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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0935.001 2004-2006 MtV Os N rp'.•`- ~ Phone: (808) 327-3642 K ANGEL PILAGO Fax : (808) 329-4786 Counc;tMember Email: kapdago@co.hawari.hi.us J'` Distdcl 8, No[th Kona - . t1 0~'M~~ t~'~D ~ HAWAI `I COUNTY COUNCIL ('rnull)~ of Hcawai'i Kailua 1~rade Center 75-5706 Ha~ama Place, Suite /09 AUJUSt 2. 2006 Kailua-Kann, Hawaii 96740 Stacy Higa, Chairman and Members of the County Council County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Re: Bill No. 299 -Seascape Development, LLC Amendment to Condition H of Change of Zone Ordinance No. 04-106 Dear Chairman Higa and Council Members: At the July 6, 2006 Committee on Planning meeting, public testimony from Ms. Iwalani Arakaki raised issues regarding land ownership and possibility of burial(s) located on the subject property. Bill No. 299 was postponed to the August 22, 2006 meeting of the Planning Committee, to allow the Planning Director an opportunity to explain the proposed amendment as well as to allow time for Mr. Fuke to investigate the claims of Ms. Arakaki. Attached for consideration is planning consultant Sidney Fuke's letter dated July 10, 2006 outlining the results of his investigation and copies of a Preliminary Title Insurance Report and Archaeological and burial related documents. Thank you for your consideration in this matter. lVery~truly yours, \ r K. Angel Pilago, hai Committee on Plann' g Atts. cc: Chris Yuen, Director Planning Department (July 10, 2006 letter w/o attachments) Comm: No. '1 S• Ref. To: ~ Red Data^_~~ Hawui`i County /s An Equnl Opportunity Provider And Employer SidneyFuke, Planning Consultant 100 Pauahi Street, Suite 212 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720 • Planning • Variance • Zoning Telephone: (808) 969-1522 • Fax: (808) 969-7996 • Subdivision • Land Use Permits E-mail: sidtuke@verizon.net • Environmental Reports July 10, 2006 Honorable K. Angel Pilago, Chair Council Committee on Planning 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Honorable Pilago: Subject: Bill No. 299 -Seascape Development. LLC The subject matter was postponed to the August 22, 2006 meeting to enable the Planning Director the opportunity to explain the amendment. During the course of the public testimony on this matter, there were comments made relative to the land ownership and burial on the subject area. As the applicant's agent at the meeting, I noted no recollection of a burial and that the site was already under construction, with an approved grading pernut from the State Department of Land and Natural Resources -Historic Preservation Division (DLNR- HPD). Please note that I subsequently teamed that there was an inadvertent find during the site improvement phase of this project, and appropriate mitigative measures were exercised by the contractor and developer. in that regard, please find enclosed the following documents: a. A Preliminary Title Insurance Report, issued May 25, 2006, noting that the property is owned by Seascape Development, LLC; and b. Archaeological and burial related documents. Specifically, these include the Archaeological Inventory Survey, dated August 2000; the letters of review and/or approval, dated Apri123, 2003, and August 8, 2003, from the State DLNR-HPD; Archaeological Mitigation Plan, dated June 2004; DLNR-HPD letter of approval of the Mitigation Plan, dated March 11, 2005; and letter from the archaeologist to the DLNR-HPD, dated January 23, 2006, regarding the inadvertent fmd and approved relocation program. I trust that these documents adequately address the comments made by the public. If not or if there are further questions on this matter, please feel free to contact me prior Honorable K. Angel Pilago July 10, 2006 Page 2 to the August 22 meeting. Thank you very much. ' cerely, n SIDNEY . FUKE Planning Consultant Enclosures Copy -County Council w/o enclosures Seascape Development, LLC w/o enclosures Hawaii Escrow & Title, Inc. ; - - 700 Bishop Street, Suite 1600, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Phone: (808) 532-2977 Fax: Escrow (808) 531-1165 Title (808) S99-S4S0 PRELIMINARY REPORT Issue Date: May 2S, 2006 (Amended) WESTPRO HOLDINGS, LLC P.O. BOX 2808 KAILUA-KONA, HI 96745 ATTN: ALAN DICKLER File No. Reference: Taz Map Key: Lot Nos. ICN No. 5006151 Seascape Development, LLC (3) 7-3-010-003, 052, 053 & 054 1, 3, 4 and 5 NONE In response to the above referenced application For a policy of title insurance, HAWAII ESCROW & TTTLE hereby reports that it is prepared to issue, as of the date hereof; a C.L.T.A. Standard Coverage form Policy of Title Insurance describing the land and the estate or interest therein hereinafter set forth, insuring against loss which may be sustained by reason of any defect, lien or encrrmbmnce not shown or referred to as an Exception below or not excluded from coverage pursuant to the printed Schedule, Conditions and Stipulations of said policy form. This report (and any supplements or amendments hereto) is issued solely for the purpose of facilitating the issuance of a policy of title insurance and no Lability is assumed hereby. If it is desired that Lability be assumed prior to the issuance of a policy of title insurance, a Binder or Commitment should be requested. Dated as of May 16, 2006, as of 8:00 a.m. Denis Dailey Title Officer The estate or interest in the land hereinafter described ~ referred to covered by this repwt is: FEE SIMPLE Title to said estate or interest at the date hereof is vested in: SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC, A HAWAII LIMTfED LIABILITY COMPANY, AS TENANT IN SEVERALTY Privacy Notke (15 U.SC. 6901 AND l6 CFR Part 313) We cosec[ nonpublic petsatal information about you from information you provide on forms and dmamreMS and from other purple such az your lender, real estate agem, a[tmmey, escrow, e0e. We do not disclose any nonpublic persoml information about our customers or foma:r customers m anyone, except az pemtitted by law. We restrict access to nonpublic perso~l information about you m chose employees who need to kmw that information in order m provide product or services m you. We maintain physical, electronic and procedural safeguards tkat comply with federal regulations to beard you nonpublic personal information. TS: DD WP: AN At the date hereof exceptions to coverage in addition to the printed exceptions and exclusions contained in said policy form would be as follows: EXHIBIT "A" 1. TAX MAP KEY (3) 7-3-010-003, ISLAND AND COUNTY OF HAWAII. AREA ASSESSED: 50.0 ACRES. TAXES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 2005-2006, IN THE ORIGINAL AMOUNT OF $7,022.07, ARE AS FOLLOWS: 1ST INSTALLMENT $ 3,511.04 (PAID) 2ND INSTALLMENT $ 3,511.03 (PAID: $3,511.03; DUE: $393.59) ASSESSED VALUES: 2005 - 2006 LAND: $ 712,900.00 EXEMPTION: $ 0.00 IMPROVEMENTS: $ 0.00 EXEMPTION: $ 0.00 TOTAL VALUE: $ 712,900.00 NET VALUE: $ 712,900.00 (AFFECTS THIS AND OTHER PROPERT]~ REAL PROPERTY TAXES FOR FISCAL YEAR 2006-2007 WILL BE ASSESSED UNDER TAX MAP KEY NOS. LOT 1: (3) 7-3-010-003; LOT 3: (3) 7-3-010-052; LOT 4: (3) 7-3-010-053; AND LOT 5: (3) 7-3-010-054. 2. TAXES (INCLUDING ROLLBACK TAXES) ASSESSMENTS OR OBLIGATIONS LEVIED OR CREATED FOR ANY PUBLIC PURPOSE OR IMPROVEMENT, UNLESS THE TAX, ASSESSMENT OR OBLIGATION IS PAYABLE AND RECORDED AS AN EXISTING LIEN IN THE PUBLIC RECORDS. 3. ASSESSMENTS: ASSESSMENTS OR CHARGES LEVIED BY MUMCIPAL OR GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY OR IMPOSED BY ANY OTHER LAWFULLY CONSTITUTED BODY AUTHORIZED BY STATUTE TO ASSESS, LEVY AND COLLECT THE SAME, IF ANY. 4. TITLE TO ALL MINERALS AND METALLIC MINES RESERVED TO THE STATE OF HAWAII. 5. CLAIMS ARISING OUT OF NATIVE HAWAIIAN RIGHTS CUSTOMARILY AND TRADTTIONALLY EXERCISED FOR SUBSISTENCE, CULTURAL, RELIGIOUS, ACCESS, WATER OR GA"II~RING PURPOSES AS RESERVED, EXISTING OR ESTABLISHED UNDER THE CONSTITUTION, LAW AND USAGE OF THE STATE OF HAWAII. NOTE: TO OBTAIN INFORMATION ON SUCH MATTERS PLEASE CONTACT YOUR LEGAL COUNSEL ON NATIVE HAWAIIAN R[GHTS. 6. ANY MATTERS WHICH AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY WOULD DISCLOSE, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, TRAILS, RIGHT'S OF WAYS, HISTORIC PROPERTY AND BURIAL SITES. 5006151 HAWAII ESCROW & TITLE, INC. Page 2 of 16 7. FINANCING STATEMENT COVERING THE LAND DESCRIBED IN SCHEDULE "C" AND CERTAIN PERSONAL PROPERTY THEREIN DESCRIBED, DEBTOR WESTPRO DEVELOPMENT, INC. SECURED PARTY FAIRWAY CAPITAL, LLC RECORDED/FILED JULY 15, 2004 DOCUMENT NO. 2004-144013 SAID FINANCING STATEMENT MAY HAVE BEEN PAID OF BY FIRST HAWAII TITLE CORPORATION (FHTC), UNDER THEHI TITLE ORDER NO. 00164681 AND ESCROW NO. 21202215, (BY MORTGAGE RECORDED OCTOBER 15, 2004, AS DOCUMENT NO. 2004- 211568). NO TERMINATION HAS BEEN RECORDED IN THE BUREAU OF CONVEYANCES OF THE STATE OF HAWAII, AS OF NOVEMBER 8, 2005. 8. A MORTGAGE TO SECURE AN INDEBTEDNESS OF THE AMOUNT STATED HEREIN AND ANY OTHER AMOUNTS PAYABLE UNDER THE TERMS THEREOF, DATED OCTOBER 8, 2004 AMOUNT $1,800,000.00 MORTGAGOR WESTPRO DEVELOPMENT, INC., ANEVADACORPORATION MORTGAGEE DANE S. KIl2KPATRICK, TRUSTEE FOR THE DANE KIRKPATRICK LIVING TRUST, AS AMENDED, WALTER S. LEWIS AND GLh'NDA C. LEWIS, TRUSTEES OF THE WALTER S. LEWIS AND GLENDA C. LEWIS LIVING TRUST, BEVERLY H. WOLF AND KATHERINE A. WOLF, CO-TRUSTEES OF THE BEVERLY H. WOLF TRUST, DATED OCTOBER 1, 2003, SOL KAZLOW AND/OR PAULINE KAZLOW, HUSBAND AND WIFE, FRANCES E. HAGAN OR YOLANDA B. HAGAN, HUSBAND AND WIFE, DEREK M. POAG OR VALERIE A. POAG, HUSBAND AND WIFE, P?AN B. KUHNS OR KIMIYO T. KUHNS, HUSBAND AND WIFF„ AND RICHARD D. KLIl3SE, MARRIED RECORDED/H~,ED OCTOBER 15, 2004 DOCUMENT NO. 2004-211568 (AFFECTS THIS AND OTHER PROPERTY) LOANNO. NONE SAID MORTGAGE, AMONG OTHER PROVISIONS, CONTAINS A PROVISION RE: THE SALE OR TRANSFER OF ALL OF ANY PORTION OF LANDS ENCUMBERED BY SAID MORTGAGE, THAT ALL SUMS SECURED THEREBY MAY BECOME IINi\~DUI7ELY DUE AND PAYABLE UNLESS THE PROVISIONS CONTAINED THEREIN ARE SATISFIED. ADDRESS OF THE MORTGAGEE AS PER DOCUMENT: P.O. BOX 670 HANALEI, HI 96714 THE MORTGAGEE IS AN INDIVIDUAL OR OTIIER NONINSTITUTIONAL LENDER. IF THIS MORTGAGE IS TO BE SATISFIED OR RELEASED AT CLOSING, THE SATISFACTION OR RELEASE MUST BE PRESENTED AT OR PRIOR TO CLOSING. 5006151 HAWAII ESCROW & TITLE, INC. Page 3 of 16 9. A MORTGAGE TO SECURE AN INDEBTEDNESS OF THE AMOUNT STATED HEREIN AND ANY OTHER AMOUNTS PAYABLE UNDER THE TERMS THEREOF, DATED NOVEMBER 1Q 2004 LOAN AMOUNT #1 $3,500,000.00 LOAN AMOUNT #2 $600,000.00 MORTGAGOR WESTPRO DEVELOPMENT, INC., A NEVADA CORPORATION BORROWER D-BAR RANCH LLC,A HAWAII LIMITED LIABII.fI'Y COMPANY GUARANTOR JOHN R STEVENS, ALIT ANNA, LLC., A HAWAII LIMITED LIABIIITY COMPANY, ALOHA AINA DEVELOPMENT, LLC., A HAWAII LIMITED LIABIIdTY COMPANY AND AVALON HAWAII CONSTRUCTION, LLC., A HAWAII LIMTfED LIABILITY COMPANY MORTGAGEE FAIRWAY CAPITAL, L.L.C., A NEVADA LIIvIITED LIABILITY RECORDED/FILED NOVEMBER 16, 2004 DOCUMENT NO. 2004-231027 (AFFECTS THIS AND OTHER PROPERTY) LOAN NO. NONE SAID MORTGAGE, AMONG OTHER PROVISIONS, CONTAINS A PROVISION RE: THE SALE OR TRANSFER OF ALL OF ANY PORTION OF LANDS ENCUMBERED BY SAID MORTGAGE, THAT ALL SUMS SECURED THEREBY MAY BECOME IMMEDIATELY DUE AND PAYABLE UNLESS THE PROVISIONS CONTAINED THEREIN ARE SATISFIID. ADDRESS OF TIR MORTGAGEE AS PER DOC[IbIINT: 679 SIERRA ROSE DRIVE, SUITE B RENO,NV 89511 SAID MORTGAGE WAS AMENDED BY THE FOLLOWING INSTRUMENTS: DATED RECORDED/FII,ED DOCUMENT NO. MAY 2, 2005 MAY 10, 2005 2005-093039 MAY 2, 2005 MAY 16, 2005 2005-096367 AND 2005-096368 OCTOBER 13, 2005 OCTOBER 14, 2005 2005-209675 THE MORTGAGEE IS AN INDIVIDUAL OR OTHER NONI1VSfITUTIONAL LENDER IF THIS MORTGAGE IS TO BE SATISFIED OR RELEASED AT CLOSING, THE SATISFACTION OR RELEASE MUST BE PRESENTED AT OR PRIOR TO CLOSING. 5006151 HAWAII ESCROW & TTTLE, INC. Page 4 of 16 10. AN ADDITIONAL CHARGE MORTGAGE, TO SECURE AN INDEBTEDNESS OF THE AMOUNT STATED HEREIN AND ANY OTHER AMOUNTS PAYABLE UNDER THE TERMS THEREOF, DATED MAY 2, 2005 AMOUNT $1,525,000.00 MORTGAGOR ALOHA AINA DEVELOPMENT, LLC., A HAWAB LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY AND SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC., A HAWAII LIMITED LIABII,TI'Y COMPANY GUARANTOR JOHN R. STEVENS, WESTPRO DEVELOPMENT, INC., A NEVADA CORPORATION, WESTPRO HOLDINGS, LLC., A HAWAII LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, AVALON HAWAII CONSTRUCTION, LLC., A HAWAII LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, AND STEVENS FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, A NEVADA LIMITED PARTNERSHIP MORTGAGEE FAIRWAY CAPITAL, L. L. C., A NEVADA LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY RECORDED/FII,ED MAY 10, 2005 DOCUMENT NO. 2005-093039 (AFFECTS THIS AND OTHER PROPERTY) SAID ADDITIONAL CHARGE MORTGAGE WAS, RE-RECORDED MAY 16, 2005 DOCUMENT NOS. 2005-096367 AND 2005-096368 THE MORTGAGEE IS AN INDIVIDUAL OR OTHER NOHINSTITUTIONAL LENDER. IF THIS MORTGAGE IS TO BE SATISFIED OR RELEASED AT CLOSING, THE SATISFACTION OR RELEASE MUST BE PRESENTED AT OR PRIOR TO CLOSING. 11. A FINANCING STATEMENT COVERING THE LAND DESCRIBED IN SCHEDULE "C" HEREIN AND CERTAIN PERSONAL PROPERTY THEREIN DESCRIBED, DEBTOR SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC, A HAWAII LIIvIITED LIABILITY COMPANY SECURED PARTY FAIRWAY CAPITAL, LLC. RECORDED/FILED MAY 10, 2005 DOCUMENT NO. 2005-093041 (AFFECTS THIS AND OTHER PROPERTI7 12. COVENANTS, CONDITIONS AND RESTRICTIONS, BUT OMl"TYING ANY COVINANTS OR RESTRICTIONS IF ANY, BASED UPON RACE, COIAR, RELIGION, SEX, HANDICAP, FAMILIAL STATUS, ORNATIONAL ORIGIN UNLESS AND ONLY TO THE EXTENT THAT SAID COVENANT (A) IS EXEMPT UNDER CHAPTER 42, SECTION 3607 OF THE UNITED STATES CODE OR (B) RELATES TO HANDICAP BUT DOES NOT DISCRIMINATE AGAINST HANDICAPPED PERSONS, AS SET FORTH IN THE DECLARATION, DATED AUGUST 31, 2005 RECORDED/FILED SEPTEMBER 6, 2005 DOCUMENT NO. 2005-177667 5006151 HAWAII ESCROW & TITLE, INC. Page 5 of 16 13. AN ADDTTTONAL CHARGE MORTGAGE, 7b SECURE AN INDEBTEDNESS OF THE AMOUNT STATED HEREIN AND ANY OTHER AMOUNTS PAYABLE UNDER THE TERMS THEREOF, DATED OCTOBER 13, 2005 AMOUNT $400,000.00 MORTGAGOR ALOHA AINA DEVELOPMENT, LLC., A HAWAH LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY AND SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC., A HAWAII LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY GUARAN"POR JOHN R. STEVENS; WESTPRO DEVELOPMENT, INC., A NEVADA CORPORATION; WESTPRO HOLDINGS, LLC., A HAWAII LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY; AVALON HAWAII CONSTRUCTION, LLC., A HAWAB LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY; D-BAR RANCH, LLC., A HAWAII LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY; AND STEVENS FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, A NEVADA LIMITED PARTNERSHIP MORTGAGEE FAIRWAY CAPITAL, L.L.C., A NEVADA LIMI'T'ED LIABILITY COMPANY RECORDED/FILED OCTOBER 14, 2005 DOCUMENT NOS. 2005-209675 (AFFECTS THIS AND OTHER PROPERI'1~ THE MORTGAGEE IS AN INDIVIDUAL OR OTHER NONINSTTfUTIONAL LENDER. IF THIS MORTGAGE IS TO BE SATTSFIED OR RELEASED AT CLOSING, THE SATISFACTION OR RELEASE MUST BE PRESENTED AT OR PRIOR TO CLOSING. 14. THE FOLLOWING RECTTALS (AND RIGHTS REFLECTED TT-IEREBY) AS DISCLOSED AFFIDAVIT OF PETER H. SOUZA, JR, DATED FEBRUARY 8, 2006 RECORDED/FTLED FEBRUARY 21, 2006 DOCUMENT NO. 2006-034153 INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE FOLLOWING: DESIGNATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE BUFFERS, AS SHOWN ON SUBDMSION MAP OF LOKAHI KA'U PREPARED BY PETER H. SOUZA, JR., LICENSED PROFESSIONAL SURVEYOR, CERTIFICATE NO. 9279, JOB NO. 2004-027, REVISED MARCH 16, 2005. (AFFECTS LOT 1, 2 AND 3) 15. RIGHTS OR CLAIMS OF EASEMENTS NOT RECORDED IN THE PUBLIC RECORDS. 5006151 HAWAH ESCROW & TITLE, INC. Page 6 of 16 SCHEDULE "C" PARCEL FIRST: ALL OF THAT CERTAIN PARCEL OF LAND (BEING A PORTION OF LAND PATENT GRANT NUMBER 5472 ISSUED TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA) BEING LOT 1 OF LOKAHI KA'U, (BEING A PORTION OF LOT 13-A, SAME BEING A PORTION OF LOT 13, OF THE "KALAOA-OOMA HOMESTEADS"), SITUATE, LYING AND BEING AT OOMA 1ST, DISTRICT OF NORTH KONA, ISLAND AND COUNTY OF HAWAII, STATE OF HAWAII, DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS: BEGINNING AT THE NORTHWEST CORNER OF THIS PARCEL OF LAND, AT THE SOUTHWEST CORNER OF LOT 4 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING A PORTION OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA, THE COORDINATES OF SAID POINT OF BEGINNING REFERRED TO GOVERNMENT SURVEY TRIANGULATION STATION "MOANUTAHEA", BEING 8,90734 FEET SOUTH AND 20,630.38 FEET WEST, AND RUNNING BY AZIMUTHS MEASURED CLOCKWISE FROM TRUE SOUTH: 1. 270° 00' 00" 465.27 FEET ALONG LOT 4 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA- O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; 2. 359° 57' 40" 944.49 FEET ALONG LOT 13-B OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; 3. 97° 28' 30" 147.54 FEET ALONG THE MIDDLE OF A STONEWALL, BEING ALSO ALONG GOVERNMENT LAND; 4. 95° 34' 30" 136.56 FEET ALONG THE MIDDLE OF A STONEWALL, BEING ALSO ALONG GOVERNMENT LAND; 5. 97° 10' 00" 280.03 FEET ALONG THE MIDDLE OF A STONEWALL, BEING ALSO ALONG GOVERNMENT LAND; 6. 98° 09' 20" 4.59 FEET ALONG THE MIDDLE OF A STONEWALL, BEING ALSO ALONG GOVERNMENT LAND; 7. 195° 56' 00" 339.84 FEET ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA- O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; THENCE ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE LEFT WITH A RADIUS OF 850.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 5006151 HAWAII ESCROW & TITLE, INC. Page 7 of 16 8. 185° 07' 30" 318.79 FEET; 9. 174° 19' 00" 233.29 FEET ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA- O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA TO THE POINT OF BEGINNING AND CONTAINING AN AREA OF 10.002 ACRES, MORE OR LESS. PARCEL SECOND: ALL OF THAT CERTAIN PARCEL OF LAND (BEING A PORTION OF LAND PATENT GRANT NUMBER 5472 ISSUED TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA) BEING LOT 3 OF LOKAHI KA'U, (BEING A PORTION OF LOT 13-A, SAME BEING A PORTION OF LOT 13, OF THE "KALAOA-0OMA HOMESTEADS"), SITUATE, LYING AND BEING AT OOMA 1ST, DISTRICT OF NORTH KONA, ISLAND AND COUNTY OF HAWAII, STATE OF HAWAII, DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS: BEGINNING AT THE SOUTHEAST CORNER OF THIS PARCEL OF LAND, AT THE NORTHEAST CORNER OF LOT 2 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING A PORTION OF GRANT 5472 TO WH,LIAM KEANAAINA, THE COORDINATES OF SAID POINT OF BEGINNING REFERRED TO GOVERNMENT SURVEY TRIANGULATION STATION "MOANUTAHEA", BEING 8,900.52 FEET SOUTH AND 20,681.30 FEET WEST, AND RUNNING BY AZIMUTHS MEASURED FROM TRUE SOUTH: 1. 90° 00' 00" 537.94 FEET ALONG LOT 2 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA- O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; 2. 177° 41' S0" 295.99 FEET ALONG THE MIDDLE OF A STONEWALL, BEING ALSO ALONG LOT 12-B OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS; 3. 180° 30' S0" 110.53 FEET ALONG THE MIDDLE OF A STONEWALL, BEING ALSO ALONG LOT 12-B OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS; 4. 183° 13' 00" 964.26 FEET ALONG THE MIDDLE OF A STONEWALL, BEING ALSO ALONG LOT 12-B OF KALAOA-0'OMA HOMESTEADS; 5. 298° 28' 20" 344.60 FEET ALONG THE MIDDLE OF A STONEWALL, BEING ALSO ALONG THE SOUTHERLY SIDE OF A HOMESTEAD ROAD; THENCE ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAH? KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-0'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WII,LIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE RIGHT WITH A RADIUS OF 25.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 5006151 HAWAH ESCROW & TITLE, INC. Page 8 of 16 6. 340° 19' 10" 33.36 FEET; 7. 22° 10' 00" 152.06 FEET ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA- O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; THENCE ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KAI,AOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA A CURVE TO THE LEFT WITH A RADNS OF 325.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 8. 341° 14' 00" 425.87 FEET; 9. 300° 18' 00" 56.67 FEET ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA- O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WII.LIAM KEANAAINA; THENCE ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE RIGHT WITH A RADIUS OF 275.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 10. 343° 26' 00" 376.03 FEET; 11. 26° 34' 00" 53.56 FEET ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA- O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; THENCE ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE LEFT WITH A RADNS OF 325.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCF, BEING: 12. 10° 26' 30" 180.53 FEET; 13. 354° 19' 00" 14.88 FEET ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA- O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA TO THE POINT OF BEGINNING AND CONTAINING AN AREA OF 12.892 ACRES, MORE OR LESS. 5006151 HAWAII ESCROW & TTTLE, INC. Page 9 of 16 PARCEL THIRD: ALL OF THAT CERTAIN PARCEL OF LAND (BEING A PORTION OF LAND PATENT GRANT NUMBER 5472 ISSUED TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA) BEING LOT 4 OF LOKAHI KA'U, (BEING A PORTION OF LOT 13-A, SAME BEING A PORTION OF LOT 13, OF THE "KALAOA-OOMA HOMESTEADS"), SITUATE, LYING AND BEING AT OOMA 1ST, DISTRICT OF NORTH KONA, ISLAND AND COUNTY OF HAWAII, STATE OF HAWAII, DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS: BEGINNING AT THE SOUTHWEST CORNER OF THIS PARCEL OF LAND, AT THE NORTHWEST CORNER OF LOT 1 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING A PORTION OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA, THE COORDINATES OF SAID POINT OF BEGINNING REFERRED TO GOVERNMENT SURVEY TRIANGULATION STATION "MOANUTAHEA", BEING 8,907.34 FEET SOUTH AND 20,630.38 FEET WEST, AND RUNNING BY AZIMUTHS MEASURED FROM TRUE SOUTH: 1. 174° 19' 00" 26.71 FEET ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA- O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WII,LIAM KEANAAINA; THENCE ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE RIGHT WITH A RADIUS OF 275.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 2. 190° 26' 30" 152.75 FEET; 3. 206° 34' 00" 53.56 FEET ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA- O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAWA; THENCE ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE LEFT WITH A RADIUS OF 325.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMIITH AND DISTANCE BEING: 4. 163° 26' 00" 444.40 FEET; 5. 120° 18' 00" 56.67 FEET ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA- O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; 5006151 HAWAII ESCROW & TTTLE, INC. Page 10 of 16 THENCE ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-0'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE RIGHT WITH A RADNS OF 275.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 6. 161° 14' 00" 360.35 FEET; 7. 202° 10' 00" 170.99 FEET ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA- O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; THENCE ALONG LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-0'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WII.LIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE RIGHT WITH A RADIUS OF 25.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMU'TII AND DISTANCE BEING: 8. 238° 56' 00" 29.93 FEET; 9. 275° 42' 00" 117.98 FEET ALONG THE MIDDLE OF A STONEWALL, BEING ALSO ALONG THE SOUTHERLY SIDE OF A HOMESTEAD ROAD; 10. 273° 48' 00" 341.08 FEET ALONG THE MIDDLE OF A STONEWALL, BEING AL5O ALONG THE SOUTHERLY SIDE OF A HOMESTEAD ROAD; 11. 276° 1T 00" 160.16 FEET ALONG THE MIDDLE OF A STONEWALL, BEING AL5O ALONG THE SOUTHERLY SIDE OF A HOMESTEAD ROAD; 12. 359° 5T 40" 1,142.39 FEET ALONG LOT 13-B OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; 13. 90° 00' 00" 465.27 FEET ALONG LOT 1 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA- O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA TO THE POINT OF BEGINNING AND CONTAINING AN AREA OF 14.583 ACRES, MORE OR LESS. 5006151 HAWAII ESCROW & TITLE, INC. Page 11 of 16 PARCEL FOURTH: A NON-EXCLUSIVE RIGHT AND EASEMENT OVER, ACROSS AND ALONG THE FOLLOWING: ALL OF THAT CERTAIN PARCEL OF LAND (BEING A PORTION OF LAND PATENT GRANT NUMBER 5472 ISSUED TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA), BEING LOT 5 OF LOKAHI KA'U, (BEING A PORTION OF LOT 13-A, SAME BEING A PORTION OF LOT 13, OF THE "KALAOA-OOMA HOMESTEADS"), SITUATE, LYING AND BEING AT OOMA IST, DISTRICT OF NORTH KONA, ISLAND AND COUNTY OF HAWAII, STATE OF HAWAII, DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS: BEGINNING AT THE NORTHEAST CORNER OF THIS PARCEL OF LAND, ALONG THE SOUTHERLY SIDE OF HOMESTEAD ROAD, THE COORDINATES OF SAID POINT OF BEGINNING REFERRED TO GOVERNMENT SURVEY TRIANGULATION STATION "MOANUTAI~A", BEING 7,713.09 FEET SOUTH AND 20,782.80 FEET WEST, AND RUNNING BY AZIMUTHS MEASURED FROM TRUE SOUTH: THENCE ALONG LOT 4 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WII.LIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE LEFT WITH A RADNS OF 25.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 1. 58° 56' 00" 29.93 FEET; 2. 22° 10' 00" 170.99 FEET ALONG LOT 4 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; THENCE ALONG LOT 4 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG TIHI REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE LEFT WITH A RADNS OF 275.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 3. 341° 14' 00" 360.35 FEET; 4. 300° 18' 00" 56.67 FEET ALONG LOT 4 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-0'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; THENCE ALONG LOT 4 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG TT-IE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-0'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE RIGHT WITH A RADIUS OF 325.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 5. 343° 26' 00" 444.40 FEET; 5006151 HAWAII ESCROW & TPILE, INC. Page 12 of 16 6. 26° 34' 00" 53.56 FEET ALONG LOT 4 OF LOKAIII KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-0'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; THENCE ALONG LOT 4 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-0'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE LEFT WITH A RADIUS OF 275.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 7. 10° 26' 30" 152.75 FEET; 8. 354° 19' 00" 260.00 FEET ALONG LOTS 4 AND I OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; THENCE ALONG LOT 1 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE RIGHT WITH A RADIUS OF 850.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 9. 5° 07' 30" 318.79 FEET; 10. 15° 56' 00" 339.84 FEET ALONG LOT 1 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-0'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; 11. 98° 09' 20" 50.46 FEET ALONG THE MIDDLE OF A STONEWALL, BEING ALSO ALONG GOVERNMENT LAND; 12. 195° 56' 00" 346.66 FEET ALONG LOT 2 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; THENCE ALONG LOT 2 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-0'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE LEFT WITH A RADIUS OF 800.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 13. 185° 07' 30" 300.04 FEET; 5006151 HAWAII ESCROW & TIT LE, INC. Page 13 of 16 14. 174° 19' 00" 260.00 FEET ALONG LOTS 2 AND 3 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; THENCE ALONG LOT 3 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-0'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE RIGHT WITH A RADNS OF 325.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 15. 190° 26' 30" 780.53 FEET; 16. 206° 34' 00" 53.56 FEET ALONG LOT 3 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; THENCE ALONG LOT 3 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-0'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WII.LIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE LEFT WITH A RADNS OF 275.00 FEET, THIi CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 17. 163° 26' 00" 376.03 FEET; 18. 120° 18' 00" 56.67 FEET ALONG LOT 3 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-0'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; THENCE ALONG LOT 3 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE RIGHT WITH A RADIUS OF 325.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 19. 161° 14' 00" 425.87 FEET; 20. 202° 10' 00" 152.06 FEET ALONG LOT 3 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WILLIAM KEANAAINA; 5006151 HAWAII ESCROW & TTTLE, INC. Page 14 of 16 THENCE ALONG LOT 3 OF LOKAHI KA'U, BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF LOT 13-A OF KALAOA-O'OMA HOMESTEADS, SAME BEING ALSO ALONG THE REMAINDER OF GRANT 5472 TO WII.LIAM KEANAAINA ON A CURVE TO THE LEFT WITH A RADIUS OF 25.00 FEET, THE CHORD AZ.IMOTH AND DISTANCE BEING: 21. 160° 19' 10" 33.36 FEBT; 22. 298° 28' 20" 21.30 FEET ALONG THE MIDDLE OF STONEWALL, BEING ALSO ALONG THE SOUTHERLY SIDE OF A HOMESTEAD ROAD; 23. 275° 42' 00" 71.95 FEET ALONG THE MIDDLE OF A STONEWALL, BEING ALSO ALONG THE SOUTHERLY SIDE OF A HOMESTEAD ROAD TO THE POINT OF BEGINNING AND CONTAINING AN AREA OF 2.594 ACRES, MORE OR LESS. BEING A PORTION OF THE LAND CONVEYED, TO SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC, A HAWAII LIMITED LLIBII,TTY COMPANY, AS TENANT IN SEVERALTY BY WARRANTY DEED DATED JANUARY 14, 2005 RECORDED/FILED JANUARY 20, 2005 DOCUMENT NO. 2005-011873 AND BY CORRECTION DEED DATED JUNE 30, 2005 RECORDED/FII,ED JULY 20, 2005 DOCUMENT NO. 2005-1 43 1 88 5006151 HAWAII ESCROW & TITLE, INC. Page 15 of 16 LIEN REPORT The VESTEE (S) as shown below have been checked fa liens: SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC The BUYER (S) as shown below have been checked for liens: NONE Report Date: May 16, 2006 @ 8:00 a.m. 5006151 HAWAII ESCROW & TITLE, INC. Page 16 of 16 6oh Rechtman 608 966-7636 p.l t~ o e N,, ~~1M~~611~Y LWM WIKfd: q! ,93D, #1 NM,OI#IYmAM:1nT1N.tGAC1'8 f:lll'1!MMIIIY'1I1xi.M y 61911W\MMl1fIt51Y:IbMYWNi01:6'1 ~4't1 • RODERi R.NASYDA } IIMT IMMI'OR-1AV1f yy N,, t 1a'~ Rig, ,rrnnmu~ oWtnt~wup ~ ~'t*w.rv3i Y1UAICRYWD2x OMDYSNM Y(. W`I M1RiUYx% Y4:f,Y1M'tY:'D.l'AHL'6 'mMt~M'f N YUIYII YS W FI W N~n4V 1EY[ - STATE OP HAWAII ~ ~ ~ ~ DEPARTOiQ+N'r OF LAt•D Ah-D NATURAL R&50URCB3 „'^At",,, Eumouku n.4mIRS3RmlrWlYMw STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OIVL910N xu+~icsaYo 601 KAMOKa.A BOULEVARD, ROOM 555 ' KAPOLEt. HAN'Ali 96707 ' Febcuary 6, 2006 Robert Rechtman, Ph,D. Log No: 2006.0160 Principle Archaeologist Doc No: 0601IQ.06 Rechtman Consulting, LLC HC I Box 4149 Kea'au, HI 96749-9710 Dear Dr. Rechtman: SUBJECT: Inadvertent Disegvery of Human Skeletal Remains Seascape Condominium Project O'oma Ahupua' a, North Kona District, Hawai' i Island TMK (317-3-10.051 We aze in receipt of your January 23, 2006 letter which details the proposed treatment for human skeletal remains inadvertently discovered during construction activifies on Januazy 4, 2006.: The Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) approved the • archaealogical recovery of these remains (which had been completely displaced by conswctlon activity) via a letter dated January 23, 2006 (Log No:2406.0085, Doc No: 0601KL02). Following the conclusion of the archaeological recovery effort, alt recovered human skeletal remains have been kept in temporary curation at the Historic Preservation Division- Hawaii Island office. Your letter proposes reburial of these remains in a concealed location in a crevice within the archaeological preserve already designated for SIIiP Site 23414. The crevice will then be filled with `a'a cobble and hidden from detection. A metes and bounds description of the reburial site will be generated and provided to the DLNR. The DLNR approves the reburial of these remains wuhin the existing archaeological preserve identified as SIHP Site 23414. As your letter meets the requirements set forth in § 13-300-40(j) of the Hawaii Administrative Rules, we will not require that you submit a burial site component of an azchaeological data recovery plan. However, we look forward to your assistance in providing perpetual protection by recording the reburial site in the Burean of Conveyances ` when rcburial occurs. 1n addition, we understand that your proposal letter was addressed and sent to our Hatvai'i Island office. In the future, please address sack proposals to the Administrator of the State Bob Rechtman B08 966-7636 p.2 Robert Rechtman, Ph.D. February 6, 2006 Page 2 Historic Preservation Division and send them to our Kapolei office. You may also send a courtesy copy to our Hawaii Island office. Thank you for you cooperation in this matter. Should you have any questions please contact Keola Iandsey of our History and Culture Branch at (808) 327-3692. Sincerely, ,Y r ! .f 1~ ll~i/.. MelaQie A~hinen, Administrator Stato Historic Preservation Division c: Members, Hawai i Island Burial Council Keola Lindsey, SHPD-Hawaii Island Sunny Greer, Cultural Programs Director i , c~ o REGHTMAN CONSULT[NG~ LLC HC 1 Rox 4149 Kea`au, H~waPi 9074°-9i l0 phone: (808) 9b6,-7636 ,fax: (808) 443-0065 e-nmil; bob(cfirechrm5ncousulcing.unn A1.CHAIiOFX~(:I r%~~n Cuuf(IRAL, AND $1 STORI(:AI. SfUSJI69 January 23, 2006 RC-0395 Keola Lindsey DLNR-SHPD Burials Program 74-383 ICelakehe Pazkway Kailua-Kona HI 96740 Dear Keo1a As you are aware, on Januazy 4, 2006 human skeletal remains were inadvertently discovered during construction activities within the Lokahi Kau development area. While these remains were located near a previously recorded site, they were not in a location that was identified as a site during the earlier inventory survey conducted by Haun and Associates. When first encountered, the construction crew (E.M. Rivera) immediately contacted Rechtman Consulting, LLC and transmitted picture for positive identification. Ireviewed the pictures and confirmed that the remains were human. I then instructed the developer to contact your office and inform you of the _ discovery. I believe you and MaryAnne made a field check and verified my identification from a faz and demarcated an area to be protected until further study could occur. Further study began on Friday January 6 and continued until Thursday January 19, 2006. In consultation with your office, it was determined that the scattered remains had been stripped of their archaeological context, and that recovery was the preferred option. The recovery azea is located in the central portion of TMK:3-7-3-010:51 at an elevation of roughly 400 feet above sea level on a raised 'a `d flow that has covered an older p6hoehoe flow. The area demarcated measures roughly 30 meters by 60 meters and is defined by caution tape placed by DLNR-SHPD. Most of the area has previously undergone extensive mechanical clearing (Figure 1), the exception being a bedrock outcrop in the northwestern corner of the area that has been only minimally impacted by bulldozing (Figure 2). An archaeological preservation area for SIHP Site 23414 is located approximately 20 meters to the southwest of the current recovery area. Fieldwork for the current recovery effort was conducted by Matthew R. Clark, B.A., Mark J. Winburn, B.A., Benjamin G. Bury, M.A., and Christopher S. Hand, B.A., under the direction of Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D. Recovery began with a systematic visual inspection of the entire area previously cordoned off by DLNR-SHPD Burials Program and the preparation of a scaled map of this area (Figure 3). Based upon surface concentrations of human skeletal remains two areas had previously been identified by DLNR-SHI'D Burials Program for initial hand excavation (Locus-1 and Locus-2). Locus-1 consisted of a roughly 5 x 5 meter area encompassing the western corner of Push Pile-2 and the northeastern end of Wind Row-1. Locus-2 consisted of a roughly twelve- meter long by up to two-meter wide area located at the southwestern end of Wind Row-2. The size of each loci depended on the extent of skeletal remains contained therein. All rock material excavated by hand from the loci was deposited within the bucket of a loader and removed periodically from the recovery area. Recovered skeletal remains were identified when possible, placed in bags supplied by DLNR-SHPD, and collected by Hawaii Island Burials Program representative Keola Lindsey at the end of each working day. RC-0395 2 Locus-1 was excavated first. Several bones at this location had been previously surface collected from the surrounding area by DLNR-SHPD, wrapped in a muslin cloth, and placed beneath a collection of cobbles. Other skeletal remains were recovered from near the surface of the push pile nearly to its base. Excavation proceeded from the western corner of Push Pile-1 in an easterly direction until bone fragments ceased to be encountered. Wind Row-1 was then excavated in a southwesterly direction until bone fragments cased to be encountered. Identified skeletal material recovered from Locus-1 included cranial and long bone fragments. Locus-2 was excavated next. Several small bone fragments at this location had been previously, grouped by DLNR-SHPD and covered over with a collection of cobbles. Excavation of Locus-2 proceeded from southwest to northeast following Wind Row-2. Identified skeletal material recovered from Locus-2 included four teeth. In addition to the hand excavations conducted at Loci 1 and 2, test excavations were conducted by hand at Push Pile-1 and within the loose rock along the southwestern edge of the bedrock outcrop located to the west of Locus 2. No further skeletal remains were recovered from any of these test excavations. Upon completion of the hand excavation, a loader was used under the supervision of archaeological monitors for mechanical excavation of the remaining recovery area. The loader was utilized in two ways. At the push piles it scooped small amounts of the material, brought it to a nearby location, and spread it out in a thin layer, where it and the push pile were thoroughly inspected by monitors for skeletal remains. At all other areas the loader's bucket was used to scrape the ground surface and slowly spread the material as monitors watched. Utilizing the loader, excavation of the remaining recovery area commenced at Push Pile-3 and the surrounding area, and then proceeded to Push Pile-2 (including Locus-1), Wind Row-1, Bulldozer Push-2, Wind Row-3, Push Pile-1, Bulldozer Push-3, Wind Row-2, Bulldozer Push-1 (including Locus- 2), ending with the bedrock outcrop to the west of Locus-2 (see Figure 3). Archaeological monitors also watched as bulldozers were used to conduct the initial grubbing and grading of the previously unmodified 'a'6 flow located to the south and west of the recovery area in the vicinity of the archaeological preserve. No further skeletal remains were recovered during the mechanical excavation of the area. As a result of the current fieldwork a partial set of human skeletal remains from a single individual were recovered. Based on the lack of small bone elements and the presence and condition of the long bones and skull, it is likely the remains represent a secondary interment (perhaps bundle) of traditional Hawaiian origins. The sequence of re-deposition of these remains is likely as follows (see Figure 3): 1) original interment at an unmarked location within an 'a'a flow in the vicinity of Locus-2; 2) Bulldozer Push-1 passes to the west and south of the remains and deposits Push Pile-1 (bulldozer reverses); 3) Bulldozer Push-2 unearths the remains with the lower left portion of the bulldozer blade and deposits the majority of them at Push Pile-2 and within the northeastern end of Wind Row-1 (bulldozer reverses); 4) those remains that are left at Locus-2 are crushed by the bulldozer blade during Bulldozer Push-3 and deposited in the southwestern portion of Wind Row-2; 5) Wind Row-3 and Push Pile-3 are deposited during Bulldozer Push-3 (a single bone reportedly discovered by DLNR-SHPD in the vicinity of Push Pile-3 may have been deposited at this time); 6) Bulldozer reverses over Wind Row-3 and then proceeds between Push Pile-1 and Push Pile-3 without pushing; 7) the operator notices human skeletal remains on the surface of Push Pile-2, ceases activity, and notifies the proper authorities. RC-0395 3 ~ a a t - Figure 1. View to northeast of the recovery azea from Locus-2. a'°~~ r"5th + 5 s,y ~ 2~ & V i4 ~ ^Ri~ n `i+i x7 t ~ 4 g t b w I l l -Pf t q~ ~ 3~ J _ ~~4k~~~w~-& a a~s 'x : d s n ~ b . a - Figure 2. View to west of the bedrock outcrop in the northwestern portion of the recovery area. RC-0395 4 x Push Pile>3 c~° Bulldozer passed 4o~a~alwrthout pushing (ke~o~Se) Fush Pile-2 0 5 I I I x Scale in meters Locus-1 r, LEGEND Area excavated by hand r b N Push pile ti / ~ a'. x Isolated bone fragment ; o J~ Direction of bulldozer push ~ ~ 5 ,3 b 0 3'~ cG 5 3 x Locus-2 Push Pile-1 Bedrock outcrop only slightly impacted by bulldozing 9°~,aove{4JS~~ archaeological prOeserve area y Figure 3. Plan view of recovery area. RC-0395 5 As it has been determined by DLNR-SHPD that the most appropriate course of action is to relocate the remains, on behalf of the developer (Seascape Developments, LLC) we proposed the remains be placed in a concealed location in a crevice in the `a `a within the archaeological preserve already designated for SIHP Site 23414. The crevice will then be filled with 'a'a cobble and hidden from detection. This proposed location is within 20 meters of the likely original location of the remains and although unmarked this location will be surveyed and the coordinates provided to DLNR-SHPD. On behalf of the developer, thank you for timely attention in this most delicate matter, and please let me know as soon as possible if this proposed re-interment location is acceptable. Respectfdll , Bob Rec tman, Ph.D. Principal Archaeologist Hcb Rechtman 808 966-7636 I,)~' p.l _ AE MN I (a O I f \ ( PETER T. YOUNG LINDA LINGLE ~ 9 a i \``J/7 LJ LJ CNAIRPERBON GOVERNDROF HAWAII 0 ROAgD OF LANG ANDNANMLREGOUPGEE COMMISSgNON WATER REE9URCE MANAGEME I ~ DAN DAYIDSDN DEPUTY DIgECTDR-tANO MC .~E~~ YVONNE Y. IZU DEPUTY DIRECTOR ~ Yl0.TER ` AQUATIC gESOURCES BOATING AND OCEAN RECREATION STATE OF HAWAII COMMISBgNONWATERRE80URCE1MWIGEME CONSERVATION ANO CAABTAL LANDS DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONSEgVATION ANp REGWRCES ENFORLEME - ENGINFEPoNG HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION H~STOPK: PRESERVgTK)N ~a~Of'~~ KAKUHIHEWABUILDING, ROOM 555 faNDOUwEIStANGRESERYE DDMMISSICN 601 KAMOKILA BOULEVARD STATE DARKS e KAPOLEI, HAWAII 96707 March 11, 2005 Robert Rechtman, Ph.D. LOG NO: 2005,0448 Rechtman Consulting Inc. DOC NO: 0503MM01 HC 1 Box 4149 Kea'au, Hawaii 96749 Dear Dr. Rechtman: - SUBJECT: Chapter 6E-42 Historic Preservation Review, "An Archaeological Mitigation Plan for Ten Sites on TMK: 3-7-3-10:03 (RC-0222)" (Rechtman and Clark, August 2004) Ahupua'a of O'oma, North Kona District, Hawaii Island TMK: f3) 7-3-010:003 Thank you for sending four (4) replacements pages for the above mentioned mitigation plan, which we requested in our review letter dated November 10, 2004 (Log No. 2004.3306, Doc No. 0411MM07). In our letter, we approved the data recovery portion of the mitigation plan but requested clarification regarding the preservation treatments for Site 23423 and 23421. The replacement pages (pp. 26, 29, 30, 33) have satisfactorily addressed our concerns and the report is now adequate to satisfy the requirements of both HAR 13 §13-278 and 13 §13-277. We therefore accept the mitigation plan as final, and your client may proceed with implementation of the plan. If you have any questions about this review, please contact MaryAnne Maigret in our Hawaii Island office at (808) 327-3690. Aloha, ante A. Chinen, Administrator State Historic Preservation Division MM:jen c: Christopher Yuen, Hawaii County Planning Department ~ l r RC-0222 An Archaeological Mitigation Plan for Ten Sites on TMK:3-7-3-10:03 e `O`oma 1St Ahupua`a North Kona District Island of Hawaii PREPARED BY: Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D. and Matthew R. Clark, B.A. PREPARED FOR: Mr. Bill Brooks Westpro Development, Inc. P.O. Box 1116 Kailua-Kona, HI 96720 June 2004 ECHT,rI O~J.;aS1 LTI NG S ,.1 ~ HC 1 Box 4~~9 ?~'~Ke~*-'au, Hawaii 96749 VW" hone: 808 ~ ~ r p ( Cjti-'763 • (808) 966.6235 toll free fax: (800)406~6~5~~!~~~5ai1: brechtman@aol.com ~ ~Q~ An Archaeological Mitigation Plan for Ten Sites on TMK:3-7-3-10:03 `O`oma 15S Ahupua`a North Kona District Island of Hawaii REGHTI~l,;ATl~`~N6U LTING ~:=t'. `,,a` o is RC-0222 Contents i INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................1 l DESCRIPTIONS OF SITES RECOMMENDED FOR FURTHER MITIGATION 4 REASSESSMENT OF SITE TREATMENT 26 ' PRESERVATION SITES 26 DATA RECOVERY SITES 32 CONTINGENCY FOR INADVERTENT DISCOVERY 33 REFERENCES CITED 34 e Figures I. Portion of Kailua Quadrangle Showing Project Area 2 2. Site Location Map 3 3. Site 5747, Feature A wall, view to northwest 5 4. Site 23411 Plan Map and TU-1 North Face Profile 6 C 5. Site 23412 Plan Map and TU-2 East Face Profile 7 i 6. Site 23413 Plan Map 9 7. Site 23413 Pecked Basin, view to southwest 10 ` - 8. Fine-grained Basalt Incorporated into Site 5747-B Wall, view to north 10 9. Site 23414 Plan Map l l i 10. Site 23414, Feature I Trail, view to northwest 12 11. Site 23416 Plan Map and TU-4 North Face Profile 14 12. Site 23417 Plan Map 15 13. Site 23417, Feature A, TU-5 Northeast Face Profile 17 14. Site 23421 Plan Map 18 15. Site 23421 Steppingstone Trail, view to west 18 16. Site 23422 Plan Map 19 17. Site 23422, Feature B Pavement, view to northwest 20 18. Site 23422, Feature D, TU-6, North Face Profile 20 19. Site 23423 Plan Map 22 20. Site 23423, Entrance 1, view to southwest 23 21. Location of preservation buffer for SIHP Site 23417 28 22. Location of preservation buffer for SIHP Site 23423 29 23. Location of preservation buffer for SIHP Site 5747, 23413, and 23414 31 Tables 1. Archaeological sites recommended for further mitigation on TMK:3-7-3-10:03 4 2. Summary of Site 23414 Quarry Features 12 ii RC-0222 INTRODUCTION i At the request of Mr. Bill Brooks of Westpro Development, Inc., Rechtman Consulting, LLC has prepazed this mitigation plan for ten archaeological sites located on TMK:3-7-3-10:03 in `O`oma Ahupua`a, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (Figure 1). The prepazation of this Plan follows the completion of an Archaeological Inventory Survey of the property by Haun & Associates (Haan and Henry 2000), in which five sites were recommended for data recovery investigation (SIHP Sites 5747, 23411, 23412, 23416, and 23422), four sites were recommended for preservation (SIHP Sites 23413, 23417, 23421, and a portion of ~ 23423), and one site was recommended for a combination of both data recovery and preservation (SIHP 'i Site 23414). The significance evaluations and treatment recommendations for all ten of these sites aze detailed in Haun and Henry (2000); descriptions of the sites from the Archaeological Inventory Survey are reproduced below. Based on a field inspection of the sites by, the authors of the current report, some of the treatment recommendations have been amended; the changes and reasons for those changes are discussed ' following the site descriptions. This Archaeoiogica] Mitigation Plan sets forth both data recovery and preservation strategies that will mitigate possible impacts to the sites resulting from development of the ~ property. I~ Haun and Henry describe the current project area as follows: The project area consists of a c. SO+acre parcel bounded to the north, west, and south by stone walls, and on the east by an undeveloped parcel. A 2" PVC pipe extends along the inland, eastern project area boundary. A bulldozed road cut breaches the northern stone y wall in the northwestern comer and extends 470 m to the south, exiting the project area through the western wall. A second road cut originates on the east side of the first road, extending to the northeast for 180m where it temtinates in an azea of level pahoehoe lava. The project azea is situated on the southwestern slope of Hualalai Volcano at elevations ranging from 380 ft to 460 ft. The surface mantle in this area is comprised of Holocene flows which date to between 3,000 to 5,000 years before present (Wolfe and Morris 2001 [1996]). These flows include both pahoehoe and a`a lavas which evidence little soil development (Sato et al. 1973). Rainfall in the vicinity of the project area ranges from 30-40 inches per year (Jurvik and Jurvik 1998), and the mean average temperature is c. 75 degrees F (Armstrong 1983). The vegetation within the parcel is comprised primazily of a dense cover o fountain grass (Pennisetum setaaceum [Forsk] Chiov). Scattered taxa include koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala [Lam.] de Wit), silver oak (Grevi[lea robusta A. Cann.), kiawe (Prosopis pallida [Humb. And Bonpl. Ex Willd.), noni and panini cactus (Opuntia megcantha Salm-Dyck). (2000:1, 3) Haun and Henry (2000) identified 17 sites with 186 features (Figure 2). There were ten single feature sites identified and seven feature complexes. The recorded features consisted of pahoehoe excavations, mounds, terraces, quarries, filled cracks, cairns, walls, pavements, trails, alignments, cupboazds, caves, and several miscellaneous types. Assigned feature functions included agriculture, temporary habitation, resource procurement, marker, transportation, livestock control, storage, ceremonial, refuge, tool manufacture, and indeterminate (Haun and Henry 2000:ii). Detailed descriptions of the ten sites recommended for either data recovery or preservation are presented below and listed in Table 1. For descriptions of the other seven sites recorded within the project area that were recommended for no further work see Haun and Henry (2000). 1 RC-0222 ~ `h f tiJ " _~-a 5 t w A ~3 ~~~~f.(` ~d ~ ~ ~ . . t Project A>ea ~ ~ ,mss = ~ r _ - ~ yy" '-3~ ~ A ~ ~ + ti i r . , . 0 ~ OOOm s` ~ ~ K . ~ ~ ~ ~ I.oemuxi _ _ NM.O ~ A e~ ~ KFAtNtE9tUA ' % . , . pAMl3A G3 t: 'C- ~ Figure 1. Portion of Kailua Quadrangle Showing Project Area (from Haun and Henry 2000:2). 2 ac-ozzz • 2. t~aaa ~0 240 480 7TAft i l s~. 0 80 1bQ 24Um ~ I assn ire n .I s r F ~:c 1 ,,ed T•.y .e• ,~„a1 ~ .aR eq ~ z w. n'~~,,s . a + ~ y, .g 5e .Ml A~ +1m~8 'AP AI• • ~ AT zaus tas ray a~ ~ ~ O R'w ~ y ~ ~ r ~ cdS ..n ~u ~a. eC cor ~sr, aui~ - •ep ~ o .,p ; t4meetat~blat aw 'S+) ~I ~ x~w.u .ffi xe. iz HmmwAT~~~d ~ ~ ~ ~ 11`T~~~r m` i ......asn p` ~Y`• ~~ts . 1 as~a~ ~ ,uy ~s naanw 1 _ w7 x P~tSer~ .r>' r . res nw. 73ois I 1 mr .mc 1 6uz -`"`-~Q~-r Figure 2. Site Location Map (from Haun and Henry 2000:15). 3 RC-0222 Table 1. Archaeological sites recommended for further mitigation on TMK:3-7-3-10:03. _ SIHP No. Function/type Temporal Association Treatment Recommendation 5747 Ranch walls Historic Data recovery 23411 Habitation lava tube Precontact Data recovery 23412 Habitation overhang Precontact Data recovery 23413 Pecked bedrock basins Precontact Preservation 23414 Trail and quarry area Precontact Data recovery/preservation 23416 Habitation complex Precontact Data recovery 23417 Habitation complex Precontact Preservation 23421 Trail Precontact Preservation 23422 Habitation complex Precontact Data recovery 23423 Habitation lava tube Precontact Preservation DESCRIPTIONS OF SITE RECOMMENDED FOR FURTHER MITIGATION SIHP Site 5747 Haun and Henry describe Site 5747 as follows: Site 5747 is a complex of two walls that extend along the northem and westem project azea boundaries. This site was previously documented by Walker and Rosendahl (1989). The wall along the northern boundary (Feature A) delineates the land division between Kalaoa 5`s and O` oma 1~`. It is built primarily of stacked pahoehoe basalt cobbles . and small boulders with score-filled interior. The majority of the wall is relatively intact, although collapsed sections are present. A bulldozed road cut breaches the wall in the northwest comer of the project area. The intact sections of wall range in width at the base from 0.85 to 1.1 m and at the top from 0.55 to 0.75 m [Figure 3]. The height of the wall ranges from 0.65 to 1.15 m. The wall originates 40 m northwest of the northwestern comer of the project azea. It extends to the southeast for 80.0 m where it has been destroyed by bulldozing activity associated with the construction of a dirt road that extends through the parcel. The wall continues on the southeastern side of the disturbed area, extending 33.0 m to the southeast. The wall then angles to the east and extends 209.0 m where it exits the project area. Walker and Rosendahl's map of the azea indicates that this wall continues in an easterly direction for c. 1,160 m, at which point it toms to the south. The Feature B wall is located along the western project area boundary. This wall originates on the southern side of the Feature A wall and extends to the south for 657.0 m, to where it terminates against the northern side of the Site 6432 wall [see Haun and Henry 2000:14-18]. The bulldozed road cut discussed above breaches the Feature B wall as it exits the project azea, ] 35 m north of the southwestern corner of the parcel. Feature B is primarily constmcted of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and small boulders at the northem end, and a'a cobbles and boulders at the southern end. Broken fine grained basalt cobbles, likely associated with the Site 23414 quarries (discussed be]ow), are incorporated into the wall at the southem end [see Figures 6 and 8 below]. Feature B has a core-filled interior and ranges in width at the base from 0.9 to 1.2 m, at the top from 0.55 to 0.7 m, and vazies in height from 0.8 to 1.15. The sections of Site 5747 within the project area are altered and in fair condition. The Feature A portion of the wall appears to have functioned as a land division mazker, though its primary function was likely to restrict the movement of cattle based on its method of constmction and height. Feature B is also interpreted as a livestock control feature based on its height and manner of construction. (2000:14) 4 RC-0222 s.~.~.,.. - - - - - - '~~a r. <=t` s - a ~ 5`- Figure 3. Site 5747, Feature A wall, view to northwest (from Haun and Henry 2000:17). SIHP Site 23411 - Haun and Henry describe Site 23411 as follows: Site 23411 is a small cave located in the southeastern portion of the project azea, in an area of uneven pahoehoe lava. The entrance to the cave faces the south and is 0.85 m wide and 1.02 m in height [Figure 4]. The interior of the cave is roughly oval-shaped, measuring 7.05 m long (east-west) and 1.9 to 3.6 m wide. Several azeas of collapsed roof fall aze present in the interior. The ceiling height of the cave ranges from 0.32 to 1.05 m, and there are two skylight openings in the ceiling, one at the western end of the cave, and one 1.2 m west of the entrance. The floor is comprised of thin layer of brown soil. No cultural remains were observed, though a flat pahoehoe slab (0.46 m long, 0.34 m wide and 0.08 m thick) is present 1.6 m northwest of the entrance. A 0.5 by 0.5 m test unit (TU-1) was excavated adjacent to the slab to the west, revealing a single soil deposit over bedrock [see Figure 4]. Layer I consisted of 0.04 to 0.06 m of a brown (lOYR 4/3) silt with 0.5 grams of charcoal present. Site 23411 is interpreted as a temporary habitation shelter based on its formal type and the presence of subsurface charcoal. The site is unaltered and in good condition. (2000:18) SIHP Site 23412 Haun and Henry describe Site 234]2 as follows: Site 23412 is a small overhang located in the northem portion of the project azea, west of the dirt road. The overhang is situated within a low pahoehoe lava blister, with an opening along the southern side. The entrance is 5.25 m long (northeast by southwest) and 1.0 to 1.06 m in height [Figure 5]. The interior of the overhang is 8.3 m in length (northeast by southwest) and 1.55 to 4.05 m in width. The ceiling height varies from 0.18 to 0.76 m. There is a small oval-shaped opening on top of the lava blister, at the northern end of the overhang. This opening is 1.08 m long, (northwest by southeast), 0.7 m wide, and 0.52 m deep to the cave floor. 5 RC-0222 /J I I ~ r 1~ ~ ~ J ~ 1 M~ 1 ~ ~ ~ 1~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ o 0 0 N x v~0 x 1\\ ...J w fti a. v ro w z a A r' N Y i v i ~ w 6 RC-0222 L~ i ~ ah d ~ ,Vy"" O ~ ~y¢~ ~ O !r'1 ~w W ~ V i Q Q "G o ~ ~ ~ o 0 N x ~ ~ x w 0 a . W J N w ~ , IW ~ ~ .A ~ a j j q p ~ N I i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w RC-0222 The floor throughout the majority of the cave is comprised of bare lava with no cultural remains present. Roof fall is located along the northern wall at the western end. A shallow, soil filled crevice is located at the eastern end of the overhang. This crevice is 2.7 m long (north- south), 0.34 to 0.8 m wide, and 0.05 m in depth. A sea urchin spine was noted on the surface of the soil within the crevice. A 0.5 by 0.25 m test unit (TU-2) was excavated into the deposit, revealing a single soil deposit [see Figure 5]. Layer I consisted of 0.09 to 0.1 lm of a brown (lOYR 4/3) silt. Cultural remains from Layer I consisted of two fragments of kukui nut shell (0.95 grams) and 0:2 grams of charcoal. Site 23412 is interpreted as a temporary habitation shelter. This is based on formal type and the presence of cultural remains. The site is unaltered and in good condition. (2000:18) SIHP Site 23413 Haun and Henry describe Site 234]3 as follows: Site 23413 is a series of shallow, pecked basins located in the southwestern portion of the pazcel, adjacent to the Site 5747, Feature B wall to the west. There aze 13 basins located in an azea 6.5 m tong (northeast by southwest) by 2.5 m wide on a level pahoehoe flow [Figure 6]. The basins range in size from 0.2 to OS m long, 0.18 to 0.47 m wide, and 0.02 to 0.06 m in depth. The basin surfaces are irregulaz and pock-marked with numerous pecked scars (Figure 7]. Numerous fine grained basalt cobbles and small boulders, which evidence flake scazs and battered edges, aze scattered throughout the azea, to the northeast and east of the basins. These stones were likely obtained from the Site 23414 quarries located 45.0 m to the east of Site 23413 (discussed below). ` Fine grained basalt cobbles and small boulders are also incorporated into the Site 5747, Feature B wall [Figure 8]. These stones were likely scattered over the surface of the pahoehoe flow and were collected during the construction of the historic livestock wall. The stones are only evident in the wall in the vicinity of the basins. Site23413 is interpreted as a potential processing area where stones collected from the nearby Site 23414 quarries were initially reduced/shaped, and then transported to anoff-site location. The pecked basins appear to have been created by repeated impacts of the stones onto the surface of the pahoehoe flow. The basins show no evidence of use for grinding and there aze scattered small fragments of basalt near the basins. Many of the stones aze roughly spheroidal in shape and the exterior flake scar edges appear to have been rounded by battering. It is unclear what the stones were going to be used for. The basalt is fine grained; however, most of the stones have some small internal fissures and cavities indicating that the stones were not ideally suited for making adzes. The weight of the stones would make them somewhat difficult to transport. Most of the stones aze relatively large ranging from 12 to 30 cm in maximum dimension with a few larger specimens. The site is partially altered and in good condition. (2000:18-23) SIHP Site 23414 Haun and Henry describe Site 23414 as follows: Site 23414 is a complex of eight quarry areas (Features A-H) and a trail (Feature I), located in the southwestern portion of the project area, east of Site 24313. The site is situated in an area of weathered a'a lava, and encompasses an area 60.0 m long (northeast by southwest) and 31.0 m wide [Figure 9]. The quany areas consist of a'a lava which has been broken to expose the underlying fine grained basalt. Fragmented fine grained basalt cobbles and small boulders aze scattered over the broken a'a outcrops. The quarries range in length from 2.2 to 9.0 m long (averaging 4.92 m long), in width from 1.0 to 4.5 m (averaging 2,35 m wide), and in height from 0.3 to 1.4 m (averaging 0.78 m).... [Table 2] 8 .~s.w.w rr+~Yrrrr.rrrrrr Wrr r RC-0222 'QI' ?a~ w1 aa• br xaa M ?a~ ?aaa ti9 0 xaaxaa ~ a\a~" pp~~,,~~ ~ axc ~1 y,~~ ~ aaa• a~a~ axa• ~O xaa av xxx ~ ~ ~ ~i xi:~ i7 ~ N xxa ta? ®p axa xaa xxaa axxa ?aaaa ~ ~ ?aaaa xaxa- ~ axaa .A ?aaa aaa ~a ~ aaa aax+ ~ ~ a~~~ ?ax ~ x, e i aaa ® ?a as as ` 1I r/ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ • ~Q ~~((pp ~ N Q t]/ ~ I ~ N ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tiJ ...,1 a, ._.J~ .J~ ~ ~ N 9 . RC-0222 . v a I i l Figure 7. Site 23413 Pecked Basin, view to southwest (from Haunand Henry 2000:22). t it Figure 8. Fine-grained Basalt Incorporated into Site 5747-B Wall, view to north (from Haun and Henry 2000:22). ' 10 RC-0222 Table 2. Summary of Site 23414 Quarry Features (from Haun and Henry 2000:23 Feature Length Width Height/ H&A Desi nation (m) (m Depth(m Field No. A 4.00 1.00 0.30 87a B 3.30 2.20 0.40 86 C 2.20 1.30 0.40 84 D 3.00 1.20 0.30 85 E 5.00 1.32 1.20 119 F 9.00 4.50 1.30 120a G 4.50 3.50 0.80 83a H 7.00 3.00 1.40 120b The Feature I trail originates along the southeastern side of a pahoehoe lava flow, 45 m west of Site 23413. The trail extends to the southeast for 7.2 m, then angles to the east- northeast For 27.0 m up the side of the a'a ridge. At the top of the ridge, then (sic) trail turns to the southeast and extends downslope for 12.5 m, terminating within the a'a flow. The trail consists of a worn or cleared path through the a'a lava that ranges in width from 0.8 to 1.2 m [Figure 10]. Site 23414 is interpreted as a resource procurement azea, with Features A-H functioning as quarry pits, and Feature I functioning as a transportation route associated - with use of the quarry. Though not of particulazly high quality, the stone is relatively fine grained and was potentially used as a raw material for the manufactwe of stone tools. The initial reduction of the material appears to have occurred at Site 23413. The site is unaltered and in good condition. (2000:23) N . nee Figure 10. Site 23414, Feature I Trail, view to northwest (from Haun and Henry 2000:26). 12 RC-0222 SIHP Site 23416 Haun and Henry describe Site 23416 as follows: Site 23416 is a complex of two features located in the southeastern portion of the project area, 75.0 m southeast of Site 23415. The site is situated in an azea of uneven pahoehoe lava, and is comprised of two terraces [Figure 11]. Feature A is located at the western end of the site. It consists of a small terrace constructed on the northern side of a low pahoehoe knoll that is 5.3 m long (northwest by southeast), 3.6 m wide and 0.82 to 1.1 m in height. The terrace has stacked and faced pahoehoe cobble and small boulder retaining walls along the north and west sides that vary in height from 0.4 to 0.5 m in height. A possible step comprised of one to two courses of cobbles and small boulders abuts the northern side of the terrace. This step is 2.4 m long (west-northwest by east- . southeast), 0.85 m wide and 0.22 m in height above the surrounding ground surface. The surface of the terrace is level but unpaved. No cultural remains were noted on or around the feature. i A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TU-4) was excavated in the center of the terrace, revealing ~ a stone architectural layer (Layer I) above a soil deposit (Layer II) [see Figure 11]. Layer ` I consisted of 0.3 to 0.35 m of loosely packed pahoehoe cobbles and small boulders. Cultural remains from Layer I consisted of a single fragment of cowrie shell (6.65 grams). The base of Layer I rested on the surface of the Layer II deposit and no evidence was found to indicate that Layer I was built during more than a single construction episode. Layer II was comprised of 0.02 to 0.06 m of a very dazk brown (lOYR 2/2) silt ~ with no cultural remains present. Feature A is interpreted as a temporary habitation based on its small size (c. 11 sq m), lack of substantial construction (e.g. faced walls, paving, etc.), and formal type, following Cordy's (1980) defmition for a temporary habitation. Feature B is located 8.5 m east of Feature A. It consists of an irregulazly-shaped pahoehoe blister that is 7.05 m long (northeast by southwest), 3.0 to 4.7 m wide, and 0.42 to 1.1 m in height. A two-tiered terrace has been constructed on top of the blister. The lower terrace has a stacked cobble retaining wall along the north side that ranges in f height from 0.35 to 0.5 m. This portion of the feature is 1.5 to 2.8 m long (north-south) and 0.45 to 2.2 m wide. The surface is level but unpaved. The opening to a small blister cave is located adjacent to this tier to the south. The opening to the cave is 0.68 m long (east-west), 0.43 m wide and 0.6 m deep. The interior is oval-shaped and is 1.4 ra long (north-south) and 1.1 m wide. The floor of the cave is bare lava with no cultural remains present. The upper tier of the terrace abuts the lower tier along its eastern side. A stacked and faced cobble retaining wall is located along the west side of the terrace, measuring 0.6 m in height above the lower ties The surface of this portion of Feature B is 2.3 m long (north-south) and 1.6 m wide, with a level but unpaved surface. No cultural remains were present. Feature B is also assigned a temporary habitation function based on i[s formal ~ type, informal construction, and size (c. 14 sq m). Site 23416 is unaltered and in good condition. (2000:27) ~i SIHP Site 23417 Haun and Henry describe Site 23417 as follows: Site 23417 is a complex of six features located 65.0 m northeast of Site 23415, at the interface between an a'a lava flow and a pahoehoe flow. The site is comprised of three terraces (Feature A-C), two cairns (Feature D-E), and a steppingstone trail (Feature F).. _The site encompasses an area 24.0 m long (northwest by southeast and 23.0 m wide. The site is unaltered and in good condition. [Figure 12] 13 RC-0222 ~ o~. ~ v v Q .w.^+i i \ v ~ ~ sue~}j 1 1 ` I ~ N~~ 1 - N ~ O N N p O x a o ~ x 0 t ~ ~ a` S~~" v ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ z _i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M N . Y 1~ {Y/(~]/~. dry/ \V ` ~ H V ~ w 14 RC-0222 a ~ . e ~ ` ~ U p ~ ~ / h 1' n, c ~t ~ ~ G : • - - N y~~J O - Ci O - N - - _ 0. ro "V1, Q ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ N d ~y N ~""y~ 7 W 15 RC-0222 Feature A is anoval-shaped terrace located at the northern end of the site. A stacked ~ and piled pahoehoe cobble and small boulder retaining wall is located along the I southwestern side of the feature. This wall is 0.7 to 0.95 m in height and is located at the interface between the pahoehoe and a'a lava flows. The northwest, northeast and southeast sides of the feature are built on the pahoehoe flow. These three sides range in height from 0.3 to 0.65 m. The terrace is 3.1 m long (east-west) and 2.7 m wide with a level but unpaved surface. No cultural remains were present on or around the feature. A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TU-5) was excavated into the center of the terrace, revealing a stone azchitectural layer, over bedrock [Figure 13]. Layer I consisted of L15 ~ to 1.3 m of loosely packed pahoehoe and a'a cobbles and small boulders. No evidence nvas found to suggest that Layer I was constructed during more than a single building episode. Cultural remains from Layer I consisted of one fragment of kukui nut shell (0.35 ~ grams), crustacea (n=6, 1.85 grams) and charcoal (0.4 grams). Feature A is interpreted as a temporary habitation feature based on its size (8.4 sq m), type, and formal construction, following Cordy's (1980) definition far temporary habitation. Feature B ten•ace is located 6.4 m south of Feature A. This terrace is also located a[ the interface between the pahoehoe and a'a lava flows, with a stacked and piled stone ( retaining wall located along the southwestern side. This wall is 0.45 m in height. The three remaining sides of the terrace aze located on the pahoehoe outcrop and range in height from 0.26 to 0.32 m. The structure is uregulazly-shaped and is 3.0 m long (northwest by southeast) and from 0.5 to 1.3 m wide, The (sic) surface is level, but unpaved, with no cultural remains observed. Feature B is also interpreted as a temporary habitation based on its small size and informal construction. i The Feature C terrace is situated 5.2 meast-northeast of Feature B, on the pahoehoe flow. A low piled cobble and small boulder retaining wall is located along the southeastern side of the feature, ranging in height from 0.3 to 0.33 m. The northern side of the structure is 0.18 to 0.22 m in height. The terrace is 1.7 m long (northeast by southwest) and 0.8 m wide with a level but unpaved surface. No cultural remains were noted. This terrace was interpreted as a temporary habitation due to its small size and informal construction. i The Feature Dwell-built cairn is located 7.15 m south of Feature B. The cairn is constructed on the pahoehoe flow, and is built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles. It is 0.78 by 0.52 m at the base, 0.48 by 0.6 m at the top and 0.6 m in height. No cultural remains were present. Feature D is interpreted as a marker based on its formal type and construction. The Feature E cairn is located 6.1 msouth-southwest of Feature D. This cairn is situated on the a'a flow, adjacent to the pahoehoe flow. It is 0.9 by 0.65 m at the base, 0.7 by 0.4 m at the top, and 0.55 m in height. No cultural remains were observed. Feature E is also interpreted as a marker due to its method of construction and formal type. The Featwe F steppingstone trail extends across the site in a northwest by southeast direction. There aze three sections of the trail, each extending across the a'a lava, between forgers of the pahoehoe flow [see Figure 12J. The northwestern section is 5.95 m long and is comprised of ten flat pahoehoe slabs positioned in a linear configuration. The central section is 1.5 m in length and consists of three flat slabs, The southeastern section is 6.4 m in length and is comprised of 13 slabs....The trail is interpreted as a transportation route potentially associated with the occupation of Site 23417. (2000:27- 30) 16 RC-0222 Q I= ~~6 BGQt fl I 0 100am Figure 13. Site 23417, Feature A, TU-5 Northeast Face Profile (from Haun and Henry 2000:31). SIHP Site 23421 Haun and Henry describe Site 23421 as follows: - Site 23421 is a steppingstone trail located in the northwestern portion of the project azea. The trail extends across a rugged a' a lava flow between two pahcehoe flows [Figure 14]. A bulldozed road is located to the west of the trail, but does not appeaz to have damaged it. No evidence of the trail was observed on the western side of the road. The trail has an overall length of 42.0 m and is comprised of a series of flat pahoehoe slabs positioned in a linear aligcunent [Figwe 15]. No cultural remains were present. Site 23421 is interpreted as a transportation route across the a'a flow. It is unaltered and in good condition. (2000:33) SIHP Site 23422 Haun and Henry describe Site 23422 as follows: Site 23422 is a complex of five features located near the westem project azea boundary, 145 msouth-southwest of Site 23421. The site is situated on a level, grass covered pahoehoe lava flow within an area of numerous agricultural features. The features are comprised of four pavements (Features A-D) and a U-shape (Feature E)....The Site 23422 components are unaltered and in good condition.[Figure 16] Feature A is anoval-shaped pavement located at the northern end of the site. It is 3.3 m long (northwest by southeast), 1.8 to 2.5 m wide, and 0.05 to 0.08 m in height above the lava flow. The surface of the pavement is level and is comprised of small pahoehoe cobbles with no cultural remains observed. The Feature B pavement is located 12.0 m southwest of Feature A. This feature is the best constructed component of the site, consisting of a roughly rectangular-shaped pavement that is 3.25 m long (northwest by southeast), 2.75 m wide, and 0.1 to 0.15 m in height [Figure 17]. The surface is comprised of level small pahoehoe cobbles and pebbles with no cultural remains noted. 17 RC-0222 ~ fl , - It - : ' 9a:' .'.~~;;.y.:.~:.':.~.': r:.~ , I Rand 0 A'a Plaw ! ~ FJst Figure 14. Site 23421 Plan Map (from Haun and Henry 2000:36). I. I Figure 15. Site 23421 Steppingstone Trail, view to west (from Haun and Henry 2000:36). 18 RC-0222 ~ ~ ~ i r i ^1 4'1 V f TrM ~D ~I e ? yr~~ V i I~ 1. 1~ M V r O O N N x b V x a 0 ..w a G ~D v Q ~ a N N V rn N m Y t~ M [4 19 ' RC-0222 ~ ~ ~ 'r_"' ~ i- t l~ ~~5 -$~k i r 5 i'~. :~i.4' V f tj ~'3f 2~`A il...'t y. .~~~'j t~i` fl. Y ~ - ( ~ Figure 17. Site 23422, Feature B Pavement, view to northwest (from Haun and Henry ' 2000:38). _ A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TU-6) was excavated into the center of the pavement, revealing an azchitectural layer (Layer I) over a deposit of soil and stone (Layer R) [Figure 18]. Layer I consisted of 0.28 to 0.31 m of tightly packed pahoehoe cobbles and pebbles. A single cowrie (0.3 grams) shell fragment was recovered from Layer I. The base of Layer I intruded into Layer II and no evidence was found to indicate that Layer I was constructed during more than a single construction episode. Layer II was comprised f of 0.12 to 0.25 m of a very dark brown (]OYR 212) silt with 80% cobble and pebble inclusions. Cultural remains from Layer II consisted of cowrie shell (n=1, 0.2 grams), unidentified marine shell (n=1, 0.8 grams), and chazcoal (0.3 grams). The excavation of i TU-6 was terminated on bedrock. 'o I II H~iiadc Ia7v1-T'~IwSaaHcaoa6l~w audPd~hls;>~ir C tOQmn IaynrII- VaysLalclmown(lOPR~dh x~ >;E Ml i a oi>bl e > ~ p ebffi s pearmt Figure 18. Site 23422, Feature D, TU-6, North Face Profile (from Haun and Henry 2000:38). 20 RC-0222 ~ Feature C is anirregularly-shaped pavement located ] 0.0 meast-southeast of Feature B. It consists of a linear pavement of cobbles and pebbles that is 2.5 m long (northeast by southwest), and 0.72 to 0.85 m wide, with a low wall located at the eastern end. The surface of the pavement is level cobbles pebbles. The wall is comprised of stacked cobbles and small boulders, and is 2.65 m long (north-south), 1.2 m wide and 0.4 to 0.42 m in height. The wall may have functioned as a windbreak. No cultural remains were ~ observed at Feature C. Feature D is a roughly rectangular-shaped pavement located 2.4 m south of Feature C. The pavement is 3.15 m long (north-south), 1.9 to 3.0 m wide and 0.06 to 0.1 m in height. The surface is comprised of level cobbles and pebbles. No cultural remains were present. Feature E is a U-shaped enclosure located 3.5 m northeast of Feature C. The U- shape is open to the west and is 4.45 m long (north-south) and 3.25 m wide. The walls are comprised of stacked and piled pahoehoe cobbles and small boulders that vary in width j from 1.02 to 1.22 m and in height from 0.4 to 0.6 m. The interior of the U-shape is comprised of baze pahoehoe lava with no cultural remains present. ~ Site 23422 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site. This is based on the formal type of the component features, and the feature's informal constmction and small size, ~ following Cordy's (1980) defmition for temporary habitations. (2000:3339) f SIHP Site 23423 Haun and Henry describe Site 23423 as follows: Site 23423 is a large lava tube that extends through the project azea in a roughly j northeast by southwest direction [see Figure 2]. There aze two entrances to the cave _ within the project area, both consisting of holes in the surface lava that drop vertically into the cave [Figure 19]. Entrance 1 is located 20.5 m southeast of Site 23412. It is oval- shaped and is 2.2 m long (east-west) and 1.8 m wide with a c. 10.0 m drop to the cave floor below [Figure 20]. Entrance 2 is situated 88.0 mwest-southwest of Entrance 1. This opening is 3.5 m long (east-west) and 1.5 m wide with a c. 7.0 m drop to the floor of the cave. A pile of modem debris is present below Entrance 2, consisting of milled lumber, asphalt shingles and plastic and glass bottles. It is unclear how this material was deposited as there aze no roads or structures in the immediate area. I The portion of the cave within the project area is 370.0 m in length, extending to the j northeast and southwest outside the boundazies of the parcel. The cave ranges in width from 3.95 to 21.0 m and in height from 2.8 to 10.0 m. Only a small portion of the cave i outside the pazcel to the southwest was examined. During the examination of the northeas[em portion of the cave, an opening was observed in the distance, and the survey crew continued outside the parcel a distance of c. 70.0 m to where a lazge sinkhole was encountered [see Figure 2J. A massive, c. 2 m thick stacked stone wall extends across the southwestern end of the sinkhole. The wall only extends approximately 1-1.5 m above Ij the cave floor and probably is an incomplete refuge cave entrance. A narrow opening with faced sides is present in the center of the partially walled cave entrance. The cave continues upslope on the northeastern side of the sinkhole, but was not examined. This portion of the cave was not documented because it is outside the project area. Site 23423 consists of the cave and 18 internal features. These features consist of seven terraces (Features B, C, G, J, N, P and Q), three alignments (Features A, D and L), two walls (Features E and K), two cupboards (Features H and I), an enclosure (Feature L), a cairn (Feature M), an upright (Feature O), and a step (Feature F}. The majority of the features are interpreted as temporary habitation-related. The two cupboazds likely functioned as storage features and the calm may have served as a marker. The upright (Feature O) may indicate a ceremonial function for at least a portion of the cave. The Feature E wall and Feature F step aze probably related to the possible use of the cave as a refuge. Site 24323 is unaltered and bt good condition. 21 RC-0222 i<~j ~i. n ryes f ffl~ • ~ ~ C~`f f( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ s v ~ d a ra ~ ~ fr~ ~Q~4 y~ ~ ~ p iii~lii0 th ~•Utl~ ~o ~ ~ ~ o 0 N 7 ~ ~ x r 'p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ® ~ ~ f f ~ "ayrfn'1 ro t fir) ~ ~ ~ 44 ~ h N M ~ ~4 N 4 m w 22 ~ RC-0222 l 'x ~ a i:. s4~r ~~.i~ + { I 't''w': I `pM~ Figure 20. Site 23423, Entrance 1, view to southwest (from Haun and Henry 2000:41). The following description begins at the southwestern portion of the cave and extends r to the northeast. The cave in this aze is 19.0 to 21.0 m in width with ceiling heights that ~ range from 7.0 to 8.5 m. Feature A is a low terrace situated 13.0 m west of Entrance 2, within the main floor of the cave. The terrace is roughly squaze-shaped and is 2.9 m long (east-west) and 2.7 m wide. The surface is level cobbles and slabs with a single cowrie shell present. The sides of the terrace are constmcted of stacked cobbles and small boulders, ranging in height from 0.35 to 0.6 m. There aze raised ledges above the floor of the main tube on the north and south sides, ~ which range in height from 2.0 to 2.5 m. The ledges are baze, gently sloping lava. The ~ ledge on the northern side is 2.0 to 8.5 m wide. There is chamber with two entrances that ~ extends to the north in this area. This chamber is 18.5 m long (north-south), 3.5 to 13.5 m wide, and from 0.45 to 1.0 m in height. The floor of the chamber is baze lava with no ~ cultural remains present. Two features aze located on this ledge. Feature B is an alignment of flat pahoehoe slabs positioned one course high and one to two courses wide. The aligrunent is 12.9 m long (east-northeast by west-southwest), 0.4 to 0.7 m wide and 0.1 to 0.15 m in height. Feature C is a crudely constmcted terrace situated 5.0 m east of Feature B. It has a stacked cobble and small boulder retaining wall on the southern side that is 0.15 to 0.45 m in height. The surface is level but unpaved and is 12.5 m long (east-west) and 1.4 to 3.5 m wide. No cultural remains were observed on the surface of Feature C, though a concentration of marine shell is present 6.0 m to the east, at the eastern end of the ledge. The ledge on the south side of the main tube is 2.0 to 6.8 m wide. There is an alignment situated along the northern edge of the ledge. Feature D is 17.5 m long (east- northeast by west-southwest) and consists of one to two courses of flat pahoehoe slabs. The alignment is 0.4 to 0.7 m wide and 0.1 to 0.3 m in height. No cultural remains were present. 23 RC-0222 Featwe E is an L-shaped stone wail that extends across the floor of the main tube, 7.0 m east of Enhance 2. The wall is 6.9 m long (north-south) by 4.2 m (east-west). The wall is 1.2 m wide and is built of stacked cobbles, small boulders and slabs. It is 1.2 m in height on the western side and 2.7 m in height on the eastern side. A low chamber extends below the main cave floor beneath the Feature E wall. The chamber is 27.0 m long (east-west) 7.0 to 1 L0 m wide, and 0.4 to 1.1 S m in height. The floor of the chamber consists of scattered roof fall with no cultural remains observed. The Feature E wall either functioned as, or once it was completed was intended to function as a refuge defensive Feature. The wall connects the ledges on either side of the tube forming a barrier neazly 3 m high with an elevated balcony-like area beneath Entrance 2 that overlooks the lower tube floor to the east. The feature would have partially blocked access to the western portion of the tube and Entrance 2 and provided cover for defenders ,of the balcony area and western reaches of the tube. Feature F is awell-constructed cairn comprised of thick flat slabs located against the northern side of the main chamber, below the northern ledge. The step is situated 10.0 m east of Feature E and is comprised of five stacked basalt slabs. It is 0.8 m long (east- west), O.S m wide, and 0.75 m in height. This step was used as a means of gaining access to the northern ledge and western reaches of the cave from the main cave floor to the east. East of Feature F the cave narrows to 4.5 m with a ceiling height of 3.2 m. The floor in this area is baze lava. A 0.1 m diameter ground scoriaceous basalt abrader was noted 8.0 m east of Feature F. Several fragments of charcoal were observed on the cave floor 5.0 m east of the abrader. The northern wall of the cave has collapsed in this azea. The cave angles to the northeast on the eastern side of the collapsed azea. A _ concentration of marine shell and charcoal in a 2.0 m diameter area were noted 9.5 m northeast of the surface chazcoal. Feature G is a rectangular terrace constructed against the southeastern wall of the cave, 15.0 m northeast of the shell and chazcoal concentration. The terrace is 3.1 m long (northeast by southwest) and 2.8 m wide. The north, east and west sides of the terrace have been built up to heights of 0.35 to 0.45 m above the cave floor. "I'he surface of the terrace is level and paved with cobbles. Kukui nut shells and a fragment of wood aze present on the surface. Feature H is a possible cupboard located in the center of the cave, 3.5 m northeast of Feature G. It consists of a flat basalt slab (0.8 m long, 0.6 m wide and 0.25 m thick) positioned on three lazge cobbles. A slight depression (0.15 m deep) is located below the slab. Feature I is a second possible cupboazd located 4.5 m northeast of Feature H. It is comprised of two small basalt boulders, with a third boulder placed on top, creating an enclosed internal space. A lazge opihi shell is present on the top boulder, and cowrie and sea urchin body fragments aze present within the interior. Feature I is 1.3 m long (north- south), 1.2 m wide and 0.8 m in height. The ceiling height of the cave in this area is 5.0 m, and the floor is comprised of baze lava. Feature J consists of two ad}scent terraces located 9.0 m northeast of Feature I. The first terrace is built against the southeastern wall of the cave. It is 3.8 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.8 m wide, and 0.3 to 0.45 m th height. The second terrace is situated 1.4 m to the north of the first, in the center of the tube. It is 3.75 m long, 1.5 m wide and 0.3 to 0.4 m in height. Both terraces aze constructed of stacked cobbles and small boulders with level but unpaved surfaces. No cultural remains were present at the features though a pile of kukui nut shells is located 3.5 m to the northeast, and a surface concentration of ash is located 6.0 m to the northeast. Feature K is a low wall located in the center of the cave, 14.0 northeast of Feature J. It is 2.7 m long (north-south) 0.8 m wide, and 0.7 m in height. Feature L is a small enclosure formed by two lazge basalt slabs and several piled cobbles, located against the 24 RC-0222 ~ northern cave wall 2.0 m north of Feature K. The enclosure is 2.1 m long (northeast by ' southwest), 1.2 m wide and 0.6 m in height. Kukui nut shells and a fragment of waterworn coral were noted inside the enclosure. The floor of the interior is baze lava. I Entrance 1 is located above Feature L to the northeast. A jumbled pile of roof fall is located below the opening. Feature M is a cairn built of stacked basalt cobbles and slabs. It is 1.0 m long, 0.8 m wide and 0.8 m in height. A fragment of waterworn coral, pieces of wood and several kukui nut shells were observed on the surface of Feature M. Feature N is a terrace located adjacent to Feature M to the northeast. It is 3.2 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.6 m wide and 0.35 m in height. The sides of the terrace consist of stacked ~ cobbles and small boulders, and the surface is paved with cobbles. No cultural remains were observed. r Feature O is an upright angulaz basalt slab located 3.0 m northeast of Feature N. The slab is 1.1 m tall, 0.29 m wide, and 0.14 m thick and is set in a slight depression. Several small cobbles are located at the base of the upright, supporting it. A dog mandible, kukui nut shells, a piece of wood, and an opihi shell were observed on the baze lava floor to the northeast of Feature O. v Feature P is a cmde terrace situated 12.5 m northeast of Feature O. It is located r against the northern side of the cave and is 2.3 m ]ong (northeast by southwest), 1.2 m If wide and 0.45 m in height. The sides are built of stacked and piled cobbles and small boulders and the surface is level, unpaved cobbles. An opihi shell is present on the surface of Feature P. The ceiling height in this azea is c. 4,5 m. I j Feature Q is a poorly built terrace located against the north wall of the cave, 10.0 m northeast of Feature P. It is 1.7 m long (northeast by southwest), 1 S m wide and 0.32 m in height. The surface of the terrace is level but unpaved and the sides aze built of stacked and piled cobbles and small boulders. Kukui nut shells were observed on the surface of the terrace and a concentration of ash, marine shell, and kukui nut shells were noted 6.5 m to the east. The cave continues to the northeast for 27.0 m where a lazge pile of roof fall partially blocks the tube. A cluster of wood and bird bones were observed in the roof fall area at ~ the western end. Stones appear to have been cleazed along the northern side of the roof i fall against the northern cave wall, possible representing a path or trail. A fragment of charcoal was observed in this cleazed azea 11.0 m northeast of the wood and bird bone. A second azea of roof fall is located 7.5 m to the north. A cleared area is also present along the northern side of this roof fall. The cave continues to the northeast for 65.0 m to where Feature R is located. The cave in this area has a baze lava floor and ranges in height from 3.5 to 5.0 m. A fragment of wood is present in the center of the cave 29.0 m southwest of Feature R. Feature R is an L-shaped alignment of small flat pahoehoe slabs, positioned one course wide and tall. The alignment is 4.8 m long (northeast by southwest), 2.9 m wide and 0.1 m in height. No cutural remains were present. An area of roof fall is located adjacent to Feature R to the northeast. A possible cleazed trail extends along the northern edge of the roof fall. Another azea of roof fall is situated 17.0 to the northeast with another possible trail along the northern side. The eastern project area boundary is located in the approximate center of this roof fall area. As stated, the portions of the cave were examined to the northeast but were not documented due to their location outside the project area. This portion of the cave, from the project area boundary to the sinkhole opening contained no cultural remains or surface structures, with the exception of the refuge wall located across the western side of the sinkhole. (2000:39-47) 25 RC-0222 REASSESSMENT OF SITE TREATMENT An intensive field examination was carried out by Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D. and Matthew R. Clazk, B.A. of the ten sites identified for preservation and data recovery. As a result of this examination we propose a ' reconsideration of the treatment for two sites (SIHP Site 5747 and SIHP Site 23421). SIHP Site 5747 This Historic Period cattle wall was slated for data recovery. Although not explicit in the inventory report (Haan and Henry 2000), we believe that this treatment was intended for a portion of the wall that contains fine grain basalt boulders obtained from an adjacent earlier archaeological context (the quarry and work azea; SIHP Sites 23413 and 23414). We see no utility in undertaking data recovery of this site, however we do su est that preserving the ortion of this wall that contains the reused boulders would help document a 7 more comp e e an use istory of the location (see discussion of SIHP Sites 5747, 23413, and 2 414 below ' or a preserva ion an mterpre a ion strategy . SIHP Site 23421 ' This steppingstone trail was fully documented in the inventory survey (Haan and Henry 2000:33,36) across a small section of `a `a, and was not shown to connect to any other site or resource. Its course was not identified on the pdhoehoe in either a mauka or makai direction. This site is similaz to other portions of steppingstone trails identified in the project area (one of which will be preserved as part of SIHP Site 23417 along with other features forming a residential complex). Given the level of documentation already i~ completed for this site and the isolated nature of its course, we feel that a treatment of no further work is justified. PRESERVATION SITES One site (SIHP Site 23417) will be preserved in its entirety. Another site (SIHP Site 23423) will be preserved within the project azea, and partially protected with a buffer. And, three sites (SIHP Sites 23413, 23414 and 23423), or portions thereof, will be preserved as a contiguous set of features in a single preservation azea. As part of the development process, the preservation azeas along with their buffer canes ~ will be recorded with the Bureau of Conveyances as common space easements within the overall ' development. The responsibility for maintenance of these sites will be vested with the homeowners association. SIHP Site 23417 This habitation complex occupies three fmgers of an 'a'd flow and the intervening azeas of p6hoehoe. To retain the site integrity along-term preservation buffer will be established five meters south and west of Feature E and extend in northerly and easterly directions to encompass the extreme portions of Feature F at a distance of five meters beyond the 'a `d and extend around Feature A at a distance often meters from the feature's edge. Features B, C, and D will be at the center of the preservation area (Figure'21). Short-term protective construction fencing will be placed at the preservation buffer and remain until development activities in the azea aze complete. After the development activities have been completed the protective fencing will be removed and the area preserved in it natural state. Cautionary signs will be placed at the site indicating the sensitive and protected nature of the resource, and an interpretive sign will be placed at a convenient viewing location. The language for these signs will read: 26 RC-0222 .I j ~ Archaeological Site Please do not walk within or remove rocks from this area. li Damaging this site is punishable under State Law Chapter 6E-11, Hawaii Revised Statues f Habitation Site (SIHP Site 23417) ~ `O`oma ls` Ahupua`a Native Hawaiians extracted resources from this inland area for both tool manufacture (stone) and subsistence (cultivated and collected species) purposes. Habitation sites such is this one were used on a temporary basis while harvesting or gathering resources Three stacked stone features at this likely served as house foundations, and flat smooth pahoehoe slabs were placed in the rough `a'd lava as a trail to make walking to and from and within the site easier. 27 RC-0222 • "'-Preservation buffer •p 0 ; 3~0 6,0 9.OR (03~ 0. 0: 1.0 2.4 3Am ~ ~ ~ a UneveaA'aPbw -5 Hdge of PahoeLoa Plow .wy • P1atPahoelae3ldre C ' . (0.18, ro a ~ ~ 0.32) (0.4~ P' R .Y .........'.'.'.(OS E. Figure 21. Location of preservation buffer for SIHP Site 23417. 28 RC-0222 SIHP Site 23423 This lava tube extends in a mauka/makai direction across the entire project area. The western roughly one third of the tube exhibits the only entrances (2) on the nrnnertv and appears to be the area with the thinnest mantle below the Around surface. The eastern two thuds of the tube are very deep be ow a su ac€Wi[h-a-' roof to surface mantle of several meters thick. The preservation strateav for this site will be to protect the westem third of the tube with ten-meter buffers azound the two entrances and a buffer wne often meters on either side of the tube as ro'ected to the ground surface. This preservation area will begin ten meters mau a of Entrance 1 and extend to the makai property boundary (Figure 22). Protective construction `fencing wi a placed at the preservation buffer and remain until development activities in the area aze complete. After the development activities have been completed the protective fencing will be removed and the area preserved in it natural state. This site will not be interpreted for the public; although, cautionary signs indicating the sensitive and protected nature of the resource will be strategically placed along the site buffer. The signs wilt read: Archaeological Site Please do not walk within or remove rocks from this area. Damaging this site is punishable under State Law Chapter 6E-11, Hawaii Revised Statues Preservation buffer .~t>C!3 ffi Figure 22. Location of preservation buffer for SIHP Site 23423. 29 RC-0222 SIHP Sites 5747, 23413, and 23414 A single preservation area will be created and maintained as open space within the development that will incorporate a portion of SIHP Site 5747, all of SIHP Site 23413, and significant elements of SIHP Site 23414 (Figure 23). The azea will be preserved in an "as is" condition and interpreted for the public. During development activities a protective construction barrier will be placed along the boundary of the preservation easement and remain until development activities in the area are complete. After the development activities have been completed the protective barrier will be removed and the azea will be preserved in it natural state. The following cautionary signs will be posted at ingress and egress locations: Archaeological Preservation Area While you are encouraged to visit the sites within this preserve, we ask that you respect those that came before us and refrain from moving or taking rocks or any other objects from this area. Damaging archaeological sites is ptmishable under State Law Chapter 6E-11, Hawaii Revised Statutes Three interpretive signs will be established, one along the trail (Feature I) neaz quarry features (Features E and F) a[ SIHP Site 23414, one among the pecked basins at SIHP Site 23413, and one in the vicinity of the fine-grained basalt boulder incorporated into the wall at SIHP Site 5747. Site 5747 is a _ Historic Period wall that runs the length of the overall project azea along its western boundary. Given that this is a property boundary wall it is likely that much of it will be stabilized and reconstructed although there is no general preservation requirement for this site. That portion of the wall near Site 234] 3 was built incorporating basalt boulders that were taken from the immediate ground surface. The boulders aze artifacts that resulted from earlier quarrying and tool manufacturing activities. The interpretive sign at the wall will read: Historic Wall Site (SIHP Site 5747) `O`oma lst Ahupua`a This wall was likely originally built in the 1850s and marks the western boundary of a property that the Hawaiian Government granted to a person whose name was Kauhini. The wall also likely functioned to control the movement of grazing cattle. The smooth battered boulders incorporated in this portion of the wall were removed from a nearby more ancient archaeological site, where Hawaiians quamed stone and manufactured tools. To aid in the development of interpretive information for the quarry site (SIHP Site 23414) and the pecked basin work azea (SIHP Site 23413), further data collection will take place. A detailed examination of the ground surface of both site azeas and re-mapping of the surface features will be completed, along with petrographic analyses of the basalt from the quarry features (see the Data Recovery section below). Once the further data collection has been completed, interpretive language will be prepared and submitted to DLNR-SHPD for approval. 30 I£ 'bib£Z p~ `£I7£Z `LbLS sat!S dHIS ao; aa~nq uo~~e,vasaad;o uorleao7 •£Z am2i3 C/~ f. 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Isuoyaun; aya Smw3ax (I :sans? I on+l uo snao; Ii?n~ aso;;a ,(sanoaax easp ayy (ssaas?Iq snel aya u?yuM ~ille?aadsa) saacs asaga;o ,Cos 1e snsodap aae~nsgns ou asouye axs asaga asya uan?2 aadw?s axs saa?s uo?asa[gey zno; aya xo; san?aaafgo yaseasaz ayy sagaeo.~dd~ Ieai;~fieu~ pue sani;aafgp gaaeasag ` swaauoa uo?aema pue `salduzss uogzsao?pes `salduces a?ydes8oxaad `scnewax pasanoaax;o srs6lsue i aya `shun uocaensaxa puey aya uo suo?ssnas?p sapnlavl pus `sanpaa£go asoya ~cnssaxppe so; sayaeosdde Isa?a,Slsu¢ pus Isa?uyaaa aya pue san?aaafgo yozsasas ,fzanoaaz rasp aya saq?xasap uo?gags s?yy ~ ~sasodmd yassasax ss pam se an?aaxdsaluc yaoq so; w?aaal?oa rasp xayasn; aq lI?m asaga `bib£Z as?S dHIS 3o suocazod j ;o uo?aenxasazd aya 30 iced se `,illeuocaippy saacs zno; asaga anxasaxd so aaaaozd oa paau sacgxcg ou aq II?n+ azaya `paaaldwoa uaaq ssy ,Cxanoaax rasp aauo `sa?zanoas?p auaaaanpsu? ~Cus 8urzsg •auawdolanap pasodozd aya wog saaedun aas8tnw oa xapso uI suoczs8iasancn ,Czanoaax saep oa aoafgns aq ll?^' `(OOOZ ~aH P~ l' uneg) suo?asa?gsy rGszodwal ss palaxdzaau? ps `(ZZb£Z P~ `9lb£Z `ZIb£Z `I lb£Z saa?S dHIS) saa?s zno3 s~iis ~x~no~~x ~i~Q zzzo-~x RC-0222 encountered during excavation will be fully documented before further excavation of the unit. Excavation will continue until bedrock is encountered. Upon completion of the excavation unit, a Unit Summary Form will be completed, black and white photographs taken, a stratigraphic profile drawn, and the unit backfilled. Cultural Material Analyses All recovered cultural material will be processed in the Rechtman Consulting, LLC laboratory facility. Items will be cleaned, weighed, counted, described, and entered into a master project catalog. Where appropriate, artifacts will be, drawn, photographed, and subject to further detailed analyses. Faunal remains will tabulated and identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Where applicable, the Number of Identified Specimens (NISP) and the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) will be determined. Based on evidence from test excavations (Haan and Henry 2000) these sites aze poor candidates for pollen and flotations (macrobotanical) analyses. Charcoal and other organic samples will be prepazed for possible radiocarbon analysis. Basalt samples collected from the quarry will be submitted for petrographc analysis. Radiocarbon Samples The radiocarbon samples collected during fieldwork will be prioritized based on size, provenience, and integrity of association. Priority will be given to large single-piece samples recovered in situ from a cleaz stratigraphic context. All samples will be cataloged and initially cleaned and weighed in the Rechtman Consulting, LLC laboratory facility. If lazge single piece wood chazcoal is recovered, portions of the sample will undergo wood identification analysis. Following this process, a maximum of 8 samples will be selected for radiocarbon age determination and sent to Beta Analytic Inc for analysis. Conventional radiocazbon analysis coupled with a calculation of stable isotope ratios (C""2) will be used for most samples. In instances where a particulaz sample is of a small size (between 0.3 and 1.0 gram fmal cazbon) extended counting will also be used. In cases where the sample size is very small (between 300 micrograms - and 0.3 grams fmal carbon) Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) will be used. Petrographic Samples Basalt samples will be collected from the quarry outcrops and sent to the laboratory at ALS Chemex, Inc. for both traditional X-Ray Florescence (XRF) analysis and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis. The samples will be processed using the different methods for trace element analysis. When we fmd a method that isolates a geochemical trace element signature for our original quarry samples, we will then run replicates (additional samples from the quarry) to ensure reproducibility. The ICP technique will be tested because it is relatively inexpensive and potentially very p-ecise. curation of Recovered Archaeological Material All material recovered during data recovery will be temporazily stored at the Rechtman Consulting, LLC curation facility for a period of no more than one yeaz following submission of the fmal data recovery report, during which time arrangements will be made for permanent curation in consultation with the landowner and DLNR-SHPD. It is the responsibility of the landowner to secure persnanent curation in an acceptable facility; included in this responsibility are the costs associated with longterm curation. CONTINGENCY FOR INADVERTENT DISCOVERY If during the data recovery investigation human remains aze encountered, such remains will be treated following the procedures outlined in HRS §§6E-43. Work in the azea of the discovery will be halted, the remains stabilized if necessary, and DLNR-SHPD contacted to provide guidance on how to proceed with the discovery. 33 - RC-0222 REFERENCES CITED Armstrong, R.W. (editor) 1983 Atlas of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. (Second edition) Haun, A., and J. Henry 2000 Archaeological Inventory Survey, TMK: 3-76-3-10:03. Land of O`oma 1, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Haun & Associates Report 160-062802. Prepared for Mr. David DeLuz, Sr., Hilo. Jurvik, S., and J. Jurvik 1998 Atlas ofHawai'i. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. . Sato, H., W. Ikeda, R. Paeth, R. Smythe, and M. Takehiro, Jr. 1973 Soil Survey of the Island of Hawaii, Siate of Hawaii. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service and University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Walker, A., and P. Rosendahl 1989 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Pu`uhonua Subdivision Development Parcel, Land ~ of Kalaoa 5th, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK 3-7-3-10:Por.27). PHRI Report 490-053089. Prepared for Haseko Hawaii, Inc. ~ Wolfe E., and J. Morris. ~ 1996 Geologic Map of the Island of Hawaii. Geologic Investigations Series Map 1-2524- f A. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. I I 34 u°i tai ua in s n gnaw - Wl VUt • lbo 8~ix~o3 °P PErEEr.rouao IJIIDA{.INQLE a ad vno of wro~umdw nR pECewcas G°4EPNdi OF WYN4~ e°weaawwdV YdiO! w°uaEwWMiFdeNf DII41 Mwe60M OEauTV gPECldl.utm ERNEOT Y.w. WI dUld ilO~ q:P°TYdNE°ldR•WAiFA BOATIIO Mp OClAN16°IFAT°N STATE OF HAWAII rnxd,zw,nr, ..o eds°r,°, tyros DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES dx~awree Mro'Eaaglen awVlCEbBe EuowaAdo '~+Ewwn~ sapsamraaDadpE6 HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION xwrancrnaaaEwnan KAKUHIHEWA BUILDING. ROOM 556 ~~~~~s~ON 801 KAMOIVLA BOULEVARD arnre~inma AUgUBt 2003 KAPOLEI, HAWAII 98707 'Dr: AlanHaun Haan & Associates HCR 1 Box 4730 LOG NO: 2003.1451 Keaau, Hawaii 96749 DOC NO: 0308PM03 Dear Dr. Haan: SUBJECT: Chapter dE-42 Historic Preservation Revicw Second Draft Report: "Archaeological Inventory Survey TMIf: 7-3-10:03, Land of O'oma 1 North Kona District Island of Hawaii" fHaua And Henrv 20001 Thank you for your letter of June 3, 2003 and replacement pages for the above referenced report for our review and comment. Changes to the report were made to respond to the comments in our review letter of April 23, 2003 (Log No. 2003.0321; Doc No. 0304PM10). We believe that you have made a good faith effort to respond to most of our earlier review " comments. As noted in oae of our recent letteas, while we are cognizant of the fact that revisions can be time consuming and expensive, especially if a whole new report has to be produced, your responses to a few comments are somewhat troubling in terms of either their tone or refusal to make certain cJ?anges because previous reports with the same shortcomings have been accepted in the past by our office, We have the following responses to some of your remarks. Our original comments are in italics, followed by a summary of your response, and our reply. Comment 1. In the lntroductton you noted that the survey was condneted under your dnectton betweett May 10-1 S aad./wre 29-30, 2002. Please give a better indication of the rime spent to the field and fhe overall field effort by noting the rnrmber offield workers and the period of time th¢y worked on the pmject. We saggest that you also note their name and position (e.g. ftedd SripervisOrJ. Comment 2. Please comment on the effect that v¢getative cover had on survey methods and jimiings- Your response to these two colnrnents was that they aze new commems, that our office has previously approved inventory survey reports lacking such information, and that you will Vp/L3/VJ 1 `l:IVVV 2 Dr. Alan Haun provide such details in future reports. With regard to Comment 1, it is true that section 13-276-5 of our draft rules for inventory surveys and survey reports only requires that you only provide the name and qualifications of the pzincipal investigator, the number of field personnel, and the dates and duration of the survey. We are pleased that you are willing to provide more information on field persom?el and field time in future reports, but we don't understand why this information could not be included in a replacement page. With regard to Comment 2, Section 13-276-5 requires a discussion of any factors which limited the survey effort. This is not a new requirement. The laelc of any discussion of this issue, like the question about the number of field personnel, makes it difficult to gauge the completeness and, thus, adequacy of the survey. In the absence of any statement to the contrary, we assume that you believe that vegetation was not a major obstacle in the field survey and that all significant historic sites in the project azea were identified. We expect that vegetation and other possible limiting factors will be routinely diswssed in future reports to comply with our draft rules. Comment 5. The radiocarbon dating summary would be more meaningful if the data were presented in a !able and Uarresponding chart. Thrs would allow the reader to evaluate the patterns you have idesrtifted Your response was that a lot of effort goes ir?to compiling the information for dating summaries and if we want a table and chart then you will stop putting dating summaries in reports for Hawaii Island because such detailed summaries are not an inventory survey report raluvemem. You are correct that dating summaries are not a requirement, !rut we think that when there are more than a couple of dates it helps to also summarise the data graphically, We will leave it up to you to decide on how you want to present the data in such cases. Comment 6. We would not consider goat out cattle ranching as agricultural actrvities. We suggest you change the wording. Your response was that the 1landom House Webster's College Dictionary defines agriculture as including raising livestock, and that the Pacific archaeological literature, especially the works of ICirch and Yen, characterize Pacific Island economies as including animal husbandry. Our dictionary has a similaz definition of agriculture and we agree that animal husbandry was a component of traditional economies in the Pacific. However, this would not include goat and cattle ranching, unless you have some new information that Pacific islanders, prior to European contact, kept goats and cattle. , We noted one inconsistency in the revised site treatments. The Summary (page ii) indicates that three sites and portions of two others are recommended for preservation, The recommended treatments on page 58 (Table 6) and page 59 indicate preservation of four sites (234U"", 23417, 23421, 23423) and a portion of one other site (23414). Please correct this inconsistency and send us the necessary replacement pages. uaizriua in~~ uq:ua rite avaaaca n ~ saicn w~uua 3 Dr. Alan Haun The responses to our other review commems are acceptable. We wi11 approve your report with the understanding that our comments on survey methods and limitations will be addressed in fuurre invemory reports, and that you submit the replacement pages to eliminate the inconsistency on recommended site treatments. If you have any questions about this project please contact our Hawaii Island archaeologist, Patrick McCoy, at f.,92-8029. Aloha, P, Holly McEldovvrtey, Acting Administrator State Historic Preservation Division c. Chris Yuen, County of Hawaii Planning Department Kai Emler, Comity of Hawaii Department of Public Works PM:ak U6/Ll/Ua 1HU UO: VL YAA 6VZDa6L6J4J AiLiLLn ~'c 5$tt0 IQOU5 Haun & Associates Archaeological, Cultural, and Historical Resotuce INanagiitnent Services HCR 1 Box 4730, Keaau, Hawaii 96749 Phone: 982-7755 Fax; 982-634; Attgtrst 21, 2003 Project 160 Dr. Holly McEldowney, Acting Administrator Stste Historic preservation Division Depermient of Land and Nattual Resources 601 Kamoldla Boulevard, Room 555 Kapolei, Hawaii 96707 5ubjed: lteplacemeat Pages for Archaeological brventory Survey Report TMK: 3-7-3-10: 03 Land of O`oma 1, North Kona island of Hawaii Dear Dr. McEldowney: Ilre attached replacement pages (3) reflect revisions requested in your review of the subject report dated August 8, 2003 (Log No: 2003.1451, Doc No: 0308PM03). if you have any questions, or require any additional revisions, please contact me at 982- 7755. Sin !ice!/ Alan E. Hauo, Ph.D. Frincipal7nves6gator encl: replacement pages (3} cc: Mary Anne Maigret Sill Brooks uei cii va inv uo:v~ rwe eVeHtlL6J4J assn m ~aaco 4?.luun SUMMARY At the request of Mr. David DeLuuzy Sr., iiaun & Associates eondtretod an achaeological inven- tory survey of TMK: 3-7-3-10:03, a c.5ai-acro pmcel lorxted ht dte Tend of O'oma I, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. The objective of the survey was to satisfy historic preservation regulatory review inven- tory requirements of the Ikpathnent of '[.mtd and Natural Resources-Historic Presrnation Division (DTNR-HPD), as caanined within Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 13, DLNIt, Subtitle l3, State His- toric Preservation Rules. The survey identified 17 sites with l86 component feemrrea. The sites consist of ten simgk feature sites and seven complexes of features. The features consist of pahcehoe excavations, mounds, terraces, quarries, filled cracks, cairns. walls, pavements, trails, alignments, cupboards, caves, and several miscelk- neous types. 'Feature function includes agricuhure, temporary habitatioq resource procuuremera, mm$er, hansportation, livestock control, storagq ceremomial, rotiuge, cool mamufactta'e, and indeterminate. The identified sites and features conform m the traditional Hawailtm site/featuro types expected in the 9aaen or Tmsitional Zone mud Clue Upla~ Forest Zone (Davis 1977, Cotdy 1985) based on previous archaeobgical work and historic documentary research. As expected, agricultural featuaes, nails, and tem- porary habitation sites were identified, Im addition, a refuge cave and stone quarrying and processing fea- tores were recorded. Also, as expected, histarie remains comstst of ranch walls. All sevetneen sites are assessed as significmt under Criterion "d". The sites have yielded infer matron important for understanding prehistoric lb historic land use in project area. Five sites me also as- sessed as slgnlflcamt under Criterion "c" because 6tey aro good site type examples. tMe site is additionally assessed as siYmificant under Criterion "e" 6ecatue of the presence of a probable shtinq which has tradi- tio»al cultural value to the native Hawaiian paopk. The mappimg, written descriptions, photoEtaphy, and test excavations et seven sires adequately docuunents them and no firtirer work or preservation is recommended Ten sites retain the potential to ykld inCnrtnation important for undentamd'mg prehistoric ro catty historic land use. Five sites of the tea sites and a portion of a sixth are recommended for dma recovery. Three of dm ten sties and portions oftwo - others me recommended for preservation. The plans for preservation of sites and dma recovery would be detailed in a Mitigation Plan prepared for Df.NR-S11A.D review and approval. a I1 ua/cl/VJ lnli uo: vJ YAA aUaeacaJ43 n8lln li Sa1L0 k7J UU7 tional be8efs, events ox oral accounts-these association being iropottant to tlx: group's history and cultural idemiry. Based on the above critcriq all seventeen sites are assessed as significant under Criterion "d" (Ta- ble The sires have yielded information impottaut for nndersGtnding prehistoric to historic land use in project area- Sites 234!3, 239]4, 23417, 23421, and tho seaward end of 23423 aro also assessed as sigaifi- caot tinder Criterion "c" because they are good site type examples. The seaward end of 23423 is addition ally assessed as signifitaa[ under Criterion "e" because of the presence of a probable shdne, which has tra- ditional cultural vaine to the native Hawaiian people. Table 6. Site Significance and Recommended Treatment Site Type Furrctlon SlgniRcant:e Rttctxrrret:nded Crlmna Treagrtent 6747 Complex d Data Recovery 6432 Wall C~onsV~d d NFW 23411 Cave Ha ~ d Data Rtcovery 23412 Overhang T q d Data Recovery 23413 Pecked Tool d, c Preservation basins Manufac6rre Resource Data Re~vety 23414 Complmc Procurement/ d, c g Preservation Transportation 23415 Cairo Marker tl NFW 23x16 Complex H d Data Retxwery Temporary 23417 Complex HEN d, c Preservation Trans lion 23418 Trail Transportation d NFW 23419 Cairo Marker d NFW 23420 Cairo Marker d NFW 23421 TraG Transportaton d, c Preservation 23422 Complex Temporary d Data Recovery Habitation Temporary Ft~rilatiort! Red Preservation 23423 Complex ugalStoragd d, c' a (Portion) Ceremonial 23424 Platform Indeterminate d NFW 23425 Complex Agriculture d NFlIV 58 vor crr va inu uo:vu ran ooouo<uoyu nauu a aaaw Recommended Treatments ' The mapping, written desa~iptions, phutogtaphy, and nest excavations at sever sites adequately docttmems tbem and no farther work or preservation is recotm>knded (see Table 6). Tcn sites resin the potemial ro ybld information itttpottaot for tmderstanding prohistoric to early historic lwd use. Sites 5747, 234[ t, 23412, 23416 cad 23422 are recotmended for data recovery. Sites 23413, 23417 and 23421 ere recomtttended for preservation. A combination of dWa recovery (Features C, B, G, sad Fi) and preservation (Features A, U, E sad ~ is recormmended for Site 23414. The seaward c. 118 m (388 R) portion of Site 23423 is raommended for preservation. The remaininP, inland portion of tbe site extends across the project at'ea beyond the inland proptsrry boundary. The depeh below surfaco of this ittlaad portion of the cave may be sufficient to protect it from planed derelopmetrt of tha around surface above the cave and no further work is recommended for this portion. if surface construction activity exposes the Dave interior, then the cave will be seated b pre- vent tutauthmi~d aceess. The speci[!c props tilt presetvdtioa of sites sad data recovery would bo detailed in a Mitigation Plan prepared for DLNR•SFIPD review and approval, a 59 05/09/03 TUE 09:12 FAX 8089828x40 Haun & Salto IQJ UU2 o y ) LINDA LINGLF! ' ~ ~ [N/iA ~ OOVER"Dp Oi HPWPU ~(/~/~7_ ~ P FII .YOYNO IMARD OF M10 ~uT FM RFFCwCFe U N ATER peFDUPCEMANAGFAtExt LJ~--~ AN GaMOSGN F~:~'""~,~¢<. DEwnG"ECroR. uxD ' fRNF3T Y.W. VU STATE OF HAWAII omu,r"aEmop.wArER CCM"PlF1g1 pNHATEII REfiW"CF FNIyIGEMEM i; DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES MLNTICRFRDCRCrF FMTINDANDCCUx RRCREATID4 N1REM1 OF COMkYANCE6 mow. HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION caacFnvAraxuoRgeautrs FrsoPewF4T E'~3' KAKUHIHEWA BUILDING, ROOM 555 a'°11FpO1O "`a4ai'ru:~*" 601 KAMOKILA BOULEVARD Ni"v"sroR~ieP~.pc 'RVA*wxF KAPOLEI. HAWAII 96707 "AXOO1'"~"E ""10"E"FR"E DaAwnss°" wa WAT[p REEOWCE WNGEE4V4i April 23, 2003 ~"'~i"""' Dr, Alan Ilaun Haun. & Associates HCR 1 Box 4730 LOG NO: 2003.0321 Reaau, Hawaii 96749 DOC NO: 0304PM10 Dear Dr. Haun: SUBJECT: Chapter 6E-42 Historic Preservation Review Drag Report: "Archaeological Inventory Suwey TiiIIC: 7-3-10:03, Land of O'oma 1 North ICona District Island of Hawaii" (Haun and Henry 2000) Thank you for submitting a copy of the above referenced report for our review and comment. The report was received in our office in mid Octobtr 2002. We apologize for our late review and any inwnvcnience this may have caused you and your client, Mr. David DeLuz, Sr. The information presented in the historical and archaeological background sections of the report is generally adequate for predicting the kinds of historic properties that might be found during - the survey. The background information is likewise su$'icietrt in terms of providing a context for understanding and evaluating the significance of sites found in the survey. We believe that the field methods employed in the archaeological inventory survey of the roughly 50-acre project Brea, located between the approximately 380 to 460 foot elevations and covered with a predominantly dense covet of fountain grass and other vegetation, probably resulted in the discovery of all the major sites and features and most of the smatlet ones as weil. A total of 17 sites, with some 186 component features, were found in the survey area. The Bites consist of` 10 single feature sites and seven multi-feature complexes. A wide variety o£ feature types is represented, including excavated pits, mounds, terraces, filled bedraek cracks, walls, pavements, trails, quarries, alignments, cupboards, caves and other types. There is a cgrresponding wide variety of feature/site functions represented, including habitatioe, agriculture, tool manufacture, livestock control, transportation and more. Two of the sites (5747 and 6432), stone walls located on the project azea boundaries, had been previously identified. The 15 new sites have been adequately dowmented and interpreted to the extent possible with the available data, which include the results of test excavations at six locations. US/Utl/UU '1'Ul: Ue:1L YAE tlUtl Htl'ltl J4J riallll 6 J91L0 ~ VUJ - . 2 All 17 sites are evaluated as signiFcant under Criterion "d" because they have yielded information important for understanding prehistoric and historic land uses in the local area. Four of the 17 sites (23413, 23417, 23421 and 23423) are additionally evaluated as significant under Criterion "c" because they are good examples of site types. One site, a large refuge cave (Site 23423), is also assessed as significam under Criterion "e" because of the presence of a probable shrine and the cuhural significance of such features to native Hawaiian people. W e ages with your recommended site treatmerns, with two exceptions {see Attachment for details)- We believe that further work is needed at Feature B of Site 5747 to collect a sample of artifacts for study from the fill of the wall, if the wall is in fact going to be destroyed. We also believe that a combination of preservation and data recovery is warranted for the enigmatic quarry site (23414). We concur with your other rewmmendations. Please revise the report and resubmit it for ow cotRinued review and approval. H you have any .questions or disagree with any of our comments please contact our Hawaii Island archaeologist, - Patiick McCoy at 692-8029. Aloha, LJ ~o..vvJ ~C d~LI ik/ J~ / P. Holly Mc$ldowney, Acting Administrator State Fitstoric Preservation Division c. Chris Xuen, County ofHawaii Planning Department KaiEmbler, Courny ofI3awaii DeparUnent aFFPublic Works PM;ak e ' 3 Attachment Detailed Comments on Araft 1 Report "Archaeological Inventory Survey TMK: 7-3-10:03, Land of O'oma 1 North Kona District Island of liawai'i" (L{aU0 and Henry 2000) Field Methods Page 3. 1n the lntroduction you noted that the survey was conducted under your dueetion between May 10.15 and June 29-30, 2002. Please give a better indication ofthe time spent in - the field and the overall field el#'art by noting the number of yield workers and the period of time they worked on the project. We suggest that you also note their name and position (e.g. field Supervisor). Page 3. Please comment on the effect that vegetative cover had on survey methods and findings. Previous Archaeological Research Page 8. We aza carious about the statement that a couple of reports were not available for review, Does this mean that you couldn't locate copies or that you didn't have copies at the time of your review of the literah~re? We don't think this has any real effect on the otherwise comprehensive list of previous projects, but you might want to clarify the statemem to help us and others undcrsurnd what you meant. Page 11, Figure 7. There is a lot of information preserved in this map, which would be more useful in our view if some of the primary place names, roads, facilities, etc. were labeled. Page 13, paza. 2. The radiocarbon dating summary would be more meaningful ifthe data were presented in a table and corresponding chart. This would allow the reader to evaluate the patterns you have identified. Conclusion Page 56, para. 2. We would not consider goat and cattle ranching as agricultural activities. We suggest you change the wording. Page 56, para. 3. Please add a page reference for the Handy and Handy reference. We noted that this reference is not included in the bibliography. Please check to see that the bibliography is complete. Page 57, paza. 2, Please add a reference to the pohaku o Kane and reason why you think the upright is an example of one. os/o w sun a o . 4 General Comment. The wide variety of feature and site types found in the project azea suggests that it is anything but a "barren zone" and that perhaps it also should not be viewed as a "transitional zone" either. You.might want to comment on the relevance of the survey findings from this and other projects at similar elevations in this part of Kona as evidence of a Land use pattern that is far more interesting and significant than the terminology from the existing models indicates. Recommended Site'lYeatments Page 58, Table 6. You have recommended rw further work for Site 5747, a probable ranch wall. Normally we would agree with this recommendation, although we would prefer to see such ranch walls preserved. In this case we believe that further reseazch is merited because of the presence of unusual artifacts in the wall: If the wall is going to be destroyed, we recommend the ° collection and study of a representative sample of the artifacts from the wall to betterunderstand Sites 23413 and 23414. Tf you agree please change the rewmmended treatment for Site 5747 from NFW to Data Recovery. Page 58, Table 6. Site 23414 is clearly an utntsual site about which little is presently known, except that it seems to be some kind of quarry. The recorrunendation for no further work is not justified in ow view because of how little is known about this quarry and its relationship to other sites in the area, including Site 23413. We believe that some of the features should be preserved for future research and possible interpretation and that other features should be studied in more detail to obtain data to help elucidate the kinds of tools that were made at this locality. The photographs of Features E and F suggest that they might be good candidates for preservation, together with a piece of the Feature I trail. page 58, Table 6. What is the recommendation for the upper portion of Site 23423? " y . f, / Re~~ ~so~szsuz ~0~~ ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY TIVIK: 3-7-3-10:03, LAND OF O'OMA 4 NORTH KONG DISTRICT ISLAND OF HAWAII _ _ _ Haun & Associates Arehaeological, Ctiiltural, and Historical Resource Management Services HCR 1 Box 4730, Keaau, Hawaii 96749 Phone: 982-7751 Fax: 982.6343 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY . TMK: 3-7-3-10:03 LAND OF O'OMA 1, NORTH KONA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAII By: Alan E. Haun, Ph.D. and Dave Henry, B.S. Prepared for: Mr. David Deluz, Sr. 811 Kanoelehua Avenue Hilo, HI 96720 August 2000 Haan ~e ASS®ciates Archaeological, Cultural, and Historical Resource Management Services HCR 1 Box 4730, Keaau, Hawaii 96749 Phone: 982-7755 Fax: 982-6343 At the request of Mr. David DeLuz, Sr., Haun & Associates conducted an archaeologicai inven- tory survey of TMK: 3-7-3-10:03, a c.50+-acre parcel located in the Land of O'oma 1, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. The objective of the survey was to satisfy historic preservation regulatory review inven- tory requirements of the Depamnent of Land and Natural Resources-Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-HPD), as contained within Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 13, DLNR, Subtitle 13, State His- toric Preservation Rules. The survey identified 17 sites with 186 component features. The sites consist of ten single feature sites and seven complexes of features. The features consist of pahoehoe excavations, mounds, terraces, quarries, filled cracks, cairns, walls, pavements, hails, alignments, cupboards, caves, and several miscella- neous types. Feature function includes agriculture, temporary habitaflon, resource procurement, mazker, transportation, livestock control, storage, ceremonial, refuge, tool manufacture, and indeterminate. The identified sites and features conform to the traditional Hawaiian site/feature types expected in the Barren or Traasiflonal Zone and the Upland Forest Zone (Davis 1977, Cordy 1985) based on previous archaeological work and historic documentary research. As expected, agricultural features, hails, and tem- . porary habitation sites were identified. In addition, a refuge cave and stone quarrying and processing fea- i tares were recorded. Also, as expected, historic remains consist of ranch walls. All seventeen sites are assessed as significant under Criterion "d". The sites have yielded infor- mation important for understanding prehistoric to historic land use in project area. Five sites are also as- sessed as significant under Criterion "c" because they are good site type examples. One site is additionally assessed as significant under Criterion "e" because of the presence of a probable shrine, which has tradi- tional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people. The mapping, written descriptions, photography, and test excavations at seven sites adequately documents them and no further work or preservation is recommended. Ten sites retain the potential to - yield information important for understanding prehistoric to eazly historic land use. Five sites of fire ten sites and a portion of a sixth are recommended for data recovery. Three of the ten sites and portions of two others aze recommended for preservation. The plans for preservation of sites and data recovery would be detailed in a Mitigation Plan prepared for DLNR-SHPD review and approval. ii i~r:;~ i rY-' P6 ~'~SL7 ~'.'Vd~ID{Ub y~4.9°, ~ 91IMRpE°EOtd l1liRl:: d.i"::N3F.0 ;YJ j'~ '3',~~ ~l':kiV "v@NI.A#AKS NA%SSiN. Fi°OIY~a~e ~ eO~3iE+O;a GF o-l.n:wrl - 990.`:M0015R 94; wA,2R Pp35UP'H@MncrlOGr.;Ba~P E+4~a ®s~~sB?bra o~urYC~nEa~ra ~ ws;o Efdtd@Qi%r.b'Y. 4dU ~~:J m.9 Drzn;lN C;R9CYdR. LNn52T A,yigR100.8EOV0.9EB 4 r~ 99AYM0 AN9 O90M; R@9RBAPION ~~966~ ®D" Et6Y1~bgIY rAB2EFV OF CORYNtANC€8 ceae+.memowaa NlnRR1~8OVRCPtRANAOGn'~n4 , pONBNNATgN OPW 90ABlA~~dRDB ®~~AR~fa0~6~ f ®R P_~i<!®14N® NAYIlL l~~~wfi1616~OS~ wneEEVnnou,vwEEBOwcEBErroRSewersf EIAInEB1YgG FOR@8TpYMffi WR9LFE F0ISTOC310 RRESERVATIOPd OIVISIOAI K9 ~A~rogR~q~a~vnr~~~~~ - IYAKUb4I1w9E~WeffA~~~~@t~UIL09UG. RO~d1655 auo 6®1 xA1WVM{e)P1t~d}~.r'.VAS® 8i0tE PA0.KB October 2, 2003 uA~otel, HAWABB 96707 Alan Haun Ph.D. Haun Rr A9sociates HCR I Box 4730 I.OG NO: 2003.1968 Keaau, Hawaii 95749 DOC NO: 0310E301 Dear Mt. Moore: SUJ3TECT: Chapter 6hv-42 Historic Preservation Review - Replactment Pages for Arehaeologieal Inventory Survey Rcport for TMK: 3-7-3-10:03, Land of O'oma 1, North Kona, island of Hawaii (Report 160-062802) O'oma, North Kona, liawai i TMK: (319-3-010:003 Thank you for providing the replacement pages for the subject repot. The revisions were made in response to our comments of August 8, 2003 (SHED Log 2003.1451l0308PM03). Wt find the revisions acceptable and we can conclude that the inventory survey report is now acceptable and will be placed in the SHPD library where it will be available for pubic use. - Should you have any questions, please feel free to call Pat McCoy at G92-8029. Aloha, P. Holly McEldowney, Acting Administrator State Iiistorie Preservation Division e. Chris Yuen, Director, Dept of Planning, County of klawaii EJ:ak i u - Introduction 1 scope of Work - 1 Project Area Description 1 Field Methods - 3 Archaeological and Historical Background • 3 Historical Documentary Research 3 Previous Archaeological Work 8 Project Expectations - 13 Findings 14 Conclusion 56 - Discussion - 56 Significance Assessments - 57 - Recommended Treatments 58 References - 59 ILLUSTRATIONS _ Figure 1. Project Location Area 2 Figure 2. Project Area Vegetation - 4 Figure 3. Project Area Vegetation - 4 Figure 4. Ahupua'a Boundaries and Land Commission Awards 5 Figure 5. Portion of Emerson's Late 1800s Map of Kailua 9 Figure 6. Portion of Undated 1800s Map of Keopu to Ooma - 10 Figure 7- Previous Archaeological Work 11 Figure 8. Site Location Map - 15 Figure 9- Site 5747, Feature AWall - 17 Figure 10. Site 6432 Wall 17 Figure 11. Site 23411 Plan Map and TU-1 North Face Profile - 19 Figure 12. Site 23412 Plan Map and TU-2 East Face Profile - 20 Figure 13. Site 23413 Plan Map 21 Figure 14. Site 23493 Pecked Basin• 22 Figure 15. Quarried Stones incorporated into Site 5747, Feature B Wall• 22 1F] ILLUSTRATIONS (cont.) Figure 96. Site 23414 Plan Map • 24 Figure 17. Site 23414, Feature E Quarry • 25 Figure 18. Site 23414, Feature F Quarry • 25 Figure 19. Site 23414, Feature I Trail • 26 Figure 20. Site 23415 Caim • 26 Figure 29. Site 23416 Plan Map and TU-4 North Face Profile • 28 Figure 22. SHe 23417 Plan Map • 29 Figure 23. Site 23417, Feature A, TU-5 Northeast Face Profile 31 Figure 24. Site 23417, Feature F Trail • 31 Figure 25. Site 23418 Plan Map • 32 Figure 26. Site 23418 Northern Trail Section • 34 Figure 27. Site 23418 Southern Trail Section • 34 Figure 28. Site 23419 Caim • 35 Figure 29. Site 23420 Caim • 35 Figure 30. Site 23421 Plan Map • 36 Figure 31. Site 23421 Trail ~ 36 Figure 32. Site 23422 Plan Map • 37 Figure 33. Site 23422, Feature B Pavement • 38 Figure 34. Sire 23422, Feature B, TU-8 North Face Profile - 38 Figure 35. Site 23423 Plan Map • 40 Figure 36. Site 23423 Entrance 1 • 41 Figure 37. Site 23423, Modem Trash below Entrance 2 • 41 Figure 38. Site 23423, Feature C Tercace • 43 Figure 39. Site 23423, Feature F Step • 43 Figure 40. Site 23423, Feature G Terrace • 44 Figure 41. Site 23423, Feature L EnGOSUre • 44 ' Figure 42. Site 23423, Feature M Caim ~ 46 Figure 43. Site 23423, Feature O Upright • 46 Figure 44. Site 23424 Plan Map and TU-3 North Face Profile 48 Figure 45. Site 23424 Platform 49 Figure 46. Site 23425, Feature BU Pahoehoe Excavation 49 Figure 47. Site 23425, Feature AL Pahoehoe Excavation 53 iv ' ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont.) Figure 48. Site 23425, Feature DD Mound 53 Figure 49. Site 23425, Feature CB Mound - 54 Figure 50. Site 23425, Feature BL Filled Crack ~ 54 TABLES Table 1. Land Commission Award Claims in O'oma and ICalaoa - 7 Table 2. Summary of Previous Archaeological Work 12 Table 3. Summary of Idenfified Sites 16 Table 4. Summary of Site 23414 Quarries - 23 Table 5. Summary of Site 23425 Agricultural Features 50 Table 6. Site Significance and Recommended Treatment - 58 } v 1iVT12®DIJf~TI®IV This report presents the results of an archaeological i~entory survey of TMK 3-7-3-10:03 lo- cated in the Land of O'oma 1, North Kona District, LSland of Hawaii (Figure 1). The objective of the sur- vey was to satisfy current hisroric preservation regulatory review inventory requirements of the Department of Land and Nabual Resources-State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD), as contained within Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 13, DLNR, Subtitle 13, State Historic Preservation Rules (DLNR 1998). The survey fieldwork was conducted between May 10-15 and June 29-30, 2002, under the direc- tion of Dr. Alan Hauer Described in this final report are the project scope of work, field methods, back- ground information, survey findings, and significance assessments of the sites with recommended further treatments. Scope of Work Based on DLNR-SHPD roles for inventory surveys, the following specific tasks were determined to constitute an appropriate scope of work for the project: 1. Conduct background review and research of existing arrJraeologicxl a~ historical docu- mentary litetatme relating to the project area and its immerltme vicinity-including ex- amination of Land Commiecion Awards, ahupua'a records, historic maps, archival mate- rials, archaeological reports, and other historical sources; 2. Conduct a high imensity, 100% pedestrian survey coverage of the project area; 3. Conduct detailed recording of all potentially significant sites including syale plan draw- ings, written descriptions, and photographs, as appropriate; - 4. Conduct limtited subsurface testing (manual excavation) at selected sites (a) to determine the presence or absence of potentially signifiram buried cultural deposits or features, and tb) to obtain suitable samples for radiocarbon age determination analyses; 5. Analyze background research and field data; and 6. Prepare and submit Final Report. Project Area Description The project area consists of a c. SO±acre pazcel bounded on the anrth, west and south by stone walls, and on the east by an undeveloped parcel. A 2" PVC pipe extends along the inland, eastern project area boundary. A bulldozed road cut breaches the northern stone wall in the ~rthwestem comer and ex- tends 470 m to the south, exiting the project area through the western wall.. A second road cut originates on the east side of the first road, extending to the northeast for 180 m where it terminates in em area of level pahcehce lava. The project area is situated on the southwestern slopes of Hua121ai Volcano at elevations ranging from 380 R to 460 ft. The surface mantle in this area is comprised of Holocene flows which date to between 3,000 to 5,000 years before present (Wolfe and Morris 2001). These flows include both pahoehoe and a'a laves which evidence little soil development (Sato et al. 1973). Rainfall in the vicinity of the project area reneges from 30-40 inches per year (Juvik and Juvik 1998), and the mean average temperature is c. 75 de- grees F (Armstrong 1983). 1 , 1 , ~ f ~ 4 f{ H r i ~ ~ ~ t ~ - / K A i _ -:r...~.; p - , _ _._..0._~ ~ _ ..f.._ ~ . _ ..--r r ~ ,I t ~PIO~CCZ e~708` ~ ~1 ~l 4 1` _ r l r~ - rA' . y~.-_-_ . - ..mot - ~ O .O M A t2 _ ~ it z, ` 0 d000m •ttT , t~- ~ A ~ ~ I.o action wwxeA ~ MILO WJWA r.i~ `11NEALAItB:UA P OA Figure 1. Portion of Kailua Quadrangle showing Project Area The vegetation within the pazcel is comprised primarily of a dense cover of fountain grass (Penni- setum setaacerrm [Forsk.] Chiov). Scattered taxa include koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala [Lam.] de Wit), silver oak (Grevillea robusta A. Ctimn.), kiawe (Prosopis pallida [thumb. And Bonpl. Ex Willd.), noni (Morinda cirnfolia [L.]), Lantana (Lantana camas [i,.]), air plant (Bryophyllum pinnahtm [Lam.] Kurz), and panini callus (Opuntia megcantha Balm-Dyck). Examples of the praject atra vegetation are presented in Figures 2 and 3. ~1eld Meth®~S The project area was subjected a 100% surface exaro;,~ation with surveyors spaced at 10 m inter- vals. Transacts were oriemed in a north-south direction The identified sites and features were flagged with pink and blue flaggigg tape a«I their locations plotted on a waled project area map with the aid of Garmin Global Positioning System (GPS) III+, Agricultrrral features within the parcel were subjected to minimal recording, concicM1_ng of recording length, width, height, and shape. Photographs were taken of rep~esenta- tive feature types. Non-agicultural sites were subjected to detailed recording consisting of the preparation of scaled plan maps, the completion of A.wta..t;~~xt siteffeature fomrs, a~ photographic documeNation A metal site tag was placed at each site and the tag's location was plotted on the site plan map. A lazge lava tube cave was identified during the study (Site 23423). Two entrances to the cave were observed during the survey, both consisting of small openings in the surface Lrva that dropped 7.0 to 10.0 m to the cave floor below. The cave could not examined during the initial survey (May 10-15, 2002) due to the inaccessibility of the vertical enhances. A crew of three archaeologists led by lh. Alan Haan returned to the parcel in June 2002. Fixed ropes and climbing equipment were used to rappel into the cave so that it could be examined and documented. Subsurface testing during the survey consisted of excavating six amts at six sites. The units were excavated in arbitrary levels within stratigtaphic layers and were terminated on bedrock. Standardized ex- pvation records were prepared after the completion of each strntigtaphic layer. The soil removed during exr~vation was screened through Y," mesh. Portable remains collec4ed were placed in paper bags labeled with the appropriate provenience information. Recovered charcoal samples were carefiilly removed from either in situ locations or collected during the screening process. These samples were deposited in alumi- num foil pouches and placed in properly labeled paper bags, Following the excavations, a section drawing depicting the shatigraphy was Prepared, Poet-exgvation photographs were takeq a~ the units were back- filled. Recovered cultural remains were transported to Haun & Associates' office for analysis. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Historical Documenfiary Research O`oma is literally translated as "concave" (Pukui e[ al. 1976:171). O`oma lies within,the lava- covered lam north of Kailua called Kekaha, which "describes a dry, sun-baked land"(Kelly 1971:2). O`oma is divided into O`oma 1 to the north and O`oma 2 to the south (Figure 4). There is little mention of O`oma in Hawaiian legendary and traditional history. Cordy (1985) and Henry et al. (1993) su*~~r;~p the limited references. O`oma is mentioned in legends of two mythical brothers, Ka-1vHki and Matra-`iole (Henry et al. 1993). The legends were published by Hawaiian historians J.W.H.I. Kihe and John Wise between 1914 and 1917 im the Hawaiian-language nevuspaper Ka Hoku o Hawaii. According to Henry et al.: KaPukalua, the brother of Ka 'and uncle of Ka-Milo ma, was au expert fisher- man and a priest in the Kohanaiki-0`oma area; his canoes were embraced in the sea-mist 3 r, E„L z 4 3 zeC„_: P. 1gUr6 I Project Area Vegetation, view to southeast F r .t3 s 1s §r t. 'S4 w ~x x ~av 7 ~4 x( ~s. M Figure 3. Project Area Vegetation, view to south 4 ~ ~ N 1 r ~ ~i4 ~ I _ I I ~ ~ ~ ~ r , ~ Nac~ r I \ E~ r I r \ / I I ~ / r ~ r ~ ~ r ~a # i r / i I ' iol ~ ~ .m ~ / I I I e / / II I / / I I I I I r U / / I I r / / / ~ / / I ~ / l j I / / / I I 1 s ~ / / / I I I a / / I I I / / / I 1 I I 1 I ~ I 5 of the ocean god Apoula Because of his skills and staUrs, Kapukalua sectored Kau- hionohua, the beautiful fair-skinned chiefess of O`oma, as his wife. The priest, 1'ulrili, served under Pohaku-0-Kane, father of Ka-Mild and Make-iota, and officiated over certain rituals of Kohanai~ and O`oma. The lands between Kohanaiki and O`oma, where the priest dwelt, now bear his name (1993:27-28). During Kamehameha I's return to Kailua-Kona in 1812, his ship passed the O`omas and fishing canoes from O`oma approached the ship (Ii 1959). Kaudceaouli, who became Kamehameha III, was raised in Ooma between 1814 and 1819 by relatives of the high chief Kaikicewa (Kamakau 1961). Ellis (1963:31) reported the observations of the Reverends Thurston and Bishop during a walk along the coast north from Kailua in 1823. They descn'bed houses along the coast built on lava and small gazdens in the lava where sweet potatoes, watermelon, and tobacco were grown. During the Mahele, Ooma 1 and 2, and the adjacent Kalaoa ahupua `a (1-5), became government land (lndicies 1929: 31, 35). Cordy (1985) suggests that O`oma 1 and 2 were the personal holdings of Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha IlI), which he gave to the govermnem, because the lands were not awarded to other chiefs. The Waihona 'Aina (2000) Mahele Database; which is a compilation of data from the Indices of Awards (Indices 1929), Native Register (NR nd), Native Testimo~ (NT nd.), Foreign Register (FR nd) and Foreign Testimo~ (FI' nd.); lists only one Land Commission Award (LCA) claim for Ooma 2, LCA 9162, which was not awarded. Ten individuals claimed sixteen parcels in the Kalaoas, but only two parcels in Kalaoa 5 were awarded (I.CAs 7899 and 7937). Table I lists the claimed parcels and the loco- . lions of the awarded parcels are shown on Figure 4. The limited data on parcel area ranges from 4.8 to 6.0 acres, excluding a 0.81 ac house lot. One parcel was conveyed in 1841, one iu 1843, and one in 1848. Two parcels were given by Kaainoa, a~ one each was green by Kaluaonaona, Kapaa, and Kamehameha I. Five claimed parcels included houses, one of which was partially enclosed. Thirty-two cultivated plots (kihapai) are listed for the parcels. Taro and sweet potatoes are the only crops mentioned. The two awarded parcels are situated between 1,200 ft and 1,400 ft elevation and it is probable that the other claims were also for upland parcels. LCA 10523 is de- scdbetl as forest land. Henry et al. (1993) quote an 1857 letter by Isaac Davis that docume~s his inspection of the King's lands on the Island of Hawaii: O`oma 1" & 2°d -The best part of these lands have been sold, their [there] mma;nc to the Govt. the first part, 2[00] or 300 Ac. And the seaward part some 1500 Ac., about 500 of which is 3's rate land, the balance rocks (1993:35). Soehren (1985) indicates that the Hawaiian Government began selling land in the vicinity of the project area in 1852. The parcels ranged firm OS to 515 acres with an average of 50 acres. Most of the hmd bordering the alaloa inland, which later became the Mamalahoa Highway, at approximately 1,700 ft eleva- tion, was sold by 1866. A road at approximately 1,100 ft elevation, Alanui Kauila provided accfdss to the seaward sides of the parcels bordering the alaloa inland. A lower branch of the Alamri Kauila was Alanui Kama, which subsequently became Ahiahi Street Hemy et al. (1993:36) cite a letter ant to the government land surveyor William D. Alexander in 1888 by thirty-three Hawaiians applying to acquire government lands from O`oma to Hamanamana The request indicated that the applicant's current land holdings were too small for grating goats because of the lack of soil. The additional Lug would enable the applica~s to sustain themselves. J.S. Emerson's 1888 field notes, prepared in conjunction with his survey of the Akahipu`u Sectioir of North Kona, Hawaii, were reviewed by Henry et al. (1993:37). The notes contain references to iwo sur- vey stations in O`oma: 6 m 0®~ ~ 8 C YJ a c ~ Y~ m$ o~~ m @ S W N c ~ s ~ a $gsui$ 873 T' ~~~FF ~ ~ ~F ~~LL~¢~ ~ PZ Z 2 Z Z Z Z Z 2Z Z Z 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a a ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ 3 e ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~ $ ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~ ~ 0 v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W P ~ N o ~5 e o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o a o ~ 0 0 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 U N ~ ~ N N N y gg ~ .4 §gm S ~ H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ b ~ S ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ b g J station "Naha-`ula`ula" Land agent Wiltse set an ahu at the southwest corner of Grant 2972, awarded to Ka`apan and Kama at this point. This is a point of dispute, as the natives say that the ahu is in Kalaoa and not on the "iwi" [stone boundary alignment] between O`oma 1~ and Kalaoao 5i6(pages 91 and 92). $tattOn "Ka-hokn-kohl" lust north of this station is the site of a famous "ana kaua" (literally: war cave, perhaps a place ofrefuge during battles). Situated in O`oma I", the cave has a vertical entrance and extends for a long distance to the east and west (pages 137-138). Figure S is a portion of Emerson's map, which depicts the lower forest edge between approxi- mately 900 ft and 1,000 ft elevation.. Figure 6 shows the lower forest edge in roughly the same location as the Emerson map. Figure S also shows that much of the area along the upper road consisted of a series of land grants. The project area occupies the western end of Grant 1890 to Kauhini. The area of the grant is labeled `carious laves with vegetation". Kelly (1971:12) cites missionary and hder census data that documents a decline in the population of North Kona in the 1800s. Kelly (1971:13) also cites selections from Bowser's Hawaiian Kingdom Di- rectory for 1880-1881. Named individuals include coffee farmers and goat and sheep ranchers with opera- , bons in North Kona between Kaloko and Puuanahulu. A man named Hueu in Kalaoa is identified as a cof- feeplanterwho cultivated three of the 200 acres he owned. Henry et al. (1993:42) cite John W. H. I. Kihe's recollections about the Kekaha region between 1870 and the early 1920s. According to Kihe, there were many residents in O`oma in the 1870s, but by 1924 none were leR Coffee farming and cattle ranching continued area in the 1900s, followed by residen- tial development beginning in the 1970s. Previous Archaeological Research More titan 40 archaeological survey and excavation projects have bean conducted in O`oma and the adjacent ahupua'a of Kalaoa. Figure 7 shows the locations of the projects and Table 2 summarizes the projects. Not included in the figure or table is the overview of O`oma and Kalaoa archaeology by Cordy (1985), and fhe studies by Ching and Rosendahl (1968) and Rosandahl (1973) That were not available at the time ofthis review. The surveys in Table 2 cover nearly 7,000 acres identifying 454 sites with 4,710 features. To aid in reconstructing settlement patterns, features were quantified by probable age and function, and the studies are ordered by elevation. Traditional Hawaiian features were categorized as habitation, agricultural, burial (including possible burials), ritual, and trail, and rock art. Features not assignable to these categories were categorized as miscellaneousCmdeterminate. Traditional sites in this category include cairns, saltpans, fish- ponds, and pahcehoe excavations. Habitation sites are further subdivided into tempornry and permanent for studies making this distinction. Density per acre values are given for sites, features, and habitation and agricultural features. Over- all, the studies have identified 53 permanent habitation features, 355 temporary habitations, 3,591 agricul- tural features, 25 burials, 16 ritual feattres, 30 trail segments, 59 ahu, and 18 petroglyphs. Two hundred and twenty-one habitation feabues were not categorized by residential permanence. Historic features were not segregated by function. The majority of the historic features are ranch walls. Density values for surveys larger than 50 acres do not show any consistent trends by elevation, ex- cept for agriculturai features, which are rarely reported below 100 ft elevation_ Overall feature density ranges from 0.05 to 0.89 features per acre. Habitation feature density ranges from 0.01 to 3.33 features per acre with an average of 0.62. Agricuhural feature density ranges from 0.03 to 16.67 features per acre v~ith / t 1 n ~ ' ~ : _ T ~ 1 • r, E: a ~ 6~: I . F~ ~ = a d ~ i ~ 5 _ II e ~ ~ Q K>_ ~ - a -C • F .,1 J/J ~ Z ~j e t • Z'~ ../frAr ~ 1.i4 x ~ / ~ i} ~a~~ -/mow :~~~.;..'f~_t /rte i~ ~ ~y~. :ice z ~ /~-g I F. Q ~ tee. 1 Z.~ ~ K > I a . s~ ~'~E ~ s a ~ c ~ ~ 2 n ~ a a ~ < < ~ O V ~ 1 I }p+J t ~ •Aq ~ ~ h ~ 9 i - s.~yr C l a i'~ d t d ~ b @ ~ _ y t ~ Y ' ~ ° ~ r ~ } 'mot i J ~ u i ti ~Q ~ ~ t ~p ` z f V Qom T V ~ e v ~ O ~ a j ~ v ~ ' ~ ~ ` ~ G ~ ~ ~ I x o ~ w o" `i O ~ 3 t } Y ! n h ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 c ~ ~ ~ ~ ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~r S ) R i ~ ~y ~ a X I ~ r 1 ~ t W @ O ~ ~ c 1 i v _ Q~ _ ~f ~ 10 ~ ~ ~m ~g>~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~v~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~y~~~ ©o ~a~~a~~~a~l~a~&~ ~ o ¦ ¦ ¦ e e ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ e ¦ ¦ e e ~ n N ~ s ~ ~ ~ s~ _ ~.i i ~..a . . <~.S,.,v. `I~111 1111 I I e o e e e¦¦ I I I J 1 1 1 p, rang n•o limn 1 11 11 r i1~i 11 /1I~1 ILI y gg 1 ;1; ¦i li l; l;l lli 11 8 ~WWW~i I F~1~1~ ll~t~ Iii 1 lyll 1111 m q 11111 1 1.11 iltl.l I I-1 td1 apppr, 1 I ! 1: 11f tl~l~.~: I 1 ' ~ 1. - tl 1 ~ . ~ O 11 • ~ 1 1 111 11 ~i ~ i~ • ~ 1 1 1~ 1 •[1 ® e 1 ~ OOU d O i b N N ~ .o R ~ ~ ~ m $ ~ N C w~l N ~ 11 b N19 N q M N N V q N N t7 ~ LL qq f~9 N ~ q M N Mb n ~p N N N {g8 S m N ^ N N N q Ct b q^ N ~N \ N Q N ~ F q N N tl ~LL pp ry N N ry m LL p m 1~ y~ q q p 1~ ^ p1' O ~ r O ~ n q [y b ~ O h ~ n m C • LL OO qO OO OO bQ O {pV O N N d p 0 P{ Ep ~yj a $ y .°j (Y q b ~ tl N °tl N F~ ~ \ lam` b i3M q N tl ^ ' 8 a_ ~ q a y [n O g O ~~l~ ~ c 8 q °i ~LL o ~oo 0 o Ndgo 0 E d o 0 6 e s o bS, ~ ~ ~ dry opd o V d o ondoo o d o d c O o d \ d d a n oVf ^ f '.Y nN Fi b ^ ^q Nmtl m~ .E ° q ~ E9 . ° R N ^ 9 .N- 3 .5 Y a Fa ~ a~ ssssR a s g A s~ ~ a ~ s 8~ G c o o d dd q oo d q o o aqq o b d o d d o N 3 ,V~ ° tl~ 4 ^NNg10 YY ~ m Y~ Y M N b V N g n n n N b^ s ¢a W ° m n b tl $ C ~ r g ~ ~ e^ C d~^ M ~ R RR R aaeag ~ ~ ~ A ~ ~ R ~ 9 a as % b a a ~ ~ r m ~ ~ ~ ^ a ~ rc rc~ rc p a rcrc~drc~ ~ rc~ z~~ z z a~ rc c a d z~ ~ O N ~ \ ~ N ~ ~ q tl N N m \ ^ \ a _ s g$ e q ¢ rc ~ ~ ~ 12 an average of 3.06. The highest agricultural feattme density corner from the Herrera (1992) shady between 1,775 ft and 1,880 ft elevation. Boatel and ritual sites are present neae the coast with a few reported for sur= veys between 500 ft and 1,800 ft elevation. Twenty-eight radiocarbon dates are reported in the studies by Hammett and Folk (1980), Walker and Rosendahl (1990b), Thompson and Cmodfellow (1992), Walker and Roseatdahl (1989), Head and Rosendahl (1993), McCieriy and Spear (2000), and Haan and Henry (2001a). Nearly all of the age determi- naflon results produced multiple age ranges or long single age ranges between the 1600s and 1950. When all potential age ran~es are examined six ranges span the 1400s, eight include the 1500s, and twenty-two each include the 15 through 19m oanturies. The results indicate initial use of the area in the 1400s fol- lowed by agradual increase during the 15's century. The most imensive use dates to the 1600s to early his- toric period. ~ Davis (1977) and Gordy (1985) utilized three environmental zones to characterize settlement pat- terns in O`oma and the Kalaoas: (a) the Coastal Zone from sea level to 20 ft elevation within 150 ft of the shoreline, (b) the Barren or Transitional Zone from 20 ft to 430 ft elevation, and (c) the Upland Forest Zone from 430 fl to 3,400 R elevation. Permanent and tempwrary habitation sites are present in the Coastal Zone along with burials, holm slides, petroglyphs, saltpans, fishponds, refuge caves, and ritual sites including heiaa and shrines. Sites in the Barren Zone primarily consist of trails linking the coast to the inland agricul- tural fields and temporary habitation sites. Upland Forest Zone sites include permanent and temporary habi- tations and agricultuml features, primarily modified outcrops, mounds, and excavated depressions. Refuge caves are reported by Walker and Rosendahl (1940b) and Head a~ Rosendahl (1993). Soehreu (1982) identified a possible heiau and Head and Rosendahl (1993) assigned a ceremonial function to an enclosure in a lava tube. Petroglyphs and burials have also been identified at uphuxt sites. Gordy (1985) argues that the prehistoric population of O`oma and the I{alaoas was never more than about 100 people. He suggests that there were small fishing settlemems along the Doerr, such as those reported by Ellis (1963) and scattered residences and agricultural fields inland. By the 18oos, most settte- meat was inland. PROJECT EXPECTATIONS The project area is situated in the upper Barren or Tradiflondl Zone and lower Uphtnd Forest Zoe as defined by Davis (1977) and Gordy (1985)_ Prehistoric use of the project area is potentially represented by spttered temporary and permanent habitation sites associated with agricultural features. The agricultural features consist of informal fields with scattered modified outcrops, mounds, and depressions. Trails link the inland habitaton and agricultural areas with the coast. Refuge caves, burials, and ritual sites are also potentially present Chronologically, sites may have been used as early as the 1400s, with the most ex[en- siveperiod of use occurring between the 1600s and early historic period. In the early to mid-1800s, LCA claims indigte settlemem and cultivation inland of the project area between 1,100 and 1,300 fl elevation. Tarn and sweet potatoes are the only crops specifically men- tioned in the LCA testimony. By the mid-1800s to early 1900s, sites associated with ranching aixl ~COmmer- cial cultvation of coffee are expected. Ranching and agricultural activity would be evidenced by stone walls, corals, and scattered habitation sites. 13 ~i~®iN~S ' The survey identified 17 sites with 186 component features (Figure 8). The sites consist of ten single feature sites and seven complexes of features. The features consist of 70 pahoehce excavations, 56 mounds, 12 terraces, eight quarries, seven filled sacks, seven cairns, five walls, fow pavements, four trails, three alignments, two cupboards, two caves, and one each of the following; enclosure, overhang, pecked basins, platform, U-shape and upright. Fundionalty, the 186 features aze comprised of agriculture (n=133), temporary habitation (n=24), resource prnaerernem (n=8), markee (n=6), transportation (n=4), livestock control (n=3), storage (n=2), ceremonial (rr-1), refuge (n=3), tool manufacture (n=1} and indeterminate (n=1). The sites are ~°?n~~~~^a in Table 3 and are described below. Subsurface testing was undertaken in six locations during the study. The tested features consist of two terraces (Site 23416, Feature A and Site 23417, Feature A), a cave (Site 23411), an overhang (Site 23412), a pavement (Site 23422, Feaime B), and a platform (Site 23424). The results of these excavations are incorporated into the following site descriptions. Site 5747 Site 5747 is a complex of two walls Shat extend along the northern and western project area boundaries. This site was previously documented by Walker and 12osendaLl (1989). The wall along the northern boundary (Feature A) delineates the land division between Kalaoa 5's and O'oma 1". It is built ' primanly of stacked pahoehce basalt cobbles and small boulderswith a mre-filled interior. The majority of the wall is relatively intact, although collapsed sections are present. A bulldozed road cut breaches the wall in the northwest comer of the project area The iaract sections of wall range in width az the base from 0.85 to 1.1 m and a[ the top from 0.55 to 0.75 m (Figure 9). The height of the wall ranges from 0.65 [01.15 m. The wall originates 40 m northwest of the northwestern corcer of the project area. It extends to the southeast for 50.0 m where it has been destroyed by bulldozing ac9ivity associated with the constnuction of a dirt road that extends through the parcel The wall continues on the southeastern side of the disturbed " area, extending 33.0 m to the southeast. The wall then angles to the east and extends 209.0 m where it exits the Project area Walker a~ ]tosendahl's map of the area indicates that this wall continues in an easterly direction for c. 1,160 m, at which point it toms to the south The Feature B wall is located along the western project area boundary. This wall originates on the southern side of the Feature A wall and extends fA the south for 657.0 m, to where it terminates against the northern side of the Site 6432 wall (discussed below). The bulldozed road crd discussed above breaches the Feature B wall as it exits the project area, 135 m north of the southwestern corner of the parcel. Feature B is primarily of constructed of stacked pahcehce cobbles and small bonldets at the north- ern end, and a'a cobbles and boulders at the southern end Broken fine grained basalt cobbles, likely asso- crated with the Site 23414 quarries (discussed below), are incorporated into the wall at the southern end (see Figures 13 and IS below). Feature Bhas acore-filled interior and ranges in width at the base from 0.9 to 1.2 m, a[ the top from 0.55 to 0.7 m, abe vazies in height from 0.8 to 1.15. ° The sections of Site 5747 within the project area are altered and in fair condition. The Feature A portion of the wall appears to have functioned as a land division market, though its primary function was likely to restrict rho movement cattle based on its method of construction and height Feature B is also interpreted as a livestock control feature based on its height and manner of constrrction. Sits 6432 Site 6432 is a stone watt located along the southern project area boundary. This wall was initially documented by Davis (1977) and was noted by Henry e[ al. (1943} during surveys of seaward parcels. The wall is situated on the boundary between O'oma 1~` and 2"r. The portion of the wall within the cumeat pro- ject area is 316 m in lengdr, extending from the southern end of the Site 5747, Feature B wall to the east- 14 ~ 0 290 4E0 720 0 ~0 160 1347G D .i • A AA 2 W. I•Y •AL AA• 3 .AO AtC AFI• •M y° .j . p3° AOtiAB A7 18P AI• .Ap Oel ~ ~ ~ IT 1 • 6 &7 AT 19417 ° W, ~ AW 13471 ~ ~ Q • t18 l' e§ d® 473411 • .Op R'I • 7 Q .G 738191 •a • ~ °y~ . •pp .Q I eeetef8ir 73473 Gw ~°I 17} _ m, 00000 31odt7W11 •He IL t3[ ~ R~OS~A1hm3h17C-ARim10~1 PaiDm~~4h 73413 133 •D3[ . be d!r ~ .......'ttiu 3>4~ m I -n°........,....,............ ~ 174u ' z X11 .sn. 73414 1M13 73417 ~ I~ X13 ~ 734 •1I1 i e ~ i 1ffi• ~ ®16 i 68]31 Fi S• Site LOti®a Map 1s m ° e Qdo m N g vN n p a m 9]IQOY]t1UY]/'J ]OOl P _ eBryea w et o]su!uueleWl leluoware~ 8B@l0]S N N IO3Ul0`J JIOOY58(J~ N ~ M 3 p01]B]lOt180811 r LL 1mPBNJ N ~ m ewamad e~nosey m m uol]g]lQaFl Ne]odual N ~ m ro an]Im~ A, ~ wewln - r ~~-n uuopeb k sulseg Pfd Eue4~~0 ansopu3 GPe'J r N P160gdn'~ N N f g wauueny m ~ LL Ile~l ° wewenad e r n!M N r N m WIBJ N N h 11~~J PBNt~ ^ Nlmp m m ' ~ G~BL61 N Nl ~ ~ PuneW ,'R uopenax3 eal®o4ed 1: n S~ m r r r r N Cp N m m ~ ~ m a F 2 y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "a~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N l7 O m m I~ W 0) N N N 1~ N r' ~ ~ ® ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N 16 ~ ~ . a, f~", ' t,~x ks'~ ~"r " ~ x ,~SC 6_ ~ z• y 'FY.' sK i:~ FNN4 .A ~ S~ ¢ ~ 5y t J ~ ~ a r q ~ ~.t,, ...,~:3 ~ 3`~~,i ' ~ d._ Figure 9. Site 5747, Feature A Wall, view to northwest ::E x .y ~ a ~ e, n max. [ ~ ' , ~ 3 ~ ~j~ ~ z 6., .'s 2' ( .1+E 5 y~y+:3 y~ ~~t~w,j ~~~k+ ~`~'2' . ~i"Y ~ ^ 'Y~q i 3~. . ~R ~ ~kY${k~ p 4 ' ~r ~ ~ L £ - 4~~`k 4.. r.~~~.. s k; fir., Figure 10. Site 8432 Wall, view to south 17 southeast The wall continues to the eat and west oat of the project area The wall within the project area is built predominately of stacked a'a cobbles and small boulders, ranging in width at the base from 0.9 to 1.2 m, at the top from 0.6 to 0.8 m, and in height from 0.85 to 1.25 m (Figure 1 The portion of the wall ' . within the parcel is unaltered and in good condition Site 6432 is interpreted as a livestock comrol feature based on its height a~ method of conshuclion Its location on the hum division between O'oma 1~ and 2°d indicates it also functioned as a boundary wall. The walls of Sites 6432 and 5747 bound the western end of Grant 1590 to Kauhini that appears on a late 1880s map of the area (see Figure 5) a~ potentially date to the late 1800s. Site 23411 Site 23411 is a small cave located in the southeastern portion of the project area, in an area of tm- even pahcehce lava. The entrance to the cave faces the south and is 0.85 m wide a~ 1.02 m in height (Fig- , ure II The imerior of the cave is roughly oval~haped, measuring 7.05 m long (east-west) and 1.9 to 3.6 m wide. Several areas of collapsed roof fall are present in the i~erior. The ceiling height of the cave ranges from 0.32 to 1.05 m, and there are two skylight openings in the ceiling, one at the western end of the cave, and one 1.2 m west of the entrance. The floor is comprised of thin layer of brown soil. No cultural re.na+na were observed, though a flat pahcehce slab (0.46 m long, 0.34 m wide arm 0.08 m thick) u presets 1.6 m mrtlrwest of the entrance. A 0.5 by 0.5 m test unit (1'tl-1) was excavated adjacent to the slab to the west, revealing a single soil de- posit over bedrock (see Figure I l Layer I consisted of 0.04 to 0.06 m ~ a brown (lOYR 413) silt with 0.5 grams of charcoal present. Site 23411 is inteapreted as a temporary habitaflon shelter based on its formal type and the presence of subsurface charcoal. The site is unaltered and in good condition Site 23412 Site 23412 is a small overhang located in the northem portion of the project area, west of the dirt road. The overhang is situated within a low pahoehce lava blister, with an opening along the southern side. The enhance is 5.25 m long (northeast by southwest) and 1.0 to 1.06 m in height (Figure I Z). The i~erior of the overhang is 8.3 m in length (northeast by southwest) and 1.55 to 4.05 m in width. The ceiling height varies from 0.18 to 0.76 m. There is a small oval-shaped opening on top of the lava blister, at the northern end of the overhang. Ibis opening is 1.08 m long, (~rthwest by southeast), 0.7 m wide, and 0.52 m deep to the cave floor. The floor thr+orrghout the majority of the ceve is comprised of bare lava with no cultural remains present. Roof fall is located along the northern wall at the western end. A shallow, soil filled crevice is lo- cared at the eastern end of the overhang. This crevice is 2.7 m long (north-south), 0.34 to 0.8 m wide, and 0.05 m in depth. A sea urchin spine was noted on the surface of the soil within the crevice. A 0.5 by 0.25 m test unit (TU-2) was excavated iron the deposit, nwealing a smgle soil deposit (see Figure 1 Z). Layer I con- sisted of 0.09 to 0.11m of a brown (lOYR 4/3) silt. Glrlurral remains from Layer I consisted of two frag- ments of kukui nut shell (0.95 grams) and 0.2 grams of charcoal. Site 23412 is interpreted as a temporary habitation shelter. This is based on its formal type and the presence of cultural remains. The site is urcalteted and in good condition e Site 23413 Site 23413 is series of shallow, pecked basins located in the southwestern portion of the parcel, adjacent to the Site 5747, Feature B wall to the west. There are 13 basins located in an area 6.5 m long (northeast by southwest) by 2.5 m wide on a level pahcehce flow (Figure 13). The basins range in size from 0.2 to 0.5 m long, 0.18 to 0.47 m wide, aix10.02 to 0.06 m in depth. The basin surfaces are irregular and pock-marked with numerous pecked scars (Figure 14). Numerous 5ne grained basalt nobbles and small boulders, which evidence flake scars and battered edges, are scattered throughout the area, to the ipetheast and east of the brims, These stones were likely obtained from the Site 23414 quarries located 45.0 m to the east of Site 23413 (discussed below). 1°0 ~K - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ P r ® ~ ~ p 0 I W Y1 I N O O O ( ~ FFF~"'rrr+ 111 1 v 1 ~ ~ ~ ' o ~ ~ ~ b e ~ ~ ~ A ® i ~ ® 19 ~ . v ~pN o ° ~ -fir, ~ ~ N ~ y ?D v ~ o ® en ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 0 ~ ~ ^ ~C' ~ c ~ W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N W ~ v v N ~ ' ' ~ n ® I I ~ n I i ~ ~ I I ® i ~ ~ ~ w zo ~ ~ era ® o ~ cC ~ ® r~ ~ ~ ~o ~ o .o ~ , ~ ~ ® ~p -ad ~n ¦ ~ O ~ ? s • ~ s o ,e ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~ $ ~ Aa ~ ® ® ® ~ ~ r~ ~ ~ ® ~ ..J J N ~ ~ w z~ !y at ~ r° 'Ly ~~`r tic,"..,, S ~t~ k ~ ~t s~t ;3e is ~ ~.~.A V'M ~ ~a p i `:1 - _w: 1 M Figure 14. Site 23413 Pecked Basic, view w sou8iwest ~ i ~a . Figure 15. Fine-grained Basalt Inoarporated imo Site 5747 B Wall, view to north 22 Fine grained basalt cobbles and small boulders are also incorporated into the Site 5747, Feature B wall (Figure IS). These stones were likely scattered over the surface of the pahoehce flow and were col- ' lected during the construction of the historic livestock wall. The stones are only evident in the wall in the vicinity of the basins. Site 23413 is imer{xeted as a potential processing area where stones collected from the nearby Site 23414 quarries were initially reduced/shaped, affil then transported to an off-site location. The pecked basins appear to have been created by repeated impacts of the stones offio the surface of the pahoehce flow. The basins show no evidence of use for grinding and there are scattered small fragments of basalt near the basins. Many of the stones are roughly spheroidal in shape and the exterior flake scar edges appear to have been rounded by battering. It is uncleaz what the stones were going to be used for. The ba- salt is fine grained; however, most of the stones have some small internal fissures and cavities indicating that the stones were not ideally suited for making adzes. The weight of the stones would make them some- what difficult to transport. Most of the stones are relatively large ranging from 12 to 30 cm in mardmum dimension with a few larger specimens. The site is partially altered and in good condition Site 23414 Site 23414 is a complex of eight quarry areas (Features A-H) and a trail (Feature I), located in the southwestern portion of the project area, east of Site 24313. The site is situated in an area of weathered a'a lava, and encompasses an area 60.0 m long (northeast by southwest) and 31.0 m wide (Figure 16). The quarry areas wnsist of a'a lava which has been broken to expose the underly'mg 5ne grained basalt Frag- mewedfine grained basalt cobbles and small boulders are scattered over the brdcen a'a outcrops. The quay- - Ties range in length from 2.2 to 9.0 m long (averaging 4.92 m long), in width from 1.0 to 4.5 m (averaging 2.35 m wide), and in height from 0.3 to 1.4 m (averaging 0.78 m). The size of the individual quarry features are presented in Table 4. An example of the Site 23414 quarries is presented in Figures 17 and 18. Table 4. Summary of Site 23414 Quarry Features Feature HeighU H&A Design Length (m) Wxtth Depth Field - ation (m) m No. A 4.00 1.00 0.30 87a B 3.30 2.20 0.40 88 C 2.20 7.30 0.40 84 D 3.00 1.20 0.30 85 E 5.00 1.32 1.20 118 F 9.00 4.50 1.30 120a G 4.50 3.50 0.80 83a H 7.00 3.00 1.40 120b The Feature I trail originates along the southeas[em side of a pahoehce lava flow, 45 m west of Site 23413. The trail extends to the southeast for 7.2 m, then angles to the east-northeast for 27.0 m up the side of the a'a ridge. At the top of the ridge, then trail toms to the southeast and extends downslopd for 12.5 m, terminating within the a'a flow. The trail consists of a worn or cleaved path through the a'a lava that ranges in width from 0.8 to 1.2 m (Figure 19). Site 23414 is inierpret~ as a resource procurement area, with Features A H functioning as quarry pits, and Feature I functioning as a transpometion route associated with use of the quarry. Though not of particularly high quality, the stone is relatively 5ne grained and was potentially used as a mw material for the manufacture of stone tools. The initial reduction of the material appears to have occurred at Site 23413. The site is unaltered and in good condition. 23 .~.v ° . ~ . i'% . . . ~ ~ o°o ~ i ' o000 4~ . ~ .I I > ~ . ° \ ~ ° \ _ o o ~ ~ 'l L'b ~ 000 ~ a ~ ~ ~ 00000 W EF OOO " ~ O ~ ~ ~ _ pCryry I 1 / i { \OI ® ® 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I I / I I Ij ® 24 ~ n~ 3 ~ 5:_ ti+. n. i 4P. f. q n ~ f"• 9 ~ 4' ~ S l aV ~ ~ r ~ 3 ~~5 f ~ F ~ t~3`!'{l , { i ~ I ~ . '3~' r e yr ~ y. a Figure 17. Site 23414, Feature E Quaay, view to northwest ~ ~ -T;; u x. !z tyij I~` ~ I. f< l'F v y:~~ j ~ . 1` M I. s. J r~ rte'", . ~,~yE 5,~,z . ~ r ;.fig . Figure fl8. Site 23414, Feature F Quarry, view to so~atlteast 25 Figure 19. Site 23414, Feat~e I Trail, view to northwest ~ ~ - 1 4 ~ ,i f . . F{ _ .1.*`s 1 s ~ . Figure 20. Site 23415 Caim, view to north 2b • Site 23415 Site 23415 is awell-constructed stone cairn located 105 m southeast of Site 23414 in an area of uneven pahcehce lava. The cairn is oval in shape and is 1.05 m by 0.93 m at the base, 0.95 by 0.75 m at the top, and 0.55 m in height (Figure 2~. It is constmcted of weathered pahcehce slabs and cobbles, with stacked vertical sides. A small blue mck cobble was noted adjacent to the cairn to the southeast. No cultural remains were observed on or around the site. Site 23415 is interpreted as a madser based on its form and construction. The site is unaltered and in good condition. Site 23416 Site 23416 is a complex of two features located in the southeastern portion of the project area, 75.0 m southeast of Site 23415. The site is situated in an area of uneven pahcehce lava, and is coamgxised of iwo termoes (Figure 21). Feature A is located at the western end of the site. It consists of a small retrace cons[mcted on the northern side of a low pahcehce knoll that is 5.3 m long (northwest by southeast), 3.6 m wide and 0.82 10 1,1 m in height The terrace leas stacked and faced pahcehce cobble and small boulder retaining walls along the north and west sides that vary in height from 0.4 to 0.5 m in height A possible step comprised of one to two courses of cobbles and small boulders abuts the norihem side of the terrace. This step is 2.4 m long (west-certhwest by east-southeast), 0.85 m wide a>K10.22 m in height above the surrounding grand surfao. The surface of the terrace is level but utrpaved. No cultural remains were noted on or around the feature. A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (Til-4) was excavated in the center of the terrace, revealing a stone archi- tectural pryer (Layer 1) above a soil deposit (Layer II; see Figure 21). Layer I consisted of 0.3 to 0.35 m of • loosely packed pahcehce cobbles and small boulders. Cultural remains from Layer I consisted of a single frogmen of cowrie shell (6.65 grams). The base of Layer I rested on the surface of the Layer II deposit and no evidence was found to indicate that Layer I was built doting more than a single construction episode. Layer II was comprised of 0.02 to 0.06 m of a very dark brown (lOYR 2/2) silt with no cultural remains presem. Feature A is interpreted as a temporary habitation based on its small size (c. 11 sq m), lack of sub- - stamial construction (e.g. faced walls, paving, etc.), and formal type, following Cordy's (1980) definition for temporary habitation. Feature B is located 8.5 m east of Feature A. It consists of an irregularly-shaped pahcehce blister that is 7.05 m long (northeast by southwest), 3.0 to 4.7 m wide, and 0.42 to 1.1 m in height Atwo-tiered terrace has been conshucted on top of the blister. The lower terrace has a stacked cobble retaining wall along the north side that ranges in height from 0.35 to 0.5 m. This portion of the feature is 1.5 to 2.8 m long (north-south) and 0.45 to 2.2 m wide. The surface is level but unpaved. The opening to a small blister cave is located adjacent to this tier to the south The opening to the cave is 0.68 m long (east-west), 0.43 m wide and 0.6 m deep. The imerior is oval-shaped and i5 1.4 m long (north-south) and 1.1 m wide. The floor of the cave is bare lava with no crtural present The upper tier of the terrace abuts the lower tier along its eastern side. A stacked and faced cobble retaining wall is located along the west side of the terrace, measuring 0.6 m in height above the lower tier. The surface of this portion of Feature B is 2.3 m long (north-south) and 1.6 m wide, with a level but un- paved surface. No cultural rema;nc were present. Feature B is also assigned a temporary habitation function based on its formal type, infortrral constrtction, and size (c. 14 sq m). Site 23416 is unaltered and in good cenditioa. Site 23417 Site 23417 is a complex of six features located 65.0 m northeast of Site 23415, at the interface between an a'a lava flow and a pahcehce flow. The site is comprised of throe terraces (Feature A-C), two calms (Feature D and a steppingstone trail (Feature F). The features are depicted in Figure 22 and are descn'bed below. The site encompasses. an area 24.0 m long (northwest by southeast) and 23.0 m wide. The site is unaltered and ire good condition. 27 ® ~ m N~ _ o v v O~ O ~ ~ !V N p ® ~,pr ~ ^ W O O _ ~ ® v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ z~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ c / o, N 0 a CD r v v ` / v ~ . • ~ M7 v . gpp ~j N o ® N w ~ CPJ N . G~ 29 Feature A is an oval-shaped terrace located at the northern end of the site. A stacked a~ piled pahoehce cobble and small boulder retaining wall is located along the southwestem sdde of the feature. This wall is 0.7 to 0.95 m in height and is located at the interface between the pahcehce and a'a lava flows. The northwest, northeast and southeast sides of the featrue are built on the pahcehce flow. These throe sides range in height from 0.3 Yo 0.65 m. The Yerrace is 3.1 m long (east-west) and 2.7 m wide with a level but unpaved surface, No cultural rrmainc were present on or around the feature. A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TU-5) was excavated into the center of the terrace, revealing a stone ar- chitectural layer, over bedrock (Figure 23). Layer I consisted of 1.15 to 1.3 m of loosely packed pahcehce and a'a cobbles and small boulders. No evidence was found to suggest that Layer I was conshucted during more than a single building episode. Cultural rrmainc from Layer I consisted Of one fragment Of kukui nut shell (0.35 grams), cnestacea (n=6, 1.85 grams) and charcoal (0.4 grams). Feature A is interpreted as a temporary habitation feature based on its size (8.4 sq m), type, and informal construction, following Cordy's (1980) definition for temporary habitation. The Feature B terrace is located 6.4 m south of Feature A This terrace is also located at the inter- , face between the pahoehce and a'a lava flows, with a slacked and piled stone retaining wall lopted along the southwestern side. This wall is 0.45 m in height The three remaining sides of the terrace are located on the pahcehce outcrop and range in height from 0.26 to 0.32 m. The structure is irregularly-shaped and is 3.0 m long (northwest by southeast) a~ from 0.5 to 1.3 m wide, The surface is level, but u~taved, with no cultural remains observed. Feature B is alp interpreted as a temporary habitation based on its small size and informal Construction. The Feature C terrace is situated 5.2 m east-northeast of Feature B, on the pahcehce flow. A low piled cobble and small boulder reNai^ing wall is located along the southeastern side of the featme, ranging in height from 0.3 to 0.33 m. The northem side of the structure is 0.18 to 0.22 m in height The terrace is 1.7 m long (northeast by southwest) and 0.8 m wide with a level but unpaved surface. No cultural remains - were noted. This terrace was interpreted as a temporary habitation due to its small size and informal con- . stmction The Feature D wellbrrilt cairn is lopted 7.15 m south of Feature B. The calm is consttrrcted on - the pahcehce flow, and is built of stacked pahoehce cobbles. It is 0.78 by 0.52 m at the base, 0.48 by 0.6 m at the top and 0.6 m in height No cultural remains were present Feature D is interpreted as a marker based on its formal type and construction The Feature E cairn is located 6.1 msouth-southwest of Feature D. This cairn is situated on Ure a'a flow, adjacent to the pahcehce flow. It is 0.9 by 0.65 m at the base, 0.7 by 0.4 m az the top, and 0.55 m in height No cultural remains were observed. Feature E is also interpreted as a marker due to its method of censtruction and formal type. The Feature F steppingstone trail extends across the site in a northwest by southeast direction There are three sections of the trail, each extending across the a'a lava, between fmgers of the pahcehce flow (see Figure 22). The northwestern section is 5.95 m long and is comprised of ten flat pahcehce slabs positioned in a lineaz configuration. The central section is 1.5 m in length and consists of three flat slabs. The southeastern section is 6.4 m in length and is comprised of 13 slabs. The noithwestem scetio~i of Fea- lure F is illustrated in Figure 24. The trail is interpreted as a transportation route potentially associated with the occupation of Site 23417. Site 23418 Site 23418 is a trail system located in the south~enhal portion of the project area, 110.0 m north of Site 23411 and 105.0 m northeast of Site 23414. The site is comprised of two trail segments that extend across a ragged a'a flow in an east-west direction, between two pahoehce flows (Figure 2.5). The trails are comprised of cleared paths through the a'a that range in width from 0.5 to 1.0 m Each segment also has several widely spaced flat pahcehce slabs incorporated into them. 30 ~®ii• /i ~ ~ ~ \ a . t ~ ~ < H ~ ~ > ~ ~ ~ ~4 ~ . _ . ~ ( ~ _ North ; ~ ~ ~ j !J . , ~o i I t. \ \ ~ rd _ .i ~ / i ~ ~ _ f~. ~ . ~ . . . ~ ~ . \ ~ i ° s ~ _ _ gel i ~I 1 I r-_r . ~ 1 W . ~ _ _ ~ . ~ _ N 32 The northern section of trail originates at the eastern edge of a pahcehce flow, arm extends in an easterly direction across ilte a'a for 91.0 m, terminating at the western edge of a second pahcehce flow (Figure 26). The southern section originates 3.1 m east of the western end of the northern trail It extends up a slope for 12.5 m in a southeasterly direction, then angles to the east for 45.0 m terminatinn at the west- - em edge of the eastern pahoehce flow (Figure 2~. Site 23418 is imerpreted as a transportation route based on its formal type. Site 23419 Site 23419 is a cairn located along the eastern project area boundary, 210 m northeast of Site 23418. The cairn is built on top of a c. 2.0 m high pahcehce outcrop in an area of uneven pahcehce lava. The calm is 0.5 by 0.55 m at the base, 0.3 by 0.35 m at the top, and 0.59 m in height above the outcrop (Figure 28). It is constructed of stacked weathered pahcehce cobbles. No cultural mma+nc were present. Site 23419 is interpreted as a meeker based on its shape and method of construction. It is unaltered and in good conditon. Site 23420 Site 23420 is a calm located in the north-central portion of the project area, 67.0 m south of the Site 5747, Feature A wall. The site is located within an area of level pahcehce. It is stacked pahoehce cob- bles, measuring 0.65 by 0.5 m at the base, 0.3 by 0.3 m at the top, and 0.52 m in height (Figure 29). No cultural mma+nc were found at the site. Site 23420 is interpreted as a matkCr based on its method of con- - struction and shape. It is unaltered and in good condition. Site 23421 ' . Site 23421 is a steppingstone trail located in the northwestern portion of the project area. The trail extends across a ragged a'a lava flow between two pahcehce flows (Figure 3~. A bulldozed road is 1o- sated to the west of the trail, but does not appeaz to have damaged it. No evidence of the trail was observed on the western side of the road. The 1mi1 Las an overall length of 42.0 m and is comprised of a series of flat pahoehce slabs positioned in a linear aligom~t (Figure 31). No cultural remains were presert. Site 23421 _ is interpreted as a transportation route across the a'a flow. It is unaltered and in good condition. Site 23422 Site 23422 is a complex of five features logted near the western project area boundary, 145 m south-southwest of Site 23421. The site is situated on a level, grass covered paLoehoe lava flow within an area of numerous agricultural features. The features are comprised of four pavements (Features A-D) and a U-shape (Feature E). The features are illustrated in Figure 32 and are descn'bed below. The Site 23422 components are unaltered and in good condiflon. Feature A is an oval-shaped pavement located at the northern end of the site. It is 3.3 m long (northwest by southeast), 1.8 to 2.5 m wide, a~ 0.05 to 0.08 m in height above the lava flow. The surface of the pavement is level and is comprised of small pahoehce cobbles with Tm cutuual remains observed. The Feature B pavement is located 12.0 m swthwes[ of Feature A. This feature is the best constmcted component of the site, consisting of a roughly rectattgular-shaped pavemem tLaR is 3.25 m long (florthwest by southeast), 2.75 m wide, a~ 0.1 to 0.15 m in height (Figure 33). TLe surface is comprised of level small pahcehce cobbles and pebbles with no cultural remains noted. A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TUB) was excavated into the center of the pavement, revealing an archi- tectural layer (Layer n over a deposit of soil and stone (Layer II; Figure 34). Layer I consistctt of 0.28 to 0.31 m of lightty packed pahcehce cobbles and pebbles. A single cowrie (0.3 grams) shell fragment was recovered from Layer I. The bay of Layer I intruded into the Layer II and no evidence was found to indi- cate that Layer I was constructed during more than a single construction episode. Layer II was comprised of 0.12 to 0.25 m of a very dark brown (IOYR 2/2) silt with 80% cobble and pebble inclusions. Ctiiltural ren~ins from Layer II consisted of cowrie shell (n=1, 0.2 grams), unidentified marine shell (n=1, 0.8 geaats), and cLarcoal (0.3 grams). The excavation of TUB was terminated on bedrock. 33 Y,~ Figure 26. Site 23418, Northern Trail Section, view to west ear. ~:s, Figure 27. Site 23418, Soaithem Trail Section, view to west 34 r { S` F ~ F ty i~N [ ~ q W y} Figure 28. Site 23419 Cairn, view to east .:.f, 1 ~ w ie~a.. y r ~ `4 ~ r l/ 4~., ~ f y, tt 3g~+ ! 4'~x~~a ..£~x~x:~~~~~~r :s~.~ w ~ tF~..~~ i k~t:.1 ~S ~S ~`„S~h-_~.~¢f. Figenre 29. Site 23420 Cain, view t® mm®atle 35 o tzo ae.o ~.oa 4. eo a,.~ a.:::.~::.::.:~.~.~::::.~::::::. ~ :.~.~e - A i~ . y~~q~y~ 'a°'.r Qf 3~ ~ ~ Flat PYLOOb00 glibr Figure 30. Site 23421 Plan Map Figure 31. Site 23421 Steppingst®ne Trail, view t® west 36 ~ - ~ ~ w o N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O A V I~ 0 V a o v v .~a .a v N Q ~ ~ N ~ ~ ~ ~ .A, W 3'~ X~ 'M`me 3 ~ r .v.ruef _ {r U; ca.~ Iytt - i. Yuri { y ~~f F.'5..5. ~ # ~ t, L, r ' • SYx19A. A ~ ~ ~ ~ $i t, f yyy ~ Tin ~ f N.., Figure 33. Site 23422, Feature B Pavement, view to northwest 0 Y II L+l^QI-YP aodp~b~ pmt ® 100 Eay~ II - Vay ~t~Oaa (IOV$ 3/~ eOt' w~Ba SOX nobble pebL~ Figaare 34. Site 23422, Feature F3;1'I7~6, ITT®ath Faee Paae 3Y Feature C is an irregularly-shaped pavement located 10.0 m exit-southeast of Feature B. It consists of a linear paveme~ of cobbles and pebbles that is 2.5 m long (northeast by southwest), and 0.72 to 0.85 m wide, with a low wall located at the eastern end. The surface of the pavemeffi is level cobbles and pebbles. ' The wall is comprised of stacked cobbles and small boulders, and is 2.65 m long (north-south), 1.2 m wide and 0.4 to 0.42 m in height The wall may Lave functioned as a windbreak. No cultural remains were ob- served at Feature C. Feature D is a roughly rectangular-shaped pavemem located 2.4 m south of Feature C. The pave- ment is 3.15 m long (north-south), 19 to 3.0 m wide and 0.06 to 0.1 m in height The surface is comprised of level cobbles and pebbles. No cultural remains were present Featuue E is a U-shaped enclosure located 3.5 m northeast of Feature C. The U-shape is open to the west and is 4.45 m long (north-south) and 3.25 m wide. The walls are comprised of stacked and piled pahaehoe cobbles a~ small boulders that vary in width from 1.02 to 1.22 m and in height from 0.4 to 0.6 m. The interior of the U-shape is comprised of bare pa- hcehce lava with no cultural rPmainc presem. Site 23422 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site. This is based on the formal type of the component features, and the feature's informal construction and small size, following Cordy's (1980) defi- ninon for temporary habitations. Site 23423 Site 23423 is a large lava tube that extends through the project area in a roughly northeast by southwest direction (see Figure 8). There are two entrances to the cave within the project area, both con- sisting of holes in the surface lava that drop vertically imo the cave (Figure 35). Entrance 1 is lopted 20.5 m southeast of Site 23412. It is oval-shaped and is 2.2 m long (east-west) and 1.8 m wide with a c. 10.0 m . drop to the rave floor below (Figure 3~. Entrance 2 is situated 88.0 mwest-southwest of Entrance 1. T7ris opening is 3.5 m long (east-west) and 1.5 m wide with a c. 7.0 m drop to the floor of the cave. A pile of modem debris is present below Entrance 2, consisting of milled lumber, aspLal[ shingles and plastic and glass bottles (Figure 3n. It is unclear how this material was deposited as there are no roads or structures in the immediate area The portion of the cave within the project area is 370.0 m in length, extending to the northeast and southwest outside the bamdaries of the parcel. The cave ranges in width from 3.95 to 21.0 m and in height from 2.8 to 10.0 m. Only a small portion of the cave outside the parcel to the southwest was examined. During the examination of the northeastern portion of the cave, an opening was observed in the distance, and the survey crew continued outside the parcel a distance of c. 70.0 m to where a large sinkhole was en- countered (see Figure 8). A massive, c. 2 m thick stacked s[o~ wall extends across the southwestern end of the sinkhole. The wall only extends approximately 1-1.5 m above the cave floor and probably is an incom- plete refuge cave enhance. A narrow opening with faced sides is present in the center of the partially walled cave entrance. The cave continues upslope on the northeastern side of the sinkhole, but was not ex- amined. This portion of Ure cave was not documented because it is outside the project area. Site 23423 consists of the cave and 18 imernal features. These features consist of seven temnces (Features B, C, G, J, N, P and t~, three alignments (Features A, D and L), two walls (Features E and K), two cupboards (Features H and I), an enclosure (Feature L), a calm (Feature Ivn, an upright (Feature O), and a step (Feature F). The majority of the features are interpreted as temporary habitation-related. The two cupboards likely functioned as storage features and the cairn may Lave served as a marker. The upright (Feature O) may indicate a ceremonial function for at least a portion of the cave. The Feature E wall and Feature F step are probably related to the possible use of the cave as a refuge. Site 24323 is unaltered and in good condition. The following description begins at the southwestern portion of the cave and extends to the north- east. The cave in this area is 19.0 to 21.0 m in width with ceiling heights that range from 7.0 to 8.5 m Fea- ture A is aloes terrace situated 13.0 m west of Enhance 2, within the main floor of the cave. The terrace is roughly square-shaped and is 2.9 m long (east-west) and 2.7 m wide. The Surface is level cobbles and slabs 39 yr _ cc~ ~ (p v v ~ Krrf'Y ® ® ~tfrr4 c ~ ~ cc c d ~ ~~~ccc v`°i ~ ~ic~irc cc ccc a ~ S ® ~ x`44 ® ~ o ~z ~ v ~ o ~ ~~r cc ?a ~ .8 rccc`~ V ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~m~ /0/ f ~ U y ~ ~ tl N ~ , id r ~ r ® 1 M rr~~i r~ Qt ~ ~Q ~K rich N v~ 4ccc ~ c~rc N ~ c c va ccc lfy c ~ ~ w 40 y~'y, too ~ r .1.~ x. &"i ~ Y r ~ 5 `r ~ - :C~ _ fin ` P°ik i Y { y W ~M i. t. 4 ~ .:y . rr'a~y*4s ' R '.~e~_ _ . Y~ ~ ~ y~ w `1 6~«~iyyt+ _ to J~{i 7~.u'";` 1~' ~{(y~. I` I MI ~4 t9{T~w L;.1~ . ~'y~~yl~kf Figure 36. Site 23423, Entrance 1, view to southwest ~y;~`, Figure 37. Site 23423, Modern Trash below Entrance 2, view to south 41 wink a single cowrie shell presein. The sides of the terrace are constructed of stacked cobbles and small boulders, ranging in height from 0.35 to 0.6 m. There are raised ledges above the floor of the main tube on the north and south sides, which range in height from 2.0 to 2.5 m The ledges are bare, gemly sloping lava The ledge on the northctn side is 2.0 to 8.5 m wide. There is chamber with two entrances that extends to the north in this area. This chamber is i8.5 m long (north-south), 3.5 to 13.5 m wide, and from 0.45 to 1.0 m in height. The floor of the chamber is bare lava with no cultural remains present Two features are located on this ledge. Feature B is an alignment of flat pahoehce slabs positioned one course high and one to two courses wide. The alignment is 12.9 m long (east-northeast by west- southwest), 0.4 to 0.7 m wide and 0.1 to 0.15 m in height Feature C is a crudely constructed terrace situ- ated 5.0 m east of Feature B. It has a stacked cebble and small boulder retaining wall on the southern side that is 0.15 to 0.45 m in height The surface is level but unpaved and is 12.5 m long (east-west) a~ 1.4 to 3.5 m wide (Figure 38). No cultural remains were observed on the surface of Feature C, though a cencen- tration of marine shell is present 6.0 m to the east, at the eastern end of the ledge. The ledge on the south side of the main tube is 2.0 to 6.8 m wide. There is an alignment situated along the northern edge of the ledge. Feature D is 17.5 m long (east-northeast by west-southwest) and con- sists of one to two courses of flat pahoehce slabs. The alignment is 0.4 to 0.7 m wide and 0.1 to 0.3 m in height. No cultural remains were present. Feature E is an L-shaped stone wall that extends across the floor of the main tube, 7.0 m east of Entrance 2. The wall is 6.9 m long (noAh-south) by 4.2 m (east-west). The wall is 1.2 m wide and is built of stacked cobbles, small boulders and slabs. It is 1.2 m in height on the western side and 2.7 m in height on the eastern side. A low chamber extends below the main cave floor beneath the Feature E wall. The cham- ber is 27.0 m long (east-west) 7.0 to 11.0 m wide, aid 0.4 to 1.15 m in height The floor of the chamber consists of spttered roof fall with no cultural remains observed. The Feature E wall either functioned as, or once it was completed was intended to function as a refuge defensive feature. The wall connects the ledges on either side of the tdre forming a barrier nearly 3 m high with an elevated balco~-like area beneath En- _ trance 2 that overlooks the lower tube floor to the east The feature would Lave partially blocked access to the western portion of the tube and Emranoe 2 and provided cover for defenders of the balcony area and western reaches of the tube. Feature F is awell-constructed calm cominised of thick flat slabs located against the northern side of the main clamber, below the northern ledge. The step is situated 10.0 m east of Feature E a~ is com- prised of flue stacked basalt slabs. It is 0.8 m long (east-west), 0.5 m wide, and 0.75 m in height (Figure 39). This step was used as a means of gaining access to the northern ledge and western reaches of the cave from the main cave floor to the east East of Feature F the cave narrows to 4.5 m with a ceiling height of 3.2 m TLe floor in this area is fare lava. A 0.1 m diameter ground scoriaceous basalt abrader was noted 8.0 m east of Feature F. Several fragmerrts of charcoal were observed on the cave floor 5.0 m east of the abrader. The nortlem wall of the cave has wllapsed in this area. The cave angles to the northeast on the eastern side of the collapsed area. A concentration of ma- rine shell and cLatcoal in a 2.0 m diameter area were noted 9.5 m northeast of the surface charcoal. Feature G is a rectangular terrace cons[nrcted against the southeastern wall of the cave, 15.0 m northeast of the shell and charcoal concentration. The terrace is 3.1 m long (norWeast by southwest) amt 2.8 m wide (Fig- ure 4~. The north, east and west sides of the terrace lave been built up to heights of 0.35 to 0.45 m above the cave floor. The surface of the terrace is level and paved with cebbles. Kukui nut shells and a f'regment of wood are present on the surface. Feature H is a possible cupboard located in the center of the cave, 3.5 m northeast off Feature G. It consists of a flat basalt slab (0.8 m long, 0.6 m wide and 0.25 m flick) positioned on three lazge cobbles. A slight depression (0.15 m deep) is located below the slab. Feature I is a second possible cupboard located 42 Figure 38. Site 23423, Feature C Terrace, view to west r< x r ~ ' T max. Figure 39. Site 23423, Feature F Step, view to north 43 Figure 40. Site 23423, Feature G Teaace, view to southeast -y~~-, ?~y~t r, z ~e ~.z _ 'Y. ~ ~t ~ ' Y° 4a ~1 .F ~ t c s < ~ o~.. ~ : . Figure 41. Site 23423, Feature L Enclosure, view to east 44 4.5 m northeast of Feature IT. It is comprise;el of two small basalt boulders, with a third boulder placed on top, creating an enclosed internal space. A large opihi shell is present on the top boulder, and cowrie and sea urchin body fragments are present within the interior. Feature I is 1.3 m long (north-south), 1.2 m wide ' and 0.8 m in height The ceiling height of the cave in this area is 5.0 m, and the floor is comprised of bare lava. Feature J consists of two adjacent terraces located 9.0 m northeast of Feature I. The first terrace is built against the southeastern wall of the t~ve. It is 3.8 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.8 m wide, and 0.3 to 0.45 m in height. The second terrace is situated 1.4 m to the north of the fast, in the center of the tube. It is 3.75 m long, 1.5 m wide and 0.3 to 0.4 m in height Both terraces are constructed of stacked cob- . bles and small boulders with level but unpaved surfaces. No cultural remains were present at the features though a pile of kukui nut shells is located 3.5 m to the northeast, and a surface concentration of ash is lo- cated 6.0 m to the northeast. Feature K is a low wall located in the center of the cave, 14.0 northeast of Feature J. It is 2.7 m long (north-south) 0.8 m wide, am10.7 m in height Feature L is a small enclosure formed by two large ba- salt slabs and several piled cobbles, located against the northern cave wall 2.0 m north of Feature K (Figure 41). The enclosure is 2.1 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.2 m wide and 0.6 m in height. Kulati nut shells and a flagmem of waterworn coral were noted inside the enclosure. The floor of the interior is bare lava. Entrance 1 is located above Feature L to the northeast A jumbled pile of roof fall is located below the opening. Feature M is a cairn built of stacked basalt cobbles and slabs (Figure 4~. It is 1.0 m long, 0.8 - m wide and 0.8 m in height A fragment of waterworn coral, pieces of wood and several kvlwi mrt shells were observed on the surface of Feature M. Feature N is a terrace located adjacem to Feature M to the northeast It is 3.2 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.6 m wide and 0.35 m in height The sides of the ter- mce consist of stacked cobbles and small boulders, and the surface is paved with cobbles. No cultural re- mains were observed Feature O is an upright angular basalt slab located 3.0 m northeast of Feature N. The slab is 1.1 m tall, 0.29 m wide, and 0.14 m thick and is set in a slight depression (Figure 4~. Several small cobbles are located at the base of the upright, supporting it. A dog mandible, kukui nut shells, a piece of wood, and an opihi shell were observed on the bare Lrva floor to the northeast of Feature O. Feature P is a crude terrace situated 12.5 m northeast of Feature O. It is located against the north- ern side of the cave and is 2.3 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.2 m wide and 0.45 m in height The sides are built of stacker and piled cobbles a~ small boulders and the surface is level, unpaved cobbles. An opihi shell is present on the surface of Feature P. The exiling height in this area is c. 4.5 m Feature Q is a poorly built terrace located against the north wall of the cave, 10.0 m northeast of Feature P. It is 1.7 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.5 m wide and 0.32 m in height The surface of the temece is level but unpaved and the sides are built of stacked and piled cobbles and small boulders. Kukui nut shells were observed on the surface of the terrace and a concentration of ash, marine shell, and kukui nm shells were noted 6.5 m to the east. The cave continues to the northeast for 27.0 m where a large pile of roof fall partially blocks the tube. A cluster of wood and bird bones were observed in the roof fall area at the western end Stanes appear to have been cleared along the northern side of the roof fall against the northern cave wall, possible repre- senting apath or trail. A fragment of charcoal was observed in this cleared area 11.0 m northeast of the wood and bird bone. A second area of roof fall is located 7.5 m to the north A cleated area is also present along the northern side of this roof fall. The cave continues to the northeast for 65.0 m to where Feature R is located. The cave in this area has a bare lava floor and ranges in height from 3.5 to 5.0 m A fragment of wood is present in the ceder esf the txve 29.0 m southwest of Feature R Feature R is an L-stooped aligmmemt of small flat pahcehoe slabs, positioned one course wide and tall The alignment is 4.8 m long (northeast by southwest), 2.9 m wide and 0.1 m in height. No cultural ruins were present. 45 .F` 'j t ~ rt 4 a. ~ h A. ,~n Figure 42. Site 23423, Feat~e M Caim with wood, view to east Figure 43. Site 23423, Feature O Upright, view to northwest 4b An area of rcof fall is located adjacent to Feature R to the northeast. A posstble cleared trail ex- tends along the northern edge of the roof fall. Another area of roof fall is situated 17.0 to the northeast with another possible trail along the northern side. The eastern project area boundary is located in the approxi- mate center of this roof fall area. As stated, the portions of the cave were examined to the northeast but were not documected due to their location outside the project area. This portion of the cave, from the pro- ject area boundary to the sinldiole opening contained no cultural remains or surface structures, with the exception of the refuge wall located across the western side of the sinkhole. Site 23424 Site 23424 is well-built p~tform located in the southwestern comer of the project area within a shallow north-south trending gully, a 5.0 m north of the southern project area boundary wall (Site 6432). The platform is roughly rectangular in shape and is 1.8 to 3.05 m long (northeast by southwest) and 2.15 to 2.25 m wide (Figure 44 and 45). The sides of the platform are comprised of stacked a'a cobbles and small boulders that range in height from 0.32 to 0.48 m The surface is level and is roughly paved with cobbles and small boulders. No cultural remains were presem. The size of the platform and its well-built natme suggested a possible burial function. A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TU-3) was exgvated into the platform to determine its function. The excavation revealed a stone layer (Layer I) above a soil deposit (Layer II; see Figure 44). Layer I consisted of 1.0 to 1.05 m of tightly packed a a cobbles and small boulders. No cultural remains were present. The base of Layer I rested on the surface of Layer II a~ no evidence was found to indicate that Layer I was constructed during mme • than a single building episode. Layer II was comprised of 036 to 0.4 m of a dark brown (lOYR 3/3) silt loam with 80% cobble inclusions. No cultural rrma;ns were present The excavation of TU-3 was temii- Hated on the surface of the a'a lava flow. Site 23424 is assigned an indetem»nate function based to the absecee of cultural temaias recov- eyed from TU-3. The platform does not appeaz to represent an agricultual feature due to its well- constructednature, and the absecee of human .f+aa+ns indicates it is not a burial sttrrctrue. It is possble that the suricture may have served as a "bilge" across the shallow gully, but no roads or trails are located in this area The site is unaltered and in good condition. - Site 23425 Site 23425 is a complex of 133 agricultural features. The site is comprised of 70 pahoehce excava- bons, 56 mounds, and seven idled clacks. The locations of the 133 featarce are illustrated in Figure 8 and their Physical characteristics are summarized in Table S. The pahcehce excavations are integxeted as pits that were created for mulch ailtivation of sweet potatoes as described by Handy and Handy (1972). The mounds and filled cracks are imerpreted as clearing features resulting from cultivation of adjacent areas. No cultural remains were found in as~ciation with any of the agricultural features. The Site 23425 compo- nests are unaltered a~ in fair wndition The 70 pahcehce excavations are comprised of pahcehce blisters that have been broken into, with the stones removed and placed adjacent to the o~oings. They range in length from 0.6 to 7.1 m (averaging 2.45 m long), in width from 0.35 to 5.5 m (averaging 1.46 m wide) and in depth from 0.1 to 0.7 ma(averag- ing 0.34 m deep). The majority of the pahoehce excavations are irregilarly-shaped (n=47). The shape of the remaining features consist of oval (n=16), circular (n=4) and linear (a=3). Examples of the pahcehce excavations within the project area presented in Figure 46 and 47. The 56 mounds are comprised of informally constructed piled cobble and small boulder features, built either on soil or low pahcehce outcrops. They vary in length from 1.0 to 6.2 m (averaging 2.51 m long), in width from 0.6 to 4.4 m (averaging 1.46 m) and in height from 0.12 to 0.9 m (averaging 0.37 m). Most of the mounds are irregularly-shaped (n=25), with the remaining mounds evidencing shapes which consist of oval (n=20), linear (n=9) and circidar (n=2). Examples of the mounals are presented in Figures 48 and 49. 47 b ® o e r-- N cc S H1 q o en ri C - v ® a 1 0 0 W 1 rrM~ o ®®©m S 6 e~ 48 4 x ~1 ~ , ~ ~~;*a 9 k i1 + fr ti,' i ry! r.. ile4 . ~ ~ fa !4 ~ i, '}'~p ~ ~u r,.. ~t r~~~.. 4a"~Y -,XPY~ _ pis p,. ~r'1[a w's ~ ~Mi, t, 4 ~°7... t. itt~~ Yy~ Figure 45. Site 23424 Platform, view to southwest s~,_. ~ - dt y ~1~". i 1 y I~.. k _ ti li}=;~i ,.,d.: 3 {p: F r ~ iF4 F ~ d~" E' .C a~~i p- q~'"» II ~,~M ~~~~~5 Fi~are 4b. Site 23425, Feature BU Pahoehoe Excavation, view to southeast 49 Table 3. Summary ®f Site 2325 ~i~ri~eaitaeral ~eatu Desi nation Type Leah (m) Width (m) Helg m Shape H8A Field A FAledcrack 92 1.2 0.3 Irregular 20a B Filled crack 1.8 1.3 0.2 Irregular 20b C Filled crack 0.6 0.55 0.2 Irregular 20c D Mouixl 1.7 1.5 0.3 Oval 19 E Pahoehce Excavation 1.1 1 -0.1 Irreguar 23b F Pahcehce Excavation 6 1.8 -0.18 Irregular 23a G Pahcehce Excavation 2.8 1.7 -0.31 Oval 18c H Pahoehce Excavation 2.8 1.9 -0.3 Ovei 18d I Pahoehce Excavation 1.7 1.6 -0.42 Oval i8a J Pahoehce Excavation 2 1.5 -0.4 Oval 18b K Filled crack 2.1 1.1 0.2 Irregular 17 L Pahoehce Excavation 7 0.9 -0.19 Linear 18e M Pahcehce Excavation 32 1.8 -0.4 Irregular 16 N Pahoehce Excavation 2.8 0.8 -0.3 Irregular 15a O Pahoehce Excavation 1.5 1.4 -0.2 Irregu~r 15b P Pahaehce Excavaton 1 0.8 -0.25 Irtegu~r 15c O Pahcehce Excavaton 3.2 1.7 -0.45 Irtegular 29 R Mound 4.7 2.9 0.66 Irregular 27 S Mound 9.3 0.9 0.92 Irtrgular 28 T Mound 3 1.3 0.5 Oval 58b - U Mound 2.2 1.2 0.4 Oval SBa V Pahoehce Excavator 1.3 0.7 -0.15 Irregular 58c W Pahoehce Excavation 2 0.7 -0.45 Inegukr 59a X Pahoehce Excavation 1.4 1.2 -0.45 Irregu~r 59b Y Pahoehce Fxcavaton 1.1 0.8 -0.3 Oval 55 Z Patxxhoe Excavation 1.5 1.1 -0.3 Irtegukr BSb AA Pahcehce Excavation 1.5 0.8 -0.4 Irregular 65c AB Pahaehce Excavation 1.4 0.7 -0.3 Irregular 65d AC Pahoehce Excavation 0.7 0.5 -0.2 Irregular 68a AD Pahoehce Excavation 0.8 0.35 -0.4 Oval 68b AE Pahoahoe Excavator 1.4 1.2 -0.35 Irregukr 66a AF Pahoehce Excavation 1.3 0.87 -0.35 Oval 85a AG Mourxi 2 1.6 0.45 Oval 8~ AH Mound 4 1.4 0.52 Lirxa3r 67e AI Mound .1 0.7 0.39 Oval 67b AJ Mound 1.5 1.4 0.5 Oval 102d ' AK Mound 1.4 1 0.4 Oval 102c AL Pahoehce Excavation 1.3 1.1 -0.3 Irregular 102a AM Mount 1.5 1.25 0.4 Ineguler 102e - AN Pahaehce Excavation 0.75 0.7 -0.55 Irre~lar 102b AO Pahcehce Excavation 5.1 4 -0.39 Oval 106a AP Pahcehce Excavation 5.5 3.2 -0.52 Oval 106b AQ Pahcehce Excavator 2.8 1.4 -0.36 Irregular 108 AR Mound 6.2 4.2 0.36 Lirx~r 107 AS Mound 5.5 3.1 0.74 Irregular 109a 50 Table 5. Summary ®f Srt~ 2325 ~gricultura! urn (c®ra8) Desi nation Type Length (m) Width (m) ~ Stape HSANo field A Filled crack 1.2 1.2 0.3 Irregular 20a AT Mound 3.9 2.6 0.3 Irr~u~r t09b AU Pahoetwe Excavation 4.8 1.6 -0.45 IrteguWr 101b AV Pahoetroe Excavaton 3 1.5 -0.2 4rregutar 1O1c AW Pahoehoe Excavation 1.3 1.1 -0.15 Irregular 107a AX Pahoehce Excavation 2.5 1.1 -0.35 Irregular 901d AY Pahoehce Excavation 1.2 0.7 -0.25 Ciroular 110 AZ Mound 5.4 4.4 0.45 Irregular 710b BA Pahoehce Excavation 0.9 0.6 -0.44 Circular 110c BB Mound 5.7 1.6 0.67 Linear 110d BC Pahoehce Excavation 3.3 2.3 -0.33 Irregular 110e BD Pahoehce Excavaton 2.3 0.9 A.3 Irtegular 112a BE Pahoehce Excavation 1.3 0.9 -0.15 Irregular 1 i2b BF Mound i.8 1.1 0.7 Oval 112e BG Pahaetwe Excavation 0.9 0.8 -0.3 Irregular 112d ' BH Pahcetwe Excavation 2.3 1.2 -0.35 Irregular 112e BI Pahcehce Excavation 2.4 1.3 -0.2 Irregular 112f BJ Pahoehce Excavaton 1 0.6 -0.t Oval 1128 - BK Pahoehce Excavation 1 0.6 -0.25 Irregular 113 BL Filled crack 2.1 1.4 0.19 Irregular 124 BM Pahoehce Excavation 4 3 -0,7 C'acular 114a BN Pahoehce Excavation 7 5.5 -0.55 Irregular 115a BO Pahoehce Excavation 3.3 1.1 -0.3 Oval 115b BP Pahoefxre Excavation 32 2.4 -0,8 Irtegular 92 BO Patwatwe Excavation 2.5 2,2 -0.3 Irregular 93 BR Pahaehoe Excavation 1.3 1.3 -0.3 Irtagu~r 103c BS Pahoehce Excavation 1.5 1.4 -0.35 Irregular 109b BT Pahcehce Excavaton 9.9 1 -0.25 Irregular 10t1a BU Pahoelwe Excava8on 1.8 1.2 -0.4 Irreguar 100 BV Pahcehce Excavation 0.9 0.9 -0.22 Circular 73 BW Pahoetwe Excavatlar 12 1 -0.3 Oval 75 BX Mound -2.0 1.8 D.27 Irregu~r 78 BY Pahoehce Excavation 25 1.8 -0.45 Irregular 71 - BZ Pahoetae Excavaton 32 2.8 -0.3 Oval 74 CA Mound 2 1.3 0.33 Irregular 77 CB Mound 2.3 t A 0.12 lrtegular Sta r CC Mound 4.6 1.5 0.22 Linear 57b CD Mound 1.4 1.2 0.17 Irregu~r 49 CE Mourxl 4.4 1.3 0.42 Linear 48 CF Pahoehce Excavation 2.9 1.3 -0.28 Oval 47 CG Pahcehce Excavation 3.2 9.9 -0.32 Irregular 50 CH Mound 1.5 0.7 0.25 Oval 52 CI PahcehceExcavation 1.5 1.32 -0.4 Irregular 21a CJ PahcehceExcavation 1.1 0.8 -025 Irregular 21b CK Mound 9.9 0.9 0.2 Oval 21c 51 Table S. Su?remery of site 23425.4gaeitueel res (c®ret) . D Fcenartion ~YPe Length (m) Width (m) m Shape HBAoFfeld A Filled crack 5.2 1.2 0.3 Irregular 20a CL Pahcehce Excavation 6.6 3.8 -0.27 Irregular 31a CM Mound 3.6 2.5 0.34 Irregular 30 CN Pahcehce Excavation 3.8 2.2 -0.52 Irregular 31b CO Mound 72 1.2 0.13 Circular 32a CP Mound 1.2 0.9 0.52 Oval 32b CO Mound 3.7 0.7 0.25 Linear 33a CR Mound 2 0.9 0.26 Oval 33b CS Pahcehoe Excavation 1.6 0.9 -0.35 Iregular 7c CT Pahoehce Excavation 7.8 1.1 -0.6 Inegular 7b CU Patxretrce Excavation 7.1 1.1 -0.6 Urx~r 14b CV Pahoehce Excavation 32 2.1 -02 Irregular t4a CW Pahcetwe Excavatlan 3.2 2.1 -0.3 Linear 13 CX Pahoahoa Excavation 12 0.6 -0.6 Ovaf 15a CY Mound 1.21 0.9 0.35 Oval 11b CZ Mound 2.5 1.3 0.26 Ling 9 DA Pahoetwe Excs2tion 1.8 1.3 -0.43 Oval 33c DB Mound 2.8 1.7 0.3 Irregular 33d DC Mound 1.8 1.3 025 Oval ~ 8 DD Mound 2 2 0.6 Circular 114b - DE Mound 1.5 0.9 0.32 Irregular 8 DF Mound 4.1 1.6 0.36 Oval 5 DG Mound 3.5 3 0.9 Irregular 4 _ OH Mound 32 1 0.32 Ling 34a DI Mound 1.9 1.8 02 Oval 34b DJ Mound 1 0.8 0.32 Oval 3 DK Mound 1.1 1 0.3 Irregular 37a DL Mound 1 0.7 0.25 Irregular 38 DM Mound 1.8 0.7 0.17 Irregular 37b DN Mound 1 0.7 0.34 Irregu~r 39 - DO tAatrd 1 0.7 025 Inegular 2 DP Filled crack 2.4 1.1 0.4 Irregular 90 DO Pahcetwe Excavation 1.6 1.1 -0.25 Irregular 91 DR Pahoehoe Excavation 2.5 1.1 -0.3 Irregular 89a DS Filled creck , t.4 0.5 0.4 Irreguar 89b DT Mound 25 2 0.25 Oval 88 ' DU Mound t.6 9.4 0.6 Oval 117 DV Mound 5.1 0.6 0.25 Linear 116 DW Mound 1.3 1 0.15 Irreguor 79a DX Mound 1.7 0.8 0.3 Irregular 80 DY Mound 1.5 1 0.32 Irregular 82 OZ Mound 4.5 1.6 0.62 Irreguar 81a EA Mound 2.2 1.3 0.35 Oval 81c EB Mound 1.00 0.95 0.42 Irregular 63 EC Mound 1.4 1 0.35 Irregular 64 52 "l ='A2R.L ; e e,.~ e,", ixi~s. X5-7. J' sex 4 + 'b i t "may I'~1~ t'f ` x,, ~i - _ VAC={~~ Ti 3W{~' 2. '.'l lSY ~ ~ll ii8 g..a$" A 4 l~ 4 yC Y_ {g ti h,~ ~ i ~ 5 . f ~~n~~ 4tiG ~ ti- Figure 47. Site 23425, Feature AL Pahoehoe Excavation, view to west - ~ +s,Y siii~t~-'. s`'kt, A r->5ff s =..j' n ir~'r ~ iiiy a~ y~yi ~ vr'~ ~a4.~F~5' ~~I4F V i~ L x~r i 1 ~~z ~ ~ TTaa. j ' , ~8. Vii. /t . y a!.~~ ~~r " ,a' ~ Q s ~ r~: ~;a' q~ 1= ~g ,r 3 Ts~~r~ ~ ~i~ Qa~x ~ ~`~iF+s rt~~~ k eld+~'w d1P5.J7.~`~6~ T ~ ~ Figeae 4S. Site 23425, Feature DD Ndound, view tm north 53 • 9. y %1".( f~f ~ ~ 5 ~ i~~ ~ ark . S 5i ty s k t t',~4' Cj `ya,. V 1~ 1 ~ ¢ xx'1} f ~ ~ $ trYY~t _A l i S` ~ { n T - 'yyy ~ '-f A +dA f i' ')Yy 1p~ 'St ~ n S s e ~+a`~'$~Y ~g'~Jj?~~ ~ i~..r j`~l •y t r A~c1 r: ? VY.~.~ "tr,~~j ~ Figare 49. Site 23425, Feature CB Mound, view to North F,p a'eg l'"' y~2 f M ~G 4 X rif ~,cs~t ~~~t ~ ; Fl. ,4 t tY ~ ~Ir~ j4i^y f'~ R. 4 4 ~ ~ ~ ~'t AAA, 4.* ; ' ~'j`n7 E3 ~ . ~qr i-. ~ i w. , `S* Eli i~4sa'c+'~*;. '!!f _ ' s . Fi~aue 50. Site 23425, Feature BL Filled Caack, view to south 54 The seven filled cracks ar comprised of irregularly-shaped natural fissures in pahoehoe lava flows that have been filled with piled ambles and small moulders. These featriaes vary in length 0.6 to 2.4 m (averaging 1.62 m long), in width from 0.5 to 1.4 m (averaging 1.0 m wide) and in height from 0.19 to 0.4 ' m (averaging 0.27 m). An example of a Site 23425 filled crack is preserved in Figure S0. 55 coNCi_usi®~v discussion The identified sites and features conform to the traditional Hawaiian site/feature types expected in the Barren or Transitional Zone and the Upland Forest Zone (Davis 1977, Cordy 1985) based on previous archaeological work and historic documentary research. As expected, agricultural features, trails, and tem- porary habitation sites were identified. In addition, a refuge cave and stone quarrying and processing fea- tures were recorded. The wide variety of feature types in the project area is atypical of the Barren or Transi- tional Zone, and may indicate that its inland limit was seaward of the project area below the 400 ft eleva- tion in O`oma. Also, as expected, historic remains consist of ranch walls. The habitation sites consist of caves, an overhang, and small, insubstantial surface architechue consisting of terraces and pavements. The agricultural features comprise more than 70% of the identified features and include informal fields with scattered mounds and excavated depressions. The agricultural features are concentrated in a linear band through the north-central portion of the project area. LCA testi- mony indicates that taro and sweet potatoes were cultivatcd a short distance inland of the project area. His- toric agricultural activity in the area probably included goat and cable ranching. _ Sweet potatoes were probably the primary crop grown in the area. Handy and Handy (1972:104105) ' describe the seasonal cultivation of sweet potatoes in arid, lava-covered areas of Hawaii. The cultivation used a mixture of stones, gravel, and mulch. The mulch was made with weeds and grass, which were piled in excava- tions in the lava several months before cultivation. Cultivation began with the onset of the winter rains. Pro- , rooted cuttings were used for planting. After the carvings began to grow, the mulch and gravel mixture was stirred with a stick to luomote the development of tubers. Mulch and stones were periodically added to the plots to further encourage growth. After a month or so, the tubers were thinned by hand. The smalls tubers were re- moved to permit the larger ones to fully develop. Using this labor-intensive metltod, suitable crops was pro- duced in a few months. Five trail segments were identified ffi four sites. All are pedestrian paths distinguished by linear strips cleared of larger stones across a`a lava Rows. Flat pahoehce slab stepping stones are extensively used ffi two of the sites (23421 and 23417) suggesting these trails were ficquentlY used and maintained. All of the [tail segments are oriented in an inland-seaward direction. The trail routes undoubtedly continued be- yond the recorded segments across the surrounding pahoehce lava where no visible trace of the trails re. mains. The hails ffi Site 23421, 23A18, and 23414 all appear to be part of separate trail routes because of their orientation and spatial separation. The trail at Site 23414 is interpreted as being associated with quar- rying activity ffi that site. The Site 23418 trail segments consist of a single trail ffi the seaward end that di- vides inW two branches inland. This pattem neaz the boundary of the Barren and Upland Forest Zones indi- cates multiple destinations for inland travel beyond this point as would be expected because of the more diverse use of the Upland Zone. The Site 23417 trarl segment is the only one directly associated with sur- face temporary habitation features. This well made trail segment potentially connected to the hail segments at Site 23418, or Site 23414. Alternatively, the hail may represent a separate unrelated hail mute based on the extensive use of steppingstones compared to the trail segments ffi the other two sites. Overall, the pattern of trails suggests that multiple inland-seaward transportation routes existed within O`oma 1, ffi least between 380 ft and 460 ft elevation. If there was a single main inland-seaward route across the Barren Zone to the coast in the ahupua'a, then it must have begun branching into to multi- ple routes at a lows elevation. Alternatively, the pattern may indicate that there were multiple mutes to the coast from the uplands. T1re quarry site (23414) and nearby stone manufacturing site (23413) are potentially be related. Site 23414 may be the source for tale large modified stones ffi Site 23413 acrd incorporated into the Site 5747 ranch wall. These roughly spheroidal fine-graineed basalt cobbles and small boulders potentially are JV hammerstones that were used as sledge hammers to make pahoehoe excavations. The weight and size of the stones are comparable to waterworn hamanerstones interpreted to be sledge hammers by Dye (2002) at Manini`owali and Kuki`o 2. Dye's project area was less than 1.5 kilometers from the coast where cobble beaches were the presumed source for the stones. The curre~ project area is more than 3 kilometers from the coast and this greater distance may have been sufficient to justify quarrying and shaping hammerstones for use in ttre vicinity. T'he Site 23423 lava tube is a large deep tube with limited access within the project area. Both en- trances inthe project area are skylights in the cave ceiling with vertical drops of 7 m to LO m from the sur- face to the tube floor. Access from either skylight would necessitate the use of ropes or long ladders; how- ever, the tube can be readily accessed through a collapsed sinkhole a short distance inland of the project area. There are numerous structural modifications of the tube m the vicinity of the skylights including ter- , races, alignments, and an enclosure that were probably used for sleeping or other habitation related activi- ties. The presence of ash and charcoal concentrations, kukai nut shell, bird bone, and marine shell indicate that the site occupants built fues for heat, light, and probably cooking. A large upright stone (Feature O) below one skylight (Entrance 1) is very ltlcely a poiraku a Kane shrine (Kirsh 1985:262) where offerings were leR A nearby cairn with a decayed piece of wood e#ending from its upper surface (Feature M) could be a second ritual feature, if it supported wooden idol Alhough not normally considered to be an offering, a piece of waterworn coral was present on Feature M and an- otherpiece was noted in the nearby enclosure, Feature L_ In addition to shelter and ritual, the tube was un- doubtedly used for collecting water. The tube was mostly dry at the time of the survey, but several seeps were presem and during wetter times of the year there are probably many more. Although never completed, the inland entrance to the tube was partially walled to function as a refuge. Interior modifications below the seaward skylight (Entrance 2) inchuding a wall and step were probably also related to the planned nefirge function. The wall and adjacent ledges in the robe walls form a barrier to access firm the inland end of the cave to portions of the cave below and beyond the seaward sky- light The step provided access to a narrow, potemiatly defensible ledge that provides access to the seaward _ reaches of fire tube. Significance Assessments Pursuant to DLPiR (1998) Chapter 275-6 (d), the initial significance assessments provided herein are not final until concurrence from the DLNR has been obtained. Sites idertified and relocated during the survey are assessed for significance based on the criteria outlined in the Rules Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation Review (DLNR 1998: Chap 275). According to these Hiles, a site must possess integ- rity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and shall meet one or more of the fallowing criteria: i. Criterion "a". Be associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history; 2. Criterion "b". Be associated with the lives of persons important in our past; , 3. Criterion "c". Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; represent the work of a master; or possess high artistic value; 4. Criterion "d°. Have yielded, or is likely to yield, information important for research on prehistory or history; and 5. Criterion "e". Have an important traditional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with traditional cultural prate tires once carried out, or still carried ant; at the property or due to associations with tradi- 5% Recommended Treatments ' The mapping, written descriptions, photography, and test excavations at seven sites adequately documents them and no further work or preservation is recommended (see Table Ten sites retain the potential to yield information important for understanding prehistoric to eazly historic land use. Sites 5747, 23411, 23412, 23416 and 23422 are recommended for data recovery. Sites 23413, 23417 and 23421 are recommended for preservation. A combination of data recovery (Features C, B, G, and H) and preservation (Features A, D, E and F) is recommended for Site 23414. The seawazd c. 118 m (388 ft) portion of Site 23423 is recommended for preservation. The remaining, inland portion of the site extends across the project area beyond the inland property boundary. The depth below surface of this inland portion of the cave may be sufficient to protect it from planned development of the ground surface above the cave and no further work is recommended for this portion. If surface construction activity exposes the cave interior, then the cave will be sealed to pre- vent unauthorized access. The specific plans for preservation of sites and data recovery would be detailed in a Mitigation Plan prepazed for DLNR-SHPD review and approval. a 59 Ching, F. 1971 The Archaeology of South Kohala and North Kona from the ahupua'a of Lalamklo to the ahupua'a of Hamanamana. Surface Survey Kailas-Kawaihae Road Corridor (Section III). Prepared by the State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of State Parks, Outdoor Recreation and Historic Sites. Ching, F., and P. Rosendahl 1968 Archaeological Surface Survey of the Kailua Kawaihae Road (Section In, Honokohau to Keahole Point and the Keahole Point Airport. Prepared by the State of Hawaii, Deparhnent of Land and Natural Resources, Division of State Parks, Outdoor Recreation and Historic Sites. Clark, S. 1984 An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Natural Energy Laboratory Hawaii (NELH) Property, Kea- hole Point, North Kona, Hawaii. Dept. of Anthro., B.P. Bishop Museum. Prepared for Marine Sci- ences Group, Dept of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley. Cordy, R. 1981 A Study of Prehistoric Social Change: The Development of Complex Societies in the Hawaiian Is- lands: Academic Press. New York. 1985 Working Paper 1. Hawau Island Archaeology, `O`oma & Kalaoa Ahupua`a, Kekaha, North Kona. Historic Sites Section, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii. 1986a Field Check of Some Sites in the NELH Property, Kataoa 5, Keahole Point, North Kona. Historic Sites Section, Division of State Parks, Dept. of band and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii 1986b Field Check, O'oma 2, North Kona, Hawaii. Historic Sites Section, Department of Land and Natu- rat Resources, State of Hawaii. Davis, B. 1977 Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Agricultural Park at Ke-whole, North Kona, Hawaii Island. Archaeological Re~h Center Hawaii, Inc. Prepared for Department of Agriculture. DLNR (Department of Land and Natural Resources) 1998 Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 13, Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, Subtitle 13, State Historic Preservation Division Rules. Donham, T. 1987 Archaeological Survey and Testing, Ooma B Resort Project Area, Land of Ooma 2, North Kona, Island of Hawaii. PHRl Report 254. Prepared for Helbey Hastert, Van Horn and Kimura Dowden, S., and D. Graves 1992 Archaeological Inventory Survey, HELCO Keahole Parcel Project Area, Lands of Kalaoa I-4, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:7-3-49:36). PHRI Report 1265. Prepared'for CH2M HILL, Honolulu. Drolet, R., and A. Schilz 1995 Final Report, Archaeological Inventory Survey, O'oma 2, North Kona, I-Iawaii Island. Ogden En- vironmental and Energy Services Co., Inc. Prepared for Helbert Hastert & Fee. Dye, T. 2002 Archaeological Data Recovery it [he Barren Zone, Manini`owali and Kuli`o 2°d Ahupua`a, Y.ona, Hawaii. Prepared by T.S. 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