.7 44.4 40.3 35.8 37.5 34.2 35.2 28.5 39.1 486 6/27/20044:15 NIGHT 900 46 49.8 48.8 44] 43.3 43.1 29.0 79.0 i 44.2 6/27/20044:30. 6/2720044:45 NIGHT NIGHT _ 90045.2 900 45.2 SL2 50.8 4].4_ 4fi.8 X44.7 44.2 42.6 X42.1 _ 43.2 42.7 55.4 55.0 T 54.6 562 44.3 46.4 141.4 41.2 _ _ 39.7_' 39.2 T 39.0 39.1 32.6 73.5 73.7 40.8 74.3 1 40.2 6/27/20045:00 NIGHT 900 49.9 y 593 1_544_1 45.1 --i 43.4_ 43.1 _ 550 55.9 55.J 54.1 -_ 554 54.8 43.4 459 Y41.9 46.5 40.8 41.7 4LI 44.4 41_1 42.1 40.5 44.3 �. 43.9 40.7 _-_ _�. 41.3 I'_ 43 6/2720045:151 NIGHT 900 472 52.8 50.2 46T_ 42.7 L_- i- fi/2]20045:30! NIGHT 900 33.4 59.4 56.5 52.8 45.6 44.4 40.6_ J].fi 79.2 50.3 x466 36.5 6272004 5:45 64720046:00. NIGHT NIGHT 900 _._ 900 50 ___ 49.1 57.9 1 L. .. _ 57.6 T _ 5318 _--.-__.... 51.8 46,7 47.2 42.6 _.. 43.5 41.9 ____ 42.4 55.3 _ 57.1 55.7 _ 37.2 45.0 _..-_ 48.0 42.1 _ 46.7 42.6 _ _ _ 13.6 464 _- 46.8 J7.1 7].3 43.2 - 34.6 40.3 34.6 fi2]/20046: 151 627/20046:30 NIGHT NIGHT 9110 900 53.6 48 68.9 58.5 51.4 51.1 44.8 tIS 40.8 41.6 40.1 41.1 61.6 56.1 61.2 50.0 '', 47.6 49.5 49.9 464 41.5 28.5 579 48.9 47.0 40.9 I 43.6 � J9.1 41.1 30.7 _ W27/2004 6:451 6/27/200477- N272t1047:15, NIGHT DAY DAY 900 _ 900 _ 900 498 618 - - .. 49.5 _ _ 5]2 48.5 55 5 504_ ._ SJ 51.8 448 476 46 B 40] - 429 4).4 f 402 _ 418 4r 7 a SB.b ___ 5].I 59 4 600 576 59.4 I 54.9 ...-_ _46.5 48.8 5 .7 -_ 45.8 42 9 47.9 45.8 43.9 43.9 1 lbl 45.5 40.7 45.1 -46.1 74.0 404 37 5 31.5 28.6 28.2 _612720047:30: 6/2]20047.45' DAY DAY 900 43.125 _48.5 514 55.8 60.5 51.7 54.4 468 49,1 421 40.9 40.7 O. 594 59.3 592 58.9 50.0 43.8 45.7 39.6 35.6 24.3 _42.5 495 48.9 47.9 47.1 42.6 40.9 37.5 Belt Collins FINAL L0 HFP Acoustical Constituents Inc. October 13, 3004 Keahole Combined Cyele Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Table C5B: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 5 Start Dale and My/ 1 1 Thee Night Duration 1,1.00 LI0.00 1,50.00 1,90.00 L95.00 315 63 125 250 S00 1000 2000 4000 8000 raeonM) ( A))(dB(A)) (45(A)) (dB(A dB(A) it A)) an - dB dB dB dB d6 dB dB d0 7120049311 DAY 803.125 47.4 60.2 49.2 39.8 34.8 33.8 56 9 54.1 1 53.1 44.3 43.5 42.8 79.2 36.4 30.4 _ _ -4].7 _ 6272004 SAA DAY 900 53A 67.8 50.3 38.4 34.3 73.3 51..2 60.8 U.7 50.9 48.0 40.7 32.8 27.0 612720049:00 DAY 900 52.2 67.1 49.8 38.1 34.1 33.3 570 59.8 62.8 56.8 48.1 41.8 79.4 )d.l 27.1 62720049:15 DAY 900 43.2 56.8 41.3 38 33.3 32.4 55.3 53.3 47.7 40.2 37.9 38.8' 34A 33.7 25.5 62720049:30 DAY 900 45.3 58.5 45.8 37.9 34.2 33A 54.5 51.6 54.1 "0 43.2 39.5 34.7 31.6 27.6 62720049:45 DAY 900 40.7 50.3 439 1 37.8 34.5 33.9 53.6 32.8 46.1 40.4 14.9 14.7 72.8 29.8 25.7 627200410:00 DAY 900 45.1 53.5 46.7 41.8 36.3 35.1 55.9 564 49.2 45.4 42.6 39.5 34.9 73.0 25.7 6272004 10:15 DAY 900 50 62.9 49.9 41 6 18.6 76 54.5 56.1 56.8 56.3 48.3 42.3 32.8 72.9 28.6 627200910:30 DAY 900 455 _ 18.9 8 45.3 43.9 43.4 57.2 49.6 48.0 /8.3 45.7 37.8 JLB 30.9 55 627200010:45 DAY_ 900 50 634 48.4 y 45.8 1 44.5 _ 44.2 59.0 59.4 _ 57.1 1 52.6 48.9 40.9 40.5 35.1 28.0 627200411:00 DAY 900 47.6 55 48 46.2 1 45.1 1 44.8 54.5 51.3 49.0 1 48.7 47.8 40.9 36.6 34.6 28.5 627200411:15 DAY 900 50.6 63.5 49.8 43.6 39.1 38.3 553 58.7 51.9 49.3 46.6 44.9 63.7 39.0 73.4 6272004 11:70 DAY 900 47.7 52.4 47 41.2 38.3 38_ _ 54.2 49.1 69.1 41.7 1 _ 39.6 1 - 79.9 34.9 70.0 26.1 627/200411:45 DAY 900 534 68,1 50.2 42.1 79.1 38.3 55.8 57.6 _ 62.5 55.4 51.6 46.3 39.6 38.0 31.1 627/200412:00 DAY 900 _ 46.4 54.4 46.5 47;1 39.5 38.5 55.5 53.3 549 j_/9.1 41.6 40.6 75.0 32.2 27.6 N27/200412:15 DAY 900 -_ _ - 45.7 1 58.7._r _ 46.1 42.1 19.2 38.5 _ _ 59.0 56.2 512 67.1 43.3 40.0 37.0 31.2 26.3 627200412:30 DAY 900 50.9 i 63.6 52.4 44.7 40.7_1_39.9 1 57_5_ 51.8 47.4 43.1 37.1 31.8 6/27200412:45 DAY 900 48.3 1 59.9 j 49.6 I 43.6 1 39.8 39.1 _60.8 57.8 58.7 _60.7 57.9 49.8 45.8 1 61.3 33.5 _42.3 74,6 14.3 900 46.5 58.5 46.8 39.5 38.9 :_ 53.1 47.6 42.7 ! 61.7 76.4 33.5 28.9 627200413:00 DAY _ _42A ,�1 _ _54.8 _52.1 _ �' _ 6272004 17:15 DAY 900 51.7 65.5 51.7 43.2 39.2 JB.3 55.7 1 58.1 61.0 57.0 50.1 45.2 37.9 35.9 28.3 627200113:30 DAY 900 52.4_ 48.2 '_ 42.1 1__79.1_1 7891 56.4 54.4 50.0 15.8 3]5 38.4 1 32.5 38.3 27.1 6/27200113:45 DAY _900 _44.5 44.6 53.4 L 45.6 41.6 39.1 78.5 _51.4 _510 _48.0 ', 43A 10.2 10.2 � 34.7 _34.1 ': ! 28.7 6/2]/200414:00 DAY 900 49.7 61.6 5 47.9 40.7 39.5 57. 1 57.6 55.4 50.7 47.2 : 44.0 10.1 76.7 28.0 6/27/200414:15' DAY 900 19 ' 60 I 45.3 40.9 y 38.5 37.8 53.4 50.1 49.3 44.1 _ _ 45.1 ! 44.0 1 42.5 379 30.5 627/200414:70 DAY 900 i_ 44.7 50.8 1 46.8 42.6 1 .4 38.6 53.2 51.4 47.1 41.9 38.9 40.1 1 35.8 36.6 1 29.6 627200414:45 DAY 900 64.6 57.9 O32 _40.4 79.6 _58.9 fi5.0 67.6 1 66.3 63.6 ! SB.S 52.9 47.6 46.8_ 627/200415:00 DAY 900 _ _x_70.5_ _45.9 57 _ 48.7--42.4 39A F 36.9 58.2 56.6 51.8 43.0 79.8 78.5 39.8 35.0 35.9 6/27/200415:15 DAY 900 57 46_1 _'_ 41.6 39.1 is 1 6211 '_ 61.1 52.5 45.5 41.1 41.2 1 38.0 33.5 1 26.8 627/200415:301 DAY 900 _46.1 44.4 55.2 46.9 39.B�i 34.1 I_ 33.4 56.9 -.. 57.2 51.9 ._.- 46.4 40.2 38.7 34.6 30.2 26] 627/200415:45 _ DAY 900 _ __...-999.9._ 44.3 56.7 61.9? ._ 37.fi 33] 72.8 54.5 55.8 53.1 476 40.9 ! 34.7 31.4 33.6 ! 23.9 612712004 16:001 DAY 900 36 42 1 1 38.8 34.7 _ ' 31.8 31.3 _51.1 46.0 _ 41.6_' 34.7 32.3 31.0 25.0 26.7 20.9 627/200416:15 DAY 900 _ 52.7 _ 69.1 459 406 77.3 36 56.1 59.7 62.0 y 57.4 50.763.9 1 33.7 28.7 21.8 627/200416:0 900 53.3 67.8 '�. 49.9 _ 4L6 38.5 375 5].2 i 59.7 62A 56.4 52.2 45.0 36.9 32.2 26.6 0027/200416:45'1 _DAY DAY 900 41.2 49.9 _ 438 39.3 35.1 34.3 53.2 48.4 462 43.7 34.6 35.6 31.3 JO] 25.8 6/27/200417:001 DAY 900 q5.7 54.1 49.1 41.1 36.9 36 53.0 49.0 45,6 42.5 39.3 39.1 35.2 40.8 31.5 627200117:15' DAY 900 04,7 57 i.i 46.1 41 J7] 766 53.1 56.9 52,1 __ 42.4 79.2 _- 794 73.9 13.8 --_ 75.6 ._ 6/27/200417:30, DAY ..____-__�.a-- 900 443 55.8 44 -_..9999._ 39.7 36.7 _ 359 -_ 54.9 51.0 514 46.9 39.2 38.4 X 32.1 31.6 0027200417:45 DAY QUI 53 44 38 32.6 57,3 _ 53.9 _46,9_ 43.5 79.6 35.7 1 29.9 30.6 27.4 627/2004 18:00 DAY _900 _ 900 __ 44.3 _ 544 - 42.8 ---39 __37.6 35.8 35.1 51.3 49.2 48.1 43.7 38.2 40.5 1 35.0 74.4 27.3 6/27/200418: 15 DAY 900 46,5 59.5 46.] 36.6 747 A2 55.2 57.1 572 51.5 41.fi 75.7 28.4 31.3 25.9 6/27200118:70 DAY 900 40.3 47 47 39 15.9 lit 51.6 4].I 45.3 37.9 34.3 35.8 29.5 32.4 1 28.4 627/200418:45 DAY 900 46.4 60.2 45,4 38] 34.6 339 54.6 50.4 44.4 40.7 43.1 42.0 1 38.7 74.2 2].e 6/27200419:00 DAY 900 55.8 69.6 54.9 38.7 35 34? 60.8 67.5 68.6 60.6 49.6 42.7 77,1 72.6 26.2 _.�___ 6/2]200419:15, . DAY __ 900 38.5 45 -__ 40.8 _..__ 36.5 - _.. 33.3 __ __ 37.6 - 50.5 500 45.9 39.0 ___ 343 32.3 26.6 25.1 30.5 6/27/200419:301. DAY 49.9 672 50,5 42.639,3 38.6 54.6 58.6 _62.1 52.5 _"__ - 38.3 28.6 21.5 1 43] 6/27/20041945'. _ DAY __900__, 900 _ 44.8 536- 491 41 S].8 36] 52.6 49.7 45.1 40.4 33.8 26.1 19.9 44.8 6/27/'100420:00, DAY 900 43.1 54,7_ 41.1_ 37.4 13.8 _ 77 50.3 _ 42,4 50±_ 46_6_ 36.5 - 34.6 28.0_ 37.8 627200420:15' DAY _ _ 900 38.1--43.5 40.5 37.3 -34.7 33.5 50.3 q3.9 40.1 36.3 32.1 1, 24.1 19,7 34.3 6/27/200/ 20:30" DAY 900 39A 44.7 41.8 38.7 35.4 33.9 507 42.3 43.9 36.5 1 33.5 25.7 22.9 35.6 DAY 900 54.9 42.5 77.4_ 353__ 31.2 _- 54.9 ___ 54.0 _ _.._._ 52.1 456 ..9999_.-_ 35.6 y 27.7 20.4 -- ____- 725 _6/27200420.451 6272W421.00 DAY _ _ 900 _42_6_ . 47.2 56.4 _ 47.1 _ 38,6 35.3 34.6 SLJ 64.8 50.4 ad.fi 39.8 37.0 33.2 75.16/2]/200421:15" DAY 900 37.9 42.8 40.6 37.133.8_73.2 50.647.7 40735.9 999_-- 70.5 24.1 20.1 _.__-_ 34.5_ -..627120042130' DAY 900 38.4 439 40.8 37.9 32.1 31.2 52.6 46.7 43.1 38.13 30.1 224 18.2 349627/20042165'. DAY 900 J8 44.8 40 3].1, __32_9____32.4 46.9 43.2 46.6 _ 3].36 __.-_ 30.2 -___'-9..99.9__6127200422:00 22.9 IB.e 34.2__ �_..-_ NIGHT 900 38.7 454 41.1 _ 37.6 34.5 31.8 45.9 479 46.4 37.69 33.8 26.2 21.0 311 627200422:15 NIGHT 900 42.6 50.2 41.6 38.1 35.7 35.1 64.6 47.3 "A 42.2 76.8 37.5 34.0 28.7 34.0 0027/200422:30 MGHT 900 38_ 456 5.99.4___ 39.9 364 _ 33,5 ___.. __ 33 ._-_. 434 ._.... 46.0 __-_. 41.7 ._ _ __.-. 38.3 757 -__ - 72.8 __..-_- 261 19.4 _28.7 0027/200422:45� NIGHT 9999- 900 -.,__. 38.9 46.5 41 78 33.5 32.4 49.1 q78 44.8 379 33.3 70.9 271 19.0 35.2 0027200423:00. NIGHT 900 JB2 1 44.3 40.6 37.4 35 77.8 452: 46.2 45.0 _ ._._ 3i.8 30.0 _- 28.6 _ 207 20.8 ___.. 35.9 - .9999 627200423:15. _ NIGHT .___-__. 900 9999. 4.7 - .___--.,_. 518 41 .9999_.. 385 36.7 36.3 51.7 53.4 44.1 38.1 387 14.9 306 26.2 77.7 0027200423:30, NIGHT 900 ._--.. _..._ -.._ -____3 _ 627200623:451 NIGHT -- 900 --_ 372 408 38,8 372 ..____ 33.8 33 414 400 39.7 37.5 _299 _26_7 213 22.1 354 6/29120040:00' NIGHT _---_- 900 - .99.99- 77.5 41.2 -. --_ 79.6 36.9 34] 74.3 41.3 39,4 366 34.6 711 28.0 21.9 22.7 35.3 62820040:15' NIGHT 900 40.1 42.8 414 40.2 38.1 _ 37.5 41.5 _- 40,2 _ 36.2 34.5 _ 31.4 _ 28.1 21.5 _ 23,6389_ _ _ 002&2004 0:30 NIGHT ___- 900 -4- -- 40.6 50 .___..... 412 39.7 36.4 35.9 42.6 U.3 47.1 42.0 36a5 29.8 23.1 247 36.9 6/28/20040:45 NIGHT 900 38.1 41.5 39.9 3Z9 _ 36A_ 76.1 18.7 --- 87 39.0 3940v1 40.1 4 40.2 72.9 30.3 26.9 28.1 9.1 31,4 31_ _.__.__-9999_-- 628n0041:00 NIGHT 900 78.2 418 - 39.8 - 3]9 762 359 462 79.3 39.1 39.9 32,3 29.8 27.9 29.4 31.5 612&20041:15 NIGHT 900 35.6 4Q8 379 35 32 315 _._ 45.3 __ 372 -_- 39.0 _ _ 34.5 29.4 _- 25.9 __. 74.1 26.3 __. 315 ---------" 6/2002004 1:30 NIGHT 9999._- 75] _ 389 _ - 37.4_„__ _ 35] _ _ .._ 77.1 7�.5 40.9 36_9 346 334 298 _ 262_ 276 _-5_0 _33 _I I 628120041:45 NIGHT _900 _ 900 39�-- 434 41.2 384 15.8 35.1 42.3 39.5 412 37.4 32.5 26.8 22.9 23.0 38.1 628/20042:00 NIGHT 900 44.8 58.6 434 78,2 74.4 12.9 51.3 __ 55.9 _56_8 48.3 _.. 79.1 9999_-7.920. 28.7 20.5 21.0 . 38.1 _ __ _ ___ ___ 62&20042:15 NIGHT _ 9.999_ 900 - .__ . 79.2 ._ - 486 .-9999_-.4999._ 414 36,9 33.1 324 40.9 38.0 469 39.1 307 25.5 21.3 24.2 3T9 Belt Colbns HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. FINAL 1.0 October 13. 2004 Keahole Combined Cycle Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Bch Collins FINAL L0 HF? Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 204 Kcuhole Combined Cycle Noue Study Table C5A: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 5 Start Date and Dry/ Time Night Duration saeadp teq (d A)) I LL00 (dB(All 1,10.00 (tlB1AH L50.00 (dB(A)) L90.00 L95.00 (d6(A)) Itle(A)) 31.5 FT _ 63 -dB--- 125 250500 dB d8 1000 dB 2000 d0 4000 dB 8000_ dB 62620042:00 NIGHT 900 369 42.8 40.1 ' 35.9 1 31.1 30.3 40.1 36.1 386 31.9 30.1 30W27.3 27.6 b/2W20042:15 NIGHT 900 37.5_ 39.3 l55 32 L 30.1 29_5 39B 34.3 1_29.3 26.2 , 2624.6 62620042:301 NIGHT _ 900 _ 434 51.4 46.9 _F4611 34 70.6 39.1 39.3 _7].6 IB.J l 34.2 33.6 3634.66262(1042:45. NIGHT 900 38.2 M.4 ,_4I.5 76.7 3l 313 42.0__1 39.3 37.9 37.2 33.6 � 3226.4626/20043:00 NIGHT _ 900 384 ` 45.8 43 ' 35 ? 30.2 29.5 JB] 35.5 31.7 32.0 29.9 31296 6/262004 3:15 NIGHT 900 _ 43 i 56.1 44.5 ,_39.6 35.4 37.9 30.7 _` 37.1 30_2 37 519 41,8 55.7 383 56.2 46.6 36.3 29.1 D.7 26.8 26.8 62620043:30 NIGHT _ 900 _38.4.__1. 424 3].d 339 29.2 30.8 1 33.5 30.7 26.7 6/26/20043AS NIGHT 900 368 478 37.8 I53 33] 33.3 41] 79.9 38.9 37.5 33.1 1 304 1 27.1 26.5 28.0 626/20044:00 NIGHT 62620044:15 NIGHT 900 _ 900 45.1 36.7 _ 548 �`, T 43] _45.3 1J9A L )5.2 _ 34.7 296 30.6 '', 28.1 29.8 _ 49.7 L_ 51 ] 41.7 '', 407 _ 51.1 `, _ 45.2 40.7 ]9.8 37.6 31.0 30.0 42.1 33.9 30.9 71,9 2].5 25.3 25.1 6/262 4: 0 NIGHT 900 ki 4 538 - 45.1 62.1 f -._._.,-l.. 4LS 1 ' 34.9 36.3 30.5 1 ___�_�_- 71.6 29.7 _ 70.8 43.2 ___--_ 46.0 45.8 44.2 43s _ 43.3 40.2 42.8 40.5 30.2 24.7 N2620044:45i NIGHT 900 38.1 420 36.3 33.1-734.6 29.9 23.6 20.1 6/2620045:00 NIGHT 6262004 5:151 NIGHT 62620045:301 NIGHT 900 _ 900 900 41.1 _47_9 42.3 1 48 45.2 51.7 1 444 39.5 45.2 41 4 48 44.1 34.7 339 _37.3 _ 35A 40.8 79.8 44.6 45.2 46.6 43.0 49.7 47.5 44.1 62.3 4].5 ''; 38.5 38.2 39.2 35.8 38.5 329 23.4 20.2 _ 34.9 335 34.0 34.6 714 38.0-!-34.0 41.2 34.7 6/26/20045:43 _NIGHT 6/26/20046:001 NIGHT _ 900 900 47.2 _ 43.5 58.2 51.3 49.8 _I 45.8 i 42 '43.339.7 38.8 38.9 38� 47.6 '.__50.8 49.8 T 50.3 40.3 35.9 37.5 39.0 40.4 38.5 T 72.9 _42.6 36.8 32.2 222 _45.6_. 46.0 41.6 62620016:15' NIGHT_ 62620016:30 NIGHT _ 900 9110 44.1 434 53 -- 50 14.9 T 46.1- 418 - 42.1 _ 39.1 38.8 _78.4 _ 77.7 46.8 680- ! 48.0 x.49.7 45.5 -48.1 41.6 42.4 37.3 38.8 38.9 32.6 23.9 38.6 1 39. 338 8 30.7 _ 24.3 6/26/20046:45NIGHT 6/'_62004 F00' DAY 6/2620047:151 DAY 900 900 900 52.9 i 65.7 2 8 45.5 528 - - 419 496 55.6 6 5 45-__ 446 42] dl 4 _ 403 39.2 79.5 _ _ 37.1 38.3 38.4 36 55.0 47.4 67.5 b0.4 _ 54A ._ 495 63.1 554 55 2 46.9 48.7 1 45.3 1 "A 33.7 26.8 _ 40.4 39.5 34.6 37.6 22A -_ __.._- 46.1 CA A- - - --1- 37.8 77.4 31.9 32.1 276 6/26/2004 7:]01 DAY _ 6/2N20047:45; DAY _ 900 _ 900 _ 43.3 _ 4].6 52.8 1 62.2 45.9 1 -45.8 �- 40.9 _ _ 79.6 36.9 35.9 y_ _ 36.1 34.7 - _ 50.1 50.6 49.0 52.6 419 _ 55.9 _39.2 52.9 362 393 1 3].1 ;_ 30.7 _32.8 44.4 39.6 ' 32.5 31.8 27.3 62620068:00 DAY 62620048:15' --DAY _ 900 _j 900 419 63.6 61.1 45.7 46.7 _ 39.7 _ _� 39.] 34.9 74.8 _33.8 17.7 53.0 524 51.5 53.0 45.3 45.7 42.5 37.5 '', 33.1 _52.7 _49.0 49.3 41.9 J].6 76.8 45.0 36,6 3t.8 6/2620046:301 DAY b/2620046:4A DAY 6 /2 6 /2110 4 9:00 DAY 900 900 232625 52.2 45.8 57.3 68.4 596 68.9 421 467 61.a 39.6 39 42.5 35.1 353 772 34 34.5 76.6 55.6 53.1 60.0 56.6 51.1 63.1 59.9 52.6 62.7 5].0 Ob.J 60.0 499 44.1 ! 34.8 33.0 290 42.0 37.6 1 79.0 31.0 28.2 566 50.6 41.9 37.3 1 297 Bch Collins FINAL L0 HF? Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 204 Kcuhole Combined Cycle Noue Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Belt Collins FINAL 10 HFP Acoustical C.ttlmnts Inc. October 11 3004 Keahole Combined Cycle Now Study Table CSB: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 5 Start Dale and Time Day / NI [ Daradoe L7.00 LIO.OB' L50.00 • L90.00 L95.00 31.5 1 61 115 150 400 1000 1000 4000 8000 (reaatMa) (dB(AI) (dB(A)) (49(A))' d A)) • dB(A) d A dB dB dB dS dB do dB d6 L dB 6/281200420:30 DAY 900 _ 45 54.2 47.8 40.4 36.8 36.2 50.3 51.7 53.0 45.1 40.8 40.3 35.5 29.4 31_5 6/28200420:45 DAY 900 42.1 1 53.2 43.9 19.5 36.3 35.8 50.8 49.0 50.3 40.6 38.0 38.2 31.7 21.5 1 314 628200421:00 DAY 900 43.1 52.9 45.1 40.6 37.6 36.7 48.9 49.6 511 41.7 38.4 38.4 31.6 21.9 ' 315 628200421:15 DAY 900 41.5 _ 50.2 44.3 39.3 35.7 35 48.9 50.7 48.9 42.0 37.7 37.3 30.7 22.4 _ 2 4 628/200421:30 DAY 900 44.9 54.9 48.7 40.5 36.4 34.9 53.8 55.2 54.7 47.0 40.6 39.5 33.8 26.3 27.8 628200421:45 DAY 900 42.6 51.9W4317 40 35.8 !35.1 48.9 50.1 51.1 41.8 38.9 38.4 31.9 24.2 1 31.0 628200422:00 NIGHT 900__ 51.9 3].8 34.4 33.7 49.6 52.4 48.3 40J 37.2 36.8 29.5 21.2 26.3 628/200422:15 NIGHT 900 _ _40.7 39.7 1 50.2 37.3 _ 33�-3J3 45.3 _ 46.8 45.4 12.6 _ 36.4 34.7 26.6 20.3 26.7 6281200422:30 NIGHT 900 404 49A 37.8 34.6 34.1 47.8 47.1 42.8 43.9 38.9 34.1 26.2 18.8 1 29.3 62812004 22:45 NIGHT 900 38.8 46 41./ 37.4 3a�i 37.8 62.6 46.1 ".537.5 73.6 73.8 26.2 19.6 33.0 628200423:00 NIGHT 900 45.2 51.7 _ 41.7 378 - 35.5 35.1 _ 43.7 49.5 52.0 44.0 40.9 40.1 36.9 72.4! 340 6281200423:15 NIGHT 900 35.2 40] 32.2 31.7 39.5 39.6 37.4 1 32.7 28.5 28.8 23.7 22.1 31.4 6281200423:70 NIGHT 900 39.3 1 45.3 _372 _36.5 38.2 34.9 1 32.6 31.7 41.5 54.4 41.9 1 35.7 33.5 1 34.5 30.5 25: 8 6128/2004 23:451 NIGHT 900 34.9 ! 42 37.7 33.1 1 30.7 30.3 41.2 1 40.0- 43.7 1 35.2 29.7 1 27.9 22.5 20.8 29.6 6/2920040:00 6/2920010:15 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 J26 T 40.6 37.9 08.9 _ 34.7 31.8 30.1 _ 4L6 1 40 1 31.8 29.6 30.8 39.4 43.4 i 37.1 _ 1 39.9 _36.532_4 47.2 I 39.6 28.1 33.7 26.9 31.1 21.3 25.6 19.0 24.0 _26.8 374 629/20040:30 NIGHT 900 _ 35.4 1 42.7 _37.2 __ 34.2 32.2 1 31.6 45.6 77.3 35.5 32.1 29.1 _29.3 26.4 27.0 28.9 6/1920040:45 NIGHT 900 35.4 40.6 37.5 l4J 32.9 A 48.0 ! 78.6 3].5 33.4 28.9 28.7 26.8 27.4 1 28.4 6/2920041:00; NIGHT 900 14.4__'. 40.6 35.9 37.8 32.4_'y 32.1 41A �, 76.7 36.4 i 33.1 28.7 26.8 24.7 25_3 '. 29.4 6/2920041:15 NIGHT 900 77.6 38.4 15.1 rl3 31.1 30.7 41.1 I].I 35.5 31] 27.1 26.3 24.1 25.0 282 6/292004 1:30; NIGHT fi^_920041:45i NICHT 900 900 - _ 32.5 36 _ 73.8 L 16.5 �_ 33.8 _i 32.3 35 34.1 '_30.8 -30.5 31.1 1 30.6 30.3 39.8 38.8 35.3 34.1 35.3 1 31.5 _37.230.9 26.4 25.5 27.6 21.1 22.4 20.6 _ 227 28.8 _ 20.7 32.1 6/2921D42:00i NIGHT 900 311 77 J2.8-' 28.8 28.4 39.4 75.5 17.5 29.6 25.3 24.3 ! 21.1 19.8 1 2fi.5 6/292004 2:151 NIGHT 900 _ 30.5 35.7 1� 31 _ 29.8 28.3 28 37.7 1 33.7 _ 27.6 23.6 21.7 : 22.3 20.3 19.9 I 27.8 6/2920042:301 NIGHT 90032.2 37 34.1 l 31.6 29� 2 28.7 39.3 34.8 29.2 24.5 22.3 24.0 22.3 20.1 303 6/2912OD4 2:451 NIGHT 900 32A 39.9 37.8 71.5_ 29_3 18.9 37.4 1_34.0_ 37.9 1, 31.9 23.9 22.6 21.6 21.1 ! 29.8 _ 6/2920043:00'1 NIGHT 900 50 64.7 36.6 1 32 30.6 30.3 55.1 59.3 61.9 54.5 45.8 37.9 ! 28.9 23.3 256 62920043:151 NIGHT 900 47 57.2 41.6 33.1 31.3 30.9 48_9_ 57.1 ''. 46.1 34.7 25.7 1 24.2 23.9 28.5 6292004 3:301 NIGHT 900 _ 75.8 _ _ 375 I -- ]6.6 + 35.] i 35.1 � 35.1 10.6 _56.1 1 16.5 32.9 29.1 25.4 26.2 ! 70.8 28.5 27.5 _ 612920043:45' NIGHT 900 32.1 - 39.8 _ 34 1 30.8 1 29.6 1 29.3 41.7 _ 37.5 32.91 31.0 27.4 1 25.5 1. 22.6 20.0 '', 26.7 629/20041:001 NIGHT 62920044:151 NIGHT 900 900 30 _ 41 35 47.9 -, 32.3 36.9 28.9 27.5 27.3 35.2 - 29.3 T28.4 420 16.0 _ 37.4 45.8 33.0 41.2 27.2 36] 14.0 37.6 1 22.3 36333- 18.9 17.6 265 287 30.6 629/2004 430' NICHT 629/20044:45, NIGHT 900 9011 36.6 37.6--- 44.1 __ 45 38.7 ' 40.2 j 35.4 _ 36.1 _ 32.5 1 32.1 32.3 1 31.5 12.4 43.2 '_ 40.6 1 41.0 36.8 39.0 1, 35.7 35.0 32.9 31.6 34.21-33.4 25,0 27.fi 21.0 1 30.3 _ 23.1 1 28.7 6/29/20045:001 NIGHT 900 40.5 51.4 42 1 38.3 35.5 1 35.1 45.7 48.0 51.7 37.7 34.9 ! 34.5 ". 28.1 24.3 32.2 6/29/20045:15' 6/29/2004 5:30 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 40.6 44.4 50.1 49.6 43.1 463 38.7 43.9 75.7 41.7 35.1 41.1 44.6 46.6 47.5 50.7 41.8 46.5 39.3 38.4 37A 36.4 35.7 1. 35.1 30.6 34.6 2&0 40.0 1 31.5 35.5 6/29120045:45' NIGHT 900 50.6 62.5 51.8 45.1 41.6 41.2 52.0 _ 575 58] 52.6 47.6 43.71 36.9 40.2 1 350 6/29/20D46:00' NIGHT 900 50 63.3 513 43.3 40.5 40.1 48.5 55.4 47.8 42.5 40.6' 41.7 - 04.7 43.6 37.9 6/2920046:15 NIGHT 900 50.8 65.7 51 42.6 40.4 40.1 55.7 57.1 51.7 51.2 48.1 45.9 41.9 35.4 33.0 _ 6/292004 6:30 NIGHT 900 48.9 59.5 1 45.9 41.3 38.5 37.8 50.9 54.6 53.1 51.4 46.2 44.0 40.0 33.8 27.0 6/29/20046:45 NIGHT 900 513 65.5 51.5 42.5 37.5 36.5 58.7 58.7 59.8 54.3 48.6 45.3 i 40.435.] 30.6 6129/20047:001 62920047:151 DAY DAY 900 _ 900 46.5 50.2 567 _ bl1 49 _41.637.8 53.9 37.8 _36.7 37.7 32.5 58.8 51.4 571- 51.8 -544 51.0 49.8 46.1 42.3 417 40.3 1 43.3 34.2 44.1 33.0 436 27.9 38.1 629/20047:30' 629/2004 7451 DAY DAY 900 438.375 463 1 50 2 59.2 63.9 443 53.8 39.2 39.1 36.5 36.4 35.8 35.1 52.0 63.5 524 58.8 46.7 53.5 42.3 46.6 40.7 47.8 423 45,6 79.5 42.0 33.5 37.3 28.4 3 L Belt Collins FINAL 10 HFP Acoustical C.ttlmnts Inc. October 11 3004 Keahole Combined Cycle Now Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Beh Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13.2001 Kcxhulc Combmcd Cycic Nose Study Table C5B: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 5 Sean Date aad Day / Time N ,Duration Leal ' L1.00 LI0.00 1,50.00 L90.00 1,95.00 315 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 (raarMr (dB(A)) (dB(A)) II (dam (dB(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A)) dB dB dB dB d8 dB dB dB dB 6/282004 2:30 NIGHT 900 38.3 42.4 39.4 78.1 36.9 36.4 62 b 34.7 35.3 35.4 31.5 26.6 25.4 29.1 35A 6/282004 2:45 NIGHT _ 900 _ 39.5 1 41.9 IY 40.7 1 _ 39.3 38.2 38.1 44.7 1 39.5 39.1 38.2 33,6 28.3 25.9 29.6 36.1 612820043:00 NIGHT 900 40.1 1 43.6 41.1 _1 39.8 39.1 78.8 59.7 50.1 44.8 38.7 35.0 30.8 26.8 29.0 36.2 628/20043:15 NIGHT 900 43.2 53.9 43.7 40.9 396 39.1 60.7 1 553 50.7 45.0 39.9 35.2 29.8 286 34.9 628/20043:30 NIGHT 900 393 42_8 4 40.9 39.5 384 38.1 60.6 52.3 47.0 i 36.0 31.4 30.5 31.3 30.5 33.8 62820043:45 NIGHT 900 41.6 53.5 42.9 37.3 36 35.4 59.2 49.0 43.3 1 42.8 39.6 35.0 ' 28.9 277 33.4 62820044:00 NIGHT 900 41.6 52.9 46.5 36.2 32_9 1, 32 59.1 54.0 53.3 1 43.9 38.8 33.9 28.1 20.0 22.4 NIGHT 900 36.4 43.6 40.1 34.3_ 3L5_ 31A 58.7 47.6 42.5 14.9 _ 32.6 71.8 26.5 224 24.1 _62820044:15 6/2820044:30 NIGHT 900 36.6 42.6 39.6 35.4 32.6 72.2 58.4 48.0 43.5 34.9 32.5 32.7 26.0 207 23.8 62820044:45 NIGHT 900 41.8 47.2 4I 38.2 i 75.8 _ 75.2 _-_ 57.6 47.5 43.5 40.8 37.8 37.4 34.0 272 26.2 6/28/20045:00 NIGHT _ 900 _ 4545__._- 50 63.7 474 _-_ 433 10.2 39.5 59.5 ... 56.8 __ _. 55.3 57.9 - 48.2 4545 43.0 775 4545 273 25.9 6/2820045:15 NIGHT 900 _ 45.6 57 4].l 44.5 _ 43.1 42.6 _ _60.6 51 7 53.2 49.1 40.2 407 33.0 31.8 25.5 628/20045:30 NIGHT 900 08.3 + 52.5 50.1 OB 45.8 t 45.3 61,1 4 53.1 49.0 423 1 40.8 78.3 420 1 34.3 6/2820045:151 NIGHT _ 900_ 494 57.7 505 ! 48 _46.2 ' 45.7 441 F _60.5 _I 57.8 .548 _54.0 _ 53.5 51.6 _ 493 461 44.4 _ M14.3 41,1 44.8 43.9 40.9 39.6 37.1 i_ 34.7 309 _62820046:00 NIGHT 9110__ 488 i 58.7 497'-�46.7�jh. 44] 6/2820046:15 NIGHT 900 471 59.1 48] 45.3 I 42.7 42.1 50.2 T 53.8 50.5 45.7 43.3 42.7 40.9 34.2 26] 6/282004690 NIGHT 900 SLI_' 60.9 508 46.8 43.6 '_ 427 _52.7 56.3 52.9 51.1 487 46.0 41.9 396 33.4 628/20046:45, NICHT _ 900 52.3 65.4 53.6 i 454 41,7 40.8 59.8 60.1 59.7 ''. 53.6 49.8 47.1 41.1 35.1 29.8 6/28/20047:00, DAY 900 4] 5].] 47.1 47.3 11 40.7 40.1 56.9 4545_._,_-._.... j 54.5 52.5 I -4545. 46.3 _ 42.5 43.0 37.5_ 34.0 1 29.1 6/28/20047115' DAY _ 900 4].1 566 47.7 41.] 38.6 3].8 59.8 1 543 55.7 47.3 41,8 41,1 36.7 37.9 4545 34.7 62820047:30: DAY 900 50.7 '�1 63.4 57 1 42.7 35.9 34.8 51.8 56.0 52.8 1 47.8 43.2 44.1 44.1 40.0 1 44.2 628/2004 ]:45; DAY 45 --4545 900 -_ � 48_5 1 ._-...._.-_f 611 48.6 40.9 -_- 75.5 _ _ 34.4 50.3 55_8 _-4545 48.7 d0.6 -._ 38.6 35.4 457 37.6 -_ 32.5_ &2&20048:00i DAV _ 900 d0.5 T 48.5 43.1 18.8 1 35.2 74.3 53.3 52.0 44.9 36.7 34.3349 29.1 32.3 34.1 62820048:151 DAY 51.6 1 64.6 52.5 43.4 .45.45-u_ 38.3 3].2 .6 _ 55.4 4545- 55.1 53.3 55.7 50.3 44.4 1 42.5 37.7 29.7 6/28/20048:30' DAY _900 900 4545--50 13.7 - 50.5 46.6 41.5 37.8 - 76.6 54.2 54.1 45 45.6 79.9 ---_. 38.2 38.0 37.2 35.6 31,7 DAY 900 50.5 '', 614 54.6 I_ 45 ! 40 391 674 '_59.7 '._53.1_ 45.7 44.1 40.2 75.4 37.4 _628120048:45 62820049:00 DAY _ 900 51.3 - fi2.4-- -55.9 43.3- 79.1 -- 78.3 Sfi3 52.9 _58.1 48.0 41.2 39.1 1 39.4 482 42.9 34.6 6/282004 9:15'', DAY 900 46.3 57.2 46.7 41 17.1 36.1 55.5 53.4 50.6 --- 43.4 42_`4 42.5 37.4 33.4 29.2 6282004 9:301 DAY 50.7 63.1 53.1 47 _ 38.6 7].6 56.2 57.1 _ 5].3 S0] _ 47 6 1 46.2 41 9 74.7 1 273 6/2820049:45 DAY _900 _ 900 _ 46.6 _ _ 593 47.67 _' 41.8 36.8 18.3 553 52.3 51.8 44] 426 4V 389 77.0 3L0 629/2004 10:00' DAY 900 49_6 62.1 51.8 44.4 41.4 40.6 57.8 57.2 53.6 48.9 46.1 ' 45.0 40.5 373 12.1 6/28200410:151 _ DAY 4545 900 55 68.5 51.9 a4 _-4545_-_-_ 40.3 1 79.6 58.4 58.4 61.6 _ 603 ! 57.3 51.0 1- 46.5 1 459 43.8 36.5 6/28/200410:30', DAV 900 51] 61.9 45.6 -, 40.5_ 56.9 51.9 48.6 49.5 45.2 43.2 42.8 364 6/2&200410:45: DAV _ 4545 900 56.2 667.6 _554_1 61 '� 43.6 _41.6 40.1 39.1 _ 593 _57.1 1 59.9 58.6 53.0 51.0 49.3 51.8 42.0 30.8 6/281200411'00 DAY 900 45.6 56.6 46.7 40.8 37.7 372 603 568 49.8 42.2 41.7 40.1 1 36.8 37.0 31.2 6/28/200411:15 DAY 900 49.6 61.3 47 42.9 39.] 39.2 57.3 56.5 570 53.3 474 422 1 344 310 28.5 _ -4545_._. 6/2812004 11:30 DAY --._.. 900 _.45...45 493 61.6 50.7 42.6 4545_ 34.4 39.4 3845. 38.6 60.8 _ 6,9 6J 9 .--_...- 59.7 52.6 .. T52 45.2 424 -4 __ 37.9 38.0 32.6 6/282004 1145 DAY 900 48.6_ 57_9 43.9 40_5 39.8 60.1 659 56.3 49.6 442 436 1 39.1 33.8 303 6/28200412:00 _ DAY _ 900 _ _ 52.1 _ _ 64.6 _5_5_ 4545 53.4 44.1 _ .. 39.5 _ 783 57.8 _ _ 55.1 57.3---57.1 493 1. 44.7 1 39.5 73.9 29.7 628200412:15 DAY 900 55 67.1 54.6 47.8 42.2, 40.7 ._ _. .. 59.6 612 4545__ 613 __-- 582 51.3 -. 482 45.1 42.5 37.5 628200612:30, DAY 900 554 . 71.2 "----T- 57.6 46.1 414 403 56.6 59.E 55.8 54.9 530 50.9 96.0 41A 75.5 6/28/20041245 DAY 900 50.8 64.5 47.8 424 39.3 38.6 57.1 53.1 52.7 47.1 45.0 46.5 44.5 39.0 33.4 6/28/200417:00' DAY 900 54.1 63.8 589 48.3 39.5 38.3 64.5 67.9 58.6 52.3 51.5 46.3 45.5 42.0 37.8_ 6/28/2004 13:15 _ DAY 900-� 92.1 64.9 -525 --475 4==..-41.4 _ 61.1 62.3 _ 6V 54.8 48.9 _ d37 C0.] 3].I 33.5 6/28200913:30 DAY 900 52.2_ 66.7 _ 4L1 ! _ 37.5 -- 36.9 57.1 58.1_ 60.1 _ 56.2 494 44.9 _39.3 3J-1 28.7_ 6/29/2004 1345 -- DAY _ _ 900 _ _ 46.3 56.9 _534_ 49.2 42.3 T 38.8 38.2 60.3 57.3 54.2 48.9 433 40.1 33.8 30.0 25.3 6/281200414:00 DAY 900 50.7 61 52.3 -, 44.5 -. 40.2 .4545_ 39.4 56.6 -4545_....4545__. 1 570 56.0 ..4545...-._-_. 49.0 47.6 .. 460 40.5 343 -�--- 29.8 &2&200414:15 DAY 900 45.4 53.9 485 43.1 40.6 40 547 539 54.0 67.7 422 .3 40.3 37.6 11.0 2]] 629200414:30 DAV 900 47.6 59.7 49.8 42.8 j 40.8 402 54.1 53.4 477 42.7 40.2 39.2 39.0 42.6 784 628/200414:45 DAY 900 900--- 51.8 653 50.2 43.6 40.3 39.4 55.8 58.4 _4545 614 56.1 48.1 43.0 36.8 3].0 - 30.4 - -. _ 6/28/200415:00 4545_ DAY 900 - _ 489 4545- 603 X5_.5 1 439 41 40.3 55.8 56.2 566 56.4 0.3 50.3 45.4 43.9 .2 79.2 274 6/282004 15:15 DAY 900 54.1 66.4 S7.I 47.5 42.5 _..-_ 61.5 58.3 -._ 60.8 57.9 52.8 50.2 48.6 44.9 __- 453 45.7 40.9 _.-.4545__. 6/28200415:30 DAV -_ 900 52 64.7 52 47.5 d0.8 40.3 612 58.6 58.0 54.5 494 Q6.I 41.0 36.4 30.1 6/2812004 15 45 DAY 900 50.2 fill 52.6 42.7 40.2 39.3 56.0 543 54.2 47.7 42.9_ 41.8_ 396_ "A 42.7_ 6/28/2004 16:00 DAY 900 563 68 .8 59.3 44.9 40.4 39A 57.5 63.5 64.2 57 9 52.2 463 39.7 48.9 45.8 6/28200416:15' DAY 1 900 47.3 56.8 48.8 42 39 38.3 54.6 57.3 52.5 50.6 42.6 41.1 38.0 73.5 25.1 628/200416:30 DAY 900 54.6 57.5 46.6 38.9 38 5].6 612 - 642 4545_ - 57.1 _n 48.1 _._. 43.7 45.45__ 459 _ 450 417 6/28/200616:45 MINW DAY 9110 4545_ 49 � _66.5 _ _ 57.8 53.7 43.9 379 37.2 9A 59.1 62.8 516 479 45.2 42.1 414 36.6 290 6/28/200417:00 DAY 900 44.3 54.1 46.1 411 37.5 36.6 ..53A 52.3 53.5 45.45.45_45__--_-_ 48.4 42.1 390 39] 45_.4545__ 352 34.9 30.1 4545--. �..__ 6/2&200417:15' _ DAY _ 900 __ 493 61.9 4550 50 42 428 79.5 38.P 57.1 53.5 552 49.0 45.8 44.6 422 37.5 30.2 6/2812004 17 30 DAY 900 48.3 62.5 4545- 46.6 43.3 --_45 41.1 40.3 52.6 51 6 50.5 _ 47.2, .3 44.6 _ 39.0 34.5 28.2 --145.4_-DAj- __ 18.4 77.3 54.6 5] 2 57.6 54.6 47.3 46.5 42 1 lea 32.3 4545_ _.4545_- 6/28200418:00 4545 DAY _ 900 _ 45.45_. 41.2 58.8 -" 45.9 42.3 794 38.4 522 _ 51.1 530 45 4].5 - 419 _ 42.7 1843 - 37.4 31.1 628/200418:15 DAY 900 56.2 57.9 48.6 41.9 38.7 37.9 534 53.9 59.5 616 452.6 53.9 _ 46.2 __ 437 413 4545_ 35.7 6/2&20041R:J0 DAY _-_--_ 900 4a.2 1641 43.7 38.7 35.8 35' 51.7 50.2 46.9 42.6 4V.I 602 43 14.3 339 29.2 6/2&20041845 DAY 900 47.1 57 1-49 7 41.5 _ 37.3 -_ - 36.1 50.3 _ _- 514 54.1 _ 46.2 _ 4545 406 45 45 40.3 45 _... 40.5 _. 38.7 30.2 _ .W 612&200419:00 DAY - 900 - _ --56 50.1 564 54.4 44 48 39a 362 499 4P0 47.3 50.8 5 44.5 40.4 44.P 42 42.4 343 62&200419'.15'. DAY 900 46.3 55.7 493 _- 412 4545_ 35,6 34.7 52.2 510 4545__- SL 46.0 42.1 4),6 4545._ 39.2, 33.5 45.45. 335 4545 _- 62&20041990 DAY __ 900 54.3 4545_ 659 4544 553 4] 42.8 42.1 _ _ 58.1 62.4 646 58.6 SLO ._ 41.9 764 - Ja.6 4545_ 41,E _ 629/2004 19 45 DAY 900 50.6 _ 60.E _. 552 _ 4545 412 ._ 349 333 52 D 54.0 56.a 49.6 46 a6.1 43.6 433 362 40.1 6/28,200420:00 DAY 900 42.8527 445 J9 36.6 Jb 50.6 _ _. 50.0 30.3 _. 41.7 _ 38E_ 38.4 332 25.0 33.1 -_2004 62820:15 DAY 9045 900 4]A _ 4444 544 4549 49 4 46A38.8 _. 3].6 51.3 51 51.5 53.2 45.1 41.3 006 76.6 29.1 44.0 Beh Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13.2001 Kcxhulc Combmcd Cycic Nose Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Belt Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13.'_004 Yenhole Combined Cycle Noise Study Table C6A: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 6 Saint Deft xW Time Dry/ Night Daruba Laxi I L1.00 1,10.00 LSOAO L9QN L95.00 313 63 123 250 500 1000 2000 4000 LO (4erna4) (dB(A)) (dB(Ap (dB(A)) dB(A))1. (dB(A)) (dB(A)) dB ! tlB dB dB dB d6 d8 dIs d8 _ 6/20020042:30 NIGHT 900 52.J I 58.5 I 56.3 1 50.4 41.3 00.8 52.3 44.0 40.8 36.2 40.6 45.7 47.1 45.1 43.1 6/20020002:45 NIGHT 900 50.9 59.5 56.3 04.7 38.3 38.1 52.5 1 46.3 402 37.8 40A 04.4 45.4420 0020020041:00 NIGHT 900 44.5 51.5 4].4 61.9 37.5 36.6 50.5 42.8 38.6 33.6 32.5 36.4 37.2 37.1 39.7 6/262004 3:15 NIGHT 900 45.7 57.7 48.5 i 45.2 37.2 36.3 57.0 56.9 52.4 45.8 37.8 31.0 29.4 30.5 _ 002620043:30 NIGHT 900 p 49.4 46.4 43.3 40.6 39.1 58A 47.1 40.0 34.8 32.0 30.6 30.2 32.3 1 44_I 00262m43:45 NIGHT 900 43.5 49.8 45 42.9 41.2 40.] 54.9 47.2 00.8 37.7 35.8 32.4 29.6 32.1 i 42.6 62620044:00 NIGHT _ 900 46.7 59.9 46.7 42.5 40.2 ! 39.8 55.8 57.7_ 52.8 47.5 45.1 36.7 30.3 29.6 42.3 62620044:151 NIGHT 900 42.1 45.2 43.9 42.2 39.7 1 38.6 5J.2 45.5 39.9 32.8 72.0 31.7 28.3 33.6 41.1 62620004:301 NIGHT 0020020044:45 NIGHT 900 _ 900 46.1 47.2 51.6 49 47.6 48.7 42.9 47.6 40.7 43.7 40.3 40.7 570 50.9 45.8 50.0 44.8 39.3 ! 40.0 34b 37.6 13.3 39.2 33.7 35.6 27.6 38.1 41.7 41.6 7 0026/20045:00 NIGHT 900 _ 45.9 1 49.8_ 48.6 _ 43.8 39.2 38.6 51.8 4]3 _ 43.2 ! 36.6 15.9 38.0_[ 71.1 39.6 42.3 62620005:15 NIGHT 900 49.7 59.3 53.1 45.3 1 39.4 78.7 519 504 42.2 17.9 37.0 40.1 02.0 46.3 36.2 620020045:30' NIGHT 6262004 5:45 _ NIGHT 626/200 :00 NIGHT 900 900 900 48]_56_9 43.5 1 44.9 Y l 50 58.3 52.3 1 ____ _ 45.9 456 460 42.5 413 1 42.8 -.. _ 39.8_ _ 38 1 01.9 _ _39.2 37 52.0 1 52.8 51.5 48_8 54.5 54.1 44.0 42.0 �_ 45.7 37.5 77.9 _ 43.3 37.1 1 39.5 36.�J9.0 43A 1 J9.5 41.6 30.4 344 44.8 !1 37.2 } 37.6 1 366_ 31.3 29.7 62620046:15 NIGHT 900 _ 44.8 _ 5 1 47.6 42.9 40.1 39.3 _ 52.5_.1 51.9 45.1 38.9 38.4 40.2 i_37.9 37.1 25.5 29.0 00262004 6:30 NIGHT 900 44.2 52.2 46.6 42.3 39 38.1 52.6 1, 53.2 46.3 39.7 39.2 J9.8 35.1 315.81 002620046:45 NIGHT 900 51_9 65.6_ 51 "_ t 42.6 39.8 39.1 58.2 1 61.4 59.8 i SSA 50.1 45.0 37.2 33.4 ! 273 00262004 7:00 DAY 900 47.4 ~ 57.9 51 42.9-19.8 1 39.2 54.1 54.3 55.1 49.5 43.0 1 38.9 37.9 19.5 28.3 002620047:15 DAY 900 43 52.8_ 44.2 I_ 412 38.8 38.2 _ 35.4 i 52.3 _46.2 1 40.2 JB.O 30.0 348_ _14.9 y.. 21.0_ 6262004 7:30 DAY 900 49 - T 58 7 54.4 -__� _ ___ 39.8 J9.3 57.8 54.7 46.4 '- 39.2 J6.0 _ 39.0 ! 34.6 46.1 41.5 626170047:451 . DAY 900 _ 50.1 1 bd _ _ 51 _42.7 402 17.6 x37.1 _! 58.1 52.4 54.0 54.1 48.1 1 40.5 00.4 42.0 29.6 6262004 6:00' DAY 900 43.5 59.1 45 392 36.3 35.5 59.0 53.7 49.5 "A 41.2 40] I 34.9 36.6 1 33.3 62620048:151 DAY _ 900 46.9 58.8 49.7 40.7 37 3fi.3 59.6 56.1 47.9 42.0 38.6 18.0 1, 37.5 41.0 _ 32.8 6262004 8:30. 620020048:45 DAY DAY 900 300.625 52.8 _L_ 67.7 _ ( 50.4 65.] 488 46.1 t 41 39.3 37.7 _ 36.] 77.2 _ 36.I _ 612 60.2 61.6 SLI 60.5 47.6 _57_8 _ 45.5 50.6 43.7 "� 04.8 X43.0 1 J6.6 36.2 3.5.0 _' 14.7 26.2 29.6 Belt Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13.'_004 Yenhole Combined Cycle Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Belt Colum FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoastical Consulmms Inc. October 13,'_004 Kcahole Combined Cycle Noise Study Table C6A: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 6 Smn D.te.ad D.y/ i Time I Night Dar.13.. L_. eq LI,00 LIB00 LSO.BO 1,90.00 L95.00 315 63 125 250 580 1000 2000 4000 8000 (4eeo.d4) _ _ (da(A)) (dB(A)) (d&Al) (QB(A)) (d8(A)) (d84A)1 QB 68 d8 tlB d8 dB dB d8 dB fi/25/2008:49 DAY 658.875 54.3 63.7 56.5 SO.I 47.2 46.6 63.0 63.2 51.2 48.6 46.4 02.9 39.9 6/25/2004900 DAY 900 522 62.7 53.7 48.2 45.4 45 63.4 632 09.4 45.2 40.5 42.2 38.86/25/20049:15 DAY 900 51.7 1 61.7 54.4 489 45.1 44.4 60.8 59.7 �6522,,.4 48.0 45.1 41.3 43.8 35.1 62520049:30 DAY 900 52.7 62.5 548 /99 47.2 46.4 fi3.2 612 50.1 47.6 42.6 42.8 33.1 625/20009:45 DAY 900 51.8 63.6 53.1 1 48.1 05 44.2 61.2 56.8 57.9 50.5 49.0 47.1 41.7 39.4 31.4 625200410:00, DAY _900 19.7 57.6 52.2 48.3 45.3 44.5 60.6 55.5 52.8 46.4 45.3 45.1 42.4 39.4 }23 6252004 10:15 DAY 900 653 1 75.4 57A 49.9 /] 46.2 61_2 67.1 66.8 I 630 64.5 60.6 53.9 48.1 39.9 6/25/200410:30 DAY _ 900 51.1 1. _ 58A 54.1 095 '1 45.8 44.7 61.6 fi3.0 -54.249.O 49.0 46.5 41.7 38.1 _ 32.7 625/200410:45! DAY 900 4.9_ 54.9--- 66.3 56 50.7 48.2 47.5 63.6_ 62.8 59.9 1 53.6 53.2_ 50.2 44.1 412 ' 35.2 625200/1100 DAY 900 53.2 1 61.6 T 55.2 513 48.4 4T 67.8 60.9 559. 50.1 49.9! _ 68.745.3 41.1 38.1 6252004 II 151 DAY 900 1 53.6 '50A I 46.9 1 46 63.4 61.5 50.0 � 48.7 49.4 I 47.8 42.7 39.0 37.2 625/200411:30 DAY 900 _ __51.7 57.9 _58.2 66 1-55.2 i 50.7 i 48.3 ! 47.8 62.2 63.3 594 55.5 51.9 48.5 42.7 36.5 � 30.2 6/25/200411:45 DAY _ 900 55.1 1 67.7 543 ' 48.2 44.6 1 44.1 -_ _ _ 61_6 62.8 59.6 54.2 52.0 50.7 46.9 42.5 I 36.9 6/252004 12:0' DAY 900 48.1 57.7 50 46 ]1� 42.9 42.4 61.7 49.6 45.9 45.2 x_44.1 35.7 263 625200412:15 DAY __ 900 49.3 58.9 SLS _ T 46.7 14.1 ! 43.7 61.9 ? _57.2_ 58.6 _ 54.5 I 47.1 46.1 44.7 _39.0 140.2 37.8 30.7 625200412:30, DAY 900 55 66.4 48.5 45.7 44.4 64.3 64.4 61.6 57.8 52.5 48-1 43.9 40A 07.4 _ _58.91 _' _ _ - 1 625/200412:45 DAY 900 51.7 636 50.7 47 44.2 42.9 6L8 62.8 60.6 49.8 46.6-� 46.5 43.0 39.2 72.2 6252004 13:001 DAY 900 50 57.7 52.1 . 48.9 I. 45.6 W 61.6 616 53.5 48.3 45.0 43.9 T 39.5 37.0 625/200413:15 DAY 900 _ 525 64.6 542 _ 47.9 T 43.9 _ 43.1 62.32 62.3 58.5 54.6 49.4 45.5 , 40.2 _43,2 43.2 37.1 6/251200413:30' DAY 900_ 53.1_'. 65.5 ! 53.7 47,843.9 1_-._ . L 42.8 61.91 641 61.9 57.7 50.2 45.2 L 9.8 38. 1 30.5 625/200413:451 DAY 900 _ 51 61.1 57.1 -- -' i 47.9 45.1 44.1 62.5__ 61.7 _ _ 54.6 _ _ 51.1 47.4 41.9 1 41.4 42.8 35.1 6 25/200414:001 DAY 900 56.J 669- 55.2 50.1 463 05 .9 62.1 68.2 60.3 54.2 _ 51 9 50.7 I 48.5 46.6 39.8 625/200414:15- DAY 900 _ 57 .._.. 66.1 ! 541 __ 49.7 _ _ 46 _, _45.1 _ 613_'1 62.3 59.5 54.4 51.9 50.8 49.3 47.6 473 6/25/200414:301 DAY 900 x7.5 52 ] 50 46.] 03.7 1 43.2 61.7 60.3 08.7 46.8 _ 47.6 47.9 39.0 335 11 273 6/252004 14:45 DAY _ 900 48.4 _ 56.2 503 47 44.1 43.2 _ 61.9 _', 59.3 52.2 1 45.9 "A I 44.3 ' 39.7 36.0 : 25.9 6/25/2004 M001 DAY 900 52.8 64.355.8 47 63.41 _ 61.4 612--55.1 49.3 4531 42.3 42.1 74.2 6/25/200415:15, DAY 900 _ 54.2 1 66.4 _53.3 _473_ 44.3 ' 43.7 _62.0 60.7 593 52.5 50.1 49.2 45.9 437 1 383 6/252000 15301 _DAY _ 900 96.6 68.9 _ 57.4 _-I� 47.1 43 4 62.6 _ 61.7 _ _ 60.5 59.1 38.2 55.5 50 9 46.6 43 5 - 39 0 6/25200015:451 DAY -900 _y_ 50.5 663 5LB 45.1 1 42.5 41.8 61.5 58.9 51.6 16.3 44.5 I 44A 1 47.7 48.5 479 6/25/200416:00, DAY _ _900 _ _53.8 1 65d _ 51.6 44.8 1 41.2 _I 40.3_ 61.5 63.0 6Ll 56.0 454 47.0 45.6 43.0 X38.6 N25/200416: 15 DAY 900 55.7 70.9 51.3 4fi.7 42.5 41.7 b1AT 62.8 62.2 fi0.1 539 47.8 39.4 40.] 32.7 6/25/200416:30 DAY 900 52 664 516 44.2 X40.5 39.8 61.4 624_ 59.3 55.9 1_443 39.2 357 6/252004 16:45 DAY- --_90 _ J9.6 _ 63.1 48.6 l 47.7 _ 40.8 40.2 60.1 57.3 56.4 49.2 _50.0 05.2 43.9 41.8 38.1 _303 32.1 6/25200017:00 DAY 900 42.9 50 45.2 41.8 39 384 0.3 52.7 .7 37.6 37.8 1 33.0 354 28.9 6/25/200417:15- DAY 900 - 54.1 67 55.2 46.6 42.3 41.5 61.3 61.5 8.4 _- 50.8 45.1 42.2 43.4 37.9 6/25/200417:30 DAY _.. 900 46 56.7 49 ' 411 38.2 37.4 60.4 54.4 23 __ __-- 40.5 79.2 ! 38.5 39.628.9 6/25/2000 17:41 DAY 900 45.7 57 3 46.9 1 41.1 _ `_ _38 2_ 776 60.9 58.2 1.8 40.1 39.1 36.6 373 26.6 6/25200118:00 DAY 900 52 64.5 52.4 43.7 39 38A 609 54.3 1.3 48.6 45.5 43.4 - 44.7 35.2 6/25/200418:15 DAY 900 572-67 1 _ 54.5 _ 42.8 38.9 _ 38.1 _ 61,6-- 62.3 6.1 q953 50.8 46.1 1 42.6 38.] 3l4-42.8 51.5 47.8 _ 40.8 384 377 60.5 532 8 2 _ 372 311 34.9 33.9 2].8 625200418:45' DAY 900 4] 600468 42 39.1 18.5 60.4 522 3.2 41.5 414399 391 32.86/25/200419:00 DAY 900 512 61.6 47.3 414 775 36.8 60.8 55.2 3.1 479 438 40.8 35.8 300 6125/200419:15 DAY 90047.8 586 44.9 37.6 J6.1 358 60.5 56.0 8.5 03.8 412 38.0 36.5 706 625/200419:30 DAY 900 444 _-_. 556 05.1 403 _ .__ 38.6 -_- 78 .- 60.5 - 54.4 -. 47.8 ___- 41.0 39.8 39.0 75.2 294 38.3 N251200419:45. _ DAY _ -.. 900 51.5 __. 67.5 54.7 46.9 436 43.4 60.5 33 52.6 49.3 50.7 __.. 48.4 40.1 ; 37.5 294 -08.1 6/25200420:00 DAY 900 54.1 66.9 52.9 49.1 47 46.4 62.0 62.8 61.8 57.3 50.5 49.7 77.3 30.6 49.0 6/25200420:15 DAY 900 577 66.1 54.3 48.4 47.2 46.9 61.5 61.9 593 553 51.0 46.3 76.7 330 476 6125/200420:70 DAY 900 48 57.6 49 474 46.2 46 60.4 SLS 47.8 42.6 416 39.5 J4.6 28d 46.3 612512004 20:45 DAY 900 50 4 62 2 50 3 4] 3 44.7 43 9 61.3 R ] 54.i 50.6 47.4 42.3 36,0 241 46.3 6/25/200421:00', DAY 900 495 62 48.9 46J 45.5 45.2 60.3 54.3 51.2 47.7 451 424 38.6 32.8 45.6 6/25/200421:15 DAY900 525 64 529 48.2 _. 46.3 _ 46 61.9 - 600 57.1 _.4 _ 53.6 50.1 457 399 705 .0 _ 46.1 6/25/200421:70'__ DAY 900 _- 51 602 50.3 47.1 46.1 45.5 60.6 56.8 .5 __. 484 45.5 43.8 426 -_ 37.9 -_ 46.0 6252004 21:45' DAY 900 49 8 61,9 476 45.5 44 _ 61.4 59.5 550, 494 497 41 3 33 7 22.3 44.3 6/25/700422:00 NIGHT 900 47.2 527 45.9 453 -434 44.2 a4 57.5 50.1 466 41.3 406 40.3 36.3 299 44.5 6/25200422:15 NIGHT 900 49.1 61.9 472 454 43.5 42.8 58.6 5T7 53.2 49,2 46.0 422 35.8 28.7 44.2 625/200422:30 NIGHT 900 49.3 61.6 463 452 44 432 52.9 52.2 507 47.5 401 432 39.5 34.6 44.7 ____�__.. 62Sf700422:4S� NIGHT 4W 46 484 468 458 45.1 447 __. 5CA _._ 469 _. __. 1 44.2 _.__ 385 368 _-..._._-7 356 - _ 702 23.6 -_. 452 6/25/200423:0'. NIGHT 900 454 48.6 463 45.3 44.2 ".2__ 44 51.5_ 51.5 46.4 47.2 38.6 365_ 35.8 30.2 23.2 "A _ 625/200423:15 NIGHT -__ _ _ ___...__ 069 562 _. 476 45.J 42.J OLI _.. 53.8 __ 50.5 44.8 03.0 62.8 .__-__.__ 40.5 35.1 _ 43.4 6/25/200423:30 NIGHT _900 900 44.2 475 45.6 44.1 a2.1 41 51.7 48.1 420 784 362 15.7 304 _29.1 23.2 42.6 6/254 2345 200 NIGHT 9W 44 6 55.1 453 415 39.3 34 52.0 47 7466 41 S 39 S 38,3 34.5 29,6 40.3 626/20040:0, NIGHT 900 43.3 55.9 43 40.3 379 37.7 51,7 51.0 47.0 424 386 37.3 72.5 30.8 377 6/26/20040'. 15 NIGHT 900 50.9 62.3 44.7 41.3 408 52.3 55.8 51.3 479 45.8 .- _ 45.9 -'--___.. 43.5 40.7 400 _ _ 62N20040:30 NIGHT 90 463 57.9 _54.8 4].9 --_ 414 __ 38.2 37.6 50.7 46.4 46.1 __-.. 44.3 00.4 p 41.7 J9.0 36.5 354 626/20040'45 NIGHT 900 54.6 617 _ 592 51 4L8 404 54A 46.3 44.5 44.1 461 49.3 4R.9L45.5 44.1 6/26/20041'00 NIGHT 900 54.6 59.5 57.8 54.2 472 46_2 497 49.7 45.5 44.4 447 487 497 45.1 6/26/20041:15 NIGHT _ NO 9.8 _569 558 52.2 42 409 21.2 47.3 39.2 _ 367 _414 462 475 "'0 6/26/2041'30 NIGHT 900 4 3 529 49 415 38.7 383 217 435 39.0 366 354 38.6 396 36.1 626/2004 L45 NIGHT 900 342 465 41.A 378 358 334 =IA 432 386 34] 723 31.5 329 3226/26/ 042'00 NIGHT 900 .ML9 485 4J.4 392 364 b4 90.9 42.8 395 350 72.6 J41 35.5. 31.4 62620042:15 NIGHT 900 r 42 448 438 4_1 37.5 36b SLO 42.3 412 34.0 X301 28.J _29.5 1 289 40.9 Belt Colum FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoastical Consulmms Inc. October 13,'_004 Kcahole Combined Cycle Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Belt Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP ALonsficnl Consultants Inc. Ocmbcc 13. 2004 K4aloo1e Combined Cycle Noise Study Table C6B: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 6 Stlrtoneaad Tlate Day/ Night D n,wdo, L1.00 LIO.m LSOAO I L90.00 L95.80 ll5 63 125 250 500 1000 2800 (eeeWt) (d AD ld AH WERAD (d A)) (dB(A)) NOW) dB dB dB dB dB dB dB 62820042:45 NIGHT 900 44.6 48.6 46.8 44.6 39.8 39.2 55.3 47.2 "A 42.2 38.2 34.8 30.3 t642 62820043:00 NIGHT 900 47.3 49.9 48.2 47.2 1 462 46 70.6 57.5 51.6 46.6 43.1 40.2 34.2 629/20043:15 NIGHT 900 49.1 613.8 48.8 46.9 45.5 45.3 71.5 59.7 54.1 1 49.9 46.3 41.5 37.6 62820043:30 MGHT 900 45 46.6 45.9 45.1 44.1 4a 71.2 58.0 51.5 41.8 79.0 34.3 28.5 26.9 4J.5 62820043:45 NIGHT 900 49.6 59.8 49.6 48.1 45.1 44.6 70.1 57.9 514 47.5 47.0 40.4 73.8 28.6 48.2 62020044:00 NIGHT 900 48.4 59.5 49.4 15.1 42.7 41.3 69.9 ' (1 55.3 49.8 46.9 39.0 31.4 28.1 42.9 628/20044:15 NIGHT 900 41.5 44.7 42.4 41.3 40.3 40.1 70.0 1 57.2 50.6 41.1 787 34.5 27.6 24.5 30.5 62820044:30 NIGHT 900 Q.3 45.9 43.4 1 42.2 4L2 41.1 70.0 56.8 49.9 10.9 38.9 35.8 29.1 25.7 15.2 62820044:45 NIGHT 900 M 47.9 _ 45.6 427 41A 41.2 69.9 56.7 50.1 43.8 40.9 38.3 37.0 28.8 33.4 6282004500 NIGHT 900 53.3 1 67.2 52.1 48.2 45.7 45A 70.4 61.5 35.6 55.1 51.5 48.0 03.1 ll.7 it 37.2 62820095:15 NIGHT 900 49.3 1 _ 54.9 51.3 1 48.5 1 47.1 46.6 71.3 1 58.6 52.8 1 49.6 45.8 44.7 38.6 38.2 1 32.5 62820045:30 NIGHT 900 50 54 52.1 49.5 1 47.2 46.6 71.9 58.3 52.6 1 45.3 44.2 44.3 41.3 43_6 1 38.0 6/282004 5:45 NIGHT 900 51.7 59.J 54.8 09.8 46.fi 46.2 71.6 59.0 5J.5 46.3 45.0 46.7 43.1 44.5 417 6/2820046:00 NIGHT 900 49.6 57.7 51.7 484 46.2 45.4 68.6 517 52.8 `' 47.3 46.3 45.6 41.0 36.4 1 30.8 6282004 6:15 MGHT 900 48 54.2 50.9 j 16.8 46 i_ 43.2 55.8 57.8 50.7 1 45.2 ".7 44.2 39.3 34.1 ! 24_7 626/20046:30 MGHT 900 51.9 1 64.5 - 57 _; 47.4 43.8 43.2 _ 368 57.9 _ 52.1 51.4 50.2 47.7 41.7 35.5 25.7 626/2004645 NIGHT 900_ 54.9 68.1 57.6 46.1 417 '_60.5 58.8 56.2 53;1 ; 49.0 43A 44.0 I 38.2 626/20047:00 DAY 900 50.1 T 62.6 { 50.1 42.9 _40.9 40.6 /0.2 _58.6 57.2 59.5 573 IB.I 44.8 44.9 43.2 4T-14.7- 62820047:15 DAY 900 47.7 61 1 46.7 40 39.4 57.9_ 57.7 48.6_,_46.6 _46.4 ' 42.0 37.3 36.8 27A 67:30 282004 DAY 900 54.1 63.8 X42.3 49.3 1 41.7 38.2 1 _ 37.6 57.7 60.6 55.71 557 50.2 1 48.4 1 46.3 42.9 374 62820047:45 6282004 8:00 DAY DAY 900 900 45.3 L__.- 49.4 57 - 60.3 46.9 44.9 40.6 - 41.1 37.9 ! 38.7 __ 17.4 38.2 _ 58.0 59T7 'T 58.3 61.7 _ 49.6 _ 50.9 44.7 46.3 39.8 _ _}.-_. 44.0 37.2 I 36.5 04.3 _ r 42.6 38.5 1 39.6 29.5 32_8 6/2820008:15 DAY 900 _, 513 _ 64.6 51.1 45.3 42.4 41.3 60.9 594 61.7 { 53.5 50.5 1 43.6 38.4 37.3 30.1 6282004 8:30 62!/20048:45 DAY DAY 900 900 45 1 49.9 51_6 1, 62.8 46.7 y1 51.2 1 43.8 40.2 _ 41.3 41.4 ! _ 40.8 40.9 59.9 62.2 59.1 62.2 48.3 57.6 41.6 53.6 74130 47.7 38.9 j 42.0 i 34.3 36.2 35.7 36.0 29.0 30.1 628/20019:00 DAY 900 50_3 64.1 _ 48.5 {_ 43_9 41_6 41.2 60.3 55.4 46.2 _' 40.6 41.8 38.9 39.7 46.9 42.2,_ 626/20049:15 DAY 900 47.1 57.3 1 46.9 1 07.7 41.5 41.1 59.7 1 56.1 52.7 46.6P242 42.3 38.0 31.9 27.8 628.20049:]01 DAY 900 57 69 60.6 1 46 '1 41.7 '_41.2 60.6 59.8 _58_7 I 52.548.8 47.9 52.0 , 47.1 628/20049:45 DAY 900 48.5 1 597 _ ' 483 435_ !, 41 40.2 59_8 1_ 56.5 52.4 _47A� 43.1 39.6 38.0 73.8 628200410:00. DAY 900 57.8 66.5 53.8 44.2 41.4 00.7 60.4 62.2 55.8 S_.449.0 46.5 01.1 15.6 6/28200410:15 DAY 900 52.7 66.6 57 45 41.7 41 61.2 62.9 59.5 1 57.140.9 38.5 34.5 27.1 6/28200010:30. DAY 900 50.3 62.6 50.6 44.4r 42.1 41.5 _ 59.9 58.4 53.6 1 48.5! 42.9 43.1 43.3 1 324 629200410:45 DAY 900 50.8 ! 64.9 52 44.4 41.2 40.6 _ 62.5 60.9 58.0 1 53.843.2 1 40A 39.5 1 29.7 629200011:001 DAY 900 d8T' 496 449 424 I019 60.fi 60.5 50.1 - 43.240.941.0 3].1 fi26/200/11;151 DAY 900 51.3 1 64.7 497 452 42.8 42.3 60.2 590 52.0 50.843.0 i 4J.0 44.7 35.8 628200411:301 DAY 900 50.364.4 48.1 43.1 40.9 40.3 60.0 504 58.2 53042.9 40.5 39.0 31.8 6282011411:451 DAY 900 48.4 60.2 50.5 "A 41.5 41.1 59.5 57.2 54.6 492 � 40.0 I 39.0 32.9 27.6 6282000 12,0 1 6/28200012:151 DAY _ DAY 900 -- 900 555 52.7 70 652 55.4 55 1 45.9 45.3 40.8 41.4 1 402 _ 40.6 61.1 �.-_-.. 61.9 63.3 617 63.1 ...-. 59.3 57.3 564 52.4 508 48.8 46.1 46.4 39.5 44_1 _ 32.6 38 6 25:4 628200012:30. 626/200012:451 DAY DAY 900 _ 900 55.6 46.8 _ 71 _ 56.6 52.7 _ 49.1 45.2_ 139 422 41.6 41.6 41.2 - A_ '_ 60.8 61.9 57.0- 57.8 51.2 57.7 45.7 53.9 43.1 49.2 413 45.3 _40.9 35.6 1 35.1 28.1 6(28200413:OD' DAV 900 50.6 61.9 54.4 44.9 42.3 417 61.3 528 52.3 49.1 43.5 42.6 "A 44.1 32.5 6/28/2004 13:151 6/21113:301 DAY DAY 900 900 54 52.8 66.9 __., 66.5 52.6 51.6 45.5 42.6 42;6 40.1 41.6 39.6 63.1 61.8 61.9 WA 59.7 58.1 '' 55.9 56.6 50.8 50.9 1 47.5 1 44.8 - T_ 46.2 10.7 42.1 36.3 1 722 32.6 6/28/200413:45 6/28200014:00' DAY_ DAY _ 900 900 56.7_ 52.4 68_7 61.5 _59.6 _'1 56.1 47.4 66.6 1 62.4 47.6 43 63.4 62.J�! 63.2_ 60.5 _553 1 59.9'- 52.7 50.2 47.1 50-0 4 5 4].2 42.2 43.1 52.4 40.9 50.3 _ 314 6/28200114:15• 6/26/2004 74:301 DAY -DAY _ _ 911D__ 900 _49_2 _ 46.6 58.1 54.9 512 48.6 412„ 45.3 64___43_1 42,7 02.1 _ 63.2 .1 63.2 57.5 57.1 53749.0 47.1 42A _45_9 412 447 42.3 40.7 --38.3 36.2 322 29.7 28.9 612&2004 14:451 DAY 900 52.8 63 56 48 44.1 1 47 61.1 60.8 56.2 52.5 47.6 45.7 41.7 46.9 41.0 6/28200415_001 6/26/200415:IS DAY DAY 900 _ 900 _5260.8 56.8 68.2 56.2___48944.6_:_43.7 612 69 45.6 65 6V __fi0.7 64.J 64.1 55.5 60.0 50.8 560 47_9 53.1 45.8 51.1 4JJ__ 48.8 44.4_..33:9 43.2 357 628/200015:301 ----• 626/200415:45 DAY _ DAY 900 900 _53.6 69.6 _ 667 814 53.4 _-_ 52 48 _ 46.7 45 .. 439 64.2 _ 43.1 _ 61.8 61A 63 7 65.5 59.7 _-____.._ 73.9 55.8 717 50.8 64.1 47.8 - 60.0 ' 437 612 39.5 __.8.5 58.5 32.5 51.6 6129200416:001 DAY 900 59.4 72.6 592 _-_.. 48.3 _____- 43.2 _,_ 42.7 _. 62.9 _- 69.1 68.6 _ _ 607 6017 _55.8 _ 52.8 _.. 500 -5 4].8 389 40.9 308 6/28/20D416:30 DAV 900 51.9 1 63.5 53.2 44.6 41.2 40.4 61.2 Q. 60.7 57.2 487 432 371 304 30.2 628/200416:45 6/26/200417:00 DAY 900 DAY 900 44.4 464 51.6 1 563 46.2_ 486 43.5 43.5 41.1 40.6 40.4 399 _ 59.4 59.1 55.2 53.6 426 507 40.9 43.6 41 3 609 39.7 38.9 35.8 39.0 32.7 794 24.6 31.4 628200417:151 6282004 17:30 DAY DAY 900 900 51 52.5 599 601 515 55.9 474 49.8 _"A 42.7 41 01.9 _-W3 61.3 610 6E.3 604 62.3 310_ 553 _422 06.6 44.5 46.4 40.8 42.9 777 IT 30.4 307 6/28/200417:45' &26/2004 18:00 &26/200418:15 DAY DAY DAY _ .__ 900 900 900 552 50.3 54.7 64.2 ._.__ - 60 _ 59.8 58.9 _ .. - _ 48.1 _ 46.1 52.3 _ 4� 40.9 40.1 _-_ 383 38.1 39.3 _ _ 37.6 317 61.9 __ 59.2 60.7 67.3 51.9 54.5 64.] 53 57 5 65.0 597 48.7 57.2 50.1 _ _ ab 2 6].3 46.6 427 44.fi 43.7 44.2 41.6 41.9 _ __ _ 41.6 38.5 329 .. J5.1 29.6 &282001 18:30 _ 628200418:45' DAY DAY 900 900 439 41.9 55.9 52.8 42.5 44.3 38.6 789 367 76.6 36.3 362 59 6-53 584 6 49.4 49 5 477 421 38.4 39.4 77.4 38.2 J7] 75.7 SIS 344 324 31.1 283 6/26/200419:00 6/26/200019:15 DAV DAY 900 900 39.1 432 45.2 53.9 40.9 44.4 782 39.5 36.6 37 76.1 36.4 1 587 59.6 49.1 52.9 429 480 35.9 43.6 35.2 39.9 336 37.9 31.6 34.9 28.8 29.2 27.3 25.9 &282004 19:30 &28/200419:45' 628200420:00' DAY DAY DAY 900 - 900 _ 900 57.2 - -61.9 ,7 ..__ 54.] 70.3 70.3 62.5 _ 57.8 65.9 60.7 _ _ 48_5 _ 584 _ 48.1 _39.7 49 40.9 39.2 46.9 - - 40.1 E2 4 1 60.5 _9 59.3 62.9 577 __- 12.6 61.] � 5_7 51.J 58.8 446 v 6_.0 520 459 33.2 46.5 _ _ 42.4 40.5 Q, 36.6 367- 350 26.0 -- A 27.1 2 _ _5.4 54.8 b'_.5 6 _ 5. 55.3 fi28'200620:15 fiP8/'t00120:70 DAV DAY 900 90(1 55.5 54.9 60.2 59.E 56.5 56.E 55.2 54.9 54.1 50.1 53.6 39.5 59.1 SR.B 539 53.9 529 53.6 43.9 467 457 05.1 42.0 31.8 76.6 J5.5 270 26.1 56.3 15.5 Belt Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP ALonsficnl Consultants Inc. Ocmbcc 13. 2004 K4aloo1e Combined Cycle Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Dch Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical ConsuOams Inc. October 13. 21104 Kcaholc Combmcd Cvcic Noac Study Table C611: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 6 Start Date and Dry / I Time Ni ht Durad4n li LL00 LI0.00' 1,50.00 L90.00I L95.00 1 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4080 8000 (m4aWq (d8(AD, (dB(A))' (dB(A))1 (dB(AD (dB(AD 1 (d A)) dB d6 dB dB dB dB dB dB d6 62720048:47 DAY ]59.875 _ 55 69.3 55.2 42.2 _ 77.1 36.1 _60.2 ;_54_1 60_8 552 52.9 48.1 46.2 4L6 14.7 62720049:00 DAY 900 534 67.8 49.5 1 40.2 37.9 37.4 fill 61.6 60.9 58.9 51.2 "A 76.6 34.4 30.3 627/20049:15 DAY 900 47.7 _ 62.8 _ 46.8 40.1 37.2 364 59.81 55.4 51.2 45.9 44.2 42.9 40.1 36.0 28.9 6/27/20049:30 DAY 900 49.1 1 61.9 51.2 41.8 37.6 37.1 59.6 54.1 51.3 49.8 44.5 41.3 39.8 43.1 34.8 6/27211049:45 DAY 900 _ 45 56.8 47.9 40.1 36.7 59.8 53.8 47.4 41.7 3].B J5.0 37.2 39.0 36.6 6/271200010:00 DAY 900 Obl 5H.1 47J 40.9 J7.7 _36.2 37.2 598 54.5 50.8 44.] 36.8 36.7 39.5 J9.9 29] 627/201410:15 DAY 900 517 65.6 _ 53.4 44.2 _ 39.2 38.2 609 _ 58.3 5]] 54.9 48.5 42.9 37.0 43.3 40.1 627200410:30 DAY 900 437 51.6 46 I 42.7 38_8 38.1 60.0 51.1 4].i 41.4 18.55 38.7 35.4 35.3 28.5 627200410:45 DAY _ 900 52.1 ' 67 47.7 1 43.1 40.4 19.8 63.0-' 59.6 57.4 524 49.1 45.1 44.0 42.4 33.7 N272004 11:001 DAY 900 45 55 46.5 42.7 79.2 38.5 59.7 48.9 43.7 40.9 40.6 36.7 37.0 _ _ '-603 _ _ _ 126.4 6/27/200411:15, DAY 900 48.1 506- 43.4 90.5 79.9 _52.6 59.8 58.9 52.8 46.5 43.4 1 41.9 39.1 40.1 1 31.6 627200411:301 DAY 900 49.1 60.8 508 43.8 41 90.3 599: 53.6 51.2 45.4 94.S 44.4 41.6_ 39.8 32A 6/2]20DO 11:05 _ DAY 900 33.7 _ 67.2 49.1 44.1 1- 41.6 41 _ 60.8 59.6 59.0 56.9 32.2 ~46.6 78.7 33.6 28.1 b/Z7200412:001 DAY - 900 -- 49 597 318 _-+__-____+__ 45.5 1 41.2 I 11 40.2 60.4 ..___.3._.___. 55.6 54.5 48.8 41.3 40.5 42.2 41.7 35.8 -_ 6/27/200412:151 DAY 900 498 616 51 _45.1 42.3 41.6 _60.6 56.5 _523_1_48.2 46.4 I 4J.1 41,11 OL9 35.3 N27200412:30 DAY 900 51.9T 65.5 52.3 1 46.6 IPIA 7 43.5 60-9 WO 58.5 1 53.8 48.7 1 44.2 42.0 43.0 36.0-- 6/'272004 12:45 DAY 900 52.9 55.2 46.5 42.5 41.4 61.7 52.9 49.7_1_45.9 43.6 45.0 16.4 627200013:00 DAY 900 18.3 T _65.1 56.8 Lb 45.9 _ 42.4 41.2 _60.5 60.5 54.3 _57.3 52.1 46.8 43.9 ZL - I 39.2 40.2 31.5 627200413:151 DAY _ 900 _ 53.9 _ _ 67.6 57.5 _46.9 97.3 _ 42.3 fiL I _ 59.5 _ _ 58.6 _ 55.3 51.9 1 46.8 1 43.6 43.9 1 35.3 627200413:30; DAY 900 48.8 57.1 99.1 45.5 42.9 42.2 61,5 610 55.4 49.9 44.7 43.1 1 37.6 37.0 1, 29.5 627/2004 13:43 DAY 900 46.2 + 53.9 1 48.6 _ _ _ 45 _ _ 42.1 1 _ 41 _ 60.6 55 8 49.6 43.9 42.3 I 41.7 ' 37.3 35.9 28.5 627/200114:00 DAY _900 49.6 � 61.2 4 52.7 I 159 I 43.1 I 42.3 62.0 60.4 55.1 51.5 16.2: -46.0' 44.2_., 19.1 38.8 1 30.6 627/200414:15 DAY 900 51.9 1 65.2 1 53.1 45.5 41J1 40.9 62.8 I 59.2 58.1 49] 46.0 454 42] 1 31.3 6/27/200414:30 DAY 90D 47.4 57.2 49.3 44.7 41.7 41 60.4 IF_ 54.7 48.4 42.0 39.9 41.2 1 38.0 42.5 1 34.9 6/2]/20D4 16:15 DAY 9170 58 69.6 51.3T44J 92 01.3 61.1 644 66.5 61.6 55.5 50.5 43.8 40.9 J-41 2 &27/2" 15-Mll DAY 900 _ 49.3 59.6 __ 5291 44.2 i 40_3 60.2 51,9 46.8 _42.5 42.3411 43.5 43.6 32.1 6271200015:15' DAY _ 900 467 559 486 1 44.2 _41 412 40A 60.2 52.8 512 46.9 41.3 414 38.3 37.6 _ 27.8 627/20041530 DAY 900 44.3 51.8 462 I_ 415 39.3 38.5 60.2 53.3 48.9 44.4 387 389 33.8 36.8 25.6 627200a 15:45DAY 900 50.3 blb 5_1,5 414 _ 372_. 36.6 61.5_ 614 '_ 54.5 46.9 r 40.8 1fi.9 79.7 27.1 6/27/200416:00, DAY _ 900 454 56 50 37.6 1 35.6 : 35.2 60.1 489 _58.2_ 42.8 35.3 344 314 _, 13.5 41.9 39.2 6/27200416:15' DAY 900 54.1 : -57.7 69.3__ 50.2 1 _ 41.7 '_ 38.2 _ 37A 61.8 _61.3 W. 57.6 52.3 45.6 43.5 38.8 29.5 6/27/2004 16:30'' DAY 900 68.1 54.6 44.3 41.2 40.5 _ 61.3 60.9 60.5 57.2 50.9 46.3 36.9 43.4 37.1 6/27200416:451 DAY 900 463 1 58.2 47.8 414 38.2 37.3 59.9 50.8 51.1 449 38.5 38.8 1 367 40.9 34.0 6/2]200017:00, DAY 9011 456 545 48.6 416 39.1 36.5 60.1 514 482 40.9 37.2 35.4 37.8 41.1 32.8 6/27200417:15 DAY 900 46.7 57.9 48.9 43 39.6 39 597 486 46.7 37.6 360 35.4 40.5 42.3 35.4 6/27200417:30 DAY 900 48.5 59.3 427 39.6 38.2 J8 61.2 682 52.6 452 41,5 39.3 37.0 16.2 31.8 6/27200417:45 DAY 900 47.5 58.5 51.5 40.5 37.7 37.1 60.3 SSJ 45.4 44.1 43.6 38.3 36.9 42.9 335 627/200418:00 DAY 900 49.3 61.5 Sto __....... 41 38 373 - _ 599 _ _-- 48.1 - 45.5 - _. 40.4 40.9 35.8 40.1 46.3 38.0 -_..--_._ 6/27,'20041815 DAY ._.-_ _ 900 -.._ 49.5 _____... 617 52.6 .__ J9] _ 3].1 366 61.1 61.0 . 58.4 SJ2 -- -__.__ 45.7 39.9 -._ J6.3 _ 39.8 33.3 6/27/200418:30 DAY 900 41.5 47.3 43J 40.5 38.1 37.4 60.1 48.6 43.9 35.1 350 34.6 33.0 35.9 30.1 6/27/200418.65 DAY 900 49] 64.6 462 19.5 36.6 36.2 61.5 55.0 467 43.6 45.4 44.1 43.6 J9.1 30.8 627200419:00 DAY 900 58.3 74 533 1 40.1 36.9 36.2 63.9 669 68.5 63.9 545 47.5 42.5 36.8 254 6/27200419:15 DAY900 494 63A 429 37.7 _.._. 355 - 352 W.0 _ _ 553 _ 460 --_.--_.- 41.9 39.2 377 33.5 30.0 49.0 ---__._. fi271200419:30- DAY _� 900 52.2 61.5 57.6 44.2 _ 19.4 18.461.1 59.5 55.2 51.4 43.8 _ 36.9 290 ..___.- 247 50.9 627200419:45 DAY 900 61.6 714 681 55.3 42 .4 41.3 _ 00. 8 52.1 455 38.8 357 332 289 21.5 62.1 6/271200420:00 DAY 900 46.6 49.5 48.4 46.6 44 42 59.9 48.5 43.7 35.0 347 34.2 28.6 20] 46.9 6/272004 20:15 DAY 900 42.5 47.8 45.8 79.9 38.3 38.1 59.9 47_2 2 35.0 14.0 32 0 28.5 212 41.8 61271200420'.30 DAY 900 449 469 46 45.1 42 .1 41. 5 602 48.1 _42 43.1 35.1 342 -- 322 - -28.3 l -- 20.t 44 -- 44.5 6/27200920:45 DAY 900 47.7 55.5 48.1 473 46 44.8 _ 60.2 55.5 498 45.1 38.0 340 294 20.3 46.8 6/27/200421:00 DAY 900 459 51.6 47.8 45 43.1 42.1 594 48.1 439 78.1 36.3 35.8 33620.0 45.0 6/271200421:15 DAY 900 482 61.6 46.2 42.S 411.1 39.6 60.1 5j.3 569 " 48.0 4'_2 41.3 39.1 35.0 424 6/27/200421:30 DAY 900 428 50.2 443 40.8 39.6 39.3 _ 58.9 51.9 45.9 40.2 37.7 35.1 31.8 24.6 39.5_ 6/27/20042145 DAY 9011 40] 428 41] 40.6 39.8 J9.4 54.8 459 43.5 76.2 339 30.8 28.6 22.0 38.9 627/200422:00 NIGHT 900 41.9 44.2 42.8 41.8 41.1 41 52.3 498 440 36.1 34.1 32.3 28.3 204 40.5 _ -- 6/27200422:15 NIGHT 406 '" - 900 -_ 466 _. 537 48.6 46.5 41,2 409 _. _ _50.9_ ___ 491 -_-__ 43.3 39.6 _ 387 35.5 26.6 18.2 46.5 6/27/200422:30 NIGHT 900 47 49.9 48.6 47.1 4T3-43 . 1 50.8 46.2 429 364 35.3 33.1 274-1 18.2 47.6 627/2004 22:45 NIGHT 900 418 52.7 43.2 41.3 40.2 40 52.6 53.6 49 7 41.5 37 0 31 A 25.3 17.9 40.9 6/27200423:00 NIGHT 900 42.3 482 44.6 416 40.1 39.6 53.0_ 53.8 48.1 40.0 34.0 1 29.3 25.0 19.2 41.1 6/27/200423:15 NIGHT 900 424 45.5 435 423 41.1 40.8 550 52.5 43.6 382 333 79.0 24.0 19.1 41.6 627200023'30 NIGHT 900 42.6 414 44.3 42.1 40.8 40.4 503 43.1 412 34.2 1 304 27.6 23.4 19.8 42.6 6/27200423'45 NIGHT 900 534 57 56.6 54.2 40.9 40.4 513 43.3 41.5 38.2 1 33.9 31.5 26.6 21.9 537 6/282004000 NICHT 900 43.1 46.8 44 42.9 42 41.5 51.0 43.9 4247---39.5 J 35.6 344 287 24.4 41.5 6/28/2004015 NIGHT 900 93.1 44.9 43.9 43.1 418 414 51.1 44.6 41.0 39.6 333 32.3 27.5 24.3 41.6 6/2820040:30 NIGHT 900 94.6 469 45.8 44,6 43.1 42.6 51.3 4,13 41.6 41.5 36J 33.9 28.2 25J 43.2 6/2620040:45 NIGHT 900 439 46.8 45.1 43.9 42.1 41.l 53.6 445 41.7 43.6 3R.1 354 31.0 30.5 90.6 6/282004100 NIGHT 900 44.1 46.8 454 44.1 422 41A 1 53.9 46.0 44.3 43.8 38.3 35.3 32.1 32.1 403 62620041ai NIGHT 900 982 55.8 54 442 40.6 402 f 52.4 a3.6 424 399 3"A31.8 290 29.5 4ft.9 628120001'30 NIGHT 900 53.6 60.3 567 534 42.2 41.6 1 51.3 449 40.8 39.4 35.1 31.6 26.9 26.11 54J 6128'2004145 NIGHT 900 492 557 54.1 41.7 408 399 � 5'_.4 435 41.2 412 369 326 21.9 27(1 49.6 6/26/20042:00 NIGHT 900 472 572 48 45.4 433 421 1 56.0 57.6 53.9 464 472 332 259 2Y.9 _44.9 6/282004 k15 NICHT 900 4) 51.8 49 46.5 4j_' J} j07 461 434 387 344 30.3 247 25.1 470 6,28/2004230 NIGHT 900 _ 445 j2 51.6 Y94 _ 41.5 4i SOJ 42.3 409 404 3j.8 31.8 267 274 50.3 Dch Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical ConsuOams Inc. October 13. 21104 Kcaholc Combmcd Cvcic Noac Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Meouremeat Results BuIt Collins FINAL 1.0 HF? Acoustical Consultants Inc. Ocmbcr 13, 2004 Kcaholc Combined Cycic Nmsc Study Table C7A: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 7 Start Date and Time 1 Dry / NICht DanBon Last ' LL00 L10.00 1,50.00 1 Loans 1,95A0 31.5 63 115 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 (stated.) dB(AI) (dB(A) (dB(A)) (40(A)) (dkA)) d AD dn_y do dB dB dB dB dB dB d8 6(2520049:15 WAY 899.625 55.2 64.8 57.3 50 47.1 46.3 58.4 59.5 57.] 55.8 51.0 49.2 44.8 41.5 493 62520049:30 DAY 900 $4.7 63.8 58.2 51.4 47.4 46.4 61.4 59.2 54.0 52A 51.1 49.3 45.0 47.9 15.2_ 62520049:45 DAY 900 P.) 67.1 61.6 51.4 47.8 46.8 56.4 56.6 57.8 52.3 51.3 50.2 47.0 52.9 I 397 625200710:00 DAY 900 55.8 65.4 597 51.6 I 47.9 46.7 5B.6 54.5 54.4 50.2 30.3 49.4 45.6 51.5 1 77,8 625200410:15 DAY 900 66] 75.1 62 51.8 4].1 1 47.4 16.7 60.2 62.8 66.2 6446 62.9 60.4 54.0 50.2 40.5 623200410:30 DAY 900 56.1 66.8 S2 51.8 46.6 58.4 587 59.8 56.6 53.9 50.0 45.4 782 625200410:45 DAY 900 62.1 76 61.2 52 48.6 48 61.6 "A 63.0 62.1 61.3 56.5 52.8 46.6 _32.9 _ 413 62520061100 DAY 900 61.7 71.4 56 51.9 48.2 47.1 62.0 59.6 56.4 626 60.8 56.7 52.9 47.4 42.9 625/200411:15 DAY 900 56.3 67.4 55.1 I 51.7 48.1 46.9 61.9 59.1 55.7 53.7 57.5 52.5 47.8 41.9 37.0 612 5 200 4 11:30 DAY 900 59.2 72.7 593T 52.6 _ j 48.8 48.1 62.3 678 60.5 _ 60.5 S].0 33.1 50.3 46.1 79.5 625200411:45 DAY 900 55.6 66.8 57 1 508 47 46.2 58.7 584 56.4 52.7 52.8 52.1 16.9 39.7 y__335 625200612:00 DAY 900 56.7 : 66.9 60.3 52 ? 47.8 46.7 58.5 57.0 56.0 52.5 54.6 51.5 47.9 65.7 "� _ 460 625200412:15 &25200112:30 DAY DAY_ 900 900 65.1 1 fi1.5 74.4 72.8 71.9 i 61' 2 52.1 1 _48.4 52-� 41.4 47.5 46.3 58.6 63,0 552 613 60.4 1 56.3 6t.2 62.5 S9.1 58.7 1 59.9 S3.6 50.8 43.4 46.6 40.7 625200412:15 DAY 900 _ 53 62.8 55 1 50.1 46.6 /6 58.0 59.1 _62.9 59.7 48.3 49.8 _55.9 48.8 444 37.1 28.2 625/200413:00 625200413:15 DAY DAY 900 900 56.3 55.5 64.2 69.4 54.5 55 49.5 49.5 + 45.8 447 46.3 45.5 6L5.J 54.7 59.1 1 55.8 517 56.9 50.8 . 58.0 1 51.2 1 55.0 1 51.1 49.5 45.7 41.0 35.9 34.1 28.6 26.7 6252006 13:30 625/200413:45 DAY DAY 900 900 - 37.7 - 56 _ ]0.6 _ _'� 64.7 1 55.8 55.6 50.1 503 46.6-� 47.1 45.5 46.4 58.9 ij 61.3 59.6 _ 58.6 _ 61.4 56.7 � 62.4 _ 57A _ 33.5 53.0 - 49.2 43.2 51.6 47A 34.6 _'��7.1 41.5 _ 16.9 625/200414:00 DAY 900 _ 57.4 69.9 38.1 ' 51.9 1 48.4 +- 47.2 _60.0 L -I 66.0 -- 60:0 i 56.6 54.6 i 52.5 48.9 47.8 77.8 6252004 14:15 6252o04 14:36 DAY DAY 900 _ 900 573 ..I_ 67.8 S 1,5 60.3 57.3 57.1 50.9 _, 49.9 i� _ 46.8 _ 46.6 45.8 45.8 58.9 58.2 t _59.8 _ 56.7 62.6 46.8 : _ 54.5 16.0 53.2 17.2 52.5 4].5 19.4 43.] 45.7` 42.2 45.3 28.8 6/25/200414:451 DAY _ 900 57.2 69.8 54.6 51.1 __47.6 06.] 607 58.0 _55.0 54.6 53.2 52.6 50.3 45.6 38.0__ U512004 25/200415:001 DAY 900 55.4 68.3 563 T 49.8 1 47.1 46.3 62.1 57.3 58.1 1 57.7 545 1 49.5 : 47.4 34.2 25.1 6252004 15:15' DAY 900 60.2 73.4 63 52.2 _ 47.9 _ 47 61.8 69A _ 62.6 56.8 56T-55 .3 51.2 42.3 625/2004 15:70 DAY 900 58.1 T_ _ 707 61.7 51.3 147.7 47 59.5 58.0 56.1 56.2 53.6 52.1 _51.8 47.6 _ 51.6 _ 38.2 625200415:43 6125200416:001 DAY DAY _900 900 55.7 667 59 50.4 _ 49 _472 : 45.2 _46.2 41.4_ 58.6 L _S8.8_ 67.1 S4.9 71.6 ! S0.2 66.8 49.6 60.2 48.8 53.3 45.8 50.9 _54.5 47.6 40.1 42.5 625/200416:15', DAY _ _ 900 _62.4^_74.5 59.2 _x_57 744 56 '- 994 45.9 45.1 _59.6_^ 56.3 _ 58.3 38.5 63.0 5V7-5 _ 1.9 45.5 40.3 316 625/200416:30'1 DAY _900_ _55_6''. 677 _56.7 _486 447 _434 59.0'_580_ 58.8 56.2 52.9 49.7 45.3 46.8 773 625/200116:15- DAY 900 546 m 64.9 59.1 49.1 46 45.7 56.4 1 MA 51.6 68.2 48.1 48.0. 45.3 50.5 35.1 6/25/200417:001 W2320041]:IS, DAY DAY 900 900 56.1 _._1 587 65A 65.1 ". 71.9 9.3 59.3 61.8 48.2 496 _- 46.9 44 .-_ 44.5 42.9 43.9 56.8 ...-._-__ 58.2 - 51.8 57.3 60.8 59.0 59.5 61.1 510 1 572 45.9 49.7 43.2 45.2 50.8 51.6 34.7 35.3 6/25/200417:30 DAY 900 54.3 66.8 56.2 464 42.8 42 56.3 56.1 56.7 45.9 46.0 46.4 44.0 51A 38.1 6/25/20041]:45 0025/200416:00 DAY DAY 900 900 51.9 55.8 651 67.2 52A 59.4 46.7 46.9 47.3 47.5 42.5 42.5 58.5 573 55.7 567 46.0 58.0 47.8 55.9 45.9 516 _463 49.5 44.2 45.7 _45]38.3 48.6 _ 45.9 6/25200418:15' _.________-___-- 0025/260418:30, DAY DAY 900 900 56.3 ___ 49.1 694 61.1 56.1 .. 48.1 46.6 __...____�_-_-._-.. 46 43.2 42.2 42.3 40.8 59.4 57.0 60.6 ___ 52.3 56.8 65.1 57.0 41,6 54.8 4766 50.9 44.8 47.1 417 38.5 6666-_ 40.4 31.9 32.9 625/200418:45 625200419:00 DAY DAY 900 900 50A 51.5 623 61.1 ' 51.6 507 47.3 46.6 44.1 429 43.6 42.1 56.2 56.8 51.7 59.6 48.7 59.6 44.3 50.0 02 487 47.1 45.6 43.0 41.5 36.8 73.3 33.8 28.2 0025/200419:15' DAY 900 59.8 68.7 64.6 47.9 41 399 56.2 59.8 60.9 48.6 477 45.8 41.8 38.5 60.7 625200619:30. -__-6646_ 625/200419451 DAY DAY 900 -.. 900 614 __ 634 68.8 -.. 68.8 65.8 _ 664 4... 67 58.3 ___ ti 46.8 --_ 49.9 44.8 -- - 418.8 56.4 _ _ 566 54.1 536 45.7 6666 SLS 44.0 56.5 44.6 . 5. __. 55.1 44.4 68.2 40.0 42.8 31.5 -6466-_ 33.1 622 640 6125(200420:00' 6,15 625200420:15 DAY -_ DAY 900 6466_ 900 557 4.9 54.9 685 345 68.3 579 53.6 48.4 4]b 442 43.5 43.4 4l4 58.4 _ 57.6 57.9 .0 56.0 58.8 ._.7 57.7 583 58._ 58.3 53.0 - _--- 33 7 479 - 48.5 43.7 >>- 4_._ 35.7 -- 31 4 510 -- 27.6 6125121](14 20:301 625/200420:45' DAY 900 -�. 900 49.8 61 59.5 _ 75.1 52.1 52.2 52.2 47.1 46.8 .8 _W_ 43. 47.5 43 _ _ 47.7 56.4 _._ _ . 58.5 52.0 562 47.4 67.1 45.4 64.4 477 611 46.4 41A 51.1 41.3 47.1 4].1 JI2 40- -36,6 40.8 287 366 N25/2W42100 DAY 900 50.9 64.1 50.8 t6.6 42.5 41.3 56.4 54.9 497 48.8 48.2 47.4 418 331 34.1 0025/200421.15' _ -___.__.. fi25200421:70 DAY DAY 900 9110 53.2 _L 5�2 _ 65.4 ..4664.64,64.266.___. 65.2 54.3 50 47.3 442 43.6 41.5 42.8 60.8 59.6 16.8 57.8 . 55.3 54.0 ._2644_.__ 52.1 53.8 69.2 519 487 48.5 6444-_.8 4}2 43.7 43.8 3'_.I 4 394 24.5 75.0 0025200421:451 -6646_ 6/25200422:00' DAY -9110 NIGHT 4462_ 900 47.2 -4262__ 49.5 57.6 57.9 49.5 53 44.6 - __2466_- 435 40.7 394 79.2 _. 387 589 _ 57.8 57.2 48.8 51.9 _- - 48.3 47.4 -_ 472 44.7 _ -_. 43.4 43.0 6462 44.3 77.5 40.6 23.0 -_. __- 32.6 23.3 _. 45.9 6_/25/200422:15 NIGHT 6/25200422:30 ___. NIGHT 900 _. 69-06 900 53.9 _ '_. 44.9^' 62.2 53 53.3 39.5 ._ __ 46.8 437 _. 47.0 39.7 _-- __ 40.3 784 19.4 439 58.7 _ 30.9 56.2 _ 49.6 50.3 _..____ 42.1 477 422 460 _-_ 419 44.6 __ 414 78.9 -__ 36.5 28.0 6666 _. 24.6 54.2 _ . 29.1 625/200422:45- NIGHT 900 48.3 58.7 48.6 445 40.9 40.1 50A 50.8 46.9 4t1 44.2 45.1 40.2 32.9 29.5 6/252006 27:00' 6125RW423:15 NIGHT _ NIGHT 900 6666.9 900 45.8 497 53.7 55.9 49 526 44.1 463 19.9 13 41,3 39.4 - 402 50.1 53_66._ 53.9 47.8 _. 53.1 _ 41.0 439 _ 432 _ 46.0 _ 417 45.7 427 _ - 46.6 77.9 619 25.6 322 29.4 18.0 W25/20042390 6644 6/25/200423:65' NIGHT NIGHT 900 _. -' -- 900 49.2 54.3 654.5 58 60.1 .1 50.3 49.4 45.1 44.3 40.8 40.9 40.2 79.9 50.5 SO.J 50.8 SO.I 51.2 67.6 497 549 45.5 6466 - 54.1 445 ---"'__-_ 45.9 41.0 41.9 }2.4 - 4 - 349 28.5 1A 31A 6/2620040:00. 6466-____._. 6/262 0:15'. __ -_ 66-WGIfT 002W20040:45 NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT 900 __ 900 ___....- 900 47.3 53.6 53.6 60 4_. 660 60 474 _4 53.4 -" 53.6 416 6.._. 46.1 6642_ 498 39.3 41.6 - 458 38.4 401. 40.7 432 497 _-_ 50.3 '--- 52.0 50.0 '1 55.1 6264. 47.3 45.6 2662_. 51.1 - 413 46.4 _- 69.5 41.6 44.6 4l4 __-_-1646_._. 49.6 -- 46.5 439 49.8 4662 489 388 46.0 47.6 29.8 41.7 05.0 252 40.1 403 620020M 0:45 44 26 _________. 0020020011:00 NIGHT NIGHT 900 6666. 900 56.1 _ - S1.6 60.5 57u 5]9 56.7 .._______. 56.4 52.4 -5_.] 46.9 49.2 d6.1 .. 684 50.3 � _._ _ 46.1 46.5 __. 49.8 47.5 _.1 41.2 44.6 4_6. 41.6 503 4_4._ 44.0 51.6 __.__ 487 99.9 084 46.6 44.2 47.3 _._ 43.3 626/20041:15' 6662 6/2600041:70' NIGHT NIGHT _900 900 51.4 453 563 52_5 54.6 48.3 504 _. 433 46.4 __ 404 45.1 39.8 47.3 47.8 43.1 45.4 36.8 46.2 39.8 44.7 41,0 38.1 46.5 39.8 46.2 38.8 42.1 34.5 41.3 732 6/20020&11:45 4644 00200200d2.00 __ - 0020070p4 2.15 NIGHT _- NIGHT ___ NIGHT 900 900 900 _ 900 422 4U 36 6 47.6 47.5 __ 43.1 44.2 42.4 _ 39.1 415 -_ l84 6664. 35 5 394 36.3 31.6 38.8 J6 _. _ 311 4]0 . 47A 4Z 44.6 _ 43.5 _. 17.0 39.1 37.4 _ -- 39.8 427 402 - 18 _ 37.1 4664 34.v __ 32.5 37.1_ 353 6444._ 31.8 34.7 - 325 27 5 29.7 _]0 10.2 28.1 27.R _ 205 _6262004'_:70 6261]01112:45 NIGHT NIGHT _ 900 900 45 _ 43.4 50.3 49.9 _48_2 471 444_ 41.5 39.4_ 38.2 38.9 375 410_ _44.8 48.2 45.1 79.8 1 399 377 42.5 369 _ 38.9 40.5 _ 79.1 795 I 75.9 34.9 70.7 32.9 28.2 BuIt Collins FINAL 1.0 HF? Acoustical Consultants Inc. Ocmbcr 13, 2004 Kcaholc Combined Cycic Nmsc Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Bch Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. GctaRr 13, 2004 Kcaholc Combmcd Cycic Noisc Study Table C66: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 6 Smrt Dale and Time Day / Night Duration L i LL00 LI0.00 130.00 L90.001 I L95.00 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 1 2000 4000 8000 (serandr) (dB(AH (dB(AH FIBIA)) (dB(A)) (d8(A))I (d A) dB dB dB dB it dB OB d6 dB 628/200420:45 628/200421:001 DAY DAY 900 900 302 41.2 _ 59] 54.9 42,4 _, 55.5 65.1 41.9 397 40.1 38.9 39.5 _ 58.8 52.6 58.5 51.5 51.5 50.1 43.0 ' 41.2 _ 42.2 ! 41.5 1 40.0 �_ _ 39.0 34.9 73.1 _ 25.1 1 24.0 50.3 -37-- 25628200421:151 6/29/2004 21:15' DAY 900 50 ! 56 j 53.7 44.7 1 40.7 40.3 58.6 1 51.4 792 39.7 379 32.4 25.3 1 50.8 628200421:70 DAY 900 50.3 57.9 54.6 42 79.6 79.2 59.6 56.2 _48.6 53.2 45.9 _ 47.1 39.7 1 34.3 26.92 628200421:45 628200422:00 DAY NIGHT 900 900 45.7 44.4 ! 57.9 1 46.2 41.3 1 54.1 45.6 43.6 1 39.1 _ 384 38.6 38 57.9 56,5 52.1 519 51.5 476 427 39.1 43_7 39.1 40.8 77.0 36.0 1LI 28.3 24.1 ", 36.5 _ 42.5 V29(2004 22:15 MGNT 900_ 42.7 45.6 44.6 OLS 1_39.2 78.6 52.7 47.4 44.5 X36.8 75.9 33.8 27.1 _ 19.9 41.3 0028/200422:70 MGHT 43_B 47.7 45.8 419 I 40.7 1 40.3 514 47.7 44.0 77.6 38.4 33.4 26] 17.8 43.3 628200422:451 NIGHT _900 _ 900 40.4 ' _ 44.9 42 40.2 38 _ 3].5 49,4 44.6 43.9 37.9 34.4 72.8 2b] _' 22.1 3 628200/27:00 628200923:15 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 40 39.2 _43.7_ 44.5 41.7 41.7- 397 1 38.5 38.1 36.3 1 37.6 i 35.5 48.6 48.4---42.2--41.1? 1 46.0 42.9 337 32.1 34.7 30.2 _33.2 289 27.8 24.8 257+ 27.5 : 37,1_ 38.4 6/28200423:30 NIGHT 900 415 48.5 46.9 41_9 38.5 ' 46.7 44.2 39.2 1,.38_1 38.6 _ 49.8 49.8 _47.5 44.5 41.5 4371 1311 35.4 31.8 32.1 292 1 28.9 25.2 25,3 24.6 25.2 41.9 40.6 _ 628/200423:45 NIGHT 900 442 ! 49.2 6/29/20040:00 NIGHT 900 41.4 44.8 I1 43,6 41 _' _ 68.365.5 38.3 _47.2-_�-_42.4_ 46.5 36.4 _ 45.7 _ 489 _ _50;7 50.5 427 43_9 -42.9 4071 47.0_' 41.3 32.8 37.9 32.1 29.7 t 37.2 71.0 1 27.1 _ 2L2 2_9.7-y-25.9 29.8 28.6 23.9 28.8 31.0 41.0 58.5 66.3 62920040:15 NIGHT 900 _57.2 66] _I64.6_--16.5 62920040:301 NIGHT 900 65.2 69 62920040:45, NIGHT 6/29/20041:00 NIGHT 900 _ 900 _48.1 '_50.8 47.9 ' 50 50 49.3 X47.9 48.1 1_ _45.1 45.6 + 43.8 _ 44.8 57.1 _434 51.1 42.5 _ 41.3 _ 61.1 32.5 37.1 _ 311A �_ 30.6 31.1 1, 29.0 29.9 27.5 _ 31.9 ' 47.8 30.5 T 4].9 fi/292004 1:15 62920041:30; NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 51.2 _ 57.7 ---65.9 62 P.1 ! t fi2.e ' 49 51.2 47.6 43.1 _ 47.4 42.5 _ 50.2 _ 69.0 42_6 41.8 _ 41.0 42.4 317 __ 31 6 __ 29.9 29.7 28.5 27.1-- 26.8 _ 25.5 70.7 _ 27.8 50.1 57.1 6292004 1:45 NIGHT 900 53.1 51.8 -68.8 50.4 _ '._ 48.7 _ 48.1 49.3 _L 412 40.3 71.6 28.5 26.2 23.6 28.6 1 62920042:00, MCHT 629/20042:151 NIGHT _ _900 _ 900 _50.4 61 A _ 67.1 '� _70 --_ 70 !, 69.6--67.5 49 _ _ 36.9 -' 46.5 _ 77.9 45.9 483 48.4 407 40.1 _' 40.9_ 40.3 31.0 28.9 27.7 26.5-' _ _ HIS 22.7 -23.9 218 _50.8 228 29.2 _ 62.4 68.4 6/29/20042:30 62920042:45! NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 48.9 40.7-44.7 51.9 50.8 43 -� 49.1 _, 40.2 45.1 39.1 42.3 36.6 501 L 477 d84 -'-400 404 40.7 _ 29.8 29.5 _279 27.6 25.2 1 2 21.8 27.6 26.849.0 257 1 40.5 62920043:00' 6292004 3:15 MGHT MGHT 900 9110 51.2 y'_ 59.2 65 64.5 _41.7 64.1 393 93.4 _ 38.2 42.3 - 38 01.4 56.2_', 54.0 604_ 56.2 592 55.0 55.6 47.7 49.2 373 42.3 305 34.5 26.1 27.2 29.8 37.8 60.0 6/29/20043:30 NIGHT 6/2920047:45 NIGHT 6/2920044:001 NIGHT 900 900 900--- 39.7 38.4 382 44.9 411 40 `43.5 39 1 Y 39 37.9 387 38.2 36.2 37.3 �'_ 77.2 36.1 37.2 _ J7 501 50.3 510 44.8 466 44,6 41.6 1 _ 417 41.3 34.6 34.9 35.2 30.8 31.7 71.6 26,6 L27.7 279 23.4 28.2 �' 24.2 27.4 21.8 2'_.8 77.8 36.5 36.1 62920044:15' NIGHT 629/20044:30' NIGHT 900 _ 900 43.1 40.4 5L9 47.9 y419,_ 42.6 38.3 41.1 36.3„ 33.8 36 _ 33.3 _ 51 J _I 50.2 49.7 49.0 _44.9 42.1 40.1 _ 75.8 78.7 1 32.8 38.1 29.7 1 34.8 _ 22.5 _ 283 125 35.6 40.1 6/29/20044:45, NIGHT 900 40.1 45.6 42.7 37.9_ _34.8 ''., 34.3 _ _ 50.8 _ 48.6 44.1 36.0 __15.0__32.3 ' 23.8 17.0 38.7 6/29/20045:00 -NIGHT 900 41.1 _ 45.3--43 41.2 1 36.8 36.1 50.1 48.9 44.6 1 34.9 34.4 34.1 267 217 38.5 6/29/20045:15 NIGHT 550 45.6 57.4 46.7 43.4 41.6 41.2 50.6 50.7 44.1 42.0 42.8 38,8 35.7 31.2 40.3 629120045 _1:30 62920005:45 NIGHT NIGHT 900 _ 900 _ 50.6 '__ 52.9 57 669 _ 544 _ 52.4 487 469 43.9_ 43.6 437 43.2 51.7 562 _ 50.5_ 587 45S 55.9 398 34.6 7]4 52.8 36.3 _ 453 44_7 40.9 46.6 40.7 39.9 373 6/2920046:00 . W29/20046.15. NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 46.9 ___ _ .. 576 53.6 _ _.. 66.3 48.8_ _` __ 509 44.7 45.4 .42.8_ 42.8 42.3 42.7 53.0 59,7 54.7 -.... 58.8 48.8 -- 55.9 43.3 53.7 42.2 512 _ 417 48.6 79.4 43.4 37.4 38.1 347 26.4 6/29/20046:30. 002920046:43 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 49.2 52.7 63 65.8 48 '. 57.4 i 411 40.9 41.1 17.8 40.5 77.3 54.8 57.P 55.6 61.9 51.1 58.4 50.4 55.5 47.6 50.8 43.8 45.8 39.9 38.6 762 32.2 27.0 24.2 6/29/20047:00 DAY 900 496 608 49.1 419 38.6 38.1 594 39.9 54.6 5L6 477 428 40.9 34.7 29.4 6/2920047: 15 612920047:30 _ DAY DAY 9110 --. 900 49 .__ 494 57.2 577 53.1 __-._ 52.5 46 424 41.6 42.6 40.7 -..__ 41.6 60.3 _-._. ._-__ 60.7 596 58.5 47.4 _._.. 48.3 42.7 42.8 41.6 43.1 42.1 4l4 41.3 42.6 42.1 ' -- 42.4 41.3 dl4 629/2004]:45 DAY 797.875 48.3 55.8 50.4 456 40.6 79.5 60.7 58.3 : 511 45.2 45.4 437 40.1 36.3 32.9 Bch Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. GctaRr 13, 2004 Kcaholc Combmcd Cycic Noisc Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Belt Col has FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Kmhole Combined Cycle Noise Smdy Table C713: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 7 Surt Dale aed ! Time Dry / Night DunHae LeiI L1.00 - LIL00 I L50.00 ! L90.001 L95.o0 313 11 63 125 1 250 300 1000 2000 4000 8000 seeaadq 0 A) (d A) 1(dB(A)) (d A) (dB(A))I(dB(A) dB d8 dB d8 dB tle dB dB tlB 62720098:14 DAY 131125 16.fi 51.5 49.5 45 42.9 42.4 52.4 1 47.5 39.5 ! 39.3 39.3 41.9 38.9 38.9 38.0 62720048:151 DAY 900 48.6 61 48.4 41.8 397 387 54.2 51.4 45.1 ! 40.7 42.4 44.6 41.6 39.9 22.7 62720048:30 62720048:45 DAY DAY 900 900 _48.1 54.4 60.1I 46.9 67.4 T 54.7 44.3 44.3 39.8 37.8 39.6 ! 38.6 53.9_: 54.0 51.4 50.6 _46.1 58.1 - 43.8 54.7 45.0 52.6 44.4 49.7 39.5 43.6 37.2 35.6 1 26.8 29.0 6272004 9:00 DAY 900 57.5 _ 71.9 53.6 4314 19.6 39 57.6 t 56.0 59.3 60.9 57.1 50.6 42.8 37.2 30.3 62720049:15 DAY 900 49.5 62.799 44.6 41.2 40.2 54.5 1 Sfi] 50.0 45.9 44.6 45.8 42.5 35.7 27.2 62720049:30 DAY 60 66.6_ 43.7 40.1 : 39.3 54.7_ 56.0 63.5 62.7 59.1 52.7 46.0 41.8 34.6 62720049:45 DAY_ _900 900 55.6 65.5 _50.3 59 45 40.5 39.7 54.4 56.7 55.0 52.7 43.7 42.3 37.2 627200910:00 DAY 900 57.6 65 57.7 46.4 41.4 40.5 54.7. _55.2 55.4 63.3 58.6 56.0 47.7 44.6 _51.7 50.0 364 627200910:15 DAY 900 56.2 70 5V 45.5 41.5 40.6 56.3 '-_ 54.7 59.2 :_ 58.7 55.9 48.1 43.6 41.5 6/27200410:30 DAY 900 56 _ _ 62.7 48.6 45.4 _I 42.3 41.7 54.4 51.0 62.2 58.1 55.8 47.0 42.1 40.2 _34.5 326 627200110:45 6272004 11:001 DAY _ DAY 900 900 36.6 48.5 : 70.4 58.6 50.9 49.8 Ifi.9 ! 46.2 47.7 '102.7 42.5 '', 41.5 _59.1 Sfi 2 I_ 57.2_ 52.0 59.1 48.7 57.3 46.2 _55.4 50.3 44.1 t 45.0 48.1 408 42.1 24.5 i 356 _ 25.5 627200411:15 6/17200411:30 DAY DAY 900 900 -._ 48.2 1677 55.2 �__�__.-.. 86.6 61 503 52.5 46.6 j 17.4 6666_.;.-_--6616.-6111;__-. 43.3 : 44.5 42.3 43.6 57.5 -_ 58.2 58.9 5 48.3 - 69.0 ! 45.6 58.9 _44.7 53.8 44.5 47.7 39.8 44.3 34.0 1 38.3 26.5 13.0 6/27/200411:45 DAY 900 57.3 : 71.1 52 47.6 44.5 4316 58.9 56.2 57.9 60.4 57.1 50.1 416 35.6 ! 28.2 6/27/200412:00 DAY 900 51.5 1 56.7 _ 50.6 47.1 43] - 42.9 57.9 57.7 _59.2 51.6 _ 47.1 ~ 46.3 _I 43.1 7_ B.b '1 31.8 6/272004 12:15 DAY 900 54.8 65.9 57.9 48.1 45.3 44.6 58.4 57.7 50.0 ! 527 50.3 462 1 43.5 50.0 37.3 627/200412:30 DAY 900 55.5 58.8+I 49.5 ' 45 58.7 '_ 54.4 55.0 55.4 51.5 1 47.4 43.9 37.5 627/200112:45 DAY _ 900 56 _67.1 66-.3 60.6 ----Z5-- 49.4 _45.9 48.4 '', 443 60.1 56.6 54.0 7 55.3 52.0 4-TB.1 44.5 _50.7 74.8 j 7616 6/27200413:00 6/27200413:15 DAY DAY 900_ 900 _55.4 58 65 70.6 ! SII 61 49.8_ 50 44.96__ 45.7 43.8 04.7 58.3 58.4 "_52.7_ II 55.4 49.3 57.2 48.8 59.3 4].4 55.4 47.0 49.0 1 44.1 44.9 52.4 i 52.4 40.1 40.8 627200413:30 DAY 900 51.5 69.0 5 485 _ 44] 44.1 _ SBJ j 60.3 55.1 19.0 47.1 46.8 r 47.3 51.0 399 6/2]200117:45 DAY_ 900 _ 51.5 65.4 ! 584 1_48_6 _ 44.6.1_43_7 57.4 x_51.7 46.0 44.8 ".7 45.7 19.3 51.7 390 6/27200414:00 DAY 900 66 58.1 48.6 45.1 "A 60.0 I 58.7 52.6 I 53.4 51.0 ''. 48.7 46.6 487 1 363 6/27/200414:151 DAY 900 612_ 51 L 47.3 44.1 43.1 56.3 5V 58.6 - 47.1 47.1 47.2 42.3 35.1 293 6/27/200414:70 DAY _ 900 _51 51 Y 62.1 50.9 __ 47.4 44.1 43.3 57.3 56.6 50.2 IS.d 46.8 47.4: 43.1 18.8 r 323 6/27/2004 14:45 DAY 900 70.2 73.8 - 51.9 � 48.2 45.1 44.3 57.1 I 67.1 70.6 1 67.4 68.9 1 65.6 I 61.0 54.5 1 53.3 .27200/ 13:00 62]/200115:15, _ DAY DAY 900 900 46.1 50.2 547 _ 50.6__ 47.1 _ '_ 43] 60.7 51 LL 47.343.6 42_9 55.8 50.6 557 92.7 453 1 93.3 52.5 47.5 44.3 46.6 1 a8.1 46.5 10.2 42.5 JL5 35.0 _ 24.1 29.1 -W2712004 15301 DAY 900 47.9 55.2 50 ' 42.1 41.3 54.8 1 50.6 47.3 443 42.1 '' 43.6 '. 40.5 38.8 1 296 .2]/200115:45 DAY 900 51.1 68.9 50.3 _45.5 43.8 404 39.6 57.5 55.2 55.6 56.7 5399 47.6 40.0 32.8 23.5 6/272004 16 001 6/27200416:151 DAY DAY 900 900 43.1 _' 58.6 � 49 ]16 I 45.1 51.1 41.3 46.5 � 38.6 43.6 38.1 43 _ 54.9 50.8 _ 55.6 _ 44.5 ! 58.9 I 39.0 61.1 39.0 58.2 I 39.6 52.1 - 34.8 46.4 30.3 38.1 1 23.8 29.8 .27200416:701 DAV 900 55.9 70.3 53.3 47.8 44.3 43.7 57.7 56.0 57.7 59.1 55.8 48.6 417 36.6 27.9 016:451 .21201 DAY _ 900 _ _47.4__ 58.4 _ 49 45.1 __42.3 __41.6_ _53.8_ _49.8 49.8_ 44.2 43.9 14.2 38.8 32.3 25.7 .27200417:00 DAY 900 827 61 48.8 45.9 42.8 41.6 54.4 50.1 58.5 537 83.2 45.0 41.5 37.8 30.9 .27200117:15' 6272004 17:30: DAY DAY 90046.2 900 483 51.9 _ 577 48 _'_45.2 49.4 44.6 42.4 41.4 41.5 40.6 53.0 55.6 50.0 60.3 9]3 50.4 40.3 41.9 41.8 - 43.51 43.0 ,_37.1 43.4 1 39.2 35.4 38.9 25.5 30.5 .27200417:48 .2]200418:001 DAY DAY 900 6 611 900 47.1 1 157.8 57.8 I 577 �.. _. 1166 68.8 48 2 49.2 : 433 66 66_ -45 45.6 40.8 428 40 41.3 41.3 55.0 54.3. 54.3 53.3 53.5 53.5 46.4 6616 _- 58.0 '' "A 58.6 44.3 58.1 '. 43.3 1_38.0 49.5 44.9 34_0 ! 45.0 254 37.4 627200418:18. DAY 900 52.3 65.2 51.6 45.3 42 : 40.6 56.0 54.6 55.4 55.5 51.5 45.7 38.9 35.5 j 293 627/200418:30' DAY 62]/200018:45 DAY 900 __. 900 47.9 51.8 853 .___.____. 66.6 48.9 494 45.9 :.____---_-1666_-66 43.8 43.9 42.9 43.3 41.6 54.1 596 50.7 55.1 46.5 - 46.7 41.3 46.7 429 _._ ._ 46.8 44.2 j_ 47.5 1 40.4 45.8 17.1 90.4 342 33.5 6/2]200419:00, DAY T_ 627200419:15 DAY 900 _ _ 900 57 _ W.l 71.7 �._ 67.7 52.6 64.9 16.1 .6 7676. 56.6 42.1 _..____. 42.3 41 40.9 60.2 __......633.1_. 54.1 618 53.8 61.9 __ . _ 46.6 61.9 03,4 _ 56.0 43.0 48.2 I 42.0: 39.8 36.5 _ 29.6 � 28.0 420 6L3 .27/200419:30: .27200419:45' DAY DAY 900 6666__- 900 62.7 589 68.3 : 658 66.7 64 60.6 55.2 82.9 45.8 49.9 44.6 _ 56.2 55.5 54.3 6166 512 55.6 _7671_ 43.7 55.4 -_ 42.3 50.8 '_43.8 41.8 1 41.6 1 360 353 24.1 rl 34.3 63.7 600 627200420:00: DAY 900 52.3 60.8 58.7 46.3 40.4 39.4 53.8 47.3 43.6 40.4 403 41.4 36.3 25.8 1 52.8 6/272004 20:15, DAY 020:70 DAY 6/2720/ 900482 - 9000 __766 42.8 7 55 _ _ IB 59.1 _ _ 45.3 43 : 42 _. 39.9 , _ - 38.7 39_3 37.8 54.2 54.3 _ 473 47.8 400 � 42.3 39.0 1 11.6 3911 40.5 796 40.9 _ 39.9 34.7 _ 34.0 23.4 ', 22.2 47.6 22.2 627200420:45, DAY 62]200421OOi DAV 900 900 47.8 48.9 59.9 _-_8 58 48.8 53.6 53.6 42.6 "6667 44.] 382 6666. 40.8 36.9 39.5 56.3 53.8 _53.8 522 48_ 48.9 46.9 _. _4T7 46.0 4T7 42.4 0.7 14.7 4"- 49.9 43.8 11176676_. 42.5 39.1 37.3 29.1 627.8 2].B : 32.7 4619 627/200421:15! .27/200421:701 DAY DAY DAY 900 -__ 900 48.5 47.8 - 61.9 59 46.8 52.6 52.6 41A 40.9 37.9 _-_ 6611 38.1 37 _. 37.5 553 _ 55.7 539 652.0 52.0 49.8 .7166.. 46] 45.6 _... 41.9 443 .. .. 433 44.5 _-. _ 41.7 40.8 6661 35.7 34.6 __- 27.4 1 29.9 45.0 627200421:45! DAY 900 42 47.3 44.3 41.2 38.6 37.9 50.4 47.6 44.8 39.9 387 38.5 32.8 20.6 : 29.3 627200422:00 NIGHT __T-.._ .2]200122151 NIGHT 900 _ _ 900 9b.2 _.. 46.6 53.3 _ 55 46_9 46.9 43.5 432 40.5_ 39.2 39.4. 38.1 ,. SO.J_ 48.] 54.6 SS.J 51.7 _ 45.6 46.1 03.7 42.3 422 42.1,,.37.7 43.3 386 30.7_: R.I ,tie 29.1 .27/200422:70. 6677- 6/27/200422:45, NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 44.6 6666__. 42.3 51.6 .. _.. 497 47.5 6666 45.7 43.1 . 402 39_238.3 36.2 35.4 48_0 51.1 _ 482_ 500 422_404 "A 42.0 41.8 397 41.5 __7161- 36.5 35.9 322 214 _-6666__ 21.8 28.1 22.0 627/2004 23:00_NIGHT 6/27200423:15' 612 627200423:30 NIGHT _ NIGHT 900 _ 900 900 40.4 6167 _.. 44.5 _ 40.7 46 9 - 507 __._,. 46.8 433 _ 44.5 -_....___ 45.2 39.3 40.4 383 36.1 _ _ 36.5 __- 336 _ 35.4 36.1 __ 33.4 _ 50.3 554 ._7A 474 49.4 53.6 45.__ 45.5 04 6 44,2 7__35_7 37.8 41.1 43.0 357 _ 36.7 _ 112 34.5 36.6 10.1 35.1 _29 9 _61.__11 364 29.6 19.1 27.5 20.9 22.6 3313 _ 384 627200423:45! NIGHT 6661_r-___ .2820040:00'. NIGHT 900 900 49.9 4].3 55.9 52.4 54.8 19.6 41.2 47.1 397 9 35.4 38.5 46.8 6611._ 49.3 45.7 45.7 39.0 __ 6611-- 41.5 41.9 43.9 34.8 35.9 34.8 35.1 294 6166_. 292 18.9 . _. 18.3 50.9 _- - 48.0 628/20010:15 -7666__ .28/20010:30 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 50.4 51.7 53.3 __ .___ 57.3 51.4 54.1 50.2 51.1 48 40.5 40.8 39.5 49.5 12 80.2 46.8 _ 4].3 42.6 --6616__. 45.3 44.8 47.1 36.9 __ 42.0 41.3 3615 302 10.9 189 21.9 51.1 52.6 6/28^_0040:451 NIGHT ._._.r-_ 6/28/20041:00, NIGHT _- 66667617_ 6/1 20041:15' NIGHT 900 _._ 900 6611 __-1611 900 42.S __ 563 37.5 53.3 _ _ 605 42'_ _ 43.8 51.3 6_40_6 39.8 39_1 _ -__ 37 36.3 __ 16.1 34.7 35.7 15.3 6611 34.1 509 _ _ 32.1 49.2 44.1 467 ___ 44.4 41.8 537 41.6 _ 412 584 40.8 37.7 - 581 _- 34.5 34.6 __ 46 _B 30.2 _ 300 440 24.7 214 6666__. 18.8 6166_. 20.1 412 A 46.8__ 27.0 628/2004130 62820041:45 NIGNT NIGHT 900 900 38.7 394 427 6161_ 44.2 40.7 - 41 38.4 38.S 36.3 36.6 35.8 36.1 46.9 1.. _.. 500 45.6 _. _ 45.8 40.5 . __. 43.0 42.6 42.0 34.9 366 3L4 _ 3L4 .. 32.0 25.5 _5.5 250 19.2 19.2 17.5 30.1 3_ 33.5 Belt Col has FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Kmhole Combined Cycle Noise Smdy Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results 0.11 Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoushcal Consulmnts lnc. OcmMr 13, 2004 Keahole Combined Cycle Nmse $mdy Table C7A: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 7 Start Daae ad Time Night Duradou Leg L1.00 1,19.00 LSOAO L90.00 L95.0D 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 _ peroeds) _(dB(A)) (dB(A)) _(dB(A)), (dIKA)) i (dB(A))! (dB(A)) 0B dB dB d6 66 dB dB d6 ! dB 6/26/20043:00 NIGHT 900 40.5 46 46.3 78.2 37.6 31.5 46.2 43.3 354 39.7 34.5 35.9 33.8 29.0 27.6 61262004 YIS 6/2620047:30 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 42 1 374 52.7 y45.5 N ,__37 40.2 �I 36 315 30.6_ 34.3 34 53,8_ 48.0 54.9_ 43.6 52.5 37.0 I 45.4 36.2 38.1 33.9 37.8 33.5 70.2 29.0 24A 22.9 23.4 22.1 62620043:45 NIGNT 90D 41.1 415 51.5_ 55.3 X45.8 42.9 38.1 38i 35 34A 316 14 30.]3 47.0 453 54.8 37.9 50.5 1 39.9 467 _39.5 417 1 37.2 36.8 31.7 71.7 24.0 21.9 19.9 62620044:00[ NIGHT 900 20.9 6/262004 4:15. NIGHT __ 900 _ _ 41,9 1 49 1 _ 45.7 _ 39.7 _ �r 34.5 33.6 _._- 48.3 _I 46A 42.6 36,6 37.8 _' 39.2 73.7 _ 22.8 21.1 26.9 36.9 6126l20044:10 NIGHT _900__ 47.1 59.7 y 48.4_' 41.6 34.4.1 33.7 _ _50.8 51.2 44.6 42.2 42.7 43.9 39.6 3L9 49.2 58.7 47.8 1 42.4 374 76.1 SL6 55.6 56.5 464 41.7 44.8 41.3 36.2 62620044:45 NIGHT 900 626/2004 5:00 NIGHT 900 47.5 5L9 1 55.1 _ L__ 60.7 50 7 54.1 45.6 _ 49.7 l9J 37.6 42 39.5 49.1 _ 50.4 _4b.] _ 51.0 _42.) _ 500 41.1 45.0 43.11 44.7 44.7 _ 46.9 _ 40.3 44.5 _ 26.2 _' 65.1 17.8 J9J 6/2640045:15 NIGHT 900 626/2004 5:30 6262000.5:45 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 53,2 49.8 62 1 58.9 54,8 522-- 51.3 _' 47.4 46.6 45.3 _ 43.7 T 42.1 507 497 51.5 49.4 __ 46.5 OLS 43.3 4l5 46.2 43.4 '', 47.3 45A 42.9 43.3 48.7 _43.2 41.9 36.9 62620046:00 NIGHT 900 49.8 50.3_ 52.8 60.6 59.9 I 64.4 ! 50.1 46.4 1 42.3 1 41.3 526 48.7_. 45.4 _j 44.7 53.9 ? 49.8 45.9 44.9 53.7 51.2 52.4 56.2 507_ 534 45.1 43.2 _ 43-8-42. .9 54.1 46.0 43.3 _45.1 4].9 44.2 46.6 48.9 45.8 47.4 d0,7 36.6 1 29,7 -62640066:15_ NIGNT 40220.8 _900_ 62620046:30 NIGHT 900 47.4 1 39.7 6/2640066:45 62620047:OOi NIGHT DAY 900 900 56.9 51.7 68.9 1 59.1 57.0 54.5 50.4 __46_ SO 46.2 l 40.8 ` 453 557 1 5�.1 572 5�.6 58.7 549 58.4 498 59.0 : 515 1 48.4 4H.6 A 43.8 43.2 37.1 4L5 27.7 DAY _ 900 49.2 48.% 5].] 55.5 51.5 516 47.9 44.243 46.3 43.6 1 SIa 534 57.1 SV 47_6 06.0 44.5 42.4 46.2 45.5 45_3_ 45.5 41.3 41.2 _38A ]].8 `2]A 24.5 _6/26/20047:15 6/2640047:30 DAY 900 6/26/2004 7:451 DAY 900 502 503 45.9-546 614 63.4 r 51.5 49 48.1 66.8 _45.3 _ 43.9 43.9 1 42.8 41.9_'._40.9_ 40.3 396 52.9 54.1 557 511 530 53.1-46.9 54.0_' 49.4 _. 51.8 46.2 44.5 47.8 462_47.5 42.3 44.6 1 _R 623 40.3 42.2 76.9 39.2 347_ ILO 374 2].6_ 250 62640048OOi DAY 900 _ 626I20048:IS DAY 900 6/2620048:301 DAY 291.875 60.6 27.1 59.9 45.4 1 427 42.1 1 60.4 59.5 61.1 63.6 60.9 52.9 06.5 1 360 318 0.11 Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoushcal Consulmnts lnc. OcmMr 13, 2004 Keahole Combined Cycle Nmse $mdy Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Belt Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13 2004 Knholc Comb,.d Cycle Naise Study Table C7B: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 7 Bun Dot. ---y Time / Night Dnndan 111.00 I LIO.001 L50.00 L90.00 L95.00 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 1 8000 (t444ade) (d A) (till I (dB(A) (dB(AB (still dB(A)) dB d8 do dB dB dB d0 d8 do 6/28/200420:00 DAY 900 58.4 66.7 61.6 50.4 45.6_44.6 53.5 49.4 47.8 46.0 45.7 40.9 31.5 590 6/28200420:15 DAY 900 Si.l 60.2 55.8 47.3 42.9 41.9 _547 56.8 55.3 51.1 1 50.2 47.4 461 40.9 31.3 - 46.0 628200420:30 DAY 900 59.4_ 543 47.1 43 41.6 53.2 57.8 50.4 ' 48.9 46.4 46.0 40.8 30.9 44.8_ 6"28200420:45 DAY 900 58.4 49.6 46.2 41.6 40.1 53.9 52.6 48.2 1 45.5 44.5 44.7 39.6 28.3 25.8 628200421:00 DAY 900 57.8_ 50.7 ` 46.4 42.2 41.1 52.1 52.0 50.7 46.7 45.1 45.0 79.8 28.2 22_8 628/200421:15 DAY 900 7.8 11 66.2 I 46A 41.6 40.6 52.0 51.9 47.8 i 45.8 43.9 44.1 39.0 27.9 59.5 6282200421311 DAY 900 59.3 _ 5l 46 42 41.1 550 55.6 52.4 S0.6 46.4 44.6 39A 29.0 ', 245 6/28200421:45 DAY 900 9.6 *63.6 51.3 '1 46.4 42.6 41.6 52.4 53.6 493 48.0 46.3 45.2 10.2 30.71 J]0 fi2&200422:00 NIGHT 900 5.2 61.3 1 45.1 40.7 39.7 52.4 1 54.1 47.5 45.4 43.3 43.4 37.6 27.5 1 56.6 628200122:15 6211200422:30 NICHT NIGHT 900 900 62.4 51 59.6 y 47.6 443 44.3 40.6 39.8 39.2_ 38.9 18.1 51.0 48.8 49.6 45.1 42A 42.1 41.4 41.9 Q.8 41.9 41.7 357 116.2 24.9 25A 53.8 26.9 628/200/ 22:45 NIGHT 900 54.9 468 1 42 7 11196 1 38.7 47.I 45.6 411 10.7 41.7 42.4 76.9 28.0 30_8 6/211200423:00 NIGHT 900 _ 63.6 1 55.9 44.6 1 38.3 36.8 46.0 _ 45.9 41.7 1 38.6 40.7 1 40.8 75.1 245 53.5 628%200423:15 NIGHT 900 39.4 45.9 42.8 1 37.9 33 32.3 44.4 44.0 37.6 i 35.8 35.1 1 36.3 31.7 21.5 21.4 628200423:30 NICHT 900 39.7 46.3 42.2 _1338.8 ! 35.2 , 34.4 46.0 F 1 46_6 411_' 37.9 36.6 ___ 36.1 1 30.6 20.7 26.0 628200423:45 NIGHT 900 19.7 50.5 41.7 37.9 33.9 32.7 46.5 45.6 42.6 1 78.0 363 36.0 J0.5 22.0 23.2 6292000 0:00 NIGHT 900 _ 49.3. 1 59.5 _ 56.1 '1 16.9 32.9 __31.6 45.J _ 45.1 _ _ 38.4 1 34.9 33.9 , 33.3 1 27. 62920040:15' NIGHT 906 ST.B I 64 63.1 52.5 3S.S 34.3 45.1 44.7 45.7"40.8 39.6 ". 36.4 39.6 205 1. 58.6 &2920040:30.' 601/2004 0451 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 47_7 1 53.9 42.9 T 32.9 1 52.6 1 '1 '1 _ 41.8 35.8 - 32.5 32.5-- --32.1 31.8 44A 40.1 39.6 42.2 33.9 '1_ 77.9 34.7 13.3 35.3 33.3 34.9 J3.0 29.9 ! 28.8 22.5 23.7 48.0 02.7 62920041:001 NIGHT 612912004 1 151 NIGHT &29/2004 1:30 NIGHT 900 -__900 900 37.4 _50_5 48.6 45.8 t 6113 60.6 _ 40.8 35 _49.6 1 36.4 1' 55.2 r 35.6 33 71.5 '._71.1 32.3 32.5 _ 7119 45.6 _46.5 44.2 40.7 41.9 42.0 35.1 _36.9 38.5 35.5 34.3 34.3 _34_I 'j_ 32.6 34.3 72.2 __27.1 33.2 29.6 11 27.0 23.5 22.5 - 22.1__30.9 20.2 32.1 49.5 &292004 1:45' NIGHT 629/20042:00 NIGHT 900 - 9(g) 45.9 -48.9 1 _57.5 _ 59.8 11 41.8 '_ 47.5 34.1 35.BT _32.2 71.1 31.9 30.5 _ 45]1 43.7 42.7 42.4 _ 37.9 " 38.1 _ 34.1 32.8 31.3 J0.7 28.9 123_8 31.0 1 25.6 18.2 173 47.7 493 6/292004 2:151 NIGHT 900_ 42.1 59.4 36.7 1 70.8 1 28.3 28 44.2 40.8 40.4 29.7 26.6 26.7 221 15.9 42.9 6292001230 NIGHT _ 900 tl _ 50.9 50 '-47.8 71.2 704 45.7 _ 1 45.3 _ 37.2 28.b 28.0 70.2 25.2 16.6 47.7 62920042:45 62920043:00 NIGHT NIGHT _900_ 900 34.8 51.5 47.5 65 - 34.8 30.1 331 273 _ _ 30.5 27.3 30.1 43.8 53.4 '-_ 43.0 38.0 561 '_ 32.] 55.9 31.6 30.2 23.0 42.7 7 Y4.5 18.4 2L5 27.9 40.8 6129/20043:15 NIGHT 9D0� 56.8 W-9- 66.9 -6-43-19 60.3 39 33.8 13.2 49.5 _54.6 50.9 51.6 49.3 _50.4 425 39.3 38.2 35.4 572 629120043301 NIGHT 62920043:03, NIGHT 900 900 39.4 36.3 50.9 42.5 376 38� 74.8 33.5 33.2. 34 77 73.5 082 _45.3_ 483 46.9 _37.2_ 38.0 37.6 38.9 32.9 1 33,6 1 29.2 31.3 23.8 24.4 18.5 16.7 38.7 _ 20.4 6/292004 4:001 62920044:151 NIGHT NIGHT _900 900 48.5 _' 45.1 _ 55.8 ___54.4 55.8 48.4 38.5 39.5 35.3 _ 35.9 _ 34.8 35.2 48.7 _._ 50.8 45.8 49A 39.4 40.8 � 40.6 42.1 111 �, 41.4 1 31.5 41.1 '1 24.5 _ 38.5 16.5 y 27.7 I 48.9 _ 29.0 62920044:301 NIGHT 900 402 459 43 38.9 36 354 49.1 48.1 38.1 39.1 37.6 36.9 29.4 18.2 ! 25.1 &2920044:45. 629/20045:00. NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 4J9 46.1 51.1 542 46.8 48A 422 436 37.3 78.2 35.9 36.1 48.9 48.6 47.2 49.5 40.9 45.5 39.5 39.3 41A 1 42.7 � 40.7 43.3 35.0 38.2 24.9 27.7 20.1 19.8 &2920D45: 131 629/20045:30 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 50.1 SLS 57 59.2 53.6 53.7 48.8 49] 38.3 47.1 76.8 46.3 48.7 50.4 '. 49.1 56.2 41.5 __44_3 48.3 46.2 45.2 'i 457 ''. 45+9 463 1 41.8 43.4 42.0 "A i 37.3 38.1 6/292W45A$5 6/2920046:00'. NIGHT NIGHT 90054.4 9W _.___. 50.6 68.3 _ 60.3 52.8 __- 50.7 41.5 45 44.1 44.4 44.4_ 43.6 S56 _ _.. 57.2 58.1 53.7 58.7 49. 58.4 46.5 511 46.8 47.4 .._ 46.2 :. 42.0 1 . 39.0 _ 393 31.1 34.0 &2920046:15 NIGHT 900 56.5 70.1 58.4 48.8. 3 45.6 45.1 58. '_ 5]J 57.99 36.2 33.2 50.8-30.2 1 41.7 34.7 &29/Mal 6:30, NIGHT _� &29//20006:45 NIGHT 900 9W 569 58 66.5 69.4 57.8 61.5 47.5 __- 47.6 _ 44.8 _..__._ 47.9 44.2 426 _ 58.3 57.8 61.8 .___._. I 59.3 60.7 62.99 53.4 56.1 51.6 _..__ 55.6 50.1 52.6 47.1 30.2 42.2 41.8 33.6 343 6/29/2W47:00 62920D47: 15! DAY DAY 90 9W 54 48.8 66.6 60.6 542 46.6 46.5 429 424 39.9 41.6 39.3 59.3 57.0 66.3A 59.56.1 3.3 53.4 44.5 51.5 44.1 48.9 44.6 45.2 41.3 79.7 38.0 32.9 71.4 &2920047:30' -. --r_ DAY 900 57.1 i7 6?5 49.8 543 43.8 47.5 40.5 _.... 43.4 393 42.5 56.8 56.857.87.9 6214.3 ____ _ 49.2 _ 503 49.8 . _ 51.9 48.8 _�_ 49.9 '� 45.4 46.6 40.1 __.54.7 49.1 31.9 79.2 &2920048:00 DAY 241.775 52.1 b55 51.7 46.3 45.7 44.6 585 57.5 48.R 46.1 49.1 49.0 42.6 39.1 749 Belt Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13 2004 Knholc Comb,.d Cycle Naise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Bclt Collins FINAL 1 0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Kcahole Combined Cycle Norse Study Table C7B: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 7 am Day / Night Duration Leg ! LI.00 LI0.00 1 1,50.00 ' L90.00 L95.00 31.5 63 l25 250 500 1000 2000 4008 8000 dB dB d6 dB d8 dB dB 2:001 _MGHT 900 4] 60.1 47.2 10.1 _� 77.2 _ 36.fi 55.0 582 57.6 Sl3 43,9 336 24.8 16.7 369 42:15', MGHT 900 40.5 49.4 41.8 39.2 37.1 36.4 48.9 48.5 47.7 449 36.8 33.5 27.0 18.5 25.8 42:30 k2V NICHT 900 37.7 ! 43.6 7939y7 36.9 J5.2 3d.7 48.9 44.3 40.1 41.4 33,9 3LI 26.6 [7.0 24.0 92:45' NIGHT 900 47.8 59.4 42.2 38.8 36.3 35.7 SLO 4].0 67.4 46.0 49 413 48 18.5 33,743:00 NIGHT900 42.1 47.6 437 41.64 79.6 ! 39 67.9 54.1 46.4 451 39.9 35.2 29.2 202 23.443:15 NIGHT 900 47 T 60 4844 42 39.7 393 64.8 1 56.4 50.7 49.1 44.6 40.9 38.0 27.4 T25.1 43:30 MGHT 900 41.7 47.1 44.9 39.6 37.3 37.1 64.3 579 47.6 41.5 37.4 36.8 31,619.7 245 43:45 NIGHT 900 46.4 98.8 48.9 7 40.1 L_ 37.1 36.6 67.3 52.8 48.0 16.8 43.6 41.7 37.7 28.4-25 8 6/2820044:00 MGHT 900 .51.2-�. 64.9 SL2rt 62.5 _� 38.2 77.6 63.6-'-39.3 56.9 54.2 50.5 4d.4 37.2 24.6 29.2 6/2820044:15 NIGHT 900 _ 43_2 _ 52.7 45.9 406 76.8 L 35.9 63.2 52.2 _ _47_7 41.6 39.6 39.5 34.5 25.1 21.3 _ 6/2620044:30 NIGHT 900 43] 51.9 4] 41.5 367 36.1 62.9 50.8 45.] 39.9 40.4 40.5 35.0 22.5, 17.3 6/282&44:45 NIGHT 900 49y1 _57_6 49.7 44 J9.8 38.8_ 67.1 1_51.5 46.3 4J.2 42.9 44.2 39.0 29.9 24.1 628/20045:00 MGHT 900 33.2 675 51.9 45.7-�- 42 - 41,2 64.2 58.0 53,0 54.0 52.3-1_47.6143.1 30.8 ! 20.8 62820045:15' NIGHT 900 49.5 54.1 52.4 48.7 45.3_, 44.7 651 572 50.9 47.0 477 41.7 37.0 45.0 39.2 6282004 5:30 NIGHT 900 53_5 + 62 _ 56.2 50]_ 1. 47.9 47.3 65.5 1 53.0 46.9 45_S 44.9 45.0_ 40.8 50;1 46.0 6262004 5:43 NIGHT 900 537 65.9 _ 53.5 89.9 ! _' 47.1 _ 46.2 647 55] 49.8 fi 46.2 46.0 47.2 50.0 _ 427 37.0 6/282&46:&� NIGHT _900 _62.3 70.fi _55.8 1519_' 46.5_" 07.5 620 54.2_ SLI 49.6 '., 50.2 51.0 44.5 62820046:15' NIGHT 98/ 58.5 69.4 58.3 R.B 49.6 48.6 S6A 62.2 59.0 x,55.5 _49.9 55.3 54] _60_1 50.5 45.9 38.8 628/20046:30' MGHT 900 58.2 68.9 _ 61.3 53.6 , 50.1 _49.3 5T7 60.6 61.1 55.8 55.7 Sl_9 50.3 43._76.5 628/2004 6:45 NIGHT 900 61.2 72.5 63.5 52.5 48.3 471 58.3 60.8 &.5 59.8 58.2 541 56.1 M.b 38.9 62820047:00 DAY 900 52.6 64.2 52.5 49.2_ 46.3 43.8 56_4_614 57.8 51.0 49.9 48.3 436 39.0 72.1 8/28/20044: DAY 900 5J3 65.8 54 rt- _ 47.2 43.8 `� -03 57.8 60,6 _ SLJ� 49.3 50.1 49.6 d5.5 394 36.6 6/282006790; DAY 900 57.8 65.8 50.1 4J.9 40.6 40.1 57.0 1 59.0 53.9 53.6 50.3 477: 46.5 42.7 36.5 62812004 745, _DAY 900 _ 41.1 _ _58) _ 48.2 1_ 42.8 39.5 38.9 _55.0 559 49.9 45.2 43.9_ 43.1 38.0 34.5 25.6 62820048:00 DAY 900 49.7 624 50.4 46.4 i 43.2 42.2 575 58.6 51.0 45.0 46.1 _ 46.0 41.1 37.9-35 g 6/28(20048:15 DAY_ _ 900_ 61 69 58.9 '. _53.5 _S2 57.1 60.2_ 61.4_' 53.2 570__55.6 1 56.2 447 37.7 6/28/2(%148:70' DAY 9110 __ WS 71.1 __639 627----56.3 47.1 46 651 -' 66.7 62.9 57.2 56 56.0 54.8 45.9 J9.8 6/28(20048:45 DAY 900 575 68.1 _ WA 546 49_6 4],1 59.7 56.8 55.6 56.5 54.9 51_9 S1.3 39.2 29.8 N2820049:OOj DAY _--- 910 565 _ fi2A 594 _ 552 _ 51.9 _ 509 _ 56.4 53.7 _ 49.1 45.0 51.9 ly SIA 51.7 41.8 32.1 _ 6/28/28/49:151 _ DAY 900 572 66.6 58.9 54.2 '�. 49.9 48.5 _ 56,2 551 58.0 54,5 55.2 : 5 7 - 50.8 _ 39.7 31.3 6/28%20049:70; DAY 90061 71.6 632 554 48.9 47.3 _ 58.3 _ __ 60.1 __._. 64.3 59.5 56.5 55.4 53.5 52.6 40.4 6/28/20049:451 DAY ___ 900 .__ _ 56.2 -.__-_-_,__ 65.2 60 53.4 46.2 d5.i .. 56.7 � 54.6 Tst.2-0.9 49.9 50] 49.3 '. 49.0 50.8 I 761 61M004 ;60g DAY 900 57.1 68.9 60.5 50.8 46 45.1 58.9 629 54.4 54.9 52.1 51.5 49.0 50.5 38.2 6/2&28/410:151 DAY 900 60.4 72.9 602 50 46.3 45.4 60.6 60.1 62.2 62.5 59.5 53.2 48.7 47.0 794 628200410:30. DAY 900 57.1 63.5 55.2 51.7 49.2 48.4 60.9 59.1 58.6 54.1 53.0 1 52,5 50.0 "A 37.7 6/28/200410:45 DAY_ 900 55.3 68.5 546 513 48.2 472 60.6 58.9 57.1 55.4 537 50_.0 47.1 38.2 31.1 628/200411:00 DAY 900 536 64.9 _ 555 504 48A 47.4 58.0 -59957-7 57.8 53.9 50.1 50.0 49.7 46.5 39.0 30.9 6/28200411:15. DAY 900 55.7 69 S5 499 47 46.1 539 56.5 54.1 50.3 47.0 79.5 ', 12.1 6/2&200411:70 _. DAY - _ _ 900 - _ ._ 52J _ -_- 65.2 57.1 _- 4].9 _- _ 44.8 44.2 59.2 544 ..-_. - 52.1 -__ 30.4 _--_4_ 48.6 48.d 44.0 ._._-_ 40.3 _- 32.6 628/200411:45, DAY 900 53.9 63.8 56.8 50.2 464 45.5 56.2 574 56.8 53.5 51 O - 49.4 45.6 40.4 29.8 6/281200412:00 DAY 9110 56.1 70.1 55.9 49.5 45.2 44.5 59.3 61.6 626 Al 52.4 50.8 d8.2 41.3 32.9 628200412:15 DAY 900 57 697 59.1 50 46.7 45 59.7 59.1 573 59.4 55.8 512 464 1 39.7 29.1 6/28/200412:30 DAY 900 55.3 70.5 53.8 49.2 45.8 45 61.9 59.5 567 56.4 52.6 50.3 46.4 40.4 72.6 628200412:45 DAY 900 53.9 (i49 53.7 487 451 44A 57.9 56.0 52.2 50.1 50.3 49.9 466 40.2 330 628/200413:00 DAY 900 52.8 637 53.1 48.9 49.9_ 43.6 584 55.3 514 49.1 49.3 48.5 45.6 39.5 JLB DF/200413:151 DAY 900 572 71.1 54.2 48.6 456 447 59.1 59.6 574 58.5 55.8 51.9 474 42.2 367 6/28/200413:30' DAY 900 59.5 73 602 475 43.9 43.3 67.0 70.1 62.8 60.6 57.8 53.5 50.0 44.1 394 62W200413:451 DAY 900 60.6 74.9 58.3 d96 d5.2 44 60.6 660 59.0 60.0 58.2 1 55.8 52.3 45.9 39.5 61281200414:001 DAY 900 55.7 64.1 58.8 50.5 46.6 46 59.8 58.5 55.6 55.0 52A 51.4 47.5 40.2 330 6/28/200414:15, DAY 900 54.5 62.5 54 _ . _._ 49.8 46.7 ____.4 45.6 58.6 __- 55.7 524 53.7 52.0 50.3 45.9 41.0 324 __- 62&2004 14:30, __ DAY .._-__ 900 573 67.6 53.4 48 8 46 45 4 580 605 56.5 53.4 53 9 53J 49.6 -._.-._. 4-0.2 35:2 6/28/200614:45 DAY 900 55 68.1 547 49.1 45.1 437 57.8 _ 57.1 57.1 56.9 53.3 50.0 44.2 38.2 34.3 6281200415,66 DAY 900 Sls 69.5 59.8 50.5 458 44.5 59.8 66.4 58.5 55.2 53.6 530 50.2 45.3 An 6/28200415:15 DAY 900 58.8 69.6 624 50.5 46.3 45.1 _ 61 8 62.8 61.257.6 55.6 54.8 507 43.4 37.9 61281200 6 1 5:30' DAY _ 98/ 58.6 72.5 592 489 456 45 597 705 629 592 56.8 52.3 50.0 444 379 6/28200015:45 DAY 900 59.5 71.2 51.7 48.2 45 43.1 57.5 60.3 62.1 54.9 37.3 549 500 47.3 41.1 62&2004 MOO 900 S9.6 72.9 571 477 44.2 43.5 599 600 639 62.2 59.9 52 3 47.8 41.7 6/28/2004 16.15 _DAY DAY _ 98/ 53 4 64 506 45.9 42,9 42A 574 55 2 58.3 55 5 534 45 8 42.2 75.3 _392 29.6 DAY S65 691 605 475 44 _ _ 4 7 574 561 519 59A 54.2 477 4l_I 502 _&2&2W91630 6/28/2004 Ib 45 DAY _900 900 56 I fi6.1 61 4 4] 9 44 2 43 J 55 1 53 0 44.6 43 1 94.5 45.3 42.8 54,3 _35A 36.9 6/2&2004178/ 98/ 572 669 _ 625 44.4 431 548_ 529 55.1_ 463 456 468 444 551 406 6/28/20041] 15" _DAY DAY 9110564 66.3 617 _494 491 451 442 __. 557 550 56.4 504 49.8 _-_ 487 45.9 528 412 i_____... 6/2&200117:70 DAY 98/ 52,1 65.6 51's 96.4 42.6 41.6 560 56.3 50.3 472 4A.4 483 44.4 39.7 32.6 6/2 8128/4 17:45 DAY 900 59.2 72.1 56.9 46.5 42.9 41.9 56 4 55.8 65.4 64.0 58.1 50 2 44.8 41.6 34.0 6/28/2004 18:8/ DAY 900 50.8 62 2 50.8 45 7 41.5 40.6 55,0 52.0 49.8 47.7 '15A 45.0 44.5 _ 42.2 _ 33.8 628/200418:15 DAY 98/ 51.5 64.2 50.5 ___._._ 45.6 414 40.5 580 341 54.1 _...-__.-_- 46.0 47.2 47.4 -____.9 44.0 40.5 35.8 -_o1 ___-_._.. 6/_8/_00618:30 DAY __.. 900 ___._ __. 4).9 59] _.. 48.3 44 41 79.9 549 535 47.9 43.6 1 43.8 44.1 40.9 33.8 277 628/20041845 DAY 900 489 59.9 51 46.1 424 0.1.6 53.1 50.9 425 43.8 44.3 44.8 40.9 400 32J _1 6/_8/2&41900 DAY 900 49 55.9 527 468 42] 419 1 535 505 42.6 391 412 422 43_8_ 42.3 33.6 bl2&20041915DAY 98/ b I ]1,6 6].9 46 42.2 41.1 530 51a 45.9 959 45.1 4J3 37.1 2]2 63.2 6/28/20114 19 30 900 65 J ]3.6 68 9 _62 6 4A.9 46.J SR b >6 9 39.6 65 0 58.5 50.0 ,40.0 254 _ 65.5 6/2&2009 19:45 _DAY DAY _ 900 _ 6]5 72_.9 71 8 66 47.9 44 3 55 1 55 5 517 50.5 4] 3 45 9 41.0 331 69.4 Bclt Collins FINAL 1 0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Kcahole Combined Cycle Norse Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Belt Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acomucal Consultants Inc. October 13 2004 Keshole Combined Cycle Noise Smdy Table C9: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 9 Shat DaaDq That Night Domde. Loti I L1.00 LIO.W LSOAO L90.00 LK110 31.5 63 ; 1125 250 500 ! 1000 1080 1000 8000 (sehadt) d AB (,W(A)) (d A)) (d A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A) d6 dB do dB dB Out da dB �_dl 627/20049:10 DAY 290.125 47.9 35.1 32.3 11.9 53.6 47.8 44.7 46.9 46.2 40.3 39.8 37.7 75.1 62720049:15 DAY 900 40.9 35.3 31.9 3L2 55.0 51.8 "A 17.6 38.7 76.9 31.1 232 , 21.5 6/2720049:30 DAY 900 42.3 36.7 32.6 31.8 54.4 52.8 48.6 44.1 41.8 35.0 28.11 22.9 21.6 612720049:45 DAY 900 J8.5 3 35.5 12.8 32.2 55.0 51.1 44.] J8.4 36.9 32.4 26A 2},2 2L8 6271200410:00 DAY 900 J60.950.4 36.9 NA 33.8 54.1 49.9 41.8 311A 17.3 33.7 27,6 21.5 20.9 621200410:15 DAY 900 _39.2 50.9 1 40.2 36 35.7 55.7 56.2 57.5 50.9 51.7 39.3 32.2 10.5 71.5 627200410:30 DAY 90D 43.6 7 38.2 35.7 35.2 54.7 44.3 362 31.3 36.2 34.1 72.1 40.6 30.9 62720041045 DAY 900 48.3 39.8 37.1 ]6.2 59.9 57.b 51./ 49.4 06.2 77.2 332 42AL 33.9 627200411:00 DAY 900 40.8 _4 48.8 1 47.1 39A 1 37 I 36.3 58.2 49.9 41.6 38.1 38.7 i 35.7 1 70.6 30.1 27.5 627/200411:15 DAY 900 43.1 j 52.5 t 46.1 39.9 37.4 17 58.4 57.0 47.5 42.2 41.3 36.5 1 30.9 30.0 1 26.8 62720011130 DAY 900 42.6 31.5 46 40.1 1 37.7 1 77.2 57.6: 49.8 46.6 4L2 4L5 37.7 31.8 27.2 25.8 6127/2004 11:45 DAY 900 51? 66.5 d84_ 40.9 38,8 38.3 59.1 '. 59.2 59.8 53.2 52.4 41.5 J2.J 27.7 25.9 6/2 7/2 0111 1 2:00 DAY 900 43.9 52.9 46.8 41.2 39 _ 38.4 59.0 57.2 52.6 47.6 40.9 36.0 29.9 26.8 26.3 62720D4 12:15 627/200412:30 627200112:45 DAY DAY DAY 900 900 900 45.3 _ 1 18.8 1 48.5 57 61.6 612 459 1 41.8 1 _ 39_7 1 47.7 j~, I 403 48.7 OI.9 76.8 38.9 39.9 Al 60.0 55.9 _ _60.7 __ 8 62.3 59.0 49.1 56.2 53.5 46.6 50.6 51.1 45.3 38.3 31.3 09.5 39.1 31.2 48.7 10.1 31.9 26.8 26.5 27.7 1 254 26.6 27.0 62720114 13:00 627200413:15 DAY DAY 900 900 43.1 1 51.5 30.5 F 63.5 4fi _ 41 49 Y 41.5 _ 39.1 1 78.6 38.5 18.1 59.111 59.2 _ 52.8 1 58.4 47.2 16A , 44.1 52.6 42.7 1 51.6 36.9 41.2 30.3 71.8 26.1 25.5 ! 25.6 _ 24.5 627200417:30 627200413:45 DAY DAY 900 900 _ 42.8 I{ 02.1 I _ 52.3 1_43.8 _ 50.2 44 T _4L1 i 408 39 39 38.4 78.2 603 60.5 52.9 52.3 _49_5 L 46.4 44.4 12.4 d0.2 40.9 36.3 36.0 30.3 30.5 26.7 27.5 26.3 _ 27.4 6/27200414:00 627200934:15 DAY DAY 900 900 45.8 �_ 55.5 50 48.8 8"_ 48.5 '1 42.3 40.5 '38.4 45.3 1, 39.3 T 43 38.7 38 _ 42.3 60.8 58.4 58.6. 57.8 49.8 48.2 51.2 ! 41.8 ', 42.7 474 40.6 40.2 454 41.5 453 1 382 ''. 37.0 40.8 31.7 )18 37.2 27.4 26.6 315 26.9 25.0 2fi.1 _42.2 627200414:301 DAY 900 46.1 51.1 6/2 720111 1 4:45 DAY 900 51.1 1 64.5 51.6 I 454 42.5 41.5 58.5 59.6 57.7 51.7 51.7 43.0 1 36.5 29.8 I 23.6 6/27200415:00 DAY 900 44 53.5 t-45.9 1 41 _ ` 78.6 38.2 _ 59.1 _ 51.3 41.2 03.6 40.1 37.8 31.6 27.1 25.8 6/27/200415:15'_ 627200415:30; DAY DAY 900 900 42.7_ 41 51 41.7 492 G4.4 40.8 _ 38.8 38.5 33.7 38.1 33.1 _58.6 �. 54.9 53.3 30.9 50.5 47.7 43.6 44.0 41.9361 J8.1 1 35.4 30.0 28.4 25.7 1 22.9 24.4_ 192 627200415:45! DAY 9W 65.6 37.7 34,3 33.5 60.0 67.4 62.3 49.5 ' 38.9 1 28.7 23.1 21.1 6/2]/200116:00! DAY _ 900 35F6.6A "J 36.1-�_-4tl -- 7. 17.5 347 1 32.9 11.9 _ 57.1 �_4fi.3 37.5 35A 35.4 39.8 32.1 25.0 20.4y 19.0 627200416:151 DAY 900 54.5 : 69.9 ' 47.7 39.5 1 35.8 1 35.2 57= 60.3 61.9 55.7 55.7 45.0 ! 37.7 24.4 20.9 627/2004 I6:30�DAY 900 54.1 _68.6 49.7 42.2 38.5 f 77.8 57.5 y_ 59.8 _ 60.7 : 55.8 55.4 41.7 i 33.8 26.8 22.2 6/27200416:451 DAY 900 40.2 47.3 1 43 37.8 35.2 ! 34.5 56.2 48.1 46 .4 42.0 35.2 ! 33.8 1 29.0 32.2 1 25.9 627200417:00 6/27/100417:15 DAY DAY 900 900 39.6 39.9-''- 46.1 479 _ 42^I i_ 429 38.4 38.2 J5.] 34.7. 35.2 37.9 __564 57.4 50.0 49.8 42.8 46.7 38.3 36.8 17.2 37.7 34.3 33.9 293 29.8 27.6 296 '�, 26.1 26.8 6/27200417:30; DAY 900 40.2 1 52.1 41.7 37.5 33.8 32.8 38.9 51.3 44.6 38.6 18.7 ! 33.9 29.7 28.6 26.8 6127!200417:45 6/27200418:00 DAY DAY 900 _..-4444. 900 41.6 , --__ MI 53.9 55_ 41 42.5 -_._ 38.6 348 __ _ 15.6 70.9 _ __. 32.7 30.2 31.5 558 ___ 54.3 55.2 4445 4].4 44.9 -4444 J37 42.0 29.4 4LI 336 34.6 32.1 28.9 26.8 22.9 _._ 23.4 214 21.3 61272004 18:15' 6271100438:501 DAY _ DAY 900 900 4Z2 " 35.9 603 _' 417 47.5 38.5 ---35 75.9 ' 31 _'. 31.3 30.1 30.S 57.5 S27 61.1 4S.8 57.9 38.0 48.9 MIS 46.5 I 34.1 36.2 33.7 r 26.8 25.9 21.5 22.1 18.9 193 627/200418:45 DAY 900 41.3 54 _ 91.8 34.8 31 29.8 54.4 48.7 38.2 75.5 39.5 36.9 33.2 23.9 18.7 6/1]200419 00'. DAY _ 900 55 .2 68.6 47.6 _ 75.7 70.7 --29.9 _ 6LIJ 64.2 62 9 58,6 55.6 ' 46 .0 ', 3153 19.7�-16.6 627204)M1 19:351 DAY 900 47.6 55 52.6 36.9 30.7 29.5 53.0 48.1 45.1 34.7 33.4 31.5 25.2 19.9 47.8 627200419:301 ._ ___. 6/27/200419:45 DAY DAY 900 900 58.8 ._�__._..._ 53.6 - 66.8 60.9 619 56.5 55.2 52 50.1 47.5 48.9 __-.. 46.4 55.9 _-4554. 53.9 58.7 4445 49.6 56.9 _- .. 41.6 51.0 ___ 35.9 494 ____._ 36. 38.7 33.4 29.5 26.2 17.9 _ 4545__- 16.0 58.9 543 6127200420:001 6/27/2420:15: 00 DAY DAY - 900 9)) 46.4 _-37.3 -- 56 43.7 51.3 39,7 404 36.5 36.6 31.2 35.8 32.6 52.8 51.9 43,7 43.8 385 35.3 _30.8 31.4 _374 35.0 34.3 32.6 26.7 25.3 17.3 15.5 46.1 31,7 6/27/200420:30' DAY 900 37.4 43.9 40.4 36 32.8 32.1 52.6 __ 52.6_ 42.8 37.6 11.9 35.3 -__-__-.-_..__ 33,1_25.8_615.1 30.7 ___- /27200420:451 DAY _- 900 4444_-- 444 57.8 43.9 38A 34.7 __ 34.1 56.2 55.0 50.1 45.0 43.0 � 37.7 343 2L2 744 627/200421:0' DAY 900 49.7 61.8 45.5 41.4 39 384 53.6 48.6 41.1 352 39.6 35.8 29.3 19.1 49.3 6/27/200421:15 6/27/200421:30! DAY DAY 900 900 79.1 444.-__-.-__.___4-._ 42.5 45.1 35.6 42.1 92.5 37.8 36.6 35.3 34.5 ''. 34.9 341 52.8 _-_.-448T_ 56.0 47.5 53.1 36.3 48.0 302 43.3 3. 37.4 __.____... 42.7 32.1 35.1 15.1 26.1 15.4 144 37.6 32.0 6/27200421:45'1 DAY _ 627200422:00 NIGHT 900 4444 9W 38.9 _-_ _ 40.5 42.6 __. 455 40.8 424 36.5 5544__ 399 : 36.6 5455 36 362 __. 37.4 50.0 dfi.9 43.3 4544 47.7 41.7 __ 42.5 344 36.0 36.2 5444 5544.._ 3853 33.2 36.1 26.5 29.8 15.9 4454'_ 184 34.7 3'.5 6/272004 22:15 NIGHT 6127/200422:301 NIGHT 900 900 42.5 ___ 41.4 55.4 507 5-0.7- 42.8 _ _ _43-J 43.7 394 394 37_3 35.4 76.8 34.6 14.6 "A _ 45.6 47.1 4 .6 40.2 43.3 4544__ 35.8 41.6 40.7 37.2 '.� 34.7 _29 .4 282 18_3 17.9 31 7 36.9 62]!200422:45! NIGHT 900 42.6 55.6 44.7 37.2 34.1 136 46.2 47.1 44.9 4L7 41.9 34.7 27.0 16.9 372 6/27/200423 OO NIGHT _.�__� 627200423:131 NIGHT -_ 900 900 39.1 4444 43 47.1 M.7 422 __ 4445_ 43.9 37.2 77 35.2 ._._.2 34.2 34.8 .__ 33.8 47.0 54.2 542 48.1 W9 50.9 467 4454_.- 45.1 777 42.4 34.5 __-_-4454__ 44.6 31.6 33.7 27.9 26.1 14.8 4444445534 14.9 36.1 ___ 34.4 627200423:30' NIGHT _ 6/2]200423:451 NIGHT 900 _ 00 900 40 39.8 426 44 418_ - 42 405 40.7 _ 75,) 32.4 34.5 _ 4.7 317 44.5 _4645._ 44.6 430 37.5 33.6 31.8 28.0 26.5 26.5 29.9 5544. 44 26.b 27.5 22.5 22 20.8 5444. 16.9 15.4 8.. 16.8 391 - 40.0 _8/20040:0'. NIGHT __�___ 6/2B/20D40:15 NIGHT 6/?820010:30� NIGNT 900 _. 900 900 39.4 __.5 _ 11.5 41.3 43 ._ 45.9 45.1 41.6 __' 43.9 -_ 427 40.1 5454_-_._ 108 40.6 32.7 78.8 40 31 __. 35.6 395 53.3 _8_ IB.3 14.6 42.2 44.0 47.5 _ 33.1 .-5.444__ 3].I _ 4444 74] 28.5 25.3 31.4 28.4 _ 26.6 31.4 431.4 23_7 25.0 26.4 22.4 19.5 19.3 27 7 19.6 17.9 38.9 _-_ 01.6 412 61282004 0:451 NIGHT ___-_.__._ 6/28/200/1:00 NIGHT 900 _.. _ _ 9011 41.3 _ _ 363 462 __ 41.7 a4 - __._...__ 40.4 41.3 ._ 345 35.8 _._. _ 72.4 337 32 54.5 _ 54.9 424 4...8 34.6 4454_-__ 33.7 33.7 _ 72.6 33.1_27.2 3L6 261 225 115 237 23.8-- 41 2 338 628/20041:15 .._-__ 6/28/DW4L30, NIGHT NIGHT 5545 900 900 5353 _ 49.8 64.8 56.2 457 52.8 774 48 30.8 44.3 30.1 13.5 51.1 526 394 40.8 39.6 71.3 29.5 26.9 26.6 _. 26.8 22.2 __ 45_55__. 23.5 19.7 21.3 21.0 - 222 54.8 50.5 6/28/2004145' 6/28/20042:00 5444__ 6/2812004'_.!5 NIGHT 4455__ NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 900 529 - 4455__ _53.2 544546.3 366 61 5444 61 46.3 57.1 ..__.___._ 564 ____..._ 19.5 48.8 466 4455_ 73 44 _ 4d.2 3065.-- 30.5 433 _-4554. 43.8 29,8 46.1 __ 53.5 ...44_45 40.8 37.9 __ 58.8 41.8 36.6 5444.. 57_9 ,50.1 41.1 30.3 __. 29.2 29.2 _._.___--_-4444.-_ 44.2 _ 31.1 218 29.8 ______.. 77.6 17.3 18.8 23.0 18.6 _ 17.1 _ -_ I],3 53.1 _ 523 35.7 6/2820042:30 --.-4454_. 6/28120042:45 NIGHT NIGHT 900 _4444 900 40.2 768 47.9 41.8 45.9 40 311 35 29.4 31.8 29.1 31.3 43.8 44.9 33.6 375 28.5 31.9 25.5 29.4 26.3 __..__..__4554 28.1 24.0 2156 17.4 IB.O 14.8 17.0 40.1 J7� Belt Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acomucal Consultants Inc. October 13 2004 Keshole Combined Cycle Noise Smdy Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Bell Collins FINAL LO HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. Pcwber 13. 2001 Keahole Combined Cycle Noise Study Table C9: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 9 Stere Date eadDay Tine / Night DOnHOo L1.00 1,10.00 1,50.00 1,90.110 L95A0 315 67 125 ' 250 - 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 (set4ads) (d A)) (da(A)) (dn(AJ)' (da(A)) (da(AH (da(A)) its its an da dB an an d6 an 62820043:00 NIGHT 900 40.2 48.7 624 18.2 33.6 32.6 60.1 46.1 39.8 38.9 58.8 32.0 23.2 15.9 37.2 6/2820043:15 NIGHT 900 49.1 63.2 504 r 42.9 110.1 39.6 61,2 55.6 50.1 51.0 118.5 43.0 36.7 18.4 34.6 6/28/2004 3:301 NIGHT 900 41_8 116.5 17.4 41.7 X39_6 39.2 fil.J 51.2 459 42.2 79.9 34,8 26.9 11.5 76.1 6/2820043:45 NIGHT 900 48.1 62.3 1 47.1 40.9 39.2 38.5 64.3 52.3 47.6 50.4 118.3 41.2 31.6 19.6 1 27.6 6/2820044:00 NIGHT 900 51 64.5 48.9 40.2 36 34.8 blA 61.1 58.7 55.2 50.2 1 40.1 29,6 17.6 j 26.4 628200/4:15 NIGHT 900 78.5 44.4 408 37.8 35 34.0 60.1 48.6 41.6 36.2 -3-7-.6-F316 25.3 17.4 27.9 626.20044:30 NIGHT 900 393 i 443 41.7 38.5 35.9 ! 59.9 48.1 42.0 1 38.2 36.0 34.8 270 18.8 ! 2.85 6/282004 4:45 NIGHT _ 900 39.6 46.2 _ J _ _ 43 T_ 38.1 34.6 T_ _ I _35.3 33.8 57.6 43.8 16.6 15.1 37A 36.8 29.2 20.5 26.4 6262004 5:00 NIGHT 900 51.5 66A 48.3 42.5 79.1 { 38 _ 59.2 57.8 53.7 53.3 52.0 44.4 T 36.2 23.1 - 27,6 628/2004 5:15 62620045:30 NIGHT NIGHT 900 - 900 42.4 1 44.4 46.4 48.9 _ 04 46.5 41.9 _ 40_3 43.7 42 40.1 41.5 _596 591 50.9 - 50.5 47A 45.7 442 U.l 41.1 I _ 36.8 42.fi �- 40.1 27.9 14.0 22.5 29.4 25.1 24.7 6/211121104 5:451 NIGHT 900 46.7 50.7 I 48.8_ 463_ 43.8 434 589 50.3 46.3 1 45,0 44.5 43.5 35.2 29.4 1 204 6/29/2004 6:001 NIGHT _ 900 47 559 68.5 45.9 j 44.2 43.8 57.1 50.1 46.8 1 45.6 45.5 43.0 36.1 31.8 19.0 6/2&20046:15' NIGHT 6/282004 ,6 0 NIGHT 6/2820046:454 NIGHT 2121 900 _ 900 900 51_6 51.6 57.5 62.1 i_ SSO _'. 58.9 _ 55A _ 64.2 57.6 47.6 2121- 495 _ 45.1 _ 46.1 43J _44_3 _ 451 431 48.6 _ �._ _ 51.0 _ 5].2 49.3 52.5 612 47.1 _ _07.6 7 58.7 462 48.8 54.5 qbJ _- 46.9 52.9 42.9 _as.0 45.1 40.6 40.6 39.9 425 ��_ 45.5 44.2 40J 31.1 36.4 612&20047;00 DAY 60.6 54.5 43.9 _40 38.8 52.2 542 5 40 48.6 46.6 40.9 384 44.6 36.4 6282004815 DAY _900 _ 900 6498 47 1 _ 56.5 52.3 10.9 37.8 37.2 55.8 _: _ 50.3 42.5 1 410 40.9 37.8 77.0 433 1 340 6282004 7:30'' 62820047:45; DAY DAY _ 900 _ 900 47.2 116.6 57A 57.6 52.4 51.5 L 39.5 37.9 34.4 34.2 1 _ 34 _ 33.6 51.0 SI.S _53.1 53.9 _ 49.9 1 42.3 4J.5 1 77.7 39.8 32.5 35.33.5 37.0 37.8 44-2 ' 43.9 34.7 14.7 6/2812OD4 87001 DAY D-_ 62620048:151 DAY 6/28/20048:30', DAY _. 900 __900 _ 900 43.5 -�_-_.. 608.5 I_bL5 39.4 56.6 44.9 42.7 46 411 36.5 39.7_' 383 34.1 36.9 .9 '. 35.3 - 33.4 35.9 _ 35.9 34.7 53,9 2121_.,. 55_0',_50_6 54.1 48.9 55.2 39.4 _- 51.7 ! 38:8 I 32.0 53.2 35.7 33.8 33.6 47.1 y_4_.1 314 34.6 34.J 35.6 I 28.5 40.4 I _28.5 24.2 31.4 209 20.8 62&20048:45 DAY 900 48.5 61.4 494 40.4_ . 37.2 60.4 I 60.0_ 59.2 49.6 48.4 39.7 31.3 25.2 23.2 6/2820049:00' DAY 900 41 T 45.2 47 405 38.1 -, 212136.4 l].3 55.3 80.2 _ 39.9 35.3 39.5 37.0 30.9 25.7 22.6 6/2820049:151 DAY 900 40.9 48.8 43.4 I 39A 36.3 ' 35.6 56.7 j 51.4 45.7 '. 18.6 39.3 y'� 76.2 ' 29.7 26.0 1 244 62820049:30' DAY _ _ 900 2121_ 45.1 _ _r__- 54 49 40.6 37.1 2121. X36.5 2121 _-.2121- 55.2 532 53.0 45.1 44.2 39.6 337 270 22.1 6/28/20049:45 626200410:00. 6/28/200410:151 DAY PAY 2121 DAY 900 900 21,21 900 42.3 i - 47.6 50.3 51.1 2121-2121 60.3 5..___._ 62.5 44.7 _i._�.___. 47.9 50.2 ' 402 42.2 43 43 374 _. 38.3 39 79.88 36.8 21..21_ _37.3 39 55.3 -.._�._. 59.3 1 59.7 51.0 55.0 59.6 48.7 50.7 57.2 i 40.7 46.3 51.3 41.4 44.8 2121 51.0 36.9 1 43.0 t 40.8 30.5 39.1 1 33.2 29.1 32.3 JOB 23.4 273 27.1 65a(104 MW 648/2004 10:45 DAY DAY 900 900 43.2 1 48 51.2 _'. 61.6 45.5 47.3 _41.5 39.1 ' 41.3 ! 78.8 _ 385 J82 566+ 55.8 59.4 57.6 _46.6 : 56.2 43.4 49.8 4' 0 4]A 38.3 40.0 31.9 37.9 26.9 26,9 24.1 23.1 6/28!100411:00 6/28.400411:15' DAY DAY _900 900 40A 47.2 _48 _' 56 42.6 45.5 . _393 400 36.5 21'21 31J 36.1 _ 37.1 56.3 56.7 54.5 53.2 _42.2 1 49.5 37.0 47.1 36.9 48.6 35.8 39.1 29.2 31.1 25.4 ti 26.1 2411 24.1 628/200411:30 DAY 900 47.8 62.8 44.8 40.3 38 3].4 59.8 56.8 57.0 49.3 47.6 38.3 30.9 28.3 27.9 6/26200411:45 DAY 900 44.1 524 47.3 21.21 -_. 41.8 _-2121 39.3__ 38.9 .2121. 60.2 55.2 50.9 43.9 43.0 38.7 323 28.0 27.9 6/29/200412:00', _ DAV '- ` 900 .2121_ 2121__- 48.5 60.9 51.3 62.4 39 J8.4 -.2121__-. SBd 5J.7 ___.�__ 55.2 54.8 ._._ 46.1 38.8 32.4 26.9 25.4 61282004 12:151 ,- 628/200412:30. DAY DAY 900 900 51.5 ----_ 49.5 659 61.2 51,7 .4- 494 43.9 -._.-_- 41.6 399 7938.4 39.3 .._ 58.9 21___ 58.8 60.1 553 56.7 -_.2121 50.9 53.9 -___-_ 51.8 52.3 4]J 41 P -_- 114.0 32.8 37.7 26.5 _-2121-_- 29.1 25.1 24.7 6/28/2004 12:45 ._-_ 648200413:00 DAY _ DAY 900 _ _ ._._� 900 _ 42.9 42.8 SI 8 _ _ 53 _41.8 44.9 - 41 399 36.8 ' 77.4 38.2 2136 _ 36.9 _ 56.5 57.3 50.9 52.8 4].0 . 6 46.5 42.5 42.1 42.3 2121_ 42.2 37.6 - 37.3 30.8 30] 248 _ 25.7 _ 23.3 242 - 6/2820041J:15' DAY 900 51 65.1 476 41.1 387 38.3 58.6 59.8 58.8 519 520 41.2 31.7 228 20.7 6282004 13:30. 646200413:45 DAY DAY 900 900 52.6 46.3 67 578 _. 21.21__ 474 _,-.._....- 41.9 - 39.4 39 "' 2121_ 58.7 21'-'--- 55.0 521 47.9 2121-__. 46.0 38.9 32.6 3L3 22.3 6/2&20041400 .2121__ 62&200414:15 DAY DAY 900 2121_-__.21..332121_-.-_-�____. 900 45.6 45.3 53 519 : 48.7 47.8 "A 44.2 40.7 41.4 40.1 2121_.2121__-21...21-_2121-_2121-.2136_-_2121_37 41 57.0 56.4 54.0 52.0 50.1 50.2 45.2 44.9 45.4 45.0 40.7 397 04.3 J3.] 25.5 5.9 25.8 20.3 213. 21.J 6/28400414:30 _.� 6/28200414:45 DAY DAY 900 2121-.. 900 44A 21.21`_3216_. 98.5 49.3 62.1 46.5 2121_ _._...-21.21_-. 46.9 43.8 43.5 41.9 41.1 41.3 _ 2121. 110.6 56.0 2121.3.216_ 56.5 50.3 522 41.9 41.5 44.2 39.3 33.9 26.2 21.5 _____- 3321--_ 54.8 49.3 49.3 39.8 12.9 211.9 202 628/200415'00 DAY 900 45.7 53.1 49.2 I 43.3 40.5 40.1 57.0 52.5 51.7 47.9 65.0 39.5 32.9 24.7 22.0 6/28/2004 1515'' 628/2004 15:70 DAY DAY - 900 -900 - 47.1 _ - 49.1 57 6l 3 50.3 48.3 47.4 4211 40.7 40.4 40 40 58.7 576 564 56.7 51.1 56.5 ", 48.2 49.7 46.0_ 50.0 41.7 - 40.2 352_ 31.8 _ 26.6 23.0 23.9 19.0 6481200415:45'. 6/28/2004 16:00 DAY DAY 900 - 900 44.1 2121_.. 54.1 54 __ 67.5 "1 ._ 2 52 418 _ 6J.4 40.3 _ _. 41 40 2121___. 40.11 560 ..9.4 58.9 50.0 61LA fi1.4 44.7 __.,.2121 60.5 45.0 Sb.b 43.5 2121 2 55.2 38.4 42.8 42.8 i 31.1 330 27.2 - 2134.2 343 21.4 21.21_ 266 628/200416:15 _�___- 6/28/200416.30 DAY DAY 900 ,_--.._ 900 46 51.7 55.2 65.1 49.7 52.5 42.6 41.5 39.6 39.2 38.9 38.5 56.6 56.5 52.6 61.9 51.8 60.1 51.6 54.5 43.0 52.1 36.4 39.7 304 30.6 33.4 21.2 26.1 16.9 600416:45' 282 DAY 900 42.1 485 44.2 41.1 38,9 38.1 54.1 52.3 419 434 4L5 36.7 30.2 727.2 168 6/2&200417:00 ___.__ 6/28200417:15 DAY DAY 900 900 42 ---..2121__-_.. 43.4 52.8 52.9 - 43 _- 47 393 - 40.4 37.6 38.4 37 38 53.3 53.2 506 47.9 44.6 42.0 41.7 76.2 29.1 23.7 17.6 2121._--�-. 48.7 44.5 43.1 3].I 304 22.2 IJ.9 628200417:30 .2121__ _3,213 6/2 8/2001 15 :45 DAY DAY 900 . _ 0 900 40.3 21 0 - 50 48.3 63.2 42.2 _.. 50.2 389 _. 2121 4 ]74 36.5 34. _ 30.9 36.1 34.3 53.6 55.6 321 486 58.0 41.4 Wli, .21-- 146 35.5 293 25.5 159 - _.. 21 _.9 30_ 5].I 51.9 50.8 39.9 308 23.2 14.1 6/2&200416'00 ___________. 6/2&200418:15. 6/Z&200418:30 DAY 2121.. DAY DAY 900 .-_ 900 900 407 __-_ 2121- 41.4 37.2 509 49.3 .2121..-.. 46.7 427 .2121__._._-_-__._.._.___ 454 _ 40.8 37 38.6 ..2121 34 34.4 34.4 _...___ 30.4 332 33.6 29.5 533 2121 54.2 - 21.21..,5 53.9 45.9 521 48.5 17.5 42.9 2121_- 34.9 43A 35.6 25.5 38,7 38.3 .2121_3.216 29.6 33.4 36.5 30.0 271 30.7 26.7 303 33.6 .2121_ 31.2 21,7 257 2121_.. 24.6 6/2&200418:45 6/2&200419:00 DAY DAY 900 2121__._ 900 37.8 36.3 46.9 41.8 _ 40 39 35.7 - 353 32.4 2121_- 2121 328 71.3 32.3 519 2156' 51.8 460 459 42.9 36.3 37.5 31.7 36.6 34.7 33.6 32.2 27.3 266 18.4 20.5 134 13.5 6/2&200419:15 ____.�_..___._ 62&20041930 DAY DAY 900 3321_ 900 48.7 3.216 .. 58.5 55.8 2121_. 69.8 53.3 2121 _.. 613 40.3 _ 2121 53.9 33 _ _ _ 50.1 317 49 53.6 .2121_ 585 50.0 -.2121_.. 61.8 44.6 2121_ 61.3 40.1 567 41.4 - 574 35.1 ..21213.213_ 44.9 27.3 327 18.2 _ Cl,. 48.8 56.1 6119/2004 19,45 _ ._ 08126047000 -6/21i/266420 :15 DAY _ _ DAY ._-. DAY _^ 900 . _ 900 _. 900 56.7 443 ._ t 48 64.5 _ _ 54.2 2121_ 56.9 60 9 48.7 _... 55 --526 2121_ 2121_ - 405 42.4 44.3 - _ 36.3 38.8 41.9 357 379 53 6 52.3 2121 _ 535 49 0 487 519 48.1 _ 2121_ 46.7 _ 3216. _ 49.1 39 4 - 38.6 - 41.4 41.1 _- 40.2 42.1 37.0 -- }7.0 -.- 38.6 29.1 29] - 70.6 19 0 1T 19.0 2121_. 1 MO 57A - 41.5 4ti 629,^_00420:30 62&700420:45 65 (64D 4 DAY -."' DAY 900 _ _W 900 443 42.6/ 50.9 2 502 _ 4]] _ 4SA 42.7 _ _. _ 41,5 38.7 SR 3].8 3]4 525 44.3 573 52R : 524 40.3 44.3 4?,� 433 40.5 385 }6] 30.6 297 19.5 188 33:2 _.- 36.3 Bell Collins FINAL LO HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. Pcwber 13. 2001 Keahole Combined Cycle Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Belt Collins FINAL Lo HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Kcahole Combined Cycle Noise Study Table C8: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 8 Stan Da[e ud _ Time --Night Day / David. � LI.00 1,10.00 t L50.00 L90.00 1 L95.00 31.5 ' 63 125 I 250 1 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 IS 9) (dB( (dB(A)),(dB(A)) (dH(A)) (d&A)) (dB(AH d8 do _ dB dB dB dH dB dB dB 625200415:07 DAY 466.5 34.4 64.7 58.1 49.0 45J 45 64.8 _ 62.8 63.7 56.3 52.7 46.8 10.9 34.1 28.7 6(25200415:15- DAY _MIO 47.8 _ 57.2 50 47 44.5 44,1 _ 62.7 55.3 68.6 45.6 45.3 44.4 37.J 217 199 6/252004 IS:30 DAY 900 _ 56.6 70.5 52.9 477 45.5 45 67.5 57.1 55.2 55.3 55.1 52.4 47.4 79.4 _ 30.1 625200415:45 DAY Mb 47.9 54.5 �_ 49.8 47 45.1 44.7 62.8 55.2 47.7 43.] 45.3 ! 44.6 38.2 28.3 20.8 6/252004 16:00 DAY 900 _ 47.9 53.4 50 47.1 -' _ 44.8 44.2 63.6 57.7 47.2 43.6 45.8 43.9 38.4 29.0 24.1 6/25/200416:0 15' DAY _ 900 _52.6 3I_5 66 _ 51.5 47.1 43.6 43.1 _ 63.5 58.8 59.8 ' 53.3 524 •, 45.8 38.7 28.6 23.0 6252004 16:3 6/250004 16:451 DAY DAY _ Mill__ 900 48 67.8 58.3 52 _ 49.7 46 Ib.6 43 43.9 42.3 _ 43.2 67.3 _ 635 59.2 _ 55.4 59.1 47.5 52.7 _ 45.2 50.1 457 45.3 44.3 1 38.3 387 28.1 28.7 22.1 23.1 625/2004 V:00 DAY 900 43.5 50_6 _x_47.9 -65.8 49.5 42.1 OLS 640 55.9 46.8 39.3 40.2 92.1 38.4 28.5 22.9 625200617:15 DAY 900 52.4 , 511 t 46.4 ' 43.6 42.4 63< 59.3 61.5 51.6 513 45.9 38.4 280 22.5 6/252004 17:3011 DAY 900 47 51,5 _ I 49.2 _ O6.4 45.3 44_3 41.7 43.7 40.6 62.9 61 9 55.3 56.4 47.5 1 44.6 42.4 38.5 44.3 40.B 43.5 42.9 311_0 38.3 _28.4 27.8 21.9 15.9 6/25/200417:45 DAY 900 45.9 51 l 46.4 625R00418:00i DAY 900 54.8 r45.9 68.7 1 49.3 46.1. � _46.5 44 44.1 j,_434__ 1 _43.3 _ 43.1 62.7 i 617 � 62.3 574 60.0 50,3 37.2 j 60.2 ' I37 1 56.3 50,9 39.0 MA 1 48.9 43.1 48.5 1 44.9 ! 42B ' 42.8 78.0 _ 36.3 37.6 '. 28.3 26.8 72.8 15.7 14.9 6/25/20M 18:15 _ DAY _ 900 50.9 ' 63.3 ; 51.9 62&2004 18:301 DAY 900 49.8 47.6 T ! 45.5 43.5 6252004 18:45, 6/25/20W 19:00 DAY DAY _ 900 900 46 _ 46.7 " 49.8 51.1 --48.9 147.9 45.6 I 47.3 _ 43.9 42.7 _ 62.0 _ 53.8 47_4 38.0 414 43.0 38.6 27.1 ' 1 43.3 62.2 54.] 47,0 ''. 41.5 427 1 43.6 38.1 27.2 _I4.5 _ 13.9 625200419:151 DAY 983 45.2 50.2 _07`3 "A _ 41.8 41.1 62.2 54.3 44.2 36.0 38.8 41.9 39.0 _ 28.4 78.8 625200419:10 DAY 900 46.7 53.9 1 50.8 44.3 41 40.3 63.0 56.5 48.6 ' 42.2 43.8 _'i 42.8 38.5 27.9 1 24.8 6/25/2004 19 451 625/200420:00 625/200420:151 DAY _DAY DAY _ 900 900 - -900 - 50.5 S4.fi -56.1 T66.5 _ 65.8 I 60.6 54.2 _,i_ 55.8 57 50.3 __ 1. 52.4 54] 46.8 IB.I X505 46.1 _ 47 49.7 63.3. _ _63.9 _I 60.0 579 62.] _ 60.7 546 _ 67.2 60.4 Sl.l _ 52.5 54.a 57.1 _ 514 54.5 50.0 45.0 49.7 45.1 51.7 ab.l 34.2 34,7 75.7 27.0 307 18.4 685800420.30 6/25200420:45' DAY DAY 900 900 54.8 50.5 �_ 56.9 _L 59 559_'_ 55.9 54.7 _. 54.2 53A _. 52.3 53.1 51.8 616y_17.6, 61.5 58.1 _ 50.5 52.5 49.0 50.4 517 1 51.9 SL6 I 50.8 46.7 46.4 36.1 35.8 194 20.8 6/25/2004 21:00 DAY 900 53 573 55.1 _ 52.6 49.2 48.3 63.2 57.6 515 48.3 49.7 497 44.8 34.5 20.8 _ &25/200021:15 DAY M70--- 52.8 _ 63.4 54.3 50.7 44.8 43.4 _ 63.7 f. 59.5 56.0 53.1 51.7 47.6 1 42.3 _ 31.2 197 6/25/200421:30' DAY_ 625/200421:45 �' DAY 6252004 22:00', NIGHT 900 900 -_ 900 _ - 49.1 57.8 -47.4 54.8 _ J 71.7 51.5 519 52 49.4T _ 48.4_ 492 _ 46.9 43.3 47.4 44.8 42.6 47.1 � 44.3 - 670 _58) 63.4 I �-60.8 - 60.4 56.6 52.9 59.3 49.1 -46.3 48.5 59.5 46-9 1 58.1 44 9 44.5 51.3 42.9 I 39.8 43.1 381 29.5 302 28.6 I 17.6 18.4 18.6 6252004 22:15 685120042280` NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 --52.4 54_ 61 J55.8 57.5 _ 55.8 55.9 53.5 ' 48.3 -49.7-, 45.5-- 476 44 58.2 48] I 57.6 "A 53.6 45.9 52.2 49.9 51.9 50.1 'i 50.0 _. 48.6 ', 44.9 43.9 34,2 32.8 _17f8 18.9 62520042245 NIGHT 900 49.1 56 48.4 _47.1 47.5 44.8 50.0 45.9 : 45.3 38.5 26.7 16.7 &25/200023:00 NIGHT 900 09.7 _ __504 545 51.6 492 474 _467 621 __45.9 47.9 45.7 44.6 50.9 46.5 45.6 394 28.2 17.2 6/25/200023:15'. NIGHT 900 49.1 53.7 51 48.6 46.6 46.2 48.J 46.8 45.5 50.1 46.2 45.0 38.4 27.1 22.2 625/200423:30' 6/25200023:45' NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 49.1 494 524 53.6 50.8 50.9 487 489 474 47.4 472 47.2 48.1 48.6 46.1 46.5 45.2 46.5 507 51.4 454 46.1 45.0 44.9 38.9 38.3 28.2 27.5 184 15.9 6/2620040:001 -_- 6/26/20040:15' NIGHT NIGHT _ 900 900 49.9 49.3 57.2 54 50.8 _. 51 48.9 48.8 47.6 46.6 47.3 44.7 48.3 48.2 46.6 -_.. 49.2 46.1 51.7 46.8 45.3 39.1 287 1&7 -�.-_ ,0 49.7 51.7 46.4 44.1 38.0 27.1 16.8 &2680040:30., 62&20040:45 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 434 438 493 544 46.5 50.1 42.1 42.9 38.3 -Ti 317 36.2 46.7 52.6 44.6 45.0 41.5 46.0 42.4 46.0 41.2 42.7 39.2 36.8 328 3l] 22.9 36.6 166 40.1 62620041:00' NIGHT 900 579 649 67.2 54.4 45.6 40.5 532 46.6 42.7 44.3 4].5 47.3 " 48.3 50.9 54.7 6262004 1:15 62&20041:30' NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 48.6 4U2 561 46.5 51.9 _._ 47.8 47 ---- 39.8 42.9 77.2 42.7 36.6 46.1_ _ 49.0 45.4 46.6 39.9 413 39.5 770 40.2 33.4 40.1 32.1 40.6 -3274T-13.0 41.1 _._ 43 7 35.1 &2&20041A5I &E&20042:00 NIGHT NIGHT 900 ---900 42 _ 46 --- 514 57 ] 45.9 49.9 I77 42,J 34.1 37.1 I15 16.1 504 50.2 466 47.6 40.9 46.7 377 45.7 742 40.8 335 37.7 334 36.2 14.0 36.7 367 79.6 6/26/20042:15' 62620042:30' NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 37.4 46.4 474 52.9 40.5 507 336 448 31.8 32J 314 322 46.9 5].i 45.5 Ab8 49.2 40.5 18.8 36.5 71.2 ]67 28.3 37.0 26.3 18.2 26.2 J9.1 28.9 419 62680042:45 NIGHT 900 48.5 57.2 51.5 4a.7 40.3 18.8 527 49.8 47.6 471 44.5 412 39.5 39.1 40.9 6/26/2004300 &26/2004315 NIGHT NIGHT 900 9110 448 504 50.9 635 47.5 40.3 43.8 378 38.6 76 37.4 354 49.4 58.5 484 63.9 47.9 61.8 45.8 559 41.6 45.0 38.8 775 33.8 28.6 32U 20] 73.0 167 &26/201143:30 62&20041:45 NIGHT NIGHT 900 13,311 34.2 43.6 1J.9 59.5 36.1 41,1 338 36.8 32.2 34.5 31.9 34.1 57.1 52.2 48.1 48.3 39.7 459 34.1 458 3L6 43.1 28.9 380 23.2 30.5 18.2 194 16.0 151 _&2&20004:00 &26/20044:13 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 53 36.8 66 42.9 51.2 394 792 36.3 13 _ 357 31.2 57.4 50.9 63.3 46.4 62.4 40.4 560 34.6 51.8 3J' 45.5 330 767 _77.1 20.8 17.8 149 152 6/262000490 NIGHT 900 43 49 466 413 41.3 3]7 35.9 49.0 463 436 43.1 60.E 38.8 32.0 21,0 142 6/2&20004:45 &2&20045:00 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 45.8 492 504 54 49 50.9 40.5 488 40.6 46.6 39.5 46 087 49.5 49A 50.0 46.0 48.2 466 498 43.9 .__ 07.6 41.0 44.3 34.5 37J 230 __ 265 14.0 _. i4.4 &26/20045:15 6/2&211045:30 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 48.6 50.1 512498 548 51.8 48.5 497 47.1 47.8 467 471 49.8 49.7 49.8 50.2 47.6 480 48.9 504 46.4 48.3 442 45.6 382 39.5 26.9 30.3 142 15.1 &261200_05:45_ 6/26/2004600 .-- _ b/2&7004615 6/2&20046.30 6/26/70046:45 NIGHT NIGHT . __ _ NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 _ . _00 900 900 900 49.5 50.8 46.5 85 51.2 534 518 62.6 _ 534 551 61.6 50.6 51.3 _ 51.3 53.1 55.3 _ 494 49.7 _ 476 507 505 082 05 44.1 48.5 45.4 48 46.8 _ 43J 479 443 494 51A 4 _ aY.P 500 55.6 50.1 48.3 52.2 51.1 _. 517 08.9 51.1 497 59.3 60.3 506 513 068 504 531 48.1 50.1 45.8 09.6 52.6 43.8 317 293 451 39.2 29.2 44.9 36.1 85 46.9 39.8 295 480 404 79._ 1,5.2 _14.7_ _ 14.0 146 15.0 6/26/7004 TW 62&20047:15 6,26/004 T.30 6/26 2004 7 45 6/262004 8100 DAY DAV DAY DAY DAY 900 _900 900 9110 2645 49 2 447 445 49 43 7 59A 495 48.5 63 55.8 512 464 4E.1 45.6 43.8 46 Y03 44 _ 4 5 41 6 411 4_.6 47.4 40.9 00 4l 5 47 A 1 A0.4 39.7 5 L 5 53.1 51.9 55 A 56.0 53 9 5 0 �I-7:r;"4,5 5 50.6 553 471 55.8 i 44.0 a9 5 470 47-04' 53A 42.8 48_8 43.3 4J.1 47.5 41.5 43 9 35.9 412 345 407 _ 33.0 41.0 -35.2 39.E 33 3 26 5.8 24.8 _ 27,2 27 2 _ 137 14.2 15.3 159 20.2 Belt Collins FINAL Lo HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13, 2004 Kcahole Combined Cycle Noise Study Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results Belt Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. October 13. 2004 Keahole Continued Cycle Noise Study Tattle C9: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 9 Start Datesatl Time Day/ Niabt Duratloa Lin, LI.00 1,10.00 150.00 1,90.00 L95.00 315 63 125 250 _ 500 1000 20M 4000 I 8000 (dB(AD (d8(A)) (dB(A))! (tlB(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A) d8 dB dB d8 dB dB an dB dB fiR8/200M1 21:00 _ DAY _(ueeWf) 900 42J 47.9 45.5 41.7 38.5 J8.1 50.9 50.6 48.8 41.1 41.0 36.9 29.7 18.9 35.8 62&200421:15• DAY 900 412 49.1 47.5 39.8 36.8 36.2 512 50.2 46.4 38.8 39.4 36.2 29.2 20.0 32.5 628200421:70- DAY _ 900 43.6 53.6 46 407 77.2 36.4 55.7 54.$ SOJ 44.2 42.2 37.5 30.6 23.4 31_1 fi281200421:15 DAY 900 43.8 53.1 47.6 40.8 37.4 36.7 SIJ 49.4 46.8 39.1 40.0 17.1 30.1 23.0 41.3 62$200422:00 MGNT 900 46.4 -43.2 54.8 _ 50.8 41.4 38.2 37.5 51.1 51.4 42.9 36.2 38.0 35.5 28.1 46_4 6128/200422:15 NIGHT -- 900-- 50.4 47.6 39.3 36.8 36.3 4fi.5 46.6 39.9 362 38.7 34] 27.0 _19.8 19.5 42.0 6282004 22:30 NIGHT 900 -- 41.2 _ 51.1 ,_ _42.9 38.9 367 ` 36.2 _ 47.7 46.7 38.0 17.8 42.1 337 27.5 _ 197 34.5 626200422:45 &28200423:00 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 _- l 36 46.3 ' 45.3 40.5 40.3 3].4 3] 33.6 _ 33.9 32.7 33.7 46.3 47.9 _427 42.5 37.6 36.6 32.9 33.4 35 7 76.0 32.9 32.8 25.8 25.7 _ 18.0 19.0 34.0 329 W2820o423:15 NIGHT 40.8 382 35.1 L 32.3 31.1 45.138.6 42.2 334 75.0 30.0 31.6 70.8 72.8 27.8 28.7 21.9 21.6 _17:6 1 16.5-. 33.9 54.6 _900_ _35.8. _I .-_ 6/28200427:30 NIGHT 9110 54 - 59.7 57.9 527 367 35.8 45.4 6/282004 23:45 NIGHT _ 900 _ _40.6 46.1 _ 43_4 79.5 76.1 35.3 47.8_ 43.0 _42.5 1 35.8 33.3 ! 27.4 21.3 _ 18.0 40.4 62920040:00 NIGHT 900 36.61 41.4 39.2 357 14.4 34.1 47.4 38.7 32.0 29.0 70.0 26.2 20.2 16.4 35.7 6/y _ �-- ,� _ 38.3 35J --- _34 50.1 i 41.4 36.3 34,1 319.4 23.3 287 1 ,_ 454 _ 29.5 _ 76.5 79.3 34 3 -- 31.6 31.2 _ _57.9 46.2 36 0 31.4 31.5 28.6 28.2 __ /20040:45 NIGHT -- ypp 38.1 4]81 41.6 35 -- 32.5 -- 319 59.3 -14].I 76.6 32.4 31.6 290 _ 70.5 71,0 31A 6/2920041:00 &2920041:15 NIGHT NIGHT 900_6 900 75.8 41.7 79 34.5 71.4 31.1 54.9 '�, d3.6 76.9 _ 34.4 32.6 30.8 IL8 29.8 1 27.0_ 25.1 25.1 26.8 36.4 21.6 _ 21.2 t1' 34.3 &292004 1:30 NICHT 900 2 53.6 51.9 46.8 41.2 40.1 50.9 40.3 34.5 30.3 29.9 1 21.3 1 18.2 202 1 48.9 &2920041:45 NIGHT _ 900 __48 55.4 63.8 603 51.2 _ _ 47.1 dL5 _ 45.3 r 37.7 31.5 28.6 _ 26.%, 22.1 ____ 16.7 _ 17.6 56.5 6/2920042:00 NIGHT 900 _ 45 52.3 -� 49.4 ".7 37.7 ~-26 34.8 44.8 37.0 30.2 27A 27.0 ! 22.6 17.4 16.4 ! 46.7 629/20042:15 NIGHT 629/2004 230rNIGHT 900 - 900 - 31.7 _ 50 38 58.1 - 354 - 567 1 293 387 1 26.3 31.5 30.5 43.5__ 42.2 34.6_ 34.6 25.3 26.6 21.5 21.3 _21.6 21.4 21.5 21.2 1 19.2 1 16.3 '^31.1_ _18_3 16.0 51.1 6129/2004 2:451 NIGHT 900 _ 42_ 49.7 469 y 3$d _i32_7 , 31.5 _ 49.3 40.4 30.2 29.0 26.4 1 20.4 - 19.2 20.3 43.0 6129/ 30042:00 NIGHT _ _ 900 55.5 _ _ 69.8 47.6 32.8 307 30.3 58.6 61.6 61.0 58.0 56.3 ' 46.8 _ i 75.8 22.3 - _ 72.6 &29/20043:15 NIGHT &29/20043:301 NIGHT 900 900 45.5 36.1 56.6 43.1 46 39.6 39.7 I 34.9 33.8 29.8 33.2 29.3 54.0 49.7 ! 57.5 40.9 54.9 35.2 49.3 31.3 41.4 --__T_-- 719 30.5 20.8 233 17.7 20.9 ----�--- 19.5 403 75.4 6/29/2004 3:45', NIGHT &292009 4:q1', NICHT 900 900 43,4 _ 46 -5346,3 547 _ 333 1 40.2 37.8 30.6 37.9 29.8 73.2 43.3 _44.1 40.4 41.7 349 37.5 1 319 33.6 38.2 I 70.9 27.9 26.91 19.2 19.5 18.1 437 19.0 467 &2920044:15 NIGHT _ 900 _ 43.9 53 48.6 1 79.7 34.4T 32.8 47.4 48.7 42.0 1 43.0 42.0 38.6 _ 1 34.1 _ 19.1 _ 36.2 &2920044:301 NIGHT 900 77.7 447 39 ,_36.8 34.2 33.6 43.5 42.4 33.0 11.6_' 2JJ 19.6 34.1 6/29/2004 4:451 MONT 900 38.2 44.9 40.3 36.9 _ 34.2 _ 33.7 43.5 _ 43.2 _354 41.7 37.0 _35.2 36.6 33.7 25.5 _ 19.8 27.8 62920045:001 NIGHT_ 6/29/20045:15, NIGHT 900 900 39.8 42.8 48 _ 537 _ 42_ 43.8 38 79.9 35.1 35.5 34A 34.8 44.1 44.1 44.7 43.7 40.7 41.4 34,7 M.0 38.8 42.1 35.6 37.9 27.9 29.2 23.4 26.8 207 23.8 6/29/20045:30 NIGHT 900 4a.1 493 46.7 47.6 40.9 404 45.0 46.5 43.5 41.8 42.0 40.7 73.6 28.5 214 6129/20045:45 629/20046:00 NIGHT NIGHT goo 900 50.8 46 63 52 51.8 47.9 46.9 45 43.9 47.7 43.3 43 52.1 47.3 58.2 48.3 55.3 46.2 53.4 47.8 49.6 44.0 44.6 42.4 35.9 14.6 30.8 18.6 32.6 20.3 62920046:15' &29/lW4630 NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 50 418 60.1 56.3 51,6 799 48.7 46.5 464 417 46.1 433 52.6 50.4 54.9 53.0 50.3 500 512 47.7 48.7 46.5 44.9 93.1 37.1 75.5 34.8 1 23A 35.1 1 24.7 &29/2&46:45 &292004 T:00 NIGHT DAY 900 900 513 49 63.8 60a 51 504 ad 44.7 40.5 79.9 40 y 38.6 550 56.8 58.6 57.2 56.6 535 5'_5 500 52.0 49.5 43.7 40.9 74.8 74.0 33.8 22.8 35.1 25.2 &292004]:15 DAY 900 404 48.8 433 38.3 35.1 34.3 - 505 48A 41.1 29.7 32.9 34.4 10.6 15.9 264 6/29/2004 7:30 DAY 467.125 45.6 60 42 7 36.3 34.3 34 50.3 46.8 1 47.1 "A 42.4 3] 7 36.3 1 37.1 34.3 Belt Collins FINAL 1.0 HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. 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Ll Yl fJ IJ LI IJ K.6'�iC Y.'K C.6' o" I U 4AA E L11J �'2i1'' W:J IJ LIG 539.`A.`9a''s�S:3Y'159 � n n n n n n n^^ m m m------C.-mgm � n 0 n n n n n n n p n n - m 'n n G G s Q e d sy OI V 6 n en`I N n n M N ., N N n- N N N M NDN .,nnnnn N fl N IY N N nnnn N N N N'ry F nddddddccdddd didddddddddddd a Appendix C: Tabular Sound Level Measurement Results FINAL 1.0 Belt Collmc HFP Acoustical Consultant, Inc. Ocl9bcr 13.2001 Kcabole Combined Cycle Noise Study Table C7A: Sound Level Results at Measurement Location 7 Start Date and Day / T_. Night _ Darrion Leg 1.1.00. 1,I0.00 1,50.00 1.90.00 1.95.00 313 63 125 1_250 _ (aecoade) B(A))', (dB(AH (00(AH (dB(A)). (d8(A)) (d8 A)) d8 dB 500 1000 2000 4000 goo ', 0000_ 6/2520049:15 DAY 899.625 _(d_ 55.2 64.8 57.3 50 4].1 46.3 58.4 1 59.5 dB 57.7 dB 55.8 dB _ 51.0 dB 49.2 dB dB 62)/20049:30 DAY 900 54] :_cut 63.8 58� 51.4 4]A 46.4 61.4 59.2 54.0 52.1 44.8 41.5 41? 625/2019:45 DAY 900 57.1 671 61.6 51.4 1 47.8 46.8 58.4 56.6 37.8 51.1 49.7 45.0 4].9 35.2 6/25/200410:00 DAY _900_ _-55.8 654 59.7 51.6 46.7 58.61 1 54.350.2 52.3 SIJ 50.3 50.2 47.0 529 1 39J 625200410:15 DAY 900 M. ]5.1 ! 62 51.8 _47.9 47.4 46.3 60.2 62.8 66.2 49.2 45.6 51.5 11 37.8 N25/200410:30 900 56.1 64.g 1 56.3 51.8 47.6 46.6 58.4 58.7 64.6 fi2.9 60.4 54.0 50.2 40.5 fi25/200110A5 DAY - 900 62.1 76 1 61.2 y 52 48.6 IB 61.6 1. 64.8 59.8 Sti.6 55.9 50.0 45.4 3g.7 T329 _ 6/25200411:00 DAY 900 617 ,,_ 71.4 _ Y f 56 51.9 48.2 47.1 62.0 63.0 62.t 61.3 56.5 52.8 46.6 _ 413 6/25/2061HAS DAY 900 Sfi.3 55.1 ! 51.7 48.1 46.9 61.9 59.6 58.4 62.6 60.8 56.3 52.9 474 42.9 625/200411:70 _ DAY 900 59.2 _I _674 1 72.7 59.3 52.6 t 48.8 59.3 55.7 53J SJ.S 1 525 4].8 1 37.0 6^_5200411:45 DAY 900 55.6 1 66.8 57 1 47 48.1 1 46_2 62.3--67.8 587 60.5 60.5 57.0 53.1 50.3 _4L9 46.1 - 39.5 6/2 004 12:00. DAY - _ _ 900 56.7 66.9 60.J _50.8 52 _ 47.8 F _ 46.7 58.5 58.4 57.0 56.4 52.7 52.8 52.1 1 46.9 39.7 33.5 625/200412:15 DAY 900 65.1 1 74.4 L 71.9 52.1 48.4 47.5 58.6 56.0 52.5 54.6 51,5 1 4].9 45.3 46.6 6/25/200412:30 DAV _ _ _ 900 51.5 I ]2.8 61_2 52 4].4 46.3 1 55.2 61 3 60.4 __1_ 62.9 56.3 62.5 SBJ 59.9 50.8 43.4 625/2009 12:15 DAY 900 53 fi2.8 y 55 _ 50.1 �.6 46 _63.0 58.0 _ 59.1 597 _61.255.9 48.3 148.6 -J- 53.6 _ 46.6 _- q0.7 6/25200613:00 DAY 900 _ __S4.J 54.5_ 44.7 61.5 -34 -7 51.7 50.8 49.6 44.4 37.1 38.2 62520041315 DAY 900 159 _642_ 69.6 55 ._ _49.5 49.5 _45.8 46.3 t 45.5 _;� 59.4 T, 11.2 1 51.3 45.7 35.9 28.6 6252004 13:30;' DAY 9110 57.3 70.6 5.5.8 50.1 46.6 45.5 58.9 55.8 56.9 1 58.0 55.0 49.5 43.0 34.1 26.7 6/252004 13:451 DAY 900 56 1 641 ' - 55.6 1 50.3 47.1 4 14 61.3 59.6 t 56.8 _ 61.4 62.4 55.5 49.2 1, + 43.2 X4].4 34.6__ 2].I 625/20041400' DAY t 900 57.4 69.9 58.1 51.9 48.4 47.2 60.0 66.0 54J 5].0 53.0 51 6 41.5 36.9 625/200414:15' _ DAY 900 7.J 678 i 573 509 46.8 45.8 60.0 1 56.6 54.6 52.5 '__48.9 43.8__ 37.8 6/252001 14:30'' DAY 900 i1.5 --60.5 53.1 49.8 584 59.8 62.6 54.5 53.2 52.5 -47.5 49A 417 _ 45.3 625/2004 14:45' DAY 900 ti7.2 69.8 54.8 1 51 46.6--- 45.8 58.2 54.7 46.8 46.0 4] 4J] 42.2 26.8 61252004 _.15:00 DAY - 900 - ..._ _ 68 J _ 56.3 1 ._ 47.6 -_i_ 469 -49.8 60.7 58.0 - - 51.0 54.6 532 52.6 503 45.6-38 0 N 15:15, 25/20043_ DAY 900 :5.4 601 73 A 6 52.2 47.1 47.9 46.3 62.1 1 57.3 58.1 _ 577 54.5 49.5 43.4 34.2 25.1 ___ 62520041530' DAY _ _ _ _ 900 58.1 �_ 1 701 _ 61 7 51.3 47 61.8 _'i _ 69A 62.6 56.8 56.2 55.3 1 51.8 51.2 42.J 625/200415:45 DAY 900 55] 66] 47.7 47 59.5 I 58.0 56.1 56.2 55-, 52.1 47.6 51.6 _ _ 38.2 6/252004 16:00' _ 62.4 59 -'_- 50.4 -_45 47.2 46_2__ _58.6 58.8 _ 54.9 50.2 496 48.8 1 45.8 51.5 d0.1 625200416:15, _DAY DAY .9110 900 _L 59.2 _ 74.5 51- 99 7 _� 4q_4 59.6 67.1 71.6 1 66.8 60.2 53.5 �_ 50.9 47.6 425 6a5/2004 16:30 DAY_ 900 556_ 744 56_49.4 45.9 45.1 58.3 56.3 58.5 610 587 51.9 45.5 40.3 -3F4- 623/200416:45 DAY _ 900 54.6 6]] ___ 699 56_] 591 _48.6 T _ _44.] _ 66 43.4 59.0 __5g_0 5818 56.2 52.9 1 497 1 45.3 46.8 DAY 900 56.1 65.1 491 1 45.3 56.4 554 51.6 48.2 dR.l 48.0 45.3 50.5 __ 35.1 -W25120M 1-7,15 DAY �_-_ 90-0 900 -58-7 43 71.9 59.3 ..-__. 48_ 44 42,q 56.8 51.8 -57.3 60.8 ___ 59.5 SL0 1, 45 9 43.2 50.8 34.3 6/2520041]30... DAY 9009.3 66.8 61.8 46.9 44.5 61.9 58.2 59.0 bLl 57.2 49.7 45:2 - _' SIA _ 75.1 . 625/200417:45 DAY 90019 562 46.4 42.8 42 56.3 1 56.1 56.7 45.9 4b.0 1 "A 44.0 51.1 38.1 __-- DAY 0 9005.8 - f5.S 651 --_ 672 524 46.7 _9 43.3 ___ 42,5 58.5_ _ _625/200418:00 55.7 46.0__43.8 459__463 44.2_ 45]_ 38.3_ 625/200418:15. DAY 594 46.9 47.5 42.5 57.7 56] 58.0 55.9 SLb 49.5 45.3 48.6 45.9 6/25/200418:70 DAY 900 .3 V.l 694 61.1 56.1 468 41.2 42.3 594 1 60.6.S]0 568 509 4] I J85 31.9 N25/200418:45'. DAY 900 5114 62.3 68.1 46 42.2 40.8 5].0--52.3 45.1 41.4 438 44.8 41.7 404 319 6/25/200419:00 DAY 900 51.6 _ 47.3 _, 44.3 _ _43.6 _56.2_ _ 51.7_ 48.3 44.3 46.2 '_47.1 4-31 36.8 D.e 6/25/2004 19:15 DAY _ 900 51.5 59,8 61.1 50,7 46.6 42.9 42.1 56.8 59.6 59.4 50.0 4g ] 45.6 41.5 JLJ 28.2 6125/2004 1930 DAY 900 611.4 68] 68.8 64.6 65.8 47.9 41 39.9 56.2 59.8 60.9 48.6 47 7 45.8 41.8 38.5 60.3 N25I200414:45 DAY 900 61A 6R.8 fi7 58.3 624 46.6 44.8 _ 56.4 __ _54.1 45.]_ _ 44.q 44.E O4A 400 31.5 _ 62 6/25/200420:00 DAY 5.7 68.5 57.9 484 49.9 44.2 488 434 56.6 57.6 51.5 56.5 551 48.2 42.8 JJ.I 64.0 6/25/200420:15, DAY 1 900 54.9 68.3 536 476 43.5 474 58.4 57.6 57.9 56.0 58.8 577 583_ 183 530 53.E 479 _ 437 35.7 51.0 N252004 20.30, DAY 900 49.6 595 521 4]1 44 685 42.2 316 37.6 _.-_ 7 fi/_5/200420:45 __._-_. OAY _ 900 __ 61 _ - _ J5.1 ___ 52.2 .._ __ -__. 43 _-________. --- 52.0 _- 67.4 ___-._ 45.4 a7. 4fi.4 41.3 JL? 2_BJ 625/200421:00' DAY 900 50.9 69.1 50.8 46.8 43.5 417 58.5 56.2 67.3 U.4 61.1 51.1 47.1 40.8 36.6 6/25200421:15 DAY 900 53.2 654 54.3 46.6 42.5 41.3 56.4 54.9 4M 48.8 481 474 41.8 33.1 34.1 -_" 6/25/200921:30 _ ___ _. DAY _ 9110 i - - 52.2 - 652 47.5 -. _ .. 43.6 42.8 59.6 _ 57.8 54.0 _ 53.8 - 519 qg5 437 -45.8 245 6125/2004 _IAS DAY 900 47.2 57.8 50 495 44.2 446- 41.5 40.8 56.8 55.3 52.1 492- 48.7 47.2 _32.1 J9.4 35.0 6/25/200422:110'. NIGHT 900 49.5 57.4 40.7 _r. J9.2 56.9 5].2 51.9 474 a4, q3.0 7].5 230 23.3 25/2004 22:15 NIGHT 900 53.9 62.2 57 59.5 435 39.4 38.7 57.8 688 48.3 43.2 43A 443 40.6 32.6 45.9 6121/200922:30 NIGHT 900 44.9 53.3 47.7 39J 38.4 _ 58.3 _ _56.2 50.3 47.7 46 D 44.6 31L9 38.0 5J.2 46.8 4l4 40.1 39.4 50.9 49.6 42.1 42'.2 419 � 41A 36.5 24,8 - 29-1 625/200422:45 NIGHT 900 48.3 587 486 445 40.9 40.1 50.4 50.g 46.9 44.2 44.? 45.1 40.2 329 29.5 6/25/2004 27:00 NIGHT 900 458 53.3 49 44.1 39.9 _ _ 39.4 50.1 47.8 d1.0 1 43.2 dI J 42.] 37.9 25.6 29 q 6/21/200427:15 NIGHT 900 49J 559 526 46.3 41.3 40.2 53.9 53.7 43.9 _ 46.0 _ _ 45.7 46.6 41.9 _ 32.2 28.0 6125/200423:30 6/252004 23:45 62N2004000 _ NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT 900 900 900 492 54 5 a]J _ 56 64.1 60 503 49A Y74 451 443 426 40.8 40.9 39.3 402 79 9 784 50.5_ 50 3_50 49J 50.8 3 500 5L2 63.6 45.6 49] 54 9 464 45.5 5d.1- 4lu 44.5 45 9 439 41.0 41-.9 3P6 3?.4 3q 9 285 31.4 N2620040 IS NIGHT 900 536 - 66_2 554 _ 463 416 _ 463 50.5 551 51.1 495 49.6 498 460 298 JI 7 25.2 SR 6/2612004030 NIGHT 900 036 60 538 498 45.8 432 52.0 473 _ 47.3 446 46.5 419 476 450 .1 6/26/2004045 NIGHT 900 561 605 7 567 524 46.9 467 50.3 965 4d.6 407 6/26/2004100 NIGHT 906 53.6 579 56.4 527 49.2-- -48A 46.1 _ 49.6 _43.5 41.2 41.6 _507 _ 44.0 51.6 _ 4P.7 49.9 48.4 466 44.2 44.7 47.3 6/26120041:15 NIGHT 9011 _ 514 56> 546 504 464 47.3 43.1 36.P 39.g qLp q6.5 46.2 6/262004 1:30 NIGHT 900 45.3 52_ 5 48.3 43.3 _ 40.4 _45.1 39.8 47.8 _ 45 4 46 2 44 ] 38.1 _ 39.8 38.8 _4?,1 34.5 q1.3 332- 626/20041'45 -. NIGHT _ _._.._ 900 422 476 _ _ _ Y4.2 ___ 415 394 78.8 470 44.6 39.1 427 37.1 37.1 34.7 297 28.1 6/26/2004700 NIGHT 900 40 475_ 424 18.4 _ }6.J _----- 36 4J.4 431 3].4 d0.2 34.9_ _ 75.3 3..5 23.R 6/26/20042:15 NIGHT 900 36.6 43.1 39.1 35.5 31.6 2- 31._ 47.1 - 47.0 ---- 39.8 32.2 32.5 3118 _270 175 20.2 30.5 626/2004 2:70 NIGHT 900 45 50.3-48 2 41 39-43g 9 4].0 4Y.8 39.8 37_7 36.9 40.5 39.5 32.9 6126 2004 2 65 NIGHT 900 43.4 799 77.1 415 5 78.2 _ 325 482 95 .1 _ 399 423 _ _ 389 _ _ 391 _34.9 359 30.2 28? FINAL 1.0 Belt Collmc HFP Acoustical Consultant, Inc. 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CLIMATE AND AIR QUALITY The State of Hawaii Department of Health (DOH) issued an Ambient Air Quality Impact Report for Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 without SCR on December 27, 2000. That impact analysis used dispersion modeling to predict emissions of regulated air pollutants expected to be emitted from the Keahole Generating Station. While the subject property consists of the generating station and the airport substation, the latter is not discussed in this section because it has no regulated emission sources. The Ambient Air Quality Impact Report addresses the implementation of the improvements to add Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 without SCR to the existing Keahole Generating Station facilities. The addition of Alternative 2 (including SCR) requires updates to the Ambient Air Quality Impact Study to address the impact of adding SCR. The addition of SCR reduces NOx emissions and adds a small amount of ammonia emissions. IL EXISTING CONDITIONS A. TOPOGRAPHY The Keahole Generating Station is located in terrain that slopes gently downward from the mountains east of the station to the Pacific Ocean. Contours of constant elevation parallel the coastline. There are no significant terrain features (such as cliffs, bluffs, and hills) in the immediate area that would affect air circulation. The site's elevation ranges between 190 and 230 feet above mean sea level. B. METEOROLOGY/CLIMATE The Big Island is located in a belt of relatively uniform winds blowing from the northeast. The windward slopes of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea are connected by the high Humu'ala saddle, which effectively blocks most trade wind air. Due to the massive mountains, the diurnal land and sea breezes are the dominant conditions for the project area. Blockage of the northeasterly trade winds by the mountains results in a large-scale clockwise air circulation pattern of winds from the southeast through the southwest. These trade winds are modified along the North Kona coast. Meteorological data for the Keahole Generating Station were collected from March 1993 through February 1994 at Site 062, an air quality monitoring station located approximately 0.8 mile southeast of the project site. This station was operated in compliance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines. Figure 1 shows a strong daily recurring (diurnal) flow for much of the year. Average monthly temperatures at the proposed site range from the low 70s (°F) in the coldest month of February to the upper 70s in August and September. Annual rainfall is approximately 10 to 20 inches per HELCO - Keahole Generating Station & Airport Substaton July 2004 Climate and Air Quality Assessment. Page 2 year. Rainfall is uniformly distributed from March to October, with 60 percent or more of the annual rainfall occurring in the remaining four winter months. C. AIR QUALITY HELCO has operated air quality monitoring stations at the Huehue Substation (Site 063, approximately 3.4 miles east-northeast of the Keahole Generating Station) and at the Kakahiaka Monitoring Station (Site 064, approximately 1.2 miles southeast of the Keahole Generating Station). Air quality data were collected at the Kakahiaka monitor at the request of DoH and EPA Region 9 to confirm that Huehue air quality data were representative of the Keahole Generating Station maximum impact areas. Table 3 shows maximum background concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM,o), and carbon monoxide (CO). The Keahole Generating Station is located about 1 mile east of the Keahole Airport and about 2 miles northwest of the Kalaoa residential area. No other major industrial stationary sources are in the vicinity. The Kilauea volcano emissions may contribute to the background SO2 and PM,e concentrations in the Kona area. Northeast trade winds transport the volcanic emissions around the southern point of the island and up the Kona Coast. HELCO studies of the volcanic emissions found that much of the SO2 emitted by the erupting volcano is converted to sulfate aerosol by the time it arrives at the Keahole area. The studies also found that rapid fluctuations (spikes) in the SO2 concentrations, were due to local sources, not the volcano. D. APPLICABLE FEDERAL REGULATIONS Emissions of air pollutants are regulated at the federal level pursuant to the Clean Air Act (CAA). The following are major provisions of the CAA: • National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) • New Source Review (NSR) • Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Program • Nonattainment Regulations • New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) • National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) • Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Standards Good Engineering Practice (GEP) Stack Height Provisions HELCO - Keahole Generating Station & Airport Substaton July 2004 Climate and Air Quality Assessment Page 3 NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. The NAAQS represent the maximum pollution levels considered to be acceptable, with an adequate margin of safety, to protect public health and welfare. These standards must be attained in all ambient areas that are accessible to the general public. The following are the six criteria pollutants for which NAAQS have been established: sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (03), particulate matter (PMto and PM2.5), and lead (Pb). Hawaii's State Ambient Air Quality Standards (SAAQS) are very similar to the NAAQS, although the State has more stringent standards for carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and has not adopted a standard for PM2.5. Hawaii also has a standard for hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Table 1 shows the federal and state ambient air quality standards. NEW SOURCE REVIEW The PSD regulations (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 52.21) define a major source as any source that belongs to a list of 28 source categories that emit or have the potential to emit 100 tons per year or more of any pollutant regulated under the CAA, or any other source type that emits or has the potential to emit pollutants in amounts equal to or greater than 250 tons per year. Keahole Generating Station is currently classified as a major stationary source. A PSD review is required in attainment areas for all pollutants from a major source showing significant net increases in emissions due to a modification. Because the Keahole Generating Station area has been designated either attainment or unclassifiable for all the NAAQS, a PSD review was required for ail the pollutants that showed a significant net emissions increase associated with the addition of CT -4 and CT -5 (Alternative 1 or Alternative 2 without SCR). Table 2 compares the project emissions with the PSD significant levels. Because the project was a major source in an area that is in attainment for all NAAQS, the PSD permitting process rather than the nonattainment permitting process was followed. Hawaii's attainment status for all criteria pollutants means that the nonattainment regulations do not apply. De minimis refers to those levels below which the DOH may exempt a stationary source or modification from the air quality analysis pre -construction monitoring requirements. The pre - construction monitoring de minimis levels are listed in Table 1. The net emissions increases for the addition of CT -4 and CT -5 are shown in Table 2. These emission increases are based on worst-case operations of 8,760 hours per year. On this basis, the addition of CT -4 and CT -5 was a significant source of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, sulfuric acid mist, arsenic, and benzene. Per the July 30, 1997 Supplement B.1 to the ambient air quality impact report, the modification netted out of PSD review for NO, by proposing HELCO - Keahole Generating Station & Airport Substaton July 2004 Climate and Air Quality Assessment Page 4 contemporaneous NO, emissions decreases for units D18, D19, D20, and D21. The addition of CT -4 and CT -5 was not a significant source for beryllium (Be), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), or Fluorides (FI). Therefore, the project was subject to PSD review only for sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, PM/PM,e, sulfuric acid mist, arsenic, and benzene as follows: • Application of Best Available Control Technology (BACT) • Analysis of ambient air quality impacts from the project (PSD Class II increments for sulfur dioxide and PM/PM10; NAAQS/SAAQS for sulfur dioxide, PM/PM,e, and carbon monoxide) • Analysis of air quality and/or visibility impacts on Class 1 areas • Analysis of air quality -related values such as soils, vegetation, and visibility that are affected directly as a result of the project and general commercial, residential, and other growth associated with the project The PSD regulations provide for the designation of all geographic areas into one of three classes: Class I applies to areas where practically any deterioration in air quality would be significant. Class II applies to areas where moderate, well-controlled, and sited industrial growth would be permitted. Class III applies where industrial areas would be allowed to experience the greatest degree of air quality deterioration. DoH has designated the Keahole area as Class II. The closest Class I area is the Volcanoes National Park, which is approximately 50 miles southeast of the project site. The Class I and Class II PSD increments and the NAAQS/SAAQS for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, PM/PM10, and carbon monoxide are presented in Table 1. The modeling significant impact levels and de minimis monitoring levels for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and PM/PM10 are also presented. NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS The New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) are a set of national emission standards that apply to new, modified, or reconstructed stationary source categories that include the emission limitations that apply to a new, oil -fired combustion turbine: Sulfur dioxide --0.015 percent sulfur dioxide in the exhaust gas at 15 percent oxygen, or 0.8 percent sulfur fuel by weight • Nitrogen oxide --75 parts per million (ppm) in the exhaust gas at 15 percent oxygen HELCO - Keahole Generating Station & Airport Substaton July 2004 Climate and Air Quality Assessment. Page 5 NATIONAL EMISSIONS STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (NESHAPS). The Keahole Generating Station with Alternative 1 or Alternative 2 added is not a major source of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) (i.e., has a potential to emit (PTE) of less than 10 tons per year (tpy) for any HAP and less than 25 tpy for all HAPS collectively). Thus, NESHAP standards do not apply. MAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY (MALT) STANDARDS The Keahole Generating Station with Alternative 1 or Alternative 2 added is not a major source of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) (i.e., has a potential to emit (PTE) of less than 10 tons per year (tpy) for any HAP and less than 25 tpy for all HAPS collectively). Thus, MACT standards do not apply. GOOD ENGINEERING PRACTICE ("GEP") STACK HEIGHT PROVISIONS The federal guidelines for GEP stack height apply to all alternatives. These guidelines identify design criteria acceptable to regulatory agencies to establish a method for determining the stack height that will minimize the influence of nearby structures on normal plume dispersion. The GEP stack height analysis performed for the Keahole Generating Station results in a 104 -foot -high exhaust stack. APPLICABLE HAWAII REGULATIONS In addition to the federal regulations, the State regulates air pollution under Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), Title 11, Chapters 59 and 60 Hawaii State Ambient Air Quality Standards (SAAQS) and Hawaii Air Pollution Control Rules. The Environmental Management Division of DOH, Clean Air Branch (CAB), is responsible for implementing and enforcing both the state and federal air quality regulations. As noted above, the SAAQS have been set for the same criteria pollutants as the federal standards, with the exceptions of H2S and PM2.5• Per HAR 11-60.1 requirements, HELCO has obtained a PSD permit for Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 without SCR from the State DOH and Federal EPA. III. PROJECT IMPACTS EPA guideline dispersion models ISCST2 and COMPLEXI were used to calculate maximum concentrations of combustion pollutants that would potentially result from the Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 without SCR additions at the Keahole Generating Station. The two models were used to estimate the impacts in the various terrain types surrounding the generating station. The following information was HELCO - Keahole Generating Station & Airport Substaton July 2004 Climate and Air Quality Assessment. Page 6 used to predict the maximum ground -level concentrations of air pollutants from Keahole Generating Station: • A full year of meteorological data collected at the Keahole monitoring station, Site 062 • CT -4 and CT -5 emission rates as defined in Table 2 • The emission rates as defined in PSD permit application 88-01, which includes CT -2 and all existing sources at the generating station • The existing generating station configuration GEP analysis A. CONSTRUCTION AIR EMISSIONS Completing construction will produce two types of emissions: (1) exhaust from vehicles and construction equipment and (2) dust generated during site excavation and equipment movement. Equipment exhaust emissions will be small, localized, and transient. Dust emissions will also be insignificant because the average level of on-site vehicle activity on unpaved roads is only 0.7 vehicle -miles per weekday during the 12 -month construction period for ST -7 with SCR. The worst-case week for vehicle activity during the 12 - month construction period for ST -7 with SCR is 1.9 vehicle -miles per weekday (scheduled for month 2, week 3). Pursuant to HAR 11-60.1-33, reasonable precautions will be implemented to minimize fugitive dust. Watering trucks will wet unpaved roads at least three times per day (and more frequently if dust is observed). Also, many unpaved roads have been surfaced with gravel to minimize dust from vehicle movement. Therefore, construction emissions are expected to be insignificant. B. OPERATIONAL AIR EMISSIONS The modeling analysis predicted the maximum ground -level concentrations for SO2, CO, and PMI, for the CT -4 and CT -5 and the existing diesel and combustion turbine units at Keahole. The maximum predicted concentrations were added to the maximum background concentration data and compared with the most stringent state or federal AAQS. Table 3 contains the results. According to these modeling results, no federal or state AAQS are exceeded. The pollutant with the largest impact is carbon monoxide. The maximum annual concentration for carbon monoxide added to the background concentration will consume 57 percent of the SAAQS. As stated earlier, this maximum ground -level concentration is from all existing units at the generating station plus CT -4 and CT -5. The addition of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for NOx emission control, will result in some ammonia emissions. Based on a manufacturer's guaranteed ammonia slip of 10 parts per million on dry volume (ppmvd), with a 100 percent load gas flow rate of 559,440 pound/hour, at 59 °F, with water injected for NO, control, this equals 4.3 pound NH3/hour per combustion turbine. Modeled 1 -hour unit impacts for CO and annual unit impacts for SO2 can be proportionally scaled to estimate the 1 -hour and annual impacts of 4.3 Ib NH3/hour per combustion turbine. The calculations are as follows: HELCO - Keahole Generating Station 8 Airport Substaton July 2004 Climate and Air Quality Assessment Page 7 2,291 pg CO/m31954 Ib COthr x 4.3 lb NH3/hr per CT x 2 CTs = 20.7 pg NH31m3 (1 -hr average) 5 pg S02/m3 / 221 Ib S02/hr x 4.3 Ib NH3/hr per CT x 2 CTs = 0.2 pg NH3Im3 (annual average) The 2,291 pg CO/m3 and 5 pg S02 /M3 impact values are from the 09/28/95 Hawaii DOH Ambient Air Quality Impact report, Table 4, page 34. The 954 Ib CO/hr and 221 Ib SO2/hr emission rates are from the 09/28/95 Hawaii DOH Ambient Air Quality Impact report, Table 1, page 31. The Hawaii Dept. of Health does not have any ammonia ambient standards. Therefore, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) Effects Screening Levels (ESLs) has been used to evaluate the 20.7 pg NH 3/M3 (1 -hr average) and 0.2 pg NH3/m3 (annual average) ammonia emissions impacts. ESLs are used to evaluate the potential for effects to occur as a result of exposure to concentrations of constituents in air. ESLs are based on data concerning health effects, odor nuisance potential, effects with respect to vegetation, and corrosion effects. They are not ambient air standards. If predicted or measured airborne levels of a constituent do not exceed the screening level, adverse health or welfare effects would not be expected to result. The TCEQ short-term (1 -hr) and long-term (annual) ESLs for ammonia are 170 pg/m3 and 17 pg/m3, respectively. The 20.7 pg NH3/m3 (1 -hr) ammonia slip emissions impact for CT -4 and CT -5 with SCR would only be 12% of the ESL, and the 0.2 pg NH3/m3 (annual) ammonia slip emissions impact would only be 1 % of the ESL. Therefore, ammonia emissions are expected to be insignificant. The DOH's December 4, 1998 report Assessment of Health Effects Associated with Volcanic Emissions: Year One Preparations for a Future Health Study, described how SO2 emitted by the Kilauea volcano oxidizes in the atmosphere and produces a visible haze referred to as "vog." The purpose of the study was to begin assessing the possible health impacts to people from volcanic emissions. HELCO undertook a study to determine if SO2 emissions from CT -4 and CT -5 would contribute to vog in the Keahole Generating Station area. HELCO's January 27, 1995 report Estimated Increases in Vog Levels from the Proposed CT4 and CT5 Emissions at the Keahole Generating Station concluded that the maximum predicted increase in SO4 due to units CT -4 and CT -5 is 1.7 percent of measured SO4 concentrations. This maximum impact will occur over the ocean approximately 10 miles northwest of the Keahole Generating Station. The maximum land-based impact, representing less than 1.5 percent of measured vog levels, as SOa, will occur in the lava fields approximately 1.75 miles northeast of the power plant. This location is over 1.5 miles from the nearest inhabited area. On August 30, 2000, HELCO submitted a report (Impact of Climate, Weather, and Volcanic Emissions on the Variability of Sulfur Dioxide Observed Along the Kona Coast) authored by Dr. Steven Businger of the University of Hawaii's Department of Meteorology, who was contracted by HELCO's consultant. Dr. Businger found that the impact of the Kilauea volcano on SO2 concentrations at the Huehue and Kakahiaka monitoring stations during the February through April 2000 study period was small. The report HELCO - Keahole Generating Station & Airport Substaton duly 2004 Climate and Air Quality Assessment Page 8 concluded that much of the SO2 emitted by the erupting volcano is converted to sulfate aerosol by the time it arrives at the Keahole Generating Station. Dr. Businger observed SO2 concentrations that rapidly increased from zero to the maximum 1 -hr concentration of 49 ppb, then rapidly decreased to zero. He concluded that the source of these "spikes" is local sources. Dr. Businger also found that the distribution of vog is relatively uniform in the vicinity of Keahole. Thus, the location of air quality monitors is not critical for observing the volcanic impact. The PSD permit for CT -4 and CT -5 includes the following: • Impacts of the proposed combustion turbine units • An update of the NAAQS/SAAQS data as necessary • Comparisons with applicable Class it increments • Other potential impacts (such as soils, vegetation, and visibility) C. IMPACTS TO VEGETATION Federal Primary Air Quality Standards are based on the protection of human health. Federal Secondary Air Quality Standards (which in most cases are no less stringent than the primary standards) are based on human "welfare," which includes such considerations as impacts to vegetation, animals, visibility, and comfort. Based on the air quality modeling, which indicates that secondary air quality standards will not be exceeded, HELCO has concluded that no significant impacts to vegetation will occur Because of concerns expressed about the proximity of the project to the Keahole Agricultural Park (which is located to the south of the Keahole Generating Station), HELCO commissioned a study by Dr. Robert Paull of the potential effects of ethylene, SO2, and NO, emissions from the expanded Keahole Plant on plants and crops in the Keahole area. Dr. Paull concluded as follows: "In summary, I anticipate no effect of the current or planned expansion at the generation plant on the agricultural park or surrounding area. Dr. Paull's report is included in Volume 2 of the EIS as Appendix L. It is important to note that the PSD modeling process makes a number of conservative assumptions that overstate emissions from the generating station. Therefore, projected concentrations that result from the modeling can be considered "worst case," and typical ground -level concentrations should be lower than those described in the PSD application. Post -construction monitoring is designed to confirm that this is the case. Because the Alternative 1 and Alternative 2 without SCR modifications received a permit for construction and operation dated July 25, 2001, State and Federal regulatory authorities were satisfied that the modification fully complies with the applicable rules, regulations, and air quality standards. The provisions of the permit incorporate mitigation measures that will minimize air quality impact. Mitigation measures HELCO - Keahole Generating Station & Airport Substaton July 2004 Climate and Air Quality Assessment. Page 9 include limitations on the fuel sulfur content, water injection for NO, control, GEP stack height for CT exhaust, emission limitations (3 -hr averages) for five pollutants, and NO, netting resulting in the retirement of units D18 -D20 and a fuel limitation on unit D21. Post -construction air quality monitoring will be performed continuously for one year after initial startup. In addition to the mitigation measures described above, HELCO will reduce noise impacts by (1) installing enclosures around certain equipment and (2) installing silencers in the CT horizontal exhaust ducts at ground level. HELCO's December 19, 2003 letter to DoH provided analysis results confirming that the installations of enclosures and silencers do not change the results of the ambient air quality impact modeling analysis for the modification. HELCO - Keahole Generating Station & Airport Substaton July 2004 Climate and Air Quality Assessment. Page 10 FIGURE 1: MONITORING SITE 062 WIND ROSE N / 6 IS % WIEl 3 CALM 1-3 4-6 7-10 11-16 17-21 22-99 (9 x) (29 ¢)(53 %)(22 %)(1 %) (0 %) 2 WIND SPEED SCALE ((NOTS) NOTE) - WIND DIRECTION IS THE DIRECTION WIND 1S BLOWINC FROM Mon 'L tor Lng Si Ce 062 Mar 1993- Feb 1994 32-m hinds Table 1: Summary of Modeling Significant Impact Levels, Monitoring De Minimis Levels, PSD Increments, and State and Federal Standards for Selected Pollutants Notes: a. Not to be exceeded more than once per year. b. Secondary Standard - c. Never to be exceeded. d. Standard is attained when the expected number of exceedances is less than or equal to 1. e. Standard is attained when the expected annual arithmetic mean is less than or equal to 50 pg/m3. I. Effective June 3, 1994. g. No significant ambient impact concentration has been established. Instead, any net emissions increase of 100 tons per year of VOC subject to PSD would be required to perform an ambient impact analysis. h. Any new source or modified existing source located in an unclassified or attainment area for ozone that is equal to or greater than 100 tons per year emissions will be required to monitor ozone. i. Standard is attained when the 3 -year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations at each population -oriented monitor within an area must not exceed 65 pg/m3. j. Standard is attained when the 3 -year average of the annual arithmetic mean PM2_5 concentrations from single or multiple community -oriented monitors must not exceed 15 pg/m 3. Modeling Monitoring PSD Increment Averaging Significant De Minimis NAAQS SAAQS Class I Class II Pollutant Period Impact Levels Levels (Ng/m3) (pg/m3) (p9/m3) (N9/m3) (pg/m3) lug/m3) SO2 3 -hour 25 - 250 512a 1300a., 1300a 24-hour 5 13 5a 910 3650 365a Annual 1 - 2` 20` 80` 800 NO2 Annual 1 14 2.5` 25` 100` 70` PM2.5 24-hour 65' - Annual 15 PMio 24-hour 5 10 8F 30` 150° 150° Annual 1 - 4' 171 500 500 PM 24-hour 5 10 100 37a - - Annual 1 - 50 19` - - CO 1 -hour 2000 - - 40,0000 10,000d1 8 -hour 500 575 10,0000 5,000a 03 1 -hour - - 235° - 8 -hour - - 157' Annual a h - H2S 1 -hour 0.2 35 Pb 3 -month 10.1 - 1.5` 1.5` Notes: a. Not to be exceeded more than once per year. b. Secondary Standard - c. Never to be exceeded. d. Standard is attained when the expected number of exceedances is less than or equal to 1. e. Standard is attained when the expected annual arithmetic mean is less than or equal to 50 pg/m3. I. Effective June 3, 1994. g. No significant ambient impact concentration has been established. Instead, any net emissions increase of 100 tons per year of VOC subject to PSD would be required to perform an ambient impact analysis. h. Any new source or modified existing source located in an unclassified or attainment area for ozone that is equal to or greater than 100 tons per year emissions will be required to monitor ozone. i. Standard is attained when the 3 -year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations at each population -oriented monitor within an area must not exceed 65 pg/m3. j. Standard is attained when the 3 -year average of the annual arithmetic mean PM2_5 concentrations from single or multiple community -oriented monitors must not exceed 15 pg/m 3. Table 2: Comparison of Net Project Emission Rates to PSD Significant Net Emission Rates Air Pollutant Net Project Emissions' (tonsfyr) PSD Significant Level (tonsfyr) Nitrogen Oxides 39.8 40 Sulfur Dioxide 964 40 Carbon Monoxide 4,166 100 Volatile Organic Compounds 2,607 40 Particulate Matter (TSP) 173 25 Particulate Matter (PM,o) 173 15 Lead 0.1 0.6 Sulfuric Acid Mist 18 7 Beryllium 0.00035 0.0004 Mercury 0.001 0.01 Fluorides 0.018 3 Arsenic 0.0098 Benzene 0.22 Source: 09/28/95 Hawaii Dept. of Health Ambient Air Quality Impact report, Table 3, page 33, except for NO, net project emissions, which were revised to 39.8 tpy in DoH's July 30, 1997 Supplement B.1, page 4. a — Estimated emissions are based on CT -4 and CT -5 units operating 8760 hours per year, and on the emergency diesel fire pump operating 80 hours per year. — Any emission rate. y m t0 a N d H- N d N Un m m m� 3 U U � C � m` gE �m C m U Z N N� .00 N C u� N C N ,VN �Nm a dE NUm m 9U) m � N mN a mL0 mm� mNm 0'c E mm- �rD U N � oY0 V U m !- EDa E m Ery xDE imQ O V C � � e � IL H U) v r� o 0 A ^ o icS 'Do r GO i Q co N w C tD O c0 aD O rn - u� .- W ^ wE '" c ou 1 0 U e v C J ^ o E W Y Y m � V h OD 00 w Om I� f7 n c cn n E O _ a ` wE E w u i o O o O J o O S S c Z C S 2 V <7 N ¢ N Q C) 0 m a o m m a o C a d c a o a _ 0 J U 0 J 0 N cn a U y m t0 a N d H- N d N Un m m m� 3 U U � C � m` gE �m C m U Z N N� .00 N C u� N C N ,VN �Nm a dE NUm m 9U) m � N mN a mL0 mm� mNm 0'c E mm- �rD U N � oY0 V U m !- EDa E m Ery xDE imQ Climate and Air Quality Assessment July 2004 Bibliography 40 CFR 52.21 - Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality Businger, S. 2000. Impact of Climate, Weather, and Volcanic Emissions on the Variability of Sulfur Dioxide Observed Along the Kona Coast. November 2000. DoH 1994. Ambient Air Quality Impact Report. Hawaii Department of Health. August 4, 1994. DoH 1995. Ambient Air Quality Impact Report, Supplement A. Hawaii Department of Health. September 28, 1995. DoH 1996. Ambient Air Quality Impact Report, Supplement B. Hawaii Department of Health. December 18,1996. DoH 1997. Ambient Air Qualify Impact Report, Supplement B.1. Hawaii Department of Health. July, 30, 1997. DoH 1999. Ambient Air Quality Impact Report, Supplement C. Hawaii Department of Health. August 4, 1999. DoH 2000. Ambient Air Quality Impact Report, Supplement D. Hawaii Department of Health. December 27, 2000. DoH 1998. Assessment of Health Effects Associated with Volcanic Emissions: Year One Preparations for a Future Health Study. Hawaii Department of Health. December 4, 1998. DoH 2001. Letter from Wilfred Nagamine of Hawaii Department of Health to Hawaii Electric Light Company re: Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Covered Source Permit (CSP) No. 0007-014. July 25, 2001. EPA 1985. Guideline for Determination of Good Engineering Practice Stack Heights, (EPA -450/4-80- 023R). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Planning and Standards (OAQPS), Research Triangle Park, NC. June 1985. EPA 1990. New Source Review Workshop Manual. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Planning and Standards (OAQPS), Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1990. HAR 11-59 - Ambient Air Quality Standards. HAR 11-60.1 - Air Pollution Control. HELCO 1995. Estimated Increases in Vog Levels from the Proposed CT4 and CT5 Emissions at the Keahole Generating Station. Hawaii Electric Light Company. January 1995. HELCO 2003. Letter from Wilfred Nagamine of Hawaii Department of Health to Hawaii Electric Light Company re: Impact of Noise Mitigation Measures and Plant Layout Revisions Keahole Generating Station, Combustion Turbine Units CT -4 & CT -5 (CSP NO. 0007-01-C). December 19, 2003. Paull, R. 2004. Emission Studies - Impact on Keahole Agricultural Park. July 2004. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality 2005. http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/comm_exec/tox/ ESLMain.html. APPENDIX J - MARINE ENVIRONMENT AN ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY INC. KEAHOLE GENERATING STATION AND AIRPORT SUBSTATION KEAHOLE, NORTH KONA, HAWAII Prepared for: Belt Collins Hawaii 2153 N. King St., Suite 200 Honolulu, HI 96819-4554 Prepared by: Marine Research Consultants 1039 Waakaua PI. Honolulu, HI 96822 February 2004 INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE I.A INTRODUCTION Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO) is in the planning process for the reclassification of the Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation lands from the Conservation District to the Urban District. The 15.643 -acre site is located in Keahole, North Kona, Hawaii on the mauka side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, directly across from the Kona International Airport access road intersection. The facilities of the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) Park and the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH) lie adjacent to one another at Keahole Point, North Kona, Hawaii, which is nearly directly downslope from the HELCO site (Figure 1). These facilities are owned and operated by the State of Hawaii, and administered by the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA). These two facilities are intended to accommodate "...tenants doing business in ocean - related science and technology industries limited to or providing research, the development and commercial application of technology -intensive activities that utilize ocean water as a resource or depend on proximity to the ocean, including aquaculture, mariculture, and ocean -related activities." Improvements and expansion of the generating station, necessitated a simultaneous need for the lands to be reclassified for urban and industrial use (HELCO's project). HELCO's project has the potential to impact brackish groundwater in the vicinity of the plant through several means including: 1) alteration of supply of onsite brackish groundwater, 2) subsurface disposal of the plant wastewater, and 3) disposal of domestic wastewater generated by operation of the power plant. In addition, HELCO's project will result in potential changes to the supply from the Hawaii County Department of Water Supply (DWS) system. The potential effect from each of these factors is considered in a companion report prepared by Tom Nance Water Resources Engineering (TNWRE Report). As all groundwater that is not pumped from the aquifer ultimately reaches the ocean, alteration of groundwater flow and/or composition also constitutes a factor that can potentially alter the nearshore marine environment. It is also important to note that alteration of groundwater flowing under the HELCO's project site will represent a subsidy to existing conditions that may already be affected by other anthropogenic activities. In the case of the HELCO generating station, the location of the project site dictates that groundwater flow to the ocean will interact to some degree with the functional aspects of NELH and HOST Park, in terms of both water usage and discharge of "used" water back to the marine environment. These interactions are important because of the reliance on "high quality" ocean water for NELHA mariculture uses. In addition, because of existing data, it is possible to put into context the magnitude of changes that could be caused by HELCO's project HELCO - Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation Marine Impact Evaluation Page 1 with respect to the historical alteration to groundwater discharge to the ocean that is a result of NELH/HOST Park activities. Such a contextual evaluation will provide a valid basis for assessing the potential for impacts directly attributable to HELCO's project. Within this framework, it is the purpose of this report to provide an assessment of the potential impacts of HELCO's project to the nearshore marine waters, which in turn can provide an estimate of impact to marine biotic communities. 1.111 DATA SOURCES This report was prepared without the acquisition of new field data. Data describing groundwater dynamics and potential changes to such dynamics from HELCO's project are taken from the TNWRE Report. As stated above, NELH and HOST Park are located nearly directly downslope from the HELCO site. As a result, much of the consideration of potential impacts from HELCO's project is directed at potential alteration of marine waters resulting from NELH and HOST Park. Both NELHA facilities use and dispose of large quantities of warm and cold seawater brought ashore and distributed through a network of pipes owned and operated by NELHA. Once used by the tenants, the seawater is discharged into a multitude of excavations into the porous lava substratum that comprises Keahole Point. Following discharge into the disposal excavations, return water flows seaward within the basal aquifer and eventually reaches the nearshore ocean. Discharged return waters presently in use can be classified into two types: "Non -contact" water which is utilized only for thermal properties. Except for having a slightly higher temperature, this water has the same quality when it enters the ground as it did when it entered the ocean intake or supply well. Non -contact water should remain essentially unchanged (except for temperature and perhaps oxygen concentration) between intake and return. "Contact water", which is used to grow or maintain the variety of organisms used in the various mariculture activities. Return contact water contains materials generated by the mariculture activities and may differ substantially in composition from the intake water. Since the inception of NELHA, a requirement of the overall operation has been the implementation of a monitoring program to evaluate the effects of returning used water back to the natural environment off Keahole Point. The original monitoring program, termed the Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) has been modified several times since the original plan was laid out in the Environmental Impact Statements for the NELH and HOST Park HELCO - Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation Marine Impact Evaluation Page 2 facilities in 1987. In all of the versions, however, the program has two broad objectives: 1) to protect the unique environmental resources of the Keahole Point area and their diverse uses, and 2) to provide the information necessary to comply with the permit requirements of various county, State and federal agencies. From the inception of the monitoring program in 1989 until the present, the water quality components of the CEMP have produced a massive amount of data that likely comprises the largest set of continuous water quality data in the state for a single location. Until 2001 the data generated by the monitoring program existed only as tabular listings of numerical results in sequential order of sample collection. Virtually no other analysis or interpretation of the data had been conducted or reported. In 2001, Planning Solutions, Inc. was funded by the State of Hawaii to provide a comprehensive review of the Seawater Return system at NELH. The review included a thorough examination of the CEMP performed by Marine Research Consultants, which consisted in part of analysis of the tabulated data. The data analysis was designed to elucidate the effects that the discharge of return water has had on the nearshore marine receiving environment. With the large existing data set, a clear "story" of the effects of the discharge became evident. Because the return seawater is mixed with low salinity groundwater prior to discharge to the ocean, utilization of a conservative hydrographic mixing model proved to be an effective tool for evaluating the results of the CEMP. Because the effects to NELH/HOST Park are a concern in planning of HELCO's project, we take advantage of the long-term data set that comprises the NELHA CEMP. Thus, the NELH CEMP provides the database for the present evaluation of the potential effects of HELCO's project. II. INTERPRETATION OF CEMP WATER CHEMISTRY DATA LA SAMPLING LOCATIONS There are a variety of water sources that are sampled as part of the CEMP including disposal trenches, wells, anchialine ponds, and shoreline and offshore ocean samples. Each water source is considered separately in the sections below, which is followed by a summary of potential impacts from HELCO's project. II.A.1 Disposal Trenches Sampling for the CEMP presently includes two disposal trenches, the NPPE trench on the northern side of Keahole Point and one of the aquaculture disposal trenches on the southern side of Keahole Point. Figures 2 and 3 show plots of silica (Si), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-), phosphate phosphorus (P043-), and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+) as functions of salinity for samples collected from the disposal trenches from 1992 to HELCO - Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation Marine Impact Evaluation Page 3 mid -2000. These four nutrient constituents provide a good representation of the processes that are affecting groundwater composition as a result of the discharge of return water. Each plot also contains two straight lines, which are the conservative mixing lines constructed by connecting the "endpoint" concentrations within the system. The solid mixing line was created by connecting the average concentrations from NELHA Well 1 (W1), which is considered to be above the influence of any discharged return water from NELH-HOST Park, and open ocean surface seawater (SSW). The dashed mixing line was created by connecting the average concentration of Well 1 and the average concentration of deep seawater (DSW). If the constituent in question displays purely conservative behavior (no input or removal from any process other than physical mixing), data points should fall on, or near, the conservative mixing line. If, however, external material is added to the system, data points from samples will fall above the mixing line. If material is being removed from the system by processes such as biological uptake, data points from samples will fall below the mixing line. Examination of Figure 2 indicates that most of the data points representing the concentrations of Si in the disposal trenches fall in a linear array along the mixing lines (R2 = 0.80 for the entire data set). Removal of the two most conspicuous outliers in the surface (NPPE samples at salinities of 32%. and 35%0) increased the R2 to 0.87. The good linearity of the Si data set along the mixing lines indicates that the hydrographic mixing model is a valid method of representing the processes occurring within the groundwater -marine system at NELH-HOST Park. Examination of the plots of NO3, P043-, and NH4 *as functions of salinity (Figures 2 and 3) are similar in that there are large divergences from the mixing lines in the Aquaculture trench at salinities of 33-3576. Such excursions from the mixing line indicate discharge into the trench of water with substantial nutrient subsidies. On the other hand, with a few exceptions, water from the NPPE trench does not contain such subsidies and consists mainly of a mixture of groundwater and ocean water. In fact, the occurrence of many of the data points below the mixing lines suggests uptake of nutrients from the water that is discharged into the disposal trenches. II.A.2 Anchialine Ponds Two anchialine ponds (defined as brackish ponds with no open connection to the ocean) have been monitored as part of the CEMP since 1993. Pond 1 is located at the northern end of the property while Pond 2 is located at the southern end of the property. Figures 4 and 5 show mixing plots of water chemistry constituents collected in the ponds from 1989 to 2000. In all of the plots, it is apparent that the salinity in Pond 1 is HELCO - Keohole Generating Station and Airport Substation Marine Impact Evaluation Page 4 consistently lower than in Pond 2. This result is somewhat unexpected, as Pond 1 is closer to the ocean shoreline than Pond 2. Because of the consistency in the pattern of salinity between the two ponds, it is apparent that there is substantially more groundwater flow through the region of Pond 2 than there is through the region in which Pond 1 is located. Examination of the mixing plots of NO3, P043-, and NH4• reveal few or no linear relationships between salinity and nutrient concentrations in either pond. Rather, nutrient concentrations in the ponds have a relatively wide range at a given salinity. As the majority of the data points in the mixing diagrams occur below the mixing lines, it is likely that there is substantial uptake of nutrients within the ponds. In addition, the occurrence of data points above the mixing lines suggests that there are also nutrient subsidies to the ponds during some of the periods of sampling. II.A.3 Well Water Groundwater monitoring wells (3.8 inch diameter) are located at eight locations on the grounds of the NELH-HOST Park (Figure 1). Well 1, located just makai of the entry road off Queen Kaahumanu Highway is a single well 135 feet deep. The other seven sites each contain a cluster of three wells; one well in each cluster draws from shallow, middle, and deep depths. Sampling depths vary from 14 feet to 69 feet. Figures 6 and 7 show time course plots (mid -1 989 to mid -2003) of salinity, silica, and nitrate in the shallow wells. Inputs to groundwater from activities on land should be most evident in the upper layer of the aquifer. Examination of the time -course plot of salinity reveals that each well has a slightly different overall salinity, and that salinity does vary over time. In addition, the data show that there have been no major changes in salinities of the wells over the course of the monitoring program. The same pattern is not evident in the time course plots of NO3 (Figure 6) and Si (Figure 7). Several large excursions of NO3 are evident in several of the shallow wells (particularly Wells 5 and 8) that increase the concentrations by approximately four to seven -fold over the background conditions. Such anomalies indicate that there are periodic subsidies to groundwater from activities on land. Figures 7-10 show plots of silica (Si), nitrate nitrogen (NOs-), phosphate phosphorus (P043), and ammonium nitrogen (NH4*) as functions of salinity for samples collected from the eight monitoring wells divided into shallow, mid -depth, and deep wells. As described above, these four constituents provide a good representation of the processes that are affecting groundwater composition as a result of discharge of return water. Each plot also contains two straight lines, which are the conservative mixing lines constructed by connecting the "endpoint" concentrations within the system. For NO3-, P043- and NH4'two plots are shown for each constituent. The top plot of each figure shows the entire range of concentrations that were measured in each well, while the bottom plot shows concentrations that extend only through HELCO - Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation Marine Impact Evaluation Page 5 the main body of data points, thus eliminating the high concentration outliers. Several important points are conspicuous in the mixing plots for the combined data sets: First, in all cases plots of Si from the shallow and deep wells fall in linear arrays along the mixing lines, with data from each sampling depth extending corresponding to a distinct envelope of salinity. In all cases, the shallow wells had the lowest salinities and the deep wells had the highest salinity. Such a result is expected if the mixing model is an accurate method to portray the mixing dynamics between freshwater and seawater. Plots of mid -depth wells show a data grouping that is does not tall along the mixing gradient. All of these data points are from a single well (Well 4). Such a departure from the mixing model indicates mixing of other water sources in addition to groundwater and ocean water. • Secondly, it is evident that there are substantial nutrient subsidies to several of the wells, and no subsidies to other wells. As with Si, the most evident departures of NO3, P043, NH4` data points from the mixing lines occurred with the mid - depth wells. However at the lower concentration scale shown in the bottom plots of Figures 8, 9 and 10, it can be seen that there are also clear subsidies to several shallow and deep wells. These subsidies can all be traced to Wells 4-8, located within the region of return water discharge. Data from these wells show substantial subsidies of NO3, P043-. and NH4' during a large proportion of the samplings. The most conspicuous subsidies occur in Well 4, where many of the nutrient concentrations were substantially higher than in treated sewage effluent. Such consistent elevation of scaled nutrient concentrations above the conservative mixing lines clearly indicates that discharge of return water results in elevation of nutrient concentrations in groundwater flowing under the NELH- HOST Park facility. A third major finding from the mixing analysis is the absence of substantial differences between the different sampling depths at each well site. For the constituents that occur at concentrations essentially on the mixing line, sampling at any point will provide a concentration that reflects the salinity at that point. For the constituents in wells that occur at concentrations above the conservative mixing lines, there is little variation in the concentration at all three depths. Unfortunately, Well 4, which showed the most dramatic evidence of subsidies from return water, had no shallow sampling depth. However, for all other wells, the sample results acquired from the shallow depth provide the some information as sampling at all three depths. Thus, data from the shallow well alone are sufficient to evaluate the nutrient subsidy to groundwater from discharged return water. HELCO - Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation Marine Impact Evaluation Page 6 II.A.4 Shoreline Samples Eleven shoreline stations located off of Keahole Point have been sampled as part of the CEMP. These stations are sampled from the shoreline at points where freshwater input from land enters the ocean. Hence, the data from these stations represents the region of maximal mixing of groundwater with ocean water. Figures 11 and 12 show time -course data from each of the shoreline sampling points from the initiation of the monitoring program in 1989 to mid -2000. Several of the stations (C-1 and C-27) display large variations in concentrations of NO3 and P043 - over the course of monitoring. These elevations in nutrient concentrations are mirrored by corresponding decreases in salinity, indicating that the nutrient subsidies are a result of input of groundwater. Ammonium (NH4*) shows a very different pattern, with all stations displaying similar oscillations. Such a pattern indicates that the variation in concentration of NH4* is a result of biotic process within the nearshore ocean. Figures 13 and 14 show mixing plots of Si, NO3-, P043 -and NH4' as functions of salinity for all of the shoreline samples. For all four of the nutrients it is apparent that the sampling location with the most variability is Station C-24, located near the turn in the entry road near the southern boundary of the NELH-HOST Park property. This station is near a beach bathhouse that reportedly utilized a septic system for treatment and disposal of domestic waste. The occurrence of a small cove in the lava beach rock also makes this area an attractive place for swimmers, especially children. It is possible that the large variation in nutrient input at this site is the result of seepage of the septic system or swimmers rather than NELH-HOST Park seawater return. Another possibility is that there is another source of groundwater distinctly different in composition than the groundwater from Well 1, which was used to construct the mixing lines. The scatter of NO3 and P043- data points at the low end of the salinity range (<15%o) suggest the mixing of more than two water masses. It can also be seen in Figures 13 and 14 that the conservative mixing lines for NO3- and 03and P043- differ substantially between shallow and deep seawater. The high nutrient content, along with reduced temperature, are the driving forces for the NELH-HOST Park operation. It can be seen, however, that virtually none of the data points from the shoreline samples (excluding Station C-24) falls near the deep water mixing line. Many of the data points from Station C-1, located in the lee of Keahole Point within Ho'ona Bay, fall below the shallow seawater conservative mixing line, suggesting uptake of NO3 and P043• in the nearshore zone. The situation for NH4' is slightly different as this form of nitrogen occurs in low concentrations in both groundwater and open ocean water. As a result, it is not possible to compare the concentrations along the mixing gradients. It can be seen however, that there is not a substantial subsidy of NH4' at Station C-24. The lack of peak values of NH4* at this site may argue against the input of sewage materials from the beach bathhouse at this location. Rather, the somewhat elevated HELCO - Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation Marine Impact Evaluation Page 7 concentrations at some of the stations (e.g., Station C-1) may reflect the input of high organic loads in the return water. It is also of interest that there is no noticeable elevation of NH4' at shoreline stations C-16 and C-17, which are closest to the aquaculture trench that showed substantially elevated levels of NH4*. II.A.5 Offshore Sampling Sites Six offshore sampling sites were also established as part of the CEMP. Each offshore water -sampling site consists of five locations separated by a linear distance of 50 feet, and beginning 25 feet from the shoreline. Hence, sampling points are at distances of 25, 75, 125, 175, and 225 feet from the shoreline. Because it was presumed during the development of the CEMP sampling regime that return water could reach the ocean floor as a result of its lower -than -ambient temperature, the offshore sampling scheme includes collection of water from within both one meter of the surface and one meter of the sea floor. Offshore monitoring data revealed very little linear (or any other) pattern for any of the water chemistry constituents. Rather, the data points are apparently randomly scattered within the small envelope of salinity (33.6-35.27.0). There is also little indication of any substantial elevation of any of the constituents in bottom water. If any pattern is evident, it is that bottom samples consistently have lower concentrations than surface samples. Hence, the belief held at the time the CEMP was first formulated that cold return water could sink and slide along the bottom does not appear to be borne out by the monitoring data. This indicates that cold return water entering the ground either warms to ambient temperature as it flows through the permeable rock to the shoreline, or is rapidly mixed to background levels at the shoreline as evidenced by the shoreline and offshore monitoring results. III. EVALUATION OF ALTERATION OF GROUNDWATER FROM HELCO PROJECT The TNWRE Report describedthe four potential impacts to water resources from the HELCO's project. In summary these findings show: 1) Increased pumpage from DWS high elevation wells would result in a negligible decrease in groundwater flowrate that would be far too small to have an effect on any water features near the coastline. 2) Changes to salinity of groundwater in the coastal area would be inconsequential, primarily because of the large amount of saltwater disposal that is ongoing throughout the NELH facility. 3) Subsurface disposal of wastewater generated by the Power Plant would be mixed into saline groundwater. However, the injectate plume could not rise any HELCO - Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation Marine Impact Evaluation Page 8 higher than into the lower half of the transition zone. The resultant horizontal and vertical separation of the HELCO and downslope wells, together with the ongoing disposal activities at NELH, mitigate against any adverse impact. 4) As a result of HELCO's project, the amount of domestic wastewater that will be treated and disposed of in the existing power plant and leachfield system will be increased by approximately 2000 gallons per day (GPD). All of this water will ultimately reach the underlying basal lens. The primary issue with this method of disposal is the addition of nutrients to the underlying basal lens. TNWRE provides the calculations to estimate the nutrient contributions to groundwater from the additional domestic sewage disposal. The disposal of 2000 GPD of domestic wastewater would add 0.066 pounds per day of nitrogen and 0.010 pounds per day of phosphorus to the flow of groundwater beneath the site. These subsidies are equivalent to 0.3% and 0.2% of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, that flow to the shoreline in "natural" fluxes of groundwater. When combined with the present nutrient subsidies from the existing HELCO facility, nutrient loading to groundwater would amount to less than 0.5% of nitrogen and phosphorus that are continually discharged into the marine environment through natural groundwater flux. IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS A detailed analysis of various fresh and marine water sources near the shoreline of Keahole Point directly downslope of the HELCO generating station was possible owing the NELHA CEMP database. One consistent thread through the evaluation of disposal trenches, anchialine ponds, wells, and the nearshore ocean is that the disposal of seawater from NELH/HOST Park activities is responsible for periodic large nutrient subsidies that reach the ocean. The structure of the CEMP was such that it was not possible to trace the exact source of the subsidies, although it is virtually certain that it is at least one of the mariculture ventures. While these subsidies are not continuous, they have been ongoing for decades. In addition, the discharge contains a percentage of "deep seawater" which contains substantially more nutrients than surface seawater. While not described in detail in this report, time - course biological monitoring that was also part of the NELHA CEMP showed no impacts to the benthos or fish communities that could be attributable to the nutrient subsidies. Biotic monitoring did indicate, however, that there were changes to the biota from other factors (e.g., storm for the benthos, and fishing pressure). It is possible to quantitatively compare the magnitude of nutrient subsidies from existing operations at NELH/HOST Park to the estimates of potential change of nutrient loading from HELCO's project. The only potential source of change to nutrient loading to groundwater from HELCO's project is disposal of domestic sewage generated at the plant. As described above, TNWRE estimates that the HELCO - Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation Marine Impact Evaluation Page 9 maximum change in loading of nitrogen and phosphorus from the total (existing plus future) discharge of domestic sewage effluent would amount to a maximum of 0.5% of the nutrient load that exists in natural groundwater that is unaltered by human activities. On the other hand, mixing plots scaling nearshore nutrient concentrations to salinity can be used to calculate the percentage increase of nutrient subsidies from land relative to natural concentrations. In the case of nitrogen and phosphorus, there is an increase of up to about 20-30% over natural conditions in nearshore waters, which is likely a result of mariculture discharge. The potential changes attributable to HELCO's project of less than I% are likely below the limits of detection compared the existing fluctuations. It is also important to note that there is little potential for impact to marine communities in the nearshore area downslope form the project site. While anthropogenic activities can increase the concentration of nitrate in groundwater entering the nearshore ocean, the concentration of natural groundwater (-80 NM) is approximately three orders of magnitude (i.e., one thousand times) higher than coastal ocean water. Hence, if nutrient subsidies were responsible for negative impacts to nearshore marine communities, such impacts would likely occur under natural conditions, with no subsidies from the activities of man. Rather, it is apparent that Hawaiian nearshore marine communities are adapted to substantial input of groundwater nutrients. Other land -use projects that have been in place in West Hawaii for decades also illustrate that it is very unlikely that there would be any effects to the nearshore marine environment as a result of increases in nutrient concentrations in groundwater from HELCO's project . Dollar and Atkinson (1992) modeled the input of nutrients to the ocean downslope from two golf courses at Keauhou in West Hawaii over a four-year period. Discharge to the ocean of groundwater that flows under the; golf courses is focused into Keauhou Bay, which is a small semi -enclosed basin with restricted circulation relative to the open ocean. Results of the studies showed that groundwater entering Keauhou Bay was enriched in nitrate nitrogen by about 100% over natural groundwater, while phosphate phosphorus enrichment was about 20% over natural conditions (compared to less than 1 % projected for HELCO's project). Because the nutrients were retained within a well -stratified surface layer, however, there was no exposure to the benthos. Other areas of similar input along open coastlines do not exhibit such strong stratification owing to rapid mixing of the water column. The major impact to coral reef communities from nutrient subsidies does not occur from a toxic effect to the corals, but rather from a changing competitive advantage between corals and macroalgae. In high nutrient conditions, algae HELCO - Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation Marine Impact Evaluation Page 10 may increase growth rates to either smother existing corals, or to monopolize settling sites to prevent attachment of coral planulae. With no increase in nutrient concentrations in the bottom waters, owing to the stratified water column or thorough mixing, such shifts in competitive advantage do not occur. Circulation within the embayment was also rapid enough to prevent phytoplankton blooms. These results indicated that even with long-term input of extremely high nutrient subsidies, there were no negative effects to the receiving environment. The situation at Keauhou can be considered extreme relative to that at Keahole Point; hence it is also unlikely that there will be any negative effects from the operation of HELCO's project. Based on these results, it is reasonable to conclude that the improvements and expansion of the Keahole generating station will not have a significant or even measurable effect on marine waters in the region. IV. Literature Cited Dollar, S. J. and M. J. Atkinson. 1992. Effects of nutrient subsidies to nearshore marine systems off the west coast of the Island of Hawaii. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 35:409-424. HELCO - Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation Marine Impact Evaluation Page 11 "I ti L LL , It Ink, El 64 IC4 'reG r: 1,J J, f -lei Ir !,, 6 ra T3 :5 rj TD Al Id z m 1 600 Q _U J 400 0 300 Q 250 � 200 Z 150 100 50 0 • NPPE BOTTOM NPPE SURFAI:E DISPOSAL CEMP ■ DISPOSAL TRENCH SAMPLING SIZES • AjJAC•.11rIJF,- � ;„i:^,IrIrIIrIe DSW_Vtli_ Po7IXLINE � 00 0 .•• � • ■ . • ■ • IF ■ ■� ■ • ■ •■ • ■ r • ■ A • • IIII 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 SALINITY (ppt) • NPPE SURFACE ■ NPPE BOTTOM JAC ULTL RL vFi NI F11, LINE , MIX LINE • ■ ` Awe ■ • • • • .l me 1`11111 ■.■ . —T I I I I I- 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 SALINITY (ppt) FIGURE 2. Mixing plots of Silica (top) and Nitrate nitrogen (bottom) as functions of salinity from water collected in trenches (NPPE and Aquaculture) on the grounds of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH). Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) conducted from 1989 to 2003. WMI 20 18 16 14 ZL 12 10 Z O 8 Q 6 4 2 n 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 SALINITY (ppt) V U IV IL IY IV IV LV c1 cY Lv cv v11 vc v -r -- SALINITY (ppt) FIGURE 3. Mixing plots of phosphate phosphorus (top) and ammonium nitrogen (bottom) as functions of salinity from water collected in trenches (NPPE and Aquaculture) on the grounds of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH). Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) conducted from 1989 to 2003. _ NPPE SURFACE I ■ NPPE BOTTOM • AQUACULTURE _ SSW -W1 MIX LINE 0SW-W1 MIXLINE • A A,AL ■ • • • • • _�1 �_ — -� �. V U IV IL IY IV IV LV c1 cY Lv cv v11 vc v -r -- SALINITY (ppt) FIGURE 3. Mixing plots of phosphate phosphorus (top) and ammonium nitrogen (bottom) as functions of salinity from water collected in trenches (NPPE and Aquaculture) on the grounds of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH). Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) conducted from 1989 to 2003. 1000 M1 2 600 Q U_ J 400 W 200 0 140 120 100 ZL 80 W H Q 60 H Z 40 • POND 1 • POND I - IL DSW-W3 MIXLINE 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 SALINITY (ppt) ■ ■ ■ • V ■ i one • • • • ■ • POND 1 ■ POND _SV-V!I Ab, ,I IE 13S*`111 MIX LINE 0T-- 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 SALINITY (ppt) FIGURE 4. Mixing plots of Silica (top) and Nitrate nitrogen (bottom) as functions of salinity from water collected in two anchialine ponds on the grounds of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH). Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) conducted from 1989 to 2000. 4 4 3 W 3 I— r 2 CL to 2 O = 1 a- 0 0 0 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 SALINITY (ppt) 3 • POND 1 ■ POND 2 SSW W 1 MIX LINE DSW_Wi MIX LINE 3- ■ ■ • • 3- ■ • 1 ■ ' • • --------At - -- i- --- -- 2- a, �J •�••� ---- — -- -- ■ son • w • 3 — T b 6 Iv Ic Iv iv �v �� SALINITY (ppt) FIGURE 5. Mixing plots of phosphate phosphorus (top) and ammonium nitrogen (bottom) as functions of salinity from water collected in two anchialine ponds on the grounds of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH), Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) conducted from 1989 to 2000. a- DELL 28 ♦ .F T /ELL 5 WELL L 6A E7E --- ":'ELL BB 10 5 0 - �—,� --7--T- 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 YEAR 700 600 500 s 400 W I- Q rif 300 z 200 100 t NYELL 22 ♦ JI ♦ WELL 5 - WELL 6A 0EI1!L WELL 6E T IT i� 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2uuu 2uu 1 2vuz zuua YEAR FIGURE b. Concentrations of Silica (top) and nitrate (bottom) from shallow monitoring wells at NELH/HOST Park versus time over the course of the monitoring program from 1989 to 2003. Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP). Z 600 Q 500 U_ J 400 U) 200 _ VI 100 b 0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 19981999 2000 2001 2002 2003 YEAR 1000---- I 000---- 900- 800- 100 600 V 500 J Z70 400 300 200 100 0 0 0 • SHALLOW WELLS MIC DEPTH WFLI` DEEP WELL5 SSW -W3 MIX LINE OSW-W3MIX LINE I �c o n o R .@ �b -o" 0o -• lx� n• � o v o )� 0 J • • ri' ,. 5 10 15 20 25 30 SALINITY (ppt) 35 40 FIGURE 7. Concentrations of Silica in shallow monitoring wells at NELH versus time from] 989 to 2003 (top). Mixing plot of Silica as a function of salinity (bottom) in water collected eight wells on the grounds of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH). Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP). LU I— ry Z 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 SALINITY (ppt) 300 • SHALLOW WELLS 250 oeEc v+E_u -- SS1i-699 pgIA �Wt DSWAV3 MIX LINE J � 2Q0 Q 150 H Z 100 50 • •8 o • 0 F 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 SALINITY (ppt) FIGURE 8. Mixing plots of Nitrate nitrogen as a function of salinity from water collected from eight wells on the grounds of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH). Top plot shows full range of measurements from zero to 9 mM. Bottom plot shows data with nitrate concentrations below 300 µM. Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) conducted from 1989 to 2003. ME 50 H 40 Q S � 30 O S a- 20 10 li • SHALLOW WELLS J r IID DEPTH J,'ELLS A DEEP t!ELLS - C ° C 0 ooC) c AC °•04 0 • • 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 SALINITY (ppt) FIGURE 9. Mixing plots of phosphate phosphorus as a function of salinity from water collected from eight wells on the grounds of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH). Top plot shows full range of measurements from zero to 70 FLM. Bottom plot shows data with nitrate concentrations below 15 pM. Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) conducted from 1989 to 2003. 0 5 10 15 20 25 SALINITY (ppt) 30 35 40 16 � • O • SHALLOW WELLS P.m C{ EPTH.ti'ELLS 14 - O O O • + DEEP WELLS °° " SSW -WELL 3 MIX LINE CO � � C� DSW-WELL S MIX LINE _ 12-�� ; • ° • °fir � 5 10 cc • LLI F • • �r •• • • 8— = o� •• � •� CL ® o • * • •• O 6 �•°• i CL • ' *+ 4 2 k, 0 T 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 SALINITY (ppt) FIGURE 9. Mixing plots of phosphate phosphorus as a function of salinity from water collected from eight wells on the grounds of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH). Top plot shows full range of measurements from zero to 70 FLM. Bottom plot shows data with nitrate concentrations below 15 pM. Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) conducted from 1989 to 2003. 180 170 160 150 140 130- 120- 110-- :D 30120110:D 100 Z 90-1 0 80- 70 Q 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2.0 1.8- 1.6 1.4 1.2 ZD 1.0 z O 0.8 Q 0.6- 0.4-- 0.2- 0,0-1 .60.40.20.0 • SHALLOW NlELLS EPTH ' P. - DEEF WELL • 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 SALINITY (ppt) • SHALLOW WELLS I'M W 1 N' • DEEP 7rE, GSIA %"I 1.9X ill, E -- DSNIN3 h11X LINE • • • • s :. • to _ r • Yd r Y. 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 SALINITY (ppt) FIGURE 10. Mixing plots of ammonium nitrogen as a function of salinity from water collected from eight wells on the grounds of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH). Top plot shows full range of measurements from zero to 200 mM. Bottom plot shows data with nitrate concentrations below 2 pM. Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) conducted from 1989 to 2003. LU Q ry H II 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 YEAR 110-- 100— go- 80- 70 10-100 9o-70 '!II I60- 50- 40- 30- 20-1 o 50 40 3020- I' i 10 0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 YEAR sTA C-1 t STA. C-5 + STA C-11 ♦ STA G1[ v STC. _ i_ STA C-1: $ STA C-21 �1p - 14 Er STA C-27 STA C -E f STA C-1 STA- C-5 STA C-11 ♦ STA S 1- �- STA I. STA R I $ .STA C -2i FIGURE 1 1. Plots of salinity (top) and nitrate nitrogen (bottom) from samples collected at ocean sampling stations offshore of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH). Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) conducted from 1989 to 2001 40 35 25 W 1-- r 20 a 0 1 5 CL 10 0.5 00 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 YEAR 3.0 2.5 20 15 Z O 10 Q 05 00 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 YEAR • STA 'J I ♦ STA C-5 • '`la I' s STA C-27 • STA ! STA C 5 • STA v p s STA C 2, R FIGURE 12 Plots of phosphate phosphorus (top) and ammonlum ritrogelr (bottom) from samples collected at ocean sampling stations offshore of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH) Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Progran (CEMP) conducted f,u;, 1989 to 2001 120 e° 100 �fl _ n 80- W 0 W • STA C-1 o \``l a Q 60- • STA c -s STA c41 I e • STA F- = --1 e� Z 40- V STA C-22 A n o STA c -n o SIA co .24 o STA C-27 G 37. C a 20 STA. r4 n ,� SSW -W3 MIX LINE 05W -W3 MIX LINE 35 e 0 e 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 SALINITY (ppt) FIGURE 13. Mixing plots of Silica (top) and Nitrate nitrogen (bottom) as functions of salinity from ocean samples collected offshore of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH). Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) conducted from 1989 to 2001. �VVV • STA. CA - • STA CS 1800 A STA. C-11 ♦ STA C 12 1600 v STA C-11 O STA C-22 1400 a STA C-21 ❑ STA C-27 �--, C STA 1200 r STA C� _ SSW W3 MIX LINE `-' DSW-W3 MIX LINE Q 1000- 0 n =48 0 V)$00 e o 600 e n a A e n e 400 e� Q • 200 n •a e e 0- 5 10 15 20 25 30 SALINITY (ppt) 120 e° 100 �fl _ n 80- W 0 W • STA C-1 o \``l a Q 60- • STA c -s STA c41 I e • STA F- = --1 e� Z 40- V STA C-22 A n o STA c -n o SIA co .24 o STA C-27 G 37. C a 20 STA. r4 n ,� SSW -W3 MIX LINE 05W -W3 MIX LINE 35 e 0 e 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 SALINITY (ppt) FIGURE 13. Mixing plots of Silica (top) and Nitrate nitrogen (bottom) as functions of salinity from ocean samples collected offshore of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH). Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) conducted from 1989 to 2001. 40 35 _ 30 25 F W • 0 ST ■ STA C-5 • irP - 0 15 ♦ • a ❑ STA C 2 +t : • 0,5 t - DSW-W3MIX LINE ' 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 SALINITY (ppt) 30 — • STA C I STA C Si4 C'I 25 . , 05 0 0 L--- 0 STA C -2l STA r� P.h• Ir ,t DS`N-Vh3 MIX LINE • • %AD • • • 5 10 15 20 25 30 SALINITY (ppt) 35 FIGURE 14 Mixing plots of phosphat phosphorus (top) and ammonium nitrogen (bottom) as functions of salinity from ocean samples collected offshore of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH) Data from the NELHA Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) conducted from 1989 to 2001 APPENDIX K - ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL Report 233012331-021504 Lrchaeological and :ultural Impact Assessment Study TELCO Keahole Generating Station Project ,ands of Kalaoa 1-4, North Kona District Mand of Hawaii (TMK: 3-7-3-49:36, 37) echnical Study for Chapter 343 Environmental Impact Study Paul K RosendahL Ph.D., Inc. Archaeological • Historical • Cultural Resource Management Studies & Services ;► 1 I l,+ s ' At the request of Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. (BCH), and on behalf of their client, Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO), Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI) prepared an Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study for the HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project. The 15.643 ac project site is located approximately 200 ft inland of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, at the northwestern corner of the Keahole Agricultural Park, in the Lands of Kalaoa 1-4, North Kona, Hawai'i Island (TMK:3-7-3- 49:36,37). This archaeological and cultural impact assessment study was prepared as a technical study for an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) being prepared in compliance with the requirements of Chapter 343 (Haw.Rev.Stat.) to support an application to the State Land Use Commission for a boundary amendment to reclassify the property to the State Urban District and subsequently seek a Change of Zone to General Industrial from the County of Hawaii. In June 1992, PHRI conducted an archaeological inventory survey covering most of the present project site for the HELCO Keahole Parcel Project area. Four quarry sites consisting of seven component features -all pahoehoe excavations -were identified. Each site was recorded in detail. As there were no cultural deposits of any kind within the identified features, no subsurface test excavations were conducted. All four sites were assessed as significant for their information content; however, no further work or preservation was recommended for any of the sites, as the data collected during the inventory survey was considered adequate and sufficient mitigation of the potential adverse impacts of further development and use of the parcel. SHPD subsequently reviewed the final report on the inventory survey, concurred with the evaluation and recommendation of PHRI, and stated its determination on December 4, 1992 that proposed expansion of the existing power generation station would have "no effect" on historic properties. On September 22, 2009, PHRI inspected the present project site with regard to the three small additions, and confirmed that all three additions were fully developed elements of the project site. No evidence of any potentially significant traditional cultural properties, natural resources, practices, or beliefs was identified within either the 1992 inventory survey project area or the three small additional project elements. The two TMK Parcels comprising the majority of the project site contain developed facilities surrounded by chain link fence, with the former being the site of the existing power generating station and the latter the site of an existing transformer station, while both access roadways are existing paved roads. The project site has been extensively modified and developed during historic times, as indicated by (a) the existing modified condition of the property, and (b) the negative findings of the both the 1992 inventory survey and the more recent 2003 inspection which yielded no evidence of the presence of any potentially significant cultural resources -properties, features, natural resources, practices, or beliefs -either within or directly related to the project site. Furthermore, there is no indication of any kind that the project site has any natural resources necessary to or currently being used by either Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners exercising traditional and customary access and use rights for any purposes or by individuals of any other cultural affiliation for any traditional cultural purposes. Based on the negative results of the both the 1992 inventory survey and the more recent 2003 inspection, and the absence of any evidence that the project site is currently being used for any legitimate traditional cultural purposes by either Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners or individuals of any other cultural affiliation, it can be concluded that the HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project should have no significant effects—much less any adverse impacts—upon any cultural resources, and that no mitigation measures of any kind are needed. Based on the negative conclusions of both the present archaeological assessment and cultural impact assessment, it is believed appropriate for the SHPD to prepare and issue -in accordance with the general guidance provided by Chapter 264: Section 5(b) of the SHPD Rules Pertaining to the Historic Preservation Review Process (HAR Title is, DLNR; Subtitle is, SHPD) (DLNR 2003b), a formal written determination of "no historic properties affected" for the HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project Site. Report 2330/2331-021504 Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project Lands of Kalaoa 1-4, North Kona District Island of Hawaii (TMK: 3-7-3-49:36, 37) Technical Study for Chapter 343 Environmental Impact Study PREPARED BY Paul H. Rosenddd, PhD., Inc (PMU) 224 Waiamrenue Avenue Hilo, Hawaii 96720 PREPARED FOR Hawaii Electric Light Company (TELCO) c% Beit Collins Hawaii Ltd. 2153 North Ring Sired, Suite 200 Honoiuiru, H! 968194554 FEBRUARY2004 PMRI Paul H. it - Hb 1, MAX, Ina ArchaeokHgicd ai Hise3rica! Cuhurol Resource Maraga+xtHt Satdies & Services HAWAR 3M W+WrvMAr -HfW HF ,96M.(110 %9-1763 • GWM:P.O.sox 233(K-G.MF. Gsn%921.(671)472-3117 Contents Introduction I Pmjaa Background • 1 Project Area Description 4 Archaeological Inventory Survey — 1992 5 Bodcground 5 Findings 5 Condusians 5 SHPD Review and Determination 5 Archaeological Assessment Update Inspection — 2003 7 Cultural Impact Assessment 8 Purpose, BaciWound, and Objectives 8 Cultural Impact Assessment and OEQC Guidelines 10 Basic Guidance Docurnents 13 Present Study Scope and Medrodology • 14 Findings 15 Concluding Assessment 15 Conclusion 16 Concluding Camnercs 16 Request for SHPD DeOerr, matior of `No Historic Properties Aftam ` 16 References Cited 17 Illustrations Figure 1. Project Location Map 2 Figure 2.7ax Map Siawing Project Location 3 Appendices Appendix A. Archaeological Inventory Survey [19921(PHR1 Report 1265-063092) A -I Appendix B. SHPD Memorandum Dated December 4, 1992 o B-1 INTRODUCTION PROJECT BACKGROUND At the request of Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. (BCH), and on behalf of their client, Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO), Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI) has prepared this Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study for the HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project. The project site is located in the Lands of Kalaoa 1-4, North Kona, Hawaii Island (TMK:3-7-3-49:36,37), approximately 3,200 ft east of Keahole Airport (Figure t). More specifically, the project site consists of 15.643 acres of land situated approximately 200 ft inland of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, at the northwestern corner of the Keahole Agricultural Park (Figure 2). This archaeological and cultural impact assessment study has been prepared as a technical study in support of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) being prepared in compliance with the requirements of Chapter 343 (Haw.Rev.Stat.). The owner of the property is the Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELLO). The principal planning consultant for the project is Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd.; its address is: 915s North King Street, Suite 200, Honolulu, HI 96819-4554; and its principal project contact is: Lee W. Sichter at (808) 521-5361. The EIS is being prepared to support an application to the State Land Use Commission for a boundary amendment to reclassify the property to the State Urban District and subsequently seek a Change of Zone to General Industrial from the County of Hawaii. The basic objectives of the archaeological assessment were to determine the following: (a) the general nature, extent, and potential significance of any archaeological—historical remains present, (b) the historic preservation implications of such remains for the feasibility of proposed development and land use; and (c) the general scope of work and level of effort for any subsequent archaeological—historic preservation work that might be appropriate and/or required. The basic objectives of the cultural impact assessment were to determine the following: (a) if the project area is currently being accessed by native Hawaiian cultural practitioners for any traditional and customary cultural uses; (b) if the proposed project would have any adverse impacts upon any identified current native Hawaii cultural uses of the area; and (c) what measures might be proposed to mitigate any adverse impacts the proposed project might have upon any identified current native Hawaiian uses of the area. Based on discussions with Mr. Sichter of BCH, and with Dr. Patrick C. McCoy—State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) Staff Archaeologist for Hawaii Island, and PHRI familiarity with the specific project site as well as both the general project area and the current regulatory review requirements of the SHPD and the Hawaii County Planning Department, the following tasks were determined to be appropriate scope of work for the archaeological assessment survey and cultural impact assessment study: 1. Appropriate background literature review and research; 2. Archaeological update inspection fieldwork; 3. Data analysis and preparation of written report; and 4. Coordinate and consult with client, client representatives, agency staff, etc. PHRI had previously conducted an archaeological inventory survey of most of the present project site in June 1992 (Dowden and Graves 1992). More recently, on September 22, 2003, PHRI Principal Archaeologist Dr. Paul H. Rosendahl inspected the small present project additions to the inventory survey earlier project area. Report 2330/2331-021504 fe i `Nawilcli 9Hcn � X j \O \O T , SS Il- CT .fes---�_ Pvbili Pt 0 ]OOq Wawahiwaa Pt ,~P FEE Figure I. Project Location ii '6�'- \ , ` r R A 4 KALAA 41 KALA A- O O MI A I 1 OOMA -Z j J J!� t J V ,a 1 , \ �n \ \ \ Z (Y t.. Q WU wo w X wa J Z =0 ui W Q V YN Q o � r IL` Q ro W N m Q aN sU) }c U �i1M�i (7 K t° �" I- W o E � ! � t. • fV d U) V�'Ji 4 JyY •° 1'i i S N bo O Y j Jd4�. tip• Y L C d ba 3 it'll 0 < ro F e 6 ! ro Jzl Of F— tI go tE. ' .O #til°-' - = , C P • ! J ✓` i SI b ` a• i. g a f f J r• �: F t Y t YOJ ij i {�•i 4 fi ti e i 133NJ5 �3N07dd0JI u O 9 i At tJ� ...., q � J .y� •� Y YYb - �i a ti l4J,M i+ i t �6 AVINAN/y4".� X i �.>. N n � i a • Y S �� �S A • t�d e � O .. .. � x mo •'J hi i u ^i 7 e SI o d i/1 a 4 • ° :I J • H S� � � '� t i •!� g h N r ^' �b ' ! �s w '� I q � i3i'3Rt • r • � ....e n y Q • � �2 • „ • f� • ° � O. J � e oe• jF� �ta[ �; nl 4 !'i a �r S{!• u :I 4a� P • w mit -i � r �� ^ � �3 • � f �F'� ", o 'J. 71 IL PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION The HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project site is located in the Lands of Kalaoa 1-4, North Kona, Hawaii Island (TMK:3-7-3-49:36,37), approximately 3,400 ft east of Keahole Airport (Figure 1). More specifically, the project site consists of 15.643 acres of land situated approximately 200 ft inland of Queen Kaahumanu Highway, at the northwestern corner of the Keahole Agricultural Park, and consists of four elements (Figure 2): • TMK Parcel 36 - Parcel land area is 14.998 acres; surrounded by a chain link fence, this parcel is the existing site of the Keahole Generating Station, and has been developed with a 30 -megawatt generating facility and portions of a 56 - megawatt facility that have been constructed but are not operational • TMK Parcel 37 - Parcel land area is 0.645 acres; surrounded by a chain link fence, this small parcel is related the existing site of the Keahole Generating Station, and is occupied by an existing transformer station • Primary Access Road - Primary access to the project site is by means of existing paved roadways within the Keahole Agricultural Park; by Pukiawe Street and Kaimimmi Drive from Queen Kaahumanu Highway • Secondary Access Road - Secondary access to the project site is by means of an existing paved access and utility easement from Queen Kaahumanu Highway and along the north boundary of the project site The project area is part of the Kona Lava Plain, a low-cliffed volcanic coast defined by Armstrong (1983:37) as coastline with wave -cut cliff averaging about 20 ft in height along the shoreline. Basaltic larva flows of the prehistoric member of the Hualalai Volcanic Series of Hualali Volcano, which may be Late Pleistocene in age, formed the surface of the project area and immediate vicinity. In general, these lava flows are highly permeable, but brackish water is found only along the coast (Stearns and MacDonald 1946:139-140). Project area elevation rises from c. 200 it (61 m) to c. 230 ft (70 m) AMSL. The terrains in the project area is gently undulating, and consists of soils included in the lava flows association, which includes "...excessively drained, nearly barren lava flows and somewhat excessively drained and well - drained, coarse-textured and medium -textured soils that formed in volcanic ash, pumice, and cinders. (Sato et aL 1973:4). More specifically, there are two soils in the project area, Kaimu extremely stony peat and Punaluu extremely stony peat. Kaimu extremely stony peat (6-2o% slopes), representing the Punaluu Series of well -drained, thin organic soils that have developed over lava bedrock, are found on uplands from sea level to 1,000 ft (305 m), and are rapidly permeable, with slow run-off, and a slight erosion hazard. These soils are generally used for pasture, macadamia nut, papaya, and citrus (Sato et al. 1973:22). Punaluu extremely stony peat (6-20% slopes), representing the Punahm Series of well -drained, thin organic soils that have developed over pahoehoe lava bedrock, are found on uplands from sea level to 1,000 ft (305 m), and are rapidly permeable, with slow run-off, and a slight erosion hazard. These soils are generally used for pasture (Sato et al. 197s:4s). Rainfall in the project area is c. 15 to 20 inches per year, and generally somewhat greater during the winter months, and the mean annual temperature is approximately 70 to 73 degrees F. (Armstrong 1983:63-64). Prior to recent development, vegetation within the project area was generally very sparse and consisted primarily of fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum [Forsk.] Chiov.), noni (Morinda citrifolia L.), koa-haole (Leucaena glauca (L.) Benth.), and 'ilima (Sida fallax Walp.). Several ornamental were also present, including plumeria (Phnneria acuminata Ait) and coconut palm (Cocos nucfera L.), and an unidentified shrub. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY - 1992 BACKGROUND In 1992, PH]U conducted an archaeological inventory survey of the HELCO Keahole Parcel project area (Dowden and Graves 1992) in connection with the preparation of an Environmental Assessment in support of a Conservation District Use Application (CDUA) amendment for proposed expansion of the then -existing power generation station situated within the project area. A copy of the final report on the survey is included hero as Appendix A. The 1992 survey project area consisted of a single parcel, the approximately 15 acre parcel identified as TMK Parcel 36 (see Figure 2). Inventory survey fieldwork was carried out on June 29, 1992. The basic objective of the survey was to provide information sufficient for compliance with all historic preservation regulatory review requirements of the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) and the Hawaii County Planning Department. The specific objectives of the survey were four -fold: (a) to identify all potentially significant archaeological remains present within the parcel; (b) to collect information sufficient to evaluate and document the potential significance of all identified remains; (c) to evaluate the potential impacts of any proposed development upon any identified significant remains; and (d) to recommend appropriate measures that would mitigate any adverse impacts upon identified significant remains. FINDINGS During the 1992 fieldwork, four quarry sites consisting of seven component features—all pahoehoe excavations—were identified. These sites ranged from poor to good in physical condition Each site was recorded in detail. As there were no cultural deposits of any kind within the identified features, no subsurface test excavations were conducted- CONCLUSION onducted CONCLUSION The pahoehoe excavations identified within the 1992 wavey project area were interpreted as quarry features related to prehistoric occupation of the general area, as evidenced by the presence of habitation and refuge cave sites previously identified to the south in the area of the Keahole Agricultural Park. All four sites were assessed as significant for their information content; however, no further work or preservation was recommended for any of the sites, as the data collected during the inventory survey was considered adequate and sufficient mitigation of the potential adverse impacts of further development and use of the pal. SHPD REVIEW AND DETERMINATION The final report on the inventory survey (Dowden and Graves 1992) was reviewed by the SHPD. The SHPD review (Memorandum dated December 3, 1992; copy inchrded here is Appendix B) determined the following: 1. The field survey had adequately covered the project area (i.e., had identified all sites present); 2. Data sufficient to determine and document the general significance of the four identified sites had been recorded; 3. All four sites were significant for their information content only; 4. Sufficient data had been collected from all four sites so that neither further work nor preservation of the sites was necessary or appropriate; 5. Therefore, no significant sites remained within the project area, and 6. The proposed expansion of the existing power generation station would have "no effect" on historic properties. ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT: UPDATE INSPECTION - 2003 As indicated earlier, PWU had previously conducted an archaeological inventory survey of most of the present project site -Hut c. tS acre Parcel identified hem as TMX Parcel 36-m Ame 1992 glowden and Graves 1992). Mom recently, on September 22, 2003, PMU Principal Arcliaeologist Dr Paul K Rosendahl inspected the project site with regard to the three small additions to the Present Project site. These three small additions are identified as (a) TMX Parcel 37, (b) the Primary Access roadway, and (e) the Secondary Access roadway (see Figure 2). The field inspection of September 22, 2003 confirmed that all three additions were fully developed elements of the project site. Surrounded by a chain link fence, TMX Parcel 37 is occupied by an existing transformer station, and is related to the existing Keahole Generating Station site. Both the Primary Access roadway and the Secondary Access roadway consist of existing paved roads, with the former being paved roadways within the adjacent Keahole Agricultural Park, and the latter being a paved roadway within the access and utility easement immediately adjacent to the north of the present project site. CULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PURPOSE, BACKGROUND, AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this cultural impact assessment is to comply with the requirements of Chapter 343 (Haw. Rev. Stat), as amended by H.B. No.2895 H.D. I of the Hawai'i State Legislature (2000) and approved by the Governor as Act SO on April 26, 2000, and which among other things requires that environmental assessments (EA) and environmental impact statements (EIS) identify and assess the potential effects of any proposed project upon the ".._cultural practices of the community and State...." Chapter 343 (Haw.Rev.Stat.) was amended by the State legislature because of the perceived need to assure that the environmental review process explicitly addressed the potential effects of any proposed project upon "....Hawai'i's culture, and traditional and customary rights." Guidelines previously prepared and adopted by the State Office of Environmental Quality Control (OEQC) 1997) provide compliance guidance. Both Act SO and the OEQC Guidelines far Assessing Cultural Impacts mandate consideration of all the different groups comprising the multi-ethnic community of Hawaii. This inclusiveness, however, is generally understated, and the emphasis—as indicated by a background review (see below) of the cultural impact assessment issue, and the intent and evolution of both the legislative action and the guidelines—is clearly meant to be primarily upon aspects of Native Hawaiian culture --particularly traditional and customary access and use rights. Cultural resources include a broad range of often overlapping categories of cultural items -places, behaviors, values, beliefs, objects, records, stories, and so on. A traditional cultural property ("TCP) is one specific type of cultural resource that falls within the purview of the historic preservation review process. A "TCP" is a historic property or place that is important because it possesses "traditional cultural significance": "Traditional" in this context refers to those beliefs, customs, and practices of a living community of people that have been passed down through the generations, usually orally or through practice. The traditional cultural significance of a historic property, then, is significance derived from the role the property plays in a community's historically rooted beliefs, customs, and practices.... A traditional cultural property, then, can be defined generally as one that is._(impmtant/sigmficam]--- because of its association with cultural practices or beliefs of a living community that (a) are rooted in that community's history, and (b) are important in maintaining the continuing cultural identity of the community (Parker and King 1990:1). In addition, it is important to realize that sometimes a traditional cultural property may not have a visible physical manifestation: Although many traditional cultural properties have physical manifestations that anyone walking across the surface of the earth can see, others do not have this kind of visibility, and more important, the meaning, the historical importance of most traditional cultural properties can only be evaluated in terms of the oral history of the community (Sebastian 1993:22). There are at least two significant differences that distinguish traditional cultural properties as a subset within the larger sphere of cultural resources First, while cultural resources such as practices and beliefs may be spatially associated with general types of geographical areas, such as the exposed lava lands of the Keahole Point area, a traditional cultural property is a specific physical entity or feature with a definable boundary, such as a specific location within the current project site. Second, while cultural resources such as practices and beliefs can include general cultural behaviors such as the gathering of various natural resources for general subsistence, industrial, or ceremonial uses, a traditional cultural property is a specific place or feature directly associated with specific behaviors the continuity of which over time, in either actual practice or remembrance, can be demonstrated Based on these two significant distinctions, it is possible to suggest three types of practitioner claims relating to cultural practices, beliefs, and features that are likely to be encountered in the course of conducting a cultural impact assessment smdy. These claims can be referred to as (a) traditional cultural property claims, (b) traditional and customary cultural practice claims, and (c) contemporary or neo- traditional cultural practice claims. Traditional cultural orooerty claims would be those which lie within the purview of the current historic preservation review process (DLNR 2001 ab); that is, they am claims involving the traditional practices and beliefs of a local ethnic community or members of that community that (a) are associated with a definable physical property (an entity such as a site, building, anuria% object, or district), (b) are founded in the history of the local community, (c) contribute to the maintenance of the cultural identity of the community, and (d) demonstrate a historical continuity of practice or belief up to the present-through either actual practice or historical documentation. Furthermore, to qualify as a legitimate traditional cultural Property within the historic preservation context, a potential traditional cultural property must be able to demonstrate its historical significance in terms of established evaluation criteria, such as those of the National Register of Historic Places and/or the Hawai'i Register of Historic Places. Traditional and customary cultural umactiee claims would W those native Hawaiian claims which lie within the purview of Article X11, Section 7, of the Hawai'i State Constitution ("Traditional and Customary Rights"), and various other state laws and court rulings, particularly as reaffirmed in 1995 by the Hawai'i State Supreme Court in the decision commonly referred to as the "PASH decision," and as further clarified more recently in its 1998 decision in State of Hawai'i v. Alana'i Hammi and its 2000 decision in Ka Pa'akai o Ka 'Aina at at. v Land Use Commission. State of Hawai'i at al. The notable points of the decisions in PASH and in Hanani can be summarized as follows: (a) the reasonable exercise of ancient Hawaiian usage is entitled to protection under Article XII, Section 7 of the Hawaii State Constitution; and (b) those persons claiming their conduct is constitutionally protected must prove that they aro a native Hawaiian as defined in PASH. that the claimed right is constitutionally protected as a traditional or customary native Hawaiian practice, and that the exercise of the right is occurring on undeveloped or less than fully developed property. Ka Ps'akai generally reaffirms the same points as in the PASH and Hampi decisions and, in addition, (a) indicates the explicit responsibility of the regulatory agency involved in any application review to arrive at affirmative and substantive conclusions regarding potential impacts upon traditional and customary native Hawaiian cultural practices and resources, and (b) suggests an "analytical framework" for the identification of and potential impacts upon any such cultural practices and resources. Traditional native Hawaiian cultural practices can be categorized as two general types: (a) practices with active behaviors involving both observable activities with material results and their inherent values or beliefs; and (b) practices with more passive behaviors that seek to produce nonmaterial results. The former type of behaviors - practices with active behaviors, for example, would involve practices like the gathering and collecting of different animal and plant resources for various purposes, such as subsistence, medicinal, adornment, social, and ceremonial possibly other uses. Uses such as these usually have associated beliefs and values (both explicit and implicit) relating to a pervasive general theme that flows throughout traditional native Hawaiian culture and binds it together. To native Hawaiians, the natural elements of the physical environment-the land, sea, water, winds, rains, plants, and animals, and their various embodied spiritual aspect-comprise the very foundation of all cultural life and activity-subsistance, social, and ceremonial; to native Hawaiians, the relationship with these natural element is one of family and kinship. The latter type of behaviors--practices with more passive behaviors-involves more experiential activities focused on "communing with nature"; that is, behaviors rotating to spiritual communication and interaction that reaffirm and reinforce familial and kinship relationships with the natural environment While traditional cultural property claims, as defined above, would certainly fall within the general domain of traditional and customary cultural practice claims, not all traditional and customary cultural practice claims would necessarily qualify as traditional cultural property claims. Traditional and customary cultural practice claims subwme a broad range of cultural practices and beliefs associated with a general geographical area or region, rather than a clearly definable property or site-for example, the gathering of marine resources from along a section of shoreline for traditional subsistence or ceremonial purposes, m contrast to the gathering of a specific marine resource species for a specific use by current generation members of a family that had obtained the same resource from the same recognized site for several generations. Contemporary, or "neo-traditioual" cultural practice claims overlap with neither traditional property claims nor traditional and customary practice claims. Contemporary cultural practice claims would be those made by cultural practitioners relating to current practices or beliefs for which no clear specific historical basis in traditional culture can be clearly established or demonstrated; for example, the conducting of ritual ceremonies of uncertain authenticity at sites of features for which no such prior use can be demonstrated. The specific purpose of the present cultural impact assessment study is to assess the potential impacts of the proposed project upon the cultural resources -the practices, features andlor belic&-of native Hawaiians or any other ethnic group that might be associated with project area. To accomplish this purpose, several specific objectives were established: 1. Identify any native Hawaiian or other ethnic group cultural practices currently being conducted by individual cultural practitioners or groups; 2. Collect sufficient information so as to define the general nature, location, and authenticity of any identified cultural practices; 3. Assess the potential impacts of the proposed project upon identified cultural practices; and 4. Recommend appropriate mitigation measures for any potentially adverse impacts upon identified cultural practices. Thus, the overall goal or objective of the present cultural impact assessment study was to identify any native Hawaiian or other cultural practices currently being conducted within or immediately adjacent to present project area that might potentially be in some manner constrained, restricted, prohibited, or eliminated if the proposed project were to be approved. The types of practices to be identified would be inclusive; that is, claims for all three types of practices -traditional cultural property, traditional and customary cultural practices, and contemporary cultural practices -would be identified and considered. More specifically, the objectives of the cultural impact assessment were to determine the following (a) if the project area is currently being accessed by native Hawaiian cultural practitioners for any traditional and customary cultural uses; (b) if the proposed project would have any adverse impacts upon any identified current native Hawaii cultural uses of the area; and (c) what measures might be proposed to mitigate any adverse impacts the proposed project might have upon any identified current native Hawaiian uses of the area. CULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND OEQC GUIDELINES As indicated previously, the general purpose of this cultural impact assessment is to assess the potential impacts of the proposed project on any identified cultural resources in compliance with the requirements of Chapter 343 (Haw.Rev.Stot), as amended by H.B. No.2895, RD.I of the Hawaii State Legislature (2000) and approval by the Governor as Act 50 on April 26, 2000. Among other things, this amendment requires that environmental assessments (EA) and impact statements (EIS) identify and assess the potential effects of any proposed project upon the "...cultural practices of the community and State...." Guidelines previously prepared and adopted by the State Office of Environmental Quality Control (OEQC 1997) provide compliance guidance. Both Act 50 and the OEQC Guidelines for Assessing Cultwul Impacts mandate consideration of potential cultural impacts upon all the different groups comprising the multi- ethnic community of Hawaii. To understand the cultural impact assessment issue, particularly as it is addressed by the present study, a summary review of the intent and evolution of the OEQC guidelines is necessary. The guidelines evolved out of what are commonly referred to as "PASH(Kohanaiki" issues - issues relating to native Hawaiian traditional and customary access and land use rights as they were reasserted by a State Supreme Court decision in August 1995 and further clarified in its 1998 decision in State v. Hanoi - and the need for appropriate means to address these issues within the State environmental impact review process. For a good discussion of the issues and options involved, the "Report on Native Hawaiian Traditional and Customary practices Following the Opinion of the Supreme Court of the State of Hawaii in Public Access Shoreline Hawaii v. Hawaii County Planning Commission" prepared by the PASH/Kohanaiki Study Group (1998) should be consulted. Initial attempts to address various issues relating to native Hawaiian traditional and customary access and land use rights within the framework of the State environmental impact review process were made in the form of proposed changes to the State EIS law as contained in Chapter 343 (HRS). These attempts to require a formal cultural impact assessment failed to pass the State legislature in 1996 and 1997. A subsequent, second attempt to address various issues relating to native Hawaiian traditional and customary access and land use rights was made in the form of proposed changes in the "Administrative Rules" for compliance with Chapter 343 (DOH Title 11, Chapter 200). This attempt to require an explicitly defined cultural impact assessment also failed, as the governor declined to approve the proposed amendments. The third attempt to address various issues relating to native Hawaiian traditional and customary access and land use rights within the State environmental impact review process resulted in the current OEQC "Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts" (OEQC 1997b). Draft guidelines were initially issued for public review and comment on September 8, I997. The Environmental Council formally adopted the guidelines in their final form on November 19, 1997. The relationship of the OEQC guidelines to the State Supreme Court "DASH decision" was clearly stated on the front page of the September 8, 1997 issue of the OEQC bulletin, "The Environmental Notice, when the draft guidelines were fust issued for public review and comment: For years, a controversy has simmered over developer's responsibility to perform a "Cultural Impact Study" prior to building a project The recent Supreme Court "PASH" decision reaffirmed the state's duty to protect the gathering rights of native Hawaiians. In light of these events, the Environmental Council has drafted a guidance document to provide clarity on when and how to assess a project's impacts on the cultural practices of host communities. It should be noted that the guidelines for cultural impact assessment are meant to include consideration of all the different groups comprising the multi-ethnic community of Hawai'i; however, this inclusiveness is generally understated, and the clear emphasis is meant to be upon aspects of native Hawaiian culture. More than 20 letters were received by OEQC in response to the publication of the draft guidelines, and relevant comments were said to have been incorporated into a fatal version of the guidelines (OEQC ad). The Environmental Council formally adopted the final guidelines (OEQC 1997b) on November 19, 1997. The final guidelines are virtually identical to the draft guidelines initially published on September 8, 1997, and the degree to which any of the teemed comments on the draft guidelines were considered prior to issuance of the final guidelines is uncerum. In fact, the overall process through which the guidelines were prepared and adopted brings out several important questions relating to such topics as (a) the source or basis utilized for the content of the guidelines, (b) the background and qualifications of the prepatet(s) of the guidelines, (c) the criteria to be used for the adequacy of cultural impact assessment studies prepared in response to the guidelines, and (d) the legal question of how compliance can be required when the standards are guidelines. According to the Chair's Report contained in The 1997 Annual Report of the Environmental Council, the Cultural Impacts Committee drafted the guidelines: The Committee drafted guidelines recommending a methodology to assess the impact of proposed actions on cultural resources, including Native Hawaiian cultural resources, values, and beliefs The guidelines also specify the contents of a cultural impact assessment To prepare the Guidelines, the Committee reviewed public testimony and solicited input from interested parties. Expertise from the DLNR's Historic Preservation Division as well as Federal regulations governing the "Protection of Historic Properties" were used to model the draft guidelines. The draft cultural impact guidelines were published for review and comment in the Sept. 8 Environmental Notice, and over 20 letters were received. Relevant comments were incorporated into a final draft version of the guidelines, which were adopted as a policy document by the Environmental Council on November 19, 1997 (OEQC n.d_:5). Direct inquiries to OEQC (Gary Gill, then -Director) and SHPD (Dr. Holly McEldowney, then -Staff Specialist in the History and Culture Branch) provided additional background information relating to the formulation of the cultural impact assessment guidelines. The principal author or compiler of the guidelines was Arnold Lum, Esq., a member of the Environmental Council's Cultural Impacts Committee. Mr. Lum was also a staff attorney at the Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation. OEQC staff also assisted in the preparation of the guidelines Several internal drafts were prepared, reviewed and revised. Preparation of the guidelines relied to some degree upon National Register Bulletin No. 38, Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties (Parker and King 1990) for basic content information. Other sources, including the SHPD draft rules for conducting ethnographic surveys and dealing with traditional cultural properties (DLNR n d.), were consulted; in fact, a copy of the SHPD draft rules was provided to OEQC and the Cultural Impacts Committee by then-SHPD Administrator, Dr. Don Hibbard Professional staff in the SHIM -History and Culture Branch took part in the preparation and review of the guidelines. Certainly the inclusion of such professional anthropological and historical expertise in the preparation of the guidelines was appropriate; however, much of the professional advice on the extent to which detailed expectations -regarding study scope, content, methodology, documentation, and impact assessment—should be explicitly addressed in the guidelines was apparently discounted. The most recent attempt to address various issues relating to native Hawaiian traditional and customary access and land use rights within the State environmental impact review process resulted in the amendment to Chapter 343 (Haw.Rev.Stac), as amended by H.B. No.2895, HJM of the Hawai'i State Legislature (2000) and approved by the Governor as Act SO on April 26, 2000. While no specific administrative rules for the implementation of this amendment have been adopted, it is generally accepted that the Guidelines previously prepared and adopted by the State Office of Environmental Quality Control (OEQC 1997) are meant to provide general compliance guidance. The OEQC Guidelines consist of three basic sections. The first section is an introduction which notes the various statutory and other bases for addressing potential impacts upon cultural resources within the context of the environmental assessment review process, and "...encourages preparers of environmental assessments and environmental impact statements to analyze the impact of a proposed action on cultural practices and features associated with the project area" (OEQC 1997:1). The second section of the guidelines discusses methodological considerations for conducting cultural impact assessments, and presents a recommended six -step protocol to be followed by the assessment preparers. The third section of the guidelines outlines eleven topics or "matters" that a cultural assessment should address; these topics basically represent the desired content and organization of a cultural impact assessment report. As "guidelines," the OEQC Guidelines would seem to have neither the specific statutory authority of law, nor the regulatory authority of administrative rules. As guidelines, they can be regarded as providing general guidance; that is, they represent general suggestions and recommendations as to how to approach the assessment of potential cultural impacts The guidelines provide little or no guidance relative to many important questions, perhaps the most significant of which would be the following: 1. How would project -specific determinations be made as to whether or not a cultural impact assessment study might even be necessary or appropriate—given the specific nature and location of a proposed project; 2. If a cultural impact assessment study is to be conducted, how does one determine what constitutes an appropriate project -specific level of effort — that is, the general scope of work or objectives for the study, and the specific tasks or activities required to accomplish successfully the scope of work or objectives; 3. What criteria are to be used for determining the credibility and reliability of potential cultural information sources (generally referred to as "informants" or "knowledgeable individuals"); 4. If specific cultural practices, beliefs, or features are definitely identified as being associated with a project area, what criteria are to be applied for evaluating (a) the descriptive adequacy and (b) the cultural authenticity of the identified practices, beliefs, or features; 5. If specific culturally authentic practices, beliefs, or features are definitely identified as being associated with a project area, what criteria are to be used for assessing the nature and extent of potential impacts of a proposed project on the identified practices, beliefs, or features—that is, "no effect," "no adverse effect," or "adverse effect;" 6. If a project is determined to have potentially adverse impacts upon specific identified culturally authentic practices, beliefs, or features, what criteria are to be used for evaluating the adequacy and appropriateness of alternative potential mitigation actions; 7. Within the purview of what regulatory office or agency would the review and acceptance or rejection of a completed cultural impact assessment study legitimately fall; and 8. What standards or criteria are to be used to evaluate the overall adequacy or acceptability of a completed cultural impact assessment study? Consideration of these questions, and their implicit implications, has direct relevance to the present cultural impact assessment study. These implications relate most importantly to (a) the level of study effort believed appropriate for the projacwpecific context, and (b) the rationale adopted for both the study overall, as well as for the identification and evaluation of any identified cultural practice claims, the assessment of potential project -specific impacts, and the formulation of any specific recommendations for further study or other mitigation actions. BASIC GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS Several references are available to serve as basic guidance documents for carrying out cultural impact assessment studies of various scopes and intensities. The principal sources are the following: 1. The OEQC Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts (OEQC 1997); 2. The Native Hawaiian Rights Handbook (MacKenzie 1991), and more specifically the discussions of traditional and customary rights contained in the two chapters on access rights (Lucas 1991 a) and gathering rights (Lucas 1991b); 3. The Report on Native Hawaiian Traditional and Customary Practices Following the Opinion of the Supreme Court of the State of Hawaii in Public Access Shoreline Hawaii v. Hawaii County Planning Commission prepared by the FASH/Kohanaiki Study Group (1998); 4. The text of several relevant decisions of the Hawaii Supreme Court, including the decision commonly referred to as the "DASH decision" (1995), and the more recent decisions in State of Hawa'i'i v Alaoa`i Hattaui (1998) and Ka Pa`akai o Ka `Rina at al v Land Use Commission, State of Hawaii at al (2000); 5. The federal regulations of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation for the National Register of Historic Places (CFR 1981) and the Protection of Historic Properties (CFR 1986); 6. National Register Bulletin No. 38, Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties (Parker and King 1990); and 7. Recently approved versions of the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) administrative rules (effective December 11, 2003), including Chapter 275: Rules Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation Review for Governmental Projects Covered Under Sections 6E-7 and 6E-8, HRS (DLNR 2002a), and Chapter 284: Rules Governing Procedures for Mstoric Preservation Review to Comment on Chapter 6E-42, HRS, Projects (2002b), as well as an earlier draft Chapter 284—Rules Governing Procedures for Ethnographic Inventory Surveys, Treatment of Traditional Cultural Properties, and Historical Data Recovery (DLNR n.d.). while the general nature and content of the first four referenced sources are self-explanatory, further comment should be made regarding the final three items. In the absence of any formally adopted administrative rule specifically addressing the treatment of traditional cultural properties, SHPD currently utilizes National Register Bulletin No. 38, Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties (Parker and King 1990), as its principal source of guidance for reviewing and evaluating the adequacy and acceptability of traditional cultural property study reports prepared in connection with various permit applications for which SHPD regulatory review is required. Bulletin No. 38 provides detailed guidance for the assessment of traditional oulmrel properties within the framework of the National Register significance criteria evaluation process (NPS 1990). The SHPD draft administrative rule relating to ethnographic surveys and traditional cultural properties (DLNR n.d.) has existed in finalized draft version since at least early 1997; however, it has never been circulated openly, much less formally provided for public review, comment, and eventual adoption by the Department of Land and Natural Resources. This situation is unfortunate because the draft Wile goes well beyond National Register Bulletin No. 38 in providing detailed guidance for conducting traditional cultural property studies, and more specifically for dealing with the identification, evaluation, and documentation of native Hawaiian traditional cultural properties and their associated cultural practices and beliefs. In the absence of any formally adopted administrative Wile specifically addressing the treatment of traditional cultural properties, SHPD can also be said to basically follow the federal regulations of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation for guidance in the evaluation of significance—as contained in Section 60.4 ("Criteria for evahation") of the "National Register of Historic Places" (CPR 1981), and for guidance in the assessment of potential effects—as contained in Section 800.9 ("Criteria of effect and adverse effect") of the "Protection of Historic Properties" (CFR 1986). PRESENT STUDY SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY The scope of work and methodology for the HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project cultural impact assessment is based on the general assumption that the level of study effort appropriate in any project -specific context should involve the consideration of several factors, the most relevant of which are the following: (a) the probable number and significance of known or suspected cultural properties, features, practices, or beliefs within or associated with the specific project area; (b) the potential number of individuals (potential informants) with cultural knowledge of the specific project area; (c) the availability of historical and cultural information on the specific project area or immediately adjacent lands; (d) the physical size, configuration, and natural and human modification history of the specific project area; and (e) the potential effects of the project on known or expected cultural properties, features, practices, or beliefs within or related to the specific project area. Consideration of these factors within the specific nature and context of the proposed HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project, as well as prior general consultations with professional staff in SHPD, indicated that the most appropriate level of study for an adequate assessment of potential cultural impacts would be a relatively limited or abbreviated assessment study. Based on the location, small size, and the extensive recent historic period modification, development and utilization of the project site, this study assumes that (a) potential cultural impact assessment issues would be highly unlikely, (b) the negative results of the archaeological reconnaissance survey conducted for the project would confirm both the greatly altered physical nature of the project area and the absence of cultural resources within or related to the project area, and (c) in the unlikely instance that any legitimate cultural impact assessment issues should arise during the environmental review period, they could be addressed adequately within the framework of the review process (i.e., from Draft to Final Environmental Impact Statement). Consideration of these factors within the specific nature and context of the proposed HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project indicated that the relatively greater levels of study effort that can be characterized as identification or documentation studies would be inappropriate and excessive. The distinctive characteristics of an identification study are that it would be restricted to (a) the identification of native Hawaiian or other ethnic group cultural practices, beliefs, properties, features, or exploitable natural resources associated with and/or present within or related to the specific project area that are currently being conducted by and/or (mown to individual cultural practitioners or groups, and (b) the collection of information reasonably sufficient so as to define the general nature, location, and likely authenticity of identified cultural claims. An identification study would not involve the considerably greater level of study effort—both calendar months and hours of labor—needed to carry out a full documentation study. The distinctive characteristics of the latter, which would commonly be referred to as a full ethnographic or oral history study, would be (a) the collection of detailed information regarding identified native Hawaiian or other ethnic group cultural practices by means of formal oral history interviews which are usually tape recorded and transcribed, and (b) the analysis and synthesis of all collected data—from interviews, as well as relevant historical documentary and archival researcb—within the general cultural -historical context of traditional native Hawaiian or other ethnic group culture and the defined specific geographical area of a specific project The overall rationale guiding the present limited assessment study has been that the level of study effort should be commensurate with the potential of the proposed project for making any adverse impacts upon any native Hawaiian or other ethnic group cultural practices currently conducted by cultural practitioners within the project area. The study presented here is believed to comprise a reasonable approach for the assessment of potential cultural impacts within this specific project area. Time potential for the project to result in adverse impacts upon any current native Hawaiian or other ethnic group cultural practices, beliefs, or features would seem most likely to be minimal or indeterminate; that is, given the past land use history of the project area and the general nature and scope of the proposed project, it is very unlikely that the continued exercise of any current practices would be in any way constrained, restricted, prohibited, or eliminated The present limited cultural impact assessment study is based primarily on two sources of m&rmation, the archaeological inventory survey of TMK Parcel 36 conducted by PH U in 1992 (Dowden and Graves 1992), and the mora recent field inspection of the three small additional project site elements conducted in September 2003 by PMU Principal Archaeologist Dr. Patti H. Rosendahl. The existing developed state of the project area was also taken into consideration, and no attempt was made to contact potential local informants regarding any potential knowledge of the project site. FINDINGS No evidence of any potentially significant traditional cultural properties, natural resources, practices, or beliefs were identified within either the 1992 inventory survey project area (IMK Parcel 36) or the three small additional project elements (T+� Parcel 27, and the Primary and Secondary Access roadways. Both TMX Parcel 36 and 37 are developed facilities surrounded by chain link fence, with the former being the site of the existing power generating station and the latter the site of an existing transformer station, while both the primacy and the Secondary Access roadways are existing paved roads. CONCLUDING ASSESSMENT The HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project Site has been extensively modified and developed during historic times, as indicated by (a) the existing modified condition of the property, and (b) the negative findings of the both the 1992 inventory survey and the more recent 2003 inspection which yielded no evidence of the presence of any potentially significant cultural resources -properties, features, natural resources, practices, or beliefs -either within or directly related to the project site. Furthermore, there is no indication of any kind that the project site has any natural resources necessary to or currently being used by either Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners exercising traditional and customary access and use rights for any purposes or by individuals of any other cultural affiliation. for any traditional cultural purposes. Based on the negative results of the both the 1992 inventory survey and the more recent 2003 inspection, and the absence of any evidence that the project site is currently being used for any legitimate traditional cultural purposes by either Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners or individuals of any other cultural affiliation, it can be concluded that the HELCO Keabole Generating Station Project should have no significant effects—much less any adverse impacts—upon any cultural resources, and that no mitigation measures of any kind are needed CONCLUSION CONCLUDING COMMENTS Based on the negative results of the both the 1992 inventory survey and the more recent 2003 inspection, it can be concluded that (a) no significant historic properties are present within the project site because of the developed condition of the project site -including both existing power generating and transformer facilities: and the paved access roadways -and the SHPD review and evaluation of the final report on the 1992 inventory survey, and (b) no further historic preservation work of any kind is needed Therefore, the HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project should have no significant effect&—much less any adverse impacts—upon any historic properties, and no mitigation measures of any kind are needed Based on the absence of any evidence that the project site is currently being used for any legitimate traditional cultural purposes by either Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners or individuals of any other cultural affiliation, it can be concluded that the HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project should have no significant effects—much less any adverse impacts—upon any cultural resources, and that no mitigation measures of any kind are needed. REQUEST FOR SHPD DETERMINATION OF "NO HISTORIC PROPERTIES AFFECTED" Based on the negative conclusions of both the present archaeological assessment and cultural impact assessment, it is believed appropriate for the SHPD to prep uvd and issue -in accordance with the general guidance provided by Chapter 284: Section 5(b) of the SHPD Rules Pertaining to the historic Preservation Review Process (HAR Title 13, DLNR, Subtitle 13, SHPD) (DLNR 2003b), a formal written determination of "no historic properties affected" for the HELCO Keahole Generating Station Project Site. REFERENCES CITED Armstrong, R.W. (ed) 1983 Atlas of Hawaii Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. (Second edition) CFR (US Code of Federal Regulations) 1981 36 CFR Part 60: National Register of Historic Places. (Including Part 60.4: Criteria for evaluation.) 1986 36 CFR Part 800: Protection of Historic Properties. (Including Part 800.9: Criteria of effect and adverse effect) DLNR (Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawai i) 2002a Chapter 275: Rules Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation Review for Governmental Projects Covered Under Sections 6E-7 and 6E-8, HRS. Hawaii Administrative Rules; Title 13, Department of Land and Natural Resources; Subtitle 13, State Historic Preservation Division Rules. (October) (Effective December 11, 2003) 2002b Chapter 284: Rules Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation Review to Comment on Chapter 6E-42, HRS, Projecb. Hawaii Administrative Rules; Title 13, Department of Land and Natmal Resources; Subtitle 13, State Historic Preservation Division Rules. (October) (Effective December 11, 2003) Md. Chapter 284: Rules Governing Procedures for Ethnographic Inventory Surveys, Treatment of Traditional Cultural Properties, and Historical Data Recovery. Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 13, Department of Land and Natural Resources; Subtitle 13, State Historic Preservation Division. (Draft rule; 1997) Dowden, S., and D.K. Graves 1992 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Helco Keahole Parcel Project Area, Lands of Kalaoa 1-4, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TM1 L7-3-49:36). PHRI Report 1265-063092. Prepared for CH2M HILL (Honolulu). (August) Lucas, P.N. 1991a Traditional and Customary Rights: Access Rights. IN MacKenzie, ed. 1991:211-222. 1991b Traditional and Customary Rights; Gathering Rights. IN MacKenzie, ed 1991: 223-228. MacKenzie, MK_ (editor) 1991 Native Hawaiian Rights Handbook Honolulu: Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation and Office of Hawaiian Affairs NPS (National Park Service) 1990 How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. National Register Bulletin No. 15. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. Interior, National Park Service. (Revised 1991, 1995) OEQC (Office of Environmental Quality Control, State of Hawaii) 1997 Guidelines for Assessing Culhaol Impacts. Adapted by the Environmental Council; November 19, 1997. n.d. Environmental Report Card, 1997: An Assessment of Hawaii'$ Environmental Health. The 1997 Annual Report of the Environmental Council, State of Hawaii. Parker, P.L., and T.F. King 1990 Guidelines for Evaluating and National Register Bulletin No. 38. Park Service. PASH/Kohanaiki Study Group Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept Interior, National 1998 Report on Native Hawaiian Traditional and Customary Practices Following the Opinion of the Supreme Court of the State of Hawaii in Public Access Shoreline Hawaii v. Hawai'i County Planning Commission. Prepared in Response to H. R. No. 197, ILD. 1, Regular Session of 1997, Nineteenth State Legislature, State of Hawaii. Submitted by the Office of Planning, State of Hawaii. (January) Sebastian, L. 1993 Protecting Traditional Cultural Properties through the Section 106 Process. CRM Vol. 16 (Spacial Issue): 22-26. Sato, H. H., W. Ikeda, R. Paeth, R. Smythe, and M. Takeh ro, Jr. 1973 Soil Survey of the Island of Hawaii. State of Hawaii. U.S. Department of Agriculture -Soil Conservation Service and University of Hawaii Agriculture Experiment Station. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Stearns, KT., and G.A. MacDonald 1946 Geology and Ground -Water Resources of the Island of Hawaii. Bulletin 9. Hawaii Division of Hydrograpby, Territory of Hawaii. APPENDIX A Archaeological Inventory Survey Helco Keahole Parcel Project Area Lands of Kalaoa 1-4, North Kona District Island of Hawai°i (TMK: 3-7-3-49:36,37) PHRI Report 1265-063092 August 1992 Rcporl1265-063092 Archaeological Inventory Survey Helco Keahole Parcel Project Area Lands of Kalaoa 14 North Kona District, Island of Hawaii PHR17 Paul M RosendahL Ph.D., Inc. Amhmologied • HirWiied • CVdAnd Re amMaaagemm1 SArdia d Semen 305 MobOUR Street • HBo, Hawaii 96720 (808) 969-1763 • mx(808) 961-6998 P.O. Boz 23305 • MALF Coam 96921 (671) 472-3117 • FAX (671) 472-3131 Report 1265-063092 Archaeological Inventory Survey Helco Keahole Parcel Project Area Lands of Kalaoa 14 North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:7-349:36) by Sheryl Dowden, B.S. Crew Chief and Donna K- Graves, M.A. Projects Manager- Hawaii Prepared for CHUM HILL 1585 Kapiolani Blvd., Suite 1312 Honolulu, Hawaii 9681411530 August 1992 PHRU Paul IL Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. Mcheeological • 66torical • Cuf ural gaouree Manogemmi SRldim d Serwea 305 Mohoum street • Hllo, Hawan 96720 (808) 969-1763 FAx (808) 961-6998 P.O. Bot 23305 • G.M.F, Guam %921 • (671) 472-3117 • FAX (671) 472-3131 1265-063091 ii At the request of Ms. Carol Thompson, Senior Planner with C112M HILL, Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. recently conducted an archaeological inventory survey of 15 acres in the HELCO Keahole Parcel Project Area. The parcel is in the Lands of Kalaoa 1-4, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:7-3-49:36). The basic objective of the survey was to provide information sufficient for satisfying all historic preservation regulatory review requirements of the Hawaii County Planning Department, and the Department of Land and Natural Resources -State Historic Preservation Division. The inventory survey was conducted June 29, 1992. During the field work, four quarry sites consisting of seven pahoehoe excavations were identified. The sites ranged in physical condition from poor to good. Each of the four sites was recorded in detail. Subsurface testing was not conducted, as there were no cultural deposits within the identified features. All four sites are assessed as significant for information content. No further work isrecotnmended for the sites, however, as the data collected during the present survey is considered adequate mitigation of potential effects of the proposed project. 1265-063092 W Page INTRODUMON............................................................................ 1 Background.................................................... Scopeof Work ................................................ Project Area Description ................................. Previous Archaeological Research ................... Summary of Historical Documentary Research Settlement Pattern ........................................... Implications for the Current Project ................ Field Methods and Procedures ......................... Discussion...................................................... ...........................1 .......................................... 2 .......................................... 2 ........................................... 6 ........................................... 7 ........................................... 7 w FINDINGS....................................................................................... 9 Discussion.......................................................................................................9 SiteDescriptions..............................................................................................9 CONCLUSION.............................................................................. 12 Discussion.....................................................................................................12 General Significance Assessments and Recommended General Treatments ..... 13 REFERENCES CITED 15 APPENDIX A: HISTORICAL DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH byLehua Kalima, B.A................................................................... A-1 APPENDIX B: U LUSTRATIONS............................................... B-1 1265-063092 iv Figure Page 1 Project Location............................................................................ 2 Site Locations................................................................................ A- I Map of Akahipuu Section, North Kona, Hawaii .............................. B-1 Site 18076, Pahoehoe Excavation ................................................... B-2 Site 18077, Pahoehoe Excavation Complex .................................... B-3 Site 18078, Pahoehoe Excavation ................................................... B -d Site 18079, Pahoehoe Excavation Complex .................................... Table 1 Summary of Previous Research......................................................... 2 Correlation of Site Numbers .......................................... ....... ..._....... 3 Summary of Identified Sites and Features ......................................... 4 Summary of General Significance Assessment and Recommended General Treatments ............................................... ............... 4 ..... _..... .. 8 .............. 9 13 1165-063092 BACKGROUND At the request of Ms. CarolThompson, Senior Planner with CH2M HILL, Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI) recently conducted an archaeological inventory survey of the 15 -acre HELCO Keahole Parcel Project Area, Lands of Kalaoa 1-4. The parcel is in the North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK.7-3-49:36). The overall objective of the survey was to provide information sufficient for satisfying all historic preservation regulatory review requirements of the Hawaii County Phuining (HCPD) and the Department of Land and Natural Resources - State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD). The field work was conducted June 29, 1992 under the guidance of Supervisory Archaeologist James Head, B.A., and Crew ChiefSheryl Dowden, B.S. Crewmembers included FieldArchaeologistsTom CammodyandKaren Wigglesworth, B.S. Principal Archaeologist Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., provided overall direction for the project. The field work took 32 labor -hours to complete. SCOPE OF WORK The basic purpose of the survey was to identify -moo discover and locate on available map" sites and features ofpotential archaeological significance. An imentorysurvey is an initial level of archaeological investigation. Itis extensive rather than intensive in scope, and is conducted with the primary aim of determining the presence or absence of archaeological resources. A survey of this type indicates both the general nature and the variety of archaeological remains present, and the general distribution and density of such remains. It permits a general significance assessment of the archaeological resources, and facilitates formuhuion ofrealistic recommendations and estimates for any further work that might be necessary or appropriate. Such work could include further data collection involving detailed recording of sites and features, and selected test excavations. It might also include subsequent mitigation—data recovery research excavations, construction monitoring, interpretive planning and development, and/or preservation of sites and features with significant scientific research, interpretive, and/or cultural values. The basic objectives ofthe present survey were fourfold: (a) to identify (find and locate) all sites and site complexes present within the project area; (b) to evaluate the potential general significance ofall identifiedarchaeologicalremains; (c) to determine the possible impacts ofproposed developmetu upon the identified remains; and (d) to define the general scope of any subsequent further data collection and/or other mitigation work that might be necessary or appropriate. Based on a review of readily available backgrounc literature, familiaritywith the general project area, extensive famibantywiththe cturentrequimments ofreviewauthorities and based on discussions with Ms. Carol7hompsonofCH21v HMLandW KanaleiShu n DLNR SHPDStaffArchaeologis forHawan Wand,the follow-mgspecifietaskswere determimek to constitute an adequate and appropriate scope of work foi the proposed inventory survey: Review archaeological and historical literature relevant to the project area and conduct historical documentaryresearch (emphasis oa readily available literature and documentary sources) and interviews with any appropriate and available local informant sources; 2. Conduct 1000/9 coverage, variable intensity ground survey of the project area, with (a) relatively higher intensity coverage of naturally vegetated and unmodified portions, and (b) relatively lower intensity coverage ofareas that have been historically cultivated and otherwise modified; 3. Conduct limited subsurface testing of selected sites and features identified within the project area (a) to determine the presence or absence (and general distribution) ofpctentially significant buried cultural features or deposits, and (b) to obtain suitable samples for age determination analyses; and 4. Analyze field and historical research data, and prepare appropriate reports. The inventory survey was carried out in accordance wit the standards for inventory -level survey recommended b DLNR-SHPD.The significanceofthe archaeological remain identified in the project area was assessed in terms of (a) th National Register criteria contained in the Code of Feder Regulations(36 CFRPart60), and(b)the criteria for evaluatio oftraditional cultural values preparedbytheNational Advisor Council on Historic Preservation. DLNR-SHPD and th Hawaii County Planning Department use these criteria t evaluate eligibility forthe Hawaii State andNational Register 1265-063092 FINAL REPORT of Historic Places. In addition, the significance of archaeological sites identified during the survey was evaluated in terms of the PHRI Cultural Resource Value Modes, which are described in the Conclusion section of this report. PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION The project area comprises a single parcel of 15 acres, located just mauka (inland) of the QueenKaahumanu Highway inKalaoa 1-4Ahupuaa, North KonaDistrict, Island ofHawaii (Figure 1). Elevation of the project area is c. 200 ft (61 m) to 230 ft (70 m) AMSL (above mean sea level). The project area is part of the Kona Lava Plain, a low-cliffed volcanic coast, which is defined by Armstrong (1983:37) as coastline with wave -cut cliffs averaging about 20 ft. Theproject areasurfare was formed by Hualahti Volcanic Series flaws, which may be late Pleistocene in age. The flaws are highly permeable, but brackish water is found only along the coast (Stearns and MacDonald 1946:139-140). The terrain in the project area is gently undulating, and the soils are composed of two series, the Kaimu extremely stony peat (6.20% slopes) and Punaluu extremely stony peat (6.20%slopes) (Sato etal. 1973). The Kaimu extremely stony peat represents the Kaimu series ofwell-drained, thin organic soils (about three inches thick) over fragmented as lava The Punaluuexremelyrockypeatrepresentsthe Punahn series of well -drained, thin organic soils (c. four inches thick) over pahoehoe bedrock. Vegetation in the project area is generally very sparse and consists offountam grass (Pennisetumsetaceum [Forsk.] Chiov.), noni (Morinda cindfolia), koa-haole (Leucaena glauca [Lam.] de Wit), and'ilima(Sidafa/lax [L.]). Several recently planted exotics including plumeria (Plumeria acuminata Air.), coconut palm (Cocos mtciferu L.), and an unidentified shrub were noted. PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH Therehave beennumerous studies mthe KalaoaAhupuaa 1-4 areas, these are summarized in Table 1. The earliest work was a reconnaissance survey of a section of the Kailua- Kawaihae Road in South Kohala, from Anaeboomalu Bay to Keahole Point, by Rosendahl (1973). He also conducted a general salvage ofallendangered siteswithin and immediately adjacent to the highway alignment. There were 284 sites, including both those situated within the actual highway alignment and those ofapparent value located adjacent to the alignment and within the original Road Corridor survey area. Most of the salvaged features were habitation (n-201), and low,C-shape shelters (n=149). According toRosendahl, other types of habitation features included low, L shaped shelters (n-5), natural depression shelters (n-12), small cave shelters (n-15), dwelling caves (n-7), platforms (n-10), apavement (n-1), and surface midden areas (n-2). Other kinds of features Rosendahl encountered were enclosures of various sizes (n-14),cairns (ahu) (n-34),prehistoric foottrails(n-I), historic foot/cart hails (n-4), a cave burial (n-1), and a munber of miscellaneous, unique, and/or minor types of features (n=21). Cordy (1985) has also conducted surveys in the area and defined three environmental zones, based on location, elevation, bedrock, and present vegetation, that apply to archaeological work in the Ooma 1, Ooma 2, and Kalaoa 1- 5 Ahupuaa_ (1) The Coastal Zone is located 0-150 ft from shore, with elevations from 0-20 ft, and is characterized by low pahoehoe with some sand beaches and typical shoreline vegetation. (2) The Barren Zone, or Transitional Zone, according to Cordy, is located 150 ft to 1.5 miles from the shore with elevations from 20-430 ft above sea level. It is characterizedbypahoehoe with pocketsofaa, but contairsne soil. Vegetation in the Barren Zone is extremely sparse in the seaward portion, but becomes denser in the upper regions. where grass and then lantana predominate. (3) The Upland Forest Zone is located 1.5 miles to 3.7 miles from shore, with elevations from 430 to 3,400 ft. It is characterized by a rough aaand soil terrain. Vegetation in the to werportionisdominated by koa-haole and Christmas -berry, andon the upper slopes bl large forest trees. While the HELCO Keahole Parrelproject area is locates at the northern border of Kalaoa 1-4, in the center of th( Barren/Transitional Zone, previous studies within each of tht environmental zones will be discussed in order to construct ar aht(pua'a settlement pattern. A brief reconnaissance survey was conducted by Davi: (1977) in portions of the various Kalaoa Ahupuaa for tht Keabole Agricultural Park The area of the survey included narrow transect in the Kalaoa4 Ahupuaa that ended at the 80( ft elevation level. Twenty-two site complexes and isolate( archaeological features were identified. These sites include( habitation caves, shelters, wind breaks, ahu, platforms enclosures (one appears to be a historic homestead), walls and an al"a'a wall. Hammattand Folk (1980) conducted salvage excavation at 12 sites within the proposed Keahole Agricultural Park, u 1265-W 92 FINAL REPORT Unualona Pt __--- \_ I �•� I� \ i Makaka Yi Boy PROJECT AR A \ wmrai�(aigy LaOonl°N �i W I I� 9� .. K A L AA A 11 41 5 Kalihi PtL,\\ •- n- -- —1 1\ y Y K A L A d A- O O MIA JS� it s J wawaloli 9ucn N . _ r 17 HAWAII T ` T o \' PR0.1flCT � `LOCATIOM � OOMA -Z ) 1 f l i P°hili PL \� \ \ 0 7000 Wawahiwaa Pt\{_ FEET ,� Figure 1. Proiect Location 1265-WO92 E4 FINAL REPORT d 8 Q? I Oa I I a I Oa I 7a I Oa :s* I I Oa a � 7 � d. E O m m m a w G - w kf a a a F vi U x s 3 a3 Its as 3 a d rn r r o o0 00 w 00 in r 00 r 00 r 0o oo a ao ao A a N o, 1265-063092 FRVAL REPORT Kalaoa-Obma, andareconnaissance surveyofa parcel north of the park. The project identified 18 sites including ahu, a small wall partially destroyed by bulldozing, an enclosure, a platform, atrail, andlavatubes. Little evidence ofoccupation was found in the lava tubes in the parcel north ofthe park The excavations conducted onthe12sitesintheAgriculturalPark itself demonstrated prehistoric occupation within sheltered areas around natural sinks and lava tubes. It appears from the radiocarbmdates thatdomeWc ocaVaumintheamaoccunvd from AD 1480 to AD 1700. Petroglyphs within several lava tubes appearto predate at least the upperpart ofthis occupation. One cave site was extensively modified to create a large refuge wall with a constricted entrance and an interior passageway leading to two large tubes. This refuge phase is thought to post-date 1700 and probably corresponds to a period of chiefly rivalry and warfare on the Big Island. Three sites provided evidence of historic period occupation, goat corralling and a homestead. Several surveys have been conducted in Kalaoa 3 or 4 at elevations of430 ftormore.These include tworeconnaissance surveys by Soehren (1982 and 1985), an archaeological field check by Cordy (1987), a reconnaissance survey and subsequent limited data recovery by Walker and Haus (1987 and 1988), a survey byTelea and Rosendahl (1987), and two inventory surveys by Walker and Rosendahl (1990a and 1990b). During his reconnaissance survey of 6.8 acres at 1000 ft AMSL in the Kalaoa 4 Ahupuaa (TMK: 3-7-3-05:13), Soehren (1982) recorded two structures, a house platform and a square enclosure, that he interpreted as an agricultural Mau. In a subsequent survey ofanotherparcel in the Kalaoa 4 Ahupuaa (TMK:3-7-3-10:33),Soehren(1985)reccrdedseveralhistcric roads and a coastal -inland foot trail. Cordy (1987) conducted a field check of a parcel in the proposed Kona Coast Subdivision in the Kalaoa 3 Ahupuaa (TMK: 3-7-3-28:5). He recorded one large platform/terrace, which he interpreted as either an agricultural Mau or a historic house platform. Walker andHaun (1987) identified 17 features from four sites during a reconnaissance survey conducted by PHRI on aparceloflandinthe Kalaoa4Ahupuaa(TMK 3-7-3-05:87). These features includedtvvo agricultural complexes thatwere identifiedby Walkerand Haut as partofanorthern extension of the Kona Field System. A habitation/burial cave and a historic-periodboeudarywaUwere alsorecorded Subsequent detailed recording was conducted at the sites and eight test units were excavated at three of the sites (Walker and Haun 1988). Limited midden remains and one bone fishhook were recovered from the test units and four radiocarbon dates ranging from AD 1280 to 1955 were obtained from recovered charcoal. In 1987 PHRI conducted a reconnaissance survey of a parcel (TMIL3-7-3-05:86) in the proposed Kona Palisades Subdivision in the Kalaoa Ahupuaa (Teles and Rosendahl 1987). Fourteen features at six sites were identified. A full inventory survey was later conducted in this parcel (Walker andRoseudah11990a) and I gadditionalfeatmeswere recorded Fifteen pits, five platforms, four walls, two caves, three mounds, two terraces, and one C -shape were recorded. The} were assigned an agricultural, habitation, or boundar) function. One cave and one mound were tested, and midder andindigerausandhistoricarufactswererecovered. Charcoa recovered from an excavation in one cave and from the surface of another cave yielded radiocarbon age range: from AD 1552 to 1956. In 1989 PHRI conducted an inventory survey ofa parce (TMIC:3-7-3-10:Poc27) in the Kalaoa 5th Development Parcel Forty-tbree sites containing 83 component features wert identified within or immediately adjacent to the project area Walker and Rosendahl (1989) identified walls, enclosures overhangs, retaining walls, pits, terraces, lava tubes, C shapes, alignments, mounds, platforms, trails, paved areas caims, pahoehoe excavationsand modified features.Limite( subsurface testing and surface collection of artifacts ant radiocarbon dating samples was conducted, however, tht dating results were not included in the report. Indigenouu: portable artifacts collected from the project area include( abraders(coralandechinoidspine),Cypraeasp.shellsoapers a lithified sandstone pounder fragment, and an octopus lure no volcanic glass artifacts were recovered. An inventory survey of an adjacent parcel of land in thi Kalaoa 4 Ahupuaa was conducted in 1990 (Walker ant Rosendahl 1990b). T Welve features were identified at sever sites. Five terraces, two caves, two walls, one platform, on mound and one water trough were recorded They wen assignedto the f ructionalcategonesofagriculture,habitation boundary, refuge, bulldozer -push, or animal water trough The two caves were tested and midden and indigenou artifacts were recovered. Three radiocarbon dates rangin, from AD 1470 to 1955 were obtained. Data recovery was conducted m the Kona Palisade Subdivision parcel in 1991 (Thompson and Goodfello% 1992). No additionall features were recorded but detaile recording took place at four of the sites previously identifie bywalker and Rosendahl (1990a),I'Amnty-five testunits wer excavated in 14 features and in two areas near feature: 1265-063092 FINAL REPORT Midden was recovered from seven ofthe features, indigenous artifacts were recovered from seven features, and historic artifacts from six. Elevenradiocarboadates forseven features of the four sites were obtained from recovered charcoal (Thompson and Goodfellow 1992). These dates ranged from AD 1460 to 1955 for two temporary habitation cave shelters, from AD 1450 to 1950 for fourpermanenthabitaticnphttfirms, and from AD 1410 to 1520 for one agricultural terrace. The sites and features were interpreted to be a northern extension of the Kona Field System. O'Hare (m prep.) conducted inventory survey and testing in the KalaoaViiewEstates Development Project, and identified sevensitesconsistingof3l features.The31 featurescomprised the following formal types: terrace, rock mound, calm, C - shape, platform, enclosure, lava blister, and complex. The functional categories consisted of habitation, agriculture, boundary, trash pit and indeterminate. One temporary habitation feature, a C -shape, was dated to AD 1280-1430 and the other prehistoric temporary habitation, amodified lava blister, was dated to AD 1630-1890. The prehistoric permanent habitation feature, a platform, was dated to AD 1500-1680. SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH PHRI Historical Researcher Lehua Kalima, B.A., conducted limitedhistorical researchon the HELCO Keahole Parcel project area. She reported that little information could be found on this area, specifically, and therefore she included information from the ahupua anearKalaoa4,aswellasmore general information on the North Kona district. This information includes legends, early historic accounts, land use informationandsettlementpanerns. Herworkis presented inAppendixA, and is brieflystmtmarized here with additional research from other sources. Schilt (1984) wrote that in pre -contact times, an ancient chief, Utni-a-Liloa, used the numerous caves in the general vicinity of the project area as places of refuge. Cordy (1985) identifredthe Kalacaareaashome ofthe highpriest,Kaluolapa, who presided over ceremonies in Haleohiu and Kalaoa. However, Cordy does not cite his source for this statement. According to tradition, Kekaha was a region "valued by ruling chiefs, inbabitedbyattendantchiefs, andupon occasions abused by warring chiefs" (Kalakaua 1973:31). During the early 18th century there was war between Maui and Hawaii, and the Maui people were in the Kona area and"cut down the trees throughout the land of Kona' These acts of war were of no small consequence, for"to fell trees ofsuchusefulness wa: considered truly inhuman" (Springer 1985:23). During the early historical period, Menzies was in Nortl Konaanddescaibedtheareaas'batrenandrugged"(1920:99 although it is assumed that he never made it to the project are; itself. Also, Ellis noted the 1801 Huehue Flow from HuaWa and how it destroyed villages, plantations, and fish -pond (Ellis 1963:30-31). During the Great Mahele of 1848, Kalaoa 4 was set aside as Government Land (Board of Commissioners 1929). Thi land, as well as Kalaoa 1-3, the lands of King Kamehameh III, who passed it to the government. Most of the lam betweenthe 1000 ft and2400 It elevation was soon sold, an from 1852 to 1864, a series of grants was issued in th ahupua'a. The grants were typically sold as lots of about 51 acres, and most of them were agricultural parcels (Cord: 1985:6 and Soebren 1982:3). When Handy began a study of the Hawaiian planter i, 1930, there were still some taro plantations above Kalao (Handy and Handy 1972:523). Several methods of drylan. planting practiced in the Kona area are described by Hand and Handy (1972:105-109), most ofwhich involved clearin the vegetation by weeding or burning, clearing the plantin ground of stones, and mulching the ground over the plane crops with some type of vegetation (grass, ferns, sugar can tops, kukui leaves, etc.) (Ibid:108). The stones that had bee cleared from the fields were then piled into low walls c mounds. Garden areas at Kuakini (Schilt 1984:40) wer characterized by such clearing piles stacked against nater: outcrops. These piles might also have acted as agricultun features themselves, as the stones would act as mulch an retain surface moisture (Yen 1974:5). Sweet potatoes wet grown on similar mounds (Ellis 1963:23), and although swet potatoes were not reported to have grown on this Ian historically, they might have been grown here in prehiston times. Coffee was first cultivated in the Kona area in the 1840 Afterthe GreatMahele, foreiguerswereallowedto own land an coffee plantations woriced by Chinese and Hawaiian laborer were established in the areas above Kona, at elevations abot 800 ft. Kelly (197 1) reported that coffee was grown on thre acres in the Kalaoas in 1880. Coffee grew best on the ferd leeward slopes of HualaW and Mauna Loa, at elevations r 800-1700 ft, the same area in whichupland taro thrived (Go' 1979:5). Coffee gradually replaced taro in these areas. Coffee growers in the Konaarea experienced booms ar busts over the years. In the 1850s the coffee crop suffers 1265-063092 FINAL REPORT through drought and blight. In 1880, the crop rebounded and an "abundance of fruit" was found "on the hills behind [Kailua] town" (Bowser 1880:549). Most of the coffee in this period was grown on large plantations. In 1889, the world coffee market collapsed. This resulted in a shift from large plantations owned by Caucasians to smaller plots that were frequently owned and operated by Japanese immigrants, individuals or families, who had completed their three years of service on the sugar cane plantations (I ind nd.:19). In 1918, a frost killed the coffee crop in Brazil and prices for Kona coffee soared. SETTLEMENT PATTERN A general chronology for the North Kona area, north of the Honokohau/Kaloko area has been presented in Donham (1987:142-145). Donhams chronology, which includes data collected by Cordy (1981,1985,1986), Hommon (1976), and Kirch (1980, 1985) is generally summarized here. Initial occupation of the northern end of North Kona occurred at Anaehoomalu in c. AD 900 (Barretts 1971). By AD 900 population growth in agriculturally favorable windward environments reache d the point tbat exploitation o f areas less favorable to agriculture (such as the northern portion of Kona) became necessary (Kirch 1985). Initial occupation of sites for areas environmentally similar to the present project area dates to c. AD 1030, which generally conforms to the above time scale. Kirch (1985) states that the overall population in West Hawaii appears to have been low, and remained fairlystable, until c. AD 1200 (1985:288), when asignificant increase probably occurred. Due to the generally arid, rocky environment, and the lack of fresh water in the North Kona District, the increase was probably restricted to certain areas in the northern end of the district, such as Anaehoomalu and probably Kibolo, Kaupulehu, and Kukio. Cordy's work suggests that as the population increased in certain parts of North Kona, substantial uninhabited buffer zones remained between established residential areas (Cordy 1981:173). Initial settlement of these uninhabited buffer zones, and probablyalongthe entire coast aswell, began c. AD 1400 at Kohana Ild and Ooma II (Cordy 1981:168). During this periodthe population beganto expand; it is suggested that it nearly doubled each century between AD 1200 and 1600; the expansion was followed by an eventual equilibrium and finally a decline (Kirch 1985:288). Based on cartographic evidence, Cordy suggests that a shift from coastal to upland habitation took place during the nineteenth century in the North Kona area (Cordy 1985:35). Cordy's cartograpbic evidence indicated that during the Grea Mahele (c. AD I M8), significant concentrations of Kuleam Awards were granted in upland areas, in contrast to coasts areas, of North Kona (Cordy 1986:36). Claimants to thes KuleamIaodswere requiredtopmvide evidence ofresidena onthe landorland userights. Based onthe presence ofuplam habitation and agricultural sites in Kealakehe that date to c AD 1511-1638 (Walker and Rosendah11988). it seems likel. thatmitmluphutdoccupationofKaupulehumayhave occture( by AD 1550-1650. Agricultural sites, although not dated, an also documented for upland Kalaea 4 (Walker and Ham 1987). Upland expansion at Coma II has been suggested it have begun c. AD 1650-1700 (Donham 1987:144) In his study of prehistoric sites in the Coma and Kalao: Ahupuaa, Cordy (1985:38) proposed that populations wen small until AD 1500-1600 and that intensive agriculture wa not being developed in the area until AD 1500. Cord: reviewed dates from 24 sites, and listed the earliest dat recovered from each ahupua a. The earliest dates for Kalao; 5 at that time were AD 1400 (for a temporary habitatioi feature) and AD 1510 (for a permanent habitation feature) The earliest possible date for Kalaoa 4 was AD 1610, for temporary habitation feature, and AD 1680, for a permanen habitation feature. All of these dates were obtained fron coastal sites. One radiocarbon date of AD 1645-1950 wa recorded from ahearth in ababitation feature at Keak kehe b Hammatt (Hammatt eta]. 1987). Dates recorded forhabitatio sites in the Kahaluu area (Shun and Walker 1984) indicate, that the Kona Field System in this area was established b; 1420-1660. EMPUCATIONS FOR THE CURRENT PROJECT Expectations for the current project were formulate, based on previous archaeological research and histori documentation. A variety of site types have been identified i the Barren Zone defined by Cordy (1985). Within the vicinit of the current project, these site types include shelter cave and modified lava -tube sinks, low stone platforms, low walled shelters, large ahu, enclosures, petroglyphs, cairn: C -shapes, platforms, terraces, trails, and "hunting blinds. Thus, the inventory survey was expected to locate prehistori habitation and agricultural features as well as histon modifications to the landscape. It was also considered likel that the lava tube system identified by Hammatt and Fol (1980) would extend into the project area. More recer developments within the project area, i.e., an electric generation facility, have altered at least three acres of th current prof ect area and levelled most of the surrounding are: 1265-063092 FINAL REPORT FIELD METHODS AND PROCEDURES Thepresentpmjectwasauimentorysurveyandconsisted of pedestrian sweeps of the project area to locate all sites of archaeological significance. The sweeps were conducted by four persons in north -south and east -west transects, no more than 20 m (66 ft) apart. There was very little vegetation in the project area, and visibility was excellent. Survey transects were flagged to insure complete coverage, using red/white striped surveyor's flagging tape. The approximate locations of newly identified sites were plotted on a field copy ofa scaled plan map of the project area, provided by the client. All sites were described on standard PHRI site survey record forms and were photographed using 35 rum black -and - white film (PHRI Roll Number 4206). Detailed recording o sites included written descriptions, measurements, and plat maps. Each site, or the primary feature within each siu complex, was marked with pink -and -blue flagging tape, ant with analummurn tag bearing the site number, date, the letter "PM U;'andPHRIprojectnumber(92-1265).Asanaidtosiu reidentification, another piece of pink -and -blue flagginj tape, inscribed with the site number, was wrapped around; rock and placed on the sites. All new sites were assigned PHRI temporary fieb numbers prefixed with 1265- (beginning with 1265-1). Al sites were subsequently assigned permanent State Inventor of Historic Places' (SII -IP) site numbers (Table 2). Table 2. CORRELATION OF SITE NUMBERS SIHP Number PMU Number 18076 1265-1 18077 1265-2 18078 1265-3 18079 1265-4 'State Inventory of Historic Places (31HP) numbers. SIHP numbers are five -digit numbersprefiredby 50-10-27(50=State of Hawaii; 10=Island of Hawaii; 27=USGS7.5'seriesquadmap ("KeaholePoint., Hawaii"]). 1265-063092 9 DISCUSSION Foursites,withseven component features,were identified in the project area Also, a modemhouse, which is occupied, is situated outside the project area on its western border. The locations of the sites are shown in Figure 2. The features and sites are described below. Sites consisting of more than one feature were considered complexes. All sites and features were pahoehoe excavations that probably functioned as quarries. A summary of identified sites and features is presented in Table 3. The project area contained an abundance ofrecent trash, consisting ofbroken dishes, plastics, toys, metal, automobile tires, styrofoam, beer bottles, and other items, which may be associated with the house. A concentration of gourds and macadamia nut shells was found 13.0 m east of the house, within the project area. Some ofthe paboehoe blisters near the house were filled with trash. At the north end of project area, 14.40 m north ofthe electrical facility and20.0 meant ofthe dirt road, was aconcentration ofeight opihi shells on top of recent bulldozer push. SITE DESCRIPTIONS SPIE NO.: State: 18076 PEW. 1265-1 SITE TYPE: Pahoehoe Excavation TOPOGRAPHY* Very gently sloping paboehoe flows; ex- posed outcrops am common in the area. VEGETATION: Fountain grass, noni, koa-haole, 'ditto, plumeria, palm, unknown shrub. CONDITION: Good INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLEAGE: Prehistoric FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 3.68 m by 253 in by 0.45 in DESCRIPTION: Pahoehoe blocks have been broken out of a paboehoe outcrop to form a small, shallow, amor- phous blister. The excavated blocks (c. 0.10 to 0.40 in diameter each) are lying along the east side of the excavation. SITE NO: State: 18077 PHRI:1265-2 SITE TYPE: Complex (2 Features) 18077 Complex (2) Quarry M L L - - - A Paboehoe Excavation B Pahoehoe Excavation 18078 Paboeboe Excavation Quarry M L L - - - 18079 Complex (3) Quarry M L L - - - A Paboeboe Excavation B Pahoeboe Excavation C Pahoehoe Excavation Cultural Resource Management Value Mode Assessment Nature: R =scientific research, I = interpretive, C= cultural Degree: A = high, M — moderate, L = low Fiehl Work Tasks: DR =detailed recording (scaled drawings, photographs, and wriaen descriptions), SC— surface collections EX = limited excavations. Table 3. SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED SITES AND FEATURES Formal Tentative CRM Value Field Work Site/Feature Site/Feature Functional Mode Assess. Tasks Number Type Interpretation R I C DR SC EX 18076 Pahoehoe Excavation Quarry M L L - - - 18077 Complex (2) Quarry M L L - - - A Paboehoe Excavation B Pahoehoe Excavation 18078 Paboeboe Excavation Quarry M L L - - - 18079 Complex (3) Quarry M L L - - - A Paboeboe Excavation B Pahoeboe Excavation C Pahoehoe Excavation Cultural Resource Management Value Mode Assessment Nature: R =scientific research, I = interpretive, C= cultural Degree: A = high, M — moderate, L = low Fiehl Work Tasks: DR =detailed recording (scaled drawings, photographs, and wriaen descriptions), SC— surface collections EX = limited excavations. 1265463092 FINAL REPORT 10 i Access Road —W, Access 1 & Utility Easement .—y 0 11111111' • +8076 Existing Generating Plant Area 2.7 ac.� � _ • fence +sol +8078 t • +ao7• IProperty Line i Keahole Substation I' I a 1= FEET :4 SITE LOCATION MAP Figure 2. Site Locations 1165-063091 FINAL REPORT 11 TOPOGRAPHY. Very gently sloping pahoehoe flows. Ex- posed outcrops are common in the area VEGETATION: Fountain grass, noni, koa-haole, 'ilima, plumeria, coconut palm, unidentified shrub. CONDITION: Fair INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 3.50 in by 3.5 in by 0.45 in (approx.) DESCRIPTION: The site complex consists oftwo paboehoe excavations. FEATURE A: Pahoehoe Excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.50 in by 1.60 in by 0.19 - 0.45 m DESCRIPTION: Pahoehoe blocks have been broken out of pahoehoe outcrop to form a small, shallow, oval blister. The excavated blocks (c. 0.20 to 0.45 in diameter each) are lying around the excavation. Feature A is connected to Feature B by a strip of pahoehoe. FEATURE B: Pahoehoe Excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.70 in by 1.70 in by 0.21 - 0.44 m DESCRIPTION: Pahoehoe blocks have been broken out of pahoehoe outcrop to form a small, shallow, circular blister. The excavated blocks (c. 0.15 to 0.35 m diameter each) are lying around the excavation. SITE NO: State: 18078 PARI: 1265-3 SITE TYPE: Pahoehoe Excavation TOPOGRAPHY: Very gently sloping pahoehoe flows. Ex- posed outcrops are common in the area VEGETATION: Fountain grass, noni, koa-haole, 'ilima, plumeria, palm, and an unknown shrub. CONDITION: Poor to fair INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Quarry DZIENSIONS: 7.0 in by 2.0 m DESCRIPTION: Pahoehoe blocks have been broken out of a pahoehoe outcrop to form a long, narrow, shallow blister. The excavated blocks (c. 0.6 to 0.4 in diameter each) are lying around the excavation. SITE NO: State: 18079 PHRI: 1265-4 SITE TYPE: Complex (3 Features) TOPOGRAPHY. Very gently sloping pahoehoe flows. Ex- posed outcrops are common in the area. VEGETATION: Fountain grass, noni, koa-haole, 'ilima, plumeria, coconut palm, and an unknown shrub CONDITION: Fair INTEGRITY: Unaltered PROBABLE AGE: Prehistoric FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 6.2 in by 10.0 in by 0.4 in (approx.) DESCRIPTION: The site complex consists ofthree pahoehoe excavations. FEATURE A: Pahoehoe Excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 3.10 in by 1.70 in by 0.45 m DESCRIPTION: Pahoehoe blocks have been broken out of a paboehoe outcrop to formanoval, shallowblister. Some ofthe excavatedblocks (c. 0.10 to 0.40 m diametereach) are piled two -courses high along the west andnorth edge ofthe excavation, while other blocks are lying around the excavation. FEATURE B: Pahoehoe Excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 1.4 m by 1.0 in by 0.4 m DESCRIPTION: Pahoehoe blocks have been broken out of a pahoehoe outcrop to form a circular, shallow blister The excavated blocks (c. 0. I to 0.3 m diameter each) are lying around the excavation. FEATURE C: Pahoehoe Excavation FUNCTION: Quarry DIMENSIONS: 2.5 in by 2.0 in by 0.3 in DESCRIPTION: Pahoehoe blocks have been broken out o: a pahoehoe outcrop to form an oval, shallow blister. Tht excavated blocks (c. 0.15 to 0.60 in diameter each) art lying in and around the excavation. 1265-063092 12 Four sites, with seven component features, were identified in the project area. Feature types at the sites were limited to pahoehoe excavations, which were interpreted as quarry areas. These site types have not been previously documented in Kalaoa, although they are ubiquitous elsewhere in Kona, e.g., Kealekehe (O'hare, in prep.). How these quarry areas may have functioned is discussed here in the context of the larger settlement pattern. Rosendahl (1973) has discussed the implications of barren -zone archaeologicalremams forunderstandingpatterns ofaboriginal Hawaiian settlement, particularly mthe desolate sectionofNorthKona extending from Kailuato Anaehoomalu. While discussion has concentrated on the nature of barren - zone residential occupation, the relationships between the coastal and upland occupation components are less well defined. According to Rosendahl, the areaofaboriginal Hawaiian occupation can be divided into three principal zones: (a) a very narrow and and coastal zone associated with the exploitation of marine resources, (b) a sloping, barren intermediate zone of recent volcanics, almost devoid of soil or vegetation, and (c) an upland habitation zone associated with agricultural exploitation. The forest zone further mauka was exploited, but rarely inhabited. The principal forms of occupation within the barren zone included (a) temporary shelter occupation by people traveling between the coast and uplands, and perhaps along the coast, and (b) temporary and extended residential occupation oflarger, natural cave features by people engaged in various coastal zone marine exploitation activities. Other possible minor forms ofoccupation included special purpose temporary occupation, refuge functions, and use of caves as burial features. No direct evidence for other exploitative activities, such as scoria quarries and abrader manufacturing areas (such as those found in South Kohala), was apparent within the North Kona barren zone, according to Rosendahl (1973:66). All evidence encountered was related to activities within the adjacent coastal or upland zones. Rosendahl also suggests (ibid:66) that while there is no direct archaeological evidence, it is possible that the nene, or Hawaiian goose (Bmnta sandwichensis) was hunted in the barren zone. Baldwin's study of the distribution and historic reduction of the nene indicates the endemic bird to have been at one time abundant in North Kona, especially in the area l.e,...aa.. II....1..1..: ....A \A....... r .... ....A ,L..r H --,.A ,n ,I . barren lowlands and coastal lava fields of Kekaha during the winter months (Baldwin 1945:28-31). Much ofthe ethnohistoric and ethnographic information for North Kona refers to the area between Kailua and Honaunau; the area between Kailua and Anaehoomalu is similar, although here the coastal portion was more barren and had several fishponds, the upland portion was probably less densely populated, and is separated from the coast by a more extensive barren zone with more recent volcanic remains. During the historic period, most travel between Kawaihae and Kailua was by water, and this was apparently the case during the prehistoric period, as well (Rosendahl 1973). The ethnohistoric and ethnographic sources offer almost no information on the relationship of the coastal and upland occupation components, but it can be assumed that a principal aspect ofsuchrelationships wouldhave involved the exchange of marine resources for agricultural resources. This was the usual pattern of aboriginal Hawaiian social and economic interaction and integration (see Rosendahl 1972:7:462-469). This model has been called the 'ili-'ohana model. A segment of the larger ahupua`a, the 71i was a land section extending mauka from the coastal waters and strand area through the agricultural lands and into the forest. The 'ohana was the extended family group which occupied the 'f1i in dispersed, permanent residential units. This socio-economic model emphasized patterns of reciprocal exchange, of both subsistence products and other goods and services, between the 'ohana members who lived on the coast and those who lived in the uplands. This validity of this model, however, is a matter of debate (Sabi in 1973, Hommon 1976). Thus, the barren zone may have been used primarily for travel between coastal and upland areas. Temporary shelter: and the mauka-makai foot hails evidence the movement of people, and presumablygoods, betweenthe coastanduplands. The findings in the current project do not support this hypothesis because no trail or temporary habitations were located. This, however, was due to the small size of the project area and to the recent modifications to it. Evidence from the current project (i.e. the pahoehot excavations), indicates that the barren zone may also have been the site ofquarries that supplied materials such as scoria (which was utilized in the manufacture of abrading tools) and/or extracting basalt and volcanic glass products that wen utilized as cutting implements. The excavations may have been used to create depressions forplantingorwater catchment Further, the stones removed from the excavation may have l.oe., ..co.1 oe h,.ilAino m�en'i�le TI,n� ..., 6,.ob..o uvrovofinm 1265-063092 FINAL REPORT 13 may have served a variety of purposes. The pahoehoe excavations in the current project, however, appear to have been prospect pits rather than productive quarries. Perhaps, as Rosendahl suggests (1973:65), the type of lava in this area did not yield scoria or other usable raw materials. This could also account for the lack ofpahoehoe excavations in the general vicinity. It seems likely that the paboeboe excavations are related to periods of prehistoric occupation, rather than the historic period, based on the presence of habitation and refuge caves in the area just south of the current project. These cave sites provide a temporal range of AD 1480 to 1700 (Hammatt and Folk 1980). It is also possible that during times of conflict, particularly during the late prehistoric, the exchange of materials such as volcanic glass and scoria was restricted, forcing people to seek alternative sources closer to home. Evidence to support this hypothesis has been presented elsewhere (Graves and Goodfellow 1992:74). GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED GENERAL TREATMENTS General significance assessments and recommended general treatments for all identified sites are summarized in Table 4. Significance categories used in the site evaluation process are based on the National Register criteria for evaluation,as outlinedinthe Code ofFederal Regulations (36 CFRPsrt 60) The Hawaii State Mstoric Preservation Division uses these criteria for evaluating cultural resources. Sites determined to be potentially significant for information content (Category A, Table 1) fall under Criterion D, which defines significant resources as ones which "have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history." Sites potentially significant as representative examples of site types (Category B) are evaluated under Criterion C, which defines significant resources as those "...which embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction... or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose component; may lack individual distinction.' Sites with potential cultural significance (Category C; are evaluated under guidelines prepared by the Advisor) CoimcilonHistoricPreservation(ACNP),entitledGu ideline: for Consideration of Traditional Cultural Values in Historic Preservation Review (Draft Report, August 1985). The guidelines define cultural value as "...the contributior made by an historic property to an ongoing society of cultural system. A traditional cultural value is a cultura value that has historical depth." The guidelines f n-thei specify that "[a] property need not have been in consisten use since antiquity by a cultural system in order to have traditional cultural value." Table 4. SUMMARY OF GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENTS AND RECOMMENDED GENERAL TREATMENTS Si" Significance Category Recommended Treatment Site Number A X B C FDC NFW PID PAI 18076 - + - - - + 18077 - + - - - + 18078 - + - - - + 18079 - + - - - + General Signifu =e Categories: A=Important for information content, further data collection necessary (CRMvalue mode assessment = scientific research value X=Importantjor information content. no jialher data collection necessary (CRMvalw mode assessment = scientific research value) B=Excellentexample ofsite type at local, regional, island state, ornational level (Uldvalue mode assessment = interpretivevalue C=Culturally significant (CRM value made assessment = cultural value) Recommended General Treatments: FDC=Further data collection necessary (%archer survey and testing, and possibly subsequent data recoveryhnitigation excavations) NFW=No Jwrher work of any hind necessary, sufficient data collected archaeological clearance recommended no preservatio potential (possible inclusion into landscaping suggested for consideration) PID=Preservation with some level of interpretive development recommended rinrluding appropriate related data recovery work) and PAI=Preservation "as is," with w further work (and passible inclusion into landscaping), or minimal further data collection mcessar 1265-063092 FINAL REPORT 14 Horsed on the findings of the archaeological survey and test excavation field work, the archaeological remains found within the HELLO Keahole parcel project area are assessed as significant sclelyforudcrinatiencontent. These foursites have been measured, mapped, described, photographed, and plotted on a topographic map. No further want is recon - mended for these sites, as the information recovered is considered sufficient. To assist the client in making decision regarding the treatment of uses, the general significance of the ar- chaeological sites identified during the current survey was also evaluated in terms of potential research value, mwrpre- tive value, and/or cultural value (PRAT Cultural Resource Management (CRM] value modes). Research value refers to the potential of archaeological resources for producing infor- mation useful in the understanding of cultural history, past lifeways, and cultural processes at the local, regional, and interregional levels of organization. Interpretive value refers to the potential of archaeological resources fcrpublic educa- tion and recreation. Cultural vahm refers to the potential of archaeological resources to preserve and promote cultural and ethnic identity and values. All sites identified during the current project were assessed as of low significance for research value, interpretive vahn and cultural value. CRM assessments for individual sites are presented in Table 3. The assessments and recommendations presented here are based on the findings of an invento ysurveyof the project area, and they are subject to the limits of such surreys. There is always the possibility, however remote, that potentially significant, unidentified surface and subsurface cultural re- mains will be encountered in the corse of further archaeo- logical investigation or subsequent development activities. In such situations, archaeological consultation should be sought immediately. 1165-063092 IS ACNP (Advisory Council on Historic Preservation) 1985 Guidelines for Consideration of Traditional Cultural Values in Historic Preservation Review. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Washington, D.C. (Draft Report, August) Armstrong, RW. (ed.) 1983 Atlas of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. (Second edition) Baldwin, P.H. 1945 The Hawaiian Goose, its Distribution and Reduction in Numbers. The Condor 47 (d):27-37. Barrera, W.M. Jr. 1971 Anaehoomalm A Hawaiian Oasis. Preliminary Report of Salvage Research in South Kohala, Hawaii. Pacific Anthropological Records No. 15. Dept. Anthro., B.P. Bishop Museum. Board of Commissioners 1929 Indices of Awards made by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles in the Hawaiian Islands. Star - Bulletin Publishing, Honolulu. Bowser, G. (compiler) 1880 The Hawaiian Kingdom Statistical and Commercial Directory and Tourist Guide. Honolulu: Bowser and Co. Cordy, R.H. 1981 AStudy ofPrehistoricSocialChange: TheDevelopmentofCompicrSocienesintheHa%uiianlslands.NewYork: Academic Press. (Virtually identical to author's 1978 Ph.D. Dissertation (Anthropology, University of Hawaii], with addition of an epilogue.) 1985 Hawaiian Island Archaeology: Ooma&KalwaAhupua'a,Kekaha, North Kona. WorkingPaperl,Historic Site., Section, Division of State Parks, Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii. 1986 Ooma 11 Resort Historic Preservation Assessment Scope of Work, Historic Sites Section, Div. of State Parks Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii. Prepared for Helber, Hastert, Vac Horn & Kimura. 1987 Archaeological Fieldcheck: TMK:7-3-28:5, Uplands, Kalaoa 3, North Kona, Hawaii Island. Historic Site: Section, Division of State Parks, Dept. Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii. Davis, B.D. 1977 Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Agricultural Park at Ke -chole, North Kona, Hawaii Island. Report 14 122. Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc. Prepared for Hawaii State Dept. of Agriculture. 1265-063092 FINAL REPORT Delimont, K., A.E. Hann, and P.H. Rosendahl 16 1985 Intensive Survey and Test Excavations, Kahakai Development Project Area, Lands of Puapua'a 1st and 2nd, North Kona, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 157-070185 (Draft). Prepared for K.G. (Hawaii) Construction. (With J. Landrum III) Donham, T.K. 1987 Archaeological SurveyandTesting,OomaHResort ProjectArea.LandofOomafl,NorthKona,IslandofHawaii (TMK:3-7-3-09:4). PHRI Report 254081286. Prepared for Helber, Hastert, Van Horn & Kimura Ellis, W. 1963 Journal of William Ellis. Narrative of Tour ofHawaii, or Owhyee... Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing Co. Goto, B. 1979 Ethnic Groups and the Coffee Industry in Hawaii. Presented tothe Social Science Association, Honolulu, Hawaii, January 8 1979. Typescript in Bishop Museum Library. Graves, D.K., and S.T. Goodfellow 1992 The Gardens ofKona Revisited: Pualam Residential Cornmumty Phase II -Archaeological Data Recovery, Lands of Puapuaa 1st and 2nd North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 962-031592. Prepared for the Pualani Development Company, Inc. Hammatt, H.H., and W.M. Folk 1980 Archaeological Excavations within the Proposed Keahole Agricultural Park, Kalaoa-O'oma, Kona, Hawaii Island. Archaeological ResearchCemerHawaii, Inc. 14-122II. Iawai. PreparedforHawaii StateDept.Agriculture. 1987 Archaeological Survey andTest Excavations of a 15 -Acre Parcel, Kealakehe, Kona, Hawaii (TMK: 7-4-17:30). Cultural Surveys Hawaii. Prepared for Mauna Lani Resort, Inc. Handy, E.S.C., and E.G. Handy 1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: TheirLife, Lore and Environment. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 223. B.P. Bishop Museum Press. (with M.K. Pukui) Hommon, RJ. 1976 The Formation of Primitive States in Pre -Contact Hawaii. Ph.D. Dissertation (Anthropology), University of Arizona, Tucson. University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. Kalakaua, D. 1973 The Legends and Myths ojHawtid. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. Kelly, M. 1971 Kekaha: Aina Malo'o. A Survey of the Background and History of Kaloko and Kukio, North Kona, Hawaii Departmental Report Series 71-2. Dept. Arthro., B.P. Bishop Museum. 1265-063092 FXAL REPORT 17 Kirch, PX 1980 Polynesian Prehistory: Cultural Adaptation in Island Ecosystems. American Scientist 68:39-48. 1985 Feathered Gods and Fishhooks:AnlnttoductiontoHawaiianAmhaeologyandPrehistory.Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press. Lind, A.W. n.d. Kona: A Community of Hawaii. A Report for the Board of Education, State of Hawaii. (1969?) Menzies, A. 1920 Hawaii Nei, 128 years Ago. Honolulu The New Freedom Press. (Edited by William F. Wilson.) Newman, T.S. 1970 Hawaiian Fishing and Farming on the Island of Hawaii in A.D. 1778. Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, Div. of State Parks. O'Hare, C.R, and P.H. Rosendahl 1991 Archaeological Inventory Survey of the Kalaoa View Estates Development Project, Land of Hamanamana, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Draft 1164120291. Prepared for Abe Lee Development, Inc. Rosendahl, P.H. 1972 Aboriginal Agriculture and Residence Patterns in Upland Lapakahi, Island of Hawaii. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Hawaii -Manna. 1973 Archaeological Salvage of the Ke -chole to Anaehoomalu Section of the Kailua-Kauaihae Road (Queen Kaahumanu Highway), IslandofHawaii. Departmental Report Series 73-3. Dept.Anthro., B.P. Bishop Museum. Sablins, M.D. 1973 Historical Anthropology of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Research Proposal submitted to the National Science Foundation by the B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Sato, H.H., et al. 1973 Soil Survey of Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. U.S. Dept. Agriculture -Soil Conservation Service and University of Hawaii Agriculture Experiment Station. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Schilt, R. 1984 Subsistence and Conflict in Kona, Hawaii: An Archaeological Study of the Kualani Highway Realignmen, Corridor. Dept. of Anthropology, B3. Bishop Musetmt DAR 841. Shun, K., and A.T. Walker 1984 Intensive Archaeological Survey, Proposed Keauhou Well "A" Access Road, Kahaluu, North Kona, Island o Hawaii. PHRI Report 117-062484. Prepared for Hawaii County Department of Water Supply. 1165-063092 FINAL REPORT 18 Soehren, LJ. 1982 UtterReptMofanAtchaeologicaland Historical Reconnaissance SurveyofTMK:7-3-05:13,Kalaca 4, North Kona, Hawaii. Historic Sites Section (H-282), Division of State Parks, Dept Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii. 1985 Letter Report ofanAtchaeologicalandHistoricalReconnaissanceSureyoffMK:7-3-10:33,Kalaos4, North Kona, Hawaii. On File in Historic Sites Section, Division of State Parks, Dept Land and Natural Resources, State ofHawaii Springer, H.K. 1985 Appendix B: Regional Notes from KekahaKukib.INWalkerandRosendahl.FullArchaeologicalReconnaissance Survey,Kukio Resort Development Project Area, Land ofKuldo 1 st, North Kona, Island ofHawaii. PH U Report 167-090385. Prepared for Phillips, Brandt, Reddick & Associates and Huehue Ranch. Steams, H.T., and G.A. MacDonald 1946 Geology and Ground -Water Resources of the Island of Hawaii. Hawaii Division of Hydrology Bulletin 9. Territory of Hawaii, Honolulu. Telea, L.J., and M.L.K. Roseodahl 1987 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Kona Palisades Subdivision Parcel, Land of Kalaoa 4th, North Kona, Island ofHawsii. PMUReport379-101387. PreperedforDr. EmestSakamoto,and SidneyFuke,PbmnmgConsuham. Thompson, L.W., and S.T. Goodfellow 1992 Archaeological Mitigation Program, Kona Palisades Development Parcel, Phase 11 -Archaeological Data Recovery, Land of Kalaoa 4, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. PH U Report 1094-031792. Prepared for Sidney Fuke, Planning Consultant. Walker, A.T., and A.E. Haun 1987 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Kona Palisades Subdivision Parcel, Land of Kalaoa 4dt, North Kona Island of Hawaii (T IAK:3-7-3-05:87). PHRI Report 346-082587. Prepared for Gallup & Van Pernis. 1988 Limited Archaeological Data Recovery, Kona Palisades Subdivision Parcel, Land of Kalaoa 4th, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 452-090888. Prepared for Gallup & Van Pernis. Walker, A.T., and P.H. Rosendahl 1988 Archaeological Survey andTest Excavations, Kaupulchu Makai Resort Project Area, Land ofKaupulehu, Nord Kona, Island of Hawaii. PMU Report 213-032686. Prepared for Kaupulehu Developments. 1989 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Pu`uhonuaSubdivision DevelopmentParcel, LandofKalaoa 5th, NorthYm District, Island of Hawaii (TMIC3-7-3-10:Por.27). PHRI Report 490-053089. Prepared for Haseko (Hawattt), Inc 1990a Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kona Palisades Development Parcel, Land of Kalaoa 4th, North Kon; District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-7-3-05:86). PHRI Report 806-060590(2). Prepared for Ken World, Inc 1990b Archaeological Inventory Survey,KonaPalisadesDevelopmentParcel,LandofKahwa4th,NorthKonaDistict Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-7-3-05:12). PHRI Report 606.061190(b). Prepared for Mr. Lloyd Iwasaki and Kei World, Inc. Yea, D.E. 1974 The Sweet Potato and Oceania. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 236. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1265-063092 A-1 HISTORICAL DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH by Lehua Kalima, B.A. Historical informationonKalaoaAhupua'a, my bich the project area is situated, is extremely limited. For this reason, information concerning ahupua'a near Kalaoa 4 as well as more general information on the North Kona district are included within this report. The information presented here includes legends, early historic accounts, land use informa- tion, and settlement patterns. KahtoaAhupua`ais saidto benamed forKalaoaPu'umoi, sisterofKapaLwa, the motherofthe riddling expertKalapana. The name Kalaoa literally translates as "the choker (as a stick for catching eels)" (Pukui et al. 1974:75). The entire portion of North Kona which lies between Honokohau (sometimes referred to as Honokahau) and Kapalaoa was once known as Kekaha (Soehren 1963:1). These ahupua'a in Kekaha were often treated as a unit. Kekaha (where food does not grow) (ibid.) was a waterless land frequently ravaged by Pele. Hawaiians who lived there gave such epithets as "Kekaha wekaweka" (black Kekaha) and "Kekaha wai `ole" (waterless Kekaha) to these barren lava fields (ibid.). Hannah Springer, an authority on this area, writes that Kekaha (translated as barren, desolate) was the name given to that section ofNorth Kona from Honokohau, north ofKailua, to Napu'u (the Hills), meaning Pu'uwaa'awa'a and Pu`uanahulu. That section continued along the coast to Anaeho'cmalu,thebotmdaryotSouthKohala(Spnnger 1985:2). Eliza Maguire, a resident of Hu'ehu'e at the tum of the century and a translator of Hawaiian legends, comments on the terrain of this area: One readily sees the great lava stretches of country, as one travels along the road. It is no wonder that the simple frsherfolks living along the sea -coast per- sonified the volcano as a dreadfid being with super- natural powers whose wrath bore down on them so much destruction, laying waste their gardens, and filling their fish -ponds with rocks, leaving them on a narrow strip of beach, the ocean on one side, and the lava fields on the other (Maguire 1966:5). Pre -Contact History Two legends relevant to the project area were found. One legend about the North Kona district concerns the god Lono, who was associated with life-giving resources such as rainfall: "...the story of the origin of the Makabiki rain and harvest festival...was to bring Lono from Kahild, whither he returns, (Handy and Handy 1972:522-523). Another legend, includes in Maguire's Kana Legends (1966), concerns a shoreline poo: makai of the project area. 'The legend describes how a kupuc (wizard) named Wawaloli entranced Malumaludd, a beauti fid girl from the uplands, who came to the shore to gatherlimt and shellfish. He taught her a chant, and every day when slit came to the shore, Malumaluild would call out this chant an( bring him forth from his bole in the pool. Wawaloh wool( emerge from the pool andmetamorphose from aloft (sea slug. into a man. The two would then devote the entire day it lovemaking, and Malumaluiki would neglect to gather food Her parents wondered why she returned home tired and will no catch to show for her time at the beach. One day her fathe followed her and witnessed the transformation of Wawalol and the couple's activities. The next day, carrying his trappinl net, he arrived at the pool before Malumaluiki, and he taller outthe chant tobring forth Wawaloli. As the loli emerged fron the bole in the pool, the father ensnared it and took it to th kahuna Papaapoo at Hoohila Papaapoo advised the father to heat an imu and bake the loll. "When the loli is dead, you daughter will live on, and so will all the daughters of th families around here." This was done and Wawaloli perishe( but the pool and the hole that he once dwelled in remain. Information relevant to the present project area wa found in a number of archaeological reports. A passag concerning the ancient chief Umi-a-Liloa, found in Schiff (1984), refers to the numerous caves in the general vicinity c the project area and indicates that many of them were used a places of refuge: In Kona,'Umi was said to have established craft and professional separations .... This division of labor probably came at atime ofrapid population increase and was aimed at increasing production and work efficiency. However,'Umi's descendants apparently struggled without definitive success to maintain political control over the island. In fact, traditions dating probably from the 1500s to the mid -1700s tell of the stresses and battles between opposing district chiefs of Hawaii island, and Maui and the chiefs of IeewardHawaii. Itwasprobably during this time that many caves in leeward Hawaii Island were exten- sively modified to become underground places of refuge (Schilt 1984:22). 1265-063092 APPENDLYA A-2 Cordy (1985) identifies the Kalaoa area as that of the Springer also notes that Robert Keakealani of high priest, Kaluolapa, who presided over ceremonies in Pu'uanahulu has described the winds of Kekaha as he Haleohiu and Kalaoa. Unfortunately, he does not cite his learned them: The 'Eka wind is the "Waimea wind", the source for this statement. prevailing wind; the Kaumoku is the wind from Kona; the wind from Maui iscalled Ho'lua(Hoolua); andthe Kuhonus One saying about the Kekaha area comments on the life- is the wind from mauka. sustaining qualities of the sea off Kekaha: OlaAkula ka Aina Kaha, Ua Pua ka Lehua i Kai. Life has come to the Kaha lands for the Lehua blooms are seen at sea. "Kaba Lands" refers to Kekaha, Kona, Hawaii. When the season for deep-sea fishing arrived the canoes of the expert fishermen were seen going and coming (Pukui 1983:271). Kekaha was, and is, famous for its offshore fishing grounds. The native historian, Samuel Kamakau, writes about the High Chief Umi-a-Moa fishing for aku off the coast of Maka'ula during the 15th century (Kamakau 1961:20). Dur- ing the later years of his life (c. 1810), Kamehameha fre- quently enjoyed fishing expeditions along the shores of Kekaha (ibid:203). John Papa I'i, a Hawaiian historian and member of Kamehameha Us court, notes the abundance of fish and trading done off the coast of Kekaha: The next day the ship arrived outside of Kaelehuluhulu, where the fleet for aku fishing had been since the early morning hours. The suste- nance of those lands was fish... Soon the fishing canoes from Kawaihai, the Kaha lands, and Ooma drew close to the ship to trade forthe pa Vai (hard poi) carried on board and shortly a great quantity of aku lay silvery -hued on the deck (Iii 1973:109). Hannah Springer writes about the climate of these Kekaha lands: Located on the leeward side of Hawai' i, Kekaha is less affected by the northeast tradewinds, which are distorted, if not blocked by the masses of Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai, than are the regions of the windward side of the island. The land -sea breezes and other regional winds play an important part in determining the climate of, and affecting activities in Kekaha (Springer 1985:45). The fishpond of Paaiea was a large pond extending from Kaelehululu in Mahaiula to Wawaloli on the southern bound- ary of Ooma, a distance of about three miles. This pond ww not far from Keabole Point, andthe fishermen going to Kailu: and firther south often took a short cutby crossing the prod u their canoes "thus saving time and the hard labor of paddling against the Eka, a strong sea breeze firm the south, and als( against the strong current from Keahole" (Maguire 1966). This fishpond was destroyed in 1801 when it was inure dated by the HualaW lava flow. Three poetic sayings referring to the 'Eka wind, men tioned by Robert Keakealani and Eliza Maguire, are found u Pukui's 'Olelo We= Ka Makant kukulu pea nui, he 'Eka. The 'Eka, the wind that sets up the big sails. When the 'Eka wind blew in Kona, Hawaii, the fishermen sailed out to the fishing grounds (Pukui 1983:159). Ke 'Eka, makani ho'olale vw a o na Kona. The 'Eka breeze of Kona that calls to the canoemen to sally forth to fish. Refers to Kona, Hawaii (ibid:182). Makam 'Eka aheahe o Makalawena. The gentle breeze of Makalawena (ibid:228). According to tradition, Kekaha was a region "valued b ruling chiefs, inhabited by attendant chiefs, and upon oca cion abusedbywarring chiefs" (Kalakaua 1973:3 1). Itwas tb object of contention during the Sate 16th century whe Kamalalawalu, ruling chief of Maui, was at war wit Lonodmmakahild,ruling chiefofHawaii(Kamakau 1961:56 1265-063092 APPENDIXA A_3 During the early 18th century, when Alapa'inui was at war with Kek,.alk, of Maui, the latter "abused the country people of KekaW', cut down "the trees throughout the land ofKona", and"atKawaihaehe cut downan the coconuttrees" (ibid.66).These actsofwarwere ofno small consequence, for "to fell trees of such usefulness was considered truly inhu- man" (Springer 1985:23). Early Historical Accounts The earliest written historical account of this part of the North Kona area is that of Archibald Menzies, who traveled with Captain George Vancouver in 1792. He wrote, "barren and rugged with volcanic dregs and fragments of black lava..m consequence of which the inhabitants were obliged to have recourse to fishing for their sustenance" (1920:99). It is assumed that Menzies never ventured beyond the coastline to the location of the project area John Papa I'i described Kalaoa as it appeared when he sailed past, '"Me gentle Eka sea breeze of the land was blowing when the ship sailedpast the lands ofthe Mahaiulas, Awalua, Haleohiu, Kalaoas, Hoona, onto Oomas, Kohanaiki, Kaloko, Honokohuas, and Kealaheke, then around the cape of Hiiakanoholae, which was two long points of land. At fust it seemed that these two were the only jutting points of land, but then more were seen, extending asfarasKapalilua' (1973:110). William Ellis, during his around -the -island journey in 1823, noted the existing condition ofthe North Konaarea, and also the extensive destruction by Hualalai s 1800-1801 flow. He wrote that the flow had "...inundated several villages, destroyed a number of plantations and extensive fish -ponds, filled up a deep bay twenty miles in length and formed the present coast... Stones walls, trees, and houses, all gave way before it; even large mass or rocks of hard ancient lava, when surrounded bythe fiery stream, soonsplitinto small fiagnents, and hl ingmtDthebumingmass appeatedtomeltagun asborne by it down the mountains side" (Ellis 1963:30.31). In 1840, Wilkes, an explorer with the American Expedi- tion, made a few observations about this area ...a considerable trade is kept up between the south and north end of this district. The inhabitants of the barren portion of the latter are principally occupied in fishing and the manufacture of salt, which articles are bartered with those who live in the more fertile regions of the south, for food and clothing (Wilkes 1845:91). Evidence of this salt manufacture is still seen along the coast in the numerous basalt and concrete salt pans. An early western description of a journey through the inland area was written by George Bowser in 1880 : From Kiholo the mad southwards is rough and laborious. Perpetual travelling over lava is very hard upon our horses, and it is impossible to travel faster than the slowest walk. On the road we met with some awful chasms of unknown depth and numberless cracks and fissures in the lava (Bowser 1880:93). Bowser also recorded the business operations in vari- ous areas of the islands. Here he relates his impressions of North Kona and mentions some of the luxuriant foliage he encountered: Presently I reached the ridge of the mountain, and had afine view ofthe surrounding country. Fronting the sea for many miles in North Kona there is arich tract of bottom land which might be turned to good account. Large areas of the mountain land might also be cultivated for coffee. It is a shame to see so many hundred square miles of country lying waste for want of enterprise on the part of its owners. I was astonished to see in this district how bananas, mangoes, oranges, pineapples, in short, all the fruits belonging to these islands grow in profusion and yield splendid crops upon the bare lava Ferns it is not so surprising to see, for they will grow in all sorts of rocky situations, but the luxuriance of their growth is wonderful. In many places you may see them growing to the height of five -and -twenty feet. The ferns, except the variety which yields the pulu, are only food to look at, for if there is an edible fern here, as in New Zealand, the natives have had too many other more tempting fruits of the soil at hand to think ofturning it to accamL But the fruits I have just alluded to ought to be worth something if any one would but try to utilize them. They are so fine in quality and grow in such profusion that I feel sure some enterprising person will yet make a fortune by being the first to turn them to account (ibid_). Land Tenure During the Great Mahele of 1848 Kalaoa 4 was set aside as Government Land (Board of Commissioners 1929). Thi: land and Kalaoa 1-3 were the lands ofKing Kamehameha III who passed it to the government. Most ofthe land between the 1,000 ft and 2,400 ft elevation was soon sold, and a series o grants was issued in these ahupua'a from 1852 to 1864 Typically sold in lots of c. 50 acres, most of them wen agricultural parcels (Cordy 1985:6 and Soehren 1982:3). 1165-063091 APPFNDIXA Ai Agriculture The introduction of foreign plants and animals has changedcultivation and land use drastically in the Konaarea and throughout the Hawaiian chain. Handy tells us that in the Kona area, where the rain for taro planting is seasonal, dry taro was planted in individual holes filled with mulch. Clearing the upland forest for this type of planting was termed umoki (Handy 1940:47-48). Kepelmo, a native of Kona, gives a detailed account of methods ofplanting there (ibid:48). In 1794, Captain Vancouver introduced goats and cattle to the Kona area, and for many years they were the mainstay of industry. The 1850s saw the development of large-scale commercial ranching and agriculture following the Mahele and an 1850 law permitting foreigners to own land. Coffee, grazing land, and sugar cane gradually replaced traditional subsistence crops such as taro and 'uala. Chinese and Hawai- ian labor was used on coffee plantations located in the fertile belt above the 800 ft elevation. At elevations of 500 to 3,000 ft, tobacco was grown commercially until about 1930 (Schilt 1984:24). Tobacco was not grown in the present project area, however, because of a lack of soil. Figure 1 is a map showing the project area vicinity as it appeared in 1888. Land Settlement Patterns The Kalaoa area has been described by early visitors as an and and hot region. As in most of the Kekaha lands, the population of Kalaoa was largely concentrated on the coast, while most fields were in the upland forest. Trails (and associated shelters) connected the two areas (Cordy 1985:5). The 1801 lava flow effectively wiped out the coastal settle- ments in Kalaoa. According to Schmitt, the population de- creased from 300,000 to 145,000 between 1778 and 1819, a reduction of 52% (Schmitt 1977:25). In his 1985 report, Cordy discusses the conflicting views of Remecke and Ching concerning the population in the project area vicinity. Reinecke (n.d.) thought there was once a large population, in the hundreds, and the reason for the "scarcity of remains" was that they were destroyed by man, cattle, and storms; were not discernible in sand areas; or were a short distance inland Ching (1971) agrees, saying that legends suggest "[a] large population for the lands above the study area" (North Kona). He believes the trails in the Kalaoa area suggested inland permanent settlement in Kalaoa. He also argues that fishponds, fishing grounds, and the large number of archaeological sites, refuge caves, and holua slides in the North Kona area suggest a land ofno little worth (ibid.). Cordyargues that population was always low, that the number ofsites is not unusual fbr400 years ofoccupation, and that the area contained only small villages of fishermen in a hard environment Counts of permanent house sites and ever siontopopulationestimates(Cordy 1987:2445) indicate tha the combined population of Ooma 1 and 2 and Kalaoa 4 an( 5 never consisted of more than 102 people, and was at ; maximum between c. 1750-1780. The population in Nortl Kona declined to 1,753 in 1890 and then increased to 3,81 in 1900 (Schmitt 1977:13). By 1866, most of the land flanking the Marnalaho; Highway had been sold (Soehren 1985). All the early grant had frontage on the "aWoa mauka" or upper belt mad, nov known as the Mamalahoa Highway, which lies at about th, 1,700 ft elevation. Another road at about the 1,100 t elevation, the Alanui Kauila, served the lower ends ofthes, grants (ibid.). Soehren notes that these arterial roads "con nected the upland farm lots of the various ahupua'a wit] one another, with the port and urban center at Kailua ani with the rest of the island" (ibid.). Portions of the Alanu Kauila are now part of Kauila Street in Kona Coast Viev subdivision, while Ahiahi Street in Kona Palisades follow approximately the mute of the Alanui Kama, a lewe branch of the Alanui Kauila (ibid.). Communication between different elevations within the ahupua `a was provided by mauka-makai trails such a the Alanui Kauhini (probably Ka-`uhini, "grasshopper [ibid.]). One of the trails in Kalaoa mentioned by Chin; (197 1) could be the Alanui Kauhini. It is a trail that run mauka-makai. In their survey of Kalaoa 4, Telea an Roseadahl (1987) state that the trail once served to trans port people and produce between the upland agriculture and the coastal habitation zones. Shortly after World War H, a jeep trail was bulldoze from Mamalahoa Highway to the shore near Keahole Poir (Soehren 1985). The upper portion of this road followed th Alanui Kauhuu pastpnvate Farm lands tothe state land bela (ibid-). Over the years, the trail was maintained by periodi bulldozing until the Queen Kaahumanu Highway made ac cess to the shore easier (ibid.). Today the Kalaoa area is well populated in the uppc forest zones, since the Kona Palisades Subdivision has deve: oped much of that area The intermediate zones are slowl becoming developed as part of the industrial and residentu areas which have been expanding out of Kailua No pernu nent human habitation was ever reestablished on the coa since the 1801 lava flaw inundated much of the area Th coastal area is now home to the Keahole Airport and OTE( the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii. Cf r 0 CP J � I y� � I 5 I 11 a O m 4 Y �• 1 y I ry ^ N O LL J \ K I � Y K I o / a D y ,_ o C], H W ti a w s 4 S Ki I'LN 1265-063092 APPENDIXA A-6 REFERENCES CUED Board of Commissioners 1929 Indices of Awards made by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles in the Hawaiian Islaads. Star - Bulletin Publishing, Honolulu. Bowser, G. 1880 The Hawaiian Kingdom Statistical andComrnercial Directory. Honolulu and SanFrancisco: George Bowser and Co. Ching, F.K.W. 1971 The Archaeology of South Kohala and North Kona, from the ahupua'a of Lalamdo to the ahupua'a of Hamanamana, Surface Survey Kailua-Kawaihae Road Corridor (Section III) by DLNR, Division ofState Parks, Outdoor Recreation and Historic Sites. Clark, J.R.K. 1985 Beaches of the Big Island. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Cordy, P- 1985 1985 Working Paper 1, Hawaii Island Archaeology, Ooma & Kalaoa Ahupua'a, Kekaba, North Kona HEIS, DLNR, 1987 Archaeological Fieldcheck TMK 7-3-28:5, Uplands, Kalaoa 3, North Kona, Hawaii Island. Ellis, W. 1963 Journal of William Ellis. Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing Co., Ltd. Handy, E.S.C. 1940 The Hawaiian Planter. His Plants, Methods and Areas of Cultivation. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 161. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Handy, E.S.C., and E.G. Handy 1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore and Environment. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (with M.K. Pukw) I`i, J.P. 1973 Fragments of Hawaiian History. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Kalakaua, D. 1973 The Legends and Myths of Hawaii. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. Kamakau, S.M. 1961 Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. Honolulu: Kamebameha Schools Press_ Maguire, E.A. 1966 Kana Legends. Hilo: The Petroglyph Press Ltd. 1165-063092 APPENDLYA A-7 Menzies, A. 1920 Hawaii Nei 128 Years Ago. Honolulu: W.F. Wilson. Pukui, M.K. 1983 Olelo Noeau. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 71. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Pukui, M.K., S.H. Elbert, and E.T. Mookini 1974 Place Names of Hawaii. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. Reinecke, J.E. n.d. Survey of West Hawaiian Sites: From Kailua, Kona, to Kalahuipuaa, Kohala. Unpublished Ms. Dept. Anthro., B.P. Bishop Museum. (1930) Schilt, R. 1984 Subsistence and Conflict in Kona, Hawaii: An Archaeological Study of the Kualdni Highway Realignment Corridor. Dept. Anthro., B.P. Bishop Museum DAR 841. Schmitt, RC. 1977 Historical Statistics of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Soebren, L.J. 1963 Archaeology and Historyin Kaupulehu and Makalawena, Kona, Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Prep. for the B.P. Bishop Estate. 1982 Letter ReportofanArchaeologicalandHI9oricalRecomaissanceSurvey ofTMK:7-3-05:13,Kalaca4,North Kona, Hawaii. historic Sites Section (H-282), Division of State Parks, Dept. Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii. 1985 Letter Report: Re: Alanui Kauhini, TMK 7-4-10:33, Kalaoa 4, North Kona. Prepared for Wes Thomas & Associates, Inc. Springer, H.K. 1985 AppendixB:RegionalNotesfromKekaha:Kuld`o.INWalkerandRosendahl.FullArchaeologicalReconnaissance Survey, KukioResort Development ProjectArea,LandofKnldoIst North Kona, IslandofHawan. PHRI Report 167-090385. Prepared for Phillips, Brandt, Reddick & Associates and Huehue Ranch. Telea, L.J. and M.L.K. Rosendahl 1987 Reconnaissance Survey, Kona Palisades Subdivision Parcel, Kalaoa4th, NorthKoua, Hawaii. PHU Report No. 87-379. Prepared for Ernest Sakamoto. Wilkes, C. 1845 Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838-1842, Under the Command of C. Wilkes, U.S.N. Vol. 4. Philadelphia Loa and Blanchard. 1265-063092 B-1 1.+01 7.171 MLUSTRATIONS Feats around UOetrlul ilnnl — 28T .L 122?1.271 1.161 O 1.201 x OVO FANOEXOE EXCAVATION 1.111 0 s 1.201 1.161 W (.091 Ina I91tOOLA7M0 FAMOOIOE 6091 1.061 �L \1.231 was- 1 .10 .69 .so t10rn 19076 211;131- ats9T TT�7. OFP9EBB109 x METAL BRE TAO 1.61 E1.Evan1 B Figure B-1. Site 18U76, Fahoehoe Cxcavauon 1265-063092 APPENDIX B B-2 1265-063092 APPENDIX B B-3 1265-063092 APPENDIX B B-4 s E Report 2330/233 1-02 1 504 APPENDIX B SHPD Memorandum Dated December 4,1992 LOG NO: 6540; DOC NO: 9211KS29 To Roger Evans, Administrator, OCEk from Don Hibbard, Administrator, SHPD B -i December 3. 1992 NE- NInu d2vl) rn r TO: Roger Evans, Administrator OCEA FROM: Don Hibbard, Administrator State Historic Preservation Division LOG N0: 6540 DOC NO: 921 TS29 SUBJECT: CDUA HA -2600 — HELCO, Meteorological Tower (File No. 92-2600) Kalaoa, North Kona, Island of Hawaii TMK: 7-3-49: 036 HISTORIC PRESERVATION PROGRAM CONCERNS: Our office reviewed the report by Dowden and Graves (1992) documenting the results of the archaeological inventory survey for the subject parcel (PHRI Report 1265-0603920— "Archaeological Inventory Survey: HELCO Keahole Parcel Project Area, Lands of Kalaoa 1-4, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK: 7-3-49: 36)", Appendix D in the CDUA and Environmental Assessment documents). We find that the field survey adequately covered the project area, finding 4 historic sites (site numbers 18076, 18077, 18078 and 18079). The description of these sites is sufficient to evaluate their significance. These sites are all very small excavations in the pahoehoe, probable very small prehistoric quarry sites. We agree that these sites were significant solely for their information content and that sufficient amounts of this information were recorded in the survey, making these sites "no longer significant". Therefore, no significant sites remain within the project area. Hence, the subject Conservation District Use Application will have "no effect" on historic sites. If your office should have any further questions, please contact Kanalei Shun at 587-0007 KS:sty bc: Paul Rosendahl, Ph.d. APPENDIX L - EMISSIONS STUDY Emission Studies - Impact on Keahole Agricultural Park Report - 2004 June 27 Robert E. Paull 5393 Poola Street Honolulu, HI 96821 Summary: An evaluation was made of the potential effects of ethylene, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NO.) emissions from the expanded generating station on plants and crops in the Keahole area. Of these emissions, ethylene has the greatest potential to adversely impact plant growth and development, while SO2 and NOx would cause phytotoxic symptoms on plants. Ethylene is a natural plant growth regulator used in agriculture in Hawaii and elsewhere to induce flowering of pineapple and ripening of bananas. The major urban and rural sources of ethylene are gasoline, diesel engines and fires. These sources lead to a localized increase in ethylene that may exceed the plant response threshold concentration influence plant growth. The other component of a plant's responsiveness to ethylene is the duration of exposure. Based on my review, there will be no effect of the current operations or planned expansion at the generation plant on the plants growing in the agricultural park. This belief is based on the following: The plume from the stacks are estimated to only impact the agricultural park an average of three 15 minute period per month with another 21 possible impacts of less than 15 minutes, giving a possible total of 24 per month. The highest ethylene levels recorded for brief periods in the agricultural park are similar to those found in urban air in which the main source is automobile exhaust. The agricultural park would be exposed to ethylene from all sources in the area for 15 minutes at 1/10 of the concentration of the 8 hour recommended American Hygiene Association Rural Standard (0.05 :L-1;1). The American Hygiene Standard and the higher California Standard are commonly used measures to avoid crop damage. There are no known published reports dealing with injury to ornamental plants including orchids, from ethylene, sulfur dioxide or nitrogen dioxide at the concentrations, frequency and exposure duration of gases from the generation plant impacting the agricultural park. The lack of published reports is due in part to the difficulty of performing these types of experiments and the lack of observable plant responses at these concentrations and exposure durations. In summary, I anticipate no effect of the current or planned expansion at the generation plant on the agricultural park or surrounding area. 1 Report This report is based on current studies on plant stress responses, the effects of ethylene and SO2 on plants, and on the evaluation and review of the following documents: 1. Summary of Air Quality Studies - Keahole Agricultural Park. Prepared by CH2M Hill - 1993 November 08. 2. Plume Impact Study at Keahole Agricultural Park. Prepared by B. D. Neal & Assoc., - 1993 September. 3. Letter from Odgen Environmental and Energy Services. Dated 1993 March 31 4. Air Quality Study Acid Aerosol and Ethylene. Report. Prepared by J. W. Morrow Environmental Management Consultant - 1993 September 22. 5. Focused Ecological Risk Characterization - Three Short Reports. 1993 January 20 to 1993 October 29. Jennifer Holder & Alvin Greenberg. 6. Computer Search of Published Reports on the impact of ethylene, SO2 and NOx on plant growth development and toxicity. For the purposes of this report, the findings of Mr. Frank Camp of Jim Clary Associates have been used and relied upon. The estimated maximum emission rates for SO2 and NOx for the CT -4/5 project are 221 lbs SO2 per hour (964 tons SO2 per year) and 93 lbs NOx per hour (371 tons NOx per year). These emission rates are documented in the Hawaii Department of Health's (DoH) September 28, 1995 Ambient Air Quality Impact Report, Table 1, page 31. Per DoH's July 30, 1997 Supplement B.1 to the Ambient Air Quality Impact Report, the NOx allowable emissions increases due to the project will be offset by contemporaneous NOx emissions decreases by shutting down diesel units D18, D19, and D20 and limiting operations of unit D21. This will result in a net NOx emissions increase for the project of 39.8 tons per year. Since this net increase is less than the 40 tons per year NOx Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) significance level, project NOx emissions are not subject to PSD review requirements, including Best Available Control Technology. The maximum impacts of project SO2 emissions are shown in DoH's December 27, 2000 Ambient Air Quality Impact Report, Supplement D, Table 2, page 13. After adding modeled project SO2 impacts to monitored area background SO2 concentrations, the combined maximum impacts are 468 ug S02/m3 (3 -hour average), 105 ug S02/m3 (24-hour average), and 18 ug S02/m3 (annual average). These impacts represent 36%, 29%, and 23% of the corresponding State Ambient Air Quality Standards, respectively, which are established to be protective of public health. Supplement D reports no NOx impacts since the project will have a net NOx emissions increase that is less than the PSD significance level. Regarding ethylene, the January 1993 PSD Permit Application for the CT -4/5 project, Section 6.2 (Vegetation and Soils Impacts), page 6-2, reports a maximum predicted 24-hour ethylene concentration from the proposed project of 0.03 ug•m3. The ethylene computer output files are contained in Appendix F of the January 1993 PSD Application. The ethylene emission rate used in the modeling was 0.0266 grams per second. Adding the 0.03 ug -m3 value to the background ethylene concentration of 1.5 ug -m3 reported in the June 1988 Keahole 2 Environmental Assessment report results in a maximum ethylene impact of 1.53 ug -m'. The ethylene monitoring conducted by J.W. Morrow as reported in Attachment C (Table 3, page 6) to CH2M Hill's Summary of Air Quality Studies at the Keahole Agricultural Park (December 1993 Keahole Revised Final EIS, Section 9) reports a maximum ethylene concentration in one sample of 1.3 ug -m3. In summary, the studies indicate infrequent plume impact on the agricultural park at Keahole. The plume is estimated to impact the agricultural park an average of 3 times for a 15 minute period per month with another 21 possible impacts, giving a total of 24 per month. The highest value for ethylene recorded was 1.3 :g -m-3, sulfur dioxide - 24.1 :g -m-3 , HCl - 0.4 :g•m 3, HNO3 - 14.2 :g -m-3, and H2SO4 - 4.5 :g. -m3 All of the components measured in the above Air Quality studies have been shown in studies to cause phytotoxicity. Injury is very dependent upon a number of factors, such as dose and exposure time, biological sensitivity and multiple pollutant interaction. A difficulty arises in extrapolating from laboratory, field and greenhouse studies to real world exposures. These studies are most commonly based upon continuous exposure at dose levels known to give phytotoxicity. The difficulty is compounded by lack of information of responses of many crops, such as orchids, to many atmospheric pollutants. In reviewing the information provided, for ease of summarizing, I will address the most important pollutants measured, ethylene, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The sulfur dioxide and other components measured are also components of VOG that would be expected to have a regular impact on this area. It would be difficult to separate the effects caused by different sources. 1. Ethylene: Ethylene (ethene) is a volatile gas that has considerable effect as a regulator of plant growth. This is one of many volatiles released by plants. Ethylene is an unsaturated two -carbon gas (MW 28.05) and, besides being biologically significant, it is used commercially (Abeles et al., 1992). For example, ethylene is used commercially to induce pineapple flowering and fruit coloring in Hawaii, to ripen bananas worldwide and to induce flowering in crops such as guava. Stress such as drought, disease, insect attack, cold or heat all can induce ethylene synthesis by plants. Ethylene produced by these stresses plays a crucial role in modifying plant development (Dolan, 1997). Ethylene is flammable and colorless, with low solubility in water. Ethylene can be expressed as :L•L-1 or on a mass basis :g -m3 that avoids temperature differences . The specific volume of ethylene is 861.5 mL -g-1 at 21C, the same as nitrogen, therefore 1 :L -L-1 ethylene equals 1.15 mg -m-3. It has full biological activity at I :L -L-1 (Abeles, 1973). Its use as an anesthetic in operations was discontinued in the 1930s (Chipman, 1931) due to fires and explosions (Guthrie and Woodhouse, 1940). K The analogues of ethylene; acetylene and propylene, are also phytotoxic air pollutants (Lonneman et al., 1974). These olefins cause similar symptoms to ethylene, but require higher concentrations (100 to 1,000 fold) to produce similar injury as ethylene (Burg and Burg, 1967). Three major sources of ethylene are fires, automobiles and industry (Abeles et al., 1992). Plants do not produce enough ethylene to alter levels in the air above the fields (Lonneman et al., 1974). High levels of ethylene (0.6 :L -L-1) can be found in soil due to microbial activity associated application of organic compost and soil compaction (Perret and Koblet, 1984; Campbell and Moreau, 1979). Fires lead to localized production of ethylene (Sandberg et al., 1975). The conversion factors can vary from 0.002% for efficient incinerators to 1.5% for open fires (Feldstein et al., 1963). Rice stubble smoke has 4 :L-Ul ethylene near the fire, dropping to ambient levels within 1 mile of the fire (Sawada, 1985). Automobiles, trucks and other gas engines are the major sources of ethylene in the urban environment (30 to 75% of the total in the environment) (Lonneman et al., 1974; Mayrsohn et al., 1977). These engines also produce methane and other hydrocarbons (Nelson and Quigley, 1984). Car engines without catalytic converters produce about 300:L -L-1, a converter reducing this by 60% (Nelson and Quigley, 1984). Stress ethylene is produced by plants and can confuse the effect of external ethylene sources (Abeles et al., 1992). This stress ethylene is produced in response to both environmental and biotic (disease and insects) stresses constantly impacting plants in the field (Abeles et al., 1971). Another source of ethylene is organic material applied to a field to improve soil condition (Perret and Koblet, 1984). This ethylene may play a significant role in root growth and development. In rural unpolluted air, ethylene levels of from 0.001 to 0.005 :L -L-1 are found. Urban air levels are 10 to 100 fold higher. The recommended air quality standard for California (1962) are 0.5 :L -L-1 for 1 hour or 0.1 :L -L-1 for 8 hours. The American Hygiene Association rural recommendation for ethylene level is 0.25 :L -L-1 for 1 hour and 0.05 :L -L-1 for 8 hours. The residential standards are 0.5 :L -L-1 for 1 hour and 0.1 :L -L-1 for 8 hours. (1 ppm = 1 :L -L-1 _ 1150 :g -m3). Ethylene is removed rapidly from the atmosphere by a number of mechanisms. The mechanisms include photochemical oxidation, photolysis, and reaction with other reactive species (Derwent, 1995). The lifetime of ethylene in the air has been variously reported of from 0.4 to 4 days. Plants also metabolize ethylene. The highest levels recorded at Keahole are similar to those found in urban air in which the main source is automobile exhaust. Common sources in an orchid shade house would be gas engine exhausts (automobiles, carts, gas sprayers, tractors, etc.), rotting plant material and fires (including cigarettes). To determine if plume ethylene was involved in any phytotoxicity would involve eliminating other possible sources. rd 2. Sulfur dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide: Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the main sulfur compound emitted into the atmosphere. This is oxidized toS03 that forth sulfuric acid (H2SO4) when hydrated. SO2 ------ oxidation ------ > SO3 S03+ H20 ------> H2SO4 ------> Aerosol ------> (NH4)2SO4 The most common anthropogenic source of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is the combustion of fossil fuel, coal and oil. In parts of the Hawaiian islands, the major source is volcanism, where sulfur dioxide is the primary plant noxious gas in the plume (Winner and Mooney, 1980). Another source of sulfate in the atmosphere is sea spray and in Hawaii this is probably the single largest incessant source. Sodium sulfate is the second most abundant compound in dissolved seawater (Smil, 1985). The other major additional source of sulfur in the atmosphere are the numerous reduced forms that become oxidated to sulfuric acid. These volatile compounds are released by bacteria, algae and plants. In this evaluation, since the SO2 released by the generating plant is less than the EPA significance levels of 5 :g -m-3, it is assumed that all is converted to H2SO4 and none is converted to the more stable form such as (NH3)2SO4. Background concentrations of S042 -over remote oceans and clean continental air are less than 5 :g m-3 (Smil, 1985). More common values in non -industrial areas over continents is 10 mg M-3 with many urban areas having a mean of 106 mg -m-3 . The values va7 widely with weather, with rainfall reducing levels dramatically. These values are for total SO4 that includes sulfuric acid whose contribution will depend in general upon the amount of S02 emissions and the rate of oxidation to 5042-, without conversion to other salts ((NH3)2SO4, MgSO4, etc.). The acidity due to H2SO4 and a complex mixture of other acidic compounds have been monitored on Mauna Loa and have all been in the acid range (pH 3.3 to 6.7; median pH 5.0). In the Mauna Loa data, the rains coming from every quadrant were acidic. Rain at lower elevation (Kapoho - sea level) was less acidic (pH 5.6) (Sequeira, 1982). Plants respond to both sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid, with long term, low level exposures in some instances being beneficial, especially if the soil is deficient in sulfur. Sulfur, especially as the sulfate in sulfuric acid, is an essential plant nutrient. Ammonium sulfate is sold commercially as a plant fertilizer. It is also much easier to routinely measure SO2 in the atmosphere that the amount of sulfuric acid aerosol (Smil, 1985). Sulfates are the leading aerosol in the fine size category in the atmosphere from H2SO4 to MgSO4, the latter from sea spray, while the former is a secondary air pollutant derived from S02. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide will be considered together as the interaction tends to be more likely to be phytotoxic than the individual components separately. Unfortunately, the low plume impact duration would be unlikely to have any phytotoxic effects. Two days exposure has been shown to significantly reduce potato plant leaf area but not dry weight. No data is known for orchids. Continuous exposure to 0.05ppm (131 ug -m-3) is regarded as a threshold for growth reduction, though some plants do show responses below 0.05ppm. 5 3. Ethylene and Sulfuric Acid Effects on Plants Ethylene effects on plants had been described in detail from laboratory and green house studies (Abeles et al., 1992). In general, the adverse symptoms include general reduction in growth, stimulation of lateral growth, leaf chlorosis and abscission, bud and flower abscission, and fruit chlorosis and ripening (Heck and Pires, 1962; Heck et al., 1970). Acute rapidly appearing symptoms do not occur, symptoms are associated with chronic exposure to ethylene (Abeles, 1973). Ethylene can inhibit or promote the elongation of growing stems, roots and other organs (Dolan, 1997). Inhibition of elongation by ethylene is the normal response in intact plants and is both rapid and reversible. Growth promotion occurs in stems, petioles and fruit peduncle especially in aquatic plants (Abeles, 1973). Epinasty, the downward curvature of leaves, is a reversible symptom of ethylene exposure. It is, however, not a common response. Of 202 species tested, only 72 exhibited marked epinasty (Crocker et al., 1932). When it does occur, it is rapid usually occurring within 6 hours (Palmer, 1972). The symptoms of SO2 damage on plants are well known. The injury appears generally on the leaves a bleached brownish or yellowish spots or blotches interveinal chloric with areas of dead tissue. Species variation in sensitivity to SO2 is significant. For example, while beans are sensitive, celery, corn and potatoes are quite tolerant (Rennie and Halstead, 1977). Sulfuric acid damage has only been described for acute injury. In this case, the symptoms include chlorosis and rapid death of leaves and stems that have been treated. The injury does not spread beyond the affected areas. Species differ widely in their response to lower concentrations (Glass et al., 1982). Crops grown to harvest exposed to 30 millimeters of H2SO4 rain per week at pH 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0, had yield reduction in 5 crops including tomato, green pepper and strawberry, variable results with potato and no significant response in 15 other plant species. Sulfuric acid aerosols did not damage soybean and bean plants (Herzfeld, 1982), while (NH4)2SO4 aerosols cause chlorosis and necrosis of bean plants (Gmur et al., 1983). In these last two studies, the aerosol concentrations were orders of magnitude higher than ambient concentrations. Dicotyledonous plants are more sensitive than grasses (monocotyledons). This overall resistance of plants to H2SO4 bears out the older finding of Thomas et al. (1943) that SO2 is 30 fold more toxic than 5042" to plants. 4. Ethylene and Sulfuric Acid Concentrations and Time Responses Ethylene response is dependent upon three major factors, dose, exposure time and biological sensitivity. A difficulty arises in extrapolating from laboratory, greenhouse studies to real world exposures. These studies are most commonly based upon continuous exposure at dose levels known to give phytotoxicity after a certain period. Predicting response to ethylene is confounded by a lack of information on the sensitivity of many crops to ethylene (Heck and Pires, 1962). To indicate a range of sensitivity, cut dendrobium flower sprays are injured by exposure to 3 mg 1" for 48 hours, while only 6 -hour continuous exposure at 0.1 mg 1" is necessary for the more ethylene sensitive Cattleya species (Goh et al., 1985). The half maximum effective concentration for most physiological effects is N between 0.1 to 1 :L•L"l (Abeles et al., 1992). The threshold concentration is about 1/10 of these values: 0.01 to 1 :L -L-1, the saturation response occurs in the range of 10 to 100 :L -L-1 (Abeles et al., 1992). Additional ethylene to supra -optimal concentrations has no other toxic effects on plant cells. These values are obtained using continuous exposure to ethylene and from dose response curve studies of leaf and fruit abscission, epinasty, fruit ripening, flower senescence, hook closure, inhibition of root elongation and seed germination. The duration of applied ethylene necessary for an effect decreases with plant age (Abeles, 1973). This reflects, in part, tissue sensitivity to ethylene, this sensitivity varies from plant species, tissue, stage of development and inherent stress response. Minimum exposure periods vary with concentration, for example I hour at 80 :L -L" , 2 :L•L'l for 6 hours, or 0.3 :L -L-1 for 24 hours for iris flowering (Yue and Imanishi, 1988). The threshold concentration for ethylene response is continuous exposure to 0.01 :L -L-1 and the half maximal response continual exposure concentration is between 0.1 to 1 :L -L-1 . The air standards for ethylene cited above should therefore prevent most injury to plants. Numerous plants have been ranked as to their ethylene sensitivity (Table 1 & 2) with the ranking based upon exposure to ethylene at up to 15 :L -L" for 24 hours to 10 days. For example, carnation, cucumber, lettuce, rose and tomatoes are all regarded as sensitive showing some effects to such exposure, while sugar cane, cabbages and onions are not sensitive. Gob et al., (1985) showed a reduction in fresh weight of cut dendrobium flower sprays occurred with 3 parts per million (ppm) for 48 hours. The relationship of a cut spray to field responses of plants is unknown. The continuous 48-hour exposure that showed a fresh weight loss has not been shown to occur at Keahole. The dry sepal in orchids reported after 6 hours at 0.1 ppm is for the more ethylene sensitive Cattleya species, this is a 6 -hour continuous exposure. Hence, continuous exposure (6 hours or more) does pose a risk, however, the absence to data, of any specific damage ascribable to the current generation facilities of the diesels with 20 -foot stacks and the one turbine coupled with the very short duration of plume impacts makes ethylene related phytotoxicity most unlikely in the future. The ethylene concentration is ca. 5 :L•L"l , if a 10,000 dilution occurs this would give a 0.5 nL•L-1 at the agricultural park. The American Hygiene Association has set a Waal standard of 0.25 :L -L-1 for I hour and 0.05 :L -L-1 for 8 hours continuous exposure. The agricultural park would see 1/100 of the 8 hours exposure for periods less than 1 hour. The difficulty with the above analysis is the infrequency and short duration of plume impact on the agricultural park and lack of any information on orchid phytotoxicity to these gases. The short duration of plume impact that is probably not continuous but intermittent makes extrapolation from research results extremely difficult, as most of the research is based upon continuous chronic exposure of 24hours or more. In addition, phytotoxicity would not be immediately obvious under these circumstances. Cumulative response would not be expected with the impact duration and dose levels expected to affect the agricultural park. There has always been great problems in the published studies and other research, of expressing dose so that it adequately measure biological response under intermittent situations of vary times and concentrations. VA Plant responses to sulfate in the atmosphere depend very much on the cation. The secondary pollutant, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) being more reactive than the MgSO4 derived from sea spray. Strong sulfuric acid causes rapid acute damage to plants, however, exposing plants to 95% H2SO4 aerosols for two weeks showed no toxicity symptoms (Wedding et al., 1979). Exposure of plants to SO2 can cause damage with a threshold for growth reduction being 0.5 ppm (131 :g•m 3) (Darrall, 1989). Dry deposition of sulfates on plants can cause serious damage. Many plants can also take a large share of their sulfur needs (25 to 50%) directly from the air (Noggle, 1980). The difficulty with the work on H2SO4 and plant injury is to calculate a threshold. In the data cited above from Glass et al. (1982) a 30 mm rainfall of pH 3.0 H2SO4 per week translated to spray with 1'/4" of simulated rate with about 1mM H2SO4. This acid strength is equal to 102 mg -1-1 H2SO4 (102 ppm) or 40.6 mg•m3. There is one publication dealing with the effects of sulfur dioxide on Orchids (Nyman et al., Envir. Exp. Bot. 30:207-213). The work was done with two epiphytic Florida orchids using SO2 and 03. Exposure to 0.6 ppm SO2 (2 hour) or 0.3 ppm 03 plus 0.6 ppm SO2 (2 hour) did not exhibit visible injury. I found no citations dealing with orchids and NO.. Bougainvillea and Hibiscus are regarded as most sensitive to NO.. The symptoms are necrosis and defoliation after exposure to 10 to 250 ppm for 0.2 to 8 hours. Your expected stack emissions is 42 ppm, after a 1/10,000 dilution 0.0042 ppm. 5. Air Standards for Ethylene The unpolluted air ethylene ranges from 0.001 to 0.005 :L -L-1, with urban roadside levels of 10.8 :L -L-1 and remote maritime location being as low as 0.00004 :L -L"' (Derwent, 1995). The concentration in the air varies with time of day and season (Dollard et al., 1995). Urban air levels are 10 to 100 fold higher than rural; 0.5 :L -L-1 California, 0.2 :L -L-1 Germany, 0.03 :L -L-1 New York City and 0.7 :L•L;l Washington D.C. (cf. Abeles et al., 1992). There are no national standards; however, there are recommended levels. For example, recommended levels in California are 0.5 :L -L-1 for 1 hour or 0.1 :L -L-' for 8 hours (Anon, 1962). The American Industrial Hygiene Association has set recommended levels of ethylene for rural air of 0.25 :L -L- 1, 0.5 :L -L-1 residential, both for 1 hour and 0.05 and 0.1 :L -L-1 for 8 hours respectively (Anon, 1968). 6. Conclusions The difficulty with the above analysis is the infrequency and short duration of plume impact on the agricultural park and lack of any information on orchid phytotoxicity to these gases. The short duration of plume impact that is probably not continuous but intermittent makes extrapolation from research results extremely difficult, as most of the research is based upon continuous chronic exposure of 24 hours or more. In addition, pbytotoxicity would not be immediately obvious under these circumstances. Cumulative response would not be expected 9 with the impact duration and dose levels expected to affect the agricultural park. There has always been great problems in the published studies and other research, of expressing dose so that it adequately measure biological response under intermittent situations of vary times and concentrations. The overall conclusion is of no anticipated effect of the current or planned expansion at the generation plant on the agricultural park. A reduction in ethylene levels and therefore potential impacts on the agricultural park in the future would be anticipated. This reduction would occur as the diesels generators are phased out and simple combustion cycle and combined cycle combustion turbines are used exclusively. Oj Table 1 . Sensitivity of selected plants to ethylene from Heck and Pires (1962), Goh et al. (1985) and Woltering (1987). These observations are based upon continuous exposure of up to 15 :L -L-1 ethylene from 24 hours. to 10 days. * Indicated crops potentially grown in the Keahole area. ensitive Immediate esistant Pegonia---Azalea thurium arnation Broccoli _ _ ---Cabbage Cattelya Orchid_ �_ _ Carrot _-- * Cord line Cucumber _C clm m * DendrobiuOrchids ids u horbia kesii laaen * Gardenia *�Dieffen�bachia _ uschia elaz onin_ * Dracaena mar inata _ Lettuce rimula * O tcn d ui m Orchids _ Marigold Soybean ion Philodendron _ _ S uash - adish - -- - - Rose ---- Sweet Potato ,Tomato * _ Vanda Orchid 10 Table 2. The sensitivity of flower petals to ethylene exposure, and the symptoms displayed.". Species Sensitivity" Symptomsz Species Sensitivity" Symptoms` Abelia schumanii 4 a Cephalaria alpina 2-3 wa Acanthus hungaricus 4 a Cephalariagigantea 2 wa Acanthus spinosus 4 a Ceratostigma plumbaginoides 4 w Achillea filipendula 0 w Chasmanthe aethiopica 0 w Aconitum napellus 3 a Cheiranthus sp. 4 a Aeschynanthus sp. 4 a Chelidonium majus 4 a Agastachefoeniculum 4 a Chelone barbatus 3 a Alisma parviora 4 w Chelone obliqua 1-2 a Alliaria petiolata 4 a Chrysanthemum maximum 0 w Allium caeruleum 1 w Chrysanthemum morifolium 0 w Allium cernuum 0 w Chrysanthemum parthenium 0 w Allium sphaerocephalon 0 w Chrysanthemum segetum 0 w Alstromeria pelegrina 2-3 wa Claytonia sp. 3 w Althaea ojficinalis 3 w Colchicum autumnale 0 w Anagallis arvensis 3 a Colchicum speciosum 0 w Andromeda sp. 3 a Columnea krakatau 4 a Anemone (hybrid) (cv. Elegans) 4 a Columnea nesse 4 a Anethum graveolens 0 w Commelina sp. 4 w Anigozanthos spp. (3 species) 0 w Convolvulus arvensis 4 w Antirrhinum majus 3 a Conium maculatum 0 w Arabis caucasia 4 a Convallaria majalis 0 w Armeria maritima 3 w Corydalis sp. 2 wa Armeria pseudoarmeria 4 w Crassula falcata 0 w Asclepias tuberosa 2 w Crocosmia x crocosmiii lora 1-2 wa Asperula tinctoria 3 a Crocus chrysanthus 0 w Asphodeline lutea 0 w Crossandra sp. 4 a Asphodelus albus 0 w Cyclamen (hybrid) 4 a Aster novi-belgii 0 w Cymbidium (hybrid) 4 cyw Baldellia ranunculoides 4 w Cymbidium (hybrid) 4 cw Bergenia cordifolia 0 w Cyrtanthus purpureus 2 w Bloomeria aurantiaca 3 w Dahlia (hybrid) 1 w Borago ojTcinalis 4 a Delospermum cooperi 3 w Brassica napus 4 a Delospermum lyndenburgensis 4 w Brodiaea californica 0 w Delphinium ajacis 4 a Brunnera macrophylla 4 a Dendrobium phalaenopsis 3 w Buglossoides purpurocaerulea 4 a Deutzia scabra >Macropetala= 4 a Calceolaria sp. 4 a Deutzia schneideriana 4 a Calluna vulgaris 0 w Dianthus barbarus 4 w Camassia leichtlinii 0 w Dianthus caryophallus (spray) 4 w Camassia quamash 0 w Dianthus caryophyllus (standard) 4 w Campanula garganica 4 w Dicentra formosa 2 wa Campanula glomerate 3 w Dicentra (hybrid) 2 wa Campanulapyramidalis 4 w Dorotheanthusbellidiformis 4 w Canna hybrid ( 3 cultivars) 0 w Dracocephalum nutans 4 a Cardamine pratensis 4 a Echeveria setosa 0 w Carpathea pomeridiana 4 w Echium planlagineum 4 a Cattleya (hybrid) 2-3 w Edraianthus graminifolius 3 w Centaurea cyanus 0-1 w Eremurus (hybrid) 0 w Centranthus ruber (cv. Albus) 3 a Erica gracilis 0 w Centranthus ruber (cv. Coccineus) 3 a Erica hiemalis 0 w 11 Erica teiralix 0 w Lachenalia sp. 0 w Erigeron (hybrid) 0 w Laurentia fluviatilis 3 w Erysimum cuspidatum 3 a Lavatera maritima 4 w Erythronium americanum 3 wa Leicesteria formosa 4 a Eschscholzia sp. 4 a Leucothoe axillaris 3 a Eucomis bicolor 0 w Leucothoe walterii 3 a Euphorbia fulgens I w Lewisia cotyledon 4 w Exacum affne 0 w Liatris spicata 0 w Forsythia intermedia 4 w Ligustrum ovalifolium 4 a Freesia (hybrids) 0 w Lilium (hybrid) Fumaria sp. 2 wa (cv. Brunello - Oriental hybrid) 1 w Galanthus nivalis 0 w (cv. Montenegro - Oriental) 0 w Galium aparine 3 a (cv. Star Gazer - Aseatic 2 w Galtonia candicans 0 w hybrid) Galtonia sp. 0 w (cv.Woodruff Memory - 0-1 w Gaultheria shallon 3 a Aseatic hybrid) Gentiana dahurica 0 w Lilium martagon 3 wa Gentiana kochiana 0 w Limonium latifolium 3 w Gentiana sino-ornata 0 w Lindolofia stylosa 4 a Geranium gracile 4 a Liriope koreana 0 w Geranium nodosum 4 a Lithops dorothea 3 w Geranium sanguineum 4 a Lobelia cardinalis 3 w Gerbera jamesonii 0-1 w Lobelia siphylitica 2-3 w Geum (hybrid) 4 a Lonicera heckrottii (cv.Goldflame) 4 a Gladiolus (hybrid) 0-1 w Lunaria rediviva 4 a Gloriosa superba (cv. Rothschildiana) 0 w Lychnis chalcedonica 4 w Gratiola offcinalis 3 a Lycopersicon esculenmm 4 wa Gypsophila paniculata 4 w Lysimachia ciliata 3 a Helianthus annuus 0 w Lysimachia clethroides 4 a Helipterum manglesit 0 w Lysimachia punctata 4 a Helipterum roseum 0 w Malva alcea 4 w Hemerocallis 0 w Malva sylvestris 4 w Hemerocallis lilio-asphodelus 0 w Matthiola incana 2 w Hippeastrum ackermannii 3 w Mentha suaveolens 4 a Hosta lancifolia 0 w Mertensia paniculata 4 a Hosta latifolia 0 w Mesembryanthemum productus 3 w Hosta tardiana 0 w Monopsis sp. 3 w Hosta undulata 0 w Muscari ormeniacum 0-1 w Hyacinthus orientalis 1-2 w Narcissus pseudonarcissus 0 w Hyacinthoides non-scipta 0 w Nerine mansellii 0 w Incarvillea delavayi 4 a Nerine sarniensis 0 w Iochroma (hybrid) 3 wa Nicotiana tabacum 4 wa Ipomoea alba 4 w Nerine bowdenii 0 w Iris (hybrid) 0-1 w Nierembergia sp. 3 wa Iris germanica 0 w Nigella damascena 4 a Iris halophyte 0 w Nothoscordum aureum 0 w Iris sibirica 0 w Omphalodes verna 4 a Ixia flexuosa 0 w Ornithogalum thyrsoides 0 w Ixora (hybrid) 3 a Ornithoglossum parviflorum 0 w Jasmium officinale 4 a Papaver rhoeas 4 a Kalancho blossfeldiana 2 w Paphiopedilum (hybrid) 2-3 w Kalmia latifolia 4 a Patrinia gibbosa 3 a Kohleria (hybrid) (cv. Eriantha) 4 a Penstemon cobaea 4 a Kniphofta (hybrid) 1 w Penstemon heterophyllus 4 a Kirengeshoma palmato 4 a Penstemon serrulatus 3 a 12 Pentas lanceolata 4 a Sisyrinchium laevi-eatum 4 w Petunia hybrid 4 wa Solanum dulcamara 3 w Phalaenopsis (hybrid) 3 w Solidago (hybrid) 0 w Phlox paniculata 3-4 wa Streptocarpus (hybrid) 4 a Phygehus sp. 3 a Succisella inflexa 3 w Physostegia virginiana 3 wa Symphytum cordatum 4 a Phyteuma scheuchzeri 2 w Symphytum grandii lontm 4 a Pierisjapontca 0 w Symphytumottomanum 4 a Plumbago auriculata 4 w Syringa vulgaris 4 a Polemonium foliosissimum 2 wa Thunbergia alata 4 a Polianthes tuberosa 0 w Tiarella cordijolia 0 w Polygonatum odoratum 0 w Tigridia pavonia 0 w Portulaca grandijlora 4 w Torenia (hybrid) 4 a Portulaca umbraticola 4 w Trachelium caeruleum 3 w Potentilla (cv. Gibson Scarlet) 3 a Tradescantia (hybrid) 4 w Potentilla grandiflora 4 a Tricyrtis latifolia 0 w Primula denticulata 2-3 wa Triteleia laza 0 w Primula rosea (cv. Grandiflora) 2-3 wa Tritonia crocata 0 w Primula via/ii 2 w Tulbaghia violacea 0 w Pulmonaria offrcinalis 4 a Tulipa gesneriana Quamoclit coccinea 4 w (cvs. Ad Rem, Gander --s Rhododendron brachycarpum 4 a Rhapsody, Rosario) 0 a Rhododendron (hybrid) (several cvs) 4 a Cecreado, Yokohama) I w Ribes aureum 3 a (cvs. Golden Apeldoom,White Dream) 1-2 w Rosa (hybrid)(cvs. Amsterdam, Sonia) 3 a (cv. Lucky Strike) 2 w Rosa (hybrid)(cvs. Betty, Director 4 a (cvs. Alba, Leen van der Riggers, Fanal, Friedrich Heyer) Mark, Lustige Witwe) I w/wa Rubio tinctorum 3 a (cv. Pink Impression) 2 w/wa Rudbeckia (hybrid) 0 w Vaccinium macrocarpon 4 a Sabatia sp. 0 w Valerian offcinalis 4 a Sagittaria lancifolia 4 w Veronica longifolia (cv. Blauriesin) 4 a Saintpaulia confusa 4 a Veronica orchidea 4 a Saintpaulia tongwensis 4 a Veronica spicata (cv. Alba) 4 a Salvia (cv. Mainacht) 4 a Satureja vulgaris 4 a Salvia superba 4 a Saxifraga apiculata 0 wa Sambucus nigra 4 a Saponaria (hybrid) 4 w Sandersonia aurantiaca 0 w Saxifraga arendsii (cv. 0 wa Sansevieria sp. 0 w Schneeteppich) Viburnum henryi 4 a Saxifraga litacina 0 wa Viburnum lobophyllum 4 a Scabiosa caucasia 2-3 w Weigela Honda 0 w Sedum (hybrid) 0 w Weigela (cv. Gustave Mallet) 0 w Sedum spectabile 0 w Zebrina pendula 3 w Sedum spurium I w Zephyranthes candida 0 w Sempervivum sp. 0 w Zinnia elegans 0 w Sinningia cardinalis 4 a Sisyrinchium angustifolium 4 w Sisyrinchium californicum 4 w x After: Woltering, E.J. and W.G. van Doom. 1988. J. Exp. Bot. 39:1605-1616; van Doom, W.G. 2000. Ann. Bot. 87:447-456. Y Sensitivity: 0 = insensitive; 1 = low; 2 = intermediate; 3 = high; 4 = very high. Petal symptoms: w = wilting; a = abscission; wa = wilting and abscission; w/wa = wilting, sometimes wilting and abscission; c = coloration; y = yellowing. 13 7. References Abeles, F.B. 1973. Ethylene in plant Biology. Academic Press, New York & London. Abeles, F.B., L.E. Forrence and G.R. Leather. 1971. Ethylene Air Pollution. Plant Physiol. 48:504-505. Abeles, F.B., P.W. Morgan and M.E. Saltveit. 1992. Ethylene in Plant Biology. 2"d Edition. Academic Press. 414 pp. Anon. 1962. California standards for ambient air quality and motor vehicle exhaust. Technical report. Supplement No. 2. Additional ambient Air Quality Standards. State of California Dept. Public Health, Berkeley, CA. Anon. 1968. Ethylene. Community air quality guides. Amer. Indust. Hygiene Assoc. J. 29:627-631. Burg, S.P. and E.A. Burg. 1967. Molecular requirements for the biological activity of ethylene. Plant Physiol. 42:144-152. Campbell, R.B. and R.A. Moreau. 1979. Ethylene in compacted field soil and its effect on growth, tuber quality and yield of potatoes. America Potato J. 56:199-210. Chipman, C.N. 1931. Ethylene versus all other anaeothetics. Curr. Res. Anesth. Analg. 10:206-210. Crocker, W., P.W. Zimmerman, and A.E. Hitchcock. 1932. Ethylene induced epinasty of leaves and the relation of gravity to it. Contrib. Boyce. Thompson Inst 4:231-248. Darrall, N.M. 1989. The effect of air pollutants on physiological processes in plants. Plant, Cell, and Environment. 12:1-30. Derwent, R.G. 1995. Sources, distribution and fates of VOCs in the atmosphere. pl-15. In. R.E. Hester and R.M Harrison (Eds.) Volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. The Royal Society of Chemistry. United Kingdom. Dolan, L. 1997. The role of ethylene in the development of plant form. J. Exp. Bot. 48:201-210. Dollard, G.J., T.J. Davies, B.M.R. Jones, P.D. Nason, J. Chandler, P. Dumitrean, M. Delaney, D. Watkins, and R.A. Fields. 1995. The UK Hydrocarbon Monitoring Network. p37-50. In. R.E. Hester and R.M Harrison (Eds.) Volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. The Royal Society of Chemistry. United Kingdom Feldstein, M., S. Duckworth, H.C. Wohlers, and B. Linsky. 1963. The contribution of the open burning of land cleaning debris to air pollution. J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 13:542-545. Glass, N.R., D.E. Arnold, I.N. Galloway, G.R. Hendrey, J.L. Lee, W.W. McFee, S.A. Norton, C.F. Powers, D.L. Rambo and C.L. Scholfield. 1982. Effects of acid precipitation. Environment. Sci. and Technology. 16:162A -169A. Grout, N.F., L.S. Evans, and E.A. Cummingham. 1983. Effects of ammonium sulfate aerosols on vegetation. II. Mode of entry and responses of vegetation. Atmospheric Envir. 17:715-721. Goh, C.J., A.H. Halevy, R. Engel and A.M. Kofranick. 1985. Ethylene evolution and sensitivity in cut orchid flowers. Scienitia Hortic. 26:57-67. Guthrie, D. and K.W. Woodhouse. 1940. Safety factors in ethylene anesthesia. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 114:1846-1850. Heck, W.W. and E.G. Pires. 1962. Effect of ethylene on Horticultural and Agronomic Plants. Texas Agric. & Mechanical College. Texas Agric. Exptn. Stn. Miscellaneous Publication #613. Heck, W.W., R.H. Dames and I.J. Hindawi. 1970. Other Phytotoxic Pollutants. F1 to Fl 1. In. J.S. Jacobson and A.C. Hill. Recognition of Air Pollution Injury to Vegetation: A pictorial atlas. Air Pollution Control Assoc. Pittsburgh, Penn. Herzfeld, D.E. 1982. Interactive effects of submission sulfuric acid and ozone on soybean and pinto bean. St. Paul Minnesota, University of Minnesota MSc Thesis. Cited by A.H. Legge et al., 1990. Acidic Deposition: Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxide. Lewis Publishing. Lonneman, W.A., S.L. Kopczynski, P.E. Darley and F.D. Sutterfield. 1974. Hydrocarbon composition of urban air pollution. Enviro. Sci. & Technol. 8:229-236. Mayrsohn, H., J.H. Crabtree, M. Kuramoto, R.D. Southern and S.H. Mano. 1977. Source reconciliation of atmospheric hydrocarbons 1974. Atmos. Environ. 11:189-192. 14 Nelson, P.F. and S.M. Quigley. 1984. The hydrocarbon composition of exhaust emitted from gasoline fueled vehicles. Atmos. Enviro. 18:79-87. Noggle, J.C. 1980. Sulfur accumulation by plants: the role of gaseous sulfur in crop nutrition. p289-296. In. D.S. Shriner, C.R. Richmond and S.E. Lindberg (Eds). Atmospheric sulfur deposition. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Palmer, J.H. 1972. Roles of ethylene and indol-3yl-acetic acid in petiole epinasty in Helianthus annuas and the modifying influence of gibberellic acid. J. Exptl. Bot. 23:733-743. Perret, P. and W. Koblet. 1984. Soil compaction induced iron -chlorosis in grape vineyards: pressured involvement of exogenous soil ethylene. J. Plant Nutrition. 7:533-539. Rennie, P.J. and R.L. Halstead. 1977. The effect of sulfur on plants in Canada. p67-179. In. Sulphur and its inorganic derivatives in the Canadian environment. N.R.C. Ottawa. Sandberg, D.V., S.G. Pickford, and E.F. Darley. 1975. Emission from slash burning and the influence of flame retardant chemicals. J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 25:278-281. Sawada, S. 1985. Fundamental studies on dynamics of ethylene in ecosystem 1. Atmospheric ethylene concentration in a Fagus crenata forest and above paddy fields during burning of agricultural wastes. Jap. J. Ecol. 35:215-223. Sequeira, R.A. 1982. Acid rain: An assessment based upon acid-base considerations. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 32:241- 245. Smil, V. 1985. Carbon, nitrogen, sulfur - human interference in grand biospheric cycles. Plenum Press, N.Y. Thomas, M.D., R.H. Hendricks, T.R. Collier and G.R. Hill. 1943. The utilization of sulphate and sulphur dioxide for sulphur nutrition of alfalfa. Plant Physiol. 18:345-371. Wedding, J.B., M. Ligotke and F.D. Hess. 1979. Effects of sulfuric acid mist on plant canopies. Environmental Science and Technology. 13:875-885. Winner, W.E. and H.A. Mooney. 1980. Responses of Hawaiian plants to volcanic sulfur dioxide: Stomatal behavior and foliar injury. Science 210:789-791. Woltering, E.J. 1987. Effects of ethylene on ornamental pot plants: A classification. Scientia Hortic. 31:283-294. Yue, D. and H. Imanishi. 1988. Effects of ethylene exposure on flowering for early forcing of Dutch iris `Blue Magic'. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 57:289-294. 15 APPENDIX M - SOCIOECONOMICS ///�'A Beyond Information. Intelligence. Consulting Database Marketing Economic & Social Impact Studies Research Solutions Modeling Training SMS SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT 1042 Fort Street Mall Suite 200 ASSESSMENT OF Honolulu, HI 96813 Ph: (808) 537-3356 Fax: (808) 537-2686 REDESIGNATION OF KEAHOLE E-mail: info@smshawaii.com Website: www.saishawaii.com GENERATING AND TRANSMISSION September 2004 SITES Prepared for: SMS Affiliations and Belt Collins Hawaii Associations: _ Alan Barker Associates Experian Hawaiian Electric Light Company, Inc. International Survey Research Mediamark Research Inc. NCAA Certified EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Project: Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO) is seeking redesignation of two adjacent parcels from Conservation to Urban, and rezoning as General Industrial. The sites are already occupied by the Keahole Generating Plant and Airport substation. With new designation and zoning, HELCO could install new equipment designed to minimize emissions and noise, and to increase both power generation and efficiency. With the redesignation, HELCO will be able to meet the terms of a settlement worked out with other parties who had been contesting HELCO's plans to expand generation at Keahole. (HELCO can go ahead under existing agreements and permits to bring on-line the new combustion turbines at Keahole.) The preferred alternative is "Plan 2" in this report This report assesses direct, secondary and cumulative social and economic impacts of the proposed action and four alternatives. Alternatives: If the redesignation is not sought and granted, HELCO can consider alternatives: (a) No Action (Plan 1) — no further construction of new generating facilities, at Keahole or elsewhere. Under this alternative, Hawaii County will have generating capacity insufficient to meet demand as of about 2014; (b) New generating capacity using fossil fuels in West Hawaii (Plan 3); (c) New generating capacity using fossil fuels in East Hawaii (Plan 4); and (d) New generating capacity using biomass, a renewable resouce (Plan 5). All alternatives include the mix of power sources now being used by HELCO, including the new generators being put in service at Keahole. All the plans involving new generating capacity — i.e., all but the No Action alternative — bring on capacity in order to meet demand. The Preferred Action includes addition of a steam turbine (ST7) at Keahole about 2009, which would bring CT4 and CT5 into a dual train combustion cycle (DTCC) system. Existing and Emerging Conditions: West Hawaii has seen continuing population growth and economic growth over the past years. It accounts for about 40% of the island population. However, most of the electrical energy generated in Hawaii County comes from East Hawaii, and must be transmitted across the island to its major users. Development of new power sources is a priority for HELCO; development of those sources in West Hawaii is favored as cost-effective and efficient. Issues and Concerns: The current proposal arises after a decade in which HELCO has sought to expand its generating capacity at Keahole but faced considerable opposition and skepticism. That opposition was part of a general trend to seek increased empowerment for West Hawaii, while distrusting decisions made in Honolulu or Hilo. A strong concern over the pace of development has also been felt in West Hawaii. Currently, that latter concern is prompting many residents to seek to slow residential and commercial development until infrastructure improvements —above all, road projects —are made to relieve congestion. Since the early 1990s, Hawaii County energy consumers have had to deal with blackouts when the grid could not produce enough power to meet demand. Many see additional capacity as needed now. Interest in use of renewable resources, rather than fossil fuels, is strong. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page i SMS September 2004 Most stakeholders interviewed by SMS had no.strong reaction to redesignation and rezoning at Keahole. Most saw it in relation to the settlement worked out between HELCO and other parties, and saw the settlement as an important step for the community. Economic Impacts: Impacts due to construction and operation of new generating capacity are similar for the three alternatives involving fossil fuel plants. The No Action Alternative (Plan 1) would involve no construction or new operations, and hence no new jobs. The Renewable Alternative (Plan 5) calls for a much larger workforce than Plans 2 through 4. Construction employment was estimated for all alternative plans, to the year 2025, based on construction cost estimates by HELCO. Over a twenty-year period, the Preferred Alternative (Plan 2) would demand some 321 person-years of work by construction workers, compared to 295 for Plan 3 (West Hawaii alternative), 284 for Plan 4 (East Hawaii alternative); and 747 for Plan 5 (renewable energy alternative.). The No Action Alternative (Plan 1) would involve no construction work. Direct construction work would further support indirect and induced jobs. The total number of jobs in Hawaii County (including direct jobs, ones supported by construction firms' purchases, and ones supported by workers' spending) would come to 662 person-years for Plan 1, 608 person-years for Plan 2, 586 person-years for Plan 3. and 1,539 person-years for Plan 5. Incomes generated for this total construction -related workforce would total approximately $24 million (2003 dollars) over twenty years for Plan 2, $22 million for Plan 3, $21 million for Plan 4, and $56 million for Plan 5. New operations jobs would be created due to expanded generation and transmission capacity. For the three alternatives involving fossil fuel plants (B through D) the total new operations - related jobs would be in the range of 50 to 60 jobs by 2025 (including direct, indirect and induced jobs). For the Renewable Alternative (Plan 5), total operations -related jobs would climb over time to nearly 640 jobs. With new jobs, workers could support families and households. The population supported by operations -related jobs in Hawaii County for the Plans 2 and 3 comes to 107 persons by 2025. For Plan 4 (East Hawaii Alternative), the total comes to 122 persons by 2025. For Plan 5 (the Renewable Alternative) the total operations -related population would reach 453 by 2025. New housing demand associated with these jobs and families would come to about 11 units for the fossil fuel -based alternatives, and 136 units for the Renewable Alternative. The largest impact on the island economy derives from the No Action Alternative, which would fail to assure island residents and firms of electric power adequate to respond to demand as of about 2015. Uncertainty about power generation would raise operating costs for many firms and could lower productivity. Large resorts would likely be less affected than other customers, since these tend to be adopting distributed generation systems, in which they produce some of the power they consume and sell to the grid any excess. Costs of the various plans for new generating capacity vary due to plant, transmission and fuel storage costs. When the development and operations costs through 2025 are added up and then analyzed in terms of net present value, the Preferred and West Hawaii alternatives would cost about the same ($1,808.5 million in 2004 dollars), and the East Hawaii alternative would be slightly more expensive ($1,819.8 million). The Renewable Alternative's cost ($1942.3 million) would be about 107.4% of the Preferred cost. The increased cost for the Renewable Alternative could amount to about $50 per year per ratepayer. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page ii SMS September 2004 The major fiscal impact associated with the proposed action would be construction -related tax revenues for the State of Hawaii. These would amount to about $4 million (over time, to 2025, in 2003 dollars) for Plans 2 through 4, and nearly $10 million for Plan 5. Social Impacts: Under the currently permitted work, two new generators are being installed at Keahole and a new stack is in place. The Preferred Alternative would add a steam turbine and emissions controls mandated in the settlement. Those activities would give nearby residents increased assurance that HELCO is monitoring and controlling noise and emissions, and that electricity is being produced in a relatively efficient, cost-effective manner. Concern has been expressed that the presence of a generating station could affect property values. This is extremely unlikely. Sales values in the Agricultural Park are well above assessed values. Existing residential areas are nearly a mile or more away from the site. SMS ran a large -sample analysis of residential property sales and assessed values, to learn whether location of homes uphill from the Keahole industrial area (including the generating plant, the airport, and the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii) was a factor helping to explain value. No significant association was found between location above the Keahole site and residential values. A potential alternative site in West Hawaii, at Puuanahulu, would be separated from neighboring residential and resort areas by distance and topography. Little or no impact on the one major user of the area near the site — the County landfill — is anticipated. However, community concern has been voiced about increased truck traffic to and from the landfill due to the planned closure of the East Hawaii landfill. In that context, a proposal to add an industrial facility at Puuanahulu could well become a matter of concern to South Kohala residents. If new generating facilities were located at Hill Plant in East Hawaii, they would be in an industrial area that is visible to much of Hilo and is close to areas recently redeveloped for retail uses. In light of the visibility of the site, the number of neighbors who could be affected or concerned by emissions and noise from the plant would be much larger than for the other sites considered here. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES P., SMS September 2004 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................1 1.1 THE PROJECT...................................................................................1 1.1.1 Existing Situation........................................................................3 1.1.2 Redesigation and Expansion of Generating Capacity ........................ 3 1.2 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED............................................................3 1.3 STUDY AREAS FOR THIS REPORT.......................................................6 EXISTING AND ANTICIPATED SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ..................8 2.1 EXISTING LAND USES ON THE SITES AND IN VICINITY .........................8 2.2 POPULATION....................................................................................8 2.2 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Employment..............................................................................12 2.2.2 Industries in West Hawaii... .................................................. ...... 14 2.3 EMERGING TRENDS........................................................................ 16 2.4 ALTERNATE SITES.......................................................................... 18 2.4.1 East Hawaii............................................................................... 18 2.4.2 West Hawaii............................................................................... 18 COMMUNITY ISSUES AND CONCERNS........................................................19 3.1 SOURCES.................................................................I.................... 19 3.2 ISSUES AND CONCERNS INDEPENDENT OF PROJECT .......................... 19 3.3 ISSUES AND CONCERNS RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION AT KEAHOLE, APART FROM THE PROJECT....................................................20 3.4 ISSUES AND CONCERNS RELATED TO PROJECT ................................. 22 3.5 ISSUES AND CONCERNS RELATED TO ALTERNATE SITES .................... 22 IMPACT ASSESSMENT................................................................................23 4.1 APPROACH.................................................................................... 23 4.2 EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES........................................................... 24 4.2.1 Construction.............................................................................24 4.2.2 Operations...............................................................................26 4.3 POPULATION AND HOUSING IMPACTS ............................................... 28 4.4 IMPACTS ON THE ECONOMY............................................................ 29 4.4.1 Implications of Alternative Plans for Energy Production and Cost..... 29 4.4.2 Impacts of Alternatives on the Hawaii County Economy ................. 31 4.4.3 Impacts on Ratepayers.............................................................. 33 4.4.4 Impacts on Stockholders........................................................... 33 4.5 FISCAL IMPACTS............................................................................ 34 4.5.1 State of Hawaii......................................................................... 34 4.5.2 County of Hawaii...................................................................... 35 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page iv SMS September 2004 4.6 IMPACTS ON NEARBY AREAS AND ACTIVITIES ................................... 35 4.6.1 Agricultural Areas..................................................................... 35 4.6.2 Residential Areas...................................................................... 37 4.6.3 Commercial and Industrial Areas ................................................ 37 4.6.4 Other Areas and Activities in Hawaii County ................................. 38 4.7 SOCIAL IMPACTS ON AREAS AND ACTIVITIES NEAR ALTERNATE SITES 38 MITIGATIONS............................................................................................ 39 5.1 MEASURES TO MITIGATE ADVERSE IMPACTS IDENTIFIED IN THIS REPORT.............................................................................................. 39 5.2 MITIGATION PROCESSES................................................................ 39 APPENDICES.............................................................................................40 A PERSONS INTERVIEWED....................................................................... 40 BINTERVIEW HANDOUT..........................................................................42 C CALCULATION OF POPULATION AND HOUSING IMPACTS, ALTERNATIVE PLANS................................................................................................ 44 D: CALCULATION OF STATE REVENUE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTRUCTION..................................................................................47 E. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUES ................... 50 REFERENCES..............................................................................................54 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES P.a v SMS September 2004 EXHIBITS EXHIBIT 1-A: LOCATION MAP.........................................................................1 EXHIBIT 1-B: EXISTING AND PROPOSED FACILITIES ON THE KEAHOLE SITES .....2 EXHIBIT 1-C: ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO DEVELOPING NEW FIRM POWER GENERATION...........................................................................................5 EXHIBIT 1-D: DISTRICTS OF HAWAII COUNTY..................................................7 EXHIBIT 2-A: RESIDENT POPULATION, HAWAII COUNTY AND DISTRICTS, 1970-2000............................................................................... I ............... 9 EXHIBIT 2-13: WEST HAWAII SHARE OF COUNTY RESIDENT POPULATION .............9 EXHIBIT 2-C: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, 1990 AND 2000 ................... 10 EXHIBIT 2-D: GOVERNMENT FORECASTS OF RESIDENT POPULATION GROWTH, HAWAIICOUNTY.................................................................................... 11 EXHIBIT 2-E: FORECAST VISITOR CENSUS, HAWAII COUNTY ........................... 11 EXHIBIT 2-F: PROJECTED GROWTH OF POPULATION AND DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY, TO 2030............................................................................ 12 EXHIBIT 2-G: CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT TRENDS...............13 EXHIBIT 2-H: INCOME AND POVERTY, 1990 AND 2000 ..................................... 14 EXHIBIT 2-I: THIRTY LARGEST EMPLOYERS, COUNTY OF HAWAII, 1999 ............ 15 EXHIBIT 2-3: COUNTY AND STATE ECONOMIES ............................................... 16 EXHIBIT 2-K: EMPLOYMENT IN HAWAII COUNTY INDUSTRIES, 2002 ................. 16 EXHIBIT 4-A: DIRECT CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENT ...................................... 25 EXHIBIT 4-B: DIRECT, INDIRECT AND INDUCED CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENT. 26 EXHIBIT 4-C: WORKFORCE INCOMES FROM CONSTRUCTION -RELATED EMPLOYMENT......................................................................................... 26 EXHIBIT 4-D: DIRECT, INDIRECT AND INDUCED OPERATIONS EMPLOYMENT..... 27 EXHIBIT 4-E: WORKFORCE INCOMES FROM OPERATIONS -RELATED EMPLOYMENT......................................................................................... 28 EXHIBIT 4-F: POPULATION AND NEW HOUSING IMPACTS ................................ 29 EXHIBIT 4-G: DEMAND FOR FIRM GENERATING CAPACITY AND CAPACITY AVAILABLE WITH NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE .............................................. 30 EXHIBIT 4-H: FORECAST COSTS FOR ALTERNATIVE PLANS .............................. 31 EXHIBIT 4-I: STATE REVENUES ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTRUCTION ................. 34 EXHIBIT 4-J: VALUATION OF COMPARABLE WEST HAWAII AGRICULTURAL PROPERTIES.......................................................................................... 36 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES P.— Vi SMS September 2004 INTRODUCTION 1.1 THE PROJECT Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO) is seeking redesignation of two adjacent parcels from Conservation to Urban and rezoning as General Industrial. The sites are already occupied by the Keahole Generating Station (TMK 3-7-3-49: 36, 14.998 acres) and Keahole Airport Substation (TMK 3-7-3-49:37, 0.645 acres). HELCO has proposed expansion of the Keahole Generating Plant since 1992 in order to meet demand in West Hawaii for increased firm generation capacity. That proposal has been the topic of much argument and litigation. In an Order filed on November 12, 2003, Judge Ronald Ibarra recognized a settlement worked out between HELCO and other parties, which would allow HELCO to move forward with permit applications, construction, installation, and operation of the new generating facilities. As part of the settlement, HELCO agreed to ask for the State Land Use and County zoning changes to ones appropriate for industrial activity. In sum, the project consists of obtaining land use and zoning changes on land already in use for power generation and transmission. With new designation and zoning, HELCO could install new equipment designed to minimize emissions and noise and to increase both power generation and efficiency. This would allow HELCO to meet all the terms of the settlement. Exhibit 1-A: LOCATION MAP kma IntAirp- m STAHOLE0911IECT T INGZA PAOAP •.8l Keahole Ag Park ^' a i NaWral '�a _ J EMfgV Lab Pai itis L>. en,; 0 �9 a o w _ ..• i ' j, " G R 1 7! 7 a q70 50M NORTH SCALE IN FEET SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT, KEAHOLE SITES Paae 1 SMS September 2004 Exhibit 1-13: EXISTING AND PROPOSED FACILITIES ON THE KEAHOLE SITES Hui i a1 1.111 a iIII 1;u }!��tjztiaft3ii}� oee eeooe¢ooa 0000¢oag¢eao o¢e• a 9 • 9 4 -A - V a—r r: t Al , I •gw¢r� .� I f w« .....,.,- C SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT. KEAHOLE SITES Page 2 SMS September 2004 1.1.1 Existing Situation As of the end of June 2004, the Keahole generating station had the following generators: Combustion Turbine (CT)2, CT4, and CT5 and Diesel Generating Unit (D)21, D22 and D23. CT4 and CT5 were installed and became available for commercial use in 2004. They will not be fully operational until 2005. (Designations are HELCO's, and are used to identify its various power sources. A Glossary is part of the Environmental Impact Statement, and is not repeated here.) Including the two new turbines, the plant has a total capacity of 65.25 MegaWatts (MW). Three older generators, D18 through D20, were retired earlier in 2004. The Hawaii Island electrical grid integrates power supplied by HELLO, Hamakua Energy Partners, Puna Geothermal Venture, Hilo Coast Power Company, and others. 1.1.2 Redesigation and Expansion of Generating Capacity Hawaii County has seen much debate over whether generating capacity should be expanded at Keahole. That is not, strictly speaking, at issue here. With redesignation, HELCO can proceed to make planned changes at Keahole, including installation of emissions controls and eventual installation of a combined cycle generator using steam created by the waste heat of CT4 and CT5. These are industrial facilities appropriate on an industrial site. This next generator, ST7, is scheduled for 2009. With or without redesignation, HELCO maintains that it can proceed with the installation of CT4 and CT5 under the "default entitlement" that occurred in 1996, when the Board of Land and Natural Resources failed to take action on HELCO's application, since CT4 and CT5 were named in HELCO's submittals. ST7, which would capture waste heat emitted by CT4 and CT5 and use it in a Dual Train Combined Cycle, was also included in the "default entitlement." However, the subsequent settlement included an agreement that ST7 would only be built with additional Selective Catalytic Reduction technology that was not in the submission for the default entitlement. Pursuant to the terms of the settlement, HELCO will build ST7 at Keahole under the conditions specified in the settlement. In the course of interviews for this report (discussed in Section 3, below), Hawaii Island stakeholders were asked separately about what they understood to be the impacts of redesignation and the impacts of new generation capacity. In the impact analysis conducted by SMS, attention is paid to a No Action Alternative, mandated by EIS law, and to various ways to increase generating capacity in Hawaii County to meet anticipated demand. Those alternatives are described below. 1.2 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED To assess the impacts of the project, alternatives were developed with HELCO's overall mission in mind, of supplying reliable power in an efficient, cost-effective way. Except for the No Action Alternative, the alternatives are different ways to approach maintaining firm generating capacity and reserve power to meet anticipated demand. The alternatives are listed in Exhibit 1-C. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT. KEAHOLE SITES Paae 3 SAIS September 2004 At the end of May 2004, HELCO decided not to extend its contract for power with Hilo Coast Power Company (HCPC). That means that HCPC will no longer contribute to the grid after 2004. However, the two new generators at Keahole, coming on-line in 2004, will contribute nearly 40 MW, as compared to 22 MW from HCPC. Under the No Action Alternative, the land would stay under current State Land Use Designation (Conservation) and zoning (Open). Work would proceed on CT4 and CT5. Construction of a new stack, designed to handle emissions from the new turbines, would be completed. Additional steps — installation of a steam turbine (ST7), integration of the two new turbines with ST7 into a dual train combined cycle system, and installation of emissions controls proposed in the Settlement — would not be possible at Keahole. The remaining alternatives follow from the No Action Alternative. They sketch out different approaches to meeting the Big Island's need for firm generating capacity — electrical power that can be reliably supplied at any time of day, in all climatic conditions — to 2025. Actions described in the 2004 Evaluation of HELCO's 1998 Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) to assure Hawaii of an adequate power generating capacity through 2018 would be implemented as needed. (The time frame used here is adapted from the twenty-year horizon of the IRP [HELCO 1998, 2004].)' The Preferred Alternative (Number 2) and the remaining alternatives (Numbers 3 to 5) all involve a portfolio of generating capacity, including fossil -fuel plants, geothermal energy, wind energy, distributed generation (with power being generated both by HELCO and others in the grid). In all cases, renewable energy is an important part of HELCO's resource plan. The power generation and transmission system in the alternatives vary as follows Location of newfirm generating capacity; • Mix of resources used to assure firm generating capacity; and Configuration of transmission system. (Since most demand is from West Hawaii, location of new generating capacity in other regions could involve some loss of capacity due to increased transmission distance and costs for improved transmission.) These alternatives involve few assumptions concerning actions by others or decisions far in the future. For example, transmission improvement costs are viewed as necessarily part of an alternative with new generation in East Hawaii (No. 4), since the demand to be met is largely from West Hawaii. If a new biomass plant in East Hawaii is built, HELCO would again face transmission improvement costs, and these costs are estimated in the biomass alternative (No. 5). However, no further assumption is made here concerning the specific location of an eventual biomass plant. ' HELCO submits Integrated Resource Plans (IRPs) to the Public Utilities Commission on a regular basis. The recent IRP -2 Evaluation is based in part on planning assumptions in the 1998 report, in part on data gathered in the years since 1998. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT. KEAHOLE SITES Page 4 SMS September 2004 Exhibit 1-C: ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO DEVELOPING NEW FIRM POWER GENERATION Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Alternative 1 No Action Addition/Retirements Alternative 2 IRP Preferred AdditiorVRelirements Alternative 3 West Hawaii Addition/Retirements Alternative 4 EasvWesl Hawaii Addition/Retirements Alternative 5 Renewable Addition/Retirements Atltl Keahole CT4, CT5 Add Keahole CT4, CT5 Retire Keahole D18, Retire Keahole D18, D19, D20 D19, D20 Terminale HCPC Terminale HCPC Add Keahole CT4, CTS Add Keahole CT4, CT5 Add Keahole CT4, CTS Retire Keahole D18, Retire Keahole D18, Retire Keahole 018, 019, D20 D19, D20 D19,020 Terminale HCPC Terminate HCPC Terminate HCPC Add Keahole ST7 (Keahole DTCC complete) Add W est Hawaii CT X7 Add Hill 5 Repower 1st CT Atltl Biomass #1 Atltl West Hawaii CT X1 Add west Hawaii CT X2 " Add West Hawaii CT X2 Convert to West Hawaii DTCC X1 X2 Add Hill 5 Repower 2nd CT Convert to Hill 5 Repower DTCC Add West Hawaii CT X1 Atltl Biomass #2 .+� Add Biomass #3 "�:.. Convert to West Hawaii DTCC X1 X2 Add West Hawaii CT X3 �P, ^". r ,. Add West Hawaii CT x2 'Ny er 1>> Add West Hawaii CT X3 Atltl West Hawaii CT X4 Add Biomass #4 } 4i'�R „ est aYldll NOTES: All alternatives start from mid -2004. At that time, CT4 and CT5, along with the new stack, are in place at Keahole. Under No Action assumptions, they will be brought on line, but no further deveiiopment occurs at Keahole. Under the Preferred Alternative, new development occurs at Keahole as soon as practicable. The remaining alternatives were generated using a model that identifies when new Capacity will be needed in order to deliver power reliably in response to demand. (The No Action Alternative does not, so it shows years in which the power in the grid is expected to be well below the level demanded by users. Those years are shaded in the exhibit.) For all alternatives, HELCO will continue to depend on a portfolio of power sources, including distributed generation, geothermal, wind and rur-of-river hydroelectric power. In the table, "X" is used for future turbine, which would be assigned standard numbers (such as CTB) when they go into service. See EIS Glossary for abbreviations. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 5 SMS September 2004 HELCO planners have assumed that fuel for Keahole and Waimea could be delivered via Kawaihae Harbor as of 2010; a Kawaihae Fuel Facility is included in the cost analysis of Alternatives 2 and 3. That facility is part of system planning independent of either the redesignation of the Keahole lands or expansion at Keahole. It is not considered here as an impact of actions at Keahole. 1.3 STUDY AREAS FOR THIS REPORT The Preferred Alternative is located at a delimited site, but alternatives involve potential construction at sites throughout Hawaii County. Accordingly, the County as a whole must be considered the area of potential impact for the project. However, specific areas are potentially more affected by the project than others. These are: • Immediate vicinity: Keahole Agricultural Park (TMK 3-7-03:049); • Neighboring areas: Kona Palisades, Kona International Airport, and the Hawaii Ocean Scientific Park/Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii as well as sites of proposed development by Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, the University of Hawaii and Hiluhilu Development (at Palamanui); • West Hawaii (i.e., the districts of North Kohala, South Kohala, North Kona and South Kona) as a region with strong growth in energy demand; and • Hawaii County as a political and economic entity, and as a unified power grid. Communities near alternate sites for power generation or near transmission lines and supply routes needed for alternate sites, would be examined in detail if those sites were selected. For the current study, sites identified in earlier planning documents were considered: • West Hawaii: on State land at Puuanahulu, near the land that has been dedicated to the West Hawaii sanitary landfill (within TMK 3-7-01-003-001); • East Hawaii: at Hill Plant in Hilo (TMK 3-2-02-058:019). SMS examined these potential alternate sites. No specific site for a biomass factory was identified. For all alternatives, the discussion deals with regional and islandwide impacts of alternate site choices. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 6 SMS September 2004 Exhibit 1-D: DISTRICTS OF HAWAII COUNTY NORTH KOHALA SOUTH NORTH HILO KOHALA h HAMAKUA t NORTH KONA SOUTH ` HILO PUNA SOUTH / KONA ( KAU '1� OF NSy j �e4 p1� .LIe 7r 'i �i `pa i Judicial Districts ��•�''` � County of Hawaii SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Paas 7 SMS September 2004 EXISTING AND ANTICIPATED SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 2.1 EXISTING LAND USES ON THE SITES AND IN VICINITY The project site is located at the north side of the Keahole Agricultural Park, near Queen Kaahumanu Highway. The Agricultural Park is fully occupied; all occupants have to demonstrate that they are using the land for agriculture, although some lessees also live on their lots. Crops grown in the Agricultural Park include flowers and local fruits. To the North are lands owned by the State of Hawaii, Department of Hawaiian Homelands. Queen Kaahumanu Highway connects Kailua-Kona, the major urban center of West Hawaii, with South Kohala resort areas and the commercial port of Kawaihae. Directly to the west (makai, or seaward) is the entry road to Kona International Airport. Commercial aircraft make daily scheduled stops at Kona International on flights from other Hawaii islands and from the US Mainland. International flights land there, but the airport does not currently have permanent facilities to handle international passengers. Further to seaward and to the south is the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park, under the administration of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA). HOST Park is home to both research and commercial ventures. It pumps deep ocean water to the surface and in the park, providing cooling and a unique resource for many applications (including aquaculture and production of water for human uses). The two parcels in the project site are both in current use by HELCO. The larger one (TMK 3-7- 3-49:36) contains the only major generating facility in West Hawaii. The Airport Substation is located on the smaller parcel (TMK 3-7-3-49:37). 2.2 POPULATION Hawaii County has seen continuing population growth during the last thirty years. The fastest growth has occurred in Puna, but West Hawaii has had large population increases, especially in North Kona and South Kohala. These two districts have developed a visitor industry that is staffed by residents from all over West Hawaii and even, when the economy is booming, from the rest of the island. (Puna's growth rate is more clearly attributable to the availability of inexpensive land and housing in that district.) Over the thirty-year span shown in Exhibit 2-A, the average annual growth rate in Puna has been 6.2%, while North Kona reached 6.1%, on average, and South Kohala reached 6.0%. West Hawaii has come to be home to nearly 40% of the county's residents. (See Exhibit 2-13). It also has more than 80% of the island's visitor rooms (DBEDT, 2003a). In 2000, the average visitor count in Hawaii County was about 15% the size of the resident population. For West Hawaii, visitors numbered over 30% of the resident population. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 8 SMS September 2004 Exhibit 2-A: RESIDENT POPULATION, HAWAII COUNTY AND DISTRICTS, 1970- 2000 County and district 1970 1980 1990 2000 State total 769,913 964,691 1,108,229 1 211537 Hawaii County 63,468 92,053 120,317 148,677 Puna 5,154 11,751 20,781 31,335 South Hilo 33,915 42,278 44,639 47,386 North Hilo 1,881 1,679 1,541 1,720 Hamakua 4,648 5,128 5,545 6,108 North Kohala 3,326 3,249 4,291 6,038 South Kohala 2,310 4,607 9,140 13,131 North Kona 4,832 13,748 22,284 26,543 South Kona 4,004 5,914 7,658 8,589 Ka'u 1 3,398 1 3,699 1 4,438 1 5,827 SOURCE: US Census, in DBEDT 2003b. Exhibit 2-13: WEST HAWAII SHARE OF COUNTY RESIDENT POPULATION 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIWestHawaii -0 West Hawaii Share of County Population 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% NOTE: In this report, "West Hawaii" is the combined judicial districts of North Kohala, South Kohala, North Kona and South Kona. Since 1990, West Hawaii has seen significant population growth. The median age has increased appreciably, and the very young have declined as a share of the population. (See Exhibit 2-C for demographics of the region and the two districts closest to Keahole.) In North Kona, less than half the population is Hawaii -born. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 9 SMS September 2004 Exhibit 2-C: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, 1990 AND 2000 SOURCE: US Census for 1990 and 2000. Both Hawaii County and the State have developed population forecasts for planning purposes. These forecasts show continuing population growth for the County. Growth rates are expected to be higher than in the slow economy of the mid-1990s, but well below that experienced during the 1980s.2 Exhibit 2-D shows the range of resident population growth estimates, while Exhibit 2-E deals with the visitor population. Exhibit 2-D shows an average annual visitor growth rate stabilizing well below 2% -- far smaller than that of earlier boom times. a A new forecast was recently issued for the State and Counties to 2030. For Hawaii County, it projects population trends very close to those in the 2020 forecast, i.e., not as conservative as the 2025 forecast (DBEDT 2004), SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 10 SMS September 2004 County of 1990 Hawaii 2000 West 1990 Hawaii 2000 North Kona 1990 Dist. 2000 South 1990 Kohals Dist. 2000 Resident Population Tcall 120,317 148,677 43.373 56,301 22,284 285& 9,140 13,131 Under 5 years olage 79% 46'. 81'. 6.3'x. 789. 644 82'. Sri 18 and over 713'. 75 2'. 719'. 74 Ws 73.6'0 765' 701 72.1'-. 65and ove, 125'. 146°0 10-0'6 115'6 101'0 10.8', 74". 108% Median age 343 38.6 WA WA 347 394 321 362 Visitor Population Annual Visitor Census 16,698 17.784 13.502 16 092 NA NA NA NA Hotel Rosme 7,846 9,774 7423 8.278 4.996 4,295 3321 3963 Housing Total housing units 48,253 62,874 18,693 25190 9,990 13,960 4.235 5.794 Occuped 859% 845'. 799'0 795'. 791'0 754% 731'0 80.2'. Vacant 141', 1551. 201'0 205'. 209°e 2469„ 269'. 198'0 For seasonal iecreationel of 4.2% 87'. 74'. 154', 81', 197° 103', 15.3', occasional Lei- seHouseholds Households Number 41,461 52,985 14,935 20.034 7,09B 10,522 3,095 4,648 Owner -occupied 611'. 645'. 554'. 602'. 546% 5859, 5279. 58.9', Renter -occupied 38.9"1 35.5'. 466', 39.8'. 454'., 415'. 473'. 411', Rental vacancy rate Average household size 286 275 205 281 275 21 2.91 281 Geographic Mobility Share of populallon torn In Hawaii 658'0 63-3. 53.9'. 532". 45.5% 481 546. 532'. Share from other states territories 257', 26,4% 38.4'. 325'. 48.8% 41 5', 362'. 34 11. Fcrdghbe,, 859. 102% 77". 12.7'6 76% 1049.9.290 i27v Share living in same house for five years 531', 577". 429'6 492% 3949, 467% 37.4%. 46.1°. Share same county different house 257'. 263% 26.8'. 255". 268% 2709: 27.4'. 311'. Share same state, ddferenl county 67'. 4.8'. 7.2'-. 42'. 68", 339, 100'. 77'. SOURCE: US Census for 1990 and 2000. Both Hawaii County and the State have developed population forecasts for planning purposes. These forecasts show continuing population growth for the County. Growth rates are expected to be higher than in the slow economy of the mid-1990s, but well below that experienced during the 1980s.2 Exhibit 2-D shows the range of resident population growth estimates, while Exhibit 2-E deals with the visitor population. Exhibit 2-D shows an average annual visitor growth rate stabilizing well below 2% -- far smaller than that of earlier boom times. a A new forecast was recently issued for the State and Counties to 2030. For Hawaii County, it projects population trends very close to those in the 2020 forecast, i.e., not as conservative as the 2025 forecast (DBEDT 2004), SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 10 SMS September 2004 Exhibit 2-F shows the overall relationship between population forecasts and energy demand forecasts. HELCO's estimates of growth in demand for electricity are somewhat higher than the population forecasts. This is reasonable in light of the combined effects of (a) renewed economic growth, (b) a tourism economy (in which visitor population is a significant contributor), and (c) a long-term trend for increasing demand for electricity, independent of population growth. Exhibit 2-F: PROJECTED GROWTH OF POPULATION AND DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY, TO 2030 NOTE: (1) Visitor census derived from projection of total visitor days, divided by the number of days in the year. SOURCES: Population forecasts shown in Exhibits 2-D and 2-E. The HELCO peak load for 2000 shown in the far right column is based on recorded data. Other items in the "HELCO Estimates" columns are forecasts in HELCO Integrated Resource Plan (1998) and recent IRP -2 Evaluation (HELCO 2004). 2.2 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 2.2.1 Employment Hawaii County has experienced both bursts of job growth, when construction boomed and new hotels were hiring large numbers of workers, and serious times of job loss due to plantation closures. Plantation agriculture ended in the 1990s. At the same time, visitor numbers fell, and the result was a return to high unemployment (shown as of 1994, in Exhibit 2-G). More recently, the County unemployment rate fell below 5% -- well above the rates achieved in Maui and SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 12 SMS September 2004 DBEDT 2030 Series Residents Visitors 1 Hawaii County Series B Residents HELCO Estimates of Peak Load (MW) IRP2 IRP 2 Eval. A. Forecast Totals 2000 149,261 21,831 148,677 168 170 2005 163,000 23,562 159,907 181 191 2010 176,750 25,479 176,938 201 218 2015 190,300 28,219 195,965 229 241 2020 203,050 30,328 217,718 2025 216,150 32,740 B. Average Annual Growth Rate for five year period ending in: 2005 1.8% 1.5% 1.5% 1.51!% 2.4% 2010 1.6% 1.6% 2.0% 2.2% 2.7% 2015 1.5% 2.1% 2.1% 2.5% 2.0°% 2020 1.3% 1.5% 2.1% 2025 1.3% 1.5°% NOTE: (1) Visitor census derived from projection of total visitor days, divided by the number of days in the year. SOURCES: Population forecasts shown in Exhibits 2-D and 2-E. The HELCO peak load for 2000 shown in the far right column is based on recorded data. Other items in the "HELCO Estimates" columns are forecasts in HELCO Integrated Resource Plan (1998) and recent IRP -2 Evaluation (HELCO 2004). 2.2 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 2.2.1 Employment Hawaii County has experienced both bursts of job growth, when construction boomed and new hotels were hiring large numbers of workers, and serious times of job loss due to plantation closures. Plantation agriculture ended in the 1990s. At the same time, visitor numbers fell, and the result was a return to high unemployment (shown as of 1994, in Exhibit 2-G). More recently, the County unemployment rate fell below 5% -- well above the rates achieved in Maui and SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 12 SMS September 2004 Honolulu, but also well under the national rate (6.0% for March 2004). (Current data from Hawaii State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations website, htto://www.state.hi.us/dlir/rs/loihi/.) During the slowdown of the 1990s, many visitor industry workers had only part-time jobs. In times of economic growth, both unemployment and underemployment can be expected to decline. The DBEDT 2025 forecast projects slow growth in wage and salary jobs (averaging 1.6% to 1.9% annually) in the coming years (DBEDT, 2000). Exhibit 2-G: CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT TRENDS 80,000 20% 19% 70,000 � 18% 17% 16% 60,000 / 15% 1 14% Civilian Labor S 50'� Force 13% 12% 3 11% 10% o 3 40.000 c 9% m Ar 30,000 8% :0 7% m 6% 20,000 Unemployment Rate ! 4% 3% 10,00 0 2% 1% p..__. __— __— _ .. __ __---- _. ...__ ..._ _ 0% O2�p^ ^91091,�1,9011��191ro9,(��,�0�y9�p��190,990P�009069�,900909�09p�h9p�199,y�90�9699^cece' SOURCE: Hawaii State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, in DBEDT, 2003b. Census data show that West Hawaii has had a higher level of labor force participation than the County as a whole (in Exhibit 2-H). The level is falling, as the population ages and retirees form a larger group. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 13 SMS September 2004 Exhibit 2-H: INCOME AND POVERTY, 1990 AND 2000 While Hawaii County saw a major increase in the number of persons in poverty by the end of the 1990s, the increase was less severe in West Hawaii. However, the share of children in poverty was still high, although declining, in West Hawaii. 2.2.2 Industries in West Hawaii As the center of Hawaii County's visitor industry, West Hawaii is the site of most of the County's jobs and employment growth. Exhibit 2-1 makes the point clearly, inasmuch as nine of the 15 largest employers in the county are West Hawaii resorts, and the remaining six are countywide agencies. Within West Hawaii, the upscale South Kohala resorts (notably, Mauna Lani with some 2,000 employees) have larger staffs than the North Kona hotels and resort areas. Hawaii County accounts for about 10% of the State economy (as estimated in Exhibit 2-J). It contains only a small manufacturing sector, while government, hotels, trade, and health services are major components. (In Exhibit 2-K, "Government" includes County, State and Federal agencies, including the Department of Education.) While the visitor industry is centered in West Hawaii, major new sources of employment in East Hawaii have included a call center and University -related enterprises, such as headquarters for astronomical observatories, located in the University Park area. However, the Penncro call center recently closed, ending 172 jobs (Yamanouchi, 2004). Even after the closing of Hawaii County's major plantations, West Hawaii has productive agricultural areas. South Kona is the heart of Hawaii's coffee industry. The Parker Ranch, based in Waimea, in the South Kohala uplands, is one of the largest ranches in the United States. Along the north coast of North Kohala are well -watered agricultural lands. The Keahole Agricultural Park provides about 190 acres of leased agricultural land near the airport and urban center, but it is only a small part of West Hawaii's agricultural area. (As of 2000, some 484,741 acres in West Hawaii were designated Agricultural [Hawaii County, 2003].) SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 14 SMS September 2004 County of Hawaii 1990 1000 West hill 1990 1000 North Kona Dim. 1990 2000 South Kohab Dist. 1990 2000 Employment Status Population 16 years and over 88.999 114.647 32.201 43.473 16.836 22,390 6,613 9708 Share in labor force 64.1% 61.9% 71.0% 67.5% 707% 69.2% 73.9% 70.7% Civilian labor force 56.986 70.592 22.870 29,347 11,902 15,484 4,886 6.862 Unemployed 4.6% 4.9% 3.5% 2.6% 2.9% 2.7% 2.8% 2.3% Class of Worker Pnvate wage and salary workers 71.0% 654% 74.9°% 72.8% 75.7 0 73.6% 79.9% 7B 1% Govemmera"rkers 17.6% 19.0% 10.4% 12.0% 9.1% 10.7% 7.4% 9.6% Self-employed, not incorporated 107% 12.0% 136% 132% 13.9°% 117% 12.2% 10.9% Unpaid family workers 07°% 07°% 1.0% 07% 1.3% 0.9% 0.5% 0.3% Poverty status, previous year Individuals Total hot. poverty line 16,776 22.821 4,343 5.581 2.032 2.756 922 1100 Share of related children under 18 413% 35.9% 381% 337% 34.7°% 321% 444% 41.9% Share of persons 65 and over 8.2% 6.1% 5.8% 64% 4.9% 64% 41% 4.5% While Hawaii County saw a major increase in the number of persons in poverty by the end of the 1990s, the increase was less severe in West Hawaii. However, the share of children in poverty was still high, although declining, in West Hawaii. 2.2.2 Industries in West Hawaii As the center of Hawaii County's visitor industry, West Hawaii is the site of most of the County's jobs and employment growth. Exhibit 2-1 makes the point clearly, inasmuch as nine of the 15 largest employers in the county are West Hawaii resorts, and the remaining six are countywide agencies. Within West Hawaii, the upscale South Kohala resorts (notably, Mauna Lani with some 2,000 employees) have larger staffs than the North Kona hotels and resort areas. Hawaii County accounts for about 10% of the State economy (as estimated in Exhibit 2-J). It contains only a small manufacturing sector, while government, hotels, trade, and health services are major components. (In Exhibit 2-K, "Government" includes County, State and Federal agencies, including the Department of Education.) While the visitor industry is centered in West Hawaii, major new sources of employment in East Hawaii have included a call center and University -related enterprises, such as headquarters for astronomical observatories, located in the University Park area. However, the Penncro call center recently closed, ending 172 jobs (Yamanouchi, 2004). Even after the closing of Hawaii County's major plantations, West Hawaii has productive agricultural areas. South Kona is the heart of Hawaii's coffee industry. The Parker Ranch, based in Waimea, in the South Kohala uplands, is one of the largest ranches in the United States. Along the north coast of North Kohala are well -watered agricultural lands. The Keahole Agricultural Park provides about 190 acres of leased agricultural land near the airport and urban center, but it is only a small part of West Hawaii's agricultural area. (As of 2000, some 484,741 acres in West Hawaii were designated Agricultural [Hawaii County, 2003].) SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 14 SMS September 2004 Exhibit 2-I: THIRTY LARGEST EMPLOYERS, COUNTY OF HAWAII, 1999 Rank Company Employees Business 1 State of Hawaii 7,450 1/ State government 2 County of Hawaii 2,250 1/ County government 3 C. Brewer R Co. 1,987 Holding company; agribusiness; land development; alternative energy; trucking; guava and macadamia nuts; Kona coffee 4 Hilton Waikoloa Village 1,200 Tourism 5 United States Government 850 1/ Federal government 6 Mauna Lani Resort (Operation), Inc. 800 Tourism 7 KTA Superstores 776 Supermarkets 8 Mauna Lani Bay Hotel 650 Tourism 9 Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel 579 Tourism 10 Orchid at Mauna Lani 554 Tourism 11 Mauna Kea Beach Hotel 543 Tourism 12 Four Seasons Hualalai 492 Tourism 13 Sure Save Supermarkets 455 2/ Supermarkets 14 Royal Waikoloa Hotel 374 Tourism 15 Kona Coast Resort 325 Tourism 16 Mac Farms of Hawaii Inc. 231 Grower, processor and marketer of macadamia nut products 17 Hilo Hawaiian Hotel 230 Tourism 18 HELCO 226 Utilities 19 Kona Surf Resort and Country Club 217 Tourism 20 GTE Hawaiian Telephone 203 Utilities 21 HPM Building Supply 200 Wholesale, retail and manufacturing; lumber and building materials 22 Kona Village Resort 186 Tourism 23 Keauhou Kona Resort Co. 180 General contractor 24 Royal Kona Resort 180 Tourism 25 King Kamehameha's Kona Beach Hotel 166 Tourism 26 Meryl Group Inc. 165 Land developer; general contractor 27 Life Care Center of Hilo 160 Healthcare 28 Jack's Tour Inc. 150 Tourism 29 Isemoto Contracting Co., Ltd. 140 General contractor 30 Suisan Group Inc. 3/ 130 Wholesale frozen foods, dry groceries, produce, wholesale and retail fresh fish, fresh -fish auction NOTES: I Annual average job counts. 2/ Includes Wiki Wiki Mart and Wiki Wiki Video, 3/ Previously ranked as Suisan Co. Ltd. SOURCE: Hawaii County, 2001. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Paae 15 SMS September 2004 Exhibit 2-J: COUNTY AND STATE ECONOMIES SOURCES: DBEDT, 2003b. 2003c, 2000. Exhibit 2-K: EMPLOYMENT IN HAWAII COUNTY INDUSTRIES, 2002 Hawaii County State of Hawaii Share A. Indicators of County share of State Economy Construction 3,846 $176.8 Employed Persons, 2002 66,150 557,400 11.9% Wage and Salary Jobcount, 2002 58,250 562,600 10.4% Personal Income, 2001 (Million $) $3,335 $35,625 9.4% Estimated Personal Income, 2005 (Million 1992$s) $2,760 $31,794 8.7% B. Estimated County Economy (based on recent $75.4 Food Services 4,393 State data and projections for 2003) Hotel, Accommodations 6,687 $188.1 Personal Income (Million $) $3,690 $39,416 9.4% Gross Domestic Product (Million $) $5,063 $48,087 10.5% SOURCES: DBEDT, 2003b. 2003c, 2000. Exhibit 2-K: EMPLOYMENT IN HAWAII COUNTY INDUSTRIES, 2002 SOURCE: DLIR, 2003 2.3 EMERGING TRENDS West Hawaii has experienced both advantages and problems of economic growth. With recent prosperity have come new retail opportunities (with Costco, Wal-Mart, Home Depot and Lowe's all opening outlets in the Kailua area). On the other hand, traffic congestion, long a problem during rush hour on Palani Road, has worsened appreciably on Queen Kaahumanu Highway and on the Hawaii Belt Road between Kailua and South Kona. As a result, the Mayor has come to Kailua to explain that work is under way on highway improvements (Command, 2004). Both State and County roads are slated for improvements over the next few years. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 16 SMS September 2004 Covered Employment, 2002 Average Total Wages Employment I (Million $s) Goods Producing: 7,575 $261.0 Construction 3,846 $176.8 Manufacturing 1,406 $35.2 Agriculture, Forestry, Mining 2,323 $49.0 Distribution and Services 39,275 $989.1 Transportation, Utilities 2,414 $81.6 Trade 9,335 $241.4 Finance, Insurance, Real Estate 2,312 $75.4 Food Services 4,393 $58.5 Hotel, Accommodations 6,687 $188.1 Health Services 5,482 $151.7 Government 11,016 $416.7 Total 57,866 $1,666.8 SOURCE: DLIR, 2003 2.3 EMERGING TRENDS West Hawaii has experienced both advantages and problems of economic growth. With recent prosperity have come new retail opportunities (with Costco, Wal-Mart, Home Depot and Lowe's all opening outlets in the Kailua area). On the other hand, traffic congestion, long a problem during rush hour on Palani Road, has worsened appreciably on Queen Kaahumanu Highway and on the Hawaii Belt Road between Kailua and South Kona. As a result, the Mayor has come to Kailua to explain that work is under way on highway improvements (Command, 2004). Both State and County roads are slated for improvements over the next few years. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 16 SMS September 2004 During the 1990s, little new investment occurred in the visitor plant until the Hualalai Resort at Kaupulehu opened in 1998. That project was highly successful, and now includes several increments of resort housing along with a hotel and golf course. Closer to the Keahole site, new and revived plans for urban growth have emerged: • New development is being proposed for the Kohanaiki site, where disputes over Nansay Hawaii's proposals for a resort project led to the PASH decision, protecting native Hawaiian access rights. Rutter Development plans a golf course and housing project, while setting aside coastal lands for a public access beach park. • At Honokohau, the State Department of Land and Natural Resources has requested proposals for marina redevelopment. Nearby, the Department of Hawaiian Homelands has entered into a lease agreement with a private development team for 200 acres, to include commercial uses, resort development, and a possible golf course (Viotti, 2004). The Department of Hawaiian Homelands also intends to increase its residential development in the Laiopua project, above the Queen Kaahumanu Highway near Honokohau, from 225 units to "more than double" that number. • At Ooma, south of the HOST Park, the current owners have proposed developing some 400,000 square feet of commercial space, 400 hotel rooms, and 240 multi -family units. They have received approvals from the Hawaii Planning Commission (Command, 2003). When, however, the project came before the County Council, Mayor Kim requested that it be deferred until the timing of highway improvements could be clarified (Edwards, 2004). The Mayor's position was that this project and others like it that would create new traffic should not proceed until major nearby roadways are improved. • At the HOST Park, a new Gateway Center is being developed to showcase new energy technologies. • The 725 -acre Palamanui project (Hiluhilu Development, LLC) would include commercial development, both single-family and multifamily housing, a golf course, and infrastructure in support of eventual construction of a University of Hawaii site on adjoining State land. (The University would rent space in the commercial area and then, presumably, later develop its acreage.) An access road for the private and public projects would join up with the Queen Kaahumanu access next to the HELCO Keahole sites (shown on Exhibit 1-B). • The Department of Hawaiian Homelands acreage adjacent to the project site could benefit from the proposed access road. Those lands are shown in the Department's land inventory as largely residential, although part of the land, next to the highway and across the road from the project site, is identified as appropriate for commercial use (PBR Hawaii, 2002) No further plans are definite. Further development is possible in existing resort areas, notably Mauna Lani and Waikoloa in South Kohala, Kaupulehu and Kukio at the north end of North Kona, and Keauhou at the southern end of North Kona. State Land Use Commission approvals make additional development eventually possible at additional sites, notably the State's Villages of Laiopua and the Queen Liliuokalani Trust's adjacent Keahuohu Lands. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 17 SMS September 2004 In the near term — to about 2007 — new construction is bringing new resident housing to North Kona in single-family and townhouse subdivisions. Development of resort residential projects is very active in South Kohala and proposed for Keauhou in North Kona and for South Kona. These visitor -oriented projects will have little impact on population, but the higher density projects noted above would house more people and support more jobs in West Hawaii. Much of the development proposed in those projects could occur by the end of this decade. 2.4 ALTERNATE SITES 2.4.1 East Hawaii HELCO's Hill Plant is located in Hilo, on Halekauila Street between Kanoelehua Avenue and Railroad Avenue. It is a few blocks south of the Hilo Airport. The site covers approximately 14.5 acres. HELCO has a generating plant and ancillary facilities (fuel storage, wells), a substation, the operating station for the island grid, offices for transmission and maintenance staff, and parking and equipment storage space on-site. Adjoining properties are industrial, and include the County baseyard and Hawaii Junk, Ltd. A few retail outlets are located within a block of the HELCO property. The surrounding area is industrial, although some of the lots to the east (in the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands Panaewa industrial area) are not built out. To the south, commercial development has occurred along Kanoelehua Avenue at Makaala Street, where the Prince Kuhio Plaza shopping mall, a Wal-Mart store, and other stores are located. These are within a mile of Hill Plant. At about the same distance to the east is the East Hawaii Landfill, which is to be closed soon. County proposals call for location of a sort station for recycling and transfer of materials to be sent to the West Hawaii landfill at the site. However, the Hawaii County Council did not vote County funds for the project, and wants private firms to offer to build new waste reduction facilities (Thompson, 2004). 2.4.2 West Hawaii The State of Hawaii owns a large parcel, including nearly 20,200 acres, in Puuanahulu, North Kona, just south of the boundary with South Kohala district. Puu Pohaku Street, a two-lane road runs inland from Queen Kaahumanu Highway to the West Hawaii Landfill, operated by Waste Management, Inc. under contract to the County of Hawaii. The landfill opened in 1992; it now occupies less than 25 acres of a 300 -acre site. It is effectively screened from the highway by mounds of lava. The County plans to reduce the amount of solid waste reaching the landfill significantly in the next few years. Allowing for diversion of 45% of the waste stream (compared to a current 15% level), the landfill is not expected to reach its capacity until 2049 (Hawaii County Department of Environmental Management, 2004). A few oceanfront privately -owned parcels are located on the oceanfront to the west and slightly north of the West Hawaii site. Further north is the Waikoloa Beach Resort. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES P.a. 18 SMS September 2004 COMMUNITY ISSUES AND CONCERNS 3.1 SOURCES SMS Research gathered information about community issues and concerns from several sources, including: Interviews with Hawaii Island stakeholders (listed in Exhibit A in the Appendix to this report); Review of newspaper articles on the Keahole project and the hearings, court filings, and controversy surrounding it; and • Community input to the 1998 IRP process (in HELCO, 1998). The interviewees were selected in an attempt to learn about the views of a wide range of HELCO customers and of those with a stake in the area surrounding the Keahole site.' Interviewees were asked to comment on the project, on generating more energy at Keahole, and on West Hawaii's current and future conditions. (See Exhibit B for the handout used in the interviews.) Interviews were semi -structured, and dealt with what the stakeholders saw as community views and concerns, not just those of the interviewees. 3.2 ISSUES AND CONCERNS INDEPENDENT OF PROJECT Longstanding issues are important in shaping many people's responses to HELCO's current preferred action: Quest for political empowerment: Hawaii County residents often find that decisions affecting them are made in Honolulu with little regard to their views and little knowledge of their specific circumstances. They further tend to see State -level decision-making as focused on Honolulu. The resulting decisions may benefit Honolulu over other counties. At the County level, residents of West Hawaii and of Puna District have repeatedly argued that Hawaii County funnels resources to Hilo and ignores the concerns and needs of their areas. This perspective has led to proposals for home rule in West Hawaii; currently, it leads to requests for the County Council to meet in Kona when discussing local development issues. More generally, a sense that West Hawaii residents are ignored or disenfranchised recurs often in discussions of the area's present and future. Concern over development/Concern for preservation of resources: Much as in other areas of Hawaii, West Hawaii residents are concerned about the pace and ' To date, SMS has conducted interviews with fewer residents of Keahole Agricultural Park than originally planned, simply because most of those called were not interested in being interviewed. (SMS attempted to reach over 100 households in the Agricultural Park and Kona Palisades. SMS did not attempt to interview parties named in the settlement Those parties have agreed to support HELCO's petition, and could find a request to voice a wide range of community views as contrary to the spirit of the settlement.) SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 19 SMS September 2004 direction of economic growth and development. One strand of this concern is a wish to preserve community cohesion in many areas of West Hawaii. Another is a sense that valued resources must be protected and saved. This has fueled local protest against Nansay Hawaii's plans for the Kohanaiki property and support for state and federal protection of oceanfront areas. Currently, opposition to development focuses on the failure of government -funded infrastructure to keep up with growth, notably with traffic congestion. Governrment agencies are seen as quick to give developers permits, but slow to fund improvements needed to cope with development. An important result of the Kohanaiki protest was the PASH decision, whereby Native Hawaiian rights to gather traditional resources were recognized as applying on less than developed lands. While the immediate beneficiaries were few, others point to the decision as an example of developers' greed being checked, and local rights preserved. West Hawaii's economy is based on tourism, and many residents enjoy recent improvements in access to stores and entertainment. The region is less insular and less opposed to economic growth than others. Still, residents are often wary of outside control over such growth. 3.3 ISSUES AND CONCERNS RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION AT KEAHOLE, APART FROM THE PROJECT A complex history of discussions over energy policy precedes the current proposal to redesignate the Keahole sites. Energy policy is a separate issue from redesignation of the land at Keahole, but it is clearly part of the context for residents' views of HELCO and the current Preferred Alternative. Much attention has been given to need for new power sources, whether new generating capacity should come from fossil fuels or other sources, the location and dispersal of power generating capacity, and to HELCO's ability to manage complex changes for the good of all. HELCO's Integrated Resource Planning process has involved a wide range of stakeholders. It has dealt with generation, transmission and demand issues in the context of both developing demand-side management (DSM) programs and competing visions of an energy future. HELCO has dealt with agencies, other power producers, policy and planning specialists, and consumers with a clear understanding of their particular needs and policy agenda. Its plans have been scrutinized by environmental groups, neighbors, and local authorities. Reviewing records from the IRP process and more recent controversies, SMS finds the following themes to recur in discussions of Hawaii island's energy future: • Reliability: In the early 1990s, Hawaii County energy consumers had to deal with rolling blackouts when the energy grid could not produce enough power to meet demand. In the last year, outages have occurred when particular power suppliers had to suddenly reduce output.° Stakeholders see reliability as important — but at this point, 4 For HELCO personnel, there is a crucial distinction between rolling blackouts in 1992 when the grid clearly could not meet peak demand on several occasions, and other cases, where emergency conditions forced a utility supplier off-line for a few hours or a day. For many customers, this distinction is less important. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Paae 20 SMS September 2004 many tend not to count on HELCO to assure it. Large consumers often have back-up generators. Residential customers and small businesses often do not believe that HELCO can provide enough power reliably, even with increased firm generating capacity. • Need for new power generating sources: Interviews and comments in the newspapers suggest there is now (2003-2004) widespread agreement that additional capacity is needed. That is a change since the 1990s, when some critics argued that the Hamakua Energy Partners facility might meet HELCO's needs for many years, without new turbines at Keahole (Tummons, 1999). • Type of energy source: The State of Hawaii and many on the Big Island are deeply interested in limiting dependence on fossil fuels. The Hawaii County energy grid stands out as a national leader, by producing about 23% of its power using non-fossil fuel resources (HELLO, 2004). HELCO has helped to make this trend possible, and is responsible for managing a complex, multi -source power grid. HELCO produces renewable energy at its Lalamilo wind farm and at a hydroelectric plant on the Wailuku River. HELCO contracts with power producers — both large producers under specific contracts and small ones who are credited for their contributions to the grid under net metering — for the bulk of renewable energy used in the Hawaii island grid. While many would like to see increased use of renewable resources, HELCO is obligated to provide reliable electricity at a reasonable cost throughout the island. Since such renewable energy sources as wind farms and solar cell arrays are climate - dependent, HELCO sees these as "non-firm" resources, providing varying amounts of power to the grid from moment to moment, and posing a serious management problem for HELCO. • Location of New Power Sources: Two related issues are important for HELCO and for private power producers. HELCO stresses that most of the demand for electricity comes from West Hawaii, while HELCO generates power largely in East Hawaii. This adds to transmission costs and inefficiencies, so HELCO seeks to develop new capacity in West Hawaii. Next, major hotels have explored ways to produce electricity on-site, using solar panels and heat recovery systems to meet much of their own needs for electricity and to contribute to the grid. Distributed generation (DG), whereby customers become power producers in their own right while still remaining on -grid, minimizes transmission costs and encourages customers to assume some of the cost of new generating facilities. Accordingly, it is favored not only by those customers who have installed new facilities, but also by energy policy specialists on the Big Island. • Cost of energy: Energy costs in Hawaii County are among the most expensive in the United States. Many HELCO customers complain about high rates and about rates based on peak, rather than actual, usage. With regard to the specific plans to install new generators and other equipment at Keahole, some respondents mentioned the new stack as unsightly. Some thought tourists should not be confronted by an industrial site as soon as they leave the airport. They requested the use of landscaping to limit visual impacts. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES _ Page 21 SMS September 2004 3.4 ISSUES AND CONCERNS RELATED TO PROJECT Most of the stakeholders interviewed for this project had no strong reaction to the specific action at issue in the EIS, the redesignation of HELCO's Keahole lands. HELCO's request for redesignation was described as part of the settlement. Nearly all had comments about the settlement process. They agreed on seeing the settlement as an important step for the community. The settlement was characterized as a win-win agreement, allowing HELCO to proceed while responding to neighbors' concerns. HELCO's agreement to a high level of emissions controls was viewed favorably by all who discussed the settlement at any length. Informants uniformly saw reclassification as not being a concern, except as part of the settlement agreement. Most stakeholders were glad to see the lengthy arguments over power generation at Keahole resolved and new generators being installed. They wanted to see more generating capacity in the Hawaii island grid soon, to serve customers and lower the likelihood of blackouts. (However, a few commented that they wished HELCO had shifted to another site some years ago.) Most informants commented that they favored increased reliance on renewable resources. The Keahole plant, with ST7 and the air emissions controls discussed in the settlement, was seen as valuable by some stakeholders not just as a contribution to near-term generating capacity but also as giving Hawaii Island the capacity needed to come to depend more and more on resources other than fossil fuels. They understand it as a bridge to a new system using technologies that are not yet well developed or fully viable in Hawaii today. 3.5 ISSUES AND CONCERNS RELATED TO ALTERNATE SITES SMS did not conduct interviews to identify community concerns with regard to locating new generating capacity at the alternate sites. However, ongoing discussions of other development proposals suggest the following: Within a mile or two of the East Hawaii site are new commercial areas and schools. The site is relatively low-lying, and the stacks are visible from far away, e.g. from the University Research Park on Komohana Street. It is reasonable to anticipate some community concern over increased industrial activity at the Hill Plant site. The West Hawaii site is well buffered from coastal resort areas However, it is being scrutinized by South Kohala stakeholders now that the East Hawaii landfill is about to close, and large amounts of solid waste will soon be trucked to Puuanahulu through Waimea and on Waikoloa Road. Members of the Kohala Coast Resort Association have opposed the County's plan, on the grounds that the Puuanahulu landfill was not designated as a repository for the entire island's solid waste. This controversy bears on the possibility of a new power plant at Puuanahulu only indirectly: since solid waste traffic to the area has been a source of concern, it is likely that any further industrial activity at the site will be viewed as a possible threat to regional stakeholders' efforts to keep the region attractive to tourists. Transport of fuel for a new power plant at Puuanahulu will also likely be a concern. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES P., 22 SMS September 2004 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 4.1 APPROACH This section deals with social and economic impacts associated with the Preferred Alternative, viewed in relation both to the No Action Alternative and to the alternative ways HELCO might try to provide adequate, cost-effective and reliable electricity for Hawaii County. Socio -cultural impacts can be of several types, notably: Local, regional or general impacts: A project can have local impacts because its construction or its operations affect the lives and community organization of neighbors and nearby groups. It can have regional impacts by providing services or employment for a region, or by withdrawing resources that would otherwise be used in the area. General impacts are more widespread or diffuse. In the present case, local social impacts of the Preferred Alternative mainly consist of the mitigation of potential nuisances discussed in EIS Chapter 3 (noise, emissions). The presence of additional generating capacity very close to the HOST Park and the new Energy Gateway Center will minimize the chance of transmission -related outages to these facilities. At the regional and island levels, assurance of generating capacity will support economic growth for West Hawaii and the County. Direct, indirect or induced impacts: These terms are used in input/output analysis. Direct spending (on construction or operations) leads to direct employment and incomes (for persons whose work contributes directly to the activity, whether or not they are actually on-site). Indirect jobs and incomes are created as goods and services are purchased for the activity from other firms in the economy. Induced jobs and incomes are created as direct and indirect workers spend their wages in the economy. The State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism has developed and refined a statewide input/output model, and these impacts can be calculated using industry multipliers in the model (DBEDT, 2002). Exhibits 4-A through 4-F identify direct impacts of construction and operations and go on to show indirect and induced impacts on employment and wages. Cumulative impacts: Cumulative impacts are the results of the insertion of a new activity in a developing context. They are the total impacts of the new activity and pre-existing factors. Cumulative impacts become especially important if a project adds to demand for limited resources that are barely sufficient without the project but less than adequate for the project plus all the other developments expected to exist ahead of the subject project. The key cumulative impact of the Preferred Alternative and Alternatives 3 through 5 is that they assure firm generating capacity to meet demand through the year 2025, while the No Action Alternative does not. In Exhibits 4-D and 4-G, the numbers of operations -related workers, their families, and their demand for new households are calculated. While some of these calculations rest SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 23 sMs September 2004 on the Input -Output model, i.e., on a model of the entire economy, their cumulative impact is only seen when they are viewed in the context of the island workforce, population and housing demand when those workers take on their new jobs. Symbolic impacts: An action may have importance as much because of the way it is perceived as because of its tangible results. Symbolic impacts are not always easily classified as adverse or beneficial: If a project is viewed as a sign of unwanted impending changes, is that a signal of future disorganization or a spur to community organization to avert adverse impacts? Symbolic impacts deserve close study but, since they are matters of value and expectation, their importance and consequences are often uncertain. The Preferred Action allows HELCO to proceed with actions that have been identified by some of its neighbors as important to them. Under all the other alternatives, some change would be needed to the terms of the Settlement between HELCO and other parties. Even if these changes were resolved quickly, some of the goodwill generated by the settlement would be lost. Two different approaches are used when dealing with monetary calculations in this report. When assessing the impact of different alternatives on incomes and government revenues, all calculations use constant 2003 dollars. Again, estimates of the impact of the No Action Alternative's low reliability after 2015 are phrased in constant 2003 dollars. This approach allows readers to judge impacts in relation to current experience. However, when developing alternatives, HELCO used a more complex model, since the eventual cost of development for ratepayers and investors will be affected not just by the cost of new facilities but also by the timing of their installation. Results of that model are shown in Exhibit 4-G and discussed in the section on the Hawaii Island Economy. 4.2 EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES The alternatives under study fall into three groups in terms of generating jobs: • The No Action Alternative creates no jobs, either in construction or in operations. Alternatives 2 through 4 depend on the eventual construction of fossil fuel based generating facilities. Over the study period (2005 to 2025), these would involve some $30 to $36 million in construction costs. • Alternative 5 depends on the construction of new biomass plants to process organic matter and create energy. These are estimated as considerably more expensive to build than diesel fuel -base plants. Also, they demand far more workers. Hence this alternative involves a considerably larger workforce (and population, and housing demand) than the others. 4.2.1 Construction Construction employment can be estimated based on construction costs and historic ratios of workers to construction spending. Exhibit 4-A shows the workforce needed to put in place the various improvements needed to meet expected demand under the various alternative plans SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 24 SMS September 2004 (Alternatives 2 through 5). The No Action Alternative is not included since it includes no construction. Construction jobs are full-time equivalents in "person-years." One person -year may represent steady employment for a worker or shorter engagements by several contractors. Next, the Input -Output model is used in Exhibit 4-B to estimate the additional jobs in Hawaii associated with construction. Construction jobs pay well, and construction typically involves materials and supplies from local sources, so more indirect and induced jobs are supported than direct ones. The State Input -Output model does not report county -level impacts; these have been estimated by SMS. County -level estimates are hence approximations. Incomes can be estimated from industry averages (in DLIR, 2003), adjusted in proportion to increases in the Consumer Price Index (in DBEDT, 2003c). For indirect and induced jobs, average incomes for all wage earners are used. Incomes for the Hawaii County workforce were estimated first, on the basis of Hawaii County averages, and incomes for the remaining workforce associated with construction were estimated from Statewide averages. (See Exhibit 4-C.) Exhibit 4-A: DIRECT CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENT SOURCE: Construction cost estimates from HELCO, in 2004 $s. These estimates are for work by local contractors, and exclude the cost of turbines and other major equipment. Jobs were estimates by SMS, based on historic ratios of construction spending to employment. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Pads, 25 SMS September 2004 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 CUMULATIVE Construction Spending in Millions of 2004 Ss 2 Preferred $11.7 $0.0 $14.9 $18.6 $45.2 3 West Hawaii $0.0 $7.4 $17.5 $16.0 $40.9 4 East Hawaii $0.0 $7.2 $17.4 $14.9 $39.4 5 Renewable $0.0 $25.4 $27.3 $50.9 $103.7 Direct Construction Jobs Person -Years 2 Preferred 85 - 107 134 �q' 3 326 3 West Hawaii - 54 126 116 295 4 East Hawaii - 52 126 107 284 5 Renewable - 183 197 367 747 SOURCE: Construction cost estimates from HELCO, in 2004 $s. These estimates are for work by local contractors, and exclude the cost of turbines and other major equipment. Jobs were estimates by SMS, based on historic ratios of construction spending to employment. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Pads, 25 SMS September 2004 Exhibit 4-13: DIRECT, INDIRECT AND INDUCED CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENT Exhibit 4-C: WORKFORCE INCOMES FROM CONSTRUCTION -RELATED EMPLOYMENT 2006.2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 CUMULATIVE Direct, Indirect and Induced Direct Construction Jobs Construction -Related Jobs Millions of 2003 $s Person -Years 2 Preferred $3.9 2 Preferred 210 - 267 335 812 3 West Hawaii - 133 313 288 735 4 East Hawaii - 129 313 267 708 5 Renewable - 457 490 914 1,861 DII Construction -Related Jobs $34.6 Direct, Indirect and Induced in Hawaii County Construction -Related Jobs Person -Years Millions of 2003 $s 2 Preferred 174 - 221 277 671 3 West Hawaii - 110 259 238 606 4 East Hawaii - 106 259 221 586 5 Renewable - 378 406 755 1,539 Exhibit 4-C: WORKFORCE INCOMES FROM CONSTRUCTION -RELATED EMPLOYMENT 4.2.2 Operations Direct operations jobs consist of power -generation jobs (whether for HELCO or another power producer). To estimate the impacts of these jobs for the larger economy and for incomes, SMS has treated the many jobs created in biomass plants as similar to those in sugar mills. Those jobs are, on average, not as highly paid as are power generation personnel. However, the SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Paas 26 SMS September 2004 2006.2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 CUMULATIVE Direct Construction Jobs Millions of 2003 $s 2 Preferred $3.9 $0.0 $5.0 $6.2 $15.1 3 West Hawaii $0.0 $2.5 $5.8 $5.3 $13.6 4 East Hawaii $0.0 $2.4 $5.6 $5.0" $13.1 5 Renewable $0.0 $8.5 $9.1 $17.0 $34.6 Direct, Indirect and Induced Construction -Related Jobs Millions of 2003 $s 2 Preferred $7.7 $0.0 $9.8 $12.3 $29.8 3 West Hawaii $0.0 $4.9 $11.5 $10.6 4; $26.9 4 East Hawaii $0.0 $4.7 $11,5 $9.8 '. = $25.9 5 Renewable $0.0 $16.7 $18.0 $33.5 $68.2 DII Construction -Related Jobs ;?u} in Hawaii County ..�`;. Millions of 2003 $s8 w 2 Preferred $6.3 $0.0 $8.0 $10.0 Z1 $24.3 3 West Hawaii $0.0 $4.0 $9.4 $8.6 "._A $22.0 4 East Hawaii $0.0 $3.9 $9.4 $8.0, s'! $21.2 5 Renewable $0.0 $13.7 $14.7 $27.4 r=» $55.8 Rf 4.2.2 Operations Direct operations jobs consist of power -generation jobs (whether for HELCO or another power producer). To estimate the impacts of these jobs for the larger economy and for incomes, SMS has treated the many jobs created in biomass plants as similar to those in sugar mills. Those jobs are, on average, not as highly paid as are power generation personnel. However, the SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Paas 26 SMS September 2004 economic impact of the mills has been very great. Not only is the direct workforce in biomass plants much larger than that needed to generate power using diesel fuel, but the ratio of indirect and induced jobs to direct jobs associated with a mill is also much higher than for fossil -fuel burning plants. (Exhibits 4-D and 4-E estimate the workforce and payrolls involved.) The No Action Alternative creates no operations jobs. It is not shown in Exhibits 4-D and 4-E. Operations jobs are, unlike construction jobs, long-term ones. At first, there is little employment associated with any of the alternatives, since the existing condition, with CT4 and CT5 on-line, will expand generating capacity. Over time, the direct job count for Alternatives 2 through 4 would climb above 20 jobs, while the job count for a system that relies on biomass for new generating capacity would exceed 100 jobs between 2005 and 2025. Exhibit 4-D: DIRECT, INDIRECT AND INDUCED OPERATIONS EMPLOYMENT NOTES: Direct employment estimated by HELCO planners. Indirect and induced jobs estimated by SMS based on the State Input -Output model (DBEDT SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Paoe 27 SMS September 2004 2010 2015 2020 2025 Direct Operations Jobs Cumulative New Permanent Jobs 2 Preferred 4 4 12 21 3 West Hawaii 0 4 13 21 4 East Hawaii 0 4 16 24 5 Renewable 0 34 68 136 Direct, Indirect and Induced Operations -Related Jobs Cumulative New Permanent Jobs 2 Preferred 12 12 37 65 3 West Hawaii 0 12 40 65 4 East Hawaii 0 12 50 74 5 Renewable 0 228 456 913 Dill Operations -Related Jobs in Hawaii County Cumulative New Permanent Jobs 2 Preferred 10 10 29 51 3 West Hawaii 0 10 32 51 4 East Hawaii 0 10 39 58 5 Renewable 0 160 320 639 NOTES: Direct employment estimated by HELCO planners. Indirect and induced jobs estimated by SMS based on the State Input -Output model (DBEDT SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Paoe 27 SMS September 2004 Exhibit 4-E: WORKFORCE INCOMES FROM OPERATIONS -RELATED EMPLOYMENT 4.3 POPULATION AND HOUSING IMPACTS Population and housing impacts can be estimated from the job -creation associated with the project. To the extent that a project supports new permanent jobs, it may encourage in - migration. Again, with new jobs, resident workers may have enough income to form new households. The number of operations workers involved in Alternatives 2 through 5 is small, as shown in Exhibit 4-F. (See Appendix C for calculations of impact for each alternative plan.) As many of the direct workers are specialized technicians, some new hires could come from off -island, and add to local housing demand when they begin work. A few more operations -related workers would amass the funds to set up separate homes after some time, and their eventual creation of new households is also shown in Exhibit 4-F. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 28 SMS September 2004 2010 2015 2020 2025 Direct Operations Jobs Millions of 2003 $s 2 Preferred $0.3 $0.3 $0.9 $1.5 3 West Hawaii $0.0 $0.3 $0.9 $1.5 4 East Hawaii $0.0 $0.3 $1.1 $1.7 5 Renewable $0.0 $1.0 $2.0 $4.1 Direct, Indirect and Induced Operations -Related Jobs Millions of 2003 $s 2 Preferred $0.5 $0.5 $1.6 $2.8 3 West Hawaii $0.0 $0.5 $1.8 $2.8 4 East Hawaii $0.0 $0.5 $2.2 $3.2 5 Renewable $0.0 $7.0 $14.0 $27.9 DII Operations -Related Jobs in Hawaii County Millions of 2003 $s 2 Preferred $0.5 $0.5 $1.4 $2.4 3 West Hawaii $0.0 $0.5 $1.5 $2.4 4 East Hawaii $0.0 $0.5 $1.8 $2.7 5 Renewable $0.0 $4.7 $9.4 $18.8 4.3 POPULATION AND HOUSING IMPACTS Population and housing impacts can be estimated from the job -creation associated with the project. To the extent that a project supports new permanent jobs, it may encourage in - migration. Again, with new jobs, resident workers may have enough income to form new households. The number of operations workers involved in Alternatives 2 through 5 is small, as shown in Exhibit 4-F. (See Appendix C for calculations of impact for each alternative plan.) As many of the direct workers are specialized technicians, some new hires could come from off -island, and add to local housing demand when they begin work. A few more operations -related workers would amass the funds to set up separate homes after some time, and their eventual creation of new households is also shown in Exhibit 4-F. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 28 SMS September 2004 Exhibit 4-F: POPULATION AND NEW HOUSING IMPACTS Population Supported, Hawaii County As of--- 2010 2015 2020 2025 1 No Action 0 0 0 0 2 Preferred 20 20 61 107 3 West Hawaii 0 20 66 107 4 East Hawaii 0 20 81 122 5 Renewable 0 113 227 453 On or, more likely, after — 2010 2015 2020 2025 Maximum New Housing Creation, Hawaii County 1 No Action 0 0 0 0 2 Preferred 2 2 6 11 3 West Hawaii 0 2 7 11 4 East Hawaii 0 2 8 12 5 Renewable 0 34 68 136 NOTES: Population and housing impacts based on operations jobs, not construction, since the latter is limited in term. Number of persons per household (2.95) and ratio of jobs per household (1.41) estimated for 2000 from Census data, State DLIR job counts, and SMS estimates. New household creation estimated as 15% to 30% of households, based on past resort studies (Community Resources, 1987a, 1987b). New household creation occurs over time, not necessarily in the year for which operations jobs begin, since workers accumulate income and wait for other reasons to establish new households. In West Hawaii, as in most of the State, affordable housing is very limited, so a major increase in demand for housing for an industrial workforce could be felt as a significant impact. The eventual increase in demand associated with the fossil fuel based alternatives is very small: less than one new house per year over twenty years. If biomass plants were built, housing demand would be greater, but likely spread over the island (given three separate plants). 4.4 IMPACTS ON THE ECONOMY 4.4.1 Implications of Alternative Plans for Energy Production and Cost The alternatives considered by HELCO other than the No Action Alternative meet the requirements of a planning model intended to assure Hawaii County of adequate generating capacity to meet demand for electrical power. As a result, they do not vary in reliability of the power supply over the long term. They vary in cost and in local impacts. In contrast, the No Action Alternative does not meet the demands of the planning model, and hence it involves less firm generating capacity than appears warranted. A shortfall in supply relative to demand could become problematic by 2015. Exhibit 4-G uses a planning standard — peak demand plus a 20% margin — against which the No Action Alternative would lead to shortfalls. (HELCO's capacity criterion calls for a reserve margin adequate to cover (a) peak SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 29 SMS September 2004 demand, (b) one generating unit off-line for planned maintenance and (c) unexpected removal of the largest generating unit in the system. This criterion has been used since 1990 (personal communication, Ross Sakuda, Generation Development Planning, HECO, June 2004). Depending on which unit is on planned maintenance, the capacity needed over peak demand is in the range of 17% to 20%. HELCO uses 20% as a general planning version of the criterion.) The No Action Alternative leads to an imbalance of demand and capacity similar to that seen in Hawaii County in the early 1990s — but that imbalance would be a continuing, worsening condition, not a short-term one. The cost of lowered reliability is discussed in the next section. Exhibit 4-G: DEMAND FOR FIRM GENERATING CAPACITY AND CAPACITY AVAILABLE WITH NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE 400 350 d' M O r M m O r N M 7 M O n W M O N M V O O O O O O N N N N N N O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N --�—Peak Demand + 20% Safety Margin —Capacity, No Action The cost of supplying electrical power by different means can be estimated on the basis of forecasts of future costs. Exhibit 4-H shows the total costs of the various alternatives that would meet planning criteria for supplying firm power. (Cost estimates include equipment, construction, operations, and maintenance.) The dollar values represent the net present value of future costs and hence treat near-term costs as larger than similar costs occurring later.' The No Action plans are not fully comparable to the others, since they do not involve facilities and operations at levels needed to meet expected demand. They are less expensive, but do not deliver the same service. ' Estimates of net present value include a discount rate and inflation rate that will affect future costs. The discount rate allows for the fact that future expenditure of funds is less expensive than saving now, and paying later (all other factors held equal), while the inflation rate allows for cost increases throughout the economy. With these rates used to adjust future investments and costs, the resulting calculations are in terms comparable to present day dollars. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 30 SMS September 2004 Among the comparable plans, the Preferred Alternative and West Hawaii Alternative are the least expensive).6 Over time, the difference in cost among the plans with expanded reliance on fossil fuels is 0.6% or less. The difference in cost between dependence on biomass and on fossil fuels for a new firm energy -generating source is larger, ranges up to 7.4%. Exhibit 4-H: FORECAST COSTS FOR ALTERNATIVE PLANS Plan Development Costs (Million $s) NPV to 2025 Comparison Rank 1 No Action $1,003.7 NC 2 Preferred Action $1,808.5 100.0% 1 3 New West Hawaii Plant $1,808.5 100.0% 1 4 New East Hawaii Plant $1,819.8 100.6% 3 5 Biomass $1,942.3 107.4% 4 NOTES: Components of plans are shown in Exhibit 1-C. Cost estimates are expressed as Net Present Value 2004 dollars. Comparisons show relative cost of alternatives, expressed as percentages of lowest cost plan. "NC": Not comparable. SOURCE: HELCO estimates, 2004. 4.4.2 Impacts of Alternatives on the Hawaii County Economy Hawaii County accounts for about 10% of the State economy and totals about $5 billion in gross domestic product (as shown in Exhibit 2-J). The Preferred Alternative (and the remaining alternatives designed to provide firm power adequate to support demand) would supply generating capacity to support anticipated economic growth. The No Action Alternative would subject Hawaii County customers to an increasingly inadequate power supply. Many customers would need to have back-up generating capacity. No Action Alternative The No Action Alternative would return Hawaii County to a situation in which generating capacity was inadequate to meet demand. (See Exhibit 4-G.). This would limit productivity and increase costs for firms. 6 The cost estimate for the Preferred plan is actually some $63,500 lower than for the West Hawaii alternatives. For this discussion, SMS viewed that difference, over a long-term analysis, too small to differentiate the two alternatives. Readers should note that the emissions controls accepted for Keahole under the Settlement were not seen as necessary to meet environmental standards. Hence, they were not included in the costs of development at other sites. Should other sites be chosen and should HELCO implement the control technologies requested and accepted for Keahole in the Settlement, then the cost of new plants elsewhere would rise. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 31 SMS September 2004 When HELCO cannot meet demand, because generating capacity is less than needed, either unanticipated outages or planned rolling blackouts may occur. Rolling blackouts typically occur at peak demand times (around 6PM at night). Circuits at various places islandwide are removed from the grid. In 1991-1992, HELCO had to refuse service to customers on 22 different days because of a shortfall in capacity.' On average, about 15,000 customers lost power on those days. A total of 387 circuit interruptions occurred. While the average interruption was for about 45 minutes, the longest single interruption lasted nearly three hours. When blackouts are possible, many firms must plan to protect their core functions and information systems. (Residential customers typically are resigned, but unhappy, about blackouts, reporting that they keep candles and flashlights handy. Some have home generators, even though they are on the grid.) Even occasional blackouts have important consequences for well-prepared customers: The HOST Park assures its tenants of a continuous supply of cold deep -ocean water. To do so, it maintains generating capacity and fuel to supply the pumps even if the local power supply fails for up to two weeks. • The Keck Observatory can close its telescope dome using emergency power in the event of an outage. It does not have enough power to make and record observations, so viewing time is lost. • At the North Hawaii Community Hospital, generators can supply offices and wards with power, but the operating theater is closed in the event of an outage. In all these cases, uncertainty about power raises operating costs and can lower productivity. Under the No Action Alternative, rolling blackouts would come to be increasingly expected by 2015. This would make Hawaii County less competitive than other counties in attracting new investment, since firms would need to plan to supply their own power as a matter of course. As noted earlier, residential energy demand per person has been consistently growing. While some of that demand is likely not productive, some, such as use of computers for work at home, clearly does support residents' income-producing activity. Under the uncertain conditions that the No Action Alternative would create, residents would not be able to depend on power for such activity, and hence would be less able to telecommute and otherwise work from home. Not all customers would be affected the same way by a regime in which rolling blackouts occur often. First, HELCO tries to minimize interruptions for commercial areas, taking areas with largely a residential customer base off the grid rather than commercial ones. Next, the largest customers are increasingly being encouraged to develop their own power resources. At Mauna Lani, a major resort now draws on its own solar power sources to supply 800 kW for hot water and air conditioning, and even to contribute to the grid. While HELCO and customers such as the resort must negotiate fee structures and connection agreements, the clear result is that the largest customers are likely to be insulated from the uncertainties of outages in the case of the No Action Alternative. This alternative could increase third -party producers' interest in developing distributed generation capacity. ' At that time, Puna Geothermal Venture had been contracted to provide 25 MW, but was not yet on line. Blackouts occurred when generating capacity was less than actual demand, because other units needed maintenance and went off-line. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 32 SMS September 2004 Distributed generation is an objective of HELCO plans and included in all alternatives under study. The point being stressed here is that distributed generation is most cost-effective, and most likely to be implemented, by large customers. Those customers would in turn be protected from the risks that would arise under the No Action Alternative, while smaller customers would face both the risks and the reduced productivity associated with that alternative. Alternative Plans Alternative Plans 2 through 5 are designed to provide reliable service, and hence avoid situations in which rolling blackouts are scheduled. Service interruptions could still occur. While they vary in costs for ratepayers (discussed below), they all should involve capacity adequate for consumer demand. Hence they do not involve major impacts on the island economy due to reliability. Alternative Plan 5 was included to address the feasibility of renewable firm resources as an alternative to fossil fuels. The obvious renewable resources capable of supplying firm power on a large-scale are geothermal energy and biomass. PGV has contracted to supply 30MW, although it is not consistently producing at that level. The Hawaii Island grid for many years depended on biomass in the form of bagasse burned by sugar mills. With the closing of the sugar plantations, biomass was no longer available, so HCPC is supplying power by burning imported coal, rather than a locally grown resource. Should new biomass plants become viable, whether because of high fossil -fuel costs or energy policy, Hawaii Island would probably need to grow biomass expressly for this purpose, rather than as a byproduct of plantation agriculture. For each 25 MW biomass plant, approximately 6,300 acres would be needed to supply biomass. This alternative would, then, provide demand for nearly 20,000 acres of agricultural land over the next two decades. (That amount is 1.6% of Hawaii County's land designated as Agricultural by the State Land Use Commission.) 4.4.3 Impacts on Ratepayers The cost of different alternative plans (2 through 5) can be compared as supplying generating capacity at the level forecast as needed by Hawaii County consumers. (The No Action Alternative is not comparable, since it does not involve provision of the same amount of power.) Should the Biomass Alternative be pursued, ratepayers would likely cover the cost of this alternative. It would amount to about $50.50 per customer per year over the 21 -year planning period. 8 (A few agricultural ratepayers would of course recoup this cost by supplying biomass for the plants.) When the Preferred Alternative and West Hawaii Alternative are compared, the cost difference is very small, and the Preferred Alternative is slightly less expensive. 4.4.4 Impacts on Stockholders Hawaiian Electric reports to stockholders have repeatedly discussed the stalled development of the Keahole plant as a problem. Alternative 2 allows HELCO to generate power to meet demand and also to support a settlement that has been presented as a solution for the 8 In 2002, HELCO had 66,411 customers (DBEDT, 2003). For this comparison, SMS assumed that HELCO would have, on average, 70,000 customers between 2004 and 2025. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Paae 33 SMS September 2004 community as a whole. In contrast, the No Action Alternative and the alternative plans (i.e., 3 through 5) fail to meet key terms of the settlement. Consequently, the Preferred Alternative offers stockholders a much less uncertain future than the other alternatives. In that future, continuing good relations between HELCO and its customers could well lead to less contentious planning and permitting processes, and hence more efficient actions by HELCO. The Preferred Alternative develops a DTCC plant at Keahole in this decade. As a result, energy generation becomes more cost-efficient, and energy lost through waste heat will be reduced under the Preferred Alternative. 4.5 FISCAL IMPACTS Fiscal impacts consist of changes in government costs and revenues due to a project. In the present case, direct impacts are small. For the No Action Alternative, major cumulative impacts could arise, inasmuch as the reduced generating capacity under that alternative would tend to limit economic activity, as discussed in Section 4.4.2 above. With reduced economic growth, government revenues tied to the economy (e.g., excise tax collections and property tax values) would be lower or grow more slowly. 4.5.1 State of Hawaii Construction activities generate revenues for the state in the form of excise taxes, personal income tax, and corporate income tax. Exhibit 4-1 shows that the State of Hawaii would gain approximately $4 million (2003 dollars) from cash flows associated with construction for Alternatives 2 through 4, and $9 million for Alternative 5. This exhibit draws on estimates of local construction spending (also used for Exhibit 4A). Estimates of specific revenue flows are shown in the Appendix to this report. Exhibit 4-I: STATE REVENUES ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTRUCTION State Tax Revenues, in Mill. 2003 $s 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025rl¢�-- Cumulative Alternatives ::. 2 Preferred $1.1 $0.0 $1.4 $1.8 n'_ $4.3 3 West Hawaii $0.0 $0.7 $1.7 $1.5">i;. $3.9 4 East Hawaii $0.0 $0.7 $1.7 $1.4 $3.8 5 Renewable $0.0 $2.4 $2.6 $4.9i!>-.-, $9.9 The Hawaii State public service company tax is calculated on the basis of gross receipts of utilities. So long as HELCO is able to respond appropriately to demand (under Alternatives 2 through 5), no difference in receipts is anticipated. Potentially, the No Action alternative could have a secondary impact on State revenues, to the extent that they would limit economic growth and hence income. While SMS finds this argument plausible, it cannot be quantified without making speculative assumptions about the share of growth that would be diverted to other Counties, rather than outside Hawaii. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 34 SMS September 2004 4.5.2 County of Hawaii The County of Hawaii's main revenue source is real property tax. Utilities pay only nominal real property taxes ($100/parcel). Consequently, no difference in County receipts is anticipated. Also, no difference in County costs is anticipated under Alternatives 2 through 5. For the No Action Alternative, with an important risk of outages, the County could anticipate lost work time and need to pay staff overtime due to disruptions associated with outages. (That cost would be part of the total impact on the Hawaii County economy discussed in Section 4.4.2.) 4.6 IMPACTS ON NEARBY AREAS AND ACTIVITIES 4.6.1 Agricultural Areas The Keahole properties are at the north end of Keahole Agricultural Park. The Keahole Agricultural Park includes 36 lots (not counting the HELCO properties and an adjacent radio tower site). Of those, 25 have dwellings. Plants grown in the park include flowers and landscape plants. Currently, the agricultural park is fully leased. The developers of the Palamanui project plan to build a roadway that will connect to the access road located on the north side of the HELCO property. It would then become the major road into and out of their project and the eventual State developments on adjacent land. If their plan moves forward, then HELCO could consider changes in access to the Keahole Generating Plant. At present, fuel trucks enter and leave by the north gate (to the access road currently used only by HELCO) but all other visitors and workers reach the plant by the south gate, traveling through the Agricultural Park. With a wider access road, HELCO can consider using the north gate for all traffic to and from the generating station, lessening the impact of the station on its neighbors in the Agricultural Park. This road plan is unrelated to the project and alternatives discussed here, except as part of the context for impact analysis. Impacts on Activities and Occupants In the past, neighbors have expressed concern that emissions from the Keahole plant might, in combination with vog, result in air quality harmful to those living and working nearby. This issue has been addressed in the Settlement and in Chapter 3 of this Environmental Impact Statement. To the extent that the Settlement is implemented (as planned under the Preferred Alternative), air quality will continue to meet or be better than current standards. Moreover, neighbors will have assurance that HELCO is taking steps to mitigate and monitor noise and emissions. Development of the ST7 unit will offer further reassurance, since it will use steam generated by the other combustion turbines to create additional power, thereby limiting emissions. Under the other alternatives, the Keahole plant will have increased generating capacity, increased emissions, and a higher stack to disperse the emissions. HELLO would comply with environmental standards and regulations. However, under the other alternatives, not all the measures in the Settlement designed to address the concerns of the Keahole plant's neighbors would necessarily be implemented, either at Keahole or at other generating plant sites. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Paae 35 SMS September 2004 Impacts on Property Values Land in the agricultural park is leased by the State Department of Agriculture. Lease rents are determined by independent appraisals. Leases may be sold to active farmers. When data on parcels in the agricultural park is compared with comparable leasehold agricultural parcels in West Hawaii, it turns out that sales values for land in the agricultural park are high, while the assessed values determined by County tax assessors are low:9 Exhibit 4-J: VALUATION OF COMPARABLE WEST HAWAII AGRICULTURAL PROPERTIES Clearly, the park's status and/or location tend to hold tax valuation down, but not sales values and the level of sales activity. It appears, then, that Keahole Agricultural Park has maintained high sales values, despite the presence of an active power plant to the north, and a major highway and airport to the west. In this situation, there is no obvious reason why the changes now underway, or the reclassification of the HELCO parcels (i.e., the project) can be expected to affect lease and resale values. The Renewable Alternative would have an important impact on agricultural land, since it would involve production of fuel crops on some 20,000 acres by 2025. The consequences for valuation would depend on whether land used for biomass production had been valued previously as appropriate for high value crops or for little more than pasture. Agricultural values in Hawaii County range from $7/acre (for poor pasture land, dedicated to agricultural use) to $2,000/acre for land used for truck crops. Land for production of biomass or forage crops and dedicated to agricultural use would be valued at $250/acre. Currently, there is much agricultural land in Hawaii County in large lots that is little used, and valued at about $150/acre or even lower amounts.10 Use of such property for biomass production with long-term agricultural dedication would lead to higher valuations and taxes. The tax impact for the entire area involved in biomass production would likely be a gain for the County on the order of $20,000 annually. 9 Data were gathered using Hawaii Information Service records in November 2003. Sales are for the period from 1/1/1998 to the time of analysis. The comparable data are for leasehold agricultural parcels from three to ten acres in size. 10 This claim is based on examination of values of some 20 properties in Hamakua and Kau over 500 acres, zoned for agricultural use. Since no sites for future biomass production are known, any sampling of potentially affected agricultural land is only preliminary. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 36 SMS September 2004 ea o e Total Agricultural Sample Park Parcels 642 36 Parcels with sales since 1/1/1998 121 15 Average land value/acre $5,680 $1,845 Average sales price/acre $6,786 $18,650 Clearly, the park's status and/or location tend to hold tax valuation down, but not sales values and the level of sales activity. It appears, then, that Keahole Agricultural Park has maintained high sales values, despite the presence of an active power plant to the north, and a major highway and airport to the west. In this situation, there is no obvious reason why the changes now underway, or the reclassification of the HELCO parcels (i.e., the project) can be expected to affect lease and resale values. The Renewable Alternative would have an important impact on agricultural land, since it would involve production of fuel crops on some 20,000 acres by 2025. The consequences for valuation would depend on whether land used for biomass production had been valued previously as appropriate for high value crops or for little more than pasture. Agricultural values in Hawaii County range from $7/acre (for poor pasture land, dedicated to agricultural use) to $2,000/acre for land used for truck crops. Land for production of biomass or forage crops and dedicated to agricultural use would be valued at $250/acre. Currently, there is much agricultural land in Hawaii County in large lots that is little used, and valued at about $150/acre or even lower amounts.10 Use of such property for biomass production with long-term agricultural dedication would lead to higher valuations and taxes. The tax impact for the entire area involved in biomass production would likely be a gain for the County on the order of $20,000 annually. 9 Data were gathered using Hawaii Information Service records in November 2003. Sales are for the period from 1/1/1998 to the time of analysis. The comparable data are for leasehold agricultural parcels from three to ten acres in size. 10 This claim is based on examination of values of some 20 properties in Hamakua and Kau over 500 acres, zoned for agricultural use. Since no sites for future biomass production are known, any sampling of potentially affected agricultural land is only preliminary. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 36 SMS September 2004 4.6.2 Residential Areas Currently, Kona Palisades is the only residential subdivision near the project and stretching below the 800 feet elevation. The closest homes are about 0.9 miles from the Keahole Generating Station by road. Eventually, additional housing could be located directly north and east of the Keahole site, in the Palamanui project and on State land, beginning about a mile away from the site. Additional housing could also be developed to the south of Kona Palisades. Impacts on Activities and Occupants With the Preferred Alternative, HELCO will be able to implement the mitigations and controls noted in the Settlement. Under all the other alternatives, residents would face a situation in which HELCO could not implement all the controls accepted under the Settlement. Consequently, they would know that while the precautions in place meet State and Federal standards, they are less stringent than the ones that some of the nearby property owners sought. Such a situation would be unsettling to some, and unlikely to encourage improved relations between HELCO and its local customers. All the various alternatives would have no impact on the visual appearance of the generating station to the surrounding community. impacts on Property Values Reclassification is not expected to affect property values, since value is estimated on the basis of market trends for similar properties, not the classification of very different ones. Residents may be concerned that plant development and energy production affect residential property values in the surrounding subdivisions. In the 1993 EIS for Keahole, an appraisal firm compared selected subdivisions and found no impact. For the present EIS, SMS ran a similar analysis for single family properties in much of North Kona (in TMK zones 3-7-3 through 3-7-5) between Queen Kaahumanu Highway and about the 1,200 foot elevation. The aim was to learn whether location of residential property uphill from the Keahole industrial area was an important component of value. Analyses were run on both appraised values and records of sales. In all cases, the uphill location was not significantly associated with value. In short, the presence of industrial activity and an international airport at Keahole does not now affect residential property values uphill. While we cannot rule out the possibility that the recently completed stack and new turbines will have a discernible impact on values, there is no evidence to suggest this. (As noted earlier, the new stack is included under all alternatives, as part of the construction currently permitted in advance of the proposed land use changes.) 4.6.3 Commercial and Industrial Areas The alternatives considered here would have minimal impact on commercial and industrial areas. These are largely exempted from the rolling blackouts that could occur if the No Action Alternative is realized. As described earlier, improved reliability could lead to higher productivity and lower costs for Big Island businesses (under Alternatives 2 through 5), but this is not an impact on a specific commercial area. The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii is developing an Energy Gateway site along Queen Kaahumanu Highway south of the Keahole HELCO properties. That site will highlight energy research and development efforts in Hawaii and around the world. HELCO is an active SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 37 SMS September 2004 collaborator in developing the site. However, no connection between activities at the Gateway site and the Keahole generating plant — beyond the need for reliable power — is obvious. 4.6.4 Other Areas and Activities in Hawaii County The most immediate impact of the new facilities proposed for Keahole on Hawaii County in general is the provision of additional generating capacity. In interviews, many residents commented that a visible industrial plant with a tall stack is undesirable at the intersection of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway with the road to and from the airport. They suggest that tourists' appreciation of Kona as a destination is lessened by the sight. No increase in visibility is associated with the project, i.e., with reclassification of the site, so the question of whether the stack is obtrusive is not project -related. CTCT HELCO has undertaken to increase landscaping that would tend to mask the contours of the plant for observers on the highway The Renewable Alternative could well have complex impacts on the areas surrounding biomass plants. Environmental impacts — water and air quality, noise — would likely arise. Traffic impacts associated with hauling biomass to the plant would need to be considered. These impacts could have important implications for nearby communities' quality of life. Those implications cannot be assessed here, for lack of detailed plans and siting decisions, but they must be acknowledged as issues to be faced if this alternative were to be implemented. 4.7 SOCIAL IMPACTS ON AREAS AND ACTIVITIES NEAR ALTERNATE SITES The two sites considered here — Hill Plant and Puuanahulu -- are in many respects appropriate for further industrial activity. The first is in an industrial area, The site is already in use by HELCO, which has a generating plant on the property. The Puuanahulu site is accepted as the location of a locally unpopular land use. It is hard to see how a generating plant on Puu Pohaku Road could add appreciably to community impacts of the existing landfill The East Hawaii site is in a changing urban area. The University of Hawaii at Hilo is increasing in size, new residential areas are being developed or proposed above it, and major retail development has already occurred on Kanoelehua Avenue. The Hill Plant site is visible, and operations there can be heard and, under some wind conditions, smelled by people in much of the surrounding area. Construction and operation of a new fossil -fuel plant at the site would not necessarily create significant new noise, visual and olfactory impacts. It is quite likely, however, that these activities will lead to increased community sensitivity to operations at Hill Plant. The choice of this site would, then, likely raise continuing problems in maintaining community relations. As discussed earlier, local stakeholders are very concerned about the transport of solid waste to Puuanahulu. In the context of that ongoing controversy, stakeholders may want reassurance that (a) large numbers of fuel trucks will not be directed through Waimea, and movement of fuel trucks on local arterials will be carefully controlled to minimize congestion and assure safety. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Pane 38 SMS September 2004 MITIGATIONS 5.1 MEASURES TO MITIGATE ADVERSE IMPACTS IDENTIFIED IN THIS REPORT The only adverse socio-economic impacts identified in this report for the Preferred Alternative are the higher cost for ratepayers and stockholders (as compared to the West Hawaii Alternative), shown in Exhibit 4-G. Those costs may be balanced against the gain in certainty achieved through the Settlement. Also, they are small in relation to the overall costs of power generation over the study period. No further mitigation measures seem necessary for socio- economic impacts of the Preferred Alternative. The actions in the Settlement include specific responses to concerns of the parties to the agreement, notably the installation of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology to deal with air quality, and use of landscaping and painting to minimize visual impacts. Leaving aside the technical question of how severe the impacts in question would have been, it is clear that these measures have served to demonstrate willingness of HELCO to work with its neighbors and have offered some reassurance that the Keahole plant will, under the Preferred Alternative, have less impact than feared. In this sense, the Settlement components can be seen as mitigating ongoing problems of community relations. 5.2 MITIGATION PROCESSES Mitigation measures can be taken unilaterally or through a process in which key parties identify what they take to be important impacts, propose responses, and agree which response or set of responses most appropriately deals with the problem. The history of the Keahole proposal includes both types of decision-making process. HELCO has proposed and implemented some activities to limit impacts on neighbors, while others were proposed in the context of contested - case hearings and subsequent negotiations. The Settlement includes specific actions that respond to neighbors' concerns and hence mitigate both physical and social potential impacts. The Preferred Alternative, as the implementation of the Settlement, continues this mitigation process. The No Action Alternative would set aside the settlement and offer no substitute. The alternative plans would also leave the implementation of the Settlement unfinished, and would hence likely demand reopening negotiations with the other parties to the Settlement. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Paoe 39 SMS September 2004 APPENDICES A PERSONS INTERVIEWED PersonsI Affiliations (listed for the reader's information -- does not indicate any institutional stance with regard to oroiect) Stan B. Berry President and CEO, North Hawaii Community Hospital Kathleen Kiss Damon Director, University of Hawaii Center, West Hawaii Fred Duerr General Manager, Kona Village Resort Kelly GreenwellI Keahole Agricultural Park resident Director, Kealakehe Ahupuaa 20/20 Roger Harris Vice President, Planning, Pauoa Beach Consultant, Palamanui project Paula Helfrich Executive Director, Hawaii Island Economic Development Board Pete Hendricks Deputy Managing Director, County of Hawaii Wayne S. Higaki Assistant Vice President, North Hawaii Community Hospital Jacqui L. Hoover NELHA Gateway Manager, Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority Eddie Huihui j Kona Palisades Resident Rosella Lampe j Kona Palisades resident Wally LauI Director, Kona Neighborhood Place Kona Palisades resident Ronald L. Laub I Special Projects Administrator, W. M. Keck Observatory Eric von Platen Luder Owner/Manager, Huggo's Restaurant President, Kona Kohala Chamber of Commerce SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 40 SMS September 2004 Persons Affiliations (listed for the reader's information -- does not indicate any institutional stance with re and to ro'ect Dennis McBride Facilities Engineering Manager, W. M. Keck Observatory Larry McCullough Kona Palisades resident Mark McGuffie General Manager, King Kamehameha's Kona Beach Hotel Corporate Director, Hotel Operations, HTH Corporation Wilfred Murakami Principal, Kealakehe High School Glenn and Dassar Nojiri Kona Palisades residents Clyde Oshiro Kona Palisades resident John B. Ray President, Hawaii Leeward Planning Conference Linda A. Scheffler Environmental Health Specialist, State of Hawaii Department of Transportation, Airports Division, Kona International Airport Jeff L. Smith Executive Director, Hawaii Ocean Science & Technology Park and the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority Glenn Soma Planning Branch, Hawaii State Department of Transportation, Harbors Division Chuck Tipton Kona Palisades resident Ira F. Walton III CEO, Kona Community Hospital SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 41 SMS September 2004 B INTERVIEW HANDOUT Keahole Environmental Impact Statement SMS Research is conducting interviews as part of work on a socio-economic impact study for the Environmental Impact Statement being prepared for the Keahole Generating Station. Our client is Belt Collins Hawaii, as planner for Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO). We are talking with people in West Hawaii to understand how the action studied in the EIS and HELCO plans are viewed by the community. The EIS is to reclassify land from the State Conservation District to the State Urban District, and then to change zoning from Open to MG (General Industrial). The affected properties are the parcels under the Keahole Generating Station and the Airport Substation next to it. The generating station is about a mile east of Kona International Airport, and 750 feet east (mauka) of Queen Kaahumanu Highway. _ a btemabonal( ^ 57 *`+lc Airport _ KEAHOLE GENERATING _ J STATION PROJECT AREA [-J,1 - — -.•� Keahole fkalryrn __ , _ 1 )a Ag Perk - ni a � — Pulisad Kl Natural Energy Lab" I\04 Pacific Ocean - ,`100 o ^ i,e. •' z y ® 0 5000 NORTH SCALE IN FEET HELCO has for many years proposed expanding the Keahole Generating Station, and HELCO still seeks to do so. HELCO started construction of the next phase in 2002, but stopped in response to a court order. Judge Ibarra recently vacated his court order, permitting HELCO to SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 42 SMS September 2004 resume construction on the project. Judge Ibarra recognized a settlement worked out by HELCO with several parties who used to oppose the expansion. Currently, the station has seven generators, with a total generating capacity of 30.25 MW (MegaWatts)." HELCO seeks to add three new generators and equipment, capable of generating 56 more MW. HELCO plans to mitigate anticipated impacts through emission controls, noise controls, and painting and landscaping. For the EIS, we distinguish between land use changes (reclassification and zoning) and expansion of the plant. We will look at impacts of each. SMS interviewers want to know how the West Hawaii community sees the Preferred Alternative and the proposed expansion. We will report our findings in the EIS, keeping individual opinions confidential. For more information: • About HELCO's plans — call Warren Lee at 935-1171 (wlee@hei.com) • About the EIS process — call Lee Sichter at Belt Collins Hawaii (808-521-5361; Isichter @ beltcollins.com) • About SMS and this interview — call John Kirkpatrick at 1-877-535-5767 or, in Honolulu, 440-0703. (jkirk@smshawaii.com) " This was true at the time of interviewing, in 2003. As of mid -2004, Keahole has a generating capacity of 21.25 MW, with three of its diesel generating units retired and the two new Combustion Turbines still in testing mode. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT, KEAHOLE SITES Page 43 SMS September 2004 C CALCULATION OF POPULATION AND HOUSING IMPACTS, ALTERNATIVE PLANS The following tables estimate population and housing impacts from the operations jobs forecast for the various alternative plans. (With no employment associated with operations under the No Action Alternative, no population and housing impacts are forecasts.) Operations -Related Jobs 12 12 37 65 Operations -Related Jobs, Hawaii County I 10 10 29 51 Residents supported by Operations Jobs, State of Hawaii PersonsI 26 26 78 136 Households 9 9 26 46 Residents supported by Operations Jobs, Hawaii County Persons 1 20 20 61 107 Households 7 7 21 36 Potential New Household Creation, Statewide Low Estimate 1 1 4 7 High Estimate 3 3 8 14 Potential New Household Creation, Hawaii County Low Estimate 1 1 3 5 High Estimate 2 2 6 11 on limited in tens. Number of persons per household (2.95) and ratio of jobs per household (1.41) estimated for 2000 from Census data, State DUR job counts, and SMS estimates. New household creation estimated as 15% to 30% of households, based on past resort studies (Community Resources, 1987a, 1987b). New household creation occurs over time, not necessarily in the year for which operations jobs begin, since workers accumulate income and wait for other reasons to establish new households. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 44 SMS September 2004 3 West Hawaii 2010 2015 2020 2025 Operations -Related Jobs 0 12 40 65 Operations -Related Jobs, Hawaii County 0 10 32 51 Residents supported by Operations Jobs, State of Hawaii Persons 0 26 84 136 Households I 0 9 29 46 Residents supported by Operations Jobs, Hawaii County Persons 0 20 66 107 Households 0 7 22 36 Potential New Household Creation, Statewide Low Estimate 0 1 4 7 High Estimate 0 3 9 14 Potential New Household Creation, Hawaii County Low Estimate 0 1 3 5 High Estimate 0 2 7 11 NOTES: Population and housing impacts based on operations jobs, not construction, since the latter is limited in term. Number of persons per household (2.95) and ratio of jobs per household (1.41) estimated for 2000 from Census data, State OUR job counts, and SMS estimates. New household creation estimated as 15% to 30% of households, based on past resort studies (Community Resources, 1967a, 1987b). New household creation occurs over time, not necessarily in the year for which operations jobs begin, since workers accumulate income and wait for other reasons to establish new households. 4 East Hawaii 2010 2015 2020 2025 Operations -Related Jobs 0 12 50 74 Operations -Related Jobs, Hawaii County 0 10 39 58 Residents supported by Operations Jobs, State of Hawaii Persons 0 26 104 156 Households 0 9 35 53 Residents supported by Operations Jobs, Hawaii County Persons 0 20 81 122 Households 0 7 28 41 Potential New Household Creation, Statewide Low Estimate 0 1 5 8 High Estimate 0 3 11 16 Potential New Household Creation, Hawaii County Low Estimate 0 1 4 6 High Estimate 0 2 8 12 NOTES: Population and housing impacts based on operations jobs, not construction, since the latter is limited in term. Number of persons per household (2.95) and ratio of jobs per household (1.41) estimated for 2000 from Census data, State DLIR job counts, and SMS estimates. New household creation estimated as 15% to 30% of households, based on past resort studies (Community Resources, 1987a, 19871)). New household creation occurs over time, not necessarily in the year for which operations jobs begin, since workers accumulate income and wait for other reasons to establish new households. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES _ Paoe 45 SMS September 2004 5 Renewable 2010 2015 2020 2025 Operations -Related Jobs 0 228 456 913 Operations -Related Jobs, Hawaii County 0 160 320 639 Residents supported by Operations Jobs, State of Hawaii Persons 0 477 955 1,909 Households 0 162 324 647 Residents supported by Operations Jobs, Hawaii County Persons 0 334 669 1,337 Households 0 113 227 453 Potential New Household Creation, Statewide Low Estimate 0 24 49 97 High Estimate 0 49 97 194 Potential New Household Creation, Hawaii County Low Estimate 0 17 34 68 High Estimate 0 34 68 136 NOTES: Population and housinq impacts based on operations jobs, not construction, since the latter is limited In term. Number of persons per household (2.95) and ratio of jobs per household (1.41) estimated for 2000 from Census data, State DLIR job counts, and SMS estimates. New household creation estimated as 15% to 30% of households, based on past resort studies (Community Resources, 1987a, 1987b). New household creation occurs over time, not necessarily in the year for which operations jobs begin, since workers accumulate income and wait for other reasons to establish new households. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 46 SMS September 2004 D. CALCULATION OF STATE REVENUE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTRUCTION in the following tables, cash flows leading to revenues for the State of Hawaii are calculated for the alternative plans. (The No Action Alternative involves no construction, and hence no associated State revenues.) 2 Preferred 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 Cumulative In Millions of 2003 $s Construction Spending $11.7 $0.0 $14.9 $18.6 $45.2 Construction -Related Wages $7.7 $0.0 $9.8 $12.3 $29.8 Revenues EXCISE TAXES on Construction Spending (1) $0.5 $0.0 $0.6 $0.8 $1.9 Construction -Related Workforce Spending (2) $0.2 $0.0 $0.3 $0.3 $0.8 CORPORATE INCOME TAX (3) Construction (3) $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.1 PERSONAL INCOME TAX (4) Construction -Related Workforce Incomes $0.4 $0.0 $0.5 $0.6 $1.5 TOTAL $1.1 $0.0 $1.4 $1.8 $4.3 NOTES: Cash flows calculated by SMS based on spending estimates by HELCO. (1) Excise tax estimated as 4.1666% of spending. (2) Excise tax on workforce spending estimated as 4.1666% of disposable income. Based on historic spending patterns, 67.1 % of workers' incomes are treated as taxable. (3) Corporate income tax is calculated on profits, not gross revenues. Corporate taxes are estimated as 0.25% of gross revenues, based on historic patterns. (4) The ratio of State taxes collected to workforce income is estimated as 5.05%, based on historical data. SOURCES: Hawaii State Department of Taxation (1989), DBEDT (2003a) ... SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Pace 47 SMS September 2004 3 West Hawaii 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 Cumulative In Millions of 2003 $s Construction Spending $0.0� Construction Spending $0.0 $7.4 $17.5 $16.0 $40.9 Construction -Related We es $0.0 $4.9 $11.5 $10.6 $26.9 -`M4 -, 'T t�Hi.�, Revenues Revenues EXCISE TAXES on EXCISE TAXES on Construction Spending (1) $0.0 Construction Spending (1) $0.0 $0.3 $0.7 $0.7 $1.7 Construction -Related Workforce Spending (2) $0.0 Workforce Spending (2) $0.0 $0.1 $0.3 $0.3 $0.8 CORPORATE INCOME TAX (3) Construction (3) $0.0 Construction (3) $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.1 PERSONAL INCOME TAX (4) Construction -Related Construction -Related Workforce Incomes $0.0 Workforce Incomes $0.0 $0.2 $0.6 $0.5 $1.4 TOTAL $0.0 $0.7 $1.7 $1.5 $3.9 4 East Hawaii 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 Cumulative In Millions of 2003 $s Construction Spending $0.0� $7.2I $17.41 $14.9 $39.4 Construction -Related Wages $00 $4.711 $11.51 $9.8 $25.9 _ -...ymk "moi,.-�o-�``-"«n- -•~ix .L. '--5'v.� v ., 'i` -`M4 -, 'T t�Hi.�, Revenues EXCISE TAXES on Construction Spending (1) $0.0 $0.3 $0.7 $0.6 $1.6 Construction -Related Workforce Spending (2) $0.0 $0.1 $0.3 $0.3 $0.7 CORPORATE INCOME TAX (3) Construction (3) $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.0 $0.1 PERSONAL INCOME TAX (4) Construction -Related Workforce Incomes $0.0 $0.2 $0.6 $0.5 $1.3 TOTAL $0.0 $0.7 $1.7 $1.4 $3.8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Pace 48 SMS September 2004 5 Renewable 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020 2021-2025 Cumulative In Millions of 2003 $s Construction Spending $0.0 $25.4 $27.3 $50.9 $103.7 Construction -Related Wages $0.0 $16.7 $18.0 $33.5 $68.2 Revenues EXCISE TAXES on Construction Spending (1) $0.0 $1.1 $1.1 $2.1 $4.3 Construction -Related Workforce Spending (2) $0.0 $0.5 $0.5 $0.9 $1.9 CORPORATE INCOME TAX (3) Construction (3) $0.0 $0.1 $0.1 $0.1 $0.3 PERSONAL INCOME TAX (4) Construction -Related Workforce Incomes $0.0 $0.8 $0.9 $1.7 $3.4 TOTAL $0.0 $2.4 $2.6 $4.9 $9.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Pace 49 SMS September 2004 E. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUES To understand whether development of new electrical generating facilities (in all alternatives) or new controls over emissions and noise (in the Preferred Alternative), at Keahole would be likely to affect residential property values, SMS ran regression analyses of values for residential property in North Kona, comparing values of homes directly uphill from the Keahole generating plant and airport with others. The logic of the analysis is simply that if the presence of industrial facilities already affects residential values, then increased impact could (but might not) occur. If no impact is visible in current valuation data, then there is no basis for expecting such impact in the future. SMS included both sales and valuation data for single family properties (Pitt Code 100) in Tax May Key areas 3-7-3 through 3-7-5. In addition to TMK data on value, sales, property description and building description, SMS coded each parcel for the following characteristics/2: Elevation: Using elevation data transferred from USGS maps to TMK maps by Belt Collins, plats were coded as lying from 0 to 500 feet above sea level, 501 to 1,000 feet, 1,001 to 1,500 feet, 1,501 to 2,000 feet, and above 2,000 feet. Plats makai of Queen Kaahumanu Highway were coded separately, partly in order to distinguish oceanfront parcels from other low-lying ones. For the analysis, the makai plats, ones higher than 2,000 feet, and large ones that could not be identified as nearly all located within one of the elevation categories. • Highway: Plats located next to Mamalahoa Highway, Queen Kaahumanu Highway or Palani Road were coded as more easily accessible than others. Uphill of Keahole: Plats along Kaiminani Road were coded as immediately uphill of Keahole Generating Station and the Airport; plats within 4,000 feet to the north or south were coded as near, but not directly uphill of Keahole; all other plats were coded as not uphill. SMS proceeded to use regression analysis to identify concomitants of land value, total value and sales price, i.e., factors that can account for the value of the properties. The hypothesis being tested was whether a location uphill from the Keahole Generating Plant and Airport had a measurable association with value, either in the considered judgment of real property appraisers or in the sales record. With the limits on sample noted above (e.g.., exclusion of parcels in plats that are too large to assign an elevation to all parcels in the plat), the resulting sample consisted of: 840 usable records of residential parcels; 340 records of parcels sold within the last five years; and 264 records of parcels sold within the last three years. Sales for less than $10,000 were excluded as not reflecting market forces. 12 Every parcel of land is uniquely identified by a string of numbers — the TMK number — as follows: Division (of the State: Hawaii County is Division 3); Zone (North Kona is Zone 7); Section ( much of the area from Keahole to Keauhou is in Sections 3 to 5); Plat — often a subdivision or increment of one — and Parcel identifier. Condominium properties have an additional identifier for each condominium owner. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 50 SMS September 2004 The dependent variables were: • Total Value: This is the appraised value of the land and improvements, as established by Hawaii County Real Property assessors. The assessors take into account market data from the neighborhood and region. The mean value of the properties studied was $211,279. • Land Value: This is the land value established by the assessors. The mean land value was $86,203. • Last Price (for properties sold in the last five years): Since the market has risen, but not sharply, in the last five years, this period was chosen to maximize sample size. The mean price was $300,662. • Last Price (for properties sold in the last three years): This period was chosen to have a tighter range of prices with some loss of sample size. The mean price was $279,212. The key finding is very simple: It was possible to account for most of the values ascribed to the properties but in no case was the position of parcels uphill from the Keahole industrial zone significant. In other words, this factor does not contribute to or detract from the value of the residential properties in any demonstrable way. Here the significant associations are noted: Total value: The regression analysis was fairly robust (R = .805; R = .648). The following variables were significant contributors to the dependent variable (i.e., explained the value of the properties): SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 51 SMS September 2004 Variable p (sianificance) B (contribution to dependent var.)13 Living area .000 $84 per square foot First floor area .000 $10 per square foot Age of house .000 -$3,186 per year Elevation .000 -$3,179 per 100 feet elevation Flooring material: .002 Building Type Carpet .000 .003 Hardwood .000 Building Type Wood House .001 Roof Material: Glazed Tile .002 Land area .003 Interior material .000 Hollow tile .010 Single wall .022 Double wall .035 Highway .047 Full bathrooms .048 The "Uphill" variable was not significant (p =.179) Land Value: This regression analysis was less strong than the one for total value, suggesting that the appraisers' procedures for distinguishing between land value and improved value are not as clear and consistent in practice as in theory (R = .562; R2 = .316). The following variables were significant: Variable p (significance) B (contribution to dependent var.) Land area .000 Area of first story .000 Elevation .000 Roof Material Concrete Tile .000 Living area .001 Highway .002 Building Type Wood House .003 Masonry .023 $2 per square foot $28 per square foot - $2,689 per 100 feet The "Uphill" variable was not significant (p = .749) t3 In this memo, B coefficients are noted for the strongest associations because these can be read as indicators of the contribution of each factor to value. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 52 SMS September 2004 Sales over the Last Five Years (since 1/1/98): This regression was fairly robust .598). The constant (point at which the regression line intercepts the y axis) negative, making interpretation of the B coefficient unhelpful. The following significant: Variable P (sionificancel Living area .000 Area of first story .000 Exterior Wall .000 Hollow tile .000 Roof Material .000 Concrete tile .000 Elevation .001 Flooring: Carpet .001 Age of home .012 Building type .004 Wood .012 Flooring: Tile .002 Half baths .037 The "Uphill' variable was not significant (p = .894). (R = .773; R2 = was large and variables were Sales over the Last Three Years (since 1/1/00): This was the strongest regression analysis (R = .82; R2 = .673). However, as in the last case, the constant was a large negative value, making interpretation of B coefficients unhelpful. Significant associations were: Variable o (significancel Land area .000 Exterior Wall: Hollow tile .000 Flooring: Carpet .000 Ceramic Tile .000 Hardwood .000 Roof material Concrete Tile .000 Elevation .003 Area first story .003 Half baths .004 Age of home .009 Building type: Wood house .026 The "Uphill' variable was not significant (p =.499). SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 53 SMS September 2004 REFERENCES Command, B. "Planners approve permit for Clifto's Kona Coast complex." West Hawaii Today. December 10, 2003. Command, B. "Kim touts road work." West Hawaii Today. January 30, 2004. Community Resources, Inc. Survey of Employee Characteristics and Housing Patterns: Westin Mauna Kea and Mauna Lani Resort. Prepared for Mauna Kea Properties and Mauna Lani Resort, Inc. Honolulu, HI, 1987a. Community Resources, Inc. Description of Micro -Computer Models for Determining Socio - Economic Impacts of West Hawaii Resort Development. Prepared for Mauna Kea Properties, Ritz-Carlton Hotels, and Mauna Lani Resort, Inc. Honolulu, HI, 1987b. Edwards, T. "Mayor Postpones Clifto's Project." West Hawaii Today. May 6, 2004. Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO) IRP Plan. Submitted to Public Utilities Commission of the State of Hawaii, Docket No. 97-0349. Honolulu, HI: 1998. Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. (HELCO) Integrated Resource Plan. 1998-2018 Evaluation Report. Submitted to Public Utilities Commission of the State of Hawaii, Docket No. 97- 0349. Honolulu, HI: 2004. Hawaii County. Hawaii County Data Book 2000. Hilo, HI. 2001. Hawaii County. Hawaii County Data Book. Hilo, HI. Updated over the Internet at (http://www.co.hawaii.hi.us/databook current/dbooktoc.htm); most recent data as of 2003. Hawaii County Department of Environmental Management. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Construction and Operation of the East Hawaii Regional Sort Station. Hilo, HI: 2004. Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism. Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to 2025. Honolulu, HI: 2000. Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT). The Hawaii Input -Output Study: 1997 Benchmark Report.. Honolulu, HI: 2002. Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism. Visitor Research Report, 2002. Honolulu, HI: 2003a. Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism. The State of Hawaii Data Book, 2002. Honolulu, HI, 2003b. Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism. Quarterly Forecast, (http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/forecast ) Honolulu, HI: December 2003c. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 54 SMS September 2004 Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism. Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaii to 2030: DBEDT 2030 Series, Report Results and Methodology. Honolulu, HI 2004. Hawaii State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations. 2002 Employment and Payrolls in Hawaii. Honolulu, HI: 2003. Hawaii State Department of Taxation. Hawaii Income Patterns — Corporations — 1989. Honolulu, HI: 1991. PBR Hawaii. The Department of Hawaiian Home Lands Hawai'I Island Plan: Final Report. Honolulu, HI: 2002. Thompson, R. "Landfill Alternatives Cause Rift on Big Isle." Honolulu Star -Bulletin, June 115, 2004. Tummons, P. "Consumer Advocate Faults HELCO over its Push for Keahole Units." Environment Hawaii. vol. 8, no. 11. May 1998. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Demographic Profiles of Counties and Census Designated Places. Hawaii Profiles available at http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/census2k/index.html. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1990 Census of Population and Housing, Summary Tape File 3-A: Alaska, Hawaii, Oregon. CD90-3A-02. Washington, DC., 1992. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1990 Census of Population and Housing, Summary Tape File 1-A: Pacific Division, Vol. I. CD90-1 A-9-1. Washington, DC, 1991. Viotti, V. "Hawaiian Home Lands to Lease Acres on Big Island." The Honolulu Advertiser, February 5, 2004. Yamanouchi, K. "Call Center in Hilo to Close. The Honolulu Advertiser, March 26, 2004. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT KEAHOLE SITES Page 55 SMS September 2004 APPENDIX N - NAPHTHA FUEL STUDY FINAL Naphtha Fuel Study Keahole Combined Cycle Plant Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. Prepared by Stone & Webster, Inc., A Shaw Group Company February 2004 Copyright 2004 Stone & Webster Inc., A Shaw Group Company Denver, CO Table of Contents INTRODUCTION............ _.............................................................._._._............................................._._...................1 NAPHTHAPROPERTIES.................................................................................................................................................1 A. NAPHTHA SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ........ ............ .............. ................................................................... 2 NAPHTHAUNLOADING AND STORAGE......................................................................................................................2 NAPHTHA CONVEYANCEAND FUEL CONDITIONING- ............................................................................................3 PERFORMANCECONSIDERATIONS..............................................................................................................................4 CONTROLPHILOSOPHY...............................................................................................................................................4 B. EQUIPMENT PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES AND LAYOUT C. WASTE PRODUCT PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL ............ .................................................... _.......6 D. REGULATORY AND PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS...._....................„........................................7 E. NAPHTHA SUPPLY AND LOGISTICS ..................... ................. _.............. _........................................... 7 F. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION......._ ................. ................................................. 8 G. ENGINEERING, PROCUREMENT, AND CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATE ............ ......... 8 APPENDIXA Heat Balance Calculations...................................................................Al APPENDIX B General Arrangement ..... BI APPENDIX C AFFF Properties and Handling........................................................... CI Naphtha Fuel Study for Keahole Combined Cycle Plant INTRODUCTION The Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc.'s (HELCO) Keahole Combined Cycle Project consists of the installation of a nominal 58 MW dual train (two combustion turbines, two heat recovery steam generators and one steam turbine) combined cycle electric generating facility at the existing Keahole Power Plant. The installation will utilize two General Electric LM 2500 combustion turbines each rated at 20 MW nominal. Each of the combustion turbines exhaust to a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG). Steam produced by the HRSGs supply a nominal 18 MW steam turbine. Keahole combustion turbines CT -4 and CT -5 are currently configured to bum No. 2 diesel. In the event that fuel diversity or alternatives are sought for availability, reliability, or regulatory reasons, naphtha may be considered as one of the alternative fuel sources. This would require significant rtndifications to the fuel storage and handling systems, as well as the combustion turbine fuel supply, ventilation, and control systems. No. 2 diesel fuel would still be required for start-up and low output operation. This report provides background information regarding naphtha as a fuel and details on the anticipated modifications required to convert Keahole CT -4 and CT -5 to naphtha as the primary fuel. Naphtha Properties The system design and process equipment required for operation with naphtha are dictated by the properties of the fuel, and specifically how they compare to diesel. The following sections describe key differences between naphtha and diesel, which must be addressed within the system design to allow the combustion turbines to safely and reliably operate with both fuels. Flash Point: Naphtha, unlike diesel fuel, will more easily vaporize and produce ignitable gases at low air pressures, resulting in a low flash point for the fuel. The flash point is defined as the lowest temperature at which a fuel will produce flammable vapors capable of ignition. The flash point for naphtha varies with the specific blend, but is typically in the 20-55°F range. No. 2 diesel fuel, on the other hand, has a flash point of 126-140°F. Because of this bw flash point, naphtha requires an alternative fuel to add stability and prevent possible explosions during system start-up or lo% -load operation. The diesel fuel supply system would be retained for use as a start-up fuel for naphtha. Low flash point fuels also have a tendency to be highly volatile. Therefore, it is necessary to provide for draining of naphtha fuel between the manifold valves and fuel nozzles after transferring to the diesel fuel to avoid any build up of vapors. Since naphtha has a tendency to flash to vapor at low pressures, it is very sensitive to reductions in manifold pressure and temperature. When the system begins to slow down to accommodate lower load demand, the decreased pressure can cause the turbine to flame -out (lose ignition ability). A flash point detection system would be required to switch fuels and operate on diesel at lower loads. Ventilation Requirements: Naphtha vapors, which are heavier than air, require heavy gas fans in the bottoms of enclosures to remove them. The fuel skid and turbine compartment require special ventilation systems that vent the exhaust to an unconfined area to minimize the explosive hazard. The venting system must maintain a slight vacuum in the hazardous areas to assure against leakage of the combustibles into non- hazardous areas. Hydrocarbon detectors may be required in some applications in both the hazardous areas and in the vent lines. The ventilation requirements for the present diesel fuel system require exhaust fans on top of the enclosures for the turbine and generator compartments with no special requirements for venting. Temperature Considerations: Because naphtha is very sensitive to changes in temperature, the fuel and piping must be maintained between 68° F and 140° F. Below 68° F, the fuel may wax (thicken), and above 140°F, the fuel may flash. A naphtha cooler is required prior to the booster pumps if the naphtha cannot be maintained below 140° F. Heat tracing of piping will be required if the temperature range cannot be maintained. Diesel fuel is less sensitive to temperature and pressure and does not have the same considerations required for naphtha. A. NAPHTHA SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The following modifications to the existing equipment are necessary for operation with naphtha. Naphtha Unloading and Storage Additional precautions are necessary for the transportation of naphtha due to its lower flash point and fuel volatility, but this fuel is routinely transported to an existing facility on the Island without major difficulties. A grounding system is required at the unloading facility to prevent static discharge that could be a potential ignition point and breathers are required on unloading lines to minimize the release of vapors. New unloading pumps will also likely be required for unloading naphtha from the fuel tanker to the storage tanks. Because of its low density, the storage requirements for naphtha are greater than for diesel. The heating value of naphtha and diesel per pound is approximately the same, but naphtha has a lower specific gravity than diesel, and the heating value on a volumetric basis for naphtha is approximately 25% lower than diesel. For the same duration of storage time, naphtha therefore requires approximately 25 to 30 percent more volume of storage than diesel. Naphtha is normally stored in tanks with floating roofs that eliminate any air space for vapors to collect. The tanks are equipped with gimbals for fuel loading, floating pump suction, and floating roof drain. A fixed roof storage tank with a vapor recovery system was evaluated, but determined not to be permittable for use with naphtha. Diesel storage tanks are typically fixed roof tanks with a floating suction. Diesel vapors, which develop in the open air space at ambient temperatures, are not a concern. The lined containment area for the tanks should be sized to ensure there is adequate secondary containment in the event of a tank breach. The cost of a floating roof tank typically is 20 percent higher than a fixed roof tank of the same capacity, thus the capital cost for fuel storage of naphtha is higher than for diesel storage. Fire protection requirements for naphtha are also different from diesel due to its high volatility. An aqueous film -forming foam (AFFF) system is recommended for the fuel unloading and storage areas. Foam spray systems are recommended for the truck unloading area, with automatic foam chambers to dispense AFFF in the tank. Foam monitors, which provide foam coverage for a section of the containment area, would be located around the perimeter of the containment area. For the Keahole facility, the existing diesel fuel storage tanks serving the diesel generators and CT -2, the diesel fuel centrifuge and diesel day tanks for CT -4 and CT -5 would still be required for startup and low load operating conditions. The planned diesel fuel storage tanks for CT -4 and CT -5 would be converted to naphtha storage tanks. Naphtha Conveyance and Fuel Conditioning Forwarding naphtha fuel from the storage tank to the combustion turbines also requires several modifications to the current system using No. 2 diesel. Naphtha is pumped directly to the combustion turbine fuel injection pumps rather than being centrifuged and delivered to day tanks like No. 2 diesel. Naphtha's high volatility and vapor pressure require that the forwarding pumps be mounted in a pit to prevent cavitation. Export grade naphtha does not require the centrifuge process. Instead, the fuel would be forwarded directly from the main storage tank to the fuel injection pump for each combustion turbine. A duplex strainer in the fuel line removes particulate matter and can be serviced on line. Diesel fuel would still be required for low load operation and start-up. The day tanks, fuel forwarding pumps and fuel oil centrifuge would be retained for this function. Once the day tanks are filled with No. 2 diesel, the fuel is circulated continuously to maintain quality. Since diesel has a higher level of lubricity, the diesel fuel system uses a more conventional application and does not require the special equipment that naphtha would for fuel control and flow division. The turbine fuel injection pump used for naphtha also differs in design from that used for diesel. Due to the low lubricity of naphtha, conventional fuel injection pumps are not suitable, and therefore new pumps would need 3 to be purchased. A Roto -Jet pump, model 5400, is used for a similar application at another facility with favorable results. This pump has fewer wear parts and employs a speed increasing gear box to drive the high speed, single stage pump. This pump is VFD (variable frequency drive) controlled to deliver both naphtha and No. 2 diesel. A three- way valve is required on the pump feed to control the switch over of fuel. Control valves used in naphtha service require modifications to internal components, seats, and seals, due to the low lubricity of the fuel. Fuel injection nozzle materials and design must also be modified to account for naphtha's greater potential for erosion. Fuel injection is accomplished by a pressure flow division system rather than a mechanical flow division system employed with No. 2 diesel. The pressure flow division system would be used for both naphtha and No. 2 diesel and would completely replace the mechanical flow division system. The equipment for this system is typically housed in the fuel pump enclosure adjacent to the turbine enclosure for fire protection reasons. Performance Considerations Attachment A shows the expected performance of the combustion turbine operating with naphtha and No. 2 diesel as fuel. Combustion turbine performance with naphtha will generate essentially equal power ratings as for No. 2 diesel. Naphtha's lower heating value is nearly identical to No. 2 diesel on a weight basis, at 18,400 Btu/Ib, but requires approximately 25% more volumetric flow to achieve the same performance. The sulfur content in naphtha is low in comparison to diesel fuel. Naphtha has less than 0.05 percent sulfur content, while conventional diesel fuel has a sulfur content of approximately 0.40 percent. Because of this, naphtha will burn cleaner than conventional diesel fuel and generate correspondingly lower sulfur dioxide emissions. NO, emissions for the two fuels are similar, with water injection the preferred reduction technique. Water is injected at approximately a 1:1 weight ratio for either fuel and total water consumption for NO, reduction remains essentially unchanged. NOx emissions for both naphtha and No. 2 diesel are expected to be at or below 42 ppm with water injection only. Control Philosophy Additional control functions are necessary to safely burn naphtha fuel. A system is required to monitor and control fuel switch -over to diesel at low loads due to naphtha's low flash point. A flash point detection system can be employed to optimize the switch over point to diesel. During low demand conditions, one unit is switched to diesel and operates at minimum capacity. As a result, the second unit can operate at a higher capacity and continue to bum naphtha. This control approach maximizes the operation of the system with naphtha. The use of naphtha also requires different ventilation since its gas is heavier than air. Heavy gas exhaust fans are required fir the combustion turbine enclosure and Lower Explosion Limit (LEL) sensors and control system are required for the turbine and generator compartments. Five LEL sensors are typically used on each 0 turbine package. The addition of these control features would require an upgrade to the existing Woodward 503 turbine control system. Additional control modifications will also be required in the existing ABB/Bailey distributed control system for the balance of plant controls. B. EQUIPMENT PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES AND LAYOUT Fuel Storage Tanks and Containment: The biggest impact to equipment layout is the increased size of the floating roof storage tanks required for naphtha. Increasing the storage volume by 25% requires a 12% increase in tank diameter, or a 25% increase in tank height (approximately 12 ft.). Because these tanks are of a ring wall foundation design, and are already partially installed, increasing the height is the preferred approach. The two 617,000 gallon No. 2 diesel fuel storage tanks (PLTLF-TKIA and PLTLF- TK2A) would increase in height from 42 ft. to approximately 54 ft with a volume of 775, 000 gallons for naphtha. Since the 1,579,000 gallon diesel fuel storage tank (PLTLF- TK1C) has not been fabricated, increasing the diameter may be the prekrred approach. This would increase the diameter from 80 ft. to approximately 90 ft. with a volume of 2,000,000 gallons for naphtha. The volume of the containment area around the storage tanks would need to be increased accordingly by increasing the containment wall height approximately 4 ft. Fuel Unloading Facility: The fuel unloading facility size and location would remain essentially unchanged from the current configuration, but would require some enhancements to safely handle naphtha. A grounding system for use during naphtha unloading is required, along with a breather system to minimize naphtha vapor release. The area should also be provided with an AFFF spray system. Fire Fighting System: An AFFF fire fighting system is required for the storage tank areas. This system consists of a foam chamber for each storage tank (two required for the future TK1C), with foam spray systems in the truck unloading area. The foaming agent is stored is an 1,100 gallon horizontal bladder tank and is capable of producing a 3% AFFF solution per NFPA standards for volume and duration based on the tank sizes and coverage area. Foam monitors around the perimeter of the containment area would provide additional protection. The foam monitors would be supplied with 265 gallon totes of foaming agent which is educted into the monitor when in use. Appendix C includes technical bulletins which provide additional information on the environmental impacts, expected shelf life, and disposal for one common AFFF product. Fuel Forwarding Pumps: Naphtha forwarding pumps are ideally located in a recessed pit to provide sufficient suction head due to the high vapor pressure of this fuel. The pumps would be located in the containment in the same location as proposed. Diesel Fuel System: It is preferable to use the existing diesel unloading and storage facilities for start-up and low power operation of CT -4 and CT -5. Diesel fuel from these 5 storage tanks would be processed through the fuel centrifuge and stored in the 13,500 gallon day tanks. Diesel fuel would be continuously circulated and available for immediate switch over if needed. Turbine Support Equipment: New fuel pumps and filters are required for delivery of naphtha to the combustion turbine. A three-way control valve is also required for fuel switch over. These pumps, filters, and control valves are housed in an enclosed area near the combustion turbine and the enclosure is equipped with a CO2 fire protection system. Each set of pumps and filters occupy an area approximately 8'x 10'. Turbine Enclosure Modifications: Additional LEL and fire detection sensors and control equipment are housed within the existing turbine enclosure. Heavy gas exhaust fans are relatively small (1 hp) and attach directly to the existing turbine enclosure. C. WASTE PRODUCT PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL The cleanup of a diesel spill does not require any special precautions. Diesel is very stable at ambient temperatures and has a flash point of 126°F. Naphtha, due to its low flash point, will produce vapors at temperatures greater than 0°F and precautions need to be taken during cleanup due to this high flammability and its health classification. I£ left for a sufficient period of time, naphtha will completely vaporize. Since naphtha vapors are heavier than air, any containment would be filled with naphtha vapors and would be extremely hazardous to personnel. Normal operation of the facility should produce no continuous waste streams containing naphtha. Small drips or leaks will typically evaporate before any spilled liquid can be collected or contained. Larger spills should be contained and collected for disposal at a suitable hazardous material waste facility. Hazard classifications for diesel and naphtha are determined by the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA). Naphtha has a more severe hazard classification for health and flammability than diesel fuel and has the same rating for the reactivity hazard classification. Naphtha has a health classification of 1, which means that it is a material that, on exposure, would cause irritation, but only minor residual injury, including those requiring the use of an approved air -purifying respirator. Naphtha is only slightly hazardous to health and only breathing protection is needed. Diesel has a health classification of 0, which means that, on exposure under fire conditions, it offers no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. Because of its low flash point, naphtha has a flammability classification of 4, which is the most flammable. The preferred method of controlling a fire is to stop the flow of 1.1 material or to protect exposures while allowing the fire to bum itself out. Aqueous filar forming foam (AFFF) is preferred to water in controlling a naphtha fire. Diesel has a flammability classification of 2, which indicates the material must be moderately heated before ignition will occur. Water spray may be used to extinguish diesel fires because the fuel can be cooled below its flash point. D. REGULATORY AND PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS Conversion to naphtha will have some effect on permitting and regulatory requirements associated with physical changes to the facility equipment, different emissions characteristics, and requirements associated with the use and storage of naphtha on site. The following permits will like require updates or resubmittal. Land Use Permits: An updated Conservation District and Use Application, (CDUA) will need to be submitted and approved by the State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). This document is a comprehensive description of the facility. The DLNR will then reject, approve, or approve with conditions the application and issue a Conservation District Use Permit (CDUP) allowing engineering to proceed. Detailed design information is then submitted to the DLNR to ensure conformance with the CDUP. Air Permit Modifications: An updated air permit will be required to verify that all requirements of the Clean Air Act (CAA) are satisfied, including National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), State Ambient Air Quality Standards (SAAQS), New Source Review/Prevention of Significant Deterioration (NSR/PSD), and Good Engineering Practice (GEP) stack height provisions. Plant sulfur emissions (1-12S, SO2) will be considerably lower with naphtha, with other emissions such as NOx, CO, and PMIo remaining essentially unchanged from No. 2 diesel. EPA Risk Management Plan: The plan will be revised to address emergency response requirements in the event of a fire or fuel spill and would be revised to reflect changes associated with storing and using naphtha as the primary fuel. All other permits associated with noise generation, well water supply, waste water reinjection, etc., are unaffected by the conversion to naphtha and would not require modification. E. NAPHTHA SUPPLY AND LOGISTICS Naphtha is a light fraction fuel produced through refinement of crude oil. It is generally used by the chemical industry in the production of ethylene. The availability of naphtha in Hawaii is highly dependent on the type of crude oil processed by the refineries and the quantities of light products (gasoline, jet fuel, naphtha) desired. Lighter oils yield more light products, whereas heavier crude oils yield less light products aid require more refining. The available supply will also be dependent on other users in Hawaii that have recently begun commercial operation using naphtha. Currently all naphtha used in Hawaii is produced on Oahu. Specific data regarding available capacity, pricing, and future projections for naphtha are not readily provided by the local refineries and not fully known at this point. Prices for this product can increase dramatically if regional supplies are insufficient to satisfy local demand, requiring a net import of naphtha. Naphtha is transported in barges from Oahu for delivery in Hilo, where an off-loading facility or terminal exists, but is not available for use by others. The existing Naphtha terminal is contractually dedicated for use by tie Hamakua Energy Partner's (HEP) combined cycle facility in Honokaa. Consequently, new terminaling infrastructure would need to be installed to support Keahole's needs. Specifically, the facility would need storage tanks, a vapor extraction system, and a truck loading rack to load naphtha onto trator-trailers for transport. Additional storage tanks also need to be installed at the loading terminal on Oahu to accommodate additional volumes. Arrangements for storage and off-loading at the port would be part of a fuel purchase agreement arranged with HELCO and the fuel provider. Estimates for fuel delivery indicate that transportation costs for naphtha are approximately equal to No. 2 diesel on a $Btu basis. Naphtha is lighter and a greater volume of fuel can be carred in each load, but additional precautions reduce the number of trips carriers can make in a given shift. Naphtha and diesel fuel requirements are nearly identical on a mass basis. Additional volume is required due to its lower density as mentioned previously. Because it is lighter, more fuel (volume) can be carried in each truck load. The amount each truck can carry is weight limited, and the total number of trips required for fuel will remain essentially unchanged with naphtha. F. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION Emergency response plans will need to be create in response to all foreseeable conditions where naphtha fuel spills, leaks or bums. Possible scenarios include, but are not limited to: Fuel leak from storage tanks at the Keahole plant Fuel leak or spill while off-loading a tanker at the plant Fuel leak or spill from a tanker en route to the facility Fuel leak or spill in delivery piping or CT enclosure The impacts of all scenarios will be evaluated and an effective response that mitigates potential adverse impacts will be developed. The following mitigation features are currently envisioned for the scenarios identified above: 100% fuel containment volume provided with foam spray system. Fuel unloading area drains to tank containment area with foam spray system. Training a proper permitting of transportation company required. LEL detection system and CO2 fire protection systems employed. G. ENGINEERING, PROCUREMENT, AND CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATE 3 The following budgetary price estimate includes budgetary quotes for capital equipment where available and estimates for engineering and construction. The estimated cost reflects 2003/2004 labor and material rates and labor escalation factors and material cost changes should be considered for implementation of the project at some point in the future. Eneineerin¢: This cost includes Mechanical, ElectricaVI&C, and Civil/Structural engineering and design. It also includes Project Management, Project Services, and Construction and Startup support. Capital Equipment: This cost includes the incremental cost to modify the existing and future fuel oil storage tanks (2-700,000 gallon tanks and 1-2,000,000 gallon tank) from fixed roof to floating roof and increase the storage and containment capacity by approximately 25%. A retrofit package is required for the combustion turbines and includes the cost of modifying the fuel injection systems, upgrading the control system and installing a new fire detection and heavy gas exhaust system. An AFFF fire fighting system is also required for the fuel storage area. Constructionand Startup: This cost includes all anticipated Civil, Mechanical, and Electrical/I&C construction and construction management costs associated with installing and commissioning the capital equipment described above. Cost Summary: Unit Price Total Price Engineering $120,000 Procurement 700,000 gal Floating Roof Storage Tank 2 $350,000 $700,000 2,000,000 gal Floating Roof Storage Tank futureNote 1 1 $450,000 $450,000 GE LM2500 Modifications including: Naphtha pump/filter/fuel injection system Control System upgrade (Note 2) LEL System Heavy Exhaust System 2 $1,000,000 $2,000,000 Aqueous film-formingfoam AFFF) system 1 $100,000 $100,000 Construction and Startup $1,500,000 TOTAL $4,870,000 Note 1. The original estimate contained $400,000 for a 1,600,000 gallon tank. Note 2. Includes complete controls upgrade to a Mark VI. Per GE, controls upgrade is $650,000/unit. APPENDIX A HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS Al 0 Estimated Average Engine Performance NOT FOR GUARANTEE GE Aero Energy Products A GE Power Systems Business Performance By: ULF.KUISCHERA Project Info: Keabole Naphtha Fuel Engine: LM2500 Standard Date: 9(29(2003 Deck Info: GE166A • PE.pip Time: 1:47:32 PM Generator: 167ER 60Hz, 13.BkV, 0.8PF ( 10807) Version: 2.4.0 Fuel: Liquid Fuel, w/ 0.0500%SuMur, 18400 Btu/ib,LHV Case # 100 Ambient Conditions Dry Bulb, OF 85.0 Wet Bulb, OF 76.9 RH, % 70.0 Altitude, R 0.0 Engine Inlet Temperature, OF 85.0 RK, % 70.0 Conditioning NONE Tons or kBtu 0 Pressure Losses Wet Loss, inH2O 4.00 Exhaust Loss, 01-12O 6.00 kW, Gen Terms 22375 Est. Btu/kW-hr, LHV 10034 Fuel Flow MMBtu/hr, LHV 224.5 Ib/br 12202 Water Injection Ib/hr 12492 Temperature, OF 100 Steam Injection Ib/hr 0 Temperature, OF 0 CDP Injection Ib/hr 0 Temperature, OF 0 Total Steam, lb/hr 0 Control Parameters LP Speed, RPM 3600 HP Speed, RPM 9575 CDP, psia 261.5 COT, OF 891 T48, OR 1980 Exhaust Parameters Temperature, OF 1001 A2 Ib/sec 149.4 Ib/hr 537840.0 Energy, Btu/s- ref 0 OR 56811 Cp, Btu/Ib-R 0.2826 Emissions (NOT FOR USE IN ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS, REF Q 15%02) 71821 NOx, ppmd 42 39 NOx, Ib/hr 21 CO, ppmvd 12 CO, Ib/hr 2 HC, pPmvd 1 HC, Ib/hr Steam Production (Ib/hr), psigO-F (4 inH2O condenser, 85% with 300°F Stack) 150 @ 367 86555 400 @ 650 76419 600 @ 750 73628 850 @ 825 71821 ST Power (kW) 6.6813 15D @ 367 5525 400 @ 650 6743 600 @ 750 7125 850 @ 825 7534 Exh Wght% Wet (NOT FOR USE IN ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS) AR 1.2070 N2 70.7695 02 14.0749 CO2 7.2578 H2O 6.6813 S02 0.0023 CO 0.0022 CO 0.0001 HC 0.0050 NOX Exh Mole % Dry (NOT FOR USE IN ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS) 0.9557 AR 79.9060 N2 13.9133 02 5.2164 CO2 0'0000 H2O 0.0011 S02 0.0025 CO 0.0003 HC 0.0050 NOX Exh Mole % Wet (NOT FOR USE IN ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS) 0.8553 AR 71.5164 N2 12.4525 02 4.6687 CO2 10.4993 H2O 0.0010 S02 0.0022 CO 0.0002 HC 0.0045 NOX Performance using Liquid Fuel A3 Estimated Average Engine Performance NOT FOR GUARANTEE GE Aero Energy Products A GE Power Systems Business Performance By: ULF.KUTSCHERA Project Info: Keahole No.2 Fuel Oil Engine: LM2500 Standard Deck Info: GE166A - PE.pip Generator: 167ER 60Hz, 13.8kV, 0.8PF ( 10807) Fuel: Liquid Fuel, w/ 0.4000% Sulfur, 18400 BW/Ib,LHV Case * 100 Ambient Conditions 70.0 Dry Bulb, OF 85.0 Wet Bulb, OF 76.9 RH, % 70.0 Altitude, ft 0.0 Engine Inlet Temperature, OF 85.0 RH, % 70.0 Conditioning NONE Tons or kBtu 0 Pressure Losses Inlet Loss, inH2O 4.00 Exhaust Loss, inH2O 6.00 M, Gen Terms 22380 Est. Btu/kW-hr, LHV 10034 Fuel Flow MMBtu/hr, LHV 224.6 lb/hr 12205 Water Injection Ib/hr 12520 Temperature, OF 100 Steam Injection Ib/hr 0 Temperature, OF 0 CDP Injection Ib/hr 0 Temperature, OF 0 A4 Date: 9/29/2003 Time: 1:42:56 PM Version: 2A.0 Total Steam, lb/hr 0 Control Parameters 149.4 LP Speed, RPM 3600 HP Speed, RPM 9576 CDP, psia 261.5 CDT, OF 891 T48, OR 1980 Exhaust Parameters Temperature, OF 1001 Ib/sec 149.4 ib/hr 537840.0 Energy, Btu/s- ref 0 OR 56819 Cp, Btu/Ib-R 0.2826 Emissions (NOT FOR USE IN ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS, REF O 15%02) NOx, ppmvd 42 NOx, lb/hr 39 CO, ppmvd 21 CO, Ib/hr 12 HG Ppm 2 HC, Ib/hr 1 Steam Production (Ib/hr), prig@•F (4 inH2O condenser, 85% with 300•F Stack) 150 @ 367 86562 400 @ 650 76425 600 @ 750 73634 850 @ 825 71827 ST Power (kW) S02 150 @ 367 5525 400 @ 650 6743 600 @ 750 7126 850 @ 825 7534 Exh Wght % Wet (NOT FOR USE IN ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS) AR 1.2069 N2 70.7654 02 14.0915 CO2 7.2341 H2O 6.6766 S02 0.0181 CO 0.0022 HC 0.0001 NOX 0.0050 Exh Mole % Dry (NOT FOR USE IN ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS) AR 0.9556 N2 79.8993 02 13.9293 CO2 5.1993 A5 H2O 0.0000 S02 0.0090 CO 0.0025 HC 0.0003 NOX 0.0050 Exh Mole % Wet (NOT FOR USE IN ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS) AR 0.8553 N2 71.5159 02 12.4678 CO2 4.6537 H2O 10.4925 502 0.0080 CO 0.0023 HC 0.0002 NOX 0.0044 Performance using Liquid Fuel A6 APPENDIX B GENERAL ARRANGEMENT 01 f , . ., . .... . .�— \ l � ° CKQE • – k = .\b il! '- !`�� � ! , •; |`! � pill . 99���!||;;l�||| �.................................. f , . ., . .... . .�— \ l � ° CKQE • – k = .\b il! APPENDIX C AFFF PROPERTIES AND HANDLING ci Technical Bulletin ANSUL Number 52 Environmental Impact of ANSULITE AFFF Products ANSULINCORPOWEO MARINETTE, M S4143-2542 Background With the advent of ever increasing environmental concerns, regulations and the increased use of ANSULITE AFFF products we have been receiving more and more requests on the environmental impact characteristics of the ANSULITE product line. There are four areas of interest with regard to the environmental fate of AFFF products. They are fish loxicky, biodegradability, sewage treatment plant treatability and nutrient loading. All of these are of concern when the end-use foam solutions reach natural or domestic water systems. Since the end-use foam solu- tions (i.e., after they have been proportioned with water), are all essentially equivalent with regard to levels of active ingredients, we may discuss the product lines as a whole rather than as individual concentrates. Fish toxicity tests are normally run on both estuarine and fresh water species. The two most common test species are the Killifish, (Fundulus heteroclitus), and the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri). The Killifish is a tolerant, (eury- topic), fish while the Rainbow Trout is a sensitive, (stenctopic), fish. This combination gives an indication of the broad range over which various fish populations may be affected. The values are given as the 96 hour LC50 which is a measurement of the concentration which is lethal to 50 percent of the test population after 96 hours of exposure to that concentration. The units of measure are milligram ilex or parts per million (ppm) which, in the case of water based solutions, are considered to be equivalent. Obviously, the higher the value, the greater the tolerance of the fish to the AFFF. Testing indicates that Rainbow Trout have a 96 LCSp for end-use ANSULITE AFFF. solutions of from 4,000 — 6,500 ppm while Killifish have a 96 LCS�pp of from 26,000 — 36,000 ppm. It is evident from this broad range that fish toxicity is extremely dependent uponrf sh species. Other factors will also include water quality, water temperature, dissolved oxygen levels and general health of the fish population. The biodegradability of AFFF solutions is a measure of how readily the chemicals in the AFFF are broken down by bacteria in the environment. As the bacteria use up the chemicals as food, (oxidizable carbon source), they also use up dissolved oxygen in the water as pan of their metabolic process. To determine the theoretical biodegradability of ANSULITE AFFF, we use two different tests and compare the results. The first test is called a chemical oxygen demand test, (COO), and measures how much oxygen would be required to completely break down the chemicals contained in a given amount of AFFF to their most oxidized state. The second test is called a biological oxygen demand test. (BOD), and measures how much oxygen will be used up by bacteria, over a given time period, as they use up the chemicals contained in a given amount of AFFF as a food source. Normally, BOD tests are con- ducted over a five day period, however, for AFFF solutions, this period is extended to twenty days. The reason for this extension is that there is a lag phase in the bacterial population growth curve as the bacteria become acclimat- ed to the chemicals in AFFF. After they become acclimated, they exhibit a logarithmic growth cycle as they use up the chemicals in AFFF. This long lag phase is actually an advantage in that it allows the AFFF time to reach "infinite" dilution before there is any substantial demand for dissolved oxygen. To determine the theoretical biodegradability, we look at the ratio of biological oxygen demand, BOD, to the total possible oxygen demand, COD, i.e., BODP0/COD. Masseli et. al. from the Industrial Waste Laboratory of Wesleyan University conclude that a BOD/COD ratio above 50% for a chemical mixture is readily biodegradable while ratios below 15% show that the mixture is nonbiodegradable. ANSULITE AFFF products are well above the 50% level. As far as sewage treatment plant treatability, is concerned, ANSULITE AFFF products are not particularly toxic to the microbial populations normally found in treatment plants. However, a problem does exist with AFFF, (or any type of foam concentrate), entering a sewage treatment plant. That problem, especially if the plant uses the activated sludge process for secondary treatment, is in foaming, which tends to carry over suspended solids, and conse- quently, a rather large amount of BOD. Present data show that concentrations of AFFF up to 250 ppm can be han- dled without adverse effects. Often times, the normal volumetric dilution which takes place on the way to the sewage treatment plant will bring the concentration down below the 250 ppm level. If It doesn't, the use of a defoaming agent which is compatible with the treatment plant's flora may allow handling of concentrations above the 250 ppm level. With regard to the nutrient levels of AFFF, the concern is that, it additional nutrients are added to a body of water which is already high in nutrients, an algal bloom may occur. Nutrients in water act to promote growth the same way that fertilizers do on land. Generally, only two nutrients are of concern in aquatic ecosystems, they are phosphates and nitrates. On very rare occasions, organic carton may also act as a limiting nutrient. There is no need to worry about any nutrient loading when using ANSULITE AFFF products as they contain no sources of nitrates or phos- phates and they are extremely low in total organic carbon when compared to other types of foam concentrates. ANSULITE AFFF concentrates are formulated to provide maximum fire performance with minimal environmental impact. If additional information is required, contact Ansuf at 715-735-7411. Fire protection is our only business. ANSUL aM ANSULITE xe regslerM VaEe . - ANSUI INNRPORATED. MARINETTE. W154143-2542 F« No F8n!342 @21O AnSOIrc« ratW Lnro In US• Technical Bulletin Number 54 ANSUL. Shelf Life of ANSULITE AFFF Concentrates ANSIX INCOriPOMTEe and Their Premixed Solutions MMWErE. WI 51l�2 Shelf life is a tern used to describe the length of time over which an AFFF concentrate or its premixed solution is stable and usable without a significant change in its performance characteristics. The shell life depends upon the composition, the ambient temperature range encountered, and the container materials of oonstmctiom. In the case of premixed solutions, It also depends on the type of water that is used to make up the premixed solution. For example, Ansul does not recommend that its ANSULITE concentrates be premixed in sat water. It recommends premixing of the ANSULITE concentrates only with potable water. In the case of conventional AFFF concentrates (6%, 3%, or 1 %) and polar solvent AFFF concentrates (3x3, 3x6, or ARC), the solids content (active surfactant content) is genially low compared with protein based foam agents and therefore much less likely to undergo stratification, sedimentation, or precipitation. Since the chemical surfactants are all synthetic as opposed to naturally occurring (protein foam), natural degradation of the concentrates does not occur. AFFF and polar solvent AFFF agents are capable of being premixed, but the stability of the resulting solution, as pointed out above, depends upon the type of water used to make the premix. It is generally advisable, therefore, to check the quality of the premixed solution on an annual basis during the normal maintenance procedures. (See Ansul Part No. 31274, AFFF Field Inspection Procedures Manual.) A much more significant factor affecting shelf fife is the ambient temperature range encountered. All ANSULfTE AFFF concentrates and their premixed solutions are listed by approval testing agencies such as Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. This listing involves determining the usable temperature range for the ANSULITE AFFF concen- trate or its prernixed Wkfion. The normal usable temperature range for ANSULITE 6%, 3%, 1%, and ANSULITE polar solvent AFFF is +35 OF (1.6 'C) to +120 OF (48.8 °C). There is also an ANSULITE 3% Freeze Protected con- centrate that is available where low temperatures are l kety to be encountered, which las a usable temperature -- range from 20 OF (-28.9 °C) to +120 OF (48.8 °C). Freeze protected concentrates are not usually used in a pre- mixed solution configuration as this would destroy the most important feature of the product, i.e., its low freezing point. The usable temperature range is stated on the container in which the concentrate is sold. It is also stated on the operating nameplate of the equipment in which the concentrate or premixed solution is stored. In the case of ANSULITE AFFF concentrates or their premixed solutions, temperatures below the lower minimum usable temperature represent more of a problem than temperatures above the maximum usable temperature. Since in both cases one is dealing with a mixture of water and high boiling point solvents, going below the minimum usable temperature limit could result in freezing of the solution, which would prevent its use, for example in propor- tioning equipment. On the other hand, going above the maximum usable temperature, which should be avoided if possible, will not impair the ability of the concentrate to be proportioned or the premixed solution to be discharged. However, it may result in a decrease in the performance characteristics of the concentrate, its dilute solution, or the premixed solu- tion, when compared to the concentrate or premix subjected to temperatures in the normal usable temperature range. Tests have been conducted with ANSULITE 6% and 3% AFFF agents and their premixed solutions for up to 300 stays at 150 OF (65.5 °C) without a significant decease in performance. Going below the lower usable temperature of 35 OF (1.6 °C) will obviously result in freezing of the AFFF concentrate or its premixed solution over a period of time. However, because of the composition of AFFF concentrates or their premixed solutions, placing the storage container in an area normally heated to ambient temperatures (60 OF to 70 OF (15.5 °C to 21.1 'C)), will return them to their original condition with little or no change in perfor- mance characteristics. As part of the listing or approval testing, the materials used in the containers for ANSULITE AFFF concentrates or their premixed solutions are tested over the usable temperature range stated on them. If the ANSULITE AFFF or polar solvent AFFF concentrates are stored in accordance with AnSurS recommendations, a shelf life of 20 to 25 years is reasonable to expect. However, because of the effect of the water type on premixed solution stability, annu- al inspection is recommended as part of the maintenance program and a shelf fife of 3 to 5 years is to be expected. It is generally advisable to inspect any equipment containing ANSULITE AFFF concentrates or their premixed solu- tions on an annual basis. Part of this inspection should include the ANSULITE AFFF agent. If changes in the quality of the AFFF concentrate or its premixed solution, as outlined in the Field Inspection Manual (Annul Part No. 31274), occur, a sample of the concentrate or premixed solution in a dear plastic bottle of 1 liter capacity should be sent to: ANSUL INCORPORATED ATTN: QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPT. ONE STANTON STREET MARINETTE, WISCONSIN 54143-2542 ANSULand nN51A1TE .,.,.g,.l..a o-aa-mvxs Foran No. F$ 1144 1 019%M,sW lnm,por w l .Musk APPENDIX 0 - SCR SYSTEM SCOPE STUDY FINAL SCR System Scope Study Keahole Combined Cycle Plant Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. Prepared by Stone & Webster, Inc., A Shaw Group Company February 2004 Copyright 2004 Stone & Webster Inc., A Shaw Group Company Denver, CO TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION......... _._............... _............ _............. _._»............. »...... .............................................. .............................. 1 A. SCR SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ._................... _.......... .................. ..._......................._...._..._........._._.».................1 CONTROLPHILOSOPHY........._......._.»......._.______....__.___._.................._._..........................._..........__........._....2 AMMONIASUPPLY .......... .................. .............................. ............. ....... _._._.......... .... _............. _............. .......... _....»................. 4 AqueousAmmonia.......................................................................................................................................................................4 AnhydrousAmmonia...................................................................................................................................................................4 Urea.............................................................................................................................................................................................. S AMMONIAINJECTION.......................... ........ ............. ....... ...... _............. ........ ... _............... ..._._....... _.................................. 6 B. EQUIPMENT PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES AND LAYOUT ....... _... _._............ _...... ».............. _........ .................... 6 AMMONIASTORAGE .... ....... _._._...... _.... ........... _............ ............. ................................_.................._..........................................6 AnhydrousAmmonia...................................................................................................................................................................6 Urea...............................................................................................................................................................................................7 HRSG/CATALYST.................. .................................. _........................ ..... ...................... _............... ............................... ......... _.... 7 CEM S .................................................... .............. _............ ....... ......... _... ........... _.... ...................... _................ _........................... 7 AMMONIATANK MISTING SYSTEM .................. ............. .... _..................... .......... _................... _....................... _.... ................... 8 AMMONIADETECnON—.................._.............................._......_.._...._......_............__........................................................._.........8 C. WASTE PRODUCT PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL ......... ........ _...... _........... _... _................... _........................ 8 D. AMMONIA SUPPLY LOGISTICS APPENDIXA.............................................................................................................................Al Sketch SK -01 Proposed Ammonia Storage Location — Anhydrous Sketch SK -02 Detail of Ammonia Storage — Anhydrous Sketch SK -04 Proposed Ammonia Storage Location — Urea to Ammonia APPENDIXB..................................................................................................................................Bl Sketch SK -03 System Schematic - Anhydrous Sketch SK -05 System Schematic — Urea to Ammonia SCR System Scope Study for Keahole Combined Cycle Project INTRODUCTION The Keahole Combined Cycle Project consists of the installation of a nominal 58 MW dual train (two combustion turbines, two heat recovery steam generators and one steam turbine) combined cycle electric generating facility at the existing Keahole Power Plant. The installation will utilize two General Electric LM 2500 combustion turbines each rated at 20 MW nominal. Each of the combustion turbines exhaust into a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG). Steam produced by the HRSGs supply a nominal 18 MW steam turbine. The combustion turbines fire No. 2 fuel oil and employ water injection for combustion based nitrogen oxide (NO.) mitigation. NO, emissions could be further reduced by utilizing a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system within the HRSG. This study will describe the SCR system operation and detail the modifications required to incorporate a SCR system into the Keahole Combined Cycle facility. A. SCR SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Nitrogen oxide emissions from combustion turbines are classified by their formation mechanisms as either thermal NO, or fuel NO.. Thermal NO. is created by the high temperature reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in the combustion air. It is a function of the combustion chamber design and the turbine operating parameters, including the flame temperature, residence time at flame temperature, combustion pressure, and air/fuel ratios in the primary combustion zone. Fuel NO, is formed by the gas -phase oxidation of fuel bound nitrogen. Selective Catalytic Reduction is a post -combustion N% control technology that has been extensively applied to natural gas-fired and to a very limited extent to liquid fuel fired, combined cycle CT operations. In this process, ammonia is injected into the turbine exhaust gas upstream of a catalyst bed. On the catalyst surface, the ammonia reacts with NO. in the flue gas to form molecular nitrogen and water vapor. The general chemical reaction is given below: 4NO + 4NH3 + 02 --> 4N2 + 61120 The expected inlet concentration of the NO. is 42 parts per million on dry volume (ppmvd) @ 15% 02 with water injection mitigation measures. The maximum fuel bound nitrogen content per the fuel specification is 0.015% by weight. The 42 ppmvd @ 15% 02 value accounts for this level of fuel bound nitrogen. The SCR system is designed to further reduce NO, emissions from the stack to the desired or required levels. For this study, a reduction to 15 ppmvd @ 15% 02 and 11.7 Ib/hr NO, from the inlet 42 ppmvd @ 15% 02 is assumed and provides the basis of the estimates and calculations presented later in the study. The SCR system controls will be designed to inject ammonia to meet the NO, limit with a maximum ammonia slip of 3.5 1b/hr and 10 ppmvd @15%02. The SCR catalyst would be located within the HRSG casing downstream of the high pressure evaporator tube section. This location in the HRSG is selected to provide optimum exhaust gas temperature for the reaction. Optimum NO. reduction occurs at catalyst bed temperatures between 500° and 750° F for conventional base metal oxide (vanadium- or titanium -based) catalyst types. A catalyst designed for a specific system will exhibit optimum performance over a temperature range of ±50" F. Below this optimum temperature range the catalyst activity is greatly reduced, allowing unreacted ammonia to slip through. Above 850° F, ammonia begins to be oxidized to form additional NO.. The ammonia oxidation to NO. increases with increasing temperature. Control Philosophy The philosophy of the SCR control system is to inject ammonia (NH3) into the turbine exhaust upstream of a reactor that contains catalyst to promote the reaction of NH3 with NO, and thereby limit NO, emissions to concentrations at or below the regulatory levels described in the operating permit. Ammonia is delivered to the reactor using the inlet NO, and oxygen concentrations and turbine -operating parameters for feed forward control and outlet NOx concentration for feedback trim. For purposes of this study, it was assumed that approximately 65% of the NO, is removed from the turbine exhaust with NO. emissions limited to 15 ppm and NH3 emissions (or slip) limited to 10 ppm (@ 15% OZ) or 3.5 lb/hr whichever is more restrictive. According to the stoichiometry of the NO, reaction for NO and NH3, one mole of NH3 reacts with one mole of NO producing nitrogen (Nr) and water (H2O). Theoretically, an NH3/NO mole ratio of 0.65 would be required to accomplish 65% removal. In reality, a portion of the NOx is present as NO2 (requiring slightly more NH3) and some of the NH3 will pass through the catalyst without participating in the reaction (ammonia slip). Therefore, the design NH3/NOx mole ratio will be slightly greater than the theoretical requirement. This molar ratio will tend to increase as the catalyst deteriorates. The SCR will have a dedicated ammonia injection grid to distribute ammonia evenly across the catalyst face. The ammonia flow control to this grid anticipates the amount of ammonia flow required to achieve an outlet NO, concentration of 15 ppmvd based on turbine operating conditions and the catalyst inlet NO, and Oxygen concentrations. This ammonia demand approximates the required ammonia feed rate and anticipates changes due to turbine operation. The ammonia demand signal is then trimmed using a feedback controller that compares the measured SCR outlet NOx to the operator controlled set -point. Finally, the resulting ammonia demand signal is compared to the measured ammonia flow rate, the difference is conditioned, and the resulting control signal is used to modulate the ammonia flow control valve. The control of the SCR system will be incorporated into the plant DCS, based upon input from the HRSG vendor. Ammonia emissions, or ammonia slip, may be directly measured (using NH3 analyzer), measured (using differential NO, measurement), or calculated (using Predictive Emissions Monitoring) depending on the operating permit. Direct ammonia measurement technology (using NH3 analyzer) is available, but is still not considered a reliable method for measurement. The analyzers that are available use FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed) Spectroscopy as well as IM (Ion Mobility) Spectrometry. The methodology for the determining the ammonia emissions using differential N% measurement (measured) is as follows: • Convert NH3 in the exhaust gas sample to NO prior to measurement with chemiluminesent analyzer • Eliminate NH3 from a second exhaust gas sample prior to NO, measurement with chemiluminesent analyzer • Calculate NH3 concentration by difference between to two above measurements. This also can be summarized as: Ammonia Slip = (Converted NH3 + NOx) — (NOx only) The following is a description of the equipment required to complete the above calculation: Sample probe, High Temperature Converter, and sample transport and handling system that provide sample gas from the stack to a dedicated N% analyzer. Sample probe and sample transport and handling system (including NH3 filter) that provide sample gas from the stack to a dedicated N% analyzer. NH3 slip is the calculated difference between above two signals. The methodology for the determining the ammonia emissions using Predictive Emissions Monitoring (calculated) is as follows: • determination of the mass of N% removed in the SCR (physically measure inlet & outlet NO. and Oxygen concentrations and fuel flow measured by flow meter) • calculation of the amount of ammonia required to react with the amount of NO, removed (using gas laws and chemical equations of reactions) • subtraction of the above value from the measured amount of ammonia injected into the SCR (measured by flowmeter) This can also be summarized as: Ammonia Slip = Ammonia in — Ammonia consumed The following information is required to perform this calculation: Ammonia Injection Rate, lb. Ammonia / hr Fuel flow rate, lbs./hr NO, inlet concentration, ppmvd NO, outlet concentration, ppmvd Oxygen concentration (inlet & outlet), percent, dry (%) Stoichiometric ratio of reaction(s) for ammonia with NO & NOZ = f Heat content of fuel F factor from EPA 40 CFR 75, Appendix F 1. Ammonia (NH3) In is continuously monitored using a calibrated flowmeter. 2. Ammonia (NH3) consumed is calculated using the ammonia/ NOx ratio (f) and the difference between the inlet and outlet NOx concentrations corrected to 15% oxygen. Multiplying this value by appropriate constants and flue gas flow rate (FGF) will determine the mass rate of Ammonia consumed by reaction with NO, (as NO2). Flue gas flow rate is calculated in the DAHS using measured fuel flow rate and higher heat content of the fuel multiplied by the `F' factor supplied by EPA or determined by fuel analysis. This method calculates flue gas flow rate in DSCF/hr and is converted to DSCF/hr @ 15% 02 using standard methods. NH3 Consumed (IbJhr) = ((f) * (NO, in — NO. out)] * (17.03 Ib. -mole /lb. NH3) (385 DSCF NH3/ lb. -mole NH3) * [(DSCF @ 15% 02 Flue Gas/hr)] f = ratio of moles NH3 to moles of NOx reacted (default = 1.00) NO, in = Inlet NO, in ppmvd @ 15% 02 NO. out = Outlet NO, in ppmvd @ 15% 02 FGF (DSCF/hr) = F factor (DSCF flue gas/ MMBtu) * Heat Input (MMBtu/hr) Heat Input = fuel flow rate (lb./hr) * fuel heat content (MMBtu/lb.) Ammonia Supply The ammonia supplied to the flow control skid can be one of several forms: 1) aqueous ammonia 2) anhydrous ammonia or 3) urea solution (using urea to ammonia technology ). Aqueous Ammonia Aqueous ammonia is typically either 19% or 29% ammonia in solution with water. Although it provides some safety and economic advantages in storage and handling, the high cost of shipping the additional volume due to the water content will exceed the cost of additional safety equipment installation over the life to the units. The SCR also requires aqueous ammonia with high purity water to prevent poisoning of th- catalyst, which adds to the cost. Additionally, a heat source is required to vaporize the ammonia, specifically to remove the water, which adds further cost to this option. It therefore was not considered in this study. Anhydrous Ammonia Anhydrous ammonia is a volatile and potentially dangerous form of ammonia that is transported as a liquified compressed gas shipped at its vapor pressure. For the application at Keahole, a 20,000 gallon pressurized storage tank is proposed, to maintain a one month storage of ammonia that will support both combustion turbines operating at full load in combined cycle mode. The storage tank for the anhydrous ammonia will contain liquid and gaseous ammonia in equilibrium. The vapor pressure of the ammonia at 50° F is 75 prig. Even at this low temperature, there will be sufficient pressure to deliver the ammonia vapor to the control valve. During extremely warm days, at 100° F, the vapor pressure will be 197 psig. The control valve will be selected for high turndown capability, in order to accommodate this wide variation in pressure. In the event the storage tank supply pressure is not sufficient, an immersion heater would be provided to raise the saturation temperature/pressure. It is expected that heater operation will rarely be required. A pressure controller will control the heat input such that the vapor pressure is maintained at a minimum of 75 psig. A system schematic for the anhydrous ammonia system is shown in Appendix B. Urea The hazardous nature of anhydrous ammonia has led to the development of urea systems. These systems convert granular urea or urea solution to ammonia. The systems are inherently safer than the anhydrous system and have been successfully demonstrated in several commercial installations. Urea to ammonia systems are available in several designs. One design receives dry urea in pelletized form at the plant site. The urea is typically delivered by truck and unloaded by pneumatic conveying into a dry storage silo. The conveying blower is typically mounted on the truck. The capacity of the truck is approximately 25 tons. This would be approximately a one month supply for the Keahole plant. To allow complete unloading of the tank truck, a storage silo of approximately 1,000 cu ft is required. From the storage silo the urea is delivered to a mixing tank via a rotary feeder where the urea is mixed with demineralized water to produce a 40% urea solution. Dry urea is delivered in pelletized form. Although this is a very commonly used fertilizer, the urea must be of industrial grade for this application. It is a solid under ambient conditions, is a non- toxic substance and presents essentially no danger to humans and the environment. Urea can be economically and safely shipped and stored in bulk quantities until it is eventually mixed with water. An alternate design of urea to ammonia system receives a 40% urea solution at the plant site. The 40% urea solution would also be delivered by truck and would require a storage tank of approximately 7,000 gal to allow complete truck unloading. This would offer approximately a 3 week supply for the Keahole plant. The system is essentially identical to the dry urea system discussed above without the storage silo and its associated equipment. This system has a lower capital cost and operating cost compared to the dry urea system discussed above, however its viability depends on the availability of the urea solution. In a typical urea to ammonia system, the ammonia solution is delivered to a pressurized vessel which is heated by an external source (steam or electric) to approximately 300° F. A level is maintained in the vessel and the heat input is controlled to maintain the pressure. The 300° F is the condition necessary to achieve decomposition of the urea into NH3, CO2 and water vapor mixture. As with the anhydrous system, this mixture is further diluted with air prior to discharge into the flue gas. Other urea systems introduce ammonia into the flue gas by spray injection of ammonia solution into a hot flue gas bleed stream followed by a decomposition catalyst. The solution is mixed with compressed air to achieve atomization and the mixture is discharged into a hot flue gas bleed stream as a fine mist and subsequently vaporized. The flue gas and ammonia mixture is then injected into the main flue gas stream upstream of the SCR catalyst. The flue gas bleed stream mass flow is approximately 1% of the total combustion turbine exhaust flow. A system schematic for the urea ammonia system is shown in Appendix B Sketch SK -03. The schematic is based on receipt of dry area via delivery truck. Ammonia Injection Prior to entering the flue gas, ammonia vapor from the ammonia storage tank is supplied to a flow control skid where the ammonia flow rate is controlled and also the ammonia is diluted with air below the lower explosive limit (LEL). The NH3 is diluted with air to less than 3% by volume, which is considerably below the lower explosive limit (LEL) of 16.5%. The ammonia/air mixture is then delivered to an injection grid, which distributes the ammonia into the flue gas within the HRSG casing directly upstream of the catalyst. B. EQUIPMENT PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES AND LAYOUT Ammonia Storage Anhydrous Ammonia The Anhydrous Ammonia System layout is shown on the site arrangement drawing (Appendix A Sketch SK -01). The major component is the storage tank and associated containment area (see Appendix A Sketch SK -02). A schematic of the Anhydrous system is shown in Appendix B, Sketch SK -03. These could be located north of the CT -5 HRSG, adjacent to the plant access road. On the north side of the containment area would be a curbed area for truck unloading. Ammonia flow control skids are located adjacent to each HRSG. An area for catalyst to ading/unloading is also provided for each HRSG. Anhydrous ammonia is delivered by truck in liquid form and delivered to an on-site storage tank utilizing ammonia vapor compressors located adjacent to the storage tank. All piping and hose connections to the storage tank would be provided with excess flow valves, which prevent large quantities of ammonia from escaping in the event of a line break. A dual safety valve system is also provided which includes two 100% capacity relief valves. The relief valves are connected to a three way valve such one valve may be isolated for servicing while the other remains on line. The unloading station includes an ammonia compressor to withdraw ammonia vapor from the top of the storage tank. The vapor is then compressed and the pressure forces the liquid ammonia from the isotainer (container used for ammonia transport) into the storage tank. A containment area, which consists of a raised concrete curb, surrounds the storage tank. The containment area is designed to contain the liquid ammonia in the event of a catastrophic tank failure. The containment area would also capture water from the misting system in the event of an accidental release of ammonia vapor. The truck unloading operation takes approximately 3 hours to complete. Plant personnel require respirators, protective clothing (front only — i.e, aprons) and rubber gloves for this operation. Urea The Urea System layout is shown on the site arrangement drawing (Appendix A Sketch SK -05). A Urea System schematic is shown in Appendix B Sketch SK -05. The major components are the urea storage silo, pneumatic conveying system for truck unloading, mixing tank, heat exchanger, hydrolyzes vessel and flash tank, a hydrolyzer feed pump and dilution air system. This equipment would be located in the same general area as shown for the anhydrous ammonia storage tank. See Appendix A sketch No. SK -04 for a detail of the urea to ammonia skid. The urea system utilizes pelletized urea. It is a solid under ambient conditions, is a non-toxic substance and presents essentially no danger to humans and the environment. Urea can be economically and safely shipped and stored in bulk quantities until it is eventually mixed with water. Urea would typically be delivered by truck and unloading would be performed by a pneumatic conveying system using a blower and discharging into a storage silo. Conveying air would be discharged to atmosphere through a bin vent filter mounted on top of the storage silo. HRSG/Catalyst The HRSG design would need to be modified significantly to accommodate an SCR system, and will impact the cost of the HRSG. Modifications to the HRSG to incorporate the SCR system addition include an additional ductwork section to house the catalyst and the ammonia injection grid. Downstream of the catalyst, in low temperature sections, tubes may be subject to ammonium bisulfate deposition, specifically in the low-pressure economizer. All tubes subject to this should be of 409 SS material and a maximum fin spacing of 4 fins per inch should be used. A maximum of 10 rows of tubes per bank should be used and a minimum of 4 feet between tube banks is required to facilitate washing operations. Larger access doors should be provided to facilitate personnel entry and erection of scaffolding. The SCR section of the HRSG is a duct section, which is filled with catalyst modules. Each catalyst module contains catalyst elements. The modules are designed for ease of installation and removal. An opening is provided in the top of the SCR duct to allow installation and removal of the catalyst modules with a monorail hoist system. The SCR section is located downstream of the HP evaporator. Clearances between catalyst modules and between the modules and the SCR housing are sealed to prevent any flue gas from bypassing the catalyst. The SCR system is typically designed to limit the gas side pressure drop to 2" w.c. Additional pitch of the catalyst will be required to minimize soot deposits associated with the diesel fuel. CEMS The CEMS will consist of all hardware and software required to measure and report regulated emissions. Included in the CEMS will be the ability to continuously measure and report NOx and CO emissions (Oxygen will be measured as the diluent). NO, will be continuously monitored at the SCR inlet as part of the control system for ammonia injection, in addition to the measurement at the outlet of the SCR, and this equipment will be included with the CEMS. If required by permit, ammonia emissions that may result from the installation of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) to control NO, emissions will be continuously reported. Ammonia may be measured (using differential N% measurement) or calculated (using Predictive Emissions Monitoring) depending on the operating permit. The Data Acquisition and Handling System (DAHS) is the part of the CEMS that will provide real- time access to the data and produce regulatory reports as required by the various regulatory bodies. The DAHS will produce daily, weekly, quarterly, and annual reports and be used to provide necessary alarms should the CEMS monitoring functions become disabled or exceed allowed boundaries of calibration. The monitors, controllers and associated sample handling equipment will be housed in a cabinet that will be located in an environmentally controlled shelter that will also house the DAHS. Calibration gases will be stored outside the shelter. Ammonia Tank Misting System A misting system would be installed for the purpose of controlling and mitigating an ammonia vapor cloud, in the event of an ammonia leak from the tank area. The misting system consists of a nozzle manifold located above and around the ammonia tank. The system is automatically activated upon detection of ammonia vapor by the Ammonia Detection System. Upon activation, a blanket of mist is spread over the entire potential release area. If a significant rate of change is detected in the level of the ammonia tank, indicating a major leak, the misting system will not be activated. Due to the high affinity of NH3 with water, a large amount of ammonia vapor is absorbed, thus minimizing the ammonia vapor cloud downwind. Water supply for the misting system would be from the fire protection piping loop. The system can also be activated manually. Upon system activation, an alarm will sound locally and in the control room. A diked area is provided for the ammonia storage tank, which will contain the contents of the storage tank as well as any water discharged from the misting system. Ammonia Detection Ammonia detectors would be located in the vicinity of the storage tank. The detectors will activate alarms both locally and in the control room and will activate the misting system. C. WASTE PRODUCT PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL Catalyst life can vary based upon several factors, but a three-year life was assumed for purposes of this report. End of catalyst life, or fouling of the catalyst, is usually indicated by an increase in ammonia slip. Because the catalyst has an affinity for heavy metals, it is reasonable to assume that spent catalyst will be treated as hazardous waste. Removal of spent catalyst is typically performed by a firm specializing in handling and disposal of hazardous waste. Using a hoist, catalyst modules are removed from the HRSG casing, wrapped with protective covering at grade and placed on a transport vehicle. At that time ownership and responsibility transfers to the disposal firm. Water washing of the HRSG tubes will be required to remove corrosive deposits of heavy metals which accumulate on the tubes/fins. The main deposition is typically ammonium bisulfate containing heavy metals from the tubes/fins, and can be removed by water washing. It is anticipated that water washing will be performed twice a year, utilizing 1,000 gallons of water. This wash water waste is considered hazardous, and will need to be collected in the sump for pumping to a truck for off-site disposal. D. AMMONIA SUPPLY LOGISTICS In the interest of minimizing transportation costs, the ammonia delivered to the Keahole plant site will be in anhydrous form or as urea solution or pellets . Companies that typically deliver ammonia to jobsites in Hawaii are Gas Pro and BEI Hawaii. Based on two CTs base loaded, with NO. at the CT exit of 42 ppmvd @ 15% OZ with water injection, the ammonia consumption rate is expected to be approximately 1,000 gallons per week. BEI was contacted regarding delivery of anhydrous ammonia to the Keahole site. The vessels that BEI utilizes are called "isotainers" which also contain pressurized liquid anhydrous ammonia. An isotainer contains approximately 6,000 gallons of ammonia. The isotainers are dedicated to this particular plant and delivered to the plant every three weeks. The isotainers are filled on the mainland (in the Los Angeles area), shipped to Hawaii and then transported by truck to the site and emptied into the plant storage tank. The empty isotainers are then returned to the mainland for re- filling. This entire cycle takes approximately 3 weeks. Urea can be supplied to the plant site as a solid or in solution. As a solid, the urea is delivered in pelletized form. Typically a truck transports the urea container which has a capacity of approximately 25 tons. Dry urea cost (ex -works) is approximately $235/ton. The cost of the transport container and truck assuming delivery from mainland US is approximately $5,680 per delivery. The estimated annual cost of solid urea for the Keahole Plant is approximately $70,000. If delivered in solution, the urea is supplied as a 40% solution. The urea container has a capacity of approximately 5,000 gal. Urea solution cost (ex works)* is approximately $1.25/gallon. The cost of the transport container and truck assuming delivery from mainland US is approximately $5,680 per delivery. The estimated annual cost of urea solution for the Keahole Plant is approximately $275,000. Costs above reflect urea supply from mainland US. We are continuing to investigate urea supply on the island of Hawaii. Urea systems which receive dry urea offer cost advantages for urea delivery. Initial capital cost and operating costs, however will be higher for this system when compared with the urea solution systems. A dry urea system would require a larger storage tank, would require demineralized water and a source of heat to dissolve the urea. * Ex -works is a term defined as "the sellers only responsibility is to make the goods available at the seller's premises, i.e., the works or factory. The seller is not responsible for loading the goods on the vehicle provided by the buyer unless otherwise agreed. The buyer bears the full costs and risk involved in bringing the good from there to the desired destination. Ex works represents the minimum obligation of the seller." APPENDIX A SKETCHES Al � gg9 YS s g 00 ffi O O s Y. Y r�6fy f; e p3g yf�Egf Sf ��ffi�PP �i �'� ad dee°e_s;S£n£� F�R��y9yy9g�9e9!6oeSe�f��F @is�3!!�d��Q9�ffi34h�3e."s p ��e°lY�:d SipaGv�'gg p3pPdg'g AdSi Ay i YS 00 ffi O O s Y. 12" WIDE ASPHALT CURB 0 FHALT PAVED ROAD r� AMMONIA COMPRESSOR 3'-6" HIGH 0 CONCRETE _I CURB o r� 12'-0" DIA. X 24'-0" LONG SSL AMMONIA STORAGE TANK 0 a 40' —0" 4 3 O 2 12'-0" DIA. X 24'-0" LONG SSL DR"'Na ISSUE N ANHYDROUS AMMONIA STORAGE TANK ISSUE DESCRIPTION CHKO CORR APPRL." DWG. a No. AMMONIA SKID SK -02 Sh®,seore$Webs�rmc DESIGNED B" DRAWN BY OSGN CHH'D BY CHN'D BY • !„ | ! ,�- `- �.|,•� �l��|• |; ;� ; ; � ,.|•'|.! | � ! ,�|,!� |�| ■� APPENDIX B SYSTEM SCHEMATICS m 0000 0 0 0000 1Ho Al 0 0 a E E ® O a O g ® O O ® O O E O O ON Y APPENDIX P- WATER RESOURCES Potential Impact on Water Resources of the Expansion of the Hawaii Electric Light Company's Power Generating Station at Keahole in North Kona, Hawaii Prepared for: Belt Collins Hawaii 2153 North King Street - Suite 200 Honolulu, Hawaii 96819 Prepared by: Tom Nance Water Resource Engineering 680 Ala Moana Boulevard - Suite 406 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Revised October 2004 December 2003 Table of Contents Pace Introduction............................................................. 1 Aspects of the Power Plant's Expansion Which Have the Potential to Impact Water Resources 1 Supply From DWS' North Kona Water System .......... I ........... I ......... 1 Supply of Onsite Brackish Groundwater .................................... 1 Subsurface Disposal of the Plant's Wastewater .............................. 1 Treatment and Disposal of Domestic Wastewater ............................. 4 Summary of Water Uses and Wastewater Disposal ............................ 4 Description of the Water Resources in the Vicinity of HELCO's Keahole Power Plant ........ 4 Overview of Surface Water Resources .................................... 4 Overview of Groundwater Resources ..................................... 4 Attributes of Basal Groundwater in the Vicinity of the Power Plant Site ............ 6 Attributes of Groundwater Upgradient of the Power Plant Site .......... ........ 14 Assessment of the Project's Potential Impact on Water Resources .................... 14 Decreased Supply From DWS' North Kona System ............................ 14 Pumpage of Onsite Brackish Groundwater .................................. 14 Subsurface Disposal of the Power Plant's Wastewater ......................... 15 Treatment and Disposal of Domestic Wastewater ............................. 15 Summary Conclusions ................................................. 18 References............................................................. 20 List of Figures No. T i t l e Pace 1 Location of HELCO's Keahole Power Plant in North Kona, Hawaii ............... 2 2 Site Plan of HELCO's Keahole Power Plant ............................... 3 3 Salinity Profiles in the Basal Lens at Keahole on July 28, 2003 ............... 8 4 Temperature Profiles of the Basal Lens in Wells to the South of Keahole onJuly 28, 2003 ................................................. 9 5 Comparison of the Temperature in Basal Groundwater With the Ocean Offshore .... 10 6 Temperature Profiles Through the Basal Lens Beneath the Keahole Power Plant Site on July 28, 2003 ......................................... 11 7 Tidal Response in Groundwater Beneath the Keahole Power Plant Site on July 22 to 28, 2003 ................................... ......... 12 8 Salinity and Temperature Profiles Through the Water Column of the Makai Disposal Well Taken on July 28, 2003 ................... ......... 17 List of Tables No. T i t l e Pace 1 Available Data on Wells in the Kaloko-Honokohau Area ............ ......... 5 2 Representative Groundwater Quality From Wells in the Keahole Area ........... 7 3 Tidal Amplitudes and Lags of Basal Aquifer Wells Within and Around the Keahole Power Plant Site ............................... ......... 13 4 Comparative Characteristics of the Keahole Power Plant's Process Water Disposal 16 03-45 Introduction The Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO) is seeking a State Land Use reclassification of its Keahole power generation and Airport Substation sites in North Kona from Conservation to Urban. The reclassification would enable an expansion of the station's generating capacity to be implemented. This report presents an assessment of the potential impact on water resources that such an expansion is likely to have. The location of the 15 -acre power plant site is shown on Figure 1 . It is on the mauka side of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and directly across from the Keahole Airport access road intersection. Figure 2 is a site plan showing the location of features relevant to this assessment. At present, power is generated by the CT -2 combustion turbine unit and all of the plant's water requirements are provided by the County Department of Water Supply (DWS) system. In the initial phase of expansion, which is expected to be on line in December 2004 or January 2005, two more combustion turbines, designated CT -4 and CT -5, would begin operation as simple cycle units. As a part of this expansion, use of water from an existing onsite brackish well, identified as State No. 4461-02, would begin. The supply of brackish water will reduce the amount of water supplied by DWS substantially. Finally, in about 2009, a steam turbine, designated ST -7, would be added and the three combustion turbine units would be run as combined cycle units. Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) units would recover waste heat from the combustion turbines and produce the stream to drive the ST -7 unit. This future expansion would require a slight increase in supply from the onsite brackish well but no increase in supply from the DWS system. Aspects of the Power Plant's Expansion Which Have the Potential to Impact Water Resources The following aspects of the power plant's expansion have the potential to impact water resources: decreased use of the DWS' North Kona potable water system; draft of brackish groundwater from the plant's onsite existing well; disposal of the plant's various wastewaters in two existing disposal wells; and disposal of domestic wastewater in the existing septic tank and leach field system. Each of these is described below. Supply From DWS' North Kona Water System. At present, the DWS system supplies approximately 40,300 gallons per day (GPD) for operation of the plant's existing combustion turbine and for other uses at the plant. About 30,800 GPD is used directly in the power generation process and the remainder is used for potable consumption by employees and for various service and washing uses. When use of the onsite brackish well begins with the addition of the CT -4 and CT -5 units, the required supply from the DWS system will be reduced to approximately 15,000 GPD. About 9200 GPD would be used for potable consumption and service and washing uses. Another 5800 GPD difference would be for new landscape irrigation. No potable water from DWS would be used directly for power generation. Suooly of Onsite Brackish Groundwater. HELCO's onsite brackish supply well was developed and pump tested in 1993 (its location is shown on Figure 2). When the CT -4 and CT -5 units are brought on line, the well will provide an average supply of 172,500 GPD. When the ST -7 steam generator and HRSG units are brought on line in about 2009, use of the brackish well would be increased at about 189,600 GPD. Subsurface Disoosal of the Plant's Wastewater. With only the CT -2 combustion turbine operating at present, the plant's onsite drain pit is used for industrial wastewater disposal. Under UIC Permit No. UH -1776, HELCO developed two 500 -foot deep disposal wells in 1993 (their locations are shown on Figure 2). The wells will first be put into service when the CT -4 and CT -5 units are brought on line. Water directed to them will consist of the following: concentrate from reverse osmosis (RO) filtration units; backwash water from the RO plant, demineralizers, and dual media filters; and, after 2009, wastewater from ST -7 and the heat steam recovery generators (HRSG) units. All of the various wastewaters will be directed into a storage tank. When the water reaches a pre-set level in the tank, it will be pumped at 250 GPM through a filler medium and cartridge filter and then to disposal in the wells. Disposal in the wells will average 90,300 GPD in the interim period when the CT -4 and CT -5 - 1 - — cz 75 cu 1 a -cc - �� j la� r m �,� �'- 1A T� CT N W O LL I_ C ai ZIA N x-12 ucbi tt cu lig J _ �_ tt I i vN'.• , ..� � � � � I � - �,r!- .u..,� .` � 1 _ � po ' ,1 �, � . t; - I, J `� i � .. � �. -: _ # ti.. o Is x Y v� I t x I I.,_: j.;.—AL I _ I o f TL �= 1 .. for r. ml awn i I' _ a — g I I 1 tax i Fwasi �wpn k..0 F Fwa 1e ,P—" ow _:= r: rw l pgnce .1M Iamseagnp I e True North 19 ._�.__.__.._.—..._� _--.—:¢wad Pavi� i i - 3 - I '3Faving- Figure 2 Site Plan of HELCO's Keahole Power Plant I� Mark • I FUN as surage tanks (2 23) 2 Dammzed water Storage tanks (2 ea) 3Water national pumps for come Wbma (2 ea) aNeckaiLlion tanks (2 aa( 5 Wastes wat.r tanks (2 ea) 6 Suppe"my" Fireane service W.I., talks 8 Firepump house 9 pipe hark to Coal nu. stack 110 Cisposeek libkpn as (2 ea) 12 Tmsedmers (3 ea) 13 condensate stmpe lank 14 Hlt GMd pumps (4 ea) 15 Fuel oil applies, ladli4es i6 Fuel al alarags well p ail 17 D.n"Foreks.d water transfer pumps to DaminmM1sed water day lank:(2ea) 19Fuel ate day tanks (2 ea) 20 O Oil I Wats aparal (2 ea! 21 5ulluric mud 6 caustic soda storage 22 Sakti radial pasin 23 TurMe We. .4 tadialor 21 Ir ousel ore pump a:hwst flue 25 10 -black slash mes.l esnause lluc 25 a Brackish water supply well Figure 2 Site Plan of HELCO's Keahole Power Plant units are in service and it will increase to 107,300 GPD after the ST -7 and HRSG units are added in 2009. Use of the disposal wells will mean that the plant's onsite drain pit, which now receives about 22,200 GPD of the plant's wastewaters, will cease. Treatment and Disposal of Domestic Wastewater. A 2325 -gallon septic tank and leach field has already been constructed in anticipation of the plant's expansion. The estimated 2000 GPD present flowrate to this system is not expected to be changed by the plant expansion. Wastewater discharged from the septic tank to the leach field will ultimately reach the underlying basal groundwater. The locations of the septic tank and leach field are shown on Figure 2. Summary of Water Uses and Wastewater Disposal. The tally below is a summary of the various water uses and wastewater disposal quantities described above. Virtually all of the difference between these supply and disposal amounts is or will be exhausted to atmosphere. Summary of Water Use and Wastewater Disposal for the Keahole Power Plant Status of Power Plant Sources of Supply (GPD) Wastewater Disposal (GPD) DWS' North Onsite Septic Tank Onsite Onsite Kona System Brackish Well and Leach Field Disposal Wells Drain Pit Existing: CT -2 Unit 40,300 0 2,000 0 22,200 2005 to 2009: CT -2, CT -4, and CT -5 (Simple Cycle) 15,000 172,500 2,000 90,300 0 After 2009: CT -2, CT -4, and CT -5 (Combined Cycle) and ST -7 15,000 189,600 2,000 107,300 0 Sources: Stone and Webster, 2004, 2004a, and 2004b. Description of the Water Resources in the Vicinity of HELCO's Keahole Power Plant Overview of Surface Water Resources. The power plant is located on the western flank of the Hualalai mountain. The surface lava flows at this site have been estimated by radiocarbon dating to be 2140±100 years old (Moore and Clague, 1991). There is almost no soil development and there are no natural gulches or eroded waterways. Due to the high permeability of the ground surface, stormwater runoff does not occur in any significant amount even during the most intense rainfalls. This being the case, this assessment of the impact of the power plant expansion on water resources focuses exclusively on groundwater. Overview of Groundwater Resources. Knowledge of groundwater conditions in the vicinity of the power plant site comes from the wells shown on Figure 1 and on the mountain's surficial geology. Relevant data on the wells are listed on Table 1. The dominant aspect of the surficial geology is th , linear band of cones and vents which comprise the mountain's northwest rift zone (also shown on Figure 1 ). Two distinctly different modes of groundwater occur in the general vicinity of the Keahole power plant. Groundwater underlying the entire coastal zone occurs in a thin, brackish to saline basal lens which is underlain by saltwater at depth and is in hydraulic contact with seawater at the shoreline. Inland in the near vicinity of Mamalahoa Highway and extending some 20 miles from Kalaoa to Kealakekua, there is an abrupt change from basal to high level groundwater. 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The geologic feature which creates this abrupt change has no surface expression and remains unknown. However, it creates a substantial reservoir of potable quality groundwater impounded behind it and it controls the location and manner of leakage into the downgradient basal lens in ways which are not yet understood. Attributes of Basal Groundwater in the Vicinity of the Power Plant Site. Wells in the near vicinity of the power plant demonstrate that formation permeabilities at and below sea level where the basal lens resides are high, that the flow of groundwater through the lens is relatively low, and, as a result, the basal groundwater is relatively saline. These and other attributes of the basal groundwater are discussed in greater detail below. • Modest Rate of Rainfall -Recharge. Based on the plausible assumption that the mountain's northwest rift zone is a hydrologic boundary, rainfall on the three-mile wide, mauka-makai strip centered on the power plant amounts to an average of eight (8) million gallons per day (MGD) per mile of width. The most applicable computations of the portion of rainfall which becomes subsurface groundwater recharge are in the range of 15 to 25 percent (Kanehiro and Peterson, 1977 and Oki, Tribble, Souza, and Bolke, 1999). That would approximate the flow of groundwater at 1.2 to 2.0 MGD per coastal mile at Keahole. Relative to other locations along the West Hawaii shoreline, this is a very small flowrate and it translates to low basal heads and high salinity (Table 2 summarizes water quality data for wells in the region). For example, chlorides of the three wells closest to the power plant (Nos. 4461-01, 4461-02, and 4462-02) are in the range of 2500 to 4000 MG/L. These levels are too saline for irrigation use without desalting treatment. • Salinity Profile With Depth. As shown by the profiles on Figure 3, the basal lens beneath and near to the power plant is thin (ie. the sharp increase in salinity occurs at a shallow depth). Also, the transition zone where the salinity increases from brackish to saltwater is relatively broad. Both of these attributes are the result of the low rate of flow through the lens. • Anomalously Cool Temperatures. The temperature profiles on Figure 4 depict an interesting regional anomaly. Basal groundwater in wells a short distance south of the power plant at Ooma is cold at the surface (66" to 67" F.) and gets progressively colder with depth (62" to 63" F. at 100 feet below sea level). This is significantly colder than the high level groundwater in wells which are directly upgradient (73.8° F. in Well No. 4358-01, for example). In fact, the temperatures 100 feet into groundwater are colder than in the ocean at 700 -toot depth offshore (Figure 5). The source of the cool groundwater temperatures is the saltwater convection cell which exists at depth below the basal lens. Although groundwater temperatures beneath the power plant site are not quite as cool as in the area immediately to the south (Figure 6), they are still substantially cooler than wells which are nominally upgradient (72" to 78" F. in Nos. 4458-01 and 02, for example). Below 210 feet into groundwater, the temperature trend reverses and becomes warmer with increasing depth. • Transmission of the Tidal Signal in Groundwater as an Indicator of Hich Formation Permeability. Figure 7 illustrates tidal attenuation and lag in wells at the power plant, both within the lens (the supply well, State No. 4461-02) and in the saline zone at depth (the Makai Disposal Well). Table 3 is a compilation of tidal amplitude and lag for these and other basal wells in the region. The ease which the tidal signal moves inland through the basal lens is an indicator of very high formation permeability. Tidal responses in the two wells at the power plant suggest that the permeability of lavas in the coastal zone are significantly greater than 5000 feet per day. • Present Uses of Basal Groundwater in the Keahole Area. The saline nature of basal groundwater in the Keahole area limits its use. Well No. 4462-02 to the north of the power plant site was used for a time for dust control during construction at the airport, but it has been abandoned for a number of years (with the pump left in the well). Well 4461-01, located directly makai of the power plant, was drilled for potential irrigation use. However, it has no Table 2 Representative Groundwater Quality From Wells in the Keahole Area Sampling Date Salinity Silica Forms of Nitro en M Forms of Phos horus M NO3 NH4 TON Total N PO4 TOP Total P Site Sampled (PPT) (pM) High Level Potable Quality Wells 4258-03 6-02-00 0.165 833 70.2 1.2 19.4 90.8 3.85 0.50 4.35 4358-01 3-22-96 0.256 856 75.2 0.1 3.6 78.9 3.50 0.08 3.58 5-26-00 0.182 908 71.8 0.0 11.9 83.7 3.40 0.24 3.64 7-20-01 0.116 831 79.2 0.0 35.3 114.5 4.32 3.68 8.00 Basal Wells of Brackish Quality 4262-01M: Top 3-15-96 7.962 661 81.8 0.2 15.8 97.8 3.08 0.16 3.24 Top 6-02-00 7.783 672 89.7 1.5 26.6 117.8 5.30 0.75 6.05 Top 6-10-00 7.850 741 91.4 1.0 35.8 128.2 3.60 0.72 4.32 Top 11-11-02 7.904 670 74.6 0.2 20.7 95.5 2.05 1.10 3.15 Bottom 6-02-00 16.224 547 55.4 3.2 27.9 86.4 2.25 1.00 3.25 Bottom 11-11-02 15.590 562 51.8 0.2 22.6 74.6 1.05 0.75 1.80 4263-01M: Top 11-11-02 9.738 625 64.2 0.1 20.0 84.3 1.10 1.55 2.65 : Bottom 11-11-02 18.937 479 43.6 0.2 19.0 62.8 1.15 0.50 1.65. 4461-02 3-15-96 4.946 752 79.4 0.3 12.3 92.0 3.84 0.04 3.88 4462-05 (MW -11) See Note 2 5.36 467 92.5 0.3 39.0 131.8 8.74 3.66 12.40 Basal Wells of Saline Quality 4363-04 6-02-00 26.695 291 65.6 0.9 21.6 88.1 3.80 0.50 4.30 6-10-00 26.836 287 72.3 1.4 32.8 106.5 4.08 0.56 4.64 Notes: 1 . Except as noted below, all samples collected by Tom Nance Water Resource Engineering and analyzed by Marine Analytical Specialists. 2. The results for Well 4462-05, also known as Monitor Well No. 11 at the airport access road, are the average valuas of four semi-annual samples from November 2001 to May 2003. Samples were collected and analyzed by AECOS for DOT Airports. 7 - 0 0 10 NEI 99 F LL 40 w w F 50 O z x a 60 w 0 Ica w M, 100 0 FIGURE 3. SALINITY PROFILES IN THE BASAL LENS AT KEAHOLE ON JULY 28, 2003 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 SALINITY (PPT) NO. 4461-02 —N0.4262-01M—®NO. 4362-01M m 10 pill 30 40 50 EXO MI 100 30 I I 'I 5 10 15 20 25 SALINITY (PPT) NO. 4461-02 —N0.4262-01M—®NO. 4362-01M m 10 pill 30 40 50 EXO MI 100 30 FIGURE 4. TEMPERATURE PROFILES OF THE BASAL LENS IN WELLS TO THE SOUTH OF KEAHOLE ON JULY 28, 2003 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 0 0 im 20 30 w Lu 40 x Lu F 50 O N Z x a 60 Lu 0 EM m 100 62 63 64 65 66 67 TEMPERATURE (DEG F) 4262-01M—NO.4362-01M -9- 10 20 30 40 50 A 70 T .c 100 68 69 Icy I 1 i i - 10 20 30 40 50 A 70 T .c 100 68 69 60 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 m 400 n p 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 60 FIGURE 5. COMPARISON OF THE TEMPERATURE IN BASAL GROUNDWATER WITH THE OCEAN OFFSHORE 64 68 72 76 80 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 80 64 68 72 76 Temperature (Deg F) —Well 4262-01 M --Ocean Offshore - 10 - FIGURE 6. TEMPERATURE PROFILES THROUGH THE BASAL LENS BENEATH THE KEAHOLE POWER PLANT SITE ON JULY 28, 2003 67.0 67.5 0 25 50 75 100 w 125 Lu x w H 150 O L- 175 z x a_ w 200 225 250 275 300 325 68.0 68.5 69.0 69.5 70.0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 57 67.5 68 68.5 69 69.5 TEMPERATURE (DEG F) -—WELL 4461-02 --- MAKAIDISPOSALWELL ', 11 - 70 o u� C) o 'R C) N N M O O N W N H N N } J 7 Z O LU w z z J a w 3 (L w J O x a W Y W m F 4- W W m C w z z 7 0 c!) Z_ W U) Z O a U) LU J a F n w LL Table 3 Tidal Amplitudes and Lags of Basal Aquifer Wells Within and Around the Keahole Power Plant Site W e I I Distance From the Shoreline Period of Tidal Res onse State Amplitude as Lag Time Number Name (Feet) Recording Percent of Ocean Tide (Hours) • Wells Within the Power Plant Site 4461.02 Supply 8,900 July 2003 35 2.65 Makai Disposal 8,600 July 2003 36 2.52 • Wells Nominally Downgradient From the Power Plant NELHNo. 3 2,350 Oct. 2000 60 0.95 NELHNo. 4 1,630 Oct. 2000 70 0.63 NELHNo. 8 850 Oct. 2000 79 0.32 NELHNo. 7 375 Oct. 2000 90 0.27 4463-01 DOT No. 14 310 Oct. 2000 78 0.22 NELHNo. 6 200 Oct. 2000 85 0.23 • Wells to the South of the Power Plant 4360-01 Kalaoa 16,000 March 1996 9 4.92 4262-01 M Dome Mauka 5,500 Nov. 2002 44 1 .50 NELHNo. 1 5,050 Oct. 2000 48 1.35 4263-01 M Ooma Makai 400 Nov. 2002 70 0.70 NELHNo. 2 300 Oct. 2000 75 0.55 Note: All water level recordings compared to the ocean tide as recorded in Honokohau Harbor. 13 - never been used and it was recently buried during earthwork by a landscape company (Mahi Cooper, personal communication, July 28, 2003). Further makai at NELH, the saline basal aquifer is used for both supply and disposal. Disposal of about 10 MGD of saltwater by various aquaculture ventures occurs in numerous pits, trenches, and directly on the ground surface throughout the NELH property. As far as is known, the only supply wells at NELH are those at Uwajima Fisheries (Nos. 4363-01 to 12). These wells are directly downgradient of the disposal of 2 to 3 MGD of saltwater by Cyanotech. The quality of the water pumped by the Uwajima wells is directly influenced by Cyanotech's disposal (Nance, 2001). Attributes of Groundwater Uogradient of the Power Plant Site. The differences in groundwater found at the North Kalaoa well (No. 4358-01) and the Kau wells (Nos. 4458-01 and 02) illustrate the significant change in groundwater occurrence directly upslope from the power plant. Well No. 4358-01 is the northernmost of the high level wells which have been developed to date. Its water level stands more than 230 feet above sea level and its salinity is very low. In considerable contrast, the water levels in Well Nos. 4458-01 and 02 are just 10 feet above sea level, their total dissolved solids are relatively high (in excess of 500 MG/L) and the influence of the mountain's rift zone on their water chemistry is substantial, particularly with respect to silica and hardness. Based on the different water levels in these upgradient wells, the northern end of high level groundwater occurs somewhere between them. Assessment of the Project's Potential Impact on Water Resources As described previously, the power plant expansion has the potential to impact water resources in four ways: (1) by a reduction of the use of potable water from DWS' North Kona system; (2) by the use of brackish groundwater drawn from the underlying basal lens at Well 4461-02; (3) by the disposal of plant wastewaters in the saline zone below the basal lens, thereby ending use of an onsite drain pit; and (4) by the disposal of domestic wastewater in the existing septic tank and leach field system. The potential impact of each of these is described in the paragraphs following. Decreased Supply From DWS' North Kona System. Due to use of the onsite brackish well, expansion of the power plant will reduce the supply from DWS' system from 40,000 to 15,000 GPD. The difference of 25,000 GPD has been allocated to the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL) as part of the fully executed November 5, 2003 Settlement Agreement among HELCO, DHHL, Department of Health, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Board of Land and Natural Resources, Mahi Cooper, Peggy Ratliff, and the Keahole Defense Coalition. DWS water delivered to the power plant site comes from wells in Kahaluu (five drilled wells and the Kahaluu Shaft) and from high elevation wells at the north end of its system (specifically, State Well Nos. 4057-01, 4158-02, 4258-03, and 4358-01). Because excessive pumpage of DWS' Kahaluu wells has produced undesirable salinity levels, any reduction in their pumpage, however small, would be beneficial. In the long term, transmission improvements will enable DWS to make greater use of its high level wells and enable DWS to further reduce the use of the Kahaluu wells. Pumpage of Onsite Brackish Groundwater. From the end of 2004 to 2009, about 172,500 GPD of brackish, basal groundwater would be pumped from the plant's onsite well. After 2009, the amount would be increased to 189,600 GPD. The groundwater flowrate at Keahole is on the order of 1.2 to 2.0 MGD per coastal mile, a relatively small amount. The only use of groundwater in the coastal area downgradient of the power plant are the Uwajima Fisheries Wells at NELH (State Well Nos. 4363-01 to 12). These wells would not be adversely impacted by the power plant's upgradient groundwater withdrawals for the following reasons: • The loss of basal flowrate toward the NELH shoreline would translate to a small salinity increase which would be of no measurable or significant consequence to the Uwajima saltwater wells. 14 - • The Uwajima wells are directly downgradient of Cyanotech's subsurface saltwater disposal of two to three MGD. Elsewhere within NELH, another 7 to 8 MGD is also disposed of in pits, trenches, and on the ground surface. The impact of the power plant's use of less than 0.2 MGD of brackish groundwater is inconsequential in comparison to the amount of the ongoing saltwater disposal throughout the NELH facility. Subsurface Disposal of the Power Plant's Wastewater. At present, about 22,200 GPD of the plant's process water and other industrial wastewaters are disposed of in an existing drain pit. When CT -4 and CT -5 are brought on line, disposal will be shifted to the two deep disposal wells, the quantity for disposal would be increased to 172,500 GPD, and the drain pit will be demolished. After 2009 when the ST -7 and HRSG units are in operation, disposal in the wells would be increased to 189,600 GPD. Table 4 is Stone and Webster's compilation of the quality of the wastewater at present and at the two stages of the plant's expansion. Most of the major chemical constituents will be similar to dilute seawater. However, there will be minor amounts of other constituents which would not be completely removed by the media and cartridge filters. The maximum allowable levels of these constituents are specified by the Department of Health in UIC Permit No. UH -1776, with which HELCO must comply. The disposal wells are at ground elevations of 195 and 200 feet and are 500 and 505 feet deep. By the wells' construction, disposal into groundwater would only occur in the lowest 50 feet in the wells which are at elevations from 250 to 300 feet below sea level. As shown on Figure 8, the salinity at these depths is in the range of 31 to 33 PPT (90 to 95 percent seawater) and the temperature is from 680 to 70° F. Based on the salinities of the plant's wastewaters, water delivered to the disposal wells would be about 1.6 percent lighter than the receiving saline groundwater (for comparison, fresh water is about 2.5 percent lighter than seawater). This density difference may cause the injectate to rise as it moves toward the shoreline. Other factors, specifically the dip of the lava flows and their substantial vertical to horizontal permeability contrast, would tend to inhibit the density -driven upward movement, thus spreading the upward movement over a greater lateral distance than would otherwise be the case. In this process, the injectate would be mixed into the saline groundwater, increasing its salinity and density and thereby decreasing the density -driven upward movement. Since the injectate would start with a density similar to that of water in the upper half of the transition zone of the basal lens, and since its density would be progressively increased by mixing with saline groundwater, the injectate plume could not rise any higher than into the lower half of the transition zone. The only functional supply wells which are nominally downgradient of this disposal are the Uwajima Fisheries wells (Nos. 4362-01 to 12) in NELH. As discussed previously, the Uwajima Fisheries wells are near to and directly downgradient of the disposal of 2 to 3 MGD of saltwater by Cyanotech and in the general vicinity of another 7 to 8 MGD of saltwater disposal elsewhere at NELH. HELCO's disposal would be occurring about 1.8 miles away and at substantial depth below the basal lens. Its disposal rate of less than 0.2 MGD would be two orders of magnitude less than the present rate of saltwater disposal at NELH. The horizontal and vertical separation of the HELCO and Uwajima wells, together with the ongoing disposal activities at NELH, mitigate against any adverse impact to the Uwajima wells. Treatment angL Disposal of Domestic Wastewater. No increase in the amount of domestic wastewater that will be treated and disposed of in the plant's existing septic tank and leach field system is anticipated as a result of the power plant's expansion. All of the 2000 GPD disposed of from the leach field ultimately reaches the underlying basal lens. The primary issue with this method of disposal is the addition of nutrients to the underlying basal lens. Its potential impact can be qualified with the following series of approximations: • Raw domestic wastewater will have total nitrogen levels of 30 to 40 MG/L and total phosphorus of 4 to 15 MG/L. The high ends of these ranges are assumed to be the case at the power plant. 15 - a cn +1 +1 oam` o UD o 0 '= 0- a o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o r m O a O r O O n N r O n V t0 N m m a U) -1 D) o O r U m r t a a m U ?� O O O O N O) O O O < O m m V O m N LO O co c{ c o n m Un M a � N r a N X00 cn C — Cl � a t 4 y o o r- N r- o 0 m 3 n o o Cl)m r 0 o n o o m m CO T � 0 o m m o y n C - N �- N w N C O O a N H a Cr CD '40) - m `y 00 Q N a N N as O T <O 0 O F' pO CO m N r CO N N Cl) r a) O _ O to O N 7 O a`EU F 0 U. IL a a O O N N m O r N O a; In O1 y 0 O m O N Of N CD m m O CL N n Cl) [D It N r w Q — m N L V1 a C , d 0 (7 (7 0 0 (7 0 0 0 (D D C7 n a V c N m O to o O a oa a O S a c o LL o 0U O U Z � E Y v!E pU R m U6 0O n E C n i0 N VO .70 '10 cm �ra F- m z U U3 a. U n - 16 - ?i; FIGURE 8. SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE PROFILES THROUGH THE WATER COLUMN OF THE MAKAI DISPOSAL WELL TAKEN ON JULY 28, 2003 SALINITY (PPT) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 25 50 75 100 w w LL uj 125 w Q m 150 O J m 175 x F— w 200 225 250 275 300 I 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 TEMPERATURE (DEG F) —SALINITY — TEMPERATURE 17 - 8 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 -J 300 72 NL k a M1h eYw I I 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 TEMPERATURE (DEG F) —SALINITY — TEMPERATURE 17 - 8 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 -J 300 72 • Nitrogen and phosphorus removals by the septic tank and leach field system are conservatively assumed to be 50 and 20 percent, respectively. These relatively inefficient rates of removal were chosen because the leach field trenches were backfilled with gravel and crushed stone rather than with a loamy soil. • Further nutrient removal will occur naturally during the wastewater's downward movement through the vadose zone and lateral movement with groundwater toward the shoreline. Based on the analyses in Nance (2002), these rates are conservatively assumed to be at 80 percent for nitrogen and 95 percent for phosphorus. As shown in the tally below, the above series of assumptions indicates that the disposal of 2000 GPD of domestic wastewater would add 0.066 pounds per day of nitrogen and 0.010 pounds per day of phosphorus to the flow of groundwater beneath the site. However, the nutrient load "naturally" in groundwater is many times greater than this. For example, using a low flux rate of 1.2 MGD per mile and the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the underlying groundwater of 1.85 and 0.40 MG/L, respectively, (based on the level in Well 4462-05 immediately downgradient), the "natural" nutrient load in basal groundwater discharging into the marine environment along the 1.3 -mile long shoreline between Keahole Point and Unualoha Point amounts to 24.0 pounds of nitrogen and 5.2 pounds of phosphorus. The power plant's addition would amount to just 0.5 to 0.3 percent of this, respectively. Nutrient Concentrations and Loading From the Power Plant's Treatment and Disposal of 2000 GPD of Domestic Wastewater Point in the Process Nitro en Phos horns % Concentration Loading % Concentration Loading Removal (MG/L) (Lbs/Day) Removal (MG/L) (Lbs/Day) Raw Wastewater - - 40 0.67 - - 15 0.25 After the Septic Tank and Leach Field Discharge 50 20 0.33 20 12 0.20 After Downward Travel Through the Vadose Zone and Lateral Travel in Groundwater 80 4 0.066 95 0.6 0.010 Summary Conclusions. This evaluation has identified and quantified four potential impacts on groundwater that the expansion of the Keahole power plant is likely to have. These can be summarized as follows: • Use of potable water supplied by DWS' North Kona system would be roduced from 40,000 to 15,000 GPD. Until this water is used by other developments, it will allow DWS to reduce pumpage from its Kahaluu wells, if only slightly. • Use of up to 0.19 MGD of brackish basal groundwater would reduce the natural flow of groundwater toward and into the marine environment by the same amount. However, the only downgradient use of this groundwater is by the Uwajima Fisheries saltwater wells in NELH Because these are saltwater wells and because of the ongoing disposal of saltwater throughout the NELH facility, there will be no significant impact on these wells by the use of brackish groundwater at the power plant. tI=1 • Up to 0.11 MGD of the plant's industrial wastewater, about 70 percent of which will be concentrate from the reverse osmosis treatment system, will be disposed of into the saline groundwater between 250 and 300 feet below sea level. This water may tend to rise toward the bottom of the transition zone of the basal lens as it moves toward its discharge along the shoreline. The composition of the wastewater will generally be similar to dilute seawater. • No increase in the wastewater disposed of in the septic tank and leach field wilt occur as a result of the plant's expansion. Disposal of about 2000 GPD of domestic wastewater in this manner adds nutrients to the underlying basal groundwater. However, this input is relatively negligible compared to the levels of nutrients "naturally" occurring in the groundwater. Based on these results, it is reasonable to conclude that expansion of the Keahole power plant will not have a significant impact on water resources in the region. 19 - References Brock, R.E. and A.K.H. Kam. 1997. Biological and Water Quality Characteristics of Anchialine Resources in Kaloko-Honokchau National Historic Park. Technical Report 112, Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii. Brown and Caldwell. 1999. Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Reuse Master Plan. Manuscript report prepared for the Department of Public Works, County of Hawaii. 1999- Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Reuse Master Plan, Final Report. Consultant report prepared for the Department of Public Works, County of Hawaii. 2003. Keahole Power Plant Wells 1 and 2B, Underground Injection Control (UIC), Injection Well Status Report No. 5, UIC Permit No. UH -1776. Consultant report prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. CH2M Hill. 1992. Conservation District Use Application and Environmental Assessment for Exploratory Well Drilling and Geotechnical Investigations. Prepared for HELCO for submittal to the DLNR. 1992. Groundwater Impacts for the Proposed Expansion of the Keahole Generating Station. Consultant report prepared for Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. C.W. Associates, Inc. 1988. Installation Report, Water Quality Monitoring Wells, Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii and Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park, Keahole, North Kona, Hawaii. Consultant report prepared for R.M. Towill Corporation. Dames & Moore. 1985. Technical Evaluation of Seawater Return Flow and Wastewater Disposal Systems at NELH/Host Park. Consultant report prepared for the National Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority. DOWALD, 1968. Summary of Drilling Log and Pumping Test for Kalaoa Well 12-11, North Kona, Hawaii. Circular C48, DLNR, State of Hawaii. Edward K. Noda & Associates. 1997. Monitoring Well Installation Report, Keahole-Kona International Airport, Island of Hawaii. Consultant report prepared for State DOT, Airports Division. Fischer, W.A., D.A. Davis, and T.M. Sousa. 1966. Fresh Water Springs of Hawaii From Infrared Images. Atlas HA -218, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. Fukunaga & Associates, Inc. 1995. North Kona Water Master Plan, Final Report. Report R-104, Division of Water and Land Development, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii. Kanehiro, B.Y. and F.L. Peterson. 1977. Groundwater Recharge and Coastal Discharge for the Northwest Coast of the Island of Hawaii: A Computerized Water Budget Approach. Kauahikaua, J., K. Duarte, and J. Foster. 1998. A Preliminary Gravity Survey of the Kailua-Kona Area, Hawaii, for Delineatio: of a Hydrologic Boundary. Open File Report 98-110, U.S. Geological Survey, Honolulu, Hawaii. Lau, L.S., S. Bowles, and J.F. Mink. 1980. Proposed Prototype Testing Program, Land Disposal by Injection Wells of Ocean Water Effluent at Seacoast Test Facility, Keahole Point, Island of Hawaii. Consultant report prepared for the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Seacoast Test Facility. -20- MCM Planning. 1987. Alternative Methods of Seawater Return Flow Disposal. Consultant report prepared for National Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority, Megumi Kon, Inc. 1991. Hawaii County Water Use and Development Plan. Manuscript report prepared for the Department of Water Supply, County of Hawaii. Mink & Yuen. 1993. Keahole Airport Well No. 1, State No. 4462-02, Summary of Drilling and Testing. Consultant report prepared for the State DOT, Airports Division. Moore, R. B. and D. A. Clague. 1991. Geologic Map of Hualalai Volcano. MAPI-2213, U.S. Geological Survey, Honolulu, Hawaii. Nance, T. 1991. Saltwater Ponds of the Coma II Project: Recommended Circulation System and Analysis of Environmental Effects. Consultant report prepared for Kohala Capital Corporation. 1999. Water Resource Assessment for the Hualalai Resort. Consultant report prepared for Hualalai Development Company. 2000. Potential Impact on Water Resources of Phases III and IV of the Kaloko Industrial Park in North Kona, Hawaii. Consultant report prepared for Marine Research Consultants. 2001- The hydraulics of Seawater Disposal at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii. Memorandum to Tom Daniel, NELH Scientific Director dated March 20, 2001. 2002. Assessment of the Potential Impact on Water Resources of the Proposed Kaloko-Honokohau Business Park in North Kona, Hawaii. Consultant report prepared for Lanihau Partners, LP. 2002. Potential Impact on Water Resources of the Proposed Kealakehe Commercial/Industrial Park in Kealakehe, North Kona, Hawaii. Consultant report prepared for PBR Hawaii. . 2002. Potential Impact on Water Resources of the Proposed Coma II Project in North Kona, Hawaii. Consultant report prepared for Helber Hastert & Fee, Planners, Inc. Oki, D.S. 1999. Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of the Ground -Water Flow System of North Kona, Island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Water -Resources Investigations Report 99- 4073, Honolulu, Hawaii. Oki, D.S., G.W. Tribble, W.R. Souza, and E.L. Bolke. 1999. Ground -Water Resources in Kaloko- Honokohau National Historic Park, Island of Hawaii, and Numerical Simulation of the Effects of Ground -Water Withdrawals. U.S. Geological Survey Water -Resources Investigations Report 99-4070, Honolulu, Hawaii. Stone and Webster. October 2004a. Keahole Water System -County Water Daily Average Flow, Plant Water Balance -Existing Equipment as Installed and Operated. October 2004a. Keahole Water Treatment System -Brackish Daily Average Flow, Plant Water Balance -CT -2, CT -4, and CT -5 Simple Cycle. October 2004b. Keahole Water Treatment System -Brackish Daily Average Flow, Plant Water Balance -CT -2, CT -4, CT -5, and ST -7 Combined Cycle. 21- Waimea Water Services, Inc. 1996. Final Progress Report on Effluent Discharge, Reuse, and Quality. Manuscript report prepared for the Wastewater Division, Department of Public Works, County of Hawaii. 1996. Kealakehe WWTP Effluent Reuse and Management Project, Final Progress Report on Effluent Discharge, Reuse, and Quality. Consultant report prepared for the Department of Public Works, County of Hawaii. Water Resource Associates. 1992. Geology and Groundwater Resources, Proposed Keahole Power Plant. Consultant report prepared for CH2M Hill. Wilson Okamoto & Associates, Inc. 2001. Final Environmental Assessment, Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Reuse Master Plan. Manuscript report prepared for Department of Environmental Management, County of Hawaii. 22- EIle Ice, " , C" ;✓_'J'V COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT RECOMMENDATION HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC. CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 05-025) Upon careful review of the request, the Planning Director proposes that a favorable recommendation for a change of zone be forwarded to the County Council. Since this recommendation is made without the benefit of public testimony, the Director reserves the right to modify and/or alter this position based on additional information presented at the public hearing. This favorable recommendation is based on the following findings: The applicant is requesting a change of zone from Open (0) to General Industrial 15 acres (MG -15a) to allow the continued use of the existing generating station and the upgrade of the facility to improve efficiency and generating capacity. Specifically, the applicant proposes the following improvements at the Keahole Generating Station: • Convert two existing simple -cycle combustion turbines (CT -4 and CT -5) to a combined -cycle system by adding a steam turbine generation system (ST -7), comprised of two heat recovery steam generators, a steam condensing system, and a 17.8 MW steam turbine generator, including ancillary equipment. These components will constitute a 60 MW net, dual -train, combined -cycle plant. • Implement new emissions controls, specifically a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system, which is expected to involve ammonia or urea transport, storage and usage, as well as improvements to the existing wastewater treatment system to process on-site and dispose of on-site treated waste, generated as a result of the SCR system. Proposed improvements at the Airport Substation facilities include: • Future replacement or addition of transformers and switchgear equipment at the Airport Substation to service the area community • Additional painting and landscape improvements to mitigate visual impacts at the Airport Substation. In the future, the applicant may use alternate fuels, specifically naphtha, to reduce emissions, which could necessitate expanding the existing fuel storage tanks and tank - yard berm walls, adding more storage tanks, additional fuel distribution pumps/piping, and additional fire protection. The applicant seeks the proposed action to (1) bring the existing and proposed use of the project as an electrical generating station and substation into conformance with County zoning; (2) facilitate future operation and maintenance of the generating station; and (3) implement proposed environmental mitigation measures. In 2004, the applicant completed the addition of CT -4 and CT -5 and retired older diesels 18, 19 and 20. The ST -7 installation, which would allow the utilization of waste heat and make the plant more fuel efficient, is anticipated for completion in 2009. The properties were zoned Open by the County to conform to the State Land Use Conservation designation. The State Board of Land and Natural Resources directed the applicant to seek a reclassification from the Conservation to the Urban district. The reclassification was approved by the State Land Use Commission on November 7, 2005 by Docket No. A03-743. The request from an Open to a General Industrial zoned district would bring the properties into conformance with its existing use for industrial purposes. An Environmental Impact Statement was required pursuant to Chapter 343, Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), and the Environmental Impact Statement Rules, Title 11, Chapter 200 of the Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR). The Final EIS was accepted by the State Land Use Commission on February 10, 2005 and by written Order dated May 24, 2005. By Docket No. A03-743 dated November 7, 2005, the State Land Use Commission approved the redesignation of the property from the Conservation to the Urban district. In order to consider an area for any type of zoning designation, the applicable goals, policies and standards of the General Plan must be adequately addressed. It is only through such a comprehensive policy analysis approach that evaluations and decisions -2- can be made to better time and stage developments to achieve growth determined by the General Plan and related planning documents. The implications of these evaluations and decisions must be also considered as they may have an impact on similar areas in the County. The Change of Zone from Open (0) to a General Industrial (MG -15a) zoned district is consistent with the intent and purpose of the goals, policies and standards of the General Plan Energy, Land Use and Economic Elements. The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map component of the General Plan is a representation of the document's goals, policies, standards and courses of action. It is also a graphic depiction of the physical relationships among the various land uses. The LUPAG Map establishes the basic land use pattern for areas within the County. The LUPAG Map designates the project site as an Urban Expansion Area. This designation allows for a mix of high density, medium density, and low density urban developments, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. The change of zone from Open (0) to General Industrial (MG -15a) will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region. Located along the east (mauka) side of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and the Kona International Airport at Keahole, the project site consists of two adjoining parcels approximately 15.643 acres in size. Parcel 36 ("Keahole Generating Station") consists of approximately 14.998 acres, and parcel 37 ("Airport Substation") consists of approximately .645 acres. The project site is currently the site of the HELCO Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation developed in the early 1970's. Existing facilities include generating turbines, fuel oil storage tanks, switching station and a water treatment facility. The terrain is relatively flat and consists of lava flows, grasses, and low brush. The height of the existing 104 -high exhaust stack was originally permitted within the State Land Use Conservation district, which is under the jurisdiction of the State and not the County. Under the proposed MG district, an industrial structure may be -3- constructed to a height of 100 feet. However, the height of the stack can be allowed as a legal non -conforming use under the Zoning Code. The project site is bordered by the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and a parcel zoned A -5a to the west. The adjacent vacant property to the north is owned by the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, in the State Land Use Urban district, and zoned Open. Four 90 -foot towers owned by the Big Island Broadcasting Company are located on a four -acre parcel to the east. The state-owned Keahole Agricultural Park zoned A -5a is located south/southeast of the property. The Kona Palisades Subdivision is located approximately 3,500 feet mauka of the property to the southeast and zoned A -5a. The applicant has stated that "in order to lessen the visual impacts of the improvements to the generating station on the immediate neighboring community, HELCO has sought and received approval from the DLNR for landscape improvements, gate modifications, and fence construction at the site. The perimeter landscaping along the southwest, west, and northwest section of the property will be redone to help mitigate the adverse visual impacts of the improvements to the station. HELCO will create bermed planters in areas that are currently landscaped and transplant some of the existing vegetation. New trees and plants will also be added to create a more effective and attractive visual buffer. The proposed planters are approximately 9,500 square feet." The applicant will also convert its existing fence into a permanent perimeter fence and modify two existing gates by recessing the gates into the facility. The new gates will be automated, electronic card -reading gates. All utilities and services are available to the site. The Department of Water Supply, through its North Kona system, currently provides approximately 40,000 gallons per day (gpd) of potable water to the project site. Approximately 3/4 of the 40,000 gpd of potable water is used for power generation. The potable water is also used for domestic consumption by employees and landscape irrigation. Prior to the completion of CT -4 and CT -5 and conversion to primarily brackish water, the facility had used approximately 40,000 gpd for domestic consumption, landscape irrigation, and the facility operations. Upon completion of CT -4 and CT -5 and with the facility's conversion from potable to -4- brackish water for process water use, domestic water consumption has been reduced to approximately 25,000 gpd. With the completion of ST -7, there will be a slight increase in domestic water usage and an increase of approximately 0.02 mgd of brackish water use. An onsite well is being used to satisfy the facility's brackish water demand. The available potable water in excess of demand has been conveyed to the State Department of Hawaiian Home Lands for its developments in West Hawaii. There are two types of wastewater generated at the Keahole facility, domestic and industrial. Industrial wastewater is disposed of through two underground injection wells on the project site. The monitoring of wastewater discharged into the underground injection wells is in accordance with UIC permit requirements. In addition to monitoring required under the UIC permit, the applicant has conducted weekly monitoring of wastewater discharges. (Refer to pages 19-21 in the application for information on the disposal of industrial wastewater). Domestic wastewater will be treated and disposed of in the existing septic tank and leach field system. Upon completion of CT -4 and CT -5, the amount of domestic water treated and disposed of in the plant's existing septic tank and leach field system has increased by approximately 2,000 gpd. With the completion of ST -7, the amount of such domestic wastewater will increase slightly. Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., prepared a report titled Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study dated February 2004 (Appendix K). The report consisted of an updated inspection of parcel 37 and the primary and secondary access roads to supplement the previous archaeological inventory survey of parcel 36 completed in 1992. The report also updated the previous cultural impact assessment of parcel 36 completed in 1992 with the addition of parcel 37 and the access roads. Four quarry sites consisting of seven component features, all pahoehoe excavations, were identified but no subsurface test excavations were conducted since there were no cultural deposits of any kind within the identified features. DLNR-SHPD determined that no further work or preservation was recommended for any of the sites. The study confirmed that the property has been extensively modified and developed for the operation of HELCO Keahole Generating Station and Airport Substation. The study also concluded that the -5- proposed action will not significantly affect or adversely impact any historic properties or archaeological resources on the property, and no mitigation measures are necessary. No evidence of any potentially significant traditional native Hawaiian cultural properties, natural resources, practices, or beliefs were identified during either the 1992 inventory survey or the updated assessment conducted in 2003. The Archaeological mrd Cultural Impact Assessment Study, by Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., conducted in February 2004 (Appendix K) concluded that "based on the absence of any evidence that the project site is currently being used for any legitimate traditional cultural purposes by either native Hawaiian cultural practitioners or individuals of any other cultural affiliation, it can be concluded that the HELLO Keahole Generating Station Project should have no significant effects - much less any adverse impacts - upon any cultural resources, and that no mitigation measures of any kind are needed." Botanical consultants Char and Associates prepared a report titled, Botanical Resources Assessment Study, dated August 2003 (Appendix Q. The study found that the project site is composed of introduced or alien species, and none of the plants on the property and along the primary and secondary access roads is a threatened or endangered species or a species of concern. The three native species, all indigenous, include the 'uhaloa and ilima, which were observed along the roadway and other disturbed areas, and the beach naupaka, used as a landscape material. The study concluded that botanical resources will not be adversely impacted by the action. Environmental consultant Phillip L. Bruner prepared a report titled Avifaunal and Feral Mammal Field Survey of Keahole Generating Station, North Kona, Island of Hawaii, dated July 31, 2003 (Appendix B). Thirteen species of introduced birds were recorded on the survey, and no native birds or migratory birds were observed in the area. The property does not contain any unusual or unique habitat important to native or migratory birds. No threatened or endangered animal species as listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service were discovered on the site. The study concluded that the proposed action will not adversely impact fauna resources. 01 Reservoir Road and Pukiawe Street to Kaiminani Drive located on the north and south side of the properties provide access to the Queen Kaahumanu Highway. A Traffic Impact Analysis Study dated October 2004 (Appendix A) prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. indicates that these two intersections serving the properties provide an adequate level of service during morning and afternoon peak hours. The traffic increase from proposed improvements on the project site would be small and not contribute a significant portion of the overall regional traffic increase. The subject request is not contrary to Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statues, relating to Coastal Zone Management. The property is not located in the Special Management Area. The site is located mauka of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, is not an oceanfront property, and will not be impacted by coastal hazard and beach erosion. There is no record of a designated public access that traverses the property. According the applicant, no valued cultural, historical or natural resources exist on the property and there is no evidence of any traditional and customary Native Hawaiian rights being practiced on the site. Thus, it is not anticipated that the proposed request will have any adverse impact on cultural or historical resources in the area. As noise may affect surrounding properties, mitigation measures such as constructed barriers and landscaping are proposed to ameliorate potential adverse impacts. HFP Acoustical Consultants Inc. prepared a study titled, Noise Study for DEIS in October 13, 2004 (Appendix H). Noise sources in the vicinity of the Keahole Generating Station include various diesel generators and combustion turbines, vehicular traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, and aircraft at the Kona International Airport at Keahole. Noise control treatments have been implemented for the existing plant equipment. Each treatment project will specify property line sound level targets for the equipment. These targets will vary with a goal of meeting HELCO's overall property line target of 55dBA during daytime operation and 45 dBA during nighttime operation for all plant equipment. Noise sources in the vicinity of the Keahole Generating Station include various diesel generators and combustion turbines, vehicular traffic on Queen Kaahumanu Highway, and aircraft at the Kona International Airport at Keahole. Noise -7- control treatments have been implemented for the existing plant equipment. Each treatment project will specify property line sound level targets for the equipment. These targets will vary with a goal of meeting HELCO's overall property line target of 55dBA during daytime operation and 45 dBA during nighttime operation for all plant equipment. Emissions from the Keahole Generating Station have been monitored by air quality monitoring stations located approximately 1.2 miles southeast of the plant and 3.4 miles north of the plant. The monitoring data confirms compliance with State and Federal ambient air quality standards for SO2 (sulfur dioxide), PM 10 (particulate matter), and CO (carbon monoxide). A study titled "Climate and Air Quality Assessment" was conducted by Jim Clary & Associates in July, 2004 (Appendix I). Robert E. Paull prepared a report titled Emission Studies — Impact on Keahole Agricultural Park, dated June 27, 2004 (Appendix L). The report examined the potential impacts of ethylene, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrous oxide (NO2) on plants and crops in the Keahole area. Given the infrequency and short duration of plume impact from the stacks on the agricultural park and the lack of information on orchid phytotoxicity to these gases, it was difficult to determine the impacts. The plume's short duration made extrapolation from research results difficult as most of the research was based on continuous chronic exposure of 24 hours or more. Phytotoxicity would not be immediately apparent under these circumstances. Given these conditions, cutnulative response would not be expected with the impact duration and dose levels expected to affect the Keahole Agricultural Park. A reduction of ethylene levels is anticipated as the diesel generators are phased out and simple combustion cycle and combined cycle combustion turbines are used exclusively. In view of the Hawaii State Supreme Court's "PASH" and "Ka Pa'akai O Ka'Aina" decisions, the issue relative to native Hawaiian gathering and fishing rights must be addressed in terms of the cultural, historical, and natural resources and the associated traditional and customary practices of the site: Investigation of valued resources: The following information was submitted for review: -8- • Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study, Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc. (PHRI), February, 2004 (Appendix K) • Avil'aunal and Feral Mammal Field Survey, of Keahole Generating Station North Kona, Island of Hawaii, Phillip L. Bruner, July 31, 2003. (Appendix B) • Botanical Resources Assessment Study, Keahole Generating Station, North Kona District, Hawaii, Winona P. Char, August 2003. (Appendix C) • An Assessment of Potential Impacts to the Marine Environment, Marine Research Consultants, February 2004. (Appendix J) • Potential Impact on Water Resources of the Expansion of the Hawaii Electric Light Company's Power Generating Station at Keahole in North Kona, Hawaii, December 2003. (Appendix P) The valuable cultural historical, and natural resources found in the rezoning area: An Archaeological and Cultural Impact Assessment Study was completed by PHRI in 2004. The study confirmed that the project site has been extensively modified and developed for the operation of the generation station and substation, and that the proposed action will not significantly affect or adversely impact any historic or archaeological resources. During the 1992 inventory survey and the updated assessment conducted in 2003, no evidence of any potentially significant traditional native Hawaiian cultural properties, natural resources, practices, or beliefs were identified . Possible adverse effect or impairment of valued resources: The Final Environmental Impact Statement accepted by the State Land Use Commission on February 20, 2005, addressed probable impacts and mitigative measures as a result of project development. Established standards and controls to manage potential negative effects should effectively limit and mitigate foreseeable long-term impacts. Native plants could be destroyed by construction and ground alteration. However, the applicant is proposing a Landscape Concept Plan to mitigate any adverse impacts to the surrounding properties. The property does not abut the shoreline, therefore Hawaiian gathering and fishing rights is not an issue. -9- Based on the above findings, approval of the Change of Zone request from Open (0) to General Industrial (MG -15a) would result in an appropriate land use pattern and further the public benefit. The accompanying draft bill to amend Section 25-8-3 (North Kona Zone Map) is provided for your favorable consideration. Please note the proposed conditions of approval attached to the draft bill. -to- CHEU'OR EZ.doc-12/22/05 HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, INC CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 05-025) CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL A. The applicant, successors or assigns shall be responsible for complying with all of the stated conditions of approval. B. The applicant shall comply with all conditions of approval of the State Land Use Commission's Decision and Order (Docket No. A03-743) dated November 7, 2005. C. The required water commitment payment shall be submitted to the Department of Water Supply in accordance with its "Water Commitment Guidelines Policy" within ninety days from the effective date of this ordinance D. Construction of the proposed development shall be completed within five (5) years from the effective date of this ordinance. Prior to construction, the applicant, successors or assigns shall secure Final Plan Approval for the proposed development from the Planning Director in accordance with Section 25-2-70, Chapter 25 (Zoning Code), Hawaii County Code. Plans shall identify all existing and proposed structures, fire protection measures, paved driveway accesses and parking stalls, and other improvements associated with the proposed use. Landscaping shall be included in the development plans to mitigate any potential adverse noise or visual impacts to adjacent properties in accordance with the Planning Department's Rule No. 17 (Landscaping Requirements) E. The applicant shall provide additional landscaping as set forth in the Landscape Concept Plan, F. All development generated runoff shall be disposed of on-site and shall not be directed toward any adjacent properties. G. If the site is converted from a power generation facility to another use or uses allowed in the General Industrial (MG) zone, the owner shall make improvements to Pukiawe Street and/or Reservoir Road deemed necessary by the Planning Director in consultation with the Department of Public Works. 4- H. A Solid Waste Management Plan shall be prepared and submitted for approval to the Department of Environmental Management prior to submitting plans for Plan Approval review. Approved recommendations and mitigation measures shall be implemented in a manner meeting with the approval of the Department of Environmental Management. I. An Emergency Response Plan shall be submitted to the Civil Defense Agency for review and approval, prior to the issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy. I To ensure that the Goals and Policies of the Housing Element of the General Plan are implemented, if applicable, the applicant shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 11, Article 1, Hawaii County Code, relating to Affordable Housing Policy. This requirement shall be approved by the Administrator of the Office of Housing and Community Development prior to issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy for the industrial development. K. Should any unidentified sites or remains such as artifacts, shell, bone, or charcoal deposits, human burials, rock or coral alignments, pavings or walls be encountered, work in the immediate area shall cease and the Department of Land and Natural Resources -Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-HPD) shall be immediately notified. Subsequent work shall proceed upon an archaeological clearance from the DLNR-14PD when it is found that sufficient mitigation measures have been taken. L. Comply with all other applicable County, State and Federal laws, rules, regulations and requirements. M. An annual progress report shall be submitted to the Planning Director prior to the anniversary date of the approval of this ordinance. The report shall include, but not be limited to, the status of the development and the extent to which the conditions of approval are being satisfied. This condition shall remain in effect until all of the conditions of approval have been satisfied and the Director acknowledges that further reports are not required. -2- N. An initial extension of time for the performance of conditions within the ordinance may be granted by the Planning Director upon the following circumstances. The non-performance is the result of conditions that could not have been foreseen or are beyond the control of the applicant, successors or assigns, and that are not the result of their fauh or negligence. I Granting of the time extension would not be contrary to the General Plan or Zoning Code. Granting of the time extension would not be contrary to the original reasons for the granting of the change of zone. 4_ The time extension granted shall be for a period not to exceed the period originally granted for performance (i.e., a condition to be performed within one year may be extended for up to one additional year). 5. If the applicant should require an additional extension of time, the Planning Department shall submit the applicant's request to the County Council for appropriate action. Should any of the conditions not be met or substantially complied with in a timely fashion, the Planning Director may initiate rezoning of the subject area to its original or more appropriate designation. -3- COUNTY OF HAWAII ORDINANCE NO. STATE OF HAWAII BILL NO. (PLANNING DEPT.) AN ORDINANCE AMENDING SECTION 25-8-3 (NORTH KONA ZONE MAP), ARTICLE 8, CHAPTER 25 (ZONING CODE) OF THE HAWAII COUNTY CODE 1983 (2005 EDITION), BY CHANGING THE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION FROM OPEN (0) TO GENERAL INDUSTRIAL (MG -15a) AT KALAOA 1sT -4TH, NORTH KONA, HAWAII, COVERED BY TAX MAP KEY 7-3-49:36 AND 37. BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII: SECTION 1. Section 25-8-3, Article 8, Chapter 25 (Zoning Code) of the Hawaii County Code 1983 (2005 Edition), is amended to change the district classification of property described hereinafter as follows: The district classification of the following area situated at Kalaoa I" -4t', North Kona, Hawaii, shall be General Industrial (MG -15a): Beginning at a nail in "+" in concrete at the northwest corner of this parcel of land and on the northeast comer of Keahole Substation Site, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "AKAHIPUU" being 6972.44 feet South and 20,389.20 feet West, thence running by azimuths measured clockwise from True South: Along Government Land on a curve to the left with a radius of 3063.86 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 2640 41' 22" 533.09 feet to a nail in concrete; 2. 2590 41' 55" 312.39 feet along Government Land to a nail in in concrete; 90 19' 55" 940.46 feet along Government Land to a Y2 -inch pipe in concrete; 4. 990 19' 55" 810.00 feet along Lots 6 and 5, Keahote Agricultural Park, Phase I, File Plan 1691 and along the north end of Pukiawe Street to a nail in concrete; 5. 1890 19' 55" 700.75 feet along Lot 5, Keahole Agricultural Park, Phase 1, File Plan 1691 and Keahole Substation Site, to the point of beginning and containing an AREA OF 14.998 ACRES. All as shown on the map attached hereto, marked Exhibit "A" and by reference made a part hereof. SECTION 2. In accordance with Section 25-2-44, Hawai `i County Code t983 (2005 Edition), the County Council finds the following conditions are: (1) Necessary to prevent circumstances which may be adverse to the public health, safety and welfare; or (2) Reasonably conceived to fulfill needs directly emanating from the land use proposed with respect to: (A) Protection of the public from the potentially deleterious effects of the proposed use, or (B) Fulfillment of the need for public service demands created by the proposed use. (SEE ATTACHED CONDITIONS) SECTION 3. In the event that any portion of this ordinance is declared invalid, such invalidity shall not affect the other parts of this ordinance. SECTION 4. This ordinance shall take effect upon its approval. INTRODUCED BY: COUNCIL MEMBER, COUNTY OF HAWAII Hawaii Date of Introduction: Date of 1st Reading: Date of 2nd Reading: Effective Date: EXHIBIT "A" (Hawaii Electric Light Company 1184) OPEN OPEN OPEN OPEN iYT T A-5a i GENERAL INDUS _JM A-5,-,jj A-5d WL A-5a OPEN 643 AC S M �C OPEN PEN L St OPEN A-5& z OPEN A-5a A-V5a A-5a 6,972.44S A-5a 20,389.20W Pukiaw it "AKAHIPUIJ" OPEN A-5a A-5a Queen Kaahurnanu Hwy (Hwy. 19) 9G-3a OPEN OPEN tl MG-la MG-3a �Halalu MG-la MG-la op o OPEN 20 MG-3a MG-laAIG-3a MG-la MG-1a 1,000 500 0 11000 2.000 3.000 4,000 5, 00 Feet AMENDMENT TO THE ZONING CODE, AMENDING SECTION 25-8-3 (NORTH KONA ZONE MAP) ARTICLE 8, CHAPTER 25 (ZONING CODE) OF THE HAWAII COUNTY CODE 1983 (2005 EDITION), BY CHANGING THE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION FROM OPEN (0) TO GENERAL INDUSTRIAL (MG-15a) AT KALAOA 1st-4th, NORTH KONA, HAWAII PREPARED BY: PLANNING DEPARTMENT COUNTY OF HAWAII TMK: 7-3-049:036 & 037 Date: November 16, 200 EXHIBIT "A" (Hawaii Electric Light Company 1184)