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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 0700.000 2006-2008Harry Kim Mnyor Dixie Kaetsu Mnnnging Director Barbara Kossow Depury Mnnaging Director County of Hawaii 25 Aupuni Street' Room 215 • Hilo, Hawai `i 967204252 (808) 961211 • Fax (808) 961 b553 KONA: 75-5706 Kuakini Highway, Suite 103 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 (808) 3293226 Fax (808) 3263663 September 24, 2007 Honorable Pete Hoffmann, Chairman and Members of the County Council County of Hawaii 333 Kilauea Avenue Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Chairman Hoffmann and Members: ./State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000014) Request: Agricultural to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000064) Request: A-Sato RM-1 Applicant: Seascape Development, LLC Tax Map Key: 7-3-10:3 County Council Initiated Amendment to Chapter 25 (Zoning Code) of the Hawaii County Code 1983 (2005 Edition, as amended) Relating to Off-Street Parking and Loading County Council Initiated Amendments to Chapter 23 (Subdivision Code) and Chapter 25 (Zoning Code) of the Hawaii County Code 1983 (2005 Edition, as amended) Relating to Subdivisions of Seven or More Lots County Council Initiated Amendment to Chapter 25 (Zoning Code) of the Hawaii County Code 1983 (2005 Edition, as amended) Relating to Planned Unit Development (PUD) and Cluster Plan Development (CPD) Applications State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000015) Request: Agricultural to Urban Tax Map Key: 6-7-2:portion 20 Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000068) Request: A-40a and ML-20 to CV-7.5 Tax Map Key: 6-7-220 and portion 51 Applicant North Hawaii Community Hospital ~.. ~~ Comm. No.,~_ Ref. To: 'hC. _ Ref. Date OCT 0 2 002_7 _ t'U eke t81 cr;,~c~ ~ 8 2 Honorable Pete Hoffrnann, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 2 September 24, 2007 As required by Chapter 4, Sec. 6-4.3(C), Hawaii County Charter, transmitted herewith for the County Council's consideration and action are the Planning Commission's letters and enclosures regarding the above-referenced requests. Sincerely, Ha U Mayor Enclosures cc: Planning Department 1083107may County of Hawaii PLANNING COMMISSION Aupuni Center • 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Phone (808) 961-8288 Fax (808) 961-8742 September 24, 2007 Pete Hoffmann, Chairman and Members of the County Council County of Hawaii 333 Kilauea Avenue, 2nd Floor Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Chairman Hoffinann and Council Members: State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000014) Request: Agricultural to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000064) Request: A-Sato RM-1 Applicant: Seascape Development, LLC Tax Man Key' 7-3-10.3 The Planning Commission, after a duly held public hearing on August 31, 2007, voted to recommend for your approval the proposed legislative bills for a state land use boundary amendment from an Agricultural to an Urban district and change of zone from an Agricultural 5-acre (A-Sa) to a Multiple Family Residential 1,000 square foot (RM-1 a) district for 10.001 acres of land. The property is located south of the Kona Palisades Subdivision, approximately 1,200 feet south of the extension of Kakahiaka Street, Kalaoa 5th, North Kona, Hawaii. The Commission concurs with the following Planning Director's reasons for recommending favorable consideration of the requests: State Land Use Boundary Amendment The approval of the reclassification from the State Land Use Agricultural to the Urban District for approximately 10.001 acres will not be violative of Section 205-2, Chapter 205, Hawaii Revised Statutes, nor will it be inconsistent with the Land Use Commission Rules, the County General Plan and the Hawaii State Plan. The applicant also requests a concurrent Change of Zone from A-Sato RM-1 to develop the 306-unit affordable housing rental project. Under the Land Use Commission Rules, one of the standards for considering an azea for urban reclassification states that "In determining urban growth for the next ten years, or in amending the boundary, land contiguous with Hawai `i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer Pete Hoffmann, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 2 existing urban areas shall be given more consideration than non-contiguous land, and particularly when indicated for future urban use on state or county general plans." The property conforms to this standard as it is situated across from an existing Urban- designated area to the west, and adjacent to urban-designated property to the south. Located near the subject property are the Kona Palisades Subdivision to the north and east and the Lokahi Subdivision to the north. The applicant's request to designate ten acres into the Urban District reflects the infilling of Agricultural lands within this section of North Kona that is already bordering existing Urban-designated lands. The reclassification action conforms to the goals, objectives and/or policies articulated in the Hawaii State Plan by encouraging urban growth primarily to existing urban azeas where adequate public facilities are available. The reclassification action also conforms to the goals, policies and standazds of, among others, the Land Use and Housing Elements of the General Plan. The LUPAG Map component of the General Plan is a representation of the document's goals, policies, standazds and courses of action. It is also a graphic depiction of the physical relationship between the various land uses and establishes the basic urban and non-urban form for azeas within the County. The request conforms to the General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map, which designates this azea for Urban Expansion. The Urban Expansion designation allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low density, industrial and/or open designations in azeas where new settlements maybe desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. The Urban classification conforms to the standazd that the development is within reasonable proximity to centers of trading and employment and to basic services such as schools, police and fire protection, transportation systems and water. The property is situated within close proximity to Kailua-Kona, Kaloko Industrial Pazk, Kohanaiki Business Pazk and the Kona International Airport at Keahole and conforms with the Land Use Commission Rules which encourages urban developments in close proximity to existing developments and in close proximity to existing services and facilities. There will be several potential accesses into the project azea from Kaiminani Drive. Kakahiaka Street provides a direct route from Kaiminani Drive. There is also a makai route that goes through the Lokahi Kau subdivision, which was developed by the applicant. This connects with a portion of the future Mid-Level Road (also known as the Ane Keohokalole Highway) which the applicant has constructed to connect the lower part of the Lokahi Kau subdivision with Kaiminani Drive. Traffic can take the loop road through the Lokahi Kau subdivision to the Mid-Level Road, and then out to Kaiminani Drive. The construction of this connector road to Kaiminani Drive has been completed by the applicant. It was a condition of the occupancy of the Seascape 108 unit condominium property on the adjacent parcel. Finally, it is possible for traffic to go Pete Hoffrnann, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 3 mauka from Kakahiaka Street through the mauka portion of the Lokahi Subdivision to Kapuahi Street. This route would typically not be used by traffic going to or from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, which is expected to be the bulk of the traffic. The roads within the Lokahi subdivision and the portion of the Mid-Level Road have been completed, and the applicant expects to submit them to the county for dedication, but this has not yet happened. By memo dated May 7, 2007, the Department of Public Works (DPW) recommends that "a roadway master plan including roadway alignments and connections, in conjunction with an implementation strategy for the K to K Plan roads be adopted prior to further incremental development in the area. In the absence of an approved roadway master plan, DPW recommends development plans include extension of and access to Ane Keohokalole Highway (Midlevel Road) by an improved Homestead Road. Access to Ane Keohokalole Highway should be consolidated at Homestead Road which is faz enough from the Kaiminani Drive intersection to prevent conflicts with future turn lanes. Under such [a] roadway plan, [the] adjacent Lokahi Subdivision under construction by the applicant should combine access to Midlevel Road by way of Homestead Road, improved to dedicable standazds." Kakahiaka Street is a County road which presently serves existing residences in the Kona Palisades subdivision. The existing street through Kona Palisades has an approximate 20-ft. wide pavement within a 50-ft. right-of--way and unpaved shoulders which have been, in some cases, landscaped by abutting landowners. The street was extended to dedicable standards with curb, gutter and sidewalk through the adjacent Lokahi Makai property to the subject property. The extension is a 50-foot wide street to dedicable standards with concrete curb, gutter and sidewalk. The DPW recommends "further extension of Kakahiaka Street to the southerly property line of the subject property to dedicable standazds and dedicate all improvements to the County upon request. To improve the level of service for northbound traffic at the Kaiminani Street intersection, a right turn lane should be provided on Kakahiaka Street, meeting with the approval of DPW. To improve bicycle and pedestrian safety, the applicant should improve the existing portion of Kakahiaka Street from Kaiminani Drive to the northerly boundary of the Lokahi Planned Unit Development (approximately 300 feet) with 5-foot wide paved shoulders, meeting with the approval of DPW." Kaiminani Drive serving Kakahiaka Street is a major mauka -makai County roadway connecting Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Mamalahoa Highway. Kaiminani Drive has a 22-foot wide pavement within a 60-foot wide right-of--way, lacking paved shoulders. The DPW recommends that the applicant install or contribute to the installation of a traffic signal at the intersection of Kaiminani Drive and Mamalahoa Highway. Pete Hoffinann, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 4 The Department of Transportation (DOT) disagrees with the applicant's statement that no mitigation measures are necessary at the Kaiminani Street intersections with the Queen Kaahumanu and Mamalahoa Highways. According to the applicant, Seascape Development, LLC entered into an agreement with the Department of Water Supply on October 4, 2005 to provide water to the project site as well as surrounding properties. (Refer to Appendix F of the application - unexecuted Water Facilities Agreement) County water will be made available through the extension of a County water line within Kakahiaka Street. In a memo dated Apri127, 2007, the Department of Water Supply states that "the water development agreement referenced as Appendix F in the subject application is currently being revised and negotiated between the developer and the Department." Police services are available from the County's police station at Kealakehe, approximately four miles from the project site. There is a fire station at the intersection of Palani Road and the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, approximately six miles from the site, and a volunteer fire station is located approximately %: mile from the property on Kaiminani Drive. The closest public schools aze located in Kealakehe, approximately four miles from the site. Utilities can be made available to the site. There are no severe geological or topographical problems which cannot be properly rectified or which would render the land unusable. The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designates the property as Zone "X", areas outside of the 500-year flood plain. The property is located approximately 2 '/s miles from the shoreline. All project generated runoff will be disposed of on-site, so as not to impact properties makai of the site. Thus, the reclassification meets with the standard which states that the lands included within the urban district "....shall be those with satisfactory topography and drainage and reasonably free from the danger of floods, tsunami and unstable soil conditions and other adverse environmental effects." Urban Districts shall include lands chazacterized by "city-like" concentrations of people, structures, streets, urban level of services and other related land uses. Surrounding properties are in a mix of single and multiple-family residential and agricultural uses. Properties to the north, east and south aze zoned A-Sa. The pazcel to the west (makai) across the Kakahiaka Street extension is approximately 10 acres in size and was rezoned from A-Sato RM-4 effective September 28, 2006 by Ordinance No. 06 128 and is currently being developed fora 108-unit affordable housing project called Seascape Condominium. The proposed I,okahi Mauka and Makai developments north of the project site aze zoned RS-10, RS-15, RM-4 and CN-10. Further north is the Kona Palisades Subdivision consisting of smaller non-conforming residential lots zoned A-Sa. Pete Hoffmann, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 5 Thus, as urban uses already exist in the immediate area, the urbanization of the project site will not contribute towards scattered urban development. While the property is within the State Land Use Agricultural and County's Agricultural (A-Sa) zoned district, it is not currently being used for active agricultural purposes. The project site is currently vacant and has been previously bulldozed. The property is unclassified by the State Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) Map and the Land Study Bureau's Overall Master Productivity Rating is "E" or "Very Poor." Thus, the reclassification ofthis 10- acre azea from the Agricultural to the Urban designation will not be detrimental to the reduction ofthis area from the agricultural land inventory in the County. From a land use perspective, it is a more feasible alternative to infill urban development within this particulaz azea of North Kona. In doing so, it would alleviate the conversion of more productive agricultural lands in more appropriate locations within the North Kona area for urban type uses. Furthermore, an Urban classification would complement the existing and future residential land use patterns of the surrounding properties in view of the neazby Kona Palisades Subdivision, Lokahi Subdivision and the 108-unit Seascape Condominium affordable housing project. The Executive Director of the Land Use Commission has written a comment letter (Exhibit 11). The Planning Director's response is attached as Exhibit 12. Based on the above, the approval of the State Land Use Boundary Amendment from the Agricultural to the Urban District complements the State Land Use District Regulations and County General Plan and is supportive of the Hawaii State Plan. Chance of Zone The applicant is requesting a State Land Use Boundary Amendment from the Agricultural to the Urban District and a Change of Zone from Agricultural 5-acre (A-Sa) to a Multiple Family Residential 1,000 square foot (RM-1) district for approximately 10.001 acres of land for the development of a 306-unit affordable housing rental project. The applicant has represented that all units will be tazgeted at the 60% of median income level. The Planning Department's proposed condition allows rentals at up to the 80% of median income level, to allow some flexibility in the development of the site. This will address a critical problem in the community -the need for affordable rental housing. According to a recent study, average monthly rents on the island increased by approximately 40% between 2003 and 2006. Pete Hoffmann, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 6 The project tentatively includes: • 18 three-story structures approximately 40 feet in height, which includes 90 studio units,108 one-bedroom one-bath units and 108 two-bedroom/one-bath units • 451 standard parking stalls and nine handicap stalls for a total of 460 stalls • Single-story office structure • One-acre recreation area which may include a swimming pool • Landscaping • Archaeological preserve azea In order to consider an area for any type of zoning designation, the applicable goals, policies and standards of the General Plan must be adequately addressed. It is only through such a comprehensive policy analysis approach that evaluations and decisions can be made to better time and stage developments to achieve growth determined by the General Plan and related planning documents. The implication of these evaluations and decisions must be also considered as they may have an impact on similar areas in the County. The change of zone from A-Sato RM-1 is consistent with the intent and purpose of the goals, policies and standazds of, among others, the Land Use and Housing Elements of the General Plan. The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map component of the General Plan is a representation of the document's goals, policies, standazds and courses of action. It is also a graphic depiction of the physical relationships among the various land uses. The LUPAG Map establishes the basic land use pattern for azeas within the County. The LUPAG Map designates the project site as an Urban Expansion Area. This designation allows for a mix of high density, medium density, and low density urban developments, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements maybe desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. The project will help to create a mix of residential housing opportunities and maintain a housing supply that allows a variety of choices for residents of the North Kona district. The change of zone to a RM-zoned district will be compatible with nearby urban uses, including the Lokahi Subdivisions, Kona Palisades Estates Subdivision and Seascape Condominium project west of the site. Multiple residential living is becoming a way of life for many people. In practice, multiple residential developments use less land area per person, and locate in azeas of concentrated economic and population activity where land is scarce and costly. Pete Hoffrnann, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 7 The property has no severe geological or topographical problems which cannot be properly rectified or which would render the land unusable. The Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designates the property as Zone "X", areas outside the 500-year flood plain. The property is located approximately 2 % miles mauka of the shoreline. All project generated runoff will be disposed of on-site. The change of zone from an A-Sa to a RM-I zoned district will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding azea, community or region. The property is approximately 10 acres in size and is a portion of a 50-acre four-lot subdivision identified as TMK Nos: 7-3-10: 51, 52, 53 and the subject pazcel (parcel 3). Final Subdivision Approval for the creation of the four lots was granted on August 29, 2005 (SUB 02-000051). Parcel 51, consisting of 10 acres, was approved for a State Land Use Boundary amendment from Agricultural to Urban by Ordinance No. 04 105 and a Change of Zone from A-Sato RM-4 by Ordinance No. 04 106 effective September 22, 2004. Ordinance No. 04 106 was subsequently amended on September 28, 2006. Portions of the project site have been previously bulldozed. The property is currently vacant of any use. The applicant has submitted a study titled Archaeological Inventory Survey TMK: 3-7-3-10: 03, Land of Ooma 1, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii by Haun and Associates dated August 2000 (Appendix B of application). On August 8, 2003, the survey was approved by the DLNR-HPD. The survey, which included approximately 50 acres (TMK Nos: 7-3-10: 51, 52, 53 and the subject property), identified 17 sites consisting often single feature sites and seven complexes of features. The 17 sites were all assessed as significant under Criterion "d" (Criteria descriptions are listed on page 57 of Appendix B). Relative to the project site, four sites were identified: Site 23411 (temporary habitation cave), 23415 (cairn), 23416 (temporary habitation complex), 23417 (temporary habitation site/mazker/complex). Data recovery was performed for Sites 23411 and 23416, and Site 23415 required no further work. Site 23417 was recommended for preservation, included in the approved Archaeological Mitigation Plan and will be preserved. A barrier will be constructed around the site during construction. Upon completion, buffers will be established azound the site and cautionary and interpretive signs will be posted. By letter dated March 11, 2005, the DLNR-HPD approved the mitigation plan. The applicant has submitted a study titled, Cultural Impact Assessment Associated with the Proposed Development of Lokahi Kau (TMKs: 3-7-3-010.• 003, 006, OSI, 052, 053, 054), Ooma 1 sst and Kalaoa 5`h Ahupuaa, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii, by Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D., March 2006. The assessment concluded that none of the sites identified in the archaeological inventory survey are considered traditional cultural properties and no specific natural or cultural beliefs and practices were identified relative Pete Hoffmann, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 8 to the land within the proposed development area. The project site is not adjacent and/or proximate to the shoreline. As such, gathering of marine life, fishing and coastal access is not an issue. The applicant submitted a study titled Biological Surveys of TMK(3) 7-3-10:003, OSl, 052, 053 and 054, as well as Portions of the Proposed Homestead Road Conduced for tke Lokaki Kau Development, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii, by Reginald E. David of Rana Productions, Ltd., dated July 13, 2006 (Appendix A of application). Findings in this study were similaz to another botanical survey conducted of the area in 2003 by Char & Associates. No plants currently listed as threatened, endangered, or proposed for listing under either the Federal or State of Hawaii endangered species programs were recorded by this or the 2003 survey. No native faunal species were recorded during the course of this survey. The report concluded that given the findings, the proposed development of the site is not expected to have a significant negative impact on floral and faunal resources in the area. The study did however, provided a recommendation that native dryland plants be considered for the proposed landscaping, particulazly with the common azeas. The study further recommended that any external lighting required for the development of roads be shielded to minimize the threat of disorientation and downing of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters, as well as to lower the ambient glare caused by unshielded lighting to the astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea. A report titled Lokahi Kau Subdivision, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, Revision to Tra~c Impact Analysis of December 2005, TMK: (3) 7-03-010: 003, dated January, 2007 was prepared by Witcher Engineering, LLP (Appendix E of application). The traffic impact analysis report (TIAR) also examined the impact of the development of the adjoining 108-unit Seascape Condominium project and its impacts relative to four intersections: a) Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaiminani Street, b) Kaiminani Street and Kakahiaka Street, c) Kaiminani Street and Mamalahoa Highway, d) Kaiminani Street and Ane Keohokalole Street. The study concluded that "although Kaiminani Street is impacted, it is not greatly impacted by the development even with a 3.5% growth factor factored into the future traffic movements. No turn lanes aze justified. With the widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway in the future, mitigation measures will be taken at that intersection." There will be several potential accesses into the project area from Kaiminani Drive. Kakahiaka Street provides a direct route from Kaiminani Drive. There is also a makai route that goes through the Lokahi Kau subdivision, which was developed by the applicant. This connects with a portion of the future Mid-Level Road (also known as the Ane Keohokalole Highway) which the applicant has constructed to connect the lower part of the Lokahi Kau subdivision with Kaiminani Drive. Traffic can take the loop road Pete Hoffmann, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 9 through the Lokahi Kau subdivision to the Mid-Level Road, and then out to Kaiminani Drive. The constmction of this connector road to Kaiminani Drive has been completed by the applicant. It was a condition of the occupancy of the Seascape 108 unit condominium property on the adjacent parcel. Finally, it is possible for traffic to go mauka from Kakahiaka Street through the mauka portion of the Lokahi Subdivision to Kapuahi Street. This route would typically not be used by traffic going to or from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, which is expected to be the bulk of the traffic. The roads within the Lokahi subdivision and the portion of the Mid-Level Road have been completed, and the applicant expects to submit them to the county for dedication, but this has not yet happened. By memo dated May 7, 2007, the Department of Public Works (DPW) recommends that "a roadway master plan including roadway alignments and connections, in conjunction with an implementation strategy for the K to K Plan roads be adopted prior to further incremental development in the azea. In the absence of an approved roadway master plan, DPW recommends development plans include extension of and access to Ane Keohokalole Highway (Midlevel Road) by an improved Homestead Road. Access to Ane Keohokalole Highway should be consolidated at Homestead Road which is far enough from the Kaiminani Drive intersection to prevent conflicts with future turn lanes. Under such [a] roadway plan, [the] adjacent Lokahi Subdivision under construction by the applicant should combine access to Midlevel Road by way of Homestead Road, improved to dedicable standards." Kakahiaka Street is a County road which presently serves existing residences in the Kona Palisades subdivision. The existing street through Kona Palisades has an approximate 20-ft. wide pavement within a 50-ft. right-of--way and unpaved shoulders which have been, in some cases, landscaped by abutting landowners. The street was extended to dedicable standazds with curb, gutter and sidewalk through the adjacent Lokahi Makai property to the subject property. The extension is a 50-foot wide street to dedicable standazds with concrete curb, gutter and sidewalk. The DPW recommends "further extension of Kakahiaka Street to the southerly property line of the subject property to dedicable standazds and dedicate all improvements to the County upon request. To improve the level of service for northbound traffic at the Kaiminani Street intersection, a right turn lane should be provided on Kakahiaka Street, meeting with the approval of DPW. To improve bicycle and pedestrian safety, the applicant should improve the existing portion of Kakahiaka Street from Kaiminani Drive to the northerly boundary of the Lokahi Planned Unit Development (approximately 300 feet) with 5-foot wide paved shoulders, meeting with the approval of DPW." Kaiminani Drive serving Kakahiaka Street is a major mauka -makai County roadway connecting Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Mamalahoa Highway. Kaiminani Pete Hoffmann, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 10 Drive has a 22-foot wide pavement within a 60-foot wide right-of--way, lacking paved shoulders. The DPW recommends that the applicant install or contribute to the installation of a traffic signal at the intersection of Kaiminani Drive and Mamalahoa Highway. The Department of Transportation (DOT) disagrees with the applicant's statement that no mitigation measures are necessary at the Kaiminani Street intersections with the Queen Kaahumanu and Mamalahoa Highways. The project is reasonably well-situated for residents to travel to job centers in West Hawaii, such as the Kona International Airport at Keahole, NELHA, the North Kona and South Kohala resorts and Kailua-Kona. Development of affordable rental housing on the property should alleviate overall traffic congestion because many employers at these areas currently commute from places as far away as Hawaiian Ocean View Estates and Puna. All utilities are available to the site. According to the applicant, Seascape Development, LLC entered into an agreement with the Department of Water Supply on October 4, 2005 to provide water to the project site as well as surrounding properties. {Refer to Appendix F of the application - unexecuted Water Facilities Agreement) County water will be made available through the extension of a County water line within Kakahiaka Street. In a memo dated Apri127, 2007, the Department of Water Supply states that "the water development agreement referenced as Appendix F in the subject application is currently being revised and negotiated between the developer and the Department " The applicant states that solid waste will be handled through a commercial hauler. According to the applicant, the project's wastewater will be disposed of into a new private sewer treatment plant under construction on the parcel makai of the Kakahiaka Street extension (Seascape Condominium site, TMK: 7-3-10: 51). The sewer treatment plant will meet the specifications and requirements of the Department of Health, and is designed to accommodate the future development of the surrounding contiguous pazcels. Utilities, including telephone and electrical services, are available to the site. The closest police station is located in Kealakehe, approximately four (4) miles from the property. There is a fire station at the intersection of Palani Road and the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, approximately six (6) miles from the site, and a volunteer fire station is located less than %i mile from the project site on Kaiminani Drive. The closest public schools are located in Kealakehe, approximately four (4) miles from the property. The request is not contrary to Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statues, relating to Coastal Zone Management. The property is not located in the Special Management Area. The site is located mauka of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, is not an oceanfront property, and will not be impacted by coastal hazard and beach erosion. There is no record of a designated public access that traverses the property. According to the applicant, no valued cultural, historical or natural resources exist on the property and Pete Hoffmann, Chainnan and Members of the County Council Page 11 there is no evidence of any traditional and customary Native Hawaiian rights being practiced on the site. Thus, it is not anticipated that the proposed request will have any adverse impact on cultural or historical resources in the azea. In view of the Hawaii State Supreme Court's "PASH" and "Ka Pa'akai O Ka'Aina"decisions, the issue relative to native Hawaiian gathering and fishing rights must be addressed in terms of the cultural, historical, and natural resources and the associated traditional and customary practices of the site: Investigation of valued resources: The following information was submitted with the application: • Biological Surveys of TMK(3J 7-3-10.•003, 051, 052, 053 and 054, as well as Portions of the Proposed Homestead Road Conduced for the Lokahi Kau Development, North Kor:a District, Island of Hawaii, by Reginald E. David of Rana Productions, Ltd., dated July 13, 2006 (Appendix A) • Archaeological Inventory Survey TMK: 3-7-3-1 D.• 03, Land of Ooma 1, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii by Haun and Associates dated August 2000 (Appendix B) • An Archaeological Mitigation Plan for Ten Sites on TMK: 3-7-3-1 D.• 03, Ooma 1 s` Ahupuaa, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii by Rechtman Consulting, LLC dated November 2004 (Appendix C) • Cultural Impact Assessment Associated with the Proposed Development ofLokahi Kau (TMKs: 3-7-3-O1 D: DD3, DD6, 051, 052, 053, 054), Doma lsst and Kalaoa 5`h Ahupuaa, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii, by Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D., March 2006 (Appendix D) The valuable cultural, historical, and natural resources found in the rezoning area: An azchaeological study, cultural impact assessment study, as well as flora/fauna studies were conducted of the site and surrounding azea. An archaeological mitigation plan has been accepted and approved by DLNR-HPD. The applicant proposes to include an archaeological preserve area to protect Site 23417, which was recommended for preservation. Possible adverse effect or impairment of valued resources: Established standards and controls to manage potential negative effects should effectively limit and mitigate foreseeable long-term impacts. Native plants could be destroyed by construction and ground alteration. The property does not abut the shoreline, therefore Hawaiian gathering and fishing rights is not an issue. Pete Hoffmann, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 12 Based on the above findings, the change of zone from Agricultural-5 acre (A-Sa) to Multiple-Family Residential-1,000 square feet (RM-1) would result in an appropriate land use pattern and further benefit the general public. For your favorable consideration, amendments to the State Land Use Boundary Maps and Section 25-8-3 (North Kona Zone Map), of the County Zoning Code aze transmitted. We aze enclosing copies of the staff Background and Planning Director's Recommendation for your information. Sincer , Willidm Graham, Chairman Planning Commission Lseascaperez07-000064PC02 Enclosures cc: R. Ben Tsukazaki, Esq. Mr. Bill Brooks Mr. Alan Dickler Department of Public Works Department of Water Supply Planning Department -Kona Department of Land & Natural Resources-HPD/Kona DOT-Highways, Honolulu State Land Use Commission Lincoln Ashida, Esq., Corporation Counsel RSeascaceSLU.doc- 7/11/07 COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT RECOMMENDATION SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC STATE LAND USE BOUNDARY AMENDMENT APPLICATION (SLU 07-0000141 Upon careful review of the request, the Planning Director is recommending that a favorable recommendation for the State Land Use Boundary Amendment be forwarded to the County Council. Since this recommendation is made without the benefit of public testimony, the Director reserves the right to modify and/or alter this position based upon additional information presented at the public hearing. The favorable recommendation is based on the following findings: The approval of the reclassification from the State Land Use Agricultural to the Urban District for approximately 10.001 acres will not be violative of Section 205-2, Chapter 205, Hawaii Revised Statutes, nor will it be inconsistent with the Land Use Commission Rules, the County General Plan and the Hawaii State Plan. 'The applicant also requests a concurrent Change of Zone from A-Sato RM-1 to develop the 306-unit affordable housing rental project. Under the Land Use Commission Rules, one of the standards for considering an area for urban reclassification states that "In detemuning urban growth for the next ten yeazs, or in amending the boundary, land contiguous with existing urban areas shall be given more consideration than non- contiguous land, and particularly when indicated for future urban use on state or county general plans." The property conforms to this standazd as it is situated across from an existing Urban-designated area to the west, and adjacent to urban-designated property to the south. Located neaz the subject property are the Kona Palisades Subdivision to the north and east and the Lokahi Subdivision to the north. The applicant's request to designate ten acres into the Urban District reflects the infilling of Agricultural lands within this section of North Kona that is already bordering existing Urban-designated lands. -1- ATTACH: Comm. 700 Bills 181 and 182 (Note: Lue to their large size, the applications for the State Land Use Boundary amendment and rezoning are on file in the Clerk's Office.) The reclassification action conforms to the goats, objectives and/or policies articulated in the Hawaii State Plan by encouraging urban growth primarily to existing urban azeas where adequate public facilities are available. The reclassification action also conforms to the goals, policies and standards of, among others, the Land Use and Housing Elements of the General Plan. The LUPAG Map component of the General Plan is a representation of the document's goals, policies, standazds and courses of action. It is also a graphic depiction of the physical relationship between the various land uses and establishes the basic urban and non-urban form for azeas within the County. The request conforms to the General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map, which designates this azea for Urban Expansion. The Urban Expansion designation allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low density, industrial and/or open designations in azeas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. The Urban classification conforms to the standard that the development is within reasonable proximity to centers of trading and employment and to basic services such as schools, police and fire protection, transportation systems and water. The property is situated within close proximity to Kailua-Kona, Kaloko Industrial Pazk, Kohanaiki Business Park and the Kona International Airport at Keahole and conforms with the Land Use Commission Rules which encourages urban developments in close proximity to existing developments and in close proximity to existing services and facilities. There will be several potential accesses into the project area from Kaiminani Drive. Kakahiaka Street provides a direct route from Kaiminani Drive. There is also a makai route that goes through the Lokahi Kau subdivision, which was developed by the applicant. This connects with a portion of the future Mid-Level Road (also known as the Ane Keohokalole Highway) which the applicant has constructed to connect the lower part of the Lokahi Kau subdivision with Kaiminani Drive. Traffic can take the loop road through the Lokahi Kau subdivision to the Mid-Level Road, and then out to Kaiminani Drive. The construction of this connector road to Kaiminani Drive has been completed by the applicant. It was a condition of the occupancy of the Seascape 108 unit -2- condominium property on the adjacent pazcel. Finally, it is possible for traffic to go mauka from Kakahiaka Street through the mauka portion of the Lokahi Subdivision to Kapuahi Street. This route would typically not be used by traffic going to or from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, which is expected to be the bulk of the traffic. The roads within the Lokahi subdivision and the portion of the Mid-Level Road have been completed, and the applicant expects to submit them to the county for dedication, but this has not yet happened. By memo dated May 7, 2007, the Department of Public Works (DPW) recommends that "a roadway master plan including roadway alignments and connections, in conjunction with an implementation strategy for the K to K Plan roads be adopted prior to further incremental development in the azea. In the absence of an approved roadway master plan, DPW recommends development plans include extension of and access to Ane Keohokalole Highway (Midlevel Road) by an improved Homestead Road. Access to Ane Keohokalole Highway should be consolidated at Homestead Road which is faz enough from the Kaiminani Drive intersection to prevent conflicts with future turn lanes. Under such [a] roadway plan, [the] adjacent Lokahi Subdivision under construction by the applicant should combine access to Midlevel Road by way of Homestead Road, improved to dedicable standards." Kakahiaka Street is a County road which presently serves existing residences in the Kona Palisades subdivision. The existing street through Kona Palisades has an approximate 20-ft. wide pavement within a 50-ft. right-of--way and unpaved shoulders which have been, in some cases, landscaped by abutting landowners. The street was extended to dedicable standards with curb, gutter and sidewalk through the adjacent Lokahi Makai property to the subject property. The extension is a 50-foot wide street to dedicable standards with concrete curb, gutter and sidewalk. The DPW recommends "further extension of Kakahiaka Street to the southerly property line of the subject property to dedicable standards and dedicate all improvements to the County upon request. To improve the level of service for northbound traffic at the Kaiminani Street intersection, a right turn lane should be provided on Kakahiaka Street, meeting with the approval of DPW. To improve bicycle and pedestrian safety, the applicant should -3- improve the existing portion of Kakahiaka Street from Kaiminani Drive to the northerly boundary of the Lokahi Planned Unit Development (approximately 300 feet) with 5-foot wide paved shoulders, meeting with the approval of DPW." Kaiminani Drive serving Kakahiaka Street is a major mauka -makai County roadway connecting Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Mamalahoa Highway. Kaiminani Drive has a 22-foot wide pavement within a 60-foot wide right-of--way, lacking paved shoulders. The DPW recommends that the applicant install or contribute to the installation of a traffic signal at the intersection of Kaiminani Drive and Mamalahoa Highway. The Department of Transportation (DOT) disagrees with the applicant's statement that no mitigation measures are necessary at the Kaiminani Street intersections with the Queen Kaahumanu and Mamalahoa Highways. According to the applicant, Seascape Development, LLC entered into an agreement with the Department of Water Supply on October 4, 2005 to provide water to the project site as well as surrounding properties. (Refer to Appendix F of the application - unexecuted Water Facilities Agreement) County water will be made available through the extension of a County water line within Kakahiaka Street. In a memo dated April 27, 2007, the Department of Water Supply states that "the water development agreemern referenced as Appendix F in the subject application is currently being revised and negotiated between the developer and the Department." Police services are available from the County's police station at Kealakehe, approximately four miles from the project site. There is a fire station at the intersection of Palani Road and the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, approximately six miles from the site, and a volunteer fire station is located approximately'/: mile from the property on Ka`iminani Drive. The closest public schools are located in Kealakehe, approximately four miles from the site. Utilities can be made available to the site. There are no severe geological or topographical problems which cannot be properly rectified or which would render the land unusable. The U. S. Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designates the property as Zone "X", areas outside of the 500-year flood plain. The property is located -4- approximately 2'/z miles from the shoreline. All project generated runoff will be disposed of on-site, so as not to impact properties makai of the site. Thus, the reclassification meets with the standard which states that the lands included within the urban district "....shall be those with satisfactory topography and drainage and reasonably free from the danger of floods, tsunami and unstable soil conditions and other adverse environmental effects." Urban Districts shall include lands characterized by "city-like" concentrations of people, structures, streets, urban level of services and other related land uses. Surrounding properties aze in a mix of single and multiple-family residential and agricultural uses. Properties to the north, east and south aze zoned A-Sa. The pazcel to the west (makai) across the Kakahiaka Street extension is approximately 10 acres in size and was rezoned from A-Sato RM-4 effective September 28, 2006 by Ordinance No. 06 128 and is currently being developed fora 108-unit affordable housing project called Seascape Condominium. The proposed Lokahi Mauka and Makai developments north of the project site aze zoned RS-10, RS-15, RM-4 and CN-10. Further north is the Kona Palisades Subdivision consisting of smaller non-conforming residential lots zoned A-Sa. Thus, as urban uses already exist in the immediate area, the urbanization of the project site will not contribute towards scattered urban development. While the property is within the State Land Use Agricultural and County's Agricultural (A-Sa) zoned district, it is not currently being used for active agricultural purposes. The project site is currently vacant and has been previously bulldozed. The property is unclassified by the State Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALIBI-~ Map and the Land Study Bureau's Overall Master Productivity Rating is "E" or "Very Poor". Thus, the reclassification of this 10-acre area from the Agricultural to the Urban designation will not be detrimental to the reduction of this area from the agricultural land inventory in the County. From a land use perspective, it is a more feasible alternative to infill urban development within this particular area of North Kona. L7 doing so, it would alleviate the conversion of more productive agricultural lands in more appropriate locations within the North Kona area for urban type uses. Furthermore, an Urban classification would -5- complement the existing and future residential land use patterns of the surrounding properties in view of the nearby Kona Palisades Subdivision, Lokahi Subdivision and the 108-unit Seascape Condominium affordable housing project. The Executive Director of the Land Use Commission has written a comment letter (Exhibit 11). The Planning Director's response is attached as Exhibit 12. Based on the above, the approval of the State Land Use Boundary Amendment from the Agricultural to the Urban District complements the State Land Use District Regulations and County General Plan and is supportive of the Hawaii State Plan. The accompanying draft bill to amend the State Land Use Boundaries Map is provided for your favorable consideration. -6- COUNTY OF HAWAII ~,TV °s ,~,~~ ~~~~ ••~ j h~Oi~XMI~r ORDINANCE NO. BILL 1~0. v~~J AN ORDINANCE AMENDING THE STATE LAND USE BOUNDARIES MAPS FOR THE COUNTY OF HAWAII BY CHANGING THE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION FROM THE AGRICULTURAL TO THE URBAN DISTRICT AT O`OMA lsr, NORTH KONA, HAWAII, COVERED BY TAX MAP KEY 7-3-010:003. BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII: SECTION 1. The State Land Use Boundaries Maps for the County of Hawaii aze amended to change the district classification ofproperty described hereinafter as follows: The district classification of the following area situated at O`oma 1St, North Kona, Hawaii, shall be Urban: Beginning at the Northwest corner of this parcel of land, at the Southwest comer of Lot 4 of Lokahi Ka`u, being a portion of Grant 5472 to William Keanaaina, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "MOt1NUTAIIEA",being 8,907.34 feet South and 20,630.38 feet West, and running by azimuths measured from true South: 270° 00' 00" 465.27 feet along Lot 4 of Lokahi Ka`u, being also along the remainder of Lot 13-A of Kalaoa- O`oma Homesteads, same being also along the remainder of Grant 5472 to William Keanaaina; 2. 359° 57' 40" 944.49 feet along Lot 13-B of Kalaoa-O`oma Homesteads, being also along the remainder of Grant 5472 to William Keanaaina; 97° 28' 30" 147.54 feet along the middle of a stonewall, being also along Government Land; 4. 95° 34' 30" 136.56 feet along the middle of a stonewall, being also along Government Land; STATE OF HAWAII 97° 10' 00" 280.03 feet along the middle of a stonewall, being also along Government Land; 6. 98° 09' 20" 4.59 feet along the midd]e of a stonewall, being also along Government Land; 7. 195° 56' 00" 339.84 feet along Lot 5 of Lokahi Ka`u, being also along the remainder of Lot 13-A of Kalaoa- O'oma Homesteads, same being also along the remainder of Grant 5472 to William Keanaaina; Thence along Lot 5 of Lokahi Ka`u, being also along the remainder of Lot 13-A of Kalaoa-O`oma Homesteads, being also along the remainder of Grant 5472 to William Keanaaina on a curve to the left with a radius of 850.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 8. 185° 07' 30" 318.79 feet; 9. 174° 19' 00" 233.29 feet along Lot 5 of Lokahi Ka`u, being also along the remainder of Lot 13-A of Kalaoa- O`oma Homesteads, same being also along the remainder of Grant 5472 to William Keanaaina to the point of beginning and containing an area of 10.001 Acres, more or less. All as shown on the map attached hereto, marked Exhibit "A" and by reference made a part hereof. SECTION 2. In the event that any portion of this ordinance is declared invalid, such invalidity shall not affect the other parts of this ordinance. SECTION 3. This ordinance shall take effect upon its approval. INTRODUCED BY: COUNCIL MEMBER, COUNTY OF HAWAII Hilo, Hawaii Date of Introduction: Date of 1st Reading: Date of 2nd Reading: Effective Date: 2 Ibbarr "~,'' urban w urban apta~rnl z N urbn AGRICULTURAL TO URBAN 3 70.007 ACRES ~cuuraai s Ibbarr urban A~ Ih6an 8,907.34 S 20,630.38 W INOANUTAHEA'~ Ur6mr ~" Urban lhban Urban gyp 425 0 850 1700 2550 3400 4250 Feel AMENDMENT TO STATE LAND USE BOUNDARIES MAPS AMENDING THE STATE LAND USE BOUNDARIES MAPS FOR THE COUNTY OF HAWAII, BY CHANGING THE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION FROM THE AGRICULTURAL TO THE URBAN DISTRICT AT O'OMA 1st, NORTH KONA, HAWAII PREPARED BY: PLANNING DEPARTMENT COUNTY OF HAWAII lMK ~-3-010:003 DaM: March 22.200 EXHIBIT "A" (seascape Development, uc:o~-165)) xs~~~xez.a«an von COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT RECOMMENDATION SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 07-000064) Upon careful review of the request, the Planning Director recommends that a favorable recommendation of the request for a Change of Zone be forwarded to the County Council. Since this recommendation is made without the benefit of public testimony, the Director reserves the right to modify and/or alter this position based upon additional information presented at the public hearing. This favorable recommendation is based on the following findings: The applicant is requesting a State Land Use Boundary Amendment from the Agricultural to the Urban District and a Change of Zone from Agricultural 5-acre (A-Sa) to a Multiple Family Residential 1,000 squaze foot (RM-1) district for approximately 10.001 acres of land for the development of a 306-unit affordable housing rental project. The applicant has represented that all units will be tazgeted at the 60% of median income level. The Planning Department's proposed condition allows rentals at up to the 80% of median income level, to allow some flexibility in the development of the site. This will address a critical problem in the community -the need for affordable rental housing. According to a recent study, average monthly rents on the island increased by approximately 40% between 2003 and 2006. The project tentatively includes: • 18 three-story structures approximately 40 feet in height, which includes 90 studio units,108 one-bedroom one-bath units and 108 two-bedroom one-bath units • 451 standazd pazldng stalls and nine handicap stalls for a total of 460 stalls • Single-story office structure • One-acre recreation area which may include a swimming pool • Landscaping • Archaeological preserve area In order to consider an area for any type of zoning designation, the applicable goals, policies and standards of the General Plan must be adequately addressed. It is only through such a comprehensive policy analysis approach that evaluations and decisions can be made to better time and stage developments to achieve growth determined by the General Plan and related planning documents. The implication of these evaluations and decisions must be also considered as they may have an impact on similaz azeas in the County. The change of zone from A-Sa to RM-1 is consistent with the intent and purpose of the goals, policies and standards of, among others, the Land Use and Housing Elements of the General Plan. The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map component of the General Plan is a representation of the document's goals, policies, standards and courses of action. It is also a graphic depiction of the physical relationships among the vazious land uses. The LUPAG Map establishes the basic land use pattern for azeas within the County. The LUPAG Map designates the project site as an Urban Expansion Area. This designation allows for a mix of high density, medium density, and low density urban developments, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements maybe desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. The project will help to create a mix of residential housing opportunities and maintain a housing supply that allows a variety of choices for residents of the North Kona district. The change of zone to a RM-zoned district will be compatible with neazby urban uses, including the Lolcahi Subdivisions, Kona Palisades Estates Subdivision and Seascape Condominium project west of the site. Multiple residential living is becoming a way of life for many people. In practice, multiple residential developments use less land area per person, and locate in azeas of concentrated economic and population activity where land is scazce and costly. The property has no severe geological or topographical problems which cannot be properly rectified or which would render the land unusable. The Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designates the property as Zone "X", azeas outside the 500- yeaz flood plain. The property is located approximately 2'/z miles mauka of the shoreline. All project generated runoff will be disposed of on-site. The change of zone from an A-5a to a RM-1 zoned district will not result in a substantial adverse impact upon the surrounding area, community or region. The property is approximately 10 acres in size and is a portion of a 50-acre four-lot subdivision identified as TMK Nos: 7-3-10: 51, 52, 53 and the subject parcel (parcel 3). Final Subdivision Approval for the creation of the four lots was granted on August 29, 2005 (SUB 02-000051). Parcel 51, consisting of 10 acres, was approved for a State Land Use Boundary amendment from Agricultural to Urban by Ordinance No. 04 105 and a Change of Zone from A-Sato RM-4 by Ordinance No. 04 106 effective September 22, 2004. Ordinance No. 04 106 was subsequently amended on September 28, 2006. Portions of the project site have been previously bulldozed. The property is currently vacant of any use. The applicant has submitted a study titled Archaeological Inventory Survey 7~IK: 3-7-3-10: 03, band of Ooma I, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii by Haun and Associates dated August 2000 (Appendix B of application). On August 8, 2003, the survey was approved by the DLNR-HPD. The survey, which included approximately 50 acres (TMK Nos: 7-3-10: 51, 52, 53 and the subject property), identified 17 sites consisting often single feature sites and seven complexes of features. The 17 sites were all assessed as significant under Criterion "d" (Criteria descriptions are listed on page 57 of Appendix B). Relative to the project site, four sites were identified: Site 23411 (temporary habitation cave), 23415 (cairn), 23416 (temporary habitation complex), 23417 (temporary habitation site/marker/complex). Data recovery was performed for Sites 23411 and 23416, and Site 23415 required no further work. Site 23417 was recommended for preservation, included in the approved Archaeological Mitigation Plan and will be preserved. A barrier will be constructed around the site during construction. Upon completion, buffers will be established around the site and cautionary and interpretive signs will be posted. By letter dated March 11, 2005, the DLNR-HPD approved the mitigation plan. The applicant has submitted a study titled, CulturallmpactAssessment Associated with the Proposed Development of Lokahi Kau (I~IK.s: 3-7-3-010: 003, 006, OSI, 052, 053, 054), Ooma Isst and Kalaoa 5`h Ahupuaq North Kona District, Island of Hawaii, by Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D., March 2006. The assessment concluded that none of the sites identified in the archaeological inventory survey are considered traditional cultural properties and no specific natural or cultural beliefs and practices were identified relative to the land within the proposed development azea. The project site is not adjacent and/or proximate to the shoreline. As such, gathering of marine life, fishing and coastal access is not an issue The applicant submitted a study titled Biological Surveys of 7A~(3) 7-3-10:003, 051, 052, 053 and 054, as weld as Portions of the Proposed Homestead Road Conduced for the Lokahi Kau Development, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii, by Reginald E. David of Rana Productions, Ltd., dated July 13, 2006 (Appendix A of application). Findings in this study were similar to another botanical survey conducted of the area in 2003 by Char & Associates. No plants currently listed as threatened, endangered, or proposed for listing under either the Federal or State of Hawaii endangered species programs were recorded by this or the 2003 survey. No native faunal species were recorded during the course of this survey. The report concluded that given the findings, the proposed development of the site is not expected to have a significant negative impact on floral and faunal resources in the area. The study did however, provided a recommendation that native dryland plants be considered for the proposed landscaping, particularly with the common azeas. The study further recommended that any external lighting required for the development of roads be shielded to minimize the threat of disorientation and downing of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters, as well as to lower the ambient glaze caused by unshielded lighting to the astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea. A report titled Lokahi Kau Subdivision, Kailua Kona, Hawaii, Revision to Traffic Impact Analysis of December 2005, TMK.• (3) 7-03-010: 003, dated January, 2007 was prepazed by Witcher Engineering, LLP (Appendix E of application). The traffic impact analysis report (TIAR) also examined the impact of the development of the adjoining 108-unit Seascape Condominium project and its impacts relative to four intersections: a) Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaiminani Street, b) Kaiminani Street and Kakahiaka Street, c) Kaiminani Street and Mamalahoa Highway, d) Kaiminani Street and Ane Keohokalole Street. The study concluded that "although Kaiminani Street is impacted, it is not greatly impacted by the development even with a 3.5% growth factor factored into 4 the future traffic movements. No turn lanes aze justified. With the widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway in the future, mitigation measures will betaken at that intersection." There will be several potential accesses into the project area from Kaiminani Drive. Kakahiaka Street provides a direct route from Kaiminani Drive. There is also a makai route that goes through the Lokahi Kau subdivision, which was developed by the applicant. This connects with a portion of the future Mid-Level Road (also known as the Ane Keohokalole Highway) which the applicant has constructed to connect the lower part of the Lokahi Kau subdivision with Kaiminani Drive. Traffic can take the loop road through the Lokahi Kau subdivision to the Mid-Level Road, and then out to Kaiminani Drive. The construction of this connector road to Kaiminani Drive has been completed by the applicant. It was a condition of the occupancy of the Seascape 108 unit condominium property on the adjacent pazcel. Finally, it is possible for traffic to go mauka from Kakahiaka Street through the mauka portion of the Lokahi Subdivision to Kapuahi Street. This route would typically not be used by traffic going to or from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, which is expected to be the bulk of the traffic. The roads within the Lokahi subdivision and the portion of the Mid-Level Road have been completed, and the applicant expects to submit them to the county for dedication, but this has not yet happened. By memo dated May 7, 2007, the Department of Public Works (DPW) recommends that "a roadway master plan including roadway alignments and connections, in conjunction with an implementation strategy for the K to K Plan roads be adopted prior to further incremental development in the area. In the absence of an approved roadway master plan, DPW recommends development plans include extension of and access to Ane Keohokalole Highway (Midlevel Road) by an improved Homestead Road. Access to Ane Keohokalole Highway should be consolidated at Homestead Road which is faz enough from the Kaiminani Drive intersection to prevent conflicts with future turn lanes. Under such [a] roadway plan, [the] adjacent Lokahi Subdivision under construction by the applicant should combine access to Midlevel Road by way of Homestead Road, improved to dedicable standazds." Kakahiaka Street is a County road which presently serves existing residences in the Kona Palisades subdivision. The existing street through Kona Palisades has an approximate 20-ft. wide pavement within a 50-ft. right-of--way and unpaved shoulders which have been, in some cases, landscaped by abutting landowners. The street was extended to dedicable standazds with curb, gutter and sidewalk through the adjacent Lokahi Makai property to the subject property. The extension is a 50-foot wide street to dedicable standazds with concrete curb, gutter and sidewalk. The DPW recommends "further extension of Kakahiaka Street to the southerly property line of the subject property to dedicable standazds and dedicate all improvements to the County upon request. To improve the level of service for northbound traffic at the Kaiminani Street intersection, a right turn lane should be provided on Kakahiaka Street, meeting with the approval of DPW. To improve bicycle and pedestrian safety, the applicant should improve the existing portion of Kakahiaka Street from Kaiminani Drive to the northerly boundary of the Lokahi Planned Unit Development (approximately 300 feet) with 5-foot wide paved shoulders, meeting with the approval of DPW." Kaiminani Drive serving Kakahiaka Street is a major mauka -makai County roadway connecting Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Mamalahoa Highway. Kaiminani Drive has a 22-foot wide pavement within a 60-foot wide right-of--way, lacking paved shoulders. The DPW recommends that the applicant install or contribute to the installation of a traffic signal at the intersection of Kaiminani Drive and Mamalahoa Highway. The Department of Transportation (DOT) disagrees with the applicant's statement that no mitigation measures aze necessary at the Kaiminani Street intersections with the Queen Kaahumanu and Mamalahoa Highways. The project is reasonably well-situated for residents to travel to job centers in West Hawaii, such as the Kona International Airport at Keahole, NELHA, the North Kona and South Kohala resorts and Kailua-Kona. Development of affordable rental housing on the property should alleviate overall traffic congestion because many employers at these areas currently commute from places as faz away as Hawaiian Ocean View Estates and Puna. All utilities are available to the site. According to the applicant, Seascape 6 Development, LLC entered into an agreement with the Department of Water Supply on October 4, 2005 to provide water to the project site as well as surrounding properties. (Refer to Appendix F of the application - unexecuted Water Facilities Agreement) County water will be made available through the extension of a County water line within Kakahiaka Street. In a memo dated Apri127, 2007, the Department of Water Supply states that "the water development agreement referenced as Appendix F in the subject application is currently being revised and negotiated between the developer and the Department." The applicant states that solid waste will be handled through a commercial hauler. According to the applicant, the project's wastewater will be disposed of into a new private sewer treatment plant under construction on the parcel makai of the Kakahiaka Street extension (Seascape Condominium site, TMK: 7-3-10: 51). The sewer treatment plant will meet the specifications and requirements of the Department of Health, and is designed to accommodate the future development of the surrounding contiguous parcels. Utilities, including telephone and electrical services, are available to the site. The closest police station is located in Kealakehe, approximately four (4) miles from the property. There is a fire station at the intersection of Palani Road and the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, approximately six (6) miles from the site, and a volunteer fire station is located less than'/z mile from the project site on Kaiminani Drive. The closest public schools are located in Kealakehe, approximately four (4) miles from the property. The request is not contrary to Chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statues, relating to Coastal Zone Management. The property is not located in the Special Management Area. The site is located mauka of the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, is not an oceanfront property, and will not be impacted by coastal hazard and beach erosion. There is no record of a designated public access that traverses the property. According to the applicant, no valued cultural, historical or natural resources exist on the property and there is no evidence of any traditional and customary Native Hawaiian rights being practiced on the site. Thus, it is not anticipated that the proposed request will have any adverse impact on cultural or historical resources in the area. In view of the Hawaii State Supreme Court's "PASH" and "Ka Pa'akai O Ka Aina" decisions, the issue relative to native Hawaiian gathering and fishing rights 7 must be addressed in terms of the cultural, historical, and natural resources and the associated traditional and customary practices of the site: Investigation of valued resources: The following information was submitted with the application: Biological Surveys of TMK(3) 7-3-10:003, 051, 052, 053 and 054, as weld as Portions of the Proposed Homestead Road Conduced for the Lokahi Kau Development, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii, by Reginald E. David of Rana Productions, Ltd., dated July 13, 2006 (Appendix A) Archaeological Inventory Survey TMK• 3-7-3-10: 03, Land of Ooma 1, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii by Haun and Associates dated August 2000 (Appendix B) An Archaeological Mitigation Pdan for Ten Sites on TMK: 3-7-3-10: 03, Ooma 1 s` Ahupuua, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii by Rechtman Consulting, LLC dated November 2004 (Appendix C) Cultural Impact Assessment Associated with the Proposed Development of Lokahi Kau (INIKs: 3-7-3-010: 003, 006, 051, 052, 053, 054), Ooma lsst and Kalaoa S`h Ahupuaa, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii, by Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D., March 2006 (Appendix D) The valuable cultural historical and natural resources found in the rezoning azea: An archaeological study, cultural impact assessment study, as well as flora/fauna studies were conducted of the site and surrounding area. An archaeological mitigation plan has been accepted and approved by DLNR-HPD. The applicant proposes to include an azchaeological preserve area to protect Site 23417, which was recommended for preservation. Possible adverse effect or impairment of valued resources: Established standazds and controls to manage potential negative effects should effectively limit and mitigate foreseeable long-term impacts. Native plants could be destroyed by construction and ground alteration. The property does not abut the shoreline, therefore Hawaiian gathering and fishing rights is not an issue. Based on the above findings, the change of zone from Agricultural-5 acre (A- Sa) to Multiple-Family Residential-1,000 square feet (RM-1) would result in an appropriate land use pattern and further benefit the general public. The accompanying draft bill to amend Section 25-8-3 (North Kona Zone Map), Article 8, Chapter 25 (Zoning Code) is provided for your favorable consideration. The proposed conditions of approval are attached to the draft bill. 9 cs~~arz.a~-~niro~ SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 07-000064) CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL A. The applicant(s), its successors or assigns shall be responsible for complying with all of the stated conditions of approval. B. Within three yeazs from the enactment of the ordinance the applicant shall provide assurance satisfactory to the Department of Water Supply and the Planning Director, upon consultation with the Department of Health and the Department of Land and Natural Resources, that a water source(s) of sufficient quality, quantity, and related transmission and storage system can be established. C. To ensure that the Goals and Policies of the Housing Element of the General Plan aze implememed, the applicant shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 11, Article 1, Hawaii County Code relating to Affordable Housing Policy, provided further that, as represented by the applicant, all units shall be rented at a rate affordable to families earning not more than 80% of the median income, as determined by the Office of Housing and Community Development. Affordable housing credits in excess of the basic requirements of Chapter 11, Article 1, Hawaii County Code, shall be credited to the applicant, its successors, or assigns. The affordable housing plan shall be approved by the Administrator of the Office of Housing and Community Development prior to final subdivision approval or final plan approval, whichever occurs first D. The actual development of the water source and its water transmission, storage, and distribution system shall be developed in conjunction with Final Plan Approval or Final Subdivision Approval, whichever occurs first. In lieu of actual construction of these improvements, the applicant may enter into an agreement with the County to assure that the infrastructure improvements will be constructed together with the appropriate bond, surety or other security deemed acceptable by the County. Upon execution of such agreement and filing of the security with the County, Final Plan Approval or Final Subdivision Approval shall be granted prior to the actual construction of required improvements, provided occupancy of residential structures shall not be issued until the approved water source is developed and its transmission, storage, and distribution system for such source to the subject property has been constructed and accepted for dedication to the Water Board. E. The proposed dwelling units shall not exceed the number of units of water that are available and have been committed to the subject property by the Department of Water Supply or other approved water source. Any further development shall occur only when sufficient County water becomes available by construction of on- and off-site water system improvements. All water system improvements shall meet with the requirements of the Department of Water Supply prior to the issuance of the Certificate of Occupancy for any residemial unit. F. Construction of the proposed development shall be completed within five (5) years from the effective date this ordinance. Prior to construction, the applicant, successors or assigns shall secure Final Plan Approval for the proposed development from the Planning Director in accordance with Section 25-2-70, Chapter 25 (Zoning Code), Hawaii County Code. Plans shall identify all existing and/or proposed structures, paved driveway access and parking stalls associated with the proposed development. Landscaping shall also be indicated on the plans for the purpose of mitigating any adverse noise or visual impacts to adjacent properties in accordance with the requirements of Planning Department's Rule No. 17 (Landscaping Requirements). The applicant shall include native species among the plants used for landscaping. G. All driveway connections to Kakahiaka Street shall conform to Chapter 22, Streets and Sidewalks, of the Hawaii County Code. H. The applicant shall construct the extension of Kakahiaka Street to the project entrance to dedicable standazds and dedicate all improvements to the County upon request. The remainder of Road Lot 5 to the southern boundary of the property shall be set aside as a future road reserve, along with any necessary construction easements, and improved to dedicable standards by the applicant, successors or assigns, when the Planning Director determines that this road will serve a useful function. When required by the Director, the road shall be constructed in the manner specified by the Department of Public Works and shall be on an alignment meeting with the approval of the Planning Director in consultation with the Department of Public Works. The obligation to build the road and the County's right to recover all costs and expenses to enforce the obligation shall be secured by a covenant running with the land recorded against at least one of the parcels created by Subdivision No. 02-000051, or the applicant may build the road or bond its construction. Said covenant shall grant the County the power to foreclose upon the encumbered property to satisfy costs of building the road under public procurement procedwes, which costs and procedures shall be as determined by the Director of Public Works. I. Access through the Lokahi project (TMK: 7-3-10:48) to the Midlevel Road (a street connecting to Ka'iminani Drive from the south, makai of the Kona Palisades subdivision) by and through the mauka portion of the Lokahi subdivision to Kapuahi Street and on any privately-owned portion of Kakahiaka Street, shall be allowed by the applicant as long as the roads are in private ownership. 7. A drainage study shall be prepared by a licensed civil engineer and submitted to the Depamnent of Public Works. The recommended drainage improvements shall be constructed, meeting with the approval of the Department of Public Works prior to the receipt of a Certificate of Occupancy. K. Install streetlights, signs, and markings meeting with the approval of the Department of Public Works, Traffic Division prior to the issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy. L. A1L earthwork activity shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sedimentation Control, of the Hawaii County Code. M. All development-generated runoff shall be disposed of on site and shall not be directed toward any adjacent properties. A drainage master plan shall be prepared and submitted to the Department of Public Works prior to issuance of Final Plan Approval. Any drainage improvements shall be constructed meeting with the approval of the Department of Public Works prior to the issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy. N. The new sewer treatment plant shall meet the specifications and requirements of the Department of Health. O. A Solid Waste Management Plan shall be submitted to the Department of Environmental Management for review and approval prior to the issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy. P. As identified in the approved Archaeological Mitigation Plan (Appendix C), Site 23417 shall be preserved. A barrier shall be constructed azound the site during construction. Upon wmpletion, buffers shall be established azound the site and cautionary and interpretive signs shall be posted. Q. Should any remains of historic sites, such as rock walls, terraces, platforms, marine shell concentrations or human burials be encountered, work in the immediate azea shall cease and the Department of Land and Natural Resources-Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-HPD) shall be immediately notified. Subsequent work shall proceed upon an azchaeological cleazance from the DLNR-HPD when it finds that sufficient mitigative measures have been taken. R. The applicant shall include an area for a bus stop, and shall construct a shelter for bus passengers. This condition may be met either within the property, adjacent property, or along ICakahiaka Street. S. The applicam shall provide an active recreational azea on not less than 1-acre of land. The active recreation azea may consist of a pool or other facilities as approved by the Planning Director in consultation with the Director of the Department of Parks and Recreation. T. The applicant(s) shall comply with all applicable laws, rules, regulations and requirements. U. The applicant shall pay its fair shaze contribution to address potential regional impacts of the project with respect to roads, park, fire, police and solid waste disposal facilities. The fair shaze contribution shall be initially based on the representations contained within the change of zone application and may be increased or reduced proportionally if the unit counts are adjusted. The fair share contribution shall become due and payable prior to receipt of Final Plan Approval or within five (5) years from the effective date of this change of zone ordinance, whichever occurs first. The fair share contribution for each lot shall be based on a maximum density for each lot as determined by the zoning resulting from this change of zone. The fair shaze contribution in a form of cash, land, facilities or any combination thereof shall be determined by the County Council. The fair shaze contribution maybe adjusted annually beginning three years after the effective date of this ordinance, based on the percentage change in the Honolulu Consumer Price Index 4 (HCPn. The fair share contribution shall have a maximum combined value of $6,653.40 per multiple family residenial unit. Based upon the applicant's representation of intent to develop a total of 306 multi-family residential units, the indicated total of fair share contribution is $2,035,940.40 for the multi-family residential units. However, the total amount shall be increased or reduced in proportion with the actual number of units according to the calculation and payment provisions set forth in this Condition P. The fair shaze contribution shall be allocated as follows: 1. $3,281.93 per multiple family residential unit for the 306-unit multi- family development for an indicated total of $1,004,270.50 to the County to support park and recreational improvements and facilities; 2. $103.73 per multiple family residential unit for the 306-unit multi-family development for an indicated total of $31,741.38 to the County to support police facilities; 3. $319.07 per multiple family residential unit for the 306-unit multi-family developmem for an indicated total of $97,635.42 to the County to support fire facilities; 4. $142.21 per multiple family residential unit for the 306-unit multi-family development for an indicated total of $43,516.26 to the County to support solid waste facilities; $2,806.46 per multiple family residential unit for the 306-unit multi- family development for an indicated total of $858,776.76 to the State or County to support road and traffic improvements. In lieu of paying the fair share contribution, the applicant may contribute land and/or construct improvements/facilities related to parks and recreation, fire, police, solid waste disposal facilities and roads within the region impacted by the proposed development, subject to the review and recommendation of the Planning Director, upon consultation with the appropriate agencies and approval of the County Council. V. Should the Council adopt a Unified Impact Fees Ordinance setting forth criteria for imposition of exactions or the assessment of impact fees, conditions included herein shall be credited towards the requirements of the Unified Impact Fees Ordinance. W. An annual progress report shall be submitted to the Planning Director prior to the anniversary date of enactment of the ordinance. The report shall include, but not be limited to, the status of the development and the extent to which the conditions of approval are being complied with and sales records for the project identifying amount units were sold for and proof that units were sold to owner-occupants. The annual report shall also provide documentation satisfactory to the Planning Director to evidence the actual sales prices of the units sold. This condition shall remain in effect until all of the conditions of approval have been satisfied and the Planning Director acknowledges that further reports aze not required. X. An initial extension of time for the performance of conditions within the ordinance may be granted by the Planning Director upon the following circumstances: 1. The non-performance is the result of conditions that could not have been foreseen or aze beyond the control of the applicant(s), its successors or assigns, and that are not the result of their fault or negligence. 2. Granting of the time extension would not be contrary to the General Plan or Zoning Code. Granting of the time extension would not be contrary to the original reasons for the granting of the change of zone. 4. The time extension granted shall be for a period not to exceed the period originally granted for performance (i.e., a condition to be performed within one yeaz maybe extended for up to one additional yeaz). 5. If the applicant(s) should require an additional extension of time, the Planning Director shall submit the applicant(s)' request to the County Council for appropriate action. Should any of the conditions not be met or substantially complied with in a timely fashion, the Planning Director may initiate rezoning of the subject area to its original or more appropriate designation. 6 ~ZY or N,~ ~~~ COUNTY OF HAWAII if p'~N~~' STATE OF HAWAII BILL NO. ORDINANCE NO. C~/Ra~v,h~ ~`~ AN ORDINANCE AMENDING SECTION 25-8-3 (NORTH KONA ZONE MAP), ARTICLE 8, CHAPTER 25 (ZONING CODE) OF THE HAWAII COUNTY CODE 1983 (2005 EDITION), BY CHANGING THE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION FROM AGRICULTURAL - 5 ACRE (A-Sa) TO MULTIPLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL -1,000 SQUARE FEET (RM-1) AT O`OMA 1sT, NORTH KONA, HAWAII, COVERED BY TAX MAP KEY: 7-3-010:003. BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII: SECTION 1. Section 25-8-3, Article 8, Chapter 25 (Zoning Code) of the Hawaii County Code 1983 (2005 Edition), is amended to change the district classification of property described hereinafter as follows: The district classification of the following area situated at O`oma Ist, North Kona, Hawaii, shall be Multiple-Family Residential -1,000 square feet (RM-1): Beginning at the Northwest comer of this parcel of land, at the Southwest corner of Lot 4 of Lokahi Ka`u, being a portion of Grant 5472 to William Keanaaina, the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Govenunent Survey Triangulation Station "MOANiIIAHEA", being 8,907.34 feet South and 20,630.38 feet West, and running by azimuths measured from true South: 1. 270° 00' 00" 465.27 feet along Lot 4 of Lokahi Ka`u, being also along the remainder of Lot 13-A of Kalaoa- O`oma Homesteads, same being also along the remainder of Grant 5472 to William Keanaaina; 2. 359° 57' 40" 944.49 feet along Lot 13-B of Kalaoa-O`oma Homesteads, being also along the remainder of Grant 5472 to William Keanaaina; 3. 97° 28' 30" 147.54 feet along the middle of a stonewall, being also along Government Land; -1- 4. 95° 34' 30" 136.56 feet along the middle of a stonewall, being also along Government Land; 5. 97° 10' 00" 280.03 feet along the middle of a stonewall, being also along Government Land; 6. 98° 09' 20" 4.59 feet along the middle of a stonewall, being also along Government Land; 7. 195° 56' 00" 339.84 feet along Lot 5 of Lokahi Ka`u, being also along the remainder of Lot 13-A of Kalaoa- O`oma Homesteads, same being also along the remainder of Grant 5472 to William Keanaaina; Thence along Lot 5 of Lokahi Ka`u, being also along the remainder of Lot 13-A of Kalaoa-O`oma Homesteads, being also along the remainder of Grant 5472 to William Keanaaina on a curve to the left with a radius of 850.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 8. 185° 07' 30" 318.79 feet; 9. 174° 19' 00" 233.29 feet along Lot 5 of Lokahi Ka`u, being also along the remainder of Lot 13-A of Kalaoa- O`oma Homesteads, same being also along the remainder of Grant 5472 to William Keanaaina to the point of beginning and containing an area of 10.001 Acres, more or less. All as shown on the map attached hereto, marked Exhibit "A" and by reference made a part hereof. SECTION 2. In accordance with Section 25-2-44, Hawaii County Code 1983 (2005 Edition), the County Council finds the following conditions are: (1) Necessary to prevent circumstances which maybe adverse to the public health, safety and welfaze; or (2) Reasonably conceived to fulfill needs directly emanating from the land use -2- proposed with respect to: (A) Protection of the public from the potentially deleterious effects of the proposed use, or (B) Fulfillment of the need for public service demands created by the proposed use. SEE ATTACHED CONDITIONS SECTION 3. In the event that any portion of this ordinance is declared invalid, such invalidity shall not affect the other parts of this ordinance. SECTION 4. This ordinance shall take effect upon its approval. INTRODUCED BY: COUNCIL MEMBER, COUNTY OF HAWAII Hawaii Date of Introduction: Date of 1st Reading: Date of 2nd Reading: Effective Date: -3- ~~ RS10 A-Sa w p z m RS10 ACRICULTURALS ACRE (IM5a) TO U I -FAMI E 1TL4L 1000 S FT. 7 10.001 ACRES a Asa T RS10 A-5a s RAM R A-Se RAM A-Se ~ 8,907.34 S v ao.3a w ~~ w1DAn1uwlEa e RAM A-Sa A-5a ~~ OPEN OPT OPEN ~~ 850 425 0 850 1.700 2550 3.400 4.250~t F AMENDMENT TO THE ZONING COD E AMENDING SECTION 25-8-3 (NORTH KONA ZONE MAP) ARTICLE 8, CHAPTER 25 (ZONING CODE) OF THE HAWAII COUNTY CODE 1983 (2005 EDITION), BY CHANGING THE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION FROM AGRICULTURAL-5 ACRE (A-5a) TO MULTIPLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL 1,000 SQUARE FEET (RM-1) AT O'OMA 1st, NORTH KONA, HAWAII PREPARED BY: PLANNING DEPARTMENT COUNTY OF HAWAII K 73-010:003 Date: Mardi 22, 2007 EXHIBIT "A" (Seascape Devebpment, LLC:w-16s> BSeascaceSLUREZ.doc-7p U07 COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT BACKGROUND REPORT SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC STATE LAND USE BOUNDARY AMENDMENT (SLU 07-000014) CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 07-000064) SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC has submitted an application for a State Land Use Boundary Amendment from the Agricultural to the Urban District and a Change of Zone from Agricultural 5-acre (A-Sa) to a Multiple Family Residential 1,000 square foot (RM-1) district for approximately 10.001 acres of land. The property is located on the south side of Kona Palisades Subdivision, approximately 1,200 feet south of the Kaiminani Drive - Kakahiaka Street intersection, O`oma 1~`, North Kona, Hawaii, TMK: 7-3-10: 3. Request: • State Land Use Boundary Amendment from the Agricultural to the Urban District for approximately 10.001 acres; and • Change of Zone from A-Sato 1tM-1 for approximately 10.001 acres. The applicant proposes to develop a 306-unit affordable housing rental project. The applicant has represented that all units will be targeted at the 60% of median income level. The project tentatively includes: • 18 three-story structures approximately 40 feet in height, which includes 90 studio units,108 one-bedroom/one-bath units and 108 two-bedroom/one-bath units • 451 standazd parking stalls and nine handicap stalls for a total of 460 stalls • Single-story office structure • One-acre recreation azea which may include a swimming pool • Landscaping • Archaeological preserve azea (Exhibit 1-State Land Use Boundary Amendment and Change of Zone Applications) 2. Cost: Approximately $30 million. 3. Project timetable: The estimated construction completion date is approximately 12 to 18 months after all development permits aze secured. Initial occupancy is projected during the fall of 2008. STATE AND COUNTY PLANS 4. State Land Use Designation: Agricultural. 5. GP LUPAG Map: Urban Expansion. Allows for a mix of high density, medium density, low density, industrial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements may be desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined. 6. County Zoning: A-Sa. 7. Kona Regional Plan: Unplanned. 8. Keahole to Kailas Development Plan: The K to K Development Plan identifies the property as being part of one of three distinct "Residential Villages." Each of the residential villages would ultimately contain 1,000 to 2,000 residential units. 9. Kona Community Development Plan: The County currently has a major planning effort underway in Kona, the Kona Community Development Plan (CDP) project. The plan has not yet been written, and will have to go through a review and approval process that includes the Steering Committee, the Planning Commission, and the County Council. The CDP consultants held a series of planning chazettes in Kona, which resulted in a map showing "Growth Opportunity Areas" where further development would be encouraged. At this point, because these maps have not been incorporated into a final CDP, these "Growth Opportunity Areas" do not have official status. This property is located within Growth Opportunity Area "B". 10. Council Resolution No. 16 07: On January 4, 2007, the County Council adopted Resolution No. 16-07, which called for a delay in rezoning action in North and South Kona, until the adoption of the Kona CDP or September 1, 2007, whichever occurs first. The Planning Department and Planning Commission, however, are required by the Zoning Code to process rezoning applications submitted by landowners, and to forward them to the Council with positive or negative recommendations, within set time limits. The Zoning Code, which is adopted as an ordinance, has the force and effect of law, which the resolution does not. Therefore, the Planning Department will continue to process rezoning applications in North and South Kona and forward them to the Planning -2- Commission. The Council controls its own agenda and can take action or delay action as it chooses in accordance with its rules. (The Zoning Code does not contain timeframes for Council action on rezonings.) Resolution No. 16-07 also states that this delay of Council action on rezonings "shall not affect or apply to any and all federal, State and County community-based and/or self-help housing projects involving agencies and programs including, but not limited to, the following: 1) The State Department of Hawaiian Home Lands housing projects in accordance with its December 30, 2002 "Memorandum of Agreement Between the County of Hawaii and the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands"; 2) The State Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii ("HCDCH") program; 3) Public projects involving schools, water and sewer systems, and any other projects that specifically benefit the public's health, safety and welfare; and 4) The Habitat for Humanities program, elderly housing projects, and homeless shelters. 11. Coastal Zone Management, HRS, Chapter 205A: The entire State of Hawaii lies within the Coastal Zone Management Area. The property is located approximately 2 1/2 miles from the nearest coastline and will not be impacted by coastal hazard and beach erosion. 12. Special Management Area (SMA): The Special Management Area is a part of the Coastal Zone Management Program and regulated by the County. The property is not located within the Special Management Area. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT SITE AND SURROUNDING AREA 13. Subject Property: The property is approximately 10 acres in size and is a portion of a 50-acre four-lot subdivision identified as TMK Nos: 7-3-10: 51, 52, 53 and the subject parcel (parcel 3). Final Subdivision Approval for the creation of the four lots was granted on August 29, 2005 (SUB 02-000051). Portions of the project site have been previously bulldozed and vacant of any use. There is an azchaeological preserve identified on the site. Pazcel 51, consisting of 10 acres, was approved for a State Land Use Boundary Amendment from Agricultural to Urban by Ordinance No. 04 105 and a Change of Zone from A-Sato RM-4 by Ordinance No. 04 106 effective September 22, 2004. Ordinance No. 04 106 was subsequently amended on September 28, 2006 to allow a delay in the extension of Kakahiaka Street to the southern boundary of the property. -3- 14. Surrounding Zoning/L.and Uses: Surrounding properties aze in a mix of single and multiple-family residential and agricultural uses. Properties to the north, east and south aze zoned A-Sa. The parcel to the west (makai) across the Kakahiaka Street extension is approximately 10 acres in size and was rezoned from A-Sato RM-4 effective September 28, 2006 by Ordinance No. 06 128 and is currently being developed by the applicant for a 108-unit affordable housing project called Seascape Condominium. The proposed Lokahi Mauka and Makai developments north of the project site aze zoned RS-10, RS-15 and RM-4. Further north is the Kona Palisades Subdivision consisting of smaller non- conforming residential lots zoned A-Sa. 15. ALISH: Unclassified. 16. Land Study Bureau's Detailed Land Classification System: "E" or "Very Poor". 17. U.S. Soil Survey: Lava Flows, Aa (rLV) and Lava Flows, Pahoehoe (rL~. Aa lava has practically no soil covering and is baze of vegetation, except for mosses, lichens, ferns, and a few small ohia trees. Pahoehoe lava has no soil covering and is typically baze of vegetation except for mosses and lichens. 18. FIItM: Zone "X", area determined to be outside the 500-year flood plain. 19. Flora/Fauna Resources: The applicant submitted a study titled Biological Surveys of TMK(3) 7-3-10:003, 051, 052, 053 and 054, as well as Portions of the Proposed Homestead Road Conduced for the Lokahi Kau Development, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii, by Reginald E. David of Rana Productions, Ltd., dated July 13, 2006 (Appendix A of application). Findings in this study were similaz to another botanical survey conducted of the azea in 2003 by Chaz & Associates. No plants currently listed as threatened, endangered, or proposed for listing under either the Federal or State of Hawaii endangered species programs were recorded by this or the 2003 survey. No native faunal species were recorded during the course of this survey. The report concluded that given the findings, the proposed development of the site is not expected to have a significant negative impact on floral and faunal resources in the area. The study did however, provide a recommendation that native dryland plants be considered for the proposed landscaping, particularly with the common azeas. The study further recommended that any external lighting required for the development of roads be shielded to minimize the threat of disorientation and downing of Hawaiian Petrels and -4- Newell's Shearwaters and ambient glaze caused by unshielded lighting be lowered to not impact the astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea. 20. ArchaeologicaUHistorical Resources: The applicant submitted a study titled Archaeological Inventory Survey TMK: 3-~-3-10: 03, Land of Ooma 1, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii by I-laun and Associates dated August 2000 (Appendix B of application). On August 8, 2003, the survey was approved by the DLNR-HPD. The survey, which included approximately 50 acres (TMK Nos: 7-3-10: 51, 52, 53 and the subject property), identified 17 sites consisting often single feature sites and seven complexes of features. The 17 sites were all assessed as significant under Criterion "d" (Criteria descriptions are listed on page 57 of Appendix B). Relative to the project site, four sites were identified: Site 23411 (temporary habitation cave), 23415 (cairn), 23416 (temporary habitation complex), 23417 (temporary habitation site/marker/complex). Data recovery was performed for Sites 23411 and 23416, and Site 23415 required no further work. Site 23417 was recommended for preservation, included in the approved Archaeological Mitigation Plan (Appendix C) and will be preserved. A barrier will be constructed azound the site during construction. Upon completion, buffers will be established azound the site and cautionary and interpretive signs will be posted. By letter dated March 11, 2005, the DLNR-HPD approved the mitigation plan. 21. Cultural Resources: The applicant has submitted a study titled, Cultural Impact Assessment Associated with the Proposed Development of Lokahi Kau (TMKs: 3-7-3- 010: 003, 006, 051, 052, 053, 054), Doma Isst and Kalaoa 5`" Ahupuaa, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii, by Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D., March 2006. (Appendix D). The assessment concluded that none of the sites identified in the archaeological inventory survey were considered traditional cultural properties and no specific natural or cultural beliefs and practices were identified relative to the land within the proposed development area. The project site is not adjacent and/or proximate to the shoreline. As such, gathering of marine life, fishing and coastal access is not an issue. 22. Public Access: There is no record of a designated public access to the shoreline or mountain azeas that traverses the property. PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES 23. Access: There will be several potential accesses into the project azea from Kaiminani -5- Drive. Kakahiaka Street provides a direct route from Kaiminani Drive. There is also a makai route that goes through the Lokahi Kau subdivision, which was developed by the applicant. This connects with a portion of the future Mid-Level Road (also known as the Ane Keohokalole Highway) which the applicant has constructed to connect the lower part of the Lokahi Kau subdivision with Kaiminani Drive. Traffic can take the loop road through the Lokahi Kau subdivision to the Mid-Level Road, and then out to Kaiminani Drive. The construction of this connector road to Kaiminani Drive has been completed by the applicant. It was a condition of the occupancy of the Seascape 108 unit condominium property on the adjacent pazcel. Finally, it is possible for traffic to go mauka from Kakahiaka Street through the mauka portion of the Lokahi Subdivision to Kapuahi Street. This route would typically not be used by traffic going to or from the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, which is expected to be the bulk of the traffic. The roads within the Lokahi subdivision and the portion of the Mid-Level Road have been completed, and the applicant expects to submit them to the coumy for dedication, but this has not yet happened. By memo dated May 7, 2007, the Department of Public Works (DPW) recommends that "a roadway master plan including roadway alignments and connections, in conjunction with an implementation strategy for the K to K Plan roads, be adopted prior to further incremental development in the azea. In the absence of an approved roadway master plan, DPW recommends development plans include extension of and access to Ane Keohokalole Highway (Midlevel Road) by an improved Homestead Road. Access to Ane Keohokalole Highway should be consolidated at Homestead Road which is far enough from the Kaiminani Drive intersection to prevent conflicts with future turn lanes. Under such [a] roadway plan, [the] adjacent Lokahi Subdivision under construction by the applicant should combine access to Midlevel Road by way of Homestead Road, improved to dedicable standazds." Kakahiaka Street is a County road which presently serves existing residences in the Kona Palisades subdivision. The existing street through Kona Palisades has an approximate 20-ft. wide pavement within a 50-ft. right-of--way and unpaved shoulders which have been, in some cases, landscaped by abutting landowners. The street was extended to dedicable standazds with curb, gutter and sidewalk through the adjacent -6- Lokahi Makai property to the subject property. The extension is a 50-foot wide street to dedicable standards with concrete curb, gutter and sidewalk. The DPW recommends "fiuther extension of Kakahiaka Street to the southerly property line of the subject property to dedicable standazds and dedicate all improvements to the County upon request. To improve the level of service for northbound traffic at the Kaiminani Street intersection, a right turn lane should be provided on Kakahiaka Street, meeting with the approval of DPW. To improve bicycle and pedestrian safety, the applicant should improve the existing portion of Kakahiaka Street from Kaiminani Drive to the northerly boundary of the Lokahi Planned Unit Development (approximately 300 feet) with 5-foot wide paved shoulders, meeting with the approval of DPW." Kaiminani Drive serving Kakahiaka Street is a major mauka -makai County roadway connecting Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Mamalahoa Highway. Kaiminani Drive has a 22-foot wide pavement within a 60-foot wide right-of--way, lacking paved shoulders. The DPW recommends that the applicant install or contribute to the installation of a traffic signal at the intersection of Kaiminani Drive and Mamalahoa Highway. The Department of Transportation (DOT) disagrees with the applicant's statement that no mitigation measures aze necessary at the Kaiminani Street intersections with the Queen Kaahumanu and Mamalahoa Highways. 24. Traffic Impact Analysis Report (TIAR): A report titled Lokahi Kau Subdivision, Kailua Kona, Hawaii, Revision to Traffic Impact Analysis of December 2005, TMK (3) 7-03-010: 003, dated January, 2007 was prepazed by Witcher Engineering, LLP (Appendix E of application). The traffic impact analysis report (TIAR) also examined the impact of the development of the adjoining 108-unit Seascape Condominium project and its impacts relative to four intersections: a) Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kaiminani Street, b) Kaiminani Street and Kakahiaka Street, c) Kaiminani Street and Mamalahoa Highway, d) Kaiminani Street and Ane Keohokalole Street. The study concluded that "although Kaiminani Street is impacted, it is not greatly impacted by the development even with a 3.5% growth factor factored into the future traffic movemems. No turn lanes are justified. With the widening of Queen Kaahumanu Highway in the future, mitigation measures will be taken at that intersection." In a memo dated May 7, -7- 2007, the DPW has stated that "we have some concern that the study may underestimate the number of Kaiminani Street trips distributed to Kakahiaka Street." The DOT states that the TIAR submitted by the applicant referenced an outdated ITE Trip Generation Manual which did not account for any traffic increase due to the UH West Hawaii Campus or the Palamanui project. 25. Water: According to the applicant, Seascape Development, LLC entered into an agreement with the Department of Water Supply on October 4, 2005 to provide water to the project site as well as surrounding properties. (Refer to Appendix F of the application - unexecuted Water Facilities Agreement) County water will be made available through the extension of a County water line within Kakahiaka Street. In a memo dated Apri127, 2007, the Department of Water Supply states that "the water development agreement referenced as Appendix F in the subject application is currently being revised and negotiated between the developer and the Department." 26. Solid Waste: The applicant states that solid waste will be handled through a commercial hauler. 27. Wastewater: The Department of Environmental Management states that no County sewer line is planned for the area at this time. The applicant states that the project's wastewater will be disposed of into a new private sewer treatment plant under construction on the parcel makai of the Kakahiaka Street extension (Seascape Condominium site, TMK: 7-3-10: 51). The sewer treatment plant will meet the specifications and requirements of the Department of Health, and is designed to accommodate the future development of the surrounding contiguous parcels. 28. Schools: By memo dated Apri127, 2007, the Department of Education states "public school students who would live in the proposed project would attend schools in the Kealakehe High School Complex. The DOE estimates that at maturity, the project will generate approximately 145 public school students, including 77 elementary students, 31 middle school students, and 37 high school students" and requests a school fair-share contribution. 29. Essential Utilities and Services: Utilities, including telephone and electrical services, are available to the site. The closest police station is located in Kealakehe, approximately four (4) miles from the property. There is a fire station at the intersection of Palani Road -g- and the Queen Kaahumanu Highway, approximately six (6) miles from the site, and a volunteer fire station is located less than'/z mile from the project site on Kaiminani Drive. The closest public schools are located in Kealakehe, approximately four (4) miles from the property. AGENCY AND ORGANIZATION COMMENTS AND DIRECTOR'S RESPONSE 30. Department of Public Works: Exhibit 2 -May 7, 2007 memo 31. Department of Water Supply: Exhibit 3 -April 27, 2007 memo 32. Police Department: Exhibit 4 -April 13, 2007 memo 33. Fire Department: Exhibit 5 - Apri119, 2007 memo 34. Department of Environmental Management: Exhibit 6 -April 5, 2007 memo 35. Department of Parks and Recreation: Exhibit 7 - Apri15, 2007 email 36. Office of Housing and Community Development: Exhibit 8 - Apri113, 2007 and May 4, 2007 memos 37. Department of Education: Exhibit 9 - Apri127, 2007 letter 38. Department of Health: Exhibit 10 - Apri112, 2007 and May 9, 2007 memos 39. Land Use Commission: Exhibit 11 - Apri130, 20071etter 40. Planning Director's response to the Land Use Commission's letter: Exhibit 12 -July 11, 2007 letter 41. Department of Land and Natural Resources Land Division: Exhibit 13 -May 7, 2007 letter 42. Department of Transportation: Exhibit 14 -May 25, 20071etter 43. Kona Traffic Safety Committee: Exhibit 15 - Apri130, 20071etter AGENCIES - NO RESPONSE 44. Civil Defense Agency, DLNR Historic Preservation Division PUBLIC COMMENTS 45. None as of this writing. -9- ~.n ~, APPLICATIONS FOR STATE LAND USE BOUNDARY AMENDMENT (AGRICULTURAL TO URBAN) and COUNTY REZONING (A-5a to RM-1) SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC Kalaoa 5th, North Kona, Hawai i TMK: (3) 7-3-010: 003 EXHIBIT Attach: Cortm. 700 Bills 181 & 182 S'T'ATE LAND USE BOUNDARY AMENDMENT APPLICATION (15 ACRES OR LESS) COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT (Type or legibly print the requested information) PETITIONER Seascape Developmenk LLC PETITIONER'S SIGNATURE: DATE: Feb. 16, 2007 ADDRESS: P.O. Box 2808 Kailua-Kona, HI 96745 PETITIONER'S INTEREST IF NOT TELEPHONE:(Bus.) 326-4675 (Res.) (Fax) 329-9748 LANDOWNER be TE: Feb. 16, 2007 TAX MAP KEY: 7-3-010: 003 STREET ADDRESS OF PROPERTY: Kakahiaka Street ZONING: A-Sa SIZE OF PROPERTY: 10.001 acres CURRENT STATE LAND USE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION: Agricultural REQUESTED STATE LAND USE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION: Urban AGENT: Bill Brooks, Entitlement Manager Westpm Develonmenk LLC ADDRESS: P.O. Box 2808 Kailua-Kona. HI 96745 TELEPHONE:(Bus.) 326-4675 (Res.) (Fax) 329,9748 Please indicate to whom original wrrespondence and copies should be sent. ORIGINAL: Bill Brooks COPIES: Alan Dickler CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT (Type or legibly print the requested information) APPLICANT: Seascape Development, LLC APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE: DATE: 02/]6/07 ADDRESS: P' O. Box 2808 Kailas-Kona, HI 96745 LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER: LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS: ~n Dickler, Manager PHONE:(Bus.) 326-0675 LANDOWNER(S): LANDOWNER SIGNATURE(S): DATE: 02/16/07 (May be by letter) LANDOWNER(S) ADDRESS: Same as applicant REQUEST: A-sa TO itM-1 (Existing zoning) (Proposed Zoning) TAX MAP KEY: 7-3-010: 003 STREET ADDRESS OF PROPERTY: Kakahiaka Street SIZE OF PROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREA(S) TO BE REZONED: 10.001 acres AGENT: Bill Brooks, Entitlement Manager ADDRESS: P. O. Box 2808 Kailua-Kona, HI 96745 TELEPHONE: (Bus.) 326-4675 (Res.)329-3779 (F~) (Res.l (F'~)329-9748 Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent. ORIGINAL: Bill Brooks COPIES: Alan Dickler (See Instructions on Reverse Side) ATTACHMENT Residential Rezoning PLANNING DEPARTMENT COUNTY OF HAWAII APPLICATION FOR CHANGE OF ZONE 1• If your request is approved, do you intend to subdivide the subject land in accordance with the approved change of zone? No if yes, please answer the rest of question 1 and then to question 3. a• How many acres of the requested area do you intend to subdivide? b. Into what lot sizes? c. if your request is approved, approximately how long after the date of approval do you expect to submit your subdivision plans to the Planning Department for preliminary approval? d. Do you intend to build houses on the newly created lots? if yes, please answer the following questions: on how many of those lots? At what approximate price range? House Lots Total Approximately how long, after approval of the subdivision, would the first house be available for occupancy? If you intend to subdivide, please submit a preliminary schematic subdivision plan together with your change of zone application form. 2. If you have no firm plans of subdividing the subject area, do you intend to: a. Sell or lease the land to someone who has firm plans No b. Sell or lease the land to someone who has tentative plans? No ~• Sell or lease the land to someone who has ue plans? No d. Keep it? e. other (please state) Yes P, If you intend to do either a, b, or c, please elaborate on the kind of plans the other party has. Please, also, include in your answer approximately how soon after approval of your rezoning do you expect to transfer the subject land to another party. 3. Do zoo think that your request and your further plans for the land will alleviate the local housing situation? Yes How? T9iis project will increase the overall affordable ho ~ market in this area 9. Are there any buildings on the subject area? No If so, what kind? what do you intend to do with those buildings if your request is approved? -2- 5• Is the subject land currently being used for any agricultural activity? NO If so, please list the kinds of products grown and on how many square feet or acres of land per product. 6• To your knowledge, has there been any flooding and/or drainage problem on the subject area? No If so, please describe the problem. ~• Do you think that the roads leading to the subject area needs improvement? No If so, what kind? Is the road adequate for the proposed traffic volume or load? Yes 8. What sort of governmental assistance and/or improvements do you feel will be needed in the subject area when developed? a. Schools X b. Roads X c. Sewer X d. Drainage X e. police Protection X -3- f. Fire Protection q, Recreational Facilities h. Public Utilities t, other Yes X X X X For those checked "yes," please elaborate what type or kinds of improvements andlor assistance are needed. Please refer to planning and environmental report. ~s++mav~E .E~,~o.I/dwrs, tAG Signature: ~~ Address : P.O. Box 2808 Telephone : 808 326-4675 Date: February 16, 2007 6337A/50A '4' P.D. 5/84 PLANNING AND ENVIORNMENTAL REPORT FOR STATE LAND USE BOUNDARY AMENDMENT (AGRICULTURAL TO URBAN) and COUNTY REZONING (A-5a to RM-1) SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC Kalaoa Sty, North Kona, Hawai i TMK: (3) 7-3-010: 003 Prepared For: Seascape Development, LLC Prepared By: Sidney M. Fuke, Planning Consultant February 2007 COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT APPLICATIONS FOR STATE LAND USE BOUNDARY AMENDMENT (Agricultural to Urban) and COUNTY REZONING REQUEST (Atha to RM-1) SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC O'OMA 1sT, NORTH KONA, HAWAI'1 TAX MAP KEY: (3) 7-3-010: 003 INTRODUCTION The applicant, Seascape Development, LLC, is proposing to develop a 306-unit affordable housing rental project. As such, the applicant is requesting a State Land Use Boundary amendment covering this 10.001- acre site, and concurrently, its rezoning from Agricultural (A-5a) to Multiple-family Residential (RM-1). The subject site was created as a result of a 4-lot subdivision. One of those lots (parcel 51) is now being developed into a 108-unit affordable housing project called Seascape Condominium. 11. PROJECT LOCATION The subject property, consisting of 10.001 acres, is located generally on the south side of the Kona Palisades Subdivision. More spe~cally, it is located approximately 1,200 feet south of the extension of Kakahiaka Street, directly mauka of the developing Seascape affordable housing project. The site is located in the land division of O'oma 1~ and is identified by TMK: 7-3-010: 003. (Figun~s 1 and 2) III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION A. Project Conceat and Comaonents The applicant is proposing to develop a 306-unit affordable rental housing project to help address the rental housing needs of the community. As proposed, the project would tentatively consist of ninety (90) studios, one hundred eight (108) 1 bedroom, 1 bath units, and one hundred eight (108) 2 bedroom, 1 bath units. All units would be targeted at the 60% of median income level. The 306-units would be housed in eighteen (18) throe-story structures. The 3-story structures would be approximately 40 feet in height, and definitely not exceed the 45-foot height limit. ;mo 1 tm o 2700 U00 ~ 4600-.. eA00 '.11,000 Fes] , Location Map FiQUre 1 ,~ ~ ~ q 1 t ~ ~ _• ~ ,~~ w~~ ~' ~ p~' F ~ f~ l ~4 ({~ ~ y ('1. ) yy~ '~ ~ t 1 f i ~ 1 ' l ; ~ G .~. ~ a ; i~, ~ ~ y`q 3 `{ 3 i a sg ~~.~ R ~ SS ~ ~ ~ t`1 ~ ~' ~~~ ~ ~4 ~ rTr, ~.~ ff ~l~f ~~ f .: ~ ~i ' t'q _ _ ~° ~ i r _ ----7 E ~ ~aaa,~xyw. ~ xggs_wx i • t r E F~~ +i.g~ ~'T ~ c ~ Jr ~ ~ s ~ _ ~ ~ ,~ . ~, 8 ~ ~ r~i ~ `` '' ~~ ~ ~~ p 's„ Subject - ~ Q~ ~'`. Cpl '° ~~~ Site f ~ O Y_ p ~tK \J , t ~ f~f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' '~ ~ 1, 1 ~ 1 o i1 ~ ~ ~ t r ~ ~3 ~~ tf ~ ~ ~ ~'~., ~ ~ ~ !t F f 1 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ` ~~ a ~ ~ eY ~ t k •~ t. $ ~/ § v ~.n o_ Tax Map %y Location Map Firure 2 r Also proposed are over four hundred sixty (460) parking spaces for residents and guests. There would also be a single-story office structure, and a 1+ acre recreation area (which may include a swimming pool) surrounding an archaeological preserve. (Figure 3) The principal and only access would be from the extension of Kakahiaka Street. Kakahiaka Street connects to Ka'iminani Drive to the north and is or will be fully improved with curb, gutter, and sidewalk. The proposed housing project is intended to help address the affordable rental housing needs of the community. Please note that the applicant is prepared to accept a zone change condition that would restrict the use of this project for rental housing only. B. Project Timetable and Cost The applicant intends to secure the balance of the required permits and begin making the appropriate improvements immediately upon securing all development permits. Hopefully, this can be done by fall of 2007. Construction of the project would begin shortly thereafter, with an estimated completion date of 12-18 months. Initial occupancy of some of the units is anticipated to occur during the fall of 2008. The applicant estimates the cost of the proposed on-site and related improvements to be in excess of $30 million. IV. INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS A. State Land Use The subject property is designated Agricukure. As such, a boundary amendment to cover the requested RM-1 zone is required and is being filed concurrently with the requested zone change application. B. County General Plan The County General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) map designates the site Urban 6cpansion. As such, a General Plan amendment to the LUPAG map would not be required. Preliminary Site Plan Fieure 3 / / t a ~~ ~~ nI11II~ ~ , ~ eFF d U V ~gg6 / / / ~ I ' WW~~~ I ~88 W~WW~ ~ ~ ~ ? doe' aaN ~~$o O , O ml~rva RIn4 ~~~ S~m'm~`o _ _-- ~-_, -_~ -_-- ~ _--__-_-_ - - - - - ~ I 5~ I IIII Vi f ~~~P ~~ i illl ~ I III ~ ~ " I I I 1 IIII I IIII ~>, I I 1 II I ~" II IIII ~ II Q I ~ 1 1 ~~~ ~~, I ~ I I ~ w ~ ~ I ' ' III F" I • I M 'i1 i z C~ w ~ ~ I I ~`~' ~ III ~l O ; I~ w / I III ~ // ~ 3 I i w ~ I \ ~~` III i ~i/ `'- I ~ // I i / ~ I Iii // / r it • I ~' I o> ~vy~ ~~ ^~~ Relative to the Urban Density designation, the General Plan allows considers#ion for "a mix of high density, medium density, low density, industrial, industriat-commercial and/or open designations in areas where new settlements maybe desirable, but where the specific settlement pattern and mix of uses have not yet been determined." The requested zoning and planned uses are more consistent with the medium density uses, and hence would be consistent with the Urban Density designation. C. Countv Zoning The County zoning of the requested area is Agriculture (A-5a). If the Multiple-family Residential (RM-1) request were approved, all related land use and development codes such as Plan Approval, parking, landscaping, fire, ADA, and the like would be complied with by the applicant. D. Other Permitting Considerations The site is not located within the County Special Management Area (SMA). As such, no SMA Use Permit would be required. However, as noted earlier, otherconstruction-related permits would still be required. These would be of the "ministerial" variety, such as Plan Approval, grading permit, building permit, Department of Health clearances, UIC, and the like. V. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS A. General Descriation The 10+ acre, vacant parcel is located generally mauka of the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway and south of the Kona Palisades Subdivision. Access would be from the extension of Kakahiaka Street. The site is generally rectangular in shape. While there are no topographic or natural features that could affect the development of this site, there is an archaeological feature near the center of the parcel and will be preserved. B. Climate. Soil and Topograahv Being on the leeward side of the island and located southwest of Hualalai volcano, the project site is generally sunny in the mornings with occasional afternoon clouds. The rainy season is usually during the summer, with wetter periods from November to January. The average annual rainfall is approximately 30 inches, with pan evaporation estimated at 55 inches per year. The mean annual temperature is approximately 75 degrees. Because the site is situated on the leeward side of the island, winds tend to be light and variable. Slight easterly winds occur during the day, while westerly or mountain winds are prevalent during the evenings. The property's elevation is approximately 400 feet. There is a less than 10% slope towards the makai end of the property. According to this author's interpretation of the Land Studv Bureau Overall Master Productivity Rating map, this site is classfied "E" or Very Poor. It is of the A'a clinker soil series. This series is characterized by properties with tittle or no soil material and light brown to nearly black A'a. It is excessively drained and unsuited for machine tillability. Likewise, this author interprets the soil classification found in the US Department of Agriculture -Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) Soil Survey Report to be of the Punalu'u series (rPYD). The Punalu'u series consists of well-drained thin organic soils over pahcehce lava bedrock. Permeability is rapid, runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard slight. This type of soil was typically used for cattle grazing. Under the Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) class cation system, it appears that the site is classfied as "Unique." C. Natural Hazards 1. Drainas~e The Federal Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) identifies the subject site to be within Zone X (areas outside of 500-year flood). Notwithstanding this designation, as there will be an added level of impervious surface resulting from the proposed development, there may be an issue relating to potential increased run-off. In that event, drywell(s) or similar type of accommodations will be implemented, subject to the review and approval of the Department of Public Works and State Department of Health via the Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit process. With the proposed on-site drainage improvements, all potential drainage and/or flooding issues could be reasonably addressed and mitigated. 2. Tsunami Hazard Given its elevation (400±) and distance from the nearest shoreline (1+ miles), it is located outside of the Civil Defense's Tsunami Evacuation Zone. Thus, there should be little or no threat from high waves. 3. Volcanic and Earthquake Hazards The United States Geological Survey (USGS) classifies the subject site as Lava Flow Hazard Zone 4, on a scale of ascending risk, 9 to 1. This designation applies to much of North Kona. Byway of comparison, the City of Hilo falls within zone 3. There is very little that can be done to protect structures and improvements on the site from lava flows. Relative to protection of life, however, this would be achieved through the evacuation routes and warning systems provided by the County Civil Defense agency. Such notices will be prominently placed within the office building. The entire island of Hawaii falls within Earthquake Zone 4, according to the County Building Code. As such, all structures built on the site will have to meet with the more restrictive seismic hazard structural requirements of the Building Code. D. Botanical Resources A botanical survey was prepared in July 2006 by Reginald E. Davic of Rana Productions, Ltd. and found in Appendix A. The survey noted that for the most part the subject and immediately surrounding site is characterized by "dense, two-to-three foot tall foundation grass (Pennisetum setaceum)." Also present were the larger shrubby species such as the Christmas berry (Schinus terebinthifolius), Koa haole, klu (Acacia famesiana), lantana (Lantana camas), noni, and maiapilo. Smaller shrubs and weedy species include the 'ilima, indigo (Indigofes suffiuticosa), `uhaloa, and the hairy spurge (Chamaesyce hin`a). While these plant species are found on the subject site, it is less dense within the subject site due to an existing lava flow. Of the thirty nine (39) recorded plant species on and the surrounding properties, at least twenty five (25) percent are considered to be either "endemic or indigenous" to the Hawaiian !stands. None of these, however, are listed as threatened, endangered or proposed for listing under either the State or Federal endangered species programs. The report also noted that "Although the percentage of native species is relatively high, the individual densities are low, thus, in terms of biomass, native plants are by in large a minor component of the vegetation currently found on the site." The report thus concluded that the development of this site will not result in "impacts to any plant species currently listed as threatened, endangered or proposed for listing under the Federal or State of Hawaii endangered species programs" and "not have a significant deleterious impact on native botanical resources found within the North Kona District." The author nevertheless suggested that native dryland plants be considered as part of the project's landscaping. E. Faunal Resources Reginald E. David of Rana Productions, Ltd. also conducted a faunal survey of the subject and immediately surrounding area. The report was dated July 2006 and is part of the botanical survey found in Appendix A. While the avian diversity and density were relatively low, the most common sightings by the author were the Japanese White-eye, House Finch, and Common Myna. There was no observation of the Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinen:us semofus). Other introduced mammalian species were dogs, Indian mongoose, cats, and goats. The author concluded that "Given the habitat present on the site it is not expected that the development of the site will result in impacts to any avaian or mammalian species currenty fisted as threatened, endangered or proposed for listing under either the Federal or State of Hawaii endangered species programs." He noted that the project should also not have a deleterious impact on native faunal resources found within the North Kona District. Because there is always a potential for the flying Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters to fly through this area, the author recommended that any external lighting be shielded. F. Historic/Cultural/Archaeological Resources An archaeological inventory survey was conducted of the requested and immediately surrounding areas by Haun and Associates in August 2000. The report was subsequently reviewed and approved by the State Department of Land and Natural Resources-Historic Preservation Division on august 2003. (Appendices B and B-1) Pursuant to this approved survey, an Archaeological Mitigation Plan was prepared Rechtman Consulting, LLC on November 2004 and subsequently approved by the SHPD March 11, 2005. (Appendices C and C-1) Relative to the subject site, four (4) sites were ident~ed. These included a cave (Site 23411) that was used for a temporary habitation; a cairn (Site 23415) that was used for a marker; a temporary habitation site (Site 23416); and a complex (Site 23417) that included a habitation site and marker. The complex was recommended for preservation and included in the approved Archaeological Mitigation Plan. Data recovery was performed for Sites 23411 and 23416), whereas the remaining site did not require further work. The site to be preserved is incorporated in the proposed site plan. The site consists of terraces, cairns, and a stepping stone trail. The approved mtgation and preservation plan will include the construction of a barrier during the construction phase. Upon completion, there will be buffers established ranging between five (5) to ten (10) meters and cautionary and interpretative signs. G. Cultural Resources The recent Hawaii State Supreme Court's "PASH" and "Ka Pa'akai O Ka'Aina"decisions require decision-makers to consider a project's impact to native Hawaiian gathering and fishing rights. Specifically, there must be a discussion of the cultural, historical, and natural resources and associated traditional and customary practices of this site and the impact of this project to these resources and practices. To address this issue, a Cultural Impact Assessment was prepared by Rechtman Consulting, LLC for the subject site and immediately surrounding area. This report, dated March 2006, utilized the guidelines outlined by the State Office of Environmental Quality Commission (OEOC) and is found in its entirety in Appendix D. The assessment included a discussion of the site's archaeological resources and the area's cultural and historical background. It also included ten (10) oral history interviews. The subject site is not adjacent and/or proximate to the shoreline. As such, fishing and coastal access is not an issue. Furthermore, as noted in the botanical survey, while there are some endemic plants on the site, these plants are neither endangered nor threatened. The assessment also referenced the archaeological inventory survey and discussed the potential direct and indirect impacts to these sites. However, it noted that the approved mitigation protocol which included a site preservation plan and the data recovery sufficiently addressed these potential impacts. The assessment concluded that "None of these sites are considered traditional cultural properties and there were no specific natural or cultural beliefs and practices identfied relative to the land within the proposed development area." Based on the above, it does not appear that the project would have any potential adverse impacts relating to native Hawaiian cutural and historical resources and/or practices. H. Water and Coastal Resources The subject site is located over a mile from the coastline. As such, coastal impacts resulting from discharge of drainage systems from the site should not be significant. Being anon-coastal property, no coastal access will be affected. The proposed development will have a private treatment plant that will meet with the requirements of the State Department of Health. Thus, this should further reduce potential adverse groundwater or nearshore water impacts resulting from this project. Further as noted earlier, prior to the installation or use of any drywalls on the site to address on-site drainage concerns, the appropriate UIC permit from the State will be taken. At that time, impacts to water and coastal resources will be carefully examined. Noise. Air Quality, and Dust The existing background ambient noise level in this area is wind, foliage, birds, and the like. However, the sign cant manmade noise is influenced by the traffic associated along the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway and Ka'iminani Drive and the occasional aircraft noise emanating from the Keahole Airport. However, as the site is at least % mile from the Highway and not within the flight or aviation flight zone, the noise level should not be too significant and well within the acceptable 55 Ldn level. To further mitigate potential noise impact, landscaping will be introduced throughout the property. If possible, air conditioning unfts may also be included to shut off some of this potential noise. There will also be short-term noise impacts during the construction phase. To mitigate this impact, the development of this project - particularly the site work -will be limited to daylight hours and on weekdays. Contractors will also be required to comply with established State Department of Health guidelines and standards relating to noise and emission controls. The proposed development should not generate any direct air ual' impacts. As the project itself is not expected to have uses that generate adverse air pollutants, the only discernible air quality impact would be associated with vehicular traffic to and from the site. While the added traffic will have an impact to the ambient air quality, the impact should not be sign cant. This is due in part to the higher EPA standards for vehicular air emissions and the prevailing tradewinds. All of the required parking area within the project site will be paved with an all-weather, dust free surface. Landscaping will also be required as part of the Plan Approval requirement. As such, with the exception of minimal construction dust in the beginning, long term dust generated by the project should be insignificant. J. Scenic and Visual Considerations In the Nature/ Beauty element of the General Plan, there are sites or areas listed as scenic resources. The subject site is not listed as a scenic site. However, the views of the coast and Hualalai Mountain are indirectly referenced. From a view plane perspective, the subject site is not situated between the shoreline and the Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. As such, the proposed development should not result in the further diminution of coastal visual impact from a major public road. It is also located at least % mile mauka of the Highway and near the base of the Hualalai Mountain. Given the distance and the height of the Mountain, the views should not be impeded. Furthermore, the height of the proposed structures will be no taller than 40 feet for the 3-story structures. The maximum height limit under the existing and proposed zoning designations is 45 feet. Then, too, added mitigation will be achieved through the extensive landscaping planned for this area. As such, while the structures will be visible, their visual impact should not be overly pronounced. It is thus reasoned that while the development of the site may generate some measure of visual impact, it will not be sign cant. VI. SOCIAL AND RELATED CONSIDERATIONS A. Surroundins~ Land Uses The surrounding land uses in this general area are a mixture of low to moderately dense residential uses. The Kona Palisades Subdivision and other subdivisions are located less than a thousand (1,000) feet to the north and east. The planned Seascape Condominium affordable housing project is located directly makai of the subject site, while there is vacant State-owned land to the south. There are also agricultural uses generally west of the subject area that are part of the State's agricultural farm lots. The requested zoning would be consistent with the evolving mixture of residential land use pattern in this area. B. Economic Impacts The requested zoning would have some measure of economic impact, as tt would provide short-term employment opportunities for those in the construction and related industries. The nature of this project (housing) does not have any direct long- term economic impact. However, tt does have an indirect impact by providing the needed social infrastructure -housing - to support io developments in West Hawaii. In a sense, this type of project would be analogous to a school, which supports the needs of a community. A multiple-family residential zoning would also increase the tax revenues to the County, as opposed to the current agricultural zoning. However, there could be some real property tax consequences for the agriculturally- zoned properties proximate to this area. As the assessed valuation of the subject property rises due to the higher residential use, there could be some fallout to neighboring properties. However, landowners intent on keeping their property for agricultural uses would have the option of dedicating their land for agricultural uses. C. Agriculturallmpacts The subject site has not been used for commercial agricultural purposes for over 50 years. With the exception of the agricultural activity generally west of the subject site, the surrounding areas consist of a mixture of varying residential uses. Further, the soil class cation system of the Land Study Bureau designates the site as Class E or "Very Poor". While it does have agricultural potential, it is not unique from an agricultural resource perspective. Thus, its removal from potential agricultural use should not compromise the agricultural objectives of the County. Given the above, the agricultural impacts resulting from this rezoning should be negligible, if at all. VII. A. Road and Traffic The subject site will utilize the extension of Kakahiaka Street as its principal access. Kakahiaka Street eventually intersects with Ka'iminani Street, which serves as one of the major mauka/makai connectors in this region. Kakahiaka Street is a planned 50-foot wide street with curb, gutters and sidewalk. It will eventually be dedicated to the County. Ka'iminani Street has aright-of--way of area. Ka'iminani Street has a right-of-way of sixty (60) feet with a 20-24 foot wide pavement. There are no sidewalks along Ka'iminani Street. i~ A traffic impact analysis report (TZAR) was prepared for this project and is found in its entirety in Appendix E. The TZAR took into account the development of the adjoining 108-unit Seascape Condominium project. It evaluated the project's impacts relative to four (4) intersections. These intersections and their potential impacts and suggested mitigations were: • Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway and Ka'iminani Street The Levels of Service (LOS) during both the AM and PM peak was determined to be "C" or "Average Traffic Delay". No mitigation was recommended. • Ka'iminani Street and Kakahiaka Street The LOS for northbound movements was pegged at "D" or "Long Traffic Delays". This relates to traffic coming out ftom the project. The report concluded that "Since the eastbound and westbound movements are not impacted and remain level of service "A", no tum lanes are required in Ka'iminani Street." Ka'iminani Street and Mamalahoa Highway The LOS at this intersection, with or without this project, would continue to be at "E", "Very long traffic delay". Nothing was recommended for this intersection. • Ka'iminani Street and Ane Keohokalole Street. This intersection would not be significantly impacted. The report went on to conclude that "although Ka'iminani Street is impacted, it is not greatly impacted by the development even with a 3.5% growth factor factored into the future traffic movements. No tum lanes are justfied. With the widening of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway int (sic) the future, mitigation measures will be taken at that intersection." B. Water The former owners of the subject property (Seascape Development, LLC) entered into an agreement with the County Department of Water Supply on October 4, 2005 to provide sufficient water for this and surrounding properties. A copy of this agreement is found in Appendix F. This agreement will assure 12 that County wa#er will be made available through the extension of a County water line within Kakahiaka Street. C. Wastewater The project's wastewater will be disposed off into a new private sewer treatment plant that is being built on the site of the Seascape Condominium project. The sewer treatment plant is a package plant meeting with the specifications and requirements of the State Department of Health. It is specifically designed to acx:ommodate the future development of the surrounding contiguous parcels. D. Solid Waste Solid waste will be handled by commercial haulers who will dispose of the refuse at the county landfill at Pu'uanahulu. During the course of preparing the land for this project, the applicant intends to retain as much of the material on the property. This should thus minimize disposal at approved disposal sites. This and other waste reduction methods will be reflected in the required solid waste management plan to help address this situation. E. Other Government Services As this area is already part of an urban area, it already has access to a number of services. All of the required police, fire, and related services are available. Police protective services are provided from the stations at Kealakehe located less than 3 miles from the site and Captain Cook in South Kona. Within 5 miles from the site, there are 2 fire stations. These would be at Kailua-Kona and Pu'uloa. There is also another station at Captain Cook. Emergency medical and paramedical services are also provided from these stations. The Kona Hospital at Kealakekua is located approximately 10 miles from the site and is managed by the State. This facility is one of 5 licensed hospitals on the island. This residential project is intended to address the rental housing needs of the community. As such, while it is not necessarily growth inducing, it will have school-aged occupants. In that regard, it is noted that the site is proximate to the Kealakehe (K-12) School complex. 13 There is a 4-acre park that is being developed within the Lokahi Makai residential project, less than a mile from the subject site. This park will be dedicated to the Couniy. There are also public coastal parks within a 5-mile radius. Additionally, the applicant intends to have about an acre of passive recreational area within the project that would also serve as an archaeological preserve. Given the project location, no extension of government services would be required. Further, the existing facilities should be sufficient to accommodate the demand expected from this project F. Other Utilities All other utilities such as telephone and electrical services are available to the site. VIII. IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE ANALYSIS A. The short-term use of the site would probably be the same as the current use, which is open space. This will continue until the full improvements are made, which will hopefully be before the middle part of next year. This project should not result in any significantly adverse short or long-term impacts that cannot be properly mitigated. There will be direct and indirect economic benefits resulting ftom the construction and implementafron of this project. There will be construction jobs created in the short-term. By providing needed housing, this project will have an indirect long-term benefit to the island's economy. Relatedly, the project will generate increased tax revenues that can supplement the State and County's fiscal resources. This project will provide needed housing in an area that would be proximate to places of employment and shopping. The required physical infrastructure - if needed -will be implemented by the applicant to mitigate potential impacts of this project. B. Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources Based on the professional studies conducted of this site, the commitment of natural or other resources (such as botanical and avifaunal) would not appear to be sign'rficant. is An archaeological inventory survey was prepared and approved for this area. Then, too, an approved preservation plan for one of the sites recommended for preservation has been approved and will be accommodated 'into the project. !n the event there are inadvertent finds, they will be treated pursuant to acceptable practices and policies of the State. C. Mitistative Measures The applicant intends to provide any required off and on-site infrastructure in conjunction with the development of this project. These will include on-site drainage system, landscaping, water, and wastewater improvements. All of these will be done in conjunction with the permitting and permit implementation phases of this project. Relative to archaeological features, the lone site recommended for preservation will be preserved pursuant to the approved preservation plan. Additionally, if any inadvertent discoveries are made during any phase of this project, the Planning Department will be notified and appropriate mitigation will be taken before work is resumed. Landscaping will also be incorporated within the project site, as well as along the boundaries. The landscaping would be consistent with the Planning Department's landscaping rules. D. Alternatives to the Proposed Project 1. No Project Under the status quo altemative, the site would remain in its present vacant, cleared use. Under this scenario, the site would not be utilized to its highest and best use, as envisioned by the General Plan. 2. Development Based on Facistinsr A~Sa 2onin9 Under this alternative, the area of the requested zoning may still not be utilized agriculturally, given its current condition. The site would probably be subdivided into 2 lots. rs 3. Residential Rezoning Another option could be to utilize this site for asingle-family residential project. While that would still be consistent with the General LUPAG's map Urban Expansion designation, this option would not help address the rental housing needs of the community. 4. Evaluation of Alternatives Leaving the property in its current state would not maximize the use of the land. The land could be subdivided, but its agricultural uses would be minimal. While alternative residential densities -such as a single- famify residential subdivision -are possible, the need for rental housing appears to be even greater. Then, too, this project is located in an area proximate to places of employment and services. In that regard, the project in totality would be consistent with the land use objectives sought to be accomplished by the County General Plan LUPAG map. In view of the aforementioned, it would appear that none of the aftematives would be more prudent and beneficial than the requested RM-1 zoning alternative. IX. REGULATORY ANALYSIS -County and State Land Use Policies A. General Plan LUPAG Maa The General Plan provides for the long-range comprehensive development of the island of Hawaii. It provides direction for balanced growth in the County. The LUPAG map designates the site Urban Expansion, a designation that allows the requested RM-9 zoning. Acconiingly, this request would be consistent with the LUPAG map. B. General Plan Policies The requested zoning would also be consistent with the goals, policies, and standards of the Housing and Land Use Elements of the General Plan. Specifically, the more pertinent ones follow: 16 Housing Goals • Attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix throughout the different pars of the County. • Maintain a housing supply which allows a variety of choice • Develop better places to live in Hawaii County by creating viable communities with decent housing and suitable living environments for our people • Improve and maintain the quality and affordability of the existing housing stock • Seek sufficient production of new affordable rental and fee- simple housing in the County in a variety of sizes to satisfactorily accommodate the needs and desires of families and individuals. Policies • Increase rental opportunities and choices in terms of quality, cost, amenity, style and size of housing, especially for low and moderate income households. Land Use Element fMultiole-ResidentiaD Goals • To provide for multiple residential developments that maximizes convenience for its occupants. • To provide for suitable living environments which accommodate the physical, social and economic needs of the island residents. Policies Appropriately zoned lands shall be allocated as the demand for multiple residential dwellings increases. These areas shall be allocated with respect to places of employment, shopping facilities, educational, recreational and cultural facilities, and public facilities and utilities. i~ Standards • Areas shall be protected from incompatible uses by transition zones. • Provide adequate access to arterial streets, shopping facilities, schools, employment centers, and other services. • Development shall not be permitted in natural hazard areas unless proper on-site improvements are provided. • Development shall be located in areas where public utilities can be economically provided at a level of adequate to meet the demand for the concentrated service. • Recreational area and/or facilites shall be considered in multiple residential development. Discussion The requested zoning would be consistent with the goals, policies, and standards of the General Plan document. For one, lt may provide limited short-term economic opportunities largely through the construction of any improvements required for the residential development. Relatedly, longer-term opportunities could be created largely in providing the social support (housing) needed to sustain a strong economy. Furthermore, the project should add sustained revenues to the County and State coffers. The project intends to be energy conscious through the use and/or encouragement of solar energy and design features to take advantage of wind patterns. Maintaining and improving the quality of the environment is important to the success of this project. The General Plan idenfiries five (5) areas of environmental concerns -air pollution, water quality, soil pollution, solid waste disposal, and noise pollution. As proposed, the project would not be violative of any of those objectives. Aside from vehicular transmission, air pollution associated with the project should be negligible. All wastewater systems wouk! be disposed off in the private wastewater treatment plant now being developed on the Seascape Condominium project. This should be sufficient to address any potential groundwater or coastal water is impacts If required, a solid waste management plan could be prepared and implemented. Being a residential project, it should not be a noisy one. Any noise-generating facility -such as air conditioners -would be carefully placed to minimize their noise impacts to adjoining properties. The project area is outside of any floodway. Nonetheless, a drainage system wilt be designed in a manner to protect the property as well as to minimize the volume of surface runoff generated by this development. The site has a few archaeological sites that have or will be mitigated. There is an approved preservation plan for one of these sites. Then, too, work wilt cease 'rf unanticipated archaeological remains are discovered during the construction phase of this project. Work will resume only after proper clearances from the State and/or County have been received. Being partially disturbed and within an urban environment, the prospects of the site serving as a habitat for rare or endangered plant or animal life appear remote. A floral study was done which also concluded that there would be no impact to endangered plant life. As this is a residential project, it will directly fulfill the goals and objectives - as noted above - of the housing element. Spec~cally, the more pertinent goals are: • Attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix throughout the different parts of the County • Maintain a housing supply which allows a variety of choice • Improve and maintain the quality and affordability of the existing housing stock • Seek sufficient production of affordable rental and fee-simple housing in the County in a variety of sizes to satisfactorily accommodate the needs and desires of families and individuals The Plan also emphasizes that developments be mindful of an area's natural beauty. In this situation, the project wilt be developed in a manner where it blends with the existing terrain and enhances the natural environment through the introduction of 19 landscaping. Although the project site is over a mile from the ocean, it is also separated by other developments from the ocean. As such, the usual coastal n3sources concern would not be pronounced. There will be no interference with shoreline access. Then, too, by having a State Department of Health approved private wastewater treatment plant, impacts to the coastal water should be minimized. There will be little impact to public facilities. The water system will be developed in a manner meeting with the requirements of the Department of Water Supply. All on-site improvements will be constructed by the applicant. Schools and other public facilities are also located proximate to the site, most of them being less than 5 miles away. Finally, in terms of the Land Use element (including the multiple residential), the pertinent goals, policies, and standards of the General Plan note the following: • Designate and allocate land uses in appropriate proportions and mix and in keeping with the social, cultural and physical environments of the County • The County shall encourage the development and maintenance of communities meeting the needs of its residents in balance with the physical and social environment • Zoning requests shall be reviewed with respect to General Plan designation, district goals, regional plans, State Land Use District, compatibility with adjacent zoned uses, availability of public services and utilities, access, and public need The county shall encourage the development and maintenance of communities meeting the needs of its residents in balance with the physical and social environment In view of the foregoing goals and policies, it is noted that the requested zoning would be consistent with the Urban Expansion designation of the LUPAG map. It would also be generally compatible with the surrounding area. There are single-family residential and multiple-family residential zonings within'/. mile from the subject site. 20 The soil of the site is classified "E" or very poor. While it does have some measure of agricultural potential, as evidenced by the existing vegetation on the site, the site does not have resource that is deemed to be critical from an agricultural perspective. Furthermore, this area is generally bounded by urban and/or urbanizing uses to the north and east. The property has no severe topographic or geologic problems that would render the land unusable for the proposed development. C. Zonino If the request were approved, the site would be developed into a multiple-family residential rental complex. All structures and improvements would be developed consistent with the Zoning Code. No variances from the Code are anticipated. D. Hawaii State Plan Chapter 226, Hawaii Revised Statutes, outlines the long-range goals and policies of the Hawaii State Plan. Said Plan is intended to serve as a guide for the growth and future long-range development of the State. Pursuant to said requirement, a discussion of the pertinent policies and goals and the project's relationship follows: Goals A strong, viable economy characterized by stability, diversity, and growth that enables the fulfillment of the needs and expectations of Hawaii's present and future generations • A desired physical environment characterized by beauty, cleanliness, quiet, stable and natural systems, and uniqueness that enhances the mental and physical well-being of the people • Physical, social and economic weN-being for individuals and families that nourishes a sense of community responsibility and caring of participation in family life. Discussion The proposed project would achieve these goals. It would provide both direct and indirect employment opportunities for current and future residents of the island; contribute to the island's overall tax 21 base and hence, increase both State and County revenues; and complemen# and support other economic uses and in tum, contribute to the stability, diversity, and growth of local and regional economies. This short-term employment opportunity would come without adversely affecting the environment. There is no known wildlife or plant Iffe listed as either endangered or threatened on the subject site. Then, too, the known significant archaeological feature on the site will be preserved. Any other inadvertent finds will be addressed pursuant to the requirements of the State DLNR-HPD. Impacts to the surrounding areas would also not be significantly adverse. All required inftastructures will be in place by the applicant. Furthermore, the provision and/or retention of natural landscaped buffers around the perimeter of and selected portions within the project site would also help mitigate any adverse visual and noise impacts to existing and surzounding neighboring residential or agricultural properties. G. Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program The objectives of the Hawaii Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program are outlined in Chapter 205a, Hawaii Revised Statutes. The principal goal is to assure the protection and maintenance of the State's coastal resources. Although the entire State falls within the CZM area, the permitting process is geared for those areas proximate to the coast and identfied by the County as the Special Management Area. Nonetheless, a general review of a project's consistency to the CZM policies -regardless of its location -must still be made. In that regard, please note the following: • The proposed project will not have any substantial adverse environmental or ecological effect. (Please refer to discussions in Chapters V, VI, and VII). Any effect that may result will be minimized to the extent practicable and will be clearly outweighed by public interest. • The proposed development would be consistent with the objectives of the CZM program. Specfically: zz • there would be no impact to the area's recreational resources. This is not a shoreline property; • relative to historical resources, the known site will be preserved. Any inadvertent finds will be addressed pursuant to the requirements of the State DLNR-HPD. • the project will not affect any scenic and open space resources; • the coastal ecosystem will not be impacted; • the project will help stabilize employment opportunities by providing the needed housing, and hence furthering the economic uses of the site; • the site is more than a mile from the shoreline, and thus there would be no coastal hazard or beach erosion or marine resource impacts; and • public participation will be achieved through the hearings on this request and posting of a sign notitying the public of this application. The proposed development is consistent with the County General Plan and other appropriate regulatory tools, such as the Zoning Code. H. State Land Use Urban Standards As the requested area covers less than fifteen (15) acres, the County can process the request. Pursuant to the Planning Commission Rule No. 13, the request must meet certain standards. These standards and their justification follow: Conformity to the General Plan The project's relationship and conformity are demonstrated in sections IX A and B above. 2. Relationshia to State Land Use Urban District Standards The State Land Use Commission's Rules provide the standards for determining the Urtan district boundaries (Section 15-15-18). Their relationships to this request are noted as follows: 23 a. "Gifu-Like" Characteristics A concentration of people, structures, streets, and rural/urban level of services characterize this area. There are residences in this area, including a planned affordable housing project makai of the subject site. b. Factors of Urban Characteristics The site is proximate to centers of trading and employment. It is within an area where there are existing residential uses. All of the related urban amenities and services such as school, parks, and protective services are also located less than three (3) miles from the site. As such, basic governmental and utility services are readily available to this area. This reclassification will not necessarily result in providing a sufficient urban reserve area for growth, as the applicant intends to develop the property immediately. Further, the site represents more of an "in-filling" and as such, would not really be suitable for a growth reserve area. Nonetheless, its approval and development could make fringe properties more suitable for reserves. c. Natural Hazards Topographically, the site is suitable for development. It does not have slopes in excess of 20 degrees. The site has no known unstable soil condition. There is no known fioodway within or proximate to this site. It is outside of the tsunami zone and is not located within the high volcanic hazard area. It is located within Zone 4, comparable to other parts of North Kona. Although within the highest seismic zone (Zone 4), all improvements will be designed to meet with the prevailing building code. The applicable code is predicated on zone 4. d. Continuous to Urban Areas Although the site is not contiguous to an urban area, it 2a is functionally contiguous. There is a planned affordable housing project makai of the subject property. There are also residential developments to the east and north of the subject area. e. Relationship to County Growth Plans This site does not represent the creation of a new urban concentration, as the surrounding area is already an urban-like environment. The subject site is designated on the General Plan LUPAG map for U-ban F~cpansion uses. The requested Multiple-family Residential (RM-1) zone is thus consistent with the General Plan. "Scatterization" Impact As the site does conform to the standards described earlier, this standard really does not apply. This applies to a situation where an amendment creates a potential "spot" zoning and thereby increasing the need to extend public services at considerable taxpayers' expense. In this situation, the general area is already urban in character, and the subject site is contiguous to this developing area. Its development should thus not result in the expansion or extension of government services. g. Slope of Property There is a benign slope running in a mauka/makai direction. However, the difference is less than 10 percent. The slope would not render the site undevelopable or pose an extraordinary development risk. Accordingly, the development of this site would not be violative of the "more than 20°1o slope" standard. 25 ~4 ~__ [ APPENDIX A FLORAL AND FAUNAL STUDY Reginald E. David RANA Productions, Lta~ July 14, 2006 Biological Surveys of TMK(3) 7-3-10:003, 051, 052, 053 & 054, as well as Portions of the Proposed Homestead Road Conducted for the Lokahi Ka`u Development, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Prepared by: Reginald E. David Rana Productions, Ltd. P.O. Box 1371 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745 Prepared for: Seascape Development, LLC 75-143 Hualalai Road, Suite 205 Kailua, Kona, Hawaii 96740 July 14, 2006 Lokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................... .......................................... 2 Introduc[ion ........................................................................ .......................................... 3 General Site Description ................................................... .......................................... 4 Botanical Survey Methods ................................................. .......................................... 5 Botanical Survey Results ................................................... ..........................................6 Avian Survey Methods ....................................................... .......................................... 9 Avian Survey Result ............................................................ .......................................... 9 Mammalian Survey Methods ............................................. .......................................... 9 Mammalian Survey Results ................................................ .......................................... 9 Discussion ........................................................................... ........................................ 11 Botanical Resources .............................................. ........................................ l l Avian Resources ..................................................... ........................................ 11 Mammalian Resources .......................................... ........................................12 Conclusions ....................................................................... ......................................... 13 Botanical Resources ............................................. ......................................... 13 Faunal Resources ................................................. ......................................... 13 Recommendations .............................................................. ......................................... 13 Glossary ............................................................................. ......................................... 15 Literature Cited ................................................................. ......................................... 16 Figures & Tables Figure 1 Lokahi Ka`u Study Site ................................................................................. 4 Figure 2.Fountain grass/Grassland on the Lokahi Ka`u Project Site ........................ 6 Table 1. Plants Recorded within the Lokahi Ka`u Study Site ..................................7 Table 2. Avian Species Detected Within the Lokahi Ka`u Study Site .................. 10 Lokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 2 Introduction Tlvs report summarizes the findings of botanical, avian and mammalian surveys conducted on an approximately 50-acre parcel of land identified as TMK (3) 7-3-10:003, 051, 052, 053 & 054, as well as an approximately 2,500 x 50-foot wide road right-of--way. The properly is located to the south of the existing Palisades Subdivision, in the North Kona District, Hawaii (Figure 1). Fieldwork was conducted on July 8, 2006. The primary objectives of the surveys were to: • Conduct a 100% botanical survey of the Homestead Road right-of--way, and the short connections between it and Ane Kehokalole, Kakahiaka and Kapuahi Roads. • Provide a general description of the vegetation within the right-of--way and prepare a species list of all plants recorded within the survey azea. • Conduct a reconnaissance level botanical survey of the approximately 50-acre development site, to verify that the habitat has not changed significantly since W. P. Char surveyed the site in 2003. • Seazch and record any species currently considered to be raze, threatened, endangered, or cunently proposed for listing under federal or State of Hawaii endangered species statutes. The federal and State of Hawaii listed species status follows species identified in the following referenced documents (Division of Land and Natural resources (DLNR) 1998, Federal Register 1999, 2005). • Conduct and avian and mammalian survey of both the Homestead Road right-of- way and the 50t-acre development site. • Make recommendations on appropriate mitigation to offset any deleterious impacts to any species documented on the site that aze of special concern. The avian phylogenetic order and nomenclature used in this report follows The American Ornithologists' Union Checklist of North American Birds 7`~ Edition (American Ornithologists' Union 1998), and the 42"d through the 46~' supplements to Check-list of North American Birds (American Ornithologists' Union 2000; Banks et al. 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005). Mammal scientific names follow Mammals in Hawaii (Tomich 1986). Higher native and naturalized plant names follow Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai `i (Wagner et al. and Wagner and Herbst, 1990, 1999). Ornamental plant names follow A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places (Staples and Herbst 2005). Place names follow Place Names of Hawaii (Pukui et al. 1974). Hawaiian and scientific names aze italicized in the text. A glossary of technical terms and acronyms used in the document, which may be unfamiliar to the reader, aze included at the end of the narrative text on Page 15. Lokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 3 Figure 1 Lolcahi Ka`u Study Site WG5$4 Zone 4Q B14 ooomE, ~` - ~ ~ z -~ = k A ~ E N9 ~= - ~ fl 0 ~ e OO ''fro ro • ~ ~ = ; 3 ' • ~ v' ` - ~ r m ••~•. r,\ ~ t~ ~, . •+,. Y •~ w •~ ' • .1i ~ •• •4.f Homestead Road .• Ki • •~~ ' ~, Z A.L A O q `I • ••~.:. • z o 5 e o -_ T- o M u ! t , o 07 i • ~ ~ S 7, -. Main Study Site a ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ : . -_ \ _ ~ ~ . ~ _ ~~ o --- - ~ _ - ;-mil t..3 `" ° _ t _ ~ o l , N ~ ~ sg3ooom E, WG584 Zone 4Q B14 ooomE, p .5 1 MILE TN MN I I JOo ®000 FEET 0 500 t000 METENS Irr Map created with TOPO!~A ~~'~2003 National Geographic (www_nationalgeographicrom+topo) General Site Description The approximately 50-acre site is located immediately south of the lower section of the Palisades Subdivision. The site is bound to the north by the existing subdivision and to the west, south and east by vacant land (figure 1). The site gently slopes from east to west from an elevation of ~ 450-feet above mean sea level (ASL) at the eastern boundary, down to ~ 370-feet ASL at the southwestern boundary (USGS 1996). The project area is sited primarily on a weathered broken pahoehce lava flow, though the southern third of the site is made up primarily of a large ridge of `a`a lava. The lava fields were disgorged Lokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 the site is made up primazily of a lazge ridge of `a`a lava. The lava fields were disgorged from Mount Hualalai between 3,000 and 5,000 years ago, during the Holocene Epoch (Wolfe and Morris 1996, USGS 1996). Botanical Survey Methods A walking survey using wandering transects was used to cover the approximately 50-acre project site, identified as TMK(3) 7-3-10:003, 051, 052, 053 & 054. Additionally a 100% walking survey was conducted on the proposed Homestead Road right-of--way. Notes were made on plant identification, associations, distribution, substrates and any special geologic features that might have an affect on the flora present on the site. The southern one-third of the site covered with `a`a lava was more intensely surveyed than the surrounding fountain grass/koa haole covered pAhoehoe flows found on the bulk of the site; since in Hawaii rare plants are more likely to be found in such protected or less disturbed areas than elsewhere, especially in the lazgely alien species dominated lowlands. Boundaries and specific plant locations were determined using a handheld Garmin eTrex Vista® GPS unit. Description of the Vegetation The vegetation within the project azea can be best chazacterized as a Fountain Grass/ Koa Haole Grassland subtype of a Lowland Dry Grassland Community as described in Gagne and Cuddihy (1990) (Figure 2). A list of the plants recorded during time spent on the site and their current status is presented in Table 1. The bulk of the site is dominated by dense, two-to-three foot tall fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum). Within this fountain grass dominated grassland, numerous medium to lazge shrubby species including, Christmas berry (Schinus terebinthifolius), Koa haole (Leucaena lecocephala), klu (Acacia farnesiana), lantana (Lantana Camara), noni (Morinda citrifoloa) and maiapilo (Capparis sandwhichiana). Smaller shrubs and weedy species include `ilima (Sida fallax), indigo (Indigofera suffruticosa), `uhaloa (Waltheria Indica). The northern half of the property, that portion closest to the Palisades Subdivision, shows signs that it has burnt in the past. Within this area there aze also a number of bulldozed areas with little or no vegetation, except early emerging species typical of ruderal areas in the North Kona District such as, Portulaca pilosa, `uhaloa, hairy spurge (Chamaesyce hirta), partridge pea (Chamaecrista nictitans), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), African tulip (Spathodea campanulata), fuzzy rattlepod (Crotalaria incana), and alien grasses including Natal redtop (Melinus repens) and swollen fingergrass (Chloris barbata). On the `a`a flow on the southern third of the site vegetation is generally sparse. Within this azea there are a number of native species including `a `ali `i (Dodonea viscosa), naio (Myoporum sandwicense), alahe`e (Psydrax odorata), huehue (Cocculus orbiculatus) and lama (Diospyros sandwicensis). Within this area many of the alien species listed Lokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 5 several azeas within this substrate where pockets of soil has accumulated and small clumps of hairy swordfern (Nephrolepis multiJlora) aze flourishing. Figure 2 Fountain grass/ Grassland on the Lokahi Ka`n Project Site Botanical Survey Results A total of 39 different plant species were recorded growing within the study area (Table 1). Of these 39 species, nine or ten (23/25%) aze recognized as being native to the Hawaiian Islands with two being endemic and seven or eight indigenous to the islands. One additional species, noni (Morinda citrifolia) is considered to have been an eazly Polynesian introduction to the islands. The remaining 28/29 species (72/74%) are alien species now considered to be naturalized in the islands (Table 1). L,okah3 Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 Table 1 Plants Recorded Within the Lohaki Ka`u Study Site Scienti tc Name Common Name ST FERNS PTERIDOPHYTA NEPHROLEPIDACEAE Nephrolepis multiflora (Roxb.) Jarrett ex Morton hairy swordfern N FLOWERING PLANTS DICOTYLEDONES AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthus spinosus L. spiny amaranth N ANACARDIACEAE Shims terebinthifolius Raddi Christmas berry N ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE) Emilia fosbergii Nicolson Flora ~ s paintbrush N P[uchea carolinensis JacgJ G Don sourbush N BIGNONIACEAE Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. African tulip N CACTACEAE Opuntia f:cus-indica (L.) Mill. panini N CAPPARACEAE Capparis sandwichiana DC maiapi[o E CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea indica (J. Burm.) Merr. koali 'awa I CUCURBITACEAE Momordica charantia L. wild bitter melon N EBENACEAE Diospyros sandwicensis (A. DC) Fosb. lama E EUPHORBIACAEA Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. garden spurge N Ricinus communis L. castor bean N FABACEAE Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. klu N Chamaecrista hyperici,Jlolia (L.) Moench Partridge pea N Crotalaria incana L. Fuzzy rattlepod N Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. indigo N Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit koa haole N I.okahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 7 Table 1 Continued Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth 'opiuma N Prosopis pallida (Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd) Kunth kiawe N MALVACEAE Abutilon grandifolium (Willd.) Sweet hairy abutilon, ma `o N Sida fallaax Walp. `ilima I MENISPERMACAEA Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC huehue I MYOPORACAEA Myporum sandwicense A. Gray naio I NYCTAGINACAEA Boerhavia coccinea Mill. false alena N PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora foetida L. love-in-the-mist N PORTULACACEAE Portu[aca oleracea L. pigweed N Portulaca pilosa L. N PROTEACEA Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. Ex R. Br. silkoak N RUBIACEAE Morinda citrifolia L. noni P Psydrax odorata (G. Forster) A.C. Smith & S. P. Dazwin alahe `e I SAPINDACEAE Dodonaea viscose Jacq. `a'ali `i I SOLANACEAE Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. tomato N STERCULIACEAE Waltheria Indica L. 'uhaloa I VERBENACAEA Lantana Camara L. lantana N MONOCOTYLEDONES POACEAE(GRAMINEAE) Chloris barbata (L.) Sw. swollen fingergrass N Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. Ex Roem. & Schult pili grass I? Melinus repens(Wills.) Zizka Natal redtop N Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov. fountain grass N KEY TO TABLE 1 ST Status E Endemic -Native and unique to the Hawaiian Islands I Indigenous -Native to the Hawaiian Islands, but also found elsewhere naturally N Naturalized - An alien Species now naturalized in the Hawaiian Islands P Polynesian -Introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by the early Polynesian settlers Lokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 8 Avian Survey Methods Six avian count stations were sited at approximately 300-meter intervals along lineaz transects running from north-to-south through the project area. One six-minute point count was conducted at each station. Field observations were made using Leitz 10 X 42 binoculars to sight birds and by listening for vocalizations. Counts took place between 07:30 a.m. and 10:30 a.m., the peak of daily bird activity. Time not spent conducting station counts was used to search the area for species and habitats not detected during count sessions. Avian Survey Results A total of 102 individual birds of nine different species, representing eight separate families were recorded during station counts. No other additional species were recorded while transiting between count stations. All nine avian species detected aze considered to be alien to the Hawaiian Islands (Table 2). Avian diversity and densities were relatively low. Three species, Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonicas), House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), and Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis), accounted for more than 54% of the total number of individual birds recorded. Japanese White-eyes were the most frequently recorded species, accounting for 24% of the total number of individual birds recorded during station counts. We recorded an average of 17 birds per station count. Mammalian Survey Methods All observations of mammalian species were of an incidental nature. With the exception of the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), or `ispe'ape `a as it is known locally, all terrestrial mammals currently found on the Island of Hawaii aze alien species, and most aze ubiquitous. The survey of mammals was limited to visual and auditory detection, coupled with visual observation of scat, tracks, and other animal signs. A running tally was kept of all vertebrate species observed and heard within the study area. Visual and electronic scans, using a Broadband AnaBat II® ultrasonic bat detector, were made for bats during crepusculaz periods on the evening of July 7, 2006. Mammalian Survey Results Four mammalian species were detected while on the site. Several dogs (Canis f. familiaris) were heazd barking from within the existing subdivision. Two small Indian mongooses (Herpestes a. auropunctatus) were seen walking down the pioneer road that transects the site. Additionally tracks and sign of dogs, cat (Felis catus), and goat (Capra h. hircus) were encountered in several locations within the study azea. Lokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 9 Hawai`i`s sole endemic terrestrial mammalian species, the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, was not detected during this survey. All of the alien mammalian species recorded during this survey aze deleterious to avian and floristic components of the remaining native ecosystems present on the Island. Table 2 Avian Species Detected Within the Lohaki Ka`u Study Site Common Name Scienti is Name ST RA GALLIFORMES PHASIANIDAE -Pheasants & Partridges Phasianinae -Pheasants & Allies Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus A 0.33 COLUMBIFORMES COLUMBIDAE -Pigeons & Doves Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis A 1.83 Zebra Dove l Geopelia striata A 2.33 PASSERIFORMES ( ZOSTEROPIDAE -White-eyes l Japanese White-eye Zosteropsjaponicus A 4.00 MIMIDAE -Mockingbirds & Thrushes I Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos 033 STURNIDAE -Starlings Common Myna Acridotheres tristis A 2.50 CARDINALIDAE -Cardinals Saltators & Allies l Northern Cazdinal Cardinalis cardinalis A 1.33 FRINGILLIDAE - Fringilline and Cardueline Finches & I Allies Cazduelinae - Carduline Finches House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus A 2.67 ESTRILDIDAE - Estrildid Finches Estrildinae - Estrildine Finches African Silverbill Lonchura cantans A 1.67 KEY TO TABLE 1 ST Status A Alien -introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by humans RA Relative Abundance -Number of birds detected divided by the number of count stations (6) Lokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 10 Discussion Botanical Resources The findings of this survey aze in keeping with at least one other botanical survey conducted on the same property (Chaz 2003a), and with other surveys conducted within similar habitat, and at a like elevation within the general project area (Linney and Chaz 1988, Chaz 1991, 1995, 2000, 2003b, Herbst 1998, Hart 2003, David 2005, Guinther et al., 2005a, Palmer 2003). During the course of this survey a total of 39 plant species were recorded (Table 1). The 28 species recorded by Winona Chaz in (2003) were also recorded on this survey, along with an additional 11 species not recorded by Char. These additional species are all considered to be naturalized alien species (Table 1). A full 25% of the plant species recorded on site are considered to be either endemic or indigenous to the Hawaiian Islands. This percentage is relatively high, though it is in keeping with the known flora of the area. Although the percentage of native species is relatively high, the individual densities are low, thus, in terms of biomass, native plants are by in large a minor component of the vegetation currently found on the site. No plants currently listed as threatened, endangered or proposed for listing under either the Federal, or State of Hawaii endangered species programs were recorded by this, or Winona Chaz's 2003 survey of the subject property (DLNR 1998, Federal Register 1999, 2005, Char 2003a). One endemic relatively raze species, maiopilo was recorded at several locations during both this and Winona Chaz's survey. Maiopilo is a native caper, upright to sprawling 1-5 meter shrub with large, attractive fragrant white flowers, which turn pink as they age. Seeds are dazk reddish-brown to gray, asymmetrically reniform, 2.5-5 mm long, embedded in foetid orange pulp (Wagner et al. 1990). This species is globally rare, but is relatively widespread in West Hawaii. Maiopilo is currently not protected under either federal or State of Hawaii endangered species statutes although it is considered a species of concern by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Avian Resources Avian diversity and densities detected during this survey were in keeping with the results of several other surveys conducted within the alien species dominated lowland azeas in the North Kona District within the recent past (David 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, 2000d, 2001, 2003, 2004a, 2004b, 2004c, 2005b, 2005c). The nine avian species detected during the course of this survey all are considered to be alien to the Hawaiian Islands. Avian diversity and densities were low, as is to be expected given the fountain grass dominated xeric habitat present on the site and the surrounding property. Lokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 > > Although not detected during this survey it is possible that small numbers of the endangered endemic Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), or ua `u, and the threatened Newell's Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis newelli), or `a'o, over-fly the project area between the months of May and November (Banko 1980a, 1980b, Day et al. 2003a, Harrison 1990). Hawaiian Petrels were formerly common on the Island of Hawaii (Wilson and Evans 1890-1899). This pelagic seabird reportedly nested in lazge numbers on the slopes of Mauna Loa and in the saddle azea between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea (Henshaw 1902), as well as at the mid to high elevations of Mount Hualalai. It has, within recent historic times, been reduced to relict breeding colonies located at high elevations on Mauna Loa and, possibly, Mount Hualalai (Banko 1980a, Banko et al. 2001, Cooper and David 1995, Cooper et al. 1995, Day et al. 2003, Harrison 1990, Hue et al. 2001, Simons and Hodges 1998). Newell's Shearwaters were formerly common on the Island of Hawaii (Wilson and Evans 1890-1899). This species breeds on Kauai, Hawaii and Molokai in extremely small numbers. Newell's Shearwater populations have dropped precipitously since the 1880s (Banko 1980b, Day et al., 2003b). This pelagic species nests high in the mountains in burrows excavated under thick vegetation, especially uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis) fern. The primary cause of mortality in both Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters is thought to be predation by alien mammalian species at the nesting colonies (LJ.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1983, Simons and Hodges 1998, Ainley et al. 2001). Collision with man-made structures is considered to be the second most significant cause of mortality of these seabird species in Hawaii. Nocturnally flying seabirds, especially fledglings on their way to sea in the summer and fall, can become disoriented by exterior lighting. When disoriented, seabirds often collide with manmade structures, and if they aze not killed outright, the dazed or injured birds are easy targets of opportunity for feral mammals (Hadley 1961, Teller 1979, Sincock 1981, Reed et al. 1985, Telfer et al. 1987, Cooper and Day 1998, Podolsky et al. 1998, Ainley et al. 2001). There is no suitable nesting habitat within or close to the proposed project site for either of these pelagic seabird species. Mammalian Resources The findings of the mammalian survey aze consistent with several other surveys conducted within similar habitat in the North Kona District within the recent past (David 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, 2000d, 2001, 2003, 2004a, 2004b, 2004c, 2005b, 2005c). Although not detected during the course of this survey, it is likely that Hawaiian hoary bats over-fly the site occasionally, as they have been seen both above and below the subject property on a seasonal basis (Jacobs 1994, David 2006). Unlike noctturtally flying Lokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 l2 seabirds, which often collide with man-made structures, bats are uniquely adapted to avoid collision with most obstacles, man-made or natural. They navigate and locate their prey primazily by using ultrasonic echolocation, which is sensitive enough to allow them to locate and capture small volant insects at night. Very little research into the life cycle, distribution, br population estimates of this species, has been conducted; and much of what has been studied, were small, disconnected, or anecdotal studies as opposed to coherent controlled experiments. Fundamental research into this species distribution and life cycle has just begun (Bonaccorso et al. 2005). Although no rodents were detected during the course of this survey, it is likely that roof rats (Rattus r. rattus), Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), European house mice (Mus domesticus), and possibly Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans hawaiiensis) utilize resources found within the project site. With the close proximity of the Palisades Subdivision to the subject property it is probable that these commensal species aze also present on the subject property. Conclusions Botauical Resources Given the findings of this and Winona Char's 2003 survey, it is not expected that the development of this site will result in impacts to any plant species currently listed as threatened, endangered or proposed for listing under either the Federal, or State of Hawaii endangered species programs. Furthermore, the development of the site is not expected to have a significant deleterious impact on native botanical resources found within the North Kona District. Faunal Resources No native faunal species were recorded during the course of this survey. Given the habitat present on the site it is not expected that the development of this site will result in impacts to any avian or mammalian species currently listed as threatened, endangered or proposed for listing under either the Federal, or State of Hawaii endangered species programs. Furthermore, the development of the site is not expected to have a significant deleterious impact on native faunal resources found within the North Kona District. Recommendations • It is recommended that native dryland plants be considered for inclusion in the developments landscaping efforts, especially within the projects common areas. • To reduce the potential for interactions between nocturnally flying Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters with external lights and man-made structures, it is recommended that any external lighting that may be required in conjunction Lokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 13 with development or roads be shielded (Reed et al. 1985, Telfer et al. 1987). This mitigation would serve the dual purpose of minimizing the threat of disorientation and downing of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Sheazwaters, while at the same time complying with the Hawaii County Code § 14 - 50 et seq. which requires the shielding of exterior lights so as to lower the aznbient glare caused by unshielded lighting to the astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea. Lokahi Kau -Biobgical Surveys, 2006 14 Glossary: `A`a -Clinker lava formed by slow moving lava flows. Alien -Introduced to Hawaii by humans. Commensal -Animals that shaze humans food and lodgings, such as rats and mice. Crepuscular -Twilight hours. Diurnal -Daytime Endangered -Listed and protected under the ESA as an endangered species. Endemic -Native and unique to the Hawaiian Islands. Foetid - Having a disagreeable odor. Indigenous -Native to the Hawaiian Islands, but also found elsewhere naturally. Nocturnal -Night-time, after dark. Pahoehoe -Sheet lava formed by relatively fast moving lava flows. Reniform -Kidney -shaped; having broadly rounded margins and a shallow sinus (In this case associated with the seed pod of Maiapilo). Ruderal -Disturbed, rocky, rubbishy areas, such as old agricultural fields and rock piles Threatened -Listed and protected under the ESA as a threatened species. ASL -Above mean sea level. DLNR -Hawaii State Department of Land & Natural resources. GPS -Global Positioning System. TMK -Tax Map Key. Inkalii Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 15 Literature Cited Ainley, D. G, R. Podolsky, L. Deforest, G. Spencer, and N. Nur. 2001. The Status and Population Trends of the Newell's Shearwater on Kauai: Insights from Modeling, In: Scott, J. M, S. Conant, and C. Van Riper III (editors) Evolution, Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Hawaiian Birds: A Vanishing Avifauna. Studies in Avian Biology No. 22:. Cooper's Ornithological Society, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. (Pg. 108-123) American Ornithologist's Union. 1998. Check-list of North American Birds. 7th edition. AOU. Washington D.C. 829pp. . 2000. Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check-list of North American Birds. Auk 117:847-858. Banks, R. C., C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, A. W. Kratter, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., J. D. Rising, and D. F. Stotz. 2002. Forty-third supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check-list of North American Birds. 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Van Riper III (editors) Evolution, Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Hawaiian Birds: A Vanishing Avifauna. Studies in Avian Biology No. 22. Cooper's Ornithological Society, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas (Pg. 359-376). Bonaccorso, F. J., C. M. Todd and, A. C. Miles. 2005. Interim Report on Research to Hawaiian Bat Research Consortium for The Hawaiian Hoary Bat, Ope`ape`a, Lasiurus cinsereus semotus. 1 September 2004 to 31 August 2005. Char, W. P. 1991. Botanical Survey, Honokohau 1 & 2, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for Lanihau Partners, L P. I.okahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 16 Char, W. P. 1995. Botanical Survey Kaloko Town Center, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for: Wilson Okamoto & Associates. .2000. Botanical Survey Kaloko Industrial Park, Phases III & IV Kaloko, North Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for: Wilson Okamoto & Associates, Inc. . 2003a. Botanical Survey Lokahi Kau, North Kona District, Hawaii. 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Hawaii Community College Long Range Development Plan. Prepared for: Wil Chee Planning. . 2000a. Faunal Survey of Avian and Mammalian Species within the Proposed Kaloko-Honokohau Business Park Site, Ka-loko, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for: William L. Moore Planning & Lanihau Partners, L.P. . 2000b. Faunal Survey of Avian and Mammalian Species, Kona International Airport Master Plan Update. Keahole, North Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for: Edward K. Noda & Associates & Depaztment of Transportation Airports Division (HDOT-AIR). . 2000c. Faunal Survey of Avian and Mammalian Species Kaloko Industrial Park, Phases III & IV, Kaloko, North Kona, Hawaii. Prepared for: Wilson Okamoto & Associates and TSA International, Ltd. . 2000d. A Survey of Avian and Mammalian Species, Various Sites at Ka`upulehu. North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Hawaii. Prepared for: Belt Collins Hawaii, Ltd. . 2001. Faunal Survey of Avian and Mammalian Species on the DHHL Commercial / Industrial Development Project Site at Kealakehe, North Kona District, Hawaii. Prepared for: PBR Hawaii, Inc. and The Department of Hawaiian Homes. Lokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 17 David, R. E. _2003. A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species on the Verizon Hawaii, Inc. Lot TMK: 3/7-4-08:20, at Keahuolu, North Kona District, Hawaii. Prepared for: Blu Croix Ltd., and Verizon Hawaii, Ltd. . 2004a. A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species on TMK: 7-3-08:47, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for: Smith & Collins L.L.C., Dallas, Texas. . 2004b. A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species, Keauhou Mauka Lands, Keauhou, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Prepazed for: Geometrician Associates, LLC and Kamehameha Investment Corporation. . 2004c A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species for the Proposed Hina Lani Reservoir and Transmission Line, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for: Wilson Okamoto Corporation & Hawaii County Department of Water Supply. .2005a. A Botanical Survey of an Eight Acre Portion of TMK(7)3-09:28, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for: Wilson Okamoto Corporation, Ltd. . 2005b. A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species, La`aloa Avenue Extension, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Prepared for: Geometrician Associates L.L.C. and Towne Development Corporation. . 2005c. A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species for the Proposed UH-West Hawaii, Collector Road. Prepared for AECOS Consultants and Wil Chee Planning. .2006. Unpublished Field Notes - Island of Hawaii: 1985-2006. Day, R. H., B. Cooper, and R. J. Blaha. 2003a. Movement Patterns of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters on the Island of Hawaii. Pacific Science, 57, 2:147-159. Day, R. H., B. Cooper, and T. C. Telfer. 2003b. Decline of Townsend's (Newell's Shearwaters (Puffinus auricularis newe[[i) on Kauai, Hawaii. The Auk 120: 669-679. Department of Land and Natural Resources. (DLNR). 1998. Indigenous Wildlife, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants, and Introduced Wild Birds. Department of Land and Natural Resources. State of Hawaii. Administrative Rule §13-134-1 through §13-134-10, dated Mazch 02, 1998. Federal Register. 1999a. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. SOCFR 17:11 and 17:12 -December 3, 1999 .2005. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 50 CFR 17. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Review of Species That Are Candidates or Proposed for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petition; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions. Federal Register, 70 No. 90 (Wednesday, May 11, 2005): 24870-24934. fokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 18 Gagne, W. C. and L. W. Cuddihy. 1990. In: Wagner, W.L., D.R Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai `i. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii 1854 pp. Hadley, T. H. 1961. Shearwater calamity on Kauai. Elepaio 21:60. Harrison, C. S. 1990. Seabirds of Hawaii: Natural History and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithica, N.Y. 249 pp. Herbst, D. T, 1998. Botanical survey for the University of Hawaii Center at West Hawaii (UHCWH), Hawaii Community College Long Range Development Plan (LRDP), Island of Hawaii, Hawaii. Prepared for: Wil Chee Planning, Inc. Henshaw, H.W. 1902. Complete list of birds of the Hawaiian Possessions with notes on their habits. Thrum, Honolulu. 146 pp. Hue, D., C. Glidden, J. Lippert, L. Schnell, J. MacIvor and J. Meisler. 2001. Habitat Use and Limiting Factors in a Population of Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrels on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. , in:: Scott, J. M, S. Conant, and C. Van Riper III (editors) Evolution, Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Hawaiian Birds: A PanishingAvifauna. Studies in Avian Biology No. 22. Cooper's Ornithological Society, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas (Pg. 234-242). Jacobs, D. S. 1994. Distribution and Abundance of the Endangered Hawaiian Hoary Bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus, on the Island of Hawaii. Pacific Science, Vol. 48, No. 2: 193-200. Podolsky, R., D.G. Ainley, G. Spencer, L. de Forest, and N. Nur. 1998. "Mortality of Newell's Shearwaters Caused by Collisions with Urban Structures on Kauai". Colonial Waterbirds 21:20-34. Pukui , M. K., S. H. Elbert, and E. T. Mookini. ] 976. Place Names of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu, Hawaii. 289 pp. Reed, J. R., J. L Sincock, and J. P. Hailman 1985. Light Attraction in Endangered Procellariform Birds: Reduction by Shielding Upward Radiation. Auk ] 02: 377-383. Simons, T. R., and C. N. Hodges. 1998. Dark-rumped Petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia). In A. Poole and F. Gill (editors). The Birds of North America, No. 345. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. and the American Ornithologists Union, Washington, D.C. Sincock, J, L. 1981. Saving the Newell's Shearwater. Pages 76-78 in Proceedings of the Hawaii Forestry and Wildllife Conference, 2-4 October 1980. Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii, Honolulu. Staples, G. W., and D. R. Herbst 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Telfer, T. C. 1979. Successful Newell's Shearwater Salvage on Kauai. `Elepaio 39:71 Lokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 2006 19 Telfer, T. C. , J. L. Sincock, G. V. Byrd, and J. R. Reed. 1987. Attraction of Hawaiian seabirds to lights: Conservation efforts and effects of moon phase. Wildlife Society Bulletin 15:406-413. Tomich, P.Q. 1986. Mammals in Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, Hawaii. 37 pp. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) 1983. Hawaiian Dark-Rumped Petrel & Newell's Manx Shearwater Recovery Plan. USFWS, Portland, Oregon. February 1983. USGS. 1996. Keahole Point Quadrangle, Hawaii, Hawaii Co. 7.5 minute series (Topographic). Denver, Colorado. Wagner, W.L., D.R Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii 1854 pp. Wagner, W.L. and D.R. Herbst. 1999. Supplement to the Manua[ of the flowering plants of Hawai `i, pp. 1855-1918. In: Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer, Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. 2 vols. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Wilson, S. B., and A. H. Evans. 1890-1899. Aves Hawaiiensis: The birds of the Sandwich Islands. R. H. Porter, London. Wolfe, E. W., and J. Morris. 1996. Geological Map of the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Lokahi Kau -Biological Surveys, 200fi 20 ~:_ .~!-~ APPENDIX B ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SUR VEY Alan E. Haun, Ph.D. and Dave Henry, B.S. HAUNAND ASSOCIATES August 2000 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY TMK: 3-7-?-10:03 LAND Of= O'OMA 1, NOR`~FI KONA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAII By: Alan E. Haun, Ph.D. and Dave Henry, B.S. Prepared for: Mr. David DeLuz, Sr. 811 Kanoelehua Avenue Hilo, HI 96720 August 2000 Haun ~ Associates Archaeological, Cultural, and Historical Resource Management Services HCR 1 Box 4730, Keaau, Hawaii 96749 Phone: 982-7755 Fax: 982343 i ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY TMK: 3-7-3-10:03 LAND OF O'OMA 1, NORTH KONA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAII By: Alan E. Haun, Ph.D. and Dave Henry, B.S. Prepared for: Mr. David DeLuz, Sr. 811 Kanoelehua Avenue Hilo, HI 96720 August 2000 Haun & Associates Archaeological, Ctiilturdl, and Historical Resource Management Services HCR 1 Box 4730, Keaau, Hawaii 96749 Phone: 982-7755 Fax: 982-6343 ~uae>fo.a 0 240 480 720 0 80 160 \~~~ ~ ~~+G,~~ ,fit .~ a, ~-~~-- i ... .AQ ~~ .110 ~• AT ~ ~~ ~ AT /t7- ~.a0 d S ,.~ ~v.. k ~ ]>¢. • hoeil ~S'4 •a11 •1[, .,Q/ •19i '~ •~ 13430 B9M ~ T' w • z ~ l1~ ~`AOti/-E M I I n.l A I !~ 1' .. I ~~ ~~ s ~~ ~Q' •O! a .~ m . d ~cdl a .« ~ ,ffi ~ . ao ~ .G czf .~ .nn a .~ ~I 17/19 .~ ~ ~-~-.-~ B~o[9ir7 °~ ~ ~ d~.I ooa~oo 7loeacivu Dt~ ~ " I Fwm~ A 77toa~ ®C Pates algid 1341! •n[ tai ~ •. „...1Ya9 .~ / ~-~M q ~~ ~ ~ ~~RI~ ~~~~~p I •.....,,,..,~M 13419 •pU 17411 I .py ._.13414 13113 ~ ~ ~~ , ~. »~ Z7418 ~ i .~ i ~" ~ ~ ffi. ~ 0 16 I ~ ~ I11=2o0' z 1S ~~~ 0 ?A0 480 7Zt i ~ ~ rrri. "~ ~ SO 160 -. ~ ~~ ~" ~-i .~a .AQ ~~ .110 N~ ~ ,~ 14x1 .., ~~ a J ~ A I ~' is y °.c ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ As.~~ ~ ~ Ai~~Y ~ ~Aa AT • Aw ~~ ~ B.s.na. ..'e ec •G 1m~~1 •Htt .$ • •YQ .~ •I10 •! ~Q' •A! . . ~ ffi cv ~- ' ..: : 1T Q ' Q . . Y C 4S ~ ~ ~ CIYI • • CG p •~ ~~ / ~ .W 4:l'~~ ~ ~, ~ .Q 93419 ~~ ~::~•:~ t~s~o[1t9. GOI '~ ~ ~~ OOC7~ aoalciViU . Fa+~ A 11ta1~ HiC ~ DR ~ Bad alltib 13411 ~ ~t I .....•11m7 .~ ~ ` M~p~H 1M~~d~~i~~~~~~ I ~r~ •.....~,,,. 93911 ~~~~ I 93411 I 9341! ~~ 9949.4 ar ~ f71• 09~1b, 'BA I 6491 Location Magi ~ 1~=200 L SUMMARY ' , At the request of Mr. David DeLuz, Sr., Haun & Associates conducted an azchaeological inven- tory survey of TMK: 3-7-3-10:03, a c.50+-acre pazcel located in the Land of O'oma 1, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. The objective of the survey was to satisfy historic preservation regulatory review inven- tory requirements of the Department of Land and Natural Resources-Historic Preservation Division ' (DLNR-HPD), as contained within Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 13, DLNR, Subtitle I3, State His- tonic Preservation Rules. The survey identified 17 sites with 186 component features. The sites consist often single feature sites and seven complexes of features. The features consist of pahoehce excavations, mounds, terraces, ( quarries, filled cracks, cairns, walls, pavements, trails, alignments, cupboazds, caves, and several miscella- neous types. Feature function includes agriculture, temporary habitation, resource procurement, mazker, ' transportation, livestock control, storage, ceremonial, refuge, tool manufacture, and indeterminate. The identified sites and features conform to the traditional Hawaiian site/feature types expected in the Banen or Transitional Zone and the Upland Forest Zone (Davis 1977, Cordy 1985) based on previous archaeological work and historic documentary reseazch. As expected, agricultural features, nails, and tern- ( porary habitation sites were identified. In addition, a refuge cave and stone quarrying and processing fea- lures were recorded. Also, as expected, historic remains consist of ranch walls. All seventeen sites aze assessed as significant under Criterion "d". The sites have yielded infor- mation importa~ for understanding prehistoric to historic land use in project azea. Five sites aze also as- sessed as significant under Criterion "c" because they are good site type examples. One site is additionally assessed as significant under Criterion "e" because of the presence of a probable shrine, which has tradi- t tional cultural value to the native Hawaiian people. The mapping, written descriptions, photography, and test excavations at seven sites adequately documents them and no further work or preservation is recommended. Ten sites retain the potential to yield information important for understanding prehistoric to eazly historic land use. Five sites of the ten sites and a portion of a sixth are recommended for data recovery. Three of the ten sites and portions of two others aze recommended for preservation. The plans for preservation of sites and data recovery would be detailed in a Mitigation Plan prepazed for DLNR-SHPD review and approval. ii CONTENTS Introduction 1 Scope of Work 1 Project Area Description 1 Field Methods 3 Archaeological and Historical Background • 3 Historical Documentary Research 3 Previous Archaeological Work ~ 8 Project Expectations • 13 Findings - 14 ( Conclusion 56 Discussion 56 Significance AssessmeMS 57 Recommended Treatments 58 ( References 59 l ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Project Location Area 2 Figure 2. Project Area Vegetation ~ 4 Figure 3. Project Area Vegetation 4 Figure 4. Ahupua'a Boundaries and Land Commission Awards 5 r Figure 5. Portion of Emerson's Late 18005 Map of Kailua ~ 9 Figure 6. Portion of Undated 18005 Map of Keopu to Ooma - 10 Figure 7. Previous Archaeological Work - 11 Figure 8. Site Location Map - 15 I Figure 9. Site 5747, Feature AWall - 17 Figure 10. Site 6432 Wail - 17 Figure 11. Site 23411 Plan Map and TU-1 North Face Profile 19 Figure 12. Site 23412 Plan Map and TU-2 East Face Profile 20 Figure 13. Site 23413 Plan Map 21 Figure 14. Site 23413 Pecked Basim 22 Figure 15. Quanied Stones incorporated into Sfle 5747, Feature B Wall• 22 i iii ILLUSTRATIONS (cont.) Figure 16. Site 23414 Plan Map • 24 Figure 17. Site 23414, Feature E Quarry • 25 Figure 18. Site 23414, Feature F Quarry • 25 Figure 19. SRe 23414, Feature I Trail • 26 Figure 20. Figure 21. Figure 22. Figure 23. Figure 24. Figure 25. Figure 28. Figure 27. Figure 28. Site 23415 Caim • 26 Site 23416 Plan Map and TU-4 North Face Profile • 28 Site 23417 Plan Map • 29 SRe 23417, Feature A, TU-5 Northeast Face Profile ~ 31 Site 23417, Feature F Trail • 31 Site 23418 Pian Map - 32 Site 23418 Northern Trail Section • 34 Site 23418 Southern Trail Section - 34 Site 23419 Caim • 35 Figure 29. Site 23420 Caim • 35 Figure 30. Site 23421 Plan Map • 36 Figure 31. Site 23421 Trail • 36 Figure 32: SRe 23422 Plan Map • 37 Figure 33. SRe 23422, Feature B Pavement • 38 Figure 34. Site 23422, Feature B, TU-8 North Face Profile 38 Figure 35. SRe 23423 Plan Map • 40 Figure 36. Site 23423 Entrance 1 • 41 Figure 37. SRe 23423, Modern Trash below Entrance 2 • 41 Figure 38. SRe 23423, Feature C Terrace • 43 Figure 39. Site 23423, Feature F Step • 43 ~ Figure 40. SRe 23423, Feature G Terrace • 44 ~ Figure 41. SRe 23423, Feature L EnGosure • 44 Figure 42. Site 23423, Feature M Cairn ~ 46 ~ Figure 43. SRe 23423, Feature O Upright - 46 Figure 44. SRe 23424 Plan Map and TU-3 North Face Profile 48 Figure 45. Site 23424 Platform 49 ' Figure 46. Site 23425, Feature BU Pahoehoe Excavation 49 Figure 47. Site 23425, Feature AL Pahoehoe Excavation 53 tv ILLUSTRATIONS (cont.) i Figure 48. Site 23425, Feature DD Mound 53 Figure 49. Site 23425, Feature CB Mound 54 Figure 50. Site 23425, Feature BL Filled Crack 54 TABLES Table 1. Land Commission Award Claims in O'oma and Kalaoa • 7 Table 2. Summary of Previous Archaeological Work 12 Table 3. Summary of Identified Sites 16 Table 4. Summary of Site 23414 Quanies ~ 23 Table 5. Summary of Site 23425 Agricultural Features 50 Table 8. Site Significance and Recommended Treatment 58 I v INTRODUCTION This report presents the results of an archaeological inventory survey of TMK: 3-7-3-10:03 lo- cated in the Land of O'oma 1, North Kona District, Lsland of Hawaii (Figure J). The objective of the sur- vey was to salisfy ctrrren; historic preservation regulatory review inventory requirements of the Department of Land and Natural Resources-State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD), as contained within Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 13, DLNR, Subtitle 13, State Historic Preservation Rules (DLNR 1998). The survey fieldwork was conducted between May 10-15 and June 29-30, 7A02, under the direc- tion of Dr. Alan Haug Described in this 5na1 report are the project scope of work, field methods, back- ground information, survey findings, and significance assessments of the sites with recommended further treatmems. Scope of Work Based on DLNR-SHPD rules for inventory surveys, the following specific tasks were determined to constitute an appropriate scope of work for the project: 1. Conduct background review and research of existing archaeological and historical docu- mentary literature relating to the project area and its immediate vicinity-including ex- amination of Land Commission Awards, ahupua'a records, historic maps, archival mate- rials, archaeological reports, and other historical sources; 2. Conduct a high imeosity, loo•/u pedestrian survey coverage of the project area; 3. Conduct detailed recording of all potentially significant sites including spale plan draw- ings, written descriptions, and photographs, as appropriate; 4. Conduct limited subsurface testing (manual excavation) at selected sites (a) to determine the presence or absence of potentially significant buried cultural deposits or features, and (b) to obtain suitable samples for radiocarbon age determination analyses; 5. Analyze background research and field data; and 6. Prepare and submit Final Report. Project Area Description The project area consists of a c. SO+acre parcel bounded on the north, west and south by stone walls, and on the east by an undeveloped parcel. A 2" PVC pipe extends along the inland, eastern project area boundary. A bulldozed road cut breaches the northern stone wall in the northwestern comer and ex- tends 470 m to the south, exiting the project area through the western wall.. A second road cut originates on the east side of the fast road, extending to the northeast for 180 m where it terminates in an area of level pahcehce lava. The project area is situated on the southwestern slopes of H»alalai Volcano at elevations ranging from 380 ft to 460 ft. The surface mantle in this area is wmprised of Holocene flows which date to between 3,000 to 5,000 years before present (Wolfe and Morris 2001). These flows include both pahaehce and a'a laves which evidence little soil development (Sato et al. 1973). Rainfall in the vicinity of the project area renges from 30-40 inches per yeaz (Juvik and Juvik 1998), and the mean average temperattue is a 75 de- grees F (Armshong 1983). 1 _ _. ~_` ., . _ 4 ;> KqI. .:; ~. ~ R t= r - r---' . \ i '.'j i I ~ ~ y~ ' \~ _ .._.... Q 0.. _ ~~ ~ _ C~ _ J ~Ai '_ ____ _._ i~;~ r~, _, . - ~ ~ t~ E -?'.~ ~ ~, :Project Area'' i ~~.. ~_ t,. -~ o~ ~.^ H.~ ~; 3. ~ a, _ ~ '. ~~T~~~ ' VVa!a~ ... ~ ~,;S \. 5..; t Wk[1 ` ~ d- v Figure 1. Portion of Kailua Quadrangle showing Project Area 2 The vegetation within the parcel is comprised primarily of a dense cover of foumain grass (Penni- selum setaaceum [Forsk.] Chiov). Scattered taxi include koa haoL; (Leucaena leucocephala [Lam.] de Wit), silver oak (Grevillea robusta A. Cum.), 7aawe (Prosopis pellicle [Numb. And Bonpl. Ex Willd.), noni (Morinda cibifolia [L.]), lamaoa (Lantana camas [L.]), air plant (Bryophyllum pinnahtm [Lam.] Ktuz), and panini cactus (Opuntia megcantha Salm-Dyck). Examples of the project area vegetation are presented in Figures 2 and 3. Field Methods The project area was subjected a 100% surface examination with surveyors spaced at 10 m imeo- vacs. Transacts were oriented in a north-south direction The identified sites and features were flagged with pink and blue flagging tape and their locations plotted on a scaled project area map with the aid of Garmin Global Positioning System (GPS) III+. Agtiwitmal features within the parcel were subjected to minimal recording, consisting of recording length, width, height, and shape. Photographs were taken of reptesema- tive feature types. Non-agricultural sites were subjected to detailed recording consisting of the preparation of scaled plan maps, the completion of standazdized siteJfeature forms, and photographic documeWation. A metal site tag was placed at each site and the tag's location was plotted on the site plan map. A large lava tube cave was idemified during the study (Site 23423). Two entrances to the cave were observed during the survey, both consisting of small openings in the surface lava that dropped 7.0 to 10.0 m to the cave floor below. The cave could not examined during the initial survey (May 10-I5, 21102) due to the inaccessibility of the vertical enhances. A crew of three archaeologists led by Dr. Alan Haim returned to the parcel in June 2002. Fixed ropes and climbing etluipmem were used to rappel iron the cave so that it could be exa*n-++ed and documented Subsurtace testing during the survey consisted of excavating six units at six sites. The units were excavated in arbitrary levels within sttatigaphic layers and were terminated on bedrock. Standardized ex- cavation records were prepared after the completion of each slratigraphic layer. The soil removed during excavation was screened through'/." mesh. Portable remains colhxxed were placed in paper bags labeled with the appropriate provenience information. Recovered charooal samples were carefully removed from either in situ locations or collected during the screening process. These samples were deposited in ahrmi- num fofl pouches and placed in properly labeled paper bags. Following the excavations, a section drawing depicting the suatigraphY w~ PrePaz~. post~xpvation photographs were taken, and the units wereback- filled. Recovered cultural remains were transported to Haun & Associates' office for analysis. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Historical Documentary Research O`oma is literally translated as "concave" (Pukni et al. 1976:171). O`oma lies within the lava- covered land north of Kailua called Kekaha, which "descn'bes a dry, sm-baked land"(Kelly 1971:2). O`oma is divided into O`oma 1 to the north and O`oma 2 to the south (Figure ~. There is litfle mention of O`oma in Hawaiian legendary and traditional history. Curdy (1985) and Henry et at. (1993) summarize the limited references. O`oma is mentioned in legends of two mythical brothers, Ka-Miki and Matra `iota (Henry et al. 1993). The legends were published by Hawaiian historians J.W.H.I. Kihe and John Wise between 1914 and 1917 in the Hawaiian-Lurgnage newspaper Ka Hoku o Hawaii. According to Henry et aL: Kapukahra, the brother of Kap ;ha tan,, a~ uncle of Ka-Mlri ma, was an expert fisher- manand apriest in the Kohanailri-0`oma area; his canoes were embraced in the sea-mist Figure 2. Project urea Vegetation, view 4a soudaeast Figure 3. Project Area Vegetation, view to s®ufh ~~g a w ~ 0 $ ~ 8~ 0 Nab ,'~~~ ~ , ' ; ~_ ~ O / /' i i i' l i i~ i i i i i~ i i i i ~ ~ C i i i ~~ i / / ~ i ~ ~ \ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~. ~ ~~ , ~~~ ,~~ rt~~ ion ~~ ~3 ~~ i i , ~, ~ ~ ~ s i ~ i ~ i ~ i ~ i i i i i ~ a v .., w 5 of the ocean god Apoula. Because of his skills and status, Kapukalua secured Kau- hionohua, the beautifirl fair-skinned chiefess of O`oma, as his wife. The priest, Puhili, served under PohakuoKane, father of ICa-Mild and Matra-role, and officiated over certain rituals of Kohanarld and O`oma. The lands between Kohanaiki and O`oma, where the priest dwelt, now bear his name (1993:27-28). During Kamehameha I's return to Kailua-Kona in 1812, his ship passed the O`omas abe fishing canoes from O`oma approached the ship (li 1959). Kau~7ceaouli, who became Kamehameha III, was raised in Ooma between 1814 and 1819 by relatives of the high chief Kaikioewa (Kamakau 1961). Ellis (1963:31) reported the observations of the Reverends Thurston and Bishop during a walk along the coast north from Kailua in 1823. They described houses along the coast built on lava and small gardens in the lava where sweet potatoes, watermelon, and tobacco were grown. During the Mahele, Ooma 1 and 2, and the adjacent Kalaoa ahupua'a (1-5), became government land (Indicies 1929: 31, 35). Curdy (1985) suggests that O`oma 1 and 2 were the personal holdings of Kauikeaouli (TCamehameha III), which he gave to the government, because the lands were not awarded to other Briefs. The Waihona 'Atria (2000) Mahele Database; which is a compilation of data from the Indices of Awards (Indices 1929), Native Register (NR ad), Naive Testimo~ (NT ad), Foreign Register (FR ad) and Foreign Testimony (FT n.d); lists only one Land Commission Award (LCA) claim for Ooma 2, LCA 9162, which was not awarded. Ten individuals claimed sixteen parcels in the Kalaoas, but only two parcels in Kalaoa 5 were awarded (LCAs 7899 and 7937). Table I lists the claimed parcels and the loca- tions of the awarded parcels are shown on Figure 4. The limited data on parcel area ranges from 4.8 to 6.0 awes, excluding a 0.81 ac house lot One parcel was com~eyed in 1841, oce in 1843, and one in 1848. Two parcels were given by Kaainoa, and one each was given by Kaluaonaona, Kapaa, and Kamehameha I. Five claimed parcels included houses, one of which was partially enclosed. Thirty-two aritivated plots (kihapai) are listed for the parcels. Tam and sweet potatoes are the only crops mentioned. The two awarded parcels are situated between 1,200 ft and 1,400 ft elevation and it is probable that the other claims were also for upland parcels. LCA 10523 is de- scnbed as forest land. Henry et al. (1993) quote an 1857 letter by Isaac Davis that dacumems his inspection of the King's lands on the Island of Hawaii: O`oma 1" & 2nd -The best part of these lands have been sold, thew [there] remains to the Govt. the first part, 2[00] or 300 Ac. And the seaward part some 1500 Ac., about 500 of which is 3'd rate land, the balance rocks (1993:35). Soehren (198 indicates that the Hawaiian Government began selling land in the vicinity of the project area in 1852. The parcels ranged from OS [o S 15 acres with an average of 50 acres. Most of the land bordering the alaloa inland, which later became the Mamalahoa Highway, at approximately 1,700 R eleva- tion, was sold by 1866. A road at approximately 1,100 ft elevation, Alamri Kauila provided access to the seaward sides of the parcels bordering the alaloa inland A lower branch of the Alamri Kauila was Alanui Kama, which subsequently became Ahiahi Street Henry et al. (1993:36) cite a letter sent to the government land surveyor William D. Alexander in 1888 by thirty-three Hawaiians applying to acquire government lands from O`oma to Hamaoamana The request indicated that the applicant's current land holdings were too small for grazing goats because of the lack of soil. The additional land would enable the applicants to sustain themselves. J.S. Emerson's 1888 field notes, prepared in conjunction with his survey of the Akahipu`u Section of North Kona, Hawaii, were reviewed by Henry et al. (1993:37). The notes contain references to two sur- vey stations in O`oma: 6 r ro E C O ,~ V 3 ~¢ 0 E V a .: ro Sm@ ~ g ~ _ N $ ~~~ ~.~ ~ g~~ ~~~ g~ ~ r ~ 5 ~ ~m~~ 5 $$ "~ ~~ ~~ N p ~a ~ m ~ ~ ~na g n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ z ~ z ~ Z ~ ~ ~ z ~ Z gg ~ ' ~ ~ S gg € 88 ~ g 8 ~ 8 g @ ~ g g g 8 8 p C ~ ui n ~ y O O ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ Z y 6 p p 3 ~ O K ~ ~ ~ pp 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ pp 3 Q Y ~ Z ~ ~ 3 ~ `S Q ~ ~ ~ Z ~~ 3 ~ ~ ~ 3 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e a ~ ~ S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,~ ~ g s ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m N ~~3 ~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~~ ~ _ n ~ ~ m _ ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ $3 ~ ~ ~ y q •i~ Y q Y q Y q Y NV Y Oy Y Nq Y q Y q Y N$ge ~/ a Y fq Y qq y O Y a N ~~ o a o 0 o a o 0 0 0 0 0 ~p o c , ~ o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~l N r r N N N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 Station "Naha-`ula`uhr" Land agent Wihse set an ahu at the southwest comer of Grant 2972, awarded to Ka`apau and Kama at this point This is a point of dispute, as the natives say that the ahu is in Kahtoa and not on the "iwi" [s[oce boundary alignment] between O`oma 1" and Kahsoao Sur (pages 91 and 92). Station "Ka-hoku-kahe Just north of this station is the site of a famous "ana kaua" (literally: war cave, perhaps a place of refuge during battles). Situated in O`oma 1`s, the cave has a vertical entrance and extends for a long distance to the east and west (pages 137-138). Figure 5 is a portion of Emerson's map, which depicts the lower forest edge between approxi- mately 900 ft and 1,000 $ elevation.. Figure 6 shows the lower forest edge in roughly the same location as the Emerson map. Figure S also shows that much of ~e area along the upper road consisted of a series of Land grants. The project area occupies the western end of Grant 1890 to ICauhini. The area of the grant is labeled `carious laves with vegetation". Kelly (1971:12) cites missionary and later census data that documents a decline in the population of North Kona in the 1800s. Kelly (1971:13) also cites selections from ]iowser's Hawaiian Kingdom IN- rectory for 1880-1881. Named individuals include coffee farmers and goat and sheep ranchers with opera- tions in North Kona between Kaloko and Puuanahulu. A man named Hueu in Kabtoa is identified as a cof- fee plamerwho cultivated three of the 200 acres he owned Hemy et al. (1993:42) cite John W. H. I. Kihe's recollections about the Kekaha region between 1870 and the early 1920s. According to ICihe, there were many residents in O`oma in the 1870s, but by 1924 none were h:ft. Coffee farming and cattle ranching continued area in Ure 1900x, followed by residen- tial development beginning in the 1970x. Previous Archaeological Research More than 40 archaeological survey and excavation projects have been conducted in O`oma and the adjacent ahupua'a of Kalaoa. Figure 7 shows the locations of the projects and Table 2 s~ n+a~~Pe the projects. Not included in Use figure or table is the overview of O`oma and Kalaoa archaeology by Cordy (1985), and the studies by Ching and Rosendahl (1968) and Rosendahl (1973) that were not available at Use time of this review. The surveys in Table 2 cover nearly 7,000 acres identifying 454 sites with 4,710 feahres. To aid in recenskucthrg settlement patterns, features were quanti5ed by probable age and function, and the surdies are ordered by elevation. Traditional Hawaiian features were categorized as habitation, agricultural, burial (including possrble burials), ritual, and trail, and rode art Features not assignable to these categories were categorized as miscelhmeousfmdeteaminate. Traditional sites m this categeay include cairns, saltpaos, fish- ponds, and pahcehce excavations. Habitation sites are furthei subdivided into temporary and permanent for studies making this distinction. Density per acre values are given for sites, features, and habitation and agricultural features. Over- all, the studies have identified 53 permanent habitation features, 355 temporary habitations, 3,591 agricul- tural feannes, 25 burials, i6 ritual featiues, 30 trail segments, 59 ahu, and 18 petroglyphs. Two hundred and twenty-one habitation features were not categorized by residential permanence. Historic features were not segregated by function. The majority of the historic features are ranch walls. Density values for surveys larger than 50 acres do not show any consisted tt~ends by elevation, ex- cept for agricultural features, which are rarely reported below 100 ft elevation. lh+erall fieatine density ranges from 0.05 to 0.89 features per acre. Habitation feature density rouges from 0.01 to 3.33 features per acre with an average of 0.62. Agricultural feature density ranges from 0.03 to 16.67 features per acre with R t~ j ~ i ( ii ,. i i ~ ~ ~i . ~ t~ ~ii r ~' ; IFS ~ t° , n; ;iii ld- eft ~~ ~ i ~'-g ~ {~:° # ~ i is ~! :` .~' E ~ { `.~ I lam! y O 6. f j~ ~ ~ i i ~ - i z, ~ ~ .,F "3 _ ~i ~.~ ? i- Z% '} e~ y~ ~_,{3. 1 ~ .tom/+ r `l ; f. _ ~ A a it s.`./-G _y~~ ~'~ ~~~ " s 2 __ ~ ~ Y sti.,: ~ mac,. ; - ~ x $: ~ i `;. ~ a 4 ~ ~ ~ ~' -- - - ° ~r - - ~ ~r , , i h~ ~ ~ ~ `, ,'~ ~ _ .. t ~,~.`~ `~ O Y 0 W O O •O a ~; w 9 10 I (, a ^a ~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~a_ ~ ~a ~ n ~~~~~ a~ax a a~~a~~~ 1/ / 1 1 t 1/ t l t t t l e~ ~~ss::~~a~n~a q s~ ~~~~~~~~ t I t t t t t t l 11 1 N NO V. .O [~ W q 1 I 11 I 111 1 ~I III y I t#4 11111 a .; •.•. . . ,.F .. ~. •~ ~i ~t~~'.~~1 ~ •n ~/ III .i.~.f. I 141 i 1111 . 1~1 ."~... .~.~.~.~ _ 1 1 /x;11:1 I 1-rJ ~t1.L/1 .•. :.~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ DD ~_ 8q i 0 0 ~~ 81 R .. I I .. 1 .•: :•: :•: : .. :: .; N 52 F ~ _ [/i O N 11 '~i. 3 .~ s w 3' W V t Q a 0 H N O i N 10 N 10 N N m N N 1q Y ~ .LL ~ i 'FI N 0 ( V q m N 10 b b m ~ f N N N iF S m C N ~ N n m L~ N N m Y1 C t < N N 9 ;I 6LL pl ~1 N N m Z = ~ LL N N N q S 1q~ ~p N qry q N p N b M O ~ d 6 S OO G O V d O O A @LL O a $ O N M N C Ai m p tV pp N iD r N m N 6 D q m m N N D7 q N p ~ (V p : O CC m ~b N H O a y q Ib0 Y •j O O qq R q f d q ~'! Si LL d d d 6 d N o o e d d o d o =LL ~ N n p lV q lV N qq O ~ m m N n N p N LL~ dd d o o dn o 0 o d d b o d o ~d o r o o f r m m f F $ n n$ ~ 3 ^ "' mm a °A, $ m n 3 ~ ~ . ° A N ^+ 1: '$ ~ a e YS ' 3 z a ~a ~ 8 r ss a a ? s o o g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R a ~ s ~ s p a }$ Y c do d a d od d do o d o 0 o d e o o A c o 0 0 o rv N ~~ bN F N AN N b < f m f ! m m N qq ~y f N ~ b r ~ b ~ QQ l~l~ 01 ~ ! ml Q yi` A ~ $ r`l N G F b g Q ~$ m d N b b ~ m 01 Y W O C S s ' g $ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ S $ ~ $ ~ ~ = y ~ a as as ~ d a da _ e a ~@ $ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : $ ¢ rc ~ z ~ ~ e rc ¢ s z z z ~ p ~5 5 z S z z ~ ? o rc rc a ~ ~ b ¢ GY' F a } ~ a ~ e p ^ ~ f p y $ ~ } 4 ~~ ~ i ~ ~4 6 ~ 6 ~ 6 6 Y ~ ~Z 6 b ~ $ ~ ~ b $ ~ ~ q {{{ ~ y~y n ~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 $ ~ _ ' ~j ~ _ ~ ~ tea'.` ~ QQ i ~ G ~ % p {~y f5 ~ ? pp r~ a a g ~ m ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ' Q§ ~ 0 ' ~ ,q' .. ' . <5 } l~ O4 X ~ ~ ep ee y T ~ ~ yy y yC ep~j yS £F~ " y 8 y i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ p ° } 'm i ~ ~ ~ k y i i ~ m i cb G ~ ~~ ~ ~ p p 12 an average of 3.06. The highest agticulturl feature density comes from the Barrera (1992) study between 1,775 ft and 1,880 ft elevation. Burial and ritual sites are present near the coast with a few reported for sur- veys between S00 ft and 1,800 ft elevation. Twenty-eight radiocarbon dates are reported in the studies by Hammatt and Folk (1980), Walker and Rosendahl (19906), Thompson and Goodfellow (1992), Walker and Rosendahl (1989), Head arKi Rosendahl (1993), McGerty and Spear (2000), a~ Haan and Henry (2001a). Nearly all of the age determi- nation results produced multiple age ranges or long single age ranges between the 1600s and 1950. When all potential age ran~es are examined six ranges span the 14tXls, eiglu include the 1500s, a~ twenty-two each indude the IS through 19'" centuries. The results indicate initial »se of the area in the 1400s fol- lowed by agradual increase during the 15'" century. The most intensive trse dates to the 1600s to early his- toric perod Davis (1977) and Curdy (1985) utilr~.ed three environmental zones to characterrze settlement pat- terns in O`oma and the I{alaoas: (a) the Coastal Zone from sea level to 20 ft elevation within 150 ft of the shoreline, (b) the Barren or Transitional Zone from 20 ft to 430 ft elevation, and (c) the Upland Forest Zone from 430 ft to 3,400 ft devotion. Permanent and tempormy habitation sites are present in the Coastal Zone along with burials, holva slides, pettogiyphs, sahpans, fishponds, refuge caves, and ritual sites including heiav and shrines. Sites in the Barren Zone primarily consist of trails lialdag the coast to the inland agicul- turalfields and temporary habitation sites. Upland Forest Zone sites include permanent and temporary habi- tations and agricultuml features, pruoanly mod~ed outcrops, mounds, and excavated depressions. Refuge caves are reported by Walker a~ Rosendahl (1990b) and Head and Rasendahl (1993). Soehren (1982) idenified a possible heiau a~ Head and 12osendahl(1993) assigned a ceremonial inaction to an endosure in a lava tube. Petroglyphs and burials have also been identified at upland sites. Curdy (1985) argues that the prehistoric population of O`oma and the ICalaoas was never more than about 100 people. He suggests that there were small fishing setdernents along the coast, such as those reported by Ellis (1963) and scattered residences and agricultural 5elds inland By the 18(IOs, most settle- ment was inland. PROJECT EXPECTATIONS The project area is situated in the upper Barren or Traditional Zone and lower Uphurd Forest Zone as defined by Davis (1977) and Curdy (1985). Prehistoric use of the project area is potentially represented by scattered temporary and permanent habitation sites associated with agticuttutal features. The agricultural features consist of informal fields with scattered modified outcr~s, mounds, and depressions. Trails link the inland habitation and agriailmral areas with the coast. Refuge caves, burials, and ritual sites ate also Potentially Present. Chronologically, sites Wray have been used as early as the 1400s, with the most exten- sive period of use occurring between the 1600s oral early historic period. In the early to mid-1800s, LCA chtims indicate settlement and cultivation inland of the project area between 1,100 and 1,300 ft elevation. Taro and sweet potatoes are the only crops specfrcauy men- tioned in the LCA testimony. By the mid-1800s to early 1900s, sites assocated with ranching and commer- cial cultivation of coffee are expected Ranching and agricultural activity would be evidenced by stone walls, cerrals, and scattered habitation sites. 13 FINDINGS The survey identified 17 sites with 186 compone~ features (Figure ~. The sites consist of ten single feature sites and seven complexes of features. The features consist of 70 pahcehce excavations, 56 mounds, 12 terraces, eight quarries, seven filled sacks, seven cairns, five walls, four pavemems> four trails, three alignments, two cupboards, two caves, and one each of the following; enclosure, overhang, pecked basins, platform, U-shape and upright. Functionally, the 186 features are comprised of agriculture (n=133), temporary habitation (rr=24), resource procurement (n=8), marker (nom), transportation (n=4), livestock control (n=3), storage (n=2), ceremonial (n=1), refuge (n=3), tool manufacture (n=1) and indeterminate (n=1). The sites are snnrna*+~rt in Table 3 and are descnbed below. Subsurface testing was uudertaken in six locations during the study. The tested features consist of two terraces (Site 23416, Feature A and Site 23417, Feature A), a cave (Site 23411), an overhang (Site 23412), a pavement (Site 23422, Feature B), and a platform (Site 23424). The results of these excavations are incorporated imo the following site descriptions. Site 5747 Site 5747 is a complex of two walls that extend along the northern and western project area boundaries. 'T'his site was previously documented by Walker and Rosendahl (1989). The wall along the northern boundary (Feature A) delineates the land division between ICalaoa 5m and O'oma 1". It is built primazily of stacked pahoehce basalt cobbles and small boulders with acore-filled interior. The majority of the wall is rehdively intact, although collapsed sections are present A bulldozed road cut breaches the wall in the northwest comer of the project area. The intact sections of wall range in width at the base from 0.85 to L 1 m a~ at the top from 0.55 to 0.75 m (Figure 9). The height of the wall ranges fiom 0.65 t0 1.15 m The wall originates 40 m northwest of the northwestern corner of the project area. It extends to the southeast for 80.0 m where it has been destroyed by bulldozing activity associated with the construcion of a dirt road that extends through the parcel. The wall continues on the southeastern side of the disturbed area, extending 33.0 m to the southeast The wall thce angles to the east and extends 209.0 m where it exits the project area Walker and Rosendahl's map of the area indicates that this wall continues in an easterly direction for c. 1,160 m, at which point it toms to the south. The Feature B wall is logted along the western project area boundary. This wall originates on the southern side of the Feature A wall and extends to the south for 657.0 m, to where it terminates against the northern side of the Site 6432 wall (discussed below). The bulldozed road cut discussed above breaches the Feature B wall as it exits the project area, 135 m north of the southwestern comer of the parcel. Feature B is primarily of constructed of stacked pahoehce cobbles and small boulders at the north- ern end, and a'a cobbles and boulders at the southern end. Broken fine grained basalt cobbles, ]rlrely asso- dated with the Site 23414 quarries (discussed below), are incorpotated imo the wall at the southern end (see Figures 13 and 15 below). Feature Bhas acore-filled interior and ranges in width at the base from 0.9 to 1.2 m, at the top fiom 0.55 to 0.7 m, a~ varies in height from 0.8 to 1.15. The sections of Site 5747 within the project area are altered and in fair condition. The Feature A portion of the wall appears to have functioned as a Lmd division marker, though its primazy function was likely to restrict tbe movement of cattle based on its method of construction and height Feature B is also interpreted as a livestock control feature based on its height and manner of construction. Site 6432 Site 6432 is a stone wall located along the southern project area boundary. This wall was initially documented by Davis (1977) and was noted by Henry et al. (1993) during surveys of seaward parcels. The wall is situated on the boundary betwcen O'oma 1~ and 2"d. The portion of the wall within the current pro- ject area is 316 m in length, extending from the southern end of the Site 5747, Feature B wall to the east- 14 0 7A0 4S0 7208 0 80 160 240m ~~e6om i°°c'°°°o°ooc~Ow-- I .,.~xl 2u1o 131 ~ -D •~ • A .~Q \ "n' ..lo "°' ,~. wi ~, w ~ A4 ~ ~ AW 73421 ~.~ 473412 I)atllsd °~ ~ F w:c T• .. NL w~. M z o4 .M Y• •Z ,9fc ~~~ A1',~ ,ic "~° .~ •G Ir a' e• l:~ 1T ~ • 6 C6~ Q ~~ •CO /~~ ~ is ~~ a'f .~ ~% ~.lu Y d .~ ~~ '': ~ ~ i B ~oa1 •~p .$ •~ .~ ~~ '! »Q' •a a . 'ne 17r ~•.... „ 7341e .D4 21414 °p" i341s .~ ,~ 1;4 112. st32 OQI ~~ Ir ~ OOGOO 1nd[Wdl 13/191 .ID ~ot9Be 79@3Gw 9~ A 7f~oo~6C-Apieulem~l lYa~ I 9e~eall~Y 13475 •]11[ dx ~ .......Tdl .~ ~ m 13411 29417 .,~'' I I I m ®16 ~ ~._ _ I Yg B 15 ~, ''~w v! C a 0 h M a = N N r G ~ ~~ i ym ~ ~ q~ m A m ~ r ~ 0 ' (~ - N q $ O $ eiryoe~nusyy loot' .Bnwa ~ ~, a~.~W,wewl leluowae~ '" ~ eBeIOIS N N IMUO'J 11~0yY&V~ N ~ ~' LL uogsyodsueil JMll6l1~ N ~ YI uewaroad aynosey ao m uopeLgel{ /~e~odwey N ~ N ~ ~ am~raYBy ~ ~ ~ wBl~f1 eaw~-n ~~ alseg pepped Busyienp ansopu3 '" ~~ r N pl@oqE~ N N r m wewuBlM ~ a o pe,y ~ ~ a w~~~ < a IIWJ1 N ~ N a WIBJ N N h ~p~J Dsll!j n w /W anp m °° 6'JW61 N M A r PIIM~III N p uglanaoxg e ogaWed °n °n g ? O is N Oi N N N ~ n LL ~ a ~ ~ ". ~ r= $ ~~@ r r= r 8 r r r r r g - J r = ~ g ~p F ~ ?i ~{ ti E ~ ~ ~ ~ t~ ~ N_ C l Y NQ ~ tD t~ aD N_ ~ ~Oy { ~ M ~ Q ~ M N ~ N ~ ~ H { ~ N ~ ~ ~ ~ ( 1 N ~ N 16 17 Figure 9. Site 5747, Feature A Wall, view to northwest Figure 10. Site 6432 Wall, view to south southeast The wall continues to the east and wrest out of the project area The wall within the project area is built predominately of stacked a'a cobbles and small boulders, ranging in width at the base from 0.9 to 1.2 m, at the top from 0.6 to 0.8 m, and in height from 0.85 to 1.25 m (Figure 1 ~. The portion of the wall within the parcel is unaltered and in good condition. Site 6432 is imerpreted as a livestock oomrol feature based on its height and method of constroction. Its location on the ]and division between O'oma 1' and 2°d indicates it also functioned as a boundary wall. The walls of Sites 6432 and 5747 bound the western end of Grant 1590 to Kauhini that appears on a late 1880s map of the area (see Figure S) and potentially date to the ]ate 1800s. Site 23411 Site 23411 is a small cave located in the southeaslem portion of the project area, in an area of un- even pahaehce lava. The entrance to the cave faces the south and is 0.85 m wide and 1.02 m in height (Fig- ure I ]). The interior of the cave is roughly oval-shaped, measuring 7.OS m long (east-west) and 1.9 to 3.6 m wide. Several areas of collapsed roof fall are present in the interior. Tlu; ceiling height of the cave ranges from 0.32 to 1.05 m, and there are two skylight openings in the ceiling; one at the western end of the cave, and one 1.2 m west of the eMtance. The floor is comprised of thin layer of brown soil. No cultural remains were observed, though a flat pahcehce slab (0.46 m long, 0.34 m wide and 0.08 m thick) is present 1.6 m northwest of the enttaace. A 0.5 by 0.5 m test unit (TU-1) was excavated adjacent to the slab to the west, revealing a single soil de- posit over bedrock (see Figure !I ). Layer I consisted of 0.04 to 0.06 m of a brown (lOYR 413) silt with 0.5 grams of charcoal present. Site 23411 is interpreted as a temporary habitation shelter based on its formal type and the presence of subsurface charcoal. The site is unaltered and in good condition. Site 23412 Site 23412 is a small overhang ]ogled in the northern portion of the project area, west of the dirt road The overhang is situated within a low pahoehce lava blister, with an opening along the southern side. The entrance is 5.25 m long (northeast by southwest) and 1.0 to 1.06 m in height (Figure 1~. The interior of the overhang is 8.3 m in length (northeast by southwest) and 1.55 to 4.05 m is width. The ceiling height varies from 0.18 to 0.76 m. There is a smafl oval-sbaped opening ~ t~ of the lava blister, at the northern end of the overhang. This opening is 1.08 m long, (northwest by southeast), 0.7 m wide, and 0.52 m deep to the cave floor. The floor throughout the majority of the cave is comprised of bare Java with no cultural remains present. hoof fall is located along the northern wall at the western end A shallow, soil filled crevice is lo- cated at the eastern end of the overhang. This crevice is 2.7 m long (north-south), 0.34 to 0.8 m wide, and 0.05 m in depth A sea urchin spine was noted on the surface of the soil within the crevice. A 0.5 by 0.25 m test unit (TU-2) was excavated into the deposit, revealing a single soil deposit (see Figure 12). Layer I con- sisted of 0.09 to O.llm of a brown (IOYR 4/3) silt. Glrltural remains from Layer I consisted of two frag- ments of kukui mrt shell (0.95 grams) and 0.2 grams of charcoal. Site 23412 is irterpreted as a temporary habitation shelter. This is based on its formal type and the presence of cultural remains. The site is unaltered and in good condition. Site 23413 Site 23413 is series of shallow, pecked basins located in the southwestern portion of the parcel, adjacent to the Site 5747, Feattue B wall to the west. There are 13 basins located in an area 6.5 m long (northeast by southwest) by 2.5 m wide on a level pahoehce flow (Figure 13). The basins range in size from 0.2 to 0.5 m long, 0.18 to 0.47 m wide, a~ 0.02 to 0.06 m in depth. The basin surfaces are irregular and pock-marked with mmrerous pecked scars (Figure IQ). Numerous fice grained basalt cobbles and small boulders, which evidence flake scars and battered edges, are scattered throughout the area, to the northeast and east of the basins. These stones were likely obtained from the Site 23414 quarries located 45.0 m to the east of Site 23413 (discussed below). 18 ~~__ / L ~~ u~x _ ~ I ~ I ~ o ~ I~ ~ 1 o ~ ~v N ~ ~ '~; I O Q I I ~; ~ J ~^ ~ v ~+ "'~J~VJJ ~ O O I/ pi I 11 t l\\ v ~ ~, v .~ ~ ~ Q~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ .s O I a 'fI1 O v O ..a z N ti Gr 19 u~x o ~ _.~-~- a ~-~- o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~, N ~ c y \D 0 0 ~~ \`o ~, -~ ~ 0 0 ~ \\~~ ~ `C_ >> > ° ,~ >> ~ >> ~ ~~ ~~~ v ~~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u o ~ I d ° a ~~ ~ ~ ~ pw ® I I v V O Nd ~ I ~' N y N .. ..~"~', w 2~ M ~ro~. ~. o ~ N O Q K1 ..y ~~ ~/ ~ ': ~ •/ ~~ O • • ~ ,~ m ~~ ~ ~ as a • ~ ~ ~ e Ji v ••• r., ...~ ~ ... ~, ~~~ ~ ,.... ~ .....- .r ....- .. ~~ . TA ~~.• ...- ~~~ F "~ ... a .., • o o • W ;: W ~ ... ~ ... .... ~ .... ...... ..... ....~ ..~. •••• -ad ... O ... r ^ ..~. .~. ~ ...~ .~~ .~. ... ... ®aa ~ ®® ® ~ ~~ ~~ , ~ ~' .~ .~ I~ ~ /~ `J~ v V .~ a N rl •w 21 h 22 Figure 14. Site 23413 Puked Basin, view to southwest Fine grained basalt cobbles and small boulders are also incorporated into the Site 5747, Feature B wall (Figure 1.f). These stones were likely scattered over the surface of the pahoehce flow and were col- lected during the censtrudion of the historic livestock wall. The stones are only evidem in the wall in the vicinity of the basins. Site 23413 is interpreted as a potential processing area where stones collected from the nearby Site 23414 quarries were initially redrrced/shaped, and then transported to an o$-site location. The pecked basins appear to have been created by repeated impacts of the stones onto the surface of the pahcehce flow. The basins show m evidence of nse for grinding and there are scattered small fragm~ts of basalt near the basins. Many of the stones are roughly spheroidal in shape and the exterior flake scar edges appeaz to have been rounded by battering. It is unclear what the stones were going to be used for. The ba- salt is fine grained; however, most of the stones have some small internal fissures and cavities indicating that the stones were not ideally suited for making adzes. The weight of the stones would make them some- what difficult to transport Most of the stones are relatively large ranging from 12 to 30 cm in maximum dimension with a few larger specimens. The site is partially altered and in good condition Site 23414 Site 23414 is a complex of eight quarry areas (Features A ~ and a nail (Feature n, located in the southwestern portion of the project area, east of Site 24313. The site is situated in an area of weathered a'a lava, and encompasses an area 60.0 m long (northeast by southwest) and 31.0 m wide (Figure 16). The quarry areas consist of a'a lava which has been broken to expose the undcelying 5ne grained basalt Frog. mewed fine grained basalt cobbles and small boulders are scattered over the broken a'a outcrops. The quar- ries range in length from 2.2 to 9.0 m long (averaging 4.92 m long), in width from 1.0 to 4.5 m (averaging 2.35 m wide), and in height from 0.3 to 1.4 m (averaging 0.78 m). The size of the individual quarry features are presented in Table 4. An example of the Site 23414 quarries is presented in Figures 17 and 18. Table 4. Summary of Site 23414 Quarry Features Feature Design ation Length (m) Width (m) Height/ Depth m H&A Field No. A 4.00 1.00 0.30 87a B 3.30 2.20 0.40 88 C 2.20 1.30 0.40 84 D 3.00 1.20 0.30 85 E 5.00 1.32 1.20 119 F 9.00 4.50 1.30 120a G 4.50 3.50 0.80 83a H 7.00 3.00 1.40 120b The Feature I trail originates along the southeastern side of a pahoehce lava flow, 45 m west of Site 23413. The trail extends to the southeast for 7.2 m, then angles to the east-northeast for 27.0 m up the side of the a'a ridge. At the top of the ridge, then trail toms to the southeast and extends downslope for 12.5 m, term+nah~ within the a'a flow. The trail consists of a worn or cleared path through the a'a lava that ranges in width from 0.8 to 1.2 m (Figure 19). Site 23414 is interpreted as a resource procurement area, with Features A H functioning as quarry pits, and Feature I functioning as a transportation mute associated with use of the quarry. Though not of particularly high quality, the stone is relatively fine grained and was poteffially used as a raw material for the manufacture of stone tools. The initial redaction of the material appears to have oanrted at Site 23413. The site is unaltered and in good condition 23 ~: U ~ __: . oo~ .~ ~~~~. :~: ~ ~ • ~ 1 ~~ \%~\ o0 ~'~ ~ ~~. ~~ ~ . ~ ~~ ~; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ oy~~ o .,, ~, ~ . ,~ -~ ~ o 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ `° ~~ ~ o 00 00 o° \\ ~+ ,. . ~oooa ,. o000 00000 o~o 000 ....oo x ; 000 • o00 000 00 ~e 24 25 Figure 17. Site 23414, Feature E Quaay, view to northwest Figure 18. Site 23414, Feature F Quarry, view to southeast 26 Figure 19. Site 23414, Feature I Trail, view to northwest Figure 20. Site 23415 Caim, view to north Site 23415 Site 23415 is a well~onstmcted stone cairn located 105 m southeast of Site 23414 in an area of uneven pahoehce lava. The cairn is oval in shape and is 1.05 m by 0.93 m at the base, 0.95 by 0.75 m at the top, and 0.55 m in height (Figure 2~. It is consrtcted of weathered pahoehce slabs and cobbles, with stacked vertical sides. A small blue rock cobble was noted adjacent to the cairn to thQ southeast. No cultural remains were observed on or around the site. Site 23415 is interpreted as a madrer based on its form and consuucfon The site is unaltered and in good condition Site 23416 Site 23416 is a complex of two features lopted in the southeastern portion of the project area, 75.0 m southeast of Site 23415. The site is situated in an area of uneven pahoehce lava, and is comprised of two terraces (Figure 21 ). Feature A is lopted at the western end of the site. It consists of a small terrace constructed on the northern side of a low pahcehce knoll that is 5.3 m hmg (northwest by southeast), 3.6 m wide and 0.82 to 1.1 m in height The terrace has stacked and faced pahoehce cobble and small boulder retaining walls along the north and west sides that vary in height from 0.4 to 0.5 m in height A possible step comprised of one to two courses of cobbles and small boulders abuts the northern side of the terrace. This step is 2.4 m long (west-northwest by east-southeast), 0.85 m wide a~ 0.22 m in height above the surrounding grotmd surface. The surface of the terrace is level but unpaved. No cultural remains wen: noted oa or around the feature. A 1.0 by 1.0 m test umt (TU-4) was excavated in the center of the terrace, revealing a stone archi- tectrual layer (Layer I) above a soil deposit (Layer II; see Figure 21). Layer I consisted of 0.3 to 0.35 m of loosely packed pahcehce cobbles and small boulders. (.ltltural remains from Layer I consisted of a single fragme~ of rwwrie shell (6.65 grams). The base of Layer I rested on the surface of the Layer II deposit and no evidence was found to indicate that Layer I was built during more than a single constriction episode. Layer II was comprised of 0.02 to 0.06 m of a very dark brown (lOYR 2/2) silt with no cultural remains preset Feature A is interpreted as a temporary habitation based on its small size (c. 11 sq m), lack of sub- stantial conshuction (e.g. faced walls, paving, etc.), and formal type, following Cordy's (1980) definition for temporary habitation. Feature B is logted 8.5 m east of Feature A It consists of an irregularly-shaped pahoehce blister that is 7.05 m long (northeast by southwest), 3.0 to 4.7 m wide, and 0.42 ro 1.1 m in height Atwo-tiered terrace has been constructed on top of the blister. The lower terrace has a stacked cobble retaining wall along the north side that ranges in height from 0.35 to 0.5 m. This portion of the feature is 1.5 to 2.8 m long (norht-south) and 0.45 to 2.2 m wide. The surface is level but umpeved. The opening to a small blister cave is logted adjacent to this tier to the south. The openvug to the cave is 0.68 m long (east west), 0.43 m wide and 0.6 m deep. The interior is oval-shaped and is 1.4 m long (north-south) and 1.1 m wig. Tl~ floor of the cave is bare lava with no cultural remains present The upper tier of the terrace abuts the lower tier along its eastern side. A stacked and faced t~bble retaining wall is located along the west side of the terrace, *~~n+mg 0.6 m in height above the lower tier. The surface of this portion of Feature B is 2.3 m long (north-south) and 1.6 m wide, with a level but un- paved surface. No cultural remains were present. Feature B is also assigned a temporary habitation function based on its formal type, informal construction, and size (c. 14 sq m). Site 23416 is unaltered and in good condition. Site 23417 Site 23417 is a cemplex of six features located 65.0 m northeast of Site 23415, at the interface between an a'a Ltva flow and a pahoehce flow. The site is comprised of three terraces (Feature A-C), two cairns (Feature D E), and a steppingstone trail (Feature F). The features are depicted in Figure 22 and are descn'bed below. The site encompasses an area 24.0 m long (northwest by southeast) and 23.0 m wide. The site is unaltered and in good condition. 27 North ~~~ d oFo ~O l+l O L O, en '+ O 1~ l'!~ ~~ .~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ c, '~ 6 ~ i ~ 1 i i S ~~ > $ S 28 .~ a r. M N !V N ... W 29 Feature A is an oval-shaped terrace located at the northern end of the site. A stacked and piled pahoehce cobble and small boulder retaining wall is located along the southwestern side of the feature. This wall is 0.7 to 0.95 m in height and is located at the interface between the pahcehce and a'a lava flows. The northwest, northeast and southeast sides of the feature are built on the pahcehce flow. These three sides range in height from 0.3 to 0.65 m The terrace is 3.1 m long (east-west) and 2.7 m wide with a level but unpaved surface. No cultural remains were present on or around the feature. A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TU-5) was excavated into the center of the terraoe, revealing a stone ar- chitechual layer, over bedrock (Figure 23). Layer I consisted of 1.15 to 1.3 m of loosely packed pahoehce and a'a cobbles and small boulders. No evidence was found to suggest that Layer I was constructed during more than a single building episode. Cultural remains from Layer I consisted of one fragment of lntkui nut shell (0.35 gams), crustacea (nom, 1.85 grams) and charcoal (0.4 grams). Feature A is interpreted as a temporary habitation feature based on its size (8.4 sq m), type, and informal conshuction, following Cordy's (1980) definition for temporary habitation The Feature B terrace is located 6.4 m south of Feature A This terrace is also located at the imer- face between the pahoehce and a'a lava flows, with a stacked and piled stoce retaining wall located along the southwestern side. This wall is 0.45 m in height The throe rr*^.r ~n~ng sites of the terrace are located on the pahcehce outcrop and range in height from 0.26 to 0.32 m. The strncttve is irregularly-shaped and is 3.0 m long (northwest by southeast) and from 0.5 to 1.3 m wide, The surface is level, but unpaved, with no cultural remains observed. Feature B is also imerpreted as a temporary habitation based on its small size and informal construction. The Feature C terrace is situated 5.2 m ens[-northeast of Feature B, on the pahoehce flow. A low piled cobble and small boulder rera;niog wall is located along the southeastern side of the feature, mngitg in height from 0.3 to 0.33 m. The northern side of the s[mcoue is 0.18 to 0.22 m in height The terrace is 1.7 m long (northeast by southwest) and 0.8 m wide with a level but unpaved surface. No cultural rens:^-° were noted. This terrace was interpreted as a temporary habitation due to its small size and informal con- stmction The Feature Dwell-built cairn is located 715 m south of Feature B. The cairn is constmded on the pahoehce flow, and is built of stacked pahcehce cobbles. It is 0.78 by 0.52 m at the base, 0.48 by 0.6 m at the top and 0.6 m in height. No cultural remains were present Feature D is interpreted as a marker based on its formal type and censtrnction The Feature E cairn is located 6.1 msouth-southwest of Feature D. This cairn is situated on the a'a flow, adjacent to the pahoehce flow. It is 0.9 by 0.65 m at the base, 0.7 by 0.4 m at the top, and 0.55 m in height No cultural remains were observed. Feature E is also interpreted as a marker doe to its method of constrnction and formal type. The Feature F steppingstone trail extends across the site in a northwest by southeast direction There are three sections of the trail, each extending across the a'a Ltva, between fingers of the pahcehce flow (see Figure 22). The northwestern section is 5.95 m long and is comprised of ten flat pahoehce slabs positioned in a linear co~guration. The central section is 1.5 m in length and consists of three flat slabs. The southeastern section is 6.4 m in length arsl is comprised of 13 slabs. The nathwestem section of Fea- ture F is illustrated in Figure 24. The trail is interpreted as a h~ansportation route potentially associated with the occupation of Site 23417. Site 23418 Site 23418 is a trail system located in the south-cemral portion of the project area, 110.0 m north of Site 23411 and 105.0 m northeast of Site 23414. The site is comprised of two trail segments that extend across a rugged a'a flow in an east-west direction, between two pahoehce flows (Figure 2.~. The trails are comprised of cleared paths through the a'a that range in width from 0.5 to 1.0 m lack segmem also has several widely spaced flat pahoehce slabs incorporated into them 30 Lays I - Laady P~ P and a'a oobbla and amdl bonldata; Cohmal ~paaent 0 100am Figure 23. Site 23417, Festarce A, TU-5 Northesat Face Profile 31 Figure 24. Site 23417, Feature F Steppingstone Trail, view to northwest 32 The northern section of trail originates at the eastern edge of a pahoehce flow, and extends in an easterly direction across the a'a for 91.0 m, terminating at the western edge of a second pahcehne flow (Figure 2~. The southern section originates 3.1 m east of the western end of the northern trail. It extced5 up a slope for 12.5 m in a swdheasterly direction, then angles to the east for 45.0 m terminating at the west em edge of the eastern pahoehce flow (Figure 27). Site 23418 is imerpreted as a transportation route based on its formal type. Site 23419 Site 23419 is a cairn located along the eastern project area boundary, 210 m northeast of Site 23418. The cairn is built on top of a c. 2.0 m high pahcehce outcrop in an urea of uneven pahoehce lava. The cairn is 0.5 by 0.55 m at the base, 0.3 by 0.35 m at the top, a~ 0.59 m in height above the outcrop (Figure 28). It is construced of stacked weathered pahoehoe codes. No cultural mroainc were present Site 23419 is interpreted as a marker based on its shape and method of construction. It is unaltered and in good condition. Site 23420 Site 23420 is a cairn located in the north-central portion of the project area, 67.0 m south of the Site 5747, Feature A wa1L The site is located within an tires of level pahoehce. It is slacked pahoehce cob- bles, measuring 0.65 by 0.5 m at the base, 0.3 by 0.3 m at the top, turd 0.52 m in height (Figure 29). No cultural remains were found at the site. Site 23420 is interpreted as a madcer based on its method of con- smrction a~ shape. It is unaltered and in good condition. Site 23421 Site 23421 is a steppingstoce trail located in the northwestern portion of the project area. The trail extends across a ragged a'a lava flow between two pahcehce flows (Figure 3~. A bulldozed road is 1o- Gated to the west of the trail, but does not appear W have damaged it. No evidence of the trail was observed on the western side of the road. The trail has an overall length of 42.0 m and is comprised of a series of flat pahoehce slabs positioned in a linear alignment (Figure 31). No cultural remains were present Site 23421 is imerpreted as a transportation route across the a'a flow. It is unaltered and in good condition. 1 ' Site 23422 Site 23422 is a complex of five features ]opted near the western project area boundary, 145 m (! south-southwest of Site 23421. The site is situated on a level, Bass covered pahoehce lava flow within an arp of numerous agricultural feattmes. The features are comprised of four pavements (Features A-D) and a U-shape (Feature E). The features are illustrated in Figure 32 and are descnbed below. The Site 23422 1 componems are mraitered and in good condition. 1 Feature A is an oval-shaped pavement ]opted at the northern end of the site. It is 3.3 m long (northwest by southeast), 1.8 to 2.5 m wide, a~ 0.05 to 0.08 m in height above the lava flow. The surface j of the pavement is level and is comprised of small pahoehce cobbles with >m cultural remains observed. The Fpture B pavement is ]opted 12.0 m southwest of Feature A. This feature is the best constrncted componem of the site, consisting of a roughly rectangular~shaped ptavement that is 325 m long (northwest by southeast), 2.75 m wide, a~ 0.1 to 0.15 m in height (Figure 33). The surface is comprised of level small pahcehce wbbles and pebbles with no cultural remains noted A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (T'[I~) was excavated imo the center of the pavement, revealing an archi- tectural layer (Layer I) over a deposit of soil and stone (Layer II; Figure 34). Layer I consisted of 028 to 0.31 m of tightly packed pahcehce cobbles and pebbles. A single cowrie (0.3 grams) shell fragment was recovered from Layer I. The base of Layer I intnuled into the Layer II and no evidence was found to indi- pte that Layer I was constructed during more than a single construction episode. Layer II was comprised of 0.12 to 0.25 m of a very dark brown (10Y12 2/2) silt with SO% cable and pebble inclusions. Ctiiltutal remains from Layer II consisted of cowrie shell (n=1, 0.2 gtatns~ unidentified marine shell (n=1, 0.8 grams), and charcoal (0.3 grams). The expvatron of TU-6 was terminated on bedrock. 33 34 Figure 27. Site 23418, Southern Trail Section, view to west 35 Fis[are 28. Site 23419 Cairn, view to east Figiure 29. Site 23420 Cairn, view to north o to o a~.o 3soa so eo zam Figure 30. Site 23421 Plan Map 36 Figure 31. Site 23421 Steppingstone Trail, view to west O w~ c ~ O cV ~ O O ~p N O 1 O North 0 W a w v v N o U N 0 O 0 ... 37 Figure 34. Site 23422, Feature D, TU-6, North Face Profile 38 Figure 33. Site 23422, Feature B Pavement, view to northvwest Feature C is an irtegiilady-shaped paveme~ located 10.0 m east-southeast of Feature B. It consists of a linear pavement of cobbles and pebbles ttat is 2.5 m long (northeast by southwest), and 0.72 to 0.85 m wide, with a low wall located at the eastern end. The surface of tbe pavement is level cobbles and pebbles. The wall is comprised of stacked cobbles and small boulders, a~ is 2.65 m long (north-south), 1.2 m wide and 0.4 to 0.42 m in height The wall may lutve functioned as a windbreak. No cultural remains were ob- served at Feature C. Feature D is a roughly rectangular-shaped pavement located 2.4 m somh of Feature C. The pave- ment is 3.15 m long (north-south), 1.9 to 3.0 m wide and 0.06 to 0.1 m in height The surface is comprised of level cobbles and pebbles. No cuttmal remains were present Feature E is a U-shaped enclosure located 3.5 m northeast of Feature C. The U-shape is open to the west and is 4.45 m long (north~south) and 3.25 m wide. The walls are comprised of stacked and piled pahcehoe cobbles and small boulders that vary in width from 1.02 to 1.22 m and in height from 0.4 to 0.6 m. The interior of the U-shape is comprised of bare pa- haehce lava with no cultural remains present Site 23422 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site. This is based on the formal type of the componem features, and the feature's int'ormal constrrrc4on and small size, following Cordy's (1980) defi- nition for temporary habitations. Site 23423 Site 23423 is a large lava tube that extends through the project area in a roughly northeast by southwest direcfion (see Figure 8). There are two entrances to the cave within the project area, both con- sisting of holes in the surface lava that drop vertically into the cave (Figure 35). Entrance 1 is located 20.5 m southeast of Site 23412. It is oval-shaped abe is 2.2 m long (east-west) and 1.8 m wide with a c. 10.0 m drop to the cave floor below (Figure 3~. Entrance 2 is situated 88.0 mwest-southwest of Entrance 1. This opening is 3.5 m long (east-west) and 1.5 m wide with a c. 7.0 m drop to the floor of the cave. A pile of modem debris is present below Entrance 2, consisting of milled lumber, asphalt stingles and plastic and glass bottles (Figure 3 ~. It is unclear how this material was deposited as there are no roads or strictures in the immediate area The portion of the pve witltin the project area is 370.0 m in length, extending to the northeast and southwest outside the boundaries of the parcel. The cave ranges in width from 3.95 to 21.0 m and in height from 2.8 to 10.0 m Only a small portion of the cave outside the parcel to the southwest was examined. During the examination of the northeastern portion of the cave, an opening was observed in the distance, and the survey crew co~nued outside the parcel a distance of c. 70.0 m to where a large sinkhole was en- countered (see Figure 8). A massive, c. 2 m thick stacked stone wall extends across the southwestern end of the sinkhole. The wall only extends approximately 1-1.5 m above the pve floor and probably is an incom- plete refuge cave entrance. A narrow opening with faced sides is present in the center of the partially walled cave entrance. The cave continues upslope on the northeastern side of the sinkhole, but was not ex- amined. This portion of the cave was not documented because it is outside the project area. Site 23423 consists of the cave and 18 internal features. These features consist of seven terraces (Features B, C, G, J, N, P and ~, three alignments (Features A, D and L), two walls (Features E and K), two cupboards (Features H and I), an e~tosure (Feature L), a cairn (Feature ivn, an upright (Feature O), and a step (Feature F). The majority of the features are interpreted as temporary habitation-related. The two cupboards likely functioned as storage features and the cairn may have served as a madker. The upright (Feature O) may indicate a ceremonial function for at least a portion of tbe cave. The Feature E wall and Feature F step are probably related to the posstble use of the cave as a refuge. Site 24323 is unaltered and in good condition. The following description begins at the southwestern portion of the cave and extends to the north- east The cave in this area is 19.0 to 21.0 m in width with ceiling heights tlret range from 7.0 to 8.5 m Fea- ture A is aloes terrace situated 13.0 m west of Entrance 2, within the main floor of tip cave. The teatace is roughly square-shaped and is 2.9 m long (east-west) and 2.7 m wide. The surface is level cobbles and slabs 39 ., ~ m 1 w~ I ~ 1~ i ~o~ o~ ~~ ~6~ ~~~ ~ '~ ~ N ~~ r~~ ~r ~~3 v ~~ ~ ~ rt~'Y ` ~rf r4 ~y cc~~k .9 ~4'`~~ ~ ccc~~c ~4~ici~ t~~~ ~ o < <<< ~~~ 4<<`~ V l~L w 1~ ` w a ,~ ~ ~' ~ rr ~ ~` ~ W rr~~~ r~ ~~ rri t 4(c` ~ ch ht ~~ 3 ~ ~~ N M N y N1 .~ W 40 41 Figure 36. Sits 23423, Eutnnce 1, view W sonfhwest Figure 37. Sits 23423, Modem Trash below Entrance 2, view to sowh with a single cowrie shell presem. The sides of the terrace are constructed of stacked cobbles and small boulders, ranging in height from 0.35 to 0.6 m. There are raised ledges above the floor of the main tube on the north a~ south sides, which range in height from 2.0 to 2.5 m The ledges are bare, gently sloping lava The ledge on the northern side is 2.0 to 8.5 m wide. There is chamber with two entrances that extends to the north in this area This chamber is i8.5 m long (north-south), 3.5 to 13.5 m wide, and from 0.45 to 1.0 m in height. Tire floor of the chamber is bare lava with IIo calUrral remains present. Two features are located on this Iedge. Feature B is an alignment of Sat pahoehce slabs positioned one crourse high a~ one to two courses wide. The alignment is 12.9 m long (east-northeast by west- southwest), 0.4 to 0.7 m wide and 0.1 to 0.15 m in height Feature C is a cnrdely constructed terrace situ- ated 5.0 m east of Feature B. It has a stacked cobble and small boulder retaining wall on the soutliera side that is 0.15 to 0.45 m in height The surface is level but unpaved and is 12.5 m long (east-west) a~ 1.4 to 3.5 m wide (Figure 31~. No cultural remains were observed on the surface of Feature C, though a concen- trafion of marine shell is present 6.0 m to tbe east, at the eastern end of the ledge. The ledge on the south side of tbe main tube is 2.0 to 6.8 m wide. There is an alignment situated along the northern edge of the ledge. Feature D is 17.5 m long (east-northeast by west-southwest) and con- sisYS of one to two courses of flat pahoehce slabs. The ahgnmem is 0.4 to 0.7 m wide and 0.1 to 0.3 m in height No cultural remains were present Feature E is an L-shaped stone wall that extends across the floor of the main tube, 7.0 m east of Entrance 2. The wall is 6.9 m long (north-south) by 4.2 m (east-west). The wall is 1.2 m wide and is built of stacked cobbles, small boulders and slabs. It is 1.2 m in height on the western side and 2.7 m in height on the eastern side. A low chamber extends below the main cave floor beneath the Feature E wall. The cham- ber is 27.0 m long (east-west) 7.0 to 11.0 m wide, and 0.4 to 1.15 m in height The floor of the chamber consists of scattered roof fall with no cultural remains observed. The Feature E wall either functioned as, or once it was completed was intended to function as a refuge defensive feature. The wall connects the ledges on eiiha side of the tube forming a barrier nearly 3 m high with an elevated balco~-like area beneath En- trance 2 that overlooks the lower tube floor to the east The feature would )wive partially blocked access to the western portion of the tube and Emr<mce 2 a>td provided cover for defenders of the balcony area and western reaches of the tube. Feature F is awell-constructed cairn comprised of thick flat slabs located against the northern side of the main chamber, below the northern ledge. The step is situated 10.0 m east of Feature E and is com- prised of five stacked basalt slabs. h is 0.8 m long (east-west), 0.5 m wide, and 0.75 m in height (Figure 39). This step was used as a means of gaining access to the northern ledge a~ western reaches of the cave from the main cave floor to the east East of Feature F the cave narrows to 4.5 m with a ceiling height of 3.2 m. The floor in this area is bare lava. A 0.1 m diameter grand scoriacears basalt abrader was meted 8.0 m east of Feature F. Several fragmems of charcoal were observed on the cave floor 5.0 m east of the abrader. The northern wall of the cave has collapsed in this area The cave angles to the ~rtheast on the eastern side of lire collapsed area. A concentration of ma- rine shell and charcoal in a 2.0 m diameter area were noted 9.5 m northeast of the surface charcoal. Feature G is a rectangular terrace constructed against the southeastern wall of the cave, 15.0 m northeast of the shell and charcoal concentration The terrace is 3.1 m long (northeast by southwest) and 2.8 m wide (Fig- ure 4~. The north, east and west sides of the terrace have been built up to heights of 0.35 to 0.45 m above the cave floor. The surface of the terrace is level and paved with cobbles. Kukui mrt shells and a flagtnent of wood are present on the surface. Feature H is a possible cupboard located in the center of the cave, 3.5 m northeast of Feature G. It consists of a flat basalt slab (0.8 m long 0.6 m wide and 0.25 m thick) positioned on three large cobbles. A slight depression (0.15 m deep) is located below the slab. Feature I is a second possible wpboard located 42 43 Fiawe 38. Site 23423, Featare C Terrace, view to west Figure 39. Site 23423, Featwe F Step, view to north 44 Fixture 40. Site 23423, Feature G Teaace, view to southeast Figure 41. Site 23423, Feature L Enclosure, view to east 4.5 m northeast of Feature H. It is comprised of two small basalt boulders, with a third boulder placed on top, creating an enclosed internal space. A large opihi shell is present on dte top boulder, and cowrie and sea urchin body fragments are present within the interior. Feaiure I is 1.3 m long (north-south), 1.2 m wide and 0.8 m in height The ceiling height of the cave in this area is 5.0 m, and the floor is comprised of bare lava. Feature J consists of two adjacent terraces located 9.0 m northeast of Feature I. The first terrace is built against the southeastern wall of the cave. It is 3.8 m long (northeast by sothwest), 1.8 m wide, and 0.3 to 0.45 m in height. The second terrace is situated 1.4 m to the north of the first' in the center of the tube. It is 3.75 m long, 1.5 m wide and 0.3 to 0.4 m in height Roth terraces are constructed of stacked cob' tiles and small boulders with level but unpaved surfaces. No cultural remains were present at the features though a pile of kukui nut shells is located 3.5 m to the northeast, and a surface concentration of ash is lo- pted 6.0 m to the northea.. Feature K is a low wall located in the center of the cave, 14.0 northeast of Feature J. It is 2.7 m long (north-sottth) 0.8 m wide, and 0.7 m in height Feature L is a small enclosure formed by two large ba- salt slabs and several piled cobbles, located against the northern cave wall 2.0 m north of Featare K (Figure 41). The enclosure is 2.1 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.2 m wide and O.b m in height Ku/ai nu[ shells and a fragment of waterworn coral were noted inside the enclosure. The floor of the interior is bare lava. Entrance 1 is located above Feature L to the northeast A jumbled pile of roof fall is located below the opening. Feature M is a cairn built of stacked basalt cobbles and slabs (Figure 4~. It is 1.0 m long, 0.8 m wide and 0.8 m in height A fragment of waterworn coral, pieces of wood and several kukui nut shells were observed on the surface of Feature M Feature N is a terrace located adjacent to Feature M to the northeast It is 3.2 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.6 m wide and 0.35 m in height The sides of the ter- race consist of s[adced cobbles and small boulders, and the surface is paved with cobbles. No cultural re- mains were observed. Feature O is an upri~t anguhir basalt slab located 3.0 m northeast of Feature N. The slab is 1.1 m tall, 0.29 m wide, and 0.14 m thick and is set in a slight depression (Figure 43). Several small cobbles are located at the base of the upright, supporting it. A dog mandtble, kukrti nut shells, a piece of wood, and an opihi shell were observed on the bare lava floor to the northeast of Feature O. Feature P is a crude terrace situated 12.5 m northeast of Feature O. It is located against the north- ern side of the cave and is 2.3 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.2 m wide and 0.45 m in height The sides are built of specked and piled cobbles and small boalders and the surface is level, unpaved cobbles. An opihi shell is present on the surface of Feature P. The ceiling height in this area is c. 4.5 m. Feature Q is a poorly built terrace located against the north wall of the cave, 10.0 m northeast of Feature P. It is 1.7 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.5 m wide and 0.32 m in height The surliaz of the terrace is level but unpaved and the sides are built of stacked and piled cobbles and small boulders. Kukui nut shells were observed on the surface of the terrace and a concentration of ash, marine shell, and kukui nut shells were noted 6.5 m to the east The cave continues to the northeast for 27.0 m where a large pile of roof fall partially blocks the tube. A cluster of wood and bird bones were observed in the roof fall area at the western eod. Sues appear to have been cleared along the northern side of the roof fall against the northern cave wall, possible repre- senting apath or trail. A fragment of charcoal was observed in this cleared area 11.0 m northeast of the wood and bird bone. A second area of roof fall is located 7.5 m to the north. A cleared area is also present along the northern side of this roof fall. The cave continues to the northeast for 65.0 m to where Feature R is located. The cave in this area has a bare lava floor and ranges in height from 3.5 to 5.0 m. A fragme~ of wood is present in the center of the cave 29.0 m southwest of Feature RFeature R is an L-shaped aligmne~ of small flat pahcehce slabs, positioned one course wide and tall. The alignment is 4.8 m long (northeast by southwest), 2.9 m wide a~ 0.1 m in height No cultural *.~in~ were presem. 45 46 Figure 42. Site 23423, Feature M Caim with wood, view to east Figure 43. S$e 23423, Feature O Upright, view to nozihwest An area of roof fall is located adjacenn to Feature R to the northeast. A possible cleared trail ex- tends along the northern edge of the roof fall. Another area of roof fall is situated 17.0 to the northeast with another possible trail along The northern side. The eastern project area boundary is located in the approxi- mate center of this roof fall area. As stated, the portions of the cave were examined to the northeast but were not documented due to their location omside the project area. This portion of the cave, from the pro- jest area boundary to the sinkhole opening contained no cultural mains or surface stnrctures, with the exception of the refuge wall located across the western side of the sinl~ole. Site 23424 Site 23424 is well-built pLrtform located in the southwestern comer of the project area within a shallow north-souilt treading gully, c. 5.0 m north of the southern project area boundary wall (Site 6432). The platform is roughly rectangular in shape and is 1.810 3.05 m long (northeast by southwest) and 2.15 to 2.25 m wide (Figure 44 and 43). The sides of the platform are comprised of stacked a'a cobbles and small boulders that range is bight from 0.32 to 0.48 m. 1'he sur6ce is level and is roughly paved with cobbles and small boulders. No cultural remains were present. The size of the platform and its well4milt nature suggested a possible burial fimction. A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TU-3) was excavated into the platform to detemvne its function. The excavation revealed a stone layer (Layer I) above a soil deposit t7-ayer II; see Figure 44). Layer I consisted of 1.0 to 1.05 m of tightly packed a a cobbles and small boulders No cultural mma;ne were present The base of Laye[ I rested on the surface of Layer II a~ no evidence was found to indicate that Layer I was constructed during mare than a single building episode. Layer II was comprised of 0.36 to 0.4 m of a dark brown (lOYR 3/3) silt loam with 80% cobble inclusions. No cultural remains were present. The excavation of TU-3 was termi- nated on the surface of the a'a lava flow. Site 23424 is assigned an indeterminate fungion based to the absence of cultural remains recov- ered from TU-3. The platform does not appear to represent an agricultural feature due to its well- constructednature, and the absence of human remains indicates it is not a burial stnrctrue. It is possible that the structure may have served as a "bridge" acmes the shallow gully, but no roads or trails are located in this area The site is unaltered and in good condition. Site 23425 Site 23425 is a complex of 133 agricultural features.lhe site is comprised of 70 pahcehce excava- tions, 56 mounds, and seven filled cracl6. The locations of the 133 features are illustated in Figure 8 and their physical characteristics are aimm?.:~prt in Table 5. The pahcehoe excavations are interpreted es pits that were created for mulch cultivation of sweet potatoes as described by Handy and Handy (1972). The mounds and filled cracks are imerpze<ed as clearing features insulting from cultivation of adjacent areas No cultural remains were found in association with any of the agricultural features. The Site 23425 WmpO- nents are unaltered and in fair condition. The 70 pahaehce excavations are comprised of pahoehce blisters that Lave been broken imo, with the stones removed and placed adjacem to the openings. They range in length from 0.6 m 7.1 m (averaging 2.45 m long), in width from 0.35 to 5.5 m (averaging 1.46 m wide) and in depth from 0.1 to 0.7 m (averag- ing 0.34 m deep). The majority of the pahcehce expvations are irregilarlyashaped (n-47). The shape of the remaining features consist of oval (n=16), circular (n= 4) and linear (n=3). Examples of the pahoehce excavations within the project area presented in Figure 46 and 47. The 56 mounds are comprised of i~ormally constructed piled cobble and small boulder features, built either on soil or low pahcehce outcrops. They vary in length from 1.0 to 6.2 m (averaging 2.51 m long), in width from 0.6 to 4.4 m (averaging 1.46 m) and in height from 0.12 to 0.9 m (averaging 0.37 m). Most of the mounds are irregularly~haped (n=25), with the *P*..`ing mows evidencing shapes which consist of oval (n=20), linear (n=9) and circular (n=2). Examples of the mounds are prese~ecl in Figures 48 and 49. 47 Ct o r+ m e 0 0 N pox - o ., o 0 0 ___ ~~r ~-~ -- ~ m 8 •y v ~' ~ z ~ ~ ~ z p .~ 1 ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ /' . d e c, T d _ ~- ~~ 1 _~ W c ~1 QI N et e+1 N .., W 48 ., 49 Figure 46. Site 23425, Feature BU Pahoehoe Excavati~, view to southeast Table 5. Summary of Site 23425 Agricultural Feafures Feature Desf nation Type Length (m) Width (m) a De m Shape H8A Field No. A Fllled crack 12 1.2 0.3 irregular 20a B FAled crack 1.8 1.3 0.2 Irregular ZOb C Flied crack 0.6 0.55 0.2 Irregular 20c D Mound 1.7 1.5 0.3 Oval 19 E Pahcehoe Excavation 1.1 7 -0.1 Irregular 23b F Pahoehce Excavation 6 1.8 -0.18 Irregular 23a G Patroehce Excavel"an 2.8 1.7 -0.31 Oval 18c H Pahoelwe Excavation 2.6 1.9 -0.3 Oval 18d I Pahoetae Excavation 1.7 1.6 -0.42 Oval 18a J Pahoehce Excavation 2 7.5 -0.4 Oval 78b K Filbd crack 2.1 1.1 0.2 Irtegular 17 L Patwehoe Excavaton 7 0.9 -0.19 Linear 18e M Pahoehoe Exce,ration 32 1.8 -0.4 Irregular 16 N Pahoehce Excavation 2.8 0.8 -0.3 IrteguMr 15a O Patwehce Excavation 1.5 1.4 -0.2 Irregular 15b P Patxx3hoe Excavation 1 0.8 -0.25 Irregular 15c O Pahoehoe Excavation 3.2 1.7 -0.45 Irregular 29 R Mound 4,7 2.9 0.66 Irregular 27 S Mound 1.3 0.9 0.12 Irregular 28 T Mound 3 7.3 0.5 Oval 58b U Mound 2.2 1.2 0.4 Oval 58a V Pahoetwe Excavation 1.3 0.7 -0.15 Irregular 58e W Pahoehce Excavation 2 0.7 -0.45 Irregular 59a X Pahoelwe Excavation 1.4 12 -0.45 Irregular 59b Y Pahoehce Excavation 7,1 0.8 -0.3 Oval 55 Z Pahoehoe Excavation 1.5 1.1 -0.3 Irregular 65b AA Pahoehce Excavation 1.5 0.8 -0.4 Irregular 65c AB Pahoetwe Excavation 1.4 0.7 -0.3 irtagular 65d AC Pahoetxre Excavation 0.7 0.5 -02 inagular 68a AD Patwehce Excavaton 0.6 0.35 -0.4 Oval 68b AE Pahoehce Excavation 1.4 1.2 -0.35 Irregular 66a AF Pahaehce Excavaton 1.3 0.87 -0.35 Oval 859 AG Mound 2 i.6 0.45 Oval 66b AH Mound 4 1.4 0.52 Lincer 67a AI Mound 1 0.7 0.39 Oval 67b AJ Mountl 1.5 1.4 0.5 Oval 102d AK Mound 1.4 1 0.4 Oval 102c AL Pahoetxx: ExcavdCron 1.3 1.1 -0.3 iregular 102a AM Mound 1.5 7.25 0.4 irregular 102e AN Pahoehce Excavation 0.75 0.7 -0.55 Irregular 102b AO Pahoehce Excavation 5.7 4 -0.39 Oval tO6a AP Pahcetwe Excavation 5.5 3.2 -0.52 Oval 106b AO Pahoehce Excavation 2.8 1.4 -0.36 Irregular 106 AR Mound 62 4.2 0.36 Lirx~r 107 AS Mound 5.5 3.1 0.74 Irregular 109a 50 Table 5. Summary of Site 23425 Agricultural Featu-es (coot) Feature Desi rtatiorr Type Length (m) WWth (m) Height/ De h m Shape H8A Field No. A FBkat crack 1.2 1.2 0.3 Irtegular 20a AT Mound 3.9 2.6 0.3 Irregular 109b AU Petnt~ce Fxcevation 4.8 1.6 -0.45 irregular 101 b AV Pahoehce Excavation 3 1.1 -02 Irregular 101c AW Pahoehce Excavation 1.3 t.t -0.15 Irtegular 101a AX Pahoehoe lxeavation 25 1.1 -0.35 Irregular 101d AY Pahoehoe Excavation 1.2 0.7 -025 Crcular 110 AZ Mound 5.4 4.4 0.45 irregular 110b BA Pahcehce Excavation D.9 0.6 -0.44 Circular 11 Oc BB Mourxl 5.7 t.6 0.67 Linear 110d BC Pahoehce Excavation 3.3 2.3 -0.33 Irregular 110e BD Pahoehce Excavation 2.3 0.9 -0.3 Irtegular 112a BE Pahoehce Fxpvation 1.3 0.9 -0.75 Irregular 112b BF MourM 1.6 1.1 0.7 Oval 112e BG Pahcehce Excavation 0.9 0.8 -0.3 Irregular 1124 BH Patw~ce Excevatbn 23 1.2 -0.35 Irregular 112e BI Pahoehce Excavation 24 1.3 -0.2 Irregular 112f BJ Petwehce Excavation 1 0.8 -0.1 Oval 11?g BK Pahoetwe Excavation 1 0.6 -0.25 Irregular 113 BL FOled creek 2.1 1.4 0.19 Irregular 124 BM Palaehoe Excavation 4 3 -0.7 Circular 174a BN Pahaehce Excavation 7 5.5 -0.55 Irtegular 115a BO Pahoahce Excavation 3.3 1.1 -0.3 Oval 715b BP Pataehce Excavatior 3.2 2.4 -0.6 Irtegular 92 84 Pahoahoe Excavation 25 2.2 -0.3 Irtegular 93 BR Pahoehce Excavation 1.3 t.3 -0.3 irregular 103e BS Pahcehce Excavation 1.5 7.4 -0.35 Irtegular 101b BT Pahoehce Excavation 1.1 1 -0.25 Irtegular 10Sa BU Pahoehce Excavation 1.8 1.2 -0.4 Irregular 100 BV Patxx3troe Excavaton 0.9 0.9 -0.22 Circular 73 BW Pahaehce Fcavatbn 12 1 -0.3 Otal 75 BX Mourxl '2.6 1.8 0.27 Irregular 76 BY Pahoehoe Excavation 2.5 1.8 -0.45 irregular 71 BZ Pahoehce Excavation 3.2 2.8 -0.3 Oval 74 CA Mound 2 1.3 0.33 Irtegular 77 CB Mound 2.3 1.1 0.12 Irregular Sta CC Mound 4.6 1.5 0.22 Unear 51b CD Mound 1.4 1.2 0.17 Irregular 49 CE MourM 4.4 7.3 0.42 Unear 48 CF Pahoehce Excavation 2.9 1.3 -0.28 Oval 47 CG PaFxxdroe Excavation 32 1.9 -0.32 Irregular 50 CH Mound 7.5 0.7 0.25 Oval 52 CI Pahoehoe Excavation 1.5 1.32 -0.4 Irtegular 21a CJ Pahoehce Excavation ' 1.1 0.8 -0.25 irregular 21 b CK Mound 1.1 0.9 0.2 Oval 21c $1 Table 5. Summary of Site 23425 Agricultural Features (cont) Feature Deaf nation Type Lengtir (m) Width (m) HerghV h m Shape H8A Field No. A Filed crack 12 1.2 0.3 Irregular 20a CL PahcehceExcavation 6.6 3.8 -0.27 Irtegulaf 31a CM Mound 3.6 2.5 0.34 Irregular 30 CN Pohoehce Excavation 3.8 2.2 -0.52 IrtegUlar 31b CO MourM 12 1.2 0.13 Circular 32a CP Mound 1.2 0.9 0.52 Oval 32b CO Mound 3.7 0.7 0.25 Lirrar 33a CR Mound ~ 2 0.9 0.26 Oval 33b CS Pahoehoe Excavation 1.6 0.9 -0.35 Irtegufar 7c CT Pahoehce Excavation 1.8 7.7 -0.6 Irtegular 7b CU Pahoehce Excevation 7.1 1.1 -0.6 Urreer 14b CV Pahoehoe Excavation 3.2 2.1 -0.2 Irregular 14a CW Pahoehce Excavation 3.2 2.7 -0.3 Linear 13 CX PehcehceExcavation 12 0.8 -0.6 Oval 11a CY Mound 1.21 0.9 0.35 Oval lib CZ Mound 2.5 1.3 0.26 Unear 9 DA Pahcehce Excavation 1.8 1.3 -0.43 Oval 33c DB Mound 2.8 1.7 0.3 Irnygukr 33d DC Mound 7.8 1.3 0.25 Oval ~ 8 DD Mound 2 2 0.6 Circular 114b DE Mound 1.5 0.9 0.32 Iregular 6 DF Mound 4.1 1.8 0.36 Oval 5 DG Mound 3.5 3 0.9 Irregular 4 DH Mound 32 1 0.32 Uncer 34a DI Mound 1.9 1.8 02 oval 34b DJ Mound 1 0.8 0.32 Oval 3 DK Mound 1.1 1 0.3 Irtegular 37a DL Mound 1 0.7 0.25 Irtaguler 38 OM Mound 1.8 0.7 0.17 Irtegular 37b DN Mound 1 0.7 0.34 Irteguler 39 DO Mound 1 0.7 025 Irtegular 2 DP Filled crack 2.4 1.1 0.4 Irnegular 90 DO Pahoelroe Exeavaton 1.6 1.7 -0.25 IrteguWr 91 DR Pahoehoe Excavaton 2.5 t.1 -0.3 Irtegular 89a DS Filled eredc 7.4 0.5 0.4 Irregular 89b DT Mound 2.5 2 0.25 Oval 88 DU Mound 1.6 1.4 0.6 Oval 117 DV Mourrd 5.1 0.6 0.25 Linear 118 DW Mound 1.3 1 0.15 Irregular 79a DX Mound 1.7 0.8 0.3 Irregular 80 DY Mound 1.5 1 0.32 Irregular 82 DZ Mound 4.5 1.6 0.62 Irtegular 81s EA Mound 2.2 1.3 0.35 Oval 81c EB Mound 1.00 0.95 0.42 irregular ~ EC Mound 1.4 1 0.35 Irregular 64 52 53 Figore 48. Site 23425, Feadae DD Mound, view to north 54 Figare 49. Site 23425, Feature CB Moffid, view to North Fig~rce 50. Site 23425, Feature BL Filled Crack, view to south The seven filled cracks ate comprised of iaegnlaciY-shaped natural fissures in pahcehce lava flows that have been filled with pt~ed cobbles and small boulders. These features vary in length 0.6 to 2.4 m (averaging 1.62 m long), in width from 0.5 to 1.4 m (averaging 1.0 m wide) and in height from 0.19 to 0.4 m (averaging 0.27 m). An example of a Site 23425 filled crack is presented in Figure S0. 55 CONCLUSION Discussion The identified sites and features conform to the traditional Hawaiian site/feature types expected in die Barren or Transitional Zone and the Upland Forest Zone (Davis 1977, Curdy 1985) based on previous archaeological work and historic documentary research. As expected, agricultural featues, trails, and tem- porary habitation sites were identified. In addition, a refuge cave and stone quarrying and processing fea- tures were recorded. The wide variety of feature types in the project area is atypical of the Barren or Transi- tional Zane, and may indicate that its inland limit was seaward of the project area below the 400 ft eleva- tion in O`oma. Also, as expelled, historic remains consist of ranch walls. The habitation sites consist of caves, an overhang, and small, insubstantial surface atchitedure consisting of terraces and pavements. The agiicultual features comprise more than 70% of the identified feahnes and include informal fields with scattered mounds and excavated depressions. The agricultural features are concerrhated in a linear band through the north-central portion of tbe project area. LCA testi- mony indicates that tam and sweet potatoes were cultivated a short distance inland ofthe project area. His- toric agriculttnal activity in the area probably included goat and cattle ranching. Sweet potatoes were probably the primary crop grown in the area. Handy and Handy (1972:104105) describe tbe seasonal cutivation of swell potatoes in arid, lava-covered areas of Hawaii. The cultivation use a mixlure of stones, navel, and mulch. The mulch was made with weeds and gress, which were piled in wrcava- dons in dre lava several months before cultivation. Gtiiltivation began with the onsd of the winter rains. pro- moted cuttings were used for planting. After dte cuttings began to grow, the muk:h and gravel mixture was stirred with a stick to promote tbe developmcet of tubas. Mulch and stones were periodically added to Ure plots to further enwurage growth. After a month or so, the tubers were thinned by hand. The smaller tubas were re- moved to pemrit the larger ones to fWly develop. Using this labor-inUensive method, suitable crops were pro- duced in afew months. Five trail segments were identified at four sites. All are pedestrian paths distinguished by linear ships cleared of larger stones acrces a`a lava flows. Flat pahoehce slab stepping stones are extensively used at two of the sites (23421 and 23417) suggesting these trails were fiequently used and maintained. All of the trail segments are oriented in aninland-seaward direction. The trail routes undoubG~iy cominued be- yond the recorded segments across the surroumling pahcehce lava where no visible trace of the trails re- mains. The trails at Site 23421, 23418, and 23414 all appear to be part of separate hatl routes because of their orie~tion and spacial separntion. The trai at Site 23414 is interpreted as befog associated widr quar- rying activity at that site. The Site 23418 teal segments conslst of a single trail at the seaward eud that di- vides into two blanches inland. This pattern near the boundary of the Barren and Upland Forest Zones indi- cates multiple destinations for inland travel beyond this point, as would be expected because of the more divest use of the Upland Zone. The Site 23417 trail segment is the only one directly associated with sur- face temporary habitation features. This well made trail segment potentially connected to the hail segmems at Site 23418, or Site 23414. Alternatively, the trail may represent a separate unrehrted trail route based on the extensive use of steppingstones compared to dte hail segments at the otter two sites. Overall, the pattern of trails suggests drat multiple inland-seaward haosportation routes existed within O`oma 1, at least between 380 ft and 460 ft elevation. If there was a single main inland-seaward route across the Baron Zone to the coast in the ahapua `q then it must have begun branching into to multi- ple routes at a lower elevation. Alternatively, the pattern may indicate that there were muhiple mutes to the coast from the uplands. The quarry site (23414) and nearby stone manufacturing site (23413) are potentially be related. Site 23414 may be the source for the large modified stomas at Site 23413 and incorporated iron the Site 5747 ranch wall. These roughly spheroidal fine-grained basalt cobbles and small boulders potentially are 56 hammerstones that were used as sledge hammers m make pahcehoe excevations. The weight and size ofthe stones are comparable m waterworn hammerstones interpreted m be sledge hammers by Dye (2002) at Manini`owali and Kuki`o 2. Dye's project area was less than 1.5 kilometers from the coast where wbble beaches were the presumed source fot the stones. The current project area is more than 31a1ometers from the east and this greaten distance may have been sufficient m justify quarrying and shaping hammerstones for use in the vicinity. T'he Site 234231ava tube is a large deep tube with limited access within the project area Both en- trances inthe project area are skylights in the cave ceiling with vertical drops of 7 m m 10 m from the sur- face mthe tube floor. Access from either skylight would necessitate the use of ropes or kmg ladders; how- ever, the tube can be readily accessed through a collapsed sinkhole a short distance inland of the project area. Them are numerous structural modifications of the tube in the vicinity of the skylights iceludmg ter- races, alignments, and an enclosure that were probably used for sleeping or other habitation-related activi- ties. The presence of ash and charcoal concentrations, kukui nnt shell, bird bone, and marine shell indicate that the site occupants built fires for heat, light, and probably cooking. A large upright stone (Feature O) below one skylight (Entrance 1) is very h'kely a pohaku a Kane shrine (Kirsh 1985262) where offerings were leR A nearby calm with a decayed piece of wood extending from its upper surface (Feature M) could be a second rimat feature, if it supported wooden idol Although not normally considered m be an offering, a piece of waterworn coral was present on Feature M and an- other piece was noted in the nearby enclosure, Feature L In addition m shelter and ritual, the tube was un- doubtedly used for collecting water. The tube was mostly dry at the time of the survey, but several seeps were present and during wetter times ofthe year there ate probably many more. Although never completed, the inland entrance m the tube was partially walled m function as a refuge. Interior modificazions below the seaward skylight (Entrance 2) including a wall and step were probably also related to the planned refuge fucetion. The wall and adjacent ledges in the lobe walls farm a barrier m access from the inland end of the cave m portions of the cave below and beyond the seaward sky- light. Tie step provided access m a narrow, potentially defensible ledge that provides access m the seaward reaches of the cube. Significance Assessments Pursuant m DLNR (1998) Chapter 275 (d), the initial significance assessments provided herein are not final until concurrence from the DLNR has been obtained. Sites identified and relocated during the survey are assessed for significance based on the criteria outlined in the Rules Governing Procedurcs for Historic Preservation Review tDLNR 1998: Chap 275). According m these Hiles, a site must possess imeg- rity of location, design, seeing, materiaLR worl®anship, feeling, and association and shall meet one or more of the following criteria: 1. Criterion "a^. Be associamd with events that have made an important contnbution m the broad patterns of our histot}; 2. Criterion "b". Be associated with the lives of persons important in our past; 3. Criterion "c". Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; represent the work of a master; or possess high artistic value; 4. Criterion "d". Have yielded, or is likely to yield, information important for research on prehistory or history; and 5. Criterion "e". Have an important traditional cultural value m the native Hawaiian people or m another ethnic group of the stale Brie to associations with traditional culnunl prao- tices once carried out, or still carried out, at the property or due m associations with tradi- 57 tional beliefs, events or oral accounts- these associations being important to die group's history acid culpual identity. Based on the above cribeaia, all seventeen sites are assessed as significant rmder Criterion "d ° (Ta- ble 6). The sites have yielded information important for ~ro~iesctnmling prehistoric t0 historic land use In project area. Sites 23413, 23414, 23417, 23421, and the seaward end of 23423 are also assessed as signifi- cant under Criterion "c" because they are good site type examples. The seaward end of 23423 is addition- ally assessed as significant under GYiterion "e" because of the presence of a probable shrine, which bas tra- ditional crilttnal value to the native Hawaiian people. Table 6. Site Sign~cance and Recommended Treatment Site Type Funtdion Significance Recommended Criteria Trsatrnent 5747 Complex Coiven~ k d Data Recovery 6432 Wall ~ d Nt=V11 23411 Cave ~~ a ~ d Data Retbvery 23412 Overhang Temporary Habitation d Data Recovery 23413 Pecked Tool d c Preservation basins Manufacture , Resource Data Recovery 23414 Complex Procurement! d, c g preservation Transportation 23415 Caim Marker d NFW 23416 Complex Habdaton d Data Recovery Temporary 23417 Complex Hab~tatioN Marker/ d, c Preservation Tran 23418 Trail Transportation d NFW 23419 Caim Marker d NFW 23420 Caim Marker d NFW 23421 Trail Transportation d, c Preservation 23422 Complex TemP~ry Habidation d Data Recovery Temporary 23423 Complex HabitafioN Ref- d, c, a Preservation uge/Storage/ Ceremonial 23424 Platform Indeterminate d NFW 23425 Complex Agriculture d NFW 58 Recommended Treatments The mapping, written descriptions, photography, and test excavations at seven sites adequately documents them and no further work or preservation is recommended (see Table 6). Ten sites retain the potential to yield information important for understanding prehistoric to eazly historic land use. Sites 5747, 23411, 23412, 23416 and 23422 aze recommended for data recovery. Sites 23413, 23417 and 23421 aze recommended for preservation. A combination of data recovery (Features C, B, G, and I~ and preservation (Features A, D, E and F) is recommended for Site 23414. The seawazd c. 118 m (388 ft) portion of Site 23423 is recommended for preservation. The remaining, inland portion of the site extends across the project azea beyond the inland property boundary. The depth below surface of this inland portion of the cave maybe sufficient to protect it from planned development of the ground surface above the cave and no further work is recommended for this portion. If surface construction activity exposes the cave interior, then the cave will be sealed to pre- vent unauthorized access. The specific plans for preservation of sites and data recovery would be detailed in a Mitigation Plan prepazed for DLNR-SHPD review and approval. 59 Ching, F. 1971 The Archaeology of South Kohaht and North Kona from the ahapua'a of Lalamilo to the ahupua'a of Hamanamana Surface Survey Kailas-Kawaihae Road Corridor (Section III). Prepared by the State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of State Parks, Urtdoor Recreation and Historic Sites. Ching, F., and P. Rosendahl 1968 Archaeological Surface Survey of the Kailas-Kawaihae Rom (Section In, Honokohau to Keahole Point and the Keahole Point Airport. Prepared by the Stan of Hawaii, Departmert of Land and Natural Resources, Division of State Pazks, Outdoor Recreation and Historic Sites. Clark, S. 1984 An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Natural Energy Laboratory Hawaii (NELH) Property, Kea- hole Point, North Kona, Hawaii. Dept. of Anthro., B.P. Bishop Museum. Prepared for Marine Sci- ences Group, Dept. of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley. Cordy, R. 1981 A Study of Prehistoric Social Change: The Development of Complex Societies in the Hawaiian Is- lands. Academic Press. New York. 1985 Working Paper I. Hawaii Island Archaeology, `O`oma & Kalaoa Ahupua`a, Kekaha, North Kona Historic Sites Section, Department of Land and_Natural Resources, State of Hawafi. 1986a Field Check of Some Sites in the NELH Property, Kalaoa 5, Keahoie Poan, North Kona Historic Sites Section, Division of State Parks, Dept. of land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii 1986b Field Check, O'oma 2, North Kona, Hawaii. Historic Sites Section, Department of Land and Natu- ral Resources, State of Hawaii. Davis, B. 1977 Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Agricultural Park at Ke-whole, North Kona, Hawaii Island. Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc. Prepared for Department of Agriculture. DLNR (Depaztrnent of Land and Natural Resources) 1998 Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 13, Dept of land and Natural Resources, Subtitle 13, Stale Historic Preservation Division Rules. Donham, T. 1987 Arcl~aeoiogical Survey and Testing, Ooma II Resort Project Area, Land of Ooma 2, North Kona, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 254. Prepared for Helber, Hastert, Van Hour and Kimura Dowden, S., and D. Gmves 1992 Archaeological Inventory Survey, HELCO Keahole Parcel Project Area, Lords of Kalaoa 1~, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:7-3-49:36). PHRI Report 1265. Prepared for CH2M HILL, Honolulu. Droley R., and A. Schilz 1995 Final Report, Archaeological Inventory Survey, O'oma 2, North Kona, Hawaii Island. Ogden En- vironmental and Energy Services Co., Inc. Prepared for Heibert Hastert & Fee. Dye, T. 2002 Archaeological Data Recovery in the Barren Zee, Manini`owali and Kuki`o 2vd Ahupua`a, Kona, Hawaii Prepared by T.S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. for WB Mmini`owali. 60 Ellis, W. 1963 The Journal of ~Jliam Ellis, Narrative of a Tour of Hawaii, or t7whyee. Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing Co. FR n.d_ Foreign Register of Kuleana Claims Recorded by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Ti- Ues in the Hawaiian Islands. Manuscript. Hawaii State Archives. 9 FT n.d. Foreign Testimony Recorded by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles in the Hawaiian Islands. Manuscript. Hawaii State Archives. Hammett, H., and W. Folk 1980 Archaeological Excavations within the Proposed Keahole Agricultural Park, Kalaoa-0oma, Kona, Hawaii Island. Prepared for State of Hawaii, Department of Agriculture. Handy, E.S.C. and E_G. Handy 1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu (with M.K. Pukui). Haan, A.E., aid D. Henry 2001a Archaeological Inventory Survey, TMK: 03-7-3-05:4, Lot 54A, Land of Ooma 1, North Kona Dis- trio, Island of Hawaii_ Haan & Associates Project 072 prepared for THY Development, Inc. r 2001b Amhaeological Inventory Survey, TMK: 03-7-3-05:112, Land of Ooma 1, North Kona District, Is- '~ land of Hawaii. Haan & Associates Project 105 prepared for Mr. Charles Kurtz. Head, J., and P. Rosendahl f 1993 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kailas W Keahole Region State Lands LUC Project - 500-acre i University Site, Lands of Makaula, Haleohiu, Hamanamana and Kalaoa 1-4, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 1298. Prepared for Halter, Hastert & Fee. Henry, J., and D. Gmves 1993 Phased Archaeological Inventory Survey, Phase I -Site Identification, Keahole-Kailas 69kV Transmission Line Project, North Koua District, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 1118. Prepared for i CH2M Hill. Henry, J., S. Goodfellow and K_ Maly 1993 Archaeological Assessment Study, Kailas to Keahole Region Stale Lands, LUC Project, Lands of Makanla, Hale'ohi'u, Hamanamana, Kalaoa -t4, Kalsos0Ooma and Ooma 2, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii_ (PHRI Report 1275. Prepared for Helber, Hastert & Fee. Henry, J., T. Wolforih and A. Haan 1998 Archaeological inventory Survey, 60-Acre Agricultural Zoned QLT Parcel, Keahuolo Ahupua'a, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMKL 3-7-4-08:Por 1). PHRI Report 1879. Prepared for Queen Liliuokalani Tmst I'i , J.P. 1995 Fragment of Hawaiian History. Bishop Museum Special Publication 70. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Indices 1929 Indices ofAwards Made by the Board of Land Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles in the Hawai- ian Islands. Territory of Hawaii, Honolulu. Juvik, S.P. and J.O. Juvik (editors) 1998 Atlas of Hawaii, Third Edition. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. 61 Kamakau, S. 1961 Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. Honolulu: The Kemehameha Schools Press. NR I~TI' Kelly, M. 1971 Feather Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. Univer- sity of Hawaii Press. Honolulu.epartmental Report Series 71-2. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Kirsh, P. 1985 Kekaha: itina Malo'o. A 5lmvey of the Background a~ Krstory of Kaloka and Kukio, North Kona, Hawaii. Departmental Report Series 71-2. Department of Anhropology, B.P. Bishop Mu- seum, Honolulu. Macdonald, G., A. Abbott, and F Peterson 1983 Yolcances ire the Sea The Geology ofHawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. (2°" edition). McGerty, L., and R. Spear 2000 Addendum to Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kalaoa Mauka, North Kona, Ishmd of Hawaii (TMK: 7-3-05:98). Sciattific Consultant Services, Inc Project Number 186-3. Prepared for S & R Constrrtc[ion. Moore, J., M. Maigret, and J. Kennedy 1998 ResuHs of an Archaeological Inventory Survey for a Property Located at Ke'ahole Point in Kalaoa 4a' Ahupua'a, North Kona District on the Lsland of Hawaii. Archeological ConsuNards of the Pa- crfiq Inc. Prepared for United States Coast Guard, MaiNenmce & Logistics Command Pacific. n.d. Native Register of Kuleana Claims Recorded by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles in the Hawaiian Islands. Manuscript. Hawaii State Archives. n.d. Native Testimony Recorded by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles in the Hawaiian Islands. Manuscript Hawaii State Archives. PHRI (Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc) 2000 Burial Treatm~t Plan for an Unmarked Native Hawaiian Burial, (S1HP Site 50-10-28-21798) in a Portion of Grant No. 3820, Land of O`oma 1°, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Prepared by Paul H. Rosendahl, Ph.D., Ina for Ms. Naomi Laau. i Pukui, M, S. Elbert and E. Mo okini 1976 Place Names of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu Roberts, A., and S. Roberts 2000 Archaeological Data Recovery for Sites: 50-10-27-10211, 212 and 213, for the Natural Energy '- Laboratory of Hawaii Authority, Kalaoa 5 Ahupua'a, Ke-whole Point, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Garcia and Associates (GANDA). Prepared for Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority. _ Rogers-Jourdane, B. 1978 Archaeological Reco~aissance Survey of NELH Proposed Facilities Areas at Keahole Point, North Kona. Dept. of Anthro., B.P. Bishop Museum. Prepared for the Research Corp. of the Uni- versity of Hawaii. Rosendahl, M. 1989 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Kohana iki Resort Water Development Project Area, Land of O'oma 2, District of North Kona, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 477.Prepared for M&E Pacific, Inc. 62 Rosendahl. P. 1973 Archaeological Salvage of The Keahole to Aaaehoomalu Section of the Kailua-Kawaihae Road (Queen Kaahumanu Highway), Island of Hawaii. Prepared for Department of Transpor- tation, State of Hawaii. 1980 Intensive Archaeological Survey and Salvage Excavations at the Natural Energy Laboratory Hawaii (NELI~ Site, Ke-whole Point, North Kona, Hawaii Island PHRI Report 2. Prepared for the Research Corp. of the University of Hawaii. Rosendahl, P., and P. Kirch 1975 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of the Ke-whole Point Natural Energy laboratory Site, North Kona, Hawaii Island Dept of Anthro. B.P. Bishop Museum. Prepared for RM Towill Corp. Sato, H, W. Ikeda, R Paeth, R Smythe, and M Takehiro 1973 Soil Survey of the Island of Hawaii, United States Department of AgricalNre, SoIl Conserva- tion Service, In Coopem[ion with the University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. Scehren, L. 1982 Letter Report of an Archaeological and historical Reconnaissance Smvey of TMK: 7-3- 05:13, Kalaoa 4, North Kona, Hawaii. Historic Sites Section (H-282), Division of State Parks, departmem of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii 1985 Alanui Kauhini, Kalaoa 4, North Kona, Ilawaii (TMK: 3-7-3-10:33. Kilo Aina. Prepared for Wes Thomas & Associates, hrc. Telea, L., and M Rosendahl 1987 Archaeological ReCOnna;ecance Survey, Kona Palisades Subdivision Parcel, Land of Kahroa 4, North Kona, Lsland of Hawaii (T1vIK: 3-7-3-05:86). PHRI Report 379. Prepared for Dr. Ernest Sakamoto Thompson, L. and S. Goodfellow 1992 Archaeological Mrtigation Program, Kona Palisades Development Parcel, Phase II- Archaeological Data Recovery, Land of Kah3oa 4, North Kona, District, Lda~ of Hawaii (TMK: 3-7-3-05:86). PHRi Report 1094-031792. Prepared for Ken World, Inc. Waihona Aina Corporation 2000 The Mahele Database, Waihona.com Walker, A, and A. Haun 1987 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, Kona Palisades Subdivision Parcel, Land of Kahwa 4, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK: 3 7-3-05:87). PHRI Report 346. Prepared for Gallup & Van Perris, Kailua-Kona. 1988 Limited Archaeological Data Recovery, Kona Palisades Subdivision Parcel, Land of Kahtoa 4, North Komd District, Island of Hawaii (TMK: 3-7-3-05:87). PHRI Report 452. Prepared for Gallup & Van Perris, Kar7ua Kona Walker, A., and P. Rosendahl 1989 Archaeological hrentory Snrvey, Pu'nhonua Subdivision Development Parcel, Land of Kahroa 5, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii ('fbIIt:3-7-3-10:por 27). PHRI Report 490. Prepared for Haseko (Hawaii), Inc. 1990a Archaeological Inventory Survey, Phase I Site Identification, Ooma 2 Water System Devel- opment Project Area (YMK: 7-3-09:5). PHRI Report 802. Prepared for Nansay Hawaii, Inc. 63 1990b Archaeological hrventory Smvey, Kona Palisades Developme~ Parcel, Land of Kalaoa 4m North Kona District, Islam of Hawaii (TMK: 3-7-3-05:86). PHRI Report 806. Prepared for Ken World, Inc. Walsh, P., and H. Hammett 1995 An Archaeological Inventory Survey of the New Queen Kaahumanu Highway Right of Way Between Palam Road and Keahole Airport, Within the Ahupua a of Keahuolu, Kealakehe, Ho- nokohau, Kaloko, Kohanaiki, O'oma 2, Kalaoa-O'oma, and Kalaoa 104, Nortlr Kona District, Hawaii Island prepared by Cultural Surveys Hawaii for R.IvL Towill. Wolfe, E., and J. Morris 2001 Geological Map of the Lsla~ of Hawaii. U.S. Department of the Interior. U.S Geological Sur- ~Y 64 ii APPENDIX B-1 STATE DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES -HISTORIC PR E S E R VA TI O N D I VI S IO N ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROVAL LETTER August 8, 2003 /60 ~~i2/o3 of LYSA LWOLE GOVEPIi00.0FF4WN~ d""°'""~,r, STATE OF HAWAfI OEPARTttENT OF LANG ANO tiATURAI. REbOURCEb .~qw+~ HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION KAKUHIHEWA HL111AINti, ROOIN 555 60t KAMOKILA BOULEVARD August 8, 2003 KAPOtEI, Hawnn esra~ Dr': Alan Haun Haun & Associates HCR 1 Box 4730 Keaau, Hawaii 96749 Dear Dr. Haun: iEfERT. rquNc tJfAgGBiEON aOAIt OF WaO ANO IIF*LRALI~OVRCES CgnnaamxoNWATFJf FlF90uacENNVM:EMBR ~W GYIOtI~N OERITr gRECTOR.4tm ERNEBTY.W. IAU OfPVTY gAEO,gfl•WATFA AgIAnOREEd1POFA ea. ~ emwe9gN ON WAT2R RNSOUPCl NINInEEx6Nt CpIEEN VsTgN uA fb CFAL UND6 COtJ3ER1YTUN AIL PE W I111CE{ EKORCENFNF FgiFJiN1'MID WRLtfE ' N6IONICfl1E86IVPTIW NA1100UWe IGINOREEEIaE OgIgaWON ww e*ATe onaws LOG NO: 2003.1451 DOC Nb: 0308PM03 SUBJECT: Chapter dE-42 Historic Preservation Review Second Draft Report: "Archaeological Inventory Survey TMK: 7-3-1 O:D3, Land of O'oma 1 North Kona District Island of Hawaii" (Haun and Hear~20001 Thank you for your letter of June 3, 2003 and replacement pages for the above referenced report for our review and comment. Changes to the report were made to.respond to the commenu in our review letter of Apri123, 2003 (Log NO. 2003.0321; Aoc No. 0304PM10). We believe that you have made a good faith effort to respond to most of our earlier review comments. As noted in one of our recent letters, while we are cognizant of the fact that revisions can be time consuming and expensive, especially if awhole new report has to be produced, your responses to a few comments are somewhat troubling in terms of either their tone or refusal to make certain changes because previous reports with the same shortcomings have been accepted in the past by our office. We have the following responses to some of your remarks. Our original comments are in italics, followed by a summary of your response, and our reply. Comment 1. In the lntroduction yvu noted that the survey was conducted under your direction between May 10-IS arui./une 29-30, 2002. Please give a better indication of the rime spent in the field and the overall field effort by noting the nrmrber offield workers oral the period of lime they worked on the protect. lire suggest that you also note their name and position (e.g field srtpervisor). , Comment 2. Please comment on the effect that vegetative cover had on survey methods and frndings. Your response to these two comments was that they aze new comments, that our office has previously approved invenory survey reports lacking such information, and that you will z Dr. Alan Haun provide such details in future reports. With regard to Comment 1, it is true that section 13-27ti-5 of our draft rules for inventory surveys and survey reports only requires that you only provide the name and qualifications of the principal investigator, the number of field personnel, and the dates and duration of the survey. We are pleased that you are willing to provide more information on field persomtel and field time in future reports, but we don't understand why this information could not be included in a replacement page- With regard to Comment 2, Section 13-276-5 requires a discussion of any factors which limited the survey effort. This is not a new requirement. The lack of any discussion of this issue, like the question about the number of field personnel, makes it difficult to gauge the completeness and, thus, adequacy of the survey. Tn the absence of any statemetrt to the contrary, we assume that you believe that vegetation was not a major obstacle in the field survey and that all significant historic sites in the project azea were identified. We expect that vegetation and other possible limiting factors will be routinely discussed in future reports to comply with our draft rules. Comment 5. The radiocarbon dating summary would be more meaninK/ul if the data were presented in a table a~ vorrespondtng chnri. This would allow the reader to evaluate the patterns you have uleniif;ed Your response was thnt a lot of effort goes into compiling the information for dazing summaries and if we want a table and chart then you will stop putting dating summaries in reports for Hawaii Island because such detailed summaries are not an inventory survey report requirement. You are correct that dating summaries aze not a requirement, but we think that when there are more than a couple of dates it helps to also summarize the data graphically, We will leave it up to you to decide on how you want to present the data in such cases. Comment 6. We would not consider goal aui cattle ranching as agricukural activities. We suggest you change the warding. Your response was that the Random House Webster's College Dictionary defines agriculture as including raising livestock, and that the Pacific archaeological literature, especially the works of Kirch and Yen, characterize Pack lslarrd xonomies as including animal husbandry. Our dictionary bas a similaz definition of agriculture and we agree that animal husbandry was a component of traditional economies in the Pacific. However, this would not include goat and cattle ranching, unless you have some new information that Pacific islanders, prior to European contact, kept goats and cattle. ~ We noted one inconsistency in the revised site treatments. The Summary (page ii) indicates that three sites and portions of two others aze recommended fnr preservation. The recommended treatments on page 58 (Table 6) and page 59 indicate preservation of four sites (23413, 23417, 23421, 23423) and a portion of vne other site (23414). Please correct this inconsistency and send us the necessary replacement pages. Dr. Alan Haun The responses to our other review comments are acceptable. We will approve your report with the understanding that ow wmments on survey methods and limitations will be addressed in funrre invemoty reports, and that you submit the replacement pages to eliminate the inconsistency on recommended Site treatments. If you have any questions about this project please contact our Hawaii Island archaeologst, Patrick McCoy, at 692-8Q29. Aloha, '7~ //e.L47. /1?c {~G~cFCJ ~.w.q - P. Holly McEldowney, Acting Administrator State FTistoric Preservation Division c. Chris Yuen, County of Hawaii Planning Department Kai Emler, Cowtty of Hawaii Department oFPublic Works PM:ak Haunt & Associate Afc3saeological, t;ultnrdl, and Historical Resource Managianrnt Services HCR I Box 4730, ICeaau, Hawaii 96749 Phone= 982-7755 Fax; 9s2-6343 August 21, 2003 Dr. Holly McEldowney, Acting Administrator State Historic Preservation Division Deparmtent of Land and Nattnal Resowces 601 Kamolcila Boulevatsl, Room 555 Kapolei, Hawaii 96707 Subject: Replacement Pages for Archaeological Inventory Survey Report TMK: 3-7-3-10: 03 Land of O`oma 1, North Kona Island of Hawaii Dear Dc. McFldowney: Project 160 the attached replacement pages (3) reflect revisions requested in your review of the subject report dated August 8, 2003 (I,og No: 2003.1451, Doc No: 0308PM03)- if you have any questions, or require any additional revisions, please contact me at 982- 7755. Sin ~%~~ Alan E- Haun, Ph-D- Principal Investigator encl: replacement pages (3) cc: Mary Anne Maigret Sill $rooks ~ ~~~~~ At the request of Mr. David DeLuz, Sr, Faun & Associates conducted an archaeological inven- tory satvey of TMK: 3-7-3-t 0:03, a c.50-i-acre pfficel located in d>C Lend of O'omn 1, North Kona District, lshned of Hawaii, The objective of she survey was to satisfy historic preservation regulatory review inven- tory requirements of the Aepattneat of 'Land and Natural Resources-Historic Presctvatioa Division (DLNR-HPD), as wpiained within Hawaii Administrative Rates, Title 13, DLNIt, Subti$e 13, $tate His- toric Preservation Rules. The survey identified 17 sites with IS6 component feamres. The sites consist of ten single feature state and seven complexes of features. The features consist of pahoehoe excavations, mounds, retracts, quarries, filled cracks, cairns, walls, pavements, trails, aligtsmencs, cupboards, caves, and several miscella- neous types. Feature function includes agdcukure, temporary habitatio4 resourtx procurenterlt, marker, nanspattation, livestock control, storage, ceremonial, refuge, tool manufacture, and indetennioate. The identified sites and feattres conform ro the traditional Hawaiitm site/feature types expected in the Barren a Ttansi[iorel Zone and the Upland Forest Tone (Davis 1.977, Cordy 1985) based on prevaus ercheeologiral work and historic documentary research. As expected, agricultural features, waits, and tem- porary habitation silos were identified. In additioq a refuge cave and stone quarrying and processing fea- tons were receded. Also, es expected, historic remains consist of ranch welts. All sevettteen sites sre assessed as significant under' Criterion "d". The sites have yielded infor- mation important for understanding preltismric to 6isto[ie land use in pro}ect atxa Five sitos are also as- sessed as slgniGeant under Criterion °c" because they are good site type examples. Om: site is additionally assessed as significant under Criterion "e" because of the presence of a probable shrine, which has tradi- tional culttu al vtllue to the native Hawauan people. The mapping, written descriptions, photography, and ust excavatiotn at sewn sites adequazdy documents them and no furdter work or prcsrvation is recommended. Ten sites retain the potential m yield information important for understanding prehistoric to early historic land use. Five sites of the ten sites and a portion of a sixth era recotnmendad for data recovery. Three of the ten sites sad ponioas of two others are recommended for preservatiosr. The plans for preservation of sites and data recovery would be detailed in a Mitigation Plan prepued far DLNR-S1ip.D review and approval. ii bona! beliefs,-events or oral accounts-shese associations being important to tin: gruug's hissory and cultural idenriry. Based on the above criteris, all seventeen sites are assessed as sgnificant under Criterion "d" (Ta- ble ~. Ilte sites ltavc yielded information important for understanding prehistoric to historic land use in project area. Sites 23413, 23474, 23417, 23421, and the seaward end of 23423 are also assessed as siguift- cant under Criterion "c" because dray are good site type examples. The seaward and of?3423 is addition- ally assessed as significant under Criterion `e" because of the presence of a probable shrine, which has tra- ditional cultural valve to the native Hawailaa people- Table 6. Site Significance and Recammended Treatment Sign~cance Recommended Site Type Function Crlterla Treatment 5747 Complex Lrves~ck Control d Data Recovery 6432 Wall Livestodr d NFW ~~ 23411 Cave H ~ o y d Data Recrnrery abi ta4 n 23412 Overhang T ~.p°~p d Data Recovery 23413 Pecked TOOT d, c Preservation basins Martu(acWre Resource Data Recovery 23414 Complex Procurement/ d, c g Presetvatlon Transportation 23415 Cairn Marker d NFW . 23416 Complex d Data Recovery Habitation Temporary 23417 Complex H ~eoN d, c Preservation Tran 23418 Tral Trartsportation d NFW 23419 Cairn Madcer d Nt=W 23420 Cairn Marker d NFW 23421 Trail Transportation d, c Preservation 23422 Complex Habitation d Data Recovery Temporary 23423 Gomplex Habitation! ReH d, c, a Preservation ugetStorageJ (portion) Ceremonial 23424 Platform Indeterminate d NFW 23425 Complex Agriculture d NFIN ~Yi VVI 58 Reeommended Treatments The mapping, written descriptions, phvrogtaphy, and test excavations at seven sites adequately documents them and no furthu work or preservation is zteo~ended (see Table ~. Trn sites retain the potential m yield information important for understanding prehistoric to early historic land tut_ Sites 5747, 23411, 23412, 23416 end 23422 are recommended for data recovery. Sites 23413, 23417 aad 23421 are recommended for preservation. A combination of data recovery (Feahses C, B, G, and ~ and ptesrrvatiou (Features A, D, H and ~ is recommended for Site 23414. The seaward c. 718 m (388 ft) portion of Site 23423 is recommetded for preservation 1Le remaining, inland portion of the site erdends across the project area beyond the inland property boandary. The depth below surface of this inland portion of the cave may be soft icicnt ro protect ii from plantted development of tfie Bound surfaee above the cave end no further work is recommended for this portion ]f sorface construction activity exposes the cave interior, then the cave will be sealed b pro- veto unaudtorized act ass. The specific plans tar preservation of sites aad data recovery would be detailed in a Mitigation Plan prepared for ALNR-SHPD review and approval. 59 r_ 1 .1 1 /Y1 ... .-[ ~ ~_~ J APPENDIX C ARCHAEOLOGICAL MITIGATION PLAN Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D. and Matthew R. Clark, B.A. RECHTMAN CONSULTING, LLC November 2004 RC-0222 An Archaeological Mitigation Plan for Ten Sites on TMK:3-7-3-10:03 `O`oma lst Ahupua`a North Kona District Island of Hawaii PREPARED BY: Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D. and Matthew R. Clark, B.A. PREPARED FOR: Mr. Bill Brooks Westpro Development, Inc. P.O. Box 1116 Kailua-Kona, HI 96720 i November 2004 RECHTMAN CONSULTINGs LLC HC 1 Box 4149 Keaau, HawaiS 96749 phone: (808) 956.7535 toll-free fax: (800)406.2555 e-mail: bnbCalrechtmanconsultingcom ARCHAEOLOGICAI;, CULTURAL, AND H1S'fOR)CAL STUDIES An Archaeological Mitigation Plan for Ten Sites on TMK:3-7-3-10:03 `O`oma 15f Ahupua`a North Kona District Island of Hawaii ~. RECNTNIAN%C;ONSULTI NG RC-0222 Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... .................1 DESCRIPTIONS OF SITES RECOMMENDED FOR FURTHER MITIGATION .............. .................4 REASSESSMENT OF SITE TREATMENT .......................................................................... ...............26 PRESERVATION SITES ....................................................................................................... ...............26 DATA RECOVERY SITES .................................................................................................... ...............32 CONTINGENCY FOR INADVERTENT DISCOVERY ....................................................... ...............33 REFERENCES CITED ........................................................................................................... ...............34 ' Figures 1. Portion of Kailua Quadrangle Showing Project Area .......................................................... .................2 p ............................................................................................................... 2. Site Location Ma .............. °~3 3. Site 5747, Feature A wall, view to northwest ..................................................................... .................5 ( 4. Site 23411 Plan Map and TU-1 North Face Profile ............................................................ .................6 l S. Site 23412 Plan Map and TU-2 East Face Profile .............................................................. .................. r 6. Site 23413 Plan Map .......................................................................................................... ..................9 7. Site 23413 Pecked Basin, view to southwest ..................................................................... ................10 8. Fine-grained Basalt Incorporated into Site 5747-B Wall, view to north ............................ ................10 ~ 9. Site 23414 Plan Map .......................................................................................................... l ~ ................ l l 10. Site 23414, Feature 1 Trail, view to northwest ................................................................. ................12 l 11. Site 23416 Plan Map and TU-4 North Face Profile ......................................................... ................14 l I 12. Site 23417 Plan Map ........................................................................................................ ................15 13. Site 23417, Feature A, TU-5 Northeast Face Profile ........................................................ ................17 14. Site 23421 Plan Map ........................................................................................................ i ................18 15. Site 23421 Steppingstone Trail, view to west .................................................................. ................18 ~ p ................................................................................................... ~ I 16. Site 23422 Plan Ma .... ................19 17. Site 23422, Feature B Pavement, view to northwest ........................................................ ................20 18. Site 23422, Feature D, TU-6, North Face Profile ............................................................ .................20 19. Site 23423 Plan Map ....................................................................................................... .................22 20. Site 23423, Entrance 1, view to southwest ...................................................................... .................23 ~~ - 21. Location of preservation buffer for SIHP Site 23417 ...................................................... .................28 22. Location of preservation buffer for SIHP Site 23423 ...................................................... .................29 I, 23. Location of preservation buffer for SIHP Site 5747, 23413, and 23414 ......................... .................31 Tables 1. Archaeological sites recommended for further mitigation on TMK:3-7-3-10:03 ................................4 2. Summary of Site 23414 Quarry Features ...........................................................................................12 ii RC-0222 INTRODUCTION At the request of Mr. Bill Brooks of Westpro Development, Inc., Rechtman Consulting, LLC has prepared this mitigation plan for ten azchaeological sites located on TMK:3-7-3-10:03 in `O`oma Ahupua`a, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (Figure 1). The prepazation of this Plan follows the completion of an Archaeological Inventory Survey of the property by Haun & Associates (Haan and Henry 2000), in which five sites were recommended for data recovery investigation (SIHP Sites 5747, 23411, 23412, 23416, and 23422), four sites were recommended for preservation (SII-IP Sites 23413, 23417, 23421, and a portion of 23423), and one site was recommended for a combination of both data recovery and preservation (SIHP Site 23414). The significance evaluations and treatment recommendations for all ten of these sites aze detailed in Haun and Henry (2000); descriptions of the sites from the Archaeological Inventory Survey aze reproduced below. Based on a field inspection of the sites by the authors of the current report, some of the treatment recommendations have been amended; the changes and reasons for those changes aze discussed following the site descriptions. This Archaeological Mitigation Plan sets forth both data recovery and preservation strategies that will mitigate possible impacts to the sites resulting from development of the property. Haan and Henry describe the current project azea as follows: The project area consists of a c. SO+acre parcel bounded to the north, west, and south by stone walls, and on the east by an undeveloped pazcel. A 2" PVC pipe extends along the inland, eastern project azea boundary. A bulldozed road cut breaches the northern stone wall in the northwestern comer and extends 470 m to the south, exiting the project azea through the western wall. A second road cut originates on the east side of the first road, extending to the northeast for 180m where it terminates in an azea of level pahoehoe lava. The project azea is situated on the southwestern slope of Hualalai Volcano at elevations ranging from 380 ft to 460 ft. The surface mantle in this azea is comprised of Holocene flows which date to between 3,000 to 5,000 yeazs before present (Wolfe and ~ Morris 2001 [1996]). These flows include both pahoehoe and a`a lavas which evidence little soil development (Sato et al. 1973). Rainfall in the vicinity of the project area ranges from 30-40 inches per year (Jurvik and Jurvik 1998), and the mean average temperature is c. 75 degrees F (Amtstrong 1983). The vegetation within the pazcel is comprised primazily of a dense cover o fountain grass (Pennisetum setaaceum [Forsk] Chiov). Scattered taxa include koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala [Lam] de Wit), silver oak (Grevillea robusta A. Cann.), kiawe (Prosopis pallida [Numb. And Bonpl. Ex Willd.), noni and panini cactus (Opunfia megcantha Sahn-Dyck). (2000:1, 3) Haan and Henry (2000) identified 17 sites with 186 features (Figure 2). There were ten single feature sites identified and seven feature complexes. The recorded features consisted of pdhoehoe excavations, mounds, terraces, quarries, filled cracks, cairns, walls, pavements, trails, alignments, cupboazds, caves, and several miscellaneous types. Assigned feature functions included agriculture, temporary habitation, resource procurement, mazker, transportation, livestock control, storage, ceremonial, refuge, tool manufacture, and indeterminate (Haan and Henry 2000:i:). Detailed descriptions of the ten sites recommended for either data recovery or preservation aze presented below and listed in Table 1. For descriptions of the other seven sites recorded within the project azea that were recommended for no fiu-ther work see Haun and Henry (2000). RC-0222 '~.. ... '. ~ . .. t _ ,._~ - --.,_._ ,~ .. .. .: .~ 5 wncc~ t: .. ~ ~ T ~ ~ F /f a 1 , '~ _ ,:.t~ .. ~K6 ..... _ .- Y ~ ._w` ~'~ ,~ 'i r k , tr/\ ~ .. f~ .. ``~ / ~_ V. 1 ~ e ~c+ .. L .r y ,~ T - }\ ~ .. ~ I.~cs ~~ o~ - ~. :~ ... , . - - :...-4 - ~. Figure 1. Portion of Kailua Quadrangle Showing Project Area (from Haun and Henry 2000:2). 2 RC-0222 Q ~Q ~ 7~ft 1~ ~~ °~°~~~-, .,~, ~ \ ~ 17ht77od n ,I ,, ( I ~~ x10 A9~ AY ~ ~ wr 174re .. ,~ ws~ ~ ~.eD d21H2 7~ ~ y B:c uc ~ T'•v. ~ ,,~~-yam!! '0.' 80eidr ~,~ Mb ..:: ~c"~'. It -{ . ~ __.. ~-1 ... - ~ ,m ~cbl ~sr ¢ " , m cw'I i~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ®: .ig 09' Cl ~ 11~et197nids7 CA .0.y ~~ 114191 •ID ~ 1 1AF :::Yy~ m~m~2 •~ •ffi. .~ s~ ~~ '! ~Q' s~ 1701 111' BiOOetslSii1ig947ua v6' ~ 1X•~ >1~ G~oaJO BoakWV1 Ia ~ ' ~ P~sA1Lao68C~Ai9mmml 77L !x 9shaeu[86e784zs •771[ I ~ i .......11si .~ ~4~N •~.1~~4i~~1~~~u1H ~~~~~ ..,•.,.. 2uu /y/~ .qy 11114 DiR>fwd 21417 17N ~D7[ r~ D1F 174:. '8A 6478 ~ z 2~A411 19417 .,~ , • } 21415 ' M 6 ~ 0 ~ „__ Figure 2. Site Location Map (from Halm and Henry 2000:15). 3 RC-0222 Table 1. Archaeological sites recommended for further mitigation on TMK:3-7-3-10:03. SIHP No. Function/Npe Temporal Association Treatment Recommendation 5747 Ranch walls Historic Data recovery 23411 Habitation lava tube Precontact Data recovery 23412 Habitation overhang Precontact Data recovery 23413 Pecked bedrock basins Precontact Preservation 23414 Trail and quarry azea Precontact Data recovery/preservation 23416 Habitation complex Precontact Data recovery 23417 Habitation complex Precontact Preservation 23421 Trail Precontact Preservation 23422 Habitation complex Precontact Data recovery 23423 Habitation lava tube Precontact Preservation DESCRIPTIONS OF SITES RECOMMENDED FOR FURTHER MITIGATION SIHP Site 5747 Haun and Henry describe Site 5747 as follows: Site 5747 is a cornplex of two walls that extend along the northern and western project azea boundaries. This site was previously documented by Walker and Rosendahl (1989). The wall along the northern boundary (Feature A) delineates the land division between Kalaoa 5~" and O`oma 1". It is built primarily of stacked pahoehoe basalt cobbles and small boulders with a.core-filled interior. The majority of the wall is relatively intact, although collapsed sections aze present. A bulldozed road cut breaches the wall in the northwest corner of the project azea. The intact sections of wall range in width at the base from 0.85 to 1.1 m and at the top from 0.55 to 0.75 m [Figure 3]. The height of the wall ranges from 0.65 to 1.15 m The wall originates 40 m northwest of the northwestern comer of the project area. It extends to the southeast for 80.0 m where it has been destroyed by bulldozing activity associated with the constrnction of a dirt road that extends through the pazcel. The wall continues on the southeastern side of the disturbed area, extending 33.0 m to the southeast. The wall then angles to the east and extends 209.0 m where it exits the project azea. Walker and Rosendahl's map of the azea indicates that this wall continues in an easterly direction for c. 1,160 m, at which point it toms to the south. The Feature B wall is located along the western project azea boundary. This wall originates on the southern side of the Feature A wall and extends to the south for 657.0 m, to where it terminates against the northern side of the Site 6432 wall [see Haun and Henry 2000:14-18]. The bulldozed road cut discussed above breaches the Feature B wall as it exits the project azea, 135 m north of the southwestern comer of the pazcel. Feature B is primarily constmcted of stacked pahoehoe cobbles and small boulders at the northern end, and a'a cobbles and boulders at the southern end. Broken fine grained ' basalt cobbles, likely associated with the Site 23414 quarries (discussed below), aze incorporated into the wall at the southern end [see Figures 6 and 8 below]. Feature B has a core-filled interior and ranges in width at the base from 0.9 to 1.2 m, at the top from , 0.55 to 0.7 m, and varies in height from 0.8 to 1.15. The sections of Site 5747 within the project azea aze altered and in fair condition. The Feature A portion of the wall appeazs to have functioned as a land division marker, ~ though its primary function was likely to restrict the movement of cattle based on its method of constmction and height. Feature B is also interpreted as a livestock control feature based on its height and manner of constmction. (2000:14) 4 RC-0222 i SIHP Site 23411 Haun and Henry describe Site 23411 as follows: Site 23411 is a small cave located in the southeastern portion of the project azea, in an area of uneven pahoehoe lava. The entrance to the cave faces the south and is 0.85 m wide and 1.02 m in height [Figure 4]. The interior of the cave is roughly oval-shaped, measuring 7.05 m long (east-west) and 1.9 to 3.6 m wide. Several azeas of collapsed roof fall aze present in the interior. The ceiling height of the cave ranges from 0.32 to I.OS m, and there aze two skylight openings in the ceiling, one at the western end of the cave, and one 1.2 m west of the entrance. The floor is comprised of thin layer of brown soil. No cultural remains were observed, though a flat pahoehoe slab (0.46 m long, 0.34 m wide and 0.08 m thick) is present 1.6 m northwest of the entrance. A 0.5 by 0.5 m test unit (TU-1) was excavated adjacent to the slab to the west, revealing a single soil deposit over bedrock [see Figure 4]. Layer I consisted of 0.04 to 0.06 m of a brown (lOYR 4/3) silt with 0.5 grams of chazcoal present. Site 23411 is interpreted as a temporary habitation shelter based on its fom~al type and the presence of subsurface chazcoal. The site is unaltered and in good condition. (2000:18) SIHP Site 23412 Haun and Henry describe Site 23412 as follows: Site 23412 is a small overhang located in the northern portion of the project azea, west of the dirt road. The overhang is situated within a low pahoehoe lava blister, with an opening along the southern side. The entrance is 5.25 m long (northeast by southwest) and 1.0 to 1.06 m in height [Figure 5]. The interior of the overhang is 8.3 m in length (northeast by southwest) and 1.55 to 4.05 m in width. The ceiling height varies from 0.18 to 0.76 m There is a small oval-shaped opening on top of the lava blister, at the northern end of the overhang. This opening is 1.08 m long, (northwest by southeast), 0.7 m wide, i and 0.52 m deep to the cave floor. RC-0222 / r ' ` ~ / u~x _ ~ I I ~ I ~ ~ ~ ., o ~ 1 ~ ~ „ t e ~ ~~ l ~N t ~ ~ t 0o I ~ 1 .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 00 ~ ~ v ~y ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ -~/` ~~ ~ w ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ n ~~~®p o~ 6 L N a~i ® i 1 e ~ ~ ~ ~~ s• ~' ~, ~~ L a `~ ~ ~ ` << O ~,, 9 L ~. ~ m ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ o ~~ .~ T N ,., 0 ~~ 0 0 N Q North zzzo-~a RC-0222 The floor throughout the majority of the cave is comprised of bare lava with no cultural remains present. Roof fall is located along the northern wall at the western end. A shallow, soil filled crevice is located at the eastern end of the overhang. This crevice is 2.7 m long (north- south), 0.34 to 0.8 m wide, and 0.05 m in depth. A sea urchin spine was noted on the surface of the soil within the crevice. A 0.5 by 0.25 m test unit (TU-2) was excavated into the deposit, revealing a single soil deposit [see Figure 5]. Layer I consisted of 0.09 to 0.11m of a brown (lOYR 4/3) silt. Gldtural remains from Layer I consisted of two fragments of kukui nut shell (0.95 grams) and 0.2 grams of chazcoal. Site 23412 is interpreted as a temporary habitation shelter. This is based on formal type and the presence of cultural remains. The site is unaltered and in good condition. (2000:18) SIHP Site 23413 Haun and Henry describe Site 23413 as follows: Site 23413 is a series of shallow, pecked basins located in the southwestern portion of the parcel, adjacent to the Site 5747, Feature B wall to the west. There are 13 basins located in an azea 6.5 m long (northeast by southwest) by 2.5 m wide on a level pahoehoe flow [Figure 6]. The basins range in size from 0.2 to 0.5 m long, 0.18 to 0.47 m wide, and 0.02 to 0.06 m in depth. The basin surfaces aze irregular and pock-marked with numerous pecked scazs [Figure 7]. Numerous fine grained basalt cobbles and small boulders, which evidence flake scars and battered edges, are scattered throughout the azea, to the northeast and east of the basins. These stones were likely obtained from the Site 23414 quarries located 45.0 m to the east of Site 23413 (discussed below). Fine grained basalt cobbles and small boulders ate also incorporated into the Site 5747, Feature B wall [Figure 8]. These stones were likely scattered aver the surface of the pahoehoe flow and were collected during the constmction of the historic livestock wall. The stones aze only evident in the wall in the vicinity of the basins. Site23413 is i interpreted as a potential processing azea where stones collected from the neazby Site ~ 23414 quarries were initially reduced/shaped, and then transported to an off-site location. The pecked basins appear to have been created by repeated impacts of the stones onto the surface of the pahoehoe flow. The basins show no evidence of use for grinding and there i aze scattered small fragments of basalt neaz the basins. Many of the stones aze roughly spheroidal in shape and the exterior flake scar edges appeaz to have been rounded by battering. It is uncteaz what the stones were going to be used for. The basalt is fine grained; however, most of the stones have some small internal fissures and cavities indicating that the stones were not ideally suited for making adzes. The weight of the stones would make them somewhat difficult to transport. Most of the stones are relatively large ranging from 12 to 30 cm in maximum dimension with a few larger specimens. The site is partially altered and in good condition. (2000:18-23) SIHP Site 23414 Haun and Henry describe Site 23414 as follows: Site 23414 is a complex of eight quarry azeas (Features A-H) and a trail (Feature I), located in the southwestern portion of the project azea, east of Site 24313. The site is situated in an azea of weathered a'a lava, and encompasses an area 60.0 m long (northeast by southwest) and 31.0 m wide [Figure 9]. The quarry azeas consist of a'a lava which has been broken to expose the underlying fine grained basalt. Fragmented fine grained basalt cobbles and small boulders aze scattered over the broken a'a outcrops. The quarries range in length from 2.2 to 9.0 m long (averaging 4.92 m long), in width from 1.0 to 4.5 m (averaging 2.35 m wide), and in height from 0.3 to 1.4 m (averaging 0.78 m).... [Table 2] RC-0222 O N d .-i ~K • i' O A ~ a .: • •~ r i s . f~.l ~ Q V ~ ~ ~ P ~ ~ ~• O C4 ~. i4 !~ es 'eF rl ~' N ~ .. {O .~ .. ... ... ...• s .,. . c.. "` ... .>.. a ., ~ Aa ~~~ ~ r.., ~--' ~~ /^~~1 ~~(~ ~1 ~ r1 t...J~ ~'~`~ ~i 9 RC-0222 and Henry 2000:22). 10 ~ RC-0222 ~~ ~i ~ . - . ''//~~+., . . ~r - - OD . . .~; . . . North ~~ ~ ~ ~ • _ • 'd t, oa •; ~- ., - ._.. ,~ rf f~~, _ ~ 000 a0 ~ p~pq ~ ~ '~' Y. ~ 00°0° . O !eh~i \ ~ ~ - ~ m ~/ - , ~ li ~ ~ - i ~~ O O /, ;~ ~ ~~: ~~ RC-0222 Table 2. Summary of Site 23414 Quarry Features (from Haun and Henry 2000:23 Feature Desi ation Length (m Width (m Height/ De th(m) H&A Field No. A 4.00 1.00 0.30 87a B 3.30 2.20 0.40 86 C 2.20 1.30 0.40 84 D 3.00 1.20 0.30 85 E 5.00 1.32 1.20 119 F 9.00 4.50 1.30 120a G 4.50 3.50 0.80 83a H 7.00 3.00 1.40 120b The Feature I trail originates along the southeastern side of a pahoehoe lava flow, 45 m west of Site 23413. The trail extends to the southeast for 7.2 m, then angles to the east- northeast for 27.0 m up the side of the a'a ridge. At the top of the ridge, then (sic) trail toms to the southeast and extends downslope for 12.5 m, tertninating within the a'a flow. The trail consists of a wom or cleazed path through the a'a lava that ranges in width from 0.8 to 1.2 m [Figure 10]. Site 23414 is interpreted as a resource procurement azea, with Features A-H functioning as quarry pits, and Feature I functioning as a transportation route associated with use of the quarry. Though not of particulazly high quality, the stone is relatively fine grained and was potentially used as a raw material for the manufacture of stone tools. The initial reduction of the material appeazs to have occurred at Site 23413. The site is unaltered and in good condition. (2000:23) 12 RC-0222 SIHP Site 23416 Haun and Henry describe Site 23416 as follows: Site 23416 is a complex of two features located in the southeastern portion of the project azea, 75.0 m southeast of Site 23415. The site is situated in an azea of uneven pahoehoe lava, and is comprised of two terraces [Figure 11]. Feature A is located at the western end of the site. It consists of a small terrace constmcted on the northern side of a low pahoehoe knoll that is 5.3 m long (northwest by southeast), 3.6 m wide and 0.82 to 1.1 m in height. The terrace has stacked and faced pahoehoe cobble and small boulder retaining walls along the north and west sides that vary in height from 0.4 to 0.5 m in height. A possible step comprised of one to two courses of cobbles and small boulders abuts the northern side of the terrace. This step is 2.4 m long (west-northwest by east- southeast), 0.85 m wide and 0.22 m in height above the surrounding ground surface. The surface of the terrace is level but unpaved. No cultural remains were noted on or azound the feature. A 1.0 by ].0 m test unit (TU-4) was excavated in the center of the terrace, revealing ~ a stone azchitectural layer (Layer I) above a soil deposit (Layer II) [see Figure 11]. Layer I consisted of 0.3 to 0.35 m of loosely packed pahoehoe cobbles and small boulders. Cultural remains from Layer I consisted of a single fragment of cowrie shell (6.65 grams). The base of payer I rested on the surface of the Layer II deposit and no evidence was found to indicate that Layer I was built during more than a single construction episode. Layer II was comprised of 0.02 to 0.06 m of a very dazk brown (lOYR 2/2) silt with no cultural remains present. Feature A is interpreted as a temporary habitation based on its small size (c. 11 sq m), lack of substantial constmction (e.g. faced walls, paving, etc.), and formal type, following Cordy's (1980) definition for a tempoiary habitation. Feature B is located 8.5 m east of Feature A. It consists of an irregulazly-shaped pahoehoe blister that is 7.05 m long (northeast by southwest), 3.0 to 4.7 m wide, and 0.42 to 1.1 m in height. Atwo-tiered terrace has been constructed on top of the blister. The lower terrace has a stacked cobble retaining wall along the north side that ranges in height from 0.35 to 0.5 m This portion of the feature is 1.5 to 2.8 m long (north-south) and 0.45 to 2.2 m wide. The surface is level but unpaved. The opening to a small blister cave is located adjacent to this tier to the south. The opening tc the cave is 0.68 m long (east-west), 0.43 m wide and 0.6 m deep. The interior is oval-shaped and is 1.4 m long (north-south) and 1.1 m wide. The floor of the cave is baze lava with no cultural remains present. The upper tier of the terrace abuts the lower tier along its eastern side. A stacked and faced cobble retaining wall is located along the west side of the terrace, measuring 0.6 m in height above the lower tier. The surface of this portion of Feature B is 2.3 m long (north-south) and 1.6 m wide, with a level but unpaved surface. No cultural remains were present. Feature B is also assigned a temporary habitation function based on its formal type, informal construction, and size (c. 14 sq m). Site 23416 is unaltered and in good condition. (2000:27) SIHP Site 23417 Haun and Henry describe Site 23417 as follows: Site 23417 is a complex of six features located 65.0 m northeast of Site 23415, at the interface between an a'a lava flow and a pahoehoe flow. The site is comprised of three terraces (Feature A-C), two cairns (Feature D-E), and a steppingstone trail (Feature F)....The site encompasses an azea 24.0 m long (northwest by southeast and 23.0 m wide. The site is unaltered and in good condition. [Figure 12] 13 RC-0222 Na~lh ~. °. a ° cai +o q 6 ~ „'~ qap ~3 W W ~~ ~ `~ ~ ~M i~ 6 H ~T4 14 RC-0222 C ~ ~:~i o ,. ~ ~. ~ .: + ~^ es f ., ~~~~ r ~" ~, ..: ~~~ r ... ~:w~: ~.: . ~~: i .~ . ..-.. ~~ d ~ ~o o °. M ~ a a North --~ •.~. -~~~:i 15 RC-0222 Feature A is anoval-shaped terrace located at the northern end of the site. A stacked and piled pahoehoe cobble and small boulder retaining wall is located along the southwestern side of the feature. This wall is 0.7 to 0.95 m in height and is located at the interface between the pahoehoe and a'a lava flows. The northwest, northeast and southeast sides of the feature are built on the pahoehoe flow. These three sides range in height from 0.3 to 0.65 m. The terrace is 3.1 m long (east-west) and 2.7 m wide with a level but unpaved surface. No cultural remains were present on or around the featme. A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TU-5) was excavated into the center of the terrace, revealing a stone azchitectural layer, over bedrock [Figure 13]. Layer I consisted of 1.15 to 1.3 m of loosely packed pahoehoe and a'a cobbles and small boulders. No evidence was found to suggest that Layer I was constructed during more than a single building episode. G~rltural remains from Layer I consisted of one fragment of kukui nut shell (0.35 grams), crustacea (n=6, 1.85 grams) and charcoal (0.4 grams). Feature A is interpreted as a temporary habitation feature based on its size (8.4 sq m), type, and formal construction, following Cordy's (1980) definition for temporary habitation. Feature B terrace is located 6.4 m south of Feature A. This terrace is also located at the interface between the pahoehoe and a'a lava flows, with a stacked and piled stone retaining wall located along the southwestern side. This wall is 0.45 m in height. The three remaining sides of the terrace aze located on the pahoehoe outcrop and range in height from 0.26 to 0.32 m. The strcture is irregularly-shaped and is 3.0 m long (northwest by southeast) and from 0.5 to 1.3 m wide, The (sic) surface is level, but unpaved, with no cultural remains observed. Feature B is also interpreted as a temporary habitation based on its small size and informal constmction. The Feature C terrace is situated 5.2 meast-northeast of Feature B, on the pahoehoe flow. A low piled cobble and small boulder retaining wall is located along the southeastern side of the feature, ranging in height from 0.3 to 0.33 m The northern side of the structure is 0.18 to 0.22 m in height. The terrace is 1.7 m long (northeast by southwest) and 0.8 m wide with a level but unpaved surface. No cultural remains were noted. This terrace was interpreted as a temporary habitation due to its small size and informal constmction. '. ! The Feature Dwell-built cairn is located 7.15 m south of Feature B. The cairn is ~ constructed on the pahoehoe flow, and is built of stacked pahoehoe cobbles. It is 0.78 by 0.52 m at the base, 0.48 by 0.6 m at the top and 0.6 m in height. No cultural remains were present. Feature D is interpreted as a mazker based on its formal type and construction. The Feature E cairn is located 6.1 msouth-southwest of Feature D. This cairn is situated on the a'a flow, adjacent to the pahoehoe flow. It is 0.9 by 0.65 m at the base, 0.7 by 0.4 m at the top, and 0.55 m in height. No cultural remains were observed. Feature E is also interpreted as a mazker due to its method of constrction and fomral type. The Feature F steppingstone trail extends across the site in a northwest by southeast direction. There aze three sections of the trail, each extending across the a'a lava, between fmgers of the pahoehoe flow [see Figure 12]. The northwestern section is 5.95 m long and is comprised of ten flat pahoehoe slabs positioned in a lineaz configuration. The central section is 1.5 m in length and consists of three flat slabs. The southeastern section is 6.4 m in length and is comprised of 13 slabs....The trail is interpreted as a transportation route potentially associated with the occupation of Site 23417. (2000:27- 30) 16 RC-0222 ~I-~71)t aed o'e aobb4r ~odam~6ooldae~ (~1 0 t00r~ Figure 13. Site 23417, Feature A, TU-5 Northeast Face Profile (from Haun and Henry 2000:31). SIHP Site 23421 Haun and Henry describe Site 23421 as follows: Site 23421 is a steppingstone trail located in the northwestern portion of the project area. The trail extends across a ragged a'a lava flow between two pahoehoe flows [Figure 14]. A bulldozed road is located to the west of the trail, but does not appear to have damaged it. No evidence of the trail was observed on the westem side of the road. The trail has an overall length of 42.0 m and is comprised of a series of flat pahoehoe slabs positioned in a lineaz alignment [Figure 15]. No cultural remains were present. Site 23421 is interpreted as a transportation route across the a'a flow. It is unaltered and in good condition. (2000:33) SIHP Site 23422 Haun and Henry describe Site 23422 as follows: Site 23422 is a complex of five features located neaz the westem project azea boundary, 145 m south-southwest of Site 23421. The site is situated on a level, grass covered pahoehoe lava flow within an azea of numerous agricultural features. The features aze comprised of four pavements (Features A-D) and a U-shape (Feature E)....The Site 23422 components aze unaltered and in good condition.[Figure 16] Feature A is anoval-shaped pavement located at the northern end of the site. It is 3.3 m long (northwest by southeast), 1.8 to 2.5 m wide, and 0.05 to 0.08 m in height above the lava flow. The surface of the pavement is level and is comprised of small pahoehoe cobbles with no cultural remains observed. The Feature B pavement is located 12.0 m southwest of Feature A. This feature is the best constmcted component of the site, consisting of a roughly rectangular-shaped pavement that is 3.25 m long (northwest by southeast), 2.75 m wide, and 0.1 to 0.15 m in height [Figure 17]. The surface is comprised of level small pahoehoe cobbles and pebbles with no cultural remains noted. 17 RC-0222 -i. • 51 •'*: ~: - .'!!': "!1W'. .-;~-- - .7!K'f: ,.', .'!Y: !-- i~mA'aFlow g Hued e~ ~~ Bd/eofa~ti~a • • FlatP~hoehaa8lrbe Figure 14. Site 23421 Plan Map (from Haun and Henry 2000:36). 18 RC-0222 North ao ~ ... ,., v p " o ~, '~ 6 Q ~t7 ~? N ~+ ~ a a ~. ~ o, A ' ~ S o + Q v ~ .,. ..~ V QI tiI v A ~./ MM. N ~/ 19 RC-0222 i 2000:38) A 1.0 by 1.0 m test unit (TU-6) was excavated into the center of the pavement, revealing an azchitectural layer (Layer I) over a deposit of soil and stone (Layer II) j [Figure 18]. Layer I consisted of 0.28 to 0.31 m of tightly packed pahoehoe cobbles and pebbles. A single cowrie (0.3 grams) shell fragment was recovered from Layer I. The base of Layer I intruded into Layer II and no evidence was found to indicate that Layer I was constructed during more than a single construction episode. Layer II was comprised ~ of 0.12 to 0.25 m of a very dazk brown (lOYR 2/2) silt with 80% cobble and pebble inclusions. Cultural remains from Layer II consisted of cowrie shell (n=1, 0.2 grams), unidentified marine shell (n=1, 0.8 grams), and chazcoal (0.3 grams). The excavation of TU-6 was terminated on bedrock. Figure 18. Site 23422, Feature D, TU-6, North Face Profile (from Haun and Henry 2000:38). 20 RC-0222 Feature C is an irregulazly-shaped pavement located 10.0 meast-southeast of Feature B. It consists of a linear pavement of cobbles and pebbles that is 2.5 m long (northeast by southwest), and 0.72 to 0.85 m wide, with a low wall located at the eastern end. The surface of the pavement is level cobbles pebbles. The wall is comprised of stacked cobbles and small boulders, and is 2.65 m long (north-south), 1.2 m wide and 0.4 to 0.42 m in height. The wall may have functioned as a windbreak. No cultural remains were observed at Feature C. Feature D is a roughly rectangular-shaped pavement located 2.4 m south of Feature C. The pavement is 3.15 m long (north-south), 1.9 to 3.0 m wide and 0.06 to 0.1 m in height. The surface is comprised of level cobbles and pebbles. No cultural remains were present. Feature E is a U-shaped enclosure located 3.5 m northeast of Feature C. The U- shape is open to the west and is 4.45 m long (north-south) and 3.25 m wide. The walls aze comprised of stacked and piled pahoehoe cobbles and small boulders that vary in width from 1.02 to 1.22 m and in height from 0.4 to 0.6 m. The interior of the U-shape is comprised of haze pahoehoe lava with no cultural remains present. Site 23422 is interpreted as a temporary habitation site. This is based on the formal type of the component features, and the feature's informal construction and small size, following Cordy's (1980) defmition for temporary habitations. (2000:33-39) SIHP Site 23423 Haun and Henry describe Site 23423 as follows: Site 23423 is a lazge lava tube that extends through the project azea in a roughly northeast by southwest direction [see Figure 2]. There aze two entrances to the cave within the project azea, both consisting of holes in the surface lava that drop vertically into the cave [Figure 19]. Entrance 1 is located 20.5 m southeast of Site 23412. It is oval- shaped and is 2.2 m long (east-west) and 1.8 m wide with a c. 10.0 m drop to the cave floor below [Figure 20]. Entrance 2 is situated 88.0 mwest-southwest of Entrance 1. This opening is 3.5 m long (east-west) and 1.5 m wide with a c. 7.0 m drop to the floor of the cave. A pile of modem debris is present below Entrance 2, consisting of milled lumber, asphalt shingles and plastic and glass bottles. It is uncleaz how this material was deposited as there aze no roads or stmctmes in the immediate area. The portion of the cave within the project azea is 370.0 m in length, extending to the northeast and southwest outside the boundaries of the pazcel. The cave ranges in width from 3.95 to 21.0 m and in height from 2.8 to 10.0 m. Only a small portion of the cave outside the pazcel to the southwest was examined. During the examination of the northeastern portion of the cave, an opening was observed in the distance, and the survey crew continued outside the pazcel a distance of c. 70.0 m to where a lazge sinkhole was encountered [see Figure 2]. A massive, c. 2 m thick stacked stone wall extends across the southwestern end of the sinkhole. The wall only extends approximately 1-1.5 m above the cave floor and probably is an incomplete refuge cave entrance. A narrow opening with faced sides is present in the center of the partially walled cave entrance. The cave continues upslope on the northeastern side of the sinkhole, but was not examined. This portion of the cave was not documented because it is outside the project area. Site 23423 consists of the cave and I8 internal features. These features consist of seven terraces (Features B, C, G, J, N, P and Q), three alignments (Features A, D and L), two walls (Features E and K), two cupboazds (Features H and I), an enclosure (Feature L), a cairn (Feature M), an upright (Feature O), and a step (Feature F). The majority of the features are interpreted as temporary habitation-related. The two cupboazds likely functioned as storage features and the cairn may have served as a mazker. The upright (Feature O) may indicate a ceremonial function for at least a portion of the cave. The Feature E wall and Feature F step aze probably related to the possible use of the cave as a refuge. Site 24323 is unaltered and in good condition. 21 0 v 0 0 0 N v x b x a 0 a cn N V N1 N d ~+ N w RC-0222 The following description begins at the southwestern portion of the cave and extends to the northeast. The cave in this aze is 19.0 to 21.0 m in width with ceiling heights that range from 7.0 to 8.5 m Feature A is a low terrace situated 13.0 m west of Entrance 2, within the main floor of the cave. The terrace is roughly squaze-shaped and is 2.9 m long (east-west) and 2.7 m wide. The surface is level cobbles and slabs with a single cowrie shell present. The sides of the terrace aze constructed of stacked cobbles and small boulders, ranging in height from 0.35 to 0.6 m There aze raised ledges above the floor of the main tube on the north and south sides, which range in height from 2.0 to 2.5 m The ledges aze haze, gently sloping lava. The ledge on the northern side is 2.0 to 8.5 m wide. There is chamber with two entrances that extends to the north in this azea. This chamber is 18.5 m long (north-south), 3.5 to 13.5 m wide, and from 0.45 to 1.0 m in height. The floor of the chamber is baze lava with no cultural remains present. Two features aze located on this ledge. Feature B is an alignment of flat pahoehoe slabs positioned one course high and one to two courses wide. The alignment is 12.9 m long (east-northeast by west-southwest), 0.4 to 0.7 m wide and 0.1 to 0.15 m in height. Feature C is a cmdely constructed terrace situated 5.0 m east of Feature B. It has a stacked cobble and small boulder retaining wall on the southern side that is 0.15 to 0.45 m in height. The surface is level but unpaved and is 12.5 m long (east-west) and 1.4 to 3.5 m wide. No cultural remains were observed on the surface of Feature C, though a concentration of marine shell is present 6.0 m to the east, at the eastern end of the ledge. The ledge on the south side of the main tube is 2.0 to 6.8 m wide. There is an alignment situated along the northern edge of the ledge. Feature D is 17.5 m long (east- nor[heast by west-southwest) and consists of one to two courses of flat pahoehoe slabs. The alignment is 0.4 to 0.7 m wide and 0.1 to 0.3 m in height. No cultural remains were present. 23 RC-0222 Feature E is an L-shaped stone wall that extends across the floor of the main tube, 7.0 m east of Entrance 2. The wall is 6.9 m long (north-south) by 4.2 m (east-west). The wall is 1.2 m wide and is built of stacked cobbles, small boulders and slabs. It is 1.2 m in height on the western side and 2.7 m in height on the eastern side. A low chamber extends below the main cave floor beneath the Feature E wall. The chamber is 27.0 m long (east-west) 7.0 tot 1.0 m wide, and 0.4 to 1.15 m in height. The floor of the chamber consists of scattered roof fall with no cultural remains observed. The Feature E wall either functioned as, or once it was completed was intended to function as a refuge defensive feature. The wall connects the ledges on either side of the tube fomting a barrier neazly 3 m high with an elevated balcony-like area beneath Entrance 2 that overlooks the lower tube floor to the east. The feature would have partially blocked access to the westem portion of the tube and Entrance 2 and provided cover for defenders of the balcony azea and western reaches of the tube. Feature F is awell-constmcted cairn comprised of thick flat slabs located against the northern side of the main chamber, below the northern ledge. The step is situated 10.0 m east of Featute E and is comprised of five stacked basalt slabs. It is 0.8 m long (east- west), 0.5 m wide, and 0.75 m in height. This step was used as a means of gaining access to the northern ledge and westem reaches of the cave from the main cave floor to the east. East of Feature F the cave narrows to 4.5 m with a ceiling height of 3.2 m The floor in this azea is bare lava. A 0.1 m diameter ground scoriaceous basalt abrader was noted 8.0 m east of Feature F. Several fragments of chazcoal were observed on the cave floor 5.0 m east of the abrader. The northern wall of the cave has collapsed in this azea. The cave angles to the northeast on the eastern side of the collapsed azea. A concentration of mazine shell and charcoal in a 2.0 m diameter azea were noted 9.5 m northeast of the surface chazcoal. Featme G is a rectangulaz terrace constmcted against the southeastern wall of the cave, 15.0 m northeast of the shell and chazcoal concentration. The teaace is 3.1 m long (northeast by southwest) and 2.8 m wide. The north, east and west sides of the terrace have been built up to heights of 0.35 to 0.45 m above the cave floor. The surface of the terrace is level and paved with cobbles. Kukui nut shells and a fragment of wood are present on the surface. Feature H is a possible cupboazd located in the center of the cave, 3.5 m northeast of Feature G. I[ consists of a flat basalt slab (0.8 m long, 0.6 m wide and 0.25 m thick) positioned on three lazge cobbles. A slight depression (0.15 m deep) is located below the slab. Feature I is a second posstble cupboazd located 4.5 m northeast of Feature H. It is comprised of two small basalt boulders, with a third boulder placed on top, creating an enclosed internal space. A lazge opihi shell is present on the top boulder, and cowrie and sea urchin body fragments aze present within the interior. Feature I is 1.3 m long (north- south), 1.2 m wide and 0.8 m in height. The ceiling height of the cave in this azea is 5.0 m, and the floor is comprised of bare lava. Feature J consists of two adjacent terraces located 9.0 m northeast of Feature I. The first terrace is built against the southeastern wall of the cave. It is 3.8 m long (northeast ' by southwest), 1.8 m wide, and 0.3 to 0.45 m in height. The second terrace is situated 1.4 m to the north of the first, in the center of the tube. It is 3.75 m long, 1.5 m wide and 0.3 to 0.4 m in height. Both terraces aze constructed of stacked cobbles and small boulders with level but unpaved surfaces. No cultural remains were present at the features though ' a pile of kukui nut shells is located 3.5 m to the northeast, and a surface concentration of ash is located 6.0 m to the northeast. Feature K is a low wall located in the center of the cave, 14.0 northeast of Feature J. It is 2.7 m long (north-south) 0.8 m wide, and 0.7 m in height. Feature L is a small enclosure formed by two lazge basalt slabs and several piled cobbles, located against the 24 RC-0222 northern cave wall 2.0 m north of Featute K. The enclosure is 2.1 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.2 m wide and 0.6 m in height. Kukui nut shells and a fragment of waterworn coral were noted inside the enclosure. The floor of the interior is baze lava. Entrance 1 is located above Feature L to the northeast. A jumbled pile of roof fall is located below the opening. Feature M is a cairn built of stacked basalt cobbles and slabs. It is 1.0 m long, 0.8 m wide and 0.8 m in height. A fragment of waterworn coral, pieces of wood and several kukui nut shells were observed on the surface of Featme M. Feature N is a terrace located adjacent to Feature M to the northeast. It is 3.2 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.6 m wide and 0.35 m in height. The sides of the terrace consist of stacked cobbles and small boulders, and the surface is paved with cobbles. No cultural remains were observed. Feature O is an upright angular basalt slab located 3.0 m northeast of Feature N. The slab is 1.1 m tall, 0.29 m wide, and 0.14 m thick and is set in a slight depression. Several small cobbles are located at the base of the upright, supporting it. A dog mandible, kukui nut shells, a piece of wood, and an opihi shell were observed on the baze lava floor to the northeast of Feature O. Feature P is a crnde terrace situated 12.5 m northeast of Feature O. It is located against the northern side of the cave and is 2.3 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.2 m wide and 0.45 m in height. The sides aze built of stacked and piled cobbles and small boulders and the surface is level, unpaved cobbles. An opihi shell is present on the surface of Feature P. The ceiling height in this area is c. 4.5 m. Feature Q is a poorly built terrace located against the north wall of the cave, 10.0 m northeast of Feature P. It is 1.7 m long (northeast by southwest), 1.5 m wide and 0.32 m in height. The surface of the terrace is level but unpaved and the sides aze built of stacked and piled cobbles and small boulders. Kukui nut shells were observed on the surface of the terrace and a concentration of ash, marine shell, and kukui nut shells were noted 6.5 m to the east. The cave continues to the northeast for 27.0 m where a lazge pile of roof fall partially blocks the tube. A cluster of wood and bird bones were observed in the roof fall azea at the western end. Stones appear to have been cleazed along the northern side of the roof fall against the northern cave wall, possible representing a path or trail. A fragment of chazcoal was observed in this cleazed azea 11.0 m northeast of the wood and bird bone. A second azea of roof fall is located 7.5 m to the north. A cleared azea is also present along the northern side of this roof fall. The cave continues to the northeast for 65.0 m to where Feature R is located. The cave in this area has a bare lava floor and ranges in height from 3.5 to 5.0 m A fragment of wood is present in the center of [he cave 29.0 m southwest of Feature R. Feature R is an L-shaped alignment of small flat pahoehoe slabs, positioned one course wide and tall. The alignment is 4.8 m long (northeast by southwest), 2.9 m wide and 0.1 m in height. No cultural remains were present. An area of roof fall is located adjacent to Feature R to the northeast. A possible cleazed trail extends along the northern edge of the roof fall. Another azea of roof fall is situated 17.0 to the northeast with another possible trail along the northern side. The eastern project azea boundary is located in the approximate center of this roof fall azea. As stated, the portions of the cave were examined to the northeast but were not documented due to their location outside the project area. This portion of the cave, from the project azea boundary to the sinkhole opening contained no cultural remains or surface structures, with the exception of the refuge wall located across the western side of the sinkhole. (2000:39-47) 25 RC-0222 REASSESSMENT OF SITE TREATMENT An intensive field examination was tamed out by Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D. and Matthew R. Clazk, B.A. of the ten sites identified for preservation and data recovery. As a result of this examination we propose a reconsideration of the treatment for two sites (SII3P Site 5747 and SIHP Site 23421). SIHP Site 5747 This Historic Period cattle wall was slated for data recovery. Although not explicit in the inventory report (Haan and Henry 2000), we believe that this treatment was intended for a portion of the wall that contains fine grain basalt boulders obtained from an adjacent earlier azchaeological context (the quarry and work azea; SII~ Sites 23413 and 23414). While further data collection is proposed for the boulders in the wall, we also suggest that preserving the portion of this wall that contains the reused boulders would help document a more complete land use history of the location (see discussion of SIHP Sites 5747, 23413, and 23414 below for a preservation and interpretation strategy). SIHP Site 23421 This steppingstone trail was fully documented in the inventory survey (Haan and Henry 2000:33,36) across a small section of 'a'd, and was not shown to connect to any other site of resource. Its course was not identified on the p6hoehoe in either a mauka or makai direction. This site is similaz to other portions of steppingstone trails identified in the project area (one of which will be preserved as part of SII3P Site 23417 ~ along with other features forming a residential complex; and another as part of the SIHP Site 23413, 23414, 5747 complex). Given these other preservation commitments, the level of documentation already completed for this site, and the isolated nature of its course, we feel that a treatment of no further work is justified. PRESERVATION SITES One site (SIHP Site 23417) will be preserved in its entirety. The makai portion of another site (SIHP Site 23423) will be preserved within the project area, and protected with a buffer. And, three sites (SII-IP Sites 23413, 23414 and 5747), or portions thereof, will be preserved as a contiguous set of features in a single preservation azea. As part of the development process, the preservation azeas along with their buffer zones will be recorded with the Bureau of Conveyances as common space easements within the overall development. The responsibility for maintenance of these sites will be vested with the homeowners association. SIHP Site 23417 This habitation complex occupies three fingers of an 'a `6 flow and the intervening azeas of pkhoehoe. To retain the site integrity along-term preservation buffer will be established five meters south and west of Feature E and extend in northerly and easterly duecHons to encompass the extreme portions of Feature F at a distance of five meters beyond the 'a `d and extend azound Feature A at a distance often meters from the feature's edge. Features B, C, and D will be at the center of the preservation azea (Figure 21). Short-term protective constmction fencing will be placed at the preservation buffer and remain until development activities in the azea aze complete. After the development activities have been completed the protective fencing will be removed and the azea preserved in it natural state. The development setting for this azea will be residential single- and multi-family homes. Cautionary signs will be placed at the site indicating the sensitive and protected nature of the resource, and an interpretive sign will be placed at a convenient viewing location from which all features of the site can be seen. The language for these signs will read: 26 RC-0222 Archaeological Site Please do not walk within or remove rocks from this area. Damaging this site is punishable under State Law Chapter 6E-11, Hawaii Revised Statues ~j i Habitation Site (SIHP Site 23417) `O`oma 15` Ahupua`a Native Hawaiians extracted resources from this inland azea for both tool manufacture (stone) and subsistence (cultivated and collected species) purposes. Habitation sites such as this one were used on a temporary basis while harvesting or gathering resources Three stacked stone features at this site likely served as house foundations, and flat smooth pdhoehoe slabs were placed in the rough `a `d lava as a trail to make walking to and from and within the site easier. 27 RC-0222 • •''•Preservationbuffer ` ~ Unw®A'a Flow ~.'~T~\m` Hdg°ofPahoe3awFbev • . Pot PahnaLae SWro C Figure 21. Location of preservation buffer Yor Sltil' Site ZS417. 28 RC-0222 SIHP Site 23423 This lava tube extends in a mauka/makai direction across the entire project area. The western roughly one third of the tube exhibits the only entrances (2) on the property and appears to be the azea with the thinnest mantle below the ground surface. The eastern two thirds of the tube aze very deep below the surface with a roof to surface mantle of several meters thick. The preservation strategy for this site will be to protect the western Hurd of the tube with a buffer zone of ten meters on either side of the tube as projected to the ground surface. This preservation buffer will also protect the two entrances. This preservation azea will begin ten meters mauka of Entrance 1 and extend to the makai property boundary (Figure 22). Temporary protective fencing will be placed at the preservation buffer and remain until development activities in the azea aze complete. After the development actvites have been completed the protective fencing will be removed, a more solid (perhaps chain link) fence placed at a distance of 10 meters azound the tube entrances as a safety measure, and the azea preserved in it natural state. This site will not be interpreted for the public; although, cautionary signs indicating the sensitive and protected nature of the resource will be strategically placed along the site buffer. The signs will read: Archaeological Site Please do not walk within or remove rocks from this area. Damaging this site is punishable under State Law Chapter 6E-11, Hawaii Revised Statues •• Preservation buffer I Figure 22. Location of preservation buffer for SIHP Site 23423. 29 RC-0222 SIHP Sites 5747, 23413, and 23414 A single preservation area will be created and maintained as open space within the development that will incorporate a portion of SIHP Site 5747, all of SIHP Site 23413, and significant elements of SIHP Site 23414 (Figure 23). The azea will be preserved in an "as is" condition and interpreted for the public. The development setting for this azea will be open space and a park with pavilion. During development activities a protective constmction barrier will be placed along the boundary of the preservation easement and remain until development activities in the area aze complete. After the development activities have been completed the protective barrier will be removed and the azea will be preserved in its natural state. An annual inspection of the preservation area will be made to assess potential visitor impacts and future adjustments to access and signage may be necessary for the long-term protection of the sites. For now, the following cautionary signs wdl be posted at ingress and egress locations: Archaeological Preservation Area While you are encouraged to visit the sites within this preserve, we ask that you respect those that came before us and refrain from moving or taking rocks or any other objects from this azea. Damaging archaeological sites is punishable under State Law Chapter 6E-11, Hawaii Revised Statutes Three interpretive signs will be established, one along the trail (Feature n neaz quarry features i (Features E and F) at SIIiP Site 23414, one among the pecked basins at SIHP Site 23413, and one in the vicinity of the Erne-grained basalt boulder incorporated into the wall at SIHP Site 5747. Site 5747 is a Historic Period wall that Wins the length of the overall project azea along its western boundary. Given that this is a property boundary wall it is likely that much of it will be stabilized and reconstructed although there is no general preservation requirement for this site. That portion of the wall neaz Site 23413 was built incorporating basalt boulders that were taken from the immediate ground surface. The boulders are artifacts i that resulted from eazlier quarrying and tool manufacturing activities. The interpretive sign at the wall will read: Historic Wall Site (SIHP Site 5747) `O`oma 19` Ahupua`a This wall was likely originally built in the i850s and marks the western boundary of a property that the Hawaiian Government granted to a person whose name was Kauhini. The wall also likely functioned to control the movement of grazing cattle. The smooth battered boulders incorporated in this portion of the wall were removed from a nearby more ancient azchaeological site, where Hawaiians quarried stone and manufactured tools. To aid in the development of interpretive information for the quarry site (SIIIP Site 23414) and the pecked basin work area (SIHP Site 23413), further data collection will take place. A detailed examination of the ground surface of both site azeas and re-mapping of the surface features will be completed, along with petrographic analyses of the basalt from the quarry features (see the Data Recovery section below). The boulders incorporated into the rock wall (SIHP Site 5747) will also undergo further study and analysis. Once the further data collection has been completed, interpretive language wIll be prepazed and submitted to DLNR-SHPD for approval. 30 RC-0222 • ~''-Preservation buffer ~~ orb ~i SIHP Site 23414 I .., f SIHP Site 23413 :. v r` v, ., .~ ,~ Figure 23. Location of preservation buffer for SIHP Sites 5747, 23413, and 23414 31 RC-0222 DATA RECOVERY SITES Four sites (SIHP Sites 23411, 23412, 23416, and 23422), all interpreted as temporary habitations (Haan and Henry 2000), will be subject to data recovery investigations in order to mitigate impacts from the proposed development. Baring any inadvertent discoveries, once data recovery has been completed, there will be no further need to protect or preserve these four sites. Additionally, as part of the preservation of portions of SH3P Site 23414, there will be further data collection for both interpretive as well as reseazch purposes. This section describes the data recovery research objectives and the technical and analytical approaches for addressing those objectives; and includes discussions on the hand excavation units, the analysis of recovered remains, petrographic samples, radiocazbon samples, and cmation concerns. Research Objectives and Analytical Approaches The research objectives for the four habitation sites aze simple given that there are ahnost no subsurface deposits at any of these sites (especially within the lava blisters). The data recovery effort will focus on two issues: 1) refining the functional interpretations previously offered for the sites, and 2) establishing the timing of habitation. It is understood that given the limited subsurface deposits at these sites only generalized information is likely to be obtained, however, every attempt will be made to interpretively extract as much specific information as possible. As for the first of the research issues, the sites were interpreted as temporary habitations based on formal attributes and recovered remains (Haan and Henry 2000). We will attempt to examine if specific residential functions took place at the sites, or if they represent locations of general multifunctional use. To answer this question we will excavate all of the soil present within the lava blister sites (SIHP Sites 23411, 23412, and 23416) and a 50% sample (by azea) from each of the five features at SIHP Site 23422. The types of artifacts present and the vaziety of dietary faunal remains recovered will be used to generate refined interpretations of site function. Attempting to address the second issue will require the recovery of samples sufficient for radiometric dating. Attention will be given to identifying in situ single-source chazcoal pieces lazge enough for conventional radiocazbon analysis. If no such samples aze recovered AMS dating might be used for very small samples if recovered. Two dates aze proposed for each site, for a total of eight radiocazbon dates from these habitation sites. Further data collection will be carried out at the quarry site (SIHP Site 23414). This data collection will include two aspects: 1) an intensive examination of the surface of the site in an attempt to identify any artifacts, and 2) the petrographic chazacterization of the quarry material (fine-gained basalt). This second task will be done in an effort to identify trace elements unique to the basalt outcrop sufficient to provide a positive identification signature. While it is cleaz that the quarry (SIHP Site 23414) and the pecked basins (SIIIP Site 23413) aze functionally related, it is uncleaz as to what kinds of tools (or tool blanks) were being manufactured at SIHP Site 23413 from the basalt quarried at SHIP Site 23414. Once a petrographic signature is established for this quarry, then finished artifacts of visually similaz fine-grained basalt recovered from other sites in the region can be petrographically characterized and possibly sourced to this quarry. The current effort will only focus on establishing the baseline data from the quarry site. Excavation Units Depending on the excavation context, unit size will vary anywhere from 1 meter x 1 meter to 1 meter x 2 meters to 2 meters x 2 meters. Regazdless of the size, all excavation units will be dug by hand following natural stratigraphic layers divided into 10-centimeter azbitrary levels. The azbifrary levels will be measured relative to an elevation datum corresponding to the highest comer of the excavation unit. All excavated matrix will be passed through Y< inch mess screening and cultural material will be collected and segregated by level. Level Record Fomts will be completed for each excavated level. Subsurface features 32 RC-0222 encountered during excavation will be fully documented before further excavation of the unit. Excavation will continue until bedrock is encountered. Upon completion of the excavation unit, a Unit Summary Form will be completed, black and white photographs taken, a stratrgraphic profile drawn, and the unit backfilled. Cultural Material Analyses All recovered cultural material will be processed in the Rechtman Consulting, LLC laboratory facility. Items will be cleaned, weighed, counted, described, and entered into a master project catalog. Where appropriate, artifacts will be, drawn, photographed, and subject to further detailed analyses. Faunal remains will tabulated and identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Where applicable, the Number of Identified Specimens (NISP) and the Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) will be determined. Based on evidence from test excavations ,(Haan and Henry 2000) these sites are poor candidates for pollen and flotation (macrobotanical) analyses. Charcoal. and other organic sarr>ples will be prepazed for possible radiocazbon analysis. Basalt samples collected from the quarry will be submitted for petrographic analysis. Radiocarbon Samples The radiocazbon samples collected during fieldwork will be prioritized based on size, provenience, and integrity of association. Priority will be given to lazge single-piece samples recovered in situ from a cleaz stratigraphic context. Al] samples will be cataloged and initially cleaned and weighed in the Rechtman Consulting, LLC laboratory facility. If lazge single piece wood chazcoal is recovered, portions of the sample will undergo wood identification analysis. Following this process, a maximum of 8 samples will be selected for radiocazbon age determination and sent to Beta Analytic Inc for analysis. Conventional radiocazbon analysis coupled with a calculation of stable isotope ratios (C~sirs) will be used for most samples. In instances where a particulaz sample is of a small size (between 0.3 and 1.0 gram final carbon) extended counting will also be used. In cases where the sample size is very small (between 300 micrograms and 0.3 grams final cazbon) Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) will be used. Petrographic Samples Basalt samples will be collected from the quarry outcrops and sent to the University of Hawaii at Hilo laboratory for X-Ray Florescence (XRF) analysis. It is hoped that a trace element signature can be isolated for this source. We may send additional samples to to ALS Chemex, Inc. for Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis. The samples will be processed using the different ICP methods for trace element analysis. When a method is found that isolates a geochemical trace element signature for our original quarry samples, we will then run replicates (additional samples from the quarry) to ensure reproducibility. The ICP technique maybe tested because it is relatively inexpensive and potentially very precise. Curation of Recovered Archaeological Material All material recovered during data recovery will be temporarily stored at the Rechtman Consulting, LLC curation facility for a period of no more than one yeaz following submission of the final data recovery report, during which time arrangements will be made for permanent curafion in consultation with the landowner and DLNR-SHPD. It is the responsibility of the landowner to secure pem~anent curation in an acceptable facility; included in this responsibility aze the costs associated with long-term curation. CONTINGENCY FOR INADVERTENT DISCOVERY If during the data recovery investigation human remains aze encountered, such remains will be treated following the procedures outlined in HRS §§tiE-43. Work in the azea of the discovery will be halted, the remains stabilized if necessary, and DLNR-SHPD contacted to provide guidance on how to proceed with the discovery. 33 RC-0222 REFERENCES CITED Armstrong, R.W. (editor) 1983 Atlas of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. (Second edition) Haun, A., and J. Henry 2000 Archaeological Inventory Survey, TMK: 3-76-3-10:03. Land of O`oma 1, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Haun & Associates Report 160-062802. Prepazed for Mr. David DeLuz, Sr., Hilo. Jurvik, S., and J. Jurvik 1998 Atlas ofHawai `i. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Sato, H, W. Ilceda, R. Paeth, R. Smythe, and M. Takehiro, Jr. 1973 Soil Survey of the Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. U.S. Deparhnent of Agriculture, SoIl Conservation Service and University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Walker, A., and P. Rosendahl 1989 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Pu`uhonua Subdivision Development Parcel, Land of Kalaoa 5th, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK 3-7-3-10:Por.27). PHRI Report 490-053089. Prepazed for Haseko Hawaii, Inc. Wolfe E., and J. Morris. 1996 Geologic Map of the Island of Hawaii. Geologic Investigations Series Map 1-2524- A. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 34 - -.;-.~r r ~i APPENDIX C-1 STATE DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES -HISTORIC PR E S E R VA T I O N D I VI S I O N MITIGATIONPLANAPPROVAL LETTER March Il, 2005 Hob Rechtman LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR OF HAWAII 808 96.6-7636 ~ p.l ~~~~ PETER T, YOUNG CHAIRPERSON SOgAO OE IANO PNDNATURAL AEROVPLES COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGENE DAN OANDSON DEPUTY OIREGiOR ~ LAND YVONNE Y. RU DEPUTY DIRECTOR~WATEA March 11, 2005 STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURC€S HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION KAKUHIHEWA BUILDING, ROOM 555 601 KAMOKILA BOULEVARD KAPOLEI, HAWAII 96707 Robert Rechtman, Ph.D. Rechtman Consulting Inc. HC 1 Box 4149 Kea'au, Hawaii 96749 Dear Dr. Rechtman: AQUATIC flESOUACES GOATMG AND OCEAN AEGREATION BUREAU OF CONVEYANCES COMMLSSbNON WATER RESW RCEAMNAGENE CONSERVATION AND COASTAL lAN04 CONSERVATON AND flE40VPCE5 ENFORLEME ENGINEERING FORESTAY AND WILDLIFE HISTORIC PREGERVATON INHDOIAW E ISLM10 RESERVE COM1NISSIDN tnND STATE PPANS LOG NO: 2005.0448 DOC NO: 0503MM01 SUBJECT: Chapter 6E-42 Historic Preservation Review, "An Archaeological Mitigation Plan for Ten Sites on TMK: 3-7-3-10:03 (RC-0222)" (Rechtman and Clark, August 2004) Ahupua'a of O'oma, North Kona District, Hawaii Island Thank you for sending four (4) replacements pages for the above mentioned mitigation plan, which we requested in our review letter dated November 10, 2004 (Log No. 2004.3306, Doc No. 0411MM07). In our Letter, we approved the data recovery portion of the mitigation plan but requested clarification regarding the preservation treatments for Site 23423 and 23421. The replacement pages (pp. 26, 29, 30, 33) have satisfactorily addressed our concerns and the report is now adequate to satisfy the requirements of both HAR 13 §13-278 and 13 §13-277. We therefore accept the mitigation plan as final, and your client may proceed with implementation of the plan. If you have any questions about this review, please contact MaryAnne Maigret in our Hawaii Island office at (808) 327-3690. Aloha, anie A. Chinen, Administrator State Historic Preservation Division MM:jen c: Christopher Yuen, Hawaii County Planning Department ,.: •_ - ~. _ -, ;- APPENDIX D CULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D. RECHTMAN CONSULTING, LLC March, 2006 Cultural Impact Assessment Associated with the Proposed Development of Lokahi Ka`u (TMKs: 3-7-3-010:003, 006, 051, 052, 053, 054) `O `oma 1st and Kalaoa 5th Ahupua `a North Kona District Island of Hawaii PREPARED BY: Robert B. Rechtman, Ph.D. PREPARED FOR: Seascape Developments, LLC P.O. Box 2808 Kailua-Kona, HI 96745 March 2006 RECHTMAN CCNSULTING~ LLC HC 1 L3ox 419 Kea`au, Han~ar'i 96749.9710 phone: (8td8) 966.7636 fax: (808) 443.0065 e-mail: bbb~arechtmanconeulting.com ARCHAEOLOGICAL;, CULTURAL, AND HISTORICAL SnJDIEB RC-0387 Cultural Impact Assessment Associated with the Proposed Development of Lokahi Ka`u (TMKs: 3-7-3-010:003, 006, 051, 052, 053, 054) `O`oma IS` and Kalaoa 5th Ahupua`a North Kona District Island of Hawaii RECHTMyN. ~CLpN5ULT1 NG a. _. 'r 'i RC-0387 CONTENTS ............1 ............3 ............3 .............7 ............. 7 .............7 .............8 ...........10 ...........23 ...........57 ...........57 ...........58 ...........59 ...........60 ...........62 APPENDD{ A -Archaeological Mingahon an ................................................................................65 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION AND PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ACTNITIES .... ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND .............................................................................. CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ............................................................ Natural and Cultural Resources in a Hawaiian Context ......................................................... An Overview of Hawaiian Settlement .................................................................................... Hawaiian Land Use and Resource Management Practices ..................................................... Native Traditions and Historical Accounts of `O`oma and the Kekaha Region .................... Land Tenure in `O`oma and Vicinity ..................................................................................... ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEWS ......................................................................................... Interview Methods ................................................................................................................. Interview Participants ............................................................................................................ Summary of Ora]-Historical Information .............................................................................. IDENTIFICATION AND MITIGATION OF POTENTIAL CULTURAL IMPACTS ....... REFERENCES CITED .......................................................................................................... Pl FIGURES 1. Portion of USGS 7.5 minute series Keahole Point, HI 1996 showing project area locafion ..............2 2. Portion of Tax Map Key 3-7-3-010 showing current project area ................................................ ......4 3. Approximate locations of sites described by Reinecke (n.d.:37) projected on USGS Keahole Quad, 1928 ..................................................................................................... ......6 4. Copy of Native Register Vol. 8:543 Helu 9162, claim of Kahelekahi for kuleana at `O`oma..... ....24 5. Portion of 1882 Register Map No. 1280 showing original boundaries of Grant No.1590, to Kauhini .......................................................................................................... .....33 6. 1902 homestead map No. 6 showing Ooma-Kalaoa Homestead Lots (State Survey Division).. .....37 7. 1899 Grant Map No. 4536 showing makai portion of `O`orna 2nd to John A. Maguire ............. .....40 8. J. S. Emerson, field notebook map, Book 253:53 (State Survey Division) ................................. .....43 9. J. S. Emerson, field notebook map, Book 253:55 (State Survey Division) ................................. .....44 10. J. S. Emerson, field notebook map, Book 253:69 (State Survey Division) ............................... .....45 11. J. S. Emerson, field notebook map, Book 253:73 (State Survey Division) ............................... .....46 12. J. S. Emerson, field notebook map, Book 253:77 (State Survey Division) ............................... .....47 13 Kii o na alanui o Kona Akau (diagram of the roads of North Kona): J. Kaelemakule Sr., Road Supervisor (HSA-Roads, Hawaii: December 22, 1890) .................................................... .....56 14 Portion of the Alanui Aupuni crossing the ku[a kai land of `O`oma 2nd; view to Kohanaiki.... .....57 ii RC-0387 INTRODUCTION On behalf of Sesascape Developments, LLC, Rechtman Consulting, LLC has prepazed this Cultural Impact Assessment associated with the development of an approximately 50 acre project azea in `O`oma 1st Ahupua`a (TMKs:3-7-3-010:003, 051, 052, 053, 054), and an associated roadway in Kalaoa 5th Ahupua`a (TMK:3-7-3- 010:006), North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (Figure 1). This report is intended to accompany an Environmental Assessment (EA) compliant with Chapter 343 HRS, as well as fulfilling the requirements of the County of Hawaii Planning Department and the Department of Land and Natmal Resources (DLNR) with respect to pemut approvals for land-altering and development activities. This study has been prepared pursuant to Act 50, approved by the Governor on April 26, 2000; and in accordance with the Office of Environmental Quality Control (OEQC) Guidelines far Assessing Cultural Impact, adopted by the Environmental Council, State of Hawaii, on November 19, 1997. The azchival-historical research and oral-historical interviews that were conducted for this study were performed in a manner consistent with Federal and State laws and guidelines for such studies. Among the pertinent laws and guidelines aze the National Historic Preservation Act (NIiPA) of 1966, as amended in 1992 (36 CFR Part 800); the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's "Guidelines for Consideration of Traditional Cultural Values in Historic Preservation Review" (ACHP 1985); National Register Bulletin 38, "Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties" (Parker and King 1990); the Hawaii State Historic Preservation Statue (Chapter 6E), which affords protection to historic sites, including traditional cultural properties of on-going cultural significance; the criteria, standazds, and guidelines currently utilized by the Department of Land and Natural Resources-State Historic Preservation Division (DLNR-SHPD) for the evaluation and documentation of cultural sites (cf. 13§13-275-8; 276-5); and the November 1997 guidelines for cultural impact assessment studies, adopted by the Office of Environmental Quality Control. While the physical study azea is limited to a portion of `O`oma 1st Ahupua`a that lies mauka of the Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway, in an effort to provide a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the current study azea, this report examines the entire ahupua'a and its relationship to neighboring ]ands within the lazger Kekaha region. Archival-historical literature from both Hawaiian and English language sources was reviewed, including an examination of Hawaiian Land Commission Awazd records from the Mdhele iIina (Land Division) of 1848; survey records of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii; and historical texts authored or compiled by D. Malo ~ (1951), J.P. I`i (1959), S. M. Kamakau (1961, 1964, 1976, and 1991), Wm. Ellis (1963), A. Fomander (1916- 1919 and 1996), T. Thram (1908), J.F.G. Stokes and T. Dye (1991), M. Beckwith (1970), Reinecke (n.d.); and Handy and Handy with Pukui (1972). Importantly, the current study also includes several native accounts from Hawaiian language newspapers (compiled and translated from Hawaiian to English, by Kepa Maly), and historical narratives authored by eighteenth and nineteenth century visitors to the region. This information is presented within thematic categories and ordered chronological by the date of publication. ' The azchival-historical resources were located in the collections of the Hawaii State Archives (HSA), State Land Division (LD), State Survey Division (SD), and State Buteau of Conveyances (BoC); the Bishop Museum Archives (BPBM); Hawaiian Historical Society (HHS); University of Hawaii-Hilo Mo`okini Library; private family collections; and in the collection of Kumu Pono Associates. Over the last ten yeazs, Kepi Maly of Kumu Pono Associates has reseazched and prepazed several detailed studies-in the form of review and translation of accounts from Hawaiian language newspapers, historical accounts recorded by Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian residents, and government land use records-for lands in the Kekaha region of which `O`oma is a part. Kepi Maly has also conducted a number of detailed oral history interviews with elder kama `6ina documenting their knowledge of the Kekaha region (including `O`oma). As part of the current study, a couple of new informal interviews were conducted. All of the interview participants (both past and present) have shazed their personal knowledge of the land and practices of the families who lived in `O`oma and vicinity. 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Portion of USCis "/.S mumte series Keahole Point, HI 1996 showing project area location. 2 RC-0387 This report begins with a description of the general project azea and the proposed development activities. This is followed by a presentation of the azchaeological background for the specific study pazcel. A discussion of the cultural and historical background for `O`oma Ahupua`a and the Kekaha region was generated based on detailed archival reseazch. It is a comprehension of this background information that facilitates a more complete understanding of the potential significance any resources that might exist within the study area. Information from both prior and newly conducted oral-historical interviews is presented and sununarized. While no traditional or on-going cultural practices, or traditional cultural properties have been identified, prior azchaeological studies (Haan and Henry 2000; Rechtman and Clazk 2004) have documented several significant archaeological resources within the study azea, several of which merit preservation. These resources aze described, potential impacts aze discussed, and appropriate mitigation measures aze outlined. PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION AND PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES The development property is roughly 50 acres in `O`oma 1" Ahupua`a, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii and consists of five Tax Map pazcels (TMK:3-7-3-010:003, 051, 052, 053, 054) (Figure 2). The roadway portion of the project area is located on state-owned land in Kalaoa 5t6 Ahupua`a, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (see Figure 2); and consists of a roughly 30-meter wide corridor that runs southwest from Katim;nanai Drive for 340 meters before malong aninety-degree tam to [he southeast, nazrowing to a 15-meter wide corridor, and continuing mauka for 980 meters. A portion of the corridor is coincident with a former grant increment road. Elevation across the project azea ranges from 300 to 500 feet above sea level, and the terrain is characterized by broken pahoehoe and `a'd flows that eminated from Hual~lai between 3,000 and 5,000 yeazs ago (Wolfe and Morris 1996). Project area vegetation consists predominantly of fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum), with sparse kiawe (Prosopis pallida), koa haole (Leucaena glauca), silver oak (Grevillea robusta), noni (Morinda citrifolia), and lanatana (Lantana Camara). A jeep road extending in a roughly north/south direction once cut through the northwestern portion of the property. The current project azea. also includes a roadway corridor along the northern boundary of the property, which also extends to Kaiminan; Blvd. (see Figure 1). The development plans for the project azea include a combination of single and multi-family residential units (including a significant proportion of affordable housing) and associated infrastmcture (roading, utilities, wastewater treatment facility, etc.), and parks and open spaces (Figure 3). Lazge undeveloped pazcels form both the mauka and makai project azea boundary. The southern boundary is the `O`oma 1"/2°d ahupua'a border, and the newly constmcted Lokahi Makai project forms the northern project azea boundary. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND Thrum (1908) compiled the eazliest systematic report on azchaeological features-heiau or ceremonial sites- on the island of Hawaii. Thrum's work was the result of literature review and field visits spanning several decades. Unfortunately, Thrum's work did not take him into `O`oma, and his documentation on heiau ends at Lanihau, south of the study azea; and picks up to the north, in the Pu`u Anahulu vicinity. Likewise, the 1906- 1907, J.F.G. Stokes detailed field survey of heiau on the island of Hawaii for the B. P. Pauahi Bishop Museum (Stokes and Dye 1991) stopped short of doing comprehensive work in the Kekaha region, and no sites were recorded in `O`oma. In 1929-1930, the Bishop Museum conffacted John Reinecke to conduct a survey of Hawaiian sites in West Hawaii, including `O`oma and the Kekaha region (Reinecke n.d.). A portion of Reinecke's survey fieldwork extended north from Kailua as faz as Kalahuipua`a. His work being the first attempt at a survey of sites of varying function, ranging from ceremonial to residency and resource collection. RCA387 I SEC ~ ~I 2 ~'r1'1~1y - ~" '"~-or f _~_9a OS N~.. O~J 3__Ee~:es~..S` __ ~ os I ~ ..~~ A b ~ EI ~ pls. ~iL~ ~ I _ H n , --__ N ~ _-_'---- - --- ..~_ h 11 I ~ _.~_ _ 8 ,.r µ.l .. ~'_ ~ ?:Y a ---~. 11 v x ~ ~yiaw••'' , IM c ~~~ _- __ 1111 ~/+ 'AP aMr 25.593 ~ ~- ... __..-LI 1 cw °~' ~ ~ I 411.80 A.. 111 `` ~~M- t °i~L -.1_`0:•:.0 _. -_-~_ 3 A 31 c. ^ __ ~ OI ~ c a.1 •G~W~ !M O ` ~ ah~ _ .~ __ III RFlM' K q -~~ ~~ -~! 1 ~-._ - ~! Ao. 00 w.. eF. -- .K., ...,w~ , , .~ .~.:: a,G A.t po~ ~~ °t ~ :: I ~ ~ ~3 f,!A G O/ ~.; _ -- - -~-- ~' • ~ 1°~. o~~-~' Project Area "~ M a sva/e aLN .« ~J /e ® Cwc1 Gc.l wbi E1n i~rr. na`S-sD9o S ~ yK•. ye'J2 IE oaeenww. !l6.co P4. ~5 ~ AW. "rawer-I" _ ~-_.. LGjP R-Ma•+aN MP/•P A.A Mm+rv.{Y-ldl K A ~orrF o. x.••v -use?. .Ke•u^eca+;c lP~K% -x.-rsz ,n.~ ~.,P•~A~; ..m. n yye.gnm. ~Ys /4n•P•.. KDAmc^s aMGx !•q y.M M.-R 6Mnn K. MiY•K - _-B.GI'A Arms N.wn f '•L•i c l6en Macvw `A!L' \\ -- ~ -l FiQUre 2. Portion of Tax Key Map 3-7-3-010 showing current project area (roadway dotted). 4 RC-0387 During his study, Reinecke traveled along the shore of Kekaha, documenting near-shore sites. Where he could, he spoke with the few native residents he encountered. Among his general descriptions of the Kekaha region, Reinecke observed: This coast formerly was the seat of a lazge population. Only a few yeazs ago Keawaiki, now the permanent residence of one couple, was inhabited by about thirty-five Hawaiians. Kawaihae and Puako were the seat of several thousands, and smaller places numbered their inhabitants by the hundreds. Now there aze perhaps fifty permanent inhabitants between Kailua and Kawaihae~ertainly not over seventy-five. When the economy of Hawaii was based on fishing this was a fairly desirable coast; the fishing is good; there is a fairly abundant water supply of brackish water, some of it neazly fresh and very pleasant to the taste; and while there was no opportunity for agriculture on the beach, the more energetic Hawaiians could do some cultivation at a considerable distance mauka. The scazcity of remains is therefore disappointing. This I attribute to four reasons: (1) those simply over looked, especially those a short distance mauka, must have been numerous; (2) a number must have been destroyed, as everywhere, by man and by cattle grazing; (3) the coast is for the most part low and storm-swept, so that the most desirable building locations, on the coral beaches, have been repeatedly swept over and covered with loose coral and lava fragments, which have obscured hundreds of platforms and no doubt destroyed hundreds more; (4) many of the dwellings must have been built directly on the sand, as aze those of the family at Kaupulehu, and when the posts have been pulled up, leave no trace after a very few years. The remains on this strip of coast have some special chazacteristics differentiating them from the rest in Kona. First, there is an unusual number of petroglyphs and papamu, especially about Kailua and at Kapalaoa. Second, probably because of the strong winds, there aze many walled sites, both of houses and especially of temporary shelters... (Reinecke n.d.:l-2) The following site descriptions aze quoted from Reinecke's draft manuscript of fieldwork conducted i between PGhili Point on the Kohanaiki-`O`oma 2nd boundary, and into Kalaoa Sm (Figure 3). In the site descriptions below, Reinecke references the occurrence of at least 6-house sites; 7 enclosures and pens (one of which is an "old cattle pen"); 11 terraces and platforms (one of which he felt was a "heiau"); 2 caves; 2 ahu; 1 stepping stone trail; 3 waterholes and a well; and 11 shelters. Appazently, no one was residing in the azea at the time of his field survey. Reinecke's site descriptions, south to north, across `O`oma 2°d and `O`oma Is' included: Site 66. Very doubtful dwelling site. Then a row of sand-covered platfomrs at the border of the sand and the beach lava, enough for 6-10 homes. Remains of an old, lazge pen. Site 67. Dry well on the crest of the beach. Site 68. Water hole, two small platforms, four or more shelters, pens with very small platform. Site 69. Lazge cattle pen. Doubtful old, rough platform at its north end. Remains of two old platforms by an ahu to the north. Site 70. Walled platform, S.E. comer terraced, badly broken down. Platform mauka. The Site 72. Ruins of a pen. Site 73. Appazently a modem dwelling site of unusual construction; two terraces of pebbles, the upper 29x25x2 in front and 4-S high elsewhere; the lower 19x10x25x3, with athree- sidedpen at N.E.; surrounded by a carefully laid wall. Site 74. A shelter about a shallow cave; remains of another shelter; an ahu. Site 75. Trace of site; house plaffomz; enclosure on shore. There are many faint traces of sites on this strip of coast. Towazd the north is an unmistakable small site. Site 76. Modem shelter pen; house or shelter site; shelter mauka by kiawe tree. Site 77. Plafform; tiny pen; sites of some kind mazked by stones in lines on the pahoehoe flow. Site 78. Slightly brackish springs and pools; house site, shelters, stepping stone path leading to the walled house site... [Reinecke n.d.:16] RC-0387 6 Site 71. A knob partly walled on its slopes, with house site. Adjoining it on the south is a rough platform with three smooth boulders - heiau and kuula? Back of this a house platform and a plafform about a fine shelter cave. Another platform and wall aze about a slight natural depression filled with bones, including those of a whale. RC-0387 The bulk of the current study azea was surveyed for archaeological sites by Haun and Henry (2000), and follow-up mitigation was conducted by Rechtman Consulting, LLC (Rechtman and Clark 2004). The inventory survey (Haan and Henry 2000) resulted in the identification of seventeen azchaeological sites containing 186 featues. There were no burial sites identified during the inventory survey. The sites were described thusly: The sites consist of ten single feature sites and seven complexes of features. The features consist of pahoehoe excavations, mounds, terraces, quarries, filled cracks, cairns, walls, pavements, trails, alignments, cupboards, caves and several miscellaneous types. Feature function includes agricultural, temporary habitation, resource procurement, mazker, transportation, livestock control, storage, ceremonial, refuge, tool manufacture, and indeterminate. (Haan and Henry 2000:ii) Four of the sites (SIHP 23411, 23412, 23416, 23422) were approved by DLNR-SHPD for data recovery, and five of the sites were approved by DLNR-SHPD for preservation. (SIHP Site 5747 [only a portion], 23413, 23414, 23417, 23423). A mitigation plan (Rechtman and Clazk 2004) containing both data recovery and preservation elements for these sites was drafted and approved by DLNR-SHPD. The data recovery fieldwork has been completed and the preservation azeas have been formally established. Six azchaeological studies have included portions of the roadway corridor portion of the project azea. Two of these studies (Walker and Rosendahl 1989 and Haun and Henry 2000) included pazcels that aze currently being developed as residential subdivisions, one on either side of the proposed road alignment. Two other studies (Davis 1977 and Henry et al. 1993) were azchaeological assessments of large acreage, state-owned pazcels; both of these studies included the majority of the roadway azea. And two studies (Haan 2002 and Clazk and Rechtman 2006) were conducted specifically for portions of the current road corridor. As a result of these stuidies three azchaeological sites (the previously mentioned SIIIP 5747 wall, a lava blister with a small amount of mazine shell debris, and an old survey marker) were recorded; none of these sites were recommended for further work (Clazk and Rechtman 2006). CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Natural and Cultural Resources in a Hawaiian Context In Hawaiian society, natural and cultural resources are one and the same. Native traditions describe the formation (the literal birth) of the Hawaiian Islands and the presence of life on and azound them in the context of genealogical accounts. All forms in the natural environment, from the skies and mountain peaks, to the watered valleys and lava plains, and to the shoreline and ocean depths were believed to be embodiments of Hawaiian deifies. One Hawaiian genealogical account, records that W6kea (the expanse of the sky-father) and Papa-hanau-moku (Papa-Earth-mother who gave birth to the islands)-also called Haumea-nui-hfinau-wa-wa (Great Haumea-Woman-earth born time and time again~and various gods and creative forces of nature, gave birth to the islands. Hawaii, the lazgest of the islands, was the first-born of these island children. As the Hawaiian genealogical account continues, we fmd that these same god-beings, or creative forces of nature who gave birth to the islands, were also the pazents of the first man (Haloa), and from this ancestor, all Hawaiian people are descended (cf. Beckwith 1970; Malo 1951:3; Pukui and Kom 1973). It was in this context of kinship, that the ancient Hawaiians addressed their enviromnent and it is the basis of the Hawaiian system of land use. An Overview of Hawaiian Settlement Archaeologists and historians describe the inhabiting of these islands in the context of settlement that resulted from voyages taken across the open ocean. For many yeazs, reseazchers have proposed that eazly Polynesian settlement voyages between Kahiki (the ancestral homelands of the Hawaiian gods and people) and Hawaii were underway by n.D. 300, with long distance voyages occurring fairly regulazly through at least the thirteenth century. It has been generally reported that the sources of the eazly Hawaiian population-the Hawaiian Kahiki-were the Marquesas and Society Islands (Gordy 2000; Emory in Tate 1982:16-18). RC-0387 For generafions following initial settlement, communities were clustered along the watered, windward (ko'olau) shores of the Hawaiian Islands. Along the ko `oZau shores, streams flowed and rainfall was abundant, and agricultural production became established. The ko `o[au region also offered sheltered bays from which deep sea fisheries could be easily accessed, and neaz shore fisheries, enriched by nutrients carried in the fresh water, could be maintained in fishponds and coastal waters. It was around these bays that clusters of houses where families lived could be found (McEldowney 1979:15). In these eazly times, Hawai`'s inhabitants were primarily engaged in subsistence level agriculture and fishing (Handy et al. 1972:287). Over a period of several centuries, aeeas with the richest natural resources became populated and perhaps crowded, and by about n.D. 900 to 1100, the population began expanding to the kona (leewazd side) and more remote regions of the island (Gordy 2000:130). In Kona, communities were initially established along sheltered bays with access to fresh water and rich mazine resources. The primary "chiefly" centers were established at several locations-the Ka$ua (Kaiakeakua) vicinity, Kahalu`u-Keauhou, Ka`awaloa-Kealakekua, and Honaunau. The communities shazed extended familial relations, and there was an occupational focus on the collection of marine resources. By the fourteenth century, inland elevations to azound the 3,000-foot level were being fumed into a complex and rich system of dryland agricultural fields (today referred to as the Kona Field System). By the fifteenth century, residency in the uplands was becoming permanent, and there was an increasing separation of the chiefly class from the common people. In the sixteenth century the population stabilized and the ahupua'a land management system was established as a socioeconomic unit (see Ellis 1963; Handy et al. 1972; Kamakau 1961; Kelly 1983; and Tomonari-Tuggle 1985). In Kona, where there were no regulazly flowing streams to the coast, access to potable water (wai), was of great importance and played a role in determining the areas of settlement. The waters of Kona were found in springs and caves (found from shore to the mountain lands), or procured from rain catchments and dewfall. Traditional and historic narratives abound with descriptions and names of water sources, and also record that the forests were more extensive and extended much further seawazd than they do today. These forests not only amacted rains from the clouds and provided shelter for cultivated crops, but also in dry times drew the kehau and kewai (mists and dew) from the upper mountain slopes to the low lands (see also traditional-historical narratives and oral history interviews in this study). In the 1920s-1930s, Handy et al. (1972) conducted extensive reseazch and field interviews with elder native Hawaiians. In lands of North and South Kona, they recorded native traditions describing agricultural practices and rituals associated with rains and water collection. Primary in these rituals and practices was the lore of Lono-a god of agriculture, fertility, and the rituals for inducing rainfall. Handy et al., observed: The sweet potato and gourd were suitable for cultivation in the drier areas of the islands. The cult of Lono was important in those areas, pazticulazly in Kona on Hawaii ...there were temples dedicated to Lono. The sweet potato was particulazly the food of the common people. The festival in honor of Lono, preceding and during the rainy season, was essentially a festival for the whole people, in contrast to the waz rite in honor of Ku which was a ritual identified with Ku as god of battle. (Handy et al. 1972:14) Handy et al. (1972) noted that the worship of Lono was centered in Kona. Indeed, it was while Lono was dwelling at Keauhou, that he is said to have introduced tazo, sweet potatoes, yams, sugarcane, bananas, and 'awa to Hawaiian farmers (Handy et al. 1972:14). The rituals of Lono "The father of waters" and the annual Makahiki festival, which honored Lono and which began before the coming of the kona (southerly) storms and lasted through the rainy season (the summer months), were of great importance to the native residents of this region (Handy et al. 1972: 523). The significance of rituals and ceremonial observances in cultivation and indeed in all aspects of life was of great importance to the well being of the ancient Hawaiians, and cannot be overemphasized, or overlooked when viewing traditional sites of the cultural landscape. RC-0387 Hawaiian Land Use and Resource Management Practices Over the generations, the ancient Hawaiians developed a sophisticated system of land and resources management. By the time `Umi-a-Liloa rose to rule the island of Hawaii in ca. 1525, the island (moku puni) was divided into six districts or moku-o-loko (cf. Fornander 1973-Vol. II:100-102). On Hawaii, the district of Kona is one of six major moku-o-loko within the island. The district of Kona itself, extends from the shore across the entire volcanic mountain of Hualalai, and continues to the summit of Mauna Loa, where Kona is joined by the districts of Ka`u, Hilo, and Hamakua. One traditional reference to the northern and southern-most coastal boundazies of Kona tells us of the district's extent: Mai Ke-ahu-a-Lono i ke `d o Kani-ku, a ho `ea i ka 'ulei ko[o o Manukd i Kaulanamauna e pili aku i Ka'u!-From Keahualono [the Kona-Kohala boundary] on the rocky flats of Kaniku, to Kaulanamauna next to the crawling (tangled growth of) `Glei bushes at Manuka, where Kona clings to Ka`u! (Ka'ao Ho'oniua Pu `uwai no Ka-Milo in Ka Hdku o Hawaii, September 13, 1917; Translated by Kept Maly) Kona, like other large districts on Hawaii, was further divided into `okana or kalana (regions of land ~ smaller than the moku-o-loko, yet comprising a number of smaller units of land). In the region now known as i Kona `akau (North Kona), there aze several ancient regions (kalana) as well. The southern portion of North Kona was known as "Kona kai `opua" (interpretively franslated as: Kona of the distant horizon clouds above the ocean), and included the azea extending from Lanihau (the present-day vicinity of Kailua Town) to Pu`uohau ? (now known as Red Hill). The northern-most portion of North Kona was called "Kekaha" (descriptive of an arid coastal place). Native residents of the region affectionately referred to their home as Kekaha-wai-'ole o nd Kona (Waterless Kekaha of the Kona District), or simply as the diva kaha. It is within this region of Kekaha, that the lands of `O`oma aze found. The ahupua `a were also divided into smaller individual pazcels of land (such as the `iii, kd'ele, mdla, and kzhdpai, etc.), generally oriented in a mauka-makai direction, and often mazked by stone alignments (kuaiwi). In these smaller land pazcels the native tenants tended fields and cultivated crops necessary to sustain their families, and the chiefly communities with which they were associated. As long as sufficient tribute was offered and kapu (restrictions) were observed, the common people, who lived in a given ahupua `a had access to most of the resources from mountain slopes to the ocean. These access rights were almost uniformly tied to residency on a particulaz land, and earned as a result of taking responsibility for stewazdship of the natural environment, and supplying the needs of the ali `i (see Kamakau 1961:372-377 and Malo 1951:63-67). Entire ahupua'a, or portions of the land were generally under the jurisdiction of appointed konohiki or ~ lesser chief-landlords, who answered to an ali`i-`ai-ahupua`a (chief who controlled the ahupua'a resources). The ali `i-'ai-ahupua'a in turn answered to an a[i'i `ai moku (chief who claimed the abundance of the entire district). Thus, ahupua `a resources supported not only the maka `dinana and 'ohana who lived on the land, but also contributed to the support of the royal community of regional and/or island kingdoms. This form of district ~ subdividing was integral to Hawaiian life and was the product of strictly adhered to resources management ' planning. In this system, the land provided Emits and vegetables and some meat in the diet, and the ocean provided a wealth of protein resources. Also, in communities with long-term royal residents, divisions of labor (with specialists in various occupations on land and in procurement of marine resources) came to be strictly adhered to. It is in this cultural setting [hat we fmd `O`oma and the present study azea. The ahupua'a of `O`oma (historically, `O`oma 1" and 2°a) aze two of some twenty ancient ahupua `a within the 'okana of Kekaha-wai-`ole. The place name `O`oma can be literally translated as concave. To date, no tradition explaining the source of the place name has been located, though it is possible that the name refers to the indentation of the shoreline fronting a portion of `O`oma. A few place names within `O`oma were discussed in traditional accounts, thus we have some indication of the histories associated with this land. While there aze only limited native accounts that have been recorded about `O`oma, we do know that the land was so esteemed, that during the youth of Kauikeaouli (later known as Kamehameha HI), the young prince-son of Kamehameha I and his sacred wife Keopnolani-was taken to be raised near the shore of `O`oma under the Gaze of his stewards from infancy until he was five years old (Kamakau 1961:263-264). Again, this is a significant part of the history of this land, as great consideration went into all aspects of the young king's upbringing (see I`i 1959 and Kamakau 1961). RC-0387 The Environmental Setting of `O`oma and Kalaoa The ahupua `a of `O`oma and Kalaoa cross several environmental zones that are generally called wao in the Hawaiian language. These environmental zones include the near-shore fisheries and shoreline strand (kahakai) and the kula kai/kula uka (shorewazd/inland plains). These regional zones were greatly desired as places of residence by the natives of the land. While the kula region is now likened to a volcanic desert, native and historic accounts describe or reference groves of native hazdwood shrubs and trees such as `ulei (Osteomeles anthyllidifolia), elama (Diospyros ferrea), uhiuhi (Caesalpina kavaiensis), and ohe (Reyno[dsia sandwicensis) extending across the land and growing some distance shorewazd. The few raze and endangered plants found in the region, along with small rernnant communities of native dryland forest (Char 1991) give an indication that there was a significant diversity of plants growing upon the kula lands prior to the introduction of ungulates. The lower kula lands receive only about 20 inches of rainfall annually, and it is because of their dryness, the larger region of which `O`oma and Kalaoa aze a part, is known as "Kekaha" While on the surface, there appears to be little or no potable water to be found, the very lava flows which cover the land contain many underground streams that aze channeled through subterranean lava tubes which feed the springs, fishponds and anchialine ponds on the kula kai (coastal flats), Also in this region, on the flat lands, about ahalf--mile from the shore, is the famed Alanui Aupuni (Govermnent Trail), built in 1847, at the order of Kamehameha HI. This trail or government roadway, was built to meet the needs of changing transportation in the Hawaiian Kingdom, and in many places it overlays the older neaz shore ala loa (ancient foot trail that encircled the island). Continuing into the kula uka (inland slopes), the environment changes as elevation increases. This zone is called the wao kanaka (region of man) and wao nahele (forest region). Rainfall increases to 30 or 40 inches annually, and taller forest growth occurred. This region provided native residents with shelter for residential and agricultural uses, and a wide range of natural resources that were of importance for religious, domestic, and economic purposes. In `O`oma and Kalaoa, this region is generally between the 1,200 to 2,200 foot elevation, and is crossed by the present-day Mamalahoa Highway. The highway is situated not far below the ancient ala loa, or foot trail, also lmown as Ke-ala`ehu, and was part of a regional trail system passing through Kona from Ka`II and Kohala. ~ The ancient Hawaiians saw (as do many Hawaiians today) all things within their environment as being interrelated. That which was in the uplands shazed a relationship with that which was in the lowlands, coastal region, and even in the sea. This relafionship and identity with place worked in reverse as well, and the ahupua `a as a land unit was the thread that bound all things together in Hawaiian life. In an early account written by Kihe (in Ka Hoku o Hawaii, 1914-1917), with contributions by John Wise and Steven Desha Sr., the significance of the dry season in Kekaha and the custom of the people departing from the uplands for the coastal region is further described: 'Oia ka w6 a ne `e ana ka !d is Kona, hele a ma/o'o ka 'dina i ka 'ai kupakupa `ia a ka l6, a o nd kanaka, n6 li'i o Kona, puhe'e aku la a noho i kahakai kdhi o ka wai a ola ai na kanaka - It was during the season, when the sun moved over Kona, drying and devouring the land, that the chiefs and people fled from the uplands to dwell along the shore where water could be found to give life to the people. (Ka Hoku o Hawaii, Apd15, 1917 translated by Kepa Maly) It appeazs that the practice of traveling between upland and coastal communities in the `O`oma ahupua'a greatly decreased by the middle nineteenth century. Indeed, the only claimant for kuleana land in `O`oma, during the Mdhele 'Mina of 1848-when native tenants were allowed to lay claim to lands on which they lived and cultivated-noted that he was the only resident in `O`oma at the time (see Helu 9162 to Kahelekahi, in this study). This is perhaps explained by the fact that at time of the Mahele there was a significant decline in the Hawaiian population, and changes in Hawaiian land tenure led to the relocation of many individuals from various lands. 10 RC-0387 Native Traditions and Historical Accounts of `O`oma, Kalaoa and the Kekaha Region This section of the study presents mo'olelo-native traditions and historical accounts (some translated from the original Hawaiian by Kepa Maly)-of the Kekaha region that span several centuries. There aze very few accounts that have been found to date, that specifically mention `O`oma and Kalaoa. Thus, narratives [hat describe neighboring lands within the Kekaha region help provide an understanding of the history of these ahupua'a, describing features and the use of resources that were encountered on the land. It may be, that the reason there are so few accounts for `O`oma, and Kalaoa is that thay may have been considered mazginal settlement azeas, occupied only after the better situated lands of Kekaha-those lands with the sheltered bays, and where fresh water could be easily obtained-were populated. As the island population grew, so too did the need to expand to more remote or marginal lands. This thought is found in some of the native traditions and eazly historic accounts below. However, as people populated the Kekaha lands, they came to value its fisheries-those of the deep sea, neaz shore, and inland fishponds. The native account of Punia (also written Puniaiki - cf. Kamakau 1968), is perhaps among the eazliest accounts of the Kekaha azea, and in it is found a native explanation for the late settlement of Kekaha. The following narratives ate paraphrased from Fomander's Hawaiian Antiquities and Folklore (Fomander 1959): Punia: A Tale of Sharks and Ghosts ofKekaha Punia was born in the district of Kohala, and was one of the children of Hina. One day, Punia desired to get lobster for his mother to eat, but she warned him of Kai`ale`ale and his ~ hoazds of sharks who guazded the caves in which lobster were found. These sharks were greatly feazed by all who lived along, and fished the shores of Kohala for many people had been killed by the shazks. Heeding his mother's warning, Punia observed the habits of the shazks and devised a plan by which to kill each of the sharks. Setting his plan in motion, Punia brought about the deaths of all the subordinate sharks, leaving only Kai`ale`ale behind. Punia tricked Kai`ale`ale into swallowing him whole. Once inside Kai`ale`ale, Punia robbed two sticks together to make a fire to cook the sweet potatoes he had brought with '~I ~ him. He also scraped the insides of Kai`ale`ale, causing great pain to the shark. In his weakened state, Kai`ale`ale swam along the coast of Kekaha, and fmally beached himself at Alula, neaz the point of Maliu in the land of Kealakehe. The people of Alula, cut open the shark and Punia was released. At that time Alula was the only place in all of Kekaha where people could live, for all the rest of the azea was inhabited by ghosts. When Punia was released from the shazk, he began walldng along the trail, to return to Kohala. While on this walk, he saw several ghosts with nets all busy tying stones for sinkers to the bottom of the nets, and Punia called out in a chant trying to deceive the ghosts and save himself: Auwe no hoi kuu makuakane o keia kaha e! Alas, O my father of these coasts! Elua wale no maua lawaia o keia wahi. We were the only two fishermen of this place (Kaha). Owau no o ko `u makuakane, Myself and my father, E hoowili aku ai maua t ka is o ianei, Where we used to twist the fuh up in the nets, O kala, o ka uhu, o ka palani, The kala, the uhu, the palani, O ka is ku o ua wahi nei [a, The transient fish of this place. Ua hele wale is no a maua keia kai la! We have traveled over all these seas, Pau na kuuna, na lua, na puka ia. Al[ the different place, the holes, the runs. Make ko'u makuakane, koe au. Since you are dead, father, I am the only one left. Hearing Punia's wailing, the ghosts said among themselves, "Our nets will be of some use now, since here comes a man who is acquainted with this place and we will not be letting down our nets in the wrong place." They then called out to Punia, "Come here." When Punia went to the ghosts, be explained to them, the reason for his lamenting; "I am crying because 11 RC-0387 of my father, this is the place where we used to fish. When I saw the lava rocks, I thought of him" Thinking to trick Puma and Team where all the ku`una (net fishing grounds) were, the ghosts told Puma that they would work under him Punia went into the ocean, and one-by- one and two-by-two, he called the ghosts into the water with him, instructing them to dive below the surface. As each ghost dove into the water, Punia twisted the net entangling the ghosts. This was done until all but one of the ghosts had been killed. That ghost fled and Kekaha became safe for human habitation (Fonrander 1959:9-17). One of the eazliest datable accounts that describes the importance of the Kekaha region fisheries comes from the mid-sixteenth century, following `Umi-a-Liloa's unification of the island of Hawaii under his rule. Writing in the 1860s, native historian, Samuel Manaiakalani Kamakau (1961) told readers about the reign of `Umi, and his visits to Kekaha: `Umi-a-Liloa did two things with his own hands, famring and fishing...and farnvng was done on all the lands. Much of this was done in Kona. He was noted for his skill in fishing and was called Pu`ipu`i a ka lawai`a (a stalwart fisherman). Aku fishing was his favorite occupation, and it often took him to the beaches (Ke-kaha) from Kalahuipua`a to Makaulatt~. He also fished for `ahi and kala. He was accompanied by famed fishermen such as Pae, Kahuna, and all of the chiefs of his kingdom. He set apart fishing, farming and other practices... (Kamakau 1961:19-20) In his accounts of events at the end of `Umi's life, Kamakau (1961) references Kekaha once again. He records that Ko`i, one of the faithful supporters and a foster son of `Umi, sailed to Kekaha, where be killed a man who resembled `Umi. Ko`i then took the body and sailed to Maka`eo in the ahupua`a of Keahuolu. Landing at Maka`eo in the night, Ko`i took the body to the cave where `Umi's body lay. Replacing `Umi's body with that of the other man, Ko`i then crossed the lava beds, returning to his canoe at Maka`eo. From there, `Umi's body was taken to its' final resting place... (Kamakau 1961:32-33). As a child in ca. 1812, Hawaiian historian john Papa I`i passed along the shores of Kekaha in a sailing ship, as a part of the procession by which Kamehameha I returned to Kailua-Kona from his residency on Oahu. In his narratives, I`i described the shiny lava flows and fishing canoe fleets of the "Kaha" (Kekaha) lands: The ship arrived outside of Kaelehuluhulu, where the fleet for aku fishing had been since the eazly morning hours. The sustenance of those lands was fish. When the sun was rather high, the boy [I`i] exclaimed, "How beautiful that flowing water is!" Those who recognized it, however, said, "That is not water, but pahoehoe. When the sun strikes it, it glistens, and you mistake it for water..." Soon the fishing canoes from Kawaihae, the Kaha lands, and Ooma drew close to the ship to trade for the pa`i`ai (hard poi) carved on boazd, and shortly a great quantity of aku lay silvery-hued on the deck. The fishes were cut into pieces and mashed; and all those aboazd fell to and ate, the women by themselves. The gentle Eka sea breeze of the land was blowing when the ship sailed past the lands of the Mahaiulas, Awalua, Haleohiu, Kalaoas, Hoona, on to Oomas, Kohanaiki, Kaloko, Honokohaus, and Kealakehe, then around the cape of Hiiakanoholae... (I`i 1959:109-110) Ka-Lani-Kau-i-ke-Aouli (Kamehameha Hn In ca. 1813, Ka-lani Kau-i-ke-aouli, who grew up to become Kamehameha III, was born. S.M. Kamakau (1961) tells us that the baby appeazed to be still-born, but that shortly after birth, he was revived. Upon the revival of t Kalahuipua'a is situated in the district of Kohala, bounding the northern side of Pu`uanahulu in Kekaha. Maka`ula is situated a few ahupua'a north of `O`otna. 12 RC-0387 the baby, he was given to the caze of Ka-iki-o-`ewa, who with Keawe-a-mahi and family, raised the child in seclusion at `O`oma for the first five yeazs of the young king's life. Kauikeaouli appazently held some interest in the land of `O`oxna 2°d through the Mahele 'flina, as he originally claimed `O`oma 2°d as his personal property. Though he subsequently gave it up to the Kingdom (Government) later during the Division (see records of Mahele ilina in this study). Kamakau provides us with the following description of Kauikeaouli's birth and eazly life at `O`oma: Ka-lani-kau-i-ke-aouli was the second son of Ke-opu-o-lani by Kamehameha, and she called him Kiwala`o after her own father. She was the daughter of Kiwala`o and Ke-ku`i-apo-iwa Liliha, both children of Ka-Iola Pupuka-o-Hono-ka-wai-lani, and hence she [Ke-opu-o- lani] was a ni`aupi`o and a naha chiefess, and the ni`aupi`o rank descended to her children and could not be lost by them While she was carrying the child [Kau-i-ke-aouli] several of the chiefs begged to have the bringing up of the child, but she refused until her kahu, Ka-lua-i- konahale, known as Kua-kini, came with the same request. She bade him be at her side when the child was bom lest some one else get possession of it. He was living this side of Keauhou in North Kona, and Ke-opu-o-lani lived on the opposite side. On the night of the birth the chiefs gathered about the mother. Eazly in the morning the child was bom but as it appeazed to be stillborn Kua-kini did not want to take it. Then came Ka- iki-o-`ewa from some miles away, close to Kuamo`o, and brought with him his prophet who said, "The child will not die, he will live." This man, Ka-malo-`ihi or Ka-pine by name, came from the Napua line of kahunas descended from Makua-kau-mana whose god was Ka- `onohi-o-ka-la (similaz to the child of God). The child was well cleaned and laid upon a consecrated place and the seer (kaula) took a fan (pe`ahi), fanned the child, prayed, and sprinkled it with water, at the same time reciting a prayer addressed to the child of God, something like that used by the Roman Catholics- "He is standing up, he is taking a step, he walks" (Ku[ia-la, ka'ina-la, hele is la) Or another- Huila ka lani i ke Akua, The heavens lighten with the god, Lapalapa ka honua t ke keiki The earth burns with the child, Eke keiki e, honua i ka punohu lani, O son, pour down the rain that brings the rainbow, Aia i ka [ani ka Haku e, There in heaven is the Lord. O ku'u 'uhane a kahe mau, Life flows through my spirit, I la'a i kou kanawai. Dedicated to your law. The child began to move, then to make sounds, and at last it came to life. The seer gave the boy the name of `"I'he red trail" (Ke-aweawe-`ula) signifying the roadway by which the god descends from the heavens. Ka-iki-o `ewa became the boy's guazdian and took him to rear in annul-of--the-way place at `O`oma, Kekaha. Here Keawe-a-mahi, the lesser chiefs, the younger brothers and sisters of Ka-iki-o-`ewa, and their friends were permitted to carry the child about and hold him on their laps (uha). Ka-pololu was the chief who attended him; Ko`i-pepeleleu and Ulu-nui's mother [were] the nurses who suckled him Later Ka-`ai-kane gave him her breast after she had given birth to Ke-kahu-pu`u. Here at `O`oma he was brought up until his fifth year, chiefly occupied with his toy boats rigged like wazships and with little brass cannon loaded with real powder mounted on [their] decks. The firing off of these cannon amused him immensely. He excelled in foot races. On one occasion when the bigger boys had joined in the sport, a [rascal] boy named Ka-hoa thought to play a practical joke by smearing with mud the stake set up to be grasped by the one who first reached the goal. He expected one of the lazger boys to be the winner, but it was the little prince who first caught the stick and had his hands smeared. "You will be burnt alive for dirtying up the prince. We are going to tell 13 RC-0387 Ka-pololu on you!" the boys threatened; but the prince objected, saying, "Anyone who tells on him shall never eat with me again or play with me and I will never give him anything again." Kau-i-ke-aouli was a splendid little fellow. He loved his playmates and never once did them any hurt, and be was kind and obedient to his teachers... [Kamakau 1961:264] It is not until the eazly twentieth century, that we fmd a few detailed native accounts which tell of traditional features and residents of `O`oma, Kalaoa, and vicinity. The writings of John Whalley Hermosa Isaac Kihe, a native son of Kekaha, in Hawaiian language newspapers (recently translated by Kepi Maly from the original Hawaiian texts), share the history of the land and sense the depth of attachment that native residents felt for `O`oma, Kalaoa, and the lazger Kekaha-wai-`ole-o-na-Kona. Kihe (who also wrote under the name of Ka-`ohu-ha`aheo-i-na-kuahivvi-`ekolu) was born in 1853, his pazents were native residents of Honokohau and Kaloko (his grandfather, Kuapahoa, was a famed kahuna of the Kekaha lands). During his life, Kihe taught at vazious schools in the Kekaha region; served as legal counsel to native residents applying for homestead lands in `O`oma and vicinity; worked as a translator on the Hawaiian Antiquities collections of A. Fornander; and was a prolific writer himself In the later years of his life, Kihe lived at Pu`u Anahulu and Kalaoa, and he is fondly remembered by elder kama`aina of the Kekaha region. Kihe, who died in 1929, was also one of the primary informants to Eliza Maguire, who translated some of the writings of Kihe, publishing them in abbreviated form in her book "Kona Legends" (1926). ~ Writers today have varying opinions and theories pertaining to the history of Kekaha, residency patterns, and practices of the people who called Kekaha-wai-`ole-o-na-Kona home. For the most part, our interpretations are limited by the fragmented nature of the physical remains and historical records, and by a lack of familiarity with the diverse qualities of the land. As a result, most of us only see the shadows of what once was, and it is difficult at times, to comprehend how anyone could have carried out a satisfactory existence in such a ragged land. Kihe and his co-authors provide readers with several references to places and events in the history of `O`oma, Kalaoa, and neighboring lands. Through the narratives, we Team of place name origins, aeeas of ceremonial significance, how resources were managed and accessed, and the practices of those native families who made this azea their home. One example of the rich materials recorded by native writers, is found in "Ka'ao Ho'oniua Pu'uwai no Ka- Miki" (The Heart Stirring Story of Ka-Miki). This tradition is a long and complex account, that was published over a period of four years (1914-1917) in the weekly Hawaiian-language newspaper Ka Hoku o Hawaii. The narratives were primarily recorded for the paper by Hawaiian historians John Wise and J.W.H.I. Kihe. While "Ka-Milo' is not an ancient account, the authors used a mixture of local stories, tales, and family traditions in association with place names to tie together fragments of site-specific histories that had been handed down over the generations. Also, while the personification of individuals and their associated place names may not be entirely "ancient," such place name-person accounts aze common throughout Hawaiian (and Polynesian) traditions. The English translations below aze a synopsis of the Hawaiian texts, with emphasis upon the main events and areas being discussed. Diacritical marks and hyphenation have been placed to help with pronunciation of certain words. "Kaao Hooniua Puuwai no Ka-Milo" (The Heart stirring Story of Ka-Milo) This mo `olelo (tradition) is set in the 1300s (by association with the chief Pili-a-Ka`aiaea), and is an account of two supernatural brothers, Ka-Milo (The quick, or adept, one) and Ma-Ka`iole (Itat [squinting] eyes). The narratives describe the birth of the brothers, their upbringing, and their journey azound the island of Hawaii along the ancient ala loa and ala hele (trails and paths) that encircled the island. During their journey, the brothers competed alongside the trails they traveled, and in famed kahua (contest fields) and royal courts, against 'olohe (experts skilled in fighting or in other competitions, such as ruuning, fishing, debating, or solving riddles, that were practiced by the ancient Hawaiians). They also challenged priests whose dishonorable conduct offended the gods of ancient Hawaii. Ka-Milo and Ma-Ka`iole were empowered by their ancestress Ka-uluhe- nui-hihi-ko]o-i-uka (The great entangled growth of uluhe fern which spreads across the uplands), who was one of the myriad of body forms of the goddess Haumea, the earth-mother, creative force of nature who was also 14 RC-0387 called Papa or Hina. Among her many nature-form attributes were manifestations that caused her to be called upon as a goddess of priests and competitors (people, places named for them, and other place names aze marked below with underlining): ...KGmua was the husband of Ka-uluhe-nui-hihi-kolo-i-uka. The place that is named for Kumua is in the uplands of Kohanaiki, an elevated rise from where one can look towazds the lowlands. The shore and deep sea aze all cleazly visible from this place. The reason that Knmua dwelt there was so that he could see the children and grandchildren of he and his wife. Wailoa, a daughter, was the mother of Kapa`ihilani, also called Kapa`ihi. There is a place in the uplands of Kohanaiki, below Knmua, to the northwest, a hidden water hole, that is called Kapa`ihi. Wailoa is a pond there on the shore of Kohanaiki. Because Wailoa married Kahunakalehu, a native of the area, she lived and worked there. Thus the name of that pond is Wailoa, and it remains so to this day. Pipipi`apo`o was another daughter of Kiunua and Ka-uluhe-nui-hihi-kolo-i-uka. She married Haleolono, one who cultivated sweet potatoes upon the `ilirna covered flat lands of Nanawale, also called Nalri`ahu (Nawah`iahu), as it has been called from before and up to the present time. Ghltivating the land was the skill of this youth Haleolono, and because he was so good at it, he was able to marry the beauty, Pipipi`apo`o. Pipipi`apo`o's skill was that of weaving pandanus mats, and there aze growing many pandanus trees there, even now. The grove of pandanus trees and a neazby cave, is called Pipipi`apo`o to this day, and you may ask the natives of Kohanaiki to point it out to you. Kapukalua was a son of Kilmua and Ka`uluhe. He was an expert at aku lure fishing, and all other methods of fishing of those days gone by. He mazried Kauhi`onohua a beauty with skin as soft as the blossoms of the hinano, found in the pandanus grove of `O`oma. This girl was pleasingly beautiful, and because of her fame, Kapukalua, the exceptionally skilled son of the sea spray of `Apo`ula, secured her as his wife. Here, we shall stop speaking of the elders of Ka-Miki... [January 8, 1914] The tradition continues, recounting the training of the brothers, and prepazations of their halau ali'i (royal compound) at Kohanaiki. At the dedication ceremonies it was revealed that one of the kahuna of the Kaha lands, had taken up the habit of killing people, and that he had also thought to take the lives of Ka-Milo and Ma- Ka`iole. We revisit the story here, and learn the name of a priest of `O`oma and Kohanaiki- ...The sun broke forth and the voices of the roosters and the `eepaio of the forests were heazd resonating and rising upon the mountain slopes. The day became clear, with no clouds to be seen, it was calm So too, the ocean was cahn and the shore of La`i a `Ehu (Kona) was calm. The flowers of the upland forest reddened and unfolded, and nodded gently in the kehau breezes. The priests gathered together to discuss these events and prepazed to apologize to the children of the chief, asking for their forgiveness. They selected `Elepaio, PGhili, Kalua`olana, and Kalua-`Slapa-uwila to go before the brothers for this purpose. `Elepaio was the high priest of HonokShau. The place where he dwelt bears the name `Elepaio [an `ili on the boundary of Honokohau nui & iki]. It is in the great grove of 'ulu (kaulu 'ulu) on the boundary between Honokohau-nui and Honokohau-iki... [Apri123, 1914] Puhili was the high priest of `O`oma and Kohanaiki, the place where he lived is on the plain of Kohanaiki, at the shore, and bears his name to this day. It is on the boundary between Kohanaiki and `O`oma. 15 RC-0387 Kalua`olana was the high priest of Hale`ohi`u and Kamahoe, that is the waterless land of Kalaoa (Kalaoa wai `ole). The place where he lived was in the uplands of Maulukua on the plain covered with `ilima growth. This place bears his name to this day. Kalua-`olana-uwila was the high priest of Kealakehe and Ke`ohu`olu (Keahuolu), and it was he who built the heiau named Kalua-`olapa-uwila, which is there along the shore of Kealakehe, next to the road that goes to Kailua. The nature of this priest was that of a shark and a man. The shazk form was named Kaiwi, and there is a stone form of the shazk that can be seen neaz the heiau to this day. These priests all went to the door of the house and presented the offerings of the black pig, the red fish, the black `awa, the white rooster, the malo (loin clothes), and all things that had been required of their class of priests. They also offered their prayers and asked forgiveness for their misspoken words. They then called for their prayers to be freed and the kapu ended... [April 30, 1914] Through the 1920s, up to the time of his death in 1929, J.W.H.I. Kihe continued to submit traditional accounts and commentary on the changing times to the paper, Ka Hoku o Hawaii. In 1923, Kihe penned a series of articles, some of which formed the basis of Eliza Maguire's Kona Legends (1926). One of the accounts, "Ka Punawai o Wawaloli" (The Pond of Wawaloli), describes that the pond of Wawaloli, on the shore of `O`oma, was named for a supernatural ocean being, who could take the form of the loll (sea cucumber) and of a handsome young man. Through this account it is learned that people regularly traveled between the uplands and shore of `O`oma; the kula lands were covered with 'ilima growth; and that a variety of fish, seaweeds, and shellfish were harvested along the shore. Also, the main figures in the tradition aze memorialized as places on the lands of `O`oma, Kalaoa, and neighboring ahupua'a. These individuals and places include Kalua`Slapa (a hill on the boundary of Hamanamazia and Haleohi`u), Wawaloli (a bay between `O`oma and Kalaoa), Ho`ohila (on the boundary of Kau and Pu`ukala), PSpa`apo`o (a cave site in Hamanamana), Kamakaoiki and Malumaluiki (locations unlmown). The following narratives were translated by Kepfi Maly from the original Hawaiian texts published in Ka Hoku o Hawai `i (September 23`", October 4'" & 11`s, 1923): i ~ Ka Punawai o Wawaloli (The Pond of Wawaloli) ~~ The place of this pond (Wawaloli) is set there on the shore of `O`oma neaz Kalaoa. It is a little pond, and is there to this day. It is very close to the sandy shore, and further towazds the shore there is also a pond in which one can swim. There is a tradition of this pond, that is held deazly in the hearts of the elders of this community. Wawaloli is the name of a loll (sea cucumber) that possessed dual body forms (kino pap~lua), that of a loll, and that of a man! Above there on the `ilima covered flat lands, there lived a man by the name of Kalua`olana and his wife, Kamakaoiki, and their beautiful daughter, Malumaluiki. One day the young maiden told her mother that she was going down to the shore to gather limu (seaweeds), `bpihi (limpets), and pupu (shellfish). Her mother consented, and so the maiden traveled to the shore. Upon reaching the shore, Malumaluiki desired to drink some water, so she visited the pond and while she was drinking she saw a reflection in the rippling of the water, standing over her. She fumed azound and saw that there was a handsome young man there, with a smile upon his face. He said... [September 27, 1923] "...Pazdon me for startling you here as we meet at this pond, in the afternoon heat which glistens off of the p~hoehoe:' She responded, "What is the mistake of our meeting, you are a stranger, and I am a stranger, and so we have met at this pond." The youth, filled with desire for the beautiful young maiden, answered "I am not a stranger here along this shore, indeed, I am very familiaz with this place for this is my home. And when I saw you coming here, I came to meet you." 16 RC-0387 These two strangers, having thus met, then began to lay out their nets to catch kala, uhu, and p~lani, the native fish of this land. And in this way, the beauty of the plains of Kalaoa was caught in the net of the young man who dwelt in the sea spray of `O `oma. These two strangers of the long day also fished for hinalea, and then for kawele`~. It was during this time, that their lines became entangled like those of the fishermen of Wailua (a poetic reference to those who become entangled in a love affair). The desire for the limo, `bpihi, and pGpfi was completely forgotten, and the fishing poles bent as the lines were pulled back in the sea spray. The handsome youth was moistened in the rains that fell, striking the land and the beloved shore of the land. The sun drew near, entering the edge of the sea and was taken by Lehua Island. Only then did these two fishers of the long day take up their nets. Before the young maiden began her return to the uplands, she told the youth, "Tell me your name." He answered her, "The name by which I am known is Wawa. But my name, when I go and dwell in the pond here, is Loli. And when you return, you may call to me with the chant: E Loli nui kikewekewez I ka liana ana kikewekewe I ku'u piko kikewekewe A ka makua kikewekewe I Nana ai kikewekewe Epi'i mai `oe la7tewekewe Ka kaua puni kikewekewe Puni kauoha kikewekewe Oh great Loli moving back and forth Doing your work moving back and forth You are in my mind moving back and forth The parents moving back and forth Are at their work moving back and forth Won't you arise moving back and forth To that which we two desire moving back and forth Your command is desired moving back and forth Having finished their conversation, the maiden then went to the uplands. It was dazk, and the kukui lamps had been lit in the house. Malumaluiki's parents asked her, "Where aze your 1 limo, `opihi and ptipfi?" She replied, "It is proper that you have asked me, for when I went to the shore it was filled with people who took all there was? Thus I was leR with nothing, not even a fragment of limo or anything else. So I have returned up here." Well, the family meal had been made ready, so they al] sat to eat together. But after a short while the maiden stood up. Her paents inquired of this, and she said she was no longer hungry, and that her feet were sore from traveling the long path. So the maiden went to sleep. She did not sleep well though, and felt a heat in her bosom, as she was filled with desire, thus she had no sleep that night. With the arrival of the first light of day, the Malumaluiki went once again down to the shore. Upon amving at the place of the pond, she entered the water and called out as described above. Then, a loli appeazed and turned into the handsome young man. They two then returned to their fishing for the kala, olio and palani, the natvve fish the land. So it was that the two lovers met regulazly there on the shore of `O`oma. Now Malumaluiki's paents became suspicious because of the actions of the daughter, and her regulaz trips to the shore. So they detemilned that they should secretly follow her and spy on her. One day, the father followed her to the shore, where he saw his daughter sit down by the side of the pond. He then heazd her call out - a "Kikewekewe" is translated by Eliza Maguire (1926) as "charmer." KepH Maly was unfamiliaz with this meaning of the word. It is most commonly used in the refrain of a song, and is here translated as "moving back and forth," as the word is used in the spoken language. Kewe also means concave, similaz to the place name `O`oma. 17 RC-0387 E Loli nui lcikewekewe I ka hana ana kikewekewe I ku'u piko la7iewekewe Piko maika'i kfkewekewe A ka makua kikewekewe 1 hana ai kt7cewekewe E pi'i mai 'oe kfkewekewe Ka kaua puni kt7tewekewe Puni kauoha kikewekewe (October 4, 1923) Oh great Loli moving back and forth Doing your work moving back and forth You are the center of my life moving back and forth It is good moving back and forth 77ie parents moving back and forth Are at their work moving back and forth Won't you arise moving back and forth To that which we two desire moving back and forth Your command is desired moving back and forth "O Loli, here is your desire, the one you command, Malumaluiki, who's eyes see nothing else." Her father then saw a loli coming up from the pond, and when it was up, it fumed into the youth. He watched the two for a while, unlmown [o them, and saw that his daughter and the youth of the two body forms (kino papalua), took their pleasure in one another. The father returned to the uplands and told all of this to her mother, who upon hearing it, was filled with great anger, because of the deceitfulness of her daughter. But then she learned that the man with whom her daughter slept was of dual body forms. Kamakaoiki then told Kalua`olapa that he should "Go down and capture the loli, and beat it to death," to which he agreed. One day, Kalua`81apa went down eazly, and hid, unseen by the two lovers. Malumaluiki ~ amved at the pond and called out, and he then memorized the lines spoken by his daughter. When she left, returning to the uplands, he then went to the pond and looked closely at it. He then saw a small circular opening neaz the top of the water in the pond. He then understood that that was where the Loli came up from. He then slept that night and in the eazly morning, he went to the pond and set his net in the water. He then began to call out as his daughter had done with the above words. When he finished the chant, the Loli began to rise up through the hole, and was ensnared in the net. Kalua`51apa then carried him up onto the kola, walking to the uplands. On his way, he saw his daughter coming down, and he hid until she passed him by. When the daughter amved at the pond, she called out in the chant as she always did. She called and called until the sun was overhead, but the loli did not appear in the pond, nor did he come forwazd in his human form. Thus, she thought that he had perhaps died, and she began to wail and mourn for the loss of her lover. Finally as evening came, the beautiful maiden stood, and ascended the kola to her home. Now, let us look back to the Kalua`blapa. He went up to his house and showed the loli to his wife. Seeing the loli, she told her husband, "Take it to the kahuna, Papa`apo`o who lives on the kola of Ho`ohila." So he went to the kahuna and explained everything that had occurred to him, and showed him the Loli in his net. Seeing this and heating of all that had happened, Papa`apo`o told the father to build an imu in which to kalua the great loli that moves back and forth (loli kSkewekewe). He said, "When the loli is killed, then your daughter will be well, so too will be the other daughters of the families of the land." Thus, the imu was lit and the supernatural loli cooked. 18 RCA387 When the daughter returned to her home, her eyes were all swollen from crying. Her mother asked her, "What is this, that your eyes aze puffy from crying, my daughter?" She didn't answer, she just kneeled down, giving no response. At that time, her father returned to the house and saw his daughter kneeling down, and he said "Your man, with whom you have been making love at the beach has been taken by the kahuna P~pa`apo`o. He has been cooked in the imu that you may live, that all of the girls who this loli has loved may live." That pond is still there on the shore, and the place with the small round opening is still on the side of that pond to this day. It is something to remember those things of days gone by, something that should not be forgotten by those of today and in time to come. [October 11, 1923] Ka Loko o Paaiea (The fishpond of Paaiea) The tradition of Ka /oko o Paaiea (The fishpond of Paaiea) was written by J. W.H.I. Kihe, and printed in Ka Hoku o Hawaii in 1914 and 1924. The narratives describe fradifional life and practices in vazious ahupua'a of Kekaha, and specifically describes the ancient fishpond Paaiea. The following excerpts from Kihe's mo'olelo, include references to Wawaloli, on the shore of `O`oma and Kalaoa. P~`aiea, was destroyed by the Hual~lai lava flows of 1801, reportedly as a result of the pond overseer's refusal to give the goddess Pele-ttaveling in human form-any fish from the pond: ' Paaiea was a great fishpond, something like the ponds of Wainanali`i and Klholo, in ancient times. At that time the high chiefs lived on the land, and these ponds were filled with fat awa, `anae, whole, and all kinds of fish that swam inside. It is this pond that was filled by the lava flows and fumed into pahoehoe, that is written of here. At that time, at Ho`ona, there was a Konohiki (overseer), Kepa`alani, who was in chazge of the houses (hale papa`a) in which the valuables of the King [Kamehameha I] were kept. He was in chazge of the King's food supplies, the fish, the halau (long houses) in which the fishing canoes were kept, the fishing nets and all things. It was from there that the King's fishermen and the retainers were provisioned. The houses of the pond guazdians and Konohiki were situated at Ka`elehuluhulu and Ho`ona. In the correct and true story of this pond, we see that its boundaries extended from Ka`elehuluhulu on the north, and on the south, to the place called Wawaloli (between `O`oma and Kalaoa). The pond was more than three miles long and one and a half miles wide, and today, within these boundazies, one can still see many water holes. While traveling in the form of an old woman, Pele visited the Kekaha region of Kona, bedecked in garlands of the ko `oko'olau (Bidens spp.). Upon reaching Paaiea at Ho`ona, Pele inquired if she might perhaps have an 'ama`ama, young 6holehole, or a few 'opae (shrimp) to take home with her. Kepa`alani, refused, "they aze kapu, for the King." Pele then stood and walked along the kuapd (ocean side .wall) of Paaiea till she reached Ka`elehuluhulu. There, some fishermen had returned from aku fishing, and were cazrying their canoes up onto the shore... ...Now because Kepa`alani was stingy with the fishes of the pond Paaiea, and refused to give any fish to Pele, the fishpond Paaiea and the houses of the King were all destroyed by the lava flow. In ancient times, the canoe fleets would enter the pond and travel from Ka`elehuluhulu to Ho`ona, at Ua`u`alohi, and then return to the sea and go to Kailua and the other places of Kona. Those who traveled in this manner would sail gently across the pond pushed forward by the `Eka wind, and thus avoid the strong currents which pushed out from the point of Keahole It was at Ho`ona that Kepa`alani dwelt, that is where the houses in which the chiefs valuables (hale papa'a) were kept. It was also one the canoe landings of the place. Today, it is where the light house of America is situated. Pelekane (in Pu`ukala) is where the houses of Kamehameha were located, neaz a stone mound that is partially covered by the pahoehoe 19 RC-0387 of Pele. If this fishpond had not been covered by the lava flows, it would surely be a thing of great wealth to the government today... [J.W.H.I. Kihe in Ka Hoku o Hawaii; compiled and translated by Kepa Maly, from the narratives written Febmary 5-26, 1914 and May 1-15, 1924]. 1 Na Ho`omanao o ka Manawa (The Recollections of a Native Son) Later in 1924, Kihe, described the changes which had occurred in the Kekaha region since Ms youth. In the following article, titled Na Ho'omanao o ka Manawa (in Ka Hoku o Hawaii June 5`s & 12'" 1924), Kihe wrote about the villages that were once inhabited throughout Kekaha, identifying families, practices, and schools of I the historic period (ca. 1860-1924). In the two part series (translated by Kepa Maly), he also shared his persona] feelings about the changes that had occurred, including the demise of the families and the abandonment of the coastal lands of Kekaha. There has arisen in the mind of the author, some questions and thoughts about the nature, condition, living, trave]ing, and various things that bring pleasure and joy. Thinking about the various families and the many homes with their children, going to play and strengthening their bodies. ~ In the yeaz 1870, when I was a young man at the age of 17 yeazs old, I went to serve as the substitute teacher at the school of Honokbhau. I was teaching under William G. Kanaka`ole ', - who had suffered an illness (ma`i-lolo, a stroke). I In those days at the Hawaiian Govenment Schools, the teachers were all Hawaiian and taught in the Hawaiian language. In those days, the students were all Hawaiian as well, and the books were in Hawaiian. The students were all Hawaiian... There were many, many Hawaiian students in the schools, no Japanese, Portuguese, or people of other nationalities. ( Everyone was Hawaiian or part Hawaiian, and there were only a few part Hawaiians. The schools included the school house at K~olo where Joseph W. Keala taught, and later 1 J.K. Ka`ailuwale taught there. At the school of Makalawena, J. Ka`elemakule Sr., who now I resides in Kailua, was the teacher. At the Kalaoa School, J.U. Keawe`ake was the teacher. There were also others here, including myself for four yeazs, J. Kainuku, and J.H. Olohia who was the last one to teach in the Hawaiian language. At Kaloko Miss Ka`aimahu`i was the last teacher before the Kaloko school was combined as one with the Honokohau school '. ' where W.G. Kanaka`ole was the teacher. I taught there for two yeazs as well... [Kihe includes additional descriptions on the schools of Kona] It was when they stopped teaching in Hawaiian, and began instructing in English, that significant changes took place among our children. Some of them became puffed up and stopped listening to their pazents. The children spoke gibberish (English) and the pazents couldn't understand (nd keiki namu). Before that time, the Hawaiians weren't marrying too many people of other races. The children and their pazents dwelt together in peace with the children and parents speaking together... [June 5, 1924] ...Now perhaps there aze some who will not agree with what I am saying, but these aze my tme thoughts. Things which I have seen with my own eyes, and lmow to be tme...In the yeaz 1870 when I was substitute teaching at Honokohau for W.G. Kanaka`ole, I taught more than 80 students. There were both boys and girls, and this school had the highest emolhnent of students studying in Hawaiian at that time [in Kekaha]. And the students then were all knowledgeable, all knew how to read and write. Now the majority of those people aze all dead. Of those things remembered and thought of by the people who yet remain from that time in 1870; those who aze here 53 yeazs later, we cannot forget the many families who lived in the various ('dpana) land sections of Kekaha. 20 RC-0387 From the lands of Honokohau Kaloko, Kohanaiki, the lands of `O`oma, Kalaoa, Hale`ohi`u Maka`ula, Kau, Pu`ukala-`bhiki, Awalua, the lands of Kaulana, Mahai`ula Makalawena, Awake`e, the lands of Knki`o, Ka`un~lehu, Kr~rolo, Keawaiki, Kaoalaoa, Pu`uanahulu, and Pu`uwa`awa`a. These many lands were filled with people in those days. There were men, women, and children, the houses were filled with lazge families. Truly there were many people [in Kekaha]. I would travel around with the young men and women in those days, and we would stay together, travel together, eat together, and spend the nights in homes filled with aloha. The lands of Honok6hau were filled with people in those days, there were many women and children with whom I traveled with joy in the days of my youth. Those families aze all gone, and the land is quiet. There aze no people, only the rocks remain, and a few scattered trees growing, and only occasionally does one meet with a man today [1924]. One man and his children are all that remain. Kaloko was the same in those days, but now, it is a land without people. The men, the women, and the children are all gone, they have passed away. Only one man, J.W. Ha`au, remains. He is the only native child (keiki kupa) besides this author, who remains. At Kohanaiki, there were many people on this land between 1870 and 1878. These were happy years with the families there. In those years Kaiakoili was the haku `aina (land overseer)... Now the land is desolate, there aze no people, the houses aze quiet. Only the houses remain standing, places simply to be counted I dwelt here with the families of these homes. Indeed it was here that I dwelt with my kahu hanai (guazdian), the one who raised me. All these families were closely related to me by blood. On my fathers' side, I was tied to the families of Kaloko [J.W.H.I. Kihe's father was Kihe, his grandfather was Kuapahoa, a noted kahuna of Kaloko]. I am a native of these lands. The lands of `O`oma, and Kalaoa, and all the way to Kaulana and Mahai`ula were also places of many people in those days, but today there aze no people. At Mahai`ula is where the great fishermen of that day dwelt. Among the fishermen were Po`oko`ai ma, Pa`ao`ao senior, Ka`ao ma, Kai`a ma, Ka`a`ikaula ma, Pahia ma, and John Ka`elemakule Sr., who now dwells at Kailua. Ka`elemakule moved from this place [Mahai`ula] to Kailua where he prospered, but his family is buried there along that beloved shore (kapakai aloha). He is the only one who remains alive today... At Makalawena, there were many people, men, women, and their children. It was here that some of the great fishermen of those days lived as well. There were many people, and now, they aze all gone, last for all time. Those who have passed away aze Kaha`iali`i ma, Mama`e ma, Kapehe ma, Kauaionu`uanu mz, Hopul~`au ma, Kaihemakawalu ma, Kaomi, Keoni Aihaole m~, and Pahukula ma. They aze all gone, there only remains the son-in-law of Kauaionu`uanu, J.H. Mahika, and Jack Punihaole, along with their children, living in the place where Kauaionu`uanu and Ahu once lived. At K6ki`o, not one person remains alive on that land, all are gone, only the `a`3 remains. It is the same at Ka`GpGlehu, the old people aze all gone, and it is all quiet... [June 12, 1924] 21 RC-0387 Ko Keoni Kaelemakule Moolelo Ponoi - Kakau ponoi is mai no a is (The True Story of John Ka`elemakule -Actually written by him) In the period between 1928 and 1930, John Ka`elemakule Sr, who was a native of Kekaha, living at Mahai`ula, Kaulana and Kohanaiki, wrote a series of articles that were published in serial form in Ka Hoku o Hawai `i. The story is a rich account of life in Kekaha between 1854 and 1900. Ka`elemakule's texts introduce us to the native residents of Kekaha, and include descriptions of the practices and customs of the families who resided there. In the following excerpts from Ka`elemakule's narratives (translated by Kepi Maly), we fmd reference once again to `O`oma, Kalaoa, and neighboring lands, and the practices associated with procuring water in this region: "Kekaha Wai Ole o na Kona" (Waterless Kekaha of Kona) I ~ .. We have seen the name "Kekaha wai ole o na Kona" since the eazly part of my story in i Ka Hoku o Hawaii, and we have also seen it in the beautiful tradition of Makalei. An account of the boy who dwelt in the uplands of Kekaha wai `ole, that was told by Ka `ohu- ~ ha`aheo-i-rta-kuahiwi-`ekolu [the penname used by J.W.H.I. Kihe]. I think that certain i people may want to know the reason and meaning of this name. So it is perhaps a good thing for me to explain how it came about. The source of it is that in this land of Kekaha even in the uplands, between Kaulana in the north and `O`oma in the south, there was no water found even in the ancient times. For a little while, I lived in the uplands of Kaulana, and I I saw that this land of Kekaha was indeed waterless. The water for bathing, washing one's hands or feet, was the water of the banana stump (wai pitma'ia). The pumai'a was grated and squeezed into balls to get the juice. The problem with this water is that it makes one itchy, and one does not really get clean. There were not many water holes, and the water that accumulated from rain dried up quickly. Also there ' would be weeks in which no rain fell... The water which the people who lived in the uplands of Kekaha drank, was found in caves. There aze many caves from which the people of the uplands got water... [September 17, 1929:3] ~ ...The kupuna had very strict kapu (restrictions) on these water caves. A woman who had her menstrual cycle could not enter the caves. The ancient people kept this as a sacred kapu from past generations. If a woman did not know that her time was coming and she entered the water cave, the water would die, that is, it would dry up. The water would stop dripping. This was a sign that the kapu of Kane-of--the-water-of--life (Kaneikawaiola) had been desecrated. Through this, we learn that the ancient people of Kekaha believed that Kane was the one who made the water drip from within the earth, even the water that entered the sea from the caves. This is what the ancient people of Kekaha wai `ole believed, and there were people who were kiwi (guardians) who watched over and cleaned the caves, the house of Kane... [September 24, 1929:3] When the kapu of the water cave had been broken, the priest was called to perform a ceremony and make offerings. The offerings were a small black pig; a white fish, and Hholehole; young tazo leaves; and awa. When the offering was prepared, the priest would chant to Kane: This account was published in serial form in the Hawaiian newspaper Ka H6ku o Hawaii, from May 29, 1928 to Mazch 18, 1930. The translated excerpts in this section include narratives that describe Mahai`ula and neazby lands in Kekaha with references to families, customs, practices, ceremonial observances, and sites identified in [ext. The lazger narratives also include further detailed accounts of Ka`elernakule's life, and business ventures. A portion of the narratives pertaining to fishing customs (November 13, 1928 to March 12, 1929), and canoeing practices (Mazch 19 to May 21, 1929) were translated by M. Kawena Pukui, and maybe viewed in the Bishop Museum-Hawaiian Ethnological Notes (BPBM Archives). 22 RC-0387 E Kane i uka, a Kane i kai, O Kane in the uplands, O Kane at the shore, E Kane i ka wai, eia ka puaa, O Kane in the water, here is the pig, Eia ka awa, eia ka luau, Here is the 'awa, here are the taro greens, ' Eia ka is kea. Here is the white fish. Then all those people of the uplands and coast joined together in this offering, saying: He mohai not keia is oe a Kane, This is a request offering to you o Kane, E kala i ka hewa o ke kanaka i hana ai, Forgive the transgression done by man, A e hoomaemae i ka hale wai, Clean the water house (source), j A e hoonui mai i ka wai o ka hale, Cause the water to increase in the house, ' Iola na kanaka, That the people may live, Na ohua o keia aina wai ole. Those who are dependent on this waterless land. I Amama. It is finished... [October 1, 1929:3; KepB Maly, translator) It is not surprising today, when we hear of caves in which cultural materials are found. Along trails, neaz residences, and in once remote areas, a wide range of uses occurred. Caves in the Kekaha lands were used to store items, keep panting shoots cool and fresh for the next season, to hide or take shelter in, to catch water, and as burial sites. Land Tenure in `O`oma, Kalaoa, and Vicinity Through the traditions and eazly historical accounts cited above, we see that there aze descriptions of early residences and practices of the native families on the lands of `O`oma, Kalaoa, and within greater Kekaha. Importantly, we fmd chiefly associations with the land of `O`oma 2°d, as documented by the residency of the chiefs Kaikio`ewa, Keaweamahi, their families and retainers, while they were serving as the guazdians of the young king, Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III in ca. 1813-1818; Kamakau 1961 and Gov. Kapeau, 1847 in this study). Among the eazliest government records documenting residency are those of the Mahele Aina (Land Division), Interior and Taxation Departments, Roads and Public Works, and the Government Survey Division. This section of the study describes land tenure (residency and land use) and identifies families associated with `O`oma, Kalaoa, and it's neighboring lands. The documentation is presented chronologically within the following subsections, The Mahele 'Aina (1848): Dispositon of `O`oma and Kalaoa, Land Grants in `O`oma, .Kalaoa, and Vicinity (1855-1864), The Government Homesteading Program in Kekaha, Field Surveys of J.S. Emerson (1882-1889), and Trails and Roads of Kekaha (Governmental Communications). A review of the records below reveals that none of the claims by native tenants made during the Mahele, or any of the applications for Royal Patent Grants, included lands that are a part of the current development azea. The Mahele `Aina (1848): Disposition of `O`oma and Kalaoa In Precontact Hawaii, all land, ocean, and natural resources were held in trust by the high chiefs (ali `i `ai ahupua'a or ali `i 'ai moku). The use of land, fisheries and other resources were given to the hoa'Bina (native tenants) at the prerogative of the ali'i and their representatives or land agents (knohiki), who were considered lesser chiefs. By 1845, the Hawaiian system of land tenure was being radically altered, and the foundation for implementing the Mahele iItna was set in place, system offee-simple right of ownership. As the Mahele evolved, it defined the land interests of Kauikeaouli (King Kamehameha III), some 252 high-ranking Ali'i and Konohiki, and the Govenunent. As a result of the Mahele, all land in the Kingdom of Hawaii came to be placed in one of three categories: (1) Crown Lands (for the occupant of the throne); (2) Government Lands; and (3) Konohiki Lands (cf. Indices of Awards 1929). The "Enabling" or "Kuleana Act" of the Mahele (December 21, 1849) further defined the frame work by which hoa'aina (native tenants) could apply for, and be granted fee-simple interest in "Kuleana" lands (cf. Kamakau in Ke Au Okoa July 8 & 15, 1869; 1961:403-403). The Kukeana Act also reconfirmed the rights of hoa `aina to access, subsistence and collection of resources necessary to their life upon the land in their given ahupua'a ("Enabling Acts4, August 6, 1850 - HSA DLNR 2-4). ° See also "Kanawai Hoopai Karaima no ko Hawaii Pae Aina" (Penal Code) 1850. 23 RC-0387 ' In the Buke Kakau Paa no ka Mahele Aina (Land Division Book), between Kamehameha III and his supporters, we learn that by the time of the Mahele '/Tina, `O`oma was divided into two ahupua'a, `O`oma 1st and 2nd; and ICalaoa into five ahupua'a, Kalaoa 1st through 5th. `O`oma 1°` was claimed by Moses Kekuaiwa (brother of Kamehameha IV and V, and Victoria Kamamalu), one of the children of Klna`u and M. Kek6anao`a, thus, a grandson of Kamehameha I. `O`oma 2°d was held by Kamehameha III (Buke Mahele, January 27, 1848:13-14). On March 8, 1848, Kamehameha III assigned his interest in `O`oma 2vd to the Government land inventory (Buke Mahele, 1848:183). Moses Kekuaiwa died on November 24, 1848, and his father, Mataio Kek~Sanao`a, administrator of the estate, relinquished in commutation, his rights to `O`oma 1", giving the land over to the Government land inventory (Foreign Testimony Volume 3:408). Thus, both `O`oma ls' and 2°d were assigned to the Government Land inventory (Government Lands -Indices of Awards 1929:10). All five of the Kalaoa ahupua'a were retained as Government lands. In 2000, Kumu Pono Associates digitized the entire collection of handwritten records from the Mahele Nina. Most of the records aze in the Hawaiian language. An extensive review of al] the records identifies only one native tenant who filed a claim of residency and land use in `O`oma during the Mahele. The claim-Helu 9162, by Kahelekahi-was not awazded, and except for an entry in Native Register Volume 8 (Figure 4), there is no further record of the claim Below, is a copy of the original Hawaiian text from the Native Register. The account is of particulaz interest as Kahelekahi reported that in 1848, he was the only resident in `O`oma: / / ~® / /~Y~~/ ' ~' ~• % ~ /o~A~r~ s.,~u.v/. ,~iw~aaX~sJe~rd/~es<a.~ro,~9.w.. //lam-.!,.~~`A,~/~Yw.~rs~~~a~w • ,d ~ aN~ ~r.~~~ !/laicw~/rx+K/Ji Yw a/Fu®~/~ .~i e..~-b/aJbo7io 7u1: ox~~-/lnist s~~ ~//inu t~ /H~.lase+/ Y~atx.e~ avr a~lfu.. wre •:Gau. /!///Vggc s /[/~/Ilbi'/~ /9iao•gr+/4 lx+A'~jrrei v a..raR.~ ~ifiltrr.Se/u~4.' i~®/. Ii(~~blGaftl/¢riw p`miw~y oma ~ aa~~j~~`4/ci~ eto/a.... ~d{{a'//sJJCi-Nsse~ a~c.rH`p/~f.~.+ .ni W//~/Jz /I~/~~~//~.JY6~/+ ~ //L/~u/aeu. r ell-i/ior~I~.-~ fx~~.a //RaTUN~~ tMrSs /!rc<' '~ ~~UaA.UtwmeAst~-'/~ /~4r~ L ~.iM/f~/A!> ~/aa ae-~.'-i/u~ ~ ~~~'e/iu+~roe.~ ./fGa .G1c.~ w.ll~.~- ~.~~e.Z<m aiiriL~ anti ~G~`R'4«/!`.-i/ri s/m aai{.ss 6/I IC// ~jp,I~ l6' Figure 4. Copy of Native Register Vol. 8:543 Helu 9162, claim of Kahelekahi for kuleana at `O`oma. Kahelekahi - Helu 9161 %ailua, Hawaii February 9, 1848 Greetings to all of you comnilssioner who quiet land titles, I hereby tell you of my claim for land. I have an entire ahupuaa situated there in Kona, it's name is Ooma 2. It is an old land gotten by me from Koomoa, and held to this time. For IS yeazs, I have been the only one residing on this land, there aze no other people, only me. I am the only one, there is no one living here to help from one yeaz to the next yeaz. Kamehameha HI is the one above, who has this land, and W.P. Leleiohoku is below him, and I am the one man dwelling there. The survey of the length and width of this land is not accurately completed. That is what I have to tell you. Done by me, Kahelekahi [Native Register Vol. 8:543; translated by Kepi Maly] 24 RC-0387 In Kalaoa 5th only two kuleana claims were awarded (a third was claimed but not awarded), both of which were located mauka in the vicinity of the Hawaii Belt Road. Kupuoe (Kupuoe) - Helu 7899 %ailua, Hawaii Jan. 2, 1849 Kanahele sworn [the whole Ili claim is an error] He has seen the house lot and the place Kupuoe had cultivated. There aze 12 partially cultivated kihapais in Kaweo ili of Kalaoa 5 ahupuaa. It has not been enclosed completely, one house is for Kupuoe. In Kalaoa 4, 8 kihapais have been cultivated. Kupuoe's land is from Kaainoa in 1843, no one has objected to him Kukaanio swom they [Kanahele and Kukaanio] both have known in the same way. [Native Testimony 4:540; translated by Kepa Maly] Kukaaui (Kukaani/Kukaanio) - Helu 7937 Greetings to all of you Land Commissioners: I hereby petition for my ili in the ahupua'a [possessed by] Leleiohoku, in Kailua, Hawaii, which is as follows: it is an entire ill in the comer of Kalaoa 5 -its name is Kahuku. It is bounded on the north by Kahuktt, on the east by Kapulehu (Ka`upulehu], on the south by Kawao, on the west by Kihalau. That is it, for your information, the commissioners to quiet land titles. [signed] KUKAAUI [Native Register 8:4531154; translated by Kepd Maly] Kanahele swom He has seen the place Kukaaui had cultivated. It is an error that he had included the whole ili in his claim. The Kahuku ili of Kalaoa 5 ahupuaa, 9 Kihapais aze at Kolaoa [Kalaoa] 4, 8 have been partially cultivated. He does not know the boundaries and is expecting the surveyor to establish boundaries upon his amval. Land is from Kaluaonaona [Kalimaonaona] in 1848, no one has objected to Kukaaui. Kupuoe sworn they both have known alike in the things mentioned about this land. [Native Testimony 4:539-540; translated by Kepa Maly] In 1849, S. Haanio, Tax Assessor of North Kona, submitted a report to the Boazd of Education regazding i those individuals who were subject to the Tuesday Tax Laws (Poalua), to be worked as a part of the School Tax requirements of the time. At the time of Haanio's report, three individual families were identified as residents of `O`oma and sixteen collectively in the Kalaoa ahupua'a. Residents in the neighboring land of Kohanaiki were also listed, they were: ,, ~ Kalaoa: 1. Kilo, 2. Piena, 3. Nakuala, 4. Kupono, 5. Loa, 6. Kaeha, 7. Keliipuipui, 8. Kapuolokai, 9. Kaainoa, 10. Pains, 11. Kalimaonaona, 12. Kaikeleaukai, 13. Kanahele, 14. Kukaaui, 15. Kupuai, and 16. Helekahi5 Ooma: 1. Kalua, 2. Kamaka and 3. Mamali Kohanaiki: 1. Hulikoa, 2. Kaoeno, 3. Honolii and 4. Awa [HSA -Series 262, Hawaii 1849]. Unfortunately, there is no indication of where people were living at the time. Based on traditional patterns of residency in the region, it is likely that they had primary residences in the uplands, neaz sheltered mala 'ai (agricultural fields), and kept neaz shore residences for seasonal fishing, collection of salt, and other resources of the coastal zone. Of the names given for `O`oma and Kalaoa, descendants of some of these family lines aze known to still be residing in the Kekaha region. Land Grants in `O`oma, Kalaoa 5th, and Vicinity (1855-1864) In conjunction with the Mahele, the King also authorized the issuance of Royal Patent Grants to applicants for tracts of land, lazger than those generally available through the Land Commission. The process for applications was set forth by the "Enabling Act" of August 6, 1850, which set aside portions of government lands for grants. s Helekahi or Kahelekahi -the one who made a claim for a kuleans in `O`oma during the Mahele (Ilelu 9162). 25 RC-0387 Section 4. Resolved that a certain portion of the Govemment lands in each Island shall be set apart, and placed in the hands of special agents to be disposed of in lots of from one to fifty acres in fee simple to such natives as may not be otherwise famished with sufficient lands at a minimum price of fifty cents per acre. [IISA - "Enabling Act" Series DLNR 2-4] The Kingdoms' policy of providing land grants to native tenants was further clarified in a communication from Interior Department Clerk, A. G. Thurston, on behalf of Keoni Ana (John Young), Minister of the Interior; to J. Fuller, Government Land Agent-Kona: February 23, 1852 ...His Highness the Minister of the Interior instructs me to inform you that he has and does hereby appoint you to be Land Agent for the District of Kona, Hawaii. You will entertain no application for the purchase of any lands, without first receiving some part, say a fourth or fifth of the price; then the terms of sale being agreed upon between yourself and the applicant you will survey the land, and send the survey, with your report upon the same to this office, for the Approval of the Board of Finance, when your sales have been approved you will collect the ba]ance due of the price; upon the receipt of which at this office, the Patent will be forwazded to you. Natives who have no claims before the Land Coxnxnission have no Leeal riehts in the soil. Thev aze therefore to be allowed the first chance to purchase thew homesteads. Those who nevlect or refuse to do this must remain de~ndant upon the mercy of whoever purchases the land• as those natives now aze who havine no kuleanas aze livine on lands aheady Patented, or beloneine to Konohikis. Where lands have been eranted but not yet Patented. the natives livine on the ]and aze to have the opfion of buvin their homesteads and then the Brant be located provided this can be done so as not to interfere with them. No Fish Ponds aze to be sold, neither anv landing places. i As a general thine you will chazge the natives but 50 cents ur. acre, not exceedine 50 acres to anv one individual. i Whenever about to survey land adjoining that of private individuals, notice must be given them or they agents to be present and point out their boundaries... [Interior Department Letter Book 3:210-211] Between 1855 and 1864, at least six applications were made for land in the ahupua `a of `O`oma and Kalaoa 5th, and four of them were patented. The applications were made by: Grant Applicant Land Acreage Book and Yeaz 1590 Kauhini Hamanamana, Kalaoa and Ooma 1 1,816 8:1855 (canceled) 1599 J. Hall Ooma 2 101.33 8:1855 (canceled) 1600 Kaakau Ooma 2 58.5 8:1855 1609 Kama Kalaoa 5 45 8:1855 2027 Kameheu Ooma 2 101.33 11:1856 (same azea as Grant 1599) 2031 Koanui Ooma 1 24.5 11:1856 2972 Kaakau Kalaoa 5 & Kama & Ooma 1 515 14:1864 ["Index of all Grants Issued...Previous to March 31, 1886;" 1887] 26 RC-0387 The grants to Ka`akau and Kameheu were patented by 1859, as recorded in the following letter: Apri18, 1859 S. Spencer, Interior Department Clerk; to Lot Kamehameha, Minister of the Interior; Lands in Puaa and Ooma 2 in Kona, Hawaii which were sold by the Government Agent: Royal Patent 1600, Kaakau 58 50/100 acres in Ooma $29.25 Royal Patent 2027, Kameheu, 101 33/100 acres in Ooma $38.00 [HSA -Interior Department, Lands] In the years following issuance of the first Royal Patents, native tenants and others continued to express interest in the lands of `O`oma and Kalaoa ahupua'a. Applications were made to either lease or purchase portions of the remaining government lands. In 1865, Govemment Surveyor and Land Agent, S.C. Wiltse, ~ wrote to the Minister of the Interior, describing the condifion and status of the lands remaining to the govemment. September 5, 1865 S.C. Wiltse, Government Surveyor and Land Agent; to F.W Hutchinson, Minister of the Interior. Kona Hawaii. Govemment Lands in this District not Sold; also those Sold and Not Patented: ..."Kalaoa 5t°" Not in the Mahele book but believed to be Gov't. land. This land above the Govt. Road has been sold and Patented. Below the road I have surveyed 515 acres which was sold by Sheldon to "Kaakau" & "Kama" who payed him $165.00. As no valuation was made of this land per acre by Sheldon I afterwazds valued it myself as follows, 300 Ac. at 50 cts. per acre, 215 at 25 cts. per Ac. The balance due according to this valuation including Patent was $42.75 which was payed to me in Mazch 1864 and forwazded by me to your office. The survey of this land is m your office. If the payments made aze satisfactory, these men would be very glad to get their Patent. This is a piece of 3rd rate land, used only as goat pasture, no improvements on it. Makai of this survey is about 400 Ac. remaining to the Govt., but of very little value. "Ooma 1 ~` & 2"a" The best part of these lands have been sold, there remains to the Govt. the forest part, 2 or 300 Ac., and the makai part some 1500 Ac., about 500 of which is 3rd rate land, the balance rocks. "Kohanaiki" The forest part of this land is all that remains to the Gov't., this is extensive, extending to the mauka side of the forest. It may contain 1500 to 2000 Ac. The makai part of this land containing 220 Ac, has been sold both by Sheldon and myself. In April 1863 I was surveying in Kona when `2Vahuina" (who lives on the adjoining land of "Kaloko") applied to me to survey the makai part of the Gov't. land Kohanaiki which he wished to purchase. I inquired whether he had applied to Sheldon for this lands (Sheldon was then in Honolulu) he told me that he had not, but would do so immediately, if it was necessary he would go to Honolulu for that purpose. I told him that I was then writing to Sheldon and I would make the application for him which I did, but never got an answer. I wrote several times to him about that time, for information about Gov't. lands, but be declined to answer my letters. 27 RC-0387 On the 30s' of May following, I surveyed said piece of land for "Nahuina." When I was making this survey "Kapena" (who bought this land from Sheldon) was present, and afterwazds went to Honolulu and payed Sheldon for this land. "Nahuina" had the money then to pay for this land, and I told him to keep it until he knew who he was paying it to. I was perfectly satisfied [hen that Sheldon's transaction as Gov't. land Agt. was not honest. Mr. Sheldon had then been away from Kona neazly three months, he had previous to this resigned his office as Judge and taken up his residence permanently in Honolulu. Afterwazds when requested by Mr. S. Spencer to act as land Agt. for Kona, "Nahuina" payed me for this land at 25 cents per Acre. Its only value is for a place for a residence on the beach. I have been thus particulaz in giving you the history of this affarr, so that you might be able to decide which of the parties were intitled to said land... [HSA -Interior Deparhnent, Lands] Historical records document that the primary use of the ku[a -lowlands in the Kekaha region, was for goat ranching, with limited cattle ranching. Throughout the 1800s, most of the cattle ranching occurred on the mauka slopes neazer the old upper government road. Summary of Land Tenure Described in Grant Records Grant No.'s 1600 (for Kaakau) and 2031 (for Koanui) aze situated on the mauka side of the Alanui Aupuni (the Upper Government Road, near present-day M~malahoa Highway) in `O`oma 2vd and 1°`. Grant No. 1599 (surveyed for Kauhini), was situated across the kula lands from O`oma 1" in the south, to Hamauamana, in the north. Communications from the 1880s, indicate that the pazcel was never patented, though Kauhini had lived in `O`oma 1°`, through the time of his death (before 1888). J.S. Emerson's Register Map No. 1449, identifies a Triangulation Station in `O`oxna 1" as "Kauhini." At almost the same time that l Kauhini's grant was surveyed, other grants in Kalaoa and `O`oma covering a portion of the azea described under Kauhini's grant were patented to Kakau and Kama (Royal Patent Grant No. 2972). In 1888, this confusing " situation was brought to the government's attention in a letter from more than 70 native residents of `O`oma and the larger Kekaha region, when the Minister of the Interior was developing homestead lots for applicants (see communications below). j Gtant No. 2027 (for Kameheu), situated in `O`oma 2°", extends from the makai edge of the Upper Government Road, to a short distance below the historic Homestead Road between Kaloko and Kalaoa, at about 900 feet above sea level (see Register Map No. 1449). `O`oma grantee Kaakau (Grant No. 1600), also held an interest in Grant No. 2972 in the land of Kalaoa 5's and `O`oma ls~, which he shazed with his relative, Kama. Historic survey records (in Register Maps and Survey Field Books) do identify "Kama's house" near the Wawaloli pond (Register Map No. 1449) in `O`oma 2°d. The same house is later identified as "Keoki Mao's House" (Register Map No. 1280). Kama also received Grant 1609 in Kalaoa 5. In 1888, government surveyor J.S. Emerson identified Kama as a resident in `O`oma, neaz the mauka government road (see communication below). This Kama is identified in oral history interviews as being an elder of the Kamaka line, from whom the often-mentioned Palakiko Kamaka and others descend. A temporary beach shelter-in the vicinity of "Kama's House" marked neaz the shore of `O`oma 2°d on Register Maps 1449 and 1280-remained in use by family members at least until the outbreak of World War II (see interviews with Peter Kaikuaana Pazk, Geo. Kinoulu Kahananui, and Valentine K. Ako). While no formal awards or grants of land appeaz to have been made for the neaz shore kula or beach lands, it is logical to assume that families living in the uplands of the `O`oma, Kalaoa, and Kohanaiki ahupua'a, made regulaz visits to the neaz shore lands. The practice of continued travel between upland residences and neaz-shore 28 RC-0387 shelters, is also described by kapuna Peter K. Pazk, and Elizabeth Lee, who was born and raised in the mauka section of `O`oma, and by other kupuna from neighboring lands. No records indicating that the above Royal Patent Grantees had applied for coastal parcels as a part of thew original claims were found while conducting the present research. A further review of the Mahele records was also made to determine if any of the grant applicants had been Mahele claimants (as is sometunes the case). Their names did not appeaz in the Register or Testimony volumes for the azea. Ka `Aina Kaha-(A Native's Perspective) In 1875, J.P Puuokupa, a native resident of Kalaoa wrote a letter to the editor of the Hawaiian newspaper, Ku Okoa, responding to a letter which had been previously published in the paper (written by a visitor to Kona). The fast account appazently described the Kekaha region as a hard land that presented many difficulties to the residents. It was also reported that a drought on Hawaii had significantly impacted crop production, and that a "famine" was occurring. Puuokupa, responded to the account and described the situation as he knew it, from living upon the land. His letter is important as it provides us with an explanation as to why people of the region-including `O`oma and Kalaoa-lived mostly in the uplands, for it was there that the rich soils enabled residents to cultivate the land and sustain themselves. Mai Kailua a hiki i Kiholo-(From Kailua to Kiholo) y ...The people who live in the azea azound Kailua aze not bothered by the famine. They all have food. There are sweet potatoes and taro. These aze the foods of these lands. There are at this time, breadfmit bearing Emit at Honokohau on the side of Kailua, and at Kaloko, Kohanaiki, Ooma and the Kalaoas where lives J.P. [the author]. All of these lands aze ~ cultivated. There is land on which coffee is cultivated, where tazo and sweet potatoes aze ,' cultivated, and land livestock is raised. All of us living from Kailua to Kalaoa aze not in a famine, there is nothing we lack for the well being of our bodies. Mokuolab is seen cleazly upon the ocean, like the featherless back of the 'ukeke (shore bird). So it is in the uplands where one may wander gathering what is needed, as far as Kiholo which opens like the mouth of a long house into the wind. It is there that the bow of the boats may safely land upon the shore. The livelihood of the people there is fishing and the raising of livestock. The people in the uplands of Napuu are farmers, and as is the custom of those people of the backlands, they all eat in the morning and then go to work. So it is with all of the native people of these lands, they aze a people that aze well off. ..As was said eazlier, coffee is the plant of value on these lands, and so, is the raising of livestock. From the payments for those products, the people aze well off, and they have built wooden houses. If you come here you shall see that it is tme. Fish are also something which benefits the people. The people who make the pai ai on Maui bring it to Kona and trade it. Some people also trade their poi for the coffee of the natives here... (J.P. Puuokupa, in Ku Okoa November 27, 1875; translated by Kepa Maly) The Government Homesteading Program in Kekaha Following the Mahele and Grant programs of the middle 1800s, it was found that many native tenants still remained on lands for which they had no title. In 1884, the Hawaiian Kingdom initiated a program to create Homestead lots on Government lands-a primary goal being to get more Hawaiian tenants in possession of fee- simple property (Homestead Act of 1884). The Homestead Act allowed applicants to apply for lots of up to 20 acres in size, and required that they own no other land. I On Hawaii, several lands in the Kekaha region of North Kona, were selected and a surveying program was authorized to subdivide the lands. Initially, those lands extended from Kohanaiki to Ktlki`o. Because it was the intent of the Homestead Act to provide residents with land upon which they could cultivate crops or graze b Moku-ola -literally: Island of life - is a poetic reference to a small island in Hilo Bay which was lmown as a place of sanctuary, healing, and life. By poetic inference, the Kekaha region was described as a place of life and well-being. ' 29 1 RC-0387 animals, most of the lots were situated near the mauka road (near the present-day Mamalahoa Highway) that ran between KaIlua and `Akahipu`u. Eazly in the process, native residents of Kekaha soon began writing letters to the Minister of the Interior, observing that 20 acre pazcels were insufficient "to live on in every respect." They noted that because of the rocky nature of the land, goats were the only animals that they could raise, and thus, try to make their living (cf. State Archives-Land File, December 26, 1888, and Land Matters Document No. 255; and communications below). During the first yeazs of the Homestead Program, all of the remaining government lands in the Kekaha region, from Kohanaiki to KGki`o 2°a, had been leased to King David Kalakaua for grazing purposes. The following lease was issued, with the notation that should portions of the land be desired for Homesteading purposes, the King would relinquish his lease: August 2nd 1886 General Lease 364 Between His Majesty Kalakaua; and Walter M. Gibson, Minister of the Interior [Lease of unencumbered government lands between Kealakehe to Kukio 2°a]: ...Oma [Ooma] No. 1 & 2 - yeazly rent Ten dollars... Each and every of the above mentioned lands aze let subject to the express condition that at any time during the term of this lease, the Minister of the Interior may at his discretion peaceably enter upon, take possession, and dispose of such piece or pieces of land included in the lands hereby demised, as may be required for the purposes of carrying out the terms and intent of the Homestead Laws now in force, or that may be hereafter be enacted during the term of this lease... [State Land Division Lease Files] By 1889, the demand for homestead lots in the Kekaha lands was so great that King Kalakaua gave up his interest in the lands: January 22, 1889 J W Robertson, Acting Chamberlain; to JA. Hassinger, Chief Clerk, Interior Department I ~ [Regazding temilnation of Lease No. 364 for lands from Kukio to Kohanaiki]: ...I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication, of the 17a', instant, j informing me that you aze drrected, by His Excellency the Minister of the Interior, to say, that he desires to take possession of the lands, described in Government Lease No. 364, for Homestead purposes, and requests the surrender of the lease. His Majesty the King, is willing, for the purpose of assisting in carrying out the Homestead Act, to accede to the terms of the lease, so faz as to give up only such portions of the lands, as aze suitable to be apportioned off for Homestead purposes. It has come to the knowledge of His Majesty, that several of the applicants for portions of the above lands, aze already in possession of lands elsewhere, and living in comfortable homes. They aze not poor people, nor aze they entitled to the privilege of obtaining lands under the Homestead Act, but aze desirous of obtaining more of such property, for the purpose of selling or leasing to the Chinese, which class is beginning to outnumber the natives in nearly every district... His Majesty is desirous of retaining the balance of lands, that may be left after the apportionment has been completed; and also desires to lease remnants of other Government lands in that section of the Island... 30 RC-0387 Reply attached -Dated January 22, 1889: The lands of Kohanaiki and Kalaoa and Makaula have been divided up into Homestead lots, and taken up. Lands mazked * aze in Emerson's List of lands to be sold. Emerson's List attached. His Majesty has paid rent to Aug. 22, 1889. Another rent is due in adv. from this date... * Kukio 2 * Maniniowali * Mahaiula * Kaulana * Awalua Puukala +Makaula +Kalaoa 1, 2, 3, 4 8z 5 * Ooma 1 8z 2 + Kohanaiki Lease cancelled by order -Munster of Int. August 2, 1889 [HSA -Interior Department, Lands] One of the significant issues that azose with the development of homesteads in the Kekaha region, involved the lands of `O`oma, Kalaoa, and H~manamana, which had been surveyed for Kauhini in 1855, under Grant No. 1590. The grant was appazently never patented, and questions regazding the government's authority to divide portions of the `O`oma-Kalaoa-Hamanamana lands into Homestead lots were raised. Adding to the confusion, in 1888, John A. Maguire was also making his move from Kohala to Kona, and in the process of establishing his Huehue Ranch. One of the lands he reportedly purchased was covered under the unperfected Grant No. 1590. Thus, homestead applicants and program managers met with a wide range of challenges during the program's history. Homestead Communications I There are a number of letters between native residents (applicants for Homestead lands) and government agents, documenting the development of the homesteading program and residency in Kekaha. Tracts of land in ,I i Kohanaiki, `O`oma, Kalaoa and neighboring ahupua'a were let out to native residents, and eventually to non- native residents as well. Those lands which were not sold to native tenants were sold or leased to ranching ' interests-most of which came under John A. Maguire of Huehue Ranch. ~ One requirement of the Homestead Program was that lots which were to be sold as homesteads to the applicants, needed to be surveyed. J.S. Emerson, one of the most knowledgeable and best-informed surveyors to ' work in Kona, began surveying the Kekaha region homestead lots in 1888. Emerson's letters to Surveyor General, W. D. Alexander, provide valuable historical documentation about the community and land. Writing from `O`oma in April 1888, Emerson spoke highly of the Hawaiian families living on the land; he also described land conditions and weather at the time. In the letter, we find that questions regazding the status of several lands in Kona had arisen, and that John A. Maguire was planning to "settle" in Kona (see communications in Part 4 of this section of the study). Emerson's letters along with those below from the native tenants of the land, provide fast hand accounts of the land development of the communities in Kekaha. The following communications are among those found in the collection of the Hawaii State Archives (HSA). May 1888 J W.H. Isaac Kihe, Jr., et al.; to L.A. Thurston, Minister of the /nterior [Petition with 71 signatures, regarding discrepancy in land grant to Kauhini in Kalaoa and Ooma; and desires that said land be divided into Homestead Lots for applicants]: ...We, the undersigned, subjects residing within the boundaries of Kekaha, from Kohanaiki to Makalawena, and Whereas, the land said to belong to Kauhini is within the boundaries above set forth; Whereas, some doubt and hesitancy has come into our minds concerning the things relating to said land of Kauhini, and that it is proper that a very careful investigation be made, because, we have never known said Kauhini to have lands in the Kalaoas and Ooma 1, and because of such doubt, the Government sold some pieces in said land of 687 31 RC-0387 acres to Kama, Kaakau and Hueu, and they have been living with all the rights for 20 years and over, on pieces that were acquired by them Therefore, we leave this request before your Excellency, the honorable one, with the grounds of this request: First: The said land of Kauhini is not a land that is clear in every way, so that it can be shown truthfully and clearly that it belongs to Kauhini and his heirs -said kuleana. Second: The land said to belong to Kauhini was only surveyed, but the money was not paid, that is the price for the land, only the payment for the survey was paid. We aze ready with witnesses to prove this ground, as well as other grounds. Third: Because of Kama and Kaakau and Hueu's knowing that Kauhini had no true interest in the land, therefore, they bought from the Government some acres of in the piece which Kauhini had surveyed, and the Government readily agreed to sell to them This is real proof that said land was not conveyed to Kauhini, and the second is that Kauhini was living right there and he made no protest against the sale by the Government of those 687 acres to Kama (k), Kaakau (k) and Hueu (k), up to the time of his death, and only now has the question been raised through the plat of the survey, and thereby basing the claim that Kauhini had some land. ...We ask your honor that this matter be traced in the Government Departments, so as to fmd out the truth, there is much trouble and uncertainty about this land. And our inquiry to be based upon these great questions. Does the land belong to Kauhini? Or to the Government?... [HSA -Interior Department, Lands] May 16, 1888 !. Interior Department Clerk; to J.W.H. Isaac Kihe, Jr.: ...I have been directed by the Honorable Minister of the Interior, to say, that your request asking that Kauhini's interest in the lands of Kalaoa & Ooma 1 be investigated, and to let + you know the you aze wanted to send, or to bring here to Honolulu, 2 or 3 good witnesses, i and all the papers found by you or them, concerning this land of Kauhini... [HSA Interior Departrnent Lands] ~ May 16, 1888 I JF. Brown, Government Surveyor; to L.A. Thurston, Minister of the Interior [Regazding disposition of Grant No. 1590, to Kauhini for Lands in Hatnanamana, Kalaoa, and Ooma; Figure 5]: ...With reference to the letter of inquiry of numerous natives in N. Kona, Hawaii, I beg to report: That as regards the land belonging to Kauhini, I fmd that Grant 1590 on record and signed in due form, assigned to Kauhini something over 1800 acres shown in sketch by yellow tinted boundary line. At the bottom of the page however and in different handwriting is the following remazk "Memo -this to be cancelled" S.S. (Stephen Spencer)? Later the grants shown in sketch by blue lines were issued to the parties indicated in the sketch, and this fact together with the memo attached to the Grant, and the statements and beliefs of the natives leads me to think that the Grant to Kauhini was actually cancelled, but of this I have not yet obtained further proof than I have here given... [HSA -Interior Deparment, Lands] 32 RC-0387 I / i~ i 4 ~~~ t .~ ~~ ~~g~~~. .~ i ~~~ p '~ n \ ~r ~ kg , ~~ L.._q.~~~ b4 ~. ~..r~ 6 I~ a i. .'$. , , ~ ~ ~ 4 ~ i ~' Y ~t~~ ~ ' I n ~ ~ ~ tt..e ` ni~~ , y4~1I 2 =I I ` I ^U, n` .- I V V I Y~I~~~~I ~ I p~' ~~ , C i '" i ! ~ ~~ ~-~.., ~r ~ ~ ~~ f .. ~. ~,/ _.c- ~ C V , 9 ~, Figure 5. Portion of 188 '~I~ ~ ~~ 1, 1 ~ ,\ ` 5 ~t ~~ ~ ,1. o i ' ,, ..... :. ~ \,.c.-y,,. ~ , .2; _ ~, ~ . .~ wyl~+' J~~• J` Y`~i~0r`, \\~/e` CAI '~ ~~' \'. No. 1590, to 33 RC-0387 May 1888 - J W.HL Kihe, Jr.; to L.A. Thurston, Minister of the Interior: ...Oh honorable one, I am ready with the right witnesses to come when I receive the order, and if you agree, oh honorable one, to help with the fazes for us on the vessel, and for our support while staying there and coming back. Proofs are ample to prove that the land belongs to the Government, when I arrive with the witnesses, according to what you wish to be done... [HSA -Interior Department, Lands] [Applying to purchase remnant lands from Makaula to Ooma 2°°, as a native Hui; and that land not be sold to outsiders.] ~ ...We the undersigned, kamaaina (old residents) who reside from "Makaula" to "Ooma 2," joining "Kohanaiki," hereby petition and we also file this petition with you, and for you to consider and conferring with the Minister of the Interior, whether to consent or refuse the i, petition which we humbly file, and at the same time setting forth the nature of the land and the boundaries desired. We ask drat all be sold to us as a Hui, that the remnants of all the Government lands from "Hamanamana" to "Ooma 2 (two)," that is from the Government remnant of "Hatnanamana, Kalaoa 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Ooma 1 & 2" rmming until it meets the sea. Being the remnants remaining from the "Homesteads" lately, and remaining after the sale of the lands formerly sold by the Government, these aze the remnants which we wish to buy as a "HUL" If you consent, and also the "Minister of the Interior," for these reasons: 1. The "remnants of Govermnent lands" aforesaid, join our land kuleanas and were lately surveyed, and for that reason we believe it proper that they be sold to us. 2. The "kuleanas" that were surveyed for us are not sufficient to live on in every respect, they aze too small, and are not in accordance with the law, that is one hundred acres, (Laws 1888). 3. Because of our belonging to, and being old residents of said places, is why we ask that consent be granted us for the sale to us and not to any one from other places, or we may be put to trouble in the future. With these reasons, we leave this with you, and for you to approve, and we also adhere to our first offer per acre, and the explanations in regards to said offer. FIRST: The price per acre to be 10 cents per acre. SECOND: The nature of the land is rocky and lava stones in all from one and to the other, and there is only one kind of animal which can roam thereon, and it is goats, and that is the only thing to make anything out of, and to benefit us if we acquire it. THIlLD: If this land is acquired by others, they will probably cause us trouble, because the kuleanas which we have got aze very small and not enough, not 20 acres of the land were acquired by us; very few of the lots reach 20 acres or more. And because of these reasons and the explanations herein, we leave before your Excellency for the granting of the consent or not... [HSA -Interior Department, Lands] ca. February 1889 Petition ofJ W.H Isaac Kihe, Jr. and 21 others; to L.A. Thurston, Minister of the Interior [Transmitting first payment for Homestead Land from Makaula to Kohanaiki]: ...We, the ones whose names aze below, persons who but for the pieces of "Homestead" lands from Makaula to Kohanaiki, present to you documents of proof and money as fast payment of ten ($10.00) dollazs in the hands of L Kaelemakule, the Agent appointed for the "Homestead" lands in North Kona, Hawaii. 34 RC-0387 We ask that the Agreements be sent up, with the Government for five yeazs to J. Kaelemakule, the Agent here, in number the same as there are names below... 1. J.W.H. Isaac Kihe, Jr. 9. P. Nahulanui 17. Keawehawaii 2. S. Mahauluae 10. Kaukaliinea 18. D. Kaninau 3. D.P. Manuia 11. Kamahiai (w) 19. Mokuaikai 9 4. S.M. Kaawa 12. C.K. Kapa 20. Nuuanau 5. H.P. Ku 13. P.K. Kanuha 21. S. Kaimuloa 6. W.N. Kailiino 14. J. Haau 22. J. Kaloa 7. Z. Kawainui 15. G. Mao 8. Kikane 16. J. Pule [HSA -Interior Department Document No. 227] February 18, 1889 J Kaelemakule, Land Agent; to L.A. Thurston, Minister of the Interior.' I am sending the correct report of the applicants for homestead lands here in North Kona, ~ and their respective names, and the amount they have paid for their initial deposits in order that the agreements will be made correctly... Pule $10. Keoki Mao $10. Mahuluae $10. Haau $ ] 0. Nuuanu $10. Manuia $10. Kaukaliinea $10. Kamahiai (w) $10. Kaawa $10. Kaninau $10. L Kaelemakule $10. Kawainui $10. Mokuaikai $10. Keawehawaii $10. Nahulanui $10. Kaloa $10. Haiha $10. Kapa $10. Kaumuloa $10. Isaac Kihe$10. Railiino $10. Kanuha $10. Ku $10. Kikane $10. [HSA -Interior Department, Lands] ' October 7, 1889 J Kaelemakule, Land Agent; to L.A. Thurston, Minister of the Interior: i i ...The applications of Kahinu and Lilinoe which were sent down during the month of ', ~ August, please have the lots changed, because the map of Ooma has arrived with new numbers, as follows: Kahinu, Lot 51; Lilinoe, Lot 49, in Ooma ls' ... [HSA -Interior ~ Department, Lands] October 10, 1889 J W.H. Isaac Kihe, Secretary; to L.A. Thurston, Minister of the Interior: ...I leave some more names who make applications for homestead lands here in North Kona... The places wanted by those named aze: Pika Kaninau at Ooma 1 Kahinu at Ooma 2 Keaweiwi at Ooma 2... [HSA -Interior Department, Lands] October 28, 1889 Z Kaelemakule, Land Agent; to L.A. Thurston, Minister of the Interior: ...The eight lots in Ooma have all been taken, none aze left... These lots have been very quickly taken by the bidders, before the issuance of the notice from the Minister... Beaz in mind the agreements for Kahinu and Lilinoe... [IISA -Interior Deparhrtent, Lands] December 31, 1890 J W.KL Kihe, Jr.; to C.N. Spencer, Minister of the Interior.• We, the undersigned, who aze without homes, and aze destitute and have no place to live on, and whereas, the government has pemritted all the people who have no lands, and that they receive homesteads, and for that reason, your humble servants make application that our 35 RC-0387 application may be speedily granted which we now place before Your Excellency, that the Government land which was divided and surveyed by Joseph S. Emerson, be immediately sub-divided ,the same being portions of Kalaoa 5 and Ooma, on the mauka side of Karna (k), Koanui (k), to the junction with Ooma of Kaakau (k), containing an area of one hundred and fifteen acres (115), and it is those acres which your applicants aze applying for before Your Excellency, and where as your applicants aze native Hawaiians by birth, residing at Kalaoa, North Kona, Island of Hawaii. And the minds of your servants hope and desire to have a place to live on in the future, and to have a home for al] time, and Your Excellency, your servants humbly place their petition with the hope that you will grant this application... M.E. Kuluwaimaka (k) H. Haoawahine (k) D.W. Kanui (k) Mr. Kahumoku (k) [HSA -Interior Deparhnent, Lands] July 30, 1890 ~ Petition of Kaihemakawalu and 63 native residents ofKekaha; ' to C.N. Spencer, Minister of the Interior [Requesting that ]ands available for Homesteading be sub-divided and granted to applicants]: ...We, the undersigned, old-timers living from Kealakehe to Kapalaoa, who aze subject to taxes, and who have the right to vote in the District of Kona, Hawaii, and ones who aze really without lands, and who wish to place this application before Your Excellency, that all I of these Government lands here in North Kona, be given to the native Hawaiians who are destitute and poor, being the lots which were sub-divided by the Government which are ' lying idle and for which no Agreements have been given out, and also the lots which were granted Agreements and issued in the time when Lorrin A. Thurston was Minister of the ~ Interior, and also the lots which still remain undivided. All of these Government lands are what we are now again asking that the dividing and sub-dividing be continued in these '~, ~ rerrmants of Government lands, until all of the poor and needy ones aze provided for. Your Excellency, we ask that no consent whatever be given to pemritting lands to be acquired by the rich through sale at auction, or by lease, and if there is to be any lease, then to be leased to the poor ones, if they aze supplied with homes. Your Excellency, we ask that you immediately send copies of all agreements of the Government lands which were cut up and sub-divided, which aze remaining and have no documents for those lots. And we also ask that a surveyor be sent now to again survey and sub-divide the remaining Government lands, being the Government lands of Kaulana, Mahaiula, Kukio I & 2, mauka of the Government Road, and Kalaoa 5 & Ooma 1, mauka of the Government Road, joining Kama's and Koanui's. And now, Your Excellency, we also ask that all of the pieces of Government land lying idle outside of these lands which have been sub-divided, and lands which aze to be sub-divided, applied for above, to be allowed to be leased to use for five cents per acre, because, they aze rocky and pahoehoe lands only left, and the number of acres being about three thousand and over, thereby giving the Government some income from these which have been lying idle and without any value... [HSA -Interior Department, Lands] June 22, 1893 J Kaelemaku[e, Land Agent; to J.A. King, Minister of the Interior: ...I am forwarding you with this, the copy of the agreement of Wm. Harbottle, and some applications as herein below set forth (Figure 6): 36 RC-0387 # 107, Kalua (w), for Lot # 59, Map 6, Ooma; # 108, G.M. Paiwa, for Lot # 56, Map 6, Ooma; # 109, Namakaokalani, for Lot # 58, Map 6, Ooma; # 110, Pika Kaninau, for Lot # 57, Map 6, Ooma. Lot # 57 above set forth, was formerly agreed with D. Kealoha Hoopii, but this applicant lefr altogether and lived a long time in Kohala, and has done nothing towazds the land, and has never signed the agreement to this day. As two yeazs have gone by, I thought it would be better to give the lands to the new applicant... [HSA - Interior Department, Lands] August 31, 1898 Statement of Leases of Public Lands Under Control of the Commissioner of Public Lands... 37 RC-0387 ...Ooma (mauka) 1160 acres -Coffee, wood lands & grazing Lease No. 432 - Aanual rent $60. -Expires August ls`, 1906... Reservation in lease by which the Gov't. may take up portions suited to settlement. [HSA - F.O. & Ex, 1898 -Public Lands] In May 1902, the Territorial Survey Office issued Register Map No. 2123, depicting a portion of the Kalaoa-Ooxna Homesteads. `O`oma 1" had been divided into 25 lots extending from neaz the shore (excluding the shore line) to the upper limits of the ahupua`a; also excluding the eazly Royal Patent Grant parcels previously sold to native tenants. Applicants for land in `O`oma 1~` (from makai to mauka) included: • Kanealii - Right of Purchase Lease # 30; Lot 4-B (cancelled); Kanealii's parcel was just mauka of the shore line exclusion. • Wm Keanaaina -Right of Purchase Lease #33; Lot 13 (Patented by Grant No. 5472); The makai end of Wm. Nuuanu Keanaaina's Grant 5472, is situated at approximately 325 feet above sea level. • L Maiola -Right of Purchase Lease # 28; Lot 14 (cancelled); J. Maiola's parcel was situated about 525 feet above sea level. • K. Kama Jr. -Right of Purchase Lease #27; Lot 15 (Patented by Grant No. 5046). The makai end of K. Kama's Grant No. 5046, is situated at approximately 725 feet above sea level. Territorial Survey Map No. 6 (Homestead Lots, Akahipuu Section), surveyed by J.S. Emerson in 1889, depicts the eight original homestead lots sold to applicants. The lots aze in the azea extending from 1,022 feet above sea level to the old Marnalahoa Highway. The lots contained approximately 15 to 25 acres each, and were (makai to mauka) sold to: • S. Kane -Grant No. 3819, Lot 55; • Loe Kumukahi -Grant No. 3820, Lot 54; • Papala (w) -Grant No. 3820 B, Lot 53; • Kaulainamoku -Grant No. 3821, Lot 52 • L. Kahinu - Grant No. 3805, Lot 51 • J. Hoolapa -Grant No. 3804, Lot 50 • J.M. Lilinoe -Grant No. 4343, Lot 49 • J. Palakiko -Grant No. 3822, Lot 48 Except for the Homestead pazcels and the two lots patented to Keanaaina and Kama (totaling ten pazcels of the available 25 pazcels), no other land in `O`oma 16f was sold during this time. The land was retained by the government and portions leased out for grazing (see General Lease No.'s 590 and 604). `O`oma 2°s was also divided into homestead pazcels, but only six lots were made in the subdivision (see Register Map No. 2123). The two makai lots consisted of approximately 1,333 acres-the first lot from above the shore to the 1847 Alanui Aupuni, containing approximately 302 acres, and the other lot running mauka from the same Alanui Aupuni, to about the 800 foot elevation (containing approximately 1,031 acres). In 1899, John A. Maguire, founder of Huehue Ranch applied for a Patent Grant on both of the makai lots, but he only secured Grant No. 4536, for the lower pazcel of 302 acres, in `O`oma 2°d. Maguire's Huehue Ranch did hold General Lease No.'s 1001 and 590 for grazing purposes on the remaining government lands-both below and above the mauka highway-in `O`oma 2nd. 38 RC-0387 Between 700 and 1,100 feet elevation, four Homestead lots were subdivided, containing 40.50 to 45 acres each. Applicants for the lots (makai to mauka) were: • James Kuhaiki -Right of Purchase Lease # 75, Lot 59 (Patented to Mrs. Hattie Kinoulu); • Jno. Kainuku - C.O. No. 33, Lot 58 (not granted by 1902); • Holokahiki - C.O. No. 11, Lot 57 (cancelled; R.P.L. # 59 to Jno. Broad); and • E.M. Paiwa -Grant No. 4273. Lot 56. The notes of survey from Maguue's Grant No. 4536 describes the near shore pazcel in `O`oma 2°d. Of particulaz interest, it also references one of the prominent cultural-historical features on the boundary between `O`oma 2vd and Kohanaiki, an "old `Kahua hale' on white sand..." The "kahua hale" being an old house site. The notes of survey read (Figure 7): Grant No. 4536 To J.A. Maguire Purchase Price $351.00 A Portion of Ooma 2°d, N. Kona, Hawaii Applied for by J.C. Lennart, June 8, 1899. Beginning at Puhili Gov't. trig. St. on the boundary between Konanaiki and Ooma mazked by a drill hole in stone 9 feet South of the South corner of an old "Kahua hale" on white sand at a point from which Akahipuu Gov't. trig. Sta. is N 55° 2T 39" E true 32634.7 feet Keahole Gov't. Trig. Sta. is N 21° 52' 36" W tme 9310.5 fr. Keahuolu Gov't Trig. Sta. is S 22° 24' 36" E true 20,141.8 ft., and running - 1. S. 79° 26' W, true 298.0 feet along Gr. 3086 Kapena, to a large [mazk] on Bond pahoehoe by the sea at Puhin Point, thence continuing the same line to the sea shore and along the sea shore to a point whose duect bearing and distance is: 2. N. 4° 54' W. trne 4192.0 feet; 3. Due east trne 2920.0 feet along Ooma 1` 4. S. 31° 30' E. true 3920.0 feet along reservation for Gov't. Road 30 feet wide; 5. S 790° 45' W. true 4387.0 feet along Grant 3086 Kapena, to initial point and including an area of 302 acres. J.S. Emerson, Surveyor Oct. 10, 1901. 39 RC-0387 . r ~~ . . I I. ~ i, .1 ~£r ~ 1 a = ~i { F < x i. t 9i "1: 'I 2 \.~ t I~ F ~ . :~ ~ ~ a J q 4 ~ O ~ ~ 7 V I F (r I ? .. .~ Y ?igure 7. 1899 Grant Map No. 4536 showing makai portion of `O`c 4 }y Y i { ~ ' ~ ~ to John A. Maeuire 40 RC-0387 Field Surveys of J.S. Emerson (1882-1889) Among the most interesting historic Government records of the study azea-in the later nineteenth century-are the communications and field notebooks of Kingdom Surveyor, Joseph S. Emerson. Born on Oahu, J.S. Emerson (like his brother, Nathaniel Emerson, a compiler of Hawaiian history) had the ability to converse in Hawaiian, and he was greatly interested in Hawaiian beliefs, naditions, and customs. As a result of this interest, his letters and field notebooks record more than coordinates for developing maps. While in the field, Emerson also sought out knowledgeable native residents of the lands he surveyed, as guides. Thus, while he was in the field he also recorded their traditions of place names, residences, trails, and various features of the cultural and natural landscape (including the extent of the forest and azeas impacted by grazing). Among the lands that Emerson worked in was the greater Kekaha region of North Kona, including the lands of `O`oxna and vicinity. One of the unique facets of the Emerson field notebooks is that his assistant J. Perryman, was also a sketch artist. While in the field, Perryman prepared detailed sketches that help to bring the landscape of the period to life. In a letter to W.D. Alexander, Surveyor General, Emerson described his methods and wrote that he took readings off of: ...every visible hill, cape, bay, or point of interest in the district, recording its local name, and the name of the Ahupuaa in which it is situated. Every item of local historical, mythological or geological interest has been carefully sought & noted. Perryman has embellished the pages of the field book with twenty four neatly executed views & sketches from the various trig stations we have occupied... [Emerson to Alexander, May 21, 1882; HSA -DAGS 6, Box 1] Discussing the field books, Emerson also wrote to Alexander, reporting "I must compliment my comrade, Perryman, for his very artistic sketches in the field book of the grand mountain scenery..." (HSA - HGS DAGS 6, Box 1; Apr. 5, 1882). Later be noted, "Perryman is just laying himself out in the matter of topography. His ~ sketches deserve the highest praise..." (ibid. May 5, 1882). Field book sketches and the Register Maps that I resulted from the fieldwork provide a glimpse of the country side of more than 100 years ago. Field Notebooks and Correspondence from the Kekaha Region The following documentation is excerpted from the field notebooks and field communicatons of J. S. Emerson. Emerson undertook his original surveys of lands in the Kekaha region in 1882-1883 (producing Register Maps No. 1278 and 1280). Subsequently, in 1888-1889, Emerson returned to Kekaha to survey out the lots to be I developed into Homesteads for native residents of `O`oma and vicinity (see above, The Government Homesteading Program in Kekaha). Through Emerson's letters and notes taken while surveying, we learn about the people who lived on the land-some of them identified in preceding parts of the study-and about places on I the landscape. The numbered sites and place names cited from the field books coincide with sketches prepazed by Penyman, which are shown as figures in the current study. J.S. Emerson Field Notebook Vol. 111 Reg. No. 253 West Hawaii Primary Triangulation, Kona District Akahipuu; May 27, 1882 (Figures 8 and 9) Site # and Comment: ...6 - Koanui's frame house. E.G. In Honokohau -nui. 7 - Aimakapaa Cape. Extremity. In Honokohau-nui. 1 I - Beniamina's house (frame). N.G. In Aiopio. In Honokohau-nui. 12 - Beniamina's house No. 2. E.G. In Honokohau-nui. 18 - Lae o Palaha. Between Kaloko and Honokohau-nui. 19 - Awanuka Bay (Haven of rest) Retreat during storms in this dist. 20 - Kealiihelepo's (frame house). N.G. In Kaloko. 41 AC-0387 21-Lae Maneo. From the "Maneo" fish in Kaloko. 22 - Kohanaiki Bay. By sea wall of fish pond. 23 -Kaloko-nui fish pond. Tang. S. end by Nuuanu's grass house. 24 -Wall between fish pond of Kaloko nui and iki. 25 -Kaloko iki fish pond. Tang. N. extremity. Kaloko nui was originally a bay, shut off from the sea by a wall by Kamehameha ls' order. 26 - Kawaimaka's frame house. In Kohanaiki. I 27 - Lae o W awahiwaa. Rock cape. In Kohanaiki. 28 - Keoki Mao's brass house. In Ooma. i 29 - Pahoehoe hill. Between Ooxna and Kalaoa 5. i I 30 - Lae o Keahole. Extremity. In Kalaoa 5. 31 - Lae o Kukaenui. Resting place for boats. ~ 32 - Makolea Bay. 33 - Lae o Unualoha. ', 34 - Pohaku Pelekane. 35 - Lae o Kahekaiao. Kahe-ka-iao -place of the "iao" which abound there. [Notebook 253:33,35] ...Keahole Bay. l - Lae o Kalihi in Kalaoa 5. Wawaloli Bay in Kalaoa 5. Lae o Kekaaiki, Limu Koko in Ooma 1. Lae o Puhili in Kohanaiki. Lae o Kealakehe in Kealakehe. - Hueu's frame house in Kalaoa 4, makai side of Gov't. Road. Kuakahela's frame house in Kalaoa 5. Protestant Church Steeple in Kalaoa 5. Kama's frame house, N. eable in Ooma 1. 42 43 RC-0387 44 RC-0387 RC-0387 While taking sightings from Keahole, Perryman prepazed additional sketches of the landscape. One sketch on page 69 of the field book (Figure 10) depicts the view up the slope of Hualalai. Dated June 4, 1882, the sketch is of importance as it also depicts Kalaoa Village and church; the upper Government road; Kohanaiki Vi]age; and two trails to the coast, one trail to Honokohau, and the other near the Kaloko-Kohanaiki boundary. Use of these trails continued through the ] 950s. The other sketch on page 73 of the field book (dated June 8, 1882) depicts the coastline south from Keahole, to an azea beyond Keauhou (Figure 11). Of interest, we see only the near-shore "Trail" in the foreground, with no trail on the kola lands. Then a short distance south, a house is depicted on the shore, in the `O`orna vicinity (identified as the house of Kama or Keoki Mao on Emerson's Register Maps). And a little ~ fiuther beyond (south) the house, two trails aze indicated-presumably the Alanui Aupuni on the kola lands to `O`oma, and the neaz shore trail, seen coming in from Honokohau. While surveying the uplands on Hual-alai in August 1882, Perryman drew a sketch of the Keahole- Honokohauiki coastal lands. This sketch (Figure 12) from field Book No. 254 shows the reverse view of Figure 12. Noting again, that the only trail given at that time, was the near shore trail, running out of Honokohau- Kaloko, Kohanaiki, `O`oma and on to Keahole. k ~; ,' ~;; 'f rt 1 z d t s s ~. 1 F f .' ~~ i . a T f ~ ' ~ ~ ~:. >r yi h ~""L Figure 10. J. S. Emerson, field notebook map, Book 253:69 (State Survey Division). 45 RC-0387 Figure 11. J. S. Emerson, field notebook map, Book 253:73 (State Survey Division) 46 47 RC-0387 RC-0387 While surveying the `O`oma and Kalaoa homestead lots in 1888-1889, Emerson camped near Kama's house in `O`oma 1°`. The following communications were sent by Emerson to W.D. Alexander, and tell us more about the people of the land, their beliefs, and commentary on then current events in the Kingdom. Of interest, we also fmd that J.W.H. Isaac Kihe, whose writing of traditions, and as a representative of the native families in the land application process-which have been cited extensively in this study-is also mentioned in Emerson's narratives. (Underlining, italics and brackets aze inserted to draw attention to certain passages.) April B, 1888 ...Our tent is pitched in Ooma on the mauka Govt. road at a convenient distance from Kama's fine cistern which supplies us with the water we need. The pasturage is excellent and fue wood abundant. As I write 4:45 P.M. the thermometer is 71°, bazometer 28.78. The entire sky is overcast with black storm clouds over the mountains. The rainy season comes late to Kona this year and has appazently just begun. We have had about three soaking rains with a good deal of cloud & drizzle. We aze now having a gentle rain which gladdens the residents with water for their cisterns... We have set a lazge number of survey signals and identified many important comers of Gov't. lands etc. from Puhiapele on the boundary of Kaupulehu to the boundary line of Kaloko. The natives welcome us and do a great deal to help the work along. Tomorrow I expect to go to Kuili station with a transit and make a few observations & reset the old signal... The Kamaainas tell me that Awakee belongs to the Gov't. though I see it put down as LCA 10474 Namauu no Kekuanaoa. They also tell me that the heirs of Kanaina estate still receive rent for the Ahupuaa of Kaulana, though I have recorded as follows in my book, Kaulana '/z Gov't, per civil Code 379, %z J. Malo per Mahele Bk. Title not perfected; all Gov't. Please examine into the facts about Kaulana and instinct me as to what I shall do about it. Kealoha Hopulaau rents it and if it is Gov't. land the Gov't. should receive the rent or sell it off as homesteads. It is a desirable piece of land, a part of it at least... [HSA - HGS DAGS 6, Box 2] Apri117, 1888 ...The work is being pushed rapidly and steadily forwazd. The natives render me most valuable assistance and find all the important comers for me as fast as I can locate them. It is hard getting azound on account of the rocks & stones, to say nothing of trees etc., but there is a great deal of really fine land belonging to the Government, admirably adapted to coffee etc. The more I see of it the better it appeazs. As to Kaulana, if I heaz nothing to the contrary from you, I will leave it all as Gov't. land. Mr. McGuire (sic] of Kohala, the representative for that disfrict, proposes to settle in Kona He has bought Grant 1590. Kauhine. in Ooma. Kalaoa etc and wants the Gov't to make Qood to him the amount taken from him by Grants 2972, Kaakau & Kama, and 3027, Hueu. which occupyportions of the same land granted to Kauhine If his title is eood, would it not be just to leave Kaakau & Kama as well as Hueu in possession of thew lots where thev have lived for over 20 veazs and eive McGuire an azea in adioining lands equal to that taken from him these two Gants. It is said that Chas. Achi has written to the natives that Grant 1590, Kauhine, has been cancelled. Will you learn the true state of the case and be so kind as to inform me... [HSA - HGS DAGS 6, box 2 Jan.-Apr. 1888] In his field book notes, on May 1", 1888, Emerson noted that he had placed the "Pulehu" station on the "ground by ahu, about 4 feet makai of Kama's goat pen, on the iwi aina between Kalaoa 5 and Ooma 1 " (J.S. Emerson Field Book 291:83). 48 RC-0387 In the same field book on May 19d', 1888, while surveying the area neaz the boundary of `O`oma 15` and 2nd, at the 325 foot elevation, Emerson cited off of a station named "Kahokukahi." The point is "on the entrance of the cave. Kahokukahi.. The above is the vertical entrance of a famous ana kaua, which extends for a lone distance to the E. and to the W..." (J.S. Emerson Field Book 291:137). An "ana kaua" would be a place, where during times of war, people could hide and fortify themselves. Emerson's description indicates that the cave runs some distance mauka and makai of "Kahokukahi." On May 23, 1888, Emerson surveyed Puhili, the boundary between Kohanaiki and `O`oma 2°d. He observed, "Lazee fmazkl on solid pahoehoe, on bound. bet Kohanaiki & Ooma. by the sea, near the end of a cane... Station mazk, drill hole in stone. 9 ft. S. of the S. corner of an old "kahua hale" on white sand..." (J.S. Emerson Field Book 291:151). Returning to his "old camp Ooma," in August 1888, Emerson submitted the following letter to Alexander: August 15th, 1888 ...I have to report that the very intricate and irregulaz remainder of Gov't. land situated in Kealakehe is cut up into homesteads, ready for the committee to estimate its values. The job has been made unusually long & tedious by the absurd arrangement of the old kuleanas scattered azound at random I have also inn out the boundaries of Papaakoko, ready for fencing. Thursday P.M. I made my way through a heary rain to this place and set up tent in the storm It rained a good deal every day since and is raining now. In spite of the weather the work of cutting up Ooma 1~` goes bravely on. I have a huge umbrella to camp under while it rains. I propose to finish up Ooma ls` & return to Honolulu by the next trip of the Hal[. Kailua beach is the great rendezvous for men 8z asses from all parts of the country when the steamer arrives from Honolulu. It has in consequence become the natural place to tell and heaz gossip & news. Here, the sand-lot orator, mounted on a packing box, can address the largest crowd. T.N. Simeona, who stole the church money, keeps the pound and takes caze of the court house wanting to make a speech, xepaued to the beach last Wednesday morning and is reported to have made a windy hazangue to the effect that the King was hews and that the Ministers were pono! Up to that time he had always been the contemptible too of the King's party and was loud in his denunciation of the Government. I explain this change in his talk by his wish to retain his Gov't. billets & his desire to avoid arrest as a rebel. A native man told me the other day (Wednesday) that the Cabinet was hewa in two things viz. 1" They taxed chickens, banana trees and many other things that had not been heretofore taxed. 2°d They arrested and sent to Molokai many who were not lepers. For these reasons many justified Wilcox for trying to out the ministers. There is a sturdy old native living at Kaloko named Kealiihelepo, whom I greatly respect. Said he to me "When King Kalakaua returned from his foreign trip he made a speech at Kailua and said that `in foreign lands the foreign God was losing his power. His former worshippers were deserting him. That the old Hawaiian Gods were still mans and them he would worship."' But said Kealiihelepo "The King was mistaken. Our old Gods were once mighty, but the coming of the foreigner with his Gods has robbed them of their strength. Therefore the King has made the mistake to oppose the God who is now in power, and Jehovah is opposing him Hence the King's pilikia." You are entirely justified in calling Kona "that heathen district." [HSA - HGS DAGS 6, box 2 Jan: Apr. 1888] 49 RC-0387 On October 14"' 1888, Emerson wrote to Alexander, briefing him on conversations he was having with J.W.H. Isaac Kihe, his "encyclopedia," "the son of a famous sorcerer" Later, Emerson used many of the notes taken during his conversations with Kihe, to develop his paper on Hawaiian religion (Emerson 1892). J.W.H. Isaac Kihe, was the son of Kihe, who was the son of Kuapahoa, of Kaloko (notes of J.S. Emerson, September 25, 1915; in collection of the Hawaiian Historical Society). While at `O`oma, Kihe described the various nature forzns taken by the deceased, and their role in the spiritual practices. On October 14's Kihe named for him some of the gods called upon by those who practiced the Kahuna Kuni sorcery. Ooma October 14, 1888 J.S. Emerson; to W.D. Alexander: ...I have just been having a chat with a son of a famous sorcerer, with the following for a summary of what he said. There aze four gods worshipped by murders and sorcerers viz: (1). Kui-a-Lua, the god of the Lua, Mokomoko, Haihai and other forms of violence. (2). iJli, the god of the Anaana, Kuni, Hoopiopio and Lawe Maunu. (3). Kalaipahoa, god of the Hoounauna, Hookomokomo and Hooleilei. (4). Hiiaka-i-ka-poli-o-Pete, the goddess of the Poi uhane, Apo leo, Pahiuhiu and Hoonoho uhane... (J.S. Emerson, in collection of the Hawaiian Historical Society] Trails and Roads of Kekaha (Governmental Communications) Alahele (trails and byways) and alaloa (regional thoroughfares) are an integral part of the cultural landscape of Hawaii. The alahele provided access for local and regional travel, subsistence activities, cultural and religious purposes, and for communication between extended families and communities. Trails were, and still remain important features of the cultural landscape. Traditional and historical accounts (cited in this study) describe at least two traditional trails that were of regional importance which pass through the lands of `O`oma and Kalaoa. One hail is the alaloa-parts of which were modified in the 1840s and later, into what is now called the Alanui Aupuni (Government Road) or Mamalahoa Trail or King's Highway-that crosses the makai (neaz shore) lands, linking royal centers, coastal communities, and resources together. The other major thoroughfaze of this region is "Kealaehu" (The path of Ehu), which passes through the uplands, generally a little above the mauka Government Road or old Mamalahoa Highway, out to the `Akaltipu`u vicinity, and then cuts down to Kffiolo in Pu`u Wa`awa`a. From Klrolo, the makai alaloa and Kealaehu join together as the Alanui Aupuni, and into Kohala, passing through Kawaihae and beyond. The mauka route provided travelers with a zone for cooler traveling, and access to inland communities and resources. It also allowed for more direct travel between the extremities of North and South Kona (cf. Mato 1951; I`i 1959; Kamakau 1961; Ellis 1963; and M6hele and Boundary Commission Testimonies). In addition to the alahele and alaloa, Homing laterally with the shore, there are another set of trails that run from the shore to the uplands. By nature of traditional land use and residency practices, every ahupua'a also included one or more mauka-makai flail. In native terminology, these trails were generally known as-ala pi'i uka or ala pi `i manna (trails that ascend to the uplands or mountain). Some of these trails aze described in native accounts and oral history interviews cited in this study. Along the trails of the Kekaha region aze found a wide vaziety of cultural resources, including, but not limited to residences (both permanent and temporary), enclosures and exclosures, wall alignments, agricultural complexes, resting places, resource collection sites, ceremonial features, ilina (burial sites), pettoglyphs, subsidiary hails, and other sites of significance to the families who once lived in the vicinity of the trails. The 50 RC-0387 trails themselves also exhibit a variety of construction methods, generally determined by the environmental zone and natural topography of the land. "Ancient" trail construction methods included the making of worn paths on pdhoehoe or `a'd lava surfaces, curbstone and coral-cobble lined trails, or cobble stepping stone pavements, and trails across sandy shores and dry rocky soils. Following the eazly nineteenth century, western contact brought about changes in the methods of travel (horses and other hoofed animals were introduced). By the mid-nineteenth century, wheeled carts were also being used on some of the trails. In the Kona region portions of both near shore and upland ala hele-ala loa were realigned (straightened out), widened, and smoothed over, while other sections were simply abandoned for newer more direct routes. In establishing modified trail-and eazly road-systems-portions of the routes were moved faz enough inland so as to make a straight route, thus, taking travel away from the shoreline. It was not until 1847, that detailed communications regarding road constmction on Hawaii began to be written and preserved. It was also at that time that the ancient trail system began to be modified and the alignments became a part of a system of "roads" called the "Alanui Aupuni' or Government Roads. Work on the roads was funded in part by government appropriations, and through the labor or financial contributions of azea residents and prisoners working off penalties (see communications below). Where the Alanui Aupuni crosses the lands of `O`oma and Kalaoa, the alignment includes several constmction methods, such as being lined with curbstones; elevated; and with stone filled "bridges" in areas that level out the contour of the roadway. The following letters provide readers with a historical overview of the Alanui Aupuni, and travel through the Kekaha region. Of particulaz interest, aze those communications addressing the lower Government Road. (Underlining, italics, and squaze brackets have been added.) June 26, 1847 George L. Kapeau to Keoni Ana I have received your instmctions, that I should explain to you about the alaloa (roadways), alahaka (bridges), lighthouses, mazkets, and animal pounds. I have not yet done all of these things. I have thought about where the alanui heleloa (highways) should be made, from Kailua to Kaawaloa and from Kailua to Ooma, where our Kine was cared for 1'1, and then afterwazds around the island. It will be a thing of great value, for the roads to be completed. Please instruct me which is the proper thing for me to do about the alaloa, alahaka, and the laying out of the alaloa... [HSA -Interior Department Misc.; Box 142; Kepa Maly, translator) August 13, 1847 Governor of Hawaii, George L. Kapeau; to Premier and Minister oflnterior, Keoni Ana Aloha oe a ka mea Hanohano - I have a few questions which I wish to ask you. Will the police officers be required to pay, when they do not attend the Tuesday (Poalua) labor days? How about parents who have several children? What about school teachers and school agents? Are they not required to work like all other people when there is Government work on the roads and highways? I believe that school agents, school teachers and pazents who have several children, should only go and work on the weeks of the public, and not on the konohild days... ...The roads from Kailua and down the nali of Kealakekua, and from Kailua to Honokohau Kaloko. Ooma, at the places that were told our Kine and from thence to Kaelehuluhulu fat For the first five yeazs of his life (until ca 1818), Kauikeaouli was raised at `O`oma, by Ka-iki-o-`ewa and Keawe-a- mahi and (see Kamakau 1960; and this study). 51 RC-0387 Kaulana in Kekaha], are now being surveyed. When I find a suitable day, I will go to Napoopoo immediately, to confer with the old timers of that place, in order to decide upon the proper place to build the highway from Napoopoo to Honaunau, and Kauhako, and thence continue on to meet the road from Kau. The road is close to the shore of Kapalilua... The width of the highways azound Hawaii, is only one fathom, but, where it is suitable to widen where there is plenty of dirt, two fathoms and over would be all right... If the roads aze put into goner condition. there aze a lot of places for the straneers to visit when they come here. The Kilauea volcano. and the mountains of Maunaloa. Maunakea. Hualalai. There is only one trouble to prevent"the building of a highway all azound, it is the steep gulches at Waipio and Pololu, but this place can be left to the very last... [HSA -Roads, Hawaii] March 19, 1848 Governor Kapeau; to Minister of the Interior, Keoni Ana: [Acknowledging receipt of communication and answering questions regazding constmction methods used in building the roads.] ...I do not know just what amount of work has been done, but, I can only let you know what has come under my notice. The highway has been laid from Kailua to Kaloko, and running to the North West, about four miles long, but it is not completely finished with dirt. The place laid with dirt and in good condition is only 310 fathoms. The highway from Kealakekua to Honaunau has been laid, but is not all finished, and aze only small sections... [HSA -Roads, Hawaii] July 9, 1873 R.A. Lyman; to E.O. Hall, Minister of the Interior. Notifies Minister that the road from Kiholo to Kailua needs repairing. [HSA -Interior Deparhnent -Land Files] August 14, 1873 R.A. Lyman; to E.O. Hall, Minister of thelnterior: I have just reached here [Kawaihae] from Kona. I have seen most of the roads in N. Kona, and they aze being improved neaz where the people live. If there is any money to be expended on the roads in N. Kona, I would say that the place where it is most needed is from Kiholo to Makalawena, or the Notch on Hualalai. This is the main road azound the island and is in very bad condition. Hazdly anyone lives there, and there aze several miles of road across the lava there, that can only be worked by hiring men to do it. There is also a road across a strip of Aa a mile & a half or 2 in length in the south end of S. Kohala next to the boundary of N. Kona, that needs working, and then the road from here (Kawaihae] to Kona will be quite passable... [HSA -Roads, Hawaii] November 4, 1880 J W. Smith, Road Supervisor, North Kona; to A.P. Carter, Minister of the Interior: ...Heretofore I have been paying one dollaz per day, but few natives will work for that, they want $1.50 per day. Thus faz I have refused to pay more than $1.00 and have been getting 52 RC-0387 men for that sum. The most ur ent repairs are needed on the main road from Kaupulehu to Kiholo, and north of Kiholo to the Kohala boundary, a distance of about 20 miles... [HSA -Roads, Hawaii] Kailua Nov. 19`x, 1880 Geo. McDougall; to A.P. Carter, Minister of the Interior - ...I noticed among the appropriation passed by the last Legislature, an item of $5000 for Roads in North Kona Hawaii - as I am very much interested about roads in this neighbourhood, I take the liberty to express my opinions what is wanted to put the roads in good repair and give the most satisfaction to all concerned. The Road from Kailua going north for about eight miles to where it joins the upper Road, has never been made, it is only a mule track winding through the lava. It could cost to make it a good cart road, fully two thousand dollazs. And from Kailua to where it joins the South Kona road, about 12 miles was made by Gov. Adams, and is in pretty much the same state as he left it, only a little worse of the waze of 20 yeazs or more, it could cost to make it in good repair about 15 hundred dollars. Then we could have 20 miles of good road... [HSA - Interior Department Letters] March 11", 1885 CN Arnold, Road Superintendent-in-Chief, Hawaii; to Charles Gulick, Minister of Interior. ...In accordance with your instmctions I beg to hand you the following list of names as being those I would select for Supervisors in the different Road Districts under my charge: ... Judge J.K. Hoapili, North Kona District... Hoping these parties may meet with your approval... [LISA -Roads, Hawaii] March 1886 Petition to Charles Gulick, Minister of the Interior: [Signed by 53 residents of North Kona, asking that the appropriated funds be expended for the Kailua-Kohanaiki Road]: We the people whose names aze below, subjects of the King, residing in North Kona, Island of Hawaii: The funds have been appropriated by the Legislature for the opening of the road from Kailua to Kohanaiki, therefore, we humbly request that the road be made there. The length of this road being thought of is about five miles more or less. The road that is there at the present time is not fit for either man nor beast. Your people have confidence that as so explained, you will kindly grant our request, and end this trouble in our District... (those signing included naznes of individuals }mown to have ties to the `O`oma vicinity]: ...J. Kamaka, Kuakahela, Kahulanui, & Palakiko... [HSA -Roads Hawaii; Maly, translator] March 9r8, 1887 CN Arnold, Road Superintendent-in-Chief, Hawaii; to Chas. Gulick, Minister of the Interior: 53 RC-0387 [Amold provides documentation of the eazly native trail from Kailua to the upper Kohanaiki region, and its' ongoing use at the time. He also notes that McDougall (resident at Honokbhau) and others are presently in the business of dairy ranching]: ...The enclosed petition [cited above] has just come to hand from North Kona. The petitioners aze mistaken when they say that any special appropriation has been made for this road as there has never been a Government road in this part of the District. There is however an old native trail which has always been used as a short cut, from the lower part of the district between Keahou [sic] and Kailua, by persons who were traveling to Kawaihae and Waimea. The opening of a good road here would be a great convenience to the traveling public and also a great accommodation to a great many people who live on, or neazly on the line of it. I may mention among the number, Messrs. McDougall and Clazk who are engaged in dairy ranching near the head of the proposed line. I may also mention that I, with Mr. Smith, made a preliminary survey of it, at the request of His Majesty the King, who is also interested in the opening of this road, as itopens up all of His Kailua lands for settlement. I regazd the road as necessary for the above reasons. From the preliminary survey made, I estimate that a wagon road 12 feet wide will cost from Kallua to the mauka Govt. road at Kohanaiki $6000. The length of the road is 5 '/. miles. The elevation of highest point (mauka Road) is 1600 feet above tide at Kailua. Mr. Smith Supt. of Public Works has all the notes of the survey, and can give you full information in regazd to this mattes... [HSA -Roads, Hawaii] July 14tb, 1887 C.N. Arnold, Road Superintendent-in-Chief, Hawaii; to L.A. Thurston, Minister of the Interior. ...In obedience to your request I beg to hand you the following list of the District Supervisors under my jurisdiction: ...North Kona -Hon. J.K. Nahale; Native... [HSA -Roads Hawaii] March 8, 1888 J Kaelemkule; Supervisor, North Kona Road Board; to L.A. Thurston, Minister of the Interior. [Ka`elemakule provides Thurston with an overview of work on the roads of North Kona, and describes the Government roads (Ala nui Aupuni or Ala loa) which pass through the Kekaha region]: The road that runs from Kailua to Kohanaiki, on the north of Kailua, perhaps 6 miles. It is covered with as stone, and is perhaps one of the worst roads here. The Road Boazd of North Kona has appropriated $200 for work in the worst azeas, and that work has been undertaken and the road improved. The work continues at this time. This is one of the important roads of this district, and it is one of the first roads that should be worked on. The government road or ala loa from upland Kainaliu (that is the boundary between this district of South Kona) [Kealaehu], runs straight down to Kiholo and reaches the boundary of the district adjoining South Kohala, its length is 20 and 30 miles. With a troubled heart I explain to your Excellency that from the place called Kapalaoa next to South Kohala until Kiholo -this is a very bad section of about 8 miles; This place is always damaged by the aniruals of the people who travel along this road. The pahoehoe to the north of Kiholo called Ke A. hou, is a place that it is justified to work quickly without waiting. Schedule A, attached, will tell you what is proposed to care for these bad places... Schedule A: [Appropriations needed] The road from Kailua to Kohanaiki, and then joining with the inland Government Road - $500. 54 RC-0387 The upland Road from Kainaliu to the boundary adjoining S. Kohala - $1,500.00. [HSA - Roads Hawaii; Kepa Maly, translator] September 30, 1889 Thos. Aiu, Secretary, North Kona Road Board (for J Kaelemakule); to L.A. Thurston, Minister of the Interior. [Provides Thurston with an overview of work on the roads of North Kona, and identifies individuals who aze responsible for road maintenance (cantoniers) in various portions of the district; several of the individuals named were also old residents and applicants for Homestead lots. Of interest, Kaelentakule's report indicates that maintenance of the Alanui Aupuni which crossed into the kola lands of `O`oma, had not been assigned to anyone. (see report of Dec. 22, 1890)]: 1. In that section of the road which proceeds from Kailua neaz the shore to Kohanaiki, Mono is the cantonier. 2. That section of the road from Kukuiooohiwai to Keahuolono, Paiwa is the cantonier... 3. That section of road from Kailua to the shore of Honokohau, Keaweiwi is the cantonier 4. That section of road from Kukuioohiwai to Lanihau along the upland road, Isaac Kihe is the cazetaker... The work done along these sections is the cutting of brush -guava, Lantana and such - which trouble the road, and the removal of bothersome stones... [HSA -Roads Hawaii; Kepa Maly, translator] December 22, 1890 J Kaelemkule; Supervisor, North Kona Road Board; to C.N. Spencer, Minister of the Interior [Reports on the cantoniers assigned to road work in various sections of North Kona. As in 1889, appazently no one was assigned to the lower Alanui Aupuni through the `O`oma kola lands. Though Kaelemakule did include the road section on the land, extending through Kalaoa, on his attached diagram]: ..I forwazd to you the list of names of the cantoniers who have been hired to work on the roads of this district, totaling 15 sections; showing the alignment of the road and the length of each of the sections. The monthly pay is $4.00 per month, at one day of work each week. The board wanted to increase it totwo days a week, but if that was done, there would not have been enough money as our road tax is only $700.00 for this dishict... You will receive here the diagram of the roads of North Kona. [HSA -Roads Hawaii; Kepa Maly, translator] (Figure 13) Twentieth Century Travel in `O`oma, Kalaoa, and Neighboring lands of Kekaha Kama'aina who have participated in oral history interviews, describe on-going travel between the uplands and coastal lands of `O`oma and other ahupua `a in Kekaha. The primary method of travel between 1900 and 1947, was by foot or on horse or donkey, and those who traveled the land, were generally residents of the `O`oma, Kalaoa, Kohanaiki Homesteads and other lands in the immediate vicinity. After World Waz II, retired military vehicles became available to the public, after that time, the Alanui Aupuni (Figure 14) and some of the smaller trails along the shore were modified for vehicular traffic. 55 RC-0387 Y~ tia~aj~Win ~i~ q ,~ ~ 1IZ{ L I 1 I ` I 1 ~'~ ~I ~a i~ ~ h i ~ ~i~ .~; z 3 tl 'I ~ ~I „!6 7;1 t p. ~ I `. C A '~\ I~ 2 ~ d t ~ a., u i k i ~~~ ~~ = o yy o~~ i #• ~~ '~:~ 7 1 .~ ~ ~ ~" ~~I v ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ;e a I ~ ~ ~`,, ~ ;~ ^ ! y~i .'V~r' r '' ~ ~ v ~ ~ „ ~ ! h, ~a' ~ ,.,, ' Ve~i .; r ~i ii i ~~ I~ %M li 3 >: ~ i i ; q , s <g tip; li i. I `, ~1 k ~ ~\ 1 ~s 3 , ro .~ ~~\,, ~'. Q•.; s';'~ lj~ it !F t i~ ~ 1 • . ~li~ # li YO I i routoxs1n Yu~ . ___- _ _ . .._ .... _. ... _ . __ i Fieure 13. Kii o na alanui o Kona Akau (diaeram of the roads of North Ko Supervisor (HSA -Roads, Hawaii; December 22, 1890). 56 na); J. Kaelemakule Sr., Road RC-0387 The primary routes of travel through the 1960s, descended from upland Kohanaiki and Kaloko, or came out of Kailua. In the 1950s, Hu`ehu`e Ranch bulldozed a jeep road to the shore at Kaloko. The ranch, and some individuals who went to the shore either as a part of their ranch duties, or for leisure fishing along the coast, used this jeep road. The Alanui Aupuni was modified from Kailua, to at least as faz as Honokohau and Kaloko, and remained in use through the 1970s. It was not until the Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway was opened (ca. 1973) that travel across the kola kai (shoreward plains) was once again made possible for the general public. ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEWS Information is presented from ten oral history interviews, six that bad been previously conducted by Kepa Maly, one by Lany Kimura, and one by Lehua Kalima. The Maly interviews were conducted in 1996 and between 2000 and 2003. The Kimura interview was conducted in 1980 and the Kalima interview in 1991. The present author conducted two additional interviews in 2005. Transcripts of the Maly interviews aze available upon request and aze azchived with Rechtman Consulting, LLC. Interview Method The oral-historical information was collected using a standazd interview format that included the following process. Personal and demographic information about each interviewee was obtained, as well as the details about how she or he came to lmow the lands of `O`oma, Kalaoa, and the lazger Kekaha region. Information was obtained from the interviewee concerning the time and/or place of specific events they recalled The fomaa] interviews were recorded, transcribed, and returned to the interviewees for review, correction, and release- approval. Copies of the final interview transcripts, along with the historical background and summary information were provided to each of the interviewees or their families. The informal interviews were conducted both in person on the land and over the telephone. 57 RC-0387 All of the interviewees had genealogical ties to early residents of lands within or adjoining the study area. Each is recognized within the community as being someone possessing specific knowledge of lore or historical wisdom pertaining to the lands, families, practices, and land use and subsistence activities in the region, and the older the informant, the greater the likelihood that the individual had personal communicafions or first-hand experiences with even older, now deceased Hawaiians and area residents. Readers aze asked to keep in mind that while this component of the study records a depth of cultural and historical knowledge of the Kekaha region, by nature, the documentation is incomplete. In the process of conducting oral history interviews, it is impossible to record all the knowledge or infomra6on that the interviewees possess. Thus, the records provide only glimpses into the stories being told, and of the lives of the interview participants. Every effort has been made to accurately relay the recollections, thoughts and recommendations of the people who so openly shazed their personal histories. Interview Participants All of the individuals that participated in the oral history interviews cited in this sudy are drrectly descended from traditional residents of `O`oma, Kalaoa, and adjoining lands, and many of the personal recollections date back to the 1920s. The interviewees also benefited from the words of their own elders and extended family members, whose personal recollections dated back to the middle 1800s. Following is a summary of the interviewees. Valentine K. Ako is of Hawaiian ancestry and was born at Holualoa in 1926. He currently resides on Kauai. Interviewed in 1996, kpuna Ako visited families and fished at `O`oma and neighboring lands of Kekaha (ca. 1930s-1940s). He is well known for his knowledge of Hawaiian fishing customs and fisheries, and is a member of several cultural committees. George Kinoulu Kahananui Sr. is of Hawaiian ancestry and was bom at Holualoa in 1925. Raised from infancy at `O`oma 2°a, he continues to reside on old family land in `O`oma. Uncle Kino regularly traveled the uplands and coastal lands of `O`oma and Kekaha, learned of traditions and practices; and later managed the lands under Hu`ehu`e Ranch. He continues to fish on the coastal lands of `O`orna and Kohanaiki. Uncle Kino is well respected and known for his knowledge of the land, and is a valued resource on a number of cultural committees. Elizabeth Maluihi Ako Lee is of Hawaiian ancestry and is the sister of Uncle Kinoulu. Auntie Elizabeth was bom in 1929 and was raised by her hanai family, Kahananui, in upland `O`oma. As a child she walked the upland trails and cultivated sweet potatoes on her family land in `O`oma 2°" Ahupua`a mauka of the current project azea. She is swell-respected lauhala weaver and retains valuable cultural knowledge. Samuel Keanaaina is of Hawaiian ancestry and was born at Kolaoa in 1926, where he remains resident. Descendant of families with generational ties to various lands of the Kekaha region, including `O`oma. Kupuna Keanaaina regulazly traveled the uplands and coastal lands of `O`oma and Kekaha. He learned of traditions and pracfices of the families of the land, and was a fishem~an in his youth. Malaea Agnes Keanaaina-Tolentino (with daughter Cynthia Torres) is of Hawaiian ancestry and was bom at Kolaoa in 1928. She currently resides in Kealakehe and is the Sister of Samuel Keanaaina, who shazed in similaz experiences as her brother. She was raised by her grandparents in Honokohau Nui and as a youth she tegulazly traveled between the uplands and coastal lands of Honokohau-Kaloko, Kalaoa-`O`oma and Kohanaiki. Kupuna Malaea has served on several cultural committees and is known for her knowledge of the land. Ruby Keanaaina McDonald was bom at Kalihi on Oahu in 1942 and moved to Kona when she was about six yeazs old. Kupuna Keanaaina and Malaea are her uncle and auntie. Ruby grew up with her aunties and uncles in Kona (mauka Kalaoa and Holualoa) and spent a lot of time with her kpuna listening to their stories and later documenting the family geneology. As a child her experiences on the land in `O`orna and Kalaoa included stopovers at the family's kula house (Kamaka homestead) on the way to the shore to gather lauhala and process lauhala. She currently works as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs liason for west Hawaii. On behalf of her family, Ruby was consulted with respect to the mitigation plan prepazed for the current development project. 58 RC-0387 Peter Keka is of Hawaiian ancestry and was bom at Waiki`i in 1940. His family resided for yeazs in the Kalaoa-Kohanaiki-Honokohau vicinity, and he currently resides in Kohanaiki. Peter traveled the Kekaha region and fished at `O`oma and neighboring lands. He is currently employed by the National Pazk Service and is responsible for the restoration of the Kaloko-Honokohau fishponds and other cultural sites in the pazk Peter Keikua`ana Pazk is of Hawaiian ancestry and was bom at `O`oma in 1918. He currently resides in Kalaoa 5`". Bom and raised in the upland section of `O`oma 2°d he regulazly traveled with his grandparents (adoptive parents) to the coastal lands of `O`oma and Kalaoa. Kupuna Park describes life on the lands and identifies elder families of `O`oma, Kalaoa, and neighboring lands. He also shares important documentation pertaining to traditions associated with fishing and cultivation of the land. Kupuna Pazk's elders were noted lauhala weavers, a craft that was passed on to him and his sisters, and was an activity that sustained their family. They collected lauhala from `Ohikapua on the kula lands of Kalaoa 5`". Kupuna Pazk is a noted weaver and resource for several cultural programs. Maragazet Spinney, a Native Hawaiian resident of Kalaoa was interviewed by Larry Kimura in 1980. She tallced about the mauka/makai footpath leading from the uplands to the kula kai. She described that her mother, who was a weaver, planted several acres in pandanus (lau hala kokala'ole) and that most of the people of Kalaoa would go to these fields [in the Kona Palisades azea] to gather the resources they needed (see Walker and Rosendahl 1989). Karin Haleamau, a Hawaiian resident of Kalaoa was interviewed by Lehua Kalima in 1991. Kalima summarized the interview thusly, Mr. Haleamau's grandmother was raised in this azea [Kalaoa], and when he was a young boy, he worked in the fields neaz the project area [also near the current project area]. He recalled that the project azea vicinity was farm land, even before the Ume of his birth, and it was once cultivated in taro. He also remembered coffee and avocados being grown there. Mr. Haleamau reported that clearing in the azea was done by hand, in order to preserve the soil. When this was done, the rocks that were cleazed away were piled into neat mounds, which may account for the numerous rock piles still present. Mr. Haleamau knew of no burials or graves in the azea. (Henry et al. 1993) Summary of Oral-Historical Information Elder kama `diva of the Kekaha region, tell much the same story as that described in the communications from the period of homestead development, and in the accounts given by J. Puuokupa in 1875 and J.W.H. Isaac Kihe in 1924. By the late 1800s, only a few permanent residence remained along Ute `O`oma (and Kekaha) coastline. Primary residences were in the uplands, in the vicinity of the old Mfimalahoa Highway. In that region, people were able to cultivate a wide range of crops-both native staples and new introductions-with which to sustain themselves, and in some case even as cash crops. By the middle to late 1800s, the kola lands, from around the 900-foot elevation to shore, were primazily used for goat, cattle, and donkey pasturage. The families of the uplands regularly traveled to the coast via trails. This was usually done to go fishing, or to round up cattle, goats, or donkeys. During periods of extreme dry weather, when water resources dried up, the families relied on the brackish water ponds in the neaz-shore lands. In `O`oma, neaz Wawaloli, the area marked on J.S. Emerson's Register Maps 1280 (see Figure 7), as Kama's or Keoki Mao's house, families still took shelter, and drank the water from the spring, through the 1940s. Such was the case at various locations of the coast, between Kohanaiki, `O`oma, Kalaoa, Ho`ona, Kaulana, and lands further north to Kapalaoa. Neaz the coastline several sites were described and, during field visits, pointed out by kapuna Peter Kaikuaana Park and George Kinoulu Kahananui. These are also described by other elder kama `dina. The features included old goat and cattle corrals, old kahua hale (house sites), shelters, springs, burial sites, and fishery resources. Except for the old mauka/makai trail, the A[anui Aupuni (makai Government Road - "King's Trail"), and walls, few other features were known by the interviewees on the lower kula lands (the area of the current proposed development). This is not surprising as the interviewees observed, when they were young, they were instmcted not to wander azound, and maha'oi (poke their noses) into caves and such. Their primary interest while traveling makai was to get to the fishing ground, and in reverse, to get back home. In the region of 59 RC-0387 the lower homestead lots (the azea of the current project) and above, interviewees have described the occurrence of caves, walls, and various features, including burials. Occasionally, when working the range, rounding up cattle, huaka'i p6 or night mazchers have been heazd, or even seen. The explanation being that the people of old, who once lived on the land, were traveling the trails in one direction or the other to attend to some ceremony or to venture out on fishing journeys, or other such activities. Auntie Elizabeth Maluihi Ako Lee and Karin Haleamau also described their families agricultural practices in the mauka portions of `O`oma 2°" and Kalaoa ahupua'a. Auntie Maluihi's also described her father's use of the mauka/makai trails to access the shore for fishing. When asked about proposed development in the Kekaha lands, the interviewees all speak with hesitancy. It is difficult for them to see the landscape that they have known all their lives, and for which traditions were handed down, change. None of the interviewees shazed any specific knowledge about traditional cultural resources and associated practices within the boundaries of the current project area. All interviewees believe that ilina (burial sites) should be preserved in place; likewise, should any heiau, or other important sites be located, they should be protected. Whenever possible all sites, such as house sites, petroglyphs, walls, and other features should be protected. IDENTIFICATION AND MITIGATION OF POTENTIAL CULTURAL IMPACTS The OEQC guidelines identify several possible types of cultural practices and beliefs that aze subject to assessment. These include subsistence, commercial, residential, agricultural, access-related, recreational, and religious and spiritual customs. The guidelines also identify the types of potential cultural resources, associated with cultural practices and beliefs that are subject to assessment. Essentially these aze nature features of the landscape and Mstoric sites, including traditional cultural properties. In the Hawaii Revised Statutes-Chapter 6E a definition of traditional cultural property is provided. "Traditional cultural property" means any historic property associated with the traditional practices and beliefs of an ethnic community or members of that community for more than fifty years. These traditions shall be founded in an ethnic community's history and contribute to maintaining the ethnic community's cultural identity. Traditional associations are those demonstrating a continuity of practice or belief until present or those documented in historical source materials, or both. The origin of the concept of traditional cultural property is found in National Register Bulletin 38 published by the U.S. Department of Interior-National Park Service. "Traditional" as it is used, implies a time depth of at least 50 yeazs, and a generalized mode of transmission of information from one generation to the next, either orally or by act. "Cultural" refers to the beliefs, practices, lifeways, and social institutions of a given community. The use of the term "Propert}~' defines this category of resource as an identifiable place. Traditional cultural properties aze not intangible, they must have some kind of boundary; and aze subject to the same kind of evaluation as any other historic resource, with one very important exception. By definition, the significance of traditional cultural properties should be determined by the community that values them. It is however with the definition of "Property" wherein there lies an inherent contradiction, and corresponding difficulty in the process of identification and evaluation of potential Hawaiian traditional cultural properties, because it is precisely the concept of boundazies that inns counter to the traditional Hawaiian belief system. The sacredness of a particular landscape feature is often times cosmologically tied to the rest of the landscape as well as to other features on it. To limit a property to a specifically defined area may actually partition it from what makes it significant in the first place. However offensive the concept of boundaries may be, it is nonetheless the regulatory benchmark for defining and assessing traditional cultural properties. As the OEQC guidelines do not contain criteria for assessing the significance for traditional cultural properties, this study will adopt the state criteria for evaluating the significance of historic properties, of which traditional cultural properties aze a subset. To be significant the potential historic property or traditional cultural property must possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and meet one or more of the following criteria: 60 RC-0387 A Be associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history; B Be associated with the lives of persons important in our past; C Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of constmction; represent the work of a master; or possess high artistic value; D Have yielded, or is likely to yield, information important for reseazch on prehistory or history; E Have an important value to the native Hawaiian people or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with cultural practices once carried out, or still carried out, at the property or due to associations with traditional beliefs, events or oral accounts-these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity. While it is the practice of the DLNR-SHPD to consider most historic properties significant under Criterion D at a minimum, it is cleaz that traditional cultural properties by defuution would also be significant under Criterion E. A further analytical framework for addressing the preservation and protection of customary and traditional native practices specific to Hawaiian communities resulted from the Ka Pa `akai O Ka `6ina v Land Use Commission court case. The court decision established athree-part process relative to evaluating such potential impacts: first, to identify whether any valued cultural, historical, or natural resources aze present; and identify the extent to which any traditional and customazy native Hawaiian rights aze exercised; second, to identify the extent to which those resources and rights will be affected or impaired; and third, specify any mitigative actions to be taken to reasonably protect native Hawaiian rights if they aze found to exist. As a result of the azchaeological studies (Clazk and Rechtman 2006; Haun 2002; Haun and Henry 2000) specific to the current project area, nine azchaeological sites were identified that had the potential to be impacted by the proposed development activities. These impacts could be direct, as the result of development activities; or indirect, resulting from increased access and site visitation traffic. Four of these sites have already been subject to data recovery (Rechtman and Clark 2004), and therefore no longer have the potential to be impacted. The five remaining sites (SII3P Sites 5747 [portion], 23413, 23414, 23417, and 23423) aze being preserved in adherence to a DLNR-SHPD approved preservation plan (Rechtman and Clark 2004). All of these sites were determined to be significant under Criterion D and Sites 23413, 23414, and 23417 were detemvned to be additionally significant under Criterion C. Site 23423 was determined to be significant on Criteria C, D, and E. To mitigate the potential impacts to the these archaeological sites, an azchaeological sites preservation plan as part of the overall mitigation plan (Rechtman and Clark 2004) has been submitted to and approved by DLNR-SHPD and development activities will not commence until the site protection measures and stewazdship aspects of the preservation plan aze implemented (see Appendix A). None of these sites aze considered traditional cultural properties and there were no specific natural or cultural resources or cultural beliefs and practices identified relative to the land within the proposed development azea. As for the Homestead Road itself, within the project azea it is primazily a "paper road" that appeazs to have been established circa 1913/14. Irving Kawashima of the DLNR-DOFAW-Na Ala Hele Program was contacted and made aware of the current proposed project. If deemed approprite, the Nd Ala Hele program should continue to be consulted and should be involved in the decision making process relative to the Homestead Road. 6] RC-0387 REFERENCES CITED ACHP (Advisory Council on Historic Preservation) 1985 Guidelines for Consideration of Traditional Cultural Values in Historic Preservation Review. Draft Report. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. Washington, D.C. Beckwith, M. 1970 Hawaiian Mythology. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Chaz, W. 1991 Botanical Survey of Honokohau 1 and 2, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Prepazed for Lanihau Parhiers, LP. Clark, M., and R. Rechtman 2006 An Archaeological Inventory Survey of a Proposed Road Corridor on State-Owned Land (TMK:3-7-3-010:060), Kalaoa 5`" Ahupua`a, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Rechtman Consulting Report RC-0372. Prepared for Mr. Bill Brooks, Westpro Holdings, LLC, Kailua-Kona. Cordy, R. 2000 Exalted Sits the Chief. The Ancient History of Hawaii Island. Mutual Publishing: Honolulu, Hawaii. Davis, B. 1977 Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Agricultural Park at Ke-whole, North Kona, Hawaii Island. Report 14-122. Archaeological Research Center Hawaii, Inc. Prepared for Hawaii State Deparhnent of Agriculture. Ellis, W. 1963 Journal of William Ellis. Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing Co., Ltd. Emerson, 7. 1892 "The Lesser Hawaiian Gods." In Second Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the Year 1892, pp. 1-24. Honolulu, Hawaii. Fornander, A. 1916- Farnander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folklore. (9 vols.). Honolulu: 1919 Bishop Museum Press. 1959 Selections from Fornander's Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-Lore. S.H. Elbert, editor. The University Press of Hawaii. 1973 An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origin and Migrations. Tokyo: Chazles E. Tuttle Co., Inc. 1996 Ancient History of the Hawaiian People. Mutual Publishing, Australia. Handy, E.S.C., E.G. Handy, with M.K. Pukui 1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii, Their Life, Lore, and Environment. B.P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. B.P. Bishop Museum Press. 62 RC-0367 Haun, A. 2002 Archaeological Assessment Access Road Corridor, Land of Kalaoa Sd', North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK:3-7-3-10:por 6).Letter report on file at DLNR-SHPD. Prepared for Mr. Bill Brooks, Kailua-Kona. Haun, A., and D. Henry 2000 Archaeological Inventory Survey TMK: 3-7-3-10-03, Land of O`oma 1, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Haun and Associates Report 160-062802. Prepazed for Mr. David DeLuz, Sr., Hilo. Henry, J., S. Goodfellow, and K. Maly 1993 Archaeological Assessment Study, Kailua to Keahole Region State Lands, LUC Project, Lands of Makaula, Hale`ohi`u, Hamanamana, Kalaoa 1-4, Kalaoa-`O`oma, and `O`oma 2, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. PHRI Report 1275-021193. Prepazed for Helber, Hastert & Fee. I`i, J. 1959 Fragments of Hawaiian History. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Kamakau, S. 1961 Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. 1968[64] Ka Po'e Kahiko: The People of Old. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 51. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1976 The Works of the People of Old. B.P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 61. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1991 Tales and Traditions of the People of Old, Nd Mo'olelo a ka Po `e Kahiko. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Kelly, M. 1983 Na Mala O Kona: Gazdens of Kona. A History of Land Use in Kona, Hawaii. Departmental Report Series 83-2. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Prepazed for the Depamnent of Transportation, State of Hawaii. Maguire, E. 1926 Kona Legends. Honolulu: Pazadise of the Pacific Press. Malo, D. 1951 Hawaiian Antiquities. Honolulu, B.P. Bishop Museum. Maly, K. (translator) ms. "Mai Kailua a hiki i Kiholo." J.P. Puuokupa, in Ku Okoa November 27, 1875. ms. "Kaao Hooniua Puuwai no Ka-Miki." J.W.H.I. Kihe, in Ka Hoku o Hawaii, January 8, 1914 -December 6, 1917. ms. "Ka Punawai o Wawaloli." J.W.H.I. Kihe, in Ka Hoku o Hawaii, September 23rd, October 4d' & 11th, 1923. ms. "Na Hoomanao o ka Manawa." J.W.H. Isaac Kihe, in Ka Hoku o Hawaii, June 5'h & 12'h 1924. ms. "Ka Loko o Paaiea." J.W.H. Isaac Kihe, in Ka Hoku o Hawaii, February 5-26, 1914 and May 1-15, 1924. 63 RC-0387 ms. "Ko Keoni Kaelemakule Moolelo Ponoi." J.W.H. Isaac Kihe, in Ka Hoku o Hawaii, Sept. 17 & 24, & Oct. 1, 1929. McEldowney, H. 1979 Archaeological and Historical Literature Seazch and Reseazch Design: Lava Flow Control Study, Hilo, Hawaii. BPBM Report, Honolulu. Parker, P., and T. King 1990 Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties. National Register Bulletin 38. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington D.C. Pukui, M., and A. Korn 1973 The Echo of Our Song. Chants and Poems of the Hawaiians. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. Rechtman, R. and Clazk 2004 An Archaeological Mitigation Plan for Ten Sites on TMK:3-7-3-10:03, `O`oma 1~` Ahpua`a, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Rechtman Consulting Report RC-0222. Prepared for Mr. Bill Brooks, Westpro Development, Inc, Kailua-Kona. Reinecke, J. n.d. Survey of Hawaiian Sites, 1929-1930. Manuscript in Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Stokes, 7., and T. Dye 1991 Heiau of the Island of Hawai i. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Anthropology 2. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Tatar, E. 1982 Nineteenth Century Hawaiian Chant. Pacific Anthropological Records No. 33. Department of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Thtum, T. 1908 Heiaus and Heiau Site Throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Island of Hawaii. Hawaiian Almanac and Annua11909:38-47. Honolulu. Tomonari-Tuggle, M. 1985 Cultural Resource Management Plan, Cultural Resource Management at the Keauhou Resort. PHRI Report 89-060185. Prepared for Kamehameha Investment Corp. Wallcer, A. and P. Rosendahl 1989 Archaeological Inventory Survey, Pu`uhonua Subdivision Development Parcel, Land of Kalaoa 5th, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (TMK 3-7-3-10:Por.27). PHRI Report 490-053089. Prepared for Haseko Hawaii, Inc. Wolfe, E., and J. Morris 1996 Geological Map of the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 64 RC-0387 APPENDIX A-Archaeological Mitigation Plan 65 „~ APPENDIX E TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORT WITCHER ENGINEERING, LLP January 2007 (~ LOKAHI KA'U SUBDIVISION t KAILUA-KONA, HAWAII ~~ REVISION TO TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS OF DECEMBER, 2005 TMK (3)7-03-010:003 L L JANUARY, 2007 C PREPARED FOR: j SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT LLC - -- _,~ ~_. ~ ` J ~~ PREPARED BY: WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP 75-5751 KUAKINI HIGIIWAY, SUITE 106 KAILUA-KONA, HI 96740 (808)334-0322 (808)334-0831 Fax TABLE OF CONTENTS I. PROTECT DESCRIPTION ...................................................1 II. EXISTING CONDITIONS ...................................................1 III. TRAFFIC VOLUMES ......................................................1 IV. LEVELS OF SERVICE ..................................................... 1 V. PROJECTED TRAFFIC ....................................................2 A. Methodology .....................................................2 B. Trip Generation ...................................................2 1. Table 1 Trip Generations Revised Lokahi Ka'u Subdivision .......... 2 2. Table 2 Average Weekday Trip Ends for Revised Lokahi Ka'u Subd.... 2 3. Table 3 Trip Generations ...................................... 4 4. Table 4 Turning Movement Distribution .......................... 5 5. Table 5 Levels of Service for All Intersections ..................... 6 VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................... 7 APPENDIX A Location Map, and Tax Map Key Map APPENDIX B Level of Service Criteria ~ APPENDIX C Level of Service- Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway & Ka'iminani Street l (Computer Printout) i Existing Conditions AM and PM Peak Traffic • Future Conditions AM and PM Peak Traffic APPENDIX D Level of Service-Ka'iminani Street & Kakahiaka Street (Computer Printout) • Existing Conditions AM and PM Peak Traffic • Future Conditions AM and PM Peak Traffic APPENDIX E Level of Service-Ka'iminani Street and Mamalahoa Highway (Computer Printout) • Existing Conditions AM and PM Peak Traffic • Future Conditions AM and PM Peak Traffic APPENDDC F Level of Service-Ka'iminani Street and Anekeohokalole Road (Computer Printout) • Future Conditions AM and PM Peak Traffic APPENDIX G Traffic Movement Diagrams- Signalized Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway and Ka'iminani Street • Existing Conditions AM & PM Peak Traffic • Future Conditions AM & PM Peak Traffic APPENDIX H Traffic Movement Diagrams- Unsignalized Mamalahoa Highway and Ka'iminani Street • Existing Conditions AM & PM Peak Traffic • Future Conditions AM & PM Peak Traffic APPENDIX I Traffic Movement Diagrams-Ka'iminani Street and Kahakiaka Street ( Existing Conditions AM & PM Peak Traffic t Future Conditions AM & PM Peak Traffic APPENDIX J Traffic Movement Diagrams-Ka'iminani Street and Anekeohokalole Road ~. • Future Conditions AM & PM Peak Traffic LOKAHI KA'U SUBDIVISION KAILUA-KONA, HAWAII REVISION TO TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS OF DECEMBER, 2005 TMK (3)7-3-010:003 I. PROJECT DESCRIPTION Seascape Development wishes to revise the land use for the 50 acres to the south of the present project, TMK (3)7-3-010:003 known as Lokahi Ka'u. This latest change is to be structured as follows: Lot #1 Rental Units 108 (1-bedroom) 100 (2-bedroom) 98 (Studio Apartment) Lot #2 108 Condominium Units Lots #3 & #4 Will not be developed at this time Initially, the project will be served by Kakahiaka Street. At some future date, it will be " served by the makai connector road. II. EXISTING CONDITIONS This study assumes that all phases of the Lokahi Subdivision have been completed with the ( exception of Phase V. It also assumes that no improvement will be made to any of the intersections other than the construction of the new access road at Ka'iminani Road which ~ serves the makai end of Phase III. III. TRAFFIC VOLUMES The traffic counts of November 30, 2005 serve as the baseline in this report. Volumes will be projected out to 2008. IV. LEVEL OF SERVICE Level of service is defined as "a qualitative measure describing operational conditions within a traffic stream; generally described in terms of such factors as speed and travel time, freedom to maneuver, traffic intemrptions, comfort and convenience, and safety." There aze six levels of operational conditions defined as follows: Level of Service A Little or no traffic delays Level of Service B Short traffic delays Page 1 of 7 Level of Service C Average traffic delays Level of Service D Long traffic delays Level of Service E Very long traffic delays Level of Service F Extreme traffic delays Levels of service were determined for the various turning movements for the intersection of Ka'iminani Street and Kakahiaka Street for the existing conditions. Calculations were performed in accordance with the analysis laid out in the Hiehwav Capacity Manual, Special Report 209 2"d Edition of the Transportation Research Boazd, 1992 and the Highway Capacity softwaze from the Federal Highway Administration and McTrans, University of Florida, Gainesville, FA. For all eastbound and westbound movements (Ka'iminani), the level of service was determined to be "A"; for all northbound and southbound movements (Kakahiaka), the level of service was determined to be "B" V. PROJECT TRAFFIC A. Methodology The trip generation methodology used in this report is based upon applications developed by the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) and published in "Trip Generation", 5's Edition, 1991. Trip generations have been developed for a vaziety of land uses (or facility types) which correlated trips with dwelling units, area, population, vehicle ownership; and intensity of use. Each facility type has a catalog number for identification purposes. In this case, 210, for single-family, detached dwellings, 221, Apartment low-rise, and 230, for multi-family condominium units. A. Trip Generation TABLE 1 TRIP GENERATIONS REVISED LOKAHI KA'U SUBDIVISION Land Use Lot Units AM Peak PMPeak Code TripGenerator Enter Exit Trip Generator Enter Fait 221 1 298 0.47 28 112 0.58 114 59 230 2 108 0.44 8 40 0.55 39 20 TABLE 2 AVERAGE WEEKDAY TRIP ENDS REVISED LOKAHI KA'U SUBDIVISION Land Use Code Lot Units Trip Generator Vehicle Trips (vpd) 221 1 298 6.59 1964 230 2 108 5.86 632 Total daily trip ends 2596 Page 2 of 7 The growth factor provided by the Department of Public Works, Traffic Division of 1.1087 for the period is based upon 3.5% growth per yeaz. The assumptions of this report are as follows: A. All new traffic turning eastbound, mauka, goes out through Kakahiaka Street. B. Traffic moving westbound makai, is apportioned as follows: 1. Phase I, III and IV will use the new road for all makai bound traffic 2. Phase II traffic will use Kahakiaka Street. 3. Lots 1 & 2 of Lokahi Ka'u will use Kahakiaka Street. C. Traffic moving eastbound, mauka, is apportioned as follows: 1. Phase I, II, III, IV, Lot 1 & Lot 2 will use Kakahiaka Street D. Development traffic moving form Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway is apportioned as follows: 1. Phase I, III and IV traffic will enter by way of the new road. 2. Phase II and Lots 1 & 2 traffic will enter by way of Kahakiaka Street E. All traffic moving from Mamalahoa Highway to the Development will use Kahakiaka Street. F. All traffic entering from the east will use the intersection of Ka'iminani Street and Mamalahoa Highway. G. All traffic moving eastbound will use the intersection at Mamalahoa Highway. H. All traffic moving either to, or from, the development at Mamalahoa Highway will be split based upon the northbound and southbound movements. I. 80% of the apartment-generated traffic will be assumed to be traveling to and from the Kohala resorts on Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. J. The remainder of the traffic coming from Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway will be apportioned in accordance with the northbound and southbound movements on Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. K. At Kahakiaka Street, the traffic is split. 80% moves to and from Queen Ka' ahumanu Highway, and 20% moves to and from Mamalahoa Highway. L. Phase V is not considered in this scenario. In any event, it can be said that Phase V would enter and exit using Kapuahi Street. With the slowdown in real estate sales, the start date can be expected to be pushed much further out than currently anticipated. Page 3 of 7 N 'O N .' N ti N .~ d H ~' O A .~ .~ N ,5..' ~-+ 7 .~ V f -~ M d N H N f7 .~ O y 0 .~ .~ ~~ •; U N N ti E..., o z 0 F A .Pr W F M o-] d F C O °O ~ •~• N ~ n O ~ ' ? i ~ ti ~ M N 7 m N `~ O N 01 M M ~ ~ ~ . '~1 M ~ M ~ N ~ ~ N ~ ~ ~ vii ~ N V 1v M M M N 7 ~~„ m ~D N 'CS ^'t O t+i N ~ ~ M M ~ 01 V O~ ~p ,'. V' M C Q ~`~' ~ ~' ~ °O ~ vl N ~ V N v 0 M N N N N ,_, ~ O N N ti ,~ rn rn oo N oo ~ ~ y ti ~ ti ~y c~ w ~ ~ a ~ rn v rn v rn r. ~ N ~ o ~--~ ~. N ~ _ .. ~ ~ ~ a° ,~ ~ O J ~ U ~ ~ O ~ ~ .~ q 'C bD N N 0 ~ v 3 p w b w° o °= 3 ~ -°= aN+ y '~ a ti ~C~ ~ r U C ~ .N ?" o 0 3 ~ ~ v ti ~ ~ N_ \° ~" o 7 W O y M Q # ii Q V W a .r F I( ~ t. C F r.i I( A L_ W [_ '~"~ v 1. (I. F .W.1 I ~ 07 d F ~ ~ ~, i~ O .-~ O .~ ~ Vl ~ ~ 7 00 m O~ N ~D QMi ~O V M oho M ~ M M M ~ cV'1 ~ ~ O M M ~ V l~ N ~ ~ O r. 7 '. N ~ 7 N ~ O C' ~ O ~ N ~ - ~ d' N N N V~ 7 o0 vmi N ~ r O '_' ~ V N Q~ N M ~ 0o N O ~ ~ IS 7 V 7 V N N n M ~ V ~--~ .~ ~ ~ ~ .~-. ~ N i!1 ~ N ~ .fir V ~ vi M O~ ~-+ V1 W ~ N M l~ ~ N N M_ M l~ M l~ M M l~ ~ ~ W .-~ ~ ~n ~ ,-. ~ v ~ o ~ v ~ W (~' M ~ 7 N N oMO rn O ;C q ~ G~1 ~~ ~ ~ .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ q a~ w N U W w W w W w W w W a w W S w a w w n y°' a ~ a~. ~ a ~ a ro ~ M Y Y 1~~1 1y1 ~ Yy ~ y ~ Yy Y c~:~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~c ~~g ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ z ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a n O bA cd a Pa ~ A P~ Pa U ~ O U W V U U U W U W W N A Z U A U A ~i Pa W W U ,~ 0 'o V h W P7 d LG W Pa 0.l U ^l A A U A 07 W W U 0.', Gxi A Pa A U A U A U U ,~ r 0 "0 h U U U W U A U A w ~l V A U A Pa 0.l d d U U 0.! U V U A d d d d r s '.ate, h d d d ¢ d d d V A A U w d d d d d d ~ d d d d w w m U b e h d d d d W ~l d d d d w w w w c ~ ~ ~ ~ c ~ ~ ~ a ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0. x w x w .k w k w k w X w w' w w w w w w w h a. d w d "' d a O c T i ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ b i 3 ~ ~ ~ v ~ ~ ~ 7 T c n ~ r q +-+ ~ ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ y c ~ itl ' ob r~i .., .~ ~ x C ~ L ~~ ~ ~ ^ ~ .~ ~ ~a Y ~ ~ ~ ~ `~j ~ rx. 4~ ~ r*. G N ~ ', ~ ~ ~ . i . ~ z 0 w m a w H z ., 0 a~ 00 a VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway and Ka'iminani Street Under this scenario, the intersection is impacted less than it would have been under the 2005 Report scenario. This is particulazly true for the morning peak hour. However, during the afternoon peak hour, the westbound left (turning towazds Kailua Town) is more impacted due to the southbound left movement (People returning from work at the resorts). Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway is due for some major work in the neaz future, therefore, no mitigation measures aze recommended. Ka'iminani Street and Kahakiaka Street Under this scenario, all the northbound movements, both morning and afternoon, at this intersection are impacted more than in previous scenarios. However, it should be understood that this is the traffic that comes from the Development. Since the eastbound and westbound movements are not impacted and remain level of service "A", no tum lanes aze required in Ka'iminani Street. Ka'iminani Street and Mamalahoa Highway Under this scenario, the intersection is impacted less than it would have been under previous scenazios. The I , eastbound right movement remains level of service "E" and the intersection level of service remains "E" as it is now. Ka'iminani Street and Ane Keohokalole Street The construction of this intersection has little affect on Ka'iminani Street. The level of service is "A" for Ka'iminani Street. Since, under this scenario, traffic volumes from the development aze somewhat less than other scenarios, the northbound levels of service for Ane Kelohokalole aze "C" rather than "D". IrI L_ In conclusion, although Ka'iminani Street is impacted, it is not greatly impacted by the development even with a 3.5% growth factor factored into the future traffic movements. No turn lanes aze justified. With the widening of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway int the future, mitigation measures will be taken at that intersection. Page 7 of 7 APPENDIX A LOCATION MAP & TAX MAP KEY MAP ~t i N 1 ~V~ WITCHER & ASSOCIATES LOCATION MAP 1 74-5588C Pavai Ploca Consulting Civil Engineers Koiluo-Kona, HI 96740 Construction Mano9 ers (8087 334-0322 APPENDIX a- - .: 2 -ce ~ Tax Maw-r~av B` Sui'I~y O~yO/ ."Ti7'sH sl .5'TC- ha rc~i-v. /936- II i ' ~~ I I~ d i _ a ~" ~ 1: h g ~° n y~ s F a ~, ~' ~ ! ~~ i i /; i /~/ i _ C I !e I i --- ~I ~ i ~°r- =im ~ ~i If u i E :a - '' _ : ~ ; ~ Ct6. ~ ~ 1~ ~.Wl odd, ~ ` '~ ~I° ~ ~ ~ .; 1 1 ~ aN ~~~ \ T Y ` J ~1 a \. + ~ ~ '.~ ' ~~. tl~ p4 8nl i ~i ~ b a ~ - ~ A ~~ . 3 ~ ~~ ~ ` i ~ . $ m Tr, ~ V 1K ~ ii ~i a a ~ 1' t! ~ Oy ,p ~' <o '•av! > xL Y~ :~$ - IN p a~~ i '~1 ~ g o s } s~ :r~~sa z ~ .® N~[~s~~~baa~~br'~k~ :: g~55~~,g~3~bbbF~t~`~ SIN ~~ k 1,~~\ g 4~G~~1.~€d f 3 ~ r. ~n C a ~. { ~ ~ a 1 m ~ y v ~ da ~.~EA i~ H~n'NNF Y ~ \ ~ # A a ~ ~ / ~G~ Fx /S o a ~~ u ~ a. aA ~ a, e'; t 4f4 \ ~ F'.tl A~ Y Y fq \ ~ tl 4 ~ ~a u S pI ~. ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ I; '~ y ,; i I^ - O ~._n _ :'~ F r.I ~Y \ ` I f >G, ~ „~: \ ~ ===C 370Nd v ~~ ~q°,g~ 1 I I` I •\ ti 1 `e PLAT Fe i N3311b !L-/o-oa Cf °N !^~.! AtlMN91H ONtlWfINtltlM ~~ j' frvmY S1W ~p ~~~-~~~»_j ~tl SS r i L ~0 m )~ ~ AA~ 1$rv s~i.t' 3 .u ~ o .. ~a 'k,. tsi .O ~' n m a N 11 ti~ - P~,I C // d m b ]tl/~ p ~ ~ ii1 9 / I ;; ,o eN ~~ ~ a i o ~~ I ~~~ I J m ' I l ~~ ~ II I I I ~ ~,~ I ~ tl >•; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ m I~f i ~ M 0 ~ 1 IW I ~ ~IOj~ 1` , I IN I I r i, ~ ~ ~ ~ ;i I ~r ~ ~ +_. I I~ j' 2 a. ~ ~ v ; Y ~' o . ! o I ! o ~ I R a ~ ~~ / i ~ l I L ~ ~ 1 w y'V~t~ ~``!' 3 I m W ~A~ "C I I 0 ~ ~ - ~iA `p ~ o ~ Ini \ N ~. ` ~ ?.. ~t I tl~a°11' Ll~i~~ 11~ N i rt a_ y ~ ~ s•n i ~i~l °~ ~ 6, 1° ~~ ~ ~~'I ,1 °°I ` d. ~o w ~~ 1 ,\ .~ 1\1 I U' ~I 1~ { I~\up a (m n N a A I~ 1 ;: a. r t' dpi APPENDIX B LEVEL OF SERVICE CRITERIA a "~ s;= LEVEL OF SERVICE CRITERIA AVERAGE TOTAL LEVEL OF EXPECTED DELAY TO DELAY (Seconds/Vehicle) SERVICE MINOR STREET TRAFFIC z 5 A Little or no delay 5.1 to 10.0 B Short traffic delays 10.1 to 20.0 C Average traffic delays 20.1 to 30.0 D Long traffic delays 30.1 to 45.0 E Very long traffic delays >45 F Extreme traffic delays Appendix B e~ APPENDIX C LEVEL OF SERVICE QUEEN KA'AHUMANU HIGHWAY & KA'IMINANI STREET SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION AM & PM PEAK HOUR ~, ~`s HCS+: Signalized Intersections xelease o.t Analyst: BEW Inter.: T - Agency: Seascape Development Area Type: All other areas Date: 12/14/2005 Jurisd: DOT Period: AM peak hour, existing Year 2005 Project ID: Seascape Development, Lokahi Kau, Job # 433-06-OS E/W St: Kamininani N/S St: QKHwy SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION SUMMARY I Eastbound I Westbound I Northbound I Southbound I I L T R I L T R I L T R I L T R 1 I I I I I No. Lanes I 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 I 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 LGConfig I I L R I T R I L T ( ~ Volume I 1415 223 I 609 104 134 -519 I Lane. Width I 112.0 12.0 I 12.0 12.0 112.0 12.0 1 RTOR Vol I I 0 I 0 I I I Duration 1.00 Area Type: All other areas Signal Operations _ ____ Phase Combination 1 2 3 4 1 5 6 7 8 (. EB Left I NB Left Thru 1 Thru P ( Right ~ 1 Right P 1. Peds I Peds L WB Left P 1 SB Left P Thru 1 Thru P P C Right P I Right Peds 1 Peds NB Right 1 EB Right SB Right 1 WB Right (. Green ?7'' 6.1 44.3 Yellow 3.7 3.7 4.5 iii;. ~~+ 0.3 0.3 0.0 Cycle Length: 90,0 secs Intersection Performance Summary Appr/ Lane Adj Sat Ratios Lane Group Approach Lane Group Flow Rate Grp Capacity (s) v/c g/C Delay LOS Delay LOS Eastbound Westbound L 549 1805 0.85 0.30 46.8 D ~~.9 D R 486 1615 0.51 0.30 zy_8 C Northbound ~. 93€~ 1900 0.72 0.99 22.8 C 21.3 C i R '795 1615 0.15 0.49 12.9 B Southbound L 122 1805 0.31 0.07 46.6 D T 1148 1900 0.50 0.60 11.7 B 13.9 B Interse ction Delay = 25.7 (sec/veh) Intersection LOS = C riCS+: Slgnallzed lnzerseccions xelease ~.~ _. Bruce E. Witcher, PE Witcher Engineering LLP __ 75-5751 Kuakini Hwy, Ste 106 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 Phone: 806-339-0322 Fax: 80B-334-0831 E-Mail: bewitch@ilhawaii.net OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 12/14/2005 Analysis Time Period: AM peak hour, existing -- Intersection: T .. Area Type: All other areas ' Jurisdiction: DOT ~ - Analysis Yeas: 2005 Project ID: Seascape Development, Lokahi Kau, Job # 433-06-OS E/W St: Kamininani N/S St: QKHwy VOLUME I I I Eastbound L T R I Westbound I L T R I I Northbound I L T R I Southbound I L T R I ' I I ~ Volume I 1415 223 I 604 '109 134 519 1 ~ Heavy Veh{ 10 0 1 0 0 {0 0 1 !' ~ PFIF 10.90 0.90 I 0.90 0.90 1.0.90 0.90 1 !~ PK 15 Vol I 1115 62 I 168 29 19 149 1 Hi Ln Vol I I I I ,, o Grade I I 0 I 0 I 0 I Ideal Sat { 11900 1900 I 1900 1900 11900 1900 { ParkExist I I I I I NumPark I I I I I ~ No. Lanes 0 0 0 I 1 0 1 I 0 1 1 I 1 1 0 I LGConfig I L R -I T R I.L T Lane Width 1 112.0 12.0 1 12.0 12.0 112.0 12.0 I ~_. RTOR Vol I I 0 I 0 I I Adj Flow I 1961 248 I 671 116 138 577 I ~' ~InSharedLnl I I I 1 Prop LTS I I I 0.0 00 I 0.000 I Iff ~ Prop RTs I I 1.000 I 0..000 1.000 I 0 .000 I i Peds Bikesl 0 I 0 I 0 I I Buses { 10 0 I 0 0 10 0 I I $InProtPhase I I I Duration 1.00 Area Type: All other areas OPE RATING PARAMETERS ~ -__-~_ 1 Eastbound I We stbound I Northbound I So uthbound I I I L T R I L I T R L T I R L I T R I i Init Unmet I 10.0 0.0 I 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 I Arriv. Typel 13 3 I 3 3 13 3 { ~- Unit Ext. I 13.0 3.0 I 3.0 3.0 13.0 3.0 1 I Factor I I 1.000 I 1.000 I 1.000 I I Lost Time 1 12.0 2.0 1 2.0 2.0 12.0 2.0 I _ Ext of g I 12.0 2.0 I 2.0 2.0 12.0 2.0 I i` P'ed Min g I 3.2 I 3.2 { 3.2 ( I ~ -PHASE DATA _ __ ____ _ _ _ _ __ Phase Combi nation 1 2 3 4 1 5 6 7 8 EB Left I NB Left Thru I Thru P Right ( Right. P - Peds ( Peds WB Left P I SB Left P Thru I Thru P P Right P I Right Peds I Peds I NB Right EB Right SB Right I I Wb I Right I Green 27.1 I 6.1 44.3 Yellow 3.7 3.7 9.5 All Red 0.3 0.3 0.0 Cycle Length: 90.0 secs ~- VOLUME ADJUSTMENT AND SATURATION FLOW WORKSHEET Volume Adjustment I Eastbou nd I West bound I Northbound I Southbound I _ I L T ~ R I L T R I L T R L T R I I I I I vuiume, V I 1915 223 I 604 104 134 519 I i PHF I 10.90 0.90 I 0.90 0.90 10.90 0.90 I J l Adj flow I 1461 248 I 671 116 138 577 I No. Lanes 1 0 0 0 I 1 0 1 I 0 1 1 I 1 1 0 I Lane group I I L R I T R I L T I Adj flow I 1461 248 I 671 116 136 577 I Prop LTs I I I 0.00 0 I 0.000 I Prop RTS I I 1.000 I 0.000 1 .00G ( 0.000 I Saturation Flow Rate (see Exhibit 16-7 to determine th e adj ustment factors) Eastbound Westbound Northbound Southbound LG L R T R L T So 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 Lanes 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 ~ fW 1.000 1.000 'i:0OO 1.000 1.000 1.000 fHV 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 ' fG 1.000 1.000 1.000 1-~0° 1 tiJU 1.000 fP 1.000 1.000 UCO 1.000 1.000 1.000 fBB 1.000 _-~JO 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fA ~.iiV0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 ~_~ 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fRT 0.850 1.000 0.850 1.000 fLT 0.950 1.000 0.950 1.000 Sec. fLpb 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fRpb 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 S 1805 1615 1900 1615 1805 1900 Sec. _ _ CAPACITY AND LOS WORKSHEET---- ___ Capacity Analysis and Lane Group Capacity Add [aa7 Sat t'low careen --Lane croup-- Appr/ Lane Flow Rate Flow Rate Ratio Ratio Capacity v/c Mvmt Group (v) (s) (v/s) (g/C) (c) Ratio Eastbound Prot Perm Left Prot Perm Thru Right Westbound Prot Perm Left L 961 1805 # 0.26 0.30 549 0.85 Prot Perm Thru Right R 248 1615 0.15 0.30 486 0.51 Northbound Prot Perm Left Prot Perm Thru T 671 1900 # 0.35 0.99 935 0.72 Right R 116 1615 0.07 0.49 795 0.15 Southbound Prot Perm Left L 38 1805 # 0.02 0.07 122 0.31 Prot Perm Thru T 577 1900 0.30 0.60 1148 0.50 Right Sum of flow ratios for critical lane gr oups, Yc = Sum (v/s) = 0.63 Total lost time per cycle, L = 12.50 s ec Critical flow rate to capaci ty ratio, Xc = (YC)( C)/(C-L) = 0.73 Control Delay an d LOS Determination Appr/ Ratios Unf Prog Lane Incremental Res L ane Group Approach Lane Del Adj Grp Fact or Del Del Grp v/c g/C dl Fact Cap k d2 d3 Delay LOS Delay LOS Ea Westbound L 0.85 0.30 29.5 1.000 549 0.50 17.3 0.0 96.8 D 40.9 D R 0.51 0.30 26.0 1.000 466 0.50 3.8 0.0 29.8 C Northbound T 0.72 0.49 17.9 1.000 935 0.50 4.8 0.0 22.8 C 21.3 C R 0.15 0.49 12.5 1.000 795 0.50 0.4 0.0 12.9 B Southbound L 0.31 0.07 90.0 1.000 122 0.50 6.6 0.0 96.6 D T 0.50 0.60 10.1 1.000 1148 0.50 1.6 0.0 11.7 B 13.9 B Intersection delay = 25.7 Intersection LOS = C SUPPLEMENTAL PERMITTED LT WORKSHEET for exclusive lefts Input EB WB NB SB Opposed by Single(S) or Multiple(M) lane approach Cycle length, C 90.0 sec Total actual green time for LT lake group, G (s) Effective permitted green time for LT lane group, g(s) Opposing effective green time, go (s) Number of lanes in LT lane group, N Number of lanes in opposing approach, No Adjusted LT flow rate, VLT (veh/h) Proportion of LT in LT lane group, PLT Proportion of LT in opposing flow, PLTO Adjusted opposing flow rate, Vo (veh/h) Lost time for LT lane group, tL Computation LT volume per cycle, LTC=VLTC/3600 Opposing lane util. factor, fLUo 1.000 Opposing flow, Volc=VoC1[3600(No)fLUOl (veh/lnlcyc) gf=G[exp(- a * (LTC ** b))]-tl, gf<=g Opposing platoon ratio, Rpo (refer Exhibit 16-11) Opposing Queue Ratio, qro=Max[1-Rpo(go/C),0] gq, (see Exhibit C16-4,5,6,7,8) gu=g-gq if gq>=gf, or = g-gf if gq<gf n=Max(gq-gf)/2,0) PTHo=1-PLTo PL*=PLT [1+(N-1)q/(gf+gu/ELI+4.24)] EL1 (refer to Exhibit C16-3) EL2=Max((1-Ptho**n)/Plto, 1.0) fmin=2(1+pL)jg or fmin=2(1+P1)lg gdiff=max(gq-gf,0) fm=[gf/g]+[gu/g]/[1+PL(ELl-1)], (min=fmin;max=1.00) flt=fm=[gf/g]+[gu/g]/[1+PL(EL1-1)]+[gdiff/g]/[1+PLiEL2-1)],(fmin<=fm<=1. or flt=[fm+0.91 (N-1)]/N** Left-turn adjustment, fLT 1.000 00) For special case of single-lane approach opposed by multilane approach, see text. * If Pl>=1 for shared left-turn lanes with N>1, then assume de-facto left-turn lane and redo calculations. ** For permitted left-turns with multiple exclusive left-turn lanes, flt=fm. For special case of multilane approach opposed by single-lane approach or when gf>gq, see text. Input Opposed by Single(S) or Multiple(M) lane approach Cycle length, C 90.0 sec Total actual green time for LT lane group, G (s) Effective permitted green time for LT lane group, g(s) Opposing effective green time, go (s) Number of lanes in LT Lane group, N SUPPLEMENTAL PERMITTED LT WORKSHEET for shared lefts EB WB NB SB Number or lanes in opposing approacn, No Adjusted LT flow rate, VLT (veh/h) Proportion of LT in LT lane group, PLT 0.000 0.000 Proportion of LT in opposing flow, PLTo - Adjusted opposing flow rate, Vo (veh/h) Lost time for LT lane group, tL Computation _ LT volume per cycle, LTC=VLTC/3600 Opposing lane util. factor, fLUo 1.000 1.000 Opposing flow, Volc=VOC/[3600(No)fLUo] (veh/ln/cyc) gf=G[exp(- a * (LTC ** b))]-tl, gf<=g -- Opposing platoon ratio, Rpo (refer Exhibit 16-11) Opposing Queue Ratio, qro=Max[1-Rpo(go/C),0] gq, (see Exhibit C16-4,5,6,7,8) ._ gu=g-gq if gq>=gf, or = g-gf if gq<gf n=Max(gq-gf)/2,0) PTHO=1-PLTo PL*=PLT[1+(N-1)g/(gf+gu/EL1+9.29)] ` EL1 (refer to Exhibit C16-3) EL2=Max((1-Ptho**n)/Plto, 1.0) fmin=2(1+PL)/g or fmin=2(L+P1)/g - gdiff=max(gq-gf,0) fm=[gf/g]+[gu/g]/[1+pL(ELl-1)], (min=fmin;max=1.00) flt=fm=[gf/g]+[gu/g]/[1+PL(EL1-1)]+[gdiff/g]/[1+PL(EL2-1)],(fmin<=fm<=1.00) _ or flt=[fm+0.91(N-1)]/N** ~. Left-turn adjustment, fLT For special case of single-lane approach opposed by multilane approach, - see text. * If Pl>=1 for shared left-turn lanes with N>l, then assume de-facto left-turn lane and redo calculations. ** For permitted left-turns with multiple exclusive left-turn lanes, flt=fm. For special case of multilane approach opposed by single-lane approach or when gf>gq, see text. SUPPLEMENTAL PEDESTRIAN-BICYCLE EFFECTS WORKSHEET ~~ Permitted Left Turns EB WB NB SB __ Effective pedestrian green time, gp (s) Conflicting pedestrian volume, Vped (p/h) Pedestrian flow rate, Vpedg (p/h) ' OCCpedg - Opposing queue clearing green, gq (s) Eff. ped, green consumed by opp, veh. queue, gq/gp ~i OCCpedu Opposing flow rate, Vo (veh/h) , OCCr I Number of cross-street receiving lanes, Nrec ' Number of turning lanes, Nturn _ ApbT Proportion of left turns, PLT ~. Proportion of left turns using protected phase, PLTA __ Left-turn adjustment, fLpb ~ Permitted Right Turns '. Effective pedestrian green time, gp (s) Conflicting pedestrian volume, Vped (p/h) , Conflicting bicycle volume, Vbic (bicycles/h) Vpedg OCCpedg - Effective green, g (s) ' Vbicq OCCbicg OCCr Number of cross-street receiving lanes, Nrec Number of turning lanes, Nturn ApbT Proportion right-turns, PRT Proportion right-turns using protected phase, PRTA Right turn adjustment, fRpb SUPPLEMENTAL UNIFORM DELAY WORKSHEET EBLT WBLT NBLT SBLT Cycle length, C 90.0 sec Adj. LT vol from Vol Adjustment Worksheet, v i v/c ratio from Capacity Worksheet, X Protected phase effective green interval, g (s) Opposing queue effective green interval, gq Unopposed green interval, gu Red time r=(C-g-gq-gu) Arrival rate, qa=v/(3600(max[X,1.0])) ~.-_ Protected ph. departure rate, Sp=s/3600 Permitted ph. departure rate, Ss=s(gq+gu)/(gu*3600) XPerm XProt Case Queue at beginning of green arrow, Qa Queue at beginning of unsaturated green, Qu rr Residual queue, Qr l~ Uniform Delay, dl DELAY/LOS WORKSHEET WITH INITIAL QUEUE Appr/ Lane Group Eas Initial Dur. Uniform Delay Initial Final Initial Lane Unmet Unmet Queue Unmet Queue Group Demand Demand Unadj. Adj. Param. Demand Delay Delay Q veh t hrs. ds dl sec u Q veh d3 sec d sec 0.0 0.0 1. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Westbound L 0.0 0.00 31.5 29.5 0.00 0.0 0.0 46.8 0.0 0.0 I R 0.0 0.00 31.5 26.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 29.8 Northbound ' 0.0 0.0 T 0.0 0.00 22.9 17.9 0.00 0.0 0.0 22.8 R 0.0 0.00 22.9 12.5 0.00 0.0 0.0 12.9 Southbound 1, 0.0 0.00 92.0 40.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 96.6 T 0.0 0.00 17.8 10.1 0.00 0.0 0.0 11.7 0.0 0.0 Inters ection Delay 25.7 sec/veh Interse ction LOS C BACK OF QUEUE WORKSHEET Eastbound Westbound Northbound Southbound LaneGroup I IL R I T R IL T Init Queue I 10.0 0.0 I 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 Flow Rate I 1461 248 I 671 116 138 577 So I 11900 1900 I 1900 1900 11900 1900 No.Lanes 10 0 0 I1 0 1 10 1 1 I1 1 0 SL 1 {1805 1615 I 1900 1615 {1805 1900 LnCapacity I 1599 486 I 935 795 1122 1198 Flow Ratio I 10.3 0.2 I 0.4 0.1 10.0 0.3 vlc Ratio I 10.85 0.51 I 0.72 0.15 {0.31 0.50 Grn Ratio 10.30 0,30 I 0.49 0.49 10.07 0.60 I Factor 1 1 1.000 I 1.000 I 1.000 AT or PVG I {3 3 ~ 3 3 13 3 Pltn Ratio I 11.00 1.00 I 1.00 1.00 11.00 1.00 PF2 I 11.00 1.00 I 1;00 1.00 11.00 1.00 Ql 1 110.8 5.1 1 13.2 1.6 10.9 8,2 kB I 10.7 0.7 I 1_1 1.0 10,3 1.3 Q2 I 13.8 0.7 I 2.7 0.2 10.1 1.3 Q Average I 114.6 5.8 I 15,9 1.8 I1,0 9,5 Q Spacing I 125.0 25.0 I 25.0 25.0 125,0 25.0 Q Storage I 10 0 I 0 0 10 0 Q S Ratio I I I I 70th Percentile Output: fB$ I 11.2 BOQ I 117.6 QSRatio I I 85th Percentile Output: fB$ I 11.9 B04 I 120.7 QSRatio I I 90th Percentile Output: fB$ 1 11.5 BOQ 1 122.3 QSRatio I 95th Percentile Output: fB$ I 11.7 BOQ I 124.2 QSRatio I I 98th Percentile Output: fB$ I 11.8 B04 I 126.0 QSRatio I I No errors to report, 1.2 I 1.2 1.3 7,2 I I 19.1 2.2 1.5 I 1,4 l.6 8.7 I I 22.4 2.8 1.7 I 1.5 1.9 9.7 I I 24,2 3.2 1.9 I 1.6 2.3 11.2 I I 26.1 4.0 2.2 I 12.6 1 I 1.8 2.8 28.0 4.8 11.3 11.3 I 11.6 11.7 11.9 12.0 I 12,4 12.5 12.9 13.0 I 1. 2. 11.5 1.4 13.7 1.6 14.9 1.8 I 16,6 I r 1.9 I I 18.2 I MESSAGES i r i HCS+: Signalized Intersections Release 5.2 Analyst: BEW Inter.: T Agency: Seascape Development Area Ty pe: A11 other areas Date: 12/14/2005 Jurisd: DOT Period: PM peak hour, existing Year 2005 Project ID: Seascape Development, Lokahi Kau, Job # 433-06-05 E/W St: Kamininani N/S St: QKHwy SIGNALIZED INTERSE( { Eastbound I Westbound I L T R I L T R I I No. Lanes I 0 0 0 I 1 0 1 LGConfig I I L R Volume I {138 68 Lane Width I 112.0 12.0 RTOR Vol I I 0 :TION SUMMARY_ Northbound L T R 0 1 1 T R 542 256 12.0 12.0 0 Duration 1.00 Area Type: All other areas Signal operations Phase Combination 1 2 3 4 1 5 EB Left I NB Left Thru I Thru Right I Right Peds I Peds WB Left P I SB Left P Thru I Thru P Right P I Right Peds I Peds NB Right I EB Right SB Right I WB Right Southbound I L T R 1 1 0 L T 1301 641 112.0 12.0 I 6 7 8 P P P Green 11.1 18.1 31.2 Yellow 3.7 3.7 0.0 All Red 0.3 0.3 1.6 Appr/ Lane Lane Group Grp Capacity Eastbound Westbound L 286 R 256 Northbound Cycle Length: _Intersection Performance Summary Adj Sat Ratios Lane Group Approach Flow Rate (s) v/c q/C Delay LOS Delay LOS 1605 0.53 0.16 39.3 C 32.5 C 1615 0.30 0.16 29.0 C T 897 1900 0.71 0.45 20.9 C 18.9 B R 720 1615 0.39 0.45 14.7 B South bound L 467 1805 0.72 0.26 33.1 C T 1447 1900 0.65 0.76 6.2 A 13.3 B Interse ction Delay = 17.2 (sec/v eh) Intersection LOS = B 70.0 secs HCS+: Signalized Intersections xelease 5.G Bruce E. Witcher, PE Witcher Engineering LLP 75-5751 Kuakini Hwy, Ste 106 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 Phone: 806-339-0322 E-Mail: bewitch@ilhawaii.net Fax OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS 808-334-0831 Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 12/14/2005 Analysis Time Period: PM peak hour, existing Intersection: T Area Type: All other areas Jurisdiction: DOT Analysis Year: 2005 Project ID: Seascape Development, Lokahi Kau, Job # 433-06-05 E/W St: Kamininani N/S St: QKHwy VOLUME DATA I Eastbound I Westbound I Northbound Southbound I L T R I L T R I L T R I L I T R I I I Volume I 1138 68 I 592 256 1301 891 % Heavy Vehl 10 0 I 0 0 10 0 PHF I 10.90 0.90 I 0.90 0.90 10.90 0.90 PK 15 Vol I 138 19 I 151 71 189 234 Hi Ln Vol I I I I % Grade I I 0 I 0 I 0 Ideal Sat I 11900 1900 I 1900 1900 11900 1900 ParkExist I I I NumPark I { l A No. Lanes I 0 0 0 I 1 0 1 I 0 1 1 I 1 1 C LGConfig ( I L R I T R I L T Lane Width I 112.0 12.0 i 12.0 12.0 112.0 12.0 RTOR Vol I I 0 I 0 I Adj Flow I 1153 76 I 602 289 1334 939 %InSharedLn I I I Prop LTs I I I 0.0 00 I 0.000 Prop RTs I I 1.000 I 0.000 1.000 I 0 .000 Peds Bikesl 0 I 0 i 0 I Buses I 10 0 I 0 0 10 0 %InProtPhase I I I Duration 1.00 Area Type: All other areas OPERATING PARAMETERS I I I Init Unmet I Arriv. Typel Unit Ext. I I Factor I Lost Time I Ext of g I Ped Min g I Eastbound I Westbound L T R I L T R I I Northbound L T R I I Southbound I L T R I 10.0 0.0 I 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 13 3 I 3 3 13 3 13.0 3.0 I 3.0 3.0 13.0 3.0 I 1.000 i 1.000 I 1.000 12.0 2.0 I 2.0 2.0 12.0 2.0 12.0 2.0 i 2.0 2.0 12.0 2.0 3.2 I 3.2 1 3.2 I PHASE DATA Phase Combination 1 2 3 4 1 5 6 7 8 EB Left I NB Left Thru Thru P Right I Right P Peds I Peds WB Left P I SB Left P Thru I Thru P P Right P Right Peds I Peds NB Right I EB Right SB Right I I WB I Right Green 11.1 I 18.1 31.2 Yellow 3.7 3.7 0.0 All Red 0.3 0.3 1.6 Cy cle Length: 70.0 secs VOLUME ADJUSTMENT AND SATURATION FLOW WORKSHEET Volume Adjustment I Eastbound I West bound I Northbou nd I Southbound I I L T R I L T R L T R I L T R I I I I I I Volume, V I 1138 68 I 542 256 1301 841 I PHF I 10.90 0.90 I 0.90 0.90 10.90 0.90 I Adj flow I 1153 76 I 602 284 1339 939 I No. Lanes I 0 0 0 I 1 0 1 I 0 1 1 I 1 1 0 I Lane group I I L R I T R I L T I Adj flow I 1153 76 I 602 284 1334 934 I Prop LTs I I I 0.000 I 0.000 I Prop RTs I I 1.000 I 0.000 1 .000 I 0.000 I Saturation Flow Rate (see Exhibit 16-7 to determine the adjustment factors) - Eastbound Westbound Northbound Southbound LG L R T R L T So 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 Lanes 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 fW 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fHV 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fG 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fP 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fBB 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fA 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fLU 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fRT 0.850 1.000 0.850 1.000 fLT 0.950 1.000 0.950 1.000 Sec. fLpb 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fRpb 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 S 1805 1615 1900 1615 1805 1900 Sec. _ CAPACITY AND LOS WORKSHEET Capacity Analysis and Lane Group Capacity Appr/ Lane Mvmt Group Adj Adj Sat Flow Flow Rate Flow Rate Ratio (v) (s) (v/s) Green --Lane Group-- Ratio Capacity v/c (g/C) (c) Ratio Eastbound Prot Perm Left Prot Perm Thru Right Westbound Prot Perm Left L 153 1805 # 0.08 0.16 286 0.53 Prot Perm Thru Right R 76 1615 0.05 0.16 256 0.30 Northbound Prot Perm Left Prot Perm Thru T 602 1900 # 0.32 0.45 897 0.71 Right R 284 1615 0.18 0.45 720 0.39 Southbound Prot Perm Left L 334 1805 # 0.19 0.26 467 0.72 Prot Perm Thru T 934 1900 0.99 0.76 1447 0.65 Right Sum of flow ratios for critical lane groups, Yc = Sum (v/s) = 0.59 Total lost time per cycle, L = 9.60 sec Critical flow rate to capacity ratio, Xc = (Yc)(C)/(C-L) = 0.68 Control Delay an d LOS Determination Appr/ Ratios Unf Prog Lane Incremental Res L ane Group Approach Lane Del Adj Grp Factor Del Del Grp v/c g/C dl Fact Cap k d2 d3 Delay LOS Delay LOS Eastbound Westbound L 0.53 0.16 27.1 1.000 286 R 0.30 0.16 26.0 1.000 256 Northbound T 0.71 0.45 15.7 1.000 847 R 0.39 0.95 13.0 1.000 720 Sou thbound L 0.72 0.26 23.6 1.000 467 T 0.65 0.76 3.9 1.000 1447 0.50 7.2 0.0 34.3 •C 32.5 C 0.50 3.0 0.0 29.0 C 0.50 5.2 0.0 20.9 C 18.9 B 0.50 1.6 0.0 14.7 B 0.50 9.5 0.0 33.1 C 0.50 2.3 0.0 6.2 A 13.3 B Intersection delay = 17.2 (sec/veh) Intersection LOS = B SUPPLEMENTAL PERMITTED LT WORKSHEET for exclusive lefts Input EB WB NB SB Opposed by Single(s) or Multiple (M) lane approach Cycle length, C 70.0 sec Total actual green time for LT lane group, G (s) Effective permitted green time for LT lane group, g(s) Opposing effective green time, go (s) Number of lanes in LT lane group, N Number of lanes in opposing approach, No Adjusted LT flow rate, VLT (veh/h) Proportion of LT in LT lane group, PLT Proportion of LT in opposing flow, PLTo Adjusted opposing flow rate, Vo (veh/h) Lost time for LT lane group, tL Computation LT volume per cycle, LTC=VLTC/3600 Opposing lane util. factor, fLUO 1.000 1.000 Opposing flow, Volc=VoC/[3600(NO)fLUo] (veh/ln/cycl gf=G[exp(- a * (LTC ** b))]-tl, gf<=g Opposing platoon ratio, Rpo (refer Exhibit 16-11) Opposing Queue Ratio, qro=Max[1-Rpo(go/C),0] gq, (see Exhibit C16-4,5,6,7,8) gu=g-gq if gq>=gf, or = g-gf if gq<gf n=Max(gq-gf)/2, 0) PTHO=1-PLTo PL*=PLT [1+(N-1)g/(gf+gu/EL1+4.24)] EL1 (refer to Exhibit C16-3) EL2=Max((1-Ptho**n)/Plto, 1.0) fmin=2(1+PL)/g or fmin=2(1+P1)/g gdiff=max(gq-gf,0) fm=[gf/gj+[gulgl/[1+pL(EL1-1)], (min=fmin;max=1.00) flt=fm=[gf/g]+[gu/g]/[1+PL(EL1-1)]+[gdiff/g]/[1+PL(EL2-1)],(fmin<=fm<=1.00) or flt=[fm+0.91(N-1)]/N** Left-turn adjustment, fLT For special case of single-lane approach opposed by multilane approach, see text. * If Pl>=1 for shared left-turn lanes with N>1, then assume de-facto left-turn lane and redo calculations. ** Eor permitted left-turns with multiple exclusive left-turn lanes, flt=fm. For special case of multilane approach opposed by single-lane approach or when gf>gq, see text. SUPPLEMENTAL PERMITTED LT WORKSHEET for shared lefts Input Opposed by Single(S) or Multiple(M) lane approach Cycle length, C 70.0 sec Total actual green time for LT lane group, G (s) Effective permitted green time for LT lane group, g(s) Opposing effective green time, go (s) Number of lanes in LT lane group, N EB WB NB SB Number of lanes in opposing approach, No Adjusted LT flow rate, VLT (veh/h) Proportion of LT in LT lane group, PLT 0.000 0.000 Proportion of LT in opposing flow, PLTo Adjusted opposing flow rate, Vo (veh/h) Lost time for LT lane group, tL Computation LT volume per cycle, LTC=VLTC/3600 Opposing lane util. factor, fLUo 1.000 1.000 Opposing flow, Volc=VOC/[3600(No)fLUo] (veh/ln/cyc) gf=G[exp(- a * (LTC ** b))]-tl, gf<=g Opposing platoon ratio, Rpo (refer Exhibit 16-11) Opposing Queue Ratio, qro=Max[1-Rpo(go/C),0] gq, (see Exhibit C16-4,5,6,7,8) gu=g-gq if gq>=gf, or = g-gf if gq<gf n=Max(gq-gf)/2,0) PTHo=1-PLTo PL*=PLT [1+(N-1)g/(gf+gu/EL1+9.29)J EL1 (refer to Exhibit C16-3) EL2=Max((1-Ptho**n)/Plto, 1.0) fmin=2(1+PL)/g or fmin=2(1+P1)/g gdiff=max(gq-gf,0) fm=[gf/g]+[gu/g]/[1+PL(EL1-1)], (min=fmin; max=1.00) flt=fm=[gf/g]+[gu/g]/[1+PL(ELl-1)]+[gdiff/g]/[1+PL(EL2-1)],(fmin<=fm<=1.00) or flt=[fm+0.91(N-1)]/N** Left-turn adjustment, fLT For special case of single-lane approach opposed by multilane approach, see text. * If P1>=1 for shared left-turn lanes with N>1, then assume de-facto left-turn lane and redo calculations. ** For permitted left-turns with multiple exclusive left-turn lanes, flt=fm. For special case of multilane approach opposed by single-lane approach or when gf>gq, see text. SUPPLEMENTAL PEDESTRIAN-BICYCLE EFFECTS WORKSHEET Permitted Left Turns EB WB NB SB Effective pedestrian green time, gp (s) Conflicting pedestrian volume, Vped (p/h) Pedestrian flow rate, Vpedg (p/h) OCCpedg Opposing queue clearing green, gq (s) Eff. ped. green consumed by opp. veh. queue, gq/gp OCCpedu Opposing flow rate, Vo (veh/h) OCCr Number of cross-street receiving lanes, Nrec Number of turning lanes, Nturn ApbT Proportion of left turns, PLT Proportion of left turns using protected phase, PLTA Left-turn adjustment, fLpb Permitted Right Turns Effective pedestrian green time, gp (s) Conflicting pedestrian volume, Vped (p/h) Conflicting bicycle volume, Vbic (bicycles/h) Vpedg OCCpedg Effective green, g (s) Vbicg Occbicg OCCr Number of cross-street receiving lanes, Nrec Number of turning lanes, Nturn ApbT Proportion right-turns, PRT Proportion right-turns using protected phase, PRTA Right turn adjustment, fRpb SUPPLEMENTAL UNIFORM DELAY WORKSHEET Cycle length, C 70.0 sec Adj. LT vol from Vol Adjustment Worksheet, v v/c ratio from Capacity Worksheet, X Protected phase effective green interval, g (s) Opposing queue effective green interval, gq Unopposed green interval, gu Red time r=(C-g-gq-gu) Arrival rate, qa=v/(3600(max[X,1.0])) Protected ph. departure rate, Sp=s/3600 Permitted ph. departure rate, Ss=s(gq+gu)/(gu*3600) XPerm XProt Case Queue at beginning of green arrow, Qa Queue at beginning of unsaturated green, Qu Residual queue, Qr Uniform Delay, dl EBLT WBLT NBLT SBLT DELAY/LOS WORKSHEET WITH INITIAL QUEUE Initial Dur. Uniform Delay Initial Einal Initial Lane Appr/ Unmet Unmet Queue Unmet Queue Group Lane Demand Demand Unadj. Adj. Param. Demand Delay Delay Group Q veh t hrs. ds dl sec u Q veh d3 sec d sec Eastbound 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Westbound L 0.0 0.00 29.9 27.1 0.00 0.0 0.0 34.3 0.0 0.0 R 0.0 0.00 29.4 26.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 29.0 Northbound 0.0 0.0 T 0.0 0.00 19.4 15.7 0.00 0.0 0.0 20.9 R 0.0 0.00 19.9 13.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 14.7 Southbound L 0.0 0.00 25.9 23.6 0.00 0.0 0.0 33.1 T 0.0 0.00 8.3 3.9 0.00 0.0 0.0 6.2 0.0 0.0 Intersection Delay 17.2 sec/veh Intersection LOS B BACK OF QUEUE WORKSHEET Eastbound Westbound NoxLnoouna noutnoouna LaneGroup i IL R I T R IL T I Init Queue I 10.0 0.0 I 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 I Flow Rate I 1153 76 I 602 284 1334 934 I So I 11900 1900 I 1900 1900 11900 1900 I No.Lanes 10 0 0 Il 0 1 0 1 1 l 1 0 SL I 11805 1615 I 1900 1615 11805 1900 I LnCapacity I 1286 256 I 847 720 1467 1997 I Flow Ratio I 10.1 0.0 I 0.3 0.2 10.2 0.5 I v/c Ratio I 10.53 0.30 I 0.71 0.39 10.72 0.65 I Grn Ratio I 10.16 0.16 I 0.45 0.95 10.26 0.76 I I Factor I I 1.000 I 1.000 I 1.000 I AT or PVG I 13 3 I 3 3 13 3 I Pltn Ratio I 11.00 1.00 I 1.00 1.00 11.00 1.00 I PF2 I 11.00 1.00 I 1.00 1.00 11.00 1.00 I Ql I 12.7 1.3 I 9.5 3.7 15.9 8.5 I kB I 10.4 0.4 I 0.9 0.8 10.6 1.2 I Q2 I 10.5 0.2 I 2.1 0.5 11.4 2.2 1 Q Average I 13.2 1.5 I 11.6 9.2 17.3 10.8 I Q Spacing I 125.0 25.0 I 25.0 25.0 125.0 25.0 I Q Storage I 10 0 I 0 0 10 0 I Q S Ratio I I I I 70th Percentile Output: fB$ I 11.3 1.3 I 1.2 1.2 11.2 1.2 I gOQ I 14.0 1.9 I 19.0 5.2 18.9 13.0 I QSRat10 I I I I 85th Percentile Output: fB$ J 11.6 1.6 I 1.4 1.5 11.5 1.4 I BOQ I 15.0 2.4 I 16.5 6.4 110.7 15.9 I QSRatlO I I I I 90th Percentile Output: fB°s I 11.8 1.9 I 1.5 1.7 11.6 1.6 I BOQ I 15.6 2.7 I 17.9 7.2 111.8 16.8 I QSRatio I I I I I 95th Percentile Output: fB$ I 12.1 2.3 I 1.7 2.0 11.8 1.7 I BOQ I 16.8 3.9 I 19.6 8.5 113.4 18.5 I QSRatio I I I I I 98th Percentile Output: fB$ I 12.5 2.8 I 1.8 2.3 12.0 1.9 I BOQ I 18.0 9.1 I 21.4 9.9 119.9 20.2 I QSRatio I I I I I MESSAGES No errors to report. HCS+: Signalized Intersections Release 5.2 Analyst: BEW Inter.: T gkhkaiamfu2 Agency: Seascape Development Area Type: All other areas Date: 12/14/2005 Jurisd: DOT Period: AM peak hour, Future Year 2005 Project ID: Seascape Development, Lokahi Kau, Job # 433-06-OS E/W St: Kamininani N/S St: QKHwy SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION SUMMARY ~ Eastbound ~ westbound ~ Northbound ~ Southbound L T R ~ L T R ~ L T R ~ L T R No. Lanes ~ 0 0 0 ~ 1 0 1 ~ 0 2 1 ~ 1 2 0 LGConfig I I L R I T R ~ L T Volume ~ 567 337 ~ 670 142 ~69 575 Lane Width ~ 12.0 12.0 ~ 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 RTOR Vol ~ 0 ~ 0 Duration 1.00 Area Type: All other areas _ Signal Operations Phase Combination 1 2 3 4 I 5 6 7 8 EB Left ~ NB Left Thru ~ Thru P Right ~ Right P Peds Peds WB Left P ~ SB Left P Thru ~ Thru P P Right P ~ Right Peds ~ Peds NB Right ~ EB Right SB Right ~ WB Right Green 31.0 6.1 30.1 Yellow 3.7 3.7 4.5 All Red 0.3 0.3 0.3 Cycle Length: 80.0 secs Intersection Performance Summary Appr/ Lane Adj Sat Ratios Lane Group Approach Lane Group Flow Rate _ Grp Capacity (s) v/c g/C Delay LOS Delay LOS Eastbound Westbound L 699 1605 0.90 0.39 44.1 D 36.5 D R 626 1615 0.60 0.39 23.8 C Northbound T 1361 3618 0.55 0.38 21.2 C 20.7 C R 608 1615 0.26 0.38 18.3 B Southbound L 136 1805 0.56 0.06 51.8 D T 1818 3618 0.35 0.50 12.6 B 16.8 B Interse ction Delay = 25.7 (sec/v eh) Inters ection LOS = C HCS+: Signalized Intersections Release 5.2 Bruce E. Witcher, PE Witcher Engineering LLP 75-5751 Kuakini Hwy, Ste 106 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 Phone: 808-334-0322 Fax: 808-334-0831 E-Mail: bewitch@ilhawaii.net OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS ___ 0 0 1.00 Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 12/14/2005 Analysis Time Period: AM peak hour,Future Intersection: T gkhkaiamfu2 Area Type: All other areas Jurisdiction: DOT Analysis Year: 2005 Project ID: Seascape Development, Lokahi Kau, Job # 433-06-OS E/W St: Kamininani N/S St: QKHwy Eastbound L T R Volume ~ Heavy Veh PHF PK 15 Vol Hi Ln Vol ~ Grade Ideal Sat ParkExist NumPark No. Lanes LGConfig Lane Width RTOR Vol Adj Flow ~InSharedLn Prop LTs Prop RTs Peds Bikes Buses gInProtPha s~ Duration Init Unmet Arriv. Type Unit Ext. I Factor Lost Time Ext of g Ped Min g Northbound L T R VOLUME DATA Westbound L T R 567 337 0 0 0.90 0.90 158 94 0 1900 1900 1 L 12.0 630 0 1 R 12.0 0 374 670 142 0 0 0.90 0.90 186 39 0 1900 1900 Southbound L T R 69 575 0 0 0.90 0.90 19 160 0 1900 1900 0 2 1 T R 12.0 12.0' 0 744 158 0.000 1.000 ~ 0.000 1.000 0 ~ 0 O 0 ~ 0 0 Area Type: All other areas _OPERATING PARAMETERS Eastbound ~ Westbound ~ Northbound L T R ~ L T R ~ L T R 3.2 0 0 ~ 0 .0 0.0 ~ 0.0 0.0 ~ 3 3 ~ 3 3 ~ 3 .0 3.0 ~ 3.0 3.0 1.000 ~ 1.000 ~2 .0 2.0 ~ 2.0 2.0 I2 .0 2.0 ~ 2.0 2.0 I 3.2 I 3.2 1 2 0 L T 12.0 12.0 77 639 0.000 0.000 0 0 Southbound L T R 0.0 0.0 3 3 3.0 3.0 1.000 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Phase Combination 1 EB Left Thru Right Peds WB Left P Thru Right P Peds NB Right SB Right 5 6 7 6 NB Left Thru Right Peds SB Left P Thru P Right Peds EB Right WB Right P P P Green 31.0 6.1 30.1 Yellow 3.7 3.7 4.5 All Red 0.3 0.3 0.3 Cy cle Length: 80.0 secs VOLUME ADJUSTMENT AND SAT URATION FLOW WORKSHEET- Volume Adjustment Eastbound ~ Westbound ~ Northbou nd ~ Southbound ~ L T R ~ L T R ~ L T R ~ L T R ~ ~_ ~ - Volume, V 567 337 ~ 670 142 ~ 69 575 PHF I 0.90 0.90 I 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Adj flow ~ 630 374 ~ 744 158 ~ 77 639 No. Lanes ~ 0 0 0 ~ 1 0 1 ~ 0 2 1 ~ 1 2 0 Lane group ~ ~ L R ~ T R ~ L T Adj flow _ 1630 374 ~ 744 158 ~77 639 Prop LTs I I 0.00 0 ~ 0.000 Prop RTS ~ ~ 1.000 ~ 0.000 1 .000 ~ 0.000 Saturation Flow Rate (see Exhibit 16-7 to determine the adjustment factors) _ Eastbound Westbound Northbound Southbound LG L R T R L T So 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 Lanes 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 1 2 0 fW 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fHV 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fG 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fP 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fBB 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fA 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fLU 1.000 1.000 0.952 1.000 1.000 0.952 fRT 0.850 1.000 0.850 1.000 fLT 0.950 1.000 0.950 1.000 Sec. fLpb 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fRpb 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 S 1605 1615 3618 1615 1805 3618 Sec. _ CAPACITY AND LOS WORKSHEET Capacity Analysis and Lane Group Capacity PHASE DATA 2 3 4 Adj Adj Sat Flow Green --Lane Group-- Appr/ Lane Flow Rate Flow Rate Ratio Ratio Capacity v/c Mvmt Group (v) (s) (v/s) (g/C) (c) Ratio - Eastbound Prot Perm Left Prot Perm Thru Right Westbound Prot Perm Left L 630 1805 # 0.35 0.39 699 0.90 Prot Perm Thru Right R 374 1615 0.23 0.39 626 0.60 Northbound Prot Perm Left Prot Perm Thru T 744 3616 # 0.21 0.38 1361 0.55 Right R 158 1615 0.10 0.38 608 0.26 Southbound Prot Perm Left L 77 1805 # 0.04 0.08 138 0.56 Prot Perm Thru T 639 3616 0.16 0.50 1818 0.35 Right Sum of flow ratios for critical lane groups, Yc = Sum (v/s) = 0.60 Total lost time per cycle, L = 12.60 sec Critical flow rate to capacity ratio, Xc = (Yc)( C)/(C-L) = 0.71 Control Delay and LOS Determination_ _ Appr/ Ratios Unf Prog Lane In cremental Res L ane Group Approach Lane Del Adj Grp Fa ctor Del Del _ Grp v/c g/C dl Fact Cap k d2 d3 Delay LOS Delay LOS Eastbound Westbound L 0.90 0. 39 23 .1 1.000 699 0. 50 21.0 0.0 44. 1 D 36.5 D R 0.60 0. 39 19 .5 1.000 626 0. 50 4.2 0.0 23. 8 C Northbound T 0.55 0 .36 19 .6 1.000 1361 0. 5.0 1.6 0.0 21. 2 C 20.7 C R 0.26 0 .38 17 .2 1.000 608 0. 50 1.0 0.0 18. 3 B Southbound L 0.56 0 .08 35 .6 1.000 138 0. 50 16.1 0.0 51 .8 D T 0.35 0 .50 12 .0 1.000 1818 0. 50 0.5 0.0 12 .6 B 16.8 B Intersection delay = 25.7 (sec/veh) Intersection LOS = C SUPPLEMENTAL PERMITTED LT WORKSHEET for exclusive lefts Input EB WB NB SB Opposed by Single(S) or Multiple (M) lane approach Cycle length, C 80.0 sec Total actual green time for LT lane group, G (s) Effective permitted green time for LT lane group, g(s) Opposing effective green time, go (s) Number of lanes in LT lane group, N Number of lanes in opposing approach, No Adjusted LT flow rate, VLT (veh/h) Proportion of LT in LT lane group, PLT Proportion of LT in opposing flow, PLTo Adjusted opposing flow rate, Vo (veh/h) Lost time for LT lane group, tL Computation LT volume per cycle, LTC=VLTC/3600 Opposing lane util. factor, fLUo 0.952 0.952 Opposing flow, Volc=VoC/[3600(No)fLUo] (veh/ln/cyc) gf=G[exp(- a * (LTC ** b))]-tl, gf<=g Opposing platoon ratio, Rpo (refer Exhibit 16-11) Opposing Queue Ratio, qro=Max[1-Rpo(go/C),O] gq, (see Exhibit C16-4,5,6,7,8) gu=g-gq if gq>=gf, or = g-gf if gq<gf n=Max(gq-gf)/2,0) PTHO=1-PLTo PL*=PLT [1+(N-1)g/(gf+gu/EL1+4.24)] ELl (refer to Exhibit C16-3) ELI=Max((1-Ptho**n)/Plto, 1.0) fmin=2(1+PL)/g or fmin=2(1+P1)/g gdiff=max(gq-gf,0) fm=[gf/g]+[gu/g]/[1+PL(ELl-1)], (min=fmin;max=1.00) flt=fm=[gf/g]+[gu/g]/[1+PL(EL1-1)]+[gdiff/g]/[1+PL(EL2-1)J,(fmin<=fm<=1.00) or flt=[fm+0.91 (N-1)]/N** Left-turn adjustment, fLT For special case of single-lane approach opposed by multilane approach, see text. * If Pl>=1 for shared left-turn lanes with N>l, then assume de-facto left-turn lane and redo calculations. ** For permitted left-turns with multiple exclusive left-turn lanes, flt=fm. For special case of multilane approach opposed by single-lane approach or when gf>gq, see text. ^SUPPLEMENTAL PERMITTED LT WORKSHEET for shared lefts Input EB Opposed by Single(S) or Multiple (M) lane approach Cycle length, C 80.0 sec Total actual green time for LT lane group, G (s) Effective permitted green time for LT lane group, g(s) Opposing effective green time, go (s) Number of lanes in LT lane group, N WB NB SB Number of lanes in opposing approach, No Adjusted LT flow rate, VLT (veh/h) Proportion of LT in LT lane group, PLT 0.000 0.000 -~ Proportion of LT in opposing flow, PLTo Adjusted opposing flow rate, Vo (veh/h) Lost time for LT lane group, tL Computation LT volume per cycle, LTC=VLTC/3600 Opposing lane util. factor, fLUo 0.952 0.952 Opposing flow, Volc=VoC/[3600(NO)fLUo] (veh/ln/cyc) gf=G[exp(- a * (LTC ** b))]-tl, gf<=g Opposing platoon ratio, Rpo (refer Exhibit 16-11) Opposing Queue Ratio, qro=Max[1-Rpo(go/C),0] _-.- gq, (see Exhibit C16-4,5,6,7,8) gu=g-gq if gq>=gf, or = g-gf if gq<gf n=Max(gq-gf)/2,0) PTHo=1-PLTo - PL*=PLT [1+(N-1)g/(gf+gu/EL1+4.24)] EL1 (refer to Exhibit C16-3) EL2=Max((1-Ptho**n)/Plto, 1.0) -_ fmin=2(1+PL)/g or fmin=2(1+P1)/g gdiff=max(gq-gf,0) fm=[gf/g]+[gu/g]/[1+PL(EL1-1)], (min=fmin;max=1.00) flt=fm=[gf/g]+[gu/g]/[1+PL(EL1-1)]+[gdiff/g]/[1+PL(EL2-1)],(fmin<=fm<=1.00) or flt=[fm+0.91(N-1)]/N** Left-turn adjustment, fLT For special case of single-lane approach opposed by multilane approach, see text. * If P1>=1 for shared left-turn lanes with N>1, then assume de-facto left-turn lane and redo calculations. ** For permitted left-turns with multiple exclusive left-turn lanes, flt=f m. For special case of multilane approach opposed by single-lane approach or when gf>gq, see text. SUPPLEMENTAL PEDESTRIAN-BICYCLE EFFECTS WORKSHEET Permitted Left Turns Effective pedestrian green time, gp (s) Conflicting pedestrian volume, Vped (p/h) Pedestrian flow rate, Vpedg (p/h) OCCpedg Opposing queue clearing green, gq (s) Eff. ped. green consumed by opp. veh. queue, gq/gp OCCpedu Opposing flow rate, Vo (veh/h) OCCr Number of cross-street receiving lanes, Nrec Number of turning lanes, Nturn ApbT Proportion of left turns, PLT Proportion of left turns using protected phase, PLTA Left-turn adjustment, fLpb Permitted Right Turns Effective pedestrian green time, gp (s) Conflicting pedestrian volume, Vped (p/h) Conflicting bicycle volume, Vbic (bicycles/h) Vpedg OCCpedg . Effective green, g (s) Vbicg EB WB NB SB OCCbicg OCCr Number of .cross-street receiving lanes, Nrec Number of turning lanes, Nturn ApbT Proportion right-turns, PRT Proportion right-turns using protected phase, PRTA Right turn adjustment, fRpb SUPPLEMENTAL UNIFORM DELAY WORKS Cycle length, C B0.0 sec Adj. LT vol from Vol Adjustment Worksheet, v ~' v/c ratio from Capacity Worksheet, X Protected phase effective green interval, g (s) Opposing queue effective green interval, gq Unopposed green interval, gu j Red time r=(C-g-gq-gu) Arrival rate, qa=v/(3600(max[X,1.0])) r Protected ph. departure rate, Sp=s/3600 Permitted ph. departure rate, Ss=s(gq+gu)/(gu*3600) XPerm XProt f Case l Queue at beginning of green arrow, Qa Queue at beginning of unsaturated green, Qu Residual queue, Qr (- Uniform Delay, dl EBLT WBLT NBLT SBLT DELAY/LOS WORKSHEET WITH INITIAL QUEUE '.- Initial Dur. Uniform Delay Initial Final Initial Lane Appr/ Unmet Unmet Queue Unmet Queue Group Lane Demand Demand Unadj. Adj. Param. Demand Delay Delay Group Q veh t hrs. ds dl sec u Q veh d3 sec d sec Eastbound 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Westbound L 0.0 0.00 24.5 23.1 0.00 0.0 0.0 44.1 ~ 0.0 0.0 !I R 0.0 0.00 24.5 19.5 0.00 0.0 0.0 23.8 Northbound 1 0.0 0.0 T 0.0 0.00 25.0 19.6 0.00 0.0 0.0 21.2 R 0.0 0.00 25.0 17.2 0.00 0.0 0.0 18.3 Southbound L 0.0 0.00 37.0 35.6 0.00 0.0 0.0 51.8 T 0.0 0.00 19.9 12.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 12.6 0.0 0.0 Intersection Delay 25.7 sec/veh Intersection LOS C OF QUEUE Eastbound Westbound Northbound Southbound LaneGroup I I L R ( T R I L T Init Queue I 1 .0.0 0.0 I 0.0 0.0 1 0.0 0.0 Flow Rate I 1 630 374 I 390 158 1 77 335 So 1 1900 1900 I 1900 1900 1 1900 1900 No.Lanes O 0 0 I 1 0 1 O 2 1 I 1 2 0 SL 1 1805 1615 1900 1615 1 1805 1900 I LnCapacity I 1 699 626 I 714 608 1 138 954 Flow Ratio I 1 0.3 0.2 I 0.2 0.1 1 0.0 0.2 v/c Ratio I 1 0.90 0.60 I 0.55 0.26 1 0.56 0.35 Grn Ratio I 1 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.38 1 0.08 0.50 I Factor I I 1.000 1.000 I 1.000 AT or PVG I I 3 3 I 3 3 I 3 3 Pltn Ratio I 1 1.00 1.00 I 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 1.00 PF2 I 1 1.00 1.00 I 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 1.00 Q1 I 113.2 6.6 I 6.8 2.4 11.7 4.5 kB 10.8 0.8 0.6 0.7 10.3 1.0 Q2 I 16.3 1.1 1.0 0.3 10.3 0.6 Q Average I 119.5 7.7 I 7.8 2.7 12.0 5.0 Q Spacing 125.0 25.0 I 25.0 25.0 125.0 25.0 Q Storage ~0 0 ~ 0 0 ~0 0 Q S Ratio 70th Percentile Output fB~ 11.2 1.2 I B04 123.4 9.5 QSRatlO I I 85th Percentile Output: fB~ 11.4 1.5 I BOQ I (27.4 11.3 ( QSRatio I I 90th Percentile Output: fB~ I 11.5 1.6 B04 I 129.4 12.4 QSRatio I I 95th Percentile Output: fBg 11.6 1.6 ~ B04 I 131.6 14.0 ', QSRatio I I 98th Percentile Output: fB~ I 11.7 2.0 BOQ I 133.7 15.6 QSRatio I I 1.2 1.3 (1.3 1.2 9.5 3.4 X2.5 6.2 1.5 1.6 11.6 1.5 11.4 4.2 13.2 7.6 1.6 1.8 12.5 4.8 1.8 2.2 14.1 5.9 1.8 1.7 3.6 8.5 2.3 2.0 4.5 9.9 2.0 2.6 X2.7 2.2 15.7 6.9 X5.4 11.3 ERROR MESSAGES No errors to report. HCS+: Signalized Intersections Release 5.2 Analyst: BEW Inter.: T gkhkaipmfu2 Agency: Seascape Development Area Type: All other areas Date: 11/08/2006 Jurisd: DOT Period: PM peak hour,Future Year 2005 Project ID: Seascape Development, Lokahi Kau, Job # 433-06-OS E/W St: Kamininani N/S St: QKHwy SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION SUMMARY Eastbound ~ Westbound ~ Northbound ~ Southbound L T R ~ L T R ~ L T R ~ L T R No. Lanes ~ 0 0 0 ~ 1 0 1 ~ 0 1 1 I 1 1 0 -- LGCOnfig ~ ~ L R ~ T R ~ L T Volume ~ 195 146 ~ 601 330 453 932 Lane Width ~ 12.0 12.0 ~ 12.0 12.0 X12.0 12.0 RTOR Vol ~ ~ 0 ~ 0 Duration 1.00 Area Type: All other areas Signal Operations ~-' Phase Combination 1 2 3 4 ~ 5 6 7 8 EB Left ~ NB Left Thru ~ Thru P ( j __ Right ~ Right P ( Peds ~ Peds WB Left P I SB Left P Thru ~ Thru P P -~ Right P ~ Right Peds ~ Peds NB Right ~ EB Right SB Right ~ WB Right Green 13.5 29.0 34.7 Yellow 3.7 3.7 4.5 All Red 0.3 0.3 0.3 Cycle Length: 90.0 secs Intersection Performance Summary i Appr/ Lane Adj Sat Ratios Lane Group Approach - Lane Group Flow Rate Grp Capacity (s) v/c g/C Delay LOS Delay LOS Eastbound Westbound L 271 1805 0.80 0.15 61.9 E 57.2 E _ R 242 1615 0.67 0.15 50.8 D Northbound T 733 1900 0.91 0.39 48.4 D 40.5 D R 623 1615 0.59 0.39 26.1 C Southbound L 582 1805 0.86 0.32 47.0 D - T 1429 1900 0.72 0.75 9.4 A 21.7 C Interse ction Delay = 32.8 (sec/veh) Intersection LOS = C HCS+: Signalized Intersections Release 5.2 Bruce E. Witcher, PE Witcher Engineering LLP 75-5751 Kuakini Hwy, Ste 106 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 Phone: 808-334-0322 Fax: 808-334-0631 E-Mail: bewitchc~ilhawaii.net OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 11/08/2006 Analysis Time Period: PM peak hour, Future Intersection: T gkhkaipmfu2 Area Type: All other areas Jurisdiction: DOT Analysis Year: 2005 Project ID: Seascape Development, Lokahi Kau, Job # 433-06-OS E/W St: Kamininani N/S St: QKHwy VOLUME DATA ~ Eastbound ~ Westbound ~ Northbound ~ Southbound L T R ~ L T R ~ L T R ~ L T R I I Volume ~ Heavy Veh~ PHF PK 15 Vol Hi Ln Vol ~ Grade Ideal Sat ParkExist NumPark No. Lanes ~ 0 LGConfig Lane Width RTOR Vol Adj Flow ~InSharedLn~ Prop LTs Prop RTs Peds Bikes 0 Buses ~ ~InProtPhase Duration 1.00 0 0 195 0 0.90 54 0 1900 1 L 12.0 217 146 ~ 601 330 1 453 932 0 ~ 0 0 ~ 0 0 0.90 ~ 0.90 0.90 1 0.90 0.90 41 ~ 167 92 1 126 259 0 ~ 0 1900 ~ 1900 1900 X 1900 1900 0 1 R 12.0 0 162 0 1 1 T R 12.0 12.0 0 668 367 0.000 1 1 0 L T 12.0 12.0 503 1036 o.ooo 0.000 0 0 1.000 ~ 0.000 1.000 0 ~ 0 ~0 0 ~ 0 0 Area Type: All other areas OPERATING PARAMETERS ~ Eastbound ~ L T R ~ Westbound ~ L T R ~ Northbound L T R Init Unmet ~ ~ 0 .0 0.0 ~ 0.0 0.0 Arriv. Type ~ 3 3 ~ 3 3 Unit Ext. ~ ~ 3 .0 3.0 ~ 3.0 3.0 I Factor ~ ~ 1.000 ~ 1.000 Lost Time ~ X2 .0 2.0 ~ 2.0 2.0 Ext of g ~ ~2 .0 2.0 ~ 2.0 2.0 Ped Min g ~ 3.2 ~ 3.2 ~ 3.2 Southbound L T R ~0.0 0.0 ~3 3 X3.0 3.0 1.000 ~2.0 2.0 X2.0 2.0 PHASE DATA Phase Combination 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 EB Left ~ ~ NB Left Thru ~ Thru P Right ~ Right P Peds I Peds WB Left P ~ SB Left P ~- Thru ~ Thru P P _ Right P ~ Right Peds ~ Peds NB Right ~ EB Right SB Right ~ WB Right Green 13.5 29.0 34.7 ~- Yellow 3.7 3.7 4.5 ~ All Red 0.3 0.3 0.3 j l Cycle Length: 90.0 secs VOLUME ADJUSTMENT AND SATURATION FLOW WORKSHEET Volume Adjustment 1 Eastbound ~ West bound ~ Northbou nd ~ Southbound ~ L T R ~ L T R ~ L T R ~ L T R ~__ Volume, V ~ ~ 195 146 ~ 601 330 453 932 ~ PHF ~ 0.90 0.90 ~ 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Adj flow ~ 217 162 ~ 668 367 ~ SD3 1036 ! No. Lanes ~ 0 0 0 ~ 1 0 1 ~ 0 1 1 ~ 1 1 0 ~~ -"- Lane group ~ I L R ~ T R ~ L T Adj flow ~ 217 162 ~ 668 367 1503 1036 Prop LTS ~ ~ ~ 0.00 0 ~ 0.000 ~- Prop RTS ~ ~ 1.000 ~ 0.000 1 .000 ~ 0.000 Saturation Flow Rate (see Exhibit 16-7 to determine the adjustment factors) Eastbound Westbound Northbound Southbound LG L R T R L T So 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 Lanes 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 -- fW 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 ~' fHV 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fG 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fP 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 _ fBB 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fA 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fLU 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fRT 0.850 1.000 0.650 1.000 fLT 0.950 1.000 0.950 1.000 Sec. fLpb 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 fRpb 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 S 1805 1615 1900 1615 1805 1900 Sec. ~- CAPACITY AND LOS WORKSHEET Capacity Analysis and Lane Group Capacity Adj Adj Sat Flow Green --Lane Group-- Appr/ Lane Flow Rate Flow Rate Ratio Ratio Capacity v/c Mvmt Group (v) (s) (v/s) (g/C) (c) Ratio ~-- Eastbound Prot Perm Left Prot Perm Thru Right Westbound Prot Perm Left L 217 1805 # 0.12 0 .15 271 0.80 Prot Perm Thru Right R 162 1615 0.10 0 .15 242 0.67 Northbound Prot Perm Left Prot Perm Thru T 668 1900 # 0.35 0 .39 733 0.91 Right R 367 1615 0.23 0 .39 623 0.59 Southbound Prot Perm Left L 503 1605 # 0.28 0 .32 582 0.86 Prot Perm Thru T 1036 -1900 0.55 0 .75 1429 0.72 Right Sum of flow ratios for critical lane groups, Yc = Sum (v/s) = 0.75 Total lost time per cycle, L = 12.80 sec Critical flow rate to capacity ratio, Xc = (Y c)(C)/(C-L) = 0.87 Control Delay and LOS Determination Appr/ Ratios Unf Prog Lane Incremental Res Lane Group Approach Lane Del Adj Grp Factor Del Del Grp v/c g/C dl Fact Cap k d2 d3 Delay LOS Delay LOS Eastbound westbound L 0.80 0. 15 37 .0 1. 000 271 0. 50 25.0 0. 0 61 .9 E 57.2 E R 0.67 0. 15 36 .1 1. 000 242 0. 50 14.7 0. 0 50 .8 D __ Northbound T 0.91 0. 39 26 .2 1. 000 733 0. 50 22.2 0. 0 48 .4 D 40.5 D R 0.59 0. 39 22 .0 1. 000 623 0. 50 4.1 0. 0 26 .1 C - Southbound L 0.86 0. 32 26 .7 1. 000 582 0. 50 18.3 0. 0 47 .0 D T 0.72 0. 75 6. 1 1. 000 1429 0 .50 3.3 0. 0 9. 4 A 21.7 C Intersection delay = 32.8 (sec/veh) Intersection LOS = C SUPPLEMENTAL PERMITTED LT WORKSHEET for exclusive lefts Input EB WB NB SB Opposed by Single (S) or Multiple (M) lane approach Cycle length, C 90.0 sec Total actual green time for LT lane group, G (s) Effective permitted green time for LT lane group, g(s) Opposing effective green time, go (s) Number of lanes in LT lane group, N Number of lanes in opposing approach, No Adjusted LT flow rate, VLT (veh/h) Proportion of LT in LT lane group, PLT Proportion of LT in opposing flow, PLTo Adjusted opposing flow rate, Vo (veh/h) Lost time for LT lane group, tL Computation LT volume per cycle, LTC=VLTC/3600 Opposing lane util. factor, fLUo 1.000 1.000 Opposing flow, Volc=VOC/[3600(No)fLUo] (veh/ln/cyc) gf=G[exp(- a * (LTC ** b))]-tl, gf<=g Opposing platoon ratio, Rpo (refer Exhibit 16-11) Opposing Queue Ratio, qro=Max[1-Rpo(go/C),0] gq, (see Exhibit C16-4,5,6,7,8) gu=g-gq if gq>=gf, or = g-gf if gq<gf n=Max(gq-gf)/2,0) PTHO=1-PLTo PL*=PLT [1+(N-1)g/(gf+gu/EL1+4.24)] EL1 (refer to Exhibit C16-3) ELI=Max((1-Ptho**n)/Plto, 1.0) fmin=2(1+PL)/g or fmin=2(1+P1)/g gdiff=max(gq-gf,0) fm=[gf/g]+[gu/g]/[1+PL(EL1-1)], (min=fmin;max=1.00) flt=fm=[gf/g]+(gu/g]/[1+PL(EL1-1)]+[gdiff/g]/[1+PL(EL2-1)],(fmin<=fm<=1.00) or flt=[fm+0.91(N-1)]/N** Left-turn adjustment, fLT , For special case of single-lane approach opposed by multilane approach, see text. * If P1>=1 for shared left-turn lanes with N>1, then assume de-facto left-turn lane and redo calculations. ** For permitted left-turns with multiple exclusive left-turn lanes, flt=fm. For special case of multilane approach opposed by single-lane approach or when gf>gq, see text. Input SUPPLEMENTAL PERMITTED LT WORKSHEET for shared lefts Opposed by Single (S) or Multiple (M) lane approach Cycle length, C 90.0 Total actual green time for LT lane group, G (s) Effective permitted green time for LT lane group, Opposing effective green time, go (s) Number of lanes in LT lane group, N sec g(s) EB WB NB SB Number of lanes in opposing approach, No Adjusted LT flow rate, VLT (veh/h) Proportion of LT in LT lane group, PLT 0.000 0.000 - Proportion of LT in opposing flow, PLTo Adjusted opposing flow rate, Vo (veh/h) Lost time for LT lane group, tL __ Computation LT volume per cycle, LTC=VLTC/3600 Opposing lane util. factor, fLUo 1.000 1.000 Opposing flow, Volc=VoC/[3600(No)fLUo] (veh/ln/cyc) gf=G[exp(- a * (LTC ** b))]-tl, gf<=g Opposing platoon ratio, Rpo (refer Exhibit 16-11) Opposing Queue Ratio, qro=Max[1-Rpo(go/C),0] --- gq, (see Exhibit C16-4,5,6,7,8) gu=g-gq if gq>=gf, or = g-gf if gq<gf n=Max(gq-gf)/2,0) PTHo=1-PLTo PL*=PLT [1+(N-1)g/(gf+gu/EL1+4.24)J EL1 (refer to Exhibit C16-3) EL2=Max((1-Ptho**n)/Plto, 1.0) --- fmin=2(1+PL)/g or fmin=2(1+P1)/g gdiff=max(gq-gf,0) fm=[gf/g]+[gu/gJ/[1+PL(EL1-1)], (min=fmin;max=1.00) __. flt=fm=[gf/g]+[gu/g]/[1+PL(EL1-1)]+[gdiff/g]/[1+PL(EL2-1)],(fmin<=fm<=1.00) or flt=[fm+0.91(N-1)]/N** Left-turn adjustment, fLT For special case of single-lane approach opposed by multilane approach, see text. * If P1>=1 for shared left-turn lanes with N>1, then assume de-facto left-turn lane and redo calculations. ** For permitted left-turns with multiple exclusive left-turn lanes, flt=f m. For special case of multilane approach opposed by single-lane approach or when gf>gq, see text. SUPPLEMENTAL PEDESTRIAN-BICYCLE EFFECTS WORKSHEET Permitted Left Turns Effective pedestrian green time, gp (s) Conflicting pedestrian volume, Vped (p/h) Pedestrian flow rate, Vpedg (p/h) OCCpedg Opposing queue clearing green, gq (s) Eff. ped. green consumed by opp. veh. queue, gq/gp OCCpedu Opposing flow rate, Vo (veh/h) OCCr Number of cross-street receiving lanes, Nrec Number of turning lanes, Nturn ApbT Proportion of left turns, PLT Proportion of left turns using protected phase, PLTA Left-turn adjustment, fLpb Permitted Right Turns Effective pedestrian green time, gp (s) Conflicting pedestrian volume, Vped (p/h) Conflicting bicycle volume, Vbic (bicycles/h) Vpedg OCCpedg Effective green, g (s) Vbicg EB WB NB SB OCCbicg OCCr Number of cross-street receiving lanes, Nrec Number of turning lanes, Nturn ApbT Proportion right-turns, PRT Proportion right-turns using protected phase, PRTA Right turn adjustment, fRpb SUPPLEMENTAL UNIFORM DELAY WORKSHEET EBLT WBLT NBLT SBLT Cycle length, C 90.0 sec Adj. LT vol from Vol Adjustment Worksheet, v v/c ratio from Capacity Worksheet, X Protected phase effective green interval, g (s) Opposing queue effective green interval, gq Unopposed green interval, gu Red time r=(C-g-gq-gu) Arrival rate, qa=v/(3600(max[X,1.0~)) Protected ph. departure rate, Sp=s/3600 Permitted ph. departure rate, Ss=s(gq+gu)/(gu*3600) XPerm ~ XProt Case ' Queue at beginning of green arrow, Qa Queue at beginning of unsaturated green, Qu Residual queue, Qr Uniform Delay, dl i DELAY/LOS WORKSHEET WITH INITIAL QUEUE ' Initial Dur. Uniform Delay Initial Final Initial Lane Appr/ Unmet Unmet Queue Unmet Queue Group Lane Demand Demand Unadj. Adj. Param. Demand Delay Delay Group Q veh t hrs. ds dl sec u Q veh d3 sec d sec Eastbound ', 0.0 0.0 0.0 Westbound L 0.0 0.0 R 0.0 Northbound 0.0 T 0.0 R 0.0 0.00 38.3 37.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 36.3 36.1 0.00 0.0 0.00 27.6 26.2 0.00 0.0 0.00 27.6 22.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 61.9 0.0 0.0 50.8 0.0 0.0 48.4 0.0 26.1 Southbound L 0.0 0.00 30.5 28.7 0.00 0.0 0.0 47.0 T 0.0 0.00 11.2 6.1 0.00 0.0 0.0 9.4 0.0 0.0 Intersection Delay 32.8 sec/veh Intersection LOS C BACK OF QUEUE WORKSHEET Eastbound Westbound Northbound Southbound LaneGroup ~ ~L R ~ T R L T Init Queue ~ ~0.0 0.0 ~ 0.0 0.0 ~0.0 0.0 Flow Rate ~ 217 162 668 367 1503 1036 So ~ 1900 1900 ~ 1900 1900 1900 1900 No.Lanes ~0 0 0 ~1 0 1 ~0 1 1 ~1 1 0 SL ~ 1805 1615 ~ 1900 1615 1805 1900 LnCapacity ~ 271 242 ~ 733 623 582 1429 Flow Ratio ~ X0.1 0.1 ~ 0.4 0.2 ~0.3 0.5 v/c Ratio ~ 0.80 0.67 ~ 0.91 0.59 0.86 0.72 Grn Ratio ~ 0.15 0.15 ~ 0.39 0.39 0.32 0.75 I Factor ~ ~ 1 .000 ~ 1.000 ~ 1.000 AT or PVG ~ ~3 3 ~ 3 3 ~3 3 Pltn Ratio ~ 1.00 1.00 ~ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 PF2 ~ 1.00 1.00 ~ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Q1 ~ X5.2 3.8 ~ 15.8 7.3 11.8 14.1 kB ~ ~0.5 0.4 ~ 0.9 0.8 ~0.8 1.5 Q2 ~ ~1.7 0.8 ~ 7.6 1.2 ~4.5 3.8 Q Average ~ ~7.0 4.7 ~ 23.5 6.5 X16.3 17.9 Q Spacing ~ 25.0 25.0 ~ 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 Q Storage ~ ~0 0 ~ 0 0 ~0 0 Q S Ratio 70th Percentile Output: fB% ~ ~1.2 1.2 ~ 1.2 1.2 ~1.2 1.2 BOQ ~ ~8.5 5.6 ~ 28.2 10.3 19.6 21.5 QSRatio 85th Percentile Output: fg% ~ ~1.5 1.5 ~ 1.4 1.5 ~1.4 1.4 BOQ ~ 10.3 7.1 ~ 32.9 12.3 23.0 25.2 QSRatio 90th Percentile Output: fB% ~ ~1.6 1.7 ~ 1.5 1.6 ~1.5 1.5 BOQ ~ 11.3 7.9 ~ 35.3 13.5 24.7 27.1 QSRatio 95th Percentile Output: fB% ~ ~1.8 2.0 ~ 1.6 1.6 X1.6 1.6 BO4 ~ 12.9 9.3 ~ 37.8 15.1 26.7 29.2 QSRatio 98th Percentile Output: fB% ~ ~2.1 2.3 ~ 1.7 2.0 ~1.8 1.7 BOQ ~ 14.4 10.7 ~ 40.2 16.7 26.6 31.2 QSRatio MESSAGES No errors to report. APPENDIX D LEVEL OF SERVICE KA'IMINANI STREET & KAKAHIAKA STREET UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTION AM & PM PEAK HOUR HCS+: Unsignalized Intersections Release 5.2 TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL SUMMARY Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 12/29/06 Analysis Time Period: AM peak hour, future Intersection: 4 way / 2 way stop Jurisdiction: Hawaii Co Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: 2008 Project ID: Seascape Development Lokahi Kau Job # 433-06-OS East/West Street: Kaimininani North/South Street: Kahaiaka Intersection Orientation: EW Study period (hrs) 1.00 Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Major Street: Approach Eastbound westbound Movement 1 2 3 ~ 4 5 6 L T R ~ L T R Volume 3 145 25 14 609 4 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1. 00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 3 145 25 14 609 4 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- 0 -- -- Median Type/Storage Undivided / RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR Upstream Signal? No No Minor Street: Approach Northbound Southbound Movement 7 8 9 ~ 10 11 12 L T R ~ L T R Volume 107 1 25 13 1 40 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 107 1 25 13 1 40 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percent Grade (~) 0 0 ~ Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage No / No / Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR Approach Movement Lane Config Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service EB WB Northbound Southbound 1 4 17 8 9 ~ 10 11 12 LTR LTR ~ LTR ~ LTR v (vph) 3 14 133 54 C(m) (vph) 976 1420 307 417 v/c 0.00 0.01 0.43 0.13 95% queue length 0.01 0.03 2.24 0.45 Control Delay 8.7 7.6 25.6 14.9 LOS A A D B Approach Delay 25.6 14.9 Approach LOS D B HCS+: Unsignalized Intersections Release 5.2 Bruce E. Witcher, PE Witcher Engineering LLP 75-5751 Kuakini Hwy, Ste 106 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 Phone: 608-334-0322 Fax: 808-334-0831 E-Mail: bewitchWilhawaii.net TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL(TWSC) ANALYSIS Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 12/29/06 Analysis Time Period: AM peak hour, future Intersection: 4 way / 2 way stop Jurisdiction: Hawaii Co Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: 2008 Project ID: Seascape Development Lokahi Kau Job # 433-06-05 East/West Street: Kaimininani North/South Street: Kahaiaka Intersection Orientation: EW Study period (hrs) _ Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Major Street Movements 1 2 3 4 S L T R L T 6 R Volume 3 145 25 14 609 4 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1,00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 1 36 6 4 152 1 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 3 145 25 14 609 4 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- 0 -' -- Median Type/Storage Undivided / RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR Upstream Signal? No No Minor Street Movements 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Volume 107 1 25 13 1 40 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 27 0 6 3 0 1.0 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 107 1 25 13 1 40 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 D 0 0 0 Percent Grade (%) 0 ~ 0 Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage No / No / RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR ______ Pedestrian Volumes and Adjustments Movements 13 14 15 16 Flow (ped/hr) 0 0 0 0 1.00 Lane Width (f t) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Walking Speed (ft/sec) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Percent Blockage 0 0 0 0 Upstream Signal Data Prog. Sat Arrival Green Cycle Prog. Distance Flow Flow Type Time Length Speed to Signal vph vph sec sec mph feet S2 Left-Turn Through SS Left-Turn Through Worksheet 3-Data for Computing Effect of Delay to Major Street Vehicles Movement 2 Movement 5 Shared In volume, major th vehicles: 145 609 Shared In volume, major rt vehicles: 25 4 Sat flow rate, major th vehicles: 1700 1700 Sat flow rate, major rt vehicles: 1700 1700 Number of major street through lanes: 1 1 Worksheet 4-Critical Gap and Follow-up Time Calculation Critical Gap Calculation Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(c,base) 4.1 4.1 7.1 6. 5 6. 2 7.1 6.5 6.2 t(c,hv) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1. 00 1. 00 1.00 1.00 1.00 P(hv) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t(c,g) 0.20 0. 20 0. 10 0.20 0.20 0.10 Grade/100 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 t(3,1t) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 t(c,T) 1-stage 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2-stage 0.00 0.00 1.00 1. 00 0. 00 1.00 1.00 0.00 t(c) 1-stage 4.1 4.1 7.1 6. 5 6. 2 7.1 6.5 6.2 2-stage Follow-Up Time Calculations ~'l Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(f,base) 2.20 2.20 3.50 4.00 3.30 3.50 4.00 3.30 t (f,HV) 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 P(HV) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t(f) 2.2 2.2 3.5 4.0 3.3 3.5 4.0 3.3 Worksheet 5-Effect of Upstream~Signals Computation 1-Queue Clearance Time at Upstream Signal Movement 2 Movement 5 V (t) V (l,prot) V (t) V (l,prot) V prog Total Saturation Flow Rate, s (vph) Arrival Type Effective Green, g (sec) - Cycle Length, C (sec) Rp (from Exhibit 16-11) Proportion vehicles arriving on green P 9(41) 9(42) g (4) Computation 2-Proportion of TWSC Intersection Time blocked Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l.nrot) V(t) V(l.orot) ._ alpha beta Travel time, t(a) (sec) _ Smoothing Factor, F Proportion of conflicting flow, f Max platooned flow, V(c,max) -- Min platooned flow, V(c,min) Duration of blocked period, t(p) Proportion time blocked, p 0. 000 0.000 _ Computation 3-Platoon Event Periods Result p(2) 0.000 - p(5) 0.000 p(dom) p(subo) Constrained or unconstrained? ! Proportion unblocked (1) (2) (3) ,-- for minor Single-stage Two- Stage P rocess movements, p(x) Process Stage I Stage II ~ - P(1) P(4) P(7) P(8) P(9) p(10) ' p(11) P (12) _~ Computation 4 and 5 Single-Stage Process _ Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R V c,x 613 170 824 805 158 815 815 611 s Px V c,u,x r C r,x C plat,x - Two-Stage Process 7 8 10 11 ._.. Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 V (c,x) s 1500 1500 P (x) V(c,u,x) 1500 1500 C(r,x) C(plat,x) Worksheet 6-Impedance and Capacity Equations Step 1: RT from Minor St. 9 12 Conflicting Flows 158 611 Potential Capacity 893 497 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 893 497 Probability of Queue free St. 0.97 0.92 Step 2: LT from Major St. 4 1 Conflicting Flows 170 613 Potential Capacity 1420 976 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 1420 976 Probability of Queue free St. 0.99 1.00 Maj L-Shared Prob Q free St. 0.98 1.00 Step 3: TH from Minor St. 8 11 ~ Conflicting Flows 805 815 Potential Capacity 318 314 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 . Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.98 0.98 Movement Capacity 312 308 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 Conflicting Flows 824 815 Potential Capacity 294 298 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.98 0.98 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0.98 0.96 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.90 0.96 Movement Capacity 266 285 Worksheet 7-Computation of the Effect of Two-stage Gap Acceptance Step 3: TH from Minor St. 6 11 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Probability of Queue free St. Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt _ movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows 805 815 Potential Capacity 318 314 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 ' Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.96 0.98 -- Movement Capacity 312 308 Result for 2 stage process: - a Y C t 312 308 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 --- Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 '~ Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows ~ 824 815 Potential Capacity 294 298 Pedestrian Impedance Fa ctor 1.00 1.00- Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.98 0.98 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0.98 0.98 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.90 0.96 Movement Capacity 266 285 Results for Two-stage process: a ' Y ', C t 266 285 Worksheet 8-Shared Lane Calculations Movement 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Volume (vph) 107 1 25 13 1 40 -" Movement Capacity (vph) 266 312 893 285 308 497 Shared Lane Capacity (vph) 307 417 Worksheet 9-Computation of Effect of Flared Minor Street Approaches Movement 7 8 L T 9 R 10 L 11 12 T R C sep 266 312 893 285 308 497 Volume 107 1 25 13 1 40 Delay Q sep Q sep +1 round (Qsep +1) n max C sh SUM C sep n C act 307 Worksheet 10-Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service 417 Movement Lane Config 1 LTR 4 7 LTR B 9 LTR 10 11 12 LTR v (vph) 3 14 133 54 C(m) (vph) 976 1420 307 417 v/c 0.00 0.01 0.43 0.13 95~ queue length 0.01 0.03 2.24 0.45 Control Delay 8.7 7.6 25.6 14.9 LOS A A D B Approach Delay 25.6 14.9 Approach LOS D B Worksheet 11-Shared Major LT Impedance and Delay P(o7) v(il), Volume for stream 2 or 5 v(i2), Volume for stream 3 or 6 ~ s(il), Saturation flow rate for stream 2 or 5 s(i2), Saturation flow rate for stream 3 or 6 P*(oj) d(M,LT), Delay for stream 1 or 4 N, Number of major street through lanes d(rank,l) Delay for stream 2 or 5 Movement 2 1.00 145 25 1700 1700 1.00 6.7 1 0.0 Movement 5 0.99 609 4 1700 1700 0.98 7.6 1 0.1 HCS+: Unsignalized Intersections Release 5.2 TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL SUMMARY Analyst: SEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 12/29/06 Analysis Time Period: PM peak hour, future Intersection: 4 way / 2 way stop Jurisdiction: Hawaii Co Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: 2008 Project ID: Seascape Development Lokahi Kau East/West Street: Kaimininani North/South Street: Kahaiaka Intersection Orientation: EW Major Street: Job # 433-06-OS Study period (hrs): 1.00 Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Approach Eastbound Westbound Movement 1 2 3 14 5 6 L T R ~ L T R Volume 40 644 107 16 153 4 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1. 00 1.00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 40 644 107 18 153 4 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- 0 -- -- Median Type/Storage Undivided / RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR Upstream Signal? No No Minor Street: Approach Northbound Southbound Movement 7 8 9 ~ 10 11 12 L T R ~ L T R Volume 55 1 20 13 1 11 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.,00 - Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 55 1 20 13 1 11 ~ Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percent Grade (~) 0 0 Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage No / No / Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Approach EB WB Northbound Movement 1 4 ~ 7 B 9 ~ 10 Lane Config LTR LTR ~ LTR Southbound 11 12 LTR v (vph) 40 18 76 25 C(m) (vph) 1435 868 251 315 v/c 0.03 0.02 0.30 0.08 95% queue length 0.09 0.06 1.28 0.26 Control Delay 7.6 9.2 25.5 17.4 LOS A A D C Approach Delay 25.5 17.4 Approach LOS D C HCS+: Unsignalized Intersections Release 5.2 Bruce E. Witcher, PE Witcher Engineering LLP 75-5751 Kuakini Hwy, Ste 106 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 Phone: 808-334-0322 Fax: 808-334-0831 E-Mail: bewitchQilhawaii.net TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL(TWSC) ANALYSIS Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: ~ 12/29/06 Analysis Time Period: PM peak hour, future Tntersection: 4 way / 2 way stop Jurisdiction: Hawaii Co Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: 2008 Project ID: Seascape Development Lokahi Kau Job # 433-06-OS East/West Street: Kaimininani NorthJSouth Street: Kahaiaka Intersection Orientation: EW Study period (hrs): 1.00 Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Major Street Movements 1 2 3 4 5 6 L T R L T R Volume 40 644 107 18 153 4 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 10 161 27 4 38 1 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 40 644 107 18 153 4 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- 0 -- -- Median Type/Storage Undivided / RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR Upstream Signal? No No Minor Street Movements 7 L 8 T 9 R 10 L 11 T 12 R Volume 55 1 20 13 1 11 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 14 0 5 3 0 3 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 55 1 20 13 1 11 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percent Grade (~) 0 0 Flared Approach: Exists?)Storage No j No / RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR Pedestrian Volumes and Adjustments Movements 13 14 15 16 Flow (ped/hr) 0 0 0 0 Lane Width (ft) 12. 0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Walking Speed (ft/sec) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Percent Blockage 0 0 0 0 Ups tream Signal Data Prog. Sat Arrival Green Cycle Prog. Distance Flow Flow Type Time Length Speed to Signal vph vph sec sec mph feet S2 Left-Turn Through SS Left-Turn Through Worksheet 3-Data for Computing Effect of Delay to Major Street Vehicles Movement 2 Movement 5 ~ Shared In volume, major th vehicles: 644 I Shared In volume, major rt vehicles: 107 Sat flow rate, major th vehicles: 1700 Sat flow rate, major rt vehicles: 1700 Number of major street through lanes: 1 Worksheet 4-Critical Gap and Follow-up Time Calculation Critical Gap Calculation 153 4 1700 1700 1 Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(c,base) 4.1 4.1 7.1 6.5 6.2 7.1 6.5 6.2 t(c,hv) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 P(hv) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t(c,g) 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10 Grade/100 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 t(3,1t) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 t(c,T) 1-stage 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2-stage 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 t(c) 1-stage 4.1 4.1 7.1 6.5 6.2 7.1 6.5 6.2 2-stage Follow-Up Time Calculations Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(f,base) 2.20 2.20 3.50 4.00 3.30 3.50 4.00 3.30 t(f,HV) 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 P (HV) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t(f) 2.2 2.2 3.5 4.0 3.3 3.5 4.0 3.3 Worksheet 5-Effect of Upstream Signals Computation 1-Queue Clearance Time at Upstream Signal Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l,prot) V prog Total Saturation Flow Rate, s (vph) Arrival Type Effective Green, g (sec) -- Cycle Length, 'C (sec) Rp (from Exhibit 16-11) Proportion vehicles arriving on green P g(41) __- 4(42) 4 (4) Computation 2-Proportion of TWSC Intersection Time blocked Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) v(l,prot) _ alpha beta Travel time, t(a) (sec) - Smoothing Factor, F Proportion of conflicting flow, f Max platooned flow, V(c,max) - Min platooned flow, V(c,min) Duration of blocked period, t(p) Proportion time blocked, p 0.000 0.000 Computation 3-Platoon Event Periods Result p(2) 0.000 -- p(5) 0.000 p(dom) p(subo) _ Constrained or unconstrained? Proportion unblocked (1) (2) (3) --- for minor Single-stage Two-Stage Process movements, p(x) Process Stage I Stage II P(1) P(`~) P(7) P(6) - p(9) P (10) P(11) _. P(12) Computation 4 and 5 Single-Stage Process Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R V c,x 157 751 975 971 698 979 1022 155 s Px V c,u,x C r,x C plat,x Two-Stage Process 7 8 10 11 Stagel Stage2 Stages Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 V(c,x) s 1500 1500 1500 1500 P (x) V (c, u,x) C(r,x) C(plat,x) Worksheet 6-Impedance and Capacity Equations Step 1: RT from Minor St. 9 12 Conflicting Flows 698 155 Potential Capacity 444 896 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 444 896 Probability of Queue free St. 0.95 0.99 Step 2: LT from Major St. 4 1 Conflicting Flows 751 157 Potential Capacity 868 1435 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity _ 868 1435 Probability of Queue free St. 0.98 0.97 Maj L-Shared Prob Q free St. 0.98 0.95 Step 3: TH from Minor St. 8 11 Conflicting Flows 971 1022 Potential Capacity 255 238 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 - Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.93 0.93 Movement Capacity 237 221 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 Conflicting Flows 975 979 Potential Capacity 233 231 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.92 0.92 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0.94 0.94 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.93 0.90 Movement Capacity 217 208 Worksheet 7-Computation of the Effect of Two-stage Gap Acceptance Step 3: TH from Minor St. B 11 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Probability of Queue free St. Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows __ Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows 971 1022 -- Potential Capacity 255 238 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.93 0.93 _ Movement Capacity 237 221 Result for 2 stage process: a - Y C t 237 221 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 Part 1 - First Stage -- Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor _- Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 2 - Second Stage --- Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor --- Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows 975 979 Potential Capacity 233 231 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 --- Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.92 0.92 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0.94 0.94 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.93 0.90 ___ Movement Capacity 217 208 Results for Two-stage process: a - Y C t 217 208 worksheet 8-Shared Lane Calculations Movement 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Volume (vph) 55 1 20 13 1 11 Movement Capacity (vph) 217 237 444 208 221 896 Shared Lane Capacity (vph) 251 315 Worksheet 9-Computation of Effect of Flared Minor Street Approaches Movement 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R C sep 217 237 444 208 221 896 - Volume 55 1 20 13 1 11 Delay Q sep Q sep +1 round (Qsep +1) n max C sh 251 315 SUM C sep n C act Worksheet 10-Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lane Config LTR LTR LTR LTR ~ v (vph) 40 18 76 25 C(m) (vph) 1435 868 251 315 v/c 0.03 0.02 0.30 0.08 95~ queue length 0.09 0.06 1.28 0.26 Control Delay 7.6 9.2 25.5 17.4 LOS A A D C -- Approach Delay 25.5 17.4 Approach LOS D C j Worksheet 11-Shared Major LT Impedance and Delay ' p(oj) v(il), Volume for stream 2 or 5 v(i2), Volume for stream 3 or 6 s(il), Saturation flow rate for stream 2 or 5 s(i2), Saturation flow rate for stream 3 or 6 P* (oj ) d (M,LT) Delay for stream 1 or 4 N, Number of major street through lanes d(rank,l) Delay for stream 2 or 5 Movement 2 0.97 644 107 1700 1700 0.95 7.6 1 0.4 Movement 5 0.98 153 4 1700 1700 0.98 9.2 1 0.2 HCS2000: Uneignalized Intersections Release 4.1 Analyst: Agency/Co.: Date Performed: Analysis Time Period: Intersection: Jurisdiction: Analysis Year: Project ID: East/West Street: North/South Street: TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL SUMMARY Weetpro 05/14/2003 Existing AM 4 way, 2 way stop Hawaii Co 2003 Ka'aiminani Kakahiaka Intersection orientation: EW Study period (hra): 1.OQ Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Ma or Street: Approach Eastbound Weat oun Movement 1 2 3 4 5 6 L T R L T R Volume 3 78 0 0 1 1 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 3 78 0 0 412 18 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- 0 -- -- Median Type Undivided RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR Upstream Signal? No No Minor Street: Approac Nort boon Sout ound Movement 7 8 9 ~ 10 11 12 L T R L T R Peak Hour Factor, ~PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 1 0 0 9 0 50 percent Heavy vehicles 0 O 0 0 0 O Percent Grade (~) 0 0 Median Storage Flared Approach: Exists? No No Storage RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Approac EB WB No rthbound Sout boon Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lane Conf ig LTR LTR 1 LTR LTR v ~vpn~ ~ u i 5y C(m) (vph) 1140 1533 426 607 v/c 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 958 queue length 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.32 Control Delay 6.2 7.3 13.5 11.6 LOS A A B B Approach Delay 13.5 11.6 Approach LOS B B HCS2000: Uneignalized Intersections Release 4.1 Bruce E. Witcher, P.E. Witcher Engineering LLP 74-SSSB C Pawai Place Kailua-Kona, HI 96740 E-Mail: bewitch@ilhawaii.net Analyst: Agency/Co.: Date Performed: Analysis Time Period: Intersection: Jurisdiction: Analysis Year: Project ID: East/West Street: North/South Street: TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL(TWSC) ANALYSIS Weetpro 05/14/2003 Existing AM 4 way, 2 way atop Hawaii Co 2003 Ka'aiminani Kakahiaka Intersection orientation: EW Study period (hra): 1.00 Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Mayor Street Movements 1 2 3 4 5 6 L T R L T R Vo ume 78 1 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 1 20 0 0 103 4 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 3 78 0 0 412 18 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- 0 -- -- Median Type Undivided RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTA Upstream Signal? No No Minor Street Movements 7 S 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Vo ume 1 0 0 9 0 50 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 0 0 0 2 0 12 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 1 0 0 9 0 50 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percent Grade ($) 0 ,0 Median Storage Flared Apgroach: Exists? No No Storage RT channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR Pedestrian Volumes and Adjustments Movements 13 14 15 16 F ow (fie hr) 0 0 0 Lane Width (ft) 12.0 12..0 12.0 12.0 Walking Speed (ft/sec) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Percent Blockage 0 0 0 0 Upstream Signal Data Prog. Sat Arrival Green Cyc a Prog. Distance Flow Flow Type Time Length Speed to Signal vph vph sec sec mph feet Through 55 Left-Turn Through Worksheet 3-Data for Computing Effect of Delay to Major Street Vehicles Movement 2 Movement 5 Shared In volume, major rt vehicles: O 18 Sat flow rate, major th vehicles: 1700 1700 Sat flow rate, major rt vehicles: 1700 1700 Number of major street through lanes: 1 1 Worksheet 4-Critical Gap and Follow-up Time Calculation Critics Gap ca cu at ion Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 1~'. ~ 12 L L L T R ., T R L(C,Da9e) 4.1 4.1 t(c,hv) ±.'.n 1.00 P(hv) 0 0 t(c,g) Grade/100 t(3,1t) 0.00 0.00 t(c,T): 1-stage 0.00 0.00 2-et age 0.00 0.00 t(c) 1-stage 4.1 4.1 2-et age 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 7.1 6.5 6.2 7.1 6.5 6.2 Fo ow-Up T me Ca culatione Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t( , ass) 2.20 .50 .00 0 .50 A.0 0 t(f,HV) 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 x.90 0.°0 P(HV) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t(f) 2.2 2.2 3.5 4.0 3.3 3.5 4.0 3.3 Worksheet 5-Effect of Upstream Signals Computat on 1-Queue C earance Time at Upstream Signs Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l,prot) v prog Total Saturation Flow Rate, s (vph) Arrival Type Effective Green, g (sec) Cycle Length, C (sec) Rp (from table 9-2) ' Proportion vehicles arriving on green P 4141) 4(42) 9(4) Computation 2-Proportion o TWSC Intersect on TLme b oc e Movement 2 Movement 5 v(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l;prot) beta Travel time, t(a) (sec) Smoothing Factor, F Proportion of conflicting flow, f Max platooned flow, V(c,max) Min platooned flow, V(c,min) Duration of blocked period, t(p) Proportion time blocked, p 0.000 0.000 Computation -P atoon Event Periods Resu t p(e) 0.000 p(5) 0.000 p(dom) p(eubo) Constrained or unconstrained? Proportion for minor Single-stage Two-Stage Proceae movements, p(x) Process Stage I Stage II P( ) p(4) P(7) P(8) p(9) p(10) p(11) P(12) Computation 4 an 5 Single-Stage Process - Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R V c,x 30 78 53 514 78 505 505 421 s Px V c,u,x C r,x C plat,x Two-Stage Process 7 8 10 11 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 V(c,x) e 1700 1700 1700 1700 P(x) V(c,u,x) C(r,x) C(plat,x) Worksheet 6-Impedance and Capacity Equations Step RT from Minor St. 9 12 conflicting Flows 78 421 Potential Capacity 988 637 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 968 637 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 0.92 Step 2: LT rom Mayor St. 1 Con acting Flows 78 430 Potential Capacity 1533 1140 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 1533 1190 . Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Maj L-Shared Prob Q free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 3: TH rom Minor St. 8 11 Conf acting F ows 514 505 Potential capacity 467 473 Pedestrian~Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 466 472 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT rom Minor St. 7 10 Conflicting F owe 530 505 Potential Capacity 463 481 Pedestrian impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 426 480 Worksheet 7-computation of the Effect of Two-stage Gap Acceptance Step TH rom Minor St. 8 11 Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Probability of Queue free St. Part - Secon Stage conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Patt - Sing a Stage Conflicting Flows 514 505 Potential Capacity 467 473 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 466 472 Resu t or 2 stage process: a Y C t. 466 472 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT rom M~nor St. 7 10 rart i - r~irst stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part - Secon Stage ' Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor , Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement capacity Part 3 - Sing a Stage Conflicting Flows 530 505 Potential Capacity 463 481 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.92 1.00 Movement Capacity 426 480 Resu is for Two-stage process: a Y C t 426 480 Worksheet 8-Shared Lane Calculations Movement 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Vo ume (vph) 0 0 0 50 Movement Capacity (vph) 426 466 988 480 472 637 Worksheet 9-Computation of Effect of Flared Minor Street Approaches Movement 7 8 9 10 11 2 L T R L T R C eep 426 466 988 480 472 637 Volume 1 0 0 9 0 50 Delay q eep q eep +1 round (Qaep +1) n max C eh SUM C eep n C act 426 607 Worksheet 10-Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Movement 1 7 9 1 11 12 Lane Conf ig LTR LTR LTR LTR v (vph) 3 0 1 59 C(m) (vph) 1140 1533 426 607 v/c 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 95~ queue length 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.32 Control Delay 8.2 7.3 13.5 11.6 LOS A A B B Approach Delay 13.5 11.6 Approach LOS B B Worksheet 11-Shared Major LT Impedance and Delay Movement 2 Movement 5 p(o ) 1.00 .00 v(il), Volume for stream 2 or 5 78 412 v(i2), Volume for stream 3 or 6 0 18 e(il), saturation flow rate for stream 2 or 5 1700 1700 e(i2), Saturation flow rate for stream 3 or 6 1700 1700 P*(oj) 1.00 1.00 d(M,LT), Delay for stream 1 or 4 8.2 7.3 N, Number of major street through lanes 1 1 d(rank,l) Delay for stream 2 or 5 0.0 0.0 HCS2000: Uneignalized Intereectione Release 4.1 TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL SUMMARY Analyst: Agency/CO.: Date Performed: Analysis Time Period: Intersection: Jurisdiction: Analysis Year: Project ID: East/West Street: North/South Street: HEW Westpro 05/14/2003 Existing PM 4 way, 2 way atop Hawaii Co 2003 Ka'aiminani Rakahiaka Intersection orientation: EW Study period (hra): 1.00 Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Malor Street: Approach Eastbound Westbound Movement 1 2 3 l 4 5 6 L T R I L T R Vo ume 55 41 0 11 15 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 55 412 2 0 119 15 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- 0 -- -- Median Type Undivided RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR Upstream Signal? No No Minor Streets Approac Nort boon South oun Movement 7 8 9 I 10 11 12 L T R L T R Vo ume 1 0 3 0 8 Peak Hour Factor,~PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 1 0 0 30 0 8 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percent Grade (!) 0 0 Median Storage Flared Approach: Exists? No No Storage RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Approach EB WB Northbound Sout bound Movement 1 4 7 8 9 I 10 11 12 Lane Conf ig LTR LTR 1 LTR LTR v (vp ) 55 1 C(m) (vph) 1463 1156 365 425 v/c 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.09 958 queue length 0.12 0.00 0.01 0.29 control Delay 7.6 8.1 14.9 14.3 LOS A A 6 B Approach Delay 14.9 14.3 Approach LOS B B HCS2000: Uneignalized Intereectione Release 4.1 Bruce E. Witcher, P.E. Witcher Engineering LLP 74-5588 C Pawai Place Kailua-Kona, HI 96740 E-Mail: bewitch@ilhawaii.net Analyst: Agency/CO.: Date Performed: Analysis Time Period: Intersection: Jurisdiction: Analysis Year: Project ID: East/West Street: NorthfSouth Street: TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL(TWSC) ANALYSIS BEW Weetpro 05/14/2003 Existing PM 4 way, 2 way atop Hawaii Co 2003 Ka'aiminani Kakahiaka Intersection Orientation: EW Study period (hre): 1.00 Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Major Street Movements 1 2 3 4 5 6 L T R L T R Vo ume 55 412 2 119 5 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 14 103 0 0 30 4 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 55 412 2 0 119 15 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- 0 -- -- Median Type Undivided RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR Upstream 5ignal7 No No Minor Street Movements 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Volume 1 0 0 30 0 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 0 0 0 8 0 2 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 1 0 0 30 0 8 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percent Grade (8) 0 0 Median Storage Flared Approach: Exists? No No Storage RT Channelized? Lanee 0 1 0 0 1 0 Configuration LTR LTR Pedestrian Volumes and Adjustm Movements 13 14 15 16 F ow (pe hr) 0 0 0 0 Lane Width (ft) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Walking Speed (ft/sec) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Percent Blockage 0 0 0 0 Upstream Signal Data Prog. Sat Arrival Green Cycle Prog. Distance Flow Flow Type Time Length Speed to Signal vph vph sec sec mph feet Through 55 Left-Turn Through Worksheet 3-Data for Computing Effect of Delay to Major Street Vehicles <- Movement 2 Movement 5 Shared In volume, major rt vehicles: 2 15 Sat flow rate, major th vehicles: 1700 1700 __ Sat flow rate, major rt vehicles: 1700 1700 Number of major street through lanes: 1 1 Worksheet 4-Critical Gap and Follow-up Time Calculation Cr tical Gap Ca cu anon Movement 1 4 7 S 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(C,base) t(c,hv) 4.1 1.00 4.1 1.00 /.l 1,00 o.~ 1.00 o.c 1.00 ,.+ 1.00 ~.~ 1.00 -•- 1.00 P(hv) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t(c,g) 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10 Grade/100 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 t(3,1t) 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 t(c,T): 1-stage 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -- 2-stage 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 t(c) 1-stage 4.1 4.1 7.1 6.5 6.2 7.1 6.5 6.2 2-stage Fo ow-Up Time Ca cu ations Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R ..i. ,..nay, t(f,HV) 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 P(HV) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t(f) 2.2 2.2 3.5 4.0 3.3 3.5 4.0 3.3 Worksheet 5-Effect of Upstream Signals Computation -Queue C earance Time at Upstream Signal Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l,prot) v prog Total Saturation Flow Rate, s (vph) Arrival Type Effective Green, g (sec) Cycle Lenqth, C (sec) Rp (from table 9-2) " Proportion vehicles arriving on green P 9(41) 9(42) 9(4) Computation 2-Proportion o TWSC Intersect on Time b oc ed Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l,prot) - Travel time, t(a) (sec) Smoothing Factor, F Proportion of conflicting flow, f Max platooned flow, V(c,max) Min platooned flow, V(c,min) Duration of blocked period, t(p) Proportion time blocked, p 0.000 0.000 Computation -Platoon Event Perio s Result p(2) 0.000 p(5) 0.000 p(dom) p(subo) Constrained or unconstrained? Proportion for minor movements, p(x) P11) p(4) P(7) P(S) P(9) p(10) P(11) P(12) Single-stage Two-Stage Process Process Stage I Stage II Computation 4 an 5 -- Single-Stage Process Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R V c,x 134 414 653 657 413 649 650 126 e Px V c,u,x - C r,x C plat,x Two-Stage Process 8 10 11 7 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 V(c,x) s 1700 1700 1700 1700 P(x) V(c,v,x) _ C(r,x) C(plat,x) Worksheet 6-Impedance and Capacity Equations Step 1: RT from Minor St. 9 12 Conf cting Flows 413 1 Potential Capacity 643 930 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1,00 Hovement Capacity 643 930 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 0.99 Step 2: LT from Malor St. 4 1 Cont acting Flows - 414 134 Potential Capacity 1156 1463 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 - Movement Capacity 1156 1463 - Probability of Queue free St. 1,00 0.96 Maj L-Shared Prob Q free St. 1.00 0.95 Step 3: TH from Hinor St. 8 11 Con acting Flows 657 65 Potential Capacity 387 391 Pedestrian impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj, factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.95 0.95 -- Movement Capacity 368 372 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 - Con licting Flows 653 649 Potential Capacity 383 3S6 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 -- Maj. L, Min T impedance factor 0.95 0.95 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0.96 0.96 Movement Capacity 365 371 Worksheet 7-Computation of the Effect of Two-stage Gap Acceptance Step TH rom M nor St. 8 11 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Probability of Queue free St. Part - Secon Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement capacity Part - Sing a Stage Conflicting Flows 657 650 Potential Capacity 387 391 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.95 0.95 Movement Capacity 368 372 Result for 2 et age process: y 368 372 C t Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step LT rom Minor St. 7 1 Part 1 - First Stage conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor _ cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 2 - Secon Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part - SLng a Stage 653 649 Conflicting Flows . Potential Capacity 383 386 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.95 0.95 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0.96 0.96 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.95 0.96 Movement Capacity 365 371 Results for Two-stage process: y 365 371 C t Worksheet 8-Shared Lane Calculations Movement 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R ume (vpn~ ~ ~ - -- - ement Capacity (vph) 365 368 643 371 372 930 Worksheet 9-Computation of Effect of Flared Minor Street Approaches Movement 7 8 9 L T A 10 L 11 12 -~ T R C eep 365 368 643 371 372 930 Volume 1 0 0 30 0 8 Delay Q asp Q eep +1 round (Qsep +1) n max C eh 365 425 SUM C eep n C act Worksheet 10-Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lane Conf ig LTR LTR LTR LTR v (vp ) 55 0 1 38 C(m) (vph) 1463 1156 365 425 y~C 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.09 956 queue length 0.12 0.00 0.01 0.29 Control Delay 7.6 8.1 14.9 14.3 LOS A A B 8 Approach Delay 14.9 14.3 Approach LOS B H Worksheet 11-Shared Major LT Impedance and Delay Movement 2 Movement 5 p(oJ) _ D.96 1.Vu v(il), Volume for stream 2 or 5 412 119 v(i2), Volume for stream 3 or 6 2 15 s(il), Saturation flow rate for stream 2 or 5 1700 1700 e(i2), Saturation flow rate for stream 3 or 6 1700 1700 p"(oj) 0.95 1.00 d(M,LT), Delay for stream 1 or 4 7.6 8.1 N, Number of major street through lanes 1 1 d(rank,l) Delay for stream 2 or 5 0.4 0.0 APPENDIX E LEVEL OF SERVICE KA'IMINANI STREET & MAMALAHOA HIGHWAY UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTION AM & PM PEAK HOUR HC52000: Unsignalized Intersections Release 4.1f TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL SUMMARY Analyst: BEW Agency/CO.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 12/13/2005 Analysis Time Period: AM peak hour, Existing Intersection: T , east bound stop Jurisdiction: DOT Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: 2005 Project ID: Seascape Development Lokahi Kau East/West Street: Kaiamininani North/South Street: Mamalahoa Hwy Intersection Orientation: NS Job # 433-06-OS Study period (hrs): 1.00 Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Major Street: Approach Northbound Southbound Movement 1 2 3 14 5 6 L T R I L T R Volume 234 254 625 105 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 234 254 625 105 ' Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- -- -- Median Type/Storage Undivi ded / RT Channelized? Lanes 1 1 1 0 ' Configuration L T TR Upstream Signal? No No Minor Street: Approach Westbound Eastbound Movement 7 8 9 I 10 11 12 L T R I L T R Volume 24 0 262 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00' 1.00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 29 0 262 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 0 Percent Grade (~) 0 0 Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage / No / Lanes 0 1 0 Configuration LTR Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Approach NB SB Westbound Eastbound Movement 1 4 17 8 9 I 10 11 12 Lane Config L I I LTR v (Vph) 234 cov C(m) (vph) 883 365 v/c 0.27 0.78 95~ queue length 1.08 8.87 Control Delay 10.5 47.8 LOS B E Approach Delay 47.8 Approach LOS E HCS2000: Unsignalized Intersections Release 4.1f Bruce E. Witcher, PE Witcher Engineering LLP 75-5751 Kuakini Hwy, Ste 106 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 Phone: 808-334-0322 E-Mail: bewitch@ilhawaii.net Fax: 808-334-0831 TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL(TWSC) ANALYSIS Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 12/13/2005 Analysis Time Period: AM~peak hour, Existing Intersection: T , east bound stop Jurisdiction; DOT Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: 2005 Project ID: Seascape Development Lokahi KaL East/West Street: Kaiamininani North/South Street: Mamalahoa Hwy Intersection Orientation: NS Job # 433-06-OS Study period (hrs): 1.00 Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Major Street Movements 1 2 3 4 5 6 L T R L T R Volume 234 254 625 105 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 58 64 156 26 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 234 254 625 105 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- -- -- Median Type/Storage Undiv ided / RT Channelized? Lanes 1 1 1 0 Configuration L T ~ TR Upstream Signal? No No Minor Street Movements 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Volume `'' "" Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 6 0 66 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 29 0 262 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 0 Percent Grade (~) 0 0 N / Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage / o RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 Configuration LTR Pedestrian Volumes and Adjustments Movements 13 14 15 16 Flow (ped/hr) 0 0 0 0 Lane Width (ft) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Walking Speed (ft/sec) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Percent Blockage 0 0 0 0 Upstream Signal Data Prog. Sat Arrival Green Cycle Prog. Distance Flow Flow Type Time Length Speed to Signal vph vph sec sec mph feet S2 Left-Turn Through SS Left-Turn Through Worksheet 3-Data for Computing Effect of Delay to Major Street Vehicles Movement 2 Movement 5 Shared In volume, major th vehicles: Shared In volume, major rt vehicles: Sat flow rate, major th vehicles: Sat flow rate, major rt vehicles: ~ Number of major street through lanes: j Worksheet 4-Critical Gap and Follow-up Tirne Calculation Critical Gap Calculatio n ~ Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(c,base) 4.1 7.1 6.5 6.2 t(c,hv) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 P (hv) 0 0 0 0 t(c,g) 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10 Grade/100 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 t(3,1t) 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 t(c,T): 1-stage 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2-stage 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 t(c) 1-stage 4.1 6.9 6.5 6.2 2-stage Follow-Up Time Calculations Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(f,base) 2.20 3.50 4.00 3.30 t(f,HV) 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 P (HV) 0 0 0 0 t(f) 2.2 3.5 4.0 3.3 Worksheet 5-Effect of Upstream Signals Computation 1-Queue Clearance Time at Upstream Signal Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l,prot) V prog Total Saturation Flow Rate, s (vph) Arrival Type Effective Green, g (sec) Cycle Length, C (sec) Rp (from Exhibit 16-11) Proportion vehicles arriving on green P g (gl) g(g2) 9 (g) Computation 2-Proportion of TWSC Intersection Time blocked Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l,prot) beta Travel time, t(a) (sec) Smoothing Factor, F Proportion of conflicting flow, f Max platooned flow, V(c,max) Min platooned flow, V(c,min) Duration of blocked period, t(p) Proportion time blocked, p 0.000 0.000 Computation 3-Platoon Event .Periods Result p(2) p(5) p (dom) p (subo) Constrained or unconstrained? Proportion unblocked for minor movements, p(x) (1) Single-stage Process p (1) p (4) p(7) p(8) p(9) p(10) p (11) p (12) Computation 4 and 5 Single-Stage Process Movement V c, x s PX V c,u,x 1400 c r, x C plat,x rocess 7 8 0.000 (2) (3) Two-Stage Process Stage I Stage II 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R 10 11 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 V(c,x) s P (x) V (c, u, x) C(r,x) C(plat,x) Worksheet 6-Impedance and Capacity Equations Step 1: RT from Minor 1500 1500 Conflicting Flows 678 Potential Capacity 456 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 456 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 0.43 Step 2: LT from Major St. 4 1 Conflicting Flows 730 Potential Capacity 883 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 883 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 0.73 Maj L-Shared Prob Q free St. Step 3: TH from Minor St. 8 it Conflicting Flows 1400 Potential Capacity 142 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.73 0.73 Movement Capacity 104 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 Conflicting Flows 1400 Potential Capacity 156 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.73 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0.80 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.34 0.73 Movement Capacity 115 Worksheet 7-Computation of the Effect of Two-stage Gap Acceptance Step 3: TH from Minor St. 6 11 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Probability of Queue free St. Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Cap. Adj. factor due Movement Capacity Factor to Impeding mvmnt Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows 1400 Potential Capacity 142 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.73 0.73 Movement Capacity 104 Result for 2 stage process: a y 104 C t Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj, factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows 1400 Potential Capacity 156 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.73 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0.80 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.34 0.73 Movement Capacity 115 Results for Two-stage process: a y 115 C t Worksheet 8-Shared Lane Calculations Movement 7 6 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Volume (vph) 29 0 262 Movement Capacity (vph) 115 104 456 Shared Lane Capacity (vph) 365 Worksheet 9-Computation of Effect of Flared Minor Street Approaches Movement 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R ( i i i C sep Volume Delay Q sep Q sep +1 round (Qsep +1) 115 104 4S6 24 0 262 n max C sh SUM C sep n C act Worksheet 10-Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Movement Lane Config 1 4 7 8 L 365 11 LTR 12 v (Vph) Z34 coo C(m) (vph) 883 365 v/c 0.27 0.78 958 queue length 1.08 8.87 Control Delay 10.5 47.8 LOS B E Approach Delay 47.8 Approach LOS E Worksheet 11-Shared Major LT Impedance and Delay Movement 2 Movement P(oj) v(il), Volume for stream 2 or 5 v(i2), Volume for stream 3 or 6 s(il), Saturation flow rate for stream 2 or 5 s(i2), Saturation flow rate for stream 3 or 6 P* (oj ) d(M,LT), Delay for stream 1 or 4 N, Number of major street through lanes d(rank,l) Delay for stream 2 or 5 73 10.5 HCS2000: Unsignalized Intersections Release 4.1f TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL SUMMARY Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 12/13/2005 Analysis Time Period: PM peak hour, Existing Intersection: T , east bound stop Jurisdiction: DOT Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: 2005 Project ID: Seascape Development Lokahi Kau East/West Street: Kaiamininani North/South Street: Mamalahoa Hwy Intersection Orientation: NS Job # 933-06-OS Study period (hrs): 1.00 Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Major Street: Approach Northbound Southbound Movement 1 2 3 19 5 6 L T R I L T R Volume 183 965 gay Y3 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 183 485 349 43 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- -- -- Median Type/Storage Undivi ded / RT Channelized? Lanes 1 1 1 0 Configuration L T TR Upstream Signal? No No Minor Street: Approach Westbound Eastbound Movement 7 8 9 I 10 11 12 L T R I L T R Volume 83 317 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 83 317 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 Percent Grade (g) 0 0 Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage / / Lanes 1 1 Configuration L R Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Approach NB SB Westbound Ea stbound Movement 1 4 1 7 8 9 I 10 11 12 Lane Config L I I L R v (vph) 183 83 -317 C(m) (vph) 1178 169 680 v/c 0.16 0.49 0.47 95~ queue length 0.55 2.72 2.58 Control Delay 8.6 46.4 14.9 LOS A E B Approach Delay 21.4 Approach LOS C HC52000: Unsignalized Intersections Release 4.1f Bruce E. Witcher, PE Witcher Engineering LLP 75-5751 Kuakini Hwy, Ste 106 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 Phone: 808-334-0322 E-Mail: bewitch@ilhawaii.net Fax: 808-339-0831 STOP CONTROL(TWSC) ANALYSIS Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 12/13/2005 Analysis Time Period: PM peak hour, Existing Intersection: T , east bound stop Jurisdiction: DOT Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: 2005 Project ID: Seascape Development Lokahi Kau , Job # 433-06-OS East/West Street: Kaiamininani North/South Street: Mamalahoa Hwy Intersection Orientation: NS Study period (hrs): 1.00 Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Major Street Movements 1 2 3 4 5 6 L T R L T R Volume 183 485 349 43 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 96 121 87 11 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 183 985 399 43 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- -- -- Median Type/Storage Undiv ided / RT Channelized? Lanes 1 1 1 0 Configuration L T TR Upstream Signal? No No MinorStreet Movements 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Volume 83 317 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 21 79 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 83 317 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 Percent Grade (%) 0 0 Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage / / RT Channelized? No Lanes 1 1 Configuration L R Pedestrian Volumes and Adjustments Movements 13 14 15 16 ow (ped/hr) 0 0 0 Lane Width (ft) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Walking Speed (ft/sec) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Percent Blockage 0 0 0 0 Upstream Sig nal Data Prog. Sat Arrival Green Cycle Prog. Distance Flow Flow Type Time Length Speed to Signal vph vph sec sec mph feet S2 Left-Turn Through SS Left-Turn Through Worksheet 3-Data for Computing Effect of Delay to Major Street Vehicles Movement 2 Movement 5 Shared In volume, major th vehicles: Shared In volume, major rt vehicles: Sat flow rate, major th vehicles: Sat flow rate, major rt vehicles: Number of major street through lanes: Worksheet 4-Critical Gap and Follow-up Time Calculation Critical Gap Calculation Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(c,base) 4.1 7.1 6.2 t(c,hv) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 P (hv) 0 0 0 t(c,g) 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10 Grade/100 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 t(3,1t) 0.00 0.70 0.00 t(c,T): 1-stage 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2-stage 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 t(c) 1-stage 4.1 6.9 6.2 2-stage Follow-Up Time Calculations Movement 1 9~ 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(f,base) 2.20 3.50 3.30 t(f,HV) 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 P (HV) 0 0 0 t(f) 2.2 3.5 3.3 Worksheet 5-Effect of Upstream Signals Computation 1-Queue Clearance Time at Upstream Signal Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l,prot) prog Total Saturation Flow Rate, s (vph) Arrival Type Effective Green, g (sec) Cycle Length, C (sec) Rp (from Exhibit 16-11) Proportion vehicles arriving on green P 9 (91) 9(42) g (4) Computation 2-Proportion of TWSC Intersection Time blocked Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l,prot) beta Travel time, t(a) (sec) Smoothing Factor, F Proportion of conflicting flow, f Max platooned flow, V(c,max) Min platooned flow, V(c,min) Duration of blocked period, t(p) Proportion time blocked, p 0.000 0.000 Computation 3-Platoon Event Periods Result P(2) p(5) p (dom) p (subo ) Constrained or unconstrained? Proportion unblocked for minor movements, p(x) (1) Single-stage Process p(1) p(4) p(7) P ($) P(9) p(10) p (11) P(12) Computation 4 and S Single-Stage Process Movement V C,X S Px V c,u,x 1 C Y,X C plat,x Two-Stage Process 7 8 0.000 0.000 (2) (3) Two-Stage Process Stage I Stage II 1 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R 10 11 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 V (c, x) s P (x) V (c, u, x) C (Y, X) C(plat,x) 1500 Worksheet 6-Impedance and Capacity Equations Step 1: RT from Minor St. 9 12 Conflicting Flows 370 Potential Capacity 680 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 680 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 0.53 Step 2: LT from Major St. 4 1 Conflicting Flows 392 Potential Capacity 1178 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 1176 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 0.84 Maj L-Shared Prob Q free St. Step 3: TH from Minor St. 8 11 Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.84 0.84 Movement Capacity Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT from Minor St, 7 10 Conflicting Flows 1221 Potential Capacity 200 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.84 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor.. 0.88 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.47 0.84 Movement Capacity 169 Worksheet 7-Computation of the Effect of Two-stage Gap Acceptance Step 3: TH from Minor St. 8 11 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Probability of Queue free St. Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.89 0.84 Movement Capacity Result for 2 stage process: a Y C t Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows 1221 Potential Capacity 200 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.64 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0.88 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.47 0.84 Movement Capacity 169 Results for Two-stage process: a Y C t 169 Worksheet 8-Shared Lane Calculations Movement 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Volume (vph) ~' '~' Movement Capacity (vph) 169 660 Shared Lane Capacity (vph) Worksheet 9-Computation of Effect of Flared Minor Street Approaches Movement 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R c sep Volume Delay Q sep Q sep +1 round (Qsep +1) n max C sh SUM C sep n C act 83 317 Worksheet 10-Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lane Config L L R v (vph) 183 83 317 C(m) (vph) 1178 169 680 v/c 0.16 0.49 0.47 95~ queue length 0.55 2.72 2.58 Control Delay 8.6 46,4 14.9 LOS A E 8 Approach Delay 21.4 Approach LOS C Worksheet 11-Shared Major LT Impedance and Delay Movemen P(oj) 0.84 1. v(il), Volume for stream 2 or 5 v(i2), Volume for stream 3 or 6 s(il), Saturation flow rate for stream 2 or 5 s(i2), Saturation flow rate for stream 3 or 6 P* (oj ) d(M,LT), Delay for stream 1 or 4 8.6 N, Number of major street through lanes d(rank,l) Delay for stream 2 or 5 HCS+: Unsignalized Intersections Release 5.2 TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL SUMMARY Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 1/02/07 Analysis Time Period: AM peak hour, Future Intersection: T east bound stop Jurisdiction: DOT Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: 2008 Project ID: Seascape Development Lokahi Kau Job # 433-06-OS East/West Street: Kaiamininani North/South Street: Mamalahoa Hwy Intersection Orientation: NS Study period (hrs) _ _ Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Major Street: Approach Northbound Movement 1 2 3 14 L T R ~ L 1.00 Southbound 5 6 T R Volume 269 282 693 121 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 269 282 693 121 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- -- '- Median Type/Storage Undivided / RT Channelized? Lanes 1 1 1 0 Configuration L T TR ~ Upstream Signal? No No Minor Street: Approach Westbound Eastbound Movement 7 8 9 ~ 10 11 12 L T R ~ L T R Volume 29 0 313 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1. 00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR ~ 29 0 313 Percent Heavy Vehicles .0 0 0 Percent Grade (~) 0 0 Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage / / Lanes 0 1 1 Configuration LT R Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Approach NB SB Westbound Eastbound Movement 1 4 17 8 9 ~ 10 11 Lane Config L ~ ~ LT v (vpn) C(m) (vph) v/c 95~ queue length Control Delay LOS Approach Delay Approach LOS 12 R 269 29 313 g22 82 412 0.33 0.35 0.76 1.45 1.55 8.14 11.5 72.4 39.6 g F E 42.6 E HCS+: Unsignalized Intersections Release 5.2 Bruce E Witcher 75-5751 Kailua- 96740 Phone: E-Mail: . Witcher, PE Engineering LLP Kuakini Hwy, Ste 106 Iona, Hawaii 808-334-0322 bewitch~ilhawaii.net Fax: 808-334-0831 TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL(TWSC) ANALYSIS Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 1/02/07 Analysis Time Period: AM peak hour, Future Intersection: T east bound stop Jurisdiction: DOT Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: 2008 Project ID: Seascape Development Lokahi Kau Job # 433-06-OS East/West Street: Kaiamininani North/South Street: Mamalahoa Hwy Intersection Orientation: NS Study period (hrs): 1.00 __Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments___ Major Street Movements 1 2 3 4 5 6 L T R L T R Volume 269 282 693 1z1 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 67 70 173 30 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 269 282 693 121 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- -- -- Median Type/Storage Undiv ided / RT Channelized? Lanes 1 1 1 0 Configuration L T TR Upstream Signal? No No Minor Street Movements 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Volume Peak Hour Factor, PHF Peak-15 Minute Volume Hourly Flow Rate, HFR Percent Heavy Vehicles Percent Grade (~) 0 Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage RT Channelized? Lanes Configuration Movements 29 0 313 1.00 1.00 1.00 7 0 78 29 0 313 0 0 0 0 / / No 0 1 1 LT R Pedestrian Volumes and Adjustments 13 14 15 16 Flow (ped/hr) 0 0 0 0 1 i i Lane Width (f t) 12.0 12 .0 12.0 12.0 Walking Speed (ft/sec) 4.0 4. 0 4.0 4.0 Percent Blockage 0 0 0 0 __Upstream Signal Data_ _ __ Prog. Sat Arriva l Green Cycle Prog. Distance Flow Flow Type Time Length Speed to Signal vph vph sec sec mph feet S2 Left-Turn Through SS Left-Turn Through Worksheet 3-Data for Computing Effect of Delay to Major Street Vehicles Movement 2 Movement 5 Shared In volume, major th vehicles: Shared In volume, major rt vehicles: Sat flow rate, major th vehicles: Sat flow rate, major rt vehicles: Number of major street through lanes: Worksheet 4-Critical Gap and Follow-up Time Calculation Critical Gap Calculation Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(c,base) 4.1 7.1 6.5 6.2 t(c,hv) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 P(hv) 0 0 0 0 t(c,g) 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10 Grade/100 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 t(3,1t) 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 t(c,T) 1-stage 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2-stage 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 t(c) 1-stage 4.1 6.4 6.5 6.2 2-stage Follow-Up Time Calculations Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(f,base) 2.20 3.50 4.00 3.30 t(f,HV) 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 P(HV) 0 0 0 0 t(f) 2.2 3.5 4.0 3.3 Worksheet 5-Effect of Upstream Signals Computation 1-Queue Clearance Time at Upstream Signal Movement 2 M ovement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l,prot) V prog Total Saturation Flow Rate, s (vph) Arrival Type Effective Green, g (sec) Cycle Length, C (sec) Rp (from Exhibit 16-11) Proportion vehicles arriving on green P 5(41) g(42) 5 (4) Computation 2-Proportion of TWSC Intersection Time blocked Movement 2 V(t) V(l,prot) alpna beta Travel time, t(a) (sec) Smoothing Factor, F Proportion of conflicting flow, f Max platooned flow, V(c,max) Min platooned flow, V(c,min) Duration of blocked period, t(p) Proportion time blocked, p Computation 3-Platoon Event P(2) p(5) p (dom) p(subo) Constrained or unconstrained? Result 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) Proportion unblocked (1) (2) (3) for minor Single-stage Two-Stage Process movements, p(x) Process Stage I Stage II p(1) p(4) p(7) P(B) p(9) p(10) p(11) P(12) Computation 4 and 5 Single-Stage Process Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R V c,x 814 S Px v c,u,x C r,x C plat,x Two-Stage Process 7 a 10 1574 0.000 15'/4 /S4 11 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 --- Stagel Stage2 V (c , x ) ----- - 1500 1500 s P (x) V (c, u,x) C(r,x) C(plat,x) Worksheet 6-Impedance and Capacity Equations Step 1: RT from Minor St. 9 12 Conflicting Flows 754 Potential Capacity 412 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1. 00 1.00 Movement Capacity 412 Probability of Queue free St. 1. 00 0.24 Step 2: LT from Major St. 4 1 Conflicting Flows 814 Potential Capacity 822 Pedestrian Impedance- Factor 1 .00 1.00 Movement Capacity 822 ' Probability of Queue free St. 1 .00 0.67 Maj L-Shared Prob Q f ree St. Step 3: TH from Minor St. B 11 Conflicting Flows 1574 Potential Capacity 111 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.67 0.67 Movement Capacity 75 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 Conflicting Flows 1574 Potential Capacity 122 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.67 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0.75 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.18 0.67 Movement Capacity 82 Worksheet 7-Computation of the Effect of Two-stage Gap Acceptance Step 3: TH from Minor St. 8 11 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Probability of Queue free St. Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows 1574 Potential Capacity 111 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.67 0.67 Movement Capacity 75 Result for 2 stage process: a Y C t 75 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows 1574 Potential Capacity 122 ' Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.0 0 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.67 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0.75 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.18 0.67 Movement Capacity 82 Results for Two-stage process: a Y C t 82 Worksheet 8-Shared Lane Calculations Movement 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Volume (vph) 29 0 313 Movement Capacity (vph) 82 75 412 Shared Lane Capacity (vph) 82 Worksheet 9-Computation of Effect of Flared Minor Street Approaches Movement 7 6 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R C sep 82 75 412 Volume 29 0 313 Delay Q sep Q sep +1 round (Qsep +1) n max C sh 62 SUM C sep n C act Worksheet 10-Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Se rvice Movement 1 4 7 6 9 10 11 12 Lane Config L LT R v (vph) 269 29 313 C (m) (vph) 822 82 412 ' v/c 0.33 0.35 0.76 , 95~ queue length 1.45 1.55 8.14 Control Delay 11.5 72.4 39.6 LOS B F E ~ Approach Delay 42.6 Approach LOS E Worksheet 11-Shared Major LT Impedance and Delay i Movement 2 Movement 5 p (oj ) - 0.67 1 . 00 v(il), Volume for stream 2 or 5 v(i2), Volume for stream 3 or 6 s(il), Saturation flow rate for stream 2 or 5 s(i2), Saturation flow rate for stream 3 or 6 p* (oj ) d (M,LT), Delay for stream 1 or 4 11.5 N, Number of major street through lanes d(rank,l) Delay for stream 2 or 5 HCS+: Unsignalized Intersections Release 5.2 TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL SUMMARY Analyst: BEW Agency/CO.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 1/02/07 Analysis Time Period: PM peak hour, Future Intersection: T east bound stop Jurisdiction: DOT Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: 2008 Project ID: Seascape Development Lokahi Kau Job # 433-06-OS East/West Street: Kaiamininani North/South Street: Mamalahoa Hwy Intersection Orientation: NS Study period (hrs): 1.00 - Major Street: _Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Approach Northbound Southbound Movement 1 2 3 4 5 6 L T R ~ L T R ~ Volume Peak-Hour Factor, PHF Hourly Flow Rate, HFR Percent Heavy Vehicles Median Type/Storage ~ RT Channelized? I Lanes Configuration . Upstream Signal? Minor Street: Approach Movement 218 538 1.00 1.00 218 538 0 -- Undivided 1 1 L T No Westb 7 8 L T 9 R 387 51 1.00 1.00 387 51 1 0 TR No Eastbound 10 11 12 L T R Volume 96 0 367 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1. 00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 96 0 367 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 0 Percent Grade (~) 0 0 Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage / / Lanes 0 1 1 Configuration LT R Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Approach NB SB Westbound Eastbound Movement 1 4 ~ 7 6 9 ~ 10 11 12 Lane Config L ~ ~ LT R v (vph) C (m) (vph) v/c 95o queue length Control Delay LOS Approach Delay Approach LOS 218 96 367 1133 128 644 0.19 0.75 0.57 0.71 6.42 3.87 8 9 105.8 17.9 A F C 36.1 E HCS+: Unsignalized Intersections Release 5.2 Bruce E. Witcher, PE Witcher Engineering LLP - 75-5751 Kuakini Hwy, Ste 106 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 Phone: 808-334-0322 Fax: 808-334-0831 -- E-Mail: bewitch@ilhawaii.net TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL(TWSC) ANALYSIS - Analyst: BEW Agency/CO.: Seascape Development - Date Performed: 1/02/07 Analysis Time Period: PM peak hour, Future Intersection: T east bound stop Jurisdiction: DOT ~- Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: 2008 Project ID: Seascape Development Lokahi Kau Job # 433-06-OS _ East/West Street: Kaiamininani North/South Street: Mamalahoa Hwy Intersection Orientation: NS Study period (hrs ) 1.00 Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Major Street Movements 1 2 3 4 5 6 L T R L T R Volume 218 538 387 51 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 I.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 54 134 97 13 '- Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 218 538 387 51 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 -- -- -- -- Median Type/Storage Undivided / - RT Channelized? Lanes 1 1 1 0 Configuration L T TR Upstream Signal? No No -- Minor Street Movements 7 6 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R __ Volume 96 0 367 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 24 0 92 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 96 0 367 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 0 Percent Grade (°s) 0 0 -- Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage / / RT Channelized? NO Lanes 0 1 1 Configuration LT R Pedestrian Volumes an d Adjustments _______ _ Movements 13 14 15 16 Flow (ped/hr) 0 0 0 0 __ Lane Width (ft) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Walking Speed (ft/sec) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Percent Blockage 0 0 0 0 - Upstream Signal Data_ Prog. Sat Arrival Green Cycle Prog. Distance Flow Flow Type Time Length Speed to Signal vph vph sec sec mph feet S2 Left-Turn Through SS Left-Turn Through Worksheet 3-Data for Computing Effect of Delay to Major Street Vehicles Movement 2 Movement 5 - Shared In volume, major th vehicles: '`- Shared In volume, major rt vehicles: Sat flow rate, major th vehicles: Sat flow rate, major rt vehicles: f Number of major street through lanes: Worksheet 4-Critical Gap and Follow-up Time Calculation Critical Gap Calculation Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(c,base) 4.1 7.1 6.5 6.2 t(c,hv) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 P (hv) 0 0 0 0 t(c,g) 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10 ~ Grade/100 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 t(3,1t) 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 t(c,T) 1-stage 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2-stage 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 ' t(c) 1-stage 4.1 6.4 6.5 6.2 2-stage Follow-Up Time Calculations ~- Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(f,base) 2.20 3.50 4.00 3.30 t (f,HV) 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 P(HV) 0 0 0 0 t(f) 2,2 3.5 4.0 3.3 Worksheet 5-Effect of Upstream Signals ' Computation 1-Queue Clearance Time at Upstream Signal Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l,prot) , V Prog Total Saturation Flow Rate, s (vph) Arrival Type Effective Green, g (sec) -- Cycle Length, C (sec) Rp (from Exhibit 16-11) Proportion vehicles arriving on green P _ g(q1) g(q2) 5(q) Computation 2-Proportion of TWSC Intersection Time blocked Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) v(t) V(l,prot) - alpha beta _ Travel time, t(a) (sec) Smoothing Factor, F Proportion of conflicting flow, f Max platooned flow, V(c,max) _ Min platooned flow, V(c,min) Duration of blocked period, t(p) Proportion time blocked, p 0.000 0 .000 _ Computation 3-Platoon Event Periods Result P(2) 0.000 p(5) 0.000 p (dom) p (subo ) --- Constrained or unconstrained? Proportion unblocked (1) (2) (3) - for minor Single-stage Two-Stage Process movements, p(x) Process Stage I Stage II p(1) P(4) P(~) P(e) p(9) p(10) p(11) p(12) Computation 4 and 5 _ Single-Stage Process Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R , V c,x 438 1386 1386 412 s Px -- V c,u,x C r,x _ C plat,x Two-Stage Process ~ g 10 11 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 1 i i V(c,x) s P (x) V(c,u,x) 1500 1500 C(r,x) C(plat,x) Worksheet 6-Impedance and Capacity Equations Step 1: RT from Minor St. 9 12 Conflicting Flows 412 Potential Capacity 644 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 644 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 0.43 Step 2: LT from Major St. 4 1 Conflicting Flows 436 Potential Capacity 1133 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 1133 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 0.81 Maj L-Shared Prob Q free St. Step 3: TH from Minor St. 8 11 Conflicting Flows 1386 Potential Capacity 144 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.81 0.81 Movement Capacity 116 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 Conflicting Flows 1386 Potential Capacity 159 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.61 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0,65 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.37 0.81 Movement Capacity 128 Worksheet 7-Computation of the Effect of Two- stage Gap Acceptance Step 3: TH from Minor St. 8 11 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Probability of Queue free St. Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows 1386 Potential Capacity 144 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.81 0.61 Movement Capacity 116 Result for 2 stage process: a y C t 116 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows 1386 Potential Capacity 159 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.81 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0.85 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.37 0.81 Movement Capacity 128 Results for Two-stage process: a y 126 C t Worksheet 8-Shared Lane Calculat ions Movement 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Volume (vph) 96 0 367 Movement Capacity (vph) 128 116 644 Shared Lane Capacity (vph) 128 Worksheet 9-Computation of Effect of Flared Minor Street Approaches Movement 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R 128 116 644 C sep 96 0 367 Volume Delay Q sep Q sep +l round (Qsep +1) n max C sh 128 SUM C sep n C act Worksheet 10-Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service ' Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lane Config L 1 LT R v (vph) 218 96 367 C(m) (vph) 1133 128 644 v/c 0.19 0.75 0.57 - 95~ queue length 0.71 6.42 3.87 Control Delay ~8.9 105.6 17.9 LOS A F C j Approach Delay 36.1 ~ Approach LOS E I '' Worksheet 11-Shared Major LT Impedance and Delay Movement 2 Movement 5 p(oj) 0.81 1. 00 v(il), Volume for stream 2 or 5 ''. v(i2), Volume for stream 3 or 6 s(il), Saturation flow rate for stream 2 or 5 s(i2) Saturation flow rate for stream 3 or 6 P* (07 ) _ d(M,LT) Delay for stream 1 or 4 ~ 8.9 N, Number of major street through lanes d(rank,l) Delay for stream 2 or 5 APPENDIX F LEVEL OF SERVICE KA'IMINANI STREET & ANEKEOHOKALOLE ROAD UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTION AM & PM PEAK HOUR HCS+: Unsignalized Intersections Release 5.2 TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL SUMMARY Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 11/07/2006 Analysis Time Period: AM peak hour, future Intersection: T, northbound stop Jurisdiction: Hawaii Co Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: 2008 kainewrdam2 Project ID: Seascape Development, Lokahi Kau Job #433-06-OS East/West Street: Kaiamiminani North/South Street: New Road Intersection Orientation: EW Study period (hrs) 1.00 Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Major Street: Approach Eastbound Westbound Movement 1 2 3 14 5 6 L T R ~ L T R i volume Peak-Hour Factor, PHF Hourly Flow Rate, HFR Percent Heavy Vehicles Median Type/Storage RT Channelized? Lanes Configuration Upstream Signal? 148 33 1 689 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 148 33 1 689 -- -- 0 -- Undivided / 1 0 0 1 TR LT No No Minor Street: Approach Northbound Southbound Movement 7 6 9 ~ 10 11 12 L T R ~ L T R Volume 130 0 4 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 ~, Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 130 0 4 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 0 Percent Grade (~) 0 0 Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage No / Lanes 0 1 0 Configuration LTR / Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Approach EB WB Northbound Movement 1 4 7 6 9 ~ 10 Lane Config LT ~ LTR Southbound 11 12 v (vph) 1 134 C(m) (vph) 1407 337 v/c 0.00 0.40 95% queue length 0.00 1.94 Control Delay 7.6 22.7 LOS A C Approach Delay 22.7 Approach LOS C HCS+: Unsignalized Intersections Release 5.2 Bruce E Witcher 75-5751 Kailua- 96740 Phone: E-Mail: Fax: BOB-334-0831 TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL(TWSC) ANALYSIS Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 11/07/2006 Analysis Time Period: AM peak hour, future Intersection: T, northbound stop Jurisdiction: Hawaii Co Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: 2008 kainewrdam2 Project ID: Seascape Development, Lokahi Kau Job #433-06-OS East/West Street: Kaiamiminani North/South Street: New Road Intersection Orientation: EW Study period (hrs) Major Street Movements Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments 1 2 3 4 5 L T R L T 6 R Volume 148- 33 1 689 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 37 8 0 172 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 148 33 1 669 Percent Heavy Vehicles -- -- 0 -- -- Median Type/Storage Undivided / RT Channelized? Lanes 1 0 0 1 Configuration TR LT Upstream Signal? No No Minor Street Movements 7 6 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Volume 130 0 4 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 32 0 1 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 130 0 4 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 0 Percent Grade (~) 0 0 Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage No / / RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 Configuration LTR Movements . Witcher, PE Engineering LLP Kuakini Hwy, Ste 106 Kona, Hawaii 808-334-0322 bewitch@ilhawaii.net trian Volumes and Adjustment 13 14 15 16 1.00 Flow (ped/hr) 0 0 0 0 Lane Width (f t) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Walking Speed (ft/sec) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Percent Blockage 0 0 0 0 i ( Upstream Signal Data _ ___ Prog. - Sat Arrival Green Cycle Prog. Distance Flow Flow Type Time Length Speed to Signal vph vph sec sec mph feet S2 Left-Turn Through SS Left-Turn Through Worksheet 3-Data for Computing Effect of Delay to Major Street Vehicles Movement 2 Movement 5 Shared In volume, major th vehicles: 689 Shared In volume, major rt vehi cles: 0 Sat flow rate, major th vehicles: 1700 Sat flow rate, major rt vehicles: 1700 Number of major street through lanes: 1 Worksheet 4-Critical Gap and Follow-up Time Calculation Critical Gap Calculation Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(c,base) 4.1 7.1 6.5 6.2 t(c,hv) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 P(hv) 0 0 0 0 t(c,g) 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10 Grade/100 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 t(3,1t) 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 t(c, T) 1-stage 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2-stage 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 t(c) 1-stage 4.1 6.4 6.5 6.2 2-stage Follow-Up Time Calculations Movement 1 4 7 B 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(f,base) 2.20 3.50 4.00 3.30 t(f,HV) 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 P(HV) 0 0 0 0 t(f) 2.2 3.5 4.0 3.3 Worksheet 5-Effect of Upstream Signals Computation 1-Queue Clearance Time at Upstream Signal Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l,prot) V prog Total Saturation Flow Rate, s (vph) Arrival Type Effective Green, g (sec) Cycle Length, C (sec) Rp (from Exhibit 16-11) Proportion vehicles arriving on green P g(41) g(q2) g (q) Computation 2-Proportion of TWSC Intersection Time blocked Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l,prot) alpha beta Travel time, t(a) (sec) Smoothing Factor, F Proportion of conflicting flow, f Max platooned flow, V(c,max) Min platooned flow, V(c,min) Duration of blocked period, t(p) Proportion time blocked, p 0.000 0.000 Computation 3-Platoon Event Periods Result p(2) 0.000 P(5) 0.000 p (dom) p(subo) Constrained or unconstrained? Proportion unblocked for minor movements, p(x) p(1) p(4) P(7) p(8) P(9) p(10) p(11) P(12) Computation 4 and 5 Single-Stage Process Movement (1) (2) (3) Single-stage Two-Stage Process Process Stage I Stage II 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R V c,x 161 855 855 164 s PX V c,u,x C r,xi C plat,x Two-Stage Process 7 10 11 8 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 V (c,x) s 1500 1500 P (x) V(c,u,x) C(r,x) C(plat,x) Worksheet 6-Impedance and Capacity Equations Step 1: RT from Minor St. 9 12 Conflicting Flows 164 Potential Capacity 886 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 886 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 2: LT from Major St. 4 1 Conflicting Flows 181 Potential Capacity 1407 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 1407 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Maj L-Shared Prob Q free St. 1.00 Step 3: TH from Minor St. 8 11 t , Conflicting Flows 855 Potential Capacity 298 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 296 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 Conflicting Flows 855 Potential Capacity 331 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 1.00 0.99 Movement Capacity 331 Worksheet 7-Computation of the Effect of Two-stage Gap Acceptance Step 3: TH from Minor St. 8 11 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Probability of Queue free St. Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows 855 Potential Capacity 298 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 298 Result for 2 stage process: a y C t 298 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows 855 Potential Capacity 331 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 1.00 0.99 Movement Capacity 331 Results for Two-stage process: a y 331 C t Worksheet 6-Shared Lane Calculations Movement 7 8 9 10 it 12 L T R L T R Volume (vph) 130 0 4 Movement Capacity (vph) 331 298 686 Shared Lane Capacity (vph) 337 Worksheet 9-Computation of Effect of Flared Minor Street Approaches Movement ~ 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R C sep 331 298 886 Volume 130 0 4 Delay Q sep Q sep +1 round (Qsep +1) n max C sh 337 SUM C sep n C act Worksheet 10-Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service ` Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lane Config LT t LTR ~ v (vph) I 134 C(m) (vph) 1407 337 vac 0.00 0.40 95~ queue length 0.00 1.94 ` Control Delay 7.6 22.7 LOS A C ( Approach Delay 22.7 ( Approach LOS C t ~ Worksheet 11-Shared Major LT Impedance and Delay ' Movement 2 Movement 5 i p(oj) 1.00 1.00 v(il), Volume for stream 2 or 5 689 v(i2), Volume for Stream 3 or 6 0 s(il), Saturation flow rate for stream 2 or 5 1700 s (i2), Saturation flow rate for stream 3 or 6 1700 P*(o]) 1.00 d(M,LT) Delay for stream 1 or 4 7.6 N, Number of major street through lanes 1 d(rank,l) Delay for stream 2 or 5 0.0 HCS+: Unsignalized Intersections Release 5.2 TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL SUMMARY Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 11/07/2006 Analysis Time Period: PM peak hour, future intersection: T, northbound stop Jurisdiction: Hawaii Co Units: U. S. Customary Analysis Year: Project ID: Seascape Development, Lokahi Kau Job #433-06-05 East/West Street: Kaiamiminani North/South Street: New Road Intersection Orientation: EW Study period (hrs) 1,00 Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Major Street: Approach Eastbound Westbound Movement 1 2 3 14 5 6 L T R ~ L T R volume Peak-Hour Factor, PHF Hourly Flow Rate, HFR Percent Heavy Vehicles Median Type/Storage RT Channelized? Lanes Configuration Upstream Signal? 724 147 5 206 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 724 147 5 206 -- '- 0 -- Undivided / 1 0 0 1 TR LT No No Minor Street: Approach Northbound Southbound Movement 7 8 9 ~ 10 11 12 L T R ~ L T R Volume 71 0 2 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 71 0 2 ' Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 0 Percent Grade (~) 0 0 Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage No / / Lanes 0 1 0 Configuration LTR Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Approach EB WB Northbound Southbound Movement 1 4 ~ 7 8 9 ~ 10 11 12 Lane Config LT ~ LTR v (vph) 5 73 C(m) (vph) 763 267 v/c 0.01 0.27 95g queue length 0.02 1.12 Control Delay 9.6 23.5 LOS A C Approach Delay 23.5 Approach LOS C HCS+: Unsignalized Intersections Release 5.2 Bruce E. Witcher, PE Witcher Engineering LLP 75-5751 Kuakini Hwy, Ste 106 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 Phone: 806-334-0322 Fax: 806-334-0631 E-Mail: bewitch@ilhawaii.net TWO-WAY STOP CONTROL(TWSC) ANALYSIS Analyst: BEW Agency/Co.: Seascape Development Date Performed: 11/07/2006 Analysis Time Period: PM peak hour, future Intersection: T, northbound stop Jurisdiction: Hawaii Co Units: U. S. Customary - Analysis Year: Project ID: Seascape Development, Lokahi Kau Job #433-06-OS East/West Street: Kaiamiminani North/South Street: New Road Intersection Orientation: EW Study period (hrs): Vehicle Volumes and Adjustments Major Street Movements 1 2 3 4 5 6 L T R L T R Volume 724 147 5 206 Peak-Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 181 37 1 52 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 724 147 5 206 Percent Heavy Vehicles -- -- 0 -- -- Median Type/Storage Undivided / RT Channelized? Lanes 1 0 0 1 Configuration TR LT Upstream Signal? No No Minor Street Movements 7 B 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Volume 71 0 2 Peak Hour Factor, PHF 1.00 1.00 1.00 Peak-15 Minute Volume 18 0 0 Hourly Flow Rate, HFR 71 0 2 Percent Heavy Vehicles 0 0 0 Percent Grade (°s) 0 0 Flared Approach: Exists?/Storage No / / RT Channelized? Lanes 0 1 0 Configuration LTR Pedestrian Volumes and Adjustments Movements 13 14 15 16 Flow (ped/hr) 0 0 0 0 1.00 Lane Width (ft) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Walking Speed (ft/sec) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Percent Blockage 0 0 0 0 Upstream Signal Data Prog. Sat Arrival Green Cycle Prog. Distance Flow Flow Type Time Length Speed to Signal vph vph sec sec mph feet S2 Left-Turn Through SS Left-Turn Through Worksheet 3-Data for Computing Effect of Delay to Major Street Vehicles Movement 2 Movement 5 Shared In volume, major th vehicles: 206 Shared In volume, major rt vehicles: 0 Sat flow rate, major th vehicles: 1700 Sat flow rate, major rt vehicles: 1700 Number of major street through lanes: 1 ( Worksheet 4-Critical Gap and Follow-up Time Calculation ` Critical Gap Calculation r Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(c,base) 4.1 7.1 6.5 6.2 ~I t(c,hv) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 ~~ -- P (hv) 0 0 0 0 t(c,g) 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10 Grade/100 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 I t(3,1t) 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 t(c,T): 1-stage 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2-stage 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 t(c) 1-stage 4.1 6.4 6.5 6.2 2-stage Follow-Up Time Calculations Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R t(f,base) 2.20 3.50 4.00 3.30 t(f,HV) 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 P (HV) 0 0 0 0 t(f) 2.2 3.5 4.0 3.3 Worksheet 5-Effect of Upstream Signals Computation 1-Queue Clearance Time at Upstream Signal Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l,prot) V prog Total Saturation Flow Rate, s (vph) Arrival Type Effective Green, g (sec) Cycle Length, C (sec) Rp (from Exhibit 16-11) Proportion vehicles arriving on green P 9(41) 9(42) 4 (4) _ Computation 2-Proportion of TWSC Intersection Time blocked Movement 2 Movement 5 V(t) V(l,prot) V(t) V(l,prot) alpha beta _ Travel time, t(a) (sec) Smoothing Factor, F Proportion of conflicting flow, f Max platooned flow, V(c,max) -' Min platooned flow, V(c,min) Duration of blocked period, t(p) Proportion time blocked, p 0.000 0.000 Computation 3-Platoon Event Periods Result P(2) 0.000 -- p(5) 0.000 p (dom ) p(subo) - Constrained or unconstrained? Proportion unblocked (1) (2) (3) for minor Single-stage Two-Stage Process movements, p(x) Process Stage 2 Stage II p(1) p(4) P(7) - p(e) p(9) p(10) p(11) P(12) Computation 4 and 5 __ Single-Stage Process Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 L L L T R L T R V c,x 871 1014 1014 798 s Px -, V c,u,x C r,x _ C plat,x Two-Stage Process _ 7 6 10 11 -- Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 Stagel Stage2 V(c,x) s 1500 1500 p (x) V (c,u,x) C(r,x) C(plat,x) ' Worksheet 6-Impedance and Capacity Equations Step 1: RT from Minor St. - 9 12 Conflicting Flows 796 Potential Capacity 389 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 389 Probability of Queue free St. 0.99 1.00 Step 2: LT from Major St. 4 1 Conflicting Flows 871 l~ Potential Capacity - 783 l Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Movement Capacity 783 ( Probability of Queue free St. 0.99 1.00 Maj L-Shared Prob Q free St. 0.99 Step 3: TH from Minor St. 8 11 ` Conflicting Flows 1014 Potential Capacity 240 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.99 0.99 Movement Capacity 238 ~ Probability of Queue free St. ~ 1.00 1.00 ~ Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10' Conflicting Flows 1014 Potential Capacity 267 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.99 '-- Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0.99 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.99 0.99 Movement Capacity 265 Worksheet 7-Computation of the Effect of Two-stage Gap Acceptance Step 3: TH from Minor St. 6 11 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Probability of Queue free St. Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows '~ Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt _ Movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows 1014 -" Potential Capacity 240 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.99 0.99 _ Movement Capacity 238 Result for 2 stage process: __ a Y C t 238 Probability of Queue free St. 1.00 1.00 -, Step 4: LT from Minor St. 7 10 Part 1 - First Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 2 - Second Stage Conflicting Flows Potential Capacity Pedestrian Impedance Factor Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt Movement Capacity Part 3 - Single Stage Conflicting Flows 1014 Potential Capacity 267 Pedestrian Impedance Factor 1.00 1.00 -- Maj. L, Min T Impedance factor 0.99 Maj. L, Min T Adj. Imp Factor. 0.99 Cap. Adj. factor due to Impeding mvmnt 0.99 0.99 _ Movement Capacity 265 Results for Two-stage process: a Y C t 265 Worksheet 8-Shared Lane Calculations Movement 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R Volume (vph) 71 0 2 Movement Capacity (vph) 265 238 389 Shared Lane Capacity (vph) 267 Worksheet 9-Computation of Effect of Flared Minor Street Approaches Movement 7 8 9 10 11 12 L T R L T R C sep 265 236 389 - Volume 71 0 2 Delay Q sep _ Q sep +1 round (Qsep +1) n max C sh 267 SUM C sep n ' C act I Worksheet 10-Delay, Queue Length, and Level of Service Movement 1 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lane Config LT LTR v (vph) 5 73 C(m) (vph) 783 267 v/c 0.01 0.27 95% queue length 0.02 1.12 Control Delay 9.6 23.5 LOS A C ~- Approach Delay 23.5 Approach LOS C i Worksheet 11-Shared Major LT Impedance and Delay - ~ Movement 2 Movement 5 ~ p(pj) 1.00 0.99 v(il), Volume for stream 2 or 5 206 v(i2), Volume for stream 3 or 6 0 s(il), Saturation flow rate for stream 2 or 5 1700 s(i2), Saturation flow rate for stream 3 or 6 1700 P*(oj) 0.99 d(M,LT), Delay for stream 1 or 4 9.6 N, Number of major street through lanes 1 d(rank,l) Delay for stream 2 or 5 0.1 APPENDIX G TRAFFIC MOVEMENT DIAGRAMS QUEEN KA'AHUMANU HIGHWAY & KA'IMINANI STREET AM & PM PEAK HOUR SIGNALIZED Lokahi Ka'u Queen Ka'ahumanu Hi hway - Ka'iminani Stree~ Traffic Movement -Existing Condition AM Peak Hour 7:15 AM to 8:15 AM 934 x r 708 519 - 519 L X553 415 34 O QUEEN KA'AHUMANU HIGHWAY 604 104 F- W W F u7 Z Q Z Q~_ Y 104 34 138 415 2 638 604 827 WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP JN 433-05-05 72/05 ]65]51 Kuakml Hwy. Su 106 ConsuRing Civil Engineers KaAUe-Kona, HI 96]40 Construct'wn Man ef5 (608)330-03Y1 Lokahi Ka'u Queen Ka'ahumanu Hi hway - Ka'iminani Stree~ Traffic Movement -Existing Condition PM Peak Hour 3:15 PM to 4:15 PM 841 979 138 ~ QUEEN KA'AHUMANU O 542 798 ~« JN 433-0605 12/73/05 i 301 557 w w r- z a z ~_ 138 f 206 841 1142 301 z O x 542 610 WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP ]SS]51 Kwkini "wy. Sh SOB Consulting Civil Engineers ~°"°"`°"' "' x]40 ConsWction Man ers (eoeraaaoan a9 HIGHWAY Lokahi Ka'u Revised Queen Ka'ahumanu Hi hway - Ka'iminani Stree~ Traffic Movement - Buildout, 2008 3.5% Growth Rate AM Peak Hour ` 932 4 1127 195 2 t ~ y ~ 601 931 331 330 453 783 195 146 341 932 1385 453 ZO 601 747 146 WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP QUEEN KA'AHUMANU A x Flle: gkhkaiprrdu2 ]&5951 Kuekini Hwy. Ste. 108 Consulting Civil Engineers JN 433-07-06 KeIWe-Kure, HI 8890 Construction Mana ers (BOB)3340322 9 1/24107 i Lokahi Ka'u Revised Queen Ka'ahumanu Hi hway - Ka'iminani Stree~ Traffic Movement - Buildout, 2008 3.5% Growth Rate PM Peak Hour 932 932 1127 1385 t95 ~ o F QUEEN KA'AHUMANU HIGHWAY _ 601 601 931 747 330 --~ ----_"" 146 w w i ~ H z z 330 453 195 146 L.1~ `YYYJ 783 341 WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP FYe gkbkaipm(u2 ]i8]51 Nueklnl Hwy. Ste. 108 ConsuRing Civil Engineers JN 43&07~ "'~"&"°"°• "' ~"D ConsVuction Man ~we~ssaosu a9ers 1/24/07 APPENDIX H TRAFFIC MOVEMENT DIAGRAMS MAMALAHOA HIGHWAY & KA'IMINANI STREET AM & PM PEAK HOUR UNSIGNALIZED Lokahi Ka'u Mamalahoa Highway - Ka'iminani Street Traffic Movement -Existing Conditions AM Peak Hour 6:45 AM to 7:45 AM 286 339 262 24 234 105 w w o' z z 262 tos 887 730 = 625 625 O ~ MAMALAHOA HIGHWAY A O = ~ 24 234 488 278 254 254 WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP 715]51 Kuekini Hwy. Ste. 106 Consuking Civil Engineers JN 433-0&05 Keiluo-KOna, HI 66140 Construction Mana ers (806)3340322 g 1?113/05 Lokahi Ka'u Mamalahoa Highway - Ka'iminani Street Traffic Movement -Existing Conditions PM Peak Hour 3:30 PM to 4:30 PM 666 = 349 x r 183 668 485 MAMALAHOA 400 7 83 226 183 43 43 392 349 z O x 83 568 a85 ~~I/~ WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP JN 433-06-05 12113/05 ]SS]51 Kuakini Hwy. Su 108 ConsuRing Civil Engineers Kalua-KDM, HI 88]40 Construction Managers (808)339-0322 Lokahi Ka'u Mamalahoa Highway - Ka'iminani Street Traffic Movement -Future Conditions AM Peak Hour 6:45 AM to 7:45 AM 342 390 313 29 269 121 W w t- z z ~_ 367 121 814 754 693 2 387 O ~ MAMALAHOA HIGHWAY ~ O = ~ ~ 29 218 756 311 538 282 WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP File: MKAMFU2 ]5-5]51 Kuakini Hwy. Sb. 108 Consulting Civil Engineers dra a33-o~-0o KeiluaKOne, HI 98~4o Construction Man ers iaoe~aaa oazz ag maim Lokahi Ka'u Mamalahoa Highway - Ka'iminani Street Traffic Movement -Future Conditions PM Peak Hour 3:30 PM to 4:30 PM 754 = 387 2 r O ~ ~ 218 756 L 538 MAMALAHOA 463 I 96 269 218 51 z O A 1 x 438 96 634 538 WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP File: MKPMFU2 JN 433-07-08 1/24/07 75-5]51 Kuakini Hwy. Ste. 105 ConsuRing Civil Engineers KeilusKOna, NI 95]40 Construction Mana ers (808)334-0322 9 APPENDIX I TRAFFIC MOVEMENT DIAGRAMS KA'IMINANI STREET & KAHAKIAKA STREET AM & PM PEAK HOUR UNSIGNALIZED Lokahi Ka'u Revision 2 Ka'iminani Street - Kahakiaka Street Traffic Movement - Existing Condition AM Peak Hour 7:15 AM to 8:15 AM 53 ~ 61 1~ 558 151 File: LKKKAME ~ WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP JN 433-06-05 ]S5]51 Ku°klni Hwy, Sl°. 1d6 Consulting Civil Engineer: 12/13/05 "°°°°-K°"', Hawaii es'ao COn5tNG10n Mana ef: i3~B) 33403Y2 g 11 37 Lokahi Ka'u Ka'iminani Street - Kahakiaka Street Traffic Movement -Existing Condition PM Peak Hour 3:45 PM to 4:45 PM 23 16 45 6E 144 600 ~ - 34 20 WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP JN 433-06-05 15-5]51 Kuakini Hwy, &e. 108 Consulting Civil Engineer 12/13105 Kaii°"`°"°•"m"'i's~'ao ConstructionMana f (808)33LL322 Lokahi Ka'u Revised Ka'iminani Street - Kahakiaka Street Traffic Movement - Buildout, 2008 3.5% Growth Rate AM Peak Hour 75~ 17 627 183 40 133 Fie: LKKKAMF2 ~ WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP JN 433-07-06 ]55751 Kueklni Hwy, Ste. 108 ConsuRing Civil Engineer 1/24/U7 Keilua-KO~. Hawati 98]40 Construction Mana er (BOB) 330.0332 g 54 g Lokahi Ka'u Revised Ka'iminani Street - Kahakiaka Street Traffic Movement - Buildout, 2008 3.5% Growth Rate PM Peak Hour 21' 7g 175 677 126 76 FWe: LKKKPMF2 ~ WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP JN 433-07-06 ~naro7 PSB]81 Kueklnl Mwy, Sle. 108 Consulting Civil Engineer '~"""`°"° "~'""' ~]'0 Construction Mana er Laos) saa-oszz 9 25 45 r APPENDIX J TRAFFIC MOVEMENT DIAGRAMS KA'IMINANI STREET & ANEKEOHOKALOLE ROAD AM & PM PEAK HOUR UNSIGNALIZED Lokahi Ka'u Revised Anekeohokalole Road - Ka'iminani Street Traffic Movement - Buildout, 2008 3.5% Growth Rate PM Peak Hour 206 206 277 211 71 5 KA'AMINANI STREET 724 724 871 726 147 2 O 3% to East from East ~ W Z 147 5 71 2 `~ 152 73 WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP File: kainewrdpm2 155]51 Kuakini Hwy. Ste 108 Consuking Civil Engineers JN a33-o7-O6 ~'ie~;,"403,~ X140 Construction Managers vzaio7 Lokahi Ka'u Revised Anekeohokalole Road - Ka'iminani Street Traffic Movement - Buildout, 2008 3.5% Growth Rate AM Peak Hour T s8s s8s 819 690 130 ~ 1 148 181 33 KA'AMINANI 3% to East from East STREET O O iY W Z 148 152 33 1 130 ~J L"1~ 34 134 Fle: kainewrdam2 JN 433-07-06 124/07 WITCHER ENGINEERING LLP ]65]51 Kuakini Mwy. afe 108 ConsuRing Civil Engineers KeiWa-KOna, XI 83]dD (809)3340322 Construction Managers APPENDIX F UNEXECUTED WATER FACILITIES AGREEMENT Undated, 2006 WATER FACILITIES AGREEMENT This Water Facilities Agreement ("Agreement") is entered into this _ day of 2006 by and between the PLANNING DIRECTOR OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII (THE "Planning Director"), the WATER BOARD OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII ("Water Board") and SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC, a Hawaii limited liability company ("Seascape"); RECITALS: This Agreement is made with respect to the following facts: A. Seascape is the fee simple owner of, and is desirous of developing, those certain parcels of real property situate at O'oma, District of North Kona, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, commonly known as Lots 1, 3, 4 and 5 of the "Kalaoa-O'oma Homesteads," identified on the tax maps of the Third Taxation Division of the State of Hawaii as TMK No. (3) 7-3-010:003, 052, 053 and 054 (a road lot) and containing an azea of approximately 40 acres (the "Land"). B. Without the water source transmission, storage and distribution facilities proposed and described in this Agreement, the existing water system located within the vicinity of the Land does not have the additional capacity to satisfy the requirements for any proposed development of the Land by Seascape. C. Seascape is willing to enter into an agreement with the Water Board to provide additional capacity to the existing water system to obtain final plan approval or final subdivision approval of Seascape's proposed development of the Land. D. In order to facilitate and allow the development of the Land as proposed by Seascape, Seascape is willing, upon the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement, to design, construct, replace and otherwise create and establish additional capacity within the existing water system located within the vicinity of, and providing water service to, the Land and to construct and install the transmission, storage and distribution facilities required in connection with such increased capacity. E. The Water Boazd is willing to allow Seascape to develop and increase the capacity of the existing water system within the vicinity of, and providing water service to, the Land upon the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement. F. Seascape and the Water Board are desirous of setting forth the terms, covenants and conditions of their agreement with respect to the foregoing. Water Facilities Agreement rev 7-21-06 svq AGREEMENT: NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the covenants, conditions and agreements of the parties set forth herein, and the mutual benefit and advantage to be derived by the parties therefrom, Seascape and the Water Boazd hereby agree as follows: 1. Seascape's Oblieations. In consideration of the terms, covenants and conditions of this Agreement, Seascape covenants and agrees that upon execution of this Agreement by the parties, Seascape shall: a. At Seascape's sole cost and expense (except as provided in Paragraph 2.a below), design and construct a million gallon water reservoir south of the existing well site on approximately 1.00 acre of land to be subdivided by Seascape from TMK No. (3) 7-3-004:011, which subdivided pazcel will, upon final approval of the subdivision, be purchased by Seascape and conveyed to the Department of Water Supply (Department); b. At Seascape's sole cost and expense (except as provided in Paragraph 2.a below), (i) obtain and create (x) a fifteen (15) foot wide easement with a paved (12) foot wide paved roadway to Department standards for water pipeline and maintenance purposes along, the western boundary of TMK (3) 7-3-004:018 from the Deparhment's existing eight inch water lines on TMK No. (3) 7-3-004:017 to TMK No. (3) 7-3-004:011, and (y) a fifteen (15) foot wide easement with a (12) foot wide paved roadway to Department standazds for water pipeline and maintenance purposes along, over and across the northern boundary of TMK (3) 7-3-004:011 from the southern terminus of the easement described in (x) above to the new water reservoir on the approximately 1.00 acre of land to be subdivided by Seascape from TMK No. (3) 7-3-004:01 I, and (z) a (20) foot wide access and utility easement with a (12) foot wide paved roadway to the Department's standards from the new reservoir to and down and along the southerly boundary of TMK (3) 7-3-004:011 to the Old Government Road, (ii) install a new 12 inch water line within the existing utility easement adjacent to the existing reservoir on TMK No. (3) 7-3-004:017 and the easements described in clauses (i)(x), (i)(y) and (i)(z) above and then northerly to the Department's existing water lines along the Mamalahoa Highway to deliver water from the water reservoir on the subdivided portion of TMK No. (3) 7-3-004:011 described in Paragraph l.a above to the Department's existing water lines along the Mamalahoa Highway, which easements and water lines will, upon final approval of the same by the Department, be conveyed to the Department; c. At Seascape's sole cost and expense (except as provided in Pazagraph 2.a & 2.b below), install a new 16 inch water line along the Mamalahoa Highway to where the water line joins the existing water lines in Kal'iminani Street. The final pipeline routing and configuration will be subject to a hydraulic analysis to be prepared by Seascape and approved by the Department. d. Seascape shall at its sole cost and expense obtain the Environmental Assessment and comply with any other County, State and Fedetal requirements for the increased capacity of the 700 gpm pump in the Kalaoa Well and all other improvements described above requiring same, except that DWS shall submit an application for the permit for the increased capacity of the Kalaoa Well based on the outcome of the Environmental Assessment. Water Facilities Agreement rev 7-21-06 svq 2 All construction and installations by Seascape pursuant to this Agreement shall conform to and be in compliance with the Rules and Regulations of the Department and all such construction and installations shall be approved by the Department. 2. Water Board's Obli¢ations. In consideration of the terms, covenants and conditions of this Agreement, the Water Board and the Department shall: a. Upon completion of the construction of the reservoir described in Paragraph l.a above, the Department shall, within sixty days of the Department's approval of the construction, reimburse Seascape for a prorated portion of the costs and expenses including interest expenses incurred by Seascape for (i) the purchase of the subdivided parcel and easements and (ii) the design, construction and installation of the reservoir, water lines and service roads, described th Paragraph 1 above. The prorated portion of the costs and expenses for the purchase of the subdivided parcel and the design and construction of the reservoir to be reimbursed to Seascape by the Department shall be equal to the percentage determined as follows: 100% less the percentage derived by dividing (x) the total number of gallons pet day allotted to Seascape pursuant to Paragraph 3.a below, i.e., the number of Equivalent Units times 600 =total gallons per day allotted to Seascape, by (y) 1,000,000 (the total capacity of the new reservoir). For example, if Seascape is allotted 450 Equivalent Units per Paragraph 3.a below combined with those units allotted in the first Water Development Agreement dated October 4, 2005, then 450 Equivalent Units times 600 gallons equals 270,000 gallons; 270,000 gallons divided by 1,000,000 gallons = 27%; therefore, the Department will reimburse Seascape for 73%, i.e., 100% less 27%, of the costs and expenses incurred by Seascape (i) the purchase of the subdivided pazcel and easements and (ii) the design, construction and installation of the reservoir, water lines and service roads, described in Pazagraph 1 above. b. Upon completion of the installation of the water lines described in Paragraph 1 above and the approval thereof by the Department, the Department shall reimburse Seascape for the incremental increase in the costs and fees incurred by Seascape for the installation of a sixteen inch water line in lieu of a twelve inch water line along Mamalahoa Highway to Kaiminani St. a Subject to the Department's standazd Elevation and Out Of Bounds Agreements for the parcels, the Department shall allocate four (4) Equivalent Units for use by TMK Nos. (3) 7-3-004:018, 019, 020 and 021 and one (1) Equivalent Unit for use by TMK No. (3) 7-3-004:011. d. The Department shall in a timely manner inspect and review, at no cost to Seascape, the construction of the reservoir and the installation of the water lines described in Paragraph 1 above pursuant to the Department's Rules and Regulations therefore such that upon completion of such construction and installation in conformance with the requirements of the Rules and Regulations, the same shall be approved and accepted for dedication by the Department. 3. "Equivalent Units." An "Equivalent Unit" is equal to 600 gallons per day (gpd) maximum daily water usage. Maximum daily usage is defined as 1.5 times the average daily usage. The Department reserves the right to require Seascape to allocate more than one Equivalent Unit to the development of any lot (residential, condominium or other). For the Water Facilities Agreement rev 7-21-06 svq 3 Equivalent Units acquired by Seascape pursuant to pazagraph 2 above, Seascape will receive a credit against the then prevailing facilities chazges that would otherwise be payable by Seascape with respect to such Equivalent Units pursuant to Section 4-6 (2) (3) and (4) of the Department Rules and Regulations, effective October 21, 2004. To receive any credit Seascape's contribution must be more than the facilities chazges. a. Upon the completion of the construction and installation described in Paragraph 1 above and the approval and acceptance thereof by the Department, Seascape will be allocated a number of Equivalent Units equal to 35.625% of the additional Equivalent Units that are created by the installatio^ of a 700 gpm water pump per the previous Water Development Agreement dated October 4, 2005 between Water Board and Seascape in the place of the previous water pump generating 300 gpm, provided, however, that such allocation shall not exceed 342 Equivalent Units. b. In the event the water pump purchased by Seascape pursuant to Paragraph l.a above generates less than 700 gpm, in addition to the Equivalent Units acquired by Seascape pursuant to Paragraph 3.a above, the Department shall allocate up to an additional fifty Equivalent Units to Seascape, provided, however, that the allocation of Equivalent Units to Seascape under Paragraph 3.a and this Paragraph 3.b shall not exceed 342 Equivalent Units (which shall be in addition to the 125 Equivalent Units issued to Seascape via the first Water Development Agreement dated October 4, 2005). c. For the Equivalent Units acquired by Seascape pursuant to Pazagraph 3.a above, Seascape will receive a credit of 65% against the facility chazges that would otherwise be payable by Seascape with respect to such Equivalent Units pursuant to Section 4-6, clauses (2), (3) and (4), of the Department's Rules and Regulations. d. Seascape shall also receive an additional 50% credit against the facility chazges for the 125 Equivalent Units granted to Seascape via Sections K- 1, 2 and 3 of the first Water Development Agreement dated October 4, 2005 as follows: "k. Seascape intends to design and construct a one (1) million gallon pre-stressed concrete reservoir mauka of the existing Kalaoa Well site, construct a 12-inch water transmission line from the existing reservoir on TMK (3) 7-3-004:017 to the Mamalahoa Highway, a 16-inch water transmission line along Mamalahoa Highway to where the water transmission line joins the existing water transmission lines at Kaiminani Street and complete an environmental assessment and get all approvals necessary to increase the 700 gpm pump described above from the throttled back 500 gpm to the 700 gpm so that Seascape may be provided additional Equivalent Units for the development of the remaining portion of Seascape's TMK (3) 7-3- 010:003. However, because Seascape does not currently own property suitable for the one (1) million gallon pre-stressed concrete reservoir, and because the necessary approvals to increase the pump from 500 gpm to 700 gpm have not been received, among other things, Seascape is not in a position at this time to enter into an agreement with the Water Boazd for the provision of said additional Equivalent Units. A subsequent agreement between Seascape and the Water Boazd will have to be negotiated in order for Seascape to have any further Equivalent Units granted to Water Facilities Ageement rev 7-21-06 svq 4 TMK (3) 7-3-010:003. This subsequent agreement is hereinafter referred to as "Agreement II". 1) If Seascape completes al] of the improvements anticipated to be required as a part of Agreement II, it may be entitled to receive facilities charge credit under Section 4-6(3) and (4) of the DWS Rules and Regulations ("Future Facilities Chazge Credits") against the then prevailing facilities chazges that will be owed to DWS for the Equivalent Units granted in Agreement II ("Future Facilities chazges"). 2) DWS will not allow Seascape the Future Facilities Chazge Credits to be used or applied against the facilities chazges Seascape will owe DWS for the 125 Equivalent Units granted as part of this Agreement. 3) However, should Seascape actually complete all improvements anticipated to be a part of Agreement II and be entitled to Future Facilities Charge Credits under Agreement II, DWS will also provide Seascape a credit against the Future Facilities chazges which will be calculated by taking the same percentage given in Future Facilities Chazge Credits and applying it to the facilities chazges paid by Seascape for the 125 Equivalent Units given in this Agreement. For example, Seascape will owe DWS $687,500 ($5,500 x 125) in facilities chazges for the 125 units given as part of this Agreement. The maximum credit Seascape may obtain against those facilities chazges for improvements completed per this Agreement is 15% of $687,500 for outfitting a well per Section 4-6(2) of the DWS Rules and Regulations or $103,125. If Seascape receives a Future Facilities Chazge Credit of 50% under 4-6(3) and (4) against Future Facilities chazges for additional water system improvements under Agreement II, then when Seascape completes those improvements and otherwise becomes entitled to receive the Future Facilities Chazge Credit, it will also receive a credit against the Future Facilities Charges in the amount of $343,750 (50% of $687,500)." e. With respect to the Equivalent Units received by Seascape pursuant to Paragraph 3 .b above, Seascape shall pay the foil facilities charge payable by Seascape with respect thereto pursuant to Section 4-6 of the Deparhnent's Rules and Regulations. f. The 342 Equivalent Units granted herein shall remain appurtenant to the Land and shall be used on their respective lands and shall not be transferable or assignable, except to successors in interest of those lands or any part thereof. 4. No Deemed AoarovaL Nothing contained in this Agreement shall be deemed to be an approval or require the approval of any construction or installation of Seascape pursuant to this Agreement by any County of Hawaii department or agency except as required by and pursuant to applicable law and administrative rules and regulations, nor shall this Agreement be deemed to require any County of Hawaii department or agency to approve any proposed development of the Land by Seascape except as required by, and pursuant to, applicable law and administrative Hiles and regulations. Wales Facilities Ageemrnt rev 7-21.06 svq 5 5. Water Board Ownership. Upon completion of the construction and installations by Seascape as provided in this Agreement and the approval and acceptance thereof by the Department, all improvements, installations, equipment and facilities constructed, installed and provided by Seascape pursuant to this Agreement shall become the sole and separate property of the Water Board and Seascape shall have no right or interest therein or thereto except as specifically provided in this Agreement. 6. Force Maieure. In the event of any event of "force majeure", i.e., strikes, lockouts, labor troubles, inability to procure materials, new restrictive governmental laws or regulations, unforeseeable delays in obtaining governmental permits, approvals or consents, or riots, insurrection, waz, or other reason of a like nature, not the fault of Seascape, Seascape shall have the right, without default, upon written notice to the Department and the Planning Director, to temunate this Agreement and withdraw from any further or future obligation or liability hereunder. 7. Benefit. All of the terms, rights, obligations, covenants and agreements of the parties set forth in this Agreement shall be binding upon and be for the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns. 8. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in multiple counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original and all of which shall constitute one agreement and the signature of any party in counterpart shall be deemed as a signature to and may be appended to any other counterpart. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the date and yeaz set forth above. RECOMMEND APPROVAL: By: Milton D. Pavao Manager Department of Water Supply Date: WATER BOARD OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII By: Loren Heck Its Chairman Date: Water Facilities Ageemen[ rev 7-21-06 svq APPROVED AS TO FORM AND LEGALITY: By: Deputy Corporation Counsel County of Hawaii Date: SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC, a Hawaii limited liability company By: WESTPRO HOLDINGS, LLC a Hawaii limited liability company, Its Manager By: Alan Dickler Its Manager Date: Water Facilities A~eement rev 7-21-06 svq DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS COUNTY OF HAWAII HILO, HAWAII DATE: May 7, 2007 Memorandum TO Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director Planning Department FROM: Galen M. Kuba, Division Chief Engineering Division SUBJECT Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000064) State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000014) Applicant: Seascape Development, LLC. Location: Kalaoa 5`", North Kona TMK: 3 / 7-3-010: Portion of 003 We reviewed the subject application and our comments are as follows: DRAINAGE All development generated runoff shall be disposed of on-site and shall not be directed toward any adjacent properties. 2. The applicant shall be informed that if they include drywells in the subject development, an Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit may be required from the Department of Health, State of Hawaii. 3. A drainage study shall be prepared, and the recommended drainage system shall be constructed meeting with the approval of DPW. EARTHWORK All earthwork and grading shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sediment Control, of the Hawaii County Code. 2. The applicant shall comply with chapter 11-55, Water Pollution Control, Hawaii Administrative Rules, Department of Health, which requires an NPDES permit for certain construction activity. ROADWAYS 2. DPW recommends that a roadway master plan including roadway alignments and EX~ BIT Memorandum to PD May 7, 2007 Page 2 of 4 connections, in conjunction with an implementation strategy for the K to K Plan roads be adopted prior to further incremental development in the area. In the absence of an approved roadway master plan, DPW recommends development plans include extension of and access to Ane Keohokalole Highway (Midlevel Road) by an improved Homestead Road. Access to Ane Keohokalole Highway, should be consolidated at Homestead Road which is far enough from the Kaiminani Drive intersection to prevent conflicts with future turn lanes. Under such roadway plan, adjacent Lokahi Subdivision under construction by the applicant, should combine access to Midlevel Road by way of Homestead Road, improved to dedicable standards. 2. The applicant should construct any subdivision roadways to County dedicable standards. All roadways within the proposed development shall follow the guidelines incorporated in the Hawaii Statewide Uniform Design Manual for Streets and Highways. These roadways shall also meet the requirements of DPW. Concrete curbs, gutters, and sidewalks should be required in areas of pedestrian traffic. Install street lights, signs and markings meeting with the approval of the DPW, Traffic Division. 3. Kakahiaka Street, is a County road which presently serves existing residences in the Kona Palisades subdivision. The existing street through Kona Palisades has an approximate 20-ft. wide pavement within a 50-ft. right-of--way and unpaved shoulders which have been, in some cases, landscaped by abutting landowners. The street was extended to dedicable standards with curb, gutter and sidewalk through the adjacent Lokahi Makai property to the subject property. The extension is a 50-foot wide street to dedicable standards with concrete curb, gutter and sidewalk. The applicant shall further extend of Kakahiaka Street to the southerly property line of the subject property to dedicable standards and dedicate all improvements to the County upon request. To improve the level of service for northbound traffic at the Kaiminini Street intersection (see Traffic Item 1), a right turn lane should be provided on Kakahiaka Street, meeting with the approval of DPW. To improve bicycle and pedestrian safety, the applicant should improve the existing portion of Kakahiaka Street from Kaiminanai Drive to the northerly boundary of the Lokahi Planned Unit Development (approximately 300 feet) with 5-foot wide paved shoulders, meeting with the approval of DPW. Drainage improvements, signs and markings and removal or relocation of existing right-of-way encroachments, may be necessary. 2. Kaiminani Drive, serving Kakahiaka Street, is a major mauka -makai County collector street serving residential subdivisions and connecting arterials Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Mamalahoa Highway. It also serves as a local road, providing direct access to single family house lots on both sides along its entire County of Hav2ii is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Empbyer Memorandum to PD May 7, 2007 Page 3 of 4 length. It has a 22-ft. wide pavement within a 60-foot wide right-of-way, lacking paved shoulders. Grades exceed the maximum allowed under the Subdivision Code and recommended grades at intersections. The applicant should install or contribute to the installation of a traffic signal at the intersection of Kaiminani Drive and Mamalahoa Highway. (See TRAFFIC Item 3}. TRAFFIC The TZAR for the subject project dated January 2007, amends a report dated June 2003 for the Lokahi Subdivision. The report analyzes the intersections of Kaiminini Drive with Kakahiaka Street, the new spur of Ane Keohokalole Highway, Mamalahoa Highway and Queen Kaahumanu Highway. Future traffic volumes include trips for 298 units of the 306 unit subject project, the 108 unit Seascape Project under construction on Lot 2 and 4 out of 5 phases of the Lokahi Makai Subdivision occupied and under construction.) No new traffic counts were taken. The future level of service showing delays compared to a theoretical existing condition, is for combined project and ambient growth (a build/no build comparison of impact was not done.) The study indicates there will be increasing delays in making turning movements from Kahahiaka Street, changing the level of Service from C to D. No impact related improvements are recommended by the study. (See DPW recommendation Roadways Item 3.) 2. The study assumes any impacts to Queen Kaahumanu Highway likely will be addressed with the construction of Queen Kaahumanu Highway Widening, Phase 2 3. The study identifies an impact to the intersection of Kaiminnani Drive and Mamalahoa Highway. The eastbound left turn delays increase enough to reduce the level of service from existing E to F for both morning an afternoon peak hours. A County funded project is currently being contracted to provide separate lanes for left and right turning traffic on Kaiminani Street at the intersection. Presently, there are no County plans to signalize the intersection. (See DPW recommendation Roadways item 2.) A Draft EIS dated July, 2003 was reviewed for Hiluhilu Development TMK 7-2-005:001. The TZAR identifies a need to mitigate existing conditions at the Kaiminani Street intersection with Mamalahoa Highway. Eastbound traffic delays were found to have reached an unacceptable Level of Service E and F for the Eastbound left turn movement during the morning and afternoon peak, respectively. The study concluded that without the Hiluhilu Development project, a traffic signal will be warranted at the intersection by the year 2007. The study commented that the steepness and lack of a dedicated right turn lane on the Kaiminani Street approach causes delays at the intersection. County of Hawaii ie an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer Memorandum to PD May 7, 2007 Page 4 of 4 We have some concern that the study may underestimate the number of Kaiminani Street trips distributed to Kahahiaka Street. Of those trips, 80 percent are estimated to be to and from the makai direction. This may obscure a warrant for left tum channelization of Kaiminani Drive at the intersection with Kakahiaka Street. The trip generation data is estimated from hypothetical sources as the traffic counts from 2005 predate existing occupancy of portions of the development considered in the "future" volumes. A way to test the data and the assumptions made would be to take current counts to check the trip generation and distribution assumptions from the units occupied since the original counts were taken. We defer to the Planning Director regarding this recommendation for an updated study with new traffic counts. Should there be any questions concerning this matter, please feel free to contact Kiran Emler of our Kona Engineering Division office at 327-3530. KE copy: ENG-HILO/KONA PLNG-KONA County or Hawaii is an Equal Opportunity Provider arW Empbyer ., i, ~ _ DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY COUNTY OF HAWAII 345 KEKUANAO'A STREET, SUITE 20 HILO, HAW AI`I 96720 TELEPHONE (808)961-8050 fAX (808)961-8657 Apri127, 2007 TO: Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director Planning Department FROM: Milton D. Pavao, Manager SUBJECT: STATE LAND USE BOUNDARY AMENDMENT APPLICATION (SLU 07-000014) REQUEST: AGRICULTURAL TO URBAN CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 07-000064) REQUEST: A-SA TO RM-1 APPLICANT -SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC TAX MAP KEY 7-3-010:003 We have reviewed the subject applications and have the following comments and conditions. Please be informed that the water development agreement referenced as Appendix F in the subject application is currently being revised and negotiated between the developer and the Department. The Department will work with the developer to determine the terms of the agreement and the necessary water system improvements required to support the proposed development. Should there be any questions, please contact Mr. Finn McCall of our Water Resources and Planning Branch at 961-8070, extension 255. Sincerely yours, e~ Milton D. Pavao, P.E. Manager FM:dfg copy - Mr. Bill Brooks, Westpro Development, LLC Mr. Alan Dickler, Seascape Development, LLC EXHIBIT 3 ... I/UaEer brivtc~l proc~reaa... o ~ ~ ~ 9 (7 The Department of Water Supply is an Equal Opportunity provider and employer. To file a complaint of discrimination, write: USDA, Director, Offce o! Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington DC 20250-9410. Or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD) Harry Kim Mayor ',. - ~'j . t*SG. ~4;~r} a~ County of Hawaii POLICE DEPARTMENT 349 Kapioleni Sueet • Hilo, Hawaii 46720-3948 (808) 935-3311 • Fax (808)961-2389 April 13, 2007 TO CHRIPHE J. Y EN, PLANNING DIRECTOR FROM D~~LK D. PA HEC~ ASSISTANT POLICE CHIEF, AREA II OPERATIONS Lawrence K. Mahuna Polrce Chief Harry S. Kubojiri Deputy Police Chief SUBJECT State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000014) Applicant: Seascape Development LLC Request: Agricultural to Urban Tax Map Key: 7-3-10:3 Staff has reviewed the above-referenced application and submits the following. That current traffic issues along the Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Hawaii Belt Road, the only north-to-south corridors in North Kona, have yet to be addressed, That traffic along Queen Kaahumanu Highway reaches gridlock conditions on a daily basis and regularly backs up as far as Hualalai Resorts on weekday afternoons. Any zoning change that would increase density will further add traffic to this unacceptable situation. Staff also feels that this rezoning, if approved, will increase traffic at the Kakahiaka Street and Kaiminani Drive intersection. Staff feels that this increase will warrant the construction of both merging and turning lanes on Kaiminani Drive at this intersection. Staff maintains that until such time as adequate roads are built to support the ever-growing population, construction, and additional vehicles on our roadways, additional development must adhere to the County's proposed policy on the principle of concurrency. Should you have any questions, please contact Captain Randy Apele, Commander of the Kona District, at 326-4646, extension 249. ~XHIBIT ~f "Hawai' i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer" Q ~ ~ 6' 4, 1 •sv os Males ~~ ' Harry Kim • Mayor 7F;~,r rye ~ r-,t r. m, pry - _ ~.i. . ~ouutp of ~ab~a~i`i HAWAII FIRE DEPARTMENT 25 Aupunl Street • Suite 103 • H31q Hawaii 96720 (808)981-8394• Fu (808)981-2037 April 19, 2007 TO CHRISTOPFIER J. YiJEN, PLANNING DIRECTOR FROM DARRYL OLIVEIRA, FIRE CHIEF Darryl J. Oliveira Fire Chief Glen P.I. Honda Deputy Fire Chief SUBJECT: STATE LAND USE BOUNDARY AMENDMENT APPLICATION (SLU 07- 000014) REQUEST: AGRICULTURAL TO URBAN CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 07-000064) REQUEST: A-Sato RM-1 APPLICANT: SEASCAPE DEVELOPMENT, LLC TMK: 7-3-10:3 We have no comments to offer at this time in reference to the above-mentioned State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application. D IVEIRA Fire Chief PB W apc EXHIBIT S Haeuai i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer. O ~ ` ~ v ~Ptt epL r ~REt1E~ 40J~tY OF~ ~~~1 ~ >,{ tr ~Hn~~i 14±tn; ~ ;( Barbara Bell :-° =t ~ 7Nayor ~ - Director If V 1~'~ '-`` 'rF of ~~"' Nelson Ho ~~~.~- - - - ~ Deputy Director ._ _ . ~;aixnt~r ,af ~ttfuttii DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 25 Aupuni Street • Hilq Aawaii 96720-4252 (808) 961-8083 • Fax (808) 961-8086 MEMORANDUM Date : Apri15, 2007 To CHRISTOPHER YUEN, Plannin irector From: BARBARA BELL, Director Subject: State Land Use Boundary endment Application (SLU 07-000014) Request: Agricultural to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000064) Request: A-Sato RM-1 Applicant: Seascape Development LLC TMK: 7-3-10:3 We have reviewed the subject application and offer the following recommendations: DEPARTMENT COMMENTS: V1p"- WASTEWATER COMMENTS: (X) No comments ( )Require connection of existing and/or proposed structures to the public sewer in accordance with Section 21-5 of the Hawaii County Code. ( )Require Council Resolution to approve sewer extension in accordance with Section 21-26.1 of the Hawaii County Code. Complete D.E.M. Sewer Extension Application. ( )Require extension of the sewer system to service the proposed subdivision in accordance with Section 23-85 of the Hawaii County Code. ( )Other: - TECHNICAL SERVICES COMMENTS: I ~~ C C~~ C~.M~ 1~1~~(JA~ \\\C~ SOLID WASTE COMMENTS: ~~ ~ ~~~ JC ' "~~~ ( ) No comments (•~p) Commercial operations, State and Federal agencies, religious entities and non-profit organizations may not use transfer stations for disposal. (qQ) Aggregates and any other construction/demolition waste should be responsibly reused to its fullest extent. (~O) Ample and equal room should be provided for rubbish and recycling. Oq) Greenwaste may be transported to the green waste sites located at the Kailua and Hilo transfer stations, or other suitable diversion programs. (`~) Construction and demolition waste is prohibited at all County Transfer Stations. Y~, Oc.) Submit Solid Waste Management Plan in accordance with attached guidelines. ( )Existing Solid Waste Management Plan is to be followed. Provide update to the department on current status. ( )Other: ~YrnIR~IT cc: SWD, TSS, WWD ~ 9371 p 2 ~ 7 ~ ~ Hawaii County is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Barbara Bell Director Hatr'y Kim Mayor lYIIchael Dworsky P.E Solid WasteDlvision Chief County of Hawaii DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 25 Aapaol Sfmt, Rowa 210 • >Rb. Hewari 96720.4252 (BOB) 961083 • Faz (808) 961-0086 June 6, 2006 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN Guidelines INTENT AND PURPOSE This is to establish guidelines for reviewing solid waste management plans, for which special conditions are placed on developments. The solid waste management plan will be used to: (1) encourage recycling and recycling programs, (2) predict the waste generated by the proposed development to anticlpate the loading on County transfer stations, landfills and recycling facilities, and (3) predict the additional traffic being generated because of waste and recycling transfers. REPORT The consultants report will contain the following: Description of the project and the potential waste ft may be generating: i.e. analysis of anticlpated waste volume and composition. This includes waste generated during the censtruclion and operational phases. Greenwastes will be included in this report for both construction grubbing and future operational landscape maintenance. 2. Desgiption and location of the possible sites for waste disposal or recycling. We will not allow the use of the County transfer stations for any commercial developmer~ commercial development as defined under the policies of the Department of Environmental Management, Solid Waste Division. 3. Since the Department of Environmental Management promotes recycling, indicate onsite source separation facilities by waste stream; i.e. source separation bins of glass, metal, plastic, cardboard, aluminum, etc. Provide ample and equal space for rubbish and recycling. 4. Identification of the proposed disposal site and transportation methods for the various components of the waste disposal and recycling system, including the number of truck traffic and the route that truck will be using to transport the waste and recycled materials. Solid Waste Management Plan Guidelines Page 2 of 2 5. The report will inGude any impacts to County waste and recycling facilities, and the appropriate mitigation measures. All recommendations and mitigation measures will be addressed. 6. Description of the waste reduction component that analyzes techniques to be employed to achieve a reduction goal. 7. Analysis will be based on the highest potential use or zoning of the development. REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS A solid waste management plan will be done for all commeraal developments, as defined under the policies of the Department of Environmental Management, Solid Waste Division. 2. We will require the developer to provide or resolve all recommendations and mitigation measures as outlined in the report: besides any conditions placed on the applicant by the Department of Environmental Management. 3. A licensed environmental or civil engineer will draft and certify the solid waste management plan. CONCUR: Barbara Bell DIRECTOR 10/13/03 Revised 06/06/06 HBwal i County is en Equal Opportunity Provider antl Employer. icezomng irvut i-~-iu:~ aeascape Leveropmenc ii,~, rage r ui i From: Norman Hayashi [nkhayashi~hawaiiantel.net] Sent: Tuesday, April 10, 2007 2:19 PM To: PFUJIMOTO(dlco.hawaii.hi.us Subject: FW: Rezoning TMK 7-3-10:3 Seascape Development LLC From: PENGELHARD@co.hawaii.hi.us [mailto:PENGELHARD~co.hawaii.hi.us] Sent: Thursday, April O5, 2007 3:25 PM To: norman_hayashi@co.hawafi.hi.us Cc: JKOMATA@co.hawaii.hi.us; PMizunoC@co.hawaii.hi.us Subject: Rezoning TMK 7-3-10:3 Seascape Development LLC We have been asked to comment on a goodly bit of paper that arrived on 4/4/07 relating to the subject Rezoning Application. Although the project only occupies 10 acres and the request is to rezone from Ag 5 to RM 1, this project will have many occupants. It doesn't appear to have any recreational amenities except for a pool. At some point, will we be able to comment on the numbers of occupants without active recreational space? Thanks for allowing us to comment on this development. Pat Engelhard Director of P&R EXHIBIT snoi2oo7 ~ Harry Kim r ~ouurp of ~aluatt OFFICE OF HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 50 Wailuku Drive • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-2484 V?T (908) 961-8379 • FAX (808) 961-8685 April 13, 2007 TO: Chris Yuen, Director Planning Department FROM: Edwin S. Taira Housing Administrator SUBJECT: State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000014) Request: Agricultural to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000064) Request: A-5a to RM-1 Applicant: Seascape Development, LLC Tax Map Key: 7-3-010:003 Edwin S. Taira Housing Adrninistratar Affordable housing conditions, pursuant to Hawaii County Code, Chapter 11, Housing, are applicable to the request. Thank you for the opportunity to comment. 1264pasr 027429 EXHIBIT _ 8 EQUAL HOUSIN OPPORTUNITY "HAWAI'I COUNTV IS AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY PROVIDER AND EMPLOYER' ~1 ~. ~,' Harry Kim Mayor- ~ountp of ~aboaft OFFICE OF HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 50 Wailuku Drive • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-2484 V/TT (808) 961-8379 • FAX (808) 961-8685 May 04, 2007 MEMORANDUM TO: Chris Yuen, Director Planning Department FROM: Edwin S. Taira ./~~t----- Housing Administrator SUBJECT: Developer: Seascape Development LLC ORD: 04-106 Tax Map Key: (3) 7-3-010:051 Detail of Affordable Housing Credit Assignments Edwin S. Taira Housing Administrator The Office of Housing and Community Development (OHCD) is providing a list of the 54 affordable housing credits assignments by Seascape Development, LLC, as requested: Recipient/TMK Credits Executed Date Pinn Bros. Const., Inc. 12 03/15/06 7-5-020:071,072 GBH-Kai Maluna, LLC 24 08/21/06 7-5-010:061 WB KD Acquisition 8 11/03/06 7-2-010:023,024 7-2-032:009,010,011,012 SCD Kona 108 LLC 10 in process 7-5-003:007,008,009 Total: 54 Please call us at ext. 8379 if you have questions or need additional information. Thank you. 02 ~~.~~ _ 1294pasr EQUAL HOUSING OPPORTUNITY ' "HAWAI'I COUNTY IS AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY PROVIDER AND EMPLOYER" LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR OFFICE OF BUSINESS SERVICES Apri127, 2007 Mr. Christopher J. Yuen Planning Director County of Hawaii 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Mr. Yuen: p ~"•'~ ~ `~' h t SIB - 'I ~~ STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION P.O. BOX 2360 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96804 Subject: State Land Use Boundary Amendment and Zone Change for the Seascape Development Rental, O'oma, North Kona, TMK: 7-3-010: 003 ~~ ~ SLU 07-000014)(REZ 07-000064) RATRIOIA HAMAMOTO SUPERINTENDENT The Department of Education (DOE) has reviewed the application for boundazy amendment and rezoning of lands in O'oma, North Kona which would enable the development of 306 affordable, multi-family residential units. The DOE estimates that at maturity the project will generate approximately 145 public school students, including 77 elementary students, 31 middle school students, and 37 high school students. Public school students who would live in the proposed project would attend schools in the Kealakehe High School Complex. In the 2006-2007 school year, the Kealakehe Elementary emollment is at its facility capacity. Enrolhnent is expected to grow over the next six years and exceed the school's facility capacity by 135 students in the 2011-2012 school year. This is a concern to the DOE because the projected enrollment estimate takes into account some, but not all, of the development being proposed in the area served by Kealakehe Elementary. The enrollment at Kealakehe Middle School in the 2006-2007 school year is approximately 122 students below the school's facility capacity. Kealakehe High School is presently less than 100 students over school facility capacity and enrollment is expected to decline slightly over the next six years. EX-~-_ o~~sU~ AN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER Mr. Christoper J. Yuen Page 2 Apri127, 2007 The DOE requests the imposition of a school fair-share contribution. The standard language for a fair-share condition is as follows: The Applicant shall contribute to the development, firnding, and/or construction of school facilities, on a fair-share basis, as determined by and to the satisfaction of the Department of Education. Terms of the contribution shall be agreed upon in writing by the Applicant and the Department of Education prior to obtaining building permits for any aspect of the project. DOE appreciates the opportunity to review the plans. If you have any questions, please call Heidi Meeker of the Facilities Development Branch at (808) 733-4862. Sincerely yours, t~r~ I~yl~r.~J Duane Y. Kashiwai Public Works Administrator DYK:jmb c: Art Souza, CAS, Honokaa/Kealakehe/Kohala/Konawaena Complex Areas LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR MEMORANDUM DATE: Apri19, 2007 'S b ~ F M9 Rf/ Bbp ~ q 1 _ ~~~ ,s ~~~. STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P.O. BOX 916 HILO, HAWAII 96721-0916 TO: Christopher J. Yuen Planning Director, County of Hawaii FROM: Newton Inouye '~~ Acting District Environmental Health Program Chief CHIYOME L. FUKINO, M.D. DIlBGOf of Health SUBJECT: State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000014) Request: Agricultural to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000064) Request: A-Sato RM-1 Applicant: Seascape Development, LLC Tax Map Key: 7-3-10:3 Please allow us a 45 days extension on the Apri130, 2007 due date for comments. The submittals for the subject development have been transmitted to our Environmental Management programs for their coordinated review and comments. Upon receipt of their reply, their comments will be forwarded to your office. Construction activities must comply with the provisions of Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapter 11-46, "Community Noise Control." 1. The contractor must obtain a noise permit if the noise levels from the construction activities are expected to exceed the allowable levels of the rules. 2. Construction equipment and on-site vehicles requiring an exhaust of gas or air must be equipped with mufflers. 3. The contractor must comply with the requiremefftS pertaining to construction activities as specified in the rules and the conditions issued with the permit. Should there be any questions on this matter, please contact the Department of Health at 933-0917. WORD:SLU 07-000014 REZ 07-000064.my EXHIBIT U 2 7 2 31 -- ~© 46 B ~<y 4 P 999 qi r .~ - .r ~+ • ` - I CHIVOME L. FUKINO, M.D. LINDA LING,~j~[ ~ GOVERNOR 6F~JiAWAII `!~'` ~ ~ x ~ ~. -t ~y B DIRECTOR OF HEALTH _ Oeg STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Ia reply, please refer to: P.O. Box 3378 EPO-07-082 HONOLIIW,HAWAII 96801-3378 _ May 9, 2007 Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, Director County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3043 Dear Mr. Yuen: SUBJECT: State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000014) Request: Agricultural to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000064) Request: A-Sato RM-1 Applicant: Seascape Development, LLC Kalaoa 50i, North Kona, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii TMK: (3) 7-3-010: 003; 10.001 acres Thank you for allowing us to review and comment on the subject application. The document was routed to the various branches of the Department of Health (DOH) Environmental Health Administration. We have the following Wastewater Branch, Clean Water Branch and General comments. Wastewater Branch We have no objections to the proposal as wastewater will be treated and disposed of by a new onsite wastewater treatment works facility. Currently, our files (DOH WTW File No. 572) show that we have reviewed and approved of plans fora 60,000 gallons per day wastewater facility. However, the applicant needs to confirm that the WWTP can be expanded to accommodate the additiona1306 housing units surrounding the initial affordable housing project. In addition, recent amendments to HRS 343 include language which triggers the need for an environmental assessment. One of these new triggers in Section 343-5(a) reads in part: "(a) Except as otherwise provided, an environmental assessment shall be required for actions that:... ... (9) Propose any: 0254~t~ Mr. Yuen May 9, 2007 Page 2 (A) Wastewater tteahnent unit, except an individual wastewater system or a wastewater treatment unit serving fewer than fifty single-family dwellings or the equivalent;" We recommend that the applicant be advised of the above requirements. All wastewater plans must meet Department's Rules, HAR Chapter 11-62, "Wastewater Systems." We do reserve the right to review the detailed wastewater plans for conformance to applicable rules. If you have any questions, please contact the Planning & Design Section of the Wastewater Branch at 586-4294. Clean Water Branch Please note that our review is based solely on the information provided in the subject document and its compliance with Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), Chapters 11-54 and 11-55. You may be responsible for fulfilling additional requirements related to our program. We recommend that you also read our standazd comments on our website at http://www.hawaii. gov/health/environmentaUenv-planning/landuse/C WB-standardcomment.pdf. 1. Any project and its potential impacts to State waters must meet the following criteria: a. An6-degradation policy (HAR, Section 11-54-1.1), which requires that the existing uses and the level of water quality necessary to protect the existing uses of the receiving State water be maintained and protected. b. Designated uses (HAR, Section 11-54-3), as determined by the classification of the receiving State waters. c. Water quality criteria (HAR, Sections 11-54-4 through 11-54-8). 2. Please call the Army Corps of Engineers at (808) 438-9258 to see if this project requires a 3. Department of the Army (DA) permit. Permits may be required for work performed in, over, and under navigable waters of the United States. Projects requiring a DA permit also require a Section 401 Water Quality Certification (WQC) from our office. 4. You are required to obtain a National Pollutant Dischazge Elimination System (NPDES) permit for dischazges of wastewater, including storm water runoff, into State surface waters (HAR, Chapter 11-55). For the following types of dischazges into Class A or Class 2 State waters, you may apply for NPDES general permit coverage by submitting a Notice of Intent (NOI) form: Mr. Yuen May 9, 2007 Page 3 a. Storm water associated with construction activities, including clearing, grading, and excavation, that result in the disturbance of equal to or greaten than one (1) acre of total land azea. The total land area includes a contiguous azea where multiple separate and distinct construction activities may be taking place at different tones on different schedules under a lazger common plan of development or sale. An NPDES permit is required before the start of the construction activities. b. Hydro-testing water. c. Construction dewatering effluent. You must submit a sepazate NOI form for each type of discharge at least 30 days prior to the start of the discharge activity, except when applying for coverage for discharges of storm water associated with construction activity. For this type of dischazge, the NOI must be submitted 30 days before to the start of construction activities. The NOI forms may be picked up at our office or downloaded from our website at: http•//www hawaii gov/health/environmental/water/cleanwater/forms/aenl-index.html. You must also submit a copy of the NOI or NPDES permit application to the State Department of Land and Natural Resources, State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD), or demonstrate to the satisfaction of the CWB that SHPD has or is in the process of evaluating your project. Please submit a copy of your request for review by SHPD or SHPD's determination letter for the project along with your NOI or NPDES permit application, as applicable. 6. Please note that all dischazges related to the project construction or operation activities, whether or not NPDES permit coverage and/or Section 401 WQC aze required, must comply with the State's Water Quality Standards. Noncompliance with water quality requirements contained in HAR, Chapter 11-54, and/or perrnitting requirements, specified in HAR, Chapter 11-55, may be subject to penalties of $25,000 per day per violation. If you have any questions, please visit our website at httn'//www hawaii.QOV/health/environrnental/water/cleanwater/index.html, or contact the Engineering Secfion, CWB, at 586-4309. General We strongly recommend that you review all of the Standazd Comments on our website: www state.hi.us/health/environrnental/env planning/landuse/landuse.html. Any comments specifically applicable to this project should be adhered to. Mr. Yuen May 9, 2007 Page 4 If there are any questions about these comments please contact Jiacai Liu with the Environmental Planning Office at 586-4346. Sincerely, KELVIN H. SUNADA, MANAGER Environmental Planning Office c: EPO WWB CWB EH-Hawaii LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR e_ a__`~ h,' ANTHONY J.H. CHING EXECUTIVE OFSICEFl ~ G ~'•~ '. +1 ,~`~ 44~ 25 '~9 +i v 'F'~.e - STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & TOURISM LAND USE COMMISSION P.O. Box 2359 Honolulu, Hawaii 96804-2359 Telephone: 808-587-3822 Fax: 806-687-3827 Apri130, 2007 Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, Director County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Mr. Yuen: Subject: State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000014) Request: Agricultural to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000064) Request: A-5a to RM-1 Applicant: Seascape Development, LLC TMK No.: (3) 7-3-010:003 We have reviewed the subject application forwarded by your memorandum dated Apri12, 2007 and have the following comments. 1. The subject area is a 10.01-acre parcel located within the State Land Use Agricultural District. 2. The subject area was derived from a portion of a larger 50-acre parcel, formerly identified as TMK No.: (3) 7-3-010:003. Subdivision of this 50-acre parcel produced five parcels. These parcels include: Parcel 3 -the subject area, consisting of 10.001 acres; Parce151-consisting of 10.001 acres; Parce152 -consisting of 12.892 acres; EXHIBIT // Parce153 -consisting of 14.583 acres; and Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, Director Apri130, 2007 Page 2 Parcel 54 -consisting of a 2.594 acre roadway lot bisecting the four above- mentioned parcels. 3. The area now known as Parce151, formerly known as TMK No. (3) 7-3-010:003 (portion) was reclassified to the State Land Use (SLU) Urban District by the County pursuant to §205-3.1(c), Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS). In its correspondence to the County of Hawaii Planning Department dated March 31, 2004 (attachment A), the Land Use Commission (LUC) staff expressed concern regarding the potential development of the entire 50-acre parcel in a piece meal fashion. At that time, staff recommended that the County of Hawaii comprehensively consider the entire parcel as a single development, especially if similar residential and related uses were proposed on that 50-acre parcel. LUC staff also noted that the Third Circuit Court had ruled that projects should be reviewed by state and county agencies in an integrated and comprehensive manner. 4. At the time that the County of Hawaii considered the reclassification of the area now known as Parce151, the entire 50-acre parcel had received tentative subdivision approval for the parcel configuration that is described in item no. 2. During the course of the County's hearing on the reclassification of Parce151, Planning Commissioner Graham expressed concern regarding the "segmentation' of the 10.001-acre development proposal from the larger 50-acre area. (TR: June 18, 2004, pg. 19, para. 4) 5. At the Apri121, 2006 meeting of the County of Hawaii Planning Commission, the applicant's planning consultant, Mr. Sidney Puke, stated that "...there are three other parcels that were part of this subdivision and which at some point are going in for entitlement." (TR: Apri121, 2006, pg. 5, para. 1) At this same meeting, Director Christopher Yuen indicated that the assurances given by the Applicant (aka Westpro Development) that an extension of Kakahiaka Street would be built was in the context of "a property owner who owns several lots and potentially develop the lots in the immediate area." (TR: Apri121, 2006, pg. 7, para. 5) Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, Director Apri130, 2007 Page 3 6. At the May 5, 2006 meeting of the County of Hawaii Planning Commission, Mr. Fuke stated that, "I can tell you that the Applicant right now who also owns the remaining three parcels will be filing for a SLU District Boundary Amendment for the remaining area to continue this type of a project ...". (TR: May 5, 2006, pg. 4, para. 5) On September 22, 2004, the Hawaii County Council adopted Ordinance No. 04-105 reclassifying 10.001 acres of land from the SLU Agricultural District to the SLU Urban District. In later months of 2006, the Applicant (Seascape Development, LLC) requested of and received an LUC docket number (LUC Docket No. A06-768) for the purposes of processing a petition for district boundary amendment (DBA) with the LUC. Since receiving that docket number, the Applicant has not yet filed any petition with the LUC. Findings. a) The LUC is charged with the overall administration of the State Land Use Law (Chapter 205 HRS). As such, the LUC must be the final arbiter (where any controversy exists) in determining whether a petition for DBA (pursuant to §205-3.1 HRS) is appropriately before an individual county. While §205-3.1 HRS of the State Land Use Law provides that petitions for DBA involving 15 acres or less are within the jurisdiction of the appropriate county authority; should the cumulative project involve acreage greater than 15 acres, that petition is subject to the jurisdiction of the LUC. b) The subject petition for DBA of 10.001 acres of land represents the second action by this applicant to urbanize a portion of their origina150-acre holding. c) LUC staff previously expressed concerns that the County of Hawaii should comprehensively consider the 50-acre parcel as a single development if similar residential and related uses were proposed on that 50-acres. d) An individual County of Hawaii Planning Commissioner has already expressed concerns as to the "segmentation" of the initial 10.001 acre parcel from the larger 50-acre project. e) Appendix E of the subject petition for DBA is a Traffic Impact Analysis Report (TIAR) fora 50-acre residential development composed of four separate "lots'. The Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, Director Apri130, 2007 Page 4 project planned for "Lot #1" is the same residential project described in the subject application. The TIAR considers the 50-acre area as a single project. f) The ownership and development of the 50-acre area is apparently being pursued by the same entity (Westpro Development LLC/Seascape Development LLC -Alan Dickler). Conclusion. Given the history and actions of the petitioner for DBA for the 50-acre area, and the comments and findings that I have outlined in this letter, it is my belief that the subject petition for DBA should be properly submitted to the jurisdiction of the LUC. I look forward to your response. If you have any questions or need further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact me at 587-3826. Sincerely, ~~..~ ANTHONY ING Executive Officer c: Chair, County of Hawaii Planning Commission Chair, Hawaii County Council Laura Thielen, Director, Office of Planning Alan Dickler, Seascape Development, LLC LINDA LNOLC • c • x~ OOVERNOH • , y. STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 8 TOURISM LAND USE COMMISSION P.O. Box 2959 HondlW, HewW BeBW~2369 Telephone: BOB-68T-9872 Fax:00~3~7.9~27 Mazch 31, 2004 Mr. Christopher J. Yven, Director Planning Department County of Hawaii Aupuni Center 101 Pauahi Street, Svite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Dear Mr. Yuen: Subject: State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 04-0O1) Agricultural to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 04-004) A-5a to RM-4 Westpro Development, lnc. Tax Map Key No: 7-3-10: por. 3 ANTHONY J.H. CMND FXECUfNE OFFICER We have reviewed the subject applications forwarded by your memorandum dated March 10, 2004, and confirm that the 10-acre project site, as represented on the partial tax map, is designated within the boundary of the State Land Use Agricultural District. We note that the project site is located adjacent to the approximately 2,610.11 acres of land that were reclassified from the State Land Use Agricultural and Conservation Districts to the State Land Use Urban District pursuant to the Five-Year Boundary Review recommendations (LUC Docket No. BR92-685/Office of State Planning). The purpose of the Review was to allocate sufficient land for future urban growth and to direct urban growth to appropriate areas. Potential land uses that were envisioned for this area included residential, university, commeroal, civic, light industrial, golf courses, and parks. Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, Director March 31, 2004 Page 2 We understand that the project involves a 100-unit affordable housing development, consisting of eight 8-plex units and four 4-plex units, apicnic/playground azea, a sewage treatment plant, 125 off-street parking stalls, and an archaeological preserve. We further understand that the project site represents a portion of a 50-acre pazcel, which is in the process of being subdivided into four lots. Clarification should be provided as to the development plans for the remaining 40 acres of the pazcel. If the plans are to rnntinue with additional housing and related uses, we believe that the entire parcel should be considered under the reclassification request as a single development. This would allow the County of Hawaiy the Land Use Commiesion (LUC), and other appropriate regulatory agencies to comprehensively review all planned improvements. We would like to point out the Third Circuit Court has ruled that developments need to be reviewed by state and county agencies in an integrated, comprehensive manner. Given the location, snipe, and nature of the proposed activity, the LUC defers to the judgment of the County of Hawaii regarding other matters in the application. We have no further comments to offer at this time. Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the subject application. Please feel free to contact Bert Sazuwatari of my office at 587-3822, should you require clarification or any further assistance. rSinc~e~re~ly~, ANTHONY J. G Executive Officer FY~rry Kirce Mayor C~aixnt~ >sf ttfvrxii PLANNING DEPARTMENT 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3043 (808) 961-8288 FAX (808) 961-8742 July 11, 2007 Mr. Anthony J.H. Ching Executive Officer Land Use Commission PO Box 2359 Honolulu, HI 96804-2359 Deaz Mr. Ching: t;hrist®pher J. Yuen Director BPH01 KHI'OidRWB, ASLA LEED®AP Deputy Director SUBJECT: State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000014) Request: Agricultural to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000064) Request: A-Sato RM-1 Applicant: Seascape Development, LLC TMK No.: (3) 7-3-010:003 I am writing in response to your letter of Apri130, 2007, concerning the possible "segmentation" of this project. I apologize for this late response to your letter. We agree that the issue of segmentation needs to be generally discussed between state and county land use authorities to determine criteria when individual reclassifications of 15 acres or less should be taken to the Land Use Commission rather than processed at the county level. This is an important procedural issue. At the same time, we would like to note that the initial reclassification of the 10.01 acre property resulted in the 100 unit Seascape project, which is the only lazge affordable housing project to be built by a private developer in Kona in the last several years, and the current application is also for a 100°lo affordable housing project. I have discussed your concern with the applicant. It is our understanding that they, or a related entity, will be filing with the Land Use Commission for a reclassification of the remaining two lots, so there will not be a situation where the entire 50 acre area is sequentially reclassified by county action. It is also our understanding that they have Hawaii Caunty is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer. EXHIBIT Mr. Anthony J.H. Ching Executive Officer Land Use Commission Page 2 July 11, 2007 been in discussions with you since this Apri1301etter, and that they are working on possible alternatives such as a filing under H.R.S. sec. 201H, and the involvement of an unrelated development entity, that may alleviate some of the concerns expressed. Sincerely f CHRISTOPHER J. ~~ Planning Director CJY:pak Wpwin60/Chris 07 - Ching/LUC -Seascape Development, LLC cc: Planning Commission Mr. Alan Dickler Ben Tsukazaki, Esq. LEVDA LINGLE GOVERNOP OF HAWAII I C ~ _ ry, 'i . f ' STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DNISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96809 May 7, 2007 County of Hawaii Planning Deparhnent 101 Pauahi Street Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Attention: Mr. Norman Hayashi Ladies and Gentlemen: ALLAN A SMITH PRE0.v.1CHAdPExSON BOARO CF II.NU FI.D NAtLTTL RE50LRCFS COMMI6610N ON WATER RFSOLq(CF MM'.9GPMCNI Subject: State Land Use Boundazy Amendment Application SLU 07-000014, North Kona, Hawaii, Tax Map Key: (3) 7-3-10:3 _. Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on the subject matter. The Department of Land and Natural Resources' (DLNR) Land Division distributed or made available a copy of your report pertaining to the subject matter to DLNR Divisions for their review and comment. The Department of Land and Natural Resources has no comments to offer on the subject matter. Should you have any questions, please feel free to call our office at 587-0433. Thank you. Sincerely Russell Y. Tsuji Administrator EXHIBIT 13 02822 LINDA LINGLE GOVeRNOR E' ~ °'~wi 4p ~~ 1959 a A9 r ~? :6 `ffi \ fops ~~a`:®:ve.ae~. STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 869 PUNCHBOWL STREET HONOLULU, HAWAII 96813-5097 May 25, 2007 Mr. Christopher J. Yuen Director Planning Department County of Hawaii 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3043 Dear Mr. Yuen: Subject: Seascape Development, LLC State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000014) and Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000064) TMK: 7-3-10: 3 BARRY FUKUNAGA DIRECTOR Deputy Directors FRANCIS PADL KEENO BRENNON T. MORIOKA BRIAN H. SEKIGUCHI IN REPLY REFER T0: STP 8.2500 Thank you for transmitting the subject applications ("application") for the proposed 306-unit affordable housing rental project for our review. We have the following comments. 1. The proposed project will have an impact on our two highways (Queen Kaahumanu and Mamalahoa) through the project's contribution of traffic particularly at the highway's intersections with Kaiminani Street. 2. Our Highways Division disagrees with the position in the Road and Traffic section of the application that states that no mitigation measures are needed at the Kaiminani Street intersections with the two highways. Also, we noted that the TIAR used the 5`h Edition of the ITE Trip Generation manual and not the current 7`h Edition and did not account for any traffic increase due to the UH West Hawaii Campus or the Palamanui project by Hiluhilu Development. The applicant may contact our Highways Hawaii District Office to further discus this matter. 3. We appreciate the County recognizing that the incremental rise of development projects, such as the subject project, occurring in the surrounding area that use or plan to use Kaiminani Street as a primary access route to both highways will need to be addressed with roadway and intersection improvements to ensure that the improvements are adequately designed and phased to address the cumulative impact of the increasing traffic. EX ~ IT ,~~~30~ ~ Mr. Christopher J. Yuen Page 2 May 25, 2007 STP 8.2500 4. The applicant should be responsible to implement traffic improvements for project impacts and participate in and contribute its share towards implementing highway intersection and/or regional roadway improvements to mitigate the impacts as maybe determined by our Department and/or the County. We a~reciate~te opportunity to provide our comments. Very BARRY F'[ Director of KONA TRAFFIC SAFETY COMMITTEE 73-4686 HINA LANI STREET KAILUA-KONA, HAWAII 96740 Chris Yuen, Director County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-8742 April 30, 2007 Subject: SLU Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000014) Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000064) Seascape Development LLC Dear Mr. Yuen: The Kona Traffic Safety Committee has carefully reviewed the subject application for State Land Use Boundary Amendment (Ag to Urban) and Rezoning (A-5a to RM-1) to permit development of a 306-unit affordable rental complex, consisting of 90 studios, 108 1-bedroom, 1 bath apartments, and 108 2-bedroom, 1 bath apartments, together with asingle-story office building and a 1+ acre recreation area. Although we appreciate the desirability of providing affordable rental units in the Kona District, and are pleased with the mixed-use element and recreational area set-aside, we have several concerns regarding traffic issues that merit consideration and should be addressed. 1. Single Access A single access route for 360 residential units is unconscionable because it creates an unnecessary danger to residents and visitors in the event evacuation or emergency vehicle access is required. Because it violates the intent if not the letter of Section 23-48(a) of the County Code, we urge that the County require a second access route as a condition of rezoning and occupancy. 2. Parking Although the number of parking spaces specified in the application ("more than 460")might satisfy the current Code requirements, those requirements are woefully inadequate - a situation that the County Council is addressing. In our view, one-and-a-quarter parking spaces for each studio apartment may be reasonable, but one-and two-bedroom apartments should have at least two spaces per unit, plus space for guests. Accordingly, we believe that at least 600 spaces should be required for the proposed number of residential units. Additional parking will of course be needed for the commercial building. We urge, however, that parking needs be balanced with the need for green areas, which might dictate the need to reduce the number of rental units contemplated in the application. 3. Alternative Transportation EXHIBIT /5 Because this development is more than a mile from the nearest grocery store, and even farther from educational, civic and other commercial centers, all of which currently require travel along Hwy 19, we believe that motor vehicles (autos and school buses) will necessarily be the primary modes of transportation. To encourage safe walking and cycling, we suggest that the developer provide shared-use paths connecting to civic, education, and commercial centers in the general area. The traffic analysis and circulation plans should include appropriate bicycle and pedestrian facilities connecting the development to the community, and provision for public transportation and shuttle service capabilities. Construction traffic planning must also be provided to safely serve the residents. 4. Other Although the State is responsible for public school education, the County must note the effect of a large, school-age population on road infrastructure and traffic safety issues. Incredibly, neither the application nor the accompanying TZAR mention schools, or the significant school traffic that will be generated by this and adjacent developments. Here, because the nearest schools are not within a safe or reasonable walking distance, we can expect that 200 or more school-age children will require motor vehicle transportation along Hwy 19, Kaiminani, and Hwy 190/Palani, adding greatly to the congestion on those roads during peak hours. In that regard, we question the applicant's failure to recommend any traffic congestion mitigation at several area intersections, including Queen Ka'ahumanu/Ka'iminani, Kaiminani /Mamalahoa, and Kaiminani/Kakahiaka, because, as asserted by the applicant, the Levels of Service (LOS) with or without this project would not change. That assertion is misleading, because LOS "E," for example, means delays of between 30.1 to 45 seconds. Thus, if the average delay had been 30.1 seconds before, and the development increased the delay by 14 seconds, it would still be LOS "E" despite the delay having increased nearly 50%! Therefore, even if the additional delays inevitably caused by this development don't change the LOS, we believe that mitigation measures are appropriate and should be required. We also note that the TZAR was based on a traffic count that is 1 '/z years old, and that traffic has noticeably increased since then. Perhaps, an updated TEAR prepared by a traffic consultant chosen by the County and paid for by the applicant will be more objective. Finally, the developer should include traffic calming features in the internal road layout and on the roads immediately external to the project. Thank you for the opportunity to comment. Sincerely yours, Joel Gimpel Chair, Public Affairs