COM 0942.115 2006-2008 - Laserfiche WebLink

Home

peaks, which only occur when smokers are active, whereas indoor concentrations remain high long after cigarettes have ended, and the total dose to a person indoors from each cigarette will be greater than for a cigarette smoked outdoors. Klepeis et al. (2007) found upwind OTS concentrations very low and downwind OTS much higher. • Denmark. Boffi et al. (2006) measured OTS respirable particle pollution in a car park (open space), outdoors in front of a conference center with smokers under a roof (18 smokers during a measurement time of 35 min), indoors in the nonsmoking conference center, along the motorway to Copenhagen city centre, and inside a Copenhagen restaurant where smoking was allowed. Bof t et al. (2006) found that mean values observed with smokers in front of the conference center were significantly higher than the outdoor parking place, indoor conference center, motorway and Copenhagen outdoor official data. • Finland. Repace and Rupprecht (13 WCTOH, 2006 ) measured OTS respirable particle pollution in Five outdoor cafes and on city streets in downtown Helsinki. They found that air pollution levels in Helsinki outdoor cafes with many smokers during August 2003 were 5 to 20 times higher than on the sidewalks of busy streets polluted by bus, truck, and auto traffic. • Maryland. Repace (2005) measured outdoor fine particle and carcinogen concentrations from OTS on the campus of the University of Maryland at Baltimore. Using controlled experiments, Repace (2005) found that cigarette smoke RSP concentrations decline approximately inversely with distance downwind from the point source, whereas cigarette smoke carcinogen concentrations decline approximately inversely as the square of the distance from source to receptor. The experiments showed that OTS smoke levels did not approach background levels either for fine particles or carcinogens until about 23 feet from the source. • Caribbean: Experiments conducted on a cruise ship underweigh at 20 knots at sea in the Caribbean showed that OTS in various smoking-permitted outdoor areas of the ship tripled the level of carcinogens to which nonsmokers were exposed relative to indoor and outdoor areas in which smoking did not occur, despite the strong breezes and unlimited dispersion volume. Moreover, outdoor smoking areas were contaminated with carcinogens to nearly the same extent as a popular casino on board in which smoking was permitted (Repace, 2005). 5. Conclusions: Field studies plus controlled experiments demonstrate that, regardless of which way the wind blows, an individual in an outdoor cafe, transiting through a building doorway, or otherwise surrounded by a group of smokers, is always downwind from the source. They also show that under some conditions, outdoor levels of tobacco smoke (OTS) can be as high as indoor levels of secondhand smoke (SHS). Outdoor smoking bans are already common in Canada (Figure below).