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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCOM 1299.000 2006-2008Harry Kim Mayor County of Hawaii 25 Aupum Street, Room 215 • Hilo, Hawafi 96720-4252 • (808) 961-8211 • Fax (808) 961-6553 KONA 75-5706 Kuakmi Highway, Suite 103 • Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 (808) 329-5226 • Fax (808) 326-5663 June 12, 2008 Honorable Pete Hoffmann, Chairman and Members of the County Council County of Hawaii 333 Kilauea Avenue Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Chairman Hoffmann and Members: State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000018) Applicant: Kona Heights, LLC Request: Agricultural to Urban Tax Map Key: 7-7-8:121 Dixie Kaetsu Managmg Director Barbara Kossow Deputy Managmg Director As required by Chapter 4, Sec. 6-4.3(C), Hawaii County Charter, transmitted herewith for the County Council's consideration and action is the Planning Commission's letter and enclosures regarding the above -referenced request. Sincerely, awAy L Harry Kim 0 Mayor Enclosures cc: Planning Department (au sn> rjomm No. Ref. To: g 2008 4� Date SUN • County of Hawai `i PLANNING COMMISSION Aupuni Center • 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 • Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Phone (808) 961-8288 • Fax (808) 961-8742 June 12, 2008 Pete Hoffmann, Chairman and Members of the County Council County of Hawaii 333 Kilauea Avenue, 2"d Floor Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Chairman Hoffmann and Council Members: State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000018) Applicant: Kona Heights, LLC Request: Agricultural to Urban Tax Map Key: 7-7-8:121 The Planning Commission, after a duly held public hearing on May 22, 2008, voted to recommend for your approval the proposed legislative bill to change the State Land Use district from Agricultural to Urban for 11.054 acres of land located at the south end of Naniloa Street and adjacent to the White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates Subdivisions, Kapalaalaea, North Kona, Hawaii. There were concurrent applications for a change of zone to change the district classification from an Agricultural — 5 acre (A -5a) to a Single Family Residential — 7,500 square foot (RS -7.5) district and a Special Management Area (SMA) Use Permit to allow the development of a 65 -lot single family residential subdivision and related improvements. The Commission voted to continue both of these applications to its next Kona meeting on June 20, 2008. The Commission concurs with the following findings as recommended by the Planning Director: The approval of the reclassification from the State Land Use Agricultural to the Urban District will not be violative of Section 205-2, Chapter 205, Hawaii Revised Statutes, nor will it be inconsistent with the Land Use Commission Rules and the County General Plan. According to the Land Use Commission Rules, one of the standards for considering an area for urban reclassification states that "In determining urban growth for the next ten years, or in amending the boundary, land contiguous with existing urban areas shall be given more consideration than non-contiguous land, and particularly when indicated for future urban use on state or county general plans." The project area Hawaii County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer Pete Hoffmann, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 2 conforms to this standard as it is situated adjacent to and between existing Urban - designated lands. The applicant's request to designate 11.05 acres into the Urban District reflects the infilling of Agricultural -lands within this section of North Kona already surrounded by Urban -designated lands. The applicant requests a concurrent Change of Zone from Agricultural (A -5a) to Single -Family Residential 7,500 square feet (RS -7.5) and a Special Management Area Use Permit to allow the development of the 65 -lot single-family residential subdivision. The Urban District request would be consistent with the goals and policies of the Land Use element of the General Plan. The LUPAG Map component of the General Plan is a representation of the document's goals, policies, standards and courses of action. It is also a graphic depiction of the physical relationship between the various land uses. The LUPAG Map establishes the basic urban and non -urban form for areas within the County. The Urban District request conforms to the General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map, which designates this area as Low Density Urban. The property is overgrown with vegetation, currently vacant and located outside of the Kahaluu Historic District. Thus, the area under consideration is consistent with the urban form established for this section of North Kona as depicted on the LUPAG Map. The project site is located in an urban -like setting adequately served by transportation, utilities and other amenities. The reclassification and proposed rezoning will allow the property to be used for the development of the 65 -lot residential subdivision. The urban classification also conforms to the standard that the development is within reasonable proximity to centers of trading and employment and to basic services such as schools, police and fire protection, transportation systems and water. The project site is located near the urban center of Kailua-Kona and thereby conforms with the Land Use Commission Rules that encourages urban developments in close proximity to existing developments and existing services and facilities. Primary access to the site is from Alii Drive via the extension of the Naniloa Street stub -out at Queen Kalama Avenue. Naniloa Street has a 20 ft. wide pavement within a 50 -ft right-of-way. Queen Kalama Avenue has a 20 ft. wide pavement within a 50 -ft. right-of-way. Access from Alii Drive is available from Laaloa Avenue, which has a 20 ft. wide pavement within a 60 -ft right-of-way. No vehicular access easements are provided from the future Kahului- Keauhou Parkway. The project proposes to connect with the future Kamehameha Investment Corporation's development south of the project site, as well as connections to Alii Drive through the currently vacant parcel makai of and adjacent to the project site. Discussions have been initiated with the adjacent makai landowner. Water is available from the County's water system. Police services are available in Kealakehe, approximately six miles from the property. Fire and emergency services Pete Hoffmann, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 3 are available from the Keauhou station, approximately four miles from the project site. All essential utilities can or will be made available to the project site. Urban Districts shall include lands characterized by "city -like" concentrations of people, structures, streets, urban level of services and other related land uses. Surrounding properties are vacant or in residential uses. Lands to the immediate north and south of the project area are in the Urban District. The White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates are zoned RS -7.5 and located adjacent to the north of the project site. Lands south of the project site are zoned RS -7.5 and RM -3.5. Lands to the west (makai) of the property are zoned A -5a. The Kahului - Keauhou Parkway (Alii Highway) borders the property to the east (mauka). The property has no severe geological or topographical problems which cannot be properly rectified or which would render the land unusable. The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designates the property as Zone "X", areas outside of the 500 -year flood plain. Any improvements to the property must comply with Chapter 27 of the County Code relating to Flood Hazard Control. Thus, the reclassification meets the standard which states that the lands included within the urban district "... shall be those with satisfactory topography and drainage and reasonably free from the danger of floods, tsunami and unstable soil conditions and other adverse environmental effects." While the project site is situated within the State Land Use Agricultural and County's Agricultural (A -5a) zoned district, it is not currently being used for active agricultural purposes. The property is unclassified under the State of Hawaii's Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) Map and is not in agricultural use. The Land Use Study Bureau's Overall Master Productivity Rating for the soils in the area is "E" or "Very Poor". Surrounding lands to the north and south of the property are designated Urban, while lands to the west and east are designated Agricultural. The property is not located in the Kahaluu Historic District, listed in the Hawaii State Register of Historic Places, or profiled as a significant cultural and/or historic site in the General Plan. A survey titled "Archaeological Inventory Survey, TMK: 7-7-08: 121, Land of Kapalaalaea 2, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii", was prepared by Haun and Associates in January, 2006 (Appendix B). The archaeological inventory survey identified 14 sites assessed as significant for their information content. Nine sites were recommended for mitigation through data recovery, and two sites were recommended for preservation. The plans for data recovery will be detailed in a Data Recovery Plan prepared for DLNR-SHPD review and approval. Specific plans for preservation and maintenance of a burial feature will be detailed in a Burial Treatment Plan prepared for Pete Hoffmann, Chairman and Members of the County Council Page 4 DLNR-SHPD and the Hawaii Island Burial Council's review and approval. The project will not impact the preservation sites. A protective buffer (fence) will be established around the sites. A study titled Cultural Impact Study/Assessment, Laipala Heights, Kapalaalaea Ahupuaa, District of North Kona, Hawaii Island was prepared by Kaimipono Consulting Services LLC in December, 2006 (Appendix Q. The study concluded that "while evidence of ancient or traditional cultural practices still exists on the project lands, there does not appear to be any evidence of any ongoing traditional cultural practices, except perhaps fishing, which, while not directly impacted by the project, may indirectly impact this resource." The reclassification of 11.05 acres from the Agricultural to the Urban designation will not be detrimental to the reduction of this area from the agricultural land inventory in the County of Hawaii. Based on the above, the approval of the State Land Use Boundary Amendment from the Agricultural to the Urban District complements the State Land Use District Regulations and is supportive of the State of Hawaii Plan. For your favorable consideration, an amendment to the SLU Boundaries Maps is transmitted. We are enclosing a copy of the staff background and recommendation reports and the transcript of the hearing for your information. Sincerely, Rodney Watanabe, Chairman Planning Commission Lkonaheightsslu0l PC Enclosures cc: Steven S. C. Lim, Esq. Mr. Ernest Mansi Department of Water Supply Department of Public Works DOT-Highways,Honolulu State Land Use Commission Planning Department - Kona Lincoln Ashida, Esq., Corporation Counsel 4 MonaHeights doc-5/15/08 r COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT j BACKGROUND REPORT KONA HEIGHTS, LLC SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT (SMA 07-000024) STATE LAND USE BOUNDARY AMENDMENT (SLU 07-000018) CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 07-000075) KONA HEIGHTS, LLC has submitted applications for the following: • State Land Use Boundary Amendment for approximately 11.054 acres of land from the Agricultural to the Urban district; • Change of Zone for 11.054 acres of land from Agricultural 5 -acres (A -5a) to Single -Family Residential 7,500 square feet (RS -7.5); • Special Management Area Use Permit to allow the development of a 65 -lot single-family residential subdivision and related improvements; The property is located at the south end of Naniloa Street adjacent to the White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates Subdivisions, Pahoehoe 1St, Kapalaalaea 2"d, North Kona, Hawaii, TMK: 7-7-8:121. PROPOSED ACTION 1. Request: Special Management Area Use Permit, State Land Use Boundary Amendment from Agricultural to Urban, Change of Zone from Agricultural 5 -acres (A -5a) to Single - Family Residential 7,500 square feet (RS -7.5). 2. Proposed Development: 65 single-family residential lot subdivision and related improvements. The anticipated product type is that of clustered single-family homes with smaller scale lots approximately 4,500 square feet in size. These small lots will be created through a Planned Unit Development under the proposed RS -7.5 zoning. • All structures will be one to two stories in height. • The applicant states that affordable housing requirements will be met with on lands owned by the applicant mauka of the site (just mauka of the Kahului - Keauhou Parkway alignment. • Two archaeological sites and buffers will be preserved. -1- 4 3. Land Ownership: Kona Heights LLC. 4. Project Timetable: Construction is anticipated to begin in 2008 and full occupancy is expected by 2016. Cost: Approximately $40 million. (Exhibit 1 - Special Management Area, State Land Use Boundary Amendment, Change of Zone applications; Environmental Report) OTHER INFORMATION 5. Planned Unit Development (PUD): The purpose of a PUD is to encourage comprehensive site planning that adapts the design of the development to the land by allowing diversification in the relationships of various uses, buildings, structures, open spaces and yards, building heights, and lot sizes in planned building groups. The PUD would need to be administratively approved after the rezoning. STATE AND COUNTY PLANS 6. State Land Use Designation: Agricultural. 7. GP LUPAG Map: Low Density Urban. 8. County Zoning: Agricultural 5 -acre (A -5a). 9. Coastal Zone Management, HRS, Chapter 205A: The entire State of Hawaii lies within the Coastal Zone Management area. 10. Special Management Area: The project site is located in the County's Special Management Area (SMA). The SMA is a part of the Coastal Zone Management Program regulated by the County. The property is located approximately 800 feet mauka of the shoreline. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT SITE AND SURROUNDING AREA 11. Subject Property: The project site is approximately 11.054 acres in size and located approximately 11 miles south of the Kona International Airport at Keahole and four miles south of Kailua-Kona. The property is overgrown with vegetation, currently vacant and located outside of the Kahaluu Historic District. 12. Surrounding Zoning and Land Uses: The White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates are zoned RS -7.5 and located adjacent to the north of the project site. These areas are fully developed as residential subdivisions. Lands to the west (makai) of -2- the property are zoned A -5a. The Kahului - Keauhou Parkway (formerly known as Alii Highway) borders the property to the east (mauka). Vacant lands south of the project site are zoned RS -7.5 and RM -3.5, and are owned by Kamehameha Investment Corporation (KIC). 13. U.S.D.A. Soil Type: Punalu'u extremely rocky peat, which consists of thin organic soils over pahoehoe lava bedrock. 14. Land Study Bureau's Productivity Rating: "E" or "Very Poor". 15. ALISH: Unclassified. 16. Flora/Fauna: Vegetation at the site is characterized by koa haole scrub land. A Survey of Botanical, Avian and Terrestrial mammalian Species for the proposed Laipala Heights Subdivision, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii prepared by Rana Productions in 2006 identified 36 plant species of which two were indigenous. No hoary bats were detected during the field survey. The avian survey identified 224 birds of fourteen different non-native species. There were no species of flora or fauna currently listed as endangered, threatened or proposed for listing under either the State or Federal endangered species programs. 17. Air Quality: According to the applicant, fugitive dust during construction can be mitigated through appropriate methods, including watering of exposed soil areas and limiting the area of soil disturbance. 18. FIRM: Zone "X", an area outside of the 500 -year flood plain. 19. Coastal Hazard: The property is located approximately 800 feet mauka of the shoreline, is not an oceanfront parcel, and will not affect, or be affected by shoreline processes. 20. Recreational Resources: According to the applicant, the proposed development will not reduce the size of the coastline or other areas used for public recreational uses. The project proposes to fulfill park requirements with the provision of off-site amenities, including a three -acre park mauka of the project site. 21. Scenic Resources: According to the applicant, there are partial ocean views from the Kahului to Keauhou Parkway. Views from the White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates subdivisions to the north and Alii Heights to the northeast have relative unobstructed views south across the site and the undeveloped KIC property to the south. -3- l' Structures proposed for the project are one or two-story in height. Due to the slope gradient, partial views of the ocean coastline will be visible from the Kahului to Keauhou Parkway, and horizon views should be unobstructed. Some views may be partially obstructed; to the extent practicable, units will be sited to ensure view potentials. The applicant states the overall impact is not anticipated to be significant as the slope of the sight is gentle and views from existing houses in the direction of the project are limited. 22. Archaeological and Cultural Resources: A survey titled "Archaeological Inventory Survey, TMK: 7-7-08: 121, Land ofKapalaalaea 2, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii ", was prepared by Haun and Associates in January, 2006 (Appendix B). The archaeological inventory survey identified 14 sites assessed as significant for their information content. Nine sites were recommended for mitigation through data recovery, and two sites were recommended for preservation. The plans for data recovery will be detailed in a Data Recovery Plan prepared for DLNR-SHPD review and approval. Specific plans for preservation and maintenance of a burial feature will be detailed in a Burial Treatment Plan prepared for DLNR-SHPD and the Hawaii Island Burial Council's review and approval. A protective buffer (fence) will be established around the sites. A study titled "Cultural Impact Study/Assessment, Laipala Heights, Kapalaalaea Ahupuaa, District of North Kona, Hawaii Island" was prepared by Kaimipono Consulting Services LLC in December, 2006 (Appendix Q. The study concluded that "while evidence of ancient or traditional cultural practices still exists on the project lands, there does not appear to be any evidence of any ongoing traditional cultural practices, except perhaps fishing, which, while not directly impacted by the project, may indirectly impact this resource." 23. Public Access: There is no public access to the mountains or shoreline on the project site. 24. County Council Resolutions on Rezoning Delays: The County Council has adopted a series of resolutions, beginning in January 2007, calling for a temporary delay in rezonings in North and South Kona until the adoption of the Kona Community Development Plan. The most recent of these resolutions, Resolution No. 529-08, is attached as Exhibit 18. This states that the County Council will temporarily delay action -4- on rezonings in North and South Kona until the adoption of the Kona Community Development Plan, or December 1, 2008, whichever occurs first. Probably as a result of the council resolutions, there have been no new rezoning applications received by the Planning Department in Kona during the 2007-2008 period, until this current application. Although the council may choose to delay action on this and other rezoning applications, the Planning Department is required by the Zoning Code, which is an ordinance and overrides any contrary resolutions, to receive and process rezoning applications, and to make recommendations on them. Similarly, the Zoning Code requires the Planning Commission to make recommendations to the council on rezoning applications within a set time frame. PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES 25. Access: Access to the project site will be from Alii Drive via the extension of the Naniloa Street stub -out at Queen Kalama Avenue. Naniloa Street has a 20 ft. wide pavement within a 50 -ft right-of-way. Queen Kalama Avenue has a 20 ft. wide pavement within a 50 -ft. right-of-way. Access from Alii Drive is also available from Laaloa Avenue via Naniloa Street which has a 20 ft. wide pavement within a 60 -ft right-of-way. No vehicular access easements are provided from the future Kahului-Keauhou Parkway. The project proposes to connect with the future Kamehameha Investment Corporation's development (TMK: 7-8-10: 002) south of the project site, as well as connections to Alii Drive through the currently vacant parcel (TMK 7-7-8:001) makai and adjacent to the project site. Discussions have been initiated with the adjacent makai landowner. 26. Traffic and Concurrency: On June 25, 2007, Ordinance No. 07-99, establishing "concurrency" standards for roads and water, in rezonings, took effect. This is Section. 25-2-46 of the Zoning Code. This is the first rezoning application in West Hawaii of a sufficient scale to trigger a "concurrency" analysis. Under Ordinance No. 07-99, any rezoning proposing a development that will generate 50 or more trips at the AM or PM peak hour needs to prepare a traffic impact analysis report ("TIAR") that analyzes the project's effects on local and regional traffic. This project barely exceeds the 50 trip minimum threshold for a TIAR. The Planning Department required a revised TIAR for this project because the TIAR initially submitted did not address regional traffic impacts. -5- Concurrency requirements for roads are based upon the level of service ("LOS") of roadways serving the area. If the LOS is "E" or "F", or is projected to become so within five years, the developer, to obtain rezoning, must do something to mitigate the traffic, or wait until improvements have been funded, in order to get occupancy of the development. Ordinance No. 07-99 also has an affordable housing alternative: that the development provide twice the required affordable housing, because having housing closer to job centers reduces commuting and thus helps solve the traffic problem. For this development, although Alii Drive is currently at LOS "C", and is projected to be at LOS "D" in five years, with or without the development, Kuakini Highway is at LOS "E" currently, and is expected to be at LOS `B" in five years, with or without the project. The TIAR does not assume that any major roads will be completed within five years, although it does assume that there will be a left turn on Alii Drive into Laaloa Ave. It is interesting that the TIAR concludes that in 2016, even with the assumed completion of the Mamalahoa Bypass (Keauhou to Napopoo), the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway Phase I (Keauhou to Lako St.) and the Laaloa Ave. extension to Kuakini, that Kuakini will still be at LOS "E" because of the expected overall increase in traffic. Because Kuakini is at LOS "E", the developer must do mitigation, or wait until the completion of a major road improvement, like the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway, or build additional affordable housing. Mitigation should be commensurate with the impact of the project. In this case, the projected traffic is small: the TIAR expects that during the period when all traffic uses Alii Drive, it would only increase traffic on Alii Drive by about 5%. In this situation, there are several possible alternatives: Alternative 1: The draft Kona Community Development Plan proposes a connector road in the vicinity of this property, that would provide a mauka-makai connection between Alii Drive and the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway. The alignment of the connector is conceptual in the draft CDP, and is shown on the boundary between this property and the KIC property to the south. See Exhibit 19. The eventual connection to the Parkway would be on KIC property. The Parkway plans originally had an intersection at Makolea St., about .6 miles to the south, but this had to be eliminated because of the burial issue near this intersection. The result is that unless there is another connection as shown in -6- the CDP, there would be no connection between Alii Drive and the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway between the Keauhou Shopping Center and Laaloa Ave., a distance of about 1.8 miles. The difficulty for the applicant is that it cannot connect to Alii Drive without access through property it does not currently own. Alternative 2: The applicant could provide improvements to Alii Drive, specifically, a left turn lane at the Queen Kalama/Alii Drive intersection. Alternative 3: the applicant could provide twice the affordable housing normally required under Chap. 11. In this case, the applicant would still be required to make some improvements to the Queen Kalama/Alii Drive intersection because of safety and traffic flow issues. Alternative 4: The applicant could wait for occupancy until funds have been committed for Phase I of the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway. Although Kuakini might still be at LOS "E", the TIAR projects traffic on the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway to be at LOS "D" in 2016, hence adequate under the concurrency standards. In this case, the applicant would still be required to make some improvements to the Queen Kalama/Alii Drive intersection because of safety and traffic flow issues. The proposed conditions of zoning are written so that the applicant has the option of Alternative 1 or 2. If Alternative 1 is chosen, the applicant would not be expected to make any improvements to the Queen Kalama/Alii Drive intersection, because most of the project traffic would be expected to use the new alternative road. If Alternative 2 is chosen, the applicant would still have to build a road within the project that could be a portion of a mauka-makai connector road, but would not build the portion between their property and Alii Drive Alternatives 3 and 4 have not been incorporated into the proposed conditions of zoning because it creates such a complex ordinance, but if the applicant wishes, the ordinance could be written to include these alternatives. Another condition of zoning will require the applicant to notify prospective purchasers that the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway will be located nearby. 27. Water: County water is available to the site. According to the Department of Water Supply, water is available from an existing 6-inch waterline within Queen Kalama Avenue, approximately 150 feet from the parcel. -7- 28. Wastewater: The project will connect to the County wastewater system. 29. Solid Waste: Solid waste generated by the proposed project will be collected and disposed at approved County solid waste disposal facilities. 30. Essential Utilities and Services: Electricity and telephone services are available to the site. The Kealakehe Police Station is located about six miles north of the project site, and fire protection is provided by the Keauhou Fire Station located approximately four miles south of the property on Kuakini Highway. The Kona Community Hospital is located in Kealakekua approximately 5 miles south of the site. 31. Schools: Kahakai Elementary School is located in the vicinity of the project site. No significant adverse impacts on public schools are anticipated. According to the applicant, if required by law, the developer will negotiate an in -lieu fee with the Department of Education to pay its fair share contribution to education facility impacts. AGENCIES' AND ORGANIZATIONS' COMMENTS 32. Department of Public Works: Exhibit 3 - January 25, 2008 and April 21, 2008 memos 33. Police Department: Exhibit 4 - December 26, 2007 memo 34. Fire Department: Exhibit 5 - January 18, 2008 memo 35. Department of Water Supply: Exhibit 6 - April 8, 2008 memo 36. Civil Defense Agency: Exhibit 7 - January 28, 2008 letter 37. Department of Environmental Management: Exhibit 8 - December 7, 2007 memo 38. Parks and Recreation: Exhibit 9 - December 7, 2007 email 39. Office of Housing and Community Development: Exhibit 10 - January 8, 2008 memo 40. DLNR Land Division: Exhibit 11 - January 3, 2008 and January 11, 2008 letters and attachments 41. Department of Health: Exhibit 12 - December 13, 2007 memo 42. Land Use Commission: Exhibit 13 - December 24, 2007 letter 43. Department of Education: Exhibit 14 - January 7, 2008 letter 44. Kona Traffic Safety Committee: Exhibit 15 - January 3, 2008 letter AGENCIES - NO RESPONSE -8- 45. Department of Transportation, DLNR Historic Preservation Division, Natural Resources Soil and Conservation Service APPLICANT'S RESPONSES TO AGENCIES' COMMENTS 46. Exhibit 16 - April 7, 2008 letters to Police Department and Civil Defense Agency PUBLIC COMMENTS 47. Exhibit 17 — • April 8, 2008 letter from Jane Dulaney, RR Roofing • April 10, 2008 letter from Ted Leaf and Diane Stone • March 10, 2008 letter from Roger F. Elgram -9- APPLICATION FOR: STATE LAND USE DISTRICT BOUNDARY AMENDMENT CHANGE OF ZONE SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT Pahoehoe 1 st. Kapalaalaea 2nd (Beach Sec.) North Kona, island of Hawaii TM K: (3) 7-7- 008:121 Prepared for: Kona Heights, LLC 528 25th Street Santa Monica, California 90402 Prepared by: Steven S.C. Lim, Esq. Carlsmith Ball LLP 121 Waianuenue Avenue Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Telephone: (808) 935-6644 November 2007 EXHIBIT i Nov 0 9 20011 COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPT. EouilTrMtromeldlim STATE LAND USE BOUNDARY AMENDMENT APPLICATION (15 ACRES OR LESS) COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT (Type or legibly print the requested information) PETITIONER: Kona Heights, LLC PETITIONER'S SIGNATURE: See Fee Owner's Letter DATE: 11-9-07 ADDRESS: 528 25th Street, Santa Monica, California 90402 PETITIONER'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER: TELEPHONE: (Bus.) (Res.) (Fax) LANDOWNER(S): LANDOWNER SIGNATURE(S): DATE: (May be by letter) ADDRESS: TAX MAP KEY: (3) 7r-7-008:121 STREET ADDRESS OF PROPERTY: ZONING: A -5a SIZE OF PROPERTY: 11.054 acres CURRENT STATE LAND USE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION: Agricultural REQUESTED STATE LAND USE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION: Urban AGENT: Steven S. C. Lim, Esq. - Carlsmith Ball LLP ADDRESS: 121 Waianuenue Avenue, Hilo, Hawaii 96720 TELEPHONE: (Bus.) 935.6644 (Res.) (Fax) 935.7975 Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent. ORIGINAL: Steven S.C. Lim COPIES: Ernest Mansi - Kona Heights (See Instructions on Reverse Side) CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT (Type or legibly print the requested information) APPLICANT: Kona Heights, LLC APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE: See Fee Owner? s Letter DATE:11-9-07 ADDRESS: 528 25th Street Santa Monica, California 90402 LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER: LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS: PHONE:(Bus.) (Res.) (Fax) LANDOWNER(S): LANDOWNER SIGNATURE(S): DATE: (May be by letter) LANDOWNER(S) ADDRESS: REQUEST: Agricultural 5 -acres (A -5a) TO Single Family Residential 7,500 (RS -7.5) (Existing zoning) (Proposed Zoning) TAX MAP KEY: (3) 7-7-008-121 STREET ADDRESS OF PROPERTY: SIZE OF PROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREA(S) TO BE REZONED: 11.054 acres AGENT: Steven S. C. Lim, Esq. - Carlsmith Ball LLP ADDRESS: 121 Waianuenue Avenue, Hilo, Hawaii 96720 TELEPHONE:(Bus.) 935.6644 (Res.) (Fax) 935.7975 Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent. ORIGINAL: Steven S.C. Lim COPIES: Ernest Mansi - Kona Heights ATTACHMENT R esiientialR ezonng PLANNING DEPARTMENT COUNTY OF HAW AIr APPL}rATDN FOR CHANGE OF ZONE 1. ffyourmquestis appmved, do you mend b subdivide the subecthnd in accordance w 3h the appmved change ofzone? ifyes, phase answer the mstofquestbn 1 and then b question 3. a. H ow m any acres of the requested area do you intend tD subdivide? b. Thin w hatbtsizes? C. if yourrequestis approved, appmxin ately how bng afterthe date ofappmvaldo you expectb subm it yoursubdivisiDn phns tD the Phnning Depaxb ent iDrpmlka inaryappmval? d. Do you Mend b buil houses on the new ly created bts? ifyes, phase answ erthe b]bw ng quest hns: on how m any ofthose bts? Atwhatappmxin ate prise range? Appmxin ate4 how bng, abrappmvalof the subdivisnn, w ouli the fmthouse be avaihbh fcroccupancy? Ifyou intend tD subdivide, phase subm iia prelnn nary schem atic subdivisnn phn tDgether w 1h yourchange of zone appli at hn iDrn . Yes 11.054 (entire property 4500sf 3 mon Undecided N/A House N/A Lots N/A Total N/A N/A 2. Nyou have no fim plans of subdividing the subjectarea, do you intend tD: a. S ellor ]ease the land to som eone w ho has fine plans? N/A b. Sellorlease the land to someone who has tentative plans? N/A C. Sellor base the land m som eone who has no plans? _ N/A d. Keep 12 N/A e. other Obase state) E Ifyou intend to do e1hera, b, orc, pbase ebbomte on the knd ofphns the otherparly has. Pbase, also, include in youransw erappmxn atEly how soon a8er appmvalofyournezonitg do you expecttD tmnsferthe sub jectbnd to anotherparty. N/A 3. Do You think thatyournequestand yourfurtherpbns lorthe bndw31albvste the bcalhousng sivathn? Yes How? In addition to providing 65 single family residential lots on the subject property, developer will provide 20 affordable housing units on nearby property. These 20 affordable housing units represent 300/6 of the total units proposed for the subject property, which exceeds the 20% affordable housing requirement set forth in Chapter I 1 of the Hawaii County Code. 4. Ase them anybu2ibgs on the subjec ama? No ffso, whatkizd? N/A whatdo you intend to do w ih those buNags ifyour mquestis approved? N/A -2— 11 5. is the subectland cuaently being used forany agriculturalactiv#? Iso, please listthe kinds ofproducts grown and on how m any square feetoracres of land perproduct. N/A No 6. To yourknow ]edge, has there been any flooding and/or drainage problem on the subjectarea? No Iso, phase describe the problem . N/A 7. Do you think thatthe mads leading to the subjectarea needs in provem ent2 No If so, w hat kind? No improvements will be needed. Access to the subject property will be via Naniloa Street. The proposed development is not anticipated to alter the level of service at Queen Kalama Avenue or AIM Drive. Is the mad adequate forthe proposed traffic vobm e orbad? 8. W hatsortofgovemm entalassistance andbrin provem ents do you 5ee1w illbe needed in the subjectarea when developed? yes a. Schools X b. Roads C. Sewer d. D rainage e. polbe P mtection -3- Road Adequate LO X Yes E Fie Pmtecthn 9. RecmathnalFac2ies X h. Pubk UUWas X I . other Forthose checked'Yes,"phase ebborate whattype orkinds of in pmvem ents andbrassstance aie needed. Please see attached. 6337Ai50A P D. 5A4 S ilnatum: Address: Tebphone: Date: WC X X RIM Applicant's Exhibit 9 Application for Change of Zone Attachment - Residential Rezoning TMK (3) 7-7-008:121 Schools - Development of the property may result in approximately 98 additional children attending area public schools. No significant adverse impact to the schools is expected, but developer will negotiate a in lieu fee agreement with the DOE to pay its fair share contribution Recreational Facilities - No park space is provided within the property. Developer will fulfill County park requirements by providing a 3 acre park on nearby land. Public Utilities - Sufficient public utility services are available for the property. Property currently has 50 Department of Water Supply water commitments. Developer has committed to developing Property as a LEED ® registered Project. As such, the water demands for the Project should be at least 30% less than that of traditional residential subdivisions. Applicant is also exploring the option of participating in privately owned water systems that will eventually be dedicated to the County. Development of the property is not expected to have any significant impact on area roads, sewer, drainage, police or fire protection. SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT (Type or legibly print the requested information) APPLICANT: Kona Heights, LLC APPLICANT'S SIGNATURE: See Fee Owner's Letter DATE: 11-9-07 ADDRESS: 528 25th Street Santa Monica, California 90402 LIST APPLICANT'S INTEREST IF NOT OWNER: LIST PRINCIPAL(S) INCLUDING NAMES OF MAIN OFFICERS: PHONE: (Bus. ) LANDOWNER(S): LANDOWNER SIGNATURE(S): LANDOWNER(S) ADDRESS: REQUEST: (Res.) (Fax)_ DATE: (May be by letter) TAX MAP KEY: (3) 7-7-008:121 ZONING: A -5a SIZE OF PROPERTY OR AFFECTED AREA(S):11.054 acres AGENT: Steven S. C. Lim, Esq. - Carlsmith Ball LLP ADDRESS: 121 Waianuenue Avenue, Hilo, Hawaii 96720 TELEPHONE: (Bus.) 935.6644 (Res.) (Fax) 935.7975 Please indicate to whom original correspondence and copies should be sent. ORIGINAL: Steven S.C. Lim COPIES: Ernest Mansi - Kona Heights FEE OWNER'S LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION Tax Map Key No: (3)7-7-008:121 Pahoehoe Ist - Kapalaalaea 2nd (Beach Sec.) North Kona, Island, County and State of Hawaii The undersigned is the fee owner of the real property above -identified, and hereby authorizes Carlsmith Ball LLP to apply for, execute and process any and all County, State and federal governmental permit applications, and to participate in proceedings related to said real property. A photostatic or facsimile copy of this executed authorization shall also be considered as effective and valid as the original. KONA HEIGHTS, LLC, a Hawaii limited liability company By: Aldersgate Investment, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, Its: Member By: St Name: Ernest Mansi Its: Manager Subscribed and sworn to before me this day of "yz , 2007 No Public, State of California 3 Name of Notary Public R U 1 0000000000000000000 LINDAR.ITH 550 S NOTARY PUBIC -CALIFORNIA R VENTURA COUNTY U Ny cW n EV JULY 1, ZOOA My commission expires: +-7^ 4851-1968-5377.2.060043-00001 APPLICATION FOR: STATE LAND USE DISTRICT BOUNDARY AMENDMENT CHANGE OF ZONE SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT Pahoehoe 1 st. Kapalaalaea 2nd (Beach Sec.) North Kona, Island of Hawaii TM K: (3) 7-7- 008:121 Prepared for: Kona Heights, LLC 528 25th Street Santa Monica, California 90402 Prepared by: Steven S.C. Lim, Esq. Carlsmith Ball LLP 121 Waianuenue Avenue Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Telephone: (808) 935-6644 November 2007 . Table of Contents PETITIONER/APPLICANT...................................................................................1 II. SUBJECT REQUEST..........................................................................................2 A. PROJECT DESCRIPTION........................................................................3 B. TIMEFRAME AND COSTS.......................................................................3 III. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA..................................................3 A. DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECT PROPERTY..............................................3 B. CLIMATE, TOPOGRAPHY, SLOPE, SOILS.............................................4 C. FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP/LAVA HAZARD ZONE........................4 D. DRAINAGE & WATER QUALITY..............................................................4 E. AIR & NOISE QUALITY.............................................................................5 F. FLORAL & FAUNA RESOURCES............................................................5 G. HISTORIC RESOURCES..........................................................................5 H. CULTURAL RESOURCES........................................................................5 I. SCENIC RESOURCES.............................................................................5 J. PUBLIC ACCESS......................................................................................6 K. SOCIAL -ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS..............................................6 L. PUBLIC FACILITIES & SERVICES - WATER...........................................6 M. PUBLIC FACILITIES & SERVICES - SEWAGE DISPOSAL.....................6 N. PUBLIC FACILITIES & SERVICES - SOLID WASTE...............................6 O. PUBLIC FACILITIES & SERVICES - POLICE & FIRE PROTECTION...........................................................................................7 P. PUBLIC FACILITIES & SERVICES - SCHOOLS......................................7 Q. PUBLIC FACILITIES & SERVICES - PARKS............................................7 R. DESCRIPTION OF ACCESS & ANTICIPATED TRAFFIC IMPACTS .......7 IV. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE & COUNTY PLANS - HAWAII STATE PLAN....................................................................................................................7 A. Hawaii State Plan Goals............................................................................7 V. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE & COUNTY PLANS - STATE LAND USE DESIGNATION....................................................................................................8 A. HAR § 15-15-18 (1)...................................................................................8 B. HAR § 15-15-18 (2)...................................................................................8 Page i C. HAR § 15-15-18 (3)...................................................................................9 D. HAR § 15-15-18 (4)................................................................................10 E. HAR § 15-15-18 (5).................................................................................10 F. HAR § 15-15-18 (6)................................................................................10 G. HAR § 15-15-18 (7).................................................................................10 H. HAR § 15-15-18 (8).................................................................................11 VI. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE & COUNTY PLANS - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT.................................................................................................11 A. HRS Chapter 205A..................................................................................11 1. Recreational Resources Objectives & Policies .............................11 2. Historic Resources Objectives & Policies.....................................12 3. Scenic and Open Space Resources Objectives & Policies ........... 12 4. Coastal Ecosystems Objectives & Policies...................................13 5. Economic Uses Objectives & Policies..........................................13 6. Coastal Hazards Objectives & Policies.........................................13 7. Managing Development Objectives & Policies .............................14 8. Public Participation Objectives & Policies.....................................15 9. Beach Protection Objectives & Policies........................................15 10. Marine Resources Objectives & Policies......................................15 B. SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA GUIDELINES.....................................16 1. HRS § 205A-26 (1).......................................................................16 2. HRS § 205A-26 (2).......................................................................17 3. HRS § 205A-26 (3).......................................................................18 VII. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE & COUNTY PLANS - COUNTY GENERALPLAN................................................................................................19 A. County General Plan Goals & Policies....................................................19 1. Economic Goals & Policies...........................................................19 2. Energy Goals & Policies...............................................................20 3. Environmental Quality Goals & Policies........................................20 4. Flooding and Other Natural Hazards Goals & Policies .................20 5. Natural Beauty Goals & Policies...................................................21 6. Housing Goals & Policies.............................................................22 7. Public Utilities Goals & Policies....................................................22 Page ii 8. Land Use Goals & Policies...........................................................22 VIII. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE & COUNTY PLANS - ZONING.......................23 IX. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE & COUNTY PLANS - COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTPLANS...................................................................................23 X. CONCLUSION...................................................................................................24 C:\Windows\Temp\ND\Laipala - SLUBA, COZ, SMA Application(1).doc Page iii I. PETITIONER/APPLICANT Kona Heights LLC, is a member managed Hawaii limited liability company whose mailing address is 528 25th Street, Santa Monica, California 90402 (hereinafter referred to as the "Applicant"), is seeking a State Land Use Boundary Amendment of less than 15 acres ("SLUBA") pursuant to Hawaii Revised Statutes ("HRS") § 205-3.1, Hawaii County Code Chapter 28 and Rule 13-1 of the County of Hawaii Planning Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure. Applicant is also seeking a County Change of Zone pursuant to Hawaii County Code Chapter 25 ("COZ"), and a Special Management Area Use Permit ("SMA Permit") pursuant to Rule 9 of the County of Hawaii Planning Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure (the "SMA Rules"). This concurrent application for SLUBA, COZ and SMA Permit is authorized under Hawaii County Code § 25-2-9(b) and Rule 13-8 of the Planning Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure and is hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Application." The members of the Applicant are 1248 Investments, LLC, a California limited liability company, Gimmel Development, LLC, a California limited liability company and Aldersgate Investment, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. Applicant is the fee owner of the Property by Warranty Deed dated April 16, 2007, recorded in the Bureau of Conveyances of the State of Hawaii as Document No. 2007-071518, a copy of which is attached hereto as Applicant's Exhibit 1. Applicant's Fee Owner Authorization authorizing Carlsmith Ball LLP to seek any and all State, County and Federal land use related permits related to the Property is attached hereto as Applicant's Exhibit 2. Original correspondence related to this Application should be sent to Steven S.C. Lim, Esq., Carlsmith Ball LLP, 121 Waianuenue Avenue, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, with copies to Ernest Mansi, Kona Heights LLC, 300 Esplanade Drive, Suite 430, Oxnard, California 93036 and George Atta, Group 70, International, Inc., 925 Bethel Street, Fifth Floor, Honolulu, HI 96813-4307. The Application is being submitted for the approximately 11.054 acre parcel (11.415 County of Hawaii tax assessed acres) located in Pahoehoe 1st Kapalaalaea 2nd (Beach Sec.) North Kona District, Hawaii, Tax Map Key: (3) 7-7-008:121 (hereinafter referred to as the "Property"). A legal description of the Property in map and written form is attached hereto as Applicant's Exhibit 3 and Applicant's Exhibit 4. Applicant is proposing to develop La'ipala Makai, a single-family residential subdivision of approximately 65 lots (hereinafter referred to as the "Project"), and requests the following: (i) SLUBA to reclassify the Property from the State Land Use ("SLU") Agricultural District to the SLU Urban District, (ii) a COZ from Agricultural District 5 -acre (A -5a) to Single Family Residential District - 7,500 square feet (RS -7.5), and (iii) a SMA Permit. The Environmental Report dated October 2007, prepared by Group 70 International, Inc., and enclosed herein as Applicant's Exhibit 5 (the "ER"), and prepared according to the requirements of Section 25-2-42 of the Hawaii County Code, Page 1 is submitted in support of the Application and includes all figures, tables and technical studies for this Application, including an Archaeological Inventory Survey of the Property. In support of the Application, the following exhibits are attached hereto: Applicants Exhibit 1 Warranty Deed Applicants Exhibit 2 Fee Owner Authorization Applicant's Exhibit 3 Legal Description of the Property - Map Form Applicant's Exhibit 4 Legal Description of the Property - Written Form Applicant's, Exhibit 5 Environmental Report - Includes: ■ Project Location map ■ Kahalu'u Historic District Map o Site (TMK) Map • State Land Use District and Special Management Area (SMA) Map ■ Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map ■ County Zoning Districts Map ■ Conceptual Land Plan ■ Zero Lot Line Concept ■ Street Elevation ■ Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawaii ■ Land Study Bureau (LSB) Map ■ FIRM Flood and Tsunami Zones ■ Lava Flood Hazard Zones Applicant's Exhibit 6 Full Size (2'x 3' scale -drawn plot plan Applicant's Exhibit 7 List of names, addresses and tax map keys of all owners and lessees of record of surrounding properties who are required to receive notice Applicant's Exhibit 8 Certificate of Clearance from the Director of Finance Applicant's Exhibit 9 Departmental Zoning Questionnaire and Attachment Applicant's Exhibit 10 Map of land use designations under the Kona Re ional Plan II. SUBJECT REQUEST Applicant seeks a SLUBA to reclassify the Property from the from SLU Agricultural District to the SLU Urban District, (ii) a COZ from Agricultural District 5 -acre NONE Page 2 (A -5a) to Single Family Residential District - 7,500 square feet (RS -7.5), and (iii) a SMA Permit. These requests will allow development of the La'ipala Makai project, which is proposed to consist of 65 single-family residential lots on approximately 11.054 acres near the Kona coast. A. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Project is proposed to consist of approximately 65 single-family residential lots. The Project will be a sustainable, low-rise residential community developed with guiding principles of community connectivity, pedestrian amenities, and awareness of place. The Project has been registered with the U.S. Green Building Council as a LEED O (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) project committed to "green" development. The anticipated product type is clustered single-family homes with smaller scale lots (approximately 4,500 sq. ft.). These small lots will be permitted within the sought RS-7.5.zoning pursuant to a Planned Unit Development Permit. The Project concept creates a great sense of community while retaining single-family sensibilities. The Project's land plan incorporates existing natural features, paying special attention to the place and its traditions. La'ipala, a fish plentiful in the waters off the Kona coast, was eaten by the residents of the ahupua'a. The name demonstrates a close tie to the land and an appreciation of the natural environment. A more detailed discussion of the Project is provided in Section 2.3 of the ER. B. TIMEFRAME AND COSTS It is anticipated that key land use approvals will be obtained by 2008, and construction of the Project will begin in 2008. Substantial completion of the Project is expected by 2013. Development costs, including land, infrastructure and unit construction costs, are estimated at $40 million; costs without unit construction are estimated at approximately $13 million. A more detailed discussion on Project timeframes and costs is provided in Chapter 2 of the ER. III. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PROPERTY AND SURROUNDING AREA A detailed description of the affected environment, potential impacts of the Project, and any mitigation measures is provided in Chapter 3 of the ER. A. DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECT PROPERTY The Property is located at Tax Map Key No. (3) 7-7-08: 121 and consists of approximately 11.054 acres according to a 2006 land survey by Pattison Land Surveying, Inc., and approximately 11.415 acres according to the County real property tax records. The Property is in the District of North Kona, approximately 11 miles south of the Kona International Airport at Keahole and 4 miles south of Kailua-Kona town center. The Pacific Ocean is approximately 800 feet the western boundary of the Property, and Ali'i Drive runs north -south approximately 650 feet makai of the Property. Page 3 The Property is rectangular shaped and aligned east -west with the future Kahalui-Keauhou Parkway, aka Ali'i Highway, along its eastern boundary. The Property is approximately 970 feet (east -west) in length and approximately 550 feet (north -south) in width. North of the Property are the White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates Phase 1 subdivisions. The location and regional context of the Project are shown in Figure 1-1 (Project Location Map) and Figure 1-3 (Site (TMK) Map) of the ER. The Property is currently undeveloped and overgrown with vegetation. B. CLIMATE, TOPOGRAPHY, SLOPE, SOILS Climate at the Property is characterized by differences in rainfall over short distances, mild temperatures, and prevailing northeasterly trade winds. The average maximum daily temperature ranges from 80 degrees Fahrenheit (F) to 85 degrees F, with an average minimum temperature ranging from 64 degrees F to 70 degrees F. Average annual rainfall is 28 inches. The Property slopes from east to west. The highest elevation is approximately 130 feet above mean sea level ("MSL") at the mauka edge, and the lowest elevation is approximately 64 feet above MSL at the makai boundary. Most of the soil at the Property is classified as Punalu'u extremely rocky peat, and the ground surface is characterized by sharp a'a lava. The Land Study Bureau classified the Property's soil as very poor. The State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture did not place the Property within any designated category under the Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawaii publication, thus the Property does not have agricultural importance to the State. A more detailed discussion of climate, topography, slope and soil, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, is provided in Sections 3.2 and 3.9 of the ER. C. FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP/LAVA HAZARD ZONE The Property is outside of the 100 -year and 500 -year floodplains, and is located in the Federal Emergency Management Agency's FIRM Zone X. The Property is within lava hazard Zone 3, indicating a moderate hazard level. Flood and lava hazards, as well as other natural hazards, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, are discussed in more detail in Section 3.9 of the ER. D. DRAINAGE & WATER QUALITY No natural or man made water sources, or obvious drainage ditches or swales, are located on the Property. No adverse impacts due to run off to the Class AA coastal waters are anticipated as a result of the Project. Applicant will develop a drainage plan for review and approval by the Department, of Public Works prior to construction of the Project. A more detailed discussion of water quality, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, is provided in Sections 3.5 and 3.12 of the ER. Page 4 E. AIR & NOISE QUALITY Other than the temporary impacts to air and noise quality during the construction phase of the Project, no significant or lasting impacts on air or noise quality is anticipated. A more detailed discussion on air and noise quality, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, is provided in Sections 3.6 and 3.7 of the ER. F. FLORAL & FAUNA RESOURCES Development of the Project is not expected to result in deleterious impacts to the native botanical, avian or mammalian resources within North Kona. A more detailed discussion on floral and fauna resources within the Property, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, is provided in Section 3.10 of the ER. G. HISTORIC RESOURCES An archaeological inventory survey of the Property was conducted by Haun & Associates, dated January, 2006. Two sites have been identified for preservation as culturally significant, as approved by the State Department of Land and Natural Resources Historic Preservation Division. A more detailed discussion of the archaeological resources at the Property, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, is provided in Section 3.3 of the ER. The Property is not located within the Kahalu'u Historic District and is not on the National Register of Historic Places or the Hawaii Register of Historic Places. See Figure 1-2 (Kahalu'u Historic District Map) of the ER. H. CULTURAL RESOURCES According to a Cultural Impact Study/Assessment conducted by Kaimipono Consulting Services, LLC in 2006, there are no apparent on-going cultural resources or practices related to subsistence, residential or religious uses or practices. However, Applicant is working with a cultural advisory group to ensure culturally appropriate practices during development and beyond. A more detailed discussion of the cultural resources at the Property, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, is provided in Section 3.4 of the ER. SCENIC RESOURCES Partial ocean views are available from Kahalui-Keauhou Parkway, aka Ali'i Highway. Development of the Project may result in some compromise to views from adjacent developments, but due to the slope of the Property no significant impacts are anticipated. A more detailed discussion of scenic resources, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, is provided in Section 3.15.5 of the ER. Page 5 J. PUBLIC ACCESS Development of the Project should not interfere with public access to the shore or mountain areas, as the Property does not provide public access to the shoreline or mountain areas. No trails on located on the Property. K. SOCIAL -ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS Development of the Project is anticipated to result in a population increase of approximately 228 people, some of whom may not be full-time residents. A more detailed discussion on the social characteristics of the Project, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, is provided in Section 3.15 of the ER L. PUBLIC FACILITIES & SERVICES - WATER Two water storage tanks, at 325 feet and 595 feet above MSL, are in the vicinity of the Project. The Project will be served by the County Department of Water Supply ("DWS"). The Property has 50 water commitments, the equivalent of 20,000 gallons of water per day. Under traditional DWS water standards, development of the 65 -lot Project requires 65 water commitments. Applicant is addressing the water commitment shortfall in a number of ways. Being LEED ® registered, the Project is designed to use less water than traditional developments; LEED ® design should result in at least a 30% reduction in water demands. Applicant is also exploring the options of participating in privately owned water systems that will eventually be dedicated to the County, and in entering a Water Development Agreement with DWS. A more detailed discussion of water service for the Project, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, is provided in Section 3.12 of the ER. M. PUBLIC FACILITIES & SERVICES - SEWAGE DISPOSAL The Project will be served by the County Department of Environmental Management, Wastewater Branch. The Kealakehe Sewage Treatment Plant is the wastewater treatment plant that will serve the Project. A more detailed discussion of wastewater service for the Project, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, is provided in Section 3.12 of the ER. N. PUBLIC FACILITIES & SERVICES - SOLID WASTE The County does not provide a solid -waste collection system. Therefore, solid waste generated at the Project will be collected and disposed of at approved County solid waste disposal facilities. Pu'uanahulu Landfill is the solid waste disposal facility closet to the Property. Applicant intends to make every effort practicable to minimize solid waste generated during construction of the Project and at full build -out. A more detailed discussion on solid waste management, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, is provided in Section 3.13 of the ER. Page 6 O. PUBLIC FACILITIES & SERVICES - POLICE & FIRE PROTECTION The Kealakehe Police Station is approximately 6 miles north of the Property and the Keauhou Fire Station is approximately 4 miles south of the Property. A more detailed discussion on public health and safety, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, is provided in Section 3.14 of the ER. P. PUBLIC FACILITIES & SERVICES - SCHOOLS The Project will be served by Kahakai Elementary School, Konawaena Elementary School, and Konawaena Middle and High School. A discussion of the area schools, projected enrollment, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, is provided in Section 3.15.4 of the attached ER. Q. PUBLIC FACILITIES & SERVICES - PARKS Applicant does not intend to provide park space within the Property, but proposes to meet County park requirements by providing park space on nearby land. A discussion of recreational resources and parks, and any anticipated impacts and mitigation measures, is provided in Section 3.14.3 of the ER. R. DESCRIPTION OF ACCESS & ANTICIPATED TRAFFIC IMPACTS Existing access to the Property is via Naniloa Street, which connects to Queen Kalama Avenue, a turn-off from Ali'i Drive. Consistent with the County's emphasis on connectivity, additional access may be obtained over the lands owned by Kamehameha Investment Corporation to the south of the Property. Access to Ali'i Drive across the parcel makai of the Property is also being considered. At full build -out the Project is not anticipated to significantly impact traffic in the area. A more detailed discussion on access and traffic impacts is provided in Sections 2.1 and 3.11 of the ER. IV. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE & COUNTY PLANS - HAWAII STATE PLAN The Hawaii State Plan, set forth in HRS Chapter 226, consists of a series of long- range, comprehensive plans, goals and policies which serve as a guide for the growth and future long-range development of the State. The goals of the Hawaii State Plan and their relationship to the Project are as follows: A. HAWAII STATE PLAN GOALS GOALS: (1) A strong, viable economy characterized by stability, diversity, and growth that enables the fulfillment of the needs and expectations of Hawaii's present and future generations. (2) A desired physical environment characterized by beauty, cleanliness, quiet, stable and natural systems, and uniqueness that enhances the mental and physical well being of the people. (3) Physical, social and economic well Page 7 being for individuals and families In Hawaii, that nourishes a sense of community responsibility, of caring, and of participation in community life. DISCUSSION: The Project will contribute to the attainment of the three goals by expanding the availability of residential product available to Hawaii residents, thereby contributing to the stability, diversity and growth of the local and regional economies. More specifically, the Project will provide housing opportunities, including affordable housing options, in a setting characterized by beauty, cleanliness and stability. Further, by providing residential opportunities located near areas of employment, recreation and access to community services, the Project will encourage a sense of community responsibility and caring and participation in community life. In addition, the Project will promote the goals of the Hawaii State Plan by providing cultural preservation opportunities. Two sites within the Property have been identified for preservation, as approved by the State Department of Land and Natural Resources Historic Preservation Division ("DLNR-SHPD"). Chapter 4 of the ER provides further discussion on the Project's conformance with the Hawaii State Plan. V. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE & COUNTY PLANS - STATE LAND USE DESIGNATION The Property is entirely within the SLU Agricultural District. Much of the surrounding areas are in the SLU Urban District, except for TMK (3) 7-7-08: 001, located to the west of the Property, and an irregularly shaped area along Naniloa Street within the White Sand Beach Estates Street subdivision, both of which are in the SLU Agricultural District. Development of the Project will require the Property to be reclassified from the SLU Agricultural District to the SLU Urban District. Such a reclassification must conform to the following State Land Use Commission's standards for determining Urban District boundaries as provided in § 15-15-18, Hawaii Administrative Rules, as follows: A. HAR § 15-15-18 (1) It shall include lands characterized by "city -like" concentrations of people, structures, streets, urban levels of services, and other related uses. The Project will be a complementary extension of an existing residential subdivision. Immediately adjacent to the Project are the White Sands Beach Estate and Keauhou View Estates subdivisions. These adjacent uses are "city -like" in concentration and the Project will blend into this existing concentration. B. HAR § 15-15-18 (2) It shall take into consideration the following specific factors: Page 8 Proximity to centers of trading and employment, except where the development would generate new centers of trading and employment. The Property is approximately 4 miles south of Kailua-Kona town center, a center for trading and employment, and approximately 11 miles south of the Kona International Airport at Keahole. In addition, the Property is adjacent to the trading and employment center of Keauhou Resort area, which includes a commercial shopping center, golf courses, residential developments, public service facilities, and two hotels. Availability of basic services such as schools, parks, wastewater systems, solid waste disposal, drainage, water, transportation systems, public utilities and police and fire protection. The Property is well situated to be served by existing schools, wastewater and solid waste disposal systems, public utilities and police and fire protection. Development of the Project, located near existing developments at White Sands Beach Estates, Keauhou View Estates and Ali'i Heights, will improve the efficient provision and use of such basic services. This LEED ®certified Project will use less water than traditional residential developments. Applicant is working with the Department of Parks and Recreation to satisfy park needs incurred by development of the Project. Sufficient reserve areas for foreseeable Urban growth. The Property is located in an area designated for urban growth and residential uses, as indicated on the County's General Plan and the Kona Regional Plan. C. HAR § 15-15-18 (3) It shall include lands with satisfactory topography, drainage, and reasonably free from the danger of any flood, tsunami, unstable soil condition, and other adverse environmental effects. The Property has an average slope of 7%, beginning at approximately 64 feet above MSL at the makai end, to approximately 130 feet above MSL at the mauka end. As such, the topography of the Property is well suited for urban development because this gentle slope requires little alteration to the existing environment to create developable land area for the Project. There is no evidence of significant natural drainage features within the Property and the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) indicates the Property is within Zone X (outside the area of the 100 -year and 500 -year floodplain). According to the U.S. Geological Survey the Property is within the volcanic and seismic hazard Zone 4, indicating a relatively low exposure to volcanic and seismic hazards. While the Property is within the County of Hawaii Tsunami Zone, in light of its elevation, no tsunami surges are anticipated to affect the Property. Page 9 D. HAR § 15-15-18 (4) Land contiguous with existing urban areas shall be given more consideration than non-contiguous lands, and particularly when indicated for future urban use on State or County General Plans. The Property is contiguous to land within the SLU Urban District, and is LUPAG designated Low Density Urban. The Property is surrounded by lands with the LUPAG designation of Low Density Urban and Urban Expansion. Therefore, the Property is suited for reclassification to the SLU Urban District. E. HAR § 15-15-18 (5) It should include lands in appropriate locations for new urban concentrations and shall give consideration to areas of urban growth, as shown on the state and county general plans. The County General Plan designates the area as Low Density Urban, however the existing SLU Agricultural District classification does not allow for the type of residential development envisioned within the Low Density Urban designation. The Property is adjacent to existing SLU Urban parcels to the north (White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates) and south (lands proposed for development by Kamehameha Investment Corporation). Urbanization of the Property will allow for infill Urban development. Area single family residential projects such as Lokahi Makai, Pualani Estates, Kona Vistas and neighboring Alii Heights, have all recorded strong lot sales and the preliminary market analysis for the Project indicates a continued demand for a similar product. F. HAR § 15-15-18 (6) It may include lands which do not conform to Standards 1 through 5 when surrounded by or adjacent to existing urban development and only when those lands represent a minor portion of this district. Reclassification of the Property is consistent with Standards 1 through 5. G. HAR § 15-15-18 (7) It shall not include lands, the urbanization of which will contribute to scattered spot urban development, necessitating unreasonable investment in public infrastructure or support services. Page 10 The Property is contiguous with existing SLU Urban lands. Infrastructure, including water and utility (electrical, telephone, and cable) lines, is already present in the existing White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates and the area is currently served by an array of adequate public support services. Urbanization of the Property will allow for infill Urban development rather than scattered spot Urban development. H. HAR § 15-15-18 (8) It may include lands with a general slope of 20% or more if the commission finds that those lands are desirable and suitable for urban purposes. The Property has an average slope of 7% and is therefore suitable for urban purposes. VI. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE & COUNTY PLANS - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (16 USC Section 1451 - 1464), as amended, established a voluntary national program within the Department of Commerce to encourage coastal States to develop and implement coastal zone management plans. Hawaii passed the Coastal Zone Management Act (HRS Chapter 205A) in 1977. HRS Chapter 205A is intended to guide the conservation and development of land and water resources within the coastal zone in light of competing demands for limited and sensitive coastal resources. Hawaii's designated coastal zone includes all land areas of the State and extends seaward three miles to the limit of the state's jurisdiction. Each County in Hawaii is responsible for designating a Special Management Area ("SMA"). In Hawaii County, development within the SMA is administered by the County Department of Planning in accordance with Rule 9 of the SMA Rules, and authorization for development is granted by the Planning Commission. The Property is located within the SMA and is therefore subject to the objectives and policies of HRS Chapter 205A and Rule 9 of the SMA Rules. A. HRS CHAPTER 205A The following addresses the Project's relation to the objectives and policies of HRS Chapter 205A. Recreational Resources Objectives & Policies Provide coastal recreational opportunities accessible to the public. Improve coordination and funding of coastal recreational planning and management and provide adequate, accessible and diverse recreational opportunities in the coastal zone management area. Page 11 DISCUSSION: The Project is more than 800 feet from the shoreline and is not directly tied to the recreational resources of the coastal area. Development of the Project will have no adverse impact on public access to the coast. 2. Historic Resources Objectives & Policies Protect, preserve and, where desirable, restore those natural and man made historic and prehistoric resources in the coastal zone management area that are significant in Hawaiian and American history and culture. Identify and analyze significant archaeological resources. Maximize information retention through preservation of remains and artifacts or salvage operations. Support state goals for protection, restoration, interpretation and display of historic resources. DISCUSSION: An archaeological inventory survey of the Property was conducted by Haun & Associates, dated January, 2006. A copy of the inventory survey report is included as Appendix B of the ER. Two sites have been identified for preservation as culturally significant, as approved by the DLNR-SHPD. These sites are a ceremonial and permanent habitation site, and a permanent habitation site complex with an associate burial site complex. Applicant will preserve these sites, as shown on the Conceptual Land Plan for the Project, and will submit a plan for preservation and maintenance of the burial site to DLNR-SHPD and Hawaii Island Burial Council for review and approval. An archeological monitoring plan for the construction phase of development will be prepared and submitted to DLNR-SHPD for approval. The Property is not located within the Kahalu'u Historic District and is not on the National Register of Historic Places or the Hawaii Register of Historic Places. See Figure 1-2 (Kahalu'u Historic District Map) of the ER. 3. Scenic and Open Space Resources Objectives & Policies Protect preserve and where desirable, restore or improve the quality of coastal scenic and open space resources. Identify valued scenic resources in the coastal zone management area. Ensure that new developments are compatible with their visual environment by designing and locating such developments to minimize the alteration of natural land forms and existing public views to and along the shoreline. Preserve, maintain and, where desirable, improve and restore shoreline open space and scenic resources. Encourage those developments which are not coastal dependent to locate in inland areas. DISCUSSION: The Project will not impact coastal scenic and open space resources. The Project site is located approximately 800 feet from the shoreline, approximately 650 feet from Ali'i Drive and approximately 3,500 feet from the Kuakini Highway, a major thoroughfare, and, as such, will have little or no impact on views to and along the shoreline. Grading of the Property will be required for development of the Project, but no substantial alteration to existing topography is anticipated, and therefore no significant changes to scenic resources should result. La'ipala Makai will be Page 12 designed with a sense of place, and will be compatible with the existing visual environment. 4. Coastal Ecosystems Objectives & Policies Protect valuable coastal ecosystems from disruption and minimize adverse impacts on all coastal ecosystems. Improve the technical basis for natural resource management. Preserve valuable coastal ecosystems of significant biological or economic importance. Minimize disruption or degradation of coastal water ecosystems by effective regulation of stream diversions, channelization, and similar land and water uses, recognizing competing water needs. Promote water quantity and quality planning and management practices which reflect the tolerance of fresh water and marine ecosystems and maintain and enhance water quality through the development of point and nonpoint source water pollution control measures. DISCUSSION: The Project should have no adverse impacts on coastal ecosystems, coastal waters, or groundwater. As discussed in the ER, no adverse impacts to the Class AA coastal waters due to run-off are anticipated from development of the Project. The Project takes into account competing water needs by obtaining LEED O certification, resulting in a water savings of 30% or more. Development of the Project should not disrupt existing biological resources, but exterior lighting, such as streetlights, will be shielded and will face downward to reduce any risk of disorienting or downing nocturnal Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters. Such shielding and downward direction will also lower the ambient glare to the astronomical observations on Mauna Kea. 5. Economic Uses Objectives & Policies Provide public or private facilities and improvements important to the State's economy in suitable locations. Concentrate coastal dependent development in appropriate areas. Ensure that coastal dependent developments are located, designed, and constructed to minimize adverse social, visual and environmental impacts in the coastal zone management area. Direct the location and expansion of coastal dependent developments to areas presently designated and used for such developments and permit reasonable long-term growth at such areas. DISCUSSION: The Project is not coastal dependent, but is located near coastal - dependent master planned communities and resorts, and will therefore provide living opportunities for those employed at such coastal dependent developments. Development of the Project will generate short-term economic benefits to the area from construction -related activities. Infill developments, such as La'ipala Makai, help reduce adverse social, visual and environmental impacts from scattered, spot urban development. 6. Coastal Hazards Objectives & Policies Reduce hazard to life and property from tsunami, storm waves, stream flooding, erosion and subsidence and pollution. Develop and communicate adequate information Page 13 on storm wave, tsunami, flood, erosion, subsidence, and point and nonpoint source pollution hazards. Control development in areas subject to storm wave, tsunami, flood, erosion, hurricane, wind, subsidence and point and nonpoint source pollution hazards. Ensure that developments comply with requirements of the Federal Flood Insurance Program. Prevent coastal flooding from inland projects. DISCUSSION: The Property is approximately 800 feet from the coast and should not be affected by erosion or subsidence. It is located within the Tsunami Inundation Zone, but the elevation of the Property reduces the threat of damage from any tsunami waves. The Property is in FIRM Zone X, meaning it is outside of the 100 and 500 -year floodplains. The Project will be developed consistent with all building code standards applicable to structures in the tsunami zone. 7. Managing Development Objectives & Policies Improve the development review process, communication, and public participation in the management of coastal resources and hazards. Use, implement, and enforce existing law effectively to the maximum extent possible in managing present and future coastal zone development. Facilitate timely processing of application for development permits and resolve overlapping or conflicting permit requirements. Communicate the potential short and long term -impacts of proposed significant coastal developments early in their life -cycle and in terms understandable to the general public to facilitate public participation in the planning and review process. DISCUSSION: The Project development involves the concurrent requests for a SLUBA from "Agricultural" to "Urban," a COZ from Agricultural District (A -5a) to Single Family Residential (RS -7.5), and a SMA Permit. Such concurrent processing will facilitate timely processing and avoid conflicting permit requirements. In addition, concurrent processing of the Application will facilitate public participation in the planning and review process because the entire Project will be open for review. Applicant has already engaged the community (individuals, agencies and community organizations) in dialog on the Project and has revised the Project concept to meet the community's concerns. In addition, Applicant is required to notify the surrounding property owners within 500 feet of the perimeter of the Property, as required by the Zoning Code, Planning Commission Rule No. 13, and the SMA Rules. This notice informs surrounding property owners of the opportunity to participate in the evaluation and review process of the Application. The public participation process also allows for contested case hearings. While the County Planning Commission is the decision making authority on the SMA Permit and the Hawaii County Council is the decision making authority in the review and evaluation of the COZ and SLUBA, the above referenced public forums improve the development review process, communication and public participation in the management of coastal resources and hazards. Page 14 8. Public Participation Objectives & Policies Stimulate public awareness, education, and participation in coastal management. Promote public involvement in coastal zone management processes. Disseminate information on coastal management issues by means of educational materials, published reports, staff contact, and public workshops for persons and organizations concerned with coastal -related issues, developments, and government activities. Organize workshops, policy dialogues and site-specific mediations to respond to coastal issues and conflicts. DISCUSSION: The County of Hawaii Planning Commission must hold public hearings on the Applications, which will provide the public opportunities to gain awareness of coastal management issues and maintain involvement in coastal management processes. In addition, Applicant conducted community meetings as part of the pre -planning stage of the Project. 9. Beach Protection Objectives & Policies Protect beaches for public use and recreation. Locate new structures inland from the shoreline setback to conserve open space, minimize interference with natural shoreline processes, and minimize loss of improvements due to erosion. Prohibit construction of private erosion structures seaward of the shoreline; except when they result in improved aesthetic and engineering solutions to erosion at the sites and do not interfere with existing recreational and waterline activities. Minimize the construction of public erosion -protection structures seaward of the shoreline. DISCUSSION: The Project is approximately 800 feet from the coast, and will not affect public use and recreation at the beach. No Project structures will be within the shoreline. 10. Marine Resources Objectives & Policies Promote the protection, use and development of marine and coastal resources to assure their sustainability. Ensure that the use and development of marine and coastal resources are ecologically and environmentally sound and economically beneficial. Coordinate the management of marine and coastal resources and activities management to improve effectiveness and efficiency. Assert and articulate the interests of the State as a partner with federal agencies in the sound management of ocean resources within the United States exclusive economic zone. Promote research, study, and understanding of ocean processes, marine life, and other ocean resources in order to acquire and inventory information necessary to understand how ocean development activities relate to and impact upon ocean and coastal resources. Encourage research and development of new, innovative technologies for exploring, using, or protecting marine and coastal resources. DISCUSSION: The Project is approximately 800 feet from the coast, and will not affect the use and development of marine and coastal resources. Page 15 B. SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA GUIDELINES Pursuant to Rule 9-7 of the County of Hawaii Planning Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure, the Special Management Area guidelines set forth in HRS § 205A-26 shall be used by the Planning Commission for review of development within the SMA. The Project is consistent with the County of Hawaii SMA guidelines pursuant to HRS § 205A-26, described as follows. 1. HRS § 205A-26 (1). All development in the special management area shall be subject to reasonable terms and conditions set by the Authority in order to ensure: (A) Adequate access, by dedication or other means, to publicly owned or used beaches, recreation areas, and natural reserves is provided to the extent consistent with sound conservation principles. DISCUSSION: The Project is approximately 800 feet from the coast. The Property is not connected to any beaches, recreation areas or natural reserves, and development will not interfere with access to such resources. (B) Adequate and properly located public recreation areas and wildlife preserves are reserved. DISCUSSION: Development of the Project will not interfere with any existing public recreation areas or wildlife presences. (C) Provisions are made for solid and liquid waste treatment, disposition, and management which will minimize adverse effects upon Special Management Area resources. DISCUSSION: Applicant intends to make every effort to minimize waste generated during construction of the Project, and at full build out. Applicant has drafted a Solid Waste Management Plan in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Solid Waste Division of the Department of Environmental Management. This Plan includes provisions for source reduction, re -use of materials and recycling. As part of its LEED ®certification, Applicant will aim to use recycled materials and regionally produced materials to reduce transportation pollution and greenhouse gases. Wastewater will be treated at the Kealakehe Sewage Treatment Plant, which has sufficient capacity to serve the Project's needs. (D) Alterations to existing land forms and vegetation, except crops and construction of structures shall cause minimum adverse effect to water resources and scenic and recreational amenities and minimum danger of floods, wind damage, storm surge, landslides, erosion, siltation, or failure in the event of earthquake. DISCUSSION: The Project will contain only single family residences. The maximum height limit in the Single Family Residential zone district is 35 feet. The Page 16 Project is approximately 800 feet from the coast. It is separated from the coast by existing residential and open spaces and Ali'i Highway. It is not tied directly with the recreational resources of the coastal areas. Furthermore, the view planes to and along the shoreline towards the property will not be adversely impacted as the lands in the immediate area are developed with existing single family and multiple family residential development. The Project will also conform to the Uniform Building, Plumbing and Electrical Codes. Based on these requirements, the Project shall cause minimum or no adverse effect to water resources, and scenic and recreational amenities and minimum danger of floods, wind damage, storm surge, landslides, erosion, siltation, or failure in the event of earthquake. 2. HRS § 205A-26 (2). No development shall be approved unless the Authority has first found: (A) That the development will not have any substantial adverse environmental or ecological effect, except as such adverse effect is minimized to the extent practicable and clearly outweighed by public health, safety, or compelling public interest. Such adverse effect shall include, but not be limited to, the potential cumulative impact of individual developments, each one of which taken in itself might not have a substantial adverse effect and the elimination of planning options: DISCUSSION: The Project will not have any substantial adverse environmental or ecological effect, and mitigation measures have been identified to minimize those effects anticipated to be generated by the Project. The benefits to public health, safety and interest in development of the Project clearly outweigh any potential adverse effects. Even in light of potential cumulative impacts, the Project will not have a substantial adverse effect on the environment or eliminate planning options. This Urban in -fill development will make use of land slated for urbanization under the County General Plan, and potentially, provide additional connectivity among the various surrounding residential developments. (B) That the development is consistent with the objectives, policies and Special Management Area guidelines of this chapter and any guidelines enacted by the legislature. DISCUSSION: As discussed above, the Project is consistent with the objective and policies of the County of Hawaii, including the Hawaii County General Plan and Kona Regional Plan, and objectives and policies under HRS Chapter 205A. The Project does not effect public access to beaches, recreation areas or natural reserves. The Project will be adequately served by public recreation areas, including additional park space that may be provided by Applicant, and no wildlife preserves will be affected by the Project. Development of the Project includes adequate provisions for solid and liquid waste treatment, disposition, and management that will minimize adverse effects upon SMA resources. Alterations to existing land forms and vegetation will have no measurable effect on water resources and scenic and recreational Page 17 amenities. The Property is not located in an area prone to flooding, landslides, erosion, siltation or failure in the event of an earthquake and thus, the Project will not increase the danger or risk to human life. Adverse environmental or ecological impacts will be minimized to the extent practicable, as described in the ER. Applicant will comply with the requirements of Hawaii County Code Chapters 25 (Zoning) and 23 (Subdivision) in development of the Project, and the County of Hawaii's Uniform Building, Plumbing and Electrical Codes. (C) That the development is consistent with the County General Plan and zoning. DISCUSSION: The LUPAG Map designation for the Property is Low Density Urban which allows for residential uses with an overall residential density of up to 6 units per acre, and ancillary community and public uses. The Project is consistent with the County General Plan. Applicant will seek a COZ to allow for development of the Property. 3. HRS § 205A-26 (3). The Authority shall seek to minimize, where reasonable: (A) Dredging, filling or otherwise altering any bay, estuary, salt marsh, river mouth, slough, or lagoon. (B) Any development which would reduce the size of any beach or other area usable for public recreation. (C) Any development which would reduce or impose restrictions upon public access to tidal and submerged lands, beaches, portions of rivers and streams within the Special Management Area and the mean high tide line where there is no beach. DISCUSSION: The Project does not involve any dredging, filling, or other alteration of any bay, estuary, salt marsh, river mouth, slough or lagoon. The Property is located approximately 800 feet from the shoreline. Development of the Project will not reduce the size of any beach or other area usable for public recreation, nor will it reduce or impose restrictions upon public access to tidal and submerged lands, beaches, and portions of rivers and streams within the SMA and the mean high tide line where there is no beach. (D) Any development which would substantially interfere with or detract from the line of sight toward the sea from the State Highway nearest the coast. DISCUSSION: The Kahalui-Keauhou Parkway, aka Alii Highway, is approximately 1/3 of a mile from the coast, at an elevation of 100 - 150 feet above MSL. The Project's location, directly makai of the Kahalui-Keauhou Parkway, aka Alii Highway, is not expected to substantially interfere with or detract from the line of site from Kahalui-Keauhou Parkway, aka Ali'i Highway due to the proposed low-rise (one to two stories in height) nature of the Project, and the natural gentle slope of the Property. Page 18 (E) Any development which would adversely affect water quality, existing areas of open water free of visible structures, existing and potential fisheries and fishing grounds, wildlife habitats, or potential or existing agricultural uses of land. DISCUSSION: The Project does not involve any development that would adversely affect water quality, existing areas of open water free of visible structures, existing and potential fisheries and fishing grounds, wildlife habitats, estuarine sanctuaries, potential or existing agricultural uses of land. Although the Property is currently designated in the SLU Agricultural District, no agricultural activities are conducted on the Property, the Land Study Bureau classified the soil at the Property as very poor and is not designated as agriculturally important to the State. VII. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE & COUNTY PLANS - COUNTY GENERAL PLAN The Hawaii County General Plan is the County's comprehensive land use policy for guiding long-range development on the Island of Hawaii. It specifies goals, policies, and standards of development for the most desirable land uses on the island. The General Plan's associated Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map designates the general allocation of the various desired land uses, such as urban, rural, agriculture, and other designations. The LUPAG Map designation for the Property is Low Density Urban which allows for residential uses with an overall residential density of up to 6 units per acre, and ancillary community and public uses. A. COUNTY GENERAL PLAN GOALS & POLICIES The following is a discussion of the Project's consistency with the specific goals, policies, and courses of action of the General Plan that are relevant to the Project. Economic Goals & Policies GOALS: Provide residents with opportunities to improve their quality of life through economic development that enhances the County's natural and social environments. POLICIES: Require a study of significant cultural, social and physical impacts of large developments prior to approval. DISCUSSION: The Project will provide short-term construction -related job opportunities. Property, income, excise and other taxes will be generated, resulting in an increase in State and County revenues which in turn can be used to provide needed public services and facilities. Additionally, the Project will provide new housing opportunities, including affordable housing opportunities, for residents in a well planned neighborhood environment. An analysis of the cultural, social and physical impacts of the Project is provided in the ER. Page 19 2. Energy Goals & Policies GOALS: Strive towards energy self-sufficiency. POLICIES: Strive to educate the public on new energy technologies and foster attitudes and activities conducive to energy conservation. Encourage energy-saving design in the construction of buildings. DISCUSSION: The Project has been registered with the US Green Building Council as a LEED ® project, and Applicant has made a commitment to green building designs for the Project. This will result in energy savings for the development along with the use of alternative energy technologies. 3. Environmental Quality Goals & Policies GOALS: Maintain and, if feasible, improve the existing environmental quality of the island. POLICIES: Take positive action to further maintain the quality of the environment. DISCUSSION: As a LEED O registered project, the proposed Project will be an example of environmentally sound development. In addition, such in -fill urbanization will maintain the concentration of population and the use of resources in an area already designated for residential development. 4. Flooding and Other Natural Hazards Goals & Policies GOALS: Protect human life. Prevent damage to man-made improvements. POLICIES: Development related runoff shall be disposed of in a manner acceptable to the Department of Public Works. Consider natural hazards in all land use planning and permitting. Discourage intensive development in areas of high volcanic hazard. DISCUSSION: There is no evidence of significant natural drainage features within the Property. Surface water runoff and sedimentation will be minimized by methods approved by the Department of Public Works. A County approved erosion and sedimentation control plan will be implemented in conjunction with all grading activity. The Property is within FIRM Zone X, meaning it is outside the area of the 100 -year and 500 -year floodplains. The U.S. Geological Survey indicates that the Property is within the volcanic and seismic hazard Zone 4, indicating a relatively low exposure to volcanic and seismic hazards. While the Property is within the County of Hawaii Tsunami Zone, in light of its elevation, no tsunami surges are anticipated to affect the Property. GOALS: Protect, restore and enhance the sites, buildings and objects of significant historical and cultural importance to Hawaii. Page 20 r POLICIES: Require both public and private developers of land to provide historical and archaeological surveys and cultural assessments, where appropriate, prior to the clearing or development of land when there are indications that the land under consideration has historical significance. DISCUSSION: An Archaeological Inventory Survey of the Property was conducted by Haun & Associates, dated January, 2006. Two sites were recommend for preservation, as approved by DLNR-SHPD. Applicant will take all appropriate measures to preserve the identified sites, as shown on the Conceptual Land Plan, and will prepare an archeological monitoring plan for the construction phase of development. A Cultural Impact Study/Assessment was conducted on the Property by Kaimipono Consulting Services, LLC in 2006, which determined no on-going cultural resources or practices related to subsistence, residential or religious uses or practices were evident at the Property. However, Applicant is working with a cultural advisory group to ensure culturally appropriate practices during development and beyond. The Property is not located within the Kahalu'u Historic District and is not on the National Register of Historic Places or the Hawaii Register of Historic Places. See Figure 1-2 (Kahalu'u Historic District Map) of the ER. 5. Natural Beauty Goals & Policies GOALS: Protect, preserve and enhance the quality of areas endowed with natural beauty, including the quality of coastal scenic resources. Protect scenic vistas and view planes from becoming obstructed. Maximize opportunities for present and future generations to appreciate and enjoy natural and scenic beauty. POLICIES: Protect the views of areas endowed with natural beauty by carefully considering the effects of proposed construction during all land use reviews. Do not allow incompatible construction in areas of natural beauty. DISCUSSION: The Property slopes from mauka to makai, with the highest elevation being approximately 130 feet above MSL and the lowest being approximately 64 feet above MSL at the makai boundary. Development of the Project should not obstruct view planes to the coast from the future Kahalui-Keauhou Parkway, aka Ali'i Highway. The Project will be visible, and may partially obstruct view plains, from certain residences within adjacent developments. However, overall it should be indistinguishable from the larger regional view of the Keauhou lands and residential communities. GOALS: Protect and conserve the natural resources of the County of Hawaii from undue exploitation, encroachment and damage. Ensure that alterations to existing land forms and vegetation, except crops and construction of structures cause minimum adverse effect to water resources, and scenic and recreational amenities and minimum danger of floods, landslides, erosion, siltation, or failure in the event of an earthquake. Page 21 POLICIES: Require users of natural resources to conduct their activities in a manner that avoids or minimizes adverse effects on the environment. Protect the shoreline from the encroachment of man-made improvements and structures. Maintain the shoreline for recreational, education, and/or scientific uses in a manner that is protective of resources and is of the maximum benefit to the general public. DISCUSSION: The Project is located approximately 800 feet from the ocean and is not anticipated to have any direct adverse impact on the shoreline resources. Project effects on water, scenic and recreational resources, and dangers from floods, landslides, erosion, siltation, or failure in the event of an earthquake, have been discussed elsewhere in this Application. Project landscaping will utilize native plants to protect and conserve natural resources. 6. Housing Goals & Policies GOALS: Attain safe, sanitary and livable housing for the residents of the County of Hawaii. Maintain a housing supply which allows a variety of choice. Improve and maintain the quality and affordability of the existing housing inventory. POLICIES: Aid and encourage the development of a wide variety of housing to achieve a diversity of socio-economic housing mix. Encourage a volume of construction of housing sufficient to meet growth needs and correct existing deficiencies. DISCUSSION: At full build -out, the Project will provide 65 clustered single-family homes with smaller scale lots developed as a low-rise residential enclave that will fully conform to all of County zoning and subdivision requirements. The Project will enhance the variety of residential opportunities in the area. Applicant will also provide affordable housing as required by State and County policies. 7. Public Utilities Goals & Policies GOALS: Design public utility facilities to fit into their surroundings or concealed from public view. Maximize efficiency and economy in the provision of public utility services. POLICIES: Public utility facilities shall be designed to minimize conflict with the natural environment and natural resources. Encourage the clustering of developments in order to reduce the cost of providing utilities. DISCUSSION: All utilities for the Project are planned to be installed underground and constructed in accordance with State and County design standards and requirements. 8. Land Use Goals & Policies GOALS: Designate and allocate land uses in appropriate proportions and mix and in keeping with the social, cultural and physical environments of the County. A� Page 22 POLICIES: Allocate appropriate requested zoning in accordance with the existing or projected needs of neighborhood, community, region and County. Encourage urban development within existing zoned areas already served by basic infrastructure, or close to such areas, instead of scattered development. DISCUSSION: The Property is not currently zoned to allow development of the Project, but is LUPAG designated as Low Density Urban, and is surrounded by residential urban development. Thus, as essential an infill development, the SLUBA and COZ are appropriate because the Property is in an area already served by basic infrastructure and the Project will not promote scattered spot urban development. VIII. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE & COUNTY PLANS - ZONING Zoning regulations, as set forth in Chapter 25 of the Hawaii County Code, are established to promote the health, safety, morals or general welfare of the County. The Hawaii County Zoning Map for the North Kona District designates the Property as Agricultural 5-acre (A-5a). A change of zone from Agricultural 5-acre (A-5a) to Single Family Residential - 7,500 sq. ft. (RS-7.5) will be required to allow the development of single -family residential lots with a minimum size of 7,500 sq. ft. The RS district provides for lower or low and medium density residential use, for urban and suburban family life. After approval of the COZ, Applicant will seek a Planned Unit Development Permit to allow for the Project's proposed 4,500 sq. ft. lots. The purpose of a P.U.D. is to encourage comprehensive site planning that adapts the design of development to the land by allowing diversification in the relationships of various uses, buildings, structures open spaces and yards, building heights and lot sizes in planned building groups. IX. CONFORMANCE WITH STATE & COUNTY PLANS - COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLANS The goals and policies within the Kona Regional Plan support the goals and policies listed in the County General Plan, encouraging the attainment of safe, sanitary and livable housing for the residents of the County of Hawaii. The Project is in concert with the Kona Regional Plan, which designates the Property and surrounding lands for residential uses (low density urban). See Applicant's Exhibit 10. This is consistent with the RS-7.5 zoning classification being sought. Among the goals of the Kona Regional Plan is the desire to maximize choices of single -family residential lots and/or housing for County residents. The P.U.D. was encouraged as a planning tool to be used to increase the variety of housing options available for County residents. The Project will provide 65 single -family, small-scale lots developed under a P.U.D. permit as a low-rise residential enclave. It is adjacent to existing single -family residential subdivisions, thereby ensuring the continuation of compatible development and uses within the area. Drafting of the Kona Community Development Plan ("KCDP") is underway. The KCDP will translate the broad goals and policies of the County's General Plan into Page 23 specific actions and priorities for specific geographic areas in the districts of North and South Kona. KCDP Chapter 4 (Land Use Goals, Objectives and Policies), draft dated September 7, 2007, provides the following overall guiding principle for development within areas designated for urban development: Urban Area. Most of the future growth in Kona will be directed to an Urban Area defined in an official Kona Land Use Map. Within this Urban Area, growth would be directed to compact villages located along proposed transit routes or to infill areas within or adjacent to existing development. KCDP draft Land Use Policy 2.9 discusses the promotion of rezonings that promote infill develoment. La'ipala Makai is proposed in an location already designated as Low -Density Urban by the LUPAG map. Its location, between existing developed subdivisions and residentially zoned areas, further demonstrates its nature as an infill project, and is consistent with the draft KCDP guiding principles and policies. Additionally, Draft 2 of Section 4.3 dated September 7, 2007, delineates the region's commitment not to exceed the limits of existing groundwater resources. The stated objectives include the conservation of water, encouragement of alternative sources for nonpotable water and use of the County's water system in areas designated for urban uses. La'ipala Makai has been registered as a LEED O (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) project with the US Green Building council. As a LEED O project, water consumption is expected to be at least 30% less than a standard residential subdivision. The Project conforms with key elements of the draft KCDP. X. CONCLUSION Pursuant to HRS § 205-3.1, Hawaii County Code Chapter 28 and Rule 13-1 of the Planning Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure, Applicant is seeking a SLUBA for a land area of approximately 11.054 acres located in Pahoehoe 1st Kapalaalaea 2nd (Beach Sec.) North Kona District, Hawaii, Tax Map Key: (3) 7-7- 008:121. Applicant is also seeking a COZ under Chapter 25 of the Hawaii County Code, and a SMA Permit pursuant to Rule 9 of the County of Hawaii Planning Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure. Applicant's concurrent request for SLUBA, COZ and SMA Permit is authorized under Hawaii County Code § 25-2-9(b) and Rule 13-8 of the Planning Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure. Applicant seeks the requested approvals to allow for development of La'ipala Makai, a single-family residential community proposed to consist of 65 lots located near the Kona coast. The anticipated product type is clustered single-family homes with smaller scale lots (approximately 4,500 sq. ft.), pursuant to a Planned Unit Development Permit. This concept is intended to create a sense of community while retaining a single-family sensibilities. La'ipala Makai is envisioned as a sustainable, low-rise Page 24 residential community to be developed with guiding principles of community connectivity, pedestrian amenities, and awareness of place. Development of La'ipala Makai is consistent with the goals of the Hawaii State Plan, is in conformance with the standards for SLU Urban lands under Hawaii Administrative Rules § 15-15-18, and the objectives, policies and guidelines of HRS Chapter 205A, the County General Plan, County Zoning, and all relevant community plans. In consideration of the foregoing, Applicant respectfully requests: (1) a State Land Use Boundary Amendment to reclassify the Property from the SLU Agricultural District to the SLU Urban District; (2) a Change of Zone from the existing A -5a Agricultural District to the RS -7.5 Single Family Residential District; and (3) a Special Management Area Permit to allow the proposed development within the Special Management Area. Page 25 Return By Mail To: i�pn� Cxtcd� � jO�pa Z{c,rJw� Sr' sa,r.4a ryioraica� CA 40403 PARTIES TO DOCUMENT: R-772 STATE OF HAWAII 9UREAU OF CONVEYANCES APR 20, 2007CORDED 08:0'1 AM Doc NO($) 2007-071518 !s/ CARL T. WATANABE REGISTRAR OF CONVEYANCES 20 213 28 CTax (30): $7650.00 SYSTEM TITLE NO.: 200656024 ® 1s ESCROW NO.: A6-305.0491 MICHAEL J. NAUMANN TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: WARRANTY DEED GRANTOR: ROBERT P. EDWARDS, a married man, and TERRY GILIIRORT, a married man, moth of whose mailing address is P. O. Boz 3903, Pasco, WA 99302, and CHUCK EGGENER, a married man, whose mailing address is 4523 Fer k&— Da _ A. -e - o rdq t 0 AK g 4 Slot GRANTEE: KONA HIEIGHTS, LLC, a Hawaii limited liability company, whose mailing address is 4221 W. National Avenue, Burbank, CA 91503 TAX MAP KEY (3) 7-7-008-121 4812-8946-0225/K23504/1-8-07 EXHIBIT 1 KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS: That ROBERT P. EDWARDS/a married man, and TERRY GILMORE, a married man, both of whose mailing address is P. O. Box 3903, Pasco, WA 99302 and CHUCK EGGENER, a married man, whose mailing address is 3--r-s3 Fa r a" N.. D d A,1ehvr=,•. AK 1490her inaiter called the "Grantor", for and inconsideration of the sum of TEN AND NO1100 DOLLARS ($10.00) and other good and valuable consideration to the Grantor paid by KONA HEIGHTS, LLC, a Hawaii limited�liability company, whose mailing address is 4221 W. National Avenue, Burbank, CA 91305, hereinafter called the "Grantee", the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, do hereby grant, bargain, sell and convey unto the Grantee all of that certain real property designated on the tax maps of the Third Taxation Division, State of Hawaii, as Tax Map Key 7-7-008-121, more particularly described in Exhibit A attached hereto and made a part hereof; subject to the encumbrances noted therein. TOGETHER WITH ALL and singular the buildings, improvements, rights, tenements, hereditaments, easements, privileges and appurtenances thereunto belonging or appertaining or held and enjoyed in connection therewith. TO HAVE AND TO HOLD the same unto the Grantee, as its sole and separate property, its successors and assigns, in fee simple forever. AND THE SAID GRANTOR does hereby covenant with the Grantee that the Grantor is lawfully seised in fee simple of said granted premises and that the said premises are free and clear of all encumbrances except as aforesaid, and except for assessments for real property taxes. And the said Grantor further covenants and agrees that the Grantor has good right to sell and convey the said premises in the manner aforesaid; that the Grantor will WARRANT AND DEFEND the same unto the Grantee against the lawful claims and demands of all persons, except as aforesaid. The parties hereto agree that this instrument may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, and said counterparts shall together constitute one and the same agreement, binding all of the parties hereto, notwithstanding all of the parties are not signatory to the original or the same counterparts. For all purposes, including without limitation, recordation, filing and delivery of this instrument, duplicate unexecuted and 2 unacknowledged pages of the counterparts may be discarded and the remaining pages assembled as one document rr IS MUTUALLY AGREED that the terms "Grantor" and "Grantee", as and when used hereinabove or hereinbelow shall mean and include the masculine or feminine, the singular or plural number, individuals, associations, trustees, corporations or partnerships, and their and each of their rive successors in interest, heirs, executors, personal representatives, administrators and permitted assigns, according to the context thereof; and that if these presents shall be signed by two or more grantors, or by two or more grantees, all covenants of such parties shall be and for all purposes deemed to be their joint and several covenants. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Grantor has executed these presents on this _day of AML , 2007. APPROVED AS TO FORM CARLSMITH BALL LLP BY Robsrr D. Maww 1-8-07 ROBERT P. EDWARDS TERRY GILMORE CHUCK EGGENER , %" P. £ awards , l K unacknowledged pages of the counterparts may be discarded and the remaining pages assembled as one document IT IS MUTUALLY AGREED that the terms "Grantor" and "Grantee', as and when used hereinabove or hereinbelow shall mean and include the masculine or feminine, the singular or plural number, individuals, associations, trustees, corporations or partnerships, and their and each of their respective successors in interest, heirs, executors, personal representatives, administrators and permitted assigns, according to the context thereof, and that if these presents shall be signed by two or more grantors, or by two or more grantees, all covenants of such parties shall be and for all purposes deemed to be their joint and several covenants. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Grantor has "executed these presents on this _dayof2007. APPROVED AS TO FORM CARLSMITH BALL LLP BY Robert Q TYfonim 1-847 . ROBERT P. EDWARDS CHUCK EGGENTER ki A&M.M.14 STATE OF UIASSU1 +i4T-W ) ss. COUNTY OF *4,^I• On this __LL&_ day of A em- . 2007, before me personally appeared ROBERT P. EDWARDS, to me known (or proved to me on the basis of satisfactory evidence) to be the person described in and who executed the foregoing instrument, and acknowledged to me that he executed the same as his five act and deed, tK 5„a4. 0 T f uei' bion% ' �N�r,mtiti►�w�''' a 0 Name: Notary Public state of Washington My commission expires: Jeremy Trueblood Expiration Date: September 12, 2008 STATE OF WASHINGTON ) COUNTY OF Fv-+'t kfi ft ss. On this ° t day of der i ! 2007, before me personally appeared TERRY GILMOM to me known (or proved to me on the basis of satisfactory evidence) to be the person described in and who executed the foregoing instrument, and acknowledged to me that he executed the same as his free act and deed. P4t 6OT AR y Pu®%.%G o� O$ Notary Public MBe Nip~ State of Washington OF WAg . ra My commission expires: n-1 — 2008 :'41 . KX-Mff "All All of that certain parcel of land (being portion(s) of the land(s) described in and covered by Royal Patent Grant Number 3019 to Kaaipule (also known as Kaaipulu)) situate, lying and being on the west side of Highway Parcel 18 (Kahului-Keauhou Parkway) and on the south side of Keaubou View Estates at Kapalaalae 2nd, District of North Kona, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, being LOT 3-B, as shown on Consolidation and Resubdivision Map prepared by Donald P. McIntosh, Licensed Professional Land Surveyor, with Don McIntosh Consulting; dated January 27, 2004, approved April 26, 2004, with Subdivision Number 7794, being a portion of Tax Key designation (3) 7-7-008-121, and containing an area of 11.415 acres, more or less. BEING THE PREMISES ACQUIRED BY WARRANTY DEED GRANTOR: TRADE WINDS PROPERTIES OF KONA, a Hawaii limited partnership GRANTEE: ROBERT P. EDWARDS, a married man, TERRY GILMORE, a married man, and CHUCK EGGENER, a married man, as Joint Tenants DATED: RECORDED: SUBJECT, HOWEVER TO: November 8, 2005 Document No. 2005-232933 1. Reservation in favor of the State of Hawaii of all mineral and metallic mines. 2. NOTICE OF IMPOSITION OF CONDITIONS BY THE LAND USE COMMISSION dated June 26, 1998, recorded as Document No. 98-095226; re: reclassification from the State Land Use Agricultural District to the State Land Use Urban District. 3. DESIGNATION OF EASEMENT (10 feet wide) PURPOSE: no vehicular access SHOWN: on Consolidation and Resubdivision Map prepared by Donald P. McIntosh, Licensed Professional Land Surveyor, with Don McIntosh Consulting, dated January 27, 2004, approved April 26, 2004 END OF EXHIBIT "A" i FEE OWNER'S LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION Tax Map Key No: (3)7-7-008:121 Pahoehoe 1 st - Kapalaalaea 2nd (Beach Sec.) North Kona, Island, County and State of Hawaii The undersigned is the fee owner of the real property above -identified, and hereby authorizes Carlsmith Ball LLP to apply for, execute and process any and all County, State and federal governmental permit applications, and to participate in proceedings related to said real property. A photostatic or facsimile copy of this executed authorization shall also be considered as effective and valid as the original. KONA HEIGHTS, LLC, a Hawaii limited liability company By Aldersgate Investment, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, Its: Member By: Name: Ernest Mansi Its: Manager Subscribed and sworn to before me this 4 clay of "v'e:�G�a2 , 2007 U Noary Public, State of California EXHIBIT 2 S R U t St t�000300000000000000000000OOOWCPOOOOOCOO LINDA R. SMITH COMM. # 1493589 NOTARY PUSUC-CALIFORNIA R VENTURA COUNTY mm ; My coEwa JULY 1, 2008 8 Name of Notary Public My commission expires:✓lr,� 4851-1968-5377.2.060043-00001 EXHIBIT 2 MAP SHOWING EXISTING CONDITIONS UPON TRUE NORTH LOT No. 3-B KEAUHOU VIEW ESTATES ezoo°o Being a Portion of Grant No. 3019, To Kaaioulu , PHASE VI, F P 2316 ° At Kapalaalaea 2nd, North Kona, County, D�.00 y ® �® Island and State of Hawaii °��� TMK No. (3) 7-7-08:121 4I52 2 , r° pO ,aoo wl ® SQUA�IS 60N oo F 4r Bo o soC ILS` -All L• KEAUHOU VIEW ESTATES up'Q 7t Graphical Scale is in Feet .may PHASE III, F PQ2275 N yrygg 6218 ygO o 'l•875-� �o Z•aO 0 %•p0• KEAUHOU VIEW ESTATESlar z N 159 PHASE I, F P 2268 rn0 6 WHITE SANDS as fir' BEACH ESTATES �o go y47+ 798q• qo �z ®yasb i E✓ " SUBDIVISION yr �rNA ys1*`p0 571 3 UNIT II, PHASE III It -4r g161 ® yz 42191' ® 1450 ~o5 N 'U rn N F P 450It-4�0 �-42 o �m 3' • WIRON E ® D O M C) � CONCRE E p0 �' S5 0 • ® 1 I 1; Y N 5°o 4813 O AJ N S r'(� ` o appF. DRY STACK PROPERTY LANE lir N RE6AR FOUND 11680 76' SOUTH, 2 0 5,56564'EAST FOUND •X• IN ROCK a, REF 'KAHELO•® /SITE 24IM11 ,4• IRON REBARFOUND -A 'm W ® 500, 6 14 \� 1NRH CAP FOUND ® $\$.' SITE 245W 9 1Q - SITE 24534F W IRON RESAR WITH CAP FOUND =r' = 1—__SITE2 W4G GTt,LOT NO. 3-13 - 1105 Acres TW(9)7-7.OB121 SITE 24534H "b-x� h• IRON PIPE i1Q UND INN CONCRETE oo, 2818 ® ® 57 7p3 13 1, O 79'1110 0 j85515 7 +g 89 ` ®74 LOT NO 3C 8175Acres 710► 126 4g 63 16 0 ® 54% ® DRY STACK857• (STONEWALL) ALONG ® 441 4q ® 50'19• 71 S� \ FOLLOWS PROPERTY LINE 7G1j4 ® 421 NOTE ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES IN WAS SUPPLIED TO SURVEYOR BY OTHERS 04 y7• i 415.41.7 �9 yA 96' • I, Thomas G Pattison, d0 hereby certify that this 4o Q.�� BUFFER ZONE UNDETERMINED AND NOT SHOWN SITE 24892 3y B1' 8 .19'54' /95 ,� ® 5y 18 rj '4 �P�fi� map is an accurate relIta80n of a survey as / Mred j5ye 73 ® q v trade 0n the ground, by me, o1 under my �] and that there are no apparent Or NOTES,•, y.5537 8 3894 \Y, supervision `CQ visible encroachments or easements, lmo" to 1 No boundary encroachments Were fcurM. rY 2)The distances stlovrn tebYeen thepmpeM1y ;! y494 © e 42 ®/q3 y9 711 81'c ti36, Dr, except as shoam and mapped hereon. Oieresd Whes the Features, shovm750353 ,Iy SG pATr. hereon, are based on record dImenslons ,1. 7q'OB 1® 1.0511 A� A i ��O LICENSED 3) The fee res, ctrW res, shovm hereon, Y1He located by an asurvey performed lune 7th, 2005 A P 1 3ti ® 7149/ ' > � -j9 851 ® 39 �. ® ,Qb(�' PROFESSgNAL A 'v � � SURVEroro q G PATRSON on the ground on 4) A0 dimensions shown hereon are remA 1q 4b 6 THOMAS ®® 1d 6� 0 82 6�5 NOTE All CORNERS ARE FOUND 'S,y V, IyaBy-1 Uenm AID 10743 NOTED �A 9 ®e{ y NAILS UNLESS 4 / OTHERWISE /l U October 4N, 2007—lab 7535 tmmcerk u Y mac aa•rm.r aw....emwzPaw.nn 61'14'49• g, NOT E ALL AZIMUTHS &DISTANCES ARE SHOWN A MAPPED r+a rz.aemwm 0`89 jg 81 / / IN ACLOCKWIS CLOCKWISE ON Ph Boz 35-94 K.ilu9-Fa-Kona, 443- ll 74S960-3594 PATTISON LAND SURVEYING, INC. phone 32]-9939•Faz32]-9913•Ce119G0-4005 ��p�Ya�•YWMaa�Mmtl�Yw�mLro ��� 14 18 x 24 BORDER EXHIBIT 3 DESCRIPTION OF LOT NO. 3-13 TAX MAP KEY 7-7-008:121, 3RD DIVISION All of that certain parcel of land, being a portion of the land described in and covered by Royal Patent Grant No. 3019 to Kaaipulu, situate, lying and being on the West side of Highway Parcel 18 (Kahului-Keauhou Parkway) and on the South side of Keauhou View Estates at Kapalaalaea 2nd, District of North Kona, Island and County of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. Containing an area of 11.05 acres, more or less, and being more particularly described by metes and bounds as follows: Beginning at a found W iron rebar, being the Northwest comer of this herein - described tract of land, being the Southeast comer of Lot No. 2 of White Sands Beach Estates Subdivision (File Plan No. 1480) and the Southwest terminus point of Naniloa Street; the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "KAHELO" being 11,680.76 feet South and 5565.64 feet East, and running by azimuths clockwise, measured from true South: Thence for the next twenty-three (23) courses following along the middle of stonewall, along Land Commission Award No. 4452, Apana 2 to H. Kalama: 1. 255022'40" 175.85 feet along File Plan No. 1480 to a found "X" in rock; Thence for the next thirteen (13) courses following along Keauhou View Estates Phase I (File Plan No. 2268) and Phase III (File Plan No. 2275): 2. 253026'00" 46.03 feet to a found nail; 3. 254053'00" 50.09 feet to a found nail; 4. 252043'00" 65.74 feet to a found nail; 5. 256034'00" 69.20 feet to a found nail; 6. 260°02'00" 42.91 feet to a found nail; 7. 25530'00" 61.67 feet to a found nail; 8. 252041'00" 24.74 feet to a found W iron pipe; 9. 252017'00!' 70.94 feet to a found nail; 10. 249°00'00" 22.68 feet to a found nail; EXHIBIT 4 11. 245053'00" 12. 249031'00" 13. 246040'00" 14. 253°11'00" Continued Lot No. 3-13 36.24 feet to a found nail; 41.22 feet to a found nail; 77.55 feet to a found nail; 60.37 feet to a found nail; Thence for the next nine (9) courses following along Keauhou View Estates Phase VI (File Plan No. 2316): 15. 253011'00" 42.16 feet to a found nail; 16. 250048'00" 71.12 feet to a found nail; 17. 241045'00!' 9.19 feet to a found nail; 18. 249005'00" 11.04 feet to a found nail; 19. 239025'00" 22.98 feet to a found nail; 20. 234054'00" 37.47 feet to a found nail; 21. 237003'00" ' 34.58 feet to a found nail; 22. 229036'00" 15.00 feet to a found nail; 23. 238039'00" 3.04 feet to a found nail in the West line of Parcel 18, being Kahului-Keauhou Parkway; Thence for the next two (2) courses following along said Parcel 18, being Kahului-Keauhou Parkway (Alii Parkway): 24. 354055'57" 47.45 feet to a found nail; 25. 355015'00" 496.27 feet to a found W iron pipe in concrete at the middle of a stone wall; Thence for the next twenty-six (26) courses following along the middle of a stone wall, along Royal Patent No. 6856, Land Commission Award 7713, Apana 6 to V. Kamamalu: 26. 70006'21 " 35.73 feet to a found nail; 01 Continued Lot No. 3-13 27. 74025'5T' 48.88 feet to a found nail; 28. 7405525" 48.63 feet to a found nail; 29. 74022'26" 34.12 feet to a found nail; 30. 7104146' 17.54 feet to a found nail; 31. 79013'10" 28.28 feet to a found nail; 32. 70°50'19" 17.01 feet to a found nail; 33. 71004'01" 29.36 feet to a found nail; 34. 70011'49" 42.74 feet to a found nail; 35. 65°24'10" 16.68 feet to a found nail; 36. 730042T' 39.19 feet to a found nail; 37. 7401541" 40.32 feet to a found nail; 38. 73052'16" 85.80 feet to a found nail; 39. 69055'37" 36.94 feet to a found nail; 40. 81°19'54" 20.96 feet to a found nail; 41. 7105942" 13.61 feet to a found nail; 42. 73026'45" 32.81 feet to a found nail; 43. 67005'11" 93.29 feet to a found nail; 44. 73003'53" 24.94 feet to a found nail; 45. 72048'22" 39.75 feet to a found nail; 46. 76008'18" 17.99 feet to a found nail; 47. 6103346" 20.42 feet to a found nail; 48. 62°19'19" 36.10 feet to a found nail; 3 Continued Lot No. 3-13 49. 65046'32" 13.81 feet to a found nail; 50. 82014'49" 19.81 feet to a found nail; 51. 65004'39" 14.87 feet to a found nail; Thence for the next three (3) courses following along Lot No. 3-C, being the West line of this herein -described tract: 52. 150000'00" 456.55 feet to a found %" mbar with cap; Thence, following a curve to the right with a radius of 150.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 53. 160031'00" 54.76 feet to a found W rebar with cap; 54. 171002'09' 15.00 feet to the point of beginning and containing an area of 11.05 acres, more or less. Description prepared by: ;G.p /^ LICENSAL ED 2' l 'ROFES�ION * LAND rRDR J 7 r} 743 / October 4th, 2007 Thomas G. Pattison Licensed Professional Land Surveyor Certificate No. 10743, expires 4/30/08 a 45' site eo S3Py LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report al Pedestrian ection to =iighway Figure 2-1 Conceptual Land Plan c - o t) LIST OF SURROUNDING PROPERTY OWNERS WITHIN 500 FEET FROM TMK: (3) 7-7-8:121 KONA HEIGHTS (LA'IPALA HEIGHTS) TMK Owner Mailing Address 7-7-008:001 Kaupulehu Land LLC P.O. Box 617 Kapaau, Hawaii 96755 7-7-008:099 William D. Artus, etal 1338 W 15th Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 7-7-008:121 Kona Heights LLC 1060 Harvard Street Attention: Greg Golden Santa Monica, CA 90403 7-7-017:001 Marlene E. Calvert 20733 Rancho Los Cerritos Covina, CA 91724 7-7-017:002 Marlene E. Calvert 20733 Rancho Los Cerritos Covina, CA 91724 7-7-017:003 Kevin Paul Merrill, etal 77-116 Queen Kalama Avenue Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-017:004 Jackson Family Trust 7008 Dume Drive Malibu, CA 90265 7-7-017:006 Kathleen Leavitt P.O. Box 697 Mariposa, CA 95338 7-7-017:007 William E. Newcomb 77-107 Queen Kalama Avenue Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-017:009 Ronald M. Worrell Trust 77-6533 Kahananui Place Patricia J. Worrell Trust Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-017:010 Robert M. Tom 1132 Highlands Heights Lane Geneva Tom Escondido, CA 92026 7-7-017:011 Reiko Elizabeth Posner 3616 Mountain View Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90066 EXHIBIT 7 7-7-014:012 Barbara A. Welsh 77-6554 Prin Keelikolani Drive Charles H. Church Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-017:013 Phil R. Couch 77-114 Kaiupoho Place' Kelly A. Couch Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-017:053 Glen Elliot 2310 Wakeforest Ct. Brenda Elliot Arlington, TX 76012 7-7-014:054 Kent Winfield Carnes 1300 Black Creek Lane Cathleen Joyce Carnes Korbel, CA 95550 7-7-017:055 Katherine L. Vadovich Trust 232 Awakea Road Lucy Fitzroy Kailua, Hawaii 96734 7-7-017:056 Malcolm F. Hulsey 77-6553 Princess Keelikolani Lisa S. Hulsey Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-017:057 Philip G. Waite, etal 77-121 Queen Kalama Street Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-017:061 Henry F. Hagemeyer P.O. Box 187 Gale M. Gray Nome, AK 99762 7-7-017:062 Watson Family Trust 3071 Parkfield Court Fairfield, CA 94533 7-7-017:063 Jo Anne K. Fish Trust No. 1 2137 South Hill Road Ventura, CA 93003 7-7-017:064 Krista Flood 77-6554 Naniloa Street Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-017:065 Steven P. Barnes 74-5565 Luhia Street Sperry Communications Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-017:066 Victor T. Yadon 77-6550 Naniloa Drive Vicki L. Yadon Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-017:067 Theodor Edward Dahlke 74-5626 Alapa Street #12 Serena Marie Dahlke Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-017:089 David K. Kornbluth 77-6543 Naniloa Drive Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-017:090 Close To Home Investment Group LLC 7920 Royal Lace Ter c/o Acme Filings Corp. Lake Worth, FL 33467 7-7-017:091 Edward K. Makaio 77-6549 Naniloa Drive Cherisse L. Makaio Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-017:092 Laurence Hawelu SR4 RTE. 11 Hawelu Road Ann Beveridge-Hawelu Kurtistown, Hawaii 96760 7-7-017:093 Patricia Mary Briseno 77-133 Queen Kalama Avenue Gaeton Philip Briseno Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-017:094 Shane Sveiven 42144 Madison Ct. Jennifer Black Sveiven Lancaster, CA 93536 7-7-017:095 Douglas C. Stephens P.O. Box 846 Carol J. Stephens Newman, CA 95360 7-7-017:999 Roadway 7-7-025:011 Rickie D. Farley 77-6548 Ho'olaupa'i Street Trudy L. Farley Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:012 Wilfred E. Pereira 77-6550 Ho'olaupa'i Street Irene C. Pereira Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:013 Chiotis Family Trust 765 Crestview Ct. c/o Anthony & Penelope Chiotis San Marcos, CA 92078 7-7-025:014 Terry J. Fitz 2710 Lafayette Street Soquel, CA 95073 7-7-025:015 Yash P. Verma Family Trust 2000 77-6558 Ho'olaupa'i Street Helen P. Hughes-Verma Family Trust 2000 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:016 Dawson T. Mahony 75-6173 Akoa Street Nancy L. Mahony Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:017 Faye D. K. Daniel Trust 77-140 Queen Kalama Avenue Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:018 Craig Duncan 77-142 Queen Kalama Avenue Lanette Abraham-Duncan Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:019 Duane Alfred Otte 77-144 Queen Kalama Avenue Dionne Rochelle Otte Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:020 Michelle Danihel Trust 77-147 Queen Kalama Avenue Michael & Olivia Danihel Family Trust Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:021 Emil M. Spencer P.O. Box 5000 Diane C.B. Spencer Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:022 Howard Keith Salmo P.O. Box 95 Corinna Mae Salmo Pahala, Hawaii 96777 7-7-025:050 Pamela J. Myers 247 Sunset Avenue Santa Cruz, CA 95060 7-7-025:057 Lisa J. Sims -Hulsey 77-6553 Princess Keelikolani Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:058 Shin -Chi Chien 28 Desert Highlands Drive Henderson, NV 89052 7-7-025:059 Rebecca Renee Reynolds 77-159 Koakoa Street Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:060 Jack Eichberger Trust 77-161 Ko'akoa Street Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:061 Ronald Marlin Peppler P.O. Box 568 Aileen Tomie Peppler Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745 7-7-025:062 Brian Jeffrey Kennard 77-248 Holomakani Street Lorraine Kennard Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:063 Lisa A. Crawford 77-167 Koakoa Street Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:064 Alfred Blackman Wilson P.O. Box 364 Cynthia Wittig Wilson Honokaa, Hawaii 96727 7-7-025:065 Kelvin Lee Trust 77-166 Koakoa Street Dana W. Lee Trust Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 c/o Kelvin K. & Dana Lee Trustees 7-7-025:066 Kimberly Cavalier 610 E Bluff Drive William J. Howard 1 Port Angeles, WA 98362 7 7-7-025:067 Curtis Guy Manasas 77-162 Koakoa Street Tanya Marie Setsuko Manasas Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:068 Finney Family 1995 Trust 77-158 Koakoa Street Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:069 Edward A. Gervais 77-156 Koakoa Street Lynn R. Gervais Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:070 Michelle J. Bono 77-154 Koakoa Street Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:071 Ronald C. Blas 77-149 Queen Kalama Avenue Keri Haunani Whiting Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:072 Jessie Uy, etal 77-153 Queen Kalama Avenue Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:073 Jamey Beecher Knapp 77-155 Queen Kalama Drive Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:074 Fred Keola Erskine 3075 Ala Poha Place Apt. # 702 Deborah Lee Erskine Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 7-7-025:075 Alfred Blackman Wilson P.O. Box 364 Cynthia Wittig Wilson Honokaa, Hawaii 96727 7-7-025:076 William M. Sparrow 4994 San Marcos Ct. Kate Pfeiffer Santa Barbara, CA 93111 7-7-025:077 Mary J. Benson 77-156 Queen Kalama Avenue Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:078 Kelley G. Roudebush 77-152 Queen Kalama Avenue Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:079 Randy W. Duerksen Trust 77-150 Queen Kalama Avenue Jolene E. Duerksen Trust Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:082 Robert A. Shabot 4241 Park Lane Carol A. Shabot Dallas, TX 75220 7-7-025:083 Ronald Macarthur 26 Carmello Road Renee Macarthur Walnut Creek, CA 94597 7-7-025:084 TSA 7 LLC 4575 Crystal Street Capitola, CA 95010 7-7-025:085 John P. Bunnell 77-203 Mahiehie Street Danielle K. Bunnell Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:086 Cynthia A. Bagley Trust 77-207 Mahiehie Street Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:087 Wesley Fujinami Sun 543 Fulton Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94301 7-7-025:088 John Arthur Herbst 1490 Farnham Point Unit 103 Cindy Phillips Herbst Colorado Springs, CO 80904 7-7-025:089 Robert Martin English P.O. Box 2277 Shara Ann English Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745 7-7-025:090 Wayne Benjamin Rosentreter, etal 4924-50 Avenue Beaumont Alberta., Canada 7-7-025:091 Mahoney Family Trust 77-214 Mahiehie Street Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:092 George Garland Wilson III 77-212 Mahiehie Street Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:093 Downing Edward Wilson 77-210 Mahiehie Street Susan Pease Wilson Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:094 Dorise L. Ford Trust 77-172 Koakoa Street Stephen Patrick Morgan Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:095 Robert H. May P.O. Box 1172 Tovi D. Santiago Wilson, WY 83014 7-7-025:096 Kazutoyo Hasegawa 77-198 Mahiehie Street Masako Hasegawa Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-025:097 Fosha Family Rev Trust 3052 Great Falls Way Sacramento, CA 95826 7-7-025:999 Roadway 7-7-027:040 Towne Keauhou LLC 220 S. King Street, Suite 2170 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 7-7-027:058 Aloha Enterprises LLC P.O. Box 2869 Jackson, WY 83001 7-7-027:059 Joe Filo Meno Dutra, etal 77-201 Ho'oka'ana Street Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 Joe Dutra 1355 Whitton Avenue Leonilda Dutra San Jose, CA 95116 7-7-027:076 Frank Felix Jr. Trust 812 Pahumele Street Clara Natividad Felix Trust Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96734 7-7-027:077 Clint Edwin Sloan P.O. Box 391057 Maria E. Sloan Keauhou, Hawaii 96739 7-7-027:078 Doreen Hung Parker 77-198 Ho'oka'ana Street Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-7-027:999 Roadway 7-8-010:002 Kamehameha Investment Corp. P.O. Box 5685 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745 7-8-010:004 Kamehameha Investment Corp. P.O. Box 5685 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745 7-8-014:056 B P Bishop Estate Trust P.O. Box 3466 Kamehameha Schools Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 7-8-014:062 B P Bishop Estate Trust P.O. Box 3466 Kamehameha Schools Honolulu, Hawaii 96801 John H. Alapai 78-6615 Alii Drive Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 7-8-014:063 Louis D. O'Connell Trust P.O. Box 629 Nancy E. O'Connell Trust Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745 4812-6676-1986.1 Harry Kim Mayor County of Hawaii DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE - REAL PROPERTY TAX Aupum Center • 101 Pauahi St, Suite 4 • Hilo, Hawaii 967204224 • Fax (808) 961-8415 Appraisers (808) 961-8354 • Clerical (808) 961-8201 • Collections (808) 961-8282 75-5706 Kuakmi Highway • Suite 112 • Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96740 . Fax (808) 327-3538 Appraisers (808) 327-3542 • Clerical (808) 327-3540 REAL PROPERTY TAX CLEARANCE (rev. 07/99) October 30, 2007 TMK(s): (3) 7-7-008-121-0000 (Owner of record: ) Kona Heights LLC William Takaba Finance Director This is to certify that the real property taxes due to the County of Hawaii on the parcel(s) listed above have been paid up to and including December 31, 2007. This clearance was requested on behalf of Kona Heights LLC for the County Planning Department and is issued for this/these parcel(s) only. By ; jj&& L Sakae, Senior Acct Clerk REAL PROPERTY TAX DIVISION Hawai'i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer EXHIBIT 8 ATTACHMENT R esiient$1R ezonng PLANNING DEPARTMENT COUNTY OF HAW All APPLIrATDN FOR CHANGE OF ZONE 1. ffyourmquestis approved, do you intend tD subdi rhe the subj--ctland in accoidance with the appmved change ofzone? Yes ifyes,phase answertfie mstofquestbn 1 and then m questnn 3. a. H ow m any acros of the requested area do you intend tD subdiriie? 11.054 (entire property b. hntD w hatbtsizes? 4500sf C. if your mquestisappmved,appmxinatelyhow bng afterthe date ofappmvaldo you expecttD subm it yoursubdivisnn plans tD the Plannng Departrn ent fDrpm1!n naryappmvaV 3 mon d. D o you intend to bu3b houses on the new ly created bts? Undecided ifyes, phase answ erthe b1bw ing questions: on how m any of those bts? N/A Atwhatappmxn ate prce range? House N/A Lots N/A Total N/A Appmxin ate4r how bng, abrappmvalof the subdivision, w ouli the fisthouse be available fDroccupancy? N/A Ifyou intend tD subdivide, phase subm la prebm nary schem atx subdivisnn plan tDgether w ith yourchange of zone applration f:) m . Exhibit 9 2• ifyou have no fm plans ofsubdividing the sub�ctarea, do you intend to: a. Sellorlease the land to someone who has fm plans? b. Sellorlease the land to someone who has tentative plans? C. Sellorlease the land to someone who has no plans? d. Keep 12 e. other Ohase stats) £ Ifyou ntend to do e1hera, b, orc, please e]abonte on the kind ofpbns the otherparty has. P lease, also, include in youransw erappmxh ately how soon afler appmvalof your mzoning do you expectto tianshrthe subecthnd to anotherparty. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3. Do You think thatyour mque stand yourfbrtherphns brthe bnd w iILalhvate the bcalhousbg sivatbn? Yes How? In addition to providing 65 single family residential lots on the subject property, developer will provide 20 affordable housing units on nearby property. These 20 affordable housing units represent 30% of the total units proposed for the subject property, which exceeds the 20% affordable housing requirement set forth in Chapter 11 of the Hawaii County Code. 4. Are them any bu2iings on the subjDctama? No rso, whatkbd? N/A w hatdo you Mend to do w ih those bu2ibgs ifyour mquestis approved? N/A -2- 5. Is the subectland currently being used forany a g ricu ltu ra l a c tiviiy? No If so, please list the kinds of products grown and on how m any square feetoracres ofland perpmduct. N/A 6. To your know ]edge, has there been any fboding and/or drainage problem on the sub�ctarea? No If so, please describe the problem . N/A 1. Do you think thatthe mads leading to the suogcrarea needs m pmvem ent? No If so, w hatkind? No improvements will be needed. Access to the subject property will be via Naniloa Street. The proposed development is not anticipated to alter the level of service at Queen Kalama Avenue or Ali'i Drive. is the mad adequate forthe proposed traffic volam e Road Adequate orbad? 8. W hatsortofgovemm entalassistance and/brim pmvem ents do you fee 1w illbe needed in the subectarea when developed? yes ID ta. Schools X b. R oads X C. Sewer X d. D minage X e. police P mtectpn X -3- Yes RD £ Fie Pmtecthn X 9. R ecmatbnalFacilbes X h. PubkUtTtbs X I . other, X Forthose checked 'Yes,"prase elabom a whatWe orkinds of in pmvem ents and,brassistance are needed. Please see attached. S ignatum: Address: Tebphone: Date: 6337Ah0A -4- P 1). 5/84 Applicant's Exhibit 9 Application for Change of Zone Attachment - Residential Rezoning TMK (3) 7-7-008:121 Schools - Development of the property may result in approximately 98 additional children attending area public schools. No significant adverse impact to the schools is expected, but developer will negotiate a in lieu fee agreement with the DOE to pay its fair share contribution Recreational Facilities - No park space is provided within the property. Developer will fulfill County park requirements by providing a 3 acre park on nearby land. Public Utilities - Sufficient public utility services are available for the property. Property currently has 50 Department of Water Supply water commitments. Developer has committed to developing Property as a LEED O registered Project. As such, the water demands for the Project should be at least 30% less than that of traditional residential subdivisions. Applicant is also exploring the option of participating in privately owned water systems that will eventually be dedicated to the County. 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'#. �A \ ° • ••e 0a•Pa lies .re °i'.0 —..R •Ria •••°_•P ae aa.�aP a• l 1t t e _ ^ !s� as.�s��N.Pe` a CARLSMITH BALL LLP A LIMITED LIABILITY LAw PARTNERSHIP 121 WAIANUENUE AVENUE P.O. Box 686 HILO, HAwAn 96721-0686 TELEPHONE 808.935.6644 FAX 808.935.7975 W W W.CARLSMrrH.COM HAND DELIVERY Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, Director Planning Department County of Hawaii 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 .4 n +:AUNTY OF HAWAII DuInt NG SLIMOCARLSMITH.COM OUR REFERENCE NO: 060043-01 March 7, 2008 Re: Traffic Impact Analysis Report (TIAR Update) Special Management Area Use Permit (SMA 07-000024) State Land Use Boundary Amendment (SLU 07-000018) Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000075) Applicant: Kona Heights, LLC Tax Map Key (3)7-7-008:121 Dear Mr. Yuen: On behalf of the Applicant, Kona Heights, LLC and pursuant to your letter dated January 7, 2008, we respectfully transmit the attached, Traffic Impact Analysis Report (TIAR Update) prepared by The Traffic Management Consultants dated February 28, 2008. The purpose of this TIAR Update is to expand the study area and planning horizons in order to comply with the County of Hawaii concurrency conditions prescribed in Ordinance No. 07-99. This TIAR Update presents the findings and recommendations of the study which include: 1. Description of the proposed project. 2. Evaluation of existing roadways and traffic conditions. 3. Development of trip generation characteristics of the proposed project. 4. Analysis of future roadway and traffic conditions without the proposed project. 5. Identification and analysis of traffic impacts resulting from the development of the proposed project. EXHIBIT HONOLULU KAPOLEI HILO KONA MAU• GUAM SAIPAN LOS ANGELES 039006 Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, .,irector March 7, 2008 Page 2 6. Traffic impact analysis of the 5 -year (2013), 10 -year (2018) and 20 -year (2028) conditions with the proposed project. 7. Recommendations of improvements, as necessary, that would mitigate the traffic impacts identified in this study. I trust this submittal satisfies issues outlined in your letter dated January 7, 2008, therefore allowing the above referenced application to proceed with the agency reviews and hearing process. Should you have any questions related to this submittal or the application, please feel free to call my office at 935-6644. Respectfully submitted, Steven .C.L m SSLlslkl Enclosure(s) cc: Kona Heights, LLC G. Atta, Group 70 R. Okaneku, Traffic Management Consultant 4813-7950-8994.1.060043-00001 iA L Q V . • lw� I �► COUNTY of HAWAII PLAOPI�NI,�N� TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORT UPDATE FOR THE PROPOSED NORTH KONA, HAWAII TAX MAP KEY 7-7-08:121 I. Introduction A. Purpose and Scope of the Study The Traffic Impact Analysis Report for the Proposed La`ipala Makai (TIAR) was prepared by The Traffic Management Consultant, dated October 31, 2007. The 2007 TIAR analyzed the proposed project without the future regional roadway improvements, planned by the County of Hawaii, such as, the Keauhou-Kahului Parkway and the extension of La`aloa Avenue to Kuakini Highway. The purpose of this TIAR Update is to expand the study area and planning horizons in order to meet the County of Hawaii conditions, prescribed in Ordinance 07 99. This TIAR Update presents the findings and recommendations of the study. The scope of this study includes: 1. Description of the proposed project. 2. Evaluation of existing roadways and traffic conditions. 3. Development of trip generation characteristics of the proposed project. 4. Analysis of future roadway and traffic conditions without the proposed project. 5. Identification and analysis of traffic impacts resulting from the development of the proposed project. 6. Traffic impact analysis of the '5 -year (2013), 10 -year (2018), and 20 -year (2028) conditions with the proposed project. 7. Recommendations of improvements, as necessary, that would mitigate the traffic impacts identified in this study. B. Project Description Kona Heights, LLC proposes to develop a residential project, known as La`ipala Makai. La`ipala Makai is proposed to be developed into 65 single-family dwelling units, in North Kona, Hawaii. The proposed project is expected to reach 50 -percent build out and occupancy by the Year 2013. Full build out and occupancy of the proposed project is �,� La'ipala Makai Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 expected by the Year 2016. The 11.054 -acre site is identified as Tax Map Key 7-7-08: 121. Figure 1 depicts the vicinity of the project. Access would be provided on AIN Drive, via the extension of an existing Naniloa Drive stub -out at Queen Kalama Avenue. With the planned construction of the Kahului- Keauhou Parkway and the extension of La`aloa Avenue to Kuakini Highway, site access would include the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway and Kuakini Highway via Naniloa Drive and La'aloa Avenue. Future access may be provided through the adjacent parcel, which is located immediately makai of the project site. For the purpose of this traffic impact analysis, it is assumed that the project will not have access to Alii Drive through the adjacent parcel. The proposed site plan is depicted on Figure 2. C. Methodologies 1. Capacity Analysis Methodology The highway capacity analysis, performed for this study, is based upon procedures presented in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), published by the Transportation Research Board, 2000. HCM defines Level of Service (LOS) as "a quality measure describing operational conditions within a traffic stream". Several factors may be included in determining LOS, such as: speed, travel time, freedom to maneuver, traffic interruptions, driver comfort, and convenience. LOS's "A", "B", and "C" are considered satisfactory Levels of Service. LOS "D" is considered a minimum "acceptable" operating level of service by the County of Hawaii standards. LOS "E" is an undesirable condition, and LOS "F" is an unacceptable condition. Intersection LOS is primarily based upon delay in seconds per vehicle (sec/veh). The Level of Service for a two-lane highway is based upon average speed and "percent time -spent -following" (PTSF), which is a result of vehicle platoons following slow-moving vehicles combined with limited opportunities for passing. Intersection LOS is based primarily on vehicle delay (d), which is expressed in terms of average seconds of delay per vehicle. Table 1 summarizes the LOS criteria. Table 1. Level of Service Criteria (HCM) Two -Lane Highway At -Grade Intersections Delay LOS PTSF (%) Average Speed (mph) Signalized Control Unsignalized Control A <— 35 > 55 <— 10 5 10 B >35-50 >50-55, > 10-20 > 10— 15 C >50-65 >45-50 >20-35 > 15-25 D >65-80 >40-45 >35-55 >25-35 E >80 <— 40 >55-80 >35-50 F v/c > 1.00 Varies > 80 > 50 2 500 TMK 7-7-10 'ate) Va ant tel;ameha a --�,. r, j3deaitt Investment Corporatio: LeSend Project Site: T.NU. 7-7-06:121 Sourw. Hawail Statewtde CM Program, De au^tmml of Planning, 2OC6 Figure 1. Vicinity Map 3 La'ipala Makai TMC Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 F..In.i R.un. •YeSTn Nilnn 1'iM,pl+ry 1AT r Tninan-c(w �rnn i � I•Nnr n! 1 wv.Mq.n.re Er_s,�lR !lM' L751pala MakM MAW Site Man <Replace with Figure 2 Makai.doc> Figure 2. Site Plan 4 La `ipala Makai TMC Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 "Volume -to -capacity" (v/c) ratio is a measure indicating the relative traffic demand to the roadway's capacity. HCM defines capacity as "the maximum number of vehicles that can pass a given point during a specified period under prevailing roadway, traffic flow, and traffic control conditions." A v/c ratio of 0.50 indicates that the traffic demand is utilizing 50 -percent of the roadway's capacity. The capacity analysis worksheets are attached in the Appendix. 2. Traffic Simulation SimTraffic is a microscopic traffic simulation software, developed by Trafficware Corporation. Microscopic traffic simulation is a stochastic process, which can analyze the interactions of individual vehicles as they pass through the roadway network. HCM procedures do not include a Level of Service analysis for roundabouts. SimTraffic was used to evaluate the Levels of Service of the proposed roundabout intersection of La aloa Avenue and Kahului-Keauhou Parkway. SimTraffic also was used to analyze the vehicle queuing, vehicular delays, and the overall operations of the street network. 3. Trip Generation Methodology The trip generation methodology is based upon generally accepted techniques developed by the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) and published in Trip Generation, 7th Edition. ITE trip rates are developed by correlating the total vehicle trip generation data with various activity/land use characteristics, such as the vehicle trips per hour (vph) per dwelling unit. The trip generation characteristics for the proposed project are based upon ITE trip rates for a single-family detached dwelling unit. H. Existing Conditions A. Roadways Kuakini Highway is a two-way, two-lane arterial highway between Kailua-Kona and Kainaliu. Kuakini Highway carried about 21,000 vehicles per day, total for both directions. Alii Drive is a two-way, two-lane secondary arterial roadway between Kailua-Kona and Keauhou, which generally follows the coastline. Alii Drive carried about 4,000 vehicles per day, total for both directions. Queen Kalama Avenue is a two-way, two lane cul-de-sac roadway, which provides access to adjacent residential subdivisions, immediately to the north of the project site. Queen Kalama Avenue intersects Alii Drive at a stop -controlled T intersection. The sight distances on the Queen Kalama Avenue approach at its intersection with Alii Drive are limited to the left by landscape vegetation, and to the right by a rock slope. La aloa Avenue is a two-way, two-lane collector roadway, which is located to the north of Queen Kalama Avenue. La aloa Avenue intersects Alii Drive at stop -controlled T -intersection. E La `ipa/a Makai TMC Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 Naniloa Drive is a two-way, two-lane local roadway between La`aloa Avenue and Queen Kalama Avenue. The project access is proposed at the south terminus of Naniloa Avenue, which is a stub -out roadway, immediately south of its stop -controlled four - legged intersection with Queen Kalama Avenue. B. Existing Peak Hour Traffic Volumes and Operating Conditions 1. Field Investigation and Data Collection Manual traffic count surveys were conducted at the intersections of Ali `i Drive at Queen Kalama Avenue and Alii Drive at La`aloa Avenue in February 12, 2008, during the AM and PM peak periods of traffic — from 6:30 AM to 8:30 AM and from 3:30 PM to 5:30 PM. Kuakini Highway traffic data also were collected in February 14, 2008, during the AM and PM peak periods of traffic — from 6:30 AM to 8:30 AM and from 3:30 PM to 5:30 PM. The peak period traffic data are presented in the Appendix. 2. Existing AM Peak Hour Traffic The AM peak hour of traffic occurred between 7:15 AM and 8:15 AM. Kuakini Highway carried over 1,600 vehicles per hour (vph), total for both directions. Kuakini Highway operated at LOS "E", with a v/c ratio of 0.60. Alii Drive carried about 600 vph, total for both directions. Alii Drive operated at Level of Service "C" with a v/c ratio of 0.23, during the existing AM peak hour of traffic. Queen Kalama Avenue carried about 30 vph, and La aloa Avenue carried about 240 vph. Queen Kalama Avenue operated at LOS `B" at Alii Drive, during the existing AM peak hour of traffic. La aloa Avenue also operated at LOS `B" at Ali i Drive. Figure 3 depicts the existing AM peak hour traffic volumes and results of the capacity analysis. 3. Existing PM Peak Hour Traffic The existing PM peak hour of traffic occurred between 3:45 PM and 4:45 PM. Kuakini Highway carried about 1,700 vph, total for both directions. Kuakini Highway operated at LOS `B", with a v/c ratio of 0.61. Alii Drive carried about 900 vph, total for both directions. Alii Drive operated at Level of Service "D" with a v/c ratio of 0.34, during the existing PM peak hour of traffic. Queen Kalama Avenue carried about 50 vph, and La aloa Avenue carried about 300 vph. During the existing PM peak hour of traffic, Queen Kalama Avenue operated at LOS "C" at Alii Drive. La'aloa Avenue also operated at LOS "C" at Alii Drive. ,:J 832 KUAKINI KUAKINI HIGHWAY HIGHWAY 790 LAALOA AVENUE TJN NOT TO SCALE LEGEND 90 TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) LANE CONTROL O LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNALIZED CONDITION) QUEEN KALAMA AVENUE /�\ 18 8 7 ^�n < 7 130 35 V V 232 11 8 L3239 ALII Q� ALII ALII Q� ALII DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE 57 4 217 � 248 Figure 3. Existing AM Peak Hour Traffic I 7 ��.�� La`ipala Makai Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 The existing left -turn demand on southbound Alii Drive at La`aloa Avenue meets the left -turn lane warrant, developed by M. D. Harmelink, and published in "Volume Warrants for Left -Turn Storage Lanes at Unsignalized Grade Intersections", Highway Research Record 211, Highway Research Board, 1967. The Harmelink research has been adopted by many organizations, including the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and incorporated into several publications including: the AASHTO A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets ("Green Book"), National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 279 Intersection Channelization Design Guide, 1985, NCHRP Report 348 Access Management Guidelines for Activity Centers, 1992, and NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 225, Left -Turn Treatments at Intersections, 1996. . The existing PM peak hour traffic volumes and results of the capacity analysis are depicted on Figure 4. III. Future Traffic Conditions A. External Traffic 1. Background Growth in Traffic Historical traffic count data, collected on Kuakini Highway, south of its intersection with Kamehameha III Road, were obtained from DOT. Linear regression analysis of the DOT data indicated that the annual growth in traffic in the region averaged about 2.1 percent per year. The background growth factor was applied uniformly to the existing traffic data on Kuakini Highway to estimate the Year 2016 traffic demands. 2. Keauhou Community Plan Keauhou is a 2,400 -acre master -planned resort community, located to the south of the project site. The resort's facilities have included three hotels, two golf courses, a large shopping center, and several condominium and time-share projects. The Community Plan includes about 3,000 units, which are occupied by visitors, owners, and long-term renters. An additional 2,500± units are planned for the Keauhou Community, consisting of single-family and multi -family dwelling units, and time-share projects. The Community Plan also includes commercial retail and office space. Full build out and occupancy is assumed to occur by the Year 2030. During the AM peak hour of traffic, the proposed Keauhou Resort is expected to generate a total of 1,614 vph — 860 vph entering the site and 754 vph exiting the site. The proposed Keauhou Resort is expected to generate a total of 1,954 vph — 920 vph entering the site and 1,034 vph exiting the site, during the PM peak hour of traffic. The traffic impact analysis for the Keauhou Community Plan was documented in the Traffic Impact Analysis Report for the Proposed Keauhou Mauka, prepared by The Traffic Management Consultant (May 17, 2004). 8 LAALOA AVENUE 830 TN NOT TO SCALE LEGEND 90 TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) LANE CONTROL © LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNALIZED CONDITION) QUEEN KALAMA AVENUE / c 36 31 7 98 25 390 7 A 19 419 ALII Q�- ALH ALIT Q�— ALN DRIVE :It DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE 112 8 361 � 378 Figure 4. Existing PM Peak Hour Traffic E La `ipala Makai TMC Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 A portion of the Keauhou Community Plan requires access on the Kahului- Keauhou Parkway, which is a regional highway improvement being planned by the County of Hawaii. It is assumed that the incremental development of the Keauhou Community Plan would occur over a twenty-year period, beginning in the Year 2010. For example, by the Year 2016, about 30 -percent the Keauhou Community Plan is assumed to be built out and is included in this traffic impact analysis. 3. Hokulia The proposed Hokulia (formerly known as the Villages of Hokukano) is a planned residential community, which is located to the south of Keauhou. Hokulia would consist of about 730 dwelling units and an 80 -room lodge. Hokulia is expected to generate totals of 502 vph and 711 vph during the AM and PM peak hours of traffic, respectively. Access to the Hokulia project would be provided by the Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road, which would extend from Alii Highway to the south and connect to Mamalahoa Highway at Napoopoo Road. The developer of Hokulia is constructing the Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road, at this writing. The traffic impact analysis for the Hokulia project was documented in the Traffic Impact Study Villages of Hokukano, prepared by Parsons, Brinkerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc. (November 1995). For the purpose of this study, Hokulia is assumed to reach fifty -percent (50%) build out and occupancy by the Year 2013. Full build out and occupancy of the Hokulia project is assumed to occur by the Year 2016. The development of Hokulia is included in this traffic impact analysis. B. Regional Highway Improvements 1. Kahului-Keauhou Parkway Kahului-Keauhou Parkway (formerly known as Alii Highway) is a two-lane, two-way roadway, which is in the design stage of development by the County of Hawaii. Kahului-Keauhou Parkway will be constructed mauka of, and roughly parallel, to Alii Drive, between the intersection of Alii Drive/Keauhou Shopping Center Driveway and Alii Highway in Keauhou and Queen Ka`ahumanu Highway, between its intersections with Kuakini Highway and Hualalai Road. The proposed Kahului-Keauhou Parkway will intersect La`aloa Avenue and provide another north - south route for the traffic generated by the proposed project. The construction of the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is assumed to be completed by the Year 2016, and is included in this traffic impact analysis for the Year 2016 and beyond. 2. Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road is a two-lane, two-way highway, which is under construction by the developer of the Hokulia project. Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road would extend the south terminus of Alii Highway to Mamalahoa Highway at Napoopoo Road. Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road would provide access to the 10 A; La`ipala Makai TMC Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 Hokulia project, as well as provide an alternative route around the communities of Kealakekua, Kainaliu, and Honalo. The County of Hawaii is expected to open the north leg of the Bypass Road, from Alii Highway to Haleki`i Street later this year. The Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road is assumed to be completed by the Year 2016 included in this traffic impact analysis for the Year 2016 and beyond. 3. La`aloa Avenue La`aloa Avenue is located immediately north of, and roughly parallel to, Queen Kalama Avenue. La`aloa Avenue is proposed to be extended to Kuakini Highway to provide a mauka-makai access to the future Kahului-Keauhou Parkway and All `1 Drive. The traffic impact analysis for the La`aloa Avenue Extension was documented in the Draft Traffic Impact Analysis Report for La`aloa Avenue Extension, prepared by Phillip Rowell and Associates (February 14, 2005). Scenario C of the La`aloa Avenue Extension traffic study is assumed to be implemented within the time frame of this traffic impact analysis. Scenario C includes the extension of La`aloa Avenue and the construction of the Kahului- Keauhou Parkway. The following traffic improvements were recommended in the La`aloa Avenue Extension traffic study. a. An exclusive left -turn lane on southbound Alii Drive at La`aloa Avenue. b. An exclusive right -turn lane on westbound La`aloa Avenue at Alii Drive. c. A median shelter lane on Alii Drive for vehicles turning left from westbound La`aloa Avenue to southbound Alii Drive. d. The traffic signalization of the intersection of the La`aloa Avenue at Kuakini Highway. e. An exclusive left -turn lane from northbound Kuakini Highway to the La`aloa Avenue Extension. f. An exclusive right -turn lane from southbound Kuakini Highway to the La`aloa Avenue Extension. g. Exclusive left -turn and right -turn lanes on the westbound approach of the La`aloa Avenue Extension at Kuakini Highway. h. A roundabout intersection at La`aloa Avenue and Kahului-Keauhou Parkway. The La`aloa Avenue Extension would provide a more direct access between the proposed project and Kuakini Highway, thereby reducing the impacts of site traffic on Queen Kalama Avenue and Alii Drive. The La`aloa Avenue Extension is assumed to be constructed by the Year 2016, and is included in this traffic impact analysis for the Year 2016 and beyond. 11 _ La'ipala Makai MC Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 C. Year 2016 AM Peak Hour Traffic Analysis Without Project Alii Drive is expected to operate at LOS "C", with a v/c ratio of 0.31, during the Year 2016 AM peak hour without the proposed project. Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to operate at LOS "C" with a v/c ratio of 0.31. Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at LOS "E", with a v/c ratio of 0.60. Queen Kalama Avenue is expected to continue to operate at LOS "C" at Alii Drive, during the Year 2016 AM peak hour without the proposed project. The left -turn and right -turn movements on the improved La aloa Avenue at Alii Drive are expected to operate at LOS `B". The proposed roundabout intersection of La aloa Avenue and the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to operate at LOS `B" or better with a v/c ratio of 0.47. The proposed signalized intersection of Kuakini Highway and La aloa Avenue is expected to operate at LOS "A", with a v/c ratio of 0.65. Figure 5 depicts the Year 2016 AM peak hour traffic without the proposed project and the results of the capacity analysis. D. Year 2016 PM Peak Hour Traffic Analysis Without Project Alii Drive is expected to operate at LOS "D", with a v/c ratio of 0.36, during the Year 2016 PM peak hour without the proposed project. Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to operate at LOS "D" with a v/c ratio of 0.37. Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at LOS "E", with a v/c ratio of 0.71. During the Year 2016 PM peak hour of traffic without the proposed project, Queen Kalama Avenue is expected to operate at LOS "C" at Alii Drive. The left -turn and right - turn movements on the improved La aloa Avenue at Alii Drive are expected to operate at LOS `B". The proposed roundabout intersection of La aloa Avenue and the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway are expected to operate at LOS `B" or better with a v/c ratio of 0.45. The proposed signalized intersection of Kuakini Highway and La'aloa Avenue is expected to operate at LOS "A", with a v/c ratio of 0.65. The Year 2016 PM peak hour traffic without the proposed project and the results of the capacity analysis are depicted on Figure 6. IV. Traffic Impact Analysis A. Site -Generated Traffic 1. Trip Generation Characteristics During the AM peak hour of traffic, the proposed La ipala Makai is expected to generate a total of 55 vph — 14 vph entering the site and 41 vph exiting the site. The proposed project is expected to generate a total of 73 vph — 46 vph entering the site and 27 vph exiting the site, during the PM peak hour of traffic. 12 La `ipala Makai Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 z 700 10 KUAKINI - KUAKINI HIGHWAY - D HIGHWAY A875 95 30 NOT TO SCALE CA 25 LEGEND 90 LAALOA TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) AVENUE LANE CONTROL 10 © LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNALIZED CONDITION) �\v 523 B © LEVEL OF SERVICE (SIGNALIZED CONDITION) 4030 45 10 KAHULUI-KEAUHOU 0Q- KAHULUI- PARKWAY KEAUHOU PARKWAY 10 75 (� A 272 50 35 20 LAALOA QUEEN KALAMA AVENUE AVENUE 15 9 B B I CC 50 30 � I � 497 � 3 FJ l� 9 � 509 F--- ALII Q� ALII ALII o-� ALII DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE 35 300 A 275 Figure 5. Year 2016 AM Peak Hour Traffic Without Project 13 ' La`ipala Makai TMc Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 949 � '" A 30 KUAKINI KUAKINI HIGHWAY HIGHWAY A 834 75 25 - >NOT TO SCALE CB 120 LEGEND 90 LAALOA TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) AVENUE LANE CONTROL 30 © LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNALIZED CONDITION) 25 20 430 B © LEVEL OF SERVICE (SIGNALIZED CONDITION) fT 105 25 KAHULUI-KEAUHOU 0 KAHULUI- PARKWAY KEAUHOU PARKWAY 50 95 B 457 45 20 A 70 LAALOA AVENUE 30 36 86 50 20 I 464<- 8 EJ y 22 486, ALII V 1 Q� ALIIQ�– DRIVE DRIVE 50 —> 449 Figure 6. Year 2016 PM Peak Hour Traffic Without Project QUEEN KALAMA AVENUE DRIVE ALIT ALIT � DRIVE 9 A ---� 460 14 U�,2�;La `ipala Makai Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 2. Trip Distribution The trip distribution is based upon future traffic patterns in the study area. The Year 2016 AM and PM peak hour site -generated traffic assignments for the proposed project are depicted on Figures 7 and 8, respectively. B. Year 2013 Traffic Impact Analysis With Project (Five -Year Analysis) By the Year 2013, 33 dwelling units of the proposed 65 single-family units are expected to be built out and occupied. The construction of the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is not expected to be completed by the Year 2013. The extension of La`aloa Avenue to Kuakini Highway also is not expected to be completed. Fifteen -percent (15%) of the Keauhou Community Master Plan is assumed to be built out and occupied by the Year 2013. Fifty -percent (50%) of the Hokulia project is assumed to be built out and occupied, along with the opening of the north leg of the Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road, also is expected by the Year 2013. By the Year 2013, it is assumed that Alii Drive will be widened to provide an exclusive left -turn lane and a median shelter lane at La`aloa Avenue, as warranted under the existing PM peak hour of traffic and as recommended in La`aloa Avenue Extension TIAR. 1. Year 2013 AM Peak Hour Traffic Impact Analysis Alii Drive is expected to operate at LOS "D" with a v/c ratio of 0.34, during the Year 2013 AM peak hour of traffic with 50 -percent build out of the proposed project. Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at LOS "E" with v/c ratio of 0.69. Queen Kalama Avenue is expected to continue to operate at LOS `B" at Alii Drive, during the Year 2013 AM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project. La'aloa Avenue is expected to operate at LOS "C" at Alii Drive. The Year 2013 AM peak hour traffic with the 50 -percent build out of proposed project and the results of the capacity analysis are depicted on Figure 9. 2. Year 2013 PM Peak Hour Traffic Impact Analysis During the Year 2013 PM peak hour of traffic with 50 -percent build out of the proposed project, Alii Drive is expected to operate at LOS "D" with a v/c ratio of 0.34. Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at LOS "E" with v/c ratio of 0.74. Queen Kalama Avenue is expected to continue to operate at LOS "D" at Ali i Drive, during the Year 2013 PM peak hour of traffic with 50 -percent build out of the proposed project. La aloa Avenue is expected to operate at LOS "C" at its improved intersection with Alii Drive. The Year 2013 PM peak hour traffic with 50 -percent build out of the proposed project and the results of the capacity analysis are depicted on Figure 10. 15 KUAKINI HIGHWAY —� — 0 6 — KUAKINI HIGHWAY 13� �6 LAALOA AVENUE 0 0� �0 V 0� 6 0 KAHULUI-KEAUHOU 0Q - KAHULUI- PARKWAY KEAUHOU PARKWAY 0 19 �0 10� T I (� 0 2 LAALOA AVENUE 0 0� �0 9F-- ALIT a�- ALIT DRIVE DRIVE 0 -� 2 TJN NOT TO SCALE LEGEND 90 TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) LANE CONTROL QUEEN KALAMA AVENUE 2 9� �4 0� ALIT Q�- ALII DRIVE DRIVE Figure 7. Year 2016 AM Peak Hour Site Traffic Assignment 16 KUAKINI HIGHWAY �-D 0 14 LAALOA AVENUE KUAKINI HIGHWAY 10Z- �4 0 0� I �0 0fO- KAHULUI-KEAUHOU 22 Q KAHULUI- PARKWAY KEAUHOU PARKWAY 014 -35� �0 0 6 LAALOA AVENUE 0 0� �0 ^J + V V ALIT ALIT DRIVE DRIVE 0 7 NOT TO SCALE LEGEND 90 TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) LANE CONTROL QUEEN KALAMA AVENUE S 5� �4 0� V 'V ALIT ALIT DRIVE DRIVE 7 �0 Figure 8. Year 2016 PM Peak Hour Site Traffic Assignment 17 NLII DRIVE 1000 F--- KUAKINI Q - KUAKINI HIGHWAY HIGHWAY 937 16) NOT TO SCALE LEGEND 90 TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) LANE CONTROL ©� LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNALIZED CONDITION) LAALOA AVENUE C 31 11 168 66 L� B 30 A 15 � 392 ALIIALIT ALII a�- —D DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE 69 318 --> 374 Figure 9. Year 2013 AM Peak Hour Traffic With Project QUEEN KALAMA AVENUE A 18 La `ipala Makai TMC Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 1031 E--- KUAKINI Q - KUAKINI HIGHWAY HIGHWAY 1013 TJN NOT TO SCALE LEGEND 90 TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) LANE CONTROL © LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNALI2ED CONDITION) LAALOA AVENUE 59 C 143 J4OV V L519 /tom_ DRIVE --D DRIVE 168 > 489 QUEEN KALAMA AVENUE D 41 26 27 L552 ALIT V ALIT DRIVE DRIVE 27 A 502 Figure 10. Year 2013 PM Peak Hour Traffic With Project 19 ,1_), %-, La`ipala Makai Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 -%71 C. Year 2016 Peak Hour Traffic Impact Analysis (Full -Build Out Analysis) Full build out and occupancy of the proposed 65 single-family units are expected by the Year 2016. Thirty -percent (30%) of the Keauhou Community Master Plan is assumed to be built out and occupied by the Year 2016. Full build out and occupancy of the Hokulia project is assumed by the Year 2016, along with the completion of the Keauhou- Napoopoo Bypass Road. The extension of La`aloa Avenue to Kuakini Highway is assumed to be completed by the Year 2016. La`aloa Avenue is expected to be widened to provide separate left -turn and right -turn lanes at Alii Drive, as recommended in La`aloa Avenue Extension TIAR. Kuakini Highway is expected to be widened to provide a southbound left -turn lane, a northbound right -turn lane and acceleration lane at its signalized intersection with La`aloa Avenue, as recommended in the La`aloa Avenue Extension TIAR. The construction of the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway also is assumed to be completed by the Year 2016. The Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to intersect the La`aloa Avenue at a roundabout intersection, as recommended under Scenario C of the La`aloa Avenue Extension TIAR. 1. Year 2016 AM Peak Hour Traffic Impact Analysis With Project Alii Drive is expected to operate at LOS "C" with a v/c ratio of 0.3 1, during the Year 2016 AM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project. Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to operate at LOS "C" with a v/c ratio of 0.32. Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at LOS "E" with v/c ratio of 0.61. The extension of La aloa Avenue and the construction of the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway are expected to increase improve traffic operations at Queen Kalama Avenue and La aloa Avenue to LOS `B" at their respective intersections with Alii Drive, during the Year 2016 AM peak hour with the proposed project. La'aloa Avenue is expected to operate LOS `B" at the improved Alii Drive. The La aloa Avenue intersection at Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to operate at LOS `B" or better, with a v/c ratio of 0.48. The intersection of Kuakini Highway and La aloa Avenue is expected to operate LOS "A" with a v/c ratio of 0.69. Figure 11 depicts the Year 2016 AM peak hour traffic with the proposed project and the results of the capacity analysis. 2. Year 2016 PM Peak Hour Traffic Impact Analysis With Project Alii Drive is expected to operate at LOS "D" with a v/c ratio of 0.36, during the Year 2016 PM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project. Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to operate at LOS "D" with a v/c ratio of 0.37. Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at LOS "E" with v/c ratio of 0.72. 20 La`ipala Makai TMIC Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 700 A 12 KUAKINI KUAKINI HIGHWAY HIGHWAY 16) BA 875 F 36 NOT TO SCALE C 31 LEGEND 90 LAALOA TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) AVENUE LANE CONTROL 10 Q LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNALIIED CONDITION) 40� � � 523 B © LEVEL OF SERVICE (SIGNALIZED CONDITION) 53 10 KAHULUI-KEAUHOU 0Q– KAHULUI- PARKWAY KEAUHOU PARKWAY 10 94 80 35 272 E` 20 LAALOA QUEEN KALAMA AVENUE AVENUE 15 no / B B I 50 30 � I � 506 F— 12 EJI ly 13 � 509 ALII ALII ALIT a�— ALII DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE 35 lr' 300 A — > 277 Figure 11. Year 2016 AM Peak Hour Traffic With Project 21 S La`ipala Makai c Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 Traffic operations on Queen Kalama Avenue and La'aloa Avenue at Alii Drive are expected operate at LOS "C", during the Year 2016 PM peak hour with the proposed project. La'aloa Avenue is expected to operate LOS `B" at its intersection with Alii Drive. The intersection of La'aloa Avenue and Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to operate at LOS "B" or better with a v/c ratio of 0.46. La'aloa Avenue and Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at an overall LOS "A" with a v/c ratio of 0.71. Figure 12 depicts the Year 2016 PM peak hour traffic with the proposed project and the results of the capacity analysis. D. Year 2018 Traffic Impact Analysis (Ten -Year Analysis) 1. Year 2018 AM Peak Hour Traffic Impact Analysis During the Year 2018 AM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project, Ali i Drive is expected to operate at LOS "C" with a v/c ratio of 0.32. Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to operate at LOS "D" with a v/c ratio of 0.34. Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at LOS "E" with v/c ratio of 0.63. Queen Kalama Avenue and La'aloa Avenue are expected to continue to operate at LOS `B" at their respective intersections with Alii Drive, during the Year 2018 AM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project. The La'aloa Avenue and Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to operate at LOS "B" or better with a v/c ratio of 0.51. La'aloa Avenue and Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at an overall LOS `B" with a v/c ratio of 0.72. The Year 2018 AM peak hour traffic with the proposed project and the results of the capacity analysis are depicted on Figure 13. 2. Year 2018 PM Peak Hour Traffic Impact Analysis Alii Drive is expected to operate at LOS "D" with a v/c ratio of 0.38, during the Year 2018 PM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project. Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to operate at LOS "D" with a v/c ratio of 0.39. Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at LOS "E" with v/c ratio of 0.75. Queen Kalama Avenue is expected to continue to operate at LOS "C" at Ali i Drive, during the Year 2018 PM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project. La'aloa Avenue is expected to operate LOS `B" at Alii Drive. The La'aloa Avenue and Kahului-Keauhou Parkway intersection is expected to operate at LOS `B" or better with a v/c ratio of 0.49. The intersection of La'aloa Avenue and Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at an overall LOS "A" with a v/c ratio of 0.74. The Year 2018 PM peak hour traffic with the proposed project and the results of the capacity analysis are depicted on Figure 14. 22 J,: S, La`ipala Makai Mc Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 9a8 38 KUAKINI KUAKINI HIGHWAY - -0 HIGHWAY A 834 Fra%� 29 NOT TO SCALE 134 LEGEND 90 LAALOA -J" TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) AVENUE LANE CONTROL 30 © LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNALIZED CONDITION) 25A-, 20 430 B © LEVEL OF SERVICE (SIGNALIZED CONDITION) 127 �25 KAHULUI-KEAUHOU KAHULUI- PARKWAY KEAUHOU PARKWAY n462 109 E� 50 20 B LAALOA QUEEN KALAMA AVENUE AVENUE 30 44 7"-> �C5020 I L469 13 EJ y 26 114 486 ALIT Q�- ALIT ALIT Q�- ALIT DRIVE`b DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE 16 50 l> 457 A 453 Figure 12. Year 2016 PM Peak Hour Traffic With Project 23 La `ipala Makai Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 KUAKINI HIGHWAY �-{� 922 A 31 733 12 KUAKINI HIGHWAY F101636 CA LAALOA AVENUE 10 559 B 40 30 53 10 KAHULUI-KEAUHOU 0 KAHULUI- PARKWAY KEAUHOU PARKWAY 10 94 60 35 296 I E� A 20 LAALOA AVENUE L53M3 BB 50 �30 I ALII ALII DRIVE DRIVE 35 A 292 0 NOT TO SCALE LEGEND 90 TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) 1 LANE CONTROL ©� LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNALIZED CONDITION) © LEVEL OF SERVICE (SIGNALIZED CONDITION) QUEEN KALAMA AVENUE B 12 L 12 14 536 ALIT ALII DRIVE DRIVE 7 A 315 Figure 13. Year 2018 AM Peak Hour Traffic With Project 24 �_� La`ipala Makai Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 KUAKINI HIGHWAY �- D sn A 134 99s , A 38 `j KUAKINI HIGHWAY 84 29 CB LAALOA AVENUE 30 25 (J �L 'i 20 466 iE* 127 25 KAHULUI-KEAUHOU KAHULUI- 0 PARKWAY KEAUHOU PARKWAY n491 108 B 50 20 LAALOA AVENUE L498 8B 50 20 - ALII ALII DRIVE DRIVE 50 A 478 NOT TO SCALE LEGEND 90 TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) LANE CONTROL © LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNALIZED CONDITION) © LEVEL OF SERVICE (SIGNALIZED CONDITION) QUEEN KALAMA AVENUE C 46 13 A 27 515 ALIT ALII DRIVE DRIVE 17 A 481 Figure 14. Year 2018 PM Peak Hour Traffic With Project 25 La`ipala Makai TMC Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 E. Year 2028 Traffic Impact Analysis (Twenty -Year Analysis) 1. Year 2028 AM Peak Hour Traffic Impact Analysis Alii Drive is expected to operate at LOS "D" with a v/c ratio of 0.41, during the Year 2028 AM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project. Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to operate at LOS "D" with a v/c ratio of 0.44. Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at LOS "E" with v/c ratio of 0.78. Queen Kalama Avenue and La'aloa Avenue are expected to continue to operate at LOS "C" or better at Alii Drive, during the Year 2028 AM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project. The intersection of La'aloa Avenue and Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to operate at LOS "C" or better with a v/c ratio of 0.68. La'aloa Avenue and Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at an overall LOS `B" with a v/c ratio of 0.83. The Year 2028 AM peak hour traffic with the proposed project and the results of the capacity analysis are depicted on Figure 15. 2. Year 2028 PM Peak Hour Traffic Impact Analysis During the Year 2028 PM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project, Alii Drive is expected to operate at LOS "D" with a v/c ratio of 0.47. Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to operate at LOS "D" with a v/c ratio of 0.51. Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at LOS "E" with v/c ratio of 0.93. Queen Kalama Avenue is expected to worsen to LOS "E" at Alii Drive, during the Year 2028 PM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project, due to the increase in traffic on Alii Drive. La'aloa Avenue is expected to continue to operate at LOS "C" or better at Alii Drive. The La'aloa Avenue intersection at Kahului-Keauhou Parkway is expected to operate at LOS "C" or better, with a v/c ratio of 0.63. The left -turn movement from La'aloa Avenue to northbound Kuakini Highway is expected to operate at LOS "D". The overall intersection of Kuakini Highway and La'aloa Avenue is expected to operate LOS `B" with a v/c ratio of 0.88. The Year 2028 PM peak hour traffic with the proposed project and the results of the capacity analysis are depicted on Figure 16. 26 KUAKINI HIGHWAY -D 1152 A 31 a- KUAKINI HIGHWAY I 107 36 DB LAALOA AVENUE 10 739 C 40 �30 53 10 KAHULUI-KEAUHOUKAHULUI- PARKWAY � KEAUHOU PARKWAY 10 93 421 60 35 20 LAALOA AVENUE 15 C B 50 30 I 671 ALII V 1 Q� ALIT DRIVE DRIVE 35 A 383 NOT TO SCALE LEGEND IID TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) LANE CONTROL LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNALIZED CONDITION) © LEVEL OF SERVICE (SIGNALIZED CONDITION) QUEEN KALAMA AVENUE C 14 12 15 L674 ALIT ALII DRIVE DRIVE 8 lJ-' 405 Figure 15. Year 2028 AM Peak Hour Traffic With Project 27 KUAKINI HIGHWAY --0 1103 134 KUAKINI HIGHWAY 84 29 DB LAALOA AVENUE 30 648 C A25 20 Ql 127 f25 KAHULUI-KEAUHOUQ- KAHULUI- 0 PARKWAY KEAUHOU PARKWAY 50 108 (� 20 C 635 50 I E-, 78 l ((SAA)) J LAALOA AVENUE 30 BC 50 20 I L632 ALII Q�- ALII DRIVE 4�1 DRIVE 50 A 601 NOT TO SCALE LEGEND 90 TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPN) l� LANE CONTROL ©� LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNALIZED CONDITION) © LEVEL OF SERVICE (SIGNALIZED CONDITION) QUEEN KALAMA AVENUE 52 E 15 J31 L647 �- ALIIQ� ALII DRIVE 4Q DRIVE Figure 16. Year 2028 PM Peak Hour Traffic With Project 28 La`ipala Makai Traffic Impact Analysis Report Update February 28, 2008 V. Recommendations and Conclusions A. Recommendations The intersection of Queen Kalama Avenue and Alii Drive is expected to continue to operate at LOS "C" or better through the Year 2018 with the proposed project. The existing sight distance restrictions from Queen Kalama Avenue will continue to be problematic even with the acceptable Levels of Service. The sight distance to the left of the intersection can be improved by removing the existing vegetation along the frontage of Alii Drive, thereby improving the right -turn movement from Queen Kalama Avenue. Improving the sight distance to the right from Queen Kalama Avenue will more costly, as it require grading into the private property on the northeast corner of the intersection. Therefore, it is recommended that the left -turn movement from makai bound Queen Kalama Avenue to southbound Alii Drive should be prohibited. The left -turn traffic from Queen Kalama Avenue would be diverted to the improved intersection of La' aloa Avenue and Alii Drive. The restricted left -turn movement would improve the traffic operations on Queen Kalama Avenue at Alii Drive to LOS `B" through the Year 2028. La aloa Avenue at Alii Drive is expected to continue to operate at LOS "C" or better through the Year 2028 with the diverted traffic from Queen Kalama Avenue. B. Conclusions The existing road network will be able to accommodate the future growth in traffic, including 50 percent build out of the proposed project, up to the Year 2013. By the Year 2016, the increase in background traffic along with the traffic generated from the full build out of the proposed project will be distributed over the network of existing roadways, and the addition of the proposed La aloa Avenue Extension and the proposed Kahului-Keauhou Parkway. The Kahului-Keauhou Parkway would provide an additional arterial roadway in the north -south directions. The extension of La'aloa Avenue to Kuakini Highway would improve traffic operations at the Alii Drive intersections with La' aloa Avenue and Queen Kalama Avenue. The traffic generated by the proposed La'ipala Makai is not expected to significantly impact traffic in the vicinity of the project. 29 i^. rF 89-4 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS COUNTY OF HAWAII HILO, HAWAII DATE: January 25, 2008 TO Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director Planning Department FROM: Galen M. Kuba, Division Chief�j' Engineering Division SUBJECT Change of Zone Application - Laipala Makai (REZ 07-000075) SMA Use Permit Application (SMA 07-07-000024) State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application Applicant: Kona Heights, LLC Location: Pahoehoe 1St Kapalaalaea 2nd (Beach Sec.) TMK: 317-7-008:0121 We reviewed the subject application and our comments are as follows: DRAINAGE All development generated runoff shall be disposed of on-site and shall not be directed toward any adjacent properties. 2. The applicant shall be informed that if they include drywells in the subject development, an Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit may be required from the Department of Health, State of Hawaii. 3. A drainage study shall be prepared, and the recommended drainage system shall be constructed meeting with the approval of DPW. The current plans for Alii Highway show culverts discharging in the vicinity of the proposed project. The drainage study for the proposed development shall include a flood study to determine whether the subject property may be inundated by the design discharge from the proposed culverts crossing Alii Highway. The inundated area shall be shown on any subdivision plat as a "flood prone area." Any subdivision or development of the subject property shall comply with Hawaii County Code Chapter 27, including but not limited to Section 27-20 for "flood prone areas." EXHIBIT 13 Hawaii County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer 037648 Memo to PD-REZ-000075 January 25, 2008 Page 2 of 3 EARTHWORK 1. All earthwork and grading shall conform to Chapter 10, Erosion and Sediment Control, of the Hawaii County Code. 2. The applicant shall comply with chapter 11-55, Water Pollution Control, Hawaii Administrative Rules, Department of Health, which requires an NPDES permit for certain construction activity. ROADWAYS Access to future Alii Highway shall be subject to the approval of DPW. Vehicular access to individual lots shall not be from Alii Highway. A gated vehicular emergency egress to Alii Highway may be installed if allowed by DPW. 2. The intersection of Queen Kalama Avenue with Alii Drive is substandard in width and lacks a property line radius on the north side of the intersection. The available intersection sight distance is substandard. A left tum lane on Alii Drive is warranted as a result of the proposed project (See Item 2 - Traffic). Queen Kalama Drive has no sidewalk from the project to Alii Drive for pedestrian access. An alternative connector road shall be provided to Alii Drive, meeting with the approval of DPW or the following offsite improvements shall be made 1) Provide the AASHTO recommended intersection sight distance. 2) Provide a dedicated southbound left tum lane on Alii Drive. 3) Provide flanking drywells on Queen Kalama Avenue at Alii Drive. 4) Provide concrete curb gutter and sidewalk on one side of the street with appropriate drywells for drainage control from the proposed development to Alii Drive. The above improvements shall include any necessary pavement widening retaining structures, drainage improvements and relocation of utilities; meeting with the approval of the DPW. The construction plans for the required offsite improvements shall be submitted and approved by DPW prior to submission of any construction plans for the proposed subdivision. The applicant shall construct all improvements at no cost to the County and dedicate any parcels necessary for widening the existing right-of-way to the County, prior to final subdivision approval. 3. Roadway connections to adjoining parcels shall be provided meeting with the approval of the Planning Director in consultation with DPW. A Makolea Street connection to Alii Highway is no longer being considered at this time. Laaloa Avenue is the only connector street between Lako Street extension and the southern end of Alii Drive at its intersection with Alii Highway. We recommend the Planning Director determine if the adjacent properties to the south will be required to provide a County or public road connecting Alii Highway and Alii Drive in place of Makolea Street. An alternative public connector road should be provided. Memo to PD-REZ-00007.. January 25, 2008 Page 3 of 3 4. The applicant shall construct all roadways to County dedicable standards with concrete curb gutter and sidewalk. Install street lights, signs and markings meeting with the approval of the DPW, Traffic Division. 5. Any utility poles in the road right-of-way shall be installed as shown on DPW Standard Detail R-35 (Revised). The applicant shall provide any necessary easements for installation of such utilities. TRAFFIC We reviewed the Traffic Impact Analysis Report (TZAR) dated October 31, 2007. 1. The report does not evaluate the facility level of service of Alii Drive in the project vicinity. The TIAR only evaluates the intersection LOS at Alii Drive and Queen Kalama Avenue. The report should but does not explain why this analysis is adequate to determine the capacity of Alii Drive for additional development as required by Hawaii County Code Section 25-2-44 to maintain infrastructure concurrency. 2. For the forecast year, with -project volume of left turns on Alii Drive at Queen Kalama Avenue in the PM peak exceeds the left turn warrant guideline for a dedicated left turn lane at unsignalized intersections in NCHRP Report 279. For comparison, the without -project left turns did not exceed the same warrant. This indicates that unless other mitigation is provided, such as the completion of Alii Highway, the applicant, at no cost to the County, should provide the left turn lane on Alii Drive to address the project related impact. (See item 6 — Roadways) 3. We are not sure if the study anticipates the opening of the Mamalahoa Highway Bypass. Although the study states that the full build -out of the Hokulia project is included, it also states under Regional Highway Improvements that completion of the Bypass "has not been determined at this writing and is not included in this traffic impact analysis" 4. We defer to the Planning Director the representations made regarding future growth in the area. Should there be any questions concerning this matter, please feel free to contact Kiran Emler of our Kona Engineering Division office at 327-3530. KE copy: ENG-HILO/KONA PLNG-KONA 2JDB RPR ?. 3PM " 09PARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS /;f it i P lr F R i MENT COUNTY OF HAWAII �Ul)N'!` OF HAWAII HILO, HAWAII DATE: April 21, 2008 F1,1141 I [@I Aid I I Le` L TO Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director Planning Department FROM: Galen M. Kuba, Division Chief / Engineering Division SUBJECT Change of Zone Application - Laipala Makai (REZ 07-000075) SMA Use Permit Application (SMA 07- 000024) State Land Use Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000018) Applicant: Kona Heights, LLC Location: Pahoehoe 1" Kapalaalaea 2nd (Beach Sec.) TMK: 3 / 7-7-008: 0121 We reviewed the TIAR Update dated February 28, 2008 to the subject application and our comments are as follows: The TZAR assumes only fifty percent (50%) build -out by Year 2013 and full build- out by Year 1016. The number of trips generated and the number of southbound left turns on Alii Drive is reduced by that assumption. Therefore the applicant may conclude that there is no warrant for a left turn lane on Alii Drive within first 5 -year period. The report further assumes that proposed Laaloa Avenue Extension and Alii Highway will be completed by Year 2016, and then most of the traffic will be coming to the development from Kuakini Highway by way of Laaloa Avenue. However, the report also shows that Kuakini Highway now has and will continue to have level of service "E", by definition a "worse than the acceptable level of service" under Hawaii County Code Section 25-2-46. The applicant does not (in the application) propose to limit the level of build -out prior to completion of the Laaloa Extension and Alii Highway. Neither does the report indicate what the level of service would be on Alii Drive by full build -out in Year 2016, without the completion of Alii Highway and Laaloa Avenue Extension. Should there be any questions concerning this matter, please feel free to contact Kiran Emler of our Kona Engineering Division office at 327-3530. KE copy: ENG-HILO/KONA PLNG-KONA 040�'�2 Hawaii County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer Harry Kim A1ayoi County of Hawaii POLICE DEPARTMENT 349 Kapiolani Street • Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3998 (808) 935-3311 • Fax(808)961-2389 December 26, 2007 Lawrence K. Mahuna Police Chief Harry S. Kubojiri Depute, Police Chief TO CHRISTOPHEI:i(q. YUEN, PLANNING DIRECTOR Ott- FROM , : �JO DAWRS, ACTING ASSISTANT CHIEF, AREA II OPERATIONS i SUBJECT `,,ti,Spe al Management Area Use Permit Application (SMA 07-000024) Request: To Allow a 65 Single Family Residential Lot Subdivision State Land Use Boundary Amendment (SLU 07-000018) Request: Agriculture to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000075) Request: A -5a to RS 7.5 Applicant: Kona Heights, LLC Tax Map Key: 7-7-8:121 Staff has reviewed the above -referenced application and submits the following comments. Staff disagrees with the applicant's assessment that this development will not significantly impact traffic in the area. The area already has a traffic problem. Staff believes that any additional development/project utilizing Ali'i Drive as its exclusive access will adversely impact traffic conditions throughout Ali'i Drive, particularly during peak traffic hours or during an emergency evacuation. Further, that in determining significant impact, staffs considers that effects include, but are not limited to, the potential cumulative impact of this and other individual developments, each one of which taken in itself might not have a substantial adverse impact. Staff specifically recommends against any further rezoning in this area until such time as the proposed Kahului-Keauhou Parkway has been completed and is open to traffic. "Hawai'i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer" \ 036700 36700 Staff also recommends against any further rezoning that will require the use of Queen Kalama or Laaloa Avenue as major entry roads without infrastructure improvements. As you are aware from public complaints, these intersections are already a problem due to the construction and development of Alii Heights. Increased density without improving infrastructure creates both traffic and safety issues during peak hours and during an emergency evacuation. Any plan to approve this rezoning should, at minimum, include improvements at these two intersections consisting of turning and acceleration lanes. Staff maintains that until such time as adequate roads are built to support the ever-growing population, construction, and additional vehicles on our roadways, additional development must adhere to the County's proposed policy on the principle of concurrency. Should you have any questions, please contact Captain Randy Apele, Commander of Kona Patrol, at 326-4646, extension 249. Hai�- MX— coo ., January 18, 2008 X008 FEB 8 fin 3 49 ;OUN r YY OF HAWAII•..•..•„ 9l� O!•NP� (Couutp of 'aWall HAWAII FIRE DEPARTMENT 25 Aupuni Street • Suite 103 • Hilo, Hawai°i 96720 (808)981-8394 • Fax(808)981-2037 TO: CHRISTOPHER J. YUEN, PLANNING DIRECTOR FROM: DARRYL OLIVEIRA, FIRE CHIEF Darryl J. Oliveira Fire Chief Glen P.I. Honda Deputy Fire Chief SUBJECT: SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION (SMA 07-000024) REQUEST: TO ALLOW A 65 SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENTIAL LOT SUBDIVISION STATE LAND USE BOUNDARY AMENDMENT (SLU 07-000018) REQUEST: AGRICULTURE TO URBAN CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 07-000075) REQUEST: A -5a to RS -7.5 APPLICANT: KONA HEIGHTS, LLC TAX MAP KEY: 7-7-8:121 In regards to the above-mentioned Special Management Area Use Permit Application and Change of Zone application, the following shall be in accordance: Fire apparatus access roads shall be in accordance with UFC Section 10.207: "Fire Apparatus Access Roads "Sec. 10.207. (a) General. Fire apparatus access roads shall be provided and maintained in accordance with the provisions of this section. "(b) Where Required. Fire apparatus access roads shall be required for every building hereafter constructed when any portion of an exterior wall of the first story is located more than 150 feet from fire department vehicle access as measured by an unobstructed route around the exterior of the building. "EXCEPTIONS: 1. When buildings are completely protected with an approved automatic fire sprinkler system, the provisions of this section may be modified. "2. When access roadways cannot be instalhr d due to topograph; nonnegotiable grades or other similar conditions. the chief may require protection as specified in Section 10.301 (b). EXHIBIT IT 03802 Hawai'i County is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer Christopher J. Yuen January 18, 2008 Page 2 "3. When there are not more than two Group F, Division 3 or Group M Occupancies, the requirements of this section may be modified, provided, in the opinion of the chief, fire- fighting or rescue operations would not be impaired. "More than one fire apparatus road may be required when it is determined by the chief that access by a single road may be impaired by vehicle congestion, condition of terrain, climatic conditions or other factors that could limit access. "For high -piled combustible storage, see Section 81.109. "(c) Width. The unobstructed width of a fire apparatus access road shall meet the requirements of the appropriate county jurisdiction. "(d) Vertical Clearance. Fire apparatus access roads shall have an unobstructed vertical clearance of not less than 13 feet 6 inches. "EXCEPTION: Upon approval vertical clearance may be reduced, provided such reduction does not impair access by fire apparatus and approved signs are installed and maintained indicating the established vertical clearance. "(e) Permissible Modifications. Vertical clearances or widths required by this section may be increased when, in the opinion of the chief, vertical clearances or widths are not adequate to provide fire apparatus access. "(f) Surface. Fire apparatus access roads shall be designed and maintained to support the imposed loads of fire apparatus and shall be provided with a surface so as to provide all-weather driving capabilities." (20 tons) "(g) Turning Radius. The turning radius of a fire apparatus access road shall be as approved by the chief." (45 feet) "(h) Turnarounds. All dead-end fire apparatus access roads in excess of 150 feet in length shall be provided with approved provisions for the turning around of fire apparatus. "(i) Bridges. When a bridge is required to be used as access under this section, it shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with the applicable sections of the Building Code and using designed live loading sufficient to carry the imposed loads of fire apparatus. "(j) Grade. The gradient for a fire apparatus access road shall not exceed the maximum approved by the chief." (15%) Christopher J. Yuen January 18, 2008 Page 3 "(k) Obstruction. The required width of any fire apparatus access road shall not be obstructed in any manner, including parking of vehicles. Minimum required widths and clearances established under this section shall be maintained at all times. "(1) Signs. When required by the fire chief, approved signs or other approved notices shall be provided and maintained for fire apparatus access roads to identify such roads and prohibit the obstruction thereof or both." Water supply shall be in accordance with UFC Section 10.301(c): "(c) Water Supply. An approved water supply capable of supplying required fire flow for fire protection shall be provided to all premises upon which buildings or portions of buildings are hereafter constructed, in accordance with the respective county water requirements. There shall be provided, when required by the chief, on-site fire hydrants and mains capable of supplying the required fire flow. "Water supply may consist of reservoirs, pressure tanks, elevated tanks, water mains or other fixed systems capable of providing the required fire flow. "The location, number and type of fire hydrants connected to a water supply capable of delivering the required fire flow shall be protected as set forth by the respective county water requirements. All hydrants shall be accessible to the fire department apparatus by roadways meeting the requirements of Section 10.207. PB W:lpc 2888 RPR 15 Ptd ? 08 DEPARTMENT OFEOUNTY OF HAWAII1 345 KEKUANAO`A STREET, SUITE 20 ILO, HAWAII 96720 TELEPHONE (808) 961-8050 • FAX (808) 961-8657 April 8, 2008 TO: Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director Planning Department FROM: Milton D. Pavao, Manager SUBJECT: SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREA USE PERMIT APPLICATION (SMA 07-000024) REQUEST: TO ALLOW A 65 SINGLE-FAMH.Y RESIDENTIAL LOT SUBDIVISION STATE LAND USE BOUNDARY AMENDMENT (SLU 07-000018) REQUEST: AGRICULTURAL TO URBAN CHANGE OF ZONE APPLICATION (REZ 07-000075) REQUEST: A -5A TO RS -7.5 APPLICANT: KONA HEIGHTS, LLC TAX MAP KEY 7-7-008:121 We have reviewed the subject applications and have the following comments and conditions. Water is available from an existing 6 -inch waterline within Queen Kalama Avenue, approximately 150 feet from the subject parcel. There are no existing services to the subject parcel. In accordance with the Department's Water System Standards and water system capabilities, water can be made available to only 50 of the proposed 65 lots. It is our understanding that the proposed project is registered with the U.S. Green Building Council as a LEED project and the applicant has indicated that LEED design criteria require lower water demands than what our Standards require. Therefore, the Department requests that the applicant submit data and calculations prepared by a registered professional engineer licensed in the State of Hawaii to support the LEED design criteria. We will reserve further comment until review of the requested information can be completed. Should there be any questions, please contact Mr. Finn McCall of our Water Resources and Planning Branch at 961-8070, extension 255. FM:dfg copy — R Kona Heights, LLC Carlsmith Ball LLP State of Hawaii, Land Use Commisjop P.E. EXHIBIT Ca ... ater rcncga procgreM... The Department of Water Supply is an Equal Opportunity provider and employer To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Budding, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington DC 20250-9410 Or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD) Harry Kim Mayor January 28, 2008 Christopher J. Yuen Planning Director County of Hawaii 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawai `i 96720 Couutp of la bia i `f CIVIL DEFENSE AGENCY 920 Ululani Street - Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3958 (808) 935-0031 Fax (808) 935-6460 Re: Special Management Area Use Permit Application (SMA 07-000024) Kona Heights, LLC Tax Map Key: 7-7-8:121 Dear Mr. Yuen: Thank you for the opportunity to comment on this application. The project applicant does identify the major natural hazards of the area. Although it is agreed that the project will not increase the risk of natural hazards at the site or in the vicinity, concern should always be of increasing runoffs from heavy rains due to development. I do question a statement of little or no risk from flooding at the site. Also, the developer and potential designer should know that UBC and County design standards do not fully mitigate the potential impacts of all hazards, especially earthquakes and some hazards of hurricanes. Design factors outside of the UBC and County standards such as choice of materials in design and construction can greatly reduce certain hazards, especially those of earthquakes and hurricanes. Mayor and Acting Civil Defense Adminstrator EXHIBIT Hawaii County is an equal onportunity nrovider rn-a-mnInvor L'J I-1,sF N•�� is r�fr� LLL��I��Ti J,cwEa Le6dG�csu�-irm�, Director DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL M,4�rgA'OFMENT 25 Aupuni Street Hilo, Hawaii 96720 (808) 961-8083 Fax (808) 961-8086 httn:Hco.hawaii.hi.us/directory/dir enxqmg.htm MEMORANDUM Date : December 7, 2007 To : CHRISTOPHER YUEN, Planning Director From: BOBBY JEAN LEITHEAD-TODD, Director Subject: Special Management Area Use Permit Application (SMA 07-000024) Request: To Allow a 65 Single Family Residential Lot Subdivision State Land Use Boundary Amendment (SLU 07-000018) Request: Agriculture to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-0000757 Request: A -5a to RS -7.5 Applicant: Kona Heights, LLC TMK: 7-7-8:121 We have reviewed the subject application and offer the following recommendations: DEPARTMENT COMMENTS: Ncc& uH(' Deputy rrrector WASTEWATER COMMENTS: ( ) No comments (X) Require connection of existing and/or proposed structures to the public sewer in accordance with Section 21-5 of the Hawaii County Code. ( Z Require Council Resolution to approve sewer extension in accordance with Section 21-26.1 of the Hawaii County Code. Complete D.E.M. Sewer Extension Application. ( ) Require extension of the sewer system to service the proposed subdivision in accordance with Section 23-85 of the Hawaii County Code. 1 ( qC) Other: r4PAklc w �+ %4&A!>4o r.8v A1&r-i -fir, P.)niu i.�.Vi1P�.�v.�r TECHNICA SOLID WAS i r, uummhN 1-S: No comments ( Commercial operations, State and Federal agencies, religious entities and non-profit organizations may not use transfer stations for disposal. ( ) Aggregates and any other construction/demolition waste should be responsibly reused to its fullest extent. ( ) Ample aatd equal room should be provided for rvbbisl'� and recycling. Coo ntJ of Ha,-v'i �s ar. F,�u i oppoitun,ty iljo--dei &I-t"I EH'T Greenwaste may be transported to the gTeeir waste s�€cs located at th(- railua an!' stations, or other suitable diversion Programs. ( ) Construction and demolition waste is prohibited at all County Transfer Stations. ( ) Submit Solid Waste Management Flan in accordance with attached guidelines. ( } Existing Solid Waste Management Plan is to be followed. provide update to the department on current status. ( ) Other: cc: S` D, TSS, ViTWD ozntyor"Hiwai , i, ar, Equal Cpporturav, Piov,.dei and Fia, io;,er 10242 Hayashi, Norman From: Engelhard, Patricia Sent: Friday, December 07, 2007 1:08 PM To: Hayashi, Norman Cc: Mizuno, Pamela; Komata, James Subject: SMA 07-000024, SLU 07-000018, Rezoning 07-000075 for Kona Heights, LLC, Lalpala Makai Regarding the park amenities, mentioned in the Environmental Report on page 3-21. 1 seem to recall that the developers were talking about doing their own 3 acre park, which they would maintain, as a possibility. We said that a 3 acre park was usually too small. I do not recall discussing tennis courts at all. There wouldn't have been enough in the area if we had. But that isn't our main concern. Our main concern is field space. We need land dedication for field space. Soccer, baseball and football keep gaining in popularity. I don't understand the statement in their Application, page 7, which reads "Applicant does not intend to provide park space within the property, but proposes to meet County park requirements by providing park space on nearby land." Those are my comments. Harry Kim Mayor r, January 8, 2008 MEMORANDUM Countp of *Riff OFFICE OF HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 50 Wailuku Dnve • Hilo, Hawai'i 96720-2484 VnT (808) 961-8379 • FAX (808) 961-8685 TO: Chris Yuen, Director Planning Department FROM: Edwin S. Taira c.6 - Housing Administrator Edwin S. Taira Housing Administrator SUBJECT: Special Management Area Use Permit App. (SMA 07-000024) Request: To Allow a 65 Single Family Residential Lot Subdivision State Land Use Boundary Amendment (SLU 07-000018) Request: Agriculture to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000075) Request: A -5a to RS -7.5 Applicant: Kona Heights, LLC Tax Map: 7-7-008:121 Although the deadline has passed, affordable housing requirements, pursuant to Hawaii County Code, Chapter 11, Housing, are applicable to the request. Thank you for the opportunity to comment. 03"072 EXHIBIT 1471pasr � /� s V' EQUAL HOUSING OPPORTUNITY "HAWAI I COUNTY IS AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY PROVIDER AND EMPLOYER' LINDA LINGLE {{�� GOVERNOR OF NAWAR �e�,,�y fSyE•! ot�and and /V o, c` di 0 Srate of HaNa,\ STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96809 January 3, 2008 County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 LAURA H THIELEN CHAIRPERSON BOARD OF LAND ANO NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION ON WA rER RESOURCE MANAOEMENT Attention: Mr. Norman Hayashi Gentlemen: Subject: State Land use District Boundary Amendment, Change of Zone, Special Management Area Use Permit Application to allow for 65 residential lot subdivision, North Kona, Hawaii, Tax Map Key: (3) 7-7-8:121 Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on the subject matter. The Department of Land and Natural Resources' (DLNR) Land Division distributed or made available a copy of your report pertaining to the subject matter to DLNR Divisions for their review and comment. Other than the comments from Engineering Division, the Department of Land and Natural Resources has no other comments to offer on the subject matter. Should you have any questions, please feel free to call our office at 587-0433. Thank you. Sincerely, A' tAO,7� NA*&i Morns M. Atta Administrator EXHIBIT // 037051 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES ENGINEERING DIVISION LD/MorrisAtta Ref.: SLUDistBndryAmend65ResLot Hawaii.366 COMMENTS ( X) We confirm that the project site, according to the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM), is located in Zone X. The Flood Insurance Program does not have any regulations for developments within Zone X. () Please take note that the project site, according to the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM), is located in Zone () Please note that the correct Flood Zone Designation for the project site according to the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) is () Please note that the project must comply with the rules and regulations of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) presented in Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations (44CFR), whenever development within a Special Flood Hazard Area is undertaken. If there are any questions, please contact the State NFIP Coordinator, Ms. Carol Tyau-Beam, of the Department of Land and Natural Resources, Engineering Division at (808) 587-0267. Please be advised that 44CFR indicates the minimum standards set forth by the NFIP. Your Community's local flood ordinance may prove to be more restrictive and thus take precedence over the minimum NFIP standards. If there are questions regarding the local flood ordinances, please contact the applicable County NFIP Coordinators below: () Mr. Robert Sumitomo at (808) 768-8097 or Mr. Mario Siu Li at (808) 768-8098 of the City and County of Honolulu, Department of Planning and Permitting. () Mr. Kelly Gomes at (808) 961-8327 (Hilo) or Mr. Kiran Emler at (808) 327-3530 (Kona) of the County of Hawaii, Department of Public Works. () Mr. Francis Cerizo at (808) 270-7771 of the County of Maui, Department of Planning. () Mr. Mario Antonio at (808) 241-6620 of the County of Kauai, Department of Public Works. () The applicant should include project water demands and infrastructure required to meet water demands. Please note that the implementation of any State-sponsored projects requiring water service from the Honolulu Board of Water Supply system must first obtain water allocation credits from the Engineering Division before it can receive a building permit and/or water meter. () The applicant should provide the water demands and calculations to the Engineering Division so it can be included in the State Water Projects Plan Update. () Additional Comments: () Other: Should you have any questions, please call Ms. Suzie Agraan of the Planning Branch at 587-0258. Signed - ERIC T. IRANO, CHIEF ENGINEER Date: LIVPA LINGLE ` - GOVERNOR OF HAWAII m 1 of Ha+Ia° tE ...0..F.. M4 ~P�•� 50 i f� qP A �eatsaK� STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES LAND DIVISION POST OFFICE BOX 621 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96809 January 11, 2008 County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 Attention: Mr. Norman Hayashi Gentlemen: LAURA THIELEN C RAIRPERSON 130ARD OI L', 7D AND NAI IRAL RESOURCESCG1.3MISSIO\ O\ WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMF.NT Subject: State Land Use District Boundary Amendment, Change of Zone, Special Management Area Use Permit Application to allow for 65 residential lot subdivision, North Kona, Hawaii, Tax Map Key: (3) 7-7-8:121 Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on the subject matter. The Department of Land and Natural Resources' (DLNR) Land Division distributed or made available a copy of your report pertaining to the subject matter to DLNR Divisions for their review and comment. Other than the comments from Commission on Water Resource Management, the Department of Land and Natural Resources has no other comments to offer on the subject matter. Should you have any questions, please feel free to call our office at 587-0433. Thank you. Sincerely, Morris M. Atta b1f Administrator 037202 LINDA LINGLE GOVERNOR OF HAWAII TO: FROM - SUBJECT: FILE NO.: STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT P 0 BOX 621 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96809 January 2, 2008 Morris Atta, Acting Administrator Land Division Ken C. Kawahara, P.E., Deputy Director /� Commission on Water Resource Management 1n LAURA H THIELEN CHAIRPERSON MEREDITH J CHING JAMES A FRAZIER NEAL S FUJIWARA CHIYOME L FUKINO, M D DONNA FAY K KIYOSAKI, P E LAWRENCE H MIKE, M D, J D KEN C KAWAHARA, P E DEPUTY DIRECTOR Kona Heights, LLC, State Land Use District Boundary Amendment, Change of Zone, Special Management Area Use Permit Application, North Kona, Hawaii, TMK: (3) 7-7-8:121 Thank you for the opportunity to review the subject document. The Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM) is the agency responsible for administering the State Water Code (Code). Under the Code, all waters of the State are held in trust for the benefit of the citizens of the State, therefore, all water use is subject to legally protected water rights. CWRM strongly promotes the efficient use of Hawaii's water resources through conservation measures and appropriate resource management. For more information, please refer to the State Water Code, Chapter 174C, Hawaii Revised Statutes, and Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapters 13-167 to 13-171. These documents are available via the Internet at http://www.hawaii.gov/d/ndcwrm. Our comments related to water resources are checked off below. 01. We recommend coordination with the county to incorporate this project Into the county's Water Use and Development Plan. Please contact the respective Planning Department and/or Department of Water Supply for further information. ❑ 2. We recommend coordination with the Engineering Division of the State Department of Land and Natural Resources to incorporate this project Into the State Water Projects Plan. ❑ 3. There may be the potential for ground or surface water degradation/contamination and recommend that approvals for this project be conditioned upon a review by the State Department of Health and the developer's acceptance of any resulting requirements related to water quality. Permits required by CWRM: Additional information and forms are available at www.hawaii.gov/dlndcwrm/fom►s.htm. ❑ 4 The proposed water supply source for the project is located in a designated ground -water management area, and a Water Use Permit is required prior to use of ground water. ❑ 5 A Well Construction Permit(s) is (are) required before the commencement of any well construction work. ❑ 6 A Pump Installation Permit(s) is (are) required before ground water is developed as a source of supply for the project DRF -IA 03/02/2006 REF: Kona Reights .fir � i mM1 'J Kona Heights, LLC, State Land Use District Boundary Amendment, Change of Zone, Special Management Area Use Permit Application, North Kona, Hawaii, TMK: (3) 7-7-8:121 Thank you for the opportunity to review the subject document. The Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM) is the agency responsible for administering the State Water Code (Code). Under the Code, all waters of the State are held in trust for the benefit of the citizens of the State, therefore, all water use is subject to legally protected water rights. CWRM strongly promotes the efficient use of Hawaii's water resources through conservation measures and appropriate resource management. For more information, please refer to the State Water Code, Chapter 174C, Hawaii Revised Statutes, and Hawaii Administrative Rules, Chapters 13-167 to 13-171. These documents are available via the Internet at http://www.hawaii.gov/d/ndcwrm. Our comments related to water resources are checked off below. 01. We recommend coordination with the county to incorporate this project Into the county's Water Use and Development Plan. Please contact the respective Planning Department and/or Department of Water Supply for further information. ❑ 2. We recommend coordination with the Engineering Division of the State Department of Land and Natural Resources to incorporate this project Into the State Water Projects Plan. ❑ 3. There may be the potential for ground or surface water degradation/contamination and recommend that approvals for this project be conditioned upon a review by the State Department of Health and the developer's acceptance of any resulting requirements related to water quality. Permits required by CWRM: Additional information and forms are available at www.hawaii.gov/dlndcwrm/fom►s.htm. ❑ 4 The proposed water supply source for the project is located in a designated ground -water management area, and a Water Use Permit is required prior to use of ground water. ❑ 5 A Well Construction Permit(s) is (are) required before the commencement of any well construction work. ❑ 6 A Pump Installation Permit(s) is (are) required before ground water is developed as a source of supply for the project DRF -IA 03/02/2006 Morris Atta, Acting Administrator Page 2 January 2, 2008 ❑ 7. There is (are) well(s) located on or adjacent to this project. If wells are not planned to be used and will be affected by any new construction, they must be properly abandoned and sealed. A permit for well abandonment must be obtained. ❑ 8. Ground -water withdrawals from this project may affect streamflows, which may require an instream flow standard amendment. ❑ 9. A Stream Channel Alteration Permit(s) is (are) required before any alteration can be made to the bed and/or banks of a stream channel. ❑ 10. A Stream Diversion Works Permit(s) is (are) required before any stream diversion works is constructed or altered. ❑ 11. A Petition to Amend the Interim Instream Flow Standard is required for any new or expanded diversion(s) of surface water. ❑ 12. The planned source of water for this project has not cccn identified in this report. Therefore, we cannot determine what permits or petitions are required from our office, or whe btir there are potential impacts to water resources. ❑ 13. We recommend that the report identify feasible alternative non -potable water resources, including reclaimed wastewater. ❑ OTHER: If there are any questions, please contact Lenore Ohye at 587-0218. DRF -IA 04/15/2005 I LINDA LINt LE oFF�G GOVERNOR STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH P.O. BOX 916 HILO, HAWAII 96721-0916 MEMORANDUM DATE: December 13, 2007 TO: Christopher J. Yuen Planning Director, County of Hawaii FROM: Newton Inouye Acting District Environmental Health Program Chief rill"O iC� L. rL)KIN0, M.U. Director of f I-.alth SUBJECT: Special Management Area Use Permit Application (SMA 07-000024) Request: To Allow a 65 Single Family Residential Lot Subdivision State Land Use Boundary Amendment (SLU 07-000018) Request: Agriculture to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000075) Request: A -5a to RS -7.5 Applicant: Kona Heights, LLC Tax Map Key: 7-7-8:121 The submittals for the subject development have been transmitted to our Environmental Management programs for their coordinated review and comments. Upon receipt of their reply, their comments will be forwarded to your office. WORD SMA 07-000024/SLU 07-000075/REZ 07-000075.1t LINDA LINGLE ` GOVERNOR E O P STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & TOURISM LAPID USE COMMISSION P O Box 2359 Honolulu, Hawaii 96804-2359 Telephone: 808-587-3822 Fax 808-587-3827 December 24, 2007 Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director Planning Department County of Hawaii 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-3043 Dear Mr. Yuen: Subject: Special Management Area Use Permit Application (SMA 07-000024) Request: To Allow a 65 Single Family Residential Lot Subdivision State Land Use Boundary Amendment (SLU 07-000018) Request: Agriculture to Urban Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000075) Request: A -5a to RS -7.5 Applicant: Kona Heights, LLC TMK: 7-7-8:121 We have reviewed the above subject applications forwarded by your memorandum dated December 6, 2007. ANTHONY HONY J.H. CHIN EXECUTIVE OFFICER Pursuant to §205-3.1(c), Hawaii Revised Statutes, and given the location, scope, and nature of the proposed activity, we have no further comments to offer at this time and defer to the judgment of the County of Hawaii in this matter. Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the subject application. Please do not hesitate to contact me at 587-3822 should you require clarification or any further assistance. Sincerely, ANTHONY J.XG- EXHIBIT 036909 Executive Offi r 43 LINDA CINGLE ° GOVERNOR q 6...24 N9 p �959� 9i STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION P O BOX 2360 HONOLULU, HAWAII 96804 OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT January 7, 2008 Mr. Christopher J. Yuen, Planning Director County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4224 Dear Mr. Yuen: Subj ect: Special Management Use Permit Application, State Land Use Boundary Amendment and Change in Zone Application for the La'ipala Makai Subdivision, North Kona, TMK: 7-7-8:121, (SMA 077-000024), (SLU 07-000018),(REZ 07-000075) PATRICIA HAMAMOTO SUPERINTENDENT The Department of Education (DOE) has reviewed the applications for a Special Management Area Use Permit, State Land Use Boundary Amendment, and Change of Zone and the Environmental Report for the La'ipala Makai subdivision. Please advise the consultant to correct Section III, P. Public Facilities & Services, to reflect that the La'ipala Makai subdivision would be served by Kahakai Elementary, Kealakehe Intermediate and Konawaena High schools. Please advise the environmental consultant to update the enrollment projections in the Environmental Report on page 3-23 under Section 3.15.4, Existing Conditions, using data from the table below. Actual and Projected Enrollments at Department of Education Schools: Actual Enrollment Projected Enrollment Done Fall 2007 Done Wiring 2006-2007 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Kahakai Elem. 552 573 586 622 636 649 Kealakehe Inter. 909 911 922 911 893 910 Konawaena High 754 742 720 720 713 713 The DOE will be using new formulas to calculate school impact fees as the 2007 Legislature passed Act 245. Under this new law, it is possible the project will be required to pay an impact fee. We currently do not know whether the project will be in an impact district or the amount of the fee per residential unit. We should have a better idea early in 2008. If the project falls within an impact district, the DOE will EXHIBIT GNI AFFIRAAATI\/F ArTI(lAI Amn Fran IGI r)PPnPTI 11\I1TV FSAPI r)VFR 037154 Mr. Christopher J.Yuen Page 2 January 7, 2008 meet with the developers of the project to discuss an agreement to mitigate the impacts of enrollment growth generated by this project. We request more detailed information on the size of each unit, the number of bedrooms, and the general price range for each house plan as soon as these factors are finalized by the developer. Thank you for the opportunity to offer our early comments. If you have any questions, please call George Casen of our Facilities Development Branch at (808) 586-0430. Very truly yours, Patricia Hamamoto Superintendent PH:jmb c: Randolph Moore, Assistant Superintendent, OSFSS Duane Kashiwai, Public Works Administrator, FDB Arthur Souza, CAS, Honokaa/Kealakehe/Kohala/Konawaena School Complex Areas 73-4686 •••. _ Lani Street Kallua-kona, Hawaii • , Chris Yuen, Director County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hawaii 96720-8742 January 3, 2008 Subject: SMA Use Permit Application (07-000024) Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000075) A -5a to RS -7.5 SLU Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000018) Ag to Urban Kona Heights LLC Dear Mr. Yuen: We have reviewed the subject applications to permit a 65 Single Family Residential Lot Subdivision on 11+ acres (TMK No. (3)7-7-08:121). We understand that: 1) the property lies approximately 650 feet mauka of Alii Drive; 2) the future Alii Parkway will form the eastern border; and 3) White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates are immediately north of the property. Access is via Naniloa Street, which connects to Queen Kalama Avenue, a turn-off from Alii Drive, and we acknowledge that the developer is considering obtaining additional access over lands owned by Kamehameha Investment Corporation to the south of the property. At this point, our review has raised a principal concern regarding the single access to the property. A single access route for 65 residential units is unconscionable because it creates an unnecessary danger to residents and visitors in the event evacuation or emergency vehicle access is required. Because it violates the intent if not the letter of Section 23-48(a) of the County Code, we urge that the County require a second access route as a condition of rezoning and occupancy. Because this development is more than a mile from the nearest grocery store, and even farther from educational, civic and other commercial centers, all of which will require travel along Ali i Drive or Alii Parkway (if and when completed), we believe that motor vehicles (autos and school buses) and bicycles will necessarily be the primary modes of transportation. Ali I Drive, however, is not a safe road for bicycles, and the added motor vehicle traffic (at least 260 vehicle trips per day) due to this development could well give rise to unacceptable levels of service. Construction traffic planning must also be provided to safely serve the residents. Thank you for the opportunity to comment Sincerely yours, Joel Gimpel Chair, Public Affairs 03695 EXHIBIT /57 a, EXHIBIT ' April 7, 2008 County of Hawaii Police Department John Dawrs, Acting Assistant Chief, Area II Operations 349 Kapiolani Street Francs S Oda Hilo, HI 96720-3998 Arch D, FAIA, AICP Norman G Y Hong, AIA RE: SMA Use Permit Application (07-000024) Sheryl B Seaman, AIA, ASID Change of Zone Application (REZ 07-000075) A -5a to RS -7.5 g PP Hdosh, Hida AIA Roy H Nihei, AIA, CSI SLU Boundary Amendment Application (SLU 07-000018) Ag to Urban James I Nishimoto, AIA Kona Heights LLC Stephen H Yuen, AIA vicinity and, therefore, based on industry standard guidelines, no traffic Linda C Mik, AIA Geoige I Atta AICP Dear Chief Dawrs, Charles Y Kaneshiro AIA LEED Jeffrey H Overton AICP Christine Mendes Ruotola, AICP Thank you for your comment letter to Hawaii County Planning Director Chris James L Stone AIA, LEED Yuen, concerning the above referenced applications. Paul P Chorney, AIA Philip T Cuccla, CSI, CDT The following statements are offered in response to your comments: Kimberly Evans Pete C Galvez, AIA 1. We acknowledge that the development will generate a certain amount of SutHalim A A AIA CSI � p analysis rep traffic in the area. However, a traffic impact anal ort (TIAR) that was Roy Inouye Roy Camra Kloster conducted on the project by The Traffic Management Consultant finds that Katherine M MacNeil, AIA Laipala Makai is not expected to significantly impact (<5%) traffic in the Frank B McCue KAwika MCKeague vicinity and, therefore, based on industry standard guidelines, no traffic Kathryn A Nam mitigation was recommended in the report. Hiram C Pato Donna D Pennington Kimberly Polkmhorn, AIA, LEED 2. The TIAR is currently being updated to comply with the County's Scott Tangonan concurrency ordinance. Tom Young AIA Ralph E Portmore, AICP 3. The above statement is substantiated by traffic count surveys that were Of Counsel manually conducted at the intersection of Ali'i Drive and Queen Kalama Avenue in November 2006, during the AM and PM peak periods of traffic. 4. The Highway Capacity Manual defines LOS as "a quality measure describing operational conditions within a traffic stream". LOS's "A", "B" and "C" are considered satisfactory. LOS "D" is generally considered a "desirable minimum operating" LOS. LOS "E" is an undesirable condition, and LOS "17" is an unacceptable condition. 5. Existing AM peak hour traffic, measured in vehicles per hour, was about 600 vph on Ali'i Drive and less than 60 vph on Queen Kalama Avenue. These counts equate to a Level of Service of 'B" and "A", respectively. 6. Existing PM peak hour traffic was about 700 vph on Ali'i Drive and about 50 vph on Queen Kalama Avenue. There counts equate to LOS "B" and "A" respectively. Group 70 International Inc m Architecture 8 Planning s Intenol Design A Building Diagnostics ® Assets Management o Environmental Services 925 Bethel Street, 5th Floor > Honolulu. Hawal'196813-4307 • Ph (808) 523-5866 • Fax (808) 523-5874 • www arouo701nt com • maill @nrouo70mt com 4, • ' 7. At project build -out, La'ipala Makai is expected to generate a total of 56 vph during the peak AM periods, and a total of 73 vph during the PM peak hour period of traffic. 8. These additional counts will result in a continued LOS "C", meaning that the existing acceptable LOS will not worsen to an unacceptable level with the new traffic generated from the project. 9. Your letter suggests infrastructure improvements such as turning and acceleration lanes. We are currently working towards mutual consensus with the Department of Public Works regarding these concerns. 10. Our plan proposes, and staff from the Planning Department recommends, a 20' emergency -only access from the eastern end of the project to the future Kahului-Keauhou Parkway, that could eventually become permanent. This will help alleviate emergency vehicles traversing through existing neighborhoods and provide for emergency evacuation. 11. The project is also designed to provide greater traffic connectivity, especially as an in -fill development. 12. We think our proposal meets all County requirements regarding traffic. We appreciate your consideration of La'ipala Makai. GROUP 70 INTERNATIONAL, INC. George Atta, AICP Principal PA2006\26020-01 Laipala Heights\Correspondence with agencies, community\Response Letter to County of Hawaii Police Department.doc Group 70 international, Inc ^ Architecture • Planning • Interior Design - Building Diagnostics • Assets Management • Environmental Services 925 Bethel Street, 5th Floor • Honolulu, Hawai 196813-4307 • Ph (808) 523-5866 • Fax (808) 523-5874 • www group70mt com mad@group70mt com r April 7, 2008 Mayor Harry Kim l Acting Civil Defense Administrator County of Hawaii Civil Defense Agency Francis S Oda, Arch D, FAIA, AICP 920 Ululani Street Norman G Y Hong, AIA Hilo, HI 96720-3958 Sheryl B Seaman AIA ASID Hitosht Hida, AIA Roy H Nihei, AIA CSI RE: SMA Use Permit Application (07-000024) James I Nishimoto, AIA Kona Heights LLC Stephen H Yuen AIA p TMK: 7-7-8:121 Linda C Miki AIA Geoige i Atta AICP Charles Y Kaneshvo AIA LEED Dear Mayor Kim: Jeffrey H Overton AICP Christine Mendes Ruotola, AICP James L Stone, AIA, LEED We are in receipt of a copy of your letter sent-to Hawaii County Planning Director Chris Yuen regarding the above referenced applications currently under review. Paul P Chorney, AIA Philip T Cuccia, CSI, CDT Kimberly Evans The following statements are offered in response to your comments: Pete C Galvez, AIA Sut Roy Ray AIA, CSI We acknowledge that the Civil Defense Agency has expressed concern about A Inouye, A Inouye. Cami Kloster increased runoffs from heavy rains due to our project. There is also concern about Katherine M MacNeil, AIA whether there is little or no risk from flooding at the project site. Frank B McCue KBw ka McKeague Kathryn A Nam We further acknowledge that the UBC and County design standards may not fully Hiram C Palo mitigate the potential impacts of all hazards, especially earthquakes and some Donna D Pennington AIA, hazards of hurricanes. However, other design factors such as choice of materials Kimberly Polkmhorn LEED Scott Tangonan in design and construction can greatly reduce the risk of these hazards. Tom Young, AIA Additionally, we will consider the addition of measures that go beyond the Code Ralph AICP such as the number and placement of hurricane clips and design of some E Portmore, Of Counsel overcapacity in our drainage systems to increase safety. We will work to address your concerns prior to final approval. Until then, we will continue to keep your Office apprised as our project progresses. We appreciate your consideration of our project. GROUP 70 INTERNATIONAL, INC. S�VA1%�-,rte George Atta, AICP Principal Group 70 International, Inc a Architecture r Planning • Intertol Design e Building Diagnostics • Assets Management • Environmental Services 925 Bethel Street. 5th Floor, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813-4307 - Ph (808) 523-5866 • Fax (808) 523-5874 r www group701nt com -mail 1 @group701nt com Post Office Box 551 1 Kailua-Kona HI 96745 808-895-0057 2008 APR 10 PM ? 52 PANNiNG OE_P/\RTMENT COUNTY Or HAWAII April 8, 2Q08 Chris Yuen Planning Director County of Hawaii Planning Department Aupuni Center 101 Pauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, HI 96720 Dear Mr. Yuen: RE: La'fpala Makaf My name is Jane Dulaney and I am submitting written testarfiE" 0 support of the La "IM Makai project purposed to be developed in Kalkm-lona. White I acknowledge that an additional 65 single-family homes will somewhat Wiped the existing tratfc situation in Kona, the overall proposal and design of La'ipala Maker will benefit our community, which is wiry l am supporting offs project. Furthermore, the owners are working on securing a second access point to the project, which will be a condition of approval, and help ease the traffic situation in the area. La'ipala Makal is the fist LEED (Leadership is Energy and Environmental Design) ND (Neigh ) registered private reWdential project in Hawaii County. What an example for all to follow! The TEED design of this project will, for one, reduce overall water consumption by approximately 30% per unit. Our community vA certainly benefit and we should encourage more projects to follow this prototype. L.Wipala Makai is also an infill project that is designed to connect with other communities, resulting in aftematives in tralfic fkw The county has already planned for this coonectift, as there are existing road stubs at Naniloa Street into the Project. Without this project, roads will end, or remain, in cul-de-sacs, forcing cars onto emsting main arterials such as AM Drove in order to get from one neighborhood to another. The folks proposing La'ipala Makam have taken grit cue to help preserve the culture of the area by retaining a Cultural Advisory ConviWee of lineal descendants and cultural practitioners- The group has also been working with the community for over a year and has been very responsive to their concems by implementing some suggestions into their pians. If we are going to have development in Kona, then it should be of the Quality of La 1paia Makak Thank you for the opportunity to submit testimony. Respectfully submitted, 1 re Dulaney On behalf of RR Roofing EXHIBIT /7 040M APR -15-2008 11:37 PM D"Y TOWNE No 4 All 2800 APR 16 P �1 If ►. IE , �YYAN O PLANNING � r,,`r,��T��ENT U� 'OI;NT;Y HAWAII A0111 A 2904 Chris YMA �l�Jctp� X11.1• Pa".SA sow 3 I4,i1a, l9 96720 Vag 961474 Dw .'Ytft'. 'hwaMAW TTI bttd i sti € i stet of thelalpals Makai projet proposed to be devdl b JAX4ft,-,iia, �i�rdio es X11 ina UUMC Somewhat, it ehonld be dit,• �i�:i�a l��v� �t aur vonnxi�ni±�►. �rthermore, the '� 1bg �ax rtd a s po the PVdCCr4 wbioh wat be e condition of •v► MIA h4AM in go dttsa. I A-'ipU Wd& 184 AM LUJI� QAodumhip is EwV mid Eftiroftental Dwiga) NID ,(Nd*bo*ood Desig) toomad pivot* mMawid project in. slew ou County. The I EEE df$lp 4dthit ogqftt WK fbttee, di►era4wamr option by appmimmly 30%par tnttltt�rt sliauld erreouraga more jts toil this Qtt W", ' al��lb a� iiit l �6 t1 i tlesi 1 tro ceweo with other wMtWdo h rift c 110% Tht ooemty has already plbnnedlbr this MhMMYrft th&040 Obftraad fig: at Nan41ea, Stmet into th®Nect. WI&Out this p1dia MD &A'ar rowaiit, •in.O149-sacs,.foraing cars ontD Oxisting,main arterials Bush ss :moi Obve+46mdot,lu t ftm aart+ oNgood to another. llw: lbPf*slftN Impala &bw have telmt Pmem,to help preserve the cohere of fhtwft by mMWN *Cts A.c sety eamni to of lineal des ants ad culft2l ,fit x % id. `dtt st b WWWft with'00 Qdm %nitq ft over a year and -bas beets •V8lY ftSPOVMiVd tat:ihdit Oodulft yy.itrt rlempat B som sugsewbuis into their plans. 4CO494 yb=, Or, 1 d Led :dlaud,saone P. 91 a 05-08-2008 22:00 V 2M My 9 PM ? 30 IGOUNT'f Or HAWAII. oger F. Elgram 77-200 Ho'owaiwai Pl. K.ailua Kona, Hi. 96740 March 10, 2008 Mr. Chris Yuen Director, County of Hawaii Planning Department 101 Vauahi Street, Suite 3 Hilo, Hi. 96720-8742 Inc: The La'iapala Project Dear Mr. Yuen, I am a home owner in the Alii Heights Subdivision in Kailua Vona. I would like to express my support for the La'iapla Project planned adjacent to AM Heights. The several meetings I have had with the representatives of the developer have proven to me that this project has been will thought out and planned with the interests of the people of Hawaii in mind. There are ample park areas and open spaces between the buildings, good road design and even a commercial center to service the residents. This is a worthwhile project and should be moved forward. Sincrlly, f ger Elgram PAGE1 041187 a Rio �a w COUNTY OF HAWAII •�I STATE OF HAWAII RESOLUTION NO. 529 08 A RESOLUTION AMENDING RESOLUTION NO. 16-07, DRAFT 2, BY FURTHER EXTENDING THE TEMPORARY DELAY OF COUNCIL ACTION ON REZONING APPLICATIONS IN THE DISTRICTS OF NORTH AND SOUTH KONA UNTIL THE NORTH AND SOUTH KONA COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN IS ADOPTED BY ORDINANCE, OR DECEMBER 1, 2008, WHICHEVER SHALL OCCUR FIRST. WHEREAS, Resolution No. 16-07, Draft 2, duly adopted by the County Council on January 4, 2007, temporarily delayed Council action on rezoning applications in the districts of North and South Kona to allow time for the North and South Kona Community Development Plan process to be completed; and WHEREAS, Resolution No. 16-07, Draft 2, provided that the temporary delay would expire upon adoption of the North and South Kona Community Development Plan by ordinance, or September 1, 2007, whichever would occur first; and WHEREAS, Resolution No. 320-07, duly adopted by the County Council on September 6, 2007, proposed a single amendment to Resolution No. 16-07, Draft 2, which was to extend the temporary delay of Council action on rezoning applications in the Districts of North and South Kona until the North and South Kona Community Development Plan is adopted by ordinance, or March 1, 2008, whichever shall occur first; and WHEREAS, though Resolution No. 16-07, Draft 2, included a provision that would allow for extensions of time in increments of not more than six (6) months each, the development of such plans have shown to necessitate a longer period of time; and WHEREAS, the North and South Kona Community Development Pian process is nearing completion and an extension of time is necessary to allow completion of final reports and recommendations, and preparation of a financial plan; and WHEREAS, this resolution proposes a further and singular amendment to Resolution No. 16-07, Draft 2, which is to provide a nine-month extension of time for the temporary delay of Council action on rezoning applications in the Districts of North and South Kona until the North and South Kona Community Development Plan is adopted by ordinance, or December 1, 2008; now, therefore, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII that Resolution No. 16-07, Draft 2, is hereby further amended to temporarily delay Council action on rezoning applications in the Districts of North and South Kona until the North and South Kona Community Development Plan is adopted by ordinance, or December 1, 2008, whichever shall occur first. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that all other provisions and statements within Resolution No. 16-07, Draft 2, are carried over with the adoption of this resolution. BE IT FINALLY RESOLVED that the County Clerk shall forward a copy of this resolution to the North and South Kona Community Development Plan Steering Committee, the Mayor, the Planning Director, the Director of Public Works, and the Director of Finance. Dated at Kona , Hawai`i, this 12th day of March , 2008. COUNTY COUNCIL County of Hawaii Hilo, Hawaii I hereby certify that the foregoing RESOLUTION was by the vote indicated to the right hereof adopted by the COUNCIL of the County ofHawai'i on March 12, 2008 ATTEST: 1b� INTRODUCED BY: COUNCIL MEMBAA, COUNTY OF H WAI`I OA ROLL CALL VOTE Reference: C-1003/PC-72 RESOLUTION NO $29 08 AYES NOES ABS EX FORD X HIGA X HOFFMANN X IKEDA X JACOBSON x NAEOLE g PILAGO x YAGONG X YOSHIMOTO X 9 0 0 0 Reference: C-1003/PC-72 RESOLUTION NO $29 08 0 Legend Proposed Roads, Classification* Proposed Transit Line* ■ COP, Local 11®l Trunk — CDP, collector, major = Secondary m CDP, collector, minor Transit Stations* ■ GP, arterial — GP, collector, major Transit Hub* s GP, collector, minor Pedestrian -Bike Paths (CDP)* TOO Type TYPE Neighborhood Regional Center - Lane l=Rural Town TODs Path ®Kona Urban Area ■ Path -s — Existing Roadway � Ped-sw ® Ped -trail — Shared ® Shoulder * Policy Layer 0 900 1,800 3,600 M111111111111Feet 1 inch equals 2,000 feet Source: County of Hawaii The County of Hawaii Planning Department is the repository of the official map. n!gt116usr. 1 Kona Kona Community Development Plan EXHIBIT Figure 4-2c 0 nff`irial Trancnmtatinn NlMhA/nrlr Morn-Ihhnlr @r r nrn-- PLEASE INCLUDE THIS AS PART OF EXHIBIT "1" IN THE PLANNING DEPARTMENT':! BACKGROUND REPORT, Petitioner Kona Heights, LLC 528 25th Street Santa Monica, California 90402 Prepared by- Group 70 International, Inc. Architecture • Planning • Interior Design ® Environmental Services 925 Bethel Street, Fifth Floor Honolulu, HI 96813 October 2007 KONA HEIGHTS LLC �a`1t1 Ma1Ca1 SMA 07-000024 r ala SLU 07-000018 North Kona, Island of Hawai'i REz 07-000075 TMK: (3) 7-7-08:121 Petitioner Kona Heights, LLC 528 25th Street Santa Monica, California 90402 Prepared by- Group 70 International, Inc. Architecture • Planning • Interior Design ® Environmental Services 925 Bethel Street, Fifth Floor Honolulu, HI 96813 October 2007 i LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Appendices .................................................................................................................................. pp . ii List of Figures "' Listof Tables............................................................................................................................................ iii 1.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1-1 1.1 Project Information Summary................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Overview of Proposed Project...................................................................................1-2 1.3 Environmental Report................................................................................................1-2 1.4 Content of Environmental Report............................................................................1-2 2.0 PROPOSED PROJECT AND ALTERNATIVES...............................................................2-1 i 2.1 Site Description........................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Ownership....................................................................................................................2-1 2.3 Project Description...................................................................................................... 2-1 2.4 Schedule and Timing..................................................................................................2-2 2.5 Project Development Costs........................................................................................ 2-2 ( 2.6 Market Feasibility/Need for the Reclassification...................................................2-6 f 2.7 Land Use Approvals. . 2-8 r 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT, POTENTIAL IMPACTS, AND MITIGATION MEASURES..................................................................3-1 3.1 Land Use and Regulations......................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Physical Environment................................................................................................ 3-2 7 3.2.1 Climate............................................................................................................ 3-2 3.2.2 Geology, Topography and Soils.................................................................. 3-2 3.3 Archaeological Resources.......................................................................................... 3-3 I3.4 Cultural Resources......................................................................................................3-4 3.5 Water Quality.............................................................................................................. 3-6 3.5.1 Surface............................................................................................................. 3-6 j 3.5.2 Groundwater Resources...... 3-6 ......................................................................... 3.6 Air Quality................................................................................................................... 3-7 3.7 Ambient Noise............................................................................................................. 3-7 3.8 Agriculture...................................................................................................................3-7 3.9 Natural Hazards........................................................................................................ 3-11 3.10 Biological Resources................................................................................................. 3-14 3.11 Roadways and Traffic...............................................................................................3-14 3.12 Infrastructure and Public Services..........................................................................3-16 3.13 Solid Waste Management........................................................................................ 3-17 3.14 Health and Safety......................................................................................................3-19 3.15 Social Characteristics................................................................................................ 3-19 3.15.1 Population/Demographics.........................................................................3-19 3.15.2 Affordable Housing .......................................................... 3-20 3.15.3 Recreational Resources................................................................................3-21 3.15.4 Educational Facilities...................................................................................3-23 i LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report 3.15.5 Scenic Resources.......................................................................................... 3-23 3.16 Economic Factors...................................................................................................... 3-24 4.0 CONFORMANCE WITH STATE AND COUNTY PLANS AND POLICIES.............4-1 4.1 State Policies................................................................................................................ 4-1 4.1.1 State Land Use Law, Chapter 205, Hawai'i Revised Statutes..................4-1 4.1.2 Hawai'i State Plan..........................................................................................4-1 4.1.3 Hawai'i Coastal Zone Management Program ........................................... 4-3 4.2 County Policies............................................................................................................4-7 4.2.1 SMA Guidelines............................................................................................. 4-7 4.2.2 County General Plan..................................................................................... 4-9 4.2.3 Kona Regional Plan..................................................................................... 4-12 4.2.4 County Zoning............................................................................................. 4-13 5.0 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT ................................ ..5-1 ................................................................... 5.1 Pre-SLUBA................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 JKA................................................................................................................................ 5-2 5.2.1 Methodology............................................................5-2 ` 5.2.2 Issues Identified............................................................................................. 5-3 6.0 LIST OF REFERENCES.........................................................................................................6-1 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A: La'ipala Heights (Kona) Soil and Land Use Report Appendix B: Archaeological Inventory Survey Appendix C: Cultural Impact Study/Assessment Appendix D: A Survey of Botanical, Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species for the Proposed La'ipala Heights Subdivision, North Kona District Appendix E: Traffic Impact Analysis Report Appendix F: Civil Assessment: Baseline Water Usage Calculations and Schematic Infrastructure Designs Appendix G: Market Analysis and Development Program for La'ipala Heights Residential Community Appendix H: Solid Waste Management Plan Appendix I: Affordable Housing Policy and HawaiTs For -Sale Housing Markets Appendix J: LEED Calculations, References, and Case Studies LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1-1 Project Location map...............................................................................................................1-4 1-2 Kahalu'u Historic District Map..............................................................................................1-5 1-3 Site (TMK) Map........................................................................................................................1-6 1-4 State Land Use District and Special Management Area (SMA) Map ...............................1-7 1-5 Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map............................................................1-8 1-6 County Zoning Districts Map................................................................................................1-9 2-1 Conceptual Land Plan............................................................................................................. 2-3 2-2a Zero Lot Line Concept............................................................................................................2-4 2-2b Street Elevation......................................................................................................................... 2-5 3-1 Land Study Bureau (LSB) Map.............................................................................................. 3-9 3-2 Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawai'i...............................................3-10 3-3 FIRM Flood and Tsunami Zones......................................................................................... 3-12 3-4 Lava Flood Hazard Zones....................................................................................................3-13 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2-1 TMK Information..................................................................................................................... 2-1 3-1 Population of Laipala Heights Study Area* 2000............................................................. 3-19 3-2 Population Data by Race.......................................................................................................3-20 3-3 Kona Parks and other Recreational amenities................................................................... 3-22 5-1 Pre-SLUBA Contacts................................................................................................................5-1 5-2 Pre-SLUBA Community Issues..............................................................................................5-4 111 1.0 Introduction LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT INFORMATION SUMMARY Type of Application: State Land Use Boundary Amendment Applicant: Kona Heights, LLC Agent: Group 70 International, Inc. 925 Bethel Street, 5th Floor Honolulu, HI 96813 Contact: George Atta, AICP Telephone: 808-441-2103 Approving Agency: County of Hawai'i Planning Land Use Commission through the Planning Director of the County of Hawai'i Planning Department Name of Action: La'ipala Makai Project Location: Pahoehoe 1st - Kapala'alaea 2nd (Beach Sec.), District of North Kona, County of Hawai'i, State of Hawai'i (Figure 1- 1) Tax Map Keys: (3) 7-7-08: 121 (Figure 1-3) Land Area: 11.054 acres (481,512.24 square feet) - surveyed area 11.415 acres (497,237.4 square feet) - assessed area State Land Use District: Agricultural District (A) (Figure 1-4) Development Plan: Land Use Planning Allocation Guide Low Density Urban (Figure 1-5) County Zoning Agricultural (A -5a) (Figure 1-6) County Land Use Approvals: 1. State Land Use District Boundary Amendment pursuant to Hawaii County Code Chapter 28 2. Special Management Area Permit 3. Change of Zone 4. Planned Unit Development Hawai'i Revised Statutes, Chapter 343 Trigger: None 1-1 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report 1.2 OVERVIEW OF PROPOSED PROJECT Kona Heights LLC proposes to develop 11.054 acres in North Kona on the west coast of the island of Hawai'i (Figure 1-1) as a residential community. The site is approximately 11 miles south of the Keahole-Kona International Airport and 4 miles south of Kailua-Kona town center. The Pacific Ocean is approximately 800 feet from the western boundary of the site. The development area is rectangular and aligned east -west with the Kahalui-Keauhou Parkway aka Ali'i Highway along the easternmost boundary. Developed residential communities bound the site on the north while planned residential development is proposed on the southern boundary and east of the future Ali'i Highway. The site is currently undeveloped. The project is not within the Kahalu'u Historic District (Figure 1-2). The land plan proposes a single-family cluster concept of 65 units at a density of approximately six (6) units per acre. Additionally, La'ipala Makai has been registered with the US Green Building Council as a LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) project. Through the LEED process, the development has made a green building commitment for entire project. No significant impacts are anticipated from the construction or operation of La'ipala Makai. 1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT This Environmental Report (ER) was prepared to provide background environmental documentation to support the State Land Use Boundary Amendment (SLUBA) from Agriculture to Urban District. In addition, it will support the applications for Special Management Area Permit (SMP), and County zone change from Agriculture (A -5a) to Single - Family Residential (RS -7.5). 1.4 CONTENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT This Environmental Report is presented in eight sections as follows: Section 1 - Introduction to the project Section 2 - Proposed project and alternatives Section 3 - Affected environment, potential impacts, and mitigation measures. Section 4 - Conformance with State and County plans and policies, including the Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program. Section 5 - Public involvement Section 6 - References Technical studies prepared in support of the ER are included in their entirety as follows: Appendix A: La'ipala Heights (Kona) Soil and Land Use Report Appendix B: Archaeological Inventory Survey Appendix C: Cultural Impact Study/ Assessment Appendix D: A Survey of Botanical, Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species for the Proposed La'ipala Heights Subdivision, North Kona District Appendix E: Traffic Impact Analysis Report 1-2 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Appendix F: Civil Assessment: Baseline Water Usage Calculations and Schematic Infrastructure Designs Appendix G: Market Analysis and Development Program for La'ipala Heights Residential Community Appendix H: Solid Waste Management Plan Appendix I: Affordable Housing Policy and Hawai'i's For -Sale Housing Markets Appendix J: LEED Calculations, References, and Case Studies 1-3 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report -_ Feet 0 5,000 10,000 20,000 0_ Keahol ona - - - Interna 'onaL KeahbWPoiht , Air rt „' fKaloko,Fiihj- d-6, Maliu i of W, eahuolu 4Kaf Point- p4:r° ilua ." PaWai'Ba Y_ y -' u3 "k1wvT Luawai on, eo," Y n°,.. `5 P4olua 6ii BaY Pacific,FOcentt` t=y .i s 4 W mini ` n is , _Ia'aloBach Park ICahal'u'ii-Ba ivlakoleakZ&ch �lC�auhod :Heeiaw =Ba ;''.a, w,: ,�� �'y�,,,'�•�,= ,,�,'a 1Vlaili;Baj!"�", oo- Legend - Project Site: TAW 7-7-08: 121 ' .;a;; �•, °s.� °� �o ,w Roads Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, Hawaii Statewide GIS Program, Office of ,;f �Px�Planning, 2005 and 2006 s. r;S,w.t!Alt',..,f_ Figure 1-1 Project Location Map 1-4 I U IPALA 1VMAKAI Environmental Report Figure 1-2 Kahalu`u Historic District Map 1-5 � � �; !i AL t Y 1 tQT Figure 1-2 Kahalu`u Historic District Map 1-5 � � �; !i AL t Y 1 - � 7, a a i Legend t'� - Appro�cimate Location of Kahalu'u Historic District as t` Georeferenced from- National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form (1970-1971, Division of State Parks, Hawaii) Project Site: TMK 7-7-08:121 TMKBoundary Source: IlawaN Statewide GIS Program, D artment of Planning,2006 Figure 1-2 Kahalu`u Historic District Map 1-5 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Feet B, 500 1„000 -2 000” it i Aa- ti1�V 'A Kamehameha Investment Corporation ' = Pacific�OcMn4 Legend Project Site. TMK 7-7-08:121 TMK Boundary Source: Hawaii Statewide GIS Program, _ Department of Planning, 2006 Figure 1-3 Site (TMK) Map LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report ax ;tea ,�.. -molarMIA N� �,AV v YJ ..`- 'CorporationY` -4- F .s ' .;ks'ri x~=°�?�,_, ^•-..�,rr` 4,� ,+t;.' �`�z '; 't'" �?�, ,,� . -„• D:- �-,�� x` n -k = ;�, x mss., = ` x r uy�1, • �_ b =gin a`'tM', to `� _-z _�,l y,i'r,.;�"^'�.�,"`� �+ (e�''`'^-*;;'c".'"i S� `A Pacific Ocean Legend '^ ;k �T.� �;� a�«��E�� Protect Site: TMK 7-7-08:121 TMK Boundary Within Special Management Area Land Use District Agricultural Urban Source: Hawai'i Statewide GIS Program, Devartment of Plaramle. 2002 and 2006 Figure 14 State Land Use District and Special Management Area (SMA) Map 1-7 LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Figure 1-5 Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report 'UUO Feet° 500, f; -'`' = 0-0011 _01i�>rF A=�t RS-7.5RS- ' Pacific Ocearm ,_��. rr '1W S4 � Es es �.r`ta ; ,' RS -10 r be64i t1Lis i6 �� "f" w 'w� �. 5a Kamehameha k". Investment Corporationw Legend Q Project Site: TMK 7-7-08.121 TMK Boundary Zoning �] Agricultural District (minimum building site of I acre (A -1a)) Agricultural District (minimum building site of 5 acres (A -5a)) Family Agricultural District (minimum building site of 2 acres (FA -2a)) Open Multiple -Family Residential District (required land area of 3,500 square feet for each dwelling unit, or for each separate rentable unit (RM -3.5)) Multiple -Family Residential District (required land area of 5,500 square feet for each dwelling unit, or for each separate rentable unit (RM -5 5)) Single -Family Residential District (minimum building site area of 7,500 square feet (RS -7 5)) Single -Family Residential District (minimum building site area of 10,000 square feet (RS -10)) Single -Family Residential District (minimum building site area of 15,000 square feet (RS -15)) Resort -Hotel District (required land area of 1,250 square feet, for each dwelling unit, or for each separate rentable unit, or other similar rentable units (V-1.25)) Source- County of Hawaii, Department of Planning, 2007 Figure 1-6 County Zoning Districts Map 1-9 2.0 Proposed Project and Alternatives LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report 2.0 PROPOSED PROJECT AND ALTERNATIVES 2.1 SITE DESCRIPTION The 11.054 -acre rectangular project site is aligned in the east -west direction. It is comprised of one privately -owned TMK parcel as summarized in Table 2-1 and shown on Figure 1-3. Table 2-1 TMK Information ' Pattison Land Surveying Inc. 2006 Tax Map Key The length of the site is approximately 970 feet (east -west) and the width (north -south) is approximately 550 feet. The development area slopes from east to west along the length of the site. The highest elevation is approximately 130 feet above Mean Sea Level (MSL) at Ali'i Parkway. The lowest elevation is approximately 64 MSL at the western boundary. The site is overgrown with vegetation and vacant. The project area is accessed via Naniloa Street on the northern boundary. No vehicular access easements are provided from the future AIN Highway. The project description (Section 2.3) proposes street connectivity with the future Kamehameha Investment Corporation (KIC) development south of the area, as well as connections ma kai through the currently vacant parcel adjacent to the project site. Access and traffic are described in greater detail in Section 3. 2.2 OWNERSHIP The property the project sits on is currently is owned by the joint partnership of Kona Heights LLC. 2.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION L51pala Makai will be a sustainable, low-rise residential community developed with guiding principles of community connectivity, pedestrian amenities, and awareness of place. The project covers 11.054 acres near the Kona coast. The anticipated product type is that of clustered single-family homes with smaller scale lots (approximately 4,500 SF.) These small lots will be created through a Planned Unit Development under the proposed Single -Family Residential RS - 7.5 zoning. This concept creates a great sense of community while still retaining a single-family sensibility. The project's land plan incorporates existing natural features, paying special attention to the place itself and its traditions. La'ipala: a fish plentiful in the waters off the coast was eaten by the residents of the ahupua'a. The name shows close ties to the land and a deep appreciation of nature. 2-1 LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report The conceptual land plan for the development is shown on Figure 2-1. Architectural designs of the specific product type are pending, (conceptual representations — Figure 2-2). All structures will be one or two stories in height. Approximately, 65 market priced dwelling units (DU) will be built on the site. Affordable housing requirements will be met on other lands owned by the development team further ma uka within the same ahupua'a, per County requirements. There are two archaeological sites and buffers that will be preserved. Existing access is via Naniloa Street on the northern boundary and will hopefully be supplemented with a future access from the Kamehameha Investment Corporation (KIC) property on the southern boundary, and TMK 7-7-08:001 ma kai. There is a possibility of access to Alii Drive through the adjacent ma kai parcel. This is under discussion with the adjacent property owner. 2.4 SCHEDULE AND TIMING Key land use approvals are scheduled to be obtained by 2008. Construction is anticipated to begin in 2008 and full occupation by 2016. 2.5 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT COSTS Development costs are projected to be approximately $40 million (inclusive of land and infrastructure costs). The development and marketing plan calls for the units to be pre -sold to a substantial degree before construction begins. 2-2 S/ TF 2453411, 45' 100' 65 Lo in Pla Devel LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Figure 2-1 Conceptual Land Plan d Pedestrian .ction to [ighway -- I Alvow. 2-3 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Zero Lot Line Concept: 1- «44' Wide Lot 'M'mimum' J 1 -Story Model 2nd Floor 1st Aw 778sf 860sf Typical Sindle Family Detached Unit ROWPlanned Development/Zero Lot Line Concept Shown-1638sf Market Check: 1500 - 1700 sf Total Building Area plot Including Garages figures are approwmate and should be used for conceptual planning purposes incl Interior / not find covered lanai nn: 2—Cor Garoas i 0' 10' 20' 40' Figure 2-2a Zero Lot Line Concept I I 2-4 LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report I Major Themes • Integrated, diverse, low rise community • Active recreational opportunities and outdoor lifestyle • Place centered identity and character Figure 2-2b Street Elevation I s 0' 8' 16' 32' i i 2-5 i! y� r��+ A I Major Themes • Integrated, diverse, low rise community • Active recreational opportunities and outdoor lifestyle • Place centered identity and character Figure 2-2b Street Elevation I s 0' 8' 16' 32' i i 2-5 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report 2.6 MARKET FEASIBILITY/NEED FOR THE RECLASSIFICATION' A feasibility study was performed to determine the strength of market demand for the proposed residential project. The research examined historical data, unit qualitative analysis, and internal needs assessments. Market segments considered included: transfer markets, ongoing markets, retirees, and foreign buyers. The study found a strong demand for the project. Transfer Market This market includes existing owners of single-family residences or condominiums on the Big Island as well as renters who will choose to move to La'ipala Makai from their existing residences. It represents qualified and interested real estate owners who have already made a purchase decision to own a home in Hawai'i. Some of these owners wish to change housing for the following reasons: • Looking for more of a maintenance free life style • Units are too small • Views are compromised • Current traffic congestion in the immediate Kailua — Kona area • Or, they are looking for additional investment opportunities This transfer market for La'ipala Makai could be particularly strong from existing owners of older condominiums and single-family residences in the Kailua-Kona area as well as from some of the resorts and planned communities (Waikoloa Beach, Waikoloa Village, Mauna Lani, Keauhou). Transfer prospects are interested in a variety of residential types, and La'ipala Makai property is well positioned to provide most of these products. Ongoing Market The market included frequent visitors to the Big Island, particularly those who regularly stay in Kailua-Kona, Keauhou, and on the Kohala Coast. This includes friends and relatives of existing Hawai'i residents and seasonal homeowners, particularly those who own homes in West Hawai'i. In addition, the Baby Boomer market should sustain growth in the Hawai'i real estate market, as relocation in retirement is on the horizon for many Baby Boomers, nearly 6 out of 10 are likely to move to a new home for retirement, 31 %of which plan to move more than three hours away from their current location. Hawai'i is the preferred destination of 4% of prospective Baby Boomer retirees. While this may be considered a small percentage, the potential numbers are impressive: This percentage equates to 20,000 to 40,000 Baby Boomer households relocating to Hawai'i per year. Health, fitness, lifelong learning, family, and security are relevant messages to the resettling Baby Boomers. Nearly all boomers (90%) believe they will be happier if they remain physically active during retirement. Their principal activities include walking, swimming, and exercise facilities. ' Clive Jones (Knowledge Based Consulting Group). Market Analysis and Development Program for LWIpala Makai Residential Community, March 2007. 2-6 LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Most Boomers (91%) expect the U.S. fight against terrorism is not expected to subside any time soon, and will continue into their retirement. Hawaii's position as a probable safe haven from future terrorism events should continue to appeal to these semi -retiring Baby Boomers and help real estate sales. Hawaii as Tax Friendly Retirement Area Hawai'i is the most friendly state for retirement assets (Bloomberg Wealth Management). The average annual tax bill for a reasonably well off retiree in Hawai'i is $4,049, lowest in the country. Some comparisons: Florida: $9,351; Arizona: $8,308; New York: $14,571; California: $11,250 Also, Hawai'i is the second friendliest state for wealth held in real assets. The average annual tax bill is $11,124, just behind Wyoming. Some comparisons: Florida: $20,869; Arizona: $15,008; New York: $31,837; California: $19,597. This message can be a positive counter to the prevailing impression of Hawai'i as a state with a high cost of living. Foreign Buyers Foreign interests represent another important market opportunity. Japanese buyers are returning to the market, and emerging markets include high net worth individuals from Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Custom Home and Development Since the La'ipala Makai project is intended to focus on moderate density custom home development in the Kailua-Kona area, it is appropriate to examine this segment in more detail. Within the single-family lot and production home segment, there are several projects in the local Kailua-Kona market, including Lokahi Makai, Pualani Estates, Kona Vistas, and the neighboring Ali'i Heights. These, projects sold between 110 and 120 units in each of 2005 and 2006, with Ali'i Heights representing about half of total developer sales (Appendix G). The total inventory remaining to sell in these projects is estimated at 309 units, most of which is at Pualani Heights and Lokahi Makai. Ali'i Heights should sell out this year, leaving the La'ipala Makai project in a preferred position for its 'part of the coast. Knowledge Based Consulting Group (KBCG) believes that the La'ipala Makai project is a superior location due to its proximity to the Keauhou resort amenities and services as well as outstanding ocean and whitewater views from most areas of the property. Accordingly, it should achieve a penetration rate of at least 35% to 45% of this local market. The proposed units for the La'ipala Makai development cover a range reflecting current sales patterns, market ability to pay, and ocean view quality from the individual homesites. The La'ipala Makai project is anticipated to commence construction in 2008 with basic infrastructure development. The housing products will include a variety of production homes in cluster configuration. The expected sales rate at La'ipala Makai is expected to range from 30 to 40 units per year, and the project should be sold out within 2 years. Affordable housing requirements will be met on other lands owned by the development team further ma uka within the same ahupua'a within the Kona Keauhou region, per County requirements. 2-7 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report In general, then, the La'ipala Makai development will offer high-quality residential homes at a price point which reinforces the Kona way of life by developing in harmony with the environment, encouraging pedestrian access, and emphasizing a high quality of life for the long term. The project will help satisfy the demand for homes in Kona. Existing/Proposed Projects in the Area The land use classifications of the vast majority of parcels in the vicinity of the project area are already classified as urban. For example, bordering the project area to the south are the KIC lands, classified urban and zoned from RM -3.5 to RS -7.5. To the north, the White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates subdivisions are primarily classified as urban and zoned RS - 7.5. The LUPAG maps depicting the County General Plan designate the project site for low density urban. While the project area is currently vacant, it presents an opportunity of infill development and La'ipala Makai is consistent with the County General Plan. The residential development contemplated by the relevant plans presupposes the requested boundary amendment from the Agricultural to the Urban land -use classification. Alternative Uses for the Project The agricultural zones (both State and County) currently pertaining to the project area accommodated the recent historical use of the property for cattle grazing. The land is not particularly well suited to this use; the land surface is significantly overgrown that would have to be cleared in order to facilitate use by cattle (pasture capability class VII). During preliminary site planning efforts, a higher density development (at RM 3.5) was proposed and discussed with the Hawai'i County Planning Department. This preliminary design included 137 dwelling units utilizing cluster and multi -family housing types. This conceptual design was discouraged by the Department, as it was not consistent with the low density urban designation for the area under the County of Hawai'i General Plan The current proposal, of 65 residential dwelling units, puts this land to its highest and best use by developing it consistent with the General Plan's low density urban designation. The land is within the service area limits of the town of Kailua-Kona, the main population center on the west coast of the Island of Hawai'i. In keeping with its high-quality design and respect for the Kona lifestyle, the proposed La'ipala Makai allows for in -fill in an already developed area. The parcel is in proximity to the coastline, and is a particularly good place for the development proposed. In summary, urban development is expected and occurs in this vicinity. The particular locational features of the project area make it ideal for the proposed project. 2.7 LAND USE APPROVALS This section describes the three major land use approvals and permits required for Laipala Makai. This environmental report (ER) was prepared to support all three applications. Section 3 provides additional information on land use regulation impacts, and Section 4 details the project's consistency with State and County plans and policies. LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report State Land Use Boundary Amendment (SLUBA) Land in Hawai'i is classified into four districts: Conservation, Agriculture, Rural and Urban (Hawai'i Revised Statutes (HRS), Chapter 205). Each district has specific land use restrictions. Proposed changes to the boundaries for areas less than 15 acres require approval by the Hawai'i County Planning Department. As shown on Figure 1-4, the entire site is within the State Land Use Agriculture District. The project area is primarily surrounded by the Urban District. The proposed residential development is less than 15 acres in size, and is not a permitted use within the Agriculture District; however, it is permitted in the State Urban District. The project requires a SLUBA from Agriculture to Urban. Special Management Area Use Permit (SMP) The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (16 USC Section 1451), as amended through Public Law 104-150, created the coastal management program and the National Estuarine Research Reserve system. The coastal states are authorized to develop and implement a state coastal zone management program. Hawai'i Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program received federal approval in the late 1970's. One objective of the State's Hawai'i CZM Program, Section 205A-2, HRS, is to protect valuable and vulnerable coastal resources such as coastal ecosystems, special scenic and cultural values, and recreational opportunities. Other objectives are to reduce coastal hazards and to improve the review process for activities proposed within the coastal zone. Each county is responsible for designating a Special Management Area (SMA) that extends inland from the shoreline. The County Department of Planning administers the SMA in accordance with the County of Hawai'i Rules of Practice and Procedure, Rule 9 Special Management Area. The entire project site lies within the SMA along the Kailua-Kona coastline (Figure 1-4) and is subject to Planning Commission approval to ensure that the proposal is consistent with the policies and objectives of the Hawai'i CZM Program. A major SMP is required for the entire project. County Zone Amendment The County Zoning Code (adopted as Ordinance 96-160, ratified and amended in 1999), regulates and restricts the types, sizes, positioning and densities of construction. The entire site is zoned Agricultural District (minimum building site of 5 acres) (A -5a) (Figure 1-6). Residential use at the densities proposed is not permitted within the A -5a zone. A petition for zoning amendment that is consistent with County General Plan policies will be sought. The petition for zoning amendment is administered by the County Planning Department, and subject to County Planning Commission approval. Other Permits for Construction Several other for will be required from the State or County to implement the proposed action, some of which will include: • National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit — Storm Water (State Department of Health) • Building Permit for Buildings, Electrical, Plumbing, and Sidewalk/Driveway Work (Department of Planning) • Grading, Grubbing and Stockpiling Permit (Department of Planning) • Water System Credits (County Department of Water) • Permit to work within County Roadways and Rights -of -Way 2-9 3.0 Affected Environment, Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT, POTENTIAL IMPACTS, AND MITIGATION MEASURES This section describes the existing environmental setting and identifies possible impacts of the proposed project. Strategies to mitigate those potential impacts are also identified. 3.1 LAND USE AND REGULATIONS Existing Conditions Land Use - The project site is currently vacant and overgrown with vegetation. The site is surrounded by residential communities and roadways. There are no retail or commercial entities in the immediate vicinity. Single-family residential subdivisions are located adjacent to the site (Figure 1-3), specifically the White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates subdivisions. Residential development is planned for vacant the Kamehameha Investment Corporation (KIC) lands (TMK 7-8-10:2) that border the site to the south and the privately owned parcel (TMK 7- 7-08:1) adjacent to and west of the site. (Figure 1-3). A portion of the County -owned Kahului-Keauhou Parkway (formerly known as Alii Highway) (future) is aligned along the mauka edge of the site. It is primarily vacant and overgrown, with some evidence of grading. State Land Use Designation - The proposed site is entirely within the State Land Use Agricultural District (Figure 1-4). The surrounding areas are in the Urban District, except for TMK 7-7-08:1 west of the site, an irregularly shaped area along Naniloa Street within the White Sands Beach Estates subdivision, the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway (AIN Highway) portion at the mauka end of the site, and the parcels directly across the Parkway. These areas are in the State Agricultural District. It is our understanding that the County will be seeking a boundary amendment for this portion of the roadway concurrent with the La'ipala petition. Special Management Area - The parcel is located in the Special Management Area (SMA) established to administer the Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program (Figure 1-4). County of Hawai'i General Plan, Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) — The General Plan (adopted in 2005) is a policy document for the long-range comprehensive development of the island of Hawai'i. This Plan provides direction for the future growth of the County through Land Use Pattern Allocation (LUPAG) maps. The LUPAG designations are shown on Figure 1- 5. The project parcel and adjacent properties makai of the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway are designated Low Density Urban. County of Hawai'i Zoning - The entire project site, the parcel west of the site, and the irregularly shaped parcel within the White Sands Beach Estates subdivision are zoned Agricultural (A -5a) at the County level (Figure 1-6). Surrounding this pocket of Agricultural District are various densities of residential zoning. There is Residential Single-family with minimum 7,500 SF lots (RS -7.5) north and south of the project site, and an area zoned for Multi -family Residential (RM - 3.5) south of the project site. 3-1 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report There are inconsistencies between the LUPAG and County zoning in the vicinity of the project site. For example: the portion of the KIC development that is south of the project site is zoned for Multi -family Residential, which exceeds the area's Low Density Urban LUPAG designation. These inconsistencies generally result from zoning that was in place prior to LUPAG implementation. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Development of the site will change the land use of the site from vacant to residential. The impacts of the residential development on specific resources are addressed in subsequent sections. Land regulation for the site at the State and County levels will change. The State Land Use designation will change from Agriculture to Urban. County zoning will change from Agricultural (A -5a) to Single Family Residential (RS -7.5). A Soil and Land Use Report was prepared to identify potential impacts of the loss of agricultural land at both the State and County level. The report is included in its entirety as Appendix A of this Environmental Report (ER). In summary, the change in State land use and County zoning from agricultural designations would have no impact on existing or potential agricultural activities. No mitigation is proposed. 3.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.2.1 Climate Existing Conditions The climate at the project site, on the west (leeward) coast of Hawaii, is characterized by differences in rainfall over short distances, mild temperatures, and prevailing northeasterly trade winds. The average maximum daily temperature ranges from 80 degrees Fahrenheit (F) to 85 degrees F, with an average minimum temperature ranging from 64 degrees F to 70 degrees F. Average annual rainfall is 28 inches. Northeasterly winds prevail much of the time throughout the state of Hawai'i. Typical wind velocities range from 3 to 14 knots. During the summer months, stronger, more persistent trade winds result from the location of the North Pacific high pressure system. Light and variable westerly "Kona" winds occasionally replace this pattern, most often in the winter. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures The proposed action will have no effect on climatic conditions. Therefore, no mitigation measures are proposed. 3.2.2 Geology, Topography and Soils Existing Conditions The Island of Hawai'i is comprised of several volcanoes: Kohala, Mauna Kea, Hualalai, Mauna Loa and Kilauea. The project area is a mix of 'a'a and pahoehoe lava flows on the flanks of the Hualalai Volcano. Hualalai last erupted in 1800-1801 from several vents on the northwest rift zone (Kaimipono Consulting Services, 2006). 3-2 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report The vast majority of the soil at the site and immediate vicinity is classified as Punalu'u extremely rocky peat (rPYD) (USDA, 1972). The Punalu'u Series consists of well -drained thin organic soils over pahoehoe lava bedrock. The peat is rapidly permeable; the underlying lava is slowly permeable with slow runoff and slight erosion hazard. The ground surface is characterized by sharp a'a lava. The soil's potential for agricultural productivity is described in Section 3.9 Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures There will be no impact on the geology of the site. The project will disturb soils through grading activities associated with construction. The soils will be retained onsite. There will be localized alterations to topography to provide flat dwelling unit foundations; however the natural slope across the site will be retained. No substantial fill or excavation is being proposed for the project. There will be no adverse impact on topography or soil composition. Potential impacts of soil disturbance on surface water and air quality are described in other sections. 3.3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES Existing Conditions An archaeological inventory survey was conducted for the project area by Haun & Associates, dated January 2006. The survey report was submitted to State Department of Land and Natural Resources Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) for review and comment, and is included in its entirety as Appendix B. A brief summary of archaeologist recommendations is presented in this section. The archaeologist's significance assessment of the sites identified concurs with SHPD. The sites documented during the surveys are assessed for significance based on the criteria outlined in the Rules Governing Procedures for Historic Preservation Review. According to these rules, a site must possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association and shall meet one or more of the following criteria: • Criterion a: associated with events that have made an important contribution to the broad patterns of our history; • Criterion b: associated with the lives of persons important in our past; • Criterion c: embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; represents the work of a master; or possesses high artistic value; • Criterion d: have yielded, or is likely to yield, information important for research on prehistory or history; and • Criterion e: have an important traditional cultural value to the native Hawai'ian people or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with traditional cultural practices once carried out, or still carried out, at the property or due to associations with traditional beliefs, events, or oral accounts; these associations being important to the group's history and cultural identity. Based on the above criteria, 14 sites were identified under criterion d and two of these are assessed as significant under criterion e. Data recovery is recommended for 9 of the sites and 3-3 LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report two of these are recommended for preservation (refer to site plan Figure 2-1 for location of preservation sites, 24842 and 24534). No further work is recommended for the remaining sites. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures The data recovery plan and burial treatment plans will be prepared by Haun & Associates for SHPD and Hawai'i Island Burial Council review. The project will not impact the preservation sites. A protective buffer delineated by a fence will be established around the sites. Site 24534 (B, C, F, G, and H) is located on the boundary of the parcel (mainly on the adjacent lot). Due to its proximity to the access road, mitigation actions will be negotiated with SHPD regarding the width of the buffer and height of protective walls. A cultural advisory group has also been created. 3.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES Existing Conditions Kaimipono Consulting Services LLC conducted a Cultural Impact Study/Assessment for the project area and vicinity (2006). It is included as Appendix C of this ER. The methodology included archival research, oral history interviews, and field study. The following summary is an excerpt from the report. Historic People - Significant historic people for the project area would be Kaaipulu-wahine who acquired the project lands as Grant #3019. Unfortunately, no information could be found about her. Other "historic" people important to the area were the sugar planters, ranchers and coffee farmers, but none very specific to Kapala'alaea. Other significant historic people for "'!Pala Heights/Makai project and vicinity would be the Nahale and Green 'Ohana. Summary of Land Resources and Use - Various land use patterns are physically evident and recounted in literature. Usually the physical evidence remains in the form of stone ruins that are preserved relatively intact. Clues regarding function and use can sometimes be extrapolated from recorded stories, songs, chants and ethno-historical observations, as well as from the cultural remains identified during surface and sub -surface studies. Ancient Land Use — According to records from archaeology inventory surveys, the lands of Kapala'alaea 2 was typical in the types of sites/features (agricultural and habitation complexes, mounds, terraces, platforms, enclosures, C -shelters, possible burials, caves, lava tubes) and midden (broad range of marine resources, bird, pig, rat, dog bones, kukui nut and gourd) recorded. It may have been a typical settlement ahupua'a, or even a place where the supporters of the royal court lived and planted, as suggested by a cultural consultant. The marine resources were plentiful, but there was no obvious fresh water source except for neighboring Kahalu'u. The typical crops would have been sweet potatoes, coconut, kukui nut, gourds, hala, sugarcane, possibly dry -land taro and breadfruit. Only one heiau was recorded in Kapala'alaea, which could have been the shrine of the ahupua'a ah'i and/or residents or agricultural temple or Makahiki temple --a place where Mahakiki-related ceremonies were conducted and tribute collected. Historic Land Resources and Use - The lands of Kapala'alaea seem to have been secondary grazing areas for cattle. The number of traditional sites/features that remain attest that the lands were not bulldozed. While the upper lands (outside but adjacent) were used by the military, it is 3-4 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report unknown whether they used the project lands. Without further study, it is unknown whether the Navy used the project lands for bombing and/or shooting practice. Summary of Previous Oral Histories - In 1980-81, oral histories were collected from people of various ethnicities and occupations. However the majority of them were Japanese, connected to the coffee industry in some way, and represented other aspects of the community such as ranching, finances, hotelier, etc. The majority of them got early starts in the coffee industry picking coffee; many went on to acquire coffee farms, while others went on to other endeavors. Additional oral histories conducted in 1992 were more focused on the ranching community. The majority of the ranches on Hawai'i Island appeared to be tied to each other in many ways; the owners were often related, they helped each other, they bought from each other and they were part of a close-knit social group. Even the interviewer was related to most of them. All of the interviewees were all part of the history of Kona; they represented the struggles of a growing community, local and global change, the determination to survive at any cost, and cultural assimilation. Many of them are no longer alive. Unfortunately, none of the 39 transcripts, in the 1992 histories, mentioned Kapala'alaea specifically although some had references to the general area, such as the lands used for grazing or lands that were part of a ranch's holdings. Summary of Water Resources and Use - The only apparent natural sources of fresh water is nearby in Kahalu'u (springs and brackish -water fishponds). Summary of Marine Resources and Use - The midden recorded in Kapala'alaea inventory survey indicates that marine resources were utilized by the ancient residents and most likely continued until the lands were "abandoned." It is likely that any "new" resident of the area will most likely take advantage of this valuable resource. Summary of Survey Findings Cultural Resources & Practices - According to the literature the project lands were once part of an ahupua'a life -system as well as a possible supporting system for the ON who lived or were buried in adjoining Kahalu'u. While evidence of ancient or traditional cultural practices still exists on the project lands, there does not appear to be any evidence of any ongoing traditional cultural practices, except perhaps fishing, which, while not directly impacted by the project may indirectly impact this resource. There are no apparent on-going cultural resources or practices related to subsistence, residential or religion on the project lands other than the remains of sites/features typical of traditional ahupua'a lifestyle and use. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures The cultural consultants (especially the Kahulamu and Nahale 'ohana) who are from the area and whose ancestors are from these lands will have the opportunity to walk-through the project lands prior to any bull -dozing or grading. A cultural advisory group has been created. The ancient Hawaiian practice of burying deceased on lands where one lived and worked or in caves and lava tubes, will be considered when and if any excavations will be done as this was 3-5 LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report once land where traditional Hawaiian people lived and farmed. In the case of any inadvertent burial the current State laws and regulations should be followed, although it is recommended that the cultural advisory group be consulted as they are most likely lineal descendants and at the least cultural descendants and would want to have a say in final treatment. 3.5 WATER QUALITY 3.5.1 Surface Existing Conditions There is no natural or man-made surface water at the site. The nearest offsite surface water is the Pacific Ocean located approximately 800 feet down gradient from the western boundary of the site. No obvious drainage ditches or swales were identified onsite; however, based on the topography, any storm water runoff is likely to flow west towards the ocean. There are walls aligned east -west along the north and south boundaries that prevent lateral movement of surface water off-site. Soil characteristics at the site include rapid permeability, low runoff and low erosion hazard. Rainfall is low for the area. No adverse impacts on the ocean water quality due to runoff were identified. Near shore coastal waters in the area of the site are classified as Class AA waters by the State Department of Health (DOH). The objective for Class AA waters is: "...that these waters remain in their natural pristine state as nearly as possible with an absolute minimum of pollution or alteration of water quality from any human -caused source or actions. To the extent practicable, the wilderness character of these areas shall be protected." Hawaii Administrative Rules § 11- 54-3(c)(1). Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Construction activities will disturb soil at the site increasing the potential for release into the air (see Air Quality section) and release in stormwater runoff. The rainfall is low in the area and the project will retain stormwater flow onsite during construction through Best Management Plans included in the drainage plan that will be approved by the County. After construction, there will be less exposed soil surface and stormwater will be managed through the County -approved drainage system. No adverse impact on surface water quality is anticipated. 3.5.2 Groundwater Resources Existing Conditions The project site overlies the Keauhou Aquifer. Within 2 miles of the coast the groundwater is basal and brackish. The groundwater beneath the site is described as currently used for drinking, having a low salinity, irreplaceable and highly vulnerable to contamination (Mink and Lau 1993). 3-6 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures No injection or source wells are proposed at the site. No hazardous material use or disposal is anticipated at the residential development. The construction and use of the developed site will not have adverse impacts on the ground water sources. 3.6 AIR QUALITY Existing Conditions In Hawai'i, both Federal and State environmental health standards pertaining to outdoor air quality are generally met due to prevalent trade winds and the absence of major stationary sources of pollutant emissions. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Construction of the project will disturb soil and generate fugitive dust. Dust control methods that will be implemented including regular watering of exposed soil areas, limiting the area of soil disturbance, and prompt landscaping/paving of bare soils. As a residential development, there will be air impacts resulting from increased use of motor vehicles in the area; however, the tradewinds are likely to mitigate these impacts. 3.7 AMBIENT NOISE Existing Conditions Alii Drive is the most significant generator of noise in the residential vicinity. Noise levels at the site and surrounding area are generally low due to the residential land use activities. The primary noise receptors in the area are the residences north of the project site. The areas south and west are vacant. The vacant (western) parcel between the project site and Alii drive provides sound attenuation for the project site. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures The proposed residential development will not contribute adversely to the ambient noise levels. Construction work at the project site will generate short-term increases in noise levels that would impact residents of adjacent communities north of the site. The noise levels will not exceed DOH levels for public safety and the construction will be limited to daylight hours. Construction vehicles and activities must comply with State Department of Health's Noise, Radiation and Indoor Air Quality Branch's Rules in Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 43. The State of Hawai'i Department of Health's noise control regulation requires a permit for construction activities that emit noise in excess of 95 decibels. Mitigation measures to minimize construction noise will include the use of mufflers to suppress loud equipment and limitations on the hours of heavy equipment operation. 3.8 AGRICULTURE Existing Conditions As mentioned previously in Section 3.2.2, the soils in the project site per the: Soil Survey of Island of Hawai'i, State of Hawai'i, by Sato et.al. (1973), are Punalu'u extremely rocky peat 3-7 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report (rPYD) soil series (see Appendix A for details). The Punalu'u series consists of thin organic soils over pahoehoe lava bedrock. In a representative profile, the surface layer is black peat about 4 inches thick with medium acid reaction (Appendix A). Lands with this soil are used for pasture with capability class of VII. In capability Class VII, soils have severe limitations that make them unsuited for cultivation. This restricts their use largely to pasture, woodland, or wild life. The Land Study Bureau in their publication: Detailed Land Classification — Island of Hawai'i, 1965 (Appendix A and Figure 3-1), classified this site as follows: Class E which is very poor with Productivity index of 13. Another land use evaluation for Hawai'i is found in the publication of 1977 by the Department of Agriculture, State of Hawai'i titled: Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawai'i (ALISH) - Island of Hawai'i (Appendix A). The ALISH report characterized the Agricultural lands in the State of Hawai'i according to their importance as follows: • Prime Agricultural Land • Unique Agricultural Land • Other Important Agricultural Land • Existing Urban Development • U. S. Government. All other lands that are mapped different than above are considered to be of no importance for agriculture. Based on the available maps of ALISH (Figure 3-2), the bulk of land below Kuakini Highway within the vicinity and including this site does not belong to any of the groups listed above. As such this parcel of land may be considered as of no importance to agriculture. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Dr. Yusuf Tamimi, a professor emeritus of soil science from the University of Hawaii, in his analysis of agricultural impacts, details that the project site is not currently being used for agricultural operation of any kind. ALISH does not designate any agricultural lands on the project site. Plus the Land Study Bureau's ranking of very poor productivity indicates severe limitations for agricultural usefulness. The State Land Use District for the site is Agricultural. The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide has classified the area as Low Density Urban, yet the area is zoned A -5a Agricultural District. Any changes to project site classifications will result in the loss of approximately 11 acres of State and County designated Agricultural land. Conversion of these lands, which are severely limited in their agricultural usefulness, and are not currently used for agricultural production, will not constitute a significant impact. No mitigation required. W LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report a r� rr� — ;F.'R M a La t- -T 1 iiaN� �- �� A 5 �'{e�5.,e~��� C��aua,.4"-�� ��,3�5`,ty'M''ggr�2{�`4.ki•��5 2i51'u*u Kamehameha Investment Corporation Figure 3-1 Land Study Bureau (LSB) Map ✓%'� J i� Legend Project Site. TMK 7-7-08.121 — J TMK Boundary LSB -- - —i D 11M E Source: Hawaii Statewide GIS Program, Department of Planning, 2006 1 3-9 tel` .—� ly�\ 1, Figure 3-1 Land Study Bureau (LSB) Map ✓%'� J i� Legend Project Site. TMK 7-7-08.121 — J TMK Boundary LSB -- - —i D 11M E Source: Hawaii Statewide GIS Program, Department of Planning, 2006 1 3-9 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report V Kamehameha 9�M Investment Corporation by rp fe'e_t , , '-2.000' 0. SOU t,000 n SA-11 -,Parr k'c Oceair,, ; Kamehameha 9�M Investment Corporation by rp x Legend Fr Y. Q Protect Site: TMK 7-7-0$:121 TMK Boundary ALISH °wZ R1 3 - Other Lands Source: Hawaii Statewide GIS Program, Department of Planning, 2006 Figure 3-2 Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawai'i 3-10 -,Parr k'c Oceair,, ; x Legend Fr Y. Q Protect Site: TMK 7-7-0$:121 TMK Boundary ALISH °wZ R1 3 - Other Lands Source: Hawaii Statewide GIS Program, Department of Planning, 2006 Figure 3-2 Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawai'i 3-10 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report 3.9 NATURAL HAZARDS Existing Conditions Flood Hazards - Based on the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Flood Insurance Rate Map, the site is located in Zone X, which indicates that the area is determined to be outside the 500 -year floodplain (Figure 3-3). Hurricane - The island has not sustained a direct hit by a hurricane in historic times, but several tropical storms have caused severe damage. The most recent damaging hurricane was Tropical Storm Dora in 1993. In August 2007, Hurricane Flosse made a close brush past Hawai'i Island. Tsunami Hazards - The project site is located within the Tsunami Inundation Zone and would need to be evacuated during a tsunami threat (Figure 3-3). Lava Flow Hazard - The site is within lava flow hazard Zone 3, indicating moderate hazard, based primarily on lava flow history (Figure 34). Since 1800, 5% of the area within the zone boundaries has been covered by lava flow. There are nine zones for volcanic hazards with Zone 1 having the greatest probability of lava flow hazard (USGS 1974). Seismic Hazards - The entire island is susceptible to earthquakes. Two fault zones were identified in the Kona region: Kealakekua and Kaloko, both located in South Kona. Because of a history of seismic events on Hawai'i, the County has upgraded its seismic hazard rank from 3 to 4 based on the 1997 Uniform Building Code (UBC). The ranks are 0 through 4 from lowest to highest risk. Under the UBC, Zone 4 could experience severe seismic activity between 0.3 and 0.4 of the earth's gravitational acceleration (g -force) causing severe damage to poorly designed/built structures. All projects must comply with UBC and County of Hawai'i design standards. On Sunday, October 15, 2006 at 7:07:48 AM (local time), a 6.7 magnitude offshore earthquake occurred approximately 10 miles north-northwest of Kailua-Kona. Numerous people suffered [ minor injuries, and at least 1,173 buildings were damaged. Roadways were damaged or blocked by landslides. No tsunami warning was issued as a result of the quake; however, a tsunami with a wave height of 4 inches was recorded at Kawaihae Harbor. Power outages occurred throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures The project will not increase the risk of natural hazards at the site or in the vicinity. There is little to no risk from floods and tsunamis at the site. There is potential for earthquakes and hurricanes to impact development; however, all structures will meet the UBC and County design standards to mitigate the potential impacts on public safety and personal property. 3-11 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Feet , -r X ' 0` 500 'i,000 2,OOT oas X ( {flli ` r ( _ C- Figure 3-3 FIRM Flood and Tsunami Zones 3-12 Legend Q Project Site: TMK 7-7-08.121 TMK Boundary 1Tsunami Inundation } Kamehameha FIRM Flood Hazard Zones InvestmentZone A Corporation An area inudates by 1% annual chance 1� ` flooding for which no flood elevations have been determined. Zone X An area that is determined to be Pacific Ocean outside the 1% and 0.2% annual chance floodplains. ' c Zone X500 An area inndated by 0.2% annual �} chance flooding; an area inundated by 1% annual chance flooding with average depths of less than 1 foot or with drainage ' areas less than 1 square mile, or an area protected by Teves l from 1% annual chance flooding. Source. County of Hawaii Real Property Office Hawai'i Statewide GIS Program FEMA, 2004 Figure 3-3 FIRM Flood and Tsunami Zones 3-12 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Feet 0 33,000 66,000 132;000 , "wRTN ^ Kohala ,�r� MV �-h ''4 �^kYa ,h , t7"Y P , ��"-'# .;�' +`Y�•��j� � � 4 ` V'.a�N �.` his, d w '- "}- � .�S " S^t o� P < ,Ar •, - a�s- �;�iw'i nct-�''3F 1tom �'a'r.^E'-y�'�t�:� e�"�, 1k,�.,1 w✓t,�r;k>���v;. �, ��a`d'•}'�EStr%. S-;i"r �,��'`7' ,h,, �.n�-3�'ry `�M��>��':�Ta',� �'*�,g''4. ia'�"=$ c5�%�'�• g''k'a ��' ''`>�"^'" .. w ("�j'�' ��} � yl,e`s`�F a. ��� _'£w7F „d'l*+`-�iw 't-•4"' '{ ai`='F i=�. ✓i%«I�V '+fir'` ' - - ' : `' •Swa „�m�t+r�">, ,�i���rS:. ;;-��� �:5�`�"• �t,. >� {fty^ti''t"`"''i�Ts1��' . �3'�t� � ct;r:J C v s wa pV a a Y fir.�rya s `Piojed Vit t'`t .•� c%x,'ao-a y,�,e „�.c`., ara'y fi i" '`2i'".S nni"sf+a `ir•r. Yu,k%i�-�' a- ,zti":�i4,j�;��r�,�'-,•alk ���- rH � '`e,t3 - ' Source: County of Hawaii Planning GIS w• s� a .:, _ ? ` Hawau Statewide GIS Program USGS, 1987 Figure 3-4 Lava Flow Hazard Zones 3-13 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report 3.10 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Existing Conditions The biological information is summarized from A Survey of Botanical, Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species for the Proposed La'fpala Heights Subdivision, North Kona District, Island of Hawai'i (Rana Productions, 2006). It is included as Appendix D of this ER. Vegetation at the site is characterized as koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala) scrub land. The overstory at upper elevations ; is open koa haole forest that transitions into a kiawe (prosopis pallida) forest with koa haole as understory at the lower elevations. The trees form a closed canopy, under which few plants can ff grow. Thirty-six plant species were identified at the site and only two are indigenous (i.e., l i native to Hawai'i, but not to the Hawaiian islands). During the field survey, there was evidence of cats (Felis catus), dogs, (Canis f. familiaris) mongoose (Herpestes a. auropunctatus) and pigs (Sus s. scrofa). All terrestrial mammals on the island of Hawaii are alien species, except the Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), j } known locally as 'ope'ape'a. No bats were detected during the field survey, but it is likely that I f the bats fly over the site occasionally. The bird survey identified 224 birds of fourteen different species, all of which are alien to the Hawaiian Islands. The survey did not detect avian species that are currently listed as endangered, threatened or proposed for listing under either State or federal endangered species programs. The habitat is not conducive to supporting native avian species. Although not detected, the endemic endangered Hawaiian Hawk (Io, Buteo solitarius), endangered endemic Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), and threatened Newell's Shearwater (Pu ffinus auricularis newelli) are likely to fly over the project site. The site does not provide suitable ! nesting or foraging habitat for these birds. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures While development of the project may reduce some foraging areas for the Io and the hoary bat, landscaping at the project may re-establish and enhance foraging resources. The Hawaiian petrel and Newell's shearwater may be disoriented by exterior lighting. Street lights will be shielded and downward facing to minimize the disorientation. No other impacts are anticipated to species that are currently listed as endangered, threatened or proposed for listing under either State or federal endangered species programs. 3.11 ROADWAYS AND TRAFFIC Existing Conditions , s Access - Primary access to La'ipala Makai will be from Ali'i Drive via the extension of an existing Naniloa Street stub -out at Queen Kalama Avenue. Ali'i Drive is a two-way, two-lane secondary arterial roadway between Kailua Village and LJ Keauhou, which generally follows the coastline. The roadway carries about 4,000 vehicles per day. Queen Kalama Avenue is a two-way, two lane local roadway, which provides access to a residential subdivision. It intersects AIN Drive at a stop -controlled T -intersection. Naniloa Street is a two-way, two-lane local roadway between La'aloa Avenue and Queen Kalama 3-14 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Avenue. The south terminus of Naniloa Street is a stub -out cul-de-sac, immediately south of its stop -controlled four -legged intersection with Queen Kalama Avenue. Existing Peak Hour Traffic Volumes and Operating Conditions - Field Investigation and Data Collection Manual traffic count surveys were conducted at the intersection of Alii Drive and Queen Kalama Avenue in November 2006, during the AM and PM peak periods of traffic — from 6:30 AM to 8:30 AM and from 3:15 PM to 5:30 PM. The peak period traffic data are presented in the Appendix B. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), as published by the Transportation Research Board, defines the functionality of a roadway as a measurement of Level of Service (LOS). It defines LOS as "a quality measure describing operational conditions within a traffic stream". Several factors may be included in determining LOS, such as: speed, travel time, freedom to maneuver, traffic interruptions, driver comfort, and convenience. LOS's "A", "B", and "C" are considered satisfactory. The AM peak hour of traffic occurred between 7:15 AM and 8:15 AM. Alii Drive carried about 600 vehicles per hour (vph), total for both directions, during the existing AM peak hour of traffic. Queen Kalama Avenue carried less than 60 vph. Queen Kalama Avenue operated at Level of Service (LOS) "B" at Alii Drive, during the existing AM peak hour of traffic. The other traffic movements at the intersection operated at LOS "A". The existing PM peak hour of traffic occurred between 3:15 PM and 4:15 PM. Ali'i Drive carried about 700 vph, total for both directions, during the existing PM peak hour of traffic. Queen Kalama Avenue carried about 50 vph. During the existing PM peak hour of traffic, Queen Kalama Avenue operated at LOS 'B" at AIN Drive. The other traffic movements at the intersection operated at LOS "A". Projected Traffic Conditions Without Project Queen Kalama Avenue is expected to continue to operate at LOS "C" at AIN Drive, during the AM peak hour without the proposed project. The other traffic movements at the intersection are expected to continue to operate at LOS "A". During the PM peak hour of traffic without the proposed project, Queen Kalama Avenue is expected to operate at LOS "C" at Alii Drive. The other traffic movements at the intersection are expected to continue to operate at LOS "A". Projected Traffic Conditions With Project With the inclusion of the proposed project, the AM peak hour of traffic on Queen Kalama Avenue is expected to continue to operate at LOS "C" at Alii Drive. The other traffic movements at the intersection are expected to continue to operate at LOS "A". Queen Kalama Avenue is expected to continue to operate at LOS "C" at Ali'i Drive, during the PM peak hour with the proposed project. The other traffic movements at the intersection are expected to continue to operate at LOS "A". 3-15 LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures The community has voiced concerns regarding the traffic in the area including the recent construction traffic at Ali'i Heights. Discussions with the County are ongoing regarding possible alternative access points (aside from Ali'i Heights roadways) for construction traffic. This would mitigate the impact on neighborhoods north of the project. The County encourages connectivity with adjacent developments and future access points through Keauhou Resort property adjacent and south of the project site are shown on the site plan. The schedule for development of the Keauhou property is not determined and would not meet the development schedule for La'ipala, but may provide alternate access in the future. Potential access across adjacent Parcel 001 makai of the project site is also being explored. The proposed project is expected to increase traffic on Ali'i Drive by up to 6 percent, during the peak hours of traffic. The traffic generated by the proposed La'ipala Makai is not expected to significantly impact traffic in the vicinity of the project. Traffic mitigation is not required nor recommended at this time. 3.12 INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC SERVICES Existing Conditions Power and Communications - Existing overhead Hawaiian Electric Light Company (HELCO) power lines, Verizon telephone lines and Oceanic Cable transmission lines extend along Kuakini Highway. The Keauhou Substation, located on Kamehameha III Roadway, will serve the project (HELCO, 2006). Existing circuits are reaching capacity and developers would bear the cost of new circuits if required to support the proposed project. Potable Water - The project will be served by the County Department of Water Supply (DWS). There is a 50 water unit allotment (20,000 gallons per day) for the lot of record. The project would require 65 water units, resulting in a deficit of 15 water units. However, La'ipala Makai has been registered as a LEED® (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) project with the US Green Building council. As part of this effort the project is designed to reduce water consumption by 30% or more compared to a standard residential subdivision. The calculations for this reduced design is shown in Appendix J. These calculations have been discussed with the County's Department of Water Supply (DWS). With conditions for monitoring and a master meter for the projects, the DWS has verbally agreed to take a position agreeing that the project is acceptable. DWS will put this in writing if requested by the Planning Department. Subsequent to submitting the petition for land use boundary amendment petition, the developers will enter into a Water Development Agreement with DWS, in accordance with Rule 5 of the Department's Rules and Regulations. The water units will not be committed if the County does not have sufficient capacity. The developer may be required to contribute to infrastructure improvements. Onsite or offsite water storage may also be required. There are two water storage tanks in the vicinity of the site: 1) a new tank at Alii Heights subdivision at 325 feet MSL and 2) a tank at 595 feet MSL. The site may use these tanks, but DWS may require construction of onsite or offsite water storage facilities. 3-16 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Wastewater - The project will be served by the County Department of Environmental Management, Wastewater Branch (DEM -Wastewater). The wastewater treatment plant that will serve the site is the Kealakehe Sewage Treatment Plant located south of Honokohau Harbor. The current operating capacity is 2.8 Million Gallons per Day (MGD). The plant is designed for expansion to 7.82 million gallons for the 40 -year design. Flows are transmitted to the plant by a series of pump stations and gravity sewer pipes. According to the Department of Environmental Management, there is currently sufficient capacity within both the transmission system and plant to meet the requirements of the development. Average daily wastewater flows are estimated at 22,100 gallons per day (gpd) (0.02 million gallons per day (mgd)). These flows were calculated using an average rate of 80 gallons per capita per day for residential use. Single family dwellings were estimated at 4 persons per dwelling in accordance with the Department of Wastewater Management, City and County of Honolulu, Design Standards Volume 1, General Requirements for Wastewater Facilities, as adopted by Hawai'i County. Storm Water — The average annual rainfall within the project area ranges between 30 and 40 inches. Increases in runoff due to development will be disposed of via drywells and seepage pits. A drainage plan will be developed in accordance with the County of Hawaii Storm Drainage Standards for approval by the County Department of Public Works, prior to construction. AnticiPated Impacts and Mitigation Measures The project will increase demand on potable water and electrical services. It will generate more storm water, and wastewater. Engineering design studies are being prepared concurrently with the petition for land use boundary amendment. These studies will be reviewed by relevant County agencies, which will provide further direction on the project design. Preliminary review indicates the anticipated impacts are generally within the capacities of existing resources and infrastructure. With the inclusion of LEED conservation efforts, La'ipala Makai aims to reduce water consumption project -wide by a minimum of 30 percent. Kona Heights LLC has been working with the County Department of Water Supply to specify how water savings shall occur. Additionally, the County will agree to approve the development at the density proposed so long as the water savings calculated and those of actual consumption are consistent. Additional infrastructure or improvements will be funded and / or constructed by the developer. No adverse impacts are anticipated on power/ communications, potable water use, wastewater and storm water management. 3.13 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Existing Conditions There are two landfills on the island and the project waste will ultimately be disposed at the West Hawai'i landfill (DEM -Solid Waste Division, 2006). There is no municipal curbside collection system. Residents must either haul or arrange to have contractor haul their waste. Residents of the proposed development can drop their rubbish at two convenience centers: Keauhou and Kailua-Kona. Private waste haulers are not permitted to use the convenience centers and haul waste to the landfill. Recycling is encouraged and the convenience centers have areas for waste segregation. A Solid Waste Management Plan was prepared for the project and is included as Appendix H. 3-17 LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Solid wastes generated on site will be collected and disposed at approved County solid waste disposal facilities. Recycling of solid wastes will be accommodated and implemented to the extent practicable. Kona Heights LLC aims to institute curbside recycling and trash removal of solid wastes. Solid waste systems will be designed to comply with the applicable DOH and County requirements and will be handled by private waste hauling contractors. After La'ipala Makai is built out, solid waste generated during the operational life of the residential activities includes paper, plastic, yard waste, glass, metals, other organics and other solid wastes. It was assumed for this analysis that each single-family residential unit will generate nine pounds of waste per day. Solid waste generated by operation activities from the residential units is estimated at 95 tons a year. Pu'u Anahulu Landfill is the closest solid waste disposal facility to the proposed project. According to the Draft EIS for the East Hawai'i Regional Sort Station, September 2003, "At the end of 2002 the Pu'u Anahulu Landfill had slightly more that 12 million cubic yards of permitted air space. Assuming the in-place density averages 1,100 pounds per cubic yard, and cover materials make up 20% of the volume, the remaining capacity of the Pu'u Anahulu Landfill is 5.28 million tons." For use in this study, we have estimated current landfill capacity at 5 million tons. Approximately 95 tons of solid waste are estimated to be generated a year from the operation of the residential component of the proposed project. Using recycling and sustainable design efforts, we estimate a 20% reduction in the amount of solid waste generated a year for a reduced total of 76 tons of solid waste per year. The proposed project will contribute less than .002% of total capacity of solid waste to the landfill a year. In effect, this project will have a very small impact on the life of the landfill. Solid Waste calculations are provided in Appendix H. The Kona Heights, LLC intends to make every effort practicable to minimize waste generated by the residential development during construction and operation. • Prevention of waste before it occurs, also called source reduction. During construction Kona LLC will plan efficiently for material use. During operation they will implement procedures that minimize waste generation, such as limiting the number of non -reusable products. • Practicable efforts to re -use materials will be a component to Kona Heights, LLC's solid waste program. In the construction phase efforts will be taken to reuse materials as much as possible, such as scrap generated on the site or used materials/scrap from other jobs. The primary re -use taking place in the operational phase will be composting/ re -use of green waste. • Recycling will be an important part of both the construction and operational phase of the development. Recyclable materials will be separated out from non -recyclable materials, hauled from the site to the appropriate company, and eventually processed to make new products. Kona Heights, LLC will also look into buying recycled products as building materials. • As part of achieving LEED certification, Kona Heights, LLC will aim to use products made from recycled materials in the development, specify materials that are regionally made to reduce transportation pollution, green house gases and vitalize local economies, as well as use renewable materials such as bamboo flooring, and osb board for sheathing. 3-18 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report 3.14 HEALTH AND SAFETY Existing Conditions The County of Hawai'i provides Police, Fire and Emergency Medical services on island. Police, Fire and emergency medical services are available 24 -hours per day to the vicinity. The Kaelakehe Police Station is located approximately 6 miles north of the site and is served by Police Beat 637 (Police Department, 2006). The nearest fire station, Keauhou Fire Station, is approximately 4 miles south of the site on Kuakini Highway. The Kona Community Hospital is the nearest hospital and is approximately 5 miles south of the site in Kealakekua. It is a 94 -bed acute and long-term care facility. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures All buildings will meet with applicable State and County requirements. No adverse impact is anticipated to the level of service for fire protection, police protection, or medical care. 3.15 SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.15.1 Population/Demographics Existing Conditions Data from U.S. Census Tract 215.03 is used to describe the existing socio-economic environment in the vicinity of the project area. Tables 3-1 and 3-2 present basic demographic data for the project area and surrounding neighborhoods. Table 3-1 Population of La'lpala Heights Study Area* 2000 *L51pala study area consists of Census Tract 215.03 **May not total to 100% due to rounding Source- US Bureau of Census, Census, 2000 The 1999 age cohort demographic data in the La'ipala Makai study area is similar to that of the County of Hawai'i. The population of the La xpala Makai study area made up 3% of the people in Hawai'i County in 1999. The population of the La'ipala study area shows the greatest number of persons between the ages of 45 to 64 (31%) and 18 to 44 (29%). In the County, the same cohort makes up 34% and 26% of the age cohort, respectively. The population data by race in 2000 for the La'ipala Makai study area and County of Hawai'i are relatively similar across the board, except for the White category. The percentage make up of the White category is significantly higher in the La'ipala Makai study area (52.9%) in 3-19 Under 18 835(20%) 38,852 (26%) 18-44 1,208(29%) 51,088 (34%) 45-64 1,261(31%) 38,618 (26%) 65 or older 791(19%) 20,119 (14%) Total 4,095 (100%**) 148,677 (100%) *L51pala study area consists of Census Tract 215.03 **May not total to 100% due to rounding Source- US Bureau of Census, Census, 2000 The 1999 age cohort demographic data in the La'ipala Makai study area is similar to that of the County of Hawai'i. The population of the La xpala Makai study area made up 3% of the people in Hawai'i County in 1999. The population of the La'ipala study area shows the greatest number of persons between the ages of 45 to 64 (31%) and 18 to 44 (29%). In the County, the same cohort makes up 34% and 26% of the age cohort, respectively. The population data by race in 2000 for the La'ipala Makai study area and County of Hawai'i are relatively similar across the board, except for the White category. The percentage make up of the White category is significantly higher in the La'ipala Makai study area (52.9%) in 3-19 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report comparison with the County (31.5%). The second most populous race in both the La'ipala Makai study area and the County is bi- or multi -racial with 19.2% and 28.4% of the population, respectively. Table 3-2 Population Data by Race 1990-2000 LWIpalaStudy Area* and County ' t ✓Yh e x+ ` „. a;:` '. '.� it *.. x �fsi" ,. "; Y� su,w ��^' * fig�,,, a {' '. "�;����1Coj�`�,• E ��x" ''., .� W •:V,Y:b" �.m '"e'�, f � ,tx Y,y�'a'`, k'«, 1•oxb" r ""�'A White 2,167 52.9% 46,904 31.5% Black or African American 18 0.4% 698 0.5% American Indian and Alaska Native 19 0.5% 666 0.4% Asian 691 16.9% 39,702 26.7% Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander 366 8.9% 16,724 11.2% Other 47 1.1 % 1,695 1.1 % Bi- or Multi- racial 787 19.2% 42,288 28.4% k' " " Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, Census, 2000 *Census Tract 215.03 Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures The project is anticipated to increase the population of the area by approximately 228 persons based on the assumption of 3.5 persons per single family dwelling unit, which are the calculations for park requirements (Hawai'i County Code, Chapter 8, Article 1). The specific demographics of potential buyers are unknown. Some are anticipated to be second home owners from off -island. (Please refer to Market Analysis and Development Program in Appendix G.) No adverse impacts to demographics are anticipated. 3.15.2 Affordable Housing Existing Conditions SMS prepared a study on the affordable for sale market in Hawai'i and the information presented is from that source (SMS, 2005 — See Appendix I). State and County governments share the responsibility for providing safe housing at a reasonable cost, but the regulation and enforcement is the County's responsibility. The Hawai'i County Housing Agency is made up of the County Council and staffed by the Office of Housing and Community Development. The County housing policy, Hawai'i County Code, Chapter 11, was approved in 1998 and amended in 2005. The County of Hawai'i requires a minimum of 20 percent of new homes be affordable (Hawai'i County Code -Chapter 11, 2005). Affordable sales prices shall be the price that is affordable to households earning the stated percentages of the median income for the County, based on federal Housing and Urban Development (HUD) data and the most current annual average 3-20 LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report interest rate for a 30 -year conventional fixed mortgage, as published by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp. The (HUD) median family income for the County of Hawai'i is $58,200 in FY2007. The developer is granted affordable housing credits based on the household income of the target population. Dwelling units for the target population earning 120-140% of the median income is worth 0.5 credits per dwelling unit to the developer. Increased credits (up to 2 credits per dwelling unit) are assigned for dwelling units for households of decreasing percentage of the median income. The lowest percentage is 80%, or lower, of the median, which is $49,850 based on HUD's 2007 median. Since the mid -1990's Hawai'i-wide resale account for about 80% of the housing market and new production accounts for about 20% of the market. Affordable units would represent (assuming 30% affordable) less than 6% of the entire market. The County of a Hawai'i has a density bonus, whereby projects with affordable housing can increase the number of units and decrease the size of the lots by 10%. Other incentives include a "fast-track" permit application review and processing. The County Housing agency is responsible for establishing resale restrictions, but they have not been approved. Such restriction could include: 1) "buy-back" clause that would grant the County the right to buy the dwelling unit to keep it in the inventory of affordable homes, or 2) "shared appreciation" requirement, where the County gets a share of the resale value to be applied to future affordable development. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Affordable housing requirements will be met on other lands owned by the development team within the Kona Keauhou region, per County requirements. To date, neither specifics of income levels of affordable housing, nor its tenure in the affordable pool, have been finalized. However, Kona Heights LLC continues to work with the County and local affordable housing groups to ascertain the most beneficial mix and allotment. The developer will be providing 30% affordable housing, and will be working with a group (like Kona Habitat for Humanity), to create deeper subsidies. 3.14.3 Recreational Resources Existing Conditions Parks in the vicinity of the project are shown in Table 3-3. The County Department of Parks and Recreation was consulted during the land plan development phase. There are sufficient tennis courts to meet the vicinity's needs. There is a shortage of playing fields (baseball and soccer) in the project vicinity. No parks are provided at the Alii Heights Development. There is no County land available to develop as a park in the vicinity. Five acres of dedicated park are required to support 1,000 persons (or any portion of) of a new development (Hawai'i County Code, Chapter 8, Article 1). Parks must be a minimum of 3 acres. Park acreage requirements may be fulfilled with the provision of site amenities, or payment of park fees. 3-21 LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Table 3-3 Kona Parks and other Recreational Amenities 1\Tational''Park' '''' "' Kaloko-Honokohau National Historic Park 1,17$'ac. Y C:C G Pu�; u r�nu� o`Hi6 auinau-Na nAl i7a%lric : ; £ "'�� 1' ,�•.4''��, �t • ' •.� 182.0 ad. . r w Ysi Y•'S' ' ,afi� ` '!* x L� n fisySe{„< vs `�:s�,` P*kw', w 'v - x, tt r`. '� .%F_¢rA:."E+s x�--`.'yS S{k � Ces r m fa+'jY r " r ?L �. n„ t;:.=" _. _,.� > v+ r r{ et""" •., r_s&..,. _] x_. N: .:a 'i '3. N: .," !,�,"aehr 1 court .." ` �V State Parks' Kekaha,Kai State Park 1,64L.5'ac. ..L V ICeolo iiiiihi Wat Histori _ -, _s Kealakekua Bay State Historic Park 184.9 ac. ' Old ICoria` i ert State Re�crea ioi area` 1fl3.7 ac ; County Parks Disappearing (white) Sands Beach Park 2.35 ac. , h ° -tA.v= ` R ° . Kalialtiu B -; Mw..K.acl%Park - x r ' 4.23 ac.=" _ ;rt,a Pahoehoe Beach Park '='h 0.66 ac. r Beaches ; h `Anaelio'tnialu $ay x :a '' applicable', ,> . . F s ,Not Honokohau BeachNot applicable �. s, h.' '?l,±'`✓tt .���".s `-„ "wr w. "hews?` s*! err ._,� n. .iii r�v!.,z y5 Ho©kefi*Beacl�Par1 } 1Vot appheable', Kahalu'u Beach Park , Not applicable" " ,. 4 : Kailua'Park' t „zn` sX. r w.y' e; ,` ' ,> Not appilcable ` Keauhou Bay Not applicable 4 x r` Kihol© BaYYy : "` Not . . applicable Mahai'ula Beach Not applicable alor�line ``F' - Y Not applicable ;> ,Nlakalawena -- _ Manini'owali Beach Not applicable Manini Poinrt''Na"4'`upa`Q)'. k -, .. Nat applicable ' x i o i i ea Par Not apphcab e 'Na`avaioli Beath: w > v w. Not applicable' ,rF , Tennis Courts GIreenwell Parkrta tain Cook 1 court x: . ;4r raHx hiharau gas'Keauhcu� Kuak�nr 1 court .." ` �V Y t gnu y�yNay �`f.: ' � y�✓'� ��a .s`zx�� i^a."� � �. .? .rQ4='v, � �Kailark; Old Kona Airport 4 courts i iia group iialcini Higtt*#y , � 1 court. , ° h FPla Harbors and Marinas Honokohau Small Boat Harbor s Not applicable s =Y Kailua=Kona Yliairl Not applicable t Keauh'ou Small Boat Harbor Not applicable i'i Landing r ~a s }` Not applicable, j a Sources- County Research and Development 2005, Instant Hawai'i http:/ /instantHawai'i com, www.hawaii.gov/dlnr/dbor/borhi.html 3-22 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures The project will fulfill park requirements with the provision of off-site amenities. The project will introduce more demand on existing parks, but this adverse impact is mitigated by satisfying County park and recreation requirements. In order to meet park dedication requirements, a three -acre park is proposed mauka of the project site. It includes such amenities as an active ball field, parking, restrooms, a pavilion, and tot lot. Furthermore, in keeping with the County's goals for area and pedestrian connectivity, the area mauka to the project site will be served by a system of linear parks and mews spaces connecting community residents (yielding approximately five acres of parks spaces). 3.15.4 Educational Facilities Existing Conditions The State of Hawai'i Department of Education (DOE) manages the public school system in Hawai'i. Kahakai Elementary School, Konawaena Elementary School, Konawaena Middle and High Schools are State schools in the vicinity of the project. Enrollment projections for the year 2011 from 2006 enrollment are as follows: Kahakai Elementary School enrollment will increase by 83 students; Konawaena Elementary School will decrease by 32, Konawaena Middle School will decrease by 39; and Konawaena High School will decrease by 129 (County Department of Research and Development, 2005). Current school capacity totals are: Kahakai Elementary School: 727, Konawaena Elementary School: 658, Konawaena Middle: 710, and Konawanea High School: 1,170. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Using the Department of Parks and Recreation formula for calculating population and assuming there are two adults per dwelling unit, there will be approximately 98 children residing in La'ipala Heights. Applying the DOE 2005 school age population percentages across the education levels, approximately 53 students (54%) will enroll in kindergarten through 6 grades, approximately 16 students (16%) will be in middle school and 29 (30%) will attend high school. No significant adverse impacts on public schools are anticipated. Developer will negotiate an in lieu fee agreement with the Department of Education (DOE) to pay its fair share contribution to education facility impacts. 3.15.5 Scenic Resources Existing Conditions There are partial ocean views from Kahalui-Keauhou Parkway. There are no scenic viewpoints established to encourage appreciation of the view. White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates subdivisions' property owners to the north and Ah'i Heights property owners, to the north east, have relatively unobstructed views south across the site and the undeveloped KIC property. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures The site will result in some loss of open space. Because the slight slope, partial views of the ocean coastline will be visible from Ali'i Parkway and horizon views should be unobstructed. The County LUPAG designates the project site to be developed as residential and not retained 3-23 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report as open space. Some subdivision neighbors may have their views partially compromised by new residential development. To the extent practical, units will be sited to ensure view potentials. The overall impact is not anticipated to be significant as the site is slope is gentle, and views from existing houses in the direction of the project are limited. 3.15 ECONOMIC FACTORS Existing Conditions Tax Revenue - Real property valuation for the District of North Kona was assessed at $ 7,554,655,000 as of January 2005 (County Department of Research and Development, 2005). Residential property is taxed at a lower rate than agricultural property. Employment - The unemployment rate in the County was 8% in 2000 and dropped to 3.8 in 2004 (County Department of Research and Development, 2005). These numbers are based on census counts of persons 16 years and older. Recent reports indicate that the State has the lowest unemployment in the country and has remained below 3% for most of 2006 (Honolulu Advertiser, 2006). While the economy on the mainland is slowing, Hawai'i's economy and subsequent employment levels are expected to remain stable in the near term. Income - The HUD median family income level for the County of Hawai'i was $58,200 for FY2007. La'ipala Makai should have no impact on this statistic. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures The rezoning from agriculture to residential, and subsequent residential development, will have a beneficial impact on tax revenues. Development of the 65 proposed units at La'ipala Makai, at full build out in 2012, should garner approximately $46 million in estimated market value. Construction employment for the project is expected to average about 161 job years. The 161 job years delineate total employment impact. In real terms, a 161 people may be employed for one (1) year, or 40 people may be employed full time over 4 years, etc. Due to the nature of construction work, there will be a combination of some people who are involved full time with the development and many more (e.g., subcontractors) that may be there for certain tasks and then move on. These jobs will include supervisors, heavy -equipment operators (grading, roads, water mains, sewer lines, etc.), cement workers to lay foundations, metal workers, carpenters, plumbers, electricians, roofers, glass and window installers, cabinet makers, carpet and tile layers, painters, equipment installers, interior decorators, landscapers, etc. Other jobs related to construction will include architects, civil engineers, draftsmen, government inspectors, etc. These jobs will range over a variety of skills, including entry-level, semi -skilled, skilled, management, and professional positions. These development activities are also project to generate approximately nine (9) additional non - construction jobs years. These indirect jobs may be associated with supplying goods and services to construction companies and to the families of the employees of these companies. In turn, the companies supplying goods and services, and the families of the employees of these companies will purchase goods and services from other companies, and so on. Indirect jobs will include those at companies that supply building materials (cement, steel, lumber, roofing materials, plumbing equipment, electrical equipment, hardware supplies, lighting, flooring, etc.); rent construction equipment; repair equipment; provide warehousing services; provide 3-24 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report shipping and trucking services; etc. Other indirect jobs will include those involved with supplying goods and services to employees and their families: grocery workers, store clerks, restaurant workers, service -station workers, beauty technicians, barbers, bankers, druggists, veterinarians, computer technicians, medical workers, accountants, attorneys, etc. The job skills will include entry-level, semi -skilled, skilled, and management positions. Development activities will provide jobs to construction workers and other workers who already live on Hawaii for a beneficial project impact. Operation of the development as a residential neighborhood will not generate jobs, but would have no adverse impact on employment for the region. The project is not anticipated to have any significant impact on County service. The cost of County services, (e.g. police, fire, water, waste water, solid waste pickup, and roadwork costs) will be more than offset by the increased tax revenues the County will collect. a 3-25 9 4.0 Conformance with State and County Plans and Policies (including the Coastal Zone Management Program) LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report 4.0 CONFORMANCE WITH STATE AND COUNTY PLANS AND POLICIES The project's consistency with applicable State and County land use policies is discussed. 4.1 STATE POLICIES 4.1.1 State Land Use Law, Chapter 205, Hawai'i Revised Statutes While the project site is designated Urban pursuant to the County Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide, which in general provides for the types of residential land uses proposed by the La'ipala Makai project, the project area is designated Agricultural as per the State Land Use District as shown on the State Land Use District and Special Management Area (SMA) Map (Figure 1-4). No land uses are proposed that would require an Agricultural Land Use Application. 4.1.2 Hawai'i State Plan The Hawai'i State Plan establishes a statewide planning system that provides goals, objectives, and policies which detail property directions and concerns of the State of Hawaii. Priority guidelines relating to culture and environment, infrastructure, and housing will be discussed as they relate to La'ipala Makai. It is the goal of the State, under the Hawai'i State Planning Act (Chapter 226, HRS), to achieve the following: A strong, viable economy, characterized by stability, diversity, and growth, that enables the fulfillment of the needs and expectations of Hawai'i present and future generations. A desired physical environment, characterized by beauty, cleanliness, quiet, stable natural systems, and uniqueness, that enhances the mental and physical well-being of the people. Physical, social, and economic well-being, for individuals and families in Hawai'i, that nourishes a sense of community responsibility, of caring, and of participation in community life (Chapter 226-4, HRS). Section 226-12: Physical Environment --Scenic, Natural Beauty, and Historic Resources (a) Planning for the State's physical environment shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of enhancement of Hawaii's scenic assets, natural beauty, and multi-cultural/historical resources. (b) To achieve the scenic, natural beauty, and historic resources objective, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Promote the preservation and restoration of significant natural and historic resources. (2) Provide incentives to maintain and enhance historic, cultural, and scenic amenities. (4) Protect those special areas, structures, and elements that are an integral and functional part of Hawaii's ethnic and cultural heritage. (5) Encourage the design of developments and activities that complement the natural beauty of the islands. Discussion La'ipala Makai will promote the goals of Hawai'i's State Plan by providing cultural preservation opportunities supporting cultural values, customs, and arts that enrich the 4-1 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report lifestyles of Hawai'i's people. The project includes areas for preservation of Sites 24842 and 24534 (BCFGH). The project is consistent with Hawai'i State Plan by enhancing the surrounding environment and maximizes view corridors from the project site. Landscaping will be xeriscape and consistent with Kona's dry coastal floral communities. Endemic and indigenous plants will be emphasized. Section 226-16: Facility Systems—Water (a) Planning for the State's facility systems with regard to water shall be directed towards achievement of the objective of the provision of water to adequately accommodate domestic, agricultural, commercial, industrial, recreational, and other needs within resource capacities. (b) To achieve the facility systems water objective, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Coordinate development of land use activities with existing and potential water supply. (2) Support research and development of alternative methods to meet future water requirements well in advance of anticipated needs. (3) Reclaim and encourage the productive use of runoff water and wastewater discharges. (4) Assist in improving the quality, efficiency, service, and storage capabilities of water systems for domestic and agricultural use. (5) Support water supply services to areas experiencing critical water problems. (6) Promote water conservation programs and practices in government, private industry, and the general public to help ensure adequate water to meet long-term needs Discussion La'ipala Makai has been registered as a LEED ® (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) project with the US Green Building council. As part of this effort the project is designed to reduce water consumption by 30% or more compared to a standard residential subdivision (calculations shown in Appendix J). Section 226-19: Socio -Cultural Advancement—Housing (a) Planning for the State's socio- cultural advancement with regard to housing shall be directed toward the achievement of the following objectives: (1) Greater opportunities for Hawaii's people to secure reasonably priced, safe, sanitary, and livable homes, located in suitable environments that satisfactorily accommodate the needs and desires of families and individuals, through collaboration and cooperation between government and nonprofit and for-profit developers to ensure that more affordable housing is made available to very low-, low- and moderate -income segments of Hawaii's population. (2) The orderly development of residential areas sensitive to community needs and other land uses. (b) To achieve the housing objectives, it shall be the policy of this State to: (1) Effectively accommodate the housing needs of Hawaii's people. (3) Increase homeownership and rental opportunities and choices in terms of quality, location, cost, densities, style, and size of housing. (5) Promote design and location of housing developments taking into account the physical setting, accessibility to public facilities and services, and other concerns of existing communities and surrounding areas. 4-2 LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Discussion 1,51pala Makai is an in -fill development located between existing residential subdivisions, and lands already zoned for future urban development. The in -fill nature of the project protects other undeveloped areas in the region from the continued development pressures related to urban sprawl. The project will therefore improve connectivity among the residential neighborhoods of Kailua-Kona, as well as increase the number of residential units available for sale in the region. Additionally, Kona Heights, LLC will be providing 30% affordable housing, on other lands in the area owned by the development team, per County requirements, and will be working with a group (like Kona Habitat for Humanity), to create deeper subsidies. 4.1.3 Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (16 USC Section 1451), as amended through Public Law 104-150, created the coastal management program and the National Estuarine Research Reserve system. The coastal states are authorized to develop and implement a state coastal zone management program. Hawai'i Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program received federal approval in the late 1970's. The objectives of the State's Hawaii CZM Program, Section 205A-2, HRS, include the protection of valuable and vulnerable coastal resources such as coastal ecosystems, special scenic and cultural values and recreational opportunities. The objectives of the program are also to reduce coastal hazards and to improve the review process for activities proposed within the coastal zone. Each county is responsible for designating a Special Management Area (SMA) that extends inland from the shoreline. The County Department of Planning administers the SMA in accordance with the County of Hawaii Rules of Practice and Procedure, Rule 9 Special Management Area. L51pala Makai's consistency with the County SMA rules is described under County Policies in Section 4.2. The ten objectives of the Hawai'i Coastal Zone Management Program and an assessment of the project impacts relative to the CZM objectives and policies are described below. Recreational Resources Provide coastal recreational opportunities accessible to the public. (a) Improve coordination and funding of coastal recreational planning and management; and (b) Provide adequate, accessible, and diverse recreational opportunities in the coastal zone management area by: (i) Protecting coastal resources uniquely suited for recreational activities that cannot be provided in other areas; (ii) Requiring replacement of coastal resources having significant recreational value including, but not limited to, surfing sites, fishponds, and sand beaches, when such resources will be unavoidably damaged by development; or requiring reasonable monetary compensation to the State for recreation when replacement is not feasible or desirable; (iii) Providing and managing adequate public access, consistent with conservation of natural resources, to and along shorelines with recreational value; (iv) Providing an adequate supply of shoreline parks and other recreational facilities suitable for public recreation; (v) Ensuring public recreational uses of county, state, and federally owned or controlled shoreline lands and waters having recreational value consistent with public safety 4-3 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report standards and conservation of natural resources; (vi) Adopting water quality standards and regulating point and nonpoint sources of pollution to protect, and where feasible, restore the recreational value of coastal waters; (vii) Developing new shoreline recreational opportunities, where appropriate, such as artificial lagoons, artificial beaches, and artificial reefs for surfing and fishing; and (viii) Encouraging reasonable dedication of shoreline areas with recreational value for public use as part of discretionary approvals for permits by the land use commission, board of land and natural resources, and county authorities; and crediting such dedication against the requirements of section 46-6. Discussion The project site boundary line is located approximately 800 feet mauka from the shoreline; thus, the proposed development will have no adverse impact on the coastal recreational opportunities. Historic Resources Protect, preserve and, where desirable, restore those natural and man made historic and pre -historic resources in the coastal zone management area that are significant in Hawaiian and American history and culture. (a) Identify and analyze significant archaeological resources. (b) Maximize information retention through preservation of remains and artifacts or salvage operations. (c) Support State goals for protection, restoration, interpretation and display of historic resources. Discussion Sites 24842 (permanent habitation, burial site), and 24534 (habitation platform), have been identified in the project area. Prior to commencing construction -related activities, a buffer zone will be established between the sites and construction. An archeological monitoring plan will be prepared, approved by SHPD, and executed during construction. Scenic and Open Space Resources Protect, preserve and, where desirable, restore or improve the quality of coastal scenic and open space resources. (a) Identify valued scenic resources in the coastal zone management area. (b) Insure that new developments are compatible with their visual environment by designing and locating such developments to minimize the alteration of natural landforms and existing public views to and along the shoreline. (c) Preserve, maintain, and, where desirable, improve and restore shoreline open space and scenic resources. (d) Encourage those developments which are not coastal dependent to locate in inland areas. Discussion The proposed project does not represent a strictly coastal -dependent use, however coastal proximity greatly enhances the project's potential for success. The project site is currently undeveloped and the improvements will enhance the appearance of the area. View potential of the coast has been maximized for the project site. 4-4 LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Adjustments to existing grades will be required to construct the proposed facilities. However, construction will not cause substantial alteration of the topography. Views from roads and other public areas towards the mountains will also be improved. Coastal Ecosystems tems Protect valuable coastal ecosystems from disruption and minimize adverse impacts on all coastal ecosystems. (a) Improve the technical basis for natural resource management. (b) Preserve valuable coastal ecosystems of significant biological or economic importance. (c) Minimize disruption or degradation of coastal water ecosystems by effective regulation of stream diversions, channelization, and similar land and water uses, recognizing competing water needs. (d) Promote water quantity and quality planning and management practices which reflect the tolerance of fresh water and marine ecosystems and prohibit land and water uses which violate state water quality standards. Discussion The proposed improvements should have no significant impact on coastal ecosystems. To mitigate the threat of disorientation and downing of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters, exterior lights, ie. streetlights, will be shielded and downward facing. Economic Uses Objective Provide public or private facilities and improvements important to the State's economy in suitable locations. (a) Concentrate in appropriate areas the location of coastal dependent development necessary to the state's economy. (b) Insure that coastal dependent development such as harbors and ports, visitor industry facilities, and energy generating facilities are located, designed, and constructed to minimize adverse social, visual, and environmental impacts in the coastal zone management area. (c) Direct the location and expansion of coastal dependent developments to areas presently designated and used for such developments and permit reasonable long-term growth at such areas, and permit coastal dependent development outside of presently designated areas when: • Utilization of presently designated locations is not feasible; • Adverse environmental effects are minimized; • Important to the State's economy. Discussion The proposed action will generate short-term economic benefits from construction activity. Total project building construction cost is estimated at approximately $26.6 million. Increased visitation to the neighborhood and area businesses could potentially expand employment opportunities and on-going expenditures. Long-term economic benefits from the improved development will result from habitation. Coastal Hazards Reduce hazard to life and property from tsunami, storm waves, stream flooding, erosion and subsidence. (a) Develop and communicate adequate information on storm wave, tsunami, flood, erosion, and subsidence hazard. (b) Control development in areas subject to storm wave, tsunami, flood, erosion, and subsidence 4-5 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report hazard. (c) Ensure that developments comply with requirements of the Federal Flood Insurance Program. (d) Prevent coastal flooding from inland projects. Discussion The project site is located within Zone X, an area that is determined to be outside of the 1% and 0 2% annual chance floodplains, of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Flood Insurance Rate Map classifications (refer to Figure 3-2). In addition, the project site is located entirely within the Tsunami Inundation Zone. In general, flood and tsunami conditions impose no major constraints on the project. In addition, all development at the site will be required to meet applicable stringent building code standards for habitable structures in a tsunami zone, as specified in Chapter 27, Article 4 of the Hawai'i County Code. Managing evelopment Improve the development review process, communication, and public participation in the management of coastal resources and hazards. (a) Effectively utilize and implement existing law to the maximum extent possible in managing present and future coastal zone development. (b) Facilitate timely processing of application for development permits and resolve overlapping or conflicting permit requirements. (c) Communicate the potential short and long-term impacts of proposed significant coastal developments early in their lifecycle and in terms understandable to the general public to facilitate public participation in the planning and review process. Discussion There has been an active community dialogue on the proposed project. La'ipala Makai was designed with the intention of providing enhanced residential amenities to the North Kona community and visitors. Several agencies, organizations and individuals have been consulted in the planning process. Community and stakeholder meetings were also conducted. Public Participation (a) Promote public involvement in coastal zone management processes; (b) Disseminate information on coastal management issues by means of educational materials, published reports, staff contact, and public workshops for persons and organizations concerned with coastal issues, developments, and government activities; and (c) Organize workshops, policy dialogues, and site-specific mediations to respond to coastal issues and conflicts. Discussion There has been an active community dialogue on the proposed La'ipala Makai project. Several agencies, organizations and individuals have been consulted in the planning process. As part of the pre -consultation process, the following community/ stakeholder meetings and presentations were conducted in order to involve the community in the planning and development of the La'ipala Makai development: • March 31, 2007 to September 16, 2007: The preliminary conceptual site plan was presented to La'ipala Makai community stakeholders. • April 3, 2007 and September 26, 2007: The conceptual site plan and associate exhibits 4-6 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report were presented to a local cultural advisory group to continue the process and discussion of appropriate and sensitive development options. Beach Protection (a) Locate new structures inland from the shoreline setback to conserve open space, minimize interference with natural shoreline processes, and minimize loss of improvements due to erosion; (b) Prohibit construction of private erosion -protection structures seaward of the shoreline, except when they result in improved aesthetic and engineering solutions to erosion at the sites and do not interfere with existing recreational and waterline activities; and (c) Minimize the construction of public erosion -protection structures seaward of the shoreline. Discussion The project site boundary line is located approximately 800 feet mauka from the shoreline; thus, the proposed structures will have no anticipated impact on the shoreline open space, natural shoreline processes, shoreline erosion, or erosion protection structures. Marine Resources (a) Ensure that the use and development of marine and coastal resources are ecologically and environmentally sound and economically beneficial; (b) Coordinate the management of marine and coastal resources and activities to improve effectiveness and efficiency; (c) Assert and articulate the interests of the State as a partner with federal agencies in the sound management of ocean resources within the United States exclusive economic zone; (d) Promote research, study, understanding of ocean processes, marine life, and other ocean resources in order to acquire and inventory information necessary to understand how ocean development activities relate to and impact upon ocean and coastal resources; and (e) Encourage research and development of new, innovative technologies for exploring, using, or protecting marine and coastal resources. Discussion The project site boundary line is located approximately 800 feet mauka from the shoreline; thus, the proposed structures will have no anticipated impact on marine and coastal resources. 4.2 COUNTY POLICIES 4.2.1 Special Management Area Guidelines (205A, HRS) Each County is responsible for designating a Special Management Area (SMA) that extends inland from the shoreline. The County Department of Planning administers the SMA in accordance with the County of Hawaii Planning Commission Rules of Practice and Procedure, Rule 9 Special Management Area. The entire project site lies within the SMA and will require an SMA Use Permit from the Planning Commission of the County of Hawaii, which as the "authority" will review the project according to the SMA guidelines established in Chaptaer 205A, HRS and the Special Management Area Rule of the County of Hawaii. The consistency of the proposed project with these guidelines is discussed below. All development in the Special Management Area shall be subject to reasonable terms and conditions set by the authority in order to ensure that: 4-7 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report (1) Adequate access, by dedication or other means, to publicly owned or used beaches, recreation areas, and natural reserves is provided to the extent consistent with sound conservation principles. (2) Adequate and properly located public recreation areas and wildlife preserves are reserved. (3) Provisions are made for solid and liquid waste treatment, disposition, and management which will minimize adverse effects upon special management area resources; (4) Alterations to existing land forms and vegetation, except crops, and construction of structures shall cause minimum adverse effect to water resources and scenic and recreational amenities and minimum danger of floods, landslides, erosion, siltation, or failure in the event of earthquake. Discussion As noted in Section 3.13 of this document, solid and liquid waste generated by the proposed residential development will be handled in such a manner as to minimize any potential adverse effects upon the coastal resources. The proposed La'ipala Makai development has been planned to incorporate existing scenic amenities and any alterations to existing landforms and vegetation or construction of structures would be designed to minimize adverse effects upon these amenities or water resources. All new facilities and improvements will be constructed in a manner that avoids creating, either individually or cumulatively, dangers from floods, landslides, erosion, siltation or failure in the event of an earthquake. Such natural hazards that may affect the site have been, and will continue to be, given serious consideration in the planning, design and operation of the proposed development. No development shall be approved unless the authority has first found that: (1) The development will not have any substantial, adverse environmental or ecological effect except as such adverse effect is minimized to the extent practicable and clearly outweighed by public health and safety, or compelling public interest. Such adverse effect shall include, but not be limited to, the potential cumulative impact of individual developments, each one of which taken in itself might not have a substantial adverse effect and the elimination of planning options; (2) That the development is consistent with the objectives, policies, and special management area guidelines of this chapter and any guidelines enacted by the legislature; and (3) That the development is consistent with the county general plan and zoning. Such a finding of consistency does not preclude concurrent processing where a general plan or zoning amendment may also be required. Discussion ' This Environmental Report has analyzed the potential social, economic, environmental and ecological effects of the proposed development, and has identified various mitigation measures that would be employed to minimize all substantial adverse effects. The developers believe that on balance, with the use of such mitigation measures, the positive benefits outweigh the adverse effects. The consistency of the proposed development with the objectives, policies and guidelines of Hawai'i's CZM Program, and with the County of Hawai'i's General Plan and zoning code has been analyzed and documented elsewhere in this section of the Report. LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report The authority shall seek to minimize, where reasonable: (1) Dredging, filling or otherwise altering any bay, estuary, salt marsh, river mouth, slough or lagoon; (2) Any development which would reduce the size of any beach or other area usable for public recreation; (3) Any development which would reduce or impose restrictions upon public access to tidal and submerged lands, beaches, portions of rivers and streams within the special management area and the mean high tide line where there is no beach; (4) Any development which would substantially interfere with or detract from the line of sight toward the sea from the state highway nearest the coast; and (5) Any development which would adversely affect water quality, existing areas of open water free of visible structures, existing and potential fisheries and fishing grounds, wildlife habitats, or potential or existing agricultural uses of land. Discussion The project site boundary line is located approximately 800 feet ma uka from the shoreline; the project will not alter marine areas or access to them. The future Ah'i Highway is approximately a third of a mile from the shoreline at an elevation of 100-150 feet above sea level. The proposed low-rise development is not expected to substantially interfere with or detract from the line of sight towards the sea, nor adversely affect the quality of marine resources. 4.2.2 County General Plan The General Plan (adopted in 2005, as amended) is a policy document for the long-range comprehensive development of the island of Hawaii. The General Plan provides the direction for the future growth of the County. It brings into focus the relationship between residents and their pursuits and institutions, offering policy statements, which embody the expressed goals for present and future generations. As a policy document, the General Plan provides the legal basis for all subdivision, zoning and related ordinances. It also provides the legal basis for the initiation and authorization for all public improvements and projects. The General Plan is subject to periodic reviews at approximately 10 -year intervals. Included in the General Plan are Land Use Pattern Allocation Maps (LUPAG), that designate land use. The site is designated Low Density Urban. La'ipala Makai's consistency with the objectives and policies of the County General Plan are summarized in this section: Economic Development Provide an economic environment that allows new, expanded, or improved economic opportunities that are compatible with the County's cultural, natural and social environment. Discussion The proposed La'ipala Makai development, using sensible planning principles, minimizes the adverse effects on the new growth of the area, and at the same time, strives to expand the variety and quality of residential options available to the community. 4-9 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Flood Control and Drainage The County and the private sector shall be responsible for maintaining and improving existing drainage systems and constructing new drainage facilities. Consider natural hazards in all land use planning and permitting. Discussion Kona Heights, LLC will be responsible for constructing drainage improvements on-site through the use of culverts and infiltration areas. It is anticipated that there will be no adverse effect on off-site drainage conditions as a result of this project. The General Plan recognizes that the project site is within the tsunami hazard zone. The site is also located in USGS Seismic Zones 4 and of nine seismic zones corresponding to volcanic risk. The likelihood exists that the project site would be impacted by one or more of these natural hazards. Appropriate mitigation measures will be implemented to the greatest extent feasible. This includes design and construction in conformance with provisions of the Uniform Building Code (UBC) and the County Building Code and site planning to minimize placement in a high risk or sensitive area. Historic Sites Require both public and private developers of land to provide historical and archaeological surveys and cultural assessments, where appropriate, prior to the clearing or development of land when there are indications that the land under consideration has historical significance. Consider requiring Cultural Assessments for certain developments as part of the rezoning process. Discussion An Archaeological Inventory Survey (Appendix A) has been completed for the project area: 14 sites were identified at TMK 7-7-08: 121 under criterion d and two of these are assessed as significant under criterion e. Data recovery is recommended for 9 of the sites and two of these are recommended for preservation (refer to site plan Figure 3-1 for location of preservation sites). The La'ipala Makai project will protect, preserve, and support the restoration of significant historic and cultural resources where feasible. With the preparation, State Historic Preservation Division -review, and implementation of a preservation plan, burial treatment plan and monitoring plan, the impact of this project on remaining resources should be minimal. A Cultural Impact Study/ Assessment was conducted for the project area and vicinity. The methodology included archival research, oral history interviews, and field study. The assessment finds that there are no apparent on-going cultural resources or practices related to subsistence, residential or religion on the project lands other than the remains of sites/features typical of traditional ahupua'a lifestyle and use. 4-10 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Natural Beauty Consider structural setback from mayor thoroughfares and highways and establish development and design guidelines to protect important view planes. Protect the views of areas endowed with natural beauty by carefully considering the effects of proposed construction during all land use reviews. Do not allow incompatible construction in areas of natural beauty. Discussion Any setback area along Kahalui-Keauhou Parkway (future) would remain as open space; additionally, appropriate landscaping would enhance such setback areas. The project will be comprised as a low-rise residential enclave. Design guidelines will ensure that buildings integrate well with the land and climate. Site planning will create setbacks and buffers to soften the impact of development on the landscape. All buildings will be designed with a low profile that is complimentary and compatible with the site's rural setting. Roof colors and building materials will help tone down their visual impact. Landscaping will incorporate existing landforms, native plant species and other plant species that are compatible with the climate of the region. Natural Resources and Shoreline Encourage public and private agencies to manage the natural resources in a manner that avoids or minimizes adverse effects on the environment and depletion of energy and natural resources to the fullest extent. Encourage the use of native plants for screening and landscaping. Discussion The project's Conceptual Site Plan and specific design plans attempt to minimize adverse environmental effects and depletion of resources caused by development through a variety of means. Measures to be implemented include extensive landscaping with plants native to the area. Housing Attain a diversity of socio-economic housing mix throughout the different parts of the County. Maintain a housing supply which allows a variety of choice. Encourage a volume of construction and rehabilitation of housing sufficient to meet growth needs and correct existing deficiencies. Discussion At full build -out, La'ipala Makai will provide 65 clustered single-family homes with smaller scale lots developed as a low-rise residential enclave that would fully conform to all of the County's planned development requirements. As required by State and County policies, Kona Heights LLC, will also develop affordable housing requirements on other lands owned by the development team within the Kona Keauhou region. Re -zoning of the project site to create 4-11 LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report additional residential uses will trigger the County's affordable housing requirement, and the developer intends to work with the County of Hawaii to provide affordable housing opportunities for residents of North Kona. Public Utilities Water: A coordinated effort by County, State and private interests shall be developed to identify sources of additional water supply and be implemented to ensure the development of sufficient quantities of water for existing and future needs of high growth areas and agricultural production. Discussion An analysis of needed infrastructure was prepared (Appendix F) to estimate the utility requirements for the proposed La'ipala Makai project, and to develop a basis for the related infrastructure required to serve the project. Kona Heights, LLC is currently working in conjunction with the Board of Water Supply to ensure adequate water credits are available for development. For example, Kona Heights, LLC is providing water usage calculations based on LEED models to demonstrate anticipated water savings across the whole development. Transportation Roadways: Investigate various methods of funding road improvements, including private sector participation, to meet the growing transportation needs of the island. Discussion Kona Heights, LLC will fund the cost of any necessary improvements for the connection to existing roadway infrastructure along with the cost of developing all internal circulation roads within the project site. Mitigation of traffic impacts from this project is discussed in the Traffic Impact Analysis Report (Appendix K). Land Use Encourage urban development within existing zoned areas already served by basic infrastructure, or close to such areas, instead of scattered development. Discussion The Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map currently designates the project site as Low Density Urban. The La'ipala Makai project has been designed with these designations in mind, so changes to the County of Hawaii General Plan and LUPAG map are not needed. In addition, the project provides an in -fill opportunity in an area already developed and zoned for urban uses. 4.2.3 Kona Regional Plan The Kona Regional Plan (adopted in 1982) is a policy document to serve as an implementing tool for the General Plan, detailing desired land use patterns within the context of the General Plan's goals and policies. Laipala Makai s consistency with the goals and policies of the Kona Regional Plan are summarized in this section: 4-12 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Roadways Provide a system of thoroughfares and streets for the safe, efficient and comfortable movement of people and goods between and within the various sections of the County. Discussion As an infill development situated directly adjacent to previously developed land, La'ipala Makai provides much needed through street linkages thereby more efficiently connecting existing community areas. Single Family Residential Land Use To maximize choices of single-family residential lots and/or housing for residents of the County. To ensure compatible uses within and adjacent to single-family residential zoned areas. Discussion The La'ipala Makai project will provide 65 clustered single-family homes with smaller scale lots developed as a low-rise residential enclave. Continuing the residential development pattern already established by the adjacent White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates subdivisions further ensures use compatibility. As the County of Hawaii General Plan (2005) calls for the preparation of community development plans, a new Kona Community Development Plan process was begun in 2005. To date, draft sections of the Plan have been released for comment and La'ipala Makai is consistent with the draft Plan. 4.2.4 County Zoning The purpose of the County Zoning Code (adopted as Ordinance 96-160, ratified and amended in 1999, is to regulate land use in a manner that will encourage orderly development in accordance with adopted land use policies, including the County General Plan and development plans. The Zoning Code is also intended to provide reasonable development and design standards. These standards are applicable to the location, height, bulk and size of structures, yard areas, off-street parking facilities, and open spaces, and the use of structures and land for agriculture, industry, business, residences or other purposes. The entire site is zoned Agricultural District A -5a (minimum building site of 5 acres). Residential use at the densities proposed is not permitted within the A -5a zone. A petition for zone amendment that is consistent with adjacent zoning will be sought. The project site zoning will be amended to Single-family Residential with 7,500 square feet minimum for each dwelling unit (RS 7.5), and a Planned Unit Development Permit will be sought to allow development of 4,500 square feet minimum dwelling units within the RS 7.5 district. The petition for zoning amendment is administered by the County Planning Department, submitted for County Planning Commission review, and transmitted to the Hawaii County Council for a vote, and given to the Mayor for approval 4-13 5.0 Public Involvement LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report 5.0 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT 5.1 PRE-SLUBA Prior to submitting the petition for State Land Use District Boundary Amendment to the County select agencies were contacted, and James Kent and Associates UKA) worked in the community to identify pre-existing issues and concerns regarding the project. The information gathered from these interactions was used to guide the conceptual design of the project. The government and business entities contacted during the pre-SLUBA period are listed in Table 5-1. Table 5-1 Pre-SLUBA Contacts Entity Means State Government Meeting Phone Letter DLNR Historic Preservation Division X Department of Transportation X Land Use Commission X Senator District 3, Paul Whalen X House Member District 6, Josh Green X County of Hawaii Government Mayor Harry Kim X Department of Water X X X Department of Planning and Permitting X X Department of Parks and Recreation X X Department of Public Works X X Department of Environmental Management- Solid Waste Division X Department of Environmental Management- Wastewater Branch X Department of Housing and Community Development X Police Department X Fire Department X Council District #1 Representative, Dominic Yagong X Council District #2 Representative, Donald Ikeda X Council District #3 Representative, J Yoshimoto X Council District #4 Representative, Stacy Hi a X Council District #5 Representative, Emily I. Naeole X Council District #6 Representative, Bob Jacobson X Council District #7 Representative, Brenda Ford X X Council District #8 Representative, Angel Pila o X X Council District #9 Representative, Pete Hoffmann — Council Chair X X 5-1 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Entity (cont.) Means (cont.) Other Meeting Phone Letter Hawaii Island Community Development Corporation (HICDC) X Waiaha Water System LLC, Dan Bolton X X Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO) X Kona Community Development Plan, County Liaison, Nancy Pichissio X Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Ruby McDonald X YMCA, Greg O in, President X Kahakai Elementary School, Principal and Vice -Principal X Innovations Charter School, Principal and Vice -Principal X Parent Teacher Student Association, Michelle Gray X Kamehameha Investment Corp., Mahealani Pai X The Neighborhood Place of Kona, Wally Lau X Habitat for Humanity, Bill Sewell X La'aloa Extension Citizen Advisor Committee X 5.2 JKA 5.2.1 Methodology JKA is an applied sociology firm that uses the Discovery ProcessTM as a form of ethnography and citizen contact. The Discovery Process is a well-established and accepted method of citizen contact and has been used for over 35 years in over 300 communities throughout the United States and internationally. The Discovery Process is a way of entering the routines of the community to engage in the activities and communication patterns of everyday life in order to see the world as local residents do. JKA team members went to sporting events, local restaurants, laundromats, the stores, the farmers' markets, the beaches, and other gathering places in the community in order to engage in informal discussions with residents. Gathering places are key locations for the sharing of information and informal discussions about the events of the day. Team members also went to public events and meetings. Public events are a useful place to observe residents interacting around key policy questions of the day, and to learn of citizen interests regarding growth and development. Some of the public meetings JKA attended on a regular basis included: • Hawaii Leeward Planning Conference • Kona-Kailua Chamber of Commerce—mixers, events and participation on the Environmental and Natural Resource Committee • Traffic Safety Committee • Hui Laulima and sub committee on Transportation and Affordable Housing • Reef Talk: Sponsored by Sea Grant • Monthly "Town Meetings" • Kona Community Development Planning (KCDP) Meetings • Steering Committee (KCDP) meetings, and sub -committee on Land Use Planning • West Hawaii Fisheries Council • Talk Story night at the Mauna Lani • Town Community Meetings in Kona 5-2 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report • Outdoor Circle • Ala Kahakai National Trail Meetings In addition, JKA team members were invited into people's homes and personally got to know many individuals through the course of this work. During JKA's conversations, people were asked generally how they came to live in West Hawaii, why they stay, and what would make local life better. JKA always asked people who else they should talk with, andJKA made a special point of meeting people whose names came up repeatedly in local conversations. The literature calls this the "network" form of citizen contact in which references for additional people to talk with are always part of the interview format. In a qualitative methodology such as the Discovery Process, saturation is reached when the same information begins to be repeated and the same names keep coming up. The JKA team made a special effort to ensure that all interests and all local geographic areas were contacted. Most public contact happened in the immediate areas surrounding the project site and with other residents of the town of Kailua-Kona. In addition to the geographic range of citizen contacts, JKA also engaged the range of interests of people who were likely to be affected or interested in the development outcome at La'ipala Heights. In the JKA methodology, "publics" are segments of the population which can be characterized on the basis of some interest, occupation or attribute. The various publics that were contacted to determine their concerns included: • Native Hawaiians • Kama'aina • Newcomers • Business owners • Families • Service workers • Construction workers • Youth • Retired people • Commuters • Agency and organization officials • Elected officials • Specialists in commercial and residential development This report does not include names of individuals to protect confidentiality unless they are specialists noted in their field. It is important to note, however, that JKA has the ability to connect the issue to specific individuals, and that these individuals can be contacted again as needed for further communication or to resolve their issues. 5.2.2 Issues Identified Recent residential development north of the project has generated some ill will and distrust of developers and County oversight of development projects. Developer will work to overcome these impediments through frequent communication with the community throughout the permitting processes. The key issues raised by the community and proposed action by the 5-3 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report developer are listed in Table 5-2. Citizen contact has already shaped the site planning and will continue to influence project development. Table 5-2 Pre-SLUBA Commun!,�*tt Issues uress I PFJMA� '1 7 V47,r,,370 WN, ow g"7 N _Q P g, MR im� 4 � N" Ja R Tff MW LUA."Ack 111117,11R7 , � Traffic,(Pr&`exisfihg issue); recent and ongoing construction traffic is aexplore alternate haul routes from the south nuisance along the future Ali'i Highway easement too many cul-de-sacs and reduced See Design Preferences connectivity atAh'i Heights, ,J?esign Preference broad range of market products Incorporated in design Parks ~ Park to be dedicated at LW!pala Heights project area arrange, units to take advantage of views and Incorporated in design' natural'air flow retain rock walls, retain footpath along wall incorporated in design - except,where gaps needed to provide access/egress. Note-, the walls are not recommended for preservation from an archaeological'res'o'urce perspective' may not be practical: lack of privacy for future homeowners; and further restricts a narrow (north -south) development area " lot layout should be consistent with natural Incorporated in design contours include retaining walls in the development to' Incorporated in design avoid I�aphaiard post -market walls shield street lights to reduce visual impact Incorporated in, design street lights should not interfere with Incorporated in design pedestrian traffic on sidewalks " improve, pedestrian connectivity Incorporated in design open spaces' I I Incorporated- in design affordable units truly affordable Rese6rchingways to meet County requirements. Committedto30%. affordable units incorporate "villagedesign" Incorporated in design to foster community interaction Futurel Alii Highway (future): 2 lanes plus bike paths� Connecting pedestrian and bikeways to is preferred over 4 lanes future roadway La"aloa Extension would improve traffic flow County to'determine if and how developer would contribute to Ldaloa Extension or other traffic improvement as mitigation for potential traffic impact of project 5-4 6.0 References LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report 6.0 LIST OF REFERENCES Code- Chapter 11, 2005. Chapter 11, Housing, Article 1. Affordable Housing, as amended in 2005, Ordinance No. 05-23, section 2. Department of Environmental Management, Solid Waste Division (DEM -Solid Waste), 2006. Personal Communication (phone call): Between Michael Dworski and Group 70 International. September 27, 2006. Department of Environmental Management, Wastewater Branch (DEM -Wastewater), 2006. Personal Communication (phone call): Between Lyle Hirota, Acting Deputy Division Chief and Group 70 International. September 28, 2006. Department of Parks and Recreation, 2006/07. Personal Communication (meeting): Pat Englehard, Director, and staff with Group70 International, and members of Kona Heights LLC. October 26, 2006, April 2, 2007, and September 17, 2007. Department of Planning, 2006/07. Personal Communication (meeting): Chris Yuen, Director, and staff with Group70 International and members of Kona Heights LLC. October 2006, March 30,2007, April 2, 2007, July 27,2007. Department of Public Works, 2007. Personal Communication (meeting): Ki Emler, with Group70 International and members of Kona Heights LLC. March 30, 2007. Department of Research and Development, 2005. County of Hawai'i Databook. http://www.co.hawaii.hi.us/databook—current/dbooktoc.htm. Federal Emergency Management Agency. September 4, 1987. Flood Insurance Rate Map, City and County of Honolulu, Panel 20 of 135. Fire Department, 2007. Personal Communication (letter): From Darryl Oliveira, Fire Chief to Group 70 International. May 10, 2007. Hawai'i Coastal Zone Management Program (Office of State Planning). December 1995. Hawai'i's Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program Draft Management Plan. Hawai'i County Department of Water Supply (DWS), 2006. Personal Communication (letter, meeting): From Milton Pavao (DWS Manager) to Group 70 International. October 20, 2006, July 2007, and September 17, 2007. Hawai'i Electric Light Company (HELCO) 2006. Personal Communication (phone call): Between Kelly Ikeda, Senior Customer Planner, and Group70 International. September 27, 2006. Honolulu Advertiser 2006. Jobless rate falls to 2.1%, a U.S. low. By Sean Hau. http: / /www.honoluluadvertiser.com/ apps /pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061122/BUSINES S18/611220360/1071 /BUSINESS. November 22, 2006. 6-1 LA IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report Kaimipono Consulting Services LLC, 2006. Cultural Impact Study/Assessment La'ipala Heights, Kapala'alaea Ahupua'a, District of North kona, Hawai'i Island. December 28, 2006. Attached as an Appendix to this report. Mink, John and L.Stephen Lau, 1993. Aquifer Identification and Classification for the Island of Hawai'i: Groundwater Protection Strategy for Hawai'i. Water Resources Research Center. Technical Report Number 191. Pattison Land Surveying Inc, 2006. Map Showing Existing Conditions Upon Lot No. 3-B of "Subdivision". Certified October 4, 2007. Police Department, 2006. Personal Communication (letter): From Lawrence K Mahuna, Police Chief to Group 70 International. October 11, 2006. SMS, 2005. Affordable Housing Policy and Hawaii's For -sale Housing Market. Prepared for Land Use Research Foundation. October 2005. State of Hawai'i, Department of Education (DOE), 2005. Systems Accountability Office. Superintendents Annual Report 2005. http://arch.kl2 hi.us/state/superintendent_report/sar2005.htm1 State of Hawaii Land Use Commission. Updated 1995. State Land Use District Map. State of Hawai'i, Department of Agriculture. January 1977. Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawai'i (ALISH) Maps. State of Hawai'i, Department of Heath (DOH) Water Quality Standards, Hawaii revised Statutes, Title 11, Ch. 54. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. August 1972. Soil Survey of Island of Hawai'i, State of Hawai'i. Prepared in cooperation with the University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 1983. Topographic Quadrangle Maps - Hawai'i — Kealakekua USGS 1974, revised 1987. Lava Flow Hazard maps by Donal Mullineaux and Donald Peterson. 6-2 LA'IPALA MAKAI Environmental Report GIS Data DATA SOURCE: Hawai'i Statewide GIS Program, Office of Planning http://www.state.hi.us/dbedt/gis/download.htm GIS LAYER NAME SOURCE DATE Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA); Scanned and compiled by FEMA from 1:24,000 Digitial Flood Insurance Flood Data Rate Maps (DFIRMs). 2003 Major Roads USGS Digital Line Graphs 2006 Minor Roads USGS Digital Line Graphs 2003 County Planning Department blueline maps; compiled and drafted on USGS Special Management Areas quadrangle base 2002 State Land Use Commission 1:24,000 State Land Use Districts, 2000 Mylar Maps 2006 State Department of Agriculture 1:24,000 hand drafted blueline maps; compiled and drafted in 1977. Prepared with the assistance of the Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the College of Tropical Agriculture, University ALSIH of Hawaii. 1977 Land Study Bureau's Detailed Land Classification Aerial Photos hand drafted onto paper overlays of the U.S.G.S., 1:24,000 topographic and orthophoto quads. Ratings were developed for both over-all productivity, and for specific LSB crops. 1965 DATA SOURCE: County of Hawaii, Department of Planning GIS LAYER NAME SOURCE DATE Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide County of Hawai'i, Planning Department 2006 Zoning County of Hawai'i, Planning Department 2007 U.S. Department of the Interior / Geological Survey, Digitized by the Office of Planning for the USGS, Hawaii Volcano Hazard Zones Volcanoes Observatory, 1991. 2003 DATA SOURCE: U.S. Geological Survey GIS LAYER NAME SOURCE DATE U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, December USGS Map 2004 2005 6-3 Appendices Appendix A. La'ipala Heights (Kona) Soil and Land Use Report 11-51pala Heights (Kona) Soil and Land Use Report By: Yusuf N. Tamimi, Ph.D. (Professor Emeritus of Soil Science) (University of Hawaii at Manoa) Friday, April 20, 2007 The LA'Tpala Heights' land (Previously called Kona Heights) consists of the following contiguous parcels with TMK 7-8-08 121 consisting of 11 054 Acres 7-8-08 99 consisting of 10 974 Acres 7-8-08 105 consisting of 14 913 Acres 7-8-08 113 consisting of 11 273 Acres La'Tpala Heights includes slightly over 48 acres in area, and located just before Kahaluu Bay, above Alii Drive and below Kuakmi Highway It has elevations of nearly 50 feet at the lower end and about 500 feet at the upper end On the Kailua side, it borders Ah'i Heights subdivision while in the Keauhou direction it borders vacant land with TMK 7-7-10 2 (Map -1 attached) The objectives of this investigation are. 1) Determine the soil type(s) and conditions, including depth, mineral and organic components, erodability, water holding capacity, rate of water percolation, and other relevant conditions to determine the suitability of the land for economical agricultural production 2) Characterize the land layout, the slope(s), rockiness, type of dominant plant species on these parcels in relation to the potential for agricultural use of the land 3) Evaluate the adequacy of rainfall and/or availability of sufficient and feasible source of water for irrigation of agricultural crops 4) Evaluate the impact on County Agriculture if these land parcels were rezoned to a non- agricultural use In order to cover the above objectives, the land was divided into three sections to be referred to as A Mauka, B Middle and C Makai The site was visited several times, initially for orientation and later for the on-site investigation The on-site investigation consisted of walking through the parcels in a mauka-makai and Kailua-Keauhou directions, determining the nature of the area, collecting soil samples, identifying the dominant plant species, taking photographs of the landscape as well as the vegetation, recording specific measurements of the slope and other pertinent observations A Mauka. This upper one third of the site is covered by a very thick stand of koa haole plants (Leucaena leucocephala), which constitute the dominant plant cover over the entire area (Pic 1) Some of these plants reach 18-20 ft in height and 1 [inch in diameter Gwneagrass (Panicum maximum), which appears to be suffering from droughty conditions, is abundant in this section The other plants on the site are predominantly xerophytic, (drought tolerant), such as portulaca and [lima (Sida fallax) The terrain is rough with loose rocks and slopes of 5-15 % (Pic 2) Soil depth ranges between 0 and 3 inches The soil material is composed of loose organic matter mixed with volcanic ash and has a sandy texture and no structure Drainage seems to be excessive Shells of expired land snails are found in plenty Moving 200 yards down the site, the slope is 10-20% and more xerophytic plants are found The stand of koa haole became thinner and guinea grass disappeared Soil depth ranged from 0-2 inches Loose rocks and some small boulders were encountered Further down makat, more xerophytic plants plus koa haole were found and the soil depth was 0-2 inches with some pebbles mixed in it Due to the rough nature of the rocky terrain as well as the thickness of the koa haole plants, walking in this land is hazardous B. Middle: This section was investigated by walking in a makat to mauka direction as well as traversing in several spots in a Kailua-Keauhou direction Koa haole is the dominant vegetation with pockets of portulaca (Pic 3) While moving mauka, the presence of gwneagrass increased I ran into very few large kiawe trees (Prosopis pallidal, between 20 and30 feet high This area is very similar to the Mauka section with rough, loose large rocks, and many rock piles Some of which appear to be arranged by man while others looked natural I ran into pahoehoe rock outcrops I also observed a rock pile that may be over 10 feet high (Pic 4) The soil is very shallow ranging from 0 to 2 inches in depth A soil sample was collected to represent this section The slope of the land ranged from 5 to15 % Due to the looseness of the rocks, it appears that drainage may be excessive This will not allow enough time for soil particles to absorb and store moisture for plant use Portulaca is the dominant sub -story vegetation found in several parts of this section, along with small thin koa haole plants Empty snail shells were also noted in this section There were no small birds to be seen but there was a Hawaiian hawk flying high overhead at the time C• Makat I entered the site via Kapukapu Street in Alii Heights subdivision over the stonewall which surrounds the proposed La'Tpala Heights sub -division This section was investigated by traversing from mauka to makai and crisscrossing in a Kailua-Keauhou direction Facing makai, the slope is 8% Like the other two sections, koa haole is the dominant species Walking makai and across, I encountered a very rough rocky area with lots of empty shells of land snails, poplar like tree with thorns and very few kiawe trees There was very little soil material I went across another rock wall and ran into many rock piles Few [lima and some portulaca and a scattering of guinea grass clumps were noted Going further makai, I ran into several boulders and rock outcrops (Pic 5) There are few steep cliffs and the slope in some sections was flat, while in other areas it was over 20% A large kiawe tree of nearly 30 feet in height was noted Other Relevant Soil Classification and Land Use Capability Evaluations. According to the Soil Survey of Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, by Sato et al (1973) The soil on this land was mapped as Punalu'u extremely rocky peat (rPYD) soil series (see Appendix I for details) The Punalu'u series consists of thin organic soils over pahoehoe lava bedrock They are well drained with moderately rapid to rapid permeability They are on uplands at an elevation ranging from near sea level to 1000 feet and receive from 60-90 inches of rain annually These soils are gently sloping to moderately steep Rock outcrops occupy 40-50- percent of the surface Ina representative profile, the surface layer is black peat about 4 inches thick with medium acid reaction Lands with this soil are used for pasture with capability class of VII Incapability Class VII, soils have severe limitations that make them unsuited for cultivation This restricts their use largely to pasture, woodland, or wild life The Land Study Bureau in their publication Detailed Land Classification — Island of Hawaii, 1965, (see Appendix II), classified this site as follows makai section Class E which is very poor with Productivity Index of 13 While the mauka section was classified as Class D, which is poor with Productivity Index of 31 Another land use evaluation for Hawaii is found in the publication of 1977 by the Department of Agriculture, State of Hawaii titled Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawaii (ALISH)- Island of Hawaii, (sea Appendix III) The ALISH report characterized the agricultural lands in the State of Hawaii according to their importance as follows Prime Agricultural Land Unique Agricultural Land Other Important Agricultural Land Existing Urban Development U S Government All other lands that are mapped different than above are considered to be of no importance for agriculture Based on the available maps of ALISH (Map 2 attached), it appears that the bulk of land below Kuakmi Highway within the vicinity and including this site does not belong to any of the groups listed above It can be concluded that, these parcels that compose this site are of no importance to agriculture Conclusions. Results of the investigation on the suitability of these land parcels for agricultural use reported above revealed the following 1 There is no adequate soil in all of the area, and there is a complete absence of cultivable land in all portions of this site 2 The effective moisture regime, with seasonal rainfall and the very little amount of soil material that is essential for storing moisture needed to successfully grow crops, is very marginal and seems to be able to support only xerophytic (desert like) plants These conditions make it inadequate to sustain economic agricultural activities on this site 3 The rocky nature and the rough terrain of these land parcels render it impractical to develop into viable agricultural ventures 4 If this land were to be renovated (at a large expense) to become pastureland, due to the seasonality of the rain and the lack of soil ability to store adequate moisture, it would amount to a very marginal productivity, which could never justify the renovation expenses 5 There are no indications that this land was ever used for economic crop production, possibly due to the futility of such an effort 6 Since this land parcel appears to have no economic agricultural production capabilities, removing it from it's present classification as "Agricultural Land" will have no impact on the agricultural industry of the County or the State of Hawaii Literature Cited Appendix — I Soil Survey of Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii, 1973, By H H Sato, W Ikeda, P Paeth, R Smythe, and M Takahiro, )r United States Department of Agriculture, Soil conservation Service In cooperation with the University of Hawaii Agriculture Experiment Station Study site* Soil series found on site Symbol Name rPYD Punalu'u extremely rocky peat The Punalu'u series consist of drained, thin organic soils over pahoehoe lava bedrock These soils are gently sloping to moderately steep They are on uplands at an elevation ranging from near sea level to 1000 feet and receive from 60-90 inches of rainfall annually The mean annual soil temperature is between 72 and 74 F The natural vegetation consists of koa haole, Christmas berry, gumeagrass, natal redtop and sandbur These soils and Kaalualu, Kaimu, Kamaliu, Malama, Pakini, and Waiaha soils are in the same general area Punalu'u soils are used for pasture Punalu'u extremely rocky peat 6 to 20 percent slopes (rPYD) This soil is low on the leeward side of Mauna Loa Rock outcrops occupy 40-50 percent of the surface Ina representative profile the surface layer is black peat about 4 inches thick It is underlain by pahoehoe lava bedrock This soil is medium acid Representative profile, Punalu'u Quadrangle, lat 19 08' 56" N and long 155 30' 58" W 02-4 inches to 0, black (10 YR 2/1) peat, weak, very fine granular structure, very friable, non - sticky, non -plastic, and non -smeary, many roots, many very fine pores, few pebbles on surface, medium acid, abrupt, wavy boundary, (3-8 inches thick) IIR-0 to10 inches, hard pahoehoe lava The 02 horizon ranges from 3 to 8 inches in thickness and from SYR in hue The peat is rapidly permeable The pahoehoe lava is very slowly permeable, although water moves rapidly through the cracks Runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is slight Roots are matted over the pahoehoe lava This soil is used for pasture (Capability subclass Vlls, non -irrigated, pasture group 3) Capability Class VII (page 55) Soils have very severe limitations that make them unsuited to cultivation and that restrict their use largely to pasture or range, woodland, or wildlife Appendix -11 Detailed Land Classification- Island of Hawaii, 1965, by H L Baker, T Sahara, T M Ryan, Jr, E T Murabayashi, jr, A Y Ching, Jr, F N FuJimura, and I Kuwahara, Land Study Bureau, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, L 5 Bulletin No 6, November 1965 Agricultural Land Suitability Classes It is based on Agricultural productivity ratings A Very Good B Good C Fair D Poor E Very Poor The Study site - Map No. 22 Land classification Productivity Index E >very poor 285 Makai 13 Semi and seasonal 30-40 inches of annual rainfall D>Poor 293 Mauka 31 Semi and seasonal 40-60 inches of annual rainfall Appendix- III Agricultural Lands of Importance in the State of Hawaii (ALISH) — Island of Hawaii 0977), Department of Agriculture, State of Hawaii The ALISH report characterized the Agricultural Lands in the State of Hawaii according to their importance as follows Prime Agricultural Land Land, which has the soil quality, growing season and moisture supply needed to produce sustained high yields of crops economically when treated and managed according to modern farming Unique Agricultural Land Land that has the special combination of soil quality, location, growing season, and moisture supply and is used to produce sustained high quality and or high yields of specific crop Other Important Agricultural Land Land other than Prime or Unique Agricultural Land that is also having Statewide or local importance for agricultural use Existing Urban Development Land, which has been developed for urban type use U 5 Government Land, which is currently under the Jurisdiction of the U 5 Government All other lands that are mapped different than above are considered to be of no importance for agriculture 9 F ei \ 500 �ipoo 2 000_ .0 Piohrre 5! Makai TMK 7-8-10 2 (Vacant) Vacant 2� a Kamehameha w Vacant F 5 Investment Corporation ' i Pactfic Ocean 4 r Z O ICI y Legend Project Site TMK 7-7-08 99, 105,113, 121 __j TMK Boundary Source Hawai'i Statewide GIS Program, Department of Planning, 2006 Map 1: Geographical Location and Boundaries of La ipala Heights Project Map 2• Wipala Heights Project Site in Relation to ALISH Land Classification Categories C� + +IN va ..� n ....� Nin• � �/ � 9 Legend = Project Sit,! TMK is 99,105,113,121 ALISH = Other Source-.. 11. Map 2• Wipala Heights Project Site in Relation to ALISH Land Classification Categories Appendix B. Archaeological Inventory Survey La ipala Makai Archaeological Inventory CONTENTS Chapter 6E-42 Historic Preservation Review (SHPD) Archaeological Inventory Survey I nam, T TOU1� if Oa �� Y xa•loY 'iiwo,m y �Att�tM,fa � * 4 ss • rmMaATPAudttY Mk�WUMS t[ � � tttssartaA �'/�+Yf / KlaromvrvasimM anB STATE OF HAWAII yb DIPARTMOT of LAND AND VAau@AI.i ESWRCES T °4.4�'°• STN RISTORSC PRE=-fATWH nn�iort ,cmiw, ser ieprtrii(tLA aOULEVARri ROOM 335 KAPOLi r.RAwaa 96M Novembor 21, 2406 Assn Haun PhD. I.OG NO: 2006.3733 DOC NO-, and Associates 0611 hiK24 HCR 1 Bax 4-34 Archaecooll ogy 'Kmu, Hawaii 96749 Dear Dr. Haun: SUBJECT: Chapter 6E.43 Historic Preservation, Review — ;Rmised Ambaeoiogie d inventory Survey Report for the hand of Kapolsalaea 2 Abapoaa, North Kona Distri et, Island orilawaii 3=27 7 t1U8'i2i Thank you for the opportunity ppo to revrcw this r,,V scd report which our staff received on May 4, 2006 (Haan and Henry 2006, Amhagolegrr:al b"ntory jwwy TMK.• 7-7-05.121, Land of Kapataalaen 2 Ivor/h Krum DM40, &kW q' Etowah ..Hann sial Associates ms). We have previausly provided coming" on the drag report (LOG NO: 2006.15771DOC NO: 4605Ti'08j, and recommended revisions Prior to corrourrmce with ligtufire assossnreats. tlur irtixlal tcquested revisions havo been ,acceptably i addressod in the revised Itport. We concur that all o£the sates aro signtficant under Criterion `D" for their information content. We also i agree that Ship 50-14-37-24534 and X24542 am aim sipillicant under Criterion "E", traditional cultural sigruffcw" These sites consist ora ceremonial and permanat habitation site oomplox (SIM 50-10-37- 24534) sant a perm Mnt habitation site Complex with an associated burial (SM 54-10-37-24542) We aiw agree with the mrtignion commitments that no further work is necessary at SM 50.10-37-6366, •6368, and -6369, all associated with histone livestock control and sa6culture. All of the other srtcs which eonsLo of temporary and permanent habitation ad agricultural sites and complexes, should he subjected to data recovery as mltigatinn (Ship 50-10-37-24839,.24939, 24840, -24941, -24843, 24844, •24845, . rl$46, and 24&17), Alternati,,ely, the pr �ttY owner may wish to consider presetvatton For soma or all of three historic properties. We find this revsscd report to be acceptable. We uWcip0W submittal of a preservation plan for the non - burial Feature; at SM 54.30-1024334 and 24542}, and A burial treatment plan for the bursal fcsntre at the latter site (24542). We also swan a data reoovcry pian fvr those sites far which data recovery ratliar that' pmseavagon is propoetcd. As always, if you disagree with eta comments or have quostions, please cont ret Dr. Melissa r ukendall at (808) 243-5169 as soon as pons a to resolve these c0R=V$. Aloha, ro urian, Administrator S c Historic Prcsorvatioa Division MK-kf Report 442091003 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY TMK: 7-7-08:121, LAND OF KAPALA'ALAEA 2 NORTH KONA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAII Haun & Associates Archaeological, CoNtit , and I ratorual Resaarce Manegetoeat Servives tICR I Box 4730. Remu, ttawub 96749 Phoaa_ 982.7735 Fax. 982-6343 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY SURVEY TMK: 7-7-08:121, LAND OF KAPALA'ALAEA 2 NORTH KONA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAII By. Alan >:i.1-laun, Ph.D. and Dave Henry, B.S prepared for. Mr. Smothers c!0 Ms. Charlene Davis Clark Realty Corporation 78-6831 All'] Drive Kailua-Kona, HI 96740 January 2006 Revised September -2006 Haun & Associates Archy ftmal, Cubural, and Historical Resotuca M-agemeW SaYuxs NCR I Box 4730, Kemu, Hawan 96749 Plmna' 984-7755 Fax- 982.6343 SUMMARY At lite request of Clark Realty Corporation out behalf of Mr, Smothers, Noun 8t Associates conducted an arclraeologiral !m entOry stuvey of T MK 7-2 08121, a 1 l.A acre paw loaned in the 'And of Kn- pata'alnea 2, North Kona District, I#W d of flAW1111 The objccdve Of the survey tons to satisfy historic preservation regulatory review, imeittory regttimmeias of the Dvartmew of Land and Natural Resources - State Wistaw Preservation Dhdsiot (DLNR-SHFDI, as contained wition Hawaii Adralmslonivo Maines, Tine 13, Di.NR, Subtitle 13, Slate Historic Prieervatien RniVI The arelsteelogiCal nawittory survey ddamillled 14 sites with 172 features. The 14 sites COMM of four that wore previously identified and ten that uete Wvty identified throng the inventory surrey. The sites consist of seven single feature sites and seven complexes or feahrres that contain from two to 142 component featrues. The 172 identified features consist Of 120 modified outcrops, 15 wound% 14 plot - forms a enciomaes, 5 terraces S walls, 3 pavements, I kava blister and i walled platform, functionally, the features are, interpreted as agdooihind (n-145), patnancnt habitation (161 perinAnant hatiitaboulbruial (1), ommomad (4), temporary habitation (3), and livestock control (31 The udcahfied sites and features Conform 10 file site and feature Types expected in aha kala zone of die Kona Ffeld System based on previous archaeological work and hatodo documentary resenach, Ptabable prehistoric to early hustoric agricultural fatttues Consist of codosmes, Walla, a terrace, a plsdorrn, modified outcrops and other stono-clearing features scattered in thea icfnity afhubltalion tortures. The k,rin wow was uudidonatly used for cahivating sn"t potatoes, paper nudrerry, and gourd& PArly lusnim crops may have included the traditional ones and Lrtrodcecd cultlgeas sudr as inclons, beam,, cabbage, coffee, onions, or- anges, Corr, pumpkuis, cotton, tobooco, pineapple, and Irish potatoes Habitation features are concentrated In the seaward portion of the project area. These saes tuduk 20 pemwreN habitation lbounes at seven sites wird three teuaporary habitation features at three sites. The titer temporary habitation sites consist. are lava blister and two low pi ol'orms. Those sites are shouted in ,trims of agicultural fhatnres and were probably utilized by indniduals engaged m agricutnrre, Five perma- vent habitation sites ire Small usunity consisting of only one or two features. One site consists of a pave- incnl and platform that was subsequently used for banal Tec pemimictit habitation sit" aro probably part Orono Jorge Complex dual Included residential, ritual and mortuary features, Based upon radiocarbon dates from prm9ously investigated sites in the vionut) (Haan ct al. 1998), traditional Hawaiian use of On arca probably began as early as the 1200s With the most imau ve use Occur- iriig between the 1400s and early 1800s, Portable ninraat9 front test OxCavauous hickidcd food rentmns alai anlfacts Non..uWactud nmteriats consisted of marine shell, kukul nay sea urchin rernior s, Pig boat and a tooth, and waterwom bessit mid coral. Artifacts Included a hammerstone. coral abraders, ad2e fragments, a volcanic glass core, and volcanic Sloss Bakes. AB of the food retuains and artifact ate typical traditional limiafian types, indicating 110 the sacs probably were initially ocerpied in late prehistory All fourtec l sites are assessed as significant under for the site's rnforniation Content 'rhe sacs have yielded Information uuporant for understanding tato prehistoric to historic land use *Ave sites are adddionatly assesscd as cuitwalt) significant to Hauvlitut people. The mapping, written 4"Oeripttonc pho- tography, and test excavations at three sites adequately documents them and no ftuther worts or pmerva- tion is reconirnended. Kure sites retain the potential to yield JaWroafion important for understanding pra- histoctc and historic land use Eight of tla see sites consist of futbhabon featums that neo rtnommcndcd for mitigation through data recovery. The other site is a large COrnplcx of agticulhual features. The remaining two sites are rocomnteudel for picservauon. The plates fix data recovery would iV detailed in a Data Re- covery Plan prepared for DLNR-SHPD review and approval one site Is mcouunended for presenvticn in accordance with a Site Pieselvatnon Plan prepared for DLNR-SHW review and approval. The spoedc plans for presetvauou and maintcranee of a burial feature would be detailed lir a Burlal Treatment Plan prepared for DLNRSAPD and the Hawou Island Burial Council OWL) review and approval. CONTENTS Introduction - 1 Scope of Work t Project Area Description - 1 Field Methods 3 Archaeological and Historical Background • 3 Historical Documentary Research 3 Previous Archaeoiogleattlesearch • 5 Project Expectations - 14 Findings - 15 Conclusion • 60 Dfficuasion - 60 SfgmGcance Assessment 61 Recommended Treaunent . 63 References • 65 APPENDIX A - GPS Coorinates for Sdw - 69 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1, Portion of USGS Kestakokua Quadrangle Showing Project Area Figure 2. Ahupua's Satutddaties and Land Commission Awards • 4 Figure 3. Portion of Emerson's 1880s Map of Kailua 8 Figure 4, Portion of 1928 USGS Kafue Quadrangle 9 Figure 5. Previous Archaeological Work 10 Figure 6, Site Location Map • 16 Figure 7. Site 6366 Walt 19 Figure S. Site 6368, Feature A Wall 19 Figure 9 Site 6369 Plan Map • 21 Figure 10. Size 6369, Feature B, TU -1170-106, North Face Profile - 22 Figure 11. Site 6369, Feature C, TU -1170-52, East Face Profile - 23 Figure 12. Site 24634, Feature B Plan Map • 25 Figure 13, Site 24634, Plan Mapof Features C, F. G and H and TU -18 North Fero Profile 26 1E E': ILLUSTRATIONS (cont) Figure 14. Site 24538 Plan Map and TU -16 Southeast Face Profla • 26 Figure 15. Site 24639 Plan Map and TU -17 North Face Profile • 29 Figure 16. Site 24840 Plan Map and TU -6 Southwest Fete Protlte 31 Figure 17. Site 24841 Plan Map and T0-7 North race Profile • 32 Figure 18. Site 24842 Pian Map and TU -12 North Face Profile 34 Figure 19 Site 24843 Plan Map and TU -11 South Face Profile • 35 Figure 20, Site 24844 Plan Map and Profile4 of TUs 2, 9 and 10 37 Figure 21 Sale 24845 Pian Map and TU -11b East Face Proble 39 Figure 22. Site 24846, Feature A Pian Map and TU -22 West Face Profile • 40 Figure 23 Site 24646, Feature a Plan Map and TU -3 C=ast Face Pnofite • 42 Figure 24_ Site 24846, Feature C Plan Map and TU -19 East Face Profits 43 Figure 26. Site 24646, Feature D Plan Map and TUA Northwest Face Profile 45 Figure 26 Site 24846, Feature E Plan Map and TU -5 South Face Profile 46 Figure 27. Site 24846, Feature F Plan Map and TU-ia South Face Profile 47 Figure 26. Site 24846, Feature G Plan Map and TU -13 North Face Profile 49 Figura 29 Site 24846, Feature H and 1 and Profiles of TUs 20 and 21 50 Figure 30, Site 24847, Feature CU Plan Map and TU -14 North Face Profile • 66 Figure 31 Site 24847, Feature CE Plan Map and TU -8 East Fara Profile . 67 Figure 32, Site 24647, Feali a AB Platt Map and TU -15 Southeast Faoa Profile • 58 Figure 33 Distribution of Permanent Habitation Saes 62 TABLES Table 1, Land Commission Award Claims 6 Table 2. Summary of Previous Archaeological Work 12 Table 3. Summary of ldenbfted Sites . 17 Table 4. Summary of Tact Units 18 Table 5 Summary of Site 24847 Agricultural Features • 52 Table 6. Summary of Permanent Habitation Sites 61 Table 7. Significance Assessment and Recommended Treatment • 64 Iv INTRODUCTION This report presents the MWIS of an arcimcoioglcal inventory survey conducted of ThvIK 1-7- 0&121 located in the land oI Kspala'alaea 2, Notch Kona District. Island of Hawai'i (Figura I), The ob- jecirve of the survey was to satisfy current historic preservation regulatory review inventory recinimments of the Dclarunwit of Laud and Natural Resrnuces-Slate Historic Pmvry con Division (T1LNR-SHPD), as cantiiined widw Jiawati Administrative Rules. Talo 13, DLNR, Subt(da i3, State Historic P/cccn ition Rules (DLNR ZW3), The sttney fieldwork was cmaducted between March 22 and June 29, 2003 under the direction of Dr. Alan Haun_ Approxinately 48 person days were required to camplde the fiolduork, This report in- cludes the project scope of work, project area descrtimon. f old inctleods, background utfarmatnon relccaut to the project area, and sutwy findings. Scope of Work Based on DLNRSBpD rides for urvealoty snrveps the following spcer6c tasks were determined to constitute an appropriate scope of work for the ptcjeat 1. Conduct background tevic% and research of existing archaeological and hisloncai doaimcatary literature "thug to ilia project area and its immediate vicimty— inctudmg oxammation of Laad Commission Awards. ahripaa'a records. historic maps, archival materials, archaeological reports, andodwhisimical seances; 2. Conduct a higtt intensity. 1009A pedestrian survey coverage of the project area, 3. Conduct detidlod mourdmg of all poienually sigtuftcant sites including scale Plan drawings, wi teen descnPtiom and phologrophs, as appropriate; 4 Conduct horned Sali urface testing (marmot excavation) at selected sites to determine fraction; S. Analyze background resemb and field data, mid 6 Prepare and submit Final Report, Project Area Description lite p%lett Won consists of a rougldy rectangular -shaped a l 1 A -acre parcel located m The Lmxl of Kap.da'aluca 2 between 50 Rand 122 R etava m The parcel is bordered on due north and south b} stone waits, on the east by die proposed Ali"i Highway corridor and on the west by ntaieveloped larul Tllc vege- tntron in tin Parcel is compnsed of lora ha0le (l euowna chaos), kFawe (Fmsopis pallfsa [Hunt 8c Bonpi Ex Wind] HBK,), Dpluma (plrhecellabluw rhilev [Roxir.) Bench), lantana (Lanmaa conaral No planta (13rvo1ln'Uum pnnaarum [Lain.] Kuri), amt grasses and vines Ratnihil in tine gmcW viciaty of the project area averages 30 to 40 taches (76 to 102 cut) per year with the meati annual tentperatuae varying from 70 to 93 degrees (Armstrong 1983) Theo terrain Victim die project area slopes slightly to tnoderaidy to llhc west. TMic 5011 whim ace parcel consists of Pmrala'u oe- trentely rocky peat ((-20 % slopes) Ttic Pti alu'u odreatcly rocky peat represents the Pairels'u series of well -drained, thin 01ganio soils (c, 4" duck) over bedrock (Sano ct al, (1973,48). The uodatying bedrock in this area consists of lava frout HualaW Volcano deposit more thou I0,0W yearn aga (Wolfe and Morris 20111) Field Methods The project area was subjected to a 100% surface cwnnnrmUOn vmh the crow members spaced at 10 0 m Intervals The survey transects is were oriented in a roughly aordrsatnh directlon, or perpetahculor to the long aa-ls of the project area Groamd atvface wabtlity throughout the project area was far to excellent - The numerous identifted agncullutal features were subjected to nmmmml remtdarg Thu consisted of to - cording length, width, hmght, and shape. Photographs wore tabor ofrepreseritalrw feninre types: 't be non- agricultural sites were subjected to detailed rcOeding Including pto{mrlug wiled plan maps, completing standardized slWksture jmms, amt photag riptdc documentation. A metal site lag was placed at each site and the tag's location was PkdldA on tine site phm Imp The Imbon "frill sties azul features'vas deter mined by using a Gamtin Glotsal Positioning System (GPS) Bl+. Tho acenaacy of the GPS device for a single point is */, 13 nt Thisaccaracy is increased to Icss than c 3-5 meters by Wong nmdbple points iia eluding properly -ori ers and ovorl"ag tine plotted points on a sealed map using AntoCAD software. Subsarisee testlas coltsisted of the excavation Of23 lost on,,$ excavated at 23 lratures of 10 sites. All exc ivauonswern dug in slrategraphio layers and wem terminated ou bedrock area fire identification of human mmaias. Excavation retains were prepared atter rite completion Or each strattgtspbic toyer: The sats removed during the excavations was screened through l" ITOh• Variable ramams collwixi were placed lit paper bugs laboted with the appropriate provenience infonttatlon RecavaW charcoal was 001100ted from or situ locadous or during the scrcordng process• The dweaat was placed within foil pouches and Placed within prepay labour paper bags. Following the excavation of Uta teats, a section, drawing 4epic-9 the $11211gmplry w" prepared Upon WerWficailoo of the human. reta mus in on WIk this talons wore tanjrped and recorded and the Oak was reburied alai the serfage structure was careWy racoasttutxod Recovered cukhrral mantis aria unnsported to I iaim At Asacciates' offitm for artaipads. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Historical Documentary Research The pTojco am is located within the abirpaa'a of Kapala'alam 2, In the district of Nardi Kona (FYgura 2). Kapada'atses is literally translated as to Out or stain red (Pakw and Mbar 1986) Early events documernod in the Kons rcgwnai traditional history aro associated with 'Umi-od.riM llawaN was first unified ander the ride of 'Umi-a-Uloa and Kona was selected as a dwelling place of aludf (Kamal®u 1961] The area ties within the rudm of the intdnt urAl liawmn in political aathorttvv that was centered is the Kailua-Kesuhoa ares from al least Orc I P coolary to lite reign of Kmad amd a L Kam akau (196 1) uuiic•nes that Kapals'Alaca was one of Kameltamahs's denies: Kamdtanreha established yeady fwsts as a time of nest from labor when men might re- gain dicta strength At the close of the I" month of each year a tabu was placed on oat- htg the flesh of anittads or of coconuts, and at the chase of the year a pig aas placed Ott the altar (tile), arcolads were opened, and a feast tori held lasting seven days drnnng which fift food was prepared for the occasion it was at this two dial the gmae god WAS carried around. This god was the sad Or ,all earls of athletic exercises. Food was sttp- plicd by the govorumerd"of thin c6lWW by the hininmds orevery din W doff lite a caking days cot aside fir the ming chief. and were givim aver of once to the PC" for die fi YsBYvrtte s, As the god, Kapala-'alma. and The goddess, Kdta mtuno, were bome along, the side toward the so was tabs and the We rewind the: t acroartatn was face. Any- one who brehe the tabu by gorng on the tabu side paid a One, tad if he saw the deity and prostrated luomff he $awe hrmcelftrom the penalty (1961.I60) 2 3 • � ' Si • 'r.• rY f :�i e �•'' t n i n Field Methods The project area was subjected to a 100% surface cwnnnrmUOn vmh the crow members spaced at 10 0 m Intervals The survey transects is were oriented in a roughly aordrsatnh directlon, or perpetahculor to the long aa-ls of the project area Groamd atvface wabtlity throughout the project area was far to excellent - The numerous identifted agncullutal features were subjected to nmmmml remtdarg Thu consisted of to - cording length, width, hmght, and shape. Photographs wore tabor ofrepreseritalrw feninre types: 't be non- agricultural sites were subjected to detailed rcOeding Including pto{mrlug wiled plan maps, completing standardized slWksture jmms, amt photag riptdc documentation. A metal site lag was placed at each site and the tag's location was PkdldA on tine site phm Imp The Imbon "frill sties azul features'vas deter mined by using a Gamtin Glotsal Positioning System (GPS) Bl+. Tho acenaacy of the GPS device for a single point is */, 13 nt Thisaccaracy is increased to Icss than c 3-5 meters by Wong nmdbple points iia eluding properly -ori ers and ovorl"ag tine plotted points on a sealed map using AntoCAD software. Subsarisee testlas coltsisted of the excavation Of23 lost on,,$ excavated at 23 lratures of 10 sites. All exc ivauonswern dug in slrategraphio layers and wem terminated ou bedrock area fire identification of human mmaias. Excavation retains were prepared atter rite completion Or each strattgtspbic toyer: The sats removed during the excavations was screened through l" ITOh• Variable ramams collwixi were placed lit paper bugs laboted with the appropriate provenience infonttatlon RecavaW charcoal was 001100ted from or situ locadous or during the scrcordng process• The dweaat was placed within foil pouches and Placed within prepay labour paper bags. Following the excavation of Uta teats, a section, drawing 4epic-9 the $11211gmplry w" prepared Upon WerWficailoo of the human. reta mus in on WIk this talons wore tanjrped and recorded and the Oak was reburied alai the serfage structure was careWy racoasttutxod Recovered cukhrral mantis aria unnsported to I iaim At Asacciates' offitm for artaipads. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Historical Documentary Research The pTojco am is located within the abirpaa'a of Kapala'alam 2, In the district of Nardi Kona (FYgura 2). Kapada'atses is literally translated as to Out or stain red (Pakw and Mbar 1986) Early events documernod in the Kons rcgwnai traditional history aro associated with 'Umi-od.riM llawaN was first unified ander the ride of 'Umi-a-Uloa and Kona was selected as a dwelling place of aludf (Kamal®u 1961] The area ties within the rudm of the intdnt urAl liawmn in political aathorttvv that was centered is the Kailua-Kesuhoa ares from al least Orc I P coolary to lite reign of Kmad amd a L Kam akau (196 1) uuiic•nes that Kapals'Alaca was one of Kameltamahs's denies: Kamdtanreha established yeady fwsts as a time of nest from labor when men might re- gain dicta strength At the close of the I" month of each year a tabu was placed on oat- htg the flesh of anittads or of coconuts, and at the chase of the year a pig aas placed Ott the altar (tile), arcolads were opened, and a feast tori held lasting seven days drnnng which fift food was prepared for the occasion it was at this two dial the gmae god WAS carried around. This god was the sad Or ,all earls of athletic exercises. Food was sttp- plicd by the govorumerd"of thin c6lWW by the hininmds orevery din W doff lite a caking days cot aside fir the ming chief. and were givim aver of once to the PC" for die fi YsBYvrtte s, As the god, Kapala-'alma. and The goddess, Kdta mtuno, were bome along, the side toward the so was tabs and the We rewind the: t acroartatn was face. Any- one who brehe the tabu by gorng on the tabu side paid a One, tad if he saw the deity and prostrated luomff he $awe hrmcelftrom the penalty (1961.I60) 2 3 Schik t1984) summarized Knilua's early histone period. In lire late I7Ws to early 1900s, Karoo- hamchs monopolized foreign com merve including the provisioning of tm(hng and whaling ships and be- ginning in 1811 Ute sandalnvod trade The first missionaries arrived in Knihua in 1820, but only stayed d few months. They returned in 1823 and hem given land to establish missions amid by 1825 schools. 'Re gradual shill from subsistence ramu ng to a market economy began with the introduction of coffee, core, pumpkins, Ston, pineapple, and Inch potatoes is the 1820s to 1840s Introduced early historic crops Culti- vated in lite vjciany of Kailta below 500 R elevation included melons, cabbage, onions, oranges, and to- bacco ylle introduction of Battle ranching and coumtencial coffee production in the and- 180os caused fm- tholr ciumge to the traditional agricultural $)stent Tho Khakmi Wall, which was Will to control die move- ment of livertook, is situated a short distance seaward ortheproject area Tate watt's c(nstrotfon began to tbo nerdy )soon Its completion in the rend-I850s is attributed to Governor Ku nkiru. During the Grew Mahele. Kapala`alaea I was given o Queen Kalama (LCA 445211) Thu Land Commission Award (LCA) and subsoquent kutrmta chimes in Kapala'aittea are fisted in Table 1.1be lotm- tions of all awarded parcels are shown in Dgum 1 The Wmbona'Aua (2000) Mahcle Dotaba= wluch is a counpdation of data from the Indices of Awards (Indices 19291. Nadva Register (NR rd-), Nanva Testimony (Nr and I, lreceign ttagisw (Fit a d.) and Foreign 7 ostrmomy (Ff ad ), lists twelve LCA claims for forty -sire parcels w•[then Kap da'alam the project ate& is situated wtthn LCA 5679 awarded to Kaaha who had an encolused house kat on the parcel. l7drieen parcels were awarded to ran: claimants. The awarded kalaarna parcels range free 0.15 to 3,64 acres in arca with an average of 2,07 acres. All, except two awards, cons'$( of tw•o parcels. the remaining awards consisted of a single awarded parcol The tostieomes refer to at least six OF land dmswns 11doa (1-3), Kupepano. Kenuku, and Moemoku. The awarded parcels ata concentrated in two arcus. One cluster of six awarded parcels Is dil- ated at die coast. The other cluster of four parcels is situated between USO R and (,250 ft eicaation House lots are desaibcd in the testimonies for coastal parcels Home lata and cultivation ate described fat the inland parcels. The traijonry of claimed ked parcels were conveyed to the claimants during the time of Kame- iamchn I by the claluant's parent& Six claims t=hhded house lots with at feast 9 lmuses. Waxing walls aro described for three hale lots. The testnmomes refer to 52 klitiVal, tkuteen cultivated sechons, sad 11 secuam. Only one charm teUrmo ty meahow specdic crops LCA 6092 mentmra oro aurin of sweet pota- (acs, gourds, and earn. Emmon's 19949 map of Kogan (1-7gm a 3) shows KapehValaoa 2 as oansnsuag of at least three grants. The seaward portion is Grant 3019 to Koaipulu. Tke inland portion is comprised of two grants Gam 1756 to Keokt, and Gram 1747 to Kckaukali. Tle seaward boundary of the hiland forest is at ap- proximately goo ft elevation in Kapala slave. Commercial sugar sae cultrvatum in [lie Kailua area was attempted in die Iia IHWs and early 1900s. but was abandoned by the mid -1920s (Kelly 1983) G1tdc reaching and coffee cultivation continued during the late 18001 and 1900& A 1928 USGS clundrangie nap (AYgmre d) shows a trail or road extending from the coast along the northern side of Kapala'alaca to Kuakrm highway, Two looses aro shown on the mland side of the highway and a railroad line. Construction of the milmad began in 1901 by the West Ha - war i Railway Company (Garde and Best 1973). Tie railroad was conshacted to trimsport sugar cane to the Kadwr Sugar Company Mill situated in W urtha At feast two other hmrscsam shown on the seaward side of the inland road In Kaptda'alaea By die 1970s, the rapidly developing toonsm industry began to transfbrnn the region's land use from ranching mrd commercial agrtalture5 except coffee production, to subdivisums, resorts. ail commercial establishments. Previous Archaeological Research At least 17 archaeological survey and excavation projects have becrt conducted to Kapala'id= and portions of tine adjaccut ahapua'a of lAudon and Pahoclarc. Flgum 3 $limos file laeadoas of de pro J Table 1. Land Commission Award Claims ®mMM==G=M=IxM Rm=E30 ��oOt���J0 ,�d�lm000CiTi� .i.ii���o�oomo■■■.���i� �r����0© D■i■■ice .rte■■�i»��■■��■� KID-Ift"M Table 1. Land Commission Award Claims (cont.) Q=MS=O®=M= IMM=M== .i.ii���o�oomo■■■.���i� App— W-im Aa LO.0- Figure 3. Portion of Emerson's 1890s Map of Kfulua 9 ---------- Figure 4. Pomun of 1928 USGS Kaaua Quadrangle 9 t 1 t t A tl i I � F 10 �i t-"_r'----� i N t iw e: 1 W 6 0 leets and Table 2 summarizes the projects Not included in the figure arc tilt general stidles by Stokes (Stokes and Dye 1991), which focused oil mfr sites, primarily kefau, throughout Hawaii Wand, and the West Hawaii survey by Rch"e (1930). Stokes idcratfied a platforms known to his Inronmua as Kcawomua Hctau in Kapala'alsea. local residents bold Stokes that the ala was the forum residence of yak). Reineke'S (193M) coastal survey identified several sites along the coast in Or Hear Kapaia'a4wr; however, lased on his map and descriptions it is not possible to verify the exact location of the sites tda- uve to the ahupan a boundaries. He describes a anall well -bulli platrOM a platform and pan on the sea- ward side of the coastal mad, and a popaedrr that aro probably in Kapala'alaea 2. He described a rough plat- form on the bomAq of Knpnla'alaw I and 2, and a complex of three to feur booed piatfom, a carted knilitsg, and sahpans wh the pa®ttsouih of 1mlos Bay He also tendons did pro"= of at least four occu- p ell, or receatjy occupied, tesideaoeu std a wndmtlt. The probers rn Table 2 cover over 200 acres of Napala'alaa kleud¢rmg 93 dies with 213 fea- tures To aid in reoartstmeting settlement a0ents features wtit geaniitied by probable age and function, and the studies are ordered by clevauion Traditional Hawadaat 1iwaWres veto categorGud as 1 Intatron, ag- ruvltu al, burial {t'lxluding possible burials), and ritual habitation sites are fartbet subdivided into le»po - nary and perm at w for guises making this distinction. Density volae are given for sites, features, and hatnlWun wuj agniculttral kattrea Overall, the studies hart idmlftd $0 habitation features babitations. 113 agtrwpuml feaanas, 24 bwols, and 1001 feature Historic foaturta were not aegdgated by function. The rtgjority of lite historic features etc mach walla Overall Wine density valets, ai dudiag siuveys of less than 10 ocres range from 0 to 20 features per acro. Habitation featmre dewily for pmos larger than 10 sea mnges from 0 to 0 56 features per acro Agrhadtmal feature density Ong" from 0,08 to 2.13 rarities persere. The highest feature dcn- aty comes IYom am stWU 2.9.aacre loafers of the proposal Ali'l Highway somdor in Kapala'alaxa between 129 A and 140 A div UM The projdp area lies within the Awla Harm of Ore Kona Field System, SEV Site 6601 (Newman 1970, Kelly 1983, StdWt 1984, Candy 1995), This silo exionds north to Kan Niupua'a, south to Honallawk Had Tian ilea ttaeline to rho foro�ed dapca of 1loralalni- 'rbc arca was intenslwdj+ caluvattd rad served as the moo ce base for the to p m ilmW ofshlofs and r WoM that ucctWred the Kailua-Kdauboa c029 The chametwistix stud geadml Iocadona of the devation zones of the system described by Newman (1970) Imre boar coWhmed and dlabotated on by subsequent ellumhistorical hlvestigations (Kolly 1983). The sys- tem is subdivided into four devotion zonas The Auld2onc extends hum sea level to 400 it ctdvalton. Cordy (1993) Las suggested that We tqr- per limit of this tomo may be higher between 600.70011 elevation. Ibis lower elevation zone traditiomdly was used for habitation and cultivation of sweet potatoes, paper mul icay (eke), and Sounds. Aguwllural features, including clearing mounds, pliewhig momuls, planting depressions, meddled outcrops, and plam- ing lemurs, arc common in this zone (Hammad and Clark 1980; Hamman and Folk 1990; Schilt 1984). Habitations am m=attered throughout We Atria, but they aro oona:ntmted along the shorctind portion Of the zone (Cordy 19931 no shoreline portion, extending approximately 200 to Wand, was the lbws of perma- nent habitation awl activities such as buttal, canoe storage, ritual, and matme exploitation. Royal centers ami cluatly resulanc s wore also atualod near the sborelme. These complexes included resnlences for lugh status individuals and then supporters and nuendants, heeou, planet of rcthge„ holua slides, and other stnec- Tho kala wiry zone extents @om 500 to 100011 elevation. The zone was used der cultivating sweet potatoes, paper mulberry, and especially breadfiuit. Archaeologically, this zona Is not dlsUngulsltablo koro the adjacent apo a ratio (Cordy 1995) The apo a zone is situated between 1000 and 25001t elevation, nis zone traditionally was used for dryland cultivation of taro, sugar cam. MW punto, and 14 pommucat habitations "re presom in fire apa a zmm, but were infrequent (Cordy 1995, Burchard 1995) DtvWmgs were observed by early historic chronicles, but Wrest were probably for tetupotary use in eortiu n tion with agriculture, bud lupi , and collecting of plant resources. Burials and find sites are two in the tipper elevation mom (Kawaclu 19891 Kua lW are prominent agricultural fralwas of the kala'ulu and aper a zones (Cordy 1993, New- man 1970). These due broad, litter piles of racks built from stones cleared from the aebacent slopes that also served as field boumbrim kna M are oriented udand-samwrd filen interconnected with papendicu- tar, sett-rmarniug walls and terraces fanning rectaegtdar grid pattern of fields, X nrl also served to con- trol Min ho rtmeff (KOeh 1985), Those formal At* contrast with Motu informal Arden arms ciwactw- lecd by scaltered agrimlurMl features in very rocky areas, such as young lava flows, and mach of the rata zone - The aeric 5r zona adeads from 2500 ft to 4000 d elevation_ The zone was essoctatet( with banana and plantain euhlva4on. Tho aroMoological trails of Ott zone have not been wdt "nod, but temporary )tabtial'wns were probably pmsent associated with agricuiture and exploitation of forest wSouries (Anon 094), (Irdy ilea radiocarbon dates arc reported for Kapala'slsca in Udo studies by Marin rt al (1998) and llnmrnntl et OL (19851 flatter et al (1998) report an age mago of AD 1442.1683 from a ptrmanizmt habits - tion she. Ifammil et al. (1981) report ageranges of 1440.1620 from a cave, 1645-19SO from an enclosure; and two aides 1660-)94S imd 1653-1930, from a tetrnoe. Sdiik (1994Y used admmatam gathered From the Kuakmn highway RwIpmtet Curndw or-" ra woh to wwma a fdvn- b"s ohrmmvlugr of avillemtan and Geld system devciopmem in iltekslortme as Mover Pb41e I -Pierer Settlement (c AD 1050.1400) VW ordeal, sporadic use of for hind slopes and cavo sheitoralust shwa One Karina Baystea Probably contempotanetrus with pioneer setitarrcras ahem, the oust, Devehiprttent of oro or am of W maaka sob- of the Koos Frets Syswn may have aomure11" in the later portion afthts phase. Phase 11- Garden Derelapments (1400.160011650) failed ass of the Wa sub -zone for small gaideaa and of the caves for temporary "tor Sivalonal dgmsitionr, resulting from development of the upland sub-zmnes, began to bury an old ground surface and gradually created degwa itg soil deposits on kula lead. Phase til- Refuge, Habitatimt and latensivdE%temdve Gardening (1600/1650.1779) Bxlonsive development of at least the maake portion of the kuta subzoue, lar sweet pota- toes, wmkv, and probably also gourds. This development wes accompanied rarely by Waisoeu hahhanan and more often by temporary and acasond babitanam onmug the krdrr gardrots Admarl cetclosores, probably for pigs, may date to this phase. The upland zones were under ewmpicto development by this time. Suitable cavus were modified for rttbge during ii ees of WOMPa or aadaal conflict. Caves located In the Midsi of garden features were intensively used for temporary aheitcr cul work spaces. ;Phan IV - Historic Habitadoe and Gardening (1779.1950) The c oldvatioo of kala hinds gradtially decreased in ardent and intensity, never"oss reawnung Important to a decreasing population. Permanent lobitahoms on mho kula during Ods phase occurred pit. mari7y on the makat side of the Cres wall of Kuakmi. in 1848, Haaalia s were claiming an undetermined portion of kala iaatds, but none eftluse kala claim were hatored by the Baird of land Commissioners (Kelly 1983). Some kala lands were being converted to gazing beginning in the 1840x. Phase V - Historic Ranching (1850 -Modem Times) Land -use shifted completely to gmzing, following the awards of kula lands to chiefs, missionaries, and others (Kelly 1983) Isolated permanent habitations on upland slopes of the We were oriented to reaching. Today ranclwng is not as erneasive as it once was. Kapua in tecout years has been rapldly developing as a tourist and urban hub for leeward Hawaii Island (Schdt 1934:294) White suhsgpucet @,odc has generally confirmed Schiit's chronology, the data from Haun et al (1948) and Dye and Kamm (1992) indicate a peak in dating da mils in Uat J400 -IM sad a decline after 12 13 ;E Zw S A r . nI fill g g§ � flit ig ttae lis Kua lW are prominent agricultural fralwas of the kala'ulu and aper a zones (Cordy 1993, New- man 1970). These due broad, litter piles of racks built from stones cleared from the aebacent slopes that also served as field boumbrim kna M are oriented udand-samwrd filen interconnected with papendicu- tar, sett-rmarniug walls and terraces fanning rectaegtdar grid pattern of fields, X nrl also served to con- trol Min ho rtmeff (KOeh 1985), Those formal At* contrast with Motu informal Arden arms ciwactw- lecd by scaltered agrimlurMl features in very rocky areas, such as young lava flows, and mach of the rata zone - The aeric 5r zona adeads from 2500 ft to 4000 d elevation_ The zone was essoctatet( with banana and plantain euhlva4on. Tho aroMoological trails of Ott zone have not been wdt "nod, but temporary )tabtial'wns were probably pmsent associated with agricuiture and exploitation of forest wSouries (Anon 094), (Irdy ilea radiocarbon dates arc reported for Kapala'slsca in Udo studies by Marin rt al (1998) and llnmrnntl et OL (19851 flatter et al (1998) report an age mago of AD 1442.1683 from a ptrmanizmt habits - tion she. Ifammil et al. (1981) report ageranges of 1440.1620 from a cave, 1645-19SO from an enclosure; and two aides 1660-)94S imd 1653-1930, from a tetrnoe. Sdiik (1994Y used admmatam gathered From the Kuakmn highway RwIpmtet Curndw or-" ra woh to wwma a fdvn- b"s ohrmmvlugr of avillemtan and Geld system devciopmem in iltekslortme as Mover Pb41e I -Pierer Settlement (c AD 1050.1400) VW ordeal, sporadic use of for hind slopes and cavo sheitoralust shwa One Karina Baystea Probably contempotanetrus with pioneer setitarrcras ahem, the oust, Devehiprttent of oro or am of W maaka sob- of the Koos Frets Syswn may have aomure11" in the later portion afthts phase. Phase 11- Garden Derelapments (1400.160011650) failed ass of the Wa sub -zone for small gaideaa and of the caves for temporary "tor Sivalonal dgmsitionr, resulting from development of the upland sub-zmnes, began to bury an old ground surface and gradually created degwa itg soil deposits on kula lead. Phase til- Refuge, Habitatimt and latensivdE%temdve Gardening (1600/1650.1779) Bxlonsive development of at least the maake portion of the kuta subzoue, lar sweet pota- toes, wmkv, and probably also gourds. This development wes accompanied rarely by Waisoeu hahhanan and more often by temporary and acasond babitanam onmug the krdrr gardrots Admarl cetclosores, probably for pigs, may date to this phase. The upland zones were under ewmpicto development by this time. Suitable cavus were modified for rttbge during ii ees of WOMPa or aadaal conflict. Caves located In the Midsi of garden features were intensively used for temporary aheitcr cul work spaces. ;Phan IV - Historic Habitadoe and Gardening (1779.1950) The c oldvatioo of kala hinds gradtially decreased in ardent and intensity, never"oss reawnung Important to a decreasing population. Permanent lobitahoms on mho kula during Ods phase occurred pit. mari7y on the makat side of the Cres wall of Kuakmi. in 1848, Haaalia s were claiming an undetermined portion of kala iaatds, but none eftluse kala claim were hatored by the Baird of land Commissioners (Kelly 1983). Some kala lands were being converted to gazing beginning in the 1840x. Phase V - Historic Ranching (1850 -Modem Times) Land -use shifted completely to gmzing, following the awards of kula lands to chiefs, missionaries, and others (Kelly 1983) Isolated permanent habitations on upland slopes of the We were oriented to reaching. Today ranclwng is not as erneasive as it once was. Kapua in tecout years has been rapldly developing as a tourist and urban hub for leeward Hawaii Island (Schdt 1934:294) White suhsgpucet @,odc has generally confirmed Schiit's chronology, the data from Haun et al (1948) and Dye and Kamm (1992) indicate a peak in dating da mils in Uat J400 -IM sad a decline after 12 13 (fie mid -1600x. This any Indicate flint the increase in habitation and agricultural activity in 8011111's Phase III may have begun as much astwo centuries carver. PROJECT EXPECTATIONS The pmjccd area is situated in the lower portion of the kala none of Wo Kona Field. Based on pre- vious archaeological research and historical documentary evidence, expected pmt idork to early hbstork remsahs include pemumwa and temporary habaatrons, helm, shrines, and bunsk Temporary babliation sites in caves, ammal enclosures, and agricultural features including clearing mmhmds, planting depressumas, modified onrcmps, onnd (maces am Mise potcn48lfy lmtawu Mos( of those feo(rres weld punt-ibo A D 1600 Expected historic remains dating to the I Mos to Mils include residence; and agricultural frra- ture; and walls matldag property boundaries and serving to control Maock FINDINGS T1c archaeologrsal inventory survey idenufled 14 sites with 172 AM= (Figura 6) The 14 sites Coaast of slur that were previously identified and tan slag welts newly Wmifacxl during the luvemory siu- vey, Thee Oka& Consist ofsaavaa smgbe feature we3 and sevens oamplaxos offemufas that contain front U- to 142 0011tpo MI features. 711e 172 identified faauros Coastst of 120 modaficd 01111010ps, 15 mounds, 14 plm- forms, 8 angio nuc•& 5 tormoes 5 wails. 3 pavements, l lava Witter and 1 walled platform. Fmiotiot llY. the featious are interpreted as agacelito (awl 45). permanent 11041:01100 (16). pcataanert habrta11001 had (1), core,, real (4), temporary habitation (31 and inEstock control (3). The 14 ide(Wficd sties art summarized in Fable j and am,discussedbelow, Smbsmface testing v+nihitt the project am Itas caiasmsted of the excavation. 61`25 units at 24 features (Tabir 4 This testing is oomprisrd of Iwo nnuis excavated by Dtnm and Rosendahl (1991) and 23 exca- vated during the present KoiacL T11a tasted fadnres consist of i I piodbnuus (Sacs x4334 - Featum 0, 24839, 24840, 24841, 24842 - Faabro A. 2484).24844 - Feature B. 24846 - FaWUM C, H and 14 and 24847 - Feature G6), four temrces (Site; 6369 -Feature C. 24846 -Futures 11 maxi I and 24847 - Feature AB), lux oacki utas (gifts 24844 - Feature A, 24846 - Ftabues A and 0), two modMed oulomps (SIMS 6369 - Feata 9 and 24847-l:cat6ro Ct1), (w6 pavammtts (Silas 29845 and 24846 - FCAW a A), a lova Waster (Site 24838) and a wailed pladbrut (Site 24846 -Feats F). 7be reDdM of the. (csting that has been conduoicil within this parcel we sumamixed in the following site iimnpdaft Site 6386 She 6366 is a gone wan that forms the northern project area boundary. loaned on the boundary between Kapala *m 1 and 2. The ;vett was first identified by Ching at a1. (1973) with scawaar4 passions between Av'b Drive and the Kmkini Ilighamy brag bears roomded by Hammett 0979j, Hommon and Rosmudahh (1983), Main and Rasondabl ( "I9 Ilaun at aL (1998) amt Cuegg a aL (2005 An into nd par- tron of tie wall was reogided by Moate ct aL (2003) at ekvaaons raging from 680101,000 & The portion of this wall vvlduu the pm)od was is 338.9 m in length (east-avit*C t by wea- southweg), originating at a 48 it dowal)oa and axtembng upslope to o. 125 tl. Tia modality of tho wall is Intact, Will of sladed cobbles and amok boulders with faced sides said a corv,4111a COWW Urxrot 71HW Jana sections sago m width from 0.9 to 13 m and in height from 0.9 to 3.4 at (Frgww 7) Pardons of the wall bavo collapsed, pri nanly attributable to the oanstmalon of houses adjaverd to the pro)= area to the aorlh No cultural mmains were found In association with the wall though modern trash, 011111011 looter and trot trimmings Java been deposited to the sawh of the wall vAtbin (he p%lect area The location of thus wall on an aahrtpaa a boundary suggests it functioned to delineate a land division; howavet its height and method of construction indicates its primary fanxxion was to restrict are nwvcm m of livestock The watt is anoint and to fair candtlgm_ Site 6368 Site 6368 is a site comprised of two slope walls that rotas first Wentified by Ching of al. as a single cattle bmna lmy vM4 (1973,1121 Honmaa► and Rosendahl (1983 240) atai Dau cad Rosendald (1991:14) also examined the WAIL Haan et aL telocated the original wall (Featnm A) and Added a ae=4 associated wall (Psalms a) to the nuc (1998;37]) Archaeological Cinsuhatta of (Ie Pacific (At:2'; (Iregg dt al. 2005) also idonfifle !the Feamae A wall ad assigned it a new Ship Site number (Silo 24039) 110 location of the Site 6368 walls a depicted inF4w 6. The Feature A »all forms the southern pMoct area botmdWY 04 is located on the land drvnsaon between Kapala'alm 2 and Kahalu'u. It orders Ova PMiM arca m P. 51 ft elevation and a earls tipslopc to the northeast a distance of 2'72.5 in vvbW it exits the passel at a 92 it elevation. The wall Is built of stacked cobbles no &mail Walden; with faced sides and a oore-filled cobble Iadenar(ligae 8). The wall ranges in width fmmo.1 to l.t in aaadin W#A ftin 10 to 1,5 in and Is generally mina with only mtnimnl Collapse prasend, Na Cuhtuml romaine were present. v 110 56 90 Iw q 60 f20 1606 0 20 40 80tH dkT mss � 70 U4w At Q uAx "�Ava�t °Ao Mbt toOn AL °� p 9s Al a ON HO BA %CA am D4" gCO Qo IF sem. AI% 6 OREED H7 CY OM B ,q AgAu b.{rs�l7 �A 7a 4a5U aCL coo DR 0 on RL iQ c° CY ODA a aas EK o Wo CR B aEc &Aar a DBooc RBA� a sw A BGDf.0 OPA 2044 &Q aha pDT a DY ovu mboMt 4 21543 oDZ DWO OA.AFWAwnIFMft*ESfftUI47 ww4a't08 r€gm!e o. bile i.o=on map Table 3. Summary of ldotMed Sites on mom��i■�����m��n�o� �� �0��0�1111�1011� �o�o■■o��nu�o��a o �o�o���n�cu�n��■�m m�m�0��0�101��0=�11 m�mmoo�oo�mn�o� Table 4. Summary of Test Units Teal Una SNa T Fu Ske Arcs a Ca vmm Is 24848,F.W.F Wdadpbdlorm PormwwdHabbOon 20xZD 400 pol.ealrctnalns 1b 24845 PMMOM PamwnaM Heb wm 1010 10 100 comm osm 2 24544, Femum A E.rolwae Pemmwd Hab0s6.. 0 6 x M5 025 CUMSnd (m.ebrc S 24848, Fed.se a Topme Permm it Hablgbn 1 Ox 1.0 100 Cuku.d ramdl. 4 24018.Fedure0 Enoksma PG now HahkeOan OAX86 025 cwkoldrmndw 5 24648. PwMe E PleBmm Pem.9..M HeWhMan 1 Ox x 1 0 100 CAW r...b. 6 24840 pkdtam pamarmdHebbom 1.6X" 226 cwbwf...b. T 24841 pkbam Tampwq HWA@fion f Ox x 1.0 100 Cuku.t....b. 8 24647, Fed= CE Pb fmn AWkWbas 1Oxx10 100 NooWWmlemx.. 9 24544. Feature 6 pkuwm Pemwwil Habblkn I.Ox x 10 100 Cufiad.m.ins 10 24841, FeaWoA Erm1mm Pwm.nnd Hd*89an 1Axx10 100 C.dl.d mask. 11 24843 PhUam Pem.n.d HabMtkn 1.3 x 1 A 1.30 Cu%W rands. 12 13 24842.FeaaseA 24648, Fedae 0 PhHa.n Endoeum pam.rhd A Permm.nl HabhUm "o100 Ob x O.5 0.26 CukwW.amebaandBurk1 Cuked MAN 14 24W. F*Mm OU A1sd81ad .MOV AFW*- 1Ax x 1A 140 No adbsd R1s 16 24847, Feature As Tenure AWkWk- 1 A x 10 IAD No cum" made. 18 24838 Lm~ TempaarHobk m asX0.5 D.26 CWb.rel.omW. 17 1 24838 ph8am TempawryHabka6on Mx10 140 CWhxd. n*m 111 24534 Faahas0 Pldfam cwom.4d fOxx1A tA0 cwmw mab. 10 24646. FUWM C pkvdrm Pwmwwd HabRftn IAX X 10 140 Cukad.aaeb. 20 24048, Fab" H Fkdfmn Pmenmt Hehkdbn f Ax x 10 100 Cut".0.0h 21 24848, FealumI Tama Pamanad HOhb Um SAWA 100 C.rlhed...Wns 22 2484% Fwbae A Pava *M Penrm*M HabWo 1.Ox x 1.0 100 Culled mmabn 1170.106' 8389 F"tum a Mcd %d A 100 Cukwal.m.W i 17052' 8369 FaeWre C Tam re gTold 100 21.80 No cuWxA reffoft ,-Oxnebdby0—ardRow *Np➢90 rYli�1; Figure 7. Site 6366 Wall, view to north t JW' ;. Figure 8. She 6368, Feature A Wall, view to south 19 to 'rite Feature R wait Is located in the in the mland portion or the project area, extending botween the Site 6366 wall in the north and the Site 6368, Feature A wail in the south. It is also built of stacked cab - bks and small boulders with faced sides and a core-Glhai cobbls Interior. The won ranges in width from 0 65 to 1.0 in and in height from 0 75 to I A m. The southern and of tho wail, where it h 1SWVx is Site 6368, Feature A is located just outside the project to the an at c. 94 R eleva" It amends in a wooly north - northwesterly direction for 143,5 in where it terminates against the soup side of the Site 6366 yell at V- 105 R elavallon. Examination of the intersections with Site 6366 and 6368, Feature A revealed that the wall stones overlap, indicating that these three walls were constructed contemporaneously. No cultural no- mains were present to association with Feature 8, The Feature A and B walls are interpreted as livestock control features based on then height and method of eombuction The location of Feature A on the load "on between. Kapala'siea 2 and Ka- haln'u Indicates 4 also funci immd as a boundary marker, The Feature B wall appears, to haw divided the area between Sims 6366 mid 6368, Fenture A into a large encimare, potentadly bounded by the Great Wali of Kuakird (Site 6302) which is located c. 30.0 in seaward of the present project area. The site le unaltered and to good condition. Site 6369 Site 6369 is a complex of I I failures that partially wrkm& into thin ialsad portion or the p mjcd arca. This site, was first acted by Ching at act. (1973) and has been documented by Hommon and Roscadahl (19531 Duan and itoseridald (199 1) and Haim et W. (1"4 The lanhois of the site consist of two encu sums (Points a A and G), live modiQW outcrops (Features B, D, F,1 aid K), two terraces (Features C and 6) and two wams (Pastures H and 4 Figure 9)). Only threw of theta features aro present within the present pmlect arca (Features B. C and E). Faidnre B is a roughly triangular-shaped modified outcrop loeatod at the nuahwastaro eorrair of Sita 6369. It has overall dimensions of 6.0 m long (nalh south) and 4 0 to wide, built of pdad cobbles and Saudi boulders on a bedrock aiW"- Tito sides of the Blattae ramp in height thorn OA to 0.71 in and the aeatface is —wised of uneven cobbles and small boulden with eco eohmml remai. present, Duna ead Rosaidald (199 1) excavated a 10 by IA in test odt (TU-117im00 into the center of the feature, temaliig two layers over bedrock (Flgare 14 Layer 1 consisted of 0.06 to its m of cobbles and small boulders with no cultural famine present. Thhs was underlain by 0.03 to 0.3 m of a vary dark brown (7.5YR 2M) silt team (Layer 11). Cultural remains from this deposit consisted ofa tangle volcanic glass Rake Feature C is a crude terrace situated. 100 at south of tune B. *IU terrace le roughly oval in shape and Is 40 m long (cast -west) and 32 ne wide, built oplast the east sale of a bedrock outcrop A crudely smtkad and piled cobble and small boulder retaining wail extends along the qmA oast and south sodas of the atnOmOv and tiltSWAM is comprised of woven cobbles =4 small boulders No cultural re- mains wore present_ Duma and Rosendald (1991) oimavoted a 1.0 by 10 m test unit (TU -1170-52t into the center of the featom ramaUtig two layers over bedrock. (FIgure 111 Layer I waisted of0 35 to 0,31 no of cobbles and small boulders wfth no cultural remains piesem. This was umderktk+ by 0.08 to 0.17 an orit very dark brown (I OYR 212) to dark brown (iOYR 313) silt Mann (Layer fi). No cultural remains were pre - seal. Feature E is a sinali evade te"M situated adjacent M Feature C to the northeast It is line in shape and is 3.0 in long (miribwost by southeast) and 0.5 in wide, baht opmet the smithwast side ofa b d. tock omcrop� A piled cobble and small bouider retaining wall oxtands along the Southwest Aida of the fea- turc, averaging 0-2 at in height Ila surface is comprised of uneven wobbles and Small boulders with no cultural at. ima present Home et aL (1998:37079) interpreted these three features as agricultural, based on the mthamal method orcomanv ectdon of the feadims and file feeling results. No cultural females were present on The sem+ Aft orthe features or on the survunding terrain which consists of very Shallow Soil and bedrock outcrops, The site Is unaltered and in fair coodllion, n ��4 isv -V ~E � a J -Pi. s+ \ v S @f0�•rn.ipCu • I NORTH FACE —� mnbd- AiZR77'@CTfJ/1AL.LAYER `� 1 3,11r Il r e 0 10 1a40 so 40 7 >ro I CINTIMIEMS ' 27.43 m" nn b ire. $.IS an dlkk b"k eobM. and bmWon. -qpf. w.W boondu7; —Lk --%l lays e 14.70 nrdM. born 3.90 — ddck raj' dark brown (LM ISA mol. and dry): Me A k-4 600w biabAa,ma.Plasdc eergNSeece; mederete Me tocou7o rcbsFa WMI 4Mm Iigaro 10, Site 6369, Feature B, TU -1170-106, North Face Profile (from Aaun et al. 1998.377) t — BAST FACE 0 10 70 30 e0 A 6e 4 ee Do 100 COMMOTM 1 9-67 cnrbd. rw%ft from Wt cm Al* bank cobble: Very fim rave: rbnrpt cowodr borrndaryl u hkw",4 0 bG.77 m&d. r oq bvm 617 om dddc very dark brawn voYR 7!2 moth. cik Im m dwk brown (1670. 313 dr*bwae, MAI, W*Kl s*s%swrrpl-oc was ww^Vvy0-WA 4 -roots: —1-0layer: Figure 11. Site 6369, Feature C, TU -1170-5Z, Bast Lrace MUM (from Haan et al. 1998:378) 22 23 Site 7AS34 Site 24534 is a complex of 13 features that nus previously identified by ACP during a swvey of a pared located adjacent to the present project area 10 the west The report for this project Was act available for review, but a site location map and siamnwy table were provided by ACP According to this mop and table, the complex is comprised of ams platforms (Faeroes A -H and I), a wall (Feature 1) and three mounds (Features K, L and Id) Examination of this site during the present project indicates that Eve of the Site 24534 features are located partially within the bwmdaribs of the present pmJect ama. These consist of Features $, C, F, G and H which aro described below. The distribution of these feahras are presented on 14gum 6 The features of Site 24534 within the presort project area are tmaltwed and in heir eaadrdom 1'emtare B is a roughly rectaugidar shapod platform located in the nortnitacn n comer or the pro, Jan even adjaxrd to The Site 6366 wall to the amdh This platform is 6.4 to in length (northeast by south- west) and from 3.5 to 4 6 in wide (Figmv 12). The sides are built of stacked cobbles and small boulders that wage m Leight front o 2 to 0.8 m. Portions of the north and south sides arca Iboed, with collapse noted along Ula southern side. A linear projection, 13 in tong, 0.4 to Q6 m wide and 0 35 in in height dxtemds to the north-northwest from the platform. Tim surface of the platform is comprised of a level cobble pavement with no cultural reatams limsrnl. A flat pahoahoe slab is located On the 8wfate Of the feature and a water- worn cowl cobble is located adjacent to the stricture to the west A survey mmkor that delineates &a sea- ward boundmy of thepmjact area is located on top of the structure in the eastern portion. As the majordy of the stnrpmo was located outside tem prevent project arm no subsudbce was conducted at Fee= B. This platform was interpreted as a habitation platform by ACK Its formai type, substantial con stractioa (faced side„ paved sutfm) and arms (29.4 sq m) indicates thin the platform lbtnWOW as the foundation for a permanent habhatron structure based an Candy's (198 1) mmol fn readentad architaxum Feature C is an oval-shaped platform located IZ.O in south-southeast of Feature B In am arca of uneven sell and outcrops. This plaUbrm rs3.1 in long Ownhtiwrthwcet by south-southeast), 2.4 in wide and from 0.4 to 0.5 in in height (Flgam 13) The sides of this feature arc built of slacked cobbles and small bmddomand The solace is comprised of a level cobble pavement A fragmuu of breach coral was noted on to surface of the periform Only a small pmbou of Feature C Is present within the projat arca, with the remainder located in tie parcel sunvyed by ACP, This feature was interpreted as a burial pinllbrm by ACP tough apparently no subsurface testing was conducted. The small size of the platform t 1 4 sq no and the preserma Offt branch coral mum that a burial may be present, h"wer its close proximity to the Featum H ccromoWal steno lure (discussed below) may indicate that Feature C is an associated ceremonial structure. Feature F is a small platform located wtacent to Feature C to the south (sae RPM 13) The western project Arm boundary extends across to approximate center of Feature F. This pWfwm Is 4.3 in long (noMaooth) and 3 0 m w4dc, with the sides built of stacked cobbles and small boulders that vary to !eight from 0,3 to 03 m, The surlaeo is comprised ofn levet cobble pavement with scattered bmac6 torpL This feaiuro was also iaterpratel as a burial sWcttim by ACP, though as with Feature C It may also be a ceremmnial structure Feature C 18 ,111 "-stoped mound located adjacent to Feature F to to rmaieast (see Rgw a 13) IV platform is 5 6 in long (northeast by southwest) and 4 0 m wide and is cOUnpwd on the north and nonheosicrit side, The remaining sifts arc bud1T of stacked cabbies and snail boulders that range in beigin from 033 to 0.4 in. The western side of the surface slopes to The so flivvesl with the remainuig surface comprised ofn level cobble pavement Sevemlfragrments ofbranch oomlwere noted on the since A 10 by 1.0 in tori unit (fU-18) was excavated into the center of the platlbrm during the prom pMcot, reyealmS a stone layer (Layer T), over a soil deposit (Layer 1 consisted o(Q.58 to 62 n alightly packed COMM pcbbb and small bouldcm Cakwui remains fro, over bedrock (sw Figure 13) m Q 8400"'Wall �v Pt*aFraBOUM ry 1 tat) Optl000000$O0 0 0oo000000 00000° 0 0 0 0 Oao O 00 O O°000°000 000°00 3) 000 0p0 00 00000°00 °000000000000fl00 p00000p0p000q°00000°° 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a a o 0 0 0 0 00600030000000 0p00400p0p00000p000p00000000 fl00000o000000000000p00000p000oto0000°r °000000000000000000 000000000000 00000° 0 0 0 0 a a o 0 0 o a a o 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,000000000000000000000fl0a0a00°000° 0000 00000000000°000000000000p°00p00000 000 00000°000000000000000000000000°000 0 i� 0000000000000000000000000000000.000 O t 00000 00000 000000000000000000°000 40 00 0 00000 00°000 0p000p0000000°040 amvsymedo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0000000000000000000000000000°0000 00000°0°0°000°00000°00000°00000°0 0 0O 0O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O O O o 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 �� 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O O O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0° 0 0 0 0 > j J) 000000000000000 0000000000 O o 0 0 0 0 0 0000000000000 ° o 0 0 0 0 > �% tl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >)` 00000000p00000000 00000 000000000 >>J>J1 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 > 000°00000000000000 °0000000 0 0° 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 000°0000000°000000 000 00000000000°00 0 0 00000000000 00OQO°0 00 0 0 0 �,y 0 .J� j j t a1HpC dk eft � (oh J 0 rs serum (» go °o a cAeubp.v�sm01 tg !m 0 o-4-4 - Pueddde (Os) -t e* w wx" Figure 12. Site 24534, Feature B Plan Map 25 0 0 06u° %n 0000 00000 o 000 PadaaC (DA1 - nhrrm ro0ad wl� I -- 0 ton o00 0°00 °00-,46 ° 60°0'106 FomnF ooV� ro+t 0000°0 to ao0o 0 L"vt-TWsr F,dmd-AM..P"W.-tm trodden CUAWd,.M Wp t Lycra -ver 4ddtaamtr3l'Ri.lr4diMa m-aseaeble�Opuar1 Few • oaomowa a arrrmr &W dpb�oeammp 0060 0 000 ocuu. yro.mmr 0 0 PM-09yu to amen 1 sbP HauwW do 62047, reams Fi.Oetoms \ a M 94 1335 \ �wswe t+mira nor. eaaaa: Figure 13. Site 24534, Plan Map of Features C, F. 0, and H and TU -19 North Face Profile Layer 1 consisted of 13 fiagmems of waterwom coral said three branch coral fragments (not collected) and five waterworn marine smell fragmaais (28.7 grams), layer 1I was awwked of 0.11 to 0.31 to of a very• dads brown (7 SYR 2.512) sit with 30-40% cobble and pebble mchniorm Cultural remains from this de- posit consisted ofaavrn waterworn merino shell ftsgmrnts (6.7g). Feature 0 was interpreted as a probable burial platform by ACP; howaver the resales of subst rfim testing conducted during she present project Indicates that no burial is presort k# else proximity to the Feature H ceremonial pMrfmm (discussed be- low) suggests that Feature G is tar associated ceremonial structure. Feature H is a largo irmgaleriysfiaped platform located to the south ofFeaturo 0 (see Figure 13). The platform Is 10.8 to to ioogdn {gortlt soodr) and from 4.1 to 6 9 at wide. Tice north and of the structure is built agahnst a low buttock outow with the remaining sides of the structure comprised of stacked cobbles and small boulders "vary In beight Oom 0.5 to 0.95 m. A portion of Om southern and Is faced. The sur- face of the VlWorm is comprised of a level cobble pavement with mansions iiagments of waterworn and non-watorwom branch coral fnigmems. Five shallow deprossloas aro sive pt wont on dor smites, ranging in longth from 0.7 to 1.0 at, in width floes OA to 0.7 m and in depth from 0.35 to OJ in below the sudke of the pialRxm. The noril m wall oftba Ste 24847, Foamro fl1. enclosure arigim" along the wester side of Ow platform. ACP interpreted this Instate, as a bestial structure apparently duo to the pmseneo of die branch rural F,xamdnalloo ofthe pletfwm during the present project Indicates Oto feature possibly Is a Past heiau or sluice III& is based on tete large edits of no platibms (74.5 eq ra), the presence of the abundant coral o0ia np. and (tie depressions, which potentially supported dols. Cultural remains Dom the omfaoes of the features consw arbmnrh coral (Feafune s C, F. G, and li) and waterwom neral (Feature H): Aside firm a single waterworn baselt pebble an the weal aide of Feature, B. oro cultural remains were Panner on the ground stafte surrounding the renames which consists of very shallow soil and bedrock wwrol sr Site MM Sb 24838 Is a Isva blister located in tem Inland porton of ft project arae at a 92 ft etevatiom Tho sib was hlmuiflod awing do present project. Access to the blister Is Beat a vertical entry located on the ural of a rattan paboebw rise (FWv 14 Tho wrtieai envy is 17 ra long by U as wide and 1.3 at above the few on the vest side of the Wates. T10 chamber Is 5.2 in long (north-northeast by wcst- southwest) and flout t.6 to 2A in Wide. The calling height varies Oom OAS m to 0.95 as and a shallow soil deposit and scattered roof (all dahrb overlie do blister floor. Plastiogarden puts are located an the bilaw flow an the northwest aide of the ent oacc, goat harp are scattered an the flow south of deo entry, and a plena of waferwom coral Is exposed be the floor nordrmN of the emry. A OS to by M m test unit (171l-16) was omvated into Jho soil deposit to the souls of Wo blister a nbeaa. The woavation raw:vled a singe deposititoverlyhrg bedrock (ace Figwe 141 Loyal consisted of a 0.06 to 0.08 of a very dads brown (7.SYR 2SA) alk containing 10% a &nV err gravel Inclusions. Cultural rersains Oar layer 1 conanted of one CplmrroV, slog (0.2 g) amt 0.2 gums of charcoal. Site 7,4838 is interpreted as a temporary habitation based on Its (buttal type and the presence of cnta mal material. The presence of the plastic pot Indicates the bllsav has born recently, utiOxed. Tbo she is analwed and In good condition. Site 24838 Silo 24839 Is a law preform located in the sowheasta a portion ofthe ptojOd ores at c. 85 it aleve- tion in an am of ueavan soft and owAropa. Ten platform is roughly bunt ur shape and le 4.8 m Iong (north - south) and fiaas 0.85 to 2.9 m Wide (Figure 15). The can and northeast sides of We structure aro built on top oft badmok outcrop with the remakdog sides coast he' oat ML The sides or tba platform aro Mn- pdsed erase to tear toinves of witted and piled cobbles and stmt boulders, rmtging in height f m 0.15 to 0.3S at. The sarfaa cotslas of n oval but poorly sorted cobble and small boulder pavement. No cut- tural remains wereprom onthasuitmurthesile, A 10 by 1.0 u trot wilt M)-17) was excavated into iha so flice of do pintfrnm, revealing a #taro Isyer (Layer 11 overlying a sail deposit (Layer It), resting on Wrack (see F1gwe 14 layer i consisted of 26 21 0 U 30 Oft OS IA �L. Alodnn plaatk FLO (umdaep, ' i Owl ~� i 70.16 — $oil aad aeaued oobhlaF— (0-6) Figure 14. Site 24838 Plan Map and TU -16 Southeast Pace Profile Ouatbaeer X� Interior hmmofbhata (O.m-Helglu in mm m 0 r 0 ', —llaa+enaellavdpaewpa— iii�ri adgem'Palwalpe odugP OZ) wm 9di auA auhaapa.--- (am hRax b me- 1Oocw Zr Leyert- lowly packed aabblt%pabblrs and ema8 poddas,w9cotdmd mmdua t/➢m a-Dwkbaowo (10YR 34) da wilt "%oabbIv amt pie iwhw=% C dead cemaim pnaera Figure 15. Site 24839 Plan Map and TU -17 Norm race rrome 29 0 25 to 0,31 in of loosely packed cobbles, pebbles and Saudi boulders with no cultural rommUS PTCML Layer 11 wast comprised of a dark brown (10YR 313) silt Willi 30% cobble and pebble inclusio Cultural remains from La)tr 1l consisted of two L*vca sp afwll tragiimeats (d.l g) and ata *nkat nut sbC9 (0,8 g). Site 24839 is interpreted as a temporary habitetiat dmctore. This is based on its relatively iafor- mal construction, small area (13,9 $4 m) and the presence of habitation debris. The site is unaltered and in fair condition. Site 24840 Site 14840 is a platform constructed on lite saxuh side of the northern pro)oa area boundary wall (Ste 6360 in Ute central potion of die proles area ate. 63 fl elevation. The phdform isrocttmgu- tar in shape and is 8 4 along (mudi-northwest by South-southeast) and from 72 to 8 8 at ori 1givc 16). 71c northere side of the platform ablest the Site 6366 wall and if Is likely dial flits Wall was built from stones removed from the pladform. The atm to die north of the wall is currently occupied by a landscaped brickyard of a house and it possible that the platform new crdended !me this area 71M SontbL west and po+uons of the east sides of the platftm i are cattpnsed of stacked cobbles mid small boalder5, flinglag in licight from 0 4 to IS tw The southeastern coiner of flat ddrticiure Islkvd. A bedrock outcrop (13 m In height) foms a Patton of the eauem ludo with an area of slung boulder rabble pi,datill ift the nordrul comer, A plied bobble ales! smidl Of Site 24exdcads to the MOMS! ROM Ole reo1111WO eco Our= Mahe pldf*m wall (FeaWso BT The suihoo ditoughat the miApnty, of the platform consists of a reletvcly level, rough bobble and holder pavement, A waterworn coral concentration (2 7 in long by 2,1 in wide) is located in IM norul- weatern comer and a pile otwtum limbs and brush is located along the ne th-central Ade. A rubble -filled depression is located in the cemer of due platform is die souttem portion. It is oval sloped and is US in IM tiwtbrsoli ft 0 95 m Wide aril 0 45 in to depth below the Swiss of Out plaffOrm. The sides of tie deprasaon aro borderai by snail boulders, with a vcrlical dab located along the cast stela A flat ialwhoe dab Is located adjacent to the oval depression to she southeast. A LS m by 1.5 m test unit (IV4) was excav W over die last Sisir, aijacat to the oval depo"M The excavatim revealed on, achdteeWrol layer (Leya 1), overlying a suit deposit (Layer Iii soling oil bedrock (see R9101T 14 Layer I consists of 0.75 to 0.89 is of loosely packed bobbles arab siwaU boulders with whis up to 0A0 m, taprese dug the platform ML Calfard aauxiad recovetad from Layer 1 Includes one piece Of waresworn branch coral (134, I g) and one large welenom basun pebble (150.2 g), Bedrock was 60=010md below Layer I in the north portion ofthe unit, with the Layer 11 deposit situated below Layer t in the sou tle per- 8on IA)w 0 *DmaSted of 0 05 to 0.07 in of very dark grayish brown (10YR 312) silt containing 79% subangnisa graval, pebble and cobble inclusions, Cultural malarial rocmaad from Layer 11 includes one vatcanic glass mere, two Cjipraea sp. elicits (2.1 g) and two wateiwortt could pebbles (13 g). The core mama 17.2 mm long, 32 2 one wide and 28.Smm in Udckm and weighs 45.1 g. Site 24840 is rutapmted as the foundation for a pumanan habitation structure. Tim is based on Its formal type, huge area (73.9 sal m), and Substantial coostiucdion (lhced lades, paved surface). 77e Site is altered and In fair condition. Site 24841 Site 24841 is a small platform located in Ole central Po(th)" of the pfojoct arra Of c 62 n etevatioa. 71e platform is rtmghty oval in shape and is 3.15 in latg (fit -west) ad 16 in wide (PISmre 17). Banl- ders border the north side of die platform (0 3 to 0 63 m in heigld) and the eaA side Is formed by a 0.5 in high bedrock imlerop The tematning sides of the platform tiro comprised of sloping Co" and small bodd- der nubblethat vary to W9M from 0.25 lo0.4 ra, The sar(hoe of the ptathxm is sligtaly noun" and Is comprised or a well -sorted pebble will swat cobble pavement. No cultural rennins was Proamd art die sufsce. 0 3 o �6,0�.9M tA 2;p 3.0m Nile afar 4ces and bush Low I-t•a*piAed**No ddLmudaq 1 +C'C`s GWamdeMW"I came CC C t.evn•thegd•apgbbbwaporatlilda a CCC •;mwnlsattiedoQsa•toohww CCCC Cj tAhnal,msimF-4 S1m24$47, Pa4vv M eau Figrim 16. Site 2480 Platt Map and TU-6Southwest Face Profile (0.5)- r ewd is meter+ 1 Sive duecdon Collapse MEboddcrpavemdpst f 0 13 3A 43tt —Uneven so0 sad outavps — 0 e3 1,0 1 int ( ) (04 �3) V J V g a a 77Y7 ((CC O Otv.a�a°�ab.°°06O000 00000000 0000 00 000 00a 0 oao0 0-0 "0 0o°° n Jo0a°oao00000000000Y-0. o0oJ 0r0 0000000 00iC000000000 0000000ff- i o''i o > :l O0so0 Oba a o 0 0 00 00 00 0f 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 a 000 0 o „ oo0a0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0oa 0o0a0n0° 0000000000 0 c"00000 000°00 00 000 0 000 000 CCC'O0g 0a °D 00 0 0 0 0 oD °0 0000ao00 0000000o0000 L '°0°0°0 00000 00 000°l^u0O "°°hpnooho (QaSs)} , J� v� Danns North Face 1dgeofpahodweott—P 0 t 06-6 Cb0� CobblepavemeMBedrock U O O 60= 0 lis (0.3) -Height In mom Iyer 1- T?XUY packed cobbles aid mm0 slope direcdm boulders; Cultural come ine present Layer U - Very dark grayish bra" (10YR 312) afftwitb M pebble and cabbie inclusions; Cadtund tomaros present Figure 17 Site 24841 Plan Map and TU -7 North Face Profile A 10 in by 1.0 m test unit (TU -7) was excavated into the center of the platibrm revealing two lay- ers over bedrock (see Finers 14 Layer I consisted of 0 41 to OA9 in of ugh0y packed pebbles and small cobbles and amen boulders Cultmul material recovered from layer I includes one waterworn basalt peb- ble(31.5 g) Layer It consists of 0 04 to 0.10 m of very darkgrayisb brown (10YR32) silt containing 60°h suboogular pebble and cobble inclusions. Cultural remains from layer It consisted of three Cypraea sn shells (1.8 g) and 0.3 grams ofcharcoat She 24941 is interpreted as a temporary babitatlom "am Although evidencing substantial con- strut4idla (paved asr11=1 the sotmU arta of the platform (8.9 sq m) suggests a temporary habitation func- tion ?be she is unaltered and in fair condition Site 24842 Site 24942 is a complex of two feat ri s located is the soulhwtatan portion of Lie project arca at c 52 11 elevation, in an arae of level soil with scattered cobbles. The features ave Comprised of a plailbrm (Feature A) and a low pavement (Feature D) located in an area 9 4 in long (north -feint) by 3.7 m wide (Figura 14 no Feature A platforms is located at the north cad of the sibs. 2t Is roughly oval in shape and is 5.7 an long (east norihmhsl by wast -southwest) and 4.0 in wide. The east, south and west sides are com- prised ofAmcked cobbles. and smat boulders that range in hot& dem 0.25 to 0.35 in In height. Tho north sift Tres collapsed outward and ranges in height from 0.2 to 0.4 m. The sdufaea consists air a level cobble pavement with no cultural remains present, A 1.0 by 1 A in last unit (TU -12) was excavated late the surfeao of the piaftme in the northwest - an portion. This excavation revealed an ardutecntml layer (layer t) ever a soil deposit (layer U; see ft- ure 14 Layer 1 consisted of 0.43 to OS m of tighty packed cobbles and small hotddois. with no cultural remains. Gayer U was canprued of a wry dark grayish brown (7.SYR 2,32) silt with 30% pebble and gravel inclusions, This deposit was excavated to 0.54 to 0.59 in below Layer l (or 0.97 m below the surface Of Oro pisiform) where a human uranfam was encountered. The excevatioa of TU -12 was terminated all idettiltcatea of t e criaium. Thu Layer If soil was returned to the sun and the arebrtecturai layer was care. lbily roconstructed. OAIMI remains noted bre Out collected fium Layer U consisted of clarcoat aid a we - The Feature B pavement abuts the Foature A platform to the south. Lha pavement is irregularly- shaped and is 5.4 in tong (north-nmthwed by saktlraoatseast) and dam 2.0 to 43 at wide. The east and of the pavement he bordered by a bedrock outcrop and the north ands abuts the south side of Foetus A. The surface of Feature D consists of level rabbles tut ranges In height from 0 0 to 03 in above this surrounding ground surface sed 0.25 to 03 m below the skMace of Realm A No cnultural remains wee noted on the surface of Feature B. Site 24842 Is interpreted as a permanent lmbiun mt sits owl also was used for burial, probably sub- sequent to die habitation use. The pasture A platform is interpreted as to foundation for a permanent habitation structure, based on its famml type, submantial construction (paved surface) and arca (23.2 sq in). The presence of the human remiss also indicates a burial fienellon. 11W Feature D pavement likely Ounctioned as an associated lariat orwork was basad on its fermi type and spatial relailiol"p with Feature A. No culture! remains were present an the surface of dw features or at the amrwunding terrain which consbis of way shallow soil with numerous cobbles and bedrock outcrops. The site is unaltered and to fair condiluorn. Site 24843 Site 24843 is a largo roughly oval-shaped plafome located in an ma of uneven soil and outeraps in the southweatemn portion of iia project arae at a 54 0 elevation The pia lbam h 15.7 m in length (northeast by southwest) and from 4.0 to 6A in in width (Figure 19). A comma t ofas bi-faced wall is to. cated along [hesoutwm side of tie platform and an aligned of vertical slabs forms a portion of the north side. That well is 2.1 in Im and is 0.25 to in height on the nordh side and 0_45 in In height on the south.The vertical slab alignment Is 4.5 in long with the slabs ranging in height from 03 to Obi in above the am - rounding grow d sufaom The remaining sides of the platform aro collapsed, comprised of shaping rubble. 32 33 al9wJ Omd iNnOS i 1-il.L Pm dsW uRld EV SK MIS '61 aJa!3 trrl��, mo c oz o t 0 � ,�,, ,��,�� �,- .N voi 6.9 ON �1r^A �,., r �?� " ^ %I` O a"D'O`°�O •O,s,O:� , • `1+y,����1 °` aaaa0ao0aa°°0°caoa0aca0aaaOaad �' � a s o 0 0 o v O o o a o 0 0 0 0 0 C J°O°O°O°0°O°p°O°O°O°a°O°D°ao00O°0O°O°O°O°O°O°O °O°O rr�ooac0000Qc°o°°o°°°oo°a°°o°°o°°°oao°°o°c°o°a°O°o°o° )) 3 T a o 0 o a a o 0 0 0 o a o o a o a o o a o a a a aTtTy o°"000,9,0000,00,00,0,0°°°°0°0°0°0°000°° a o 0 p 0 0 P o 0 o a o 0 o D o 0 ts�vil (rJ00000D0000 00 ooaao )z) ....... c°O°a°a°D000°naaao0o0000°°°OaoaOa°aoaoa°aoa°ao1J� )) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o O o 0 0 0 0 0 0 a o o p o 0 0 T o°o°o°o°o°o°o°o°a°a°o°o°o°o°o°o°o°o°a°a°oa O O 9 0 0 a 0 0 o b 0 0 0 0 0 A000000000aogop000a Gr� , tf fro 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o D r(C�'�CCCo 0O0 0 O0 0. oa0 oaoa 0 0 0 O O g O O 0°a0 O Oa00000;0000" ( ( J O O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 .� (tt$�t�( CC ``Frfr(ff oc000000aOoovo .000. -000 a 000° ,C fC� tf C rfr� SDa000a00000aoao ao° o ttW (( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O P O CO➢L7 (Cf CC C 0°O°o°o°o° °O°° °o°0°0°0 (fit tfC ooa000 p 0000_0 fro? C C ct o°o°a°0°o°0 o°o°P°o° C� +[,iikCCCt °0ODOQaoOQ°000°QOe° IPOY�' `Lt�(C( C(100000,0,000,0>'L 000a000a00,°q'L lbw W Nwl T OS W�1 �.,. C_C 000 O y 'G IDWDas7iD2�YaP w �„ AJC. `� iGfi:rxL't1�9i4'�A•Um+'{ •-'Os1 CDl G 1� �X • �m+�pN»CcoY 0000 wq.'d^M, ' —slmw°4mrLrm.wYl^-- dh4tK1 O O I 0 pOQa m 0w e*m diwws setsaVidSo�P4 ......i'.' .af`• e — 000°000° 000E 7000000 dOdOR, d 0000000000004 'g t� 70OO OOr000000OOL r! � �! �,,, 00000000000dO00L.-B. , OOOO P. � 000000000000°0°0 ; 000 JOooaa0000000000a. 0000 J00000000000000000 ; 000 _ 0°00 �QOOOd000000000000{ 000000 •000000000000000000t z 000000000 Sfn QOOa000000009d00000 00000000000 400000Q0000o00000000 C 00000004000° acs• C E�� 000000000000000000000t tr 0000000b0000 ol000tr 0000000000000000009000 ry{a000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000(00000d0,00000°0000000°0000000000000000°0000900000 1 (OOOa00000000000 000000000000000000000000000000 C 00000000000000000 0000000000000000000000*000000 (IC'C)00o000a000000ob0 000000000000000000000000Q00C 0060000000 D 00° 0000 1000000000000 000000000°0°0, a CCCC 000°00°°° °°°0°0°°°°°°°0 0 0 000 o °°°�°/oao000000000 ood°oo0000nooq°0 OOOOD 0000000 °`pR.,000°000 00 t .,00000 00000 0000000 Os.+000000 O' C C C+°o o°too° 0 0 0 0°°0 0°0°0°00°0400 000000'. .,, 1�O0a 0 00300000000f) 10000 000000000 C L L 1,9000 000000000000 y) LLL 900 0000000000000t–��Woo 0000000 co oc «� W s n �j The siufacc of the platform is cornprised of a level cobble pavement. A ilncirahgnmiera of basalt cobbles is located on top of the platform. It is 1.5 m kmg (north SGA) and 03 in in hoot, Three warcr- worn coral cobbles were noted on the surthce of the platlbrm in the mslem Potton A 1.3 a, by 10 in test unit (1'U -ll) was excavated into Oe sudacc Of the platform, south of the vertical slabs and west of the cobble alrgtuneni This exemption revealed a stone ardutectunal layer (Layer 1), overlying a soil deposit (Layer Il) this rests on bedrock (see 1 igum 19). Layer I consoled of 0.27 to 0.3 in of tightly packed cobbles and pebbles. Cultural roimins from Layer I consisted of one ftagmleat of walernom blanch carni (85.2 g) The Layer ll deposit vw comptisod of 0 07 to 0.18 m of a very dark brown (7.M 2.512) mil caraaming-30 %pebble and gravel imlusimis. Cultural material recovered from Layer 11 consisted of two Cypmo sp. shells (4 4 g), 12 woterwom coral pebbles (79 5 g), two waterwom basall pebbles (32 4 g), ane krkui nutshell (0.6 g) and 6.2 gnarls ofcbarcoal Site 24843 is uuegxded as the foundation for a perrtxmrcan habitation structure based on its formN tvpo, large arca (100.4 sq m), and substantial construction (paved flu fum and vertical slabs). Thu site is unaltered and in fan• to good condition, Site 24844 Site 24844 is a complex of two features ]Dewed m an arra of level soli in the Western portion of der pm)M area at a 55 It elevation. The features are comprised of an enclosum (riatwe A) and anadjoin- mg phdlbrm (Feature 13), earawpassing an arca 13.6 in long (north -south) and IL6 in snide (Rom 20). The Feature A admuro is Willimd at iho south ed of the wile. it is ndmtgular in shape and is 11.6 in long (east-nonhcast by west-southwest) and from 6.0 to 7.0 m wide. The walls of the.»clonus am built of stacked cobbles and small boulders that range in width from i I to 18 m and m height from 13 to 04 in. Vertical basalt boulders we- incorporated into the exterior western ado of the enclosure arnd along the late - not southern wall now boulders vary in beghu from 0 5 to 0 6 in no iwanor side of the eastern wall has collapsd and Out interior of the endown consists of level soil. No cultural rcntsins were tiled at Ftiltere A. An avakhrlped mound a located in the winter of the enclostro aomprtsod of a vadesl bladder and sacked cobbles. This mound is 1,1 mlong (amill-south), 0.93 in wide and 0.5 in in dcight. Two test units wem excavated In the Foature A enclosure TU -2 (0.5 by 0.5 m) was excavated in Ole uonhwestem corner of the enelosmrs will TU -10 (1.0 by 1.0 m) was excavated into lbs oval mord The excavation of TU -2 revealed a single cad layer over bedraek (see Figaro 2V). Lays I consisted of 0.07 to 0 28 in of a very dark brown (7 SYR "J2) slit containing 25-35% subangular gravel, pebble and cobble inclusions. Cultural tawenal recovered from Layer 1 consisted of four Cypraea JP- sitelk (6-3 g), two wa- tcnvom coral pebbles (2.3 g) and 0 4 gurus of charcoal Tho excavation ofTU-10 revealed the scorns; associated with 1110 anflaxi mood (Layer I), ovcrly- mg a soil deposit (Layer n) that rests on bedrock (am Figure 20), The smfax sones vaned in thickness from 0 1 to 0. S in will, no cultural renutins. The layer 1I sod consisted or 0.07 to 018 in of a very dark brown (7.5YR 2.5/2) silt containing 10%siilmngulw pebble ineludoos. Cultural nnatenal recovered from layer 11 consisted of seven CypmeaV. "is (8 6 g), two Neuitn pinna (1,2 g), three watotworn corm, pcb- bias (2 7 g), aro waterworn basalt pebbles (8 0 g) mid 0 4 grains ofcharow. Feature R is a indy collapsed platform that abuts (ho north side of Rio Feature A enclosure. It Is roughly rectangular in shape and is 6.4 m long (north -swill) and from 4 8 to 6.2 in wide. The sides of the platform are mostly collapsed, although evidence: of staddng was noted These Saks consist orcobbles and mrd) boulders, ranging in height from Q4 to 0 5 in above Ute surrounding ground surFace The surface Is a level pavement constructed of poorly sond cobbles and small boulders No callus] remains were prewar on 11to surface ofthc structure A 10 in by 10 in tet amt (Ill -4) was excavatd into the Burr= of the platfbtm, nwealmg It stone architectural layer (Layer 1), overlying a soil deposit (Layer U) that rests On bedrock (sea Figura 20). Layer I consisld of 0 32 to o 38 in or lamely packed cobbles and small bladders Cnlitual rnstetial rerov- etd from Layer I consisted of 31 wslenwm eoml pcMes (897 4 g) and one kukui mit shell (0 9 g) Hod - 36 � I �r1t►Q1rrilb► • ���il�i�t��Ag r•�� iSAO,�t�ra��'�ii �IitR t1,►4�i1��+ Ali 1��'����'i�••��ti_s+it11 0-7 Tar•- /•%�� J'ij �fr��M1 IIIII Figure 20. Site 24844 Plan Map and Profiles of TUs 2,9 and 10 37 root was encountered below Layer f througlrona most 017tin: trait althougb a pocket or tine Layer 11 soil ex- tended through tiro center 01`11W earoav10001L This deposit ranged in thickness from 0.42 t0 0 46 in stat con- sisted of a very dark brown (7.5YR 2512) silt confarnlng 1045% subangular pebble and cobble indusiens. Cultaml material recovered ttom Layer fl consisted of 1 I Cy1weea sp shell fmginents (26.0 g) five kukai rut shells (6.7 S) and 3 2 grams of charcoal Site 24844 is Interpreted as a permanent habitation sac. The Future B platform likely RuwdOm ird as the foundation for a roofed strucuire based on its formal type and large area (39 6 sq m) ll is likely that the Feature A eaoosum stunt as an associated yard that surrounded a polo and thatch roofed structure, based on its trap area (SL2 aq m) With the exception of several vertical boulders at FeaWre A, no sub- gaalial construction was noted, potemmily the result of lin: collapsed Foodttion of the into. Site 24844 Is uaailaW and in poor to far comlibon Site 24845 Site 24845 is a paveiacn000Med to MOM orlmeven $oil and low outcrops In the suasion pottien of the project area at ass fl elevation nwpavemom is faegndady-shaped and is 5.2 to 6.4 in long (north - cast by southwed) aro from 3.8 to 4 8 to wide (F7gure 24 The stance Is comprised of levet cobbles and pebbles. A low, cmdety stadwd cobble and small boulder wall extends along the sootheaslero sick of the pavement. This wail is 5 1 m long (neithmst by soudnwcst)c 0.6 to 1.0 m in width from 0.1 to 0 7 m in heigid. No surfaca cultural mmalus were acted of the sac. A 10 by 1.0 in test ono (M -1b) was excavated into the paveuetu In the sOuthem pomon This excavation revWcd a slum architectural layer (Layer I) overlying a soil deposit (Layer U) that testa on bedrock (aro FWw 21). Layer 1 consisted of 0 19 t0 035 in ortightly packed cobbles and ptlfbltc W- arta! Mushis front Layer 1 contisw of s btiaalt hanultorsteae that meaiaues 80.5 mm long, 55.2 mm wide awl 49 run is lucluess (347.5 g). The Layer It deposit was comprmed of 0 23 to 0.32 an of a very that brown (7.5YA 2.512) silt with 3040% cobble and pebble mdusions. Cultural remains Aunt Layer Il can - aged of orris Cypraeo sp. step R7 g), oia4volceni0 glass flake (2.2 g), one watorwain coral pebble (0 39). one iosrui nut atoll (0 4 g) and 3.9 grend; of chamoaL Soto 24845 is lnerpretod as aro Aruttdation for a pennaurau hdnlMion structure. This b based on as tonal type. substantial construction (paved surface) and area (30.7 sq m), rw site is unaitemd and in fair combtiom Site 24846 Site 24846 is a complex of nine features localed in the western portion of the project area, adjacent to the previously identified Site 24534 complex to the east The site Is oomprfsul or four platforms (Fen, - taxes C R. F and M. two terraces (Features 8 and f), two euolosorea (Features D and 0) and a pavement (Future A) mud coemapasses an area 58 0 m long (nortirsooth) by 37.0 m wide The distribution orthe She 24846 futures is pramwed iu Figure G Thr silt is unaltered and in fairto goad condition. Feature A is as iaegularlysbaped parcmenl located at the southern end of the site in an area of level soft and mncaops. The pevemeal is g.3 in in length (east -west) and tions 2.0 to 7 3 in wide (F( wv 22). Tiro surf ft throughout the majority of the feature consists of a poody sorted cobble and small boulder paycmeut that tunics in height foam 0.0 to 0,1 m above the surrounding ground surface, A piled cobble and small bouldet wall is fooled along the south side the pavomcel. mcmmng 2.0 m long (northwest by Mith- cad). 03510 0 63 in wide and 03 to 0.55 min height. An oval-shaped arae of welt-sartod cobbles and pebbles is located in the anler of the fohne. This paved area is 2.8 n long (north-nothwost by south-sawlical) and 195 m wide and the surface is level with tiie surbee of the surrounding ponrly Sorted pavement No OWtaml tcnwits wrote present on the swfltoe of Feature A. r----, 7-"'% 1 0 1 0 310 6.0 9.66 ..�/((0.0) 110 24 ago00ot - Uneven sea and low owamps a0000000 00600Olt 0 0 '010 0 4 '00°Oa0000oa00' jooOao%00oa0do, 100000000000000 000 o 0 0 0 0 0 000, rrhh 10°00000°00000°O°000 }^t) t0a000°000p000°00000pe a o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 r a a 0 0 0 0 0 0 o a o 0 100000000 0 0 0 o a 0'0 o a 000oo°n°000°aoo0a°oao°oa. 1000D000D°00000000000000004000 0r )00°000°000°0000000°000°00000006 ( �a000a00000000000°00000°°00°0°000 i+ 00000000,00000000000000000000000000 X00°0°0°0°0°000°00000°000°0°0°0°0 000000000000000°00000°O0p°a°61000 ro0a0a0 0e0a0o°°°a°°°o°o°a°n°c tea O a a p 000 0 o a o 0 0 0 0 0 )o 00600000000000 0 0 000°0000000 U •7) 000a 00000600 0 0 0 0000000°a X000000000000 coo°° 00000°00r 700°010°00°000 00000 00000°0° 0,0 0 0 0 00'0 ,, 0 6060600 0 0 0 0 9n000010,000 a 0 OC 0° 10000°000°O O 004 t• ]1 (at? 00000 0 °06°ca+° iD3) 00°e°0 000r aha 00Q '+ 4 TWb •1) --taravta sal sect law anmrgn- 11a face 0l n coon 0 100m o 0 6000 Levdaoliblosadttebblepavamenr 0 0 Lays i - Tkle y packed aobbla andpabbkg 0000 Cdu®t ==I= (0•3) a Rd&* In mous t oyu R - Yay dick brava (7SM 2311) van with 3040'% aoWde ens iib lodustaW (blaoel trm�prmmt Figure 21. Site 24US Plan Map and TU -lb East Fra Profile 39 g � v0OJO00. j '.000000000 0000000000 N^* 00000000000 000000000000t - J0000000000000, 4-.'JO00000000000000 -0000k, X0000000000000000 )00000000000000000000000 '100000000000000000000006 10000000000000000000000c 0000000000 OPO o6on0000000n 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sb 0 ,000°0°0°0°00 o`�,O A01 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oi o°0 0°o°O °°°°° °° 0°4°0`v0a 0 0 0 0 O 0000° 0 000a beau. 1 ao0oo 0000ano 0000.0 0 0 0 0 (obo 00 00 00000 0000 nb aa0a.0000o0000 0 0 0 (I 0 00°0°bo 000000° 00oc°QO©°e 000 OOOOOtl0co al3000000 000 oo*C^ OO °00°00000009°0s��.y•yO(�r V 000000 a PQr O O 0 0 ( P+ )000e7 100000 1 000000000000 X000000000000 S-0 00000000013", )0000000000 00000000c 00000000, .30000000r OOOOOOOC 0000000 '1T000C i e r apj a 00 FO -01 o T Ro Q 0 9u A 1.0 b) 1.0 in test unit (TU -22) was excavated into the ember or One wcU-rnnod cobble and peb- ble pavctnom. This exaivat ion revealed a stone architectural layer (Layer 1). over a roll deposit (Layer a over bedrock (see Pgore 22) Layer 1 consisted of 0 07 to 0 11 in of tightly packed cobbles and pebbles. Cultural remams from Layer I consisted of one waterworn coral pebble (not coilacted). The Laver R de- posit was comprised of 0.23 to 0 Z3 m ora very dark brown (7 5YR 2 517) silt with 40% gravel and pebble hnc isiom Cultural remains from Layer U consisted of three waterworn rumme shell fregmems (121 g), one fne-cracked waterworn basalt oobb)e (219.3 g) and nine fragments of tvaterwam eoml (130 g g). Fo- tum A is interpreted as rho toundstiou for a permanent habitation structure based on its formal type, sub- stantial construction (paved surface) and arca (41 5 sq raj. Feature B is a terrace tooted 120 at cast of Feature A. The terrace is located to the south of the soutnem wall of the Site 24847, Featm a BK enclosure wall. Mw terrace is roughly rcd; Oiw Ia shape and is 8.7 in in length (Tnmth-sootn) and Aunt 26 to 3 2 to vndo (Figure 23). The western side of the feature abuts a bedrock outcrop and the meth side borders an area of level sail. Low Morning walls extend along the east and south sides of Ute structure. Thu southern miauihrg wall Is amrprkod ora 81tgl0 mum atrgo- mem or large oobhles and small boulders that varies in hetgbt from 0.3 to 0 45 in 710 east Warning well consists of aligned cobbles and small boulders. vertical slabs and piled cobbles and small boulders. lite aligned Sloane are located it the north eel of Ilo wall, averaging 01 in is height The vertical slabs aro sbumod adjacent tu the aligned stoics to the south, consisting of seven slabs set an edge that range in height from 0.310 0 4 m rhe mea of piled cobbles And small boulders is located to the south of the vertical slabs This portion OrUc cast retaining wall vanes In IK411 from 0.3 to 0 63 in The surface or the term consists of a level cobble and pebble pavement A tat slab is looted on the surf nx: aditacam to the southern and or Ile Whowd vertical slabs. A concentration of watetworp coral pebbles is looted at the south and of the gtnuture. Thus coral poIDDIanmion ismughlyevel in shape and is 1 5 m 1cmg (conhcast bysc ahwW) atu11 h m wide No other cultural. remains were noted on the Wince, A 1.0 by 1.0 m test ant, rrU2) was excavated lino the staface of the terrace is the soulbetstem corner Thisesovatim revealed a stone architectural layer (Layer 1) overlying a soil deposit (Layer U) Rett Mas on bedrock (see Figure 2j). Layer I coaugis or 0.17 to 0.26 in of Ughdy packed cobbles and snail bmidom Calmat roma ss framLayer 1 consisted of 70 fragmeata of watawmn marine shod (779 g) and 120 walawom Doral pebbly (not a)lcoledb Ta Layer 11 depaat consisted of0,24 to 0.3 in of a very+ dark brown (7SYA 2.512) silt with 40-30% gmed and pebble MONWOUL Cultural rmmafas from Layer 11 cori- sWed or nine waterworn marme $bell lragtaaas (s.0 grants), two At" am shells (2.0111 mid e. 400-500 fragments of uatetwom card end collected) The Feature 8 Iermce is intdproted as the f mdahon for a perourecut habitation sinKutre based an its rormal type, substantial couistruaton (paved surface. $vocal $rebs) and arta (45.2 sq mi: Feature C is a cow platibrm located 10 0 m newt of Factum A in an arca of level coil and om- crops, hmn,cdwte(y Inland of to western prqiect sea boundary The platform is roughly reoangutar in shape and a 7.8 in long (east -what) and tom 3.7 to 4.7 m in wndth (Figure 24). The northwestern side of the feature is bordared by a tow pahochoa outcrop and the east, south, northeast and sesubeast sides are bordered by stacked and piled cobble and small boulders. Two vertical slabs ate incorporated into the southern ado and three Out slabs form a portion of the with side. Tho remaining sides are level with the surrounding ground surface. The sudace consists of a loved cobble and pebble pavomenl A low piled cob- ble and small boulder wall is Ionated 1a the aoril-caitrad portion of the foattao, measuring 2.15 m long (nordrsoah). 0 5 to 1.05 in wide and from 0.2 to 0.4 in in height above the surface of the platfarra No cultural remains ware oared on the Were A I.0 by 10 in teat milt (T(1-19) was excavated into the plafottn in the southeastern portion, r,.- -ling an arclutocaual layer (Layer 1) overlying a sal deposit (layer Iq drat rests on bedrock (see Frgare 24) Layer I consisted of 0.25 to 033 in edtightiy packed cobbles and pebbles. Cultural mrnaias from Layer I consisted or a watcrwoM coral pebble (not colleetod) Tho Layer II deposit was comprised of 0 1.3 to0 2 in or a very dark brown (7.5YR 25/3) sit with 200% graved and cobble Inclusions. Cultural remains recovered Amin Layer 11 consisted of a basult adze Hake (20 0 ram long, 25 0 mm, wide. 2 0 nim thick, I t g), a coral abrader (82A nun 1emg. 420mm wida.17.2 mm thick, 86.5 g), 36 CWma sp shell fmg- 41 %ML "IPZU =wwqva-(ca) Ie�VY i............ �4°o °i99�J ooao owrt�n, C ^—�ePm 0� PSS +41 ox o r o 80'6 09 OY 0 CDT— tcc)))) tt C ))))) 04 JOO 00 OA 4400000000 00 O 00 0004000000 4 0 000 {L) ) JO 0000000000 0000 00 00000000 000100 0000000000000 00{`„i?4000 00000000000000000000400dooOQOO :•; ':000 IL 000400000000000000000000000000,: 'i•;:•?,00 0000000000000000000000000000 CCO )) 0000000000000000000000000000 '7 to DO 000000000000 coo 00000000000”: i .••, 0 LC tC )�))10000000000000000dO000000000biq "ao CLCLLt))y� 130000000000000000000000d00000i,'JoO ( ) C0000000000o0000o000o0000000000 e C `000000000000000000040000000000 $5 X00000 00 0 00 000 00000000000 00 0 0 (t (y) ))It loo * 0000.0000 0000 000 9t Cl •••�••:•••:*«•�••��... 000000000 a t LC))))) •.....; 0000004 000000 'oo0° V0000 8 {( 00 ) 000 )ij,� ••000 00 0 ( () ) {c� It a mems (74.3 g). two Nerira pwa shreds (0.1 g), two Drupa ruhtWildrus shells (1.8 g), 46 waleriwn marine shell fragments (39.2 g), five edrrneal spines (1.4 g), six fragmnas of eckmotd body (0.6 g), ibur water- worn coral pebbles (7 4 g), one uatcntom limit pebble (8 5 g), one pig twill (0 8 g), and 2.6 gnats of charcoal, 77u Feature C platform is interpreted as the foundation for a permanent habitation structure This is based on its formal type, its substantial construction (paved scribes, vertical slabs) and area (36.6 sq n). Feature 0 is a C-shaped enclosure located within the Feature EL endmum of the Site 34847 complex, The enclosure is open to da west and is 7 4 in in length (north muth) and from 4 4 to 9 3 in wide (Rgrrre M, The wails of the enclosure aro built predominately of jaw cobbles and smad boulders thong►[ two low (035 at tall) vertical slabs are present along die interior wostem side. The walla range in width from 1.1 to 2.4 To and in heiglit from 0 15 to 0.45 m. no interior of to enclosure is oompnsed of Ievol soil w uh scattered cobbles, with an exposed pahoeboe outcrop present in ttts eastern portion. No cultural m - mains were present on the surface of the feature. A 0 5 by 0 5 in text unit (M-4) was excavated inside the atclosure at the southern aid This axm- , c;itran revealed a single sod deposit over bedrock (lama fture 23). Layer I consisted of 0.1 to 0.16 in of very dark brown (7.3YR 2.313) silt w -Oh 25% gravel inclusions Cultural remains from Layer I consisted of one Cjpmea sip. shell (3 4 g), two Nes•Ita pleen shells (0 3 g), 41 waterworn marine sleds (39.5 g). 17 wa- tenvorm coral pebbles (60.3 g) and 0.5 grams oft:barepal. Feature D is Interpreted as the foundation for a porn m ani habitation stricture. This is based on its fatmat type, substantial constriction (vertical slab) and area (68 8 sq m0. Feature B is a roughly ovat-shaped platform lasted 9.0 m to the east of Feature D. within the Site 24847, Feature EL orramm me, Tire plaUenn is 4.5 in long (nonlread by Southwest) and 3 4 at wide, built adjacent to fie southwest"of a bedrock outcrop (Ligate ?fl), The northeast and west aide of the feaumi is burdened by aligned mall bouldars [bat vary in height 1Yom 43 to 0 S m. The southeast side, is cats uipa cl of staciosd ad faoad cobbles and small boaMett, mngimog in height from 0.45 to 0 9 m Tho southern ludo of the phArm has collapsed outward. Tho siafhce consists or a level cobble pavement with no sellas) remains present. A flat paboahoo slab Is present on the stufkc of the feature at thermrih end, A 1.0 by 1.0 is test alt (l'U-5) was excavated In the approximate mater of the platform rs veadng two layers over bedrock (sce rgam 74). layer 1 cannsted of 0.19 to 0.38 in of tightly packed mules amt pebbles with tui a nhumi renudns. Oodrp;k was encountered below layer I In the aril half of the unit with the Layer 11 deposit ptesaat bchaw Layer I In the west batt Layer It oarimpted of 0.02 to 0 05 in of a black (iOYR 2f1) silt with 30%s cobble and pebble mehnsions. Caltural remains Aom Layer 11 cousWed of ane Drupa ridna shod (2 0 g), tae .Yenta pow shall (0.6 g), six kukal nut sheds (5.3 g), one vWratnie glass flake (4 0 g). 26 waterwom manure shells (77.4 a nine vanerwor coml pebbles (67.3 g), 0 6 greens or charcoal and a mongoose sindl (4.5 g). Featura E is interpreted as On foundation for a permament habitattau structure. This feature is slightly smaller in area dem typical permanent habitations (15.3 sq m). though its formal type and abstan- tial construction (}tined side, paved surface) suggests it functioned in this capacity Feature F is a reclongular-sloped waded piatfonn located at the northern cud of the ate, south of a gap in the Site 6366 wall and the mathem old of Nanihoa Drive (h7gare 27) 7be feature b 5 4 m in Icugih (north -moth) and 4,6 in wjde, with wall remnants extending along the easy west and smith sides: The northern cod is level with the surrounding ground surface. The walla vary In wdthitom 067 to 1 05 m, in height on the exterwr sides from 0.35 to 0 8 to and in height an the interior aides from 0.10 0.65 in above the surface of the platform, intact, faced sides aro present on each of the three waded sires and a vertical slab is incorporated into de westcm sda Tlie surrace of die piau'orm oomisls of a level cob. ble pftvdmtlt with no cultural ramming present 44 ,rtrrrrrr, nagen[psboebaaaiterna (QAI (0,1)-tlei�mtln imMn ro� ro. (ata) > rr,rr• �r Vaunt slow --Sea war scoc.d tabWas- rr '>; tv.t X \ N tam fail ro.n ro� »stem Nwewea Fens 0 La 6A 9" 0 I 0 lA ZO 3.0111141. Bedrock o soca Lean I. Veer ds*biowe (7.SYR 9.SA/ser wiQi `137s gold liicim �law+t rr� t Figure 25 SIte24846, Feature D PI -Map and Tl i-4 NOrthweat Face Profile 45 atio � e J 000000 0 OOo00000C0 000000000000v� ` r 00000000000 00 000000000000 000 000000 Do poo 000004 0 u ORD 000 O 0000 0000 O 000 .� F 000 0000 00 0000 O 000 000000 00000 n 0 000 0000000 0000 00 000 000000 00000)) 00000004 0000000 00000C))3))))�) ♦���� � 00000000 0 000000 000000) )) )))) 1� 000000000000000000000t )))� ))))j ))) �\ 0000000000000000000000)y)))))))�))) 00000000000000000000 00000000000Q0000aonw,,�)3)h 0000000000000000000) ) 5) 0000000 1) ) 000000000000000000 ) 3 ) )))3))) 000000000000000000 0000000000o0000r�))�j��3 K 00000000000000 3 � �) 0000000000001, J) )�) 00000000001; 111) 00000000431 3J 1111 X11 00 y P d Cl t4�4)rj�) `{,� ^ Maim 2100000 +�,aa000 > O ao ?AGO 4o000ao0 0000000 aE;aa0a0 D0000000 000., ! ) Oi JOOcooSO 000 OOo00oo^ 00Da000O0 000 q 0000000, 000000coo _?000 000000400000000 00C L 0000 ]0 CO p0000 0000000000 00 000000000 a� 0000000010+ )OOOOOOOC" ! 00000000 )0006C�0000 r •' X00000000 a0000d 0000 q O 00000 000 0 f 7 )) )� ,48 g rrrr � a atio � e J 000000 0 OOo00000C0 000000000000v� ` r 00000000000 00 000000000000 000 000000 Do poo 000004 0 u ORD 000 O 0000 0000 O 000 .� F 000 0000 00 0000 O 000 000000 00000 n 0 000 0000000 0000 00 000 000000 00000)) 00000004 0000000 00000C))3))))�) ♦���� � 00000000 0 000000 000000) )) )))) 1� 000000000000000000000t )))� ))))j ))) �\ 0000000000000000000000)y)))))))�))) 00000000000000000000 00000000000Q0000aonw,,�)3)h 0000000000000000000) ) 5) 0000000 1) ) 000000000000000000 ) 3 ) )))3))) 000000000000000000 0000000000o0000r�))�j��3 K 00000000000000 3 � �) 0000000000001, J) )�) 00000000001; 111) 00000000431 3J 1111 X11 00 A 2.0 by 2.0 in test tmt (TU -1a) was excavated into de center of the platform, revealing two Juy- ers over bedrocit (see fture 27). fayarl consisted Of0,37 to 0 48 in of tightly padded cobbles andpebbles, cuitmid remamv doom Layer 1 consisted of one Cypraea sp, shell (20.8 g), two basalt grounddone frag- ments (No, I - 58.5 mm tong, 300 mot wide, J80 mm thick, 59.7g; No. 2 - 50.g taut Jong, 300 mm vide, 21.0 nue thick, 29,8 g) and a fragment of a basak adze (52.3 mm hang, 32A atm wide, 24 8 inn Hack, 58.4 g). Layer u was comprised of 0,36 to 0 47 at of a very dark gmyub broom (IM 312) silt with 311Yo gravel and cobble inciasiorm Cultural remains hom this deposit consisted of six Cypvaeo * shells (8.4 a 32 fragments of Nanta picea (10.2 g), two fragrneuia d largnMW' Perna (0.2 g), 141 watentorn marine "is (193 2 g), 63 fnagmerts ofrehinold body (7 9 g), 140 echrrmid spines. ave pig bares (23 g), one pig took (0.7 g)„ 10 kuka) int shells (106 g), 20 basalt flakes (502 g), four volcanic glass itakes (4 8 g), and 7 0 gtaros of charcoal, Feature F is ortainctod as the foundation for a peroanerd habitation stmchn. Thus inlaptoiatim is wed on the tendines formal type, its substantial construction (faced sides, vertical slab, paved rattflaw) and am (24 8 sq m) Poston C is an oval-shaped en closm located 14 0 in east of feature F in an arca of kwed toil and scattered cobbtas. Tho enclosure is 6.1 m in length (tarda -wroth) and flea 4.4 to 9.1 in wide (Figure 24 The north, east and urst walls of the etulosure are built of roughly startled and pled cobbles and malt boulders, that vary in width from 06 to 1.6 rn mid in IWSM ftam 035 to 0.8 m. A portion of the west wall has collapsed "word, and aportion oftho east side Consists of aiopteg rubble that $topes dawn to lhewest. A pohtion of the cast aide is atm formed by a low bedrock outcrop. 7bc south side of the sruclu re consists of an aligmnesd of small boulders that average 0.53 In in bright. 77hc interior of the feature consists of a level sail deposit with scattered cobbles NO snitrrral YLMrtaias vita presoyht oft etc surface of the ehuJosrtte A 0.3 by 0.5 in test unit (1'(143) was extclvated w(d1m the endlwm in rte western portion. Thus excavatorreveaiodasinglesolayer ovatbedrock: (teorWm28) Layer IcoosistaiofO29to4.4mOra very dmk brown (7 SYR 2 513) silt with 30% gmvel indkiddns 6*01111 remains from this deposit con- sisted of sine cypraea 4R straps (15.5 g), true Drapes rebsf dww shells (3.6 g), 18 watdrwom marina shell rragawA (5,4 g), 1.2 rchtraafdbody fm8mtetls (0.9 g)sad 22 gt8ms of ctanoosl. Feamne 13 is interpreted as the foundation fat a pea ucnt bsbllaliar Owdu e. 111011911 lacking substantial caattz"o t rharaatimstics, its an ('31.1 sq mj, its Sub$arfattr cultural rrmhstahs and spatial as- sotaauan with osier pamreoutil habitation sllnewret of the s4c suggest it likety bmctionad fur this purpose. Feature H is a low, roughly rocs atolar plahforna located within the Site 24847, Feature EK on- closurre; in an arca of lOvt<7 toil Witt sautctrd cobbk:t 17ta platform rs 7.4 m in length (iOnrth•soOth) and from 3 3 to 4.2 at mde (Agiae 29). no sides of the platform consist done to two courser of rabbles and small boulders that wary in be%* Umar 0,h to 03 in. The surihco is comprised of a poorly sorted cobble pavement A walesvom basalt cobble is ablated on the suracc of the pladbrm at the southwest comer. A !meat pdo of cobbles and small boulders extends to rte OM from the northeast corer of the platform, aheaaning 3.6 in long, 0.7 to 0.8 In wide and 0.35 to 0 5 in in height A 10 by 10 m test amt (TU -20) was excavated into platform at the southeast comer, rdveating time layers over bedrock (see 17gure 29) Layer I consistal of 0.22 to 044 in of bghty packed cobbles and small boulders, Cultural remains from Layer I consists of roe Cjpraea $p shill (l8 9 g), three warem am mamma shells (7.2 g) and one small wa<ierwont coral cobble: (36.2 g) layer 11 was comprised of 0 37 to 0 56 in ofa very dark bhotva (7,5YR 2 SR) alt with -25-351Y. cobble and pebble inclusions. Cultural remains from this deposit conststed of 24 Cypma sp, shells (49.4,8), three Conas ap, shells (28 8 g), two Nemo * shells (0.3 g), four Penta pk ee sires (I.1 g), Otte Cal/ohm sp. $bell (g8 g), tine Hasfula perdcaRara sftall (0 7 g), five Drupa ricuur dWMs (5.8 g), 12 Drupa rob usidaaus shell$ (R0 g), Ohre lrognomdn Penta ehdI (0 5 g), eight laafflwaton aµ shells (5.1 g), seven Unidentified manna shell ftagmems (5.61% 337 water- worn manor shell fragments (560.4 g), five Behi turd spine (3.0) 103 F,r*w1d body fragments (10.7 g), ten watmvora comb pebbles (7.8 g), tune Uagma i; of small mammal bora (2 2 g), 23 1Crrkaf nut shells (29.9 g), two conal abrades (No. 1- 59.0 mm long, 47.9 mm mde, 16.Om m thick. 23 9 g, No. 2 4 61.3 min tang, 63 0 mm wide, 22 8 mm tack 64 0 g) and 124 grams of chucoal, The baster W deposit was cao- 1 sioxfi¢s�On (03)+tid&inmaw (OAS) O d 0 (035) CC etc cc( C( tet t CC sr -1cve1>tailsriWU"edbk-�- r C `t C t tt4t((tt( t( t( `(`(` Lt`(c (<` ti ((C( ro� (d� (�c((pc t(C(cc (CcgC(t ` Ctte((t(t(��,}'t t Cc((t(((C ((C( ((t `t`cC,}-3t( aih17 (t (t ((tom (C( (t CLQ t`i <t�t�(�< 1,( CC i"t( ` ((t(c Ct(((( (t(c( t(t `ro`((3cc< t t(i(ctf�c4 ( (c ct `( cc`` c ` t c (ons) Q � i MI5S) MISS) All)e+edrmrabwtdea roan ro) tt�lha a r e t3 wor 40- a os us sm a S ,ear•vermtUw.er+svaasOydo.eb 30%pwd tgdudm ,tklwA Mid toe Figure 28. site 24846, Peatin G Pian Asap and TU -13 North Face Pro&te 49 0fern 0,cat 0o000v,0 ,0 -t and a9w9tl�f WW3mie4 mAN� -- ad� �0,°s�I.ea00J00-0- 0 sP7� A �stoc�lbnd nWmmt 0 0 0 00 00 (sus) (a11"a0sblbco Goo 000 000000 00 ass00000 a00006 o 000000006 0000000C�00 0000 06000000 000000 0 IU -"Plana tV90-traMrae 00o0A 0 ot i(s 0000005 we".cmm.1SKI S ol m m ma tat(r, I4WaatAltBed®eVWm 9 loom rand mead tayal•'m** p"wt6lm,padaadarea t+aen-vsva.ar.mapsVas.rtg �"'d' 0 O0 a i) ss-latcreetr,mSeemar pop Cdeudmmdapa or 0000000000Ot Froom ,000000000, tA'aD•adtEe m{PSYaI%��+nan 0000000006 m4s#apad laWaat 000000000f�(0.di imma 00000000,01 0000000840 00000000000'. 000000 O A bas 0000000000 s 0000000000 t 10600000000 p o 0 0 taeareawra woad caAbta-60 00 0 00 0 00 tll�Oedweuk.. 7000000,000 py�,Yrraalnob Mbea a00006000000tr o room 7LF1 NAI J0000000000000• .a0d0000�A000000000000000 >00 00000 00 a00000000gC(�) t.maP.7l�rrndtadweatm.a addmrx 00 10 00000 0000000,00 tayeca-vayda;tawafxaraasrUearaa (� a0.20lialbinadp>ble>edaiea'. ceumdaamdupema (� V sldr Figure 24. Site 24846, Fiat- Map ofFeatim H and I mid H and rmmm 01 s us w mar 6e pnsed of 0,02 to DA4 in of a dark brown (73YR 313) silt whh 20.3011 growl Inelusiotm. Colonel remains from this deposit were comprked of Berlin waldwm manse shag fragments (4.3 g), aloe Wdumld badly fiagmems (0.2 g), two walotwom coral pebbles (1.119) mrd 0.9 granas of offal FOUM H is inDerptotad as the founda- tion for it permanent hebg4tion structure -Itis is basad on its fbrind oj% wbstagtiaj construction (paved san- &on) and area (31.08 a9 m). Feature I k a latze, toalihly t..thaped terrace located to the south of Aware H. A portion of Una west - am wadi ofthe She 24847, Featum FSR enclosom wag tainhunes at Udo northwest corner of Feature i (sae JYgum M. Tho tetrelo b 122 to %SW& Aoaitiwnd 8A in eat-wesrtj and VA&S ilk w)dih from 2.1 to 3.3 m. Tile uorh and of the Tamm is amwised of pllnd cobble sad small boulderrmomd gat avers" 02 m in fwght. The northwest " and tto Onve t ead canatsia of M" cobbies and noel) bomildw Wert Vary is halls k item 0.3 to DA m. Yer- Ocal slabs aro bcattd at" Theaomh d to add aI the soutbeast Caterer ofta before, an*& la height firm 0.5 to 0.69 m. AIWW cobbles borderline seat We of the Rmium with a Second afrgmnelt edtediag sprain, the surfacer of the ktrAw in an eW-wast dncctl a 7116 surface is comprised of a poorly sorted cobble pavement with oro axdbuw nxndns pres mi. A 1.0 by I m test unit (Ill -2t) was excavated Into tbo awfito of rho terrace as Un, southern, end re- vealingYtw Cayes ova bed:ook (aa Figwe 21h. Layer t consisted of 0.44 to 0.40 to of 6ghdy padw cobbles, pebbles Aad OUR boeblels. Cultural mrom from t.a)ar 1 consisted of three walawom coral pebbles (1.9 g). Layer It was tampased of 0.16 to 0.26 m of u vary dark brown (73YR 2.5/3) silt wNh 10-20% cobble and pall - We ind mica . Cil "reals iva from dhia btyer c nnaiued ofsavm OP Bp, ahelts (43.2 g). 10 &hfwld body f)agmeds (u.3 a 96 wam ifs" marine shag fftwenis (103.7 a acro volcanic glass Mateo (0.3 a au morel radar (46 -ba lasg, 422 Pmavarkte, 20Amao ffuek. 29 7 g) andDA groans oftdtacoai. Faduro l is lnlerpraled as Wer dbrnWatdort for a pe rtammord hiblaillon Savor m This Is lased on, Its foetal typo; substo mien consfruetron (paved naramei Vortical shahs) and -(w sq any Aside Ram a alam ism of watetwom coal pebbles on ft surface of Feature 0, no ealbami minim Were present on the imeakft fcatu m s itoca or oa the ground mrhw surrounding Om fistulas which twrsists of very shallowaog sad bedrock outcrops. Site 24847 sw 24647 is a mmpka of t42 alpiaalmmi features that am scattered throughout Om p"goct was, (see FOM 4 TIa fbaNtas am comprised of 119 modi8od oaoamps, 14 mounds, On am4amn% two walls, orae plat - foam ami nam tarraea 71te plgauital motes of these futures oro sua remised an Table 5 and Uro foemal ftion maroamainsedbelow. The 119 owdilkd Outerops and 14 nw m k are-Wprdad as otosrin g No dial were created by eaa- so6cktag sulfaw stones from adjamd plating arm If pumgy these fid am comprised of Warreaadly mom Matted picks of basalt cobbles and smug boulders, watt wmvm aides and saafacm erg am cultural mmaw. 7be M*Un s am cwaprhed of Seam piles Situated an the ground surface and go modified outcrops consist of piled slaws on exposed bedrock oamrops. No cultural remains were bawl to a wdatim with the clearing piles. The modified outcrops range In length from 0.7 to I OA in (averagiag 3.08 in bag), In width Som 03 to 5.3 in (ever - song I A9 m) and in holgltt bran 0.25 to to m (avaaort;0,62 m). The majority of these fasuarce we irrregulmly- aahaped (oR99)s wig, Ora tmaindor aonsistin,g of liaw (9?. oval (%and c§erler(2). iNaae a>E the Pn,odiilaed aat- erops me barn of piker Stuoem (l L7) atlhawgh two avideaaad saam cede stacfdog (Feature AF and Cl.t). Of rimae. arm urea suI jelled t0 snbArtlsee twtiog (Famtcane CU). 7$n, Feeonm CU modilied mamp, Is imaod In Ola poltil opalr$I portion of Uro projed arca at a 63 A elovmmm Tire ft aer Is hulk at the mulhan side eta boahmek moi" that slopes down tc the noxh.7he moth. Red owemp In, kh%Wm(y osmd and Is S3 in in l"A (a*wcA) and hose 1,4 to2.9m wide (Filiw o34 the sides aro c mit ml ofromgMy seadred and piled elbbks sad man beaidim diet moa to WOK bran OAS to 0.9 m. Ila satrtace of the tket n IS tamt(vely kvd bat unpaved cobbles, Wall small bmtalism No eultaind remaim were li m ost on,Via scsfma. A lA by IA in test ung CTU -t4) coos excavated ido do wdbm ofUro eoodi0ed on" In the wmkm paatton. "fids excavation rove" a Stora layer (Layer 1) ovalft a &A 04=9 (Laym 8) that rests an bedrock (seeFgwa 34Iayer l consisted of 0.29 to 0.6 in of homy pedmd oobbks, pebbles and boulders vitt no Table S. Site 24847 Agrtculdtral Features Fen Wm* N she 00 Mtp4roy NmeMer A momw Otte" 5LO 300 SAO ware", IYPd OOMrM ser ll!"4041rdrir 3 a M.MWOamap I 080 035 Woo" Pbdoobw"andwoMtowm 7 0 dAO"LAAOOP 2.30 am 025 be0w0 LYadlwbMaawda4al1bM4JoM 10 D mound 38 33 a4 an9a0 Pled o"n RM waD bolded 11 E MOditdCUG" 1-13 07 03 VmAv PW 40141Os and WOR bmmm 12 F mOmedDdoop 480 435 095 he6da pled cdabte Md uaM buds s 3: 0 ummodommp t9 11 US kodam. Plod Oanike and smd boaems 14 H U64WO&M 4D 20 aff IPb" P9dmdtim Mal IOM bodd ft 18 i mat"*AM 07 a5 d5 M.W P4ed wOblaa and enm wdd0e 21 A Modwow'oP 30 135 053 heguw Pard wow" ant Mow owidus 29 K MdOle DlhaW 125 075 45 I yeller Pdnd Wool. am arell b.L*WM 294 L ModredOumm 31 18 118 hmwAm gledodMaaRWwM6aoubl4 2e. m Madded cudew 105 0115 64 kle0- PMO4mMalaedllal6aad"g 1144 H Mound I 185 14 US beeO O pwampirwo saedbwddao 24 D modwodbo."I 365 12 475 knWw PmdooMa4a and oidr boeEme 28d p U.M1,dO".j 245 190 Q55 IPe{paI Pied celft. and seed bmWM am D momodommol t30 120 aw mods P&O admesa64 ade0 b0um0e 20b R MOWWWWOP 109 085 030 IglaMe plod ooDbms aldlnd baaoo" 284 6 Ak.W 47 1.25 Qa5 aPwA. Rodadthrondandboulds" 20 t Moffoll doe 195 475 044 dyui0 PAW eum "Am lmd htddMll gra u MdsmWorld &An 315 aw *WW Ptdm anbOmbaedsne4l/iAras tm V modwouMloo 1,8D 160 045 wopow, Pledoebidaad"eakatlas 909 W MAIM 225 110 035 laadR Res, W addend b0Al 30b x Moddf outog+ 145 2.65 COO b -Oft Pdkdaahbma sae lndbaadas Sad Y MadardOMMI 420 33D 090 aa9da FHad4aloommoaedbotilm 30s 2 tlodSedOo" SW 210 0.78 Lk— Pded Cabbies wdW dbebiea 304 AA Modred OMaCp x80 165 air bmgkbr POW.VdMemodemdbado" 32 AS TV" who 350 0.15 we— &eased and PMdOebbis"aW 0440 batIMRe 33 AC Mond 830 SW 440 Luer Pdadodti edeeill Aden OB AO ModdMOwatp AOD 3f0 100 kroom P%d MWNSW*..Nb.M— 25 AE AWWOADW 210 070 009 ora+w Parra b wiffaompboWws 34 AF MededOWWO Std 170 101 hepder &'adRd led pdedenhAee tlndldm5ddwd4M "a AO Medd 1 183 235 045 Meow P41do0M1m5 rid I" Deme" Ido AM MdWWJOfiWQpj 4,11 174 aha OVA- I*$ aaDNea end 4098 bnMdm 1188 M M.5"dOdage 2s4 245 bs ogpdo Prod en"AM mdemillwldra fie A3 m owOchoa 095 ass *AD Will" Pres naLks emanad taa"dRs 1180 AK SMddkdOdoM 265 185 000 Imdow Plbj 4orCk4 aWsed 6oumae 38 At M.&WOaaop 176 am 055 InWwa PPAd- mMdladbwddws 1150 AM MDMWOtftW 230 1,40 0.28 krm- pledlVtlmedemd0edmen list AH MO WWOw 225 159 Q40 WWW- PfledlobbWads" badder iQe AO MalOod OiAOW 135 480 OM 1000010 FBedo"mandsmAheemes 41 AP U.0"Odam 120 100 to trlepAl Paede4h m; and seem Oauml" 400 ACI Modred OUMANI 2 75 045 aV OnQdI POadoohm l ww Pole MIAMI; 400 AFI MORWOdmap 515 Zl5 OM hes ad Md 'ha. 400 AS MOdtmdOftlir 103 130 475 IaepUMt FOmCobbles 8W ams 13416104 42 AT Madded 6A w 135 12S Q85 dei P6bd esAAdee soAMedb4wdV4 39 AU Madded OdOop 155 125 1170keaBumr kms*r Pied mkhm"ens emea hoaWbs 44 AV ANOmw Owcnro 4 W OW O.W Lgaae Plod cotb[as sed red boadee 44 AW Nodded Mftn* 420 125 dB I teew paw obblon" and Damen 470 52 Table & Site 241147 Agri4ullural Features !tont } Woo. N 71npomy Nlnnber AX mmW 400 too 1193 f5eaa POmaobbin*MeMdbaoken .nb AY MORA Z30 ode 096 kee9e01 POW M. arwasa46wft" 49 Az AXdam**= 100 Too Q75 cmw FwaWlsondeadbocedms 40s 6A Modred Ckow. 20D 13D 095 ine0ao POedaaDa6o1dwmltlamNly 4rb 08 MOMdGIAM 336 2SO 000 Owt PWdwfOO&Vemalboadfas 46 aC MKO10400,11 236 143 435 tmq,aa prelolmmaWwMb6yMIa Sm dD Wd 351 a4.1a 1t3Ats Lm r P90taoobim4dO sad OOolam" foe 41e ModF.40ANp 320 176 us hm6ldtPard oeAebme am4aermdtdn 126 BF 4Md1ldQlrlasp 14S 110 455.,.w 170md9hbl04 B1d ana0lWadfa 112 aG momw Oedxap %W to 005 ow'd0 ROm4obM®md OWbodd"M 100 B11 V dOed OdaOr 90 40 138 OlkdmfAmn and weYbwaee 113 W AkdtdOdeap 72 205 14 k" PAadalOdrrt aadaaldb-Ud— Heb Ql JUDSAWOWMW 43 41 194 "Who ~0061"WO eM"A boWftM 1144 BK 10oOQedO1ACMP 2.25 t35 Q55 oe9uw Pled mbOluRdWWbdWd— 1,44 BL Am OAd*&M 20 23 ass bnMdm =oolalvaMl4dbatlden 120 JIM /AodP,addAaop U 113 D96 teieR P4ede>abbiee0ad+mW60dmreB 12x6 ON i AwcutRW 17 Q7 Q4 Oroputa P4edcK6btsaedemdbmddeh 1234 80 M0a04d0ksop 175 12 415 anWrr P9e4 eab0bsaW seed baak7selr Inc OP MvdlwOdfdop ,1 OTIS 42 POadEb66iatb4d aemFda'da4 ,228 ®O Mo ed*Aomp Oa 05 4]3 Qd pled obbWetM0 pMlbarlR+o 8736 OR modaw6Aaop 2m 133 0]5 01¢",00 Ptdm anbOmbaedsne4l/iAras 125 86 14mMad-DlraaoD 4W 135 QeS wq-w Odededdlddds40 bmMIa 124 87 IM.MftdCIUW 320 2,40 06S kmguW I PO ootdoo adaadboaldee 1218 qu ImerdejolIree, 185 am Q35 wwd r Ped oobbh led aceFbmA40s 1216 6y moaWd 390 470 040 ompulw aobMa eM emMi beamna 121c >de( mOdaed 2.30 099 445 4Fap1Wr Peed eahb4eeM "ea116oidwe 151 8R Moreadem8xop 430 450 040 tnepuw Frim OaddMauaaad 040444 t9E or mood 29S teS 045 we— F1kd63W WAe4WtWdae rAD 9z moff"Odwoll 19 1.s 12 aaegubr iMW "aedsaeD L4JWeea 1274 CA MoXWOwRm 22 ITS 07 WVW Pam ameirsdatd bowdeo ,270 Ca W.Deffoutomm 39 14 QB Lhaa PWCObbhn&Aur llboumm 128 Cx= I Med8ed011OW 390 370 085 Oyed PddZCHles aedrodbmAddn 129 CD IMoSIXFOAMP Sm OeO 025 ubm POW *A"" ad lad baddai 147 CE roftm too km 045 OrM eleAo0ar9 pdpaaoffiba sod,simODolNNes 131 CF MoOtdOdboov 120 Qa0 040 hlepu'a Fled,-INj eoWs"bould— ,03b CO MdAWOW" 5.141 DBO aa5 twee Phd04bler aodem ubwuumm 1084_ CH Modred DdaOP 205 1.25 040 predWbMf♦eedMe6 bdddlb iea cl m!.2%dOddeoP 225 1.35 086 lft.04u pm4wdditmWaadbo3kn loft CJ Muditd Del at5 18D 0.75 anOalal PAedwbbmeadRad b4dde14 ' CK MedMmDubMP 2.30 f.TO Q35 Oed Fewadddea wwsmalbaAma 1044 OL Ma55ad Odrlal 220 59 11&1 038 w Faedaebma ondsm 4butAdaa 10.+ CM uoditd DOrwp 235 zed 0115 OPO PradtObNRealW seer WAOea 103 Of modem NbM 470 240 105 O+N POcdoobhte<mdead hMAd4tb 101 Ca Nodded Qdo:ap 120 1 m 036 Orad PMoohasa a104nmd Da4dm4 ' CP Madded Owa p 230 140 07S bapaa ?sed wlaae dl mobouvrm 34 CO Modred 00-0 SAO 2.50 0/M) PlegaO PaWoOsbiea mdalndlbai0en 51 CR Modd¢d Odeop 30D 250 am kms*r ModeaM9e wdsmdboaMan 334 123 ModOad fkdWOP 276 204 980 bm§Lgw PladmVAn and ems bokiam Ob L! MOdMm O14aaP 510 3.60 430 DIeMdO Feed adRmeamaneO Oadtleee 54 Table & She 24647 Agrlculioral Features (cant) Raw" len 0i mawowmwl 530 2.41 080 ftnow Gladled d idWMWnend 00 bM*ftM J7 cv NeuW 060 To p40 tarduw Pad meNoeeMemm eOaDa. 9 CW Wal 696 o'Pt9 OSaT3 luear 5WP5W oetdoMemtsmm bMdden m cx *od 2e0 710 090 Liar PilW 4enue as anmabMdee "a CY Moand 1 915 121 O:K kn�Mer PdW tsbatV ad an+dl tsddae ob 02 NuNWO*Mo AM 770 060 knyrM PaWaoNJM sn41nM bmeMrs 80 D1 ModiftdOA-PI 280 ISO 005 m Wor Brod eoN#esend Mm2 bmidss 100 06 Nbuod 5.63 145 ODD low" Filed a Wo aal.0 bWM" 4Y w Mmm1 205 470 m kRodM pudico mandNmecieum w 00 ekdaodos p SD 10 IAO 130 [nmM PW 4�6014e Me Damn wod"s 136 OE ModiledQ*" 133 0.86 0.10 popes Psadcdt>bPesendea�Ibwidas 137 OF umuMiodrordP 41 OT Q6 kmpdhr t15Nte60teeeeMoMml h911ro41II 103 c0 MasOetlQaFMop 40 915 08 knoWr 1 134 DH MuOfloaGnWop 27 2,1 065 kmmo Fees 04ow ON saW bookies 185 OF MadsW Dutmp 79 205 061 1 beepir Peet a.hNe.ard aeW bwaos m Di moomme"I 315 165 D4br W W PA dgnbd.eMd+ d WWdara ass' PK U~*ANWI 12 am 056 1,1176" Food dsbbbeadslneabmidore 1541, [s, mg&w 00mv 115 13 a7S h'MrAm p6Waa161laadaxMtlaamere tSAs OM Me®sdQlom `106 665 035 1 -A p6ltl mbNeeWemepkmAile 165 ON Naiwoom 103 115 0.4 kra0epr PAeda.bbbaeYld almabMr9eM 1526 Do b1vSAnd owls" 16 1M QAS kmpulla PadddabbroeermsmW eadmr► 15& UP imedldoaksap s9 2.45 m Isopldr p6Wmbdmmdmdlbadien 107 w Nand 236 740 1T (DRWM P6odmbtlxMtl asWl6mMso 1591 DR MeowoMaap 26 ass am u low PWdaoiNaamd arm96ee6We t3aa 00 NadiBelciAemp Dao Oro 02s 1 kwft POW a lbbleesM*A*Pbod0ao 130s Di Mq'IOOdiddoap 993 !2S 04D hnWor Pdyd pebblq eMlansabgdia. 736D OU McWWDA..P 5.50 295 Dao kae0dr 1 161 Dv M.Awoub," 209 065 075 kmwm PfbdoabUes MrdallNlMaMer) iH DW Mada4d DleaaP 133 CAD 025 InspM pgWsoDbl.sadma66asARn 146 ox m6mocilk" $27 390 065 w"Wer Peml abbbieead MA bolos IQ DY Nomedomop 2" t41 033 bt".w PlkdomMeaead aplbadi5.aa 147 DZ Nedwodamp a10 IAM 976 Innwusr Pees aema1461m ermlbaMdae 167 EA Mddlod TO SA Cos kaw" peW d.e+leradedeebad�ra to Ed mo "ll ou" 4.13 105 078 kr.0aka PaMf aebWasal6ssW MAitlae Sae EC Noelhd QMMw 12a 179E0155kM91"' D71d2skre0ulr Pa d0*111 se6dMO®WA" 62EE maned oModP 3.85 !a3Masulm pPW ac1,11Md-W b -%NM 64 EF NoddOrdmop 290 2Nikx6ub PBN oab01men6oMgPboMdaro 65 EO MadledDrAoea 250 210kre0dar pod ao lon so amid bouMen 64 illi Ew"m STs306 79a""Lar PdW mbNeseW.ael 6ouNare 63 1350 13,3.17DdWV.IW P1W eoeMos oresmal bowdea6470 45104hrnpufAr PAW aab6.Ms aw small bouMers4D20 161,.261ae71ler21 Y322 N0.95SIneauia Pibd aohbioesal sane bnlddma s3 54 rrr, rir, r rrrr irrri r, rrr � , �- Iiaav60 idlt dOd 00RCtOpD-- 5 4 } TU -14 5 r. r rrr' rrrr,rr ---uaovw edit and oDoadps— 0 34 6A 9Ad e to 2.9 ions �� Edaeofp66oandoouidmp (0.71 -HOr&m m*n I 8tepadk*Wma Fig= 30. Site 24847, Feature CU Plau Map and TU -14 North Facs Profile 55 cultural remains present. Bedrock was encountered below Layer 1 in the eastern portion of the unit, with die Layer it sod deposit present below Layer I In the western patios. Layer 11 was comprised of 0 22 to 0.24 in of a dark brown (7.5YR 311) silt with 15-20% cobble and pebble inclusions. No cultural roaming were prresent. This 14 clearing pile mounds range in length from 1.65 to 65 in (averaging 3.25 m). In width from 1.1 to 3 3 in (averaging 1.74 m) and in height from 0.35 to 09 in (averaging 0.55 tnk Thalo tlatu" are each built of pined cobbles and small boulders, with 10 of them evidrncing an irregular shape and two with a lacer dispa. The five enclosures ofSdo 24947 aro located a the nwdrwestcm potion of Lha projeot Mae. These feahttes (restates SH through ILL) nee entdeiy built and were likely used to delinew the boundarina of garden plots The features are constructed of piled cobbles and grail bouidara with walls that vary in with from 0.6 to 1.0 to mrd in height from" to 0.7 tit. Of Lha five atelaswas, tea are iraeplarly-wed and one is rearaagaler (Featme no no eaelosurea vary in length from 13.5 to 64.7 in and average 34A in WM sod in width ft art 4.5 to 30.0 m, averaging 17.8 m. The two wells at Site 24847 (Featom BA sad CW) arc l catad in the nmthxrsttral portion of the pwool, and likely mpr awit witions of dee same wall based as their orientation said spaliat association (We Fhgme 6). Thane linear walls likely fimdionad to dclhgW the boundaries daries of radon plots. Faduro )Ip is in the htlaad-most well, extending fryrm c. 731k ekwdork dotwnlops to"west-southwast a distance of 3SA m whom It tarmuaim in c 68 A elevation. This wall Is bulk of piled cobbles and small boWdws, and ranges in width remit 0.8 to IA at and in height from 03 to 05 m. TU Fcaume CW watt segment is sdustcd 265 m w ulhwgt of Factum BL). This, wall orlgmolas at c. 65 It.elsivatfon and a t ods downslope to the wast-southwat for 51.8 in wires it ttambunes at a. 57 R alevaNan. 7fds wall is built pdannity of pfiud cobbles, ead small bouddem though some crude sdacking was to b& TAe Pratte CW wail varies in width Vince 0.7 to 1.2 in and In bofgbt from 0 5 to 0.73 in, No cultand ae»im were found in assoaiathm with eithar wax 7h6 platform feat us, of8its 24847 gists or raaaas CB Wanted in tho cerml portion of the par- cel ate. 6811 etevatitm. This firotura is oval mshapa audio 2.8 sold lenge; (mart west), &ata 14 to 2.3 in in width and from 0.2 to 045 in In height (Rom 34 Bedtodt out 101111 WOthe pW&M to the 00 mai wes[. The sides consist ofseeked and piled cobbles and smeldboulders std the tarlhea consists of naval but unpaved cobbles and boulders. No caltutnl aeutska vera lut5mat on to around ids Costume A 1.0 by 10 in test unit Cr") was excavated into this canter of the ,, tovsahng a single stone Iayer over bedrock (we Figure 34 Layer I consisted ofQA to 0.54 m of loosely packed cobbles and small boulders. No culhnal roamins were present in Layer i. Feaaae CIS is interpreted as an sgriasdtural clearing Centura that also funclioned as a clearing pile, despite its more tomaal construction. This b based on the absence of calluml remains present in TU -S. The terrace at Site 24847 cromists of Feature AB, located in the inland potion of the project area st a 101 it elevation. The Wines is a linear feature built on tho side are slope that angles down to the south and southwest (ftiry 31). The terrace las overall dimensions of 10.0 in long (uorthwast by southeast) end from 1.1 to 3.5 in wide The north and northwest sides of the torraee abuts the side of it sloping bedrock ouuxop and a retaining wall extends along the southwest and wed sidm'rho northern one4hird of the fea- ture and the eastern end consist of sloping fnagular rubble, than range in height frog 0.3 to 0.75 in on thio downslope ekda. Tie central portion is oompr'aed of roughly stacked and piled cobbles and small boulders that varies in height f xim 0.45 to 0.6 in on rhe downslopc side. The upelopo sides in both area abuts the edge of rho sloping bedrock outcrop The surface of the terrace consists of refatively, leval but unpaved cobbles and small boulders. No cultural remains were present. A 15 by 10 in rain unit (fU-15) was excavated bite the surface of the terrace in the eastern por- tion. This axcovadon revealed a stove layer (Layer 1) overlying a sod deposit (Layer 11) that mate on bed- rock (sea Figura 32). Layer I consisted of 0 8 to 0.41 m of loosely pecked cobbles and smart baddem with no cultural missing praent. Bodrock waa encamtered below Layer 1 in Use norlberat balfofdhe unit, with 56 (0,2) Height in meters (03) odclop •i`+ $ D6wm i' TU -8 , f� ,J Outcrop riiiri' $ (045) (04) 1 �r*peves sett and low outcrops- Bast Face 0 I 60081 0 100cm Layer 1- Loosely lashed cobbles and bidders. 0 I's 3.0 d4.5ft No cultural nivdus 0 03 1.0 1.3at Figure 31. Site 24847, Feature CE Plan Map and TU -8 East Face Prefile ` CCCVAL CC�`� r LC1-C QC tCC CL t i. lC CCCCC CCL- C� CC CCLL r `CC GCC CCCCCCC r IL zc;�, L ccCcc �C L CC LCL_ C'CC(C. CC� C{ (E i. t�CCC�C CCCCCt C<' LLL t CCC<'LCt C(Cri r rr _ rr z–r rare Edge efphDebm oderop (0,7)+tieigst m rmkts I Slope &-daa SRI. AMI ALAWRA.*� 24 L• 0 3A &a !tat o to 10 SAW Figure 32. Site 24847, Feat= AB Play Map and TU -15 SoutheW Face Profile 58 the Layer 11 soil deposit present in tba southem hal The Lmw If soil consisted of 0.04 to 0.07 m of a dark brown (7.5Y)t 3n) silt whb 15-25% cobble and pebble incfusiom No cuftual remains wort present in Layer IL litu atfomtal medmd ofoonslmctton of Feature Alf and the absom of culhaal remarns suggests that this twrace f etotioned to erose a level or sfiekdy sloping tineas for planddg. No eWtuml romaima were present on fho surfaces oftbe Site, 24847 features or on Ow ground sur- face swtomndtag tha feahm which cmtscds of very shallow wd sad bodtoclt 00=01W IU Pomata tl eX- U404y rocky punt son typo *d th sowius the pmjcd area consists of Oda organic awls aventaing to eat in Wokonssovetlyrng bodmok (Sato of al. 1973.44 According to Sato at at. (197 A). 40-50% of the land swlbde within this soA typo consists of exposed paltoelmtm badmck. Tim Was project ares slopes to the Wed and has btmtt OOM by si" wash drat has Wen 4witxated by use of Om ]fardel for raztag for mare thea a owasy. Coag cattle b4v0 extanslvely dfsterbed the dim coils and the fcatama fhus, the potential far hmot subs wWo tadtural &po lls Is very limited. One owrephon to this limited potential are datbtht aglt9ul WW taeaaos. primarily fatraces and some kuc'14 that retain soil deposits aldnough cult" rematas at such re tures aro typtcany limited to casrcoal resulting ffvm vegetation clearing related adtvtty 59 CONCLUSION Discussion Tic Mcnuflcd sites and features wnfonm to the site and feature q'pcs expected in, the kind zone of the Kota Field System based on previous archaeological work and historic downMtaty relamrrll. Probable prehistoric to early historic agricultural freWres consist of miclosuea, walls, a terrace, a ptatforn, moddled outcrops and other stone-edelmngfeatures scattered in the vicinity of Imbl ution features. Tlrokahr zone was traditionally used for cultivating sweet potatoes, paper mulberry, and gourds. Early historic crops may have Included the traditioal orris and introduced cWdgars such as meiosit beans, cabbage. toJlbe, onions, or- anges, con, purrlplims, cottoq tobacco, pimrmpik and Irish potolom Habitation lbatures are concentrated m rhe seaward poruou of the project area. Three sites Include 20 permanent habitation lbatums at sever sftes (rank 6; i7garer 33) will three temporary habitation fmiursa at three sites. The three temporary habitation sites consist of a lava blister and two low platforms, 71keo shesers situated in arms oragtdcultural features and were probably uilund by individuals engaged in agri- culture. Fihop xrnumt habitadon silos are small usually consisting of only one or two featmes. Silo 24842 cunstsis of•a pavement and platform that was subscquewly used for burial. Permanent habitation Sites 24846 and 24534 oonand of compleims containing nine and thirteen features, iralxx@vely. Site 24534 includes a possibde hefou or shrima and otter possible rinrsl and burial features. These two sites we probably hart of a single large habitation compkx Tire large PWArnt (Feature M at Sao 24534 was interpreted to be possible a haaa or shrine based on the lags size of the platform (74.5 aq m), tbo presenoo ortto abundant coral oBbrinlA and the depressions, which Potentially stworted idols: Altommdwly, the feature may have functioned w a mm's 1101190. Tho large size Of the JoIRU a fhll6 into Uro size ntnge of a men's house or high status residence as defluail by Cordy (1981). MWS b0uM contained alters for »coal and were associated with arclutachual complexes contairft multiple residential 11MU ,4, The project area rugs from appioumate(y 249 to 600 is misad from the shorshr e, iidend of the boundary of Cordp's (199$) proptissd 200 m wide coastal Strip characterized by a concentration of 1airms- nant habitations and odiar flies associated with activities such as Moral, conoe slomgc. antral, and marine Mkiiiatmn. Thi daub trout the project army including the presence orpormoti at babikntion alis, bmri514 and a possible helaa ladicate that proposed coastal Scup was wider in the ptojca Atte vicinity awAy 150 to raider than that proposed by Cordy (1 "5) The project area is adjacent to the targe concentration of rosi- dwW. rimal and burial sites to the seaward portions of Kahalu'u will Keaahou Ahupun`a to lite So lit M concentration is a refloodaa or The royal center that was present at the wast and the concentration of habitJl- uon notal and boned features in the seaward pOrhoR of fire projett arca hkody was part of (Iris large M01 - mem Based upon radracarbun data from previously investigated Sites in the vanity (Haan of s.419981 trdittiounal Hawamdaa use of the am puobabiy beW as eadiy as Uta 1200S with the nlost IAWn ive Use own- nnllbetwaent the J400s and e.aiy 18006 Portabk rettmils trent test earotavaurms mdtukd food remains amt stufact9 Noaartpfnctual materials cumisted of marine sleek, kukul int, sea uarluu Femurs, pig bone snit a tooth. and waterworn basndt and coral. Anillim mdtdad a hommerxtone, coral abtrAws, adze ltagmcu4 a volcanic glass care, and voimntc glass flakes. AU of the AW eeawas and ttrtifhrd are typical troth MO Hawaiian typos, hdicatmg that the sites pfoWbdy were pnrtiAtiy occupied in late prolustary, Five fbawres of Site 24846 (Fealum D, E. H and 1) air situated tvnhin two adjoining onclosmas (features EK did EL of Site 24847) that may rndreate that tho features were occupied in the early 1840 after iiee magmg carte be- come a problem; however, no htsooic artifacts were recovered in the test axarvndam Of the fetitum 0 Table 6. Summary of Permanent Habitation Smites site Fea. Formal Type Sherpa 6ulutanaaaCoratrac• Arm CamneMs iron tag no 24534 a FWWM Recterv" Faced waved SW- 29.40 Foundation 24E40 - Platform RactermWa Faced aide, paved ser- Foundatlon for roofed two7390 structure 24M A Phdfam Old Paved sumacs 23M Foundation for roofed atruckaa 24842 H Pavamwd ["SAW Paved se0400 17,91 MoUWy Feature -Lanai Or work area ?3843 • Pteaam Oval pavedSurface, vertical 100 40 Femdatforiferfoofad at" atructura 24844 A Enetesore Rectaguler Vertksi boukten 7540 Ancillary Feature - Yard 24844 6 Platform Roaangvlar Paved surface 3160 Foundation for rogoo Sinufiars 24545 - Pavement kragubr Paved surface 3070 FaarMsruc to reeled atrianese 24848 A pavmnanl irregular Pavedsatface 41,80 Foundattonforroofed atnrokse 24945 0 T9moe R9ota]gutnr Paved std veakel 462D Found r roofed cuuckffe 24946 C tria0orm Radatl6Wlwe Pavedsafeok"it al 31163Fmmtlationfaroofed cams stnrtaae 24840 0 Encbae s C4rlaped Vertical stabs 69.80 Finamdstton ur roofed sWrsura 24548 E Pusorm ova[ Faced alae' paned guar 15,30 Foundation for roofed hes atrrrdura 24996 F Waredslat- ReeaanpWw Faced side, vertical sem, 24.80 Foundation for rooted form Paved surfacestrudum 24846 a FardOuwa Gael Nuns 31.16 Foundation to roofed .Z.... 24846 H PlatformReciaegaw Paved surface 21M Foundation for rooted structure 24646 I Tetraca 4ehaped Povad surface, vertical 6890 Fmeishan fa roofed slabs Structure Significance Assessment Pursuant to DLNR (1998) ar 2756 (d), the nmtiad sigmlieance assmonorus provided herein we area lural urml coalauronce hum the DLNR has boar oblamad The rotes documented during We stnvey art assessed for silpUfromw based on ft cxrlcrin o uthried in dim Rides Governing procedures for Historic Preservation Review t1)LNR 2003:Qmp 275) According to those rules, a she met possess integrity of docalion, design, setting, materials. wodmionsdap feeing, and osv Atden and shall incel ow or more of the following arena; I Criterion -0 Be associated w'rtlt events that have matte an important conlnbutmm to the Mod patients of our ldstory; I Criterion "b" Be associated with the lives orpersous important Incur past, 3 Critenoa "c" Embody tha dmutneiive diaraetenstmx ora type, period, or method of con- sumiorr represent the work ofa master or possess high art" value; 4 Offerum "d" Have yielded, or is tikcly to yield, infonnwiwt impontam for rrserueh on prelustmy or history; and S Criterion "c" Have an Important traditional cultural vahm to dmnsilvc Hawaiian people r to another ethoie group or the state dem to associations with rmdimond Cultural practices once tarried out, at stili carried Wel, at the property or due to amodmlons with traditional beita events or amt nowunts-4hem assodations bang nmpom,uri to the group's history and cadwrot idontity, Based on the above criteria, all rourlcca sites arc asimod as mgmrxm under Criterion "d" U We 7) The sites Imv yielded infermauon impartsat for understanding late prehistoric to histone land M. Two sites we a jonally messed as sigtn$gmt under Criterion "c" Sac 24534 is assessed as culnmally sigatfrautt because of its possible ntual sigwficance to Hawaiian people and Site 24842 Is assessed as eul- tumitg significant beam a ]nobablt traditional Hawaiian buret is pttseei, Recommended Treatments The mapping, writes drier ious, phmtogtaphy, and test excavations at three silos adequately dommi ants firma and no Gmher wark at preservation is nommmanded (= Tarda 4 Nisar sites retain the potential to yield tnttumation important for widerstandingpcehimm and historic tand use. Hight of these sites c m at of habitation features that are re mmmended for mi6ofto through data recovery. The other site consists of a taiga exmplflr cr agnadlmal filmm no re¢otmng two atea arc recd mmnded for pres- ervation. Tru: plans for data moawery would be detailed Ie s Data Recovery Platy prepared for DLNR-SHPD review and appmval. Seta 24534 is recawnmeDW for pmsarvation In acmrdonoe with a site Preservation Plan prepared for DLNIt-SM revIew and approval. The s wjft plans for priervetioa and mtmdenimm of brmW fimm at She 24843 would be daudled m a Banal Treatment Plan prelmod fm OLNR-SHPD and the Hawaii Island HmW Council OMC) mune and approval. 63 rs,hre 7 eum cinnifiranrn and Racnmmended Treni'menit SIHP =8 No. Typo Function sl Crgmle� Troatmenl' 6M Wan I.natlack Cartrol D 14FW 6368 Wau Lweatacrcontrol a NFW 6769 complex AgrWff— D NFW 245M Complex Ceremonial, Permanent Habitat. Gan D F PR 24M Lai° Buster Temporary HabeaBoe D OR 24839 Platform Tomporoy HaBRatlon D DR 24646 Platform permanent "Motion D OR 24841 Platform Temporary Habaetlon 0 OR 24842 Complex Permanent Habit U^ Burial D, E PR 24845 Platform Permanent Habitation b OR 24644 CWWGK permanent Hobaatbn 0 OR 24645 Pa"rwed Pertaa"M "WelleA D tit 24848 Complex Permanent Hsbks8nn D DR 24847 Complex Agnalaore b bit --MO.W. rro rano_ www, — ----I ,.wa .+- -.-.,t...--.-- 1 64 References Allen, M S 19M Arehaeologrcal Rewntrmssance Surve}. W—w Meadmns Dwdopinenl Protect Ates, Punima'a Ist and 2n4 Halualon ist and 2nd North Kona, Island of fbwati (11% 7-5- 15'2,12 will 7.6-2:1,14) PPHRI RWort 119-070384 Ptepara! far Waiono Meadows Ranch, Ltd. ArrtlsrtaiM KW. (editor) 1983 Atlas of flawaU NOW Ulu; 9ah,crsrly Of Havrari Press (Second c"Qn), 8arrein, W. 1996 ArchacolOgual layst>gilUon, Kapalaalwea. North Kot® (7MK. 7.7-10.12), Reid and As- soctnics. Koilim-Kan% Hawed. 1997 Kapalaabm Nonh Kom Hawan Island. Archacalograd Data Recavvry at HRHP 7729, FeWmaD.TMK:7.7-10:12 Pnqwtdfur AnlmrLudanck Burtchard, G,C. 1995 Papal anon mid Laud UM on lite KCartlwu Cousl, the Mauka Land hlvemory Survey. Keaolwu, North Koval, Hawaii Island, Part I Narrative Volume. hacnmboaai Archaeo- logtral RrasM0laitihlie, Inc Prepared for Belt Collins and Assmates and Katao- hamehalrivcattivat Cknporation. Ching, F, 8. Ncllcr, S. Palama, and P. Grillen 1973 The Ardalveology or North Kew, #leant the Ahupua'a ofKabulm to the Abupua'a ofKu- billow Stalace Survey Reabgnnxnt of Alii Dive Hawaiian Archaeological Journal 73-2. AidwealoVad Research Carter Hawaii, Inc Cord}, RIL 1981 A &udy ofPrddaorie Sacral Gtmrge: Tho &WIOrntenr of(:oMPler Sackriea in bW Ha- vailmt,WWMs. Acadeadc Press. Naw York 1995 Central Kowa Ardlacologlcal SClgerrrerrt Pattettla. Stale Hiswrlo Preaervatwn Dt91SlOrr, DLNR, state ofHPMVL PWWW for thePlamuug bepana>ent CountyofNawai't. Coude. J C., and CLIWL Beat 1973 Sugar 7ialrav- Marron, Gauge Rails of Hawah Felton, Cabfomis. Glenwood Publishers DNLR (Department ofLand and Natural Resources 2003 I�mwar'I Admfnislmtive Rotes, Title 13, Depatmem of Land and Natural Resources, Sukitle 13, State Historic Plescivahoa Division Rules Dunn. A, and P Rosendahl 1991 Preliminary Repart. Phase 1(A) - Sno Wcat frcation Phasad latensrve Archaeological Survey, Ah'i fftBhimy Phased Ktlgnuon Program NoiOt Kora DWricl, island of Ila - %ML PHRI Report 900-052191 prelived ibr R.M Tow9N Corp. 1992 PMunirary Report Phase i (B) - Testing of Potential Burial Features, Phased intensive Archaeological Surm, Ali'i Mghtvay Phased Mitigation Program. North Kona District, Islami of Hawaii PWU Repot 1170481792 prepared for RM Tawill Corp 65 Dunt, A., and R Spear 1998 Archaeologicai Inventory Survey and GrveBligathm of a Possible Burial at FeaWm C, Site 50-10.37-7729, Kapa'alaca, North Kona, island of Hawaii (rMK.7-7-10.13). Sci- entire Consultant Swvgices, hie. Report 108-2 prepared for David Selwyn, Doxym Trust, Dye, T, and E Komori 1992 A Promisal population History of HOWW'l Now 2a0and Journal of Archaeology, Vol- onic 14 FR till Foreign Register of Kuleana Chins Recorded by One Hoard of Commrssaners to Quiet LaudTi0es in the Hawatian Islands Manuscripl, Hamill State Archives. FT n d. Foicign Tcslmwq Recorded by tho Board of Commutiftumm to Quin land Titles in 0x Hawaiian !slants. Manuscript, HWW*l Slate Archives, Gregg, E.. M. Blison,1. Moore and J. KVwOdy 2005 An Arc]tamlogarcal Survey of a Property located at TMK 7--7.08,01, 99 & 7-7.10 72 in Knpalaalala 2 , Noah Kona DW&4 Island of Hawaii Archaoolti9xid Consultants of die Pamfic report prepared for Mr. Tom Stewart. Haturnott. H 1979 Archaeological Survey of a 155 Acre (Ginner) Parcel in Pahoehoe, La'Woa and Ka- palaalma, Kona, Hawau is in& Archacclogical Rescamb Center Hawxh, Inc Report 14- 15211 prepared for Gerald Park, UAm Planner. Hammad, H,H, and S D. Owls 1980 Arc mc*gkxll Twilklg and Salvage Brccavatioits of a 155 Acre Parcel In Na Alagma'a Pahoehoe, La'alas and Kapala yea, Kona, Hnvm'k Archu*logwd Research Ceder Hawaii Report 14-152 UL Prepared for Pacific Basin Resorts, lac lfanwwtL H.iL and W H Falk 1980 Archaeological Survey, Phase 1: Pertains of Kcauhau-Kona Resort, Kam hou and Kalw- Ina, Komi. Haim Island. kcal Research Coder Hawaii, iia 14-177IL1 Lawn PreparodhrKamdhuWtchaittvestmeutCOP Hannan. it, D Borthwick, and D Shidckr 1985 Arehaoolopeal Reconnaissaatco of a 31 9-acte parent Kapalualam Kona, Hawah Istamf. Cultural Surveys Howail prepared for First Invest umal Corp. Ltd, Hamawtl, H.. D. Borthwick, and D. SWdcter 1987 Archaeological Survey, Testing and Excavatykons of a 32 -acro parcel, Kapabalaes, Kona, Hawaii Island Gdiural Surveys Hawaii prepared for First Investment Corp., Ltd Haus A, MOD Henry 200t Archaeological Inventory Survey, TIVM* 7-7.10'73. Laid of Kapala'alaca 1, North Kona Distrha, Island of Hawaii, Ikon 8t Associates Report 1441/2401 prepared for Mr Tho - am Tuso, Frisco Colorado Haun, A., ID Henry, L llntencA M. Kldtendadt, K Maly, and T Wolforth. 1998 Ali'f Highway, Phased hadgadon Program, Phase I - Atctmcologicd Inventory Survey, North Kona DkstitcL 19WW of Uamil. PHRI report 1320 prep" for Canty of HawapL Henry, D, and T Wolfer th 1998 Setilothent and Agriculture in the Central Kona PIoW System sin/W Archaeological In- ventory Survey of the Ginter Parcel. Lands of Kapala'alwo I°, La'alm 1" and 2a°, and Pahoehnoe 4s.', North Kom District, Island of Hawaii (fMK,3.77.08 Il) PHRI Report 1809 prem forTotnw Dcwtolawu ofHatvarL Lie. Hammon, R., and P Resco" 1983 Arcltaeologicol htvesugauca of Ow Alii Drive Rcallgtunenu Condors. North Kona, Is- lami of Ha wait, Science MangourcnL Ina Prepared for Beit Collum lfi Associates ["Cos 1929 Im6rces ofAwmdsUndo by Ik Board afkwl4C-111dxs 01—to Qu fellwrd71tles In rhe Hawmina7sfandie Territory of Hami'L Honolulu Kamakau, S 1961 Rrrling Chkfs oflfawat i_ Honolulu: The Kaindwm elna Schools Press Kawacld, C T 1989 An Upland Habitation and Agricultural C -rind -in North Kona, Flnwvni Island Muster's thesis, Department of Aidfuopology, University ofIlAv aii Kett), M. 1983 Na Main O Kuno_ t3a d— cf Kona. A History of Lail Use in Kerw, Hawm'i. DePara mens.(RVON Selves 83.2 Department of Anthropology, D.P. Bishop Museum, Hmw- bdu. Prepared for the Department of Tinnsportafuon, SLato of Haniii'i Krrck P,V 1985 Fea0wral Gods and Eishbookt< An ]tdradudton to Hawa m Atcbacology and Prdus- tory. Hat alalia: University of Hm�m'i Press. NR n.d Native Register of Kuleana Claims Accorded by the hoard of Conunissonars to Quint Land Ti0es in the Hawaum Islands Manu-IpL Havvat'f State Aid— NT ad Native Testimony Recorded by the Board of Cimu ussloncm to Quiet i.and Titles in Ute Hawaimn Islands. Manuscript Hawaii State Archaves. Ncwatan, T S 1970 Hawauan Fishing imd Fanning on the Island of ltawat'i in A D 1778 Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Stine Parka. Pukul, M., and S. Elbert 1986 Place Names offtawd'l. Uidvermty of Hawat'i Press, HOnWulu Rechlman. R. 2002 Archamlogiaal Data Recovery atSIHP Site 23257, KapaWalaca Ahupua,a, North Kona Disoio, island of Hawaii. Rechtnoun Consalfing- Romockc, JY - 1930, Survey of Sites on West H,awai n Ms. In Bishop Maseurn (1930) Sato, UH, W Ikeda, R. Paeth, R. Smylbo, and M Takehiro, It 1973 Soil Survey 'foe Isk ind ofilawan, Stale ojNawni'i U.S. Department of AgnadWrc Soil Conservation Scrv= and University of Hawaii Agricultural Expenntcot SLUM Washington, D.C:. Govcmmnu Printing Office 67 66 schih,AR 1984 Subsisrona and Conflict m Kona, Hotvai6 An Archaeological Study of the Kmkm Highway Raitignment Comdor Deparhnenlol Report Serks 84-1. Department of Aa- duopelogy, B P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu Prepared for Department ofTranspoM(tituy Stmc orHacveii. Sochren, L 1980 Letter Report Ardumlogical Survey QMAVL MK. 7-7-7,18 and 30, L-Wos 1 and 4 and Ka- palaalaca 1, North Kona. Norm, prepamd for Catismith. Codsmilh, W chnum and Ease. 1981. Letter Report Archaeological Survo1 orTMK 7-7-10.12 and 1.3. Kapalanlaca 1, North Kona. Hawaii. Prepared for Mr David Setayri Stokes and Dye 1991 Hcmu of the Island orNawai'i 111shop Uwwum 6ulkhn in Anthropology 2. Bishop Mu- seum Press, Honolulu. Walton 'Aina Corporation 2010 The Mahek Database, wallimm coo. Wolfe, 9, and L Morris 2001 Geological Map of me Island of Hawaii. US Deparuncitt of the lateriiX U.S C4*9 cal Survey 68 APPENDIX A. GPS Coordinates for Sites State Type Funetlon Temp. Field F--ttng Northing Site No. NWuber 8388 Welt Livestock Control 1 inlaid Prat -188823 2168701 SeawardEnd-188505 2168592 8368a Comdex livestock Control 19,25 Inkind End -188838 21188541 Seaward End -188589 2166450 6369 Complex Agriculture 15 Fea. 8.188828 2186639 245M Complex Ceremonial, Pamlatient 73,74,75,76, Fea. B -188510 2188587 Htdrltwon 78 29538 Laveiitiater HabTemporary 31 188796 2168576 24839 Platform y 27 188817 2188544 FabTe m 24840 Platform Parfroment Habitation 59 18M35 2188646 24841 PIWorm T ryry Hatillaffm 99 188836 2168592 24842 Complex HabiP t martrtant 144 Fea. A - IN575 2168402 24843 Pleform rma en Permanent Hablon 143 188590 2188613 24844 Complex H abitation 92, 140 Fee. A -188594 2168545 24845 Pavement anen 04 1888559 8809 21 Hae 24846 Complex rmanent 63, 69, 70, 77.79,80, Fes.A-188551 2168541 Habitation 83,87 24847 Complex Agdoulture Numerous NE corner -188815 2168686 NW comer -188528 2168569 SE comer = 188836 2168546 SW cornu -168578 2168470 69 Appendix C. Cultural Impact Study/Assessment Cultural Impact Study/Assessment La Ipala Heights Kapala'alaea Ahupua'a District of North Kona, Hawa► i Island Prepared for Group 70 MGA Development & Engineering, Inc. By Maria Orr Kairmpono Consulting Services LLC December 28, 2006 Revised October 24, 2007 Cover Page Kuaiwi P6haku of Kapala alaea All photos unless otherwise cued are by the author m EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At the request of Group 70 International, Inc a Cultural Impact Study/Assessment [CIS/A] was conducted for the La ipala Heights project lands in the ahupua a of Kapala'alaea 2, North Kona, Hawaii Island This CIS/A was in accordance with the State of Hawaii Office of Environmental Quality Control [OEQC] Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts [19971 This study is in compliance with Act 50 SLH 2000 (HB 28 H D 1) as it amends the State of Hawai i Environmental Impact Statement law [Chapter 343, HRS] to include "effects on the cultural practices of the community and State Also amends the definition of `significant effect' to include adverse effects on cultural practices " The purpose of this CIS/A was to gather information about traditional cultural practices, ethnic cultural practices and pre -histone and historic cultural remains that may be affected by the implementation of the development project The level of effoi i of this study included abroad but limited cultural and historical background review and five oral histones To this end, the targeted "audience" of this report are the people who will be reviewing it This report is organized into five parts Part I describes the project area in terms of location, in the context of ahupua'a, district and island, as well as a generalized description of the natural environment [geology, flora and fauna] Part II explains the methods and constraints of this study Part III summarizes the review of the traditional and historical literature in the context of the general history of Hawai i, the island of Hawai i, the district of North Kona, and the local history of the ahupua a of Kapala ales 2 Part IV presents the analysts of the ethnographic survey based on the supporting raw data (oral history transcripts) as it pertains to cultural, land, water and marine resources and use in the project area and vicinity It also includes background data of the participating cultural consultants Part V summarizes the findings of this cultural impact study based on Parts I through IV and presents a cultural impact assessment and recommendations According to the OEQC Guidelines, the types of cultural practices and beliefs subject to assessment may include subsistence, commercial, residential, agricultural, access -related, recreational, religious and spiritual customs There are no apparent on-going cultural resources or practices related to subsistence, residential or religion on the project lands other than the remains of sites/features typical of traditional ahupua a lifestyle and use However, it is recommended that the cultural consultants (especially the Kahulamu and Nahale ohana) who are from the area and whose ancestors are from these lands be accorded the opportunity to have a walk-through of the project lands prior to any bull -dozing or grading They should also be a part of a cultural advisory group The ancient Hawaiian practice of burying deceased on lands where one lived and worked or in caves and lava tubes, should be kept in mind when and if any excavations will be done as this was once land where traditional Hawaiian people lived and farmed In the case of any inadvertent burial the current State laws and regulations should be followed, although it is recommended that the cultural advisory group be consulted as they are most likely lineal descendants and at the least cultural descendants and would want to have a say in final treatment FM IN MEMORIUM Aunty Josephine Nahale Kamoku hala September 21, 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project could not have been completed without the assistance, support and mana'o of my ethnographic consultants Ms Wattie Green, Aunty Josephine Nahale Kamoku, Mr Clarence A Medetros, Jr, Mr Mahealam Pat, and Mr Hiram Rivera for taking the time to be interviewed and for sharing their mana'o Special mahalo nut loa to Dr Alan Haun of Haun & Associates for recommending me, Ms Kathleen Ann McDonough for archival research assistance, and Ms Carol Kalalulu for her transcribing services MAHALO! v vl The Gods of Boxing, Hand-to-hand Wrestling, Sports 36 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 D Historic References 36 D-1 History of Land Divisions 37 SCOPE OF WORK I D-2 Kona Moku 38 PART I PROJECT AREA 2 D-3 Famine and Makahiki in Kona, Importance of Kahalu a 39 D-4 Kapala alaea Ahupua a 39 2 D4 -a Le ipala Heights Project Lands 39 Project Location 2 D -4-b Land Grant #3019 (Kaatpulu wahine) 39 Geology 6 D -4-c Kapala alaea 2 LCA (Hake) 40 Flora 8 D-5 Kona Ranching Era 40 Fauna D -5-a Hu ehu a Ranch 42 9 D -5-b Pu uwa awa a Ranch 42 PART 11 METHODS D -5-c Kona Rancher and Dairymen in 1897 42 9 D-6 History of Other Kona Industries 42 Personnel D-7 Kona Demographics (1800s) 43 Level of Effort 9 Theoretical approach 9 9 E Review of Previous Archaeology and Other Studies 44 Archival Research Pukui (n d ) 44 Consultant Selection 9 Thrum (1907) 44 Interview Process 10 10 Stokes (1906/1907 — pub 199 1) 44 Ethnographic Interview Procedures 47 Transcribing Process 10 Remecke(ca) Rekahun (ca 1929) 47 Analysts Process 10 10 (J197 49 Research Problems Ching etia Ching eta] , (1973) 49 PART III CULTURAL & HISTORICAL BACKGROUND REVIEW 11 Hammatt et al , (198 1) 50 Hammatt & Rosendahl(1983) 50 A Models of Hawauan Chronology 11 Schilt (1984) Harriman et al, (1985) 50 50 B An Overview of Human Impact, Settlement and Socio-economic Development Tomonan-Tuggle (1985) 54 55 in North Kona in the context of Greater Hawaii 12 Rosendahl (1985) Dehmont et al (1986) 55 B -I Colonization Period (AD 300-600) 12 , Hay et a], (1986) 55 B-2 Developmental Period (AD 600-1100) 13 Walker & Rosendahl(1988) 55 B-3 Expansion Period (AD 100-1650) 13 Tonronan-Tuggle (1989) 55 B-4 Proto-Historic Penod (1659-1795) 16 Tuggle (1989) 55 B-5 Early Historic Period (AD 1795-1900) 22 Jensen & Walker (1993) 55 B-6 Territorial History (AD 1900-1949) 26 B-7 Modem History (AD 1950-) 26' F Previous Orel Histones (ESP 198 1) 55 C Traditional Literature 27 F-1 Gabriel Ka eo F-2 John Santana 56 56 C-1 Genealogies 27 F-3 Mmom Inaba 56 C -1-a. Kumuhonua 30 30 F4 William Mmomishida 56 C -1-b Kumulipo 31 F-5 William Parts, Jr 57 C -1-e Hawaiian Genealogies F-6 Fred Ioana 57 C-2 Mo`olelo 31 32 G Previous Oral Histones (KHS 1992) 58 C -2-a Historyof Mo'olelo Collecting G-1 Erma Hind Lillie 58 C -2-b Mo o/e/o List of Soutces 34 G-2 Mtkio Kato 59 C-3 Olelo No'eau 34 G-3 Johnny Rapoza 60 C4 Place Names 35 GA Billy Parts 60 C-5 Makahiki and Akua Kapala alaea 36 G-5 Sherwood Greenwell 60 Kiha-wahme vu 36 G-6 George Schattauer vin 60 �----• r-->, •-- Pte.,' r—�n. �'^1 f"�"" ''—'x.01 '�.--ti r----.^, +--�"^, `_ ��.. PART IV ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY & ANALYSIS 63 81 Research Themes or Categories 63 F Project Concerns IA ipala Project Design 81 Market 82 A Consultant Background and Demographics 63 Affordable 82 82 A-1 Warne Green 64 La ipala Heights Street Names 82 A-2 Josephine Nahale Kamoku 65 La ipala Heights Burials A-3 Clarence A Medeiros, Jr 66 A-4 Mahealam Par A-5 Hiram Rivera 68 69 PART V SUMMARRIES & CULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 83 B Land Use & Resources 70 Summary of Significant People and Events 83 Kapala alaea Ahupua a 70 Mythical Residents 83 83 Kapala alaea & Vicinity Ranching 70 Ali i nui 86 Kapala alaea Ma uka/Ma kai Rock Wali 71 Historic People 86 Kuakmi Wall 72 Significant Events Nabale Lands Nahale/Green Kapala alaea Property 72 72 Summary of Land Resources and Use 86 Grandma Jennie Nahale Green 73 Ancient Land Use 86 86 Cyrus Green's Dream Lifestyle 73 Historic Land Resources and Use La'ipala Lands Access 74 74 Summary of Previous Oral Histones 87 Hala Hau Trees Ah'i Drive 74 74 Summary of Water Resources and Use 87 Hunting Kahalu u Trail & Streets 75 75 Summary of Marine Resources and Use 87 "Nahale"Church Little Church 75 76 Summary of Survey Findings (Cultural Practices) 87 Ahupua a Neighbors Kahalu u & Kapala'alaea 76 C Water Resources & Uses 76 Cultural Impact Study (CIS) Assessment/Recommendations 88 Kapala alaea & Vicinity 76 REFERENCES CITED/REVIEWED 89 D Marine Resources & Uses 77 Fishing in Kapala alaea & Vicinity 77 More Fish 78 La ipala 78 Fishpond 78 Fish Imu 78 Banned Fishing 78 Limu, Opdu & Crab 79 Turtles 79 Kahalu a Beach 79 E Cultural Resources and Use 79 Kapala'alaea 80 Lava Tubes and Caves 80 Warfare'lwi 81 Ohana Cemetery 81 Inadvertent Burials 81 Iwi and Ranch Fire Bulldozing ix 81 x LIST OF APPENDICES A Act 50 SLH 2000 [HB 2895 H D 1] 97 B Scope of Work (SOW) 98 C OEQC Guidelmes for Assessing Cultural Impacts (1997) 99 D Plants Introduced to Hawaii by the Ancestors of the Hawaiian People (St John) 102 E Informed Consend Agreement To Participate Form 104 F Ethnographic Research Instrument 107 G Signed Consent Form (Copies) 109 H Signed Release Fomes (Copies) 110 L Consultant Annotated Maps 112 X1 LIST OF FIGURES I Project Location, TMK Map 3 2 Hualalai Volcano Lava Flows-WEBgraphic by Ken Rubin (HCV 2003 2) 4 3 Map of Kona Ranches (KHS 1992) 41 4 Heiau of the Kona District (from Stokes 19914 1) 45 5 Remecke Map (Adapted from Remecke ca 1929) 48 6 Remecke Sketch of Lahat Hecau (Adapted from Remecke ca 1929) 49 7-A Kapala alaea Sites/Features (Hammatt 1987) 51 7-B Kapala alaea Sites/Features (Hamman 1987) 52 xu LIST OF TABLES I Hawaii Line extracted from McKenzie (1983, 1986) and Kamakau (1992) 2 Annotated place names of Kapala alaea lands and vicinity 3 Chronology of Kona's Other Industries (KHS 1992) 4 Population Demographics of Kona in the 1800s (KHS, 1992) 5 Selected Heiau of North Kona recorded by Stokes (1906-1907/1991 40-93) 6 Selected Sites from Remecke's Survey-Kapala alaea and Vicinity 7 Sites/Types in Kapala alaea only 8 Sites to Kapala' alaea2 — Green Property 9 Kahalu u-Keauhou Prehistoric Cultural Sequence 10 Consultant Demographics xm xry LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS 1 Kuatwi P6haku of Kapala alaea Cover 28 2 Hapatah i Hetau 17 35 3 Ke ek6 Heum upper right 17 43 4 Partial view of Kapuanom Heiau 17 43 5 Po o Hawaii Fishpond 17 46 6 Josephine Nahale Kamoku 65 47 7 Clarence A Medetros, Jr 66 49 8 Mahealant Pat 68 50 9 Hiram Rivera 69 54 10 Kahalu u Bay 69 63 11 Project lands overgrowth 70 12 Boundary wall 71 13 Kahalu u Coconut Grove 74 14 HECO poles mark Kapala alaea-Kahalu u boundary and Trail 75 15 Sister Church 75 16 St Peter's Church 76 17 Heiau on border of Kahalu u and Kapala alaea 82 18 Boundary Wall 87 xm xry INTRODUCTION At the request of Group 70 International, Inc a Cultural Impact Study/Assessment [CIS/A] was conducted for the La'ipala Heights project lands in the ahupua a of Kapala alaea 2, North Kona, Hawaii Island This CIS/A was in accordance with the State of Hawaii Office of Environmental Quality Control [OEQC] Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts [1997] This study is in compliance with Act 50 SLH 2000 (HB 28 H D 1) (Appendix A) as it amends the State of Hawai i Environmental Impact Statement law [Chapter 343, HRS] to include "effects on the cultural practices of the community and State Also amends the definition of'significant effect' to include adverse effects on cultural practices " The purpose of this CiS/A was to gather information about traditional cultural practices, ethnic cultural practices and pre-histonc and historic cultural remains that may be affected by the implementation of the development project The level of effort of this study included abroad but limited cultural and historical background review and five oral histones This report is organized into five parts Part I describes the project area in terms of location, in the context of ahupua a, district and island, as well as a generalized description of the natural environment [geology, flora and fauna] Part II explains the methods and constraints of this study Part III summarizes the review of the traditional and historical literature in the context of the general history of Hawai y the island of Hawaii y the district of North Kona, and the local history of the ahupua a of Kapala alea 2 Part IV presents the analysis of the ethnographic survey based on the supporting raw data (oral history transcripts) as it pertains to cultural, land, water and marine resources and use in the project area and vicinity It also includes background data of the participating cultural consultants Part V summarizes the findings of this cultural impact study based on Parts I through iV and presents a cultural impact assessment and recommendations SCOPE OF WORK The scope -of -work (SOW) [Appendix B] was based on the OEQC Guidelines for Assessing Cultural impacts (1997) [Appendix C] and focuses on three cultural resource areas (traditional, historical and archaeological), conducted on two levels archival research (literature review) and ethnographic survey (oral histones) An archaeological inventory survey of the project lands was conducted by Haun & Associates, therefore this study will only include brief summaries of previous archaeological studies of the project area and vicinity, focusing on information regarding cultural/histoncal significance Scope of Work Cultural impact Assessment [in accordance with OEQC Guidelines] I identify and consult with individuals with expertise concerning the types of cultural resources, practices and beliefs found within the broad geographical area, e g , district or ahupua a, or with knowledge of the area potentially affected by the proposed action, 2 receive information from or conduct ethnographic interviews and oral histories with peison(s) having knowledge of the potentially affected area, 3 conduct ethnographic, historical, anthropological, and other culturally related documentary research, 4 identify and describe the cultural resources, practices and beliefs located within the potentially affected area, and 5 assess the impact of the proposed action on the cultural resources, practices and beliefs identified Research on traditional resources entailed a review of the literature of Hawauan mo olelo (stories, legends or oral histones) of late nineteenth and early twentieth century ethnographic works, and interviews with knowledgeable consultants who met the following consultant criteria b Haftas Ties to Project Location(s) .• Known Hawaiian Cultural Resource Person L Known Hawaiian Traditional Practitioner A Referred By Other Cultural Resource People Historic research focused on the history of the general area including ranching influence Literature from the following institutions were reviewed State Historic Preservation Division Library, University of Hawai i-Manoa Hamilton Library -Hawaiian Collections, Bishop Museum Archives and Library, Mission House Archives, State of Hawaii Archives, Waihona Atria Corp, personal library and InterNet searches Archaeological research entailed a limited review of the literature located in the DLNR State Historic Preservation Division Library, and a cursory site visit PART is PROJECT AREA Project Location The La ipala Heights project site is located in the ahupua'a (traditional land division) of Kapala'alaea 2 ([TMK (3)-7-7-08 099, 105, 113 & 119 and (3)-7-7-08 121]), south of Kwhia-Kona (Figure 1), between the ahupua'a of La aloa, Kapala'alaea I and Kahalu u, in the district of North Kona, Hawaii Island Geology. The ahupua'a of Kapala alaea Ices primarily on the flanks of Hualalat Volcano There are several websites (e g , USGS, Hawaii Volcanology Center, NASA, and University of North Dakota) that present information about the Hualalat Volcano and the flows of North Kona A graphic (Figure 2 ) by Ken Rubin for the Hawaii Center for Volcanology provides a visual interpretation of flows and elevations (HCV 2003) The following excerpts describe the volcano and its flows Hualalar, Hawaii (19 7N, 155 8W), Elevation 8,278 feet (2,523 m) HuaIalal is the westernmost shield volcano on the Island of Hawaii Three rifts radiate to the north, south, and northwest The shield -building stage was completed by 120,000 years ago About 105,000 years ago a trachyte cone, Puu Waawaa, formed on the north rift and generated flows that traveled about 6 miles (10 km) Post -shield volcanism began 100,000 years ago and covered the entire surface of the volcano The most recent emptions of Hualalat occurred in 1800-1801 Two large flows reached the ocean The Kona airport is built on the 1801 flow (UND 2004) Hualalat apparently grew above sea level before 300,00 years ago and the oldest dated tock is about 128,000 years before present (HVO 2004) Though Hualalat is not nearly as active as Mauna Loa or Kilauea, our recent geologic mapping of the volcano shows that 80 percent of Hualalat's surface has been covered by lava flows in the past 5,000 years in the past few decades, when most of the resorts, homes, and commercial buildings were built on the flanks of Hualalat, earthquake activity beneath the volcano has been low In 1929, however, an intense swarm of earthquakes lasting more than a month was most likely caused by magma rising to new the surface For these reasons, Hualalat is considered a potentially dangerous volcano that is likely to erupt again in the next 100 years (Kauahikaua 1996) Figure I TMK Map of Project Location, Nordi Kana (Group 70 2006) 3 vacant 18591holeillic flaw fnim Mauna Lon rn � 2 4 6 Q 1Q mrdAiw inlan+at .e in Ran! Figure 2 Hualalai Volcano Lava Flows-WEBgraphie by Ken Rubin (SOEST 2004) The two main lobes of the 1800-1801 eruption are displayed (Kaupulehu in orange, Huehue in red) Also shown (in brown) are the 100000 year old trachytes of Puu Waawaa), the 1859 lava flow from nearby Mauna Loa (m grey), and the Kahalu'u water shaft (marked by an X""), where Hualalai generated tholentic basalts are found only 75 feet below the surface The surface of Hualalai is entirely composed of post -shield alkalic basalts (SOEST 2004) 4 Twenty-five percent of the volcano is covered by flows less than 1,000 years old Hualalat last erupted in 1800-1801 from several vents on the northwest nft zone Large flows spilled down both sides of the ridge formed by the nft zone and quickly reached the ocean One of these flows lies south of Kaholo Bay, and part of the Kona Village resort is built upon it Another flow underlies the northern end of the Keahole (Kona) Airport Other major eruptions occurred about 300 and 700 years ago A large flow from the 700 -year-old eruption forms the north side of Keauhou Bay, south of Kailua All of Hualalai is included In Zone 4 The flanks of the volcano do not have a distinctly lower hazard than its nft zones because the distance from the vents to the coast is short and the slopes are steep (Watson 1997) The Kaupulehu flow was the larger of two large lava flows — the other Is the Huehue flow (Jackson and Clague, 1982) -- that comprised the eruption of 1800-1801 Together, the flows cover an area of approximately 46 square miles, and have a total volume of 300,000,000 cubic meters The Kaupulehu flow originated from the main vent at an elevation between 1,650 and 1,800 meters above sea level, and flowed north 16 kilometers to the sea There have been no more recent flows, but Hualalat did spawn several thousand earthquakes on Hawaii in 1929 Some did damage in Kona and were felt in Honolulu (Macdonald, Abbott, and Pearson, 1983 60 In McGreevy 1994 1) The Kaupulehu flow is considered remarkable because it contains a huge abundance of fragments of dunite, a rock consisting mostly of the mineral olivine, and related rocks At the field site, these inclusions "arc almost unbelievably abundant" The individual fragments range from one to several tens of centimeters across, and have thin coatings of lava. In places at the site, aggregations of the rounded fragments "resemble a huge heap of potatoes, broken open and viewed at close range they look more like big bonbons, with a chocolate shell enclosing bright green or gray centers " Microscopic bubbles of carbon dioxide are contained in the inclusions Their gas pressure is very high, indicating that the crystals containing them were formed at depths of 10 to 14 kilometers, near the upper part of the mantle or the lower part of the crust (Macdonald, et al, 1983 131-132 In McGreevy 1994 1) This [1801] eruption produced very fluid, high velocity lava flows that entered the ocean off western Hawaii Overall, 5 vents issued alkalic basalt lavas, with 2 of these vents producing flows that reached the sea The total volume of erupted lava has been estimated as >300 million W This eruption brought abundant xenoliths (xeno = foreign, lith = rock) up from the mantle source that originally produced the lava The highest elevation vent produced an enormous as flow (the Kaupulehu flow) that entered the ocean as 2 discrete lobes One of these lobes destroyed a Hawaiian village in its path This eruption at Hualalat is believed to be concurrent with an eruption at neighboring Mauna Loa volcano Hualalai stall presents a volcanic hazard as it is near populated areas For instance, its summit is only 15km away from the town of Kailua-Kona and a flow as voluminous as the [1800-1801] eruption could cover that distance in a few hours (HVC 2003) The eruptive recurrence interval of Hualalai for all of Holocene time is on the order of 50 years (about 200 eruptions in 10,000 years) However, mapping and 14C dating studies have indicated that eruptions have occurred in clusters (groups of several eruptions over a few hundred years), separated by several centuries of inactivity (HVC 2003) The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) has maintained a seismic station located 3 km east of Hualalaa's summit since 1971, which Is used to monitor the volcano for signs of activity During this period, no macro -earthquake swarms or harmonic tremors (both Indicative of magma migration) have been recorded, although each year Hualalat experiences several magnitude 4 earthquakes These earthquakes are usually from a deep source off the coast of the Northwest nft zone (HVO unpublished data) This seismicity is apparently not related to movement of magma. However, in 1929 an intense swarm of earthquakes struck Hualalat for a period of a month, which has been interpreted as being due to a magma Intrusion to near the surface, without a surface eruption (HVC 2003) Although it has been 200 hundred years since the last eruption of Hualalai, it will almost certainly erupt again Lava flows by far pose the greatest danger in a potential future eruption of Hualalat, because although explosive pyroclastic eruptions have occurred during Holocene times (the past 10,000 years), they are relatively rare and they cover only limited parts of the volcano The alkalic eruptions at Hualalai have been generally much less explosive than those at neighboring Kohala and Mauna Kea volcanoes There has been no recently -detected magma -related seismicity m ground deformation at Hualalai, making it difficult to say if and when the next eruption might occur Hualalai still presents a volcanic hazard as it is near populated areas For instance, its summit is only 15km away from the town of Kailua-Kona and a flow as voluminous as the 1800 eruption could cover that distance in a few hours (SOEST 2004) The most historically interesting lava flows from Hualalai, the Kaupulehu and Huehue flows, occurred a little over 200 years ago destroying entire Hawaiian villages and one of the largest traditional fishponds on the Kona coast The following excerpts from websites describe these flows and observations written about them, including Robert Louts Stevenson, W D Westervelt and John Young Robert Louts Stevenson described the Kona lava fields in travel sketches published contemporaneously in the New York Sun during 1891, and later in collections of his works (Stevenson, 1973) His description is important here because it illustrates how the terrain is described by a non-scientist of acute sensibility "We traversed a waste of shattered lava, spares, ravines, well -holes showing the entrance to vast subterranean vaults, in whose profundities our horses' hoofs doubtless echoed The whole was clothed with stone flontun, fantastically fashioned, like debris from the workshop of some brutal sculptor, dogs' heads, devils, stone trees, and gargoyles broken in the making From a distance, so intricate was the detail, the side of a hummock wore the appearance of some coarse and dingy sort of coral or a scorched growth of heather Amid this jumbled wreck, naked itself and the evidence of old disaster, frequent plants found root " (Stevenson, 1973 In McGreevy 1994 2) The eruption of Hualalai Volcano in 1800-1801 was a fiery, frightening, and traumatic series of events (Westervelt, 1963) After eating Hue -hue, a breadfruit forest owned by the legendary King Kameharneha I, and the King's extensive fishponds, Pele, the fare goddess, was said to be still angry and hungry Many bogs were thrown alive into the torrents of molten lava to appease Pele The rivers of fire destroyed several villages, plantations and fishponds, and filled a deep bay twenty miles long At last, the King, afraid for his life but resolute, offered a lock of has own hair, a part of himself, as a sacrifice to Pele, and she was appeased At the time of the eruption, John Young an advisor to the Kang, was living 30 kilometers to the north at Kawaihae Though he kept no known written records, in 1823 he told Rev William Ellis the approximate date of the eruption (Macdonald, et al , 1983 In McGreevy 1994 2-3) The La ipala Heights project lands are on the southwestern slopes of Hualalat in the central Kona area which consists of and shorelines and shallow soil pockets amidst rocky outcrops, along with small, protected embayments such as Kailua, H61ualoa, Kahalu u, Keauhou, Kealakekua and Honaunau One to two miles upland (700'-1,000' asl) the soil is thinker with fewer rocky outcrops and higher rainfall (Cordy 200 23) Flora For the last several decades the project lands have primarily been a mixture of alien or exotic species and utilized for ranging cattle A recent site visit (September 2006) to the project lands venfred the abundance of alien vegetation However, due to very limited access to the property, the observation points were from adjoining properties making any vegetation assessment (presence/absence of native flora) inconclusive In general the lands of Hawaii have gone through several modifications over time In Hawaii a Natural History, Carlquist divides each island into six regions Coast, Dry Forest, Wet Forest, Epiphytic Vegetation, Bog and Alpine The coastal vegetation are plants that grow near the shore Most of the native coastal plants consisted of shrubs and herbaceous vegetation such as naupaka kat (Scaevola taccada), 'ihma (Sidafallax) and Ipomoea sp (Carlquist 1980 269, 300) Within the 0.500' elevation the only native tree is the kala (Pandanus spp) Both pre -contact and post -contact humans have introduced other coastal vegetation in this zone (Carlquist 1980 267) The Dry Forest Region [lower and upper] has suffered the most impact by than This is the area the early Polynesians modified extensively in slash and bum cultivation to expand their subsistence level, intensifying food production with complex irrigated agricultural systems of various crops in some areas (Kirch 1985 217) Some of the Dry Forest vegetation that may have been affected by early Hawaiian cultivation practices are the naso (Myoporum sandwincense), wihwdi (Erythrina sandwincensis), ohe (Reynoldsta sandwmcensis), 'ihahi (Santalum sp), 'ohia (Metrosideros sp), koa (Acacia koa), as well as several species of shrubs [i e, (Sada cordtfoha), 'filet (Osteomeles anthyllidifolia)), vines and ground cover (Carlquist 1980 275-300) These "typical' dry -land forest species however, can be found higher up-slope on leeward coasts (Carlquist 1980 285) The distinction of a Hawaiian Wet Forest is that it gets more than 70 inches of rain per year, and its most predominant native plant is the multi -range 'oht'a Other native species of this region are the loulu palm (Pruchardia sp), uluhe (Dicranoptern), hopu (Cibouum), made (Alyxia ohvrformis) and an abundant variety of fern, mosses, liverworts, fungi and lichens The significance of the 'ohi a or wet forest is that it is the most bio -diverse region of the Islands it is here that the greatest evolution and diversification of plants and animals take place, and it was a region relatively unoccupied at first [by early Hawaiians) on the Islands (Carlquist 1980 301, 306) Pratt and Gon (In Juvik and Juvik 1998 121-129) define five ecological zones in the Hawaiian terrestrial ecosystems, based on elevation, moisture (Dry, Mesic, Wet), dominant life forts and vegetation structures (Forest and woodlands, Shmblands, Dwarf shrublands, Grasslands, herblands and desserts) Alpine (>9,000 feet), Sub -alpine (6,000 — 9,000 feet), Montame (3,000 — 6,000 feet), Lowland (0 — 3,000 feet), and Coastal (0 -100 feet) and Multizonal (with tidepools and anchtalme ponds) now classified as land transformed by human activity Lowland Dry and Mesic Forest, Woodland, Shrubland & Dry Shrubland Distribution lowei leeward slopes, on old lava flows Climate 20-80 inches, warm to hot, with seasonal drought Biota Plains, lower slopes, dry ndge tops, and cliff support grasslands of pile (Heteropogon contonus), Dry or meste shrublands of 'a ah i (Dodonaea viscosa), akia (Wikstroemia species), ko'oko olau (Bidens species), Glen (0steomeles awhynidifaha), akoko (Chanaesyce sp), Dry forests of ohm (Metrosideros polymorpha), koa (Acacia koa), larva (Dmspvros sandwteensns), wnliwili (Ervthrina sandwtcensis) and naso (Mvoporum sandwncensis) on older cinder and pahoehoe substrates Mesic forest of diaht (Sanaialum fre),cinenanum) [now nearly extinct], 'ohia, koa or lama and rarely olopua (Nestega sandwicensir) or halapepe (Pleomele species) occur in gulches, and on lower slopes and less disturbed sites Threats Chnstmas—berry (Schinus rerebmth jolius) and other alien plants Much of the Dry Shrubland and Grassland were altered in ancient Hawaiian times This zone is also threatened by feral goats, mongoose, cattle grazing donkeys and development Significance Forested zone was the realm of Hawaiian gods, especially Ku and culturally significant, Sandalwood exploitation of the early 1800s occurred in lowland mesic forests Pth grasslands, a source of thatch material, medicinal plants and hardwoods were gathered Some mesic lands were converted to dryland kalo or taro (Colocasto esculema) and mala (Jpomoea balotas) agriculture The Dry Shrubland and Grassland was ideal for burial and storage caves along the leeward coast of Hawat i (Pratt & Gon In Juvik & Juvik 1998 121-129) Coastal Communities (0-100 feet). Blota Greatly influenced by proximity to the ocean with many salt -tolerant species Dwarf shrublands of naupaka-kahokai (Scaevola serieea), Jima (Sada fallax), nato, hmahma (Helnotropium anomolum), akuhkult (Sesuvnurrn portulavastrum), 'aka ala grass (Sporobolus wiginicus) or sedge (Funbrisrylis cymosa) Coastal forests of hala (Pandanus sp) Local consultants say they grew up with halo forests in the upper Lowland Dry and Mesic Forest zones of the project lands Significance Most populated zone in ancient times and continues to be culturally important The upper forest areas would have been dominated by a mixture of koa (Acacia koa), mamane (Sophora chrysophylla), kauda (Alphiroma ponderosa), ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha) and draht or sandalwood (Santalum pyrulanum) (Cordy 2000 18) This area was a great resource for the early Polynesians and their descendants The early Polynesians brought a wide range of cultigens, referred to as "canoe plants" or Polynesian -introduced species —a list compiled by Dr Harold St John is provided (Appendix D) — that were planted in various favorable zones The most significant cultigen was their main staple the wetland kolo or taro However, in and places such as central Kona, sweet potatoes and yams were cultivated instead from the upland stone -walled fields to the less formal scattered fields down to the coastline Banana, sugarcane, breadfruit and coconut were planted near homes (Cordy 2000 37) Fauna. Terrestnal fauna in pre -colonized Hawaii consisted of only one endemic manunal, the hoary bat (Lasiurus cmereus), which still exists today and an extinct bat (Bimey 2005), thousands of endemic insects [i e , damselflies (Ischnura ramburtn and Ischnura posits) found around ponds and streams], and about 100 species of endemic birds (Berger, 1972 7, Kirch, 1985 28) The project area lies within the zone of the Lowland Dry and Mesic Forest, Woodland and Shrubland Native birds once found there in ancient times were 'elepato (Chastempis sandwichensts), apapane (Hunanone sangumea) and 'amakzhi (Hemignathus virens) The nene (Brants sandwicensts) is slowly making a comeback The Hawaiian hoary bat ( ope'ape a, asiurus cmereus semotus) favored this zone Early Polynesian -introduced food/ritual animals included the Southeast Asian pig (Sus scrota), jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), dog (Camdae), and the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) Rats, alien birds and mongoose have replaced native species in this zone (Pratt & Gon In Juvik & Juvik 1998 121-129), cattle once roamed the project lands according to consultants and "domestic" goats were observed in the adjoining lands to the west (makat) The project area is located a short distance away from the Coastal zone of 0-100 feet asl However, as once part of the self -sustainable ahupua a system, the Coastal zone was very significant This is where densely populated fishing villages thrived on the marine resources in the tidepools, near -shore and off shore areas Consultants mentioned various marine resources in Kapala alaea and adjoining Kahalu u waters, which were part of their lifestyle PART Il: METHODS The Cultural Impact Study/Assessment for the La ipala Heights project lands in the ahupua'a of Kapala alaea 2 was conducted between the months of September through December 2006, with a site field trip in September 2006 The study consisted of three phases (1) cultural and historical archival research (literature review), (2) ethnographic survey (oral history interviews), transcribing interviews, analysts of ethnographic data, and (3) report writing Personnel The personnel consisted of the researcher who has a masters degree in Anthropology, with a graduate curriculum background in the archaeology track as well as anthropology theory, cultural resource management, ethnographic research methods, and public archaeology, an undergraduate curriculum background that included Hawaiian History, Hawaiian Language, Hawaiian Archaeology, Pacific Islands Religion, Pacific Islands Archaeology, Cultural Anthropology, as well as a core archaeology track, Geology, and Tropical Plant Botany, and ethnographic field experience that includes over 260 interviews to date Hired Services. A researcher was hired to do limited archival research, and a transcriber was retained to transcribe the taped interviews Level of Effort. The level of effort included a broad background literature review of North Kona, five oral histones and a cursory site inspection Theoretical Approach This study is loosely based on Grounded Theory, a qualitative research approach in which "raw data" (transcripts and literature] are analyzed for concepts, categories and propositions Conceptual labels or codes are generated by topic indicators [i e , fishing, agriculture, flora, ranching] Categories are generated in a similar manner by forming groupings such as "Land Resource & Use," or "Water Resource & Use," or "Marine Resources & Use " Since this was a semi -focused study, categories were pre -selected as pan of the overall research design However, it is not always the case that these research categories are supported in the data In the Grounded Theory approach, theories about the social process are developed from the data analysts and interpretation process (Haig 1995, Pandit 1996) This step was not part of this cultural impact assessment as the research sample was too small Archival Research Archival research included a broad background literature review Compiling data took several weeks of intermittent archival research The majority of the archival research [primary and secondary sources] took place in the University of Hawaii Hamilton Library-Hawauan Collections, Bishop Museum Archives and Library, State Archives, Mission Children's Museum/Archives, State Historic Preservation Division library, State Bureau of Conveyance, the researcher's private library and a broad InterNet search Primary source material included land records, maps, genealogies, oral histones and other studies Secondary source material included translations of 19th century ethnographic works, historical texts, indexes, archaeological reports, and Hawaiian language resources [i e, proverbs, place names and dictionary] Consultant Selection. The selection of the consultants was based on the following criteria 4 Had/has Ties to Project Location(s) Known Hawaiian Cultural Resource Person • Known Hawaiian Traditional Practitioner 9 Referred By Other Cultural Resource People interview Process. The interview process included a brief verbal overview of the study Then the consultant was provided with a consent or agreement to participate form to review, which was drafted for the edification and protection of each consultant (Appendix E) An ethnographic research instrument (Appendix F) was designed to facilitate the interview, a semi -structured and open-ended method of questioning based on the person's response ('talk -story' style) Each interview was conducted at the convenience (date, place and time) of each consultant Five interviews were conducted using a Radio Shack cassette tape recorder, three were conducted at the homes of the consultants and two were conducted at the work -place of the consultants Notes were also taken, but more attention was given to listening intently to each consultant A ma/ana or gift was given to each consultant in keeping with a traditional reciprocal protocol Transcribing -Editing Process The taped interviews were transcribed by a hired transcriber and edited by the principal investigator Each consultant was sent a maholo letter that explained the transcript review process, along with two hard copies of the interview transcripts, two Release oflnformation forms, and a self-addressed, stamped envelope for return of one signed release form and one copy of the edited transcripts This process allows for corrections (i e , spelling of names, places), as well as a chance to delete any part of the information if so desired or to make any stipulations if desired Each consultant was also informed of the two-week time limit for their review after which it will be assumed that the raw data can be selectively used Ethnographic Analysis Process. The analysts process followed a more traditional method, as a qualitative analysts software program was not necessary The interview was manually coded for research thematic indicators or categories (i e , personal information, land and water resources and uses, site information -traditional and/or historical, and anecdotal stones) For the purpose of this study, it was also not necessary to go beyond the first level of content and thematic analysts, as this was a more focused study However, sub -themes or sub -categories were developed from the content or threads of each interview [e g, ranching and fishing] Research Problems A typical constraint for most studies is not enough time for archival research as there is a lot of material to review However, other circumstances also created problems Not all of the potential consultants were available in the same penod of time (same week) :• One primary consultant was not available for several weeks Two potential consultants who were recommended by others, declined saying they did not feel they had any useful information :• One consultant died two days after being interviewed, it wasn't until her services two months later that contact was made with next of kin who agreed to review the transcripts However, she did not follow-up Only two consultants reviewed/revised their transcripts — via email None of the consultants returned any signed release forms so their Consent Form signatures will have to suffice PART III: CULTURAL & HISTORICAL BACKGROUND LITERATURE REVIEW The Cultural and Historical Background Literature (Archival) Review entailed a search of primary and secondary source material The majority of this research took place in the University of Hawaii (Manoa Campus) Hamilton Library Hawaiian Collections, Bishop Museum Archives and Library, Mission Children's Museum/Archives, State Historic Preservation Division library, State Bureau of Conveyance, the researcher's private library, and the InterNet Primary source material included Land Court records, maps, visitor journals, genealogies, oral histones and other studies Secondary source material included translations of 19th century ethnographic works, historical texts, indexes, archaeological reports, and Hawaiian language resources (i e, proverbs, place names and Hawaiian language dictionary) A review of the archival material is presented in this section as an overview of the chronology of the moku (district) of North Kona, within the context of the broader history of the moku 'draa (island) of Hawai i and Greater Hawaii, along with specific review of traditional and historic literature as they pertain to Kapala'alaea 2 Ahupua a and the North Kona district A Models of Hawaiian Chronology Models of Hawaiian Chronology such as Cordy (1974/1996), Hommon (1976/1986) or Kirch (1985) provide a temporal view of settlement patterns as well as cultural changes through time, from initial settlement through first contact with the western world Cordy's (1974) first model of a cultural development sequence looked at Initial Settlement Period, New Adaptation Period and a Complex Chiefdom Penod He has since modified this model (1996) Hommon's (1976) model of sociopolitical development sequence included four phases Phase I AD 500-1400, Phase II AD 1400-1550, Phase iII AD 1550-1650, and Phase iV AD 1650-1778 This model was later modified (1986) to three phases Phase i AD 400-1400 Exploration and Settlement, Phase II AD 1400-1600 Expansion, and Phase III AD 1600-1778 Consolidation Kirch (1985) believed that initial settlement occurred much earlier than AD 600 His culture-histoncal sequence model has four phases Phase I Colonization Period (AD 300-600), Phase iI Developmental Period (AD 600-1100), Phase III Expansion Period (AD 1100-1650), and Phase IV Proto-Histonc Period (AD 1650-1795) (Kirch, 1985 296-308, Kolb, 1991 205) it should be noted that a study (Tuggle & Spriggs 2001) refutes the 'early colonization' dates supposition For decades, the consensus among Hawaiian archaeologists was that evidence from Bellows and Ka'u supported early Polynesian colonization dates of AD 300 to AD 600 (Tuggle 1997, Kirch 1985) However, Tuggle and Spriggs (2001) have since studied new data and re-evaluated past dates and dating methods and have concluded that acceptable early dates fall within AD 700-1100 These dates appear to coincide with data that eastern Polynesia was settled much later than previously thought (Rolett 1989) While Kirch's chronology model may need to be revised, his basic period system is still a valid model Therefore for this cultural impact study, Kirch's (1985) model will be used with the following modifications and additions the dates for the Colonization and Development periods will not be used, Early Historic Period (AD 1795-1899), Territorial History (AD 1900-1949), and Modem Historic Period (post AD 1950) will be added The reasoning behind using Kirch's model is the belief of many native Hawaiian people that based on oral histories or legends, the migrations of their Polynesian ancestors to Hawat i took place prior to AD 700 According to Fomander (1917 IV II 406), there are seventy-five generations from Wakea to Kamehameha i who was bom around AD 1753 If just eighteen years were allotted to each generation (typically a generation is twenty years) that would make the time of Hawaiian progenitors Wakea and Papa Haumea (who settled in No uanu, Oahu) approximately AD 403 [McKenzie (1983 12) gives thirty years per generation, which would make first migration even earlier ] The following overview highlights significant events and people and encapsulates cultural changes over time More corroborating details follow this overview section with traditional mo olelo and mele, and a review of histoncal works and various studies An Overview of Human Impact, Settlement and Socio-economic Development in North Kona in the context of Greater Hawaii B-1. Colonization Period First voyager dating is scanty at best, however, based on early site dates from Bellows, Oahu and South Point, Hawaii, the estimated that the Colonization Period of the Hawaiian Islands was somewhere between A D 300-600 (Kirch 1973, 1974, 1985, Cordy 1974, Hommon 1976, Dicks, Haun & Rosendahl 1987) Others estimate arrival circa A D 600s (Pearson, K)rch, Pietrusewsky 1969, Stnoto 1970, 1979, Hunt & Holstein 1991), while others estimated A D 700 - A D 1 140 (Libby 1951, Elbert 1953, Emory 1959, Emory, Bonk & Stnoto 1959, Emory & Smoto 1969) However, according to Cordy (2000 107-108), archaeological research in the late 1980s to 1990s pushed the first settlement dates back to A D 0-300 (Bath, Rosendahl & Rosendahl 1984, Davis, Haim & Rosendahl 1986, Beggerly 1990, Chauvet-Pond & Davis 1991, Dunn, Haun & Goodfellow 1991, Hunt & Holstein 199 1) As of AD 2000 most researchers opt for first settlement between A D 300-600 (Cordy 2000 109) These first Polynesian voyagers to Hawaii observed and followed the flight patterns of migratory birds They traveled mainly by stars on migration voyages consisting of sixty to a hundred persons and could exist for weeks on a large canoe, which may have been a hundred feet in length (Day 1992 3) This feat was "remarkable" considering that their tools to carve the canoes would have been made of stone, bone, and coral, their canoes were lashed with handmade fiber, and they navigated without instruments (Temia 1995 vit) Archaeological studies at Pu u Ali i, South Point turned up thousands of artifacts from the two lowest layers over 1,700 fishhooks, over 4,000 coral files and over 7,000 sea urchin spine files which were used to make fishhooks The lower layer also included early types of adze forms (reversed triangular, reversed trapezoidal and quadrangle types), pendants, various types of fishhooks Unfortunately, the dates of this site are still very controversial to be the first settlement, rather it is thought to be a recumng fishing campsite (Cordy 2000 122-124) Reconstructing the cultural sequence for first settlement in Hawaii during the colonization period would involve the 'founder effect' and time necessary to adjust and adapt to anew environment The colonizers were not able to bring all of the gene pool or cultigens from their homeland, so their new culture consisted of what survived the journey, what was remembered and what could be applied to the new environment (Kirch 1985 285-6) Although early Hawaiians were farmers and felt spiritually tied to the Gma (land) m many ways (Waters, n d ), when they first arrived they had to modify both their subsistence practices and the land Faunal remains analyses indicate that early Hawaiian subsistence depended on fishing, gathering, bird hunting (extinct fossil remains, see Olson and James, 1982), as it took time to clear the dryland forests, plant their crop cultigens, breed their animals, and constrict suitable living quarters While the and leeward areas of Ka u, Kona and southern Kohala may not have been the first choice for permanent settlements, they were certainly utilized for their abundant marine resources as evidenced by Pu u Ali i, South Point archaeological finds, as were traditional trails linking the windward and leeward sides of the island (Cordy 2000 127) Creation chants such as the Kumulipo depict a very deep philosophical bond with the land and nature and "the respectable person was bound affectionately to the land by which he was sustained" (Chariot 1983 45, 55) Ancient sites of various Io'a and ku ula (fishing and bird shrines) also imply a spiritual respect for their sustenance As the founding groups grew, they ftssioned into subgroups anthropologists refer to as ramages, with the senior male of the original ramage as chief of the conical clan, although hierarchical ranking was not just relegated through the patrilineal line of descent (Kirch 1985 31) Bellwood refers to these groups as tribal and related by blood (Bellwood 1978 31) In Ka Poe Kahiko Kamakau refers to Hawaiian ranking in the following passage For 28 generations from Huhhonua to Wakes, no man was made chief over another, and during the 25 generations from Wakes, to Kapawa, various noted deeds are mentioned Kapawa was the first chief to be set up as a ruling chief from then on the group of Hawaiian islands became established as chief -ruled kingdoms -Maui from the time of Heleipawa, son of Kapawa this was the time that records (oral) began to be kept of the chiefs (Kamakau 1964 3) The more favorable windward areas would have been settled first as they provided the necessary water resources to grow their kalo to make their pot B-2 Developmental Period. According to Fomander (1969) certain practices were universal Polynesian customs which the Hawaiians brought from their homeland, such as the major gods Kane, Ku and Lono, the kapu system of law and order, pu uhonua (place of refuge), 'aumakua (ancestral guardian) concept, and the concept of mana (supernatural or divine power) (Fomander 1969 61, 113,118,127-8) However, during the Developmental Penod, changes occurred bringing about a uniquely Hawaiian culture, documented by the material culture found in archaeological sites The adze (ko'i) evolved from the typical Polynesian variations of piano -convex, trapezoidal and reverse -triangular cross section to a very standard Hawaiian quadrangular-tanged adze A few areas in Hawaii produced quality basalt for adz production Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii was a well-known adze quarry The two-piece fish hook and the octopus lure breadloaf sinker are Hawaiian inventions of this penod, as are the'ulu matka stones and the ler niho palaoa The later was a status item worn by those of high rank, indicating a trend toward greater stratification (Kirch 1985 184,204,306) The evidence also indicates that the "ancestral pattern of corporate descent groups" were still in place (Kirch 1985 302-3) The early culture evolved as the population grew, and many of the changes were related to significant sotto -economic changes According to Cordy (2000 127-131) currently there is limited evidence that the population had increased sufficiently in the windward areas to initiate permanent settlements in the leeward areas by A D 800s Certainly between A D 900-1100 these areas (southern Kohala, central Kona and Ka u) were being settled — a lava tube shelter in Kahalu it produced dates A D 1000-1280 (Cordy 2000 133) These pioneers would have faced the challenge of limited rainfall, and less soil depths, although the uplands have rainfalls between 40-80 inches per year These upland areas (900-1,000 feet asl) occur relatively short distances (2-3 miles inland) on the Kona coast between Kaloko and Ho okena (Cordy 2000 132), south of the project lands Dates from the Kona agricultural sites (A D 1020-1240, A D 1040-1310, and A D 1360-1380) indicate that central Kona was most likely first settled in A D 900-1100s and the walled field -systems constructed in A D 1000-1200s (Cordy 2000 133) These Kona field systems are evidence that the challenges of and Kona were overcome with the co -dominance of taro and sweet potatoes in the uplands, with sweet potatoes replacing taro in the lower, drier fields (Cordy 2000 134) The end of this period and first century of the following period (AD 1000-1200s) saw the spread of permanent settlements in Kona and upland fields cleared and separated by kuafwt — walls that ran mauka-makat (Cordy 2000 248-249) B-3 Expansion Period The Expansion Period, AD1100-1650, is significant in that most of the "ecologically favorable zones," the windward and coastal areas of all major islands, were now settled, and the more marginal leeward areas were being developed This was also the period of high population growth, the development of large itngation field system projects, and dryland farming (Bellwood 1978 98, Kirch 1985 298,3034) It was during the early part of this penod (ADI 100-1300) that a second major "migration" settled in Hawaii, this time from Samoa and/or Tahiti in the Society Islands (Fornander 1969 33-35) (see also Henry (1896/1897) who believes it was Tahiti In Cordy (2000 164)) It was also during this leeward expansion movement that voyaging canoes from the Southern islands brought Mo'ikeha (Oahu), La maikahiki (Kauai), Pilika area or Pill (Hawaii) and kahuna Pa ao (According to Rev Wm. Ellis (1823) Pa ao and his son Opin/Pili were white men (Cordy 2000 P151)] who settled in the islands (Kamakau 1976 125) Pa'ao was the keeper of the god Ku ka ilimoku who had fought bitterly with his older brother, the high priest Lonopele After much tragedy on both sides, Pa ao escaped Lonopele's wrath by fleeing in a canoe from Kahtlu Kamakau (1991) told the following story in 1866 Puna on Hawat i Island was the first land reached by Pa so, and here in Puna he built his first hetou for his god Aha ula and named it Aha ula (Waha'ulal It was a luakint From Puna, Pa ao went on to land in Kohala, at Pu uepa He built a hetau there called Mo okim, a luakint It is thought that Pa'ao came to Hawaii in the time of the ah i La au because Pili ruled as mo t after La'au You will see Pili there in the line of succession, the mo o ku auhau, of Hanala anus It was said that Hawaii Island was without a chief, and so a chief was brought from Kahiki, this is according to chiefly genealogies Haws: i island had been without a chief for a long time, and the chiefs of Hawai i were alt t maka'8inana or lust commoners (Kamakau 1991 100) There were seventeen generations during which Hawat i island was without chiefs—some eight hundred years (Kamakau 1991 101, 102) There are several versions of this story which are discussed by Beckwith (1976), including the version where Mo okim and Kaluawihnau, two of Moikeha's men decide to stay on at Kohala (Beckwith 1976 352, 353, 370-373) Pa'ao brought with him the Ku practice of human sacrifice, used in monumental luakmr hetau or war temples Pilt started a line of oh'inui that would continue to the Kamehameha "dynasty" The evolution of the /uakini heiau is difficult to place archaeologically, and although the arrival of Pa'ao may have been a real event, the uniqueness and complexity of heiau were most likely a local (Hawaiian) development (Kolb 1989 3) The bones of kahuna Pa'ao are said to be deposited in a burial cave in Kohala in Pu uwepa [possibly Puuepa] (Kamakau 1987 41) (Cordy (2000 143-182) discusses the "migration" or voyaging theories in great length, disputes them and opts for internal cultural development and smaller immigration groups instead, he also mentions the rat -DNA studies that Green (1995) is still working on indicate the ongin of the "Hawaiian" rat populations to be from Marquesas and the Cook -Societies -Tuamotu regions before AD 1200-1300s (Cordy 2000 178)) Oral histones of the 1200-1300s document the nse of great political powers in the windward lands with multi -tiered political organization and the first reference to a major political heiau (Paka alana in Waipi o) Competing and combined polities were now evident in the oral histones — two Kohala groups (Nmh i and Kukuipahu) united, but a third Kohala group (Waimea-Kawaihae) exists, the Hamakua polity was dominated by Waipi o and competed with the new Kohala polity The oral histones also illustrate continued interaction and relationships between the island polities — the granddaughter of Kohala's alt i nut marries the son of O ahu's alt'i nui, Kunaka of Waipi o adopts Kila, the son of Moikeha now ah'i nut of Kauai And leeward Kona from Keahole Point to the Ka u borders are occupied, with lower fields, upland walled field systems and permanent households along the coast (Cordy 2000 136, 140-142) The field patterns between Katlua and Kealakekua were similar — breadfruit, kuafwi taro and sweet potato and banana (Cordy 2000 255) It was during the A D 1400s -1500s period that descendants of the Pili line consolidated the Hawaii Island polities and unified the island under one kingdom (Pili began ca AD 1320, Koa (A D 1340-1360), Ole (AD 1360-1380), Kfikohau (A D 1380-1400) to Kaniuhi ca A D 1400-1420) It was toward the end of this period that the epic sagas of certain rulers are seen in the oral traditions (e g , Kampahu (AD 1420- 1420) and his son Kalapana (A D 1440-1460) who brought down Kama [ole, Kaha imoele a (AD 1460- 1480), son of Kalapana, Kalaunurohua (A D 1480-1500), grandson of Kaha imoele a -- in one story --7— --� �----^ �--� •�•-- �' - ^ ti ----^ --� _ as J Kalaunmolma had the prophet -priestess Wa ahia burned at Ke eke Heiau in Kahalu u, Kona, in a another story he captures the ruling chiefs of Maui and O ahu and takes them to Kauai where he is outwitted by tate Kauai chief who frees the other chiefs, then uses Kalaunutohua as barter for a prized foreign weapon (see also Wichmaii 2003 49-52), Kuaiwa who appointed his junior son Ehu as chief of Kona and another junior son Hukulani as chief of Kohala and was succeeded by his oldest son Kahoukapu as ruling chief of Hawaii Island (A D 1520-1540), his son Kauholanuimahu (A D 1540-1560) was the next ruler who sometimes resided on Maui on his wife's lands, his son Kihanuilulumoku (A D 1560-1580) followed - he lived and reigned in Waipi o, his son Lfloa (A D 1580-1600) ruled next, hislumor son Umi (A D 1600s) usurped Unit's oldest son Hakim (A D 1600-16??) (Cordy 2000 185-192) During the reign of Hawaii island ruling chief Liloa, the following people were high chiefs of the various districts Kulukulu a (Hilo), Hua a (Puna), imaikalam (Ka u), Ehunutkamialmo (Kona) They were not children of Liloa, however, Ehunuikarmalmo was a descendant of Ehu the junior son of Kdatwa of the Pili line, therefore also related to Liloa Liloa made the sons of this Kona chief his closest aides Ldoa also made regular journeys around the island checking on his people, farmlands and hetau-rededicating many of them Ldoa's highest ranking wife Pmea was his mother's youngest sister from the O ahu line, an wife Haua was a Maui chiefess, and from his union with Akahiakuleana of Hamakua, he had Umi (Cordy 2000 192-194) The uniquely Hawaiian invention, the loFo or fishpond aquaculture, was developed in the fifteenth century or the later half of this period (Kirch 1985 303) Both the mo olelo or stories, archaeological evidence verify that neighbor Kahalu u had fishponds There are also several mo olelo about significant personalities from this expansion time period, from Pa ao to Liloa and Umi During the last 200 years of the Expansion Period, the concept of ahupua'a was established, as well as class stratification, territorial groupings, powerful chiefs and "moi" or king (Kirch 1985 303-6) The ahupua'a land unit became the equivalent of a local community, with its own social, economic and political significance Ahupua'a were ruled by ah'i ar ahtipua'a or lesser chiefs, who for the most part, had complete autonomy over this generally economically self-supporting piece of land, which was managed by a konohikt Ahupua a were usually wedge or pie -shaped, incorporating all of the eco -zones from mountain to the sea and for several hundred yards beyond the shore, assuring a diverse subsistence resource base (Hommon 1976 15,16) The ah't and the maka amana (commoners) were not confined to the boundaries of the ahupua a Not only did the ntakai (ocean direction) and mauka (mountain direction) people share seafood and produce by lighting a fire when there was a need, they also shared with their neighbor ahupua'a ohana (Hono-ko- hou 1974 14, 15) The ahupua'a was further divided into smaller sections such as the 'A uio'o'ama, pauku aina, kiliapai, koele, hal unite and Gua/ ua (Hommon 1976 15, Pogue 1978 10) The chiefs of these land units gave their allegiance to a tentorial chief or mos (king) Hetau building flourished during this period as religion became more complex and embedded in a socio-political climate of territorial competition Monumental architecture such as heum "played a key role as visual markers of chiefly dominance" (Kirch 1990 206) It was during this time, during the reign of Umi-a-Liloa that the island of Hawaii was divided into six moku or districts (Fomander 1973 v 11 100-102) The district of Kona is sub -divided into okana or kalana (regions) North and South Kona and extends from Keahualono (Kona/Kohala boundary) to Manuka (Kona/Ka u boundary) (Maly 1998 4-5) District chiefs during Umr's reign were Wanua (Hamakua), Hua a (Puna), Hoe-a-pae (Kona), Kulukuhua a (Hilo), Imaikulam (Ka u), Walulam (Kohala) Unit moved his court from Wapi o to Kona where he first built his heiau Ahu-a- Umi on the plateau between Hualahn and Mauna Loa, in the ahupua a of Keauhou and resided in Katlua and Kahalu u where he built several heiau It was said he wanted to be near the fishing grounds of Kona (Cordy 2000 206- 207) With Umi's royal court now in Kona, Kona becomes the power center of Hawaii Island and the "Pili line of rulers eventually become known as the Kona rulers or Kona chiefs (Cordy 2000 218) Umi had several wives including Pi Ikea, daughter of Maui ruling chief Pi Ilam After the death of Pi dant his oldest son Lono-a-Pi Ilam became the ruling chief, however his rule was marred by fighting and intrigue between Lono and his younger brother Kiha-a-Pi Ilam Kiha went to Katlua to see his sister and her husband Unit to aide him in defeating their brother Lono They agreed to help and took a year to prepare their forces for the Maui invasion, however, by the time they reached the shores of Hana, Maui and commenced battle, they discovered that Lono had died After they defeated the chiefs of Lono, Unit wanted one of his sons to rule Maui, however he died and Kiha ended up ruling Maui and continuing some of the public works started by his father Pi dam (Kamakau 1992 27-32, Fomander 1880 98) The end of this period ends in the death of Unit followed by the death of his ruling son Keah tokaloa Warfare broke out between the chiefs because one group of chiefs favored Umi's younger son Keawenut-a-'Umi and another group of chiefs (Kohala, Hainakua, Hilo, Puna, Ka u, and Kona) favored Kuka dam, the son of Keah tokaloa, who was still a child Keawenut-a- Umt defeated the opposing chiefs who either died in battle or where later executed — their bones were bundled and retained by Keawenut-a- Unit and his heirs Keawenut-a- Unit had many residences, his primary court was in Hilo, but he had a major residence in Napo opo o at Kealakekua Bay where Lonoikamakahiki was bom to Haokalam, another residence was in Waipi o B4. Proto-Histone Period The Proto-Historic Period, A D 1650-1795, appears to be marked with both intensification and stress Many wars took place during this time between intra -island chiefdoms and inter -island kingdoms During the early part of this period Maui ah mut Kama-lala-walu ignored the advice of his counsel and sent his half-brother Ka-uhi-o-ka-lani (both sons of Kihaa-Pt dans) to spy on Hawai i island, to see how large the population was They landed in Kawalhae Ka-uhto-ka-lant ran about that same evening and returned before the canoes were dismantled and placed in the house The keepers of the gods at Madekim were servants of Kama, and so they concealed the canoes of the spies When Ka-uht-o-ka-lam returned his fellow spies and hosts asked, where did you goV "I went visiting from here to the lava bed and K[holo, the pond Then did you tum back?" "No, I went on to the long stretch of sand, to the- small bay with a point on that side and one on this side There are large inland ponds " "The sandy stretch is Ohiki and this walled -in ponds are Kaloko and Honokohau Then you came back?" No, I went on " (Kamakau 1992 56) The next morning the spies began a circuit of Hawaii, they then returned to Maui and reported to Kama- lala-walu the following 'We went all around Hawaii There were many houses, but few men We went to Kohala and found the men only on the shores ' The spies had seen the land of Kohala but had failed to see the people for sports were held fiom Kohala of the coastal cliffs to Kohala of the inland, a crowd of people gathered every day from morning to night to play Kohala was known as a thickly -populated land The spies thought that if Kohala was conquered, Kona, Ka u and Puna would be easily taken, and they felt that Hilo and Hamakua would lend no assistance This was true, for the chiefs of these districts were cousins of the chiefs of Maui (Kamakau 1992 56-57) While most of the prophets and seers supported Kama-lata-walu's war on his cousins of Hawaii island, children of lits father's sister Pt ikea and Umi-a-Liloa Some warned that if he did go, he would die and not return to Maui alive They landed at Kohala and began the destruction of the people of Kohala Kanaloa-kua ana, son of Keawe-nui-a Umi was captured and treated cruelly "His whole skin was tattooed, his eyelids turned inside out and tattooed " He was renamed Ka-maka-hiwa From Kohala, Kama-lata-walu set forth for Kawaihae, and found no one there The people had gone up to Waimea, for all observed the services at the heiau of Madekmt Only those of lower Kawarhae and Puako remained The battlefield was at Waimea Kama-lata-walu's counselors said, 'Waimea is not a battle site for strangers because the plain is long, and there is no water It is better to go to Kona " (Kamakau 1992 58) Kama-lala-walu did not take heed and listened instead to two old men of Kawalhae (agents of Lonoikamakahiki) who gave him false information and suggested that he cut up his canoes before heading up to Waimea so that Maui warriors would not be tempted to retreat to Maui Then they headed for the plains of Waimea When they got there they looked back towards the sea and saw the men of Kona advancing toward them The lava bed of Kamku and all the land up to Hu ehu a was coveted with men from Kona Those of Ka'u and Puna were coning down from Mauna Kea, and those of Waimea and Kohala were on the level plain of Waimea The men covered the whole of the grassy plain of Waimea like locusts (Kamakau 1992 58) The battle of Pu u oa oaka commenced Just outside these plains The light -weighted lava rocks here contributed to the defeat of the Mani warriors who were used to heavier water-wom rocks The Maui warriors retreated, some to Kawalhae, others to Kohala And because of the lack of canoes, very few escaped alive Ka-uhi-a-Kama, son of Kama-lala-walu who was killed on the plain of Puako, escaped to Kekalia, found a canoe and fled to Maui He was saved by Hmau, the foster son of Lono-i-ka-makaluki Many of the chiefs of Kona were relatives of Ka-uhi-a-Kama through his mother Kapu-kimakua (Kamakau 1992 59-60) Kapukim was the daughter of Liloa and Maui cluefess Hama and a half-sister and wife of Unit (Cordy 2000 206) Kamalalawalu's body was taken to Ke'eku Heum in Kahalu'u in Kona - a large luakmr, reputedly in the pu uhonua of Kahalu u when the king was in residence - where his remains were offered up to KO Petroglyphs on the pahoehoe at Ke eku commemorate this event So ended the first of the major wars between the nations of Maui and Hawaii (Cordy 2000 230) Three herau of nearby Kahatu u Photos 2 Hapatah i Heiau Photo 3 Ke ekm Heiau upper right Photo 4 Partial view of Kapuanom Heiau Photo 5 Lonoikamakahiki is said to have resided near the pond called Po o Hawaii At the time of Lonoikamakahiki, there were at least 14 herau (Ka io ena on the border of Keauhou, Paoumi, Makole a, Ke eku, Hapatah i, Hanakalau at, Kaluanom, Mokuahi ole, 01i amukunwku, Ku'emanu, Halela'au, Hale -o -Kane, and Lahat or Lahae on the border of Kapala alaea between the road and the sea) around his royal residence in the ahupua'a of Kahalu u Only one herau, Keawemua, was recorded in Kapala alaea (Stokes 199164-83) After the death of Hawm i Island ali'utui Lono-i-ka-makahiki, his children did not succeed him Instead Hawai i Island was divided into smaller divisions The descendants of Kanaloa-kua ana [Keawe, Ke eaumoku, Kalani opu u and Keoua] later ruled Kohala, Kona and Ka a The descendants of Keawc- nui-a- Umi ruled Hilo and Hamakua This was not a peaceful period The chiefs of Kona and Hilo fought each other for the various resources each area had [Halo's bird feathers, war canoes, fine tapa, Kona's food, drinking water and fish] These wars lasted for several decades with the Hilo chiefs usually defeating the Kona-Kohala chiefs, especially during the reigns of Kua'ana, Kualm ia, Ka-lata-ku-kau- la ala a and Moku Ke-aka-mahena (w) was the ruler of Kona [her royal court was in nearby Holualoa (Cordy 2000 241)] during the wars with Hilo The rulers of Kona who succeeded Ke-aka-mahana were her daughter Keakea-lane and her son, Keawe [Ke-awe-i-kekahi-alt io-ka-moku] (ca A D 1720-1740) Keakea-lam was the ruler of Kona and Kohala The Mahi clan were the war leaders, but the chiefs of Hilo were always victorious over those of Kona and after they won the battle of Hu'eliu a the secret places and burial caves in Kona were broken open In the battle of Mahiki, Ka-lane-ku-kau-la ala'a and Moku were the chief war leaders of Hilo After Moku, the Hilo chiefs ceased to reign (Kamakau 1992 61-63) During Keawe's reign, unlike his mother Keakealam, his royal court was in 1-16naunau and his district chiefs were Mokulam of the 'I family -- son of Kuahu'ia and cousin of Keawe's son's wife (Hilo, Hamakua except for Waipi o, and eastern Puna), the Mahi family, Mahi oloh, then his son Kauaua-a- Malu (Kohala), Kalamnm iamamao, eldest son of Keawe (Ka u and western Puna), and Kalanainuike eaumoku, another son of Keawe (Kona) (Cordy 2000 260) The battles between the Hawaii Island families, factions and district chiefs continued during the later part of the Proto-Histonc period Keawe's oldest son Kalanmm iamamao also of the 'I family was slain supposedly by his half-brother Kalanainuike eaumoku (his mother was Keawe's half-sister Kalani-kau-lele-ia-iwi) and when Keawe died he tried to claim island control, but was thwarted by Mokulam (Cordy 2000 266-267) Kohala's Ka-lam-kau-leleaa-iwi (half-sister of Keawe) was also the mother of Alapa i-nui-a-Ka-uaua, who went to live on Maui with his half sister, Ke-ku i-apo-iwa-nui (wife of Ke-kau-like, Maw ah'ntur) after his father's (Ka-uaua-nut-a-Mahe) death at the hands of the Hilo chiefs in the battle of Mahiki Whcn Alapa i heard of (his uncle) Keawe's death and the unrest between the district chiefs, he went back to Hawai i Island with plans to make war on all the chiefs He captured the chiefs of Kohala and Kona, and became ruler of those districts However, when his brother-in-law Ke-kau-like heard about Alapa is victory, Ke-kau-like made war on Alapa i in order to return Kohala and Kona to their chiefs He wasn't successful, however Ke-kau-like's warriors prevented Alapa i from conquering the Hilo and Ka u chiefs (Kamakau 1992 64-65) During these battles a lot of damage was done on the landscape The fighting began with Alapa i at Kona Both sides threw all their forces into the fight Ke-kau- like cut down the trees throughout the land of Kona Obliged to flee by canoe before Alapa i, he [Ke -low -like] abused the county people of Kekaha At Kawaihae he cut down all the coconut trees He slaughtered the country people of Kohala, seized their possessions and retumed to Maui (Kamakau 1992 66) In retribution, Alapa i decided to carry the battle to Maui While Alapa) and his warriors were encamped in Kohala, Kamehameha was bom to Ke-ku i-apo-iwa (lI) in Kapakai ( I i, John Papa 1983 3), in the ahupua'a of Kokotki, in the mo/ u of North Kohala [Kamakau (1992 67) says it was AD 1736, however others say it was between AD 1753 and 1758 with more leaning towards AD 1753 [Cahill 1999 56-57)] near the Mo okim herau He was quickly taken by Kohala chief Nae- ole and hidden in Halawa (Kamakau 1992 67-69), his ancestral homeland (Williams 1919 121) Ke-ku 1-apo-iwa (II) was the daughter of Kekela and Ha ae (both grandchildren of Keawe), because of her weakened condition, Ke- ku i-apo-iwa II did not accompany the Alapa i expedition to Maui Kamehameha's father was Kenna, younger brother of Ka -lane- opu'u The infant Kamehameha was placed in the charge of Nae- ole and his younger sister Ke-ku-nui-a4ei-moku until he was five He was then returned to Alapa 1 who placed the child in the care of his wife, Ke -aka (Kamakau 1992 68-69) However, before Alapa i reached Maui, a dying Ke-kau-like [Ka-lane-ku i-tion-i-ka-moku] made his son Kamehamehanut his successor Ke-kau-like died enroute to Kula (Kamakau 1992 69) When Alapa i heard of his death, he decided not to make war on his sister's son While visiting them on Maul, Alapa i heard that the O ahu chiefs attacked his relatives on Molokai, so he went there to help (Kamakau 1992 70) Alapa'1(ca A D 1740-1760) was said to have been a good ruler and loved by the common people, but his rule had come about by the slaying of Keawe's sons Ka-lani-nui-'t-a-mamao [father of Kalani'opu u and Keoua] and his brother Ka-lane-nut-ke'e-au-moku, rightful ah'mut of Hawaii island and Mokulam, chief of Hilo, Hamakua, and Puna This would later be the cause of several battles between Alapa'i and his nephew, Kalanr opu u (Kamakau 1992 75-78, Cordy 2000 279) Alapa i resided in several places, Kailua (Kona), Kokotki (Kohala), Watolama (Hilo), Watpi o, Waimea and Kawathae where he died (Cordy 2000 278) In 1754 Alapa i became ill and moved to Kiklako'1 in Kawathae As his illness progressed while at Kiklako i at the hetau of Mailektnt, Kawathae, Alapa i appointed his son Keawe-'opala to be ruler over the island (Kamakau 1992 77) However, this was short-lived due in part to shifting allegiances of Keawe- opala's chiefs (i e, his relative Ke eaumoku) and kahuna, to go with Kalanr opu u "A canoe arrived from Kekaha and brought word to Ke eaumoku that Ka-lam-'opu'u was at Kapahlua (in south Kona) and was coming to make war against Keawe- opala Ke eaumoku therefore made up his mind to Join forces with Ka-lamr'opu'u" (Kamakau 1992 78) It was that same year that Kalanfopu'u, a lover of war, became ah mut of Hawaii Island (Kamakau 1992 78-79) Kalam'opu'u was the son of Ka-lane-nui- i-a-mamao (ruling chief of Ka'u whom the Kumulipo was composed for) however, his biological father was said to be Pele-lo-holani, ah'inut of Oahu (Kamakau 1992 110, see also I'1 1983) About 1759 Kalant'opu'u conquered East Maui from his wife's brother the Maul king Kamehamehanut (son of Kekaulike) by using Hana's prominent Pu u Kau'iki as his fortress He appointed one of his own Hawaii chiefs, Puna, as governor of Hana and Kipahulu Many chiefs from Hawaii settled on Maui at this time, some of them grandchildren of Keawe (Kamakau 1992 79-80) Conflict between Hawai 1 chiefs continued Ke eaumoku, son of Keawe-poe-poe rebelled against Kalani'opu'u and set up a fort at Pololo and Honokane He was attacked by Kalantopu u so he moved to Maui In 1766 Maui alt inut Kamehameha-nus became ill in Hana and ceded his lands to his younger brother Ka-hekth-nu -'Ahu-mann (Kahektli), a fierce warrior and "manipulator " Following the death of Kamehameha-nut, his widow Namahana, a cousin of Ku-nut-akea Kamehameha (Kamehameha I) married Ke'eaumoku Their daughter Ka'ahumanu would later become a favorite wife of Kamehameha I (Kamakau 1992 79-84,309) Between 1775 and 1779 fighting continued between Kalanr opu u and Kahekili In 1775 Kalamopu'u and his Hana forces raided and severely destroyed the neighboring Kaupo district, before continuing several more raids on Molokai, Lanai, Kaho'olawe and parts of West Maui It was at the battle of Kalaeolia' dio that Kamehameha, nephew and favorite warrior of Kalantopu u, was first recognized as a great warrior and given the name of Pal ea (hard -shelled crab) by the Maul chiefs and warriors (Kamakau 1992 84) Katam'opu'u returned again to Maui in 1776, but was severely defeated by Kahekili's warriors Ka -lent- opu u returned to Hawaii embittered against Kahekih and spent a year in preparing an army made up of a body of men from each of the six districts he gave to each division a name I, Abu, Matt, Patera, Luahme, and Paia The chief was called Keawe He built houses for his war god Ka th as hetau against sedition and for vengeance upon the chief of Maui Holo ae was his leading kahuna, whose grandchildren were Pu ou and Hewahewa, and he belonged to the order of Pa'ao (Kamakau 1992 84-85) In January 1778 Cook landed in Waimea, Kauai and the culture of old Hawaii began its spiraling change (see Day 1992) Captain Cook left an English saw and boar on Nr than and observed chickens on Kauai (Takegucht et al, 1999 1) Cook left Hawaii for several months, but returned later in the year Kalam'opu'u was fighting Kaheklll's forces to Wallua, Maui on November 19, 1778 when Cook's ship was sighted on his return trip to the islands Kalamopu'u visited Cook on the Resolution, while Kahekili visited Clerke on the Discovery (Kuykendall and Day 1976 16) When Cook sailed into Kealakekua Bay on January 17, 1779, Kalant'opu'u was still fighting Kahekill on Maui At this time Kahekilt's brother Ka co-kulam was ruling chief of Kauai, Ka-hahana was ruling chief of Oahu and Molokai, Kahektli ahumanu of westem Maui, Lanai and Kaho olawe, and Kalamopu'u was ruling chief of Hawaii and Hana (Kamakau, 1992 84-86, 92, 97-98) On January 25" Kalamopu'u visited Cook again at Kealakekua Bay, presenting him with several feather cloaks By February Cook's scheme to kidnap Kalamopu'u as a hostage were thwarted and Cook was killed following a skirmish over a stolen cutter (Kuykendall and Day 1976 18) The off and on warring between the Hawaii and Maui forces continued, but Kalanr opu u was aging Kalanto'opu u schemed for peace by having his son Kiwala'o by Kalols, sister of Kahektli - and their twin half-brothers - to go to Kahekth, who in turn had the battles cease (Kamakau 1992 88-89, Desha 2000 49-50) `9t was the custom, when blood relatives went to war with each other and both sides suffered reverses, for some expert in genealogies to suggest a conference to end the war, then a meeting of both sides would take place" (Kamakau 1992 72) Kalamo opu u declared his young son Ka-lana-kaui-ke-a-ouh Kiwaia o to be his heir, to his nephew Kamehameha he gave the war god, Ku-ka'ili-moku (Kamakau 1992 107) But even before the death of Kalanr opu u in 1772, chiefs and kahuna were already taking sides between Kiwala o and Kamehameha Kamehameha and a few other chiefs were concerned about their land claims which Kiwala o did not seem to honor, so after usurping Kiwala 6 with a sacrificial ntual, Kamehameha retreated to his district of Kohala While in Kohala, Kamehameha farmed the land growing taro and sweet potatoes (Handy and Handy 1978 531) After Kalant'opuu died civil war broke out and the wars between Maui and Hawaii also continued (Kuykendall and Day 1976 23, 24, Handy and Handy 1978 528, King 1990) In 1781 after Kahektli heard about the death of Kalani'opu'u, Kahektli, split his forces and sent them through Maui's south-eastem Kaupo Gap and the north-eastem Ko'olau Gap into Hana After damming and diverting the supply of spring water to Pu u Kau'iki, the Hawaii chiefs were finally defeated, and the Maw alr'mut regained control of Hana m1782 (Kamakau, 1992 84-86, 115-116, Fomander 1900 Vol 11 146-7, 150, 216) Following his Hana victory, Kahektli went on to gain control of all the islands except Hawaii, by trickery and warfare (Kamakau 1992 116, 128-141) Kiwala o was killed in 1782 by Ke'eaumoku (Kamakau 1992 121, Cahill 1999 62), second cousin of Kamehameha I (Cordy 2000 57), but the watnng between the forces of Hawai i Island districts continued Demographic trends during the Proto-Historic Penod indicate a population reduction in some areas, yet show increases in others, with relatively little change in material culture There was a continuum of craft and status material, intensification of agriculture, ah't (chief) controlled aquaculture, upland residential sites, and oral records which were rich in information The Ku cult, along with its luak-tit hetau, and the kapu (restriction or regulation) system were at their peak, although western influence was already altering the cultural fabric of the islands (Kirch 1985 308, Kent 1983 13) In 1790 when Captain George Vancouver made his first stop in the Hawaiian islands he was told that Kalaniopu u was dead, Hawat'i was ruled by Keoua Kuahu'ula (half-brother of Kiwala 6), his uncle Keawe-ma i -hilt, and Keoua's cousin, Kamehameha (Day 1984 77) Vancouver went on to trade with Kalanikupule in Waikiki He then found that the ruling chief of Kauai, Ka-umu-alt i, was a mere child, his father Ka'eo was on Maui with his brother, Kahelah Vancouver also noted a decrease in the population and the number of chiefs since the arrival of Cook (Kamakau 1992 162-163) In early 1790 the Eleanora, lay off the village of Ka 6pulehu Before heading to Kealakekua Bay there was an altercation between Capt Metcalfe and high chief Kame eiamoku For revenge the next ship, the Fair American, was attached and all on board were killed except for crewmember, Isaac Davis As the attack was going on, Eleanora's boatswain John Young was on shore trading for supplies Fearing retaliation by the crew of the Eleanora, Kamehameha detained Young and allowed his ship to sail without him Kamehameha took both Davis and Young under his care (Cahill 199911-12) By 1790 Kamehameha I had gained enough control of the island of Hawaii that he could leave to Join the war parties on Maui Kamehameha also had at his disposal western weapons, and an armed schooner (ma 1967 5) Kamehameha brought cannon from the Eleanora along with the expertise of Isaac Davis and John Young, who were now advisors and aikone punahele (favorites) of Kamehameha I (Kamakau 1992 147-148) "At Kawaihae and Kealakekua, Young and Davis built up an army and navy for Kamehameha along European lines, introduced firearms to Hawaiian warfare, and directed their use in Kamehameha's conquest of Maui, Lanai and Molokai" (n a 1967 5) His canoe fleet "beached at Hana and extended from Hamoa to Kawaipapa" to battle Kalanikupule, son of Kahekth (who now ruled Oahu) After several battles along the East Maui coast, Kamehameha's forces reached Wailuku where the "great battle" took place This would be the beginning of the end of independent ruling chiefs because of the inequity of battle strategy and weaponry I (Kamakau 1992 147-148) Back on Hawaii island in 1790, Keoua Kuahu ula [twin brother of Keoua Pe e'ale, sons of Kalantopu u and Kane-kapo-let (Kamakau 1992 120)] ravaged Kamehameha's bath lands of Kohala At the advice of Ka-pou-kaki, a kahuna from Kauai (Kelly 1974 6), Kamehameha personally helped to construct the herau Pu'u Koholl in the summer of 1791, to assure his victory over his cousin, Keoua Kuahu ula, who was to be sacrificed at the herau (Day 1984 77, Kamakau 1992 154-157) After the death of his older brother [Kiwala'6-61 Keoua lived to Ka'u, successfully fighting off Kamehameha's generals Following the new strategy, Kamehameha sent Keoua's uncles, Keaweaheulu and Kamanawa, to convince Keoua that Kamehameha was offering him a truly respectful peace Apparently trustful at fust, Keoua consented to go with them, but at some point on the trip to Kawaihae he evidently suspected he was being led into a trap His canoes landed briefly at the sacred place of Luahmewai near Kiholo There, in the beautiful fresh -water pool, he bathed After bathing he cutoff the end of his 'omu'o, an act which believers in sorcery call 'the death of Ult' and which was a certain sign that he knew he was about to die 'The death of Uh' refers to death caused by the vengeance of the sorcerer, since Uh is the goddess worshipped by sorcerers The part cut off is used for the purpose of sorcery so that those who do a man to death may themselves be discovered and punished Just as Keoua was stepping from the canoe onto the beach at Kawaihae, Keeaumoku and the other chiefs of Kamehameha's forces attached him and the occupants of his canoe (Kamakau 1961 156-157) John Young reportedly noted that "Kamehameha offered 11 human sacrifices at the dedication of the herau The principal offering was the body of Keoua Ku-ahu ula" (Llopis & Sharp 1994 1) On his second voyage to Hawaii in 1793, Vancouver counseled the chiefs to stop making war on each other He gave Kamehameha some cows and sheep (at Vancouver's advice Kamehameha put a ten-year kapu on them) Vancouver went on to visit Kahelah in Lahama and made the same request, then on to Waikiki to Kalanikupule When Vancouver returned in January 1794 on his third and last visit, he gave Kamehameha three bulls and more cows and sheep [horses came later in 1803 from Captain Richard 3 Cleveland] Kahelah had recently died (late 1793) in Waikiki at the age of eighty-seven and his brother Ka eo was now ruling Maui (Kamakau 1992 162-166, Brennan 1995 15-23, 31-34) By 1794 at least eleven foreigners were living on the island of Hawaii, these included American, English, Irish, Portuguese, Genoese, and Chinese (Day 1992 23-25) most likely holdovers of the sandalwood trade In November and December 1794 a great battle was fought in Area, Oahu between Ka eo and his nephew Kalanikupule Ka eo was killed and his young son Ka-umu-ah i became ruling chief of Kauai (Kamakau 1992 168-169) B-5. Early Historic Period The Early Historic Period (AD 1795-1900) is marked by very significant events In February 1795 Kamehameha's war fleet landed in Lahama and covered the coast from Laumupoko to Mala All the food patches and cane fields were overrun by Hawaii warriors, and on Molokai the coast from Kawela to Kalama ula was also covered by wamor-laden canoes (Kamakau 1992 17 1) Kamehameha also invaded O ahu in 1795, covering the beaches from War alae to Waikiki Several foreigners were living with Kalanikupule at that time (Kamakau 1992 172, 174) Kamehameha brought the daughter of Kalola, Ke-ku i-apo-iwa Liliha and her daughter, Kalanikatuaka'alaneo to O ahu to witness the Battle of Nu uanu Pali and the defeat of Oahu It was during this trip that the name Ke6puolam was given to Kalanikautaka alaneo (Kleiger 1998 21) Kamehameha's forces defeated Kalanikupule's forces After several months of hiding, Kalanikupule was found and sacrificed to Kamehameha's war god (Kamakau 1992 174) By 1796 Kamehameha had conquered all the island kingdoms (with the help of western advice and technology), except Kauai In his early reign, Kamehameha traveled periodically to the various royal courts on Hawaii Island — these were the established centers of Waipt o in Hamakua, Hilo Bay in Hilo, H6naunau, Kealakekua, Kahalu'u [adjoins project lands of Kapala alaea], HdIualoa and Kadua in Kona, and Kohala and Pu'uepa-Kokoiki in Kohala "in each place the ruler's residence was the focal point along with the nearby national herau (Luakmi) and usually a pu'uhonua (refuge) The houses of major and lesser chiefs were clustered nearby, with commoners' homes farther away (Cordy 2000 58) It wasn't until 1810 that Kaumuah i ceded his kingdom of Kauai, Ni ihau, Lehua and Ka ula Kau'mualt'i gave his allegiance to Kamehameha and the Hawaiian Islands were unified under one rule (Kuykendall and Day 1976 26-29, 32) This marked the end of the Proto-Histonc Period Hawaii's culture and economy continued to change radically as capitalism and industry established a firm foothold At this time the sandalwood (Santalum sp) trade in Hawaii was flourishing, the Fijian and Marquesan supply of sandalwood was exhausted, so Hawaii became known as the "sandalwood mountains" to entrepreneurs of Southern China Sandalwood came under the personal control of Kamehameha I, who had become "a fervent consumer of high-priced western goods" (Kent 1983 17-20) The sandalwood industry, discovered by Euro-Amencans in 1790, and turned into commerce by 1805 (Oliver 1961 261), was flourishing in Hawai i by 1810 to the point where the subsistence level fell apart, as fanners and fishermen were ordered to spend most of their time logging, causing famine to set in, and resulting in a population decline However, Kamehameha did manage to keep some control on the trade (Kuykendall and Day 1976 43, Kent 1983 23, 29, Bushnell 1993 212) In 1813, Don Francisco de Paula y Mann, Spanish advisor to King Kamehameha I introduces coffee and pineapple to Hawaii, but it wasn't until a little later that John Wilkinson brought 30 coffee plants from Brazil, the type that would become known as "Hawaiian coffee" (Takeguchi et al , 1999) By the mid-I800s ranching became a flourishing economic factor in the Kohala and North Kona areas with cattle being shipped out of Kawathae (Rosendahl 1995 11) In 1815 John Palmer Parker, an ex - seaman, made his home at Kawaihae where he began hunting cattle that roamed the slopes of Mauna Kea By this time the Vancouver's cattle of 1793 had increased to destructive numbers and Parker was hired to thin the wild herds Since people had not yet developed a taste for beef, Parker salted the meat with r Kawaihae salt and tanned the hides to trade with ships that stopped at Kawaihae He later built pens to confine the cattle and horses (n a 1967 14-15) Kamehameha I died on May 8, 1819 in Kailua-Kona "and at the close of the purification the kahuna Hewahewa said, 'Where shall the ruling chief stay?" The chiefs responded in unison, "Where Indeed? Are not you the one to choose the placer" "Since Kona is unclean, there are but two places for him to stay, Ka'u and Kohala" The chiefs chose Kohala because they believed the people there to be more loyal to Kamchameha (Kamakau 1992 213) "When the people of Kona and of neighboring places heard of the death of the chief the voice of weeping and wailing arose and the sound of lamentation and general mourning, recalling their regret and reciting their love for their chief' (Kamakau 1992 213-214) Once again the culture of Hawaii was to change radically, six months after the death of Kamehameha, his son and successor Lihohho, met with his mother Keopuolam, kuhma nut Ka'ahumanu, and a council of chiefs and chtefesses at Kawaihae His advisors, which included his father's kahuna Hewahewa, convinced the new king Kamehameha 11 to abolish the kapu system He signified his agreement by sitting down and eating with his mother Ke6p0olant, breaking the 'at kapu (Oliver 1961 260, Kuykendall and Day 1976 41, Kamakau 1992 222-228) Liholiho's cousin Kekuaokalani [son of younger brother of Kamehameha I], caretaker of the war god Ku- Kathmoku, disagrced and revolted, but it was Keopuolam the queen mother, who ordered Kalammoku to prepare for war on Kekuaokalani — she knew that Kekuaokalani would have had her and Hoapili killed to preserve the at kapu (Kamakau 1992 227) Kalammoku camped at Keauhou [two ahupua'a away from project lands of Kapala alaeaj awaiting battle Kekuaokalant was killed in the battle of Kuamo o — his wife Manono took up his arms and fought too She pleaded to Kalammoku, her brother, for her life, but he told her that "it would disgrace me in men's minds for you to live" since her husband was now dead She was killed by a volley of shots (Kamakau 1992 228) By December of 1819 the revolution was quelled Kamehameha II sent edicts throughout the kingdom renouncing the ancient state religion, ordering the destruction of the herau images and the heiau structures to be destroyed or abandoned and left to deteriorate, allowing the personal family religion, the 'aumakua worship, to continue (Oliver 1961 260, King 1990, Kamakau 1992 222-228), and Kadua once again became the center of government (Kamakau 1992 228) Regarding this subject Fomander wrote the following When the tabus were abrogated, when the Hetaus were doomed, when Christian zealots proved the genuineness of their new faith by burning the objects of faith of their fathers, and when the ancient gods were striped of their kapa and feathers and their altars overturned, then many a devotee, a Kahu or servant of special Hetaus or individual gods, hid the object of his adoration in caves, in streams, in mountain recesses, in the mud of swamps or other unfrequented places, in hopes of the better days which never came Thus many a Kahu died and made no sign, and the idol he cherished has only been discovered by accident (Fomander 1879-80 37-38 vil ironically, in October of 1819, seventeen Protestant missionaries had set sail from Boston to Hawaii They arrived in Kailua-Kona on March 30, 1820 to a markedly changed culture, one with a "religious" void, and a growing appetite for western products Many of the alr5 who were already exposed to western material culture welcomed the opportunity to become educated in a western style and adopt their dress and religion Soon they were rewarding their teachers with land and positions in the Hawaiian government (King 1990) During this period, the sandalwood trade was wreaking havoc on the commoners who were weakening with the heavy production, exposure, and famine just to fill the coffers of the ah'i who were no longer under any control constraints (Oliver 1961 261, Kuykendall and Day 1976 42, Bushnell 1993 212) On a stopover in the Kohala district in the early 1800s Ellis wrote the following About eleven at night we reached Towaihae [Kawathae], where we were kindly received by Mr Young Before daylight on the 22nd, we were roused by vast multitudes of people passing through the district from Waimea with sandal -wood, which had been cut in the adjacent mountains for Karaimoku, by the people of Waimea, and which the people of Kohala, as far as the north point, had been ordered to bring down to his storehouse on the beach, for the purpose of its being shipped to Oahu There were between two and three thousand men, carrying each from one to six pieces of sandalwood, according to their size and weight It was generally tied on their backs by bands of it leaves, passed over the shoulders and under the arms, and fastened across their breasts (Kuykendall and Day 1976 42, 43, Ellis 1984 397) The lack of control of the sandalwood trade was to soon create the first Hawaiian national debt as promissory notes and levies were initiated by American traders and enforced by American warships (Oliver 1%1 261, 262) In 1825, Kuhina-nui Ka ahumanu [King Kamehameha III was Just a child] placed a kapu on cutting sandalwood trees She saw what it was doing to the people, neglecting their crops and fishing and getting into debt (Brennan 1995 48) During this period the free -ranging cattle were also taking its toll, any chances of re -growth of the forests were squelched by the wild cattle They even ate the grass -thatched roofs of native houses (Handy and Handy 1972 18) However, beef soon became a barter item (Brennan 1995 48), and in 1832, Kamehameha III sent a high chief to California to bring some vaqueros back to Hawaii to help with the training of horse and cattle handling Although the cattle were being slaughtered by the thousands for their hides and tallow, their numbers were increasing beyond belief Over 100,000 wild cattle were roaming the mountains of Waimea alone Many crops were ruined by the hordes of cattle (Brennan 1995 51-54) The solution was for the vaqueros or paniolo as Hawaiians called them, to first train Hawaiian and haole men to be good horsemen or wrangler or cowboy (paniolo) This was the beginning of Hawar is cattle kingdom (Brannen 1995 70) Pamolo Jack Purdy and John Parker, Kamehameha NI's chief cattle killer, partnered to furnish the king with badly needed beef for bartering with foreign ships (Brennan 1995 74) The Hawaiian culture was well on its way towards Western assimilation as industry in Hawaii went from the sandalwood trade, to a short-lived whaling industry, to cattle ranching, and the more lucrative, but insidious sugar industry "For the first time Hawaiian masses were drawn to a cash economy as workers and producers " In 1836 the first sugar plantation was established on Kauai (Kent 1983 22, 23, 29) However, sugar cane (Saccharum ofcinarum ,, ) was originally Polynesian Introduced and served a variety of uses The ko kea or white cane was the most common, usually planted near Hawaiian homes for medicinal purposes, and to counteract bad taste (Handy and Handy 1978 185) Sugar cane was a snack, a condiment, a famine food, fed to nursing babies, and helped to strengthen children's teeth by chewing on it (Handy and Handy 1978 187) It was used to thatch houses when pili grass (Heteropogon contortus) or tau halo (Pandanus odortissimus) were not abundant (Malo 1987 121, 124) Sugar cane was also used in relation to taro and sweet potato Handy and Handy (1978) explain In wet -taro farming, cane was planted along the embankments separating the flooded terraces and flats In dry -taro and sweet potato fields on the sloping kula or in the lower forest zone, cane was planted as hedges along the lines of stone and rubbish thrown up between the fields Thus at helped the planter to utilize to the maximum his sod and water, and acted as a windbreak against the gusty breezes which blow in most valley bottoms, along the coasts, and on the uplands where taro is grown (Handy and Handy 1978 186) Sugar cane was grown on all islands and when Cook arrived, he wrote of seeing sugar cane plantations The Chinese on Lanai are credited with first producing sugar as early as 1802 However, it was not until 1835 that sugar became established commercially, primarily to replace a waning sandalwood industry (Oliver 1961 263, Kuykendall and Day 1976 92) Many of the Hawaiian chiefs became involved in the early days of the sugar industry Hawai is Governor (John Adams) Kuakini, son of Ke eaumoku and Namahana (Kamakau 1992 149) grew sugar cane and had a mill in South Kohala, he also had a sugar plantation in North Kohala in the 1830s-I840s (Dorrance 2000 17) In the 1840s a political act of the Hawaiian Kingdom government would change forever, the land tenure system in Hawai i and have far-reaching effects The historic land transformation process was an evolution of concepts brought about by fear, growing concerns of takeovers, and western influence regarding land possession King Kamehameha III, in his mid -thirties, was persuaded by his kuhma nm and other advisors to take a course that would assure personal rights to land One-third of all lands in the kingdom would be retained by the king, another one-third would go to ah'i as designated by the long, and the last one-third would be set aside for the maka'amana or the people who looked after the land In 1846 he appointed a Board of Commissioners, commonly known as the Land Commissioners, to "confirm or reject all claims to land ansing previously to the 10" day of December, AD 1845 " Notices were frequently posted in The Polynesian (Moffat and Kirkpatrick, 1995) However, the legislature did not acknowledge this act until June 7, 1848 (Chmen 1958 16, Moffat and Kirkpatrick 1995 48-49), known today as The Great Mahele In 1850, the Kingdom government passed laws allowing foreigners to purchase fee simple lands (Speakman 2001 91) The 1840s also heralded other changes as well King Kamehameha IH passed a law making all forests, government property in 1946 (Takeguchi et at 1999) The Hawaiian government, with the aid of the missionaries, encouraged the sugar industry as well as other enterprises such coffee, cotton, rice, potatoes, and silk worms (Speakman 2001 93) Subsistence crops were ruined by displaced dirt and dust, natives were being asked to grow sugar cane on their lands in exchange for money, only to find themselves indebted, and forced to surrender homelands, land -use disputes between natives and other cultures ensued, and restrictions on government lands prevented subsistence hunting and gathering. Subsistence - based culture was eventually lost with the escalating dependence on purchased goods and the growing development related to sugar production (Tomonan-Tuggle 1988 50, 51) Disease also had a devastating affect on the population and the landscape, killing ah'i and maka'ainana alike, measles epidemics in 1848 and 1849, was followed by the horrendous smallpox epidemic in 1853 Ten thousand people are said to have died of this disease in Hawaii (Kamakau, 1992 411, 418) John Papa 'I m in Fragments ofHawauan History (1984) talks about the impact of this disease and as kahu or guardian of several young ah't, he had to take several of them off of Oahu island They just kept sailing from island to island and usually were not allowed to land as Oahu was thought to be the source of the smallpox( I i 1984 17 1) While other places were getting established with growing sugar cane in the 1850s, cattle ranching was becoming an industry for the island of Hawaii, as was livestock such as goats A law had been passed "requiring livestock owners to register their brands or the animals would be considered government property " According to some of the cultural consultants, ranching was part of the history of Kapala alaea By 1858 at least 2,119 foreigners lived in Hawaii Many were merchants who traded and provided provisions, ranchers and missionaries who lived in various locations throughout the islands "Foreigners engaged in agricultural pursuits with the idea of reaping a profit from the land, in contrast with the Hawaiians, who tamed on subsistence agriculture" (Coulter 1971 11) In the 1860s the U S Civil War brought about a boost for the sugar industry in Hawai i as sugar plantations in the South were boycotted or destroyed The industry brought in tens of thousands of laborers from Asia, Europe, the Americas, Oceania, and Africa to work on the many plantations and mills that were being established on all major islands, which had a profound effect on life in Hawaii (Oliver 1961 123) This influx not only radically changed the culture, but also drastically altered ethnobotanical agricultural lands, destroying traditional architectural features in the process as lands were cleared for mono -crops, domestic settlements and large- scale ranching For Kona, the sugar industry did not take hold, however, the coffee industry did The coffee plants were introduced to Kona in 1828 (KPMC 2000), by H N Greenwell (Takeguchi et at , 1999) and the industry boomed in the 1850s "In the early years, Hawaiians and Chinese were hired to work on large coffee plantations Later, Portuguese, Japanese, and others, who had either fulfilled or broken their contracts with Hawai is sugar plantations, came to work the lands" (COH 1997) Several Japanese laborers did not like the sugar plantation lifestyle, but were afraid of being deported, so they fled to Kona to a new start of life in the coffee industry There were lots ofpeople who'd run away from sugarcane plantations before their contracts had expired There were some people who changed their last names I knew this because some of them told me that their real name was such -and -such And most of them started in coffee farming—Torahichi Tsukahara (COH 1997) By the 1890s, however, the industry experienced financial difficulties So the lands were divided into small three- to five -acre lots and sold or leased to individuals By 1915, tenant farmers, largely of Japanese descent, were cultivating most of the coffee Many hours were spent cleaning and weeding the land, pruning the trees, harvesting the crop, pulping the bemes, and drying them for the mills (COH 1997) Additional industry for Hawai i Island included macadamia nuts, introduced in 1881 by William H Purvis, and John Ackerman and Waldemar Muller began canning pineapple commercially in Kona in 1882 (Takeguchi et at, 1999) B-6. Territorial History (AD 1900-1949). Several events, which took place in the early 1900's eventually, created a downward spiral effect on the sugar industry Mainland labor union leaders went into the fields organizing membership drives, the military began a major dnve to install airfields and encampments, and the Federal government imposed quota restrictions on sugar exports (Oliver 1961 147, 148) This period saw Native Hawaiians running for Congress (Daws 1974 297), and much of the lands being sold in fee simple In 1920 Hawaii delegate to Congress, Prince Joanah Kuhto Kalanalanaole authored the Hawaiian Homes Act Lands were set aside on all islands for homesteading by Hawaiians with 50% or more native blood (Takeguchi et at , 1999) 11-7. Modern History (AD 1950-) Post World War iI brought about an influx of people and industries to Hawai i, allowing the tourism industry and offshoot enterprises to flourish 1950 also marked the introduction of radiocarbon analysis which shifted the focus of study in archaeology from relative dating excavated material cultural remains to carbon dating, this was followed by a research focus on settlement and subsistence patterns, and land and marine use Along with the rise of the tourism industry, and competing sugar markets abroad, the sugar companies saw a sharpening decline in business (the Sugar Acts of 1934 and 1937, and ILWU Strike of 1946 didn't help) The 1950s and 1960s were the bleakest years for the sugar industry and it was becoming apparent that the sugar industry was beyond salvage (Kent 1983 107-108) More changes were soon to take place on the landscapes of Hawaii as former sugar lands became subdivisions and new jobs were being created in the tourist industry In the 1960s, vanous federal and state environmental and historic preservation laws and regulations were passed, mandating surveys and impact studies of the landscape, prior to development Technology and mechanization initiated in the 1950s to 1970s helped to bring about the decline of plantation camps and lifestyles, yet in 1959 "one out of twelve people employed in Hawaii was in the sugar industry" (Vorfeld 2002 1) However, technology could not save the sugar industry, which could not compete with unfavorable sugar markets and higher costs By the 1990s most of the sugar plantations reluctantly closed down operations The vacant lands soon gave way to various development projects and the need for more Environmental Impact Studies (EIS) However, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA) and its implementing regulations (43 CFR Part 10) shifted the focus of studies to include a greater interaction with indigenous peoples, and a lesser focus on invasive methods of study In 2000 Hawai i Legislature passed an EIS amendment resolution which the governor signed as Act 50 This legislation has broadened the scope of environmental impact studies to include cultural impact studies in order to assure that traditional Hawaiian and other ethnic cultural practices are not adversely impacted by proposed projects, as vacant sugar fields give way to the ever-growing population, expanding tourist and real-estate industries, and other development projects C. Traditional Literature The ethnographic works of the late 19" and early 20" century contribute a wealth of information that comprise the traditional literature—the mo'olelo, oh, and mete—as well as glimpses into snippets of time, and apart of the Hawaiian culture relatively forgotten The genealogies handed down by oral tradition and later recorded for posterity, not only give a glimpse into the depth of the Hawaiian culture of old, they provide a permanent record of the links of notable Hawaiian family lines The mo'olelo or legends allow ka po'e kahiko, the people of old, the kupuna or ancestor, to come alive, as their personalities, loves, and struggles are revealed The oh (chants) and the mele (songs) not only give clues about the past, special people and waht pana or legendary places, they substantiate the magnitude of the language skills of na kupuna kahiko (the people of old) C-1. Genealogies Poe ku'auhau or genealogy kahuna (masters) were very important people in the days of old They not only kept the genealogical histories of chiefs "but of kahunas, seers, land experts, diviners, and the ancestry of commoners and slaves An expert genealogist was a favorite with a chief" During the time of'Umi-a-Liloa, genealogies became kapu (restricted) to commoners, which is why there "were few who understood the art, but some genealogists survived to the time of Kamehameha and even down to the arrival of the missionaries" (Kamakau 1992 242) There are several chants from Hawaii and other Polynesian islands referred to as migration chants that expand on the travels of ancient Polynesians and not only explain why they traveled from place to place, and where the traveled, they also give their genealogy illustrating how families are connected from one Polynesian island -nation to another Examples are the chants and stones by Kamakau and Kepelmo about Hawau-loa a famous ancient navigator and discoverer of the islands that were named after him (PVS 1999, Daniel 2003) Ruling chiefs of the various islands came from combinations of genealogies or branches In this list of Hawai i Island chiefs most of the people are in a loose chronological order, however, the multiple unions of a particular person is not necessarily in a chronological order, as much of that information was not provided in most cases This list is not by any means inclusive as many lesser unions (mates and offspring) were not listed or recorded in official genealogies and it does not always indicate that some spouses were from other islands Surviving genealogies illustrate that the ruling families of each island were interrelated quite extensively The chiefs of O ahu, Kauai, Hawaii, Maui and Molokai had one common ancestry Families branched out, but conjoined several times in succeeding generations (Kamakau in McKenzie, 1983 xxv) Not only were the chiefs or ah'i related to each other, they were also related to the commoners In Ruling Chiefs, Kamakau states that "there is no country person who did not have a chiefly ancestor' Kamakau (1992 4) "It is said that the chiefs of Hawai't island were from Maui and from 0 ahu and Molokai between the times of 'Aikanaka and Hanala'anui" (Kamakau, 1991 10 1) Table I List of various ruling chiefs of Hawai i Island Table I Hawaii Line extracted from McKenzie (1983 1986) Kamakau (1992) and I i (I 959) Kane Wahme Keiki ? an s ffEW [*twin of Hanala aiki progenitor of the Maui Pi ilam Lines —both born at Mokae, Hans, Maui] Kauholanurmahu Neuta Kehanuilulutnoku [Kiha 1] Kiha 1 Waodea [Ewa Oahu Chfs] Glos-a-Kiha Uloa Pines 1 [younger sib of Waoilea] Hakau (later killed by Unit) Haua [Maui Chfs] Kapukim » Akahtakuleana [(-Hana] Umo-a-Liloa I Hakau KukukatmtaPae Pin" 2 Unit Ohmahena/Hehena Karnolanuiaumt •• •• Kabekilinuialokapu » Kulamea Kapunahahuanuiaunri •• Makaalua Nohowaaumi •' Kopukini/Kapulani Kealnokaloa->Kslaniopu u/Kanrehameha I •• •• Kapulani •• '• Keawenutautru • Pukea-a-Pi dant Aibakoko » » Kumalae-> Aikanaka/Lih u " Kuibewarnakawalu Papadianeau » » Kutmeheua (k) •• •• Uluehu ' Mokushualeiakea Akahnhkapu4 Liholtho/Kamamalu Keawenmaumi Koihalawai [Kauai Chfs] Kanaloakua ana '• Hoopdiahae Umiokalam » » Keawepatkana Keawe Hoopilihae Ldiloa 2 Keawenuiaurn Hoolaaikaiwi Kaulahea [Maui king] Kalanikauleleaiwi [sib of Keawel Kekulsporwa Nui Keswe [Hawaii king] [sibs] KalantKeeau ucku •• •• Kekelakekesokalam Kauaunturnahiolou Alapamw [Hawaii king] Lonoikahaupu [Kauai king] Keawepoepoe [Chief-Hawait/Maut/OahufKauai] Kaulshesnutokamoku Papaikamau Kalanmudonlionoikamoku Keksulike •• Kalanikauleleunwi [sib of Kcawe] Kekurspolwanui Hue Kelelemauh Kainakwheikuh •• •• Haalou Hese Kekelsokalant Kekurapoiwa 2 [Oahu/Mmi Chiefess] Kekaulike [Maui Rut chf] Kahawalu Kauhiannokuakarna •' Holau Manubaaipo " » Kekauhiwarnoku • •• Kaeokulam [Kauai Rul Ch/father of Kaumuahi] •• Kekuispolwa Nui [half-sister] Kamehanniba Nm [Maui Ruling Chi] Kalols • •• Kahekilinuthutnanu 2 [Iron king of Maui] • •• Kuhoohetheipahu (w) •• Naarakalanr •• •• Manuailehua Healon Namshanarkaleleokalani (4 Ka ahuniau] » » Kekurnanoha(k) Kalaninuiinamao (Ka u) Katnakaimoku Kalaniopu u *[Hawan king] •• KmuakalanikupuapatkalanmuriK-1 *[ Two fathers also Begotten by Pele-io-holant, ruling chief of Oahu and Kainakatmoku of Waikele] Kalamopu u Kalola [Maui High Chfs] Kiwalao •' Kaneikapolei [Maui line] Keoua Kwhu ula [Ka u] •• •• Keoua Peesle '• Mu olehu Manua Peter Kaeo of Kauai •• Halau Kawelaokalani Table I Continued Hawaii Line extracted from McKenzie (1983 1986) and Kamakau (1992) Malo (1987) also wrote about the connection between the maha'ainana and the chiefs "Commonersand Keiki alu were all descended from the same ancestor, Wakes and Papa" (Malo, 1987 52) This is evident in the Kane Wahine genealogies Genealogies were very important to the chiefs, because ranking was very important The Kalamopu u Marius [daughter/Ka u] Marino [Died in battle/placed on Mookint altar] genealogies not only indicated rank, they ascertained a link to the gods The following excerpt explains Kamakolunutkalam Pualmm [-)a Lahama Intel the idea and importance of rank and the role of genealogies .• •• Kukanaloa [mo opuna of 3 kmgs] Keous Kahikikalaokalam Kslokuokamabe Position in old Hawaii, both social and political, depended in the first instance upon rank, and rank •• •• Kekuiapoiwa 2 [cousml •• Kamehameha I Kehimiikat [Kalammalokuloku-Kepookalaml upon blood descent—hence the importance of genealogy as proof of high ancestry Grades of • Kamakaehikuh Kalaul a nshu [grandfather of Lunablo] rank were distinguished and divine honors paid to those chiefs alone who could show such an " Kalola [41(eopuolani) Kekuiapmwa Lihha II [wife of Kiwalaol accumulation of inhented sacredness as to class with the gods among men a child inherited from '• Manononui [daughter of Alapa rout) Kulaweau [wife of Kelumaika✓mother of both parents The stories of usurping chiefs show how a successful inferior might seek inter- Kekuaokalant cousin ofLiholiho] marriage with a chiefess of rank in order that his beir might be in a better position to succeed his Akahmut Kaleiwohi parent as ruling chief a virgin wife must betaken in order to be sure of child's paternity—hence Kiwalao [Hawaii Chi) [Sibs) Kekuiapolwa Liliba Kalsnikautka alaneo Keopuolani [Waduku] the careful guarding of a highborn girl's virginity (Beckwith 1990 11) •• Montilla Kaaimalolo4 Kaeo of Kauai Kamehameha Nm [sibs) " Kalols [Mau] Kalantakuetokikdo/Kalamwatakus [Kapu] Pele-io-holani 2 One could defend and/or prove their rank by knowing or having one's genealogist recite one's genealogy [Cousins) Na mahanaikaleleonalani •• Kualoniokalam `To the Hawaiians, genealogies were the indispcnsable proof of personal status Chiefs traced their Keeaumoku Papatahiaht Namahana Ka ahumanu (w) genealogies through the main lines of `Ulu, Nana`ulu, and Pili, which all converged at Wakea and Papa •• •• Kaheiheunahe (w) (Barrere, 1969 24) Two well-known genealogy chants are the Kumuhonua and the Kumulrpo •• •• Keeaumoku 2 (k) •• Kekuatpus (w) Kuakrm (k) C-1-9. Kumuhonua The Kumuhonua, first published by Fornander in 1878, in The Polynesian Race Kekumanoha Kamakahukilant Kalanimoku (k) Vol I was based on information from Kamakau and Kepeltno Kumuhonua, the man, was of the Nanaulu wahinept o (w) line, and the older brother of Olopana and Moikeha (McKenzie 1986 14-15) However, the birth chant Boki (k) Kumuhonua has been a subject of controversy as noted in following Preface by Kenneth P Emory Kalauramahu (KI sib] Kahethetmahe Kahahaika ao aokapuokatKekauluoht Kamehameha I ' Kalols-a-Kumuko a Kanekapola 9 Paull Kaoleloku We have become painfully aware that the Kumuhonua 'legends' are not ancient Hawaiian legends, nor •• Peleub Maheha Kapubkoliko (w) is the genealogy which accompanies them a totally authentic genealogy in his second volume (1880) Kahoanoku Kinau (k) when he relates events from the period of the arrival in Hawaii of migrant chiefs from Tahiti to the •• •• Kaikoolant (k) time of Kamehameha, in these writings he is dealing with relatively untampered, authentic Hawaiian •• •• •• Kdiweht (w) Kahtws Kanekapolei [mother of Kepehno] traditions and genealogies we must ever be on guard against the effects of this impact in what was Kauhdanimaka NI recorded subsequently about the pre -contact period The world of the Polynesian began to be Kamehameha I Ka ahumanu Kahetheimahe Kamamalu (w) transformed overnight by Western influence" (In Bane.. 1969 t) " Kilian (w) that of the Kumuhonua legends were recorded by Kamakau and Kepeltno '• Keopuolani [Kapu chiefess] Lihohho [b Hdol Keauhou] Barrere (1969) explains some between the 1865 and 1869, however, the `genealogy' of the Kumuhonua, published by Fomander, •• •• Kalanikauikeaouli Kiwala o (b Harriet Nahienaena years was given to him "to provide credibility to the legends this `genealogy' (was) constructed from Lihohho Kamamalu [halfstster] NI previously existing genealogies --the Ololo (Kumuhonua) and the Pahbu (Huhhonua) which are found in •• Kekauluohi [mom of Lunaldo] NI the Kumulrpo chant (see Beckwith 1951230-234) and interpolations of their own invention" (Barrere, • •• Kalanipauaht Kekau onoht NI NI 1969 I) Kalanikautkeaouli Kiwala o Kina u Hakalelpom Kalama [b Katlua-Kona NI NI C -I -b. Kumulipo. A better example is the famous Creation Chant The Kumulrpo Feher (1969) asks Ledetohoku (sib of Kalakaua]Nahi ens eria (k) stillborn several notable Hawaiian scholars to write passages in his Kumuhpo Hawaiian Hymn of Creation -Visual M Kekuanaoa Kinau Lot Kamehameha [Kamehameha V] Perspectives by Joseph Feller In the introduction Mort Naughton states "The Kumulrpo belongs to a •• •• Alexander Liholtho [Kamehameha IV] category of sacred chants known as pule ho'ola'a ah'r, `prayer to sanctify the chief,' which was recited to Aikanaka Keohokalole Victoria Kamamalu Kalakaua honor a new-bom chief (Feller, 1969 1) •• •• Lihuokalam •• •• Likelike [mother of Princess Ka tulanQ in her passage, Edith McKenzie states Alexander Liholtho Emma Kaleleonalam Albert Edward Kautkeaoult Charles Kanama Kekauluohi William Charles Lunaldo "The is historical genealogical chant that was composed by the court historians Kalakaua Kaptolam [grd dau of Kaumuahi] NI eikekaKumuhpo so Ka- Keawetkekahmlr`iokamoku of the island of Hawat'i about 1700 AD in honor of his first born son Ka - i Kaeokalant Kamakahelei [queen of Kauai] Kaumualit lant-miWI-a-mamao This important chant honors his birth and shows the genealogical descent of both John Owen Dominus Archibald Cleghom Liltuokalam Minam Likelike NI Victoria Kawekm Ka mlam Lunaldo the ah'i (chiefs) and the marka'ainana (commoners) from the gods, in particular Wakea " (Feller, 1969 1) 29 30 In a passage by Roger T Ames, he corroborates this idea and states that "what is of particular humanistic interest is the way in which the Kumulrpo as a repository of cultural authority served Hawaiian society in transmitting its cultural legacy and organizing its community In doing so, it combines both a linear sense of temporal development and the richness of one particular moment in time" (Feher, 1969 3) C -1-c. Hawaiian Genealogies. Edith McKenzie completed the first volume of Hawarran Genealogies in 1983, based on genealogy articles translated from 19'" Century Hawaiian newspapers such as Ka Nonanona and Ka Nupepe Kuokoa in the late 19a' century and early 20" century These articles were in response to a call to preserve the Hawaiian heritage Some of the information came from Malo's (1838) Hawaiian History, and in Fomander's (1880), The Polynesian Race (Book 1) (McKenzie, 1983 1) Youngblood (1992) found that he could draw on both Fomander and Beckwith's translations of The Kqmuhpo to sketch a sotto -political history of Hawaii (Youngblood, 1992 34) In his recreation he found that stemming from Wakea and Papa are two major Hawaiian genealogies the Nana'ulu and the 'Ulu The Nana'ulu was the wellspring for the ah'i of O ahu and Kauai, while the 'Ulu line supplied the chiefs of Maui and the Big Island Using thirty years to account for one generation, McKenzie determined that Wakea was bom in AD 190, Umi-a-Liloa in 1450, Keawekehahiahiokamoku in 1650, Kalanihmrkupuapatkalanui Keoua in 1710, and Kamehameha I in 1740" (McKenzie, 1983 12) Volume Two of Hawairan Genealogies was published in 1986 and consists of information extracted from genealogical lists published in thirteen newspapers from 1858 to 1920 It compliments genealogies found in other works, such as Fomander's (1880) An Account of the Polynesian Race and David Malo's Hawaiian Antiquities (McKenzie, 1986 v) The following excerpt is from Kamakau's article in Ka Nupepa Kuokoa October 7, 1865, and was translated by McKenzie (1986) it illustrates some of the mid -19'" century sentiment regarding genealogies I no makoarnana, he mea watwat ole, no ka mea ua papa ko lakou mau makua o hoohalikelike, a hoohanau ketki o ke kuaatna a pitaku r na h r Nolaila m oo ale to m na kedr o na makaainana, ma kaht ntakuakane a makuohme, a kupuna aku no is kokou i ka pore o kers wa, aole watwat o keta mea he mooalu aole a kakou mint kuleana nut doko Aka, ma ko kakou noonoo rho he waiwm nut Ua koro kakaou doko, ua warwm na7rr r no kupuna a ua warwar pit kakou i koo kakou rke ana No ka mea, ua kapv i ka makamnana aole a die i keat mea Aka, no ka pit aria i ka naauao a me ke akamot o no keiki a no makaamana, nolaft, ua noa no wahr kapu, uo pit waleta O ke koeana mat o no kupuno ora kaht watwat To the commoners, a genealogy was of no value because their parents forbad (sic) it lest comparisons should occur and country children be bom and rise up as chiefs Therefore, the children of the commoners were not taught beyond father, mother, and perhaps grandparents To us, the people of this time, there is no value of this thing of a chiefly lineage, we have no great interest in it But in our thoughts it is of great value We have entered into discussion of it, the chiefs valued the chiefs and ancestors, and we also value our knowledge of it Because it was forbidden to the commoners, they were not to know this However, due to the rise of wisdom and skill of the children of the commoners, therefore, all of the ranking privileges were no longer restricted, it was only lifted What remains of the ancestors is something of value (McKenzie 1986 18-19) C-2 Moolelo. Legends, stones or mo'olelo are a great cultural resource as well as entertaining Leib and Day (1979) state in their annotated bibliography of Hawaiian legends, that legends "are a kind of rough history " They noted Luomala's idea of the value of legend and myth in the serious study of a culture and her following quote "To a specialist in mythology, a myth incident or episode is as objective a unit as an axe, and the differences and similarities of these units can be observed equally clearly and scientifically" Leib and Day also expressed concern about authenticity, and sometimes found it difficult to determine if a legend was a primary or secondary source The following definitions of terminology, including the Hawaiian classification of prose tales--mo'olelo or ka'ao, come from their work (Leib and Day 1979 xu,1) Tradition used to refer to that which is handed down orally in the way of folklore Folklore a rather inclusive term, covering the beliefs, proverbs, customs, and literature (both prose and poetry) of a people Myth a storyof the doings of godlike beings Legend deals with human beings and used interchangeably with 'myth' because the collectors and translators of the tales often failed to make the strict distinction Ka'aa "pure fiction" Moolelo deals with historical matters and somewhat didactic in purpose included tales of the gods, as well as tales of historical personages many have recurring patterns, plots, and types of characters C -2-a History of Mo'olelo Collecting According to Leib and Day (1979) a substantial number of legends were collected and written in Hawaiian, during the century following Cook's arrival in Hawaii A few accounts of the mythology were printed in the journals of missionaries and travelers, and a few of the Hawaiian lore were printed in languages other than English The following synopses are excerpts from the works of Leib and Day's (1979), and g•ves an overview of the first collectors and compilers of Hawaiian myths and legends The first printed narrative legend of any importance is the epic "Song of Lono" in Byron's Vovage ofH MS Blonde to the Sandwich Islands (1826), credited by Byron to the American missionaries Byron had hoped that the missionaries 'will obtain a correct knowledge of the creed and traditions of the Islanders' Unfortunately, the missionaries were at first more anxious to supplant the native beliefs with new ones than to perpetuate the old ones, with the result that a good many of the legends became altered or were lost However, the missionaries did a more thorough job of writing down the legends than did the explorers and voyagers (Leib and Day 1979 5) William Ellis, who toured Hawaii in 1823, is credited as "chronologically the first important source of Hawaiian mythology Although (Ellis) deplored the content of the legends, they showed that the Hawaiians had mental powers which might later be 'employed on subjects more consistent with truth' (Leib and Day 1979 6) About 1836 a movement was started under the influence of Reverend Sheldon Dibble, to write down in Hawaiian some of the material dealing with the native legendary history, customs, and other lore Results of the research were published at the Lahainahma press in 1838 A partial translation made by Rev Reuben Tinker was issued serially in 1839 and 1840 ---the first four installments appearing in Tire Hawaiian Spectator and the last four in Tire Potynestan In 1841 the Royal Hawaiian Historical Society was formed at Lahamaluna Some of their research and the earlier Ka Moolelo Hawaii were incorporated into Dibble's History of the Sandwich Islands (1843) After his death in 1843 his work was carried on principally by two of his outstanding native pupils, David Malo and Samuel M Kamakau Malo wrote his own Mooleto Hawart about 1840 at the request of Rev Lorrin Andrews, which was later translated by Emerson as Hawaiian Antiquities In 1858 the Rev John F Pogue of Lahainaluna printed a third Moolelo Hawaii, based on the 1838 history, but included additional material Kamakau did not print any of his material for thirty years (Leib and Day 1979 7, 8, 9) The increase in the amount of Hawaiian lore appearing in the native press in the 1860's and thereafter was at least in part the result of an organized effort to collect and preserve such material At Kamakau's instigation a Hawaiian society was formed in 1863 to collect material for publication in the native press at the time, and also to aid Fomander's research Fomander was the greatest collector of Hawaiian lore He credits as sources, several natives whom he sent on tours of the Hawaiian Islands to collect all available Hawaiian tore, as well as Kalakaua, Loran Andrews, Malo, Dibble, Dr John Rae, Kamakau, Nathe, S N Hakuole, Kepelmo, and Remy The culmination of this effort was Fomander's (1880) An Account ojthe Polynesum Race Its Origin and Migrations and the Ancient History of the Hawaiian People to the Tines of Kamehameha I Fornander's collection remains the most important single source of Hawaiian legends (Leib and Day 1979 9, 12, 13) in June 1865 Kamakau began publishing in Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, articles on traditions and legends His series of articles dealing with Hawaiian history, particularly from the late eighteenth century on, and especially of Kamehameha, appeared weekly in the same publication in October 1866 When the newspaper ceased in 1869, this series continued in Xe Au Okoa for nine months Kamakau then wrote a series on ancient Hawaiian religion, customs, and legendary history in Ke Au Okoa until February 1871 All of his writings were in Hawaiian (Leib and Day 1979 8,9) Very little work was done in translating Hawaiian mythology into English until late in the nineteenth century It wasn't until 1888, rivers, hundred years after the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands, that the first book in English dealing exclusively with Hawaiian mythology was printed, The Legends and Myths ojHawan by King Kalakaua. However, it was more likely authored by former United States Minister to the Hawaiian Islands, R M Daggett (Leib and Day 1979 5, 7) Thrum is one of the most frequently cited authorities on Hawaiian tore He was bom in Australia in 1842 and arrived in Honolulu in 1853 In 1875 he began publication of the Hawaiian Almanac and Annual, later known as The Hawaiian Annual or Thrum's Annual, which appeared yearly under his editorship until his death in 1932 Thrum's contribution is as editor, compiler, and publisher of translations, not translator By providing in his Annual a place for the publication of such material, and perhaps by persuading authors to provide him with translations, he was instrumental in much legendary matter appearing in printed form Thrum wrote or rewrote a large portion of his own material (Leib and Day 1979 17) Thrum's first book Hawaiian Folk Tales was published in 1907 and consisted largely of tales that had previously been published in Thrum's Annual Only 35 of the 260 pages were translated by Thrum, the rest were credited to Rev A O Forbes, Rev C M Hyde, William Ellis, J S Emerson, Mrs E N Haley, N B Emerson, Mrs E M Nakuma, Walter M Gibson, Joseph M Poepoe, and M K Nakuma His second book More Hawaiian Folk Tales, published in 1923 was similar A number were translations from Hawaiian language newspapers of half a century earlier, often with no translatot cited Translators credited were A F Knudsen, Henry M Lyman, W D Westervelt, J H Boyd, and Lahtlahi Webb Some of the chapters were reprinted or abridged from the Bishop Museum translations of the Fornander Collection, of which Thrum was editor His greatest work, Fornandei s Collection ojHawauan Antiquities and Folkla e, was published by Bishop Museum in 1916 and 1920 in three volumes The original editor was W D Alexander and most of the work completed under his supervision However, he died in 1913 and Thrum was appointed to complete the production Beckwith credits John Wise with the original translation of that work In 1920 or 1921 Thrum completed another work "Ancient Hawaiian Mythology" which was never published (Leib and Day 1979 i8-19) A great resurgence of interest in Hawaiian folklore began in the early twentieth century, in part caused by the annexation to the United States People on the mainland wanted to know more about'their new island possessions ' The funds of the Bureau of Amencan Ethnology were made available for Hawaiian studies i e, Emerson's Unwritten Literature and Beckwith's Laerekowai The most important twentieth-century translators of Hawanan legends have been N B Emerson, Thomas G Thrum, William D Westervelt, William Hyde Rice, Laura C S Green, Martha Warren Beckwith, and Mary Wiggins Kawena Pukut Emerson's extensive notes were a major contribution to Hawaiian scholarship Most of them explain the meanings of Hawaiian words In many, Emerson alludes to legends, giving a number of them briefly and relating a few in some detail Some of these probably do not exist anywhere else in print (Leib and Day 1979 14) C -2-b. Mo'olelo Sources A cursory review of mo olelo sources in the Hawaiian Legends Index Vol 11 by the Hawaii State Public Library System was done While there were no stories specifically about Kapala alaea, there were at least 109 about the Kona lands However, there was not enough allocated time to read these legends to discern if they took place anywhere near the project site C-3 'Olelo No'eau Melo no'eau or proverbialltraditional sayings usually had several layers of meanings They reflected the wisdom, observations, poetry and humor of old Hawatt Some of them referenced people, events or places Olelo No'eau was compiled by Pukui between 1910 and 1960 with both translations and an explanation of their meaning (Williamson, et al in Pukm, 1983 vu), which are often more kaona (hidden or double meaning) than obvious There were no specific references to Kapala ales although a few refer to Kona in general 'Olelo no'eau Am kgwat i ka maka o ka 6pua Translation Water is in the face of the opira clouds Meaning In Kona, when the opua clouds appear in the morning, it's a sign that rain is to be expected (#55, p 9) Olelo no'eau Ao 6ptopto Translation Young cloud Meaning A cloud that rises from sea level or close to the cloud banks and is as white as steam When seen in Kona, Hawai i, this is a sign of rain (#232, p 27) Olelo no'eau Ho ok6hr no H6wa a lauhue Kona Translation Only one Hawa e, and poisonous gourds grow all over Kona Meaning In Kona, Hawai t, a priest named Hawa a lived during the reign of Ehukatpo In every important herau An the district, an image named for this priest was kept Many people were sacrificed to these evil namesakes of Hawa a (#1072, p 114) (Melo no'eau Ka makam kukulu pe a nut, he Eka Translation The 'Eka, the wind that sets up the big sails Meaning When the Eka wind blew in Kona, Hawat i, the fishermen sailed out to the fishing grounds (#1467, p 159) 'Olelo no eau Ke Eka, makam ho olole wa a o no Kona Translation The Eka breeze of Kona that calls to the canoe men to sally forth to fish Meaning Refers to Kona, Hawai i (#1690, p 182) 'Olelo no'eau Ke kar mohno o Kona Translation The calm sea of Kona Meaning Refers to Kona, Hawat i (#1731, p 186) '01elo no eau Kona I ke kai m6 oki oki Translation Kona of the sea that is cut up Meaning From a distance one can see the smooth surface of the sea at Kona, Hawai t, cut by innumerable streaks of color (#1842, p 199) 'Olelo no'eau Kona, ka nmlino a Ehu Translation Kona, land of the calm sea of Ehu Meaning Ehunuikaimalmo was a chief of Kona, Hawai i, under the ruler Ldoa (# 1843, p 199) 'Olelo no'eau Kona, maim uhuh, Kona mauna ulupo Translation Kona of the green mountains, Kona of the dense forest Meaning North and South Kona, Hawa1 1(#1846, p 199) 'Olelo no eau Kona po o ku e Translation Kona of the added head. Meaning Said of farmers of Kona, Hawaii i, returning from the fields with a load on the shoulders and a child sitting atop the load (#1847, p 199) Olelo no'eau Mdmd Kona I ka wat kau mat t ka maka o ka opua Translation Kona is lightened in having water in the face of the clouds Meaning Kona is relieved, knowing that there will be no drought, when the clouds promise rain (#2134 p 232) 'Olelo no'eau O ko Kona mau no to o ka la'i Translation Calm is typical of Kona Meaning Said of a person from Kona who is always poised and calm (#2468 p 269) 'Olelo no'eau Ola no ka mahi as i kaht ka 6 3 Translation A farmer can subsist on small, broken potatoes Meaning A long as there are potatoes, even small or broken ones, a fanner gets along (#2491 It 272) 'Olelo no'eau Pitt aloha o Kona, ho opo I ka malte Translation Love remains close to Kona, who woos the calm Meaning Kona is a land beloved for its calm and pleasant weather (#2645 p 290) C-4. Place Names. Hawaiians of old generally named everything, from winds and mountains, to rocks, springs, canoes, taro patches, fishing stations, and "the tiniest spots where miraculous or interesting events are believed to have taken place" (Elbert in Pukui et al , 1974 x) They all represented a story, some known only locally, while others became legendary Unfortunately, Kapala alaea is not referenced in Pukui et al (1974), but neighboring ahupua a are Table 2 Annotated place names of Kanala alea and vicinity' Hblualoa Village, land sections and bay, Kadua qd (It 6) Lit long sled course (Pukui et al , 1976 48) Hualalai Large volcano, Karlua qd, North Kona, Hawau i, it last erupted in 1801 (Pukui et al, 1976 52) Kahalu u Village, park, land division, bay, forest reserve, county beach park and surfing area (Finney and Housten 26), Kadua qd, Kona, Hawaii Lu diving place (Pukui et all, 1976 62) [adjoining ahupua a to the south of Kapala alea 2] Kapala alaea 1 &2 Land divisions, Kailua qd, Kona, Hawai i Kapala'alea Another way it is spelled Kona Leeward districts on Hawai i Lu, leeward (Pukui et al , 1976 117) La slits, Land sections, Karlua qd A heiau here was called Leleiwi (bone altar), the famous priest Hawa e, who served under chief Ehu-ka-apo, lived here Lit very sacred (Pukui et al , 1976 126) [adjoining ahupua'a to the north of Kapala alaea 1] Lua-o-Milu A deep legendary pit said to be on the summit of Hualalin, Hamill i Lu, pit of the underworld (Pukui et al , 1976 135) Moemoku /h name in Kapala alaea 2 awarded to Haki (#9235B) '[ Ili names of Kapala ales I not mentioned herel C-5. Makahtki and Akua Kapala'alaea In 1858 Kepeltno [he was a peer of David Malo and S M Kamakau and consultant to Fornander] wrote "Homhili Hawaii-Pepa 1" regarding a range of things about the people of Hawaii and their beliefs One of them was about the worship of Kiha-wahme [ancient deity of the Pi dant ohana of Maui] during the period of the makahiki festival where the gods are brought out — one of them was the god Kapala'alaea Another was about the gods of boxing and other sports in which the god Kapala'alaea was mentioned again, explaining a little more about who he was Kiha-wahine This was a female mo a wo,shipped by the royal families She was, so say the ancient ones, a native-born chuefess, who was transformed into a god by these chiefs for themselves and who was then called the aumakua of the chiefs A singularity of Kiha-wahme was her tickly nose Those chiefs watched over this mo o in the god houses where her keepers worshipped her with offerings of taps, and various other things The tabu of this sneezer was death There were so many tabus relating to her that it is impossible to speak of them all Here is one tabu of Kiha- wahme During the period of the makahiki festival (upon the last day), the god Loa, the god Poko, the god Ka-pala- alaea (lit smeared with ochreous earth Kamakau describes Akita Kapala alea as a god painted red with 'olaea earth On one side he was tabu, and on the other side he was freelnoa), Ka -ho -alt i, the god Ku i, the god Pa ani and all the gods were brought forth The image of the goddess Kiha-wahine, in all her finery, in a pd'u and with all manner of clothing proper for her female nature, was taken aboard a canoe The paddle men of tills goddess took their places and cried out, announcing that the tabu of this goddess was immediately in effect, as though the goddess herself were actually there Then the cry proclaiming a tabu on the approach of a sacred personage was announced as follows "Kapuwo" Kapuwot Kapuw6" To the tabu of Ktha-wahine Kapuw6" Death to those who move' Prostrate"" If there was a canoe on the sea at that tune, those on the open top of the canoe must prostrate themselves or be killed by the keepers of this goddess After the goddess passed by, then they could anse and go elsewhere If they did not act fittingly they were killed (Kepeltno 1858 In HJH 1977 50) The Gods of Boxing, Hand-to-hand Wrestling, Sports, and other activities. These were the very last of the images in the makahiki procession of Deities They were called by the people of Hawal r the gods of fighting, boxing, and sports Much entertainment took place in association with these gods, such as during the time when all the tabu gods went forth Ka -ho -alt i, a god in human forth, Kiha-wahine, a mo o god, Kalau-pahoa, a law -enforcing god, Ka-pala'alaea, the god of taxes, Ka iIt, a kingdom -snatching god, Loa, a rna/o-taxing god, and Poko, a pa fi-taxing god (Kepeltno 1858 In HJH 1977 64) D. Historic References. By and large "Historic References" pertain to notable historic events and overviews of important places and land tenure within the project area and district One of the most significant practices in the history of the Hawaiian people was their concept of the stewardship of the land However, over time, these practices were replaced by more western methods of land tenure and use, as the lands of North Kona went from the domain of the ad mut to the monarchy, to various individuals and corporate entities The history of land use in this area went from traditional ahupua a land management and use to ranching activities in the late 1800s to mid -1900s and currently to urban developments and proposed development D-1. History of Land Divisions. It was during the time of Kahaukapu of Hawaii and Kaka'alaneo of Maui [also said to be the time the Spanish first came with Ku-kanaloa (Kamakau 1991 324] that the division of lands is said to have taken place under a kahuna named Kalmhaohi'a He portioned out the lands into districts, sub -districts, and smaller divisions, each ruled over by an agent appointed by the landlord of the next larger division, and the whole under control of the ruling chief over the whole island or whatever part of it was his to govem (Beckwith 1970 383) Each island was divided into moku or districts that were controlled by an ah'i 'at moku Within each of the moku on each island, the land was further divided into ahupua'a and controlled by land managers or konol» kr The boundaries of the ahupua'a were delineated by natural features such as shoreline, ridges, streams and peaks, usually from the mountain to the sea, and ranged in size from less than ten acres to 180,000 acres (Moffat and Kirkpatrick 1995 24-29, see also Chinen 1958 3) Each ahupua'a was often divided and sub -divided several times over (i e, 'iii, kuleana, mo'o, pauka, koele, krha pai), answerable to alit where the lesser division was located However the 'r6 kupono or the dr ku was "completely independent of the ahupua'a in which it was situated tributes were paid directly to the king himself' (Chinen 1958 4) Rights to lands were mutable or revocable, a ruling chief or any "distributor" of lands could change these rights if displeased, or as favors—usually after a victorious battle, and after the death of the ah't nm (Chinen 1958 5) During the period 1839 to 1855, several legislative acts transformed the centuries-old Hawaiian traditions of ah't nut land stewardship to the western practice of private land ownership In the first stage, King Kamehameha III (Kauikeaouli) divided up his lands among the highest-ranking ah'i (chiefs), konohiki (land managers), and favored haole (foreigners) (Chmen 1958 7-14, Moffat and Fitzpatrick, 1995 11, 17) This historic land transformation process was an evolution of concepts brought about by fear, growing concerns of takeovers, and western influence regarding land possession Kamehameha III, in his mid -thirties, was persuaded by his kuhina nut and other advisors to take a course that would assure individual personal rights to land One-third of all lands in the kingdom would be retained by the king, another one-third would go to alt'i or chiefs as designated by the king In 1846 he appointed a Board of Commissioners, commonly known as the Land Commissioners, to "confirm or reject all claims to land ansing previously to the 10's day of December, AD 1845 " Notices were frequently posted in The Polynesian (Moffat and Kirkpatrick, 1995) However, the legislature did not acknowledge this act until June 7, 1848 (Chinen 1958 16, Moffat and Kirkpatrick, 1995 4849), known today as The Great Mahele "The mahele did not actually convey title to the various ah'i and konohrkr, it essentially gave them the right to claim the lands assigned to them --these lands became known as the konohik7 lands The konohiki chiefs were required to present formal claims to the Land Commission and pay a commutation fee, which could be accomplished by surrendering a portion of their land to the government " The government could later sell these lands to the public in the form of Grants Upon payment of the commutation fee, the Minister of Interior issued a Royal Patent to the chief or konohrkr The last one-third was originally designated to the moka'anuma, but not acted on— instead it was set aside to the government, "subject always to the rights of the tenants" (Moffat and Kirkpatrick, 1995 4143, see also Chinen 1958 15-21) 'lir kupono were the only ili (parcel) recognized in this process, all the & and lesser divisions were absorbed into the ahupua'a claim (Chinen 1958 20) In 1892 the legislature authorized the Minister of interior to issue Royal Patents to all konohrkr or to their heirs or assignees where the konohrkz had failed to receive awards for their lands from the Land Commission The Act further stipulated "that these Royal Patents were to be issued on surveys approved by the Surveyor General of the kingdom" (Chinen 1958 24, Moffat and Fitzpatrick 1995 41-43) Kamehameha III formalized the division of lands among himself (one-third) and 245 of the highest-ranking alt'i and konohrkr (one-third) between January 27 to March 7, 1948 He acknowledged the rights of these individuals to various land divisions in what came to be known as the Buke Mahele ('sharing book') or The Great Mahele D-2 Kona Moku. At the time of Kamehameha I the moku or district of Kona consisted of over 100 ahupua a, many were narrow and included basic fishery, coastal, upland farms and forest lands Some alutpuo a were fairly large and extended upland to cut off other Kona ahupua'a such as the nearby Keauhou which extended into the sub -alpine areas of Mauna Loa and Hualalai and bordered the ahupua a of Ka ohe in the Hamakua district (Cordy 2000 32) The size and shape of Hawaii Island's ahupua a are cultural features They reflect a mixture of historical factors keyed to handle special resources (fisheries, meat birds, koa trees, etc ), population, and political factors Importantly, size does not necessarily reflect population size nor power of a community Rather in some cases it simply means that special resources were included within the ahupua a, with those resources controlled by the resident or absentee landlord — the ruler or a high chief Or, in and regions, larger size may have compensated for poorer or more scattered farming soils Also, it must be remembered that the borders of ahupua a were not necessarily static ahupua a were subdivided and given to different chiefs Some lands were merged, reducing the number of ahupua a (Cordy 2000 33) D-3. Famine and Makahiki in Kona, Importance of Kahalu'u The following excerpts come from John Papa I'I (1959) who as a young boy was the kahih and spittoon bearer of young Liholiho, oldest son of King Kamehameha I [Liholiho was later made king after the death of his father in 1819] Kamehameha I spent his last years in Kailua-Kona although previous ah'i nut or ruling chiefs had their royal court in Kahalu u, the adjoining ahupua'a to Kapala alaea Kahalu u is also where young Lrholrho spent some of his time [ca A D 1813] It was decided by the king and the captains who conveyed the chiefs to Hawaii that the Keoua should he filled with sandalwood and sold wit its cargo Before the king and chiefs went to Kahalu u for the Makahtkt, were seen some strange coconut trees in the midst of a coconut grove Soon after the decision was made to sell the Keoua, the masts of the king's canoes were erected and it was told abroad that he was sailing for Kahalu'u So those who were going, either by canoe or by foot, made themselves ready The boy accompanied his young chief in the canoe fleet his father had brought from Honolulu, and landed at Kahalu u However, when the sun was about to set and the father was ready to return to Kadua, the boy insisted on going with him they landed at Kailua, at their place in Papaula [Honuaula] The following days were ones of intense famine in Kadua, and the followers of the young chief suffered ( I 1 1959 113-114) The boy lived in the upland [Kuahewa near Umi's war trail] with Kaieikokoole [his uncle] for some time before Kalelheana [another uncle] sent a messenger to fetch him Papa's [his uncle and namesake who was the kahu of Kamehameha 11 health had become much worse atter the king and chiefs had left for Kahalu'u Papa, who wanted to go to Ho'okena, his land in South Kona, was carred aboard a canoe in the harbor [Kailua], but the time for the makalnkt celebration was drawing near and canoes were prohibited from sailing They were waiting for the gods to be set up before the Hiktau heiau after their circuit of the island Everyone was filled with fear of the kapu, but the boy's father felt a great pity for Papa, who fretted aboard the canoe, so he made ready to sail However he was strongly urged to watt until the chiefs had heard of Papa's wish When the king and chiefs heard how Papa was they gave permission for him to leave, knowing this was his last Illness However, when he received permission from his chiefs to sail, Papa no longer wished to do so because the wooded makahtki gods were about to arrive After the kapu days had passed, the gods arrived at Hikiau, the most important heiau In the district of Kona ( I 1 1959 115) Liholibo on the nights of Kane and Hilo went to Hlkiau herau to observe these kapu periods( I 1 1959 123) Liholiho made journeys to the hetau Htklau to impose the kapu He sailed [from Kallua] by double canoe to Hlkiau every evening on the nights of Hilo and Kane to observe these kapu periods While other paddled, Liholiho and the person who carred his possessions just sat on the pola platform built on the booms that held the canoes together ( I 1 1959 129) They landed at Honoaula where the young chief lived and I i found that Ins uncle and namesake Papa, was ill The boy was told by Papa to go with another uncle Kaleiheana, together they went to check on Liholtho A few days later Kaleiheana took young I'i to see his father Malamaekeke, who had just landed Before Liholtho had gotten settled in, they all left for Kahalu'u for the Makanda But that evening I t insisted in going with his father to Kailua, to their place in Papaula "The following days were ones of intense famine in Kailua, and the followers of the young cluef suffered " It was here that I i met his makuakane Kaiwikokoole, who came with the king's fanners from Kuahewa. `"They brought food from the store houses of the king, kept for just such times as this " Kaiwikokoole, who had taken care of I' i on Oahu, wanted to him to stay with him on the farm at Kuahewa until after the "great famine" was over (Ti 1959 111-114) D-4. Kapala'alea Ahupua'a The ahupua a of Kapalaalaea was first designated Crown Lands or personal lands of Kamehameha III on February 2, 1848 (Baker & Baker 1989 39), then later awarded to Hazalelepom Kalama (wife of Kmnehameha Ill) on February 11, 1848 (Baker & Baker 1989 140), and finally designated Kingdom Lands (No Ke Aupunm), often incorrectly referred to as Government Lands (Baker & Baker 1989 151, 154) At some point the ahupua'a was sub -divided into Kapala alaea 1 & 2 D -4-a. Lis'tpala Heights Project Lands [TMK (3)-7-7-08 099, 105, 113 & 119 and (3)-7-7-08 121)] An intemet search of the Mahele and Land Grants Databases www.waihona com (Wathona Aina, Inc) produced no Land Commission Awards (LCA) claim for the project lands However, the lands were later sold as Land Grant #3019 D -4-b. Land Grant #3019 This Land Grant or Land Patent, located in Kapala alaea 2 was sold to Kaaipulu wahine on March 3, 1866 [Sometimes written as Kaaipule] No 3019, Kaaipulu wahine, Kapishma [sic] 2 Ahupuaa, District of North Kona, Island of Hawah, Vol. 14, pps 93-94 [LG Reel 5, 00169-00170 tif] $2 50 HELU 3019, PALAPALA SILA NUI Ma keta Palapala Sda Not ke hoike aku nem o Kamehameha IV, ke Aln nm a ke Akm i kora lokommkar i hoonoho at malum o ko Hawaii Pae Ama, i na kanaka a Pau, i kola Is, none dui, a no kona main hope Mn, us haawt hlo loa aku ma ma ko no alodio is Kampulu wahme i kora kanaka i mann port is ta. t kela apana arna a Pau a watho Is im Kapalaalaea 2, Kona Akan ma ka Mokupuni o Hawaii, a penes hot ka waiho ane o na Mokima Survey of makai part of Government land Kapalaalaea 2, Beginning at a rock boulder marked X at Sea shore to this and Konohrki land Kahalu'u thence mauka, North 58 12° East I 1 10 Chains, North 65" East 30 25 Chains, North 63° East 48 30 Chains, North 65° East 3 84 Chains, North 580 East 6 Chains, North 66 3/4° East 18 50 Chains to Government Road mauka thence along Road, North 300 West 4 20 Chaim to Southeast comer of G Kapa land, thence makm along South side of said land, South 76° West 4 22 Charm, South 71° West 7 95 Chains, South 77 3/4' West 5 50 Chains, South 636 30' West 166 Chains, South 61' 30' West 3 13 Chains, South 65° West 5 63 Chains to Southwest comer of Georges land, North 180 West 164 Chains to Northwest comer of Georges land on boundary of konohiki land Kapalaalaea 1, thence makai along the boundary, South 71" West 15 Chins, South 66 1/4° West 18 Chains, South 62° West 26 50 Chains, South 49° West 5 Chains, South 60° West 5 50 Chains, South 65 12° West 8 60 Chaim, South 58° West 12 60 Chains to the Sea thence along Sea to commencement, 94 1 /4 Acres [page 941 a maloko o to Apana —94 1/4 — eka a of ikr aku, anti do mai paha Era ke kumu o ka Ido am, us haam rmt oro doko o ka waihom waiwai o ke Aupum i na data he S47 12 Aka, m koe i ke Aupum no mine mmerala a me on mine metals a Pau No Kaaipule wahine, us ama Is i hsawna [Maswina], nom man Ina aku no, on ke ano alodio, a no kona man hoodma, a me kona warhom, us pdi me ka autism a ka Poe Mandela a ken like at ma m ama alodru a Pau i kela numawa i kern manawa. A r mea a ikea'i, us ken wan i ko'u moa, a me its Sda Nm o ko Hawaii Pae Atm ma Honolulu i keta la 3 o Maraki, 1866 (signed Pepeluahi in Award) Kamehameha R By 1'he King F W Hutchison [Land Patent No 3019, Kawpulu wahme, Kapalaslaea 2 Ahupuaa, District of Ninth Kona, Island of Hawaii 94 25 Acres, 18661 Other Land Grants in Kapala alaea 2 (mauka of project lands) are LG# 1747 (Kekaukalima), LG#1756 (Keoki), and LG#3052 (Palauolelo) D4 -c. Kapala alaea LCA (outside project area) The only LCA claim for Kapa[a'alaea 2; was awarded to Bala (LCA #9235B/Royal Patent #3814), in the 'tit of Moemoku Although Haki was claiming six apana, one houselot and 18 krhapai, only two apana were awarded No 923513, Halo, February 13, 1849 - N T 619v4 -Pubs, sworn, He has seen in the'dt land of Moemoku of Kapalalaaea 2 ahupuaa, 6 sections •[Puhi was awarded LCA #10642, 'th of Ihina in Kapala alea 1, Puhi (w) was a sister of Mokuohat, ancestor of consultant Clarence Medetros] Section 1 Mauka, Kau, and Makai by konohdu Kohala by Nant's land 1 partially cultivated section Section 2 — All konohdu boundanies, 4 cultivated kihapai Section 3 Section 4 Mauka by konohtla Mauka by konohiki Kau by Puhi's land Kau by Kamkaluna's land Makat by konobikt Makin by konohiki Kohala by Kaiama's land Kohala by Kaimama,s land 5 cultivated kthapai 7 cultivated kihapai Section 5 Section 6 Mauka by konohdu Mauka and Kau by idle land Kau by Kamkahma's land Makro by Government road Makat by Karama's land Kohala by Kaiama's land 1 cultivated section It has been enclosed, I house for Haiti Old residents of the land since, Kamehameha I, no one has objected Kawahaku, sworn, Both he and Pulu have known similarly [Award 9235B, R P 3814, Kapalaalaea 2 Kona, 2 ap , 2 7 Acs] "Several LCA claims for Kapala alaea 1 were awarded and are listed here Puhi (#10642), Keamkahma (#2376), Hazelepont Kalama (#4452H) [wife of Kamehameha HI], Kalama (#5675), Kaaba (#5679), Kahtamoe (#5680) Not awarded Kanewai (#2374), Kaukahma (#5635M) D-5. Kona Ranching Era. The history of cattle ranching in North Kona is relatively long and varied A couple of consultants mentioned helping to gather up cattle that were grazing on lands that included the project area, therefore this section is included However, a ranching map (Figure 3) of North Kona did not specify which ranches were using the Kapalaalaea lands 39 40 R''V* � r n — i K z,4, ' X .v' { Figure 3 Map of North Kona ranches (UHM Press 1988 In KHS 1992 I-3) 41 Cattle first came to Hawat i Island in 1793 when Captain George Vancouver gave Kamehameha I a cow and bull, the cow died enroute to Kawathae and the bull a few days later Five cows, two "in calf' were put ashore in Kealakekua the same year The following year Vancouver landed more at Kealakekua and requested that a "kapu" be placed on them Horses were given to Kamehameha I in 1803 by Richard Cleveland in Lahama In 1830 the kapu was lifted but it wasn't until 1832 that three Mexican cowboys came to Waimea to train Hawaiian cowboys how to herd and round up cattle The first beef were exported 1849 In 1851 it was estimated that Hawaii Island had 8,000 tame cattle, 12,000 wild cattle, 1,200 horses and 3,000 sheep (KHS 1992 II -1) In 1870 Theo H Davis, the agent for the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company was advised by Interior Minister Hutchinson that for $2,000 a year he might have the privilege of killing wild cattle on Hawaii Island — cattle owned by the Crown and Government Tallow and hides were the first by-products of Kona ranchers, but this was followed by dairying as butter was exported (KHS 1992 I1-2) D -S -a Hu'ehu'e Ranch This North Kona ranch was started by John Avery Maguire — Maguire was Hawanan-Scottish After his first wife (Hawaiian) Luka died, his inheritance allowed him to purchase the Hu ehu a lands John and Luka's son Charles Maguire marred Samuel Parker's daughter Mary in a double wedding with cousins Hannah Low and Robert Hind Hannah Low was the sister of Eliza Low the second wife of John Maguire (Springer 2003) Maguire was a former partner of the Burchardt brothers who owned the Kahua Ranch in Kohala (Burchardt 2002) Maguire founded Hu ehu a Ranch in 1886 (KHS 1992 11-2) In 1888 and 1896 Maguire acquired Land Grants 3438 and 3953 In 1895 he sold Kahua Ranch to concentrate on Hu'ehu a Ranch Then in 1906 the J A Maguire Estate obtained a 21 - year lease (General Lease No 590) of grazing land in North Kona from the Territorial Government, and other parcels of land in H61ualoa and North Kona in 1913 In 1916 Maguire purchased the "Star Brand" used to brand Hu ehu a Ranch cattle, from W P and George W McDougall (BLC 284 166) In 1961 Hu ehu a Ranch was sold to Carl Adair of Phoenix, Arizona, but the mortgage problems in 1963 caused it to go up for re -sale in 1964 with the final sale in 1966 to Belvue Cattle Co However, Hu'ehu a Ranch was on the market again in 1977 By 1985 Hu ehu a owners were planning a resort project and got their rezoning permit in 1987, but in 1989 the ranch was sold again (KHS II -3-13) D -S -b Pu'uws'awa'a Ranch Another one of the older ranches in North Kona, Pu uwa'awa a belonged to Robert Hind whose youngest daughter Erma Hind Little was born there and talked to Kona resident Hannah Springer about life on the ranch (KHS 1992 III -1-24) Erma's mother was Hannah Low Hind, daughter of Eden Low former partner of Robert Hind, Etma's sister Margaret Hind Pans was marred to John Paris of Pans Ranch in Kealakekua Robert Hind and Eden Low first leased 45,000 acres of government land at Pu uwa awa a in 1892, then 12,000 acres in Pu uanahulu in 1893, in 1902 Robert Hind became the sole owner of the Pu uwa awa a and Pu uanahulu leased lands, in 1917 Hind acquired the remaining 71,000 acres of land in Pu uanahulu In 1950 the McWayne Ranch (aka Honomalmo Ranch) is acquired by Robert Hind Limited, but by 1960 the Pu uwa awa a Ranch lands are being leased to Dillingham In 1972 Pu uwa awa'a Ranch purchases their lease lands owned by the State (KHS 1992 II -3-13) D -S -c Kona Ranchers and Dairymen in 1897. A 1886-87 Directory listed the following ranchers and dairymen in the Kona area Judge George Clark (rancher/coffee planter), Greenwell (3) (ranchers/coffee planters), Hind & Low (butcherstranchers), Henry Hopfe (rancher), J W Kuaimoku (coffee planter/rancher — Pahoehoe), Maguire (stock rancher), Johnsons (ranchers/dairymen), John Pans (rancher), Roy (ranchers/dairymen), and John Smith (rancher) (KHS 1992 II -4-5) D-6. History of Other Kona Industries. There were several other industries that developed in the early history of Kona according to the Kona Historical Society (1992) 42 .......... ..✓ .at .Y s^"�yr� F �:0 R Ii s R''V* � r n — i K z,4, ' X .v' { Figure 3 Map of North Kona ranches (UHM Press 1988 In KHS 1992 I-3) 41 Cattle first came to Hawat i Island in 1793 when Captain George Vancouver gave Kamehameha I a cow and bull, the cow died enroute to Kawathae and the bull a few days later Five cows, two "in calf' were put ashore in Kealakekua the same year The following year Vancouver landed more at Kealakekua and requested that a "kapu" be placed on them Horses were given to Kamehameha I in 1803 by Richard Cleveland in Lahama In 1830 the kapu was lifted but it wasn't until 1832 that three Mexican cowboys came to Waimea to train Hawaiian cowboys how to herd and round up cattle The first beef were exported 1849 In 1851 it was estimated that Hawaii Island had 8,000 tame cattle, 12,000 wild cattle, 1,200 horses and 3,000 sheep (KHS 1992 II -1) In 1870 Theo H Davis, the agent for the Waimea Grazing and Agricultural Company was advised by Interior Minister Hutchinson that for $2,000 a year he might have the privilege of killing wild cattle on Hawaii Island — cattle owned by the Crown and Government Tallow and hides were the first by-products of Kona ranchers, but this was followed by dairying as butter was exported (KHS 1992 I1-2) D -S -a Hu'ehu'e Ranch This North Kona ranch was started by John Avery Maguire — Maguire was Hawanan-Scottish After his first wife (Hawaiian) Luka died, his inheritance allowed him to purchase the Hu ehu a lands John and Luka's son Charles Maguire marred Samuel Parker's daughter Mary in a double wedding with cousins Hannah Low and Robert Hind Hannah Low was the sister of Eliza Low the second wife of John Maguire (Springer 2003) Maguire was a former partner of the Burchardt brothers who owned the Kahua Ranch in Kohala (Burchardt 2002) Maguire founded Hu ehu a Ranch in 1886 (KHS 1992 11-2) In 1888 and 1896 Maguire acquired Land Grants 3438 and 3953 In 1895 he sold Kahua Ranch to concentrate on Hu'ehu a Ranch Then in 1906 the J A Maguire Estate obtained a 21 - year lease (General Lease No 590) of grazing land in North Kona from the Territorial Government, and other parcels of land in H61ualoa and North Kona in 1913 In 1916 Maguire purchased the "Star Brand" used to brand Hu ehu a Ranch cattle, from W P and George W McDougall (BLC 284 166) In 1961 Hu ehu a Ranch was sold to Carl Adair of Phoenix, Arizona, but the mortgage problems in 1963 caused it to go up for re -sale in 1964 with the final sale in 1966 to Belvue Cattle Co However, Hu'ehu a Ranch was on the market again in 1977 By 1985 Hu ehu a owners were planning a resort project and got their rezoning permit in 1987, but in 1989 the ranch was sold again (KHS II -3-13) D -S -b Pu'uws'awa'a Ranch Another one of the older ranches in North Kona, Pu uwa'awa a belonged to Robert Hind whose youngest daughter Erma Hind Little was born there and talked to Kona resident Hannah Springer about life on the ranch (KHS 1992 III -1-24) Erma's mother was Hannah Low Hind, daughter of Eden Low former partner of Robert Hind, Etma's sister Margaret Hind Pans was marred to John Paris of Pans Ranch in Kealakekua Robert Hind and Eden Low first leased 45,000 acres of government land at Pu uwa awa a in 1892, then 12,000 acres in Pu uanahulu in 1893, in 1902 Robert Hind became the sole owner of the Pu uwa awa a and Pu uanahulu leased lands, in 1917 Hind acquired the remaining 71,000 acres of land in Pu uanahulu In 1950 the McWayne Ranch (aka Honomalmo Ranch) is acquired by Robert Hind Limited, but by 1960 the Pu uwa awa a Ranch lands are being leased to Dillingham In 1972 Pu uwa awa'a Ranch purchases their lease lands owned by the State (KHS 1992 II -3-13) D -S -c Kona Ranchers and Dairymen in 1897. A 1886-87 Directory listed the following ranchers and dairymen in the Kona area Judge George Clark (rancher/coffee planter), Greenwell (3) (ranchers/coffee planters), Hind & Low (butcherstranchers), Henry Hopfe (rancher), J W Kuaimoku (coffee planter/rancher — Pahoehoe), Maguire (stock rancher), Johnsons (ranchers/dairymen), John Pans (rancher), Roy (ranchers/dairymen), and John Smith (rancher) (KHS 1992 II -4-5) D-6. History of Other Kona Industries. There were several other industries that developed in the early history of Kona according to the Kona Historical Society (1992) 42 .......... Table3. Chronology of Kona's Other Industries Year industry & Annotations 1828 Coffee first introduced to Kona by Rev Samuel Ruggles 1869 First sugar plantation in Kona started by Judge C F Hart 1872 First coffee mill of Kona in Napo opo o 1882 Pineapple canned by Ackerman & Muller in Kona 1893 40 Japanese contract laborers come to Kona 1898 5,838 acres in Kona in coffee production 1898 Japanese men desert Hilo and Hamakue sugar plantations to settle in Kona 1899 Collapse of world coffee market causes a shift from plantation cultivation under hoole Pt -Hawn 3 5% control to individual or family operations with Japanese occupying most of the land as Pt -Hawn 75% independent tenants or owners 1908 Kona Tobacco Co produces its first crop 1926 End of sugar industry in Kona 1929 Several thousand earthquakes shook the island of Hawaii from a source beneath Chinese 74% Hualalsi (Mcdonald et al , 1983 60 In KHS 1992 11-7) 1936 Kona's first sport fishing charter service begins 1945 95% of Kona's fishing industry is handled by Hawaiians 1945 85% of the Territory's holo goods come from Kona with 75% manufactured by Japanese 1951 18,400 tourists visit Kona 1954 Henry J Kaiser begins plans to develop Kona as tourist resort 1959 There are 12 coffee mills in Kona 1966 40,000 tourists visit Kona 1970 4, 832 residents in Kona 1973 Major Kona Land Owners Bernice P Bishop Estate, State of Hawaii, McCandless Heirs, Yee Hop, Ltd, Thelma K Stillman Trust (Hu ehu e), W H Greenwell, Ltd, Dillingham Investment Corp, Kealakekua Ranch (S Greenwell), Queen Lilt uokalam Trust, and Frank R Greenwell (Palam Ranch) 1978 Cattle crises in Hawaii due to rising costs of ranching 1980 13,789 resident in Kona 1981 New cattle -rustling law 1981 Major Kona Land Owners Bernice P Bishop Estate, State of Hawaii, McCandless Properties, Yee Hop, Ltd, Greenwell (Jack B, Henry A, and Norman L) , Kealakekua Ranch (S Greenwell), Queen Lih uokalam Trust, Ala Moana Hawaii Properties, Lanthau Corp , and Palam Land Trust II 1986 Palani Ranch "designer beef -raised" on sale at Foodland stores D-7 Kona Demographics After the Great Mahele the population demographics radically changed in less than 50 years Table 4 Population Demographics of Kona in the 1800s (KHS 1992 I1-2-6) 1853 (7,223) 1878 (3,728) 1890 (3,565) 1899 (6,191) Hawaiian 98 8% Hawaiian 93 4% Hawaiian 80 9% Hawaiian 45 2% Pt -Hawn 41/6 Pt -Hawn 3 5% Pt -Hawn 7 5% Pt -Hawn 75% Haole 5% Haole/P' 1 8% Haole/P• 7 7% Haole/P 12 1% Chinese 3% Chinese 12% Chinese 3 5% Chinese 74% Japanese 0% Japanese 0% Japanese 2% Japanese 177% Other 0% Other 2% Other 2% Other .1% (*P=Portuguese) E. Review of Previous Archaeology and Other Studies The following is a review or listing of studies that have been conducted in the Kona lands, the Kapala alaea Ahupua'a is a part of the district of North Kona Most of the reports of the studies listed here were reviewed and basic information was highlighted below in a synopsis format However, several reports have information that is significant when considering the broader (sub-distnct) view, therefore they are covered in greater detail, either by direct quotes or paraphrasing/condensing the text Pukul (n.d.) "Index to Hawaiian Ethnological Notes" [HEN] -Bishop Museum Library/Archives Thrum (1907) "Tales from the Temples" Part 11 'Heiaus of Kona' [Selected herau from Kailua-Kona area to Kahalu u ] Only one heiau mentioned below is on Kapala' alaea lands Of the heiaus of Kona, too few particulars are gleaned to satisfy the enquirer, either from the historic or traditional standpoint, considering their number and the importance many of them held in this once numerously populated district Ahuena. The herau of Ahuena since the abolition of idolatry in 1819 the governor has converted it into a fort Three idols are still upon the walls, one at each end and one in the center, one of which stood sixteen feet above the wall, was upwards of three feet in breadth, carved out of a single tree (p69) Keikiputpui was the Kailua [Keopu] herau of Kamehameha while of but 100x80 feet in size, its paehumu, or surrounding fence, contained forty images Its erection is credited to Ulna, and is listed among those repaired by Kalantopuu at the time of his war against Kaheloh, of Maui, hence of pookanaka class (luakim] (p 70) Haukalua. In Laaloa, a herau of i00X75 ft little of which now remains (p44) Kalsemano in Laaloa located as a present houselot (p44) Keawemua in Kapalaalaea-an alleged heiau, portions of its foundation walls only remain Said to have been the residence of Konra (Mrs Abner Paki) (p44) [granddaughter of Kamehameha I and mother of Bernice Pauaht Bishop, Abner was the great-grandson of Kekaulike and father of Bernice] Lahae. [On the border of Kapala alaea and Kahalu u] a small portion only remains, about 60X40 ft in size (p44) Stokes (1906/1907 — pub 1991). Heiau of the Island of Hawar i A Historic Survey of Nalive Hawaiian Temple Sites In 1906 and 1907 Stokes surveyed and mapped the herau of Hawau i Island However, ongoing internal problems at Bishop Museum as well as other tasks/assignments, philosophical and technical differences of opinions of directors and trustees put the publishing of Stokes' findings on -hold indefinitely until 1991 At the time of Lonotkamakahuki, there were at least 14 herau (Ka to ena on the border of Keauhou, Paoumi, Mekole a, Ke ekfi, Hapaiali i, Hanakalau at, Kaluanom, Mokuahi ole, '01111 amukum iku, Ku emanu, Halela au, Hale -o -Kane, and Lahai or Lahae on the border of Kapala alaea between the road and the sea) around his royal residence in the ahupua'a of Kahalu u Only one hetau, Keawemua, was recorded in Kapala alsea (Stokes 199164-83) Figure 4 is a map of heiau in Kona recorded by Stokes (199 1) during his 1906-1907 survey of Hawaiian temples of Hawaii Island Figure 4 The following is a list of heiau from the North Kona, recorded by Stokes (1991) Table 5 Selected Heiau of North kVIIALA Makaeo Lamhau Small pen 200' from ocean, % mile SW of Pahluolo Heiau - �•• ke+r+hu Kawahaokaki i Point, west of Kailua Bay 650' SW Pa-o-Umi 'i changed between 1819 and 1823 The name Ahuena is from Ellis and not known locally Thrums notes that Ahu ena tt was 'an ancient hemu, of or prior to the time of Ldoa , and the first one to be repaired by Kamehameha I' (1907 43) It � Ai+u'rnJ � Ise— s{u.weuH might also be remarked that Ahu ena was probably the first to HA k ,IJ".. "-�C.•.. �+�t.� ! be destroyed, as the kopu was officially broken in 1819 at the royal residence which adjoined the heiau, and the destruction of temples began immediately (p 47) "tbu4+4.a Head of Kailua Bay, 100' north of Pa -o- Umi, a hotel there k,uaiuoa --r'�1=. IiAAfAAUA /iJMr1.3 ii-,•' �• church 800' west, are referred by Fomander (1880, 2 101) as .tidta A,ric V.nn 'vakyu. -" .r=te"� -. .H.kla•,a \11*uA Ruvniatw itsuiulm'a NA 41 al aur FiikAl,Ni" "'-� "-W •4 - - ke fall KealL", k.,rm.a lR: _ .J A_ -'w �� � � '� k!r•rnt liaka +nu kraarr,u,J e i ''a ~ 11 '!� +7pr,i aha Halvlhuw Ku rnuo+ , , = •':y „ Jia`dn } 11// - ,•Z.• _ i thraa ..kumuku •� j H'_ '`FPjti- - -''S4-` Aekua,d,)m i f i.luka4a.` `w�r, rmai.rltaau It4anit•t ii,r dap,Mi - •mw4.. north of Kalopau Heiau (p50) Kalopau Puss a I Walled heiau built by Alapa i (p50) Mau/Nalupo o Wat aha �. ^" Keaukukut ula Puapua a 1 i, c-aic n It - _• 11r4A,aur Walled with interior platforms, near north side of bay, built by Kamehameha I (pp53-55) Pueomanu H6lualoa 1 PA( IFA' OrFAX Halehau Holualoa 1 i Pubioloolo H6lualoa I Now covered with graves (p57) Pana'ewa Holualoa 2 Destroyed Hikapaia H6lualoa 3 KONA DISI RR,I Ha'ulelant H61ualoa 4 HAWAII ISLAND � tJ Figure 4 The following is a list of heiau from the North Kona, recorded by Stokes (1991) Table 5 Selected Heiau of North Kona recorded by Stokes (1906-1907/1991 40-93) Makaeo Lamhau Small pen 200' from ocean, % mile SW of Pahluolo Heiau Abu ena Lamhau Kawahaokaki i Point, west of Kailua Bay 650' SW Pa-o-Umi changed between 1819 and 1823 The name Ahuena is from Ellis and not known locally Thrums notes that Ahu ena was 'an ancient hemu, of or prior to the time of Ldoa , and the first one to be repaired by Kamehameha I' (1907 43) It might also be remarked that Ahu ena was probably the first to be destroyed, as the kopu was officially broken in 1819 at the royal residence which adjoined the heiau, and the destruction of temples began immediately (p 47) Hi taka Lanihau Head of Kailua Bay, 100' north of Pa -o- Umi, a hotel there now Hotel steps and other stones in yard are stones, and church 800' west, are referred by Fomander (1880, 2 101) as - "hewn stones of 'Umi " One of these p6haku knlai a Umi stands in the yard of Bishop Museum Nahale and Malanut say the heiau was built by Umi - once had 30 ki i described by Arago (1823 72) as magnificent and who witnessed four young "Sandwich Islanders" in a prayer ceremony around one of the idols on one of the comers of the moral (p47-48) Keikipu ipu i Keopui 3 Could not be located thought to be south shore of Kailua Bay, luakini, build during the time of Umi Restored in the time of Kalamopu u and Ho•olae was it's priest (p49) HaleoW Auhaukea a 2Built by Alapa i, west of hau grove north of Kalopau Heiau (p50) Kalopau Puss a I Walled heiau built by Alapa i (p50) Mau/Nalupo o Wat aha Platform heiau built by Kiwala o (p52) Keaukukut ula Puapua a 1 Not seen (p52) Kauakaiakaola Puapua a 1 Walled with interior platforms, near north side of bay, built by Kamehameha I (pp53-55) Pueomanu H6lualoa 1 Fishing heiau on the point (p55) Halehau Holualoa 1 4 unconnected platforms 600 asl - may be graves (p55) Pubioloolo H6lualoa I Now covered with graves (p57) Pana'ewa Holualoa 2 Destroyed Hikapaia H6lualoa 3 Platform hetau, No history (p57-58) Ha'ulelant H61ualoa 4 Paktha HetaudPu'uhonua. High enclosure Built in the time of Keakealani (pp59-60) Keolonahrhr H6lualoa 4 Kamoa Point Large enclosure (p60) Hale-o-Ka'ili Holualoa 4 Destroyed (pp62-63) Hale a aura H61ualoa 4 Kamoa Point Large platform (p60-63) Haleokekupa H61ualoa 4 Kamoa Point Funerary heiau Haukalua La aloa Platform/terrace (p63) Keawemua Kapala alaea Platform, said to be the site of Paki's house (pp64-65) Lahar/Lahae Kahalu'u 2 platforms (p65) Hale o Kane Kahalu u (�67) Haleala au Kahalu u Agricultural (p67) Ku emanu Kahalu a North side of Bay, Platform, surfing hetau(pp67-70) Obi amukumuku Kahalu u At site of Protestant church, built by Lonoikamakabiki or Alapa t, restored by Kalantopu u and Kamehameha I (p70) Mokuahi ole Kahalu u Ke eaumoku's residence (71) Kapuanoni Kahalu a Built by Kalamopu u (p71) Hanakalau ai Kahalu'u No history (p71) Hapatah t Kahalu u High platform, built by Maa, Maur kahuna (pp71-73) Ke ek0 Kahalu u Walled enclosure, /uakini, built by Lonoikamakahiki, Kamalalawalu offered as sacrifice there (pp 74-77) Makaole i Kahalu u Walled heiau, built by Lonoikamakahiki (p80) 45 46 Paoumt/Poumt Kahalu u Built by Unit (pp80-82) Ke eW 2 Kahalu u Built by Alapa t (p83) Ka io'ena Kahalu u Built by Lonoikamakahiki (p83) 8p6kaha Keauhou 1 Not seen (p85) Kamau'ai Keauhou Built by Kane, very ancient (p85) Ho okuku Keauhou 2 Kamehameha iII born there-sttllbom (p85) Abu a'Umt Keauhou 2 (085) Stokes (1928). "Whence Pa as?" — An investigation into the probable location of the homeland of Pa as, a priest, chief, navigator and magician who came to the Hawaiian Islands in the 12ih or 13'" century Relnecke (ca 1929) "Sites of Kapalaalaea to Lanihau" According to Reinecke, the most distinctive feature of this section is the use of coral fragments as a top dressing for the floors of dwelling sites A large proportion of the dwelling sites and other structures along this coast may have been ma uka of the government beach road as it is almost impossible to penetrate the undergrowth Reinecke felt his investigation was disappointing as grazing cattle and ku/eana walls resulted in the destruction of many sites The coast was densely populated until recently and dwelling sites may be recent and of little interest Site # Site Description I Lahai Heiau Kahuna platform used later as dwelling site/Kahalu u boundary 2 Ohikimakiloa Heiau Probably connected to Lahai-Platform 3 Small Platform Probable dwelling site by lauhala trees 4 Platform Makai of road -hi h -walled with small pen 5 Modem House site and windmill 6 Modem House site 7 Modern/traditional 2 house sites ma uka of road/traditional wall with Pa amu 8I Makai-on bounds of Ka ala alaea 1 and 2 9 1 Site I Rough—scattered mins 10 1 Salt pans I 2 Flat an -like depressions to beach lava Figure 5 Map of Selected Kona Sites (Reinecke ca 1929) Lahai/Lahae Heiau on the border of Kahalu It and Kapala'alaea 2 indicates that the "kahuna's platform" is clearly on the Kapala shies side, with a stone will marking the boundary between the ahupua a vary rough SkstohOf % a LAW OxItu ff� Yaha.luu, Site J Saab 11480 / { j` ttonmen 8 star» } a Phe To ae( ( al ng u( d it \ d sin d d to 4 tri rte! ��" ti t �r r� tic. li3a UU i<91 n.:ahvna'a olatfc€c h. ling, a Ilistf=4 a. Primes- platform d Soldiesn' plttfora a, thraen^t ,latrarm Figure 6 Sketch of Lahai Hems (Relnecke ca 1929 46) 47 48 Kekahuna (1952). Reconnaissance survey (Kahalu u-Keauhou) Ching et al, (1973) West of Green property -Alt i Drive Realignment Hammatt & Clark (1980) Results of archaeological testing and salvage excavations of a 155 -acre parcel in adjoining ahupua'a of Pahoehoe, La aloa and Kapala'alaea 92 archaeological sites were recorded Field observations, archaeological evidence and ethnographic information support the notion that each ahupua a functioned as a self-sufficient unit as indicated by the vast number of agricultural features present There was no measurable difference between the three ahupua a Many platforms were located near small caves which may have been work (adzelfishhook manufacturing) and storage areas as evidenced by the quantity of cultural material in the caves Major sites were located on bluffs with views of the coast and surrounding terrain Charcoal samples from caves and volcanic glass produced occupation dates from A D 1400 up to and after European contact The following list of sites pertain to Kapala'alaea presumably it is Kapala alaca 1 Table 7 Sttes/types to Kapala alaea only Site # Type Site# Type 4538 Large platform 4551 Wall 4539 Ag complex 4552 Small platform 4540 Ag complex 4553 Ag complex 4541 Abu 4554 Small platform 4542 Possible bunal 4555 Small platform 4543 Wall 4556 Small platform 4544 Small platform 4585 Livestock Enclosure 4545 Small platform 4591 Wall 45 46A/B Clearing mounds 6302 Great Wall of Kuakini 4547 Wall 6305 Wall 4548 Ag complex 6366 wall 45 49A/B 2 adjacent platforms 6485 Cave 45 50A/B 2 possible burials The Field System was discussed and Newman's (1970) classification was noted as follows --these zones represent gradual changes from one zone to the next with variations between ahupua'a (pp16-17) Sweet Potato/Wauke Zone Elevation Sea level to 500 feet Annual Rainfall Seasonal — 30 to 50 inches Crops Sweet potato and a�auke grown in very rocky areas Breadfruit/ Sweet Potato/Wauke Zone Elevation 500 to 100 feet Annual Rainfall 30 to 60 inches Crops Breadfruit trees with sweet potato and wauke planted in between Sweet Potato/Drvland Taro Zone Elevation 1000 to 2500 feet Annual Rainfall 60 to 80 inches Crops Sweet potato in the lower part, dryland taro in the upper part Field boundaries planted with n and sugarcane Plantains and Banana Zone Elevation 2000 to 3000 feet Annual Rainfall 80 to 100 inches Crops Bananas and plantains planted just below and within the forest Hammatt et al , (1981) Keauhou Kona Resort Complex Hommon & Rosendahl (1983) Alt i Drive Realignment. Schilt (1984) Kuakini Highway Realignment Hammatt et al., (1985). A reconnaissance survey was conducted of the Green family property (31 9 acres) which lies east of the project lands in the ahupua'a of Kapala alaea 2 Forty-nine archaeological sites were recorded that included agricultural features, possible burial sites, habitation features and lava blisters—typical of the Kona Field System and similar to the adjoining properties to the north A row of telephone poles marked the southern boundary [Kahalu u Ahupua a] A family residence and cemetery enclosure are located 300 feet makai of Kuakmi Highway and accessible by an unpaved driveway Vegetation consisted primarily of introduced trees, shrubs and grasses The north, west and east boundaries are marked by well -constructed cattle walls three to five feet high The only other extensive modification of the property is where the Green family house and cemetery are located and according to the owner, it was the site of a small U S military detachment constructed in the 1940s that included an underground tank for diesel fuel storage A few hundred feet makai of this area may have been the site of the former military camp site or recreation area (site #29) The rest of the property was never bulldozed according to the owner, but was utilized as grazing land for cattle Table 8 Sites to Kapala alaea 2 —Green Property Site # Type Site# Type 1 Cemetery enclosure 26 Cattle wall (mauka/makai) 2 Ag complex 27 Terrace 20'x10' 3 Ag complex 28 Ag complex/terrace I00'x6'x2' 4 Large Ag complex 29 Large clearing (possible military) 5 Extension of#4/lava blisters 30 Platform l0'x12'x24'(burial?) 6 Small platform/terrace 31 Mound/platform 7 Rock -lined hearthg 32 Large Terrace 100'x3' 8 Terrace/wall 33 Terrace 16'x14' (habitation?) 9 2 adjacent terraces 34 Ag complex 10 Large C -shelter 35A/B 2 Platforms /lava blister 1 I Modified outcrop/wall 36 Ag complex 12 15'x3' Lava blister/midder. 37A -F Significant habitation complex 13 Habitation enclosres 38 Terrace 30'x2 5' 14 Terrace/wall 39 2 adjoining terraces (habitation) 15A/B Enclosure/mound 40 Possible burial mound 16 Platform (habitation) 41 Habitation terracetwall 17 Mound (40'x8'x3 5') 42 2 modified outcrops (habitation) 18 Large habitation complex 43A Lg modified outcrop -lava blister 19A/BIC 3 terracesAava blister 43B Platform -possible burial 20A/B 2 adjacent terraces (burial) 44A/B Lava tube/Ag complex 21 Ag mound 45 Lg mod outcrop/2 lava tubes -but ial 22 Large complex of 5 terraces plus 46A/B 2 adjacent burial platforms 23 Large terrace 25'x6' 47 Small habitation complex 24 Wall 48 Habitation outcrop/lava blister 25 Terraced platforin/wall 49 Large habitation modified outcrop Sites #18 and #37 are significant habitation sites with probable burials, lava blister #12 and platform #15 are also significant for containing occupation layers, and sites 46A & B are two adjacent burials and contain large quantities of branch coral on the surface A c AL Figure 7-A Map of site locations (Hammett et all , 1987) 8 Figure 7-B Map of site locations (Hammett et al , 1987) 51 52 Archaeological survey, testing of a 32 -acre parcel in Kapala alaea 2 [Green family property] — 51 sites were located and recorded, 23 features were tested [excavated] Four charcoal samples were submitted for C14 dating analysis The following chronological/cultural phases were presented based on Schilt's work (1984) 1 Pioneer Settlement Very limited, sporadic use of lowland slopes and cave shelters above the Kadua ca A D 1050-1400 Bay area, development of one or more mauka sub -zones of the Kona Field System may have started in the latter part of this phase II Garden Developments Initial use of the kula sub -zone for small gardens and use of caves as temporary ca A D 1400-1600/1650 shelters, erosional deposition of kola lands due to development of uplands IiI Refuge, Habitation and Extensive development of at least the mauka portion of the kula sub -zone for Intensive/Extensive sweet potatoes, wauke, gourds, rarely with permanent habitation -more often Gardening temporary and seasonal habitation of garden among kula gardens, animal ca A D 1600/1650-1779 enclosures (pigs) may date to this phase, the upland sub -zones were under complete development by this time Caves were modified for refuge during times of warfare/social conflict, caves located in the midst of garden features were used for temporary shelter and working spaces IV Histone Habitation and The cultivation ofkula lands gradually decreased in extent and intensity, never - Gardening the -less remaining important to a decreasing population Permanent habitations ca AD 1779-1850 on the kula lands occurred pnmanly makar of Kuakint's Great Wall, none of the kola land claims were being awarded by the Land Commissioners, some kula lands were being converted to grazing lands in the 1840s V Histone Ranching Land -use shifted completely to grazing, following the awards of kula lands to Times chiefs, missionaries, and others (Kelly 1983) isolated permanent habitations on upland slopes of the kula were oriented to ranching LCA and Land Ownership A 1880s map of Kapala alaea 2 indicates that the makai section of the ahupua'a was granted to Kaatpulu Personal communication with Mary Green, current owner of the project lands, revealed that the entire 12,000 acres of Kapala'alaea 2 was passed on to H K Nohale Ho olana [Henry Nahale] It was inherited by Charles K Nohale and Jenny Keahukai Nohale [Nahale] Over time portions of the original parcel were sold until only the 32 -acre parcel remained in the family Artifact Assemblage Artifacts were collected from twelve separate features, 80% were volcanic glass fragments Basalt artifacts included adz fragments, polished flakes, flakes and hammerstones Files and abraders manufactured from coral (most common), scoria lava and sea urchin spines Only two specimen of worked bone or shell other than two bird bone picks The largest quantity of artifacts (82 volcanic glass and four basalt hammerstones) came from Site #16, a small platform built on a bedrock outcrop Site #19A also contained a high amount of glass (44) and other artifacts (worked bone, shell and wood as well as files and abraders) — perhaps indicative of specialty workshops The caves sites are generally considered to be from earlier periods, however, there is nothing distinctive to indicate this and none of the caves in this parcel was intensively occupied In contrast were caves in the adjoining Ginter property (Pahoehoe, La'aloa & Kapala alaea 1) which were heavily used Midden Analysis The midden contained a wide range of marine invertebrates (83 5%), bones of fish, birds, rodents, dogs and pigs, also endocarps of kukui and gourd 3,223 8 grams of midden (excluding coral and charcoal) were collected from ten sites, 17 features and 39 excavation units The Snake -head Cowry was found in 79% of the excavations, second to the Reticulated Cowry (16 7%) Sea -urchins accounted for 32 8% of the midden, kukui nuts 8 0% Most of the marine invertebrates could be found in 53 less than four feet of water, usually gathered by women and children The fish bones present that were the most easily identified included the parrotfish, two Porcupine fish, five file fish, a Requium shark, a large wrasse and a member of the Jack fish family The midden analyses indicated a high concentration in Sites 18, 19 and 50, and the highest in Feature G of Site 37 Mammal bone (5 6%) collected is considered high compared to most Hawaiian sites Dating Analysts. Ten charcoal samples were collected from seven sites (cave/site 18A, occupation terrace/site 19A, animal enclosurelsite 15) Site 15, 0-10cm (A D 1645-1959), Site I8A, 20-30cm (A D 1405-1620), Site 19A, 128cm (A D 1660-1945), and Site 19A, 130cm (S D 1655-1950) Land Use and Settlement Patterns. A comparison of Kapala alaea 2 (Green) and the Pahoehoe, La aloa and Kapala'alea 1 (Ginter) study indicates that the Ginter lands were more intensively used than the Green lands (more planting areas, mounds, terraces, field walls) However, the occupation density for the Ginter lands showed one occupation for 7 75 acres (spatially scattered) compared to the Green property (special concentrations) which indicated one occupation site for every three acres or less The Ginter lands shows intensive occupation of caves and cave shelters whereas caves on the Green lands had scattered evidence of use except cave site 37G which has the highest concentration of midden and artifacts Recommendations. Hammatt et al, (1987) did not recommend preservation of agricultural features due to similarity of features being preserved at other sites Only site #19A is recommended for further study due to the rich midden material The single burial of site 20A was relocated to burial platforms 46A/B If development of these lands should occur, Hammatt et al , recommend that the structures be excavated and the burials relocated Tomonari-Tuggle (1985). Cultural Resource Management Plan (CRMP) (Kahalu u and Keauhou) [in Jensen & Walker 1993 6] Table 9 Kahalu u Keauhou Prehistonc Cultural Sequence Time Period Activity Pre -AD 1000 to the 1300s Kahalu u-Keauhou was initially settled sometime after about AD 1000 Initial settlements were mane-resource-onented, with habitation probably focused around Kahalu u and Keauhou Bays Kin -based social and economic hes linked the coastal areas in the vicinities of the two bays By AD 1300, upland areas at least 4,000 feet inland were being cultivated, with subsequent cultivation of areas located further inland Early Traditional Period Generally, this period extended from the 10 to the 16'" centuries The social organization observed by early western explorers began to develop during this period During the 14" century, the Kona Field System was established, while during the 15" century the fust permanent occupation of dry uplands may have occurred There was also an increased separation of the chiefly class from commoners, and during the 16'" century the population is stabilized and the ahupua a become the established socio-economic unit around the island Late Traditional Period This period comprised the 166 through 18" centuries The first references to Kahalu u-Keauhou in traditional oral literature date to this time 54 Rosendahl (1985). Field inspection-Kahalu u and Keauhou A cultural resource management plan for the lower section of 'Ohi a Cave at Kahalu'u Thirty-five site complexes were discovered [In Jensen & Walker 1993 8] DeHmont et al (1985). Study results based on two radiocarbon dates indicates initial population in the general Kailua area to be as early as A D 600-890 [In Jensen & Walker 1993 121 Hay et al. (1986). Data Recovery-Kahalu'u of a coastal habitation cave near Kahalu'u Bay, features included hearths and ash lenses, and abundant artifacts Radiocarbon dating suggested continuous habitation between early A D 1400 to late A D 1700 with one sample dated as early A D 670-1180 [In Jensen & Walker 1993 91 Walker & Rosendahl (1988). Reconnaissance (Kahalu u) 110 sites were located included petroglyphs, terraces, trails, C -shape ad L-shaped walls, enclosures, walls, platforms, mounds, caves lava tubes with functional types were ceremonial (herau, shrines, burials) and habitation [In Jensen & Walker 1993 9] Tomonari-Tuggle (1989) Archaeology inventory study of Keauhou Resort (Kahalu u) 58 sites were identified, 49 were part of the historic preserve Sites identified included boundary walls, ag mounds, burials mounds and platforms, habitation platforms and enclosures, terraces, modified outcrops, and U and C-shaped structures Settlement in Keauhou and Kahalu u was from ca A D 1000 to early 1800s a continued land use through mid -1900s Hawaiian sites were abandoned after the introduction of cattle ranching [In Jensen & Walker 1993 91 Tuggle (1989). Field work and data recovery (Kahalu u) Previously identified sites were mapped, including burial sites Seven sites were recommended for preservation including five herau, one pond, and a petroglyph [In Jensen & Walker 1993 9] Jensen & Walker (1993). Inventory survey of Azabu Keauhou Resort ma uka parcel in Kahalu u (275 acres) in 1988 251 sites comprising 532 features were identified, 121 previously identified and 130 newly identified 144 were single structural features (alignments, retaining walls, mounds, possible isolated burials, caves, platforms, terraces) and 107 were complexes consisting of two or more features (388) and included a very large refuge lave tube/cave with 57 artifacts (fishing gear, tools, domestic implements) over 21 features (hearths, walls, enclosures) and cut human bone under a boulder Radiocarbon samples from this study produced early dates between AD1633 to AD 1800 and late dates from AD 1800 to Ad 1940, the age determination analysis spans a period extending from AD1000 to AD 1950 F. Previous Oral Histories (ESP 1981) Several interviews were conducted by the Ethnic Studies Program -University of Hawaii/Manna in 1980-1881 [Volume 1 16 interviews, Volume II 18 interviews] of multi-cthnic people living in the Kona district in A Social Htsrory of Kona "In the late 19" century, Kona gained a reputation as a 'haven' for immigrants who broke their labor contracts with the islands' sugar plantations Many came to grow, pick or mill coffee in the area's rocky farmlands " Selected information is extracted from these interviews, especially if they add to the information base of this cultural impact study/assessment Unfortunately, the interviewees only represent the area of North Kona from Kalaoa to Pahoehoe or in South Kona --the nearest was when a Hawaiian family from South Kona visited family in Keauhou F-1. Gabriel Ka'eo (Interview by Larry Kimura Vol 152-103) Gabriel Ka'eo was bom in War ea in 1903 to Jones Emmanuel Ka co and Harriet Kamoku--he lives in Ho'okena He did several types of things in his life, sugar plantation laborer, coffee picker, stevedore, contractor, stonewall builder, fisherman and farmer He remembered a lot of very interesting things The Queen would visit Ho okena--she had a home there and presently some hippies are living in that house That property and house became Magoon's and his son who is sort of hippie --they are the people who are living in that house now Those people [Magoon's] own a lot of property there and also at Mdoh i he has a home there Also at Pahoehoe he has property When the Queen came there was a lot of dancing and festivity going on [p 621 Will Roy (was a rancher] at Keauhou and Kamaliu The very first [ranchers] at Ho okena was McCandless and Dowsett They raised cattle there at Wei ea, Kalahiki, and all those places They were one company — McCandless and Dowsett Before there were only Hawaiians raising cattle -- you had a little plot of land and took care of your cattle on your property Of course you had to enclose your fanning area with a fence to keep the cattle out When this new road up ma uka was completed people began moving up ma uka to live That would put them closer to their farming areas Whereas if they stayed down at the beach, that was quite a distance to travel to go up to their farming areas [they also had a house in the middle area and traveled by donkey and horse [pp 100- 1011 F-2 John Santana (Interviewed by Warren Nishimoto Vol 1 107-151) John Santana was bom in Kohala in 1906 --his family moved from plantation to plantation doing field and Trull labor In 1928 he came to Kona to pick coffee and did other things as well He later moved to Kona where he worked as a contract coffee picker in season and for Frank Greenwell's ranch for a while (p1221 In 1945 he began leasing lands in Kahalu'u where he works the land daily Sometimes the contract last about a month, al depends on how much grass there was in the coffee land sometimes one month, sometimes little bit less and at nighttime we used to go fishing, catch fish. So we used to get along all right [p 122-123] After the coffee season we take contracts for cl4ean coffee lands and even we work for some ranchers --go clean lantana, cut lantana--that was for their cattle [p126] i rather pick coffee is much easier than working for the ranch On the ranch sometimes you have to dig guava in the pasture land Sometimes guava grows up and you have to keep digging [p1271 sometimes make (stone) walls like that in the pasture land Sometimes the wall broke so we go repair the walls for Frank Greenwell we used to work about 40 hours a week maybe six months i got $1 a day [ 137] For about two months or three months I worked in the cotton fields i picked a little cotton and cleaned, ho o hana this cotton too But then after that company broke down, everything all pact all down here was cotton fields before --from Kuaktni Highway ma uka side was cotton All the way down, from way down, all cotton --about 100 actes over H61ualoa [side) there was a cotton field over there [pp127-128] 1 bought this land here [Kahalu'u in 1945] i bought it from a Japanese man here, Yanagi-4 bought the lease from him he still had about 10 or 12 years left to go on the lease and gave him $300 for the lease [p 1391 This land belongs to Bishop Estate, so right now our lease already ended --about four years ago it ended and we're still waiting to see if they will renew our lese again I know below the road they gave them their leases already, about 45 -year lease all upside the road we're all waiting for our leases [pl431 F-3. Minoru Inaba (Interview by Faye Komagata Vol I 329-408) Minoru Inaba was bom in Holualoa in 1904 He had a range oflob experiences including former school principal and legislator, but his first Job was at the sugar plantation in Kona First Job I think was working for the plantation in those days, there used to be the Kona Development Company, a sugar plantation It was capitalized from Japan The plantation area covered from North Kona --from Hdlualoa all the way to Kealakekua--- Konawaena They had spot acreages here and there Wherever there was a good piece of land or level land, they used to have cane fields On the lower section, below the highway, there used to be a railroad track The railroad track ran from Hdlualoa all the way to Konawaena What they used to do was cable the cane from the fields down to the railroad track The railroad cars used to haul the cane all the way to H61ualoa The mill was located below Holualoa, on the way to Kailua [p 342] the mill used to be about halfway down the Hualalat Road to Kailua [p 344] Kona in those days, there were quite a few Chinese There were Portuguese And mostly, there were Japanese Because the basic industry was coffee and most of it was raised by the Japanese So, most of the people were Japanese As I recall, in the sugar mill, sugar plantation, most of them were Japanese, too [p351] F4. William Minoru ishida (Interview by Faye Komagata Vol 1411-463) William Ishida was bom in Honokaa in 1902 Three years later the family moved to Captain Cook and later leased coffee lands in Kamaltu Pnor to the 1930s he worked for Kau Sugar Plantation, Kona Development Co, Bishop Estate agent Thomas C White and Bishop Bank Mr Hirano who was working for Mr White decided to move to Hilo Before he left asked me whether i wanted his Job as I was interested in clerical work So he introduced me to Tommy White he was a ranched, he raised cattle, he had his own ranch His side business was Bishop Estate agent He also leased from Bishop Estate quite a track of land in Keauhou and Kahalu'u area and he sub -leased those to Japanese tenants, Japanese farmers and he made some money by sub- leasing to them [pp 438-4391 F-5. William Pans, Jr (interviewed by Warren Nishimoto Vol II 1175-1196) William Pans was bom in 1922 to Margaret Hind and William Pans, Sr Through his parents, he was related to several prominent ranching families on Hawaii Island such as the Low's, Johnson's, Hind's, Parker's, Smart's, Davis', Robinson's, Shipman's, and the Roy's A portion of the land in the early 1900's when had the Kona Development Co here up to 1927, was leased out for sugar This area was a sugar -raising area Quite a lot of all these upper lands up in this area were leased out for sugar [pp 1180-1181 ] F-6 Fred Iona (Interviewed by Ray Kala Enos Vol II 1245-1255 and Vol II 1493-1503) Fred Iona is part —Hawanan, bom in 1899 to Pahoehoe, Kona Fred later worked on the Magoon Ranch in Pahoehoe, but ultimately acquired his own lands where he cultivated awa, banana, macadamia nuts and peanuts it appears that this is Pahoehoe, South Kona near Keaha [I got my land] from my grandparents—my grandfather --from Kahuna'eina He bought it from Bernice Pauahi (Pakr Bishop) --more than 5,000 acres he got the land and divided it among his children And from my mother i got mine 340 acres [Vol iI 1254] 1 planted aiva--everybody around her planted awa-4918 was the war The awa as taken by Hackfield—he was the agent buying awa It was purchased by American Factors, all Germans Before the people work over here [Pahoehoe] was farming awa and farming coffee I planted two acres [coffee] And then i bulldozed it and planted the nut [macadamia] I thought the nut was better And banana fifteen acres of banana --i planted them, sent them to Honolulu and worked for Magoon I raised cows before, until today, from the time 1 was young until today I've had cows At the time, the value of awa was to make medicine --to make medicine and send to Germany It was made into powder It was chopped up and dried (Vol 11 1497-1498) G Previous Oral Histones (KHS 1992). The largest ranches in Kona in 1991 when the interviews by Hannah Kihalani Springer of North Kona were conducted for Kona Histoncal Society (KHS) included McCandless Ranch (37,622 acres), C Q Yee Hop (22,616 acres), Hu chin a Ranch (15,438 acres), W H Greenwell, Ltd (12, 149 acres), Kealakekua Ranch/Hind (11,136 acres), Palam Ranch/Greenwell (6,917 acres), and Pu uwa awa a Ranch/Hind Their lands were often supplanted with lease holdings as well Entire ahupua a were often used by the ranches creating a profound impact on the natural resources Generations of families and friends were involved in ranching pursuits But as times change, so do the opportunities in ranching Many of these issues and more are discussed by the six people interviewed (Erma Hind Lillie, Maiko Kato, Johnny Rapoza, Billy Pans, Sherwood Greenwell, and George Schattauer) (KHS 1992 I-1) Primarily only information regarding the project area and vicinity will be cited, as well as information that adds to the basic history of Kona and the ranching industry G-1. Erma Hind Lillie (Interview by Hannah K Springer KHS 1992 III -1-24). Erma was born in 1909 to Hannah Low and Robert Hind at Pu uwa awa a Ranch, the fourth of five children and the only one to be bom there Pu'uwa awa a was her home and her workplace and she remembered notable visitors such as Lilt uokalam Her father, Robert Hind and his brother-in-law Eben Low were partners of the ranch which included the lands of Pu uanahulu where there once was a village The ranch was a self-sustaining unit with two components the dairyranch in Arna Haina, Oahu and the cattle ranch on Hawaii Island (KHS 1992 iI1-5) We grew most of our own, we had our chickens, gather our own eggs, made our own butter and staples like flour and sugar well once every two or three months we got them from Kailua from Hackfield which was then at American Factors you raised everything that you ate We bad a Ranch Store but there was never any money really, take so much out of their pay it was just coffee, tea, flour, sugar that kind of thing can salmon, sardines which seemed to be the Hawaiians favorite We had some Japanese that lived up at the ranch, but they were like yard boy, cook and some of the ladies were maids, laundry abut three or four families of Japanese at Pu uwa awa a and then there were the Hawaiian families at Pu'uanahulu The pot and taro came from Waipio It came once a week on Hale's [mad] Stage and they'd drop it off and it came in ti -leaf bundles, pa i'at That's how they got pot (Erma 111-2-3, 6) The Hind family also had coffee milled in Napo opo'o then shipped it to San Francisco to [Uncle] George Hind to sell Many of the people that worked in the Captain Cook Coffee Mill they didn't know me but they knew my father, they knew [sister] Margaret (Hind/Paris), and they knew [brother] Leighton (Hind) and they'd come and say oh I've worked for your father for many years all those people most of them are gone, passed on (Erma 111-6) The Kona social life included going to Kona Inn for get-togethers By then the roads were fairly decent and i know Saturday and Sunday use to be, that was really family day at the Kona Inn I mean everybody, the Ackerman's, the Greenwell's and the Stillman's the Hind's, we'd all go down and have lunch and we'd play cards and kid would all be swimming (Erma III -10) The 1929 earthquake caused a lot of damage, mostly to stone walls that were replaced with wire fencing as people did not know how to rebuild the walls Some of the concrete in our basement [was damaged] we had all these uprights you know and that kept the house from really collapsing but what they were afraid of were those big tanks so Mother use to sleep down in the car in Pu uanahulu bluff every night because Dr Roth told her for safety it was better just to get out of the house in the night Well we stayed there [Pu uwa awa a Ranch], but it was a mess cause the china, glass, everything was smashed, those kind of things and the piano was across the room [Hired help] to build stone walls then my father use to grumble that half of them didn't know how to build stone walls and they should have had some of the Tongan applying for work hese That's why they did a lot of wire fencing (Erma III -12) Management of Pu uwa awa a Ranch vaned after the death of Robert Hind Well Uncle Leighton [Hind] many years Mona came back to the ranch after she was divorced from Charlie [Lucas] and she use to help she would do the books but then Enc Magoon was also manager, that's in later years after dad died, Just before the Carlsmiths Then Billy [Hind] was manager for a short time at Pu'uwa'awa a then of course Uncle Kua [son Kuakint Cummins] was manager he was there for the Ddlinghams Then Bobby retired and then the Carlsmiths took over and the Dtllinghams and then Kua was offered the Job (Erma III -14) Hawai i Island went through at least a couple of very bad drought periods which were hard on the cattle as well as the people But the ranchers came up with a solution for the cattle [Panindpancake cactus] was the Iifesavei because there was never any water at Pu uanahulu, the cattle were raised on pamni and now you don't see one down there but when we'd go through droughts and everything they'd get these torches and bum the thorns off the older leaves and then cut them so that the cattle could have those and it worked (Enna I1i-16) One of the most notable visitors to Pu uwa awa'a Ranch was Queen Lily uokalam when Erma was little I remember my mother saying 'now Erma you and Robson behave yourselves and her Majesty loves the babes she likes children if they're well behaved' So off we would go to Kawa atria which is the pasture down by the hay field and there were lots of four o'clock flowers and bring them up to my mother and she'd stung them After we had our baths, he gave me a let and one for Robson and we would take it and we'd bow [She would stay] a couple of days and oh she was so pleased she'd take our hands and say you children are so sweet and kind she was a verygentle lady She might have been on her way to Kamuela, I don't recall the events but she stayed for a few days We were quite impressed because we were told she was a Queen (Erma 111-19) G-2. Mikto Kato (Interview by Hannah Springer IV -145) Mikio was born in 1928 His father Isoo Kato ran a dairy cattle operation of 1,000 acres of land leased from the Greenwell's in Kealakekua After the dairy closed his father bought a coffee farm also in Kealakekua Mikto first worked for Kuakim Cummins at H61ualoa, which was part of the Dillingham operation at the time, then in 1957 at Pu uwa awa a with Kuakim, then for the Dtllinghams and Carlsmiths Today (1992) he is the operational manager for owner Newell Bohnett on State -leased lands of Pu uwa awa a Ranch (IV -3) [Honomalino] was always Hinds, so when the Dtllinghams bought out the Hinds all those places came together like (Pu uwa awa a), H61ualoa section and then Honomalino section where Kona Surf is all those areas where [?] Construction is and right now is Napa all those areas all the way up to where old Mc Wayne is up Keopu running cattle [Shipping] I think was at Kailua Wharf They had a corral there on the wharf When Kawaihae Harbor was built and then they started shipping from Kawaihae bigger and better, I think Kadua mainly the tourists didn't want that corral on the pier (Mikio IV -4-5) The former Hind holdings were finally sold separately and the lands owned by various entities They [Ddlinghams] had all of Puawa (Pu uwa awa a) which I think is 80,000 acres but H61ualoa and Honomalino was all good size ranches When they sold this ranch they sold this separately This [Pu uwa'awa a] is State land [21,000 acres] Honomalino is mostly Bishop, part of it is State H61ualoa I think is partly Bishop too but a lot of them i think is privately owned now [Mtkio IV -6) G-3. Johnny`Rapoza (Interview by Hannah Springer V-1-31) Johnny was born in 1917 and passed away in 1993 He was born in H61ualoa, grew up in Captain Cook and worked at Hu ehu a Ranch when he was seventeen and transferring to Palam Ranch three years later, where he was employed for about 51 years My dad was the foreman for Captain Cook Coffee Company the coffee fields Captain Cook had big acreage and he used to be the one that used to inn through the coffee lands and Just check on the coffee fields I went into ranching because in the old days everybody likes to ride horse and most of the movies was cowboy movies My Uncle Frank (Gouveia) was the manager [of Hu ehu a Ranch] he wanted a couple of boys, he asked my dad and my dad says well its okay stayed therefor three years (Johnny V-1-2) Cowboy work included a range of activity, not Just chasing wild cattle, herding, or branding—there was fencing, hunting, planting trees and even fishing Once in a while we hunt we used to go down [the beach] work then maybe some of the boys use to take nets but those days there were a lot offish one small net throw the net two times, you get 'nough fish (At the beach] we use to repair walls or make stone walls cattle was wild too so we had to drive and rope and tie 'em up and lead them and stuff like that We diove 'em, biand 'em and let 'em go and then bring the biggest steers up When i used to work up [mauka] mostly the Greenwell's had all tame cattle (we did] fence work, planting trees and stuff like that Mr Frank Greenwell always use to like to plant pees I think we planted over a thousand red cedar they all growing (Johnny V-2-3) The old stone walls were an asset to the ranchers but earthquakes continued to cause problems for the cowboys even after the big one in 1929 We maintain the old walls because the walls been there for years and years and they good and when you repair walls it's not like a wire fence you know You go out there you Just passing by, you don't have to have tools you et two hands build 'em up Those walls been there many, many years Even after that [1929] when was in the '30s or '40s, we had big earthquakes, man we took weeks and weeks to repair all the fences, walls (Johnny V-19-20) G-4. Billy Pans. (Interview by Hannah Springer VI -1-28) Billy Pans was born in 1922 to William and Margaret Hind Pans Both his parents were part -Hawaiian and from ranching families The Pans land holdings were in Central and South Kona while the Hind family holdings were in North Kona Billy was manager of Pu uwa awa a Ranch from 1956 to 1959 In 1959 his father got sick and his mom and her Hind family sold the ranch to the Dillinghams/Carlsmiths Billy stayed on for another six months, then Uncle Kuakint took over (VI -3) During the dairy days they were mostly located mauka because the middle lands were in use by the sugar plantation The cattle we kept here was Just for home use [milk and butter] more foliage and everything [up tnaukal and in those days the middle land was taken over by the sugar plantation and everything so those lands were available mauka (Billy Vi -17) The major detriment in the cattle industry today is the cost pf doing business (Billy VI -27) G-5. Sherwood Greenwell (Interview by Hannah Springer VII -1-28) Sherwood was born to Beatrice Holdsworth and Arthur Greenwell in 1919—both of these families have been residents of the islands since the 1850, the Greenwell family have been and owners in Kona for over a century--Kealakekua Ranch was purchased from John Paris in 1881 (VII -4), other ranches came from elsewhere Grandfather Greenwell had a lease on Kaupulehu there were a number of other pieces of property Dad had a piece that was given to him, I guess by his mother Pus pua'a right down where Hale Stockton used to be It was later bought by Frank Gouveia And there are other pieces I guess throughout Kona by the Standard Station right over here by Okimoto's that was Aunt Carrie's and my Aunty Christina had a piece of property so there were a lot of other properties other than these bigger pieces that all members of the family owned, each one had a different piece My grandfather's will didn't mention lands for the daughters but there were requirements that those boys who got lands, the big properties, were to pay the girls off And dad had to pay off Aunt Christina S 10,000 back in 1891 when Grandpa died, $10,000 probably was a sizable piece of cash When Kealakekua itself had been bought in 1881 for $12,000 There's a variety of different pieces there that are Palant Ranch Kealakekua was the ahupua'a of Kealakekua And the portion right in here by the shopping anter, of Kilon and Waipuna ula Then the other ranch the Home Ranch was Keke, Kalukalu, the major piece of property was Hokukano And Hokukano and Kealakekua abut each other mauka I would imagine somewhere about 36,000 acres all together The Greenwell ranches all worked together as one ranch until 1928 The ranches were divided between my uncles Frank (Palam), Henry (W H Greenwell-Home Ranch) and Dad/Arthur (Kealakekua) [both Frank and Henry died before the lands were officially distributed] (Sherwood VII -5-6, 8) Mr Greenwell was the only one who mentioned anything about any lands that included the project area We spoke of the lower lands as being sort of important to pout out quality grass fed cattle that only happened as a method of getting good cattle off to ranches somewhere in the '30s probably the later '30s The grasses and ekoa and all of those things weren't brought in until somewhere around 1929, 30,31 somewhere around that time Prior to that mokat lands didn't contribute anything to the ranches Dad sold land in 1934 down between Kailua and Keauhou because it was no good for ranching Well there weren't the guinea grades or ekoa or the elephant grasses and those things came later (Sherwood VII -27) G-6 George Schattauer (Interviewed by Hannah Spnnger) George was bom in 1920 at the War alae Ranch on O ahu While still a youth his father transferred to Pu uhoku Ranch [Paul Fagan's] on Molokai George spent some time as a commercial fisherman [with Jack Ackerman] before going back into agriculture in Kona where Ho omau (Stewart) Ranch became his sole occupation George marred Margaret Paris at Pu uwa awa a Ranch in 1950 George discusses some of the history of the coffee industry in Kona as well as the ownership of various ranches such as Ho omau Ranch in Honomalino We diversified way back then in the early '60s, we had thirty-five acres of macadamia, Ho omau Ranch did, and so the macadamia in the bad years of cattle, tamed and in the good years of cattle, the macadamia still tamed It's been a good investment for the Stewart Family as absentee owners and being an absentee owner you get no tax break, it becomes a hobby It's been a very successful operation and when four thousand acres were planted and when the fortune was coming into production the original owners and there were many of that macadamia land, sold the land at which time I stayed awhile with the new owners and then I lust went over to Ho omau Ranch Kona Property Management just dissolved when it sold and then what people forget is in the '50s and '60ws well into the '70s, South Kona was a very depressed area The population was decreasing and a great number out there were having some assistance from the government But that changes when the roads became much better and transportation was not so difficult, the South Kona people could getlobs in Central Kona There was a time when you mention South Kona well they had written it off because years and years ago somebody had bought the Yee Hop Ranch and turned a hundred bead of cattle out there and some years later when they went to round them up they only found fifty so that gave the whole district a bad name but that's all changed now Honomalmo had its problems with the lack of water and I think one of the biggest mistakes that is still being done is when those thousands of acres of forest were cleared and I recommended that hundred acres here be left standing of unique forest because it I irreplaceable and there was no place that I've seen, no place else that had anything comparable to what some of that forest was, but unfortunately nothing was saved We used to bum day and night and ships at sea would call the Police Dept and tell them there's a lava flow in South Kona Macadamia is a dry tiee and it doesn't get very tall and it's a hot tree You go into a macadamia orchard it's hot, you go into an ohia forest ad its cool [VIII 8-9] The coffee, whether Honomalmo was a little cooler or higher than Central Kona, the coffee at Honomalmo was a little slower than at Central Kona Honomalmo coffee, except below the road, is more like mauka coffee in Central Kona whereas it doesn't ripen all at once picking becomes a problem and then 20 acres which Robert Hind, Ltd was leasing out is too big, five acres is plenty fora family in the '50s and into early '60s coffee prices were good so they could make ends meet Then in 1958 when Dillingham Investment purchased Honomalmo and Captain Cook Coffee Company and Pu uwa awa a, several years later after the purchase the old system I guess was the plantation system where the fanner would go on credit and get fertilizer and food from the Company store and he would pay off those debts with his crop Well a few years after the Dillingham Investment bought, that system was finished probably that was the major cause of the demise of the coffee industry in Honomalmo [VIII -10] The population of Honomalino declined greatly then when we started the macadamia --that was the end of the coffee and even in Stewart's coffee land we slowly inter -planted more macadamia When we started the four thousand acres of macada-ita, which was an eight-year project, we also had two hundred acres of avocado and we had a hundred acres of bananas and we had five acres of taro I advise anyone going into any agricultural enterprise to have a market --a ready market before you do it [VIII -11] You got to go up two thousand feet (2,400') maybe a little higher, when we cleared Stewart's Ranch site, we planted pumpkins and tam and com and had quite the bumper crop cause when you clear virgin land it's easy to grow things That's where we found laulu palms up in that area and a great number of terraces where the louly were growing --the area had been used before [VIII-] 2] When the Hinds bought Honomalmo they built that little airport so they could use their plane for spreading see and what not and that was in the lowlands that was for cattle Then in the uplands we planted grass for pasture ad kikuvu grass you could take the grass and throw it on the ground and step on it and it would grow [VIII -13] McCandless [was involved with the community] because by Ho okena, it's a vast holding but there's so many newcomers today the ranch is being partitioned, the old awa is rapidly being lost, the new ones want to tun things Late '60s Pahoehoe [may be talking about 'First Lava' in south Kona area] the Navy put targets out, Bishop Estate leased them the land and Margaret and I lived at Honomalmo, so they started to bomb --practice bombs Well I said, they let the real -- whatever the millimeters were they would fire live rounds and the carriers would come off and they would come in at night and bomb We tried to stop this There are those big refuge caves down there [Mdoli i] [VIII -22-23] You know they tried tobacco out there way back in 1890 two tobacco bat ns, one up in Papa and one at Oka there and they tried sisal, hemp [VIII -24] South Kona was a depressed area, there was only McCandless Ranch and they did limited hiring and there was Robert Hind, Ltd with their limited hiring and when they sold to Dillingham it didn't increase in fact it decreased in number so Kona Property Management [hut of 14-20 families] was big employer [VIII -27] PART IV. ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY & ANALYSIS The Ethnographic Survey (oral history interviews) is an essential part of the Cultural impact Study and Assessment (CIS) because they help in the process of determining if an undertaking or development project will have an adverse impact on the cultural resources and practices or access to cultural resources and practices The following are initial consultant selection criteria • Had/has Ties to Project Location(s) r Referred By Office of Hawauan Affairs (OHA) Known Hawaiian Cultural Resource Person • Known Hawaiian Traditional Practitioner Referred By Other Cultural Resource People The consultants for this CiS/A were selected because they met the following criteria (1) consultant grew up, lives or lived in the vicinity of Kapala alea lands, (2) consultant is knowledgeable about or familiar with the history and mo oleo of the area, (3) consultant referred by Hawaiian Cultural Practitioner(s) or other consultants, and/or (4) consultant referred by Haun & Associates Copies of signed "Consent" and "Release" forms are provided in Appendices (Appendix G and Appendix H) Research Themes or Categories In order to comply with the scope of work for this cultural impact study and assessment (CIS/A), the ethnographic survey was designed so that information from consultants interviewed would facilitate in determining if any cultural resources or practices would be impacted by the implementation of the La ipala development project To this end the following basic research categories or themes were incorporated into the ethnographic instrument Consultant Background, Land Resources & Use, Water Resources & Use, Marine Resources and Use, Cultural Resources and Use and Anecdotal Stones Except for the `Consultant Background' category, all the other research categories have sub -categories or sub - themes that were developed based on the ethnographic data or responses of the consultants These responses or clusters of information then become supporting evidence for any determinations made regarding cultural impacts A Consultant Background and Demographics Each consultant was asked to talk about their background, where they were bom and raised, where they went to school and worked, and a little about their parents and grandparents This category helps to establish the consultant's connection to the project area, their area and extent of expertise, and how they acquired their proficiency In other words, how the consultant met the research consultant criteria Nine individuals were identified as potential consultants However, due to scheduling circumstances or reluctance only five were interviewed All of the consultants were born and raised in various parts of Kona Table 10 provides the demographics of the consultants ..r...... ne.....—d,— , ­1nt to Kanala alaea rands Consultant Hawaiian Born/Raised Work Live Kapala alaes Ties Wattle Green X Kapala alaea N Kona N Kona X Josephine Kamoku X Kahalu u N Kona N Kona X Clarence Mederros X Honokua S Kona S Kona X Mahealani Par XKalatrao N Kona N Kona X Hrmm Rivera X Kahalu u N Kona N Kona X There is always a danger of not allowing the consultant's "voice" to be heard, of making Interpretations that are not theirs, and of asking leading questions To remedy this, the "talk story" method is used and allows for a dialogue to take place, thereby allowing the consultant to talk about a general topic in their own specific way with their own specific words All of the excerpts used are in the exact words of each consultant or paraphrased to insert words that are "understood" or to link sentences that were brought tip as connected afterthoughts or additions spoken elsewhere in the interview The following excerpts in "Consultant Background" provide a summary of each consultant, as well as information about their parents and grandparents First names of each consultant are used to identify quotes used A-1 Wathe Green My name is Warne Green Born and raised in Kona Hawaii Raised in Kailua-Kona Attended Konawaena High School, graduated Konawaena High School I lived at Kapala alaea all forty three years of my life My ohana [father] is Cyrus Green Cyrus Green was an entertainer He was with Auntie Genoa Keawe all those guys His mother was Jennie Nahale, her father was Chat he Nahale My mother was Mary Spinney Green, whose parents wei e Margaret and Arthur Spinney My grandma Jennie was pure Hawaiian She manied a three- quarter Hawaiian -Irish man My mother's parents were her mother was pure Hawaiian and het husband was half -Hawaiian and half-Scotush All from Kalaoa-Ooma Keauhou or the Kapala alaea property has been in my family for years My father has a brother, deceased, his name was Harry Corbin Green who left five dollars and a widow, she died shortly after Hairy My father has two sisters, one Dawn Maymo Scott and one Ins Falcam Dawn Scott is deaf and she lives to Utah Ins Falcam lives to Ponape and the Virgin Islands He got It [the Kapala alaea lands] from his mom, Jennie His mom's father, my grandpa Charlie, owned that property Papa Charlie had one daughter by one in other words he had one daughter with Nahale We're talking about my father that's my father's property Then my grandpa Charlie had one daughter and then he had two hanat daughters One Mycee Duarte and one Least Pe a Goes back to John Pe'a So he ended up with three girls, but his own daughter was Jennie So she inherited Kuakim who then after her death was given to her four children two boys and two girls Cyrus, Harry, Dawn Maymo, Dawn is Dawn Maymo Scott Then the other daughter is his Falcam We call her Auntie Boobs because she had big boobs Chat lie Nahale was the father of Jennie Jennie manied Harry Wiggin Green, who was Cyrus, Dawn, Harry and Iris' father --in that order So my grandpa was Harry Wiggin Green So Harry Wiggin Green was the spouse of Jennie Nahale Jennie Nahale was the daughter of Charlie Nahale, and that is where the land comes from Charlie Nahale had a brother named William (NOTE Amity Josephine's father) another brothet I don't know much about him but I know that he had land in that area too My grandpa is from Charlie Nahale actually Aholahah [9] is from Wmohmu, Ka u All the land came from Nahale The names on the property were all Nahale You won't find any Green except mine It's really funny because my grandpa had, like I said, he had two gals and two boys that's my dad's father and mom but their last name was all Nahale So the last name, Green, which came from Harry Wiggin Green, is the only name that comes under Cyr us, Harry, Dawn and ins until Dawn and Ins got marred So Harry passes away and he leaves five dollars Dawn becomes Scott And Ins becomes Falcam And then my father passes on and he leaves Wattie Green I'm the last Green my sister is a Green but she's manied to a Tavares I work for Hawaiian Airlines on Oahu 1 moved out of my shack down there and then they [cousms/Hany's children] moved in They're koko on the land, so it's not like they're not allowed They didn't inherit it the sisters (Dawn and iris] inherited it so they allowed her to stay on the property, which is fine with me, at that time Things have since changed a little bit (After school I] traveled Lived to Tahiti Traveled again Lived more in Tahiti Hired in the airlines and traveled the world 1 work for Hawaiian but I'm on maternity right now [Wame] Nahale Ohana She [Aunty Josephine] comes from Willie Nahale Willie is [Grandpa] Charlie's brother You know who you have to get a hold of, Uncle Willie Watat He has the genealogy on Nahale His mother was a Nahale, who was the daughter of Willie Nahale So Willie Nahale's daughter marred a Watai and then had Uncle Willie [Wilfred] Watat He had choke kids Aunty Josephine Kamoku's mother was a Nahale So was Uncle Willie's mother they were sisters So I think the best information for that, would be him [Wattle] [NOTE Apologies to Wattle for not having a photo of her ] ******************************* A-2 Josephine Nahale Kamoku My name is Josephine Kamoku I was born Josephine Nahale I've lived in this area of Kahalu'u I can say all my life I'm Just going to go over some of the places and parts of my life As a child, I was educated in a little school in Keaubou And it was called Keauhou School We rode the bus up the hill That's when I lived at the beach I lived part time at the beach and sometime I lived up at the hill That's where we did our farming And then we always, of course, went to the beach to fish So when we went the beach we stayed at our other house which at that time the only thing I knew was that it belonged to my grandfather And so when we were at the beach we stayed at my grandfather's house for a time And I know that for a certain time I also lived at my step -grandmother's house Her name is Julia Ka'aiwara And her house was in the park The property was condemned so that we could use that area for a beach park So now we call that the Kahalu u Beach Park And we also lived in the Kalakaua House when it's called the Kalakaua house, which is in the property of the Outrigger Keauhou Beach Hotel t ight now I went Kamehameha School I stayed over there seventh grade Then I quit school Went home and got my GED Then I went to work I started working at fifteen years old. --started at the hotel— Kona Inn That was the only hotels Oh, beside the Honolulu Hotel, right in town, next to Hulihe e Palace Now I wink at Outrigger in Keauhou [since] 1970 when they opened I spent time also doing a living for the family I helped my mother We used to weave so that we could buy things It was not so much the money at that time, it was more the trade Trade off So we traded hats for food We traded hats for shoes even for clothes And that's how we did our living When we wet a at the beach, the people from up hill would come down and they would go picnic in front of our place When they left of course the place was always open, we never had any kapu signs doing those days, so they would Just come right into our gate right into our yard and they would go picnic tight in the fiont on the sand And when they left they gave us pickles on sushi or Suits they brought and of course we loved pickles --you know Hawaiians I don't think we knew too much the art of pickling stuff It was more like something we really relished, to get pickles flout someone And even to this day I don't know how to can things I'm suipused that in different parts of the world people can everything And I'm so surpn used I used to tell my lady friend, "We don't can things in my place because we plant all year round"" She said, "Well, over here it's not like that We have to can because winter time we don't have stuff and so " I never went too far off of my immediate land I spent most of my time working I learned to clean (rouse, wash clothes and everything else, when I was about six years old" I learned Trow to fish before I went to school And so my time was occupied I never had time too much for boys I guess my brother had more time on his hands than I did During the coffee season we'd go pick coffee because that's where we got the money to buy our school things And most families in Kona did the same thing Everybody picked coffee Our school was scheduled according to the coffee So when we started to pick coffee, the school was on vacation And then after the coffee season, then we went back to school I remember my father said that when he was a child going to school, he lived at the beach and he used to wake up about four o'clock in the morning, and they used to pick a couple of coconuts and walk up the trail and sell the coconuts so they could have lunch money I used to well, there was a Chinese store right next to school and they always had pies That's a delicacy for us So whenever we could afford it, we bought the pies My father was Charles Nahale, but he's the nephew of flits Charles—he was William's son My father was Charlie And then he had two sons—I had two nephews named Charlie I was going to name mine Charlie, but came a gulf Uncle Charlie he had girls only, three girls Then his brothel is William had the boys—there were five boys and eight girls Anyway, ohe of the boys is my father, Charles Then my father had me and two boys So the two boys [brothers] named their sons Charles --my father never named his sons Charles, but they named their sons Charles My mother was Ida Wahine Au Ka at Watt Ka at one tame and Waia is one name Actually, they only went by Ka at It's supposed to be Ka at Waia I used it to get my genealogy My genealogy comes from Want But the Ka ai--I don't know if all the Ka at are related to us They come fiom Kohala, my mother's family Queen Kalama is supposed to be our family too [Josephine] [NOTE Aunty Josephine Nahale Kamoku died unexpectedly two days after thus interview ] A-3 Clarence Medeiros My name is Clarence A Medeiros Jr I was born 1952 in Kona We were raised in South Kona There are several ahupua a in South Kona, Honokua, Keaha, and Honaunau We had homes in those ahupua a We had ventured in all the ahupua a because our families lived there including some of the ones in North Kona My fathers name is Clarence A Medetros Sr He's deceased in 2000 My mother is Pansy Wrwo'ole Medetros and she is still alive She was from the Honaunau-Keokea area My Dad was from Honokua and Pahoehoe My grandfather on my Mom's side is Charles Hua Sr and my grandmother on my mother's side is Annie Man Sing Zen But they shortened it to Man Sing Zen And on my father's side, his dad was Frank C Medeiros and his mother was Violet Leihulu Mokuohat Parker She was part Caucasian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Hawaiian My grandfather was Portuguese and some Russian in there My grandmother on my mother's side was Hawaiian, Chinese, and Tahitian Her father was pure Hawaiian The first school that I went to was in Alae, Just south of where I live now Honokua I went there until sixth grade And seventh and eighth grade I went to Ho'okena And then in between there after fifth glade my dad and I proved to Honolulu He was working on the Wilson Tunnel He and I lived in Honolulu with my great-grandmothei Maty Pimentel We stayed over there fon awhile And we also stayed with my auntie, my dad's older sister Her name was Violet Medcaos She married a Medetros too She tamed her maiden name her married name was the same We lived thele for one year and I went to Lanakila School in Kalihi I think it was a fourth or fifth grader 1959, I think And then I came back and finished Ho okena School fiom seventh and to eighth And then Konawaena I went into the military[Army] in '69 I went to engmeeung school in Vugima and Washington DC Fiom there I went to Germany Frankfurt, Germany Small town outside called Hanau And I requested to go to Vietnam Three times I was dented I was too young And finally they got sick of me requesting, I got scolded for that but they granted my request And I ended up in Vietnam [1970] I was thine a little over a year Then I carne back to the States and I went to Fort Hood, Texas I was already married We got married in 1970 Before I went to Vietnam we got marred When I went to get stationed in Texas, after I got settled up there I found a house and she came up to stay with me We were in Killeen, Texas I was with the First Calvary Division Fort Hood is the base for the First Cav So that's why I was stationed there And then we came back home Then I bought property --my uncle's property Took title to it --had to go through court and I finally bought rt --built the house Then I bought a couple of mote over the years and have ten different parcels now including this one I was in the right place at the right time And the prices weren't nuts like now I'm glad that 1 did that If I didn't I would be kicking myself Well, the prices were up there but not like now When I think about it, wow, it was a steal But the wages weren't big then you had to wm k 24 hours a day to make the payments When they had the notice in the newspaper I responded to the SHPD I filled out the descendent claims and one of the claims, there were several claims, the name was Kaiama He was also from Kapala ales. 2 His wife, her name was Lo e, and she had a parcel down below in Holualoa area She is a sister of Kimmaka Alii Kmimaka So they were all in this area Keauhou Kahaluu North Kona all entangled in the same family web So I Just took one line of the web and how I'm connected to that, collaterally, and that was one of the things So when you sent the email for me 1 noticed that the name, Puht, was one of the names My connection to Puha was a different connection from that But the web still has to meet at one point with this Kaiama [LCA #5675/RP 8046] The Lo a lane the Kimmaka line they're all the web in the same family This is how we ate connected [They are buried in their kuleana I suspect what happened in this situation they may have dropped it or reconsolidate it into another parcel You know sometimes when the owner already owns adjoining parcel, they drop it and make a TMK or use the TMK to subdivide another piece They may have done that in this situation Royal Patent #8046 [Kmama] I suspect that they may have consolidated or dropped it into another parcel-- if the same owner bought all those parcels So now we kind of know that my claims were to Karama were within this location of this kuleana And they had three children And these are the children -- Ikarka, Kamakahalahalawat, and one daughter, Apikaila/Abigail The son of Kmamaka was David Leleo, he was a colonel in the Hawaiian army under the Kingdom [Kmimaka is the brother of Lo e] And then south of Holualoa ahupua a from Pahoehoe her brothel, Kmimaka's son, Moses, was the one that owned that ahupua a [Pahoehoe] He ended up owning that ahupua a. Loe inherited Kaiama's land when he died, then later Lo a died of measles in 1848 His name was Kapa akea [No relation to Kalaksma and Lih'uokalanQ So they were all along that area—Lo e, Kapa akea, Kaiarma, the father of Kmrmaka, Kapiiwi, he was also there in that Keaathou area They have some property too in the Kahalu u and Keauhou area Kapi cwt -- small piece in Kahalu u Something very private where the beach is now they have a pavilion area Now let's go to Puha This is another claim to the Puha that I never see on the Land Commission Award book or in the grant book So that's why I never sent in the descendant claim to the SHPD If it was done, it was done maybe later Grants were given out maybe later on This probate --the Third Circuit Probate No 229 was regarding Kaonohi estate The testimony dunng the probate case talks about Puha, the sister of Mokuohaa, who is a relative of mine See this Mokuohar here? I come from this female, Kehrwelawela, the daughter of Atkanaka and Aukar Aikanaka and Kamaeokalani became parents of Keohokalole, that's the Kalakaua line, the Lilt uokalam line This is the other maniage The one that I Just said, Aikanaka and Aukat, the Keliiwelawela (or sometimes just Kehmwela) They had two children, her and the son, Kekoa Kekoa marred Kada a and had Mokuohaa and a slaughter named Kauhewa Apparently she's younger than Mokuohm when they did the probate So they have a sister named Puhr Not named in this probate but named in this other probate So Puha is the sister of Mokuohaa Puha was a sister of Mokuohar of Kailua-Kona Her husband was Pookeekee and this one over here, has name was Pookeekee No nano Then they had several children The children's names we on here And these are the children that was over there in that area of Kapala alaea Namaa, the son, married to Kahmawe They bad Kalua (w), Kupale (k), Waiwaaole (k) Kalua (w) married Palua (k) and had Kawaikma (k) So that is the connection of Puhr to that place I can show you now how I come from OK Start all over again This is Aikanaka and Aukar's daughter, KeInwelawela or Keluuwela she marred Kuwalu also known as Keohu uh and then they get Puhalahua, then he marries to Kanika and they get several children but the one that I come from is John Mokuohar Then John mames Kaehamalaole Elemakule Clarke and their daughter is Abigail And then I come from this daughter, Abigail Mokuohar Then Abigail marries William Packer Jr That marriage had two children, one son (Charles M Parker) and one daughter (Violet Leihulu Parker) and I come from the daughter Frank C Medevos mantes Violet Lethulu Packer and they have Clarence A Medetros, Clarence mantes Pansy Hua and they have Clarence A Medevos, Jr Clarence Jr marries Nellie Pulido and they have Kareen and Jacob I have two children and five grandchildren Keoki line RP #2019 They are related to us They also had property in South Kona too Keck[ Kenut is married to Kahoe He is the daughter of Elia Mokuohar Kauwe Actually this girl should be Prpipr Kauwe Mokuohar The last name is Mokuohar That's the one that's this one here --his name was also Kauwe Mokuohar This Mokuohar carry the last name but his first name was Elia but the next generation dropped Mokuohar and tamed Kauwe When you look at the Puhr line, we go back to Kepo okalam, Kame'eiamoku--you know the Royal Twins, Kamanawa and Kame eiamoku--cham of descent from Kame etamoku The same line as me We descend from them If you go back further more, Kanoena, Kamakaehikuh--all those names I'm jumping around, it's not in the order The order is here if you want to write them down You can start fiom Lonoakahaupu and Kalanikauleleiatwi We can go back down all the generations and get Keakealamwahme The Kmama line comes from the Kamae line This is looking at Loe's line, but I know the Kmama line will come from the Kamae [Clarence] A4 Mahealami Par My name is Mahealant Pat I was born in Kona I'm the oldest of five children My dad from, his family all from Katsina area Families of Kalaoa are also the sante families in �d Honokahau, same families in Honokahau are the same families in Kadua, same families in Kailas. are the same families in Ka u We T 1' are related to the Nahale'a, Kahatah'i, Kanuha, Kupono faindies of Kekaha, the big households and supporters of Keeaumoku and Kamanawa My mom hails from Watpio and Waimanu I went to school in Oahu My family lived there when I was after my brother was born in 1959, we moved to Oahu for lack of jobs in Kona A lot of summers we came back home to spend time with our grand -folks Honokohau-ma kar My Dad was born at Honokahau My great grandmother was a caretaker for Pu uoma Herau, located in A Honokohau Iki My grandfather swam the Molokai Channel in 1939 Tutu folks would follow the akule school We still had a residence at Honokahau but we had households at Makaeo, which is at the [north] end of the old Kona Airport runway --so another settlement An opelu ko a just outside of that place We fought with the NPS to maintain our cultural and religious practices that culminated in the court case, Pat Ohana vs US NPS I was also a key party in the landmark case known as PASH (Public Access Shoreline Hawaii) I've traveled internationally w part of the Pacific Indigenous Conferences, throughout the Pacific Region I've been an employee of the Cyanotech Corpoiation for over twenty years involved in the commercialization of micro -algae I've worked my way up the ladder starting as a pond cleaner, maintenance operations, then on to as a process operator and finally on to Quality Control and to Quality Systems Manager Coordinator And now I work at KIC as a Cultural Resource Specialist I've been involved with Baum restoration and pond restoration I'm a member of Na Koa o Pu'ukohola Heum I've been involved with the repatriation of n& rwi kupuna fiom the areas of Lamhau, Keahuolu, Honokohau, Hokukano, Maka'eo, O'oma, Kalaoa, Lapakahi I'm a member of the Royal Order of Kamehameha, Moku O Kona since 1994 and also a member of the Native Hawaiian Education Council for Hawaii Island I'm also a spokesperson for Hale Mua Cultural Group which most recently were designated curators for Ka'awaloa within the Kealakekus. State Park We are currently working together with the DLNR Our hope is to restore Ka'awaloa to pie- Cook era I've been involved as an observer at Hague in the Netherlands at the World Court of Arbitration [Mahealanr] A-5 Hiram (Kahulamu) ILvera My name is Hiram Rivera, I r, was born and raised in Kabalu u Beach and Kahalu u Mauka I attended Keauhou Elementary School and Kualoa School and graduated from Konawaena High School I am descended of the Kahulamu family, which still resides --our family home is at Kahalu u Beach and our family cemetery stili is at Kahalu u r; Beach Kahulamu's have been on that property for over two hundred years and still there above ground and under ground r My brother Willie Kahulanm lives there on the property now M My mom is a Kahulamu, she married a Rivera My older brother still carries "Kahulamu", my mom's maiden name I grew up more towards--nght in that Kahalu'u area -- Kahalu u Beach Park, Mokulea Street area and Mokulea Beach Our genealogy showed that we actually started out in the Kohala area, and our genealogy shows that our ancestors worked on the heuu at Kawarhae And in fact they were weapon makers for the warriors and then later on migrated to the Kahalu u area and lived there Clarence Medeiros--the connection there is actually my grandmother --she is a Lohilohi from South Kona and the Medeiros' are ohana to the Lohdohi So my grandmother when she manned my grandpa, she lived there all their lives and burled there in our cemetery My dad stated this [construction] business in 1962, 1 think It was Just a small "mom and pop" operation [My parents are] Eugene and Mary Rivera That's why my company is E&M (Construction) As we grew up my brothers and I worked for my dad Then my brother, Jerry, went into the service, came back and continued to work here My older brother, Willie Kahulamu, he was raised by my grandma and that's why he kept the Kahulamu name He was raised right there in our family house My grandmother raised three boys Wayne Kahulamu, Ipo Kahulamu and Willy Kahulamu All her kids grew up and left home, so she took those three boys and raised them So they all call this place home My dad's side my great grandparents came from Puerto Rico Started out in Kohala, then moved here to Kona and became coffee farmers My mom and all her brothers and sisters went to Keauhou School They used to walk from Kahalu u Beach to Keauhou School I guess that's how my dad met my mom, and they got married I'm half Puerto Rican and half Hawaiian Mom's parents --my grandma was a Lohilohi from South Kona My grandfather, Thomas Kahulamu, was from Kahalu'u Beach Our genealogy our research goes back when we came from Kawathae, our ancestors were Keah'rhulamu And then became Kahulamu So basically Keali ihulamu is the hookup with the Par's And that's the weapon's maker That would be our original bloodlines My cousin, Kalam Wilson, is doing the research on our name This next year we hope to put all the pieces together Kalam Wilson, her mom is a Kahulamu She was Hannah Kahulamu and then she marred Wilson [Hiram] Photo 10 Kahalu u Bay 69 70 B. Land Resources & Uses *Three consultants marked a map indicating placements (Appendix 1) Land resources and use changes over time Evidence of these changes is often documented in archival records Cultural remains are also often evident on the landscape and/or beneath the surface and provide information regarding land resources and use However, oral histones can give personal glimpses of how the land was utilized over time and where the resources are or may have been Oral histories can also provide confirmation of cultural practices For at least one hundred years, the most dominant use of the land in the project area and vicinity has been ranching, with cattle grazing, sugar and later coffee cultivation in the uplands The following excerpts depict various land resources and uses and are categorized with sub -topic headings Kapala alaea Ahupua a Actually we call it by the ahupua a But today's generation only knows it as Kuakmi But we call it Kapala. alaea My father called at Kapala alaea His mother and his father called it Kapala alaea The correct pronunciation is as you see it Ka-pa-la'a-la ea as you see it spelt Ows has always been Kapaa maybe we were Just adding an "a" rat I've always known it as Kapa almalata but they have it on here as Kapala alaea maybe that's correct Well, if it's corrected on this map then the pronunciation should be Kapala alaea The draw on the "a" and the second "a', because my grandmother used to say it the same way And my father pronounced it with that extra "a" he would drag it out or shorten and drag You know Hawaiian language you have to watch out We used to Joke around with "Green Acres" because the last name was Green [Wattle] Kapala alaea was empty You know that place right next to Queen Kalama Road? Never had anything over there --all the way up No more houses, like that Always get growth you know --plenty krawe, ekoa monkeypod and panmr (cactus) the people used to pick (panant) at night and put them in the package in the brackish water The thing get cold it's like an icebox [The area] was Just bushes The way it is today is how it was a long time ago [Josephine] Photo 11 Project lands overgrowth But even growing up, I don't remember big trees, I don't remember big forests, it was Just that krawe rampant thorough that whole thing [Hiram] It was really sporadic [population], there were only a few families living out there [Kapala alaea] [Hiram] [The area was] kind of rough It would be rough for the horses too in some places because it was ekoa, had opwma trees and krawe But they went in with the 2-41) to kill the trees —herbicide --they painted them, tried to kill all the bad hees and keep the good stuff for the cattle and the ekoa and the Guinea grass When it rains down there the grass comes healthy, pa a, hard to go through -- that's why the animals like to hide there and in the caves sometimes we catch them in the caves [at Holualoa] [Clarence] Kapala ales & Vicinity Ranching This area that we are speaking about -- growing up down there in that area as a child —all of this from White Sands to Keauhou used to be ranched Kualoa Ranch we used to run cattle in there and Keawe Alapm was the foreman that took care of all this ranch area. And the Alapai family still Yves there in Kahalu u, in fact Just south of this property And Keawe Alapai is married to Margaret Kahulamu, and that is how we are related Keawe Alapai used to live where the Kona Lagoon used to be all that area out theie [Hiram] My uncle --he was foreman for the ranch, so my cousins and me we used to help him drive the cattle in this in ea when I used to stay with my uncle over the weekend When I was really young we moved up mauka to Kahalu u mauka and then I used to come down weekends and spend time with my grandmother Had pens in here You can still see remnants --see thus area they hand cleared—you can see remnants of the cattle pens in here [Metzner property] [Hiram] To the south where Dillingham was raising cattle, I went with my Dad when Dillingham was running cattle in that area He used to work for Dillingham In some part over here and this side over here near the Keakealamwahme complex above White Sands area [between] Pahoehoe and the Holualoa Ahupua a to the north of White Sands Dillingham had cattle on this side It might have [been on Kapala alaea side too] but you know at that time I Just went follow, I'm not sure ifthis was the parcels, it was Just over there I remember opening gates to go through I never worked on the ranch with them I Just went to help when I was home on leave from the military, or on the weekends when I was to high school [Clarence] Lot of ekoa All of this was Just nothing It was Just open It was Just pasture land They used to have a cattle pen in here where my uncle used to check water for the cattle Just in the lower side The cattle used to be in this huge area but set the trough in the pen and they'll come in the evening and drink water If you wanted to catch them Just close the gates and catch them in the pen It was all through this whole area In fact the ranch used to own from this road all the way down So the cattle used to roam in this whole big area About ten years ago there was another Medeiros--another Clarence --that's why I asked which Clarence Medeiros Another Clarence Medeiros before we built this subdivision, he used to inn cattle in here And that one used to go in on horseback, he used to hide that whole place Used to be Pu uwa awa a Ranch [Hind's] Used to be the Dillingham's [later] All my cousins were cowboys All of these [lands] were leased I guess Bishop used to own it and they leased all these lands for raising cattle This whole area was once ranch all the way to Keauhou And even at Keauhou, you know where the golf course is now, all Pu'uwa'a Ranch used to inn cattle in there [Hiram] Well, the cattle were above our house, I know But I don't know where I can put the location of the cattle [on the map] I Just know that when it was time to ship the cattle out, they used to send the Humu'ula -- the big boats to come pick up So they used to drive all the cattle down into the chute right across our house So all night, if they are leaving the cattle over there for four days, then for four days you are going to be hearing the cattle mooing day and night They pick them up in the trucks, the cow trucks They have a chute over here for the cattle They pick them up and take them on this (nde/drive) all the way down to Kailua-Kona or Keauhou [Josephine] Kapala alaea Ma uka/Ma kat Rock Wall The rock wall was part of the original ahupua'a that leads across Kuakrm Highway mauka And it was originally all fenced off because they used to base cattle here All this was grazing cattle property If you notice there is an original fence hero and it is all dilapidated It's a wooden fence That fence was put up by my grandfather because we had prpr a long time ago and the prpr would cross ovet the highway it wasn't a highway, it was Just a road so my grandpa put a little fence there to block it off I think the fence is still there If you look across the highway, Kuakmi Highway up, you can see the connecting fence that belongs on the opposite side So ours opens this way and this one closes this way So this way is still standing I mean pieces of pillar and wood But at was all ranch land So the only thing I know as far as the rock wall goes is that at one time like I said was cattle property My grandfather, Charlie Photo 12 Boundary wall Nahale, had inherited this whole piece [Kapala alaea] I don't know if he built, or if it was already there for him [Wattle] It was in paddocks You can still see the rock walls today All ranches ['owned" the rock walls] The ranch had all this partition walls and they had big paddocks They used to move the cattle from one paddock to the other [Hiram] Kuaktm Wall running through there, this is the wall we're looking at right here I heard plenty different people, different information I heard -- pretty sure Kuakmu was the guy that the year when he was the governor had the work force put this wall up Kinimaka was one of the people that was overseers --one of them --for making the toad with the prisoners, with the wall Some people say it was for the cattle that used to come down and chase everybody and dust and everything But it could have been one line for battle too Some place where they can back up and defend [Kuaknil was the brother of] Ka ahumanu At one time there was an acting governor, his name was George Kape au/Kaupeau And George Kape au/Kaupeau is on my mother side --the Kaupeau side And after that the name got changed to Abu, and Pelto and Kalalahua George Kaupeau is a relative of ours and he became the governor at one time He was the acting governor for Kuakrm So I imagine that he had something to do with the budding of this wall and the i oads Maybe [Clarence] Nahale Lands Nahale has plenty holdings over there I think he was maybe some kind of Judge or something Some of the records that I did in South Kona and in North Kona that had land titles, if I'm not mistaken he was kind of up there He might have been a magistrate or something [Clarence] Nahale/Green Kapala alaea Property The original surveyor, who did the surveying of our property, was Johnnie Weeks Sr He has a son Johnnie Jr Mr Weeks was a good friend of my father's He actually surveyed the original property If you notice the way here that goes along my property to down Just right here, that sixteen feet across about a quarter of a mile long is grandfathered in where it will never be closed and cannot be closed Back when I was age twelve, the County wanted to increase Kuaktm Highway by a third lane, which they ended up doing While doing so they needed to acquire so many feet of land but close off the top of that road that gate which is here a driveway actually And so we went to Court and we won because the Judge told the County, "How can you close off the family? How are they going to get in and out of the driveway" I forget the Judge's name, but he knew my dad He turned to Cyrus and said, "Cyrus, how big is the width of a bulldozer blade?" And my dad said, "Sixty feet" And he said, "OK Sixty feet opening will remain that way and we cannot change it as long as there is an lieu to this property alive, so that the families can go down to their properTy" Because we were living here, we had a house My sister [Suzanne] and I were raising cows, pigs, chickens My dad was a total farmer, but he played music And the Judge sympathized with the family because he was pissed off with the County and said, "This is ridiculous You are going to have to find some other way to make the third lane If you are going to take the lane then you are going to pay off the family, which is what it came down to They ended up taking a total of 8760 something square feet of property at the top of out land to make the third lane Because there are no homes down here now today there are homes all the way to the top But prior to the third lane on Kuakmt there was only a two lane road So where Kuakint starts on the bottom to increase the third lane, they took that property and the County was told you cannot shut that area down, you must leave it open So that's why there is a big opening in the guard rail so we could go down to our house It was a big deal It made the papers it was so huge during that time because they wanted to shut us down It was crazy? There was no other way we could have gotten out If you look at it today, how are you going to get inv The only access to any of this property, however, would be opening the Kuaktm Highway So it has always been a major discussion as to what is going to happen with all these guys [lower Kapala alaea land ownets] The land across the street, which is the mauka side of Kuakim, which is right up here on the old road so it would be House 1, 2 and 3 this piece of property up heie my gi andma, Jennie, owned She owned actually all of this at one time -- her fathet owned all of it All of this property was owned by Charlie Nahale, all the way to the back Down makai side on Ah i Drive thete is Kahalu u Beach Park Across from the Kahalu u Beach Park [Watue] Grandma Jennie Nahale Green Grandma Jennie, aftet living here [Kona] as a young woman moved to Honolulu because het husband, Harry Wiggin Green, was a tugboat man he would tug boats atound the world They had a home up in Manoa at that time But their original home was in Kalihi and then after they decided to put a road there they moved and bought a place up in Manua My grandmother, Jennie, died in 1963 My grandpa died shortly after that She was alive to see me, and right after I was bom she died I'm not sure when in 1963 I don't have the death certificate [Grandpa Green died] a couple of years later So by that time he had already sold the bottom portion of this land here --this portion here --I'm supposing that this is John Metzner's because F L Smothers Incorporated actually bought this place 0 om my grandpa on a twenty year purchase Every year for twenty years a total payout price of 5200,000—cheap--and it was a total of, I think, 20 acres I'm not sure exactly how many acres My grandpa made a deal with them, and the deal was every year they would pay a portion of it and if they defaulted at any given time during the twenty year period, they would loose the land and the land would come back to his children And he paid every year on time After Jennie died [her husband Hairy Wiggin Green inherited the land] Although this is all Nahale land, it only belonged to Charlie this particular piece So Jennie [Charlie's only daughter] owned it outright After she died, my grandpa [Green] cut it up in pieces and then ended up selling it all --I don't know why --money? He had a 'hot -to- do' with a haole wahine He'd sell some land and then boom, he took her around the world—came back broke And he said, "You guys go live with your mom " Before my mom [Maty Spinney Green] passed away it was willed and that's it Very clean and clear how it was going to go So I speak on behalf of my sister, because it's only me and my sister as far as the heirs go for Cyrus I have an older brother by my mom's first marriage and an older sister by mom's first marriage But as far as Cyrus' children, it's only Suzanne and I and i am the older of the two So when I speak on behalf of Cyrus, I speak on behalf of us My aunts and my cousins like when I speak because they are so far away and I'm here so I can help move things It's really wild if I could pay them off I would But unfortunately the way the world works they're Just asking too much money --I can't afford it [Wattie] Cyrus Green's Dream Lifestyle He really was a rancher, he thought he could do it The history behind this place was that he tried to [mutate his grandfather by raising cows and steers in that time they used to raise whites and reds or what they call "white fists, red body cows Heifers Dad was the talk of Kona because he never wanted to sell Kuaktm [Kapala alaea] for the life of his life Until today, if he was alive, he would be living down there with the'pigamimum' What is a pigaminium? A pug condo' My father was destined to build and he didn't give a horse's okole about the neighbor's involved He said, "I don't care about any mohhini, I'm going to build me a pigammium"" And he said that he would get someone to help build a three-story pug condo And the guy in the front is going to buy the land for a million dollars and the pig smell is going to be his waist nightmare That's the least of hus that's what my dad used to thunk[ He goes, 'I don't care' I'm going to walk out in my birthday sulci" And he used to go out in his BVD's I We had to push cows back on our property The laugh of Kona the little Joke behind it all is my father's friends used to run Ma alehu Dairy And they also were Rapoza's Whenever the wahine would give birth to the kane cow, they would call my father up and say, "Oh, Cyrus, come I've got some cows for you Bring your truck " One time they were given these cows away because they couldn't get rid of them fast enough They didn't want the kane cow They wanted the wahine cow for the production of milk So my sister-in-law would trek along with my dad We hated to drive all the way to Kahalu u with my dad, but we dud Pick up fifteen little baby cows and bring them home They would be the only cows in all of Kona that were Holstein cows People made fun of my dad because dad never bought heifers, which were the prime cattle Instead he'd get these free cows from the dairy But Cyrus would say, "I'm going to build a pigamimum and I'm going to puss off every million dollar house down the street Because when I'm slopping my pigs the smell is going to go in all directions " That's how my father thought He never wanted to give it up When he was growing up on the property he used to spend his summers here in Kona He actually was raised in Honolulu right in Kahhu The Kahhr Overpass his house was right there smack in the middle of H-1 Freeway Ewa bound There was no fi eeway there, it was his house Every time we would go up to 0 ahu he would say, "We're driving through my house, OK, we've passed my house' We'd be driving on the fieeway' So my father was actually raised in Honolulu, attended Iolant and then during summers he would come to Kona and live on ranchland. So he was raised on Oahu by his mom and dad [Wattle] L9 ipala Lands Access If you notice right along this Queen Kalama there is a file road which ends right here and you have to go into the bushes you have to actually tum right into the cul de sac this guy's house or whatever and along here is the actual fire road There is a road that goes all the way up to the property that leads right up to our dnveway--other side of the fence It looks Just like this drivable road a dirt road And that was put in by HECO Because HECO said that if there was a power outage or something they could access it easily So that was the only i oad that was put in by HECO, allowed by the State [Wattle] Coconuts My brother, when he was young, I think [he very first things he did, to earn money, he sold coconuts Somebody brought dried coconuts and he would have to go gather all the coconuts, peel the coconuts, and then he sold them for five cents a coconut Of course, those days all the coconut trees were loaded down with coconuts coconut leaf So we used whatever we could Nobody got hit on the head with a coconut But now there's no coconuts' You have to go buy coconut if you want coconut, because all the trees are full They have to pick everything off every so many months We learned to make hula skirts with coconut leaves And that's one of the things that we made a living Photo 13 Kahalu u Coconut Grove on And that's during the war So we picked the dry coconut leaf, then you have to ko i you have to ship the leaves and throw away the bone The bone part of the leaf is only used for broom So we made skirts and we made as much as we could It was sold for I think it was eighty-five cents a hula skirt We could sell as many as we could make So that's another way to make some money down the beach Hale Another thing we did we had lauhala We had a nice lauhala tree We had the green lauhala We had to boil the hold to make it white They boiled the lauhala they used Clorox I think it was Then we soaked the lauhala inside Let it boil good Then had to take it to the beach throw it in the pond wash the lauhala clean then dry it Then at turned white after it dried a couple of days Then we would make that real we red and white hat The lauhala hat certain lauhala is red But we had the regular laithala that you can boil and make white, which is unusual too Not all lauhala can be used for that Then the red lauhala trees conic fi om my two grandfathers They each had one red lauhala tree in their place I don't see any red lauhala trees i don't see any Even our tree is gore Somebody come and first thing they do is bum the laithala I don't know wiry I was too small The older ones, you know when they clean the yatd they always do that When they come clean it, they cut all the good stuff, all the grass yeah, because when you clean everything, you cut the good ones and the grass The thing that grows best is the grass, and all the good stuff never grows back again They're gone That's how we lost all our good plants [Josephine] Hau Trees Then we had a hall tree that goes around like a big area of hau trees and that's where they had the mynah birds by the thousands all over, next to our house The cows are over here, the birds are over here, and the frogs are in the pond So between the frogs and the birds and the cows and the toads, ohl' These hau furnished us, and a couple more families, with fire wood Because we don't go get the firewood, the rest is in ekoa going around But the hau is the one they used for cooking and everyone cooks outside because they didn't have a stoves Oh yes, those [hau] on the outside protect us from the [high] waves [Josephine] Alt i Drive Was 1939 --it was there as far back as I could remember But we were small The old folks used to go clean the side of the road, not like now with the machine, all the old folks, everybody get theft hoe and pick axe and they all clean on the side with the hand' Each old folk is about so many feet away from each other, when they teach the next one they walk in the front, next one walk in the front, and that's how they used to clean the road side Not one ekoa on top of the road That's the old days It was a paved road but skinny because the cars were all small in those days Only the school bus was kind of big And not too many cars too [Josephine] Hunting We went hunting in this area, hunting for wild pigs Not often, but there were times when we went (Clarence] Kahalu u Trail and Streets Well, let me see, we only had the old kind streets before But the trail was always there and we lived --we call our place We Just had a reunion recently We called Makulea Street --it's not Mokohau Street It's a the trail next is supposed to be Kahalu u Trail Mokohau is way past that area So actually there was another trail over there before that was Mokohau This was the Kahalu u Trail, I'm pretty sure So that's why --you know, I don't know why --I don't know why the State gave up using Mokohau Mokohau is over hete--this is Kahalu u See like Keauhou is not Kemhou, it's Kahalu'u But they call it Kemhou Same as the trail (Josephine) Photo 14 HECO poles mark Kapala alaea-Kahalu a boundary and Trail "Na— - Church There's a big condominium here [near Mokulim St] Right here is the sister church to Healant Church or Lanakila Church, which ever you want, they're all sister churches The church across the street --that's a Catholic Ours was a Protestant Church The land that the church is built on still remains in my family It belonged to nay grandpa Charlie He never gave it to the church people But they asked him if they could build a church, a site, which is right here It has a sea stone old building with no roof that was my grandfather's land, be used to be apatron of the church He told them go ahead and build the church, no problem, lie was a patron But Photo 15 Sister church then he went off he used to sell tugboats around the world No, I'm sorry, he was a fisherman and when he came back one day he noticed that people were buried there on the property They never asked hint "Can we bury people on your property?" So the property was never officially given to the church from my grandfather A couple of years ago, I was addressed by the County and they said, "Are you the heir of Charles Nahalel" and I said, "Yes, I am " And they said, "Well, you know what, you still have a say in this property" "The Church property?' And he goes, "Yeah, because to their records they find there is no deed that was given to the Church fat that piece of property" Yet the patrons of the Church, once they passed away, wanted to be buried there So there are burials on this property now [Warne] Little Church Kahulamu's moved that church from White Sands It used to be at White Sands Beach A tidal wave knocked it off its pedestal, they disassembled it, carried it on donkeys and reassembled where it is today And Mitchell's dad was the last caretaker of the Kahulamu family for that church He used to clean the yard and sweep the church until he couldn't do it anymore But if you read the history its all about the Kahulamu's moving that over there So our family takes Christianity (a little more serious) --we even haul the church into their homeland And that bay right next to the church, used to be a canoe landing All the old timers used to have canoe all up on the beach out there i remember that as a kid that we still had a couple of canoes out there It's called Magic Sands I'm not sure what the Hawaiian name is There is also a heau out there on the point that was of community Photo 16 St Peter's interest when they built that parking lot That was controversial [Hiram) Ahupua'a Neighbors Kabalu'u & Kapala'alaea I KIC or Kamehameha Investment Corp who owns this portion next to us [Kahalu'u] the original name is Palam Ranch [Greenwell's] so I don't know what it is today Is it still called Palam, or something else? So, they also raised cattle Now the property that was next to us on the Kadua side where our Ah't Heights subdivision is now (Kapala alaea I), belonged to Johnnie Rapoza His son inherited the land And then they sold it off to Islanute Contracting he bought this whole piece right here And I believe he ended up selling it because at one time all of this was cattle property There were no houses, it was Just all cows The only subdivision in Kona at that time was Kalama Drive, Namloa Street subdivision That was it, it ended right there No buildings were here at all, there were no houses in this portion here And then you had White Sands Estates, and that was it Everything else was Just old homes (Wathe) It's all under Bishop Estate Bishop Estate is the landlord for us, Keauhou Beach Hotel, all this area They bought it They were doing the -- I should sing you this song, "They broke down Tutu Willy house, to build development They will build up the Keauhou Beach Hotel"-- no, they zone down my tutu's house "It's down here, you don't see them " What were you guys doing? Grandfather's cousin sold to Bishop Estate, I was too young to do anything It never bothered me My mother never bothered We had this other House up here-- my mother's father, Ka at Wata, his house was up here too So we moved to his place And then I rented over here forty years ago -- Ont not Street Forty-five years ago I moved down and then stayed here --the houses all gone already [Looking at map] This house we lead to sell My grandfather's house was sold And this house was for the hotel This house went for the park That's ihow it goes Some of the kids have their own place [Josephine] C Water The Hawaiian word for fresh water is war, the Hawaiian word for wealth is war war This is because of the value the ancient Hawaiians placed on fresh water, which was crucial for growing taro, the staple of the Hawaiian people Water was also critical for the people of drought -ridden lands While neighboring ahupua a Kahalu u had fresh water, it was not apparent at Kapala alaea During the ranching era, troughs of water were kept at or near the project lands Kapala'alaea and Vicinity. I used to spend a lot of time with my uncle I used to go with him in these areas to check the water for the cattle So we used to drive up in here and check all the waterlines and the troughs that were fon the cattle it was all through this area It had different pens and had different water troughs We used to come down through Ruakmi We used to come up through Alt i Drive See this place, Snug Harbor, before they used to have water pumps and stuff right in this area [Hiram] D Marine Resources and Use. The sea can be a great resource to people with access to its bounty The consultants benefited from the resources of the nearby coastal environs, went fishing there or had family members who went fishing or gathering It is also a place of recreation Fishing in Kapala'alaea and Vicinity We used to fish Kahalu u Park and travel up and down that coast to Keauhou down to White Sands Did a lot of diving on the coast and net throwing We'd throw net and then we did a lot of cross net fishing as well Back then, when I was a kid growing up with Keawe Alapai and all my cousins and my brothers, we used to go into Kalish) u Beach Park and cross net We only had to cross once or twice and there was more fish than you could eat. Old roan Keawe used to go the neighbors and give fish to everybody as we went home If they saw us out there fishing everybody used to come out and check it out We used only one net if you have an inlet ora bay we wouldfust stretch the net across and we would chase the fish in to the net — pae pae -- and then pick up the net Then we did night diving Back then everybody knew each other The Kane's that lived down there at the point [we would fish] Just reef fish Manuit, matka--Just cross netting Then when we dove on the coast we'd get trim's, lobstei, pakakut—vauous reef fish--menpacht, venue — lots offish back then [Huam] When we were growing up we used to come down here to this area to go dive Not surfing I never surfed My friends did surf But we went there mostly for diving and cross net In fact this whole coast line all the way from Kahului all the way to Kahatu u—I used to go with the Rivera family they would be the Kaliulamu family They come from this area Keauhou area The one that i used to go with is Hiram River a We used to go around to dive and cross net [We caught] all the same kind — pakukut, matko, kole, uhu, venue, nwnint—down there had plenty Id ipala -- always was, maybe that's why opala [Clarence] In fact, all the fish was made for poke--ma&o (poke), nenue, pakukui--pakinkm was pulehu In fact in the fifties and the sixties if you went party never had too much aht It was all with the ne tie, uhu and lmtu The shoyu and saslumi came along later (can't make out) I remember when I was really young it was salt and mamona [Clarence] But we spent most the time up the hill or down the beach and that's where I teamed how to fish and I learned to treasure the our culture, particularly fishing And then of course we gave fish to our friends We traded fish And we loved fish' I remember when we first started to fish, my parents were sick So my brother and I I was about six years old, my brother was about eight years old and we, learned this type of fislung it's called kapat We lay the net when the tide is coming in you lay the net facing the ocean so the fish will come up swim up and mmnint season funny thing only intimi come swim up So we love marmot So if we set the net we Just watch we lay low watch the fish com in and as they come in we hit the stone behind the fish and they rush to the net and get caught so then we go in get the fish put them in the bag and come back and wait again for some more to come up Well, that gave us enough fish to eat And I remember those days, we laugh about it now, but the first night we get the fish and eat all the bottom part We cut the head and put it on the side and the bones put the guts, the insides only in one bowl, then we salt them up Then we eat all the bottom part of the fish and that was good And then the next day we would eat all the head' And that was good too The meat was good with the poi And then the thud day well, by then the insides are all nuko all ready the intestines all salted and ready to eat We call it nuko in Hawaiian Mtko is when it's salted like when it's pickled, it's ready to eat Well, then we eat all the guts Oh, the thing was so good' Of course, the fish in those days, they eat the limn and the lime was all clean Tasted really good After that, then we start fishing again' [Josephine] I remember one night my parents were up the hill my brother and I was home Getting late so we thought we're not going to stay home over there, we going to the neighbors We had some neighbors about a fourth of a mile away They wanted us to come over too anyway they had the rooms ready and I was going to steep with the girls and my brother was going to sleep with the boys And they had dinner all ready first and the last time I've seen dinner like that on a Hawaiian table They had everything you could think of from the ocean They had wana opthi, crab, fish, hntu and everything you can think oP Was so good' I don't see that anymore You see one, but you're not going to see something else They were a big family Family of nine or ten children and they all fish Their food was so good Of course, we never quite made it to sleep that night because my parents came home We got whippings for sure for going to somebody else's house [Josephine] More Fish Uhu nano, aolehole, umaniolei, lauta weke, kala and we had kupipi, but out at the beach no more kupipi Oh, so much [fish] Night time we get menpaelu, aweoweo, upapalo Choke So much every kind hau uki uki wana eno, sea urchin, opthi, crab, kupee e, leho he e On the way with the net as you race around you check to the holes for the squid i used to be swimming and my uncles will go swim right there Put them in bags keep on going They know where the holes are They check on the holes all the time I used to look for squid, he e I go right down to the hole and look and see them inside there and I get the spear and poke them even at the hotel, you look tight over the side I saw one squid onetime right over the side of the rail of the hotel And somebody else was saying that they used to play over there and he looked and saw the squid he go down he pick him up and then go back and clean him And they are trying to say that the fish are scarce i don't think so Fish is still plentiful Mamo, moan paplo once in a while [Josephine) La ipala You know one thing about that place, that area had plenty la ipala--the fish South Kona never had, you hardly see them But the people down thele were the first people I saw eating La ipala Never used to bother that fish but the people over there used to eat them and clean them Nobody used to eat that fish Nobody it) South Kona eat them Until I went down there with those guys But I guess they always did eat them But hardly had any in South Kona you very seldom see them [Clarence) Fishpond I never caught any o to, but we have o to in the pond --in the fishpond But we don't eat that --that was for kings Because when the water is rough the small fish come close to shore So we used to go catch them when the water was rough and throw them in the pond I guess that's just continuing what they used to do from way back --catch those kinds of fish and put them to the pond for the kings But now we don't have kings, so the fish just stay in the pond The water is muddy But we used to go We used to go and stretch the net across the pond where my grandfather was And we used to chase the fishes and we used to catch them But now, i guess, there is so much more to eat so you don't care to go if there is fish in the pond Cause there is plenty food [Josephine] Fish Imu I was wanting them to teach the kids now how to make the imu--the fish mu --the house I don't know how to make that, that's why I know there is someone who still knows And some people, they know how to make for certain kind of fish You make the house certain way My father used to make And easy, you don't have to know how to throw a net --lust cover over the stones and shake Bring them all one by one [Josephine] Banned Fishing There were all kinds offish We used to go dive on the outside of the break water, up the cliffs up there It was really pioducnve--that's where we used to get menpachi and aweoweo--the night fish Those fish stay more to the deeper areas than in the bay --that was really good diving A lot of the time all the Nahale's used to be in that area The Kamoku's The Kamoku's and the Nahale's in Keauhou Hotel Beach Park' We used to cross net and the Nahale's used to cross net we used to cross net and picnic all weekend long Every weekend we would see the same families out there it's for the tourists now It does [bother me]' We were led to believe that hotels were being built with all the amenities --the tourists would stay down there -- we were concerned about the beach because Keauhou [Kahalu ul Beach Park is where we glew up The hotel industry said that the tourists would have swimming pools and all that stuff Soon as they [hotel] went in they [tourist) were right there through all the beach area, so that if you go down there today it's Just tourists all over the place They banned fishing You can't fish -- you can't fish in the area' Well, they're trying to In eserve one of the things -- the turtle is banned from being captured and everything in the bay becomes a preserve It's OK with me because the fish has to repopulate and continue to be abundant in that area But for the guys like us who glew up, you can't fish and do what you used to do The good news is that when my kids grew up you could still fish in there So at least they saw one part of Kahalu it Beach I used to take them snor kehng out there, we used to spear fish I plan to do that with my grandkids when they get a little bit older [Hiram] Lima, Opihi and Crab [We get] opJn, lanu A aura crabs at night --used to throw net in the evening and catch warty [Hiram] [whow-whow sounds like throw w/o 'r"] [Hiram] I never did go pick hmu over there But the people who lived there knew wheie all the good hmu kohu was When I went with the Rivera family they already had them --put in the icebox or the cooler All we did was to get fish or cioss net and they would make poke with mamona [Clarence] We mostly fried the nrowo and made it raw with hum We steamed die uhu We ptlehu the mantra and the matko A lot of mmko we cut up and deed it and even the mantra as well If we caught a lot we would dry it and then keep it [Hiram] Turtles And the turtles --i keep telling them you got to let the guys eat some turtle We're overrun with turtle I don't eat turtle, but I know plenty people who eat turtle But grey the meat I know my father used to hang up the meat --Kenji and Sasaki they used to come and say, "Oh, I like some meat' What have you got9 "Turtle " "Oh' Go cut one We need the knife to cut"' We almost cut the turtle's—that meat shake by itself Only the meat No more the head Take's long time before that thing die--tbe nerves, I guess [Josephine] Kahalu u Beach was really beautiful when i was going to high school I used to go to my auntle's house and go down Makole a Road the old road used to Just come right up the highway (This new road that is here just turns and goes straight up9) it's a real steep tum here there's a park on his hill and you look down in the bay crystal clear you can see every coral head in that bay just crystal clear' Because we moved to the coffee land because my brother was a farmer As we got older my mom had to be by the ocean She had a hard time Irving in the coffee every weekend when my grandma was alive we would go see her she had to be by the ocean So she taught us how to fish, how to gather Iimu so we became attached to the ocean in fact, my mom's philosophy was always if you were sick that you had to go to the ocean to get healed We grew up like that And that's why Kahalu u is a real special place for us, and it still is [Hiram] We used to go down to the beach all the time we used to go camping down there to 1970 and 1969 And all of the hippies used to go down too Then they stopped -- that's why it mined like how it is now It's OK But you just have to keep alert and check every time, like this year with development I try to check I'm on the KIC Cult mal thing so I kind of check and see what it going on --kind of an advisory council Whenever they have anything to do with culture in the area they try to call me [Josephine] E Cultural Resources and Use. This category represents traditional Hawaiian cultural resources and practices and other ethnic resources and practices --the pre -contact era, as well as after contact Cultural Resources can be the tangible remains of the ancient past or the traditional wahi pana or sacred places, or any cultural gathering place One of the most significant traditional Hawaiian cultural resources are the heiati or places of worship Other places of great significance for all cultures are burials Unfortunately the massive transformation of the landscape as a result of the many western industries [i e , provisioning, sandalwood, ranching, sugar, coffee, tourism, urban development) coupled with the secretive nature of ancient burial practices, most of the ancient burial places are unknown or forgotten and are easily disturbed by subsurface activity Kapala alaea--the stamping or the smudging of the alaea, or the red ochre You'll seethe alaea as you go along the pier at Keauhou Bay near the birth site of Kauikeaouh The hillside next to it is Ahu'ula and you see all those layers of alaeo — it's all over side of the hill Wow theirs a lot of history Just within this mile and a half of stretch You'er in the bosom of the oh i and its historical past It's the smudging of the alaea by the priests during the Lono-Iki-Makahrki ritual The akua pa ant releases the kapit so that they could begin the next phase of the ritual [Mahealani) But as far as this property is concerned, I know of no historical sites on the property Back then growing up, most of the cultural areas were for us on the beach at Kahalu to itself to front of Makole a --still has that heiau there We used to walk from Makole a to Kahalu u Beach because my parents never let us walk on the road when we were young We had to walk on the ocean side to get to my grandma's house or vice versa. So we traveled along the coastline Personally, I didn't see sites as a kid when we used to go with the cattle, we didn't understand the sites or the culture of it Some of the meetings that I attended, when we look at the sites, we weren't really versed on them because our family adopted Christianity as a religion so we didn't participate of the cultural side We respected it though We were scolded One of the guys who really knows the area because he worked as a child there --his name is Mitchell Fupsaka [Hiram] Lava Tubes and Caves When I was young I knew of the lava tubes right in back of our family cemetery I never went in them My older brothers went in them They were taken by my uncles But I was too young Since then a lot of those lava tubes got covered up or plugged up so that nobody could go back and forth in them because there are a lot of burials up there in those caves Well, Hawaiian history itself because on the archaeology report that I looked at this Ah i Highway realignment it shows all the existing sites around it and it shows some of the lava tubes There is a lot of controversy going on about the lava tubes in this area I think Bishop Estate has a lot of sites already earmarked for preservation A lot of it is close to where we grew up in that area [Kahalu u] [Hiram] My grandfather used to go in those burial caves [Kahalu u] when he was a young man In fact he used to take tour s in those caves, but he was a man who sealed the caves so no one else could go in I don't know where the caves are, I know they exist, I just don't know where they are When 1 talked to the County about this area, I suggested that if they got that road approved that they would do more filling in there and not excavating so that they would not have the possibility of hitting those lava tubes because they know where some of them are There are a lot History has it that there is a huge population of people and the sites that Bishop Estate found indicates that there was a huge presence So it's a double- edged sword, progress goes on but I ant glad that Bishop Estate is going to protect a big portion A lot of this stuffin here is all going to be preserved and protected [Hiram] I was kind of wondering if the Ohia cave has any connection to this project Ohm cavellava tube runs up in here (Kapala alaea) where the Kanmehanmeha III road comes down So I know our family the Kukahi Kimmaka's are burred in that cave the Ohra cave Quite a bit of burials have already been removed But I have quite a bit of records of them of their deaths, births, etc (Clarence] Alapa i is Mitchel's family-- all this --this is Kahulamu His name is in the books, the history books He's an Informant --he's the one that told them—he watched the caves, it was his job from the King to take care of the caves The ones in the cave, I don't know I have no idea My parents- -you know some parents they tell you, but my parents never told me anything That's why the only thing I knew is what I know in my life [My brother] Joseph [Nahahe) said that there are bones inside He told me a couple of times "Would you like to go see the caves? I'll show you " No wayr And there's one [canoe] in there, there's one nun -- cause of the shoes -- the first haole that came I guess You can tell by the clothes --missionaries (Josephine) Warfare Iwo There's plenty bones in front of the Lagoon --there's plenty bones They were all young guys too I think in the history books they said they had a big war [battle] over diet And I tend to believe that You see all those bones in the sand, they are all young guys, they are not old They never died of old age They're teeth are nice --middle aged Teeth are nice And they are all in any kind of positron They are not in a box or anything Just like fall down --they Just throw them in a hole And I believe that was probably war because so many died They Just had to throw them all inside [Josephine] Ohana Cemetery My brother right now is a guardian, caretaker of our cemetery and his son, Nolan Kahulamu, will be the next generation caretaker And is already grown and poised to do that Job and in fact he will live on that land in the near future We're always laughing that we're going to watch him because we're getting (older) Both my patents ate there, my two brothers who passed away are there grandparents everybody is there [Hiram] Inadvertent Burials When they built this road, I never got involved The County called me In an interview nobody carne to me because my name is Rivera they never made the connection And when they came to me I'm the youngest brother but I'm the spokesmen for my family and when they came to me they had inadvertent burials outside and they asked me what they could do about it I offered the cemetery because we felt that if there were burials outside of out cemetery close to our cemetery then it probably is our family out there The neighborhood is eventually going to go so we felt that we wanted to protect anything out there, so we offered our cemetery to let those inadvertent finds move to our cemetery so that they would be protected forever The controversy went on and the road got denied, so that situation went away But it will eventually come up again because the development is moving around At one point in time [Kahalu u] it was a huge community so there will be even though I don't know of any burials or cultural sites there will be because the area used to heavily populated with Hawaiians [Hiram] Iwo and Ranch Fire Bulldozing Way back when, when I was growing up had major fires in ranching and all that and they cut roads through them so a lot of that stuff was bulldozed over so when you find something you find bits and pieces from the grading process so you find bones but you can't find the burial because the bulldozers at night way back went run over them now those are the kinds of things that you have to set aside an area to accommodate to make sure that it is in the same area and that it stays there on the land That's why I don't believe in you hear that on the road say if you build a highway and you find inadvertently an ancient burial as close to that area as possible whether it's private land or not you can't just take it away So every big parcel should have a future site already set aside You know when you doing discoveries, you create a site that is going to accommodate it [Hiram] F Project Concerns Change often meets with resistance, especially change of lifestyle brought about by outside entities People who grew up on the lands often don't want to see it changed, especially if it provided resources, recreation and respite They also understand that things don't stay the same However, change could occur with cultural sensitivity Therefore, the consultants shared their piano o and their suggestions for the future of Kapala alaea 2 and the La ipala Project La tpala Project Design The only thing it is a double-edged sword for me because I am a contractor and our livelihood is budding projects, budding road, building projects such as this I ant an advocate of housing We need housing But I am against small house lots I know what the contractor cost and land cost and all that prohibits bigger lots you have to have the density to make it affordable I realize that I'm against it because I grew up in such an open area and I thunk people need some room around, they need some space If you have a lot of money or you don't have a lot of money, you need some space For that reason I dislike little lots --like the 7,500 sq It lot I think a lot of 10,000 or 12,000 sq ft a lot of times, because I am a contractor, when you look at a project and you have a little lot 7,000 sq ft and you're on a slope, most of the lot is lost on the slope and all you have is a little house pad and sloping ground If you have 12,000 sq It at least you have some room around you because you're not really stacked up next to each other [Hiram] Market I think the market is something like this subdivision here We have so much influx of people moving back and forth That's the sad part Most of it the properties are bought by people not from here, not from Kona The people from Kona cannot afford to buy It is a double-edged sword for us [construction] because we need the work [Huam] Affordable 1 think affordable should be something between $250,000 and $300,000 That would be what an average working guy can make a payment on Anything more than that at that point he is stretched already anything mote than that is totally out of reach [Hiram] U'ipala Street Names One other thing, if they make streets they could use the name that is associated with the Commission award or the people [Clarence] Burials That treatment --they're not talking about it yet, right? How they are going to neat things -- the burials, etc 9[Clatence] Photo 17 Heiau on border of Kahalu u and Kapala alaea PART V. SUMMAMUES The following summaries are based on the information presented in the previous sections the tiaditional and historical literature review and the ethnographic data and analyses References are not cited unless it is new mforniation and not already cited in the text above These summaries condense the information above, but also serve to focus on a few significant individuals and events in Kona's history in relation to the project lands in Kapala alaea, as well as give a broad overview of land, water, marine and cultural resources and uses in the general area, as they reflect cultural properties and practices arid access to them Summary of Significant People and Events According to traditional and historical material, the North Kona District, especially the area between Keauhou and Kailua, has been witness to the comings and goings of many significant people over the span of more than ten centuries These people contributed significantly not only to the history of Kona, but of Hawm i Island and the rest of the Hawaiian Islands There were several people and events noted in the oral histones and later recorded by exploters, nusstonartes, native Hawaiian scholars and ethno- historians, from prior to the waning King Hua who was the ancestor of Hamda arra[ and Hanala aiki from whence cane the Hawat i Line and the Maui Line respectively, to Umi-a-Liloa to Keawe-a- Unu and to Kamehameha I who caused the various island kingdoms to come under one realm These significant people either lived in Kona or spent time there, were responsible for land modifications, shifts in polity and commerce, and the gene pool of Hawaii's monarchs and people Mythical Residents The mythical residents of Kona were many as stated by Kcpchno in explaining significance of the Makahiki, which commenced from Kahalu u during the time of Lonoikamakahikr The most significant mythical entity to impact North Kona, as well as greater Hawai i Island, was the volcano or fire goddess Pele, who left evidence of her visits in the form of pu'u which dot the landscape, but especially the residuals of her monumental lava flows In her wake she annihilated villa es, shelters, trails, temples, shrines, water sources, fishponds, pools, holua slides, and countless other st ctures and features, forever changing those lives affected by the destruction Even those outside of the direct flows of lava were affected as resources on the land, in the fishponds and pools, and in the marine environment were forever obliterated Aside from the primary gods, there were many aumakua, each of the tiffany heiau in North Kona had their own special deities, each ah i nut also had personal favorites One of the mote famous gods was Kuka ihmokud the patron of warfare among other things—brought to the island by Pa'ao aid Pili around the 12" century, he ended up being one of the personal gods of Kamehameha I During the Makahrki period many gods were brought forth to accompany Kiha-wahine, the very ancient ah'i nut mo'o goddess, some of them were the gods Loa, Poko, Ka -ho -ah i, Ku'i, and Pa ani Another god to accompany Kiha- wahme significant to this project was the god Ka-pala- alaea (ht smeared with Ochi eous earth Kamakau describes Akua Kapala alea as a god painted red with alaea earth On one side he was tabu, and on the other side he was freelnoa), the namesake of the project ahupua a Ali mut. The concept of ali i nut was inn oduced by Pa'ao (kahuna) and Pitt (ah't) around the 14" century, a few centuries atter North Kona was first settled These alt t ruled districts, then later entire islands At this time AD 1200- 1300s there were competing polities from Kohala, Waipio, and Hamaku& It was during the AD 1400s -1500s period that descendants of the Pili line consolidated the Hawaii Island polities and unified the island undei one kingdom (Pili began ca A D 1320, Koa (A D 1340-1360), Ole (A D 1360-1380), Kukohau (A D 1380-1400) to Kanmhi ca A D 1400-1420) It was toward the end of this period that the epic sagas of certain rulers are seen in the oral traditions [e g , Kampahu (AD 1420-1420) and his son Kalapana (AD 1440-1460) who brought down Kama tole, Kaha imoele a (A D 1460-1480), son of Kalapana, Kalaunutohua (A D 1480-1500), grandson of Kaha imoele a -- in one story Kalaunutohua had the prophet-pnestess Wa ahra burned at Ke eke Heim in Kahalu u, North Kona, in a another story he captures the ruling chiefs of Maur and 0 ala and takes them to Kauai where he is outwitted by the Kauai chief who frees the other chiefs, then uses KalaunutoFua as barter for a prized foreign weapon, Kuaiwa who appointed his junior son Ehu as chief of Kona and another junior son Hukulant as chief of Kohala was succeeded by his oldest son Kahoukapu as ruling chief of Hawaii Island (A D 1520-1540), his son Kauholanuimahu (A D 1540-1560) was the next ruler who sometimes resided on Maui on his wife's lands, his son Kihanuilalumoku (A D 1560-1580) followed - he lived and reigned in Waipt o, his son Liloa (A D 1580-1600) ruled next, his jumor son Umi (A D 1600s) brought down Liloa's oldest son Hakau (A D 1600-1671) During the reign of Hawaii Island ruling chief Liloa, the following people were high chiefs of the various districts Kulukulu a (Hilo), Hua a (Puna), Imaikalam (Ka u), Ehunuikaimalmo (Kona) They were not children of Liloa, however, Ehunutkaimalmo was a descendant of Elm the junior son of Kuaiwa of the Pill line, therefore also related to Liloa Liloa made the sons of this Kona chief his closest aides Liloa also made regular journeys around the island checking on his people, farmlands and heiati-rededicating many of them Liloa's highest ranking wife Pmea was his mother's youngest sister from the O ahu line, another wife Hama was a Maui chnefess, and from his union with Akahiakuleana of Hamakua, he had Umi-a-Liloa Umi-a-Liloa later "mamed" Pi ikea, the high-ranking daughter of Maui's Pi nlam--they were probably cousins Umi also had other wives and many children It was during this time, during the reign of Umi-a-Liloa that the island of Hawaii was divided into six molal or districts The district of Kona was sub -divided into okaita or falana (regions) North and South Kona and extends from Keahualono (Kona/Kohala boundary) to Manuka (Kona/Ka u boundary) District chiefs during Umi's reign were Wanua (Hamakua), Hua a (Puna), Hoe-a-pae (Kona), Kulukuhua a (Hilo), Imatkulam (Ka u), Wahtlam (Kohala) Ural moved his court from Wapi o to Kona where he first built his heiau Ahu-a- Umi on the plateau between Hualalai and Marina Loa, in the ahupua a of Keauhou and resided in Kailua and Kahalu u where he built several heiau It was said he wanted to be near the fishing grounds of Kona With Umi's royal court now in Kona, Kona becomes the power center of Hawaii Island and the "Pill line of rulers eventually become known as the Kona rulers or Kona chiefs The end of this period ends to the death of Umi followed by the death of his ruling son Keall nokaloa Warfare broke out between the chiefs because one group of chiefs favored Umt's younger son Keawenut-a- Unit and another group of chiefs (Kohala, Hamakua, Hilo, Puna, Ka u, and Kona) favored Kuka Ilam, the son of Keah nokaloa, who was still a child Keawenut-a- Umi defeated the opposing chiefs who either died in battle or where later executed — their bones were bundled and retained by Keawenut-a- Umi and his heirs Keawenut-a- Umn had many residences, his primary court was in Hilo, but he had a major residence in Napo opo o at Kealakekua Bay where Lonoikamakahiki was bom to Haokalam, another residence was in Waipi o Battles during this period also involved ah i nun from other island such as Maui The son of Uml's brother-in-law decided to wage war on his Hawai i Island cousins The battle of Pu u oa oaka commenced just outside these plains The light -weighted lava rocks here contributed to the defeat of the Maui warriors who were used to heavier water-wom rocks The Mani warriors retreated, some to Kawanhae, others to Kohala And because of the lack of canoes, very few escaped alive Ka-uhl-a-Kama, son of Maui ah i ran Kama-lata-walu who was killed on the plain of Puako, escaped to Kekaha, found a canoe and fled back to Maui He was saved by Hinau, the foster son of Lono-n-ka-makahiki Many of the chiefs of Kona were relatives of Ka-uhi-a-Kama through his mother Kapu-kim-akua, the daughter of Liloa and Maui chtefess Haua and a half-sister and wife of Ural Kamal-alawalu's body was taken to Ke ekG Henau in Kahalu u in Kona — a large lual un, reputedly in the pit ulionua of Kahalu u when the king was in residence --his remains were offered up to Ku Petroglyphs on the pahoehoe at Ke eka commemorate this event This ended the first of the major wars between the nations of Maui and Hawai i At the time of Lonoikamakahiki, there were at least 14 heiau (Ka io ena on the border of Keauhou, Paoumi, Makole a, Ke ek(i, Hapatah i, Hanakalau at, Kaluanom, Mokuahn ole, Oil» amukumuku, Ku emanu, Halela au, Hale -o -Kane, and Lahai or Lahae on the border of Kapala alaea between the road and the sea) around his royal residence in the ahupta'a of Kahalu u Only one heiau, Keawemua, was recorded in Kapala alaea After the death of Hawai i Island all into Lono-i-ka-makahiki, his children did not succeed him Instead Hawai i Island was divided into smaller divisions The descendants of Kanaloa-kua ana [Keawe, Ke eaumoku, Kalani opu u and Keoua] later ruled Kohala, Kona and Ka u The descendants of Keawe- nui-a- Umi ruled Hilo and Hamakua This was not a peaceful period The chiefs of Kona and Hilo fought each other for the various resources each area had [Hilo's bird feathers, war canoes, fine tapa, Kona's food, drinking water and fish] These wars lasted for several decades with the Hilo chiefs usually defeating the Kana-Kohala chiefs, especially during the reigns of Kua ana, Kuahu ria, Ka-lane-ku-kau- la ala a and Moku Ke-aka-mahana (w) was the ruler of Kona [Iter royal court was in nearby Holualoa] during the wars with Hilo The rulers of Kona who succeeded Ke-aka-mahana were her daughter Keakea- lam and her son, Keawe [Ke-awe-i-kekabi-alt i-o-ka-niokti] (ca AD 1720-1740) Keakea-lane was the ruler of Kona and Kohala The Malin clan were the war leaders, but the chiefs of Hilo were always victorious over those of Kona and after they won the battle of Hu ehu a the secret places and burial caves in Kona were broken open In the battle of Mahiki, Ka-lani-ku-kau-la ala a and Moku were the chief war leaders of Hilo After Moku, the Hilo chiefs ceased to reign During Keawe's reign, unlike his mother Keakealani, his royal court was in Honaunau and his district chiefs were Mokulam of the 1 family -- son of Kuahu ria and cousin of Keawe's son's wife (Hilo, Hamakua except for Wanpt o, and eastern Puna), the Mahi fanuly, Mahn oloh, then his son Kauaua-a- Mahn (Kohala), Kalamnui iamamao, eldest son of Keawe (Ka to and western Puna), and Kalanamunke eaumoku, another son of Keawe (Kona) The battles between the Hawaii Island families, factions and district chiefs continued during the later part of the 1650s to 1795 Keawe's oldest sort Kalaninui tamamao also of the I faintly was slain supposedly by his half-brother Kalanammke eaumoku (his mother was Keawe's half-sister Kalani-kau-lele-to-twi) and when Keawe died he tried to claim island control, but was thwarted by Mokulant Kohala's Ka-lani- kau-tele-is-iwi (half-sister of Keawe) was also the mother of Alapa i-nut-a-Ka-uaua, who went to live on Maui with his half sister, Ke-ku i-apo-nwa-nut (wife of Ke-kau-hke, Maui ah inm) after his father's (Ka- uaua-nut-a-Mahi) death at the hands of the Hilo chiefs in the battle of Mahiki When Alapa i heard of (his uncle) Keawe's death and the unrest between the district chiefs, he went back to Hawai t Island with plans to make war on all the chiefs He captured the chiefs of Kohala and Kona, and became ruler of those districts However, when his brother-in-law Ke-kau-like heard about Alapa is victory, Ke-kau-like made war on Alapa i in order to return Kohala and Kona to their chiefs He wasn't successful, however Ke-kau- like's warriors prevented Alapa i from conquering the Hilo and Ka a chiefs During these battles a lot of damage was done on the landscape Many more battles took place across the landscape as relative fought relative for supreme rile A couple relatively recent names that stand out are Kalani opu u and his nephew Kamehameha I who not only successfully conquered the local island polities, he went on to conquer those on the neighbor islands as well, situating himself in a position that only Kuah i was said to have done, to have all the island polities under one rule His advantage was foreign weapons and foreign advisors who knew how to use the weapons skillfully and strategically, as well as powerful kahuna or priests who were also knowledgeable in their own right Although the common translation for "kahuna" is priest, they are actually masters who studied all their lives to their particular craft and arts Some were astronomers, others water managers, and some were architects in the building of temples or fishponds Kamehameha chose to live in Kadua-Kona during the final years of his life After he died in 1819, his son who also lived nearby in Kona, chose to capitulate to his mother, Queen Ke opuolam and his Kuhuia Nm (co -ruler in this case) Queen Ka ahumanu, and break the at dapu Tins signaled the end of the old way, and the religion of Pa an Historic People Significant historic people for the project area would be Kaaipulu-wahme who acquired the project lands as Grant #3019 Unfortunately no information could be found about her Other "historic" people important to the area were the sugar planters, ranchers and coffee farmers, but none very specific to Kapala alaea Other significant historic people for La ipala Heights Project and vicinity would be the Nahale and Green Ohana Summary of Land Resources and Use Various land use patterns are physically evident as well as recounted in the literature Usually the physical evidence remains in the form of stone mins that are fortunate to have been preserved relatively intact Clues regarding function and use can sometimes be extrapolated from the stories, songs, chants and ethno-historical observations that were also fortunately recorded, as well as from the cultural remains identified during surface and sub -surface studies Several still exists Ancient Land Use According to what was recorded during archaeology inventory surveys, the lands of Kapala alaca 2 was typical in the types of srtca/features (agricultural and habitation complexes, mounds, terraces, platforms, enclosures, C -shelters, possible burials, caves, lava tubes) and midden (broad range of marine resources, bird, pig, rat, dog bones, kukm nut and gourd) recorded It may have been a typical settlement ahupua'a or even a place where the supporters of the royal court lived and planted as suggested by a cultural consultant The marine resources were plentiful, but there was no obvious fresh water source except for neighboring Kahalu u The typical crops would have been sweet potatoes, coconut, kukui nut, gourds, hala, sugarcane, possibly dryland taro and breadfruit Only one hetau was recorded in Kapala'alaea, which could have been the shrine of the ahupua a ah'i and/or residents or agricultural temple or Makahiki temple—a place where Makahiki-related ceremonies were conducted and "taxes" collected Histone Land Resources and Use The lands of Kapala'alaea seem to have been secondary grazing areas for cattle The number of traditional sites/features that remain attest that the lands where not bull dozed While the upper lands (outside but adjacent) were used by the military, it is not known if the project lands were used by them And without further study it is not known if the project lands were used by the Navy for bombing and/or shooting practice Summary of Previous Oral Histories The oral histories conducted in 1980-81 were of a broad range of people by ethnicity and occupation However the majority of them were connected to the coffee industry in some way, as well as represented other aspects of the community such as ranching, finances, hotelier, etc and the majority of them were Japanese The majority of them got early starts in the coffee industry picking coffee, many went on to acquire coffee farms while others went on to other endeavors The oral histories conducted in 1992 were more focused on the ranching community The majority of the ranches on Hawaii Island appeared to be tied to each other in many ways, the owners were often related, they helped each other, they bought from each other and they were part of a close-knit social group Even the interviewer was related to most of them What they all had in common was that the interviewees were all part of the history of Kona, they represented the struggles of a growing community, changing times locally and globally, the determination to survive at any cost [primarily to the land] and cultural asstmdatton And many of them are no longer alive Unfortunately none of the 39 transcripts mentioned Kapala alaea specifically although a couple had references to the general area such as the lands that were used for grazing or the lands that were part of a ranches holdings Summary of Water Resources and Use. The only apparent natural sources of fresh water is nearby in Kahalu u (springs and brackish -water fishponds) Summary of Marine Resources and Use The nudden recorded in Kapala alaea inventory survey indicates that marine resources were utilized by the ancient residents and most likely continued until the lands were "abandoned " It is likely that any "new" resident of the area will most likely take advantage of this valuable resource Summary of Survey endings [Cultural Resources & Practices] According to the literature the project lands were once part of an ahupua a life -system as well as possible supporting system for the ah'i who lived or where burned in adjoining Kahalu u Only evidence of ancient or traditional cultural practices still exists on the project lands, there does not appear to be any evidence of any on-going traditional cultural practices, except perhaps fishing, which while not directly impacted by the project may be have indirect impact on this resource Photo 18 Kapala'alaea Ahupua'a Boundary Wall 87 88 Cultural Impact Assessment According to the OEQC Guidelines, the types of cultural practices and beliefs subject to assessment may include subsistence, commercial, residential, agricultural, access -related, recreational, religious and spiritual customs There are no apparent on-going cultural resources or practices related to subsistence, residential or religion on the project lands other than the remains of sites/features typical of traditional aliupua'a lifestyle and use However, it is recommended that the cultural consultants (especially the Kahulamu and Nahale ohana) who are from the area and whose ancestors are from these lands be accorded the opportunity to have a walk-through of the project lands prior to any bull -dozing or grading They should also be a part of a cultural advisory group The ancient Hawaiian practice of burying deceased on lands where one lived and worked or in caves and lava tubes, should be kept in mind when and if any excavations will be done as this was once land where traditional Hawaiian people lived and fanned In the case of any inadvertent burial the current State laws and regulations should be followed, although it is recommended that the cultural advisory group be consulted as they are most likely lineal descendants and at the least cultural descendants and would want to have a say in final treatment A couple of the cultural consultants did have some concerns and hopefully these can be addressed I Project Design — especially concerns about density 2 Market and Affordability — market to locals — include affordable range e g , $250-300,000 3 Street Names —use names like Ili names and/or names of former LCA or Grant awardees 4 Have a Burial Treatment Plan that includes lineal and cultural descendants REFERENCES CITED/REVIEWED Barrere, Dorothy B 1969 The Kuniuhonua Legends A Study ofLale I9°' Century Hawauan Stories of Creation and Or [gins Pacific Anthropological Records No 3, Bishop Museum [First published in 1878 by Abraham Fomander in The Polwresian Race] [Bairere also 1971 ] Barrow, Terence 1985 More Incredible Hawaii Chai les E Tuttle Company, Inc Vermont Beaglehole, J C (editor) 1967 The Join nals of CaptainJarnes Coo, on His Vovages ofDiscovery Vol III The University Press, Cambridge Beckwith, Martha W 1919 The Hawaiian Romance ofLaieikawai Government Printing Office, Washington 1940 Hawaiian Mvthology Yale University Press, New Haven [ 19701 1951 The Ki n ulipo A Hawatmn Creation Chant University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu [1990] 1995 [Editor's notes] "The Story of Pa an and Lonopele "In Pukui and Green 1995 pp71-73 Bellwood, Peter 1978 The Polynesians Pi ehisto" ofan Island People Thames and Hudson Ltd , London Berges, Andrew J 1972 Haiianan Bu dlife The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu Borthwick, Douglas K , Cohn, Brian L and Hamman, Hallett H 1992 "Archaeological Inventory Survey of the 24 -Acre Parcel in the Ahupua a of Makaula, in the District of North Kona, Island of Hawar i (TMK 7-3-3 07 & 17) " Cultural Surveys Hawaii Prepared for White Hat Development Corp [On file at SHPD Library #H-1065] Biennan,Joseph 1995 Pantolo Ku Pa a Publishing Inc , Honolulu [Original 19781 Burchardt, Joan 2002 LittleBivain LeueisftnnrtlieHawauanKtngdom C J Buichardt,Sherbome Bureau of Conveyance 1870-1884 GrantorIndex [A -J, K, L -Z] 1885-1894 Grantorindex [A -J, K, L -Z] 1895-1899 Grantor Index [A-1, K, L -Z] BLC — Bureau of Land Conveyances 1874-1918 Liber Bureau of Conveyance, Honolulu [In Williams et at 19931 Carlquist, S 89 90 1980 Hawaii and Natural History SB Printers, Inc, Honolulu COH - Center for Oral History-UHM 1997 A Social History ojKona hum //www2 soc hawan edu/css/oial hist/kona html Chariot, Jon 1983 Chanting the Universe Hawaiian Religious Culture Emphasis International, Honolulu Chmen, Jon J 1958 The Great Mahele Hawaii's Land Division of 1848 University of Hawau Press, Honolulu Ching, Francis 1972 "The Archaeology of North Kona, Surface Survey Realignments of Alit Drive " Hawaiian Archaeological Journal 73-2 Lawa i Ching, F K W, Neller, E, Palama, S, and Griffin, P B 1973 "The Archaeology of North Kona From the ahupua a of Kahului to the ahupua a of Kahalu u Surface Survey -Realignments of Alt i Drive " Hawaiian Archaeological Journal 73-2 Lawa' i Cordy, Ross 1973 "Traditional History of Oahu Political Units Its Use for Explaining the Origin of Complex Rank Cultural Systems to the Hawanan Islands " Ms January 1996 `The Rise and Fall of the O ahu Kingdom A Bnef Overview of O ahu's History " In Oceanic Culture History Essays in Honor of Roger Green, pp591-613 New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication Coulter, Jon Wesley 1971 Population and Utilraation of Land and Sea in Hawan, 1835 Bernice P Bishop Museum Bulletin 88, Krauss Reprint Co , New York [Originally published by BPBM 1931 ] Day, A Grove 1984 History Makes of Hawan Mutual Publishing, Honolulu [In Dorrance 2000 1391 1992 Hawaii and Points South True Island Tales Mutual Publishing, Honolulu Daws, Gavan 1974 Shoal ofTnme Hisrmy ofihe Hawaiian Islands University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu Delimont, K, Hann, A, and Rosendahl, P H 1985 "Intensive Survey and Test Excavation, Kahakm Development Project, lands of Puapua a 1'" and 2nd, North Kona, Island of Hawaii PHRI Dorrance, William H and Morgan, Francis S 2000 Sugar Islands The 165 -Year Story of Sugar in Howar i Mutual Publishing, Honolulu Ellis, William 1984 Polynesian Researches Hawaii Journal of William Ellis Charles E Tuttle Company, Inc, Japan (Fifth Edition) Ellis, William Rev 1823/1979 Journal of William Ellis narrative ofa tour of Hawan, or Owhyhee Tuttle, Rutland Emerson, Nathaniel B 1893 "Long Voyages of the Hawaiians " Paper of the Hawaiian Historical Society No 5 p 22 [In Stokes 1928] [see also 1978 Krauss Reprint Co , Millwood] 1997 Pele and Huaka, a myth of Hawan At Pohaku Press, Honolulu ESP [Ethnic Studies Program-UHM] 1981 A Social History ojKona Vol I & Vol 11 Ethnic Studies Oral History Project -Ethnic Studies Program, University of Hawatt, Manoa June Feher, Joseph [Compiled by Edward Joestnng (Part 1) and O A Bushnell (Pmt 11) [Text By] 1969 Hawaii A Pictorial History Bishop Museum Special Publication No 58 Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu Forbes, David W 1992 Encounters with Paradise, Views of Hawann and lis People 1778-1941 Honolulu Academy of Arts, Honolulu [In Williams et al , 1993] Fomander, Abraham 1880 An Account of the Polynesian Race Its Origins and Migrations and the Ancient His Of the Hawaium People to the Trines of Karnehaneha J Tauber and Company, Ludgate Hill v Il, pp22, 33 [In Stokes 1928 40) (1969) 1917 Fornander Collection of Hawanan Antiquities and Folk -Lore Memoirs of the Bernice Pavahi Bishop Museum ofPolynesum Ethnology and Natural History Vol IV, Part H Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu 1916-1920 "Collection of Hawanan Antiquities and Folk -lore " Ser 1-3 Memous Bernice Pauaht Bishop Museum Vols 4-6, Honolulu 1959 Selections from Fornander's Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk -lore Samuel H Elbert, editor, Jean Chariot, illustrator University of Hawan Press, Honolulu 1996 Ancient History of the Hawaiian People to the Tunes of Kamehameha I Mutual Publishing, Honolulu [Originally published as Volume II of An Account of the Polynesian Race, Its Origin and Migrations to the 1870s) Haig, Brian D 1995 "Grounded Theory as Scientific Method" In Philosophy of Education Society [1996-20011, University of Cambridge lit!p://www.ed umc edu/EPS/PES-Yealboo1i/95 docs/ham hnnl Hammatt, Hallett H and Stephan Clark 1980 "Archaeological Testing and Salvage Excavations of a 155 -Acte Parcel in Na Ahupua a, Pahoehoe, La aloa and Kapala'alaea, Kona, Hawm i Island " [On file at UHM-Hamilton Library] Hammatt, Hallett H , Wm Folk and J Ida 1981 "A Plan for Archaeological Salvage Research, Keauhou-Kona Resort Aiea, Keauhou and Kahalu u, Kona, Hawaii i Island" [On file at UHM-Hamilton Library] Hamman, Hallett, Borthwick, Douglas, and Shideler, David 1985 "Archaeological Reconnaissance of a 31 9 -Acre Parcel, Kapala alaea, Hawat i Island " 1987 "Archaeological Survey, Testing and Excavation of a 32 -Acres Parcel, Kapala'alaea, Kona, Hawaii " Handy, E S Craighill 92 91 1940 The Hawaiian Planter, Volume I His Plants, Methods and Areas of Cultivation Bernice P Bishop Museum Bulletin 161 Bishop Museum, Honolulu [In Williams et al, 1993] Handy, E S C, and E G Handy 1978 Native Planters in Old Hawaii Their Life, Lore, and Environment Bernice P Bishop Museum Bulletin 233, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu HVC - Hawaii Volcanology Center 2003 htm //www.soest hawmt edu/GG/HCVAmalalat html HJH — The Hawaiian Journal of History 1977 Volume I1 Hawaiian Historical Society Honolulu Hay, D , Haun, A, Rosendahl, P , and Severance, C J 1986 "Kahalu u Data Recovery Project, Excavations at Site 50-10-37-7702, Kahalu'u Habitation Cave, Land of Kahalu u, North Kona, Hawaii Island " PHRI Hommon, Robert J 1976 "The Formation of Primitive States to Pre -Contact Hawaii " Ph D Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson 1986 "Social Evolution in Ancient Hawaii " In Island Societies [ed] Patrick Vinton Kirch Cambridge University Press, New York Hommon, R J and Rosendahl, PH 1983 "Archaeological Investigation of the Alt i Drive Realignment Corridors, North Kona, Island of Hawm i Science Management, Inc I'i, John Papa [Translated by Mary Kawena Pukui, Edited by Dorothy B Barr6re] 1983 Fragments ofHawation History Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu [Original 1959 Translations of newspaper articles (Kuokoa) written in 1866-1870] Jensen, Peter M and Walker, Alan T 1993 "Archaeological Inventory Survey Azabu Keauhou Resort Mauka Parcel Project Area, Land of Kahalu u, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii " Paul H Rosendahl, Inc , Hilo Juvik, Sonia P and Juvik, James O 1998 Atlas of Hawaii (Third Edition) University of Hawai i Press, Honolulu Kalakaua, D 1990 The Legends and Mvths of Hawatt The Fables and Folk -Lore of a Strange People Mutual Publishing, Honolulu [Originally published in 1888 by Charles Webster and Co, New York J Kamakau, Samuel Mamuakalani 1987 Ko Po a Kahiko The People ofOld Bishop Museum Special Publication 51 Bishop Museum Press [From articles in Ku oho a and Ke Au Oko a from 1866 to 1871 Translated to 1931-34 by Mary Kawena Pukut, Arranged and edited by Dorothy B Barrbre to 1964 ] 1991 Tales and Traditions of the People of Old Na Mo olelo a Ka Po a Kahiko Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu [From newspaper articles of 1868 and 1870, translated from newspapers Ka Nupepa Kuokoa and Ke Au Okoa by Mary Kawena Pukui, Edited by Dorothy B BatrPre] 1992 Ruling Chiefs of Hawatt [Revised] Kamehameha Schools Press, Honolulu [1842 and 1870 ] KNK-Ka Nupepa Ku oko'a 1867 Ka Nupepa Ku'oko a Hawaiian newspaper Articles written by S K Kamakau July 13 and 20 Kauandcaua, J 1996 Hualalai, Hawat is Third Active Volcano USGS httu //hvo wr u5a5 oov/volcanoes/hualalat/mam hurl Kakahuna, H P 1952 Map of Kahalu u Beach, March 15, 1952, Dept of Anthro, B P Bishop Museum Kent, Noel J 1983 Hawaii Islands Under the Influence Monthly Review Press, New York. Kepelmo [Translated by Bacil F Kirtley and Esther T Mookim] 1858 'Kiha-wahine' "Hootluli Hawaii — Pepa 1" In HIH (1977 50) Hawaiian Historical Society, Honolulu Kirch, Patrick V 1985 Feathered Gods and Fishhooks An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and P+ehistory University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu Knudsen, Enc 1946 Teller ofHawatian Tales Mutual Publishing, Honolulu Kolb, Michael 1991 Social Power, Chiefly Authority, and Ceremonial Architecture in an Island Polity, Maui, Hawaii Ph D Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles KHS [Kona Historical Society] 1992 Documenting the History ofRanchmg in Kona An Oral History Kona Historical Society, Kalukalu Sponsored by The State Foundation on Culture and the Arts March Kuykendall, Ralph S and Day, A Grove 1976 Hawaii A History from Polynesian Kingdom to American State Prentice -Hall, Englewood Leib, Amos P and Day, A Grove 1979 Hawaii Legends to English An Annotated Bibliography Second Edition The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu Luomala, Katherine 1986 Voices on the Wind Polynesian Myths and Chants [Revised Edition] Bishop Museum Special Publication 75 Bishop Museum, Honolulu Malo, David 1987 Hawaiian Antiquities Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu [Original 1903-- translated by N B Emerson from Malo's works of 1898 ] McKenzie, Edith Kawelohea [Edited by Ishmael W Stagner, II] 1983 Hawaiian Genealogies Volume I University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1986 Hawaiian Genealogies Volume II University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu Moffat, Riley M and Fitzpatrick, Gary L 1994 Surveying rhe Mahele Mapping the Hawaiian Land Revolution Palapala Gina Editions Limited, Honolulu Moore, et al , 93 94 1987 "Hualalai Volcano A preliminary summary of Geologic, Petrologic, and Geophysical data," In Volcanism in Hawaii, USGS Professional Paper 1350, pages 571-585 [Referenced in Hawaii Volcanology Center websue, him //www soest hawau edu/GG/HCV/hualalai him[ ] Nakmma, Emma Metcalf 1904 Hawaii, its People, their Legends [by) Emma Metcalf TH Newman, T S 1970 "Hawaiian Fishing and Farming on the Island of Hawai i in A D 1778 " Division of State Parks- DLNR, Honolulu O ahu Cattlemen's Association [OCA) 2000 Pamolo Hall of Fame Oral History Interviews O ahu Cattlemen's Association, Ewa Beach Olson, Storrs L and James, Helen F 1982 "Fossil Birds from the Hawaiian Islands Evidence for Wholesale Extinction by Man before Western Contact " Science Vol 217 Orr, Maria E Ka murono 2003 "Cultural Impact Assessment, Kahua Ranch DAGS Rainbow Tower & Facilities, Pu u Watakanonula, Kahua Ranch, Ahupua'a of Kahuali ih i, District of Kohala, Hawai i Island, Hewer i " Prepared for Haun & Associates, Wilson Okamoto & Associates and DAGS, State of Hawai i February 25 Pandit, Naresh R 1996 "The Creation of Theory A Recent Application of the Grounded Theory Method " The Qualitative Report, Volume 2, Number 4, December htto I/www.nova edu/ssss/OT/OR2-4/pandit html Parker Ranch 2003 Website www parketmnch.com PVS — Polynesian Voyaging Society 1999a Plants Introduced to Hawai't by the Ancestors of the Hawaiian People (St John & Jendrusch) 1999b "Hewer doa and the Discovery of Hawai t, The Discovery and Settlement of Hawat'i " Into //leaht kcc hawau edu/ote/nvs/traditionsloa html Pratt, Helen Gay 1996 The Hawaiians An Island People Charles E Tuttle Company, Inc, Japan Pratt, Linda and Gon, Sam III 1998 "Terrestrial Ecosystems " In Juvik and Juvik (pp 121-129) Pukm, Mary Kawena 1983 'Olelo No'eau Hawaiian Proverbs and Poetical Sayings Bemiee P Bishop Museum Special Publication No 71 Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu Pukui, Mary Kawena, Elbert, Samuel E and Mookim, Esther T 1974 Place Names ofHawan University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu Pukui, Mary Kawena and Elbert, Samuel E 1986 Hawaiian Dictionary University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu Pukut, Mary Kawena and Green, Laura C S 1995 "The Story of Pa ao and Lonopele " In Folk Tales ofHawan He Mau Ka ao Hawaii Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu Reinecke, John 1929 "Sites from Kapalaalaea to Lrmhau " Ms [On file at BPBM Box 131 [also] "Survey of Hawaiian Sites, 1929-1930 " Ms Rolett, Barry V 1989 University ofHawan Archaeological Research on Bellows Air Force Station Report of the 1989 Field School and a Proposal for Further Research in 1990 Dept of Anthropology - University of Hawai r, Honolulu Rosendahl, P H 1985 "Preliminary Management Planning, Lower Section of Ohi a Cave, Keauhou-Kona Resort, Kahalu u, North Kona, Island of Hawai i " PHRI Schilt, Rose 1984 Subsistence and Conflict in Kona Hawaii An Archaeological Study of the Kuakinn Highway Realignment Corridor Dept of Anthropology, Bishop Museum, Series 84-1 Smith, Jared G 1942 The Big 3 A Bi iefHistory of Hawau s Largest Finns The Advertiser Publishing Co Ltd , Honolulu Springer, Hannah K 1991 Interviewer for Kona Historical Society (1992) oral histones 2003 Personal Communication St. John, Harold and Jendrusch, Kuwka 1999 Plants Introduced to Hawaii by the Ancestors of the Hawauan People In PV S- Polynesian Voyaging Society1999a liittqp //le b 4cc h wan edu/orgpvs/migiationsQJants htmi Stokes, John F G 1907/1991 Heiau of the Island ofHawat i A Historic Survey of Native Hawaiian Temple Sues Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu 1928 "Whence Pa so?" In Hawaiian Historical Paper No 15 [On file at UHM-Hawaiian Collections) Takeguchr, Ann, Hollyer, Jim, Koga, Wendell, Hokada, Miles, Rohrbach, Ken, BittenBendei, HC Skip, Buckley, Brent, Friday, JB, Bowen, Richard, Manshardt, Richard, Leary, James, Teves, Glenn, Herring, Eileen, Zaleski, Halma, Leonhardt, Ken, Eger, Bill 1999 "Some History ofHawan Agriculture " him //www hawauae oreAustoty him Taylor, Frank J 1976 Froin Land and Sea Chronicle Books, San Francisco Thrum, Thos G 1907 "Tales From the Temples-Heiaus of Kona." In Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1908 Thos G Thrum, Honolulu Pp69-77) 1923 "More Hawaiian Folk Tales" pp46 Chicago (In Stokes 1928 40) Tomonari-Tuggle, Myra 1985 "Cultural Resource Management Plan-Keauhou Resort" PHRI 95 96 Tuggle, H David and Spriggs, Matthew 1990 "Azabu Kona Resort Historic Preservation Mitigation Phase I TARO 2001 "The Age of the Bellows Dune Site 018, O'ahu, Hawai' i, and the Antiquity of Hawaiian Colonization " In Asum Perspectives, Vol 39, No 1l-2 pp 165-188 University of Hawai i Press, Honolulu (UND] University of North Dakota 2003 Hualalai Volcano htto //volcano and nodak edu/vwdocs/volc images/north amenca/hawau/hualalar html USGS-HVO [Hawaii Volcano Observatory] 1997a "The next Hualalai eruption " A weekly feature provided by scientists at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory March 28, 1997 it //hvo wr usPs gov/volcanowatch/1997/2 03 28 html Vancouver, George 1801 A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World John Stockdale, London Waihona Ama Corporation (WAC) 2006 Mahele Database, Honolulu www waihona com, Walker, A T and Rosendahl, P H 1988 "Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey for EIS, Azabu Keauhou Resort Project, land of Kahalu u, North Kona, Island of Hawai i PHRI Water, Lynne (Produced by) n d "The Hawaiians Part P' {video] Watson, Kathie (Webmaster) 1997 USGS Science for a Changing World HUALALAI ligg //pubs usas eov/em/hazards/hualalai hrmi Westervelt, William D 1913 "Legend of Pa so " Honolulu [In Stokes 1928 40] 1987 Myths and Legends of Hawaii. (Selected and Edited by A Grove Day) Mutual Publishing Company, Honolulu [Originally published in the early 1900s ] 1991 Hawaii Legends of Volcanoes Charles E Tuttle Company, Japan [Originally published in 1916 ] 1995 Hawaiian Legends of Ghosts and Ghost -Gods Charles E Tuttle Company, Japan [Originally published in 19161 1996 Hawaiian Historical Legends Charles E Tuttle Company, Japan Wilcox, Carol 1996 Sugar Water Hawai is Plantation Ditches University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu Wilfong, George W 1882 "Sugar Plantations in the Early Days in the Hawaiian Islands," The Planter s Monthly, Honolulu December [In Dorrance 2000 3] Williamson, Eleanor et al 1983 "Preface" In Olelo No eau Pukur Bishop Museum Publication No 71 Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu Young, John n d Log Book 1809-1817 Ms On file, State of Hawaii, Department of Archives, Honolulu Youngblood, Ron 1983/1992 On the Nana Coast Emphasis International, Inc and Carl Lindquist, Hong Kong 97 98 APPENDIX A A BILL FOR AN ACT RELATING TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS [UNOFFICIAL VERSION] HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES H B NO, 2895 H D I TWENTIETH LEGISLATURE, 2000 STATE OF HAWAII A BILL FOR AN ACT RELATING TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF HAWAII SECTION 1 The legislature finds that there is a need to clarify that the preparation of environmental assessments or environmental impact statements should identify and address effects on Hawat i's culture, and traditional and customary rights The legislature also finds that native Hawaiian culture plays a vital role in preserving and advancing the unique quality of life and the "aloha spirit' in Hawaii Articles IX and XII of the state constitution, other state laws, and the courts of the State impose on government agencies a duty to promote and protect cultural beliefs, practices, and resources of native Hawaiians as well as other ethnic groups Moreover, the past failure to require native Hawaiian cultural impact assessments has resulted in the loss and destruction of many important cultural resources and has interfered with the exercise of native Hawaiian culture The legislature further finds that due consideration of the effects of human activities on native Hawaiian culture and the exercise thereof is necessary to ensure the continued existence, development, and exercise of native Hawaiian culture The purpose of this Act is to (1) Require that environmental impact statements include the disclosure of the effects of a proposed action on the cultural practices of the community and State, and (2) Amend the definition of "significant effect" to include adverse effects on cultural practices SECTION 2 Section 343-2, Hawai i Revised Statutes, is amended by amending the definitions of"environmental impact statement' or "statement" and "significant effect", to read as follows "'Environmental impact statement" or "statement" means an informational document prepared in compliance with the rules adopted under section 343-6 and which discloses the environmental effects of a proposed action, effects of a proposed action on the economic [and] welfare, social welfare, and cultural practices of the community and State, effects of the economic activities arising out of the proposed action, measures proposed to minimize adverse effects, and alternatives to the action and their environmental effects The initial statement filed for public review shall be referred to as the draft statement and shall be distinguished from the final statement which is the document that has incorporated the public's comments and the responses to those comments The final statement is the document that shall be evaluated for acceptability by the respective accepting authority "Significant effect" means the sum of effects on the quality of the environment, including actions that mevocably commit a natural resource, curtail the range of beneficial uses of the environment, are contrary to the State's environmental policies or long-term environmental goals as established by law, or adversely affect the economic [or] welfare, social welfare [ ], or cultural practices of the community and State " SECTION 3 Statutory material to be repealed is bracketed New statutory material is underscored SECTION 4 This Act shall take effect upon its approval Approved by the Governor as Act 50 on April 26, 2000 100 APPENDIX B Scope of Work (SOW) Cultural Impact Assessment [in accordance with OEQC Guidelines] 6 identify and consult with individuals and organizations with expertise concerning the types of cultural resources, practices and beliefs found within the broad geographical area, e g , district or ahupua a, 7 identify and consult with individuals and organizations with knowledge of the area potentially affected by the proposed action, 8 receive information from or conduct ethnographic interviews and oral histories with persons having knowledge of the potentially affected area, 9 conduct ethnographic, historical, and other culturally related documentary research, 10 identify and describe the cultural resources, practices and beliefs located within the potentially affected area, and I I assess the impact of the proposed action, alternatives to the proposed action, and mitigation measures, on the cultural resources, practices and beliefs identified Methods The specific tasks listed below expand on the above scope of work • Conduct historical and cultural background research (i e, business records, land records, archival documents, literature, reports, letters, photographs, journals, or newspaper files) to locate material that will provide broad patterns of the history of the project area such as subsistence, religious, recreational, and commercial uses of the land, as well as settlement and residential patterns of the area and region, major family groups that inhabited, used or controlled lands within the project area and region, documented legends, myths, or traditional histones associated with the area, and descriptions of traditional practices, customs and beliefs associated with identified traditional cultural practices, ♦ Prepare a semi -structured ethnographic research instrument that will include questions that will generate general biographical infomtatton, association with and knowledge of the project area, its history and use Prepare a consent form to be used as wi itten agreement with any individual interviewed concerning the review of content and use of information recorded during the interview • Identify individuals knowledgeable with the project area e 9, Kapala alaea, Kahalu u, North Kona ♦ Conduct and record ethnographic interviews with knowledgeable individuals If feasible individuals shall participate in field inspections (Makana to be given) ♦ Transcribe recorded interviews (Approximate time, 3-4 hrs/per hr of recording) ♦ Prepare a report that will include an overview of the archival material, and an analysis of the ethnographic data, APPENDIX C Guidelines for Assessing Cultural Impacts Adopted by the Environmental Council, State of Hawaii November 19, 1997 I INTRODUCTION It is the policy of the State of Hawaii under Chapter 343, HRS, to alert decision makers, through the environmental assessment process, about significant environmental effects which may result from the implementation of certain actions An environmental assessment of cultural impacts gathers information about cultural practices and cultural features that may be affected by actions subject to Chapter 343, and promotes responsible decision making Articles IX and XII of the State Constitution, other state laws, and the courts of the state require government agencies to promote and preserve cultural beliefs, practices, and resources of native Hawaiians and other ethnic groups Chapter 343 also requires environmental assessment of cultural resources, in determining the significance of a proposed project The Environmental Council encourages preparers of environmental assessments and environmental impact statements to analyze the impact of a proposed action on cultural practices and features associated with the project area The Council provides the following methodology and content protocol as guidance for any assessment of a project that may significantly affect cultural resources II CULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY Cultural impacts differ from other types of impacts assessed in environmental assessments or environmental impact statements A cultural impact assessment includes information relating to the practices and beliefs of a particular cultural or ethnic group or groups Such information may be obtained through scoping, community meetings, ethnographic interviews and oral histories information provided by knowledgeable informants, including traditional cultural practitioners, can be applied to the analysis ofcultural impacts in conjunction with information concerning cultural practices and features obtained through consultation and from documentary research In scoping the cultural portion of an environmental assessment, the geographical extent of the inquiry should, in most instances, be greater than the area over which the proposed action will take place This is to ensure that cultural practices which may not occur within the boundaries of the project area, but which may nonetheless be affected, are included in the assessment Thus, for example, a proposed action that may not physically alter gathering practices, but may affect access to gathering areas would be included in the assessment An ahupua'a is usually the appropriate geographical unit to begin an assessment of cultural impacts of a proposed action, particularly if it includes all of the types of cultural practices associated with the project area In some cases, cultural practices are likely to extend beyond the ahupua'a and the geographical extent of the study area should take into account those cultural practices The types of cultural resources the historical period studied in a cultural impact assessment should commence with the initial presence in the area of the particular group whose cultural practices and feamtes are being assessed The types of cultural practices and beliefs subject to assessment may include subsistence, commercial, residential, agricultural, access -related, recreational, and religious and spiritual customs The types of cultural resources subject to assessment t„ay include traditional cultural properties or other types of historic sites, both man made and natural, including submerged cultural resources, which support such cultural practices and beliefs 101 102 The Environmental Council recommends that preparers of assessments analyzing cultural impacts adopt the following protocol 1 identify and consult with individuals and organizations with expertise concerning the types of cultural resouices, practices and beliefs found within the broad geographical area, e g , district or ahupua a, 2 identify and consult with individuals and organizations with knowledge of the area potentially affected by the proposed action, 3 receive information from or conduct ethnographic interviews and oral histories with persons having knowledge of the potentially affected area, 4 conduct ethnographic, historical, anthropological, sociological, and other culturally related documentary research, 5 identify and describe the cultural resources, practices and beliefs located within the potentially affected area, and 6 assess the impact of the proposed action, alternatives to the proposed action, and mitigation measures, on the cultural resources, practices and beliefs identified Interviews and oral histories with knowledgeable individuals may be recorded, if consent is given, and field visits by preparers accompanied by informants are encouraged Persons interviewed should be afforded an opportunity to review the record of the interview, and consent to publish the record should be obtained whenever possible For example, the precise location of human burials are likely to be withheld from a cultural impact assessment, but it is important that the document identify the impact a project would have on the bunals At times an informant may provide information only on the condition that it remain in confidence The wishes of the informant should be respected Primary source materials reviewed and analyzed may include, as appropriate Mahele, land court, census and tax records, including testimonies, vital statistics records, family histones and genealogies, previously published or recorded ethnographic interviews and oral histories, community studies, old maps and photographs, and other archival documents, including correspondence, newspaper or almanac articles, and visitor,joumals Secondary source materials such as historical, sociological, and anthropological texts, manuscripts, and similar materials, published and unpublished, should also be consulted Other matenals which should be examined include prior land use proposals, decisions, and rulings which pertain to the study area III CULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT CONTENTS In addition to the content requirements for environmental assessments and environmental impact statements, which are set out in HAR §§ 11-200-10 and 16 through 18, the portion of the assessment concerning cultural impacts should address, but not necessarily be limited to, the following matters 1 A discussion of the methods applied and results of consultation with individuals and organizations identified by the preparer as being familiar with cultural practices and features associated with the project area, including any constraints or limitations which might have affected the quality of the information obtained 2 A description of methods adopted by the preparer to identify, locate, and select the persons interviewed, including a discussion of the level of effort undertaken 3 Ethnographic and oral history interview procedures, including the circumstances under which the interviews were conducted, and any constraints or limitations which might have affected the quality of the information obtained 4 Biographical information concerning the individuals and organizations consulted, their particular expertise, and their historical and genealogical relationship to the project area, as well as information concerning the persons submitting information or interviewed, their particular knowledge and cultural expertise, if any, and their historical and genealogical relationship to the project area 5 A discussion concerning historical and cultural source materials consulted, the institutions and repositories searched, and the level of effort undertaken This discussion should include, if appropriate, the particular perspective of the authors, any opposing views, and any other relevant constraints, limitations or biases 6 A discussion concerning the cultural resources, practices and beliefs identified, and, fol resources and practices, their location within the broad geographical area in which the proposed action is located, as well as their direct or indirect significance or connection to the project site 7 A discussion concerning the nature of the cultural practices and beliefs, and the significance of the cultural resources within the project area, affected directly or indirectly by the proposed project 8 An explanation of confidential information that has been withheld from public disclosure in the assessment 9 A discussion concerning any conflicting information in regard to identified cultural resources, practices and beliefs 10 An analysis of the potential effect of any proposed physical alteration on cultural resources, practices or beliefs, the potential of the proposed action to isolate cultural resources, practices or beliefs from their setting, and the potential of the proposed action to introduce elements which may alter the setting in which cultural practices take place I 1 A bibliography of references, and attached records of interviews which were allowed to be disclosed The inclusion of this information will help make environmental assessments and environmental impact statements complete and meet the requirements of Chapter 343, HRS If you have any questions, please call 586-4185 103 104 APPENDIX D Plants Introduced to Hawaii by the Ancestors of the Hawaiian People Dr Harold St John and Kuatka Jendrusch Plants are arranged in botanical order from least evolved to most evolved Further research might indicate that additional species were biought Each entry includes the Hawaiian name of the plant, the common English name (if there is one), and the scientific name, followed by the place of ongin of the plant, the method of growing it, and its uses For more information about and illustrations of these plants, visit 24 Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaii I Ko (Sugar Cane, Saccharum officmarum) India, Upper -stalk cutting, Food, Medicine, Religion, etc 2 'Ohe (Bamboo, Schizostachym glaucifohum) Pacific Islands, Root, Knives, Kapa stamps, etc 3 Nm (Coconut Palm, Cocos nucnfera) South Pacific?, Sprouted coconut, Food, Cordage, etc 4 'Ape (---, Alocasia macrorrhiza) Tropical Asia and Oceania, Tuber, Food in times of famine, etc 5 Kato (Taro, Colocasia antiqumvm) Tropical Asia, Tuber, Main food plant Hawaiian -Polynesian "Staff of lafe" 6 Ki (Ti Plant, Cordylme terminalis) Tropical Asia and Australia, Stem cuttings, Food, Medicine, etc 7 Pia (Polynesian Arrowroot, Tacca Leontopetaloides) Malay Archipelago, Tuber, Food, Medicine, etc 8 Uhi (Yam, Droscorea alata) Asia, Tuber, Food -most important kind of yam 9 Hoi (Borer Yam, Dioscorea bulbifera) Tropical Asia, Tuber, Food during famine 10 Pi'a (Five -Leafed Yam, Dioscorea pentaphylla) Tropical Asia, Pacific, Tuber, Food during famine etc I I Mara (Banana, Musa paradnsiaca) Culligan (Obscure Origin), Suckers, Food and its preparation 12 'Olen (Tumeric, Curcuma domestics) Tropical Asia, Root, Dye, Purification etc 13 'Awapuhi (Wild Ginger, Zingiber Zemmbet) Indra, Root, Scenting, Medicine, etc 14 'Awa (Kava, Piper methysticum) Pacific Islands, Sprouting stem, Relaxing beverage, etc 15 'Ulu (Breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis) Pacific Islands, probably Guam, Root sprouts (dig up small plants growing from large tree Leave 6 inches of root or more on each side), Food, Craft, etc 16 Wauke (Paper Mulberry, Broussonetia papyrnfera) East Asia, Root sprouts (follow same procedure as above), To make kapa and clothing 17 Pa'ihi (---, Nasturtium sarmentosum) Polynesia, Transplant small plant, Food, Medicine 18 Auhuhu (Fish Poison Plant, Tephrosia purpurea) Tropical South Asia and Pacific, Seed, Fish poison, etc 19 Kukui (Candlenut Tree, Aleuntes moluccana) Asia, Pacific Islands, Seed or seedling transplant, Lighting, Food, Craft etc 20 Hau (Hibiscus, Hibiscus tiliaceus) Tropical Pacific and Old World, Stem cutting, To make fire, canoes, medicine, fertilizer, etc 21 Milo (PortiaTree, Thespesiapopulnea) Coasts of Eastern Tropics, Seed, To make calabashes etc 22 Kamam (Alexandrian Laurel, Calophyllum Ioophylium) Tropical Asia and Pacific, Seed, Calabashes, Leis, etc 23 'Ohi'a'Ai (Mountain Apple, Eugenia malaccensis) Tropical Asia, Oceania, Seed or seedling transplant, Food, Craft etc 24 'Uala (Sweet Potato, Ipomoea Batams) Tropical America, Slips or stem cuttings, Food vegetable from leaves, starch from tubers 25 Kou (--, Cordia subcordata) Africa to Polynesia, Seed, Best wood fon calabashes 26 Nom (Indian Mulberry, Mormda ca nfolia) Asia, Australia, and Pacific Islands, Root sprout, Seed, Medicine, etc 27 Ipu (Bottle Gourd, Lagenana siceraria) Tropical Asia or Africa, Seed, Containers for food storage, musical instruments, etc him Hleahi kcc liawaiiedu/or v migrgtlonspllanL% html 106 105 APPENDIX E Agreement to Participate in this Cultural Impact Study/Assessment Project Title La ipala CIS/A Kapala alaea Ahupua a, District of North Kona [TMK 3-7-7-8 099,105,113,119 & 121] Investigator Maria Orr, M A Kaimipono Consulting Services LLC You are being asked to participate in a cultural impact study/assessment [CIS/A] conducted by an independent investigator who is contracted by Hawn & Associates and Group 70 International, as part of a larger study for Kona Heights The investigator will explain the purpose of the study, the procedures to be used, the potential benefits and possible nsks of participating You may ask the investigator any question(s) in order to help you to understand the study or procedures A basic explanation of the study is written below if you then decide to participate in this study, please sign on the second page of this form You will be given a copy ofthis form to keep I Nature and Purpose of the Study The put -pose of this cultural impact study/assessment is to gather information about the project lands and vicinity in the ahupua a of Kapala alaca, District of Kona through interviews with individuals who are knowledgeable about this area, and/or about traditional and historic information such as cultural practices, legends, songs, chants or other information The objective of this study is to facilitate to the identification and location of any possible pre-hwtonc and/or htstonc cultural resouices, or traditional cultural practices to the area mentioned above, in accordance with applicable histone preservation laws, regulations, and guidelines, including Office ofEnvironmentol Quality Control [OEQC] Guidelines and Act 50 HB2895 [A D 20001, HRS Chapter 343 II Explanation of Procedures After you have voluntauly agreed to participate and have signed the consent page, the investigator will tape recoid your interview and have it transcribed later Data from the interview [ethnographic research) will be used as part of the background historical summary for this project The investigator may also need to take notes and/or ask you to spell or clarify terms or names that are unclear III Discomforts and Risks Foreseeable discomforts and/or risks may include, but ate not limited to the following having to talk loudly for the recorder, being recorded and/or interviewed, providing information that may be used in reports which may be used in the future as a public reference, knowing that the information you give may conflict with information from others, your uncompensated dedication of time, possible miscommunication or misunderstanding in the transcribing of information, loss of privacy, and worry that your comment(s) may not be understood in the same way you understand them It is not possible to identify all potential risks, however reasonable safeguards have been taken to minimize nsks IV Benefits This study will give you the opportunity to xpress your thoughts (mana o), and your opinions will be listened to and shared, your knowledge may be instrumental in the preservation of significant cultural resources, practices and information V Confidentiality Your rights of privacy, confidentiality and/or anonymity will be protected if you so desire You may request, for example, that your name and/or sex not be mentioned in wnte-ups, such as field notes, on tape, on files (disk or folders), drafts, reports, and future works, or you may iequest that some of the information you provide remain `off-the-record" and not be recorded in any way In order to ensure protection of your privacy, confidentiality and/or anonymity, you should immediately advise the investigator of your desires The investigator will ask you to specify the method of protection, and note n on this form below VI Refusal/Withdrawal You may, at any time during the interview process, chose to not participate any further and ask the investigator for the tape and/or notes Please note that you will be given an opportunity to review your transcript, and to revise or delete any part of the interview VII Waiver Part I Agreement to Participate 1, , understand that Maria Orr, an independent investigator of Katmtpono Consulting Services LLC, contracted by Hann & Associates and Group 70 International will be conducting oral history interviews with individuals knowledgeable about the project lands and vicinity, in the ahupua a of Kapala alaea, District of Kona, Hawaii The oral history interviews are being conducted in order to collect information on possible pre -historic and/or historic cultural resources associated with these lands, as well as traditional cultural practices and/or access to these resources and practices I understand I will be provided the opportunity to review my interview to ensure that it accurately depicts what I meant to say i also understand that if I don't return the revised transcripts after two weeks from date of receipt, my signature below will indicate my release of information for the draft report I also understand that I will still have the opportunity to make revisions during the draft review process. I am willing to participate I am willing to participate, under the following conditions Consultant Signature Date Print Name Phone MAHALO NUI LOA 107 108 Part II: Personal Release of interview Records 1, , have been interviewed by Maria Orr of Kaimrpono Consulting Services LLC, an independent investigator contracted by Group 70 International I have reviewed the written transcripts of tape recordings of the interview, and agree that said documentation is complete and accurate except for those matters specifically set forth below the heading "CLARIFICATION OR CORRECTIONS " I further agree that Ms Orr, Group 70 International and Haun & Associates may use and release my identity and other interview inforination, both oral and written, for the purpose of using such information in a report to be made public, subject to my specific objections, to release as set forth below under the heading "SPECIFIC OBJECTIONS TO RELEASE OF INTERVIEW MATERIALS " CLARIFICATION OR CORRECTIONS SPECIFIC OBJECTIONS TO RELEASE OF INTERVIEW MATERIALS. Consultant Signature Print Name Date Phone MAHALO NUI LOA APPENDIX F Ethnographic Survey Basic Research Instrument for Oral History Interviews Ld ipala HeighlsCIS/A, Kapalaalaea Ahupua a, District of Kona TMK 3-7-7-8 099, 105, 113, 119 & 121 This research instrument includes basic information as well as research categories which will be asked in the fon in of open primary questions which allow the individual interviewed (Consultant) to answer in the manner he/she is most comfortable Secondary or follow-up questions are asked based on what the Consultant has said and/or to clanify what was said The idea is to have an interview based on a "talk -story" form of shanng information Questions will NOT be asked in an interrogation styletmethod, NOR will they necessarily be asked in the order presented below This research instrument is merely a guide for the investigator and simply reflects general categm res of information sought in a semi -structured format Questions will be asked more directly when necessary The Consultants were selected because they met one or more of the following criteria Referred By Other Cultural Resource People .• Had/has Ties to Project Alea/Vieimty • Known Hawaiian Cultural Resource Person • Known Hawaiian Traditional Practitioner ti Referred By Haim & Associates and/or Group 70 [NOTE This part of the interview, #14 is mutual sharing and rapport building Most of the information for research categories "Consultant Background" and "Consultant Demographics" come from this section, but not exclusively I To start please tell me about yourself Name? Whei ¢/When you were born? [This information can be addressed in a couple of ways After the investigator first turns on the tape recorder, the following information will be recorded Day/Date/Time/Place of Interview/Name of Consultant (if authorized by Consultant)/Name of Investigator/Questions Have you read the Agreement To Participate?/Do you have any questions before we begin?/Will you please sign the Consent page The investigator will explain again the purpose of the interview The investigator will then ask the Consultant to Please tell me about yourself--when/where were you borne where did you grow up? where did you go to school?" This general compound question allows the Consultant to share as much or as little as he/she wants without any pressure Most of the information for #1 may already be known to the investigator ] History Your ohana/jamily background, Hmvmian connection fjanv) I [Much of the information for questions #2, 3, and 4 usually comes from the 'monologue" answer to Question #I if it does not, then these questions will be asked The answers in this section usually establish how the Consultant meets the criteria, how the Consultant developed his/her information base, etc ] Youth Where heed? Grew up? [This may have been answered in #11 Schooling? VAerev When? [This may have been answered in #11 (NOTE The next part of the interview, #5-7 reflects information sought for the following research categories Land, Water, Marine, Cultural Resources and Use as well as Significant People, and Events The questions are open-ended so as NOT to "put words in the mouths" of the Consultants The answers will help in assessing if any cultural properties or practices will be impacted by the proposed project I 109 110 S Can you tell me what you know about the lands of Kapalaalaea" APPENDIX G [NOTE Generally when people share information about a specific topic/place, they usually state SIGNED CONSENT FORMS where their information came from If it isn't volunteered it is asked as a follow-up question(s) A map of the project area should be available to confirm that investigator and consultant are talking about the same place Photos would also help if a field trip is not possible The best scenario would be to be "on-site' at some part of the interview although this is not always practical] 6 not are your recollections and/or personal experiences ofthts areal 7 Do you know any stones/legends/songs/chants associated with these areas 7 [NOTE Possible follow-up questions • How are you or your family connected to the lands of Kapala alaea? • What year(s) were you and/or your family associated with these lands? • What was this place/area called when you were growing up? When you were working here? • Can you describe what the area looked like --what kinds of natural and/or man made things? • To your knowledge what kind of activities took place in this location? • Do you know of any traditional gathering of plants, etc in the area? • Please describe any other land/water use? Resources? • What was the histone land use? Agriculture? Habitation? Dwellings" Military? Ranching? • [Have map ready for marking ] • Do you know about any burials in the project area? • Do you know of any cultural sites in the protect area or vicinity? 8 Is there anyone you know who can also tell me about the project area 9 [NOTE Usually in the course of the interview, Consultants suggest other people to interview ] 9 As soon as the tape of this interview is transcribed I will send you two secs Please review your transcripts and make any corrections and/or additions, then sign both copies of the Release Forms thereby allowing the information to be used by the investigator, Group 70 International, Haunt & Associates, and the Kona Heights developers Then mail one set back in the enclosed stamped -addressed envelope 10 If your i evised transcript is not returned within two weeks of date of receipt, it will be assumed that you are in concurrence with the transcript motel tal and your information will then be incorporated into any draft i eports However, you cart still make changes during the draft review process MAHALO NUI LOA APPENDIX H SIGNED RELEASE FORMS APPENDIX ANNOTATED MAP -JOSEPHINE KAMOKU Ar G']Sit, �� _ �n(wn6161n iim���ng krtinn HAM, 41; ihir liaising "im 7 113 114 ANNOTATED MAP - CLARENCE MEDEIROS � C ..I-".� 105 {t 7P 3-T-8•H�ti\� i,1� 7d•8.999 3.77.8.11 LeBow (=ABordabfel-kwcing5ectlon JMK Kona HeI 1' — It— ft 1 e ANNOTATED MAP - HIRAM RIVERA 115 116 LeBow ® pfolm t Sitr Affmdabla hinuaing Sr c tion 7 A1K Appendix D. A Survey of Botanical, Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species for the Proposed La'ipala Heights Subdivision, North Kona District A Survey of Botanical, Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species for the Proposed Laipala Heights Subdivision, North Kona District, Island of Hawaii. Prepared by Reginald E David Rana Productions, Ltd P O Box 1371 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 96745 Enc Guinther AECOS Consultants 45-309 Akimala Place Kaneohe, Hawat`i 96744 Prepared for Group 70 International 925 Bethel Street Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813-4398 November 13, 2006 1,51pala Proieci Site —Biological Surveys —2006 • t Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 General Site and Project Desci iption 3 Mammalian Survey Methods 5 Mammalian Survey Results 5 Avian Survey Methods 6 Avian Survey Results 6 Botanical Survey Methods 7 Botanical Survey Results I I Discussion II Mammalian Resources I I Avian Resources 12 Botanical Resources 13 Potential Impacts to Protected Species 14 Hawaiian Hoary Bat 14 Hawaiian Petrel and Newell's Shear water 14 Botanical Resources 14 Conclusions 14 Recommendation 14 Glossary 15 Literature Cited 16 Figures & Tables Figure 1 Ld'lpala Project Site Location 4 Figure 2 Vegetation Patterns over the Project Site 5 Figure 3 Botanical Survey Generalized Route Map with Plotted GPS Waypoints 8 Table I Avian Species Detected on the La`ipala Site 8 Table 2 Flora Listing, LS'Ipala Project Site 9 L'o9pala Proceci Site — Biological Surveys -2006 2 Introduction The Kona Heights LLC, is proposing to develop a rxed residential subdivision on approximately 48 124 -acres of land identified as TMK (3) 7-7-8 121, 099, 105, 13 & 119 located at Kapala'ea, in the North Kona District, Island of Hawaii (Figure 1) This report summarizes the findings of the botanical, avian and mammalian surveys that were conducted on the subject property to determine the potential effects of the proposed development on biological resources present on the site, and within the general project area The primary purpose of the survey was to determine if there were any botanical, avian or mammalian species currently listed as endangered, threatened, or proposed for listing under either the federal or the State of Hawai'i's endangered species programs on, or within in the immediate vicinity of the site Federal and State of Hawai'i listed species status follows species identified in the following referenced documents (Division of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) 1998, Federal Register 2005, U S Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) 2005, 2006) Fieldwork was conducted on November 8 and 9, 2006 Avian phylogenetic order and nomenclature follows The American Ornithologists' Union Check-lut of North American Birds 70' Edition (American Ornithologists' Union 1998), and the 42"d through the 47th supplements to Check -list of North American Birds (American Ornithologists' Union 2000, Banks et al 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) Mammal scientific names follow Mammals in Hawaii (Torch 1986) Plant names follow Hawai+i's ferns and fern allies (Palmer, 2003) for ferns, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii (Wagner et a] 1990, 1999) for native and naturalized flowering plants, and A Tropical Garden Flora (Staples and Herbst, 2005) for ornamental plants Place names follow Place Names of Hawaii (Pukui et al 1976) Hawaiian and scientific names are italicized in the text A glossary of technical terms and acronyms used in the document, which may be unfamiliar to the reader, are included at the end of the narrative text on Page 15 General Site Description The approximately 48 124 -acre site is bound to the east by Kuakim Highway, to the north, by the Ah'i Heights and Keauhou View Subdivisions and to the west and south by undeveloped land (Figure 1) The protect site gently slopes from east to west, from an elevation of approximately 585 - feet (178 -meters) above mean sea level (MSL), at the southeast comer of the property to approximately 50 -feet (15 -meters) MSL, at the southwest comer of the site (United States Geological Survey 1998) The terrain is composed of a rx of 'a'd and pahoehoe lava flows, which were disgorged from Mount Hualalai over 10,000 years ago (Wolfe and Morris 1996) -Figure I - Ld'Tpala Project Site Location LS'rpala Project Site - Biological Surveys -2006- 3 L54pala Project Site -Brol0giral Surveys -2006 '` Feol —ia 0 500 1.000 2 000 �.Kuaklnl ' aNN A r i a i _' ' Ali'i1[eLa heights' ♦& Sq Ma"I 4'acant � y- '8 Kamehamcha Aaranl - x s Investment Corporolion Pm Jic 0"a Legend Q P".><rt "m P01,7-7014" Ins 11% 121 TMK Oi,undan 4nine Ilmiot i St it<i+�dr GISP-g—, [k +aAmtnt nr l'hnnm 201N LS'rpala Project Site - Biological Surveys -2006- 3 L54pala Project Site -Brol0giral Surveys -2006 The vegetation on the majority of the site is characterized as a koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala) scrub land, which in the upper elevations is a short stature and somewhat open koa haole forest, which segues into a kurwe (Prosopts pallida) forest with koa haole understory in the lower elevations The changing nature of the overstory is clearly evident in Figure 2 which shows the property from it's eastern boundary along Kuakmi Highway, looking west towards the lower boundary of the site Figure 2 —Vegetation Patterns Over the Project Site. The middle area in the picture having a rather smooth appearance represents a koa haole dominated scrub forest Further down, taller kiawe trees become numerous. Mammalian Survey Methods With the exception of the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), or 'ope'ape'a as it is known locally, all terrestrial mammals currently found on the Island of Hawaii are alien species Most are ubiquitous The survey of mammals was limited to visual and auditory detection, coupled with visual observation of scat, tracks, and other animal sign A running tally was kept of all vertebrate species observed and heard within the project area Visual and electronic scans, using a Broadband AnaBat II® ultrasonic bat detector, were made for bats during crepuscular hours on the evening of November 8, 2006 Mammalian Survey Results A total of three mammalian species were detected during the course of this survey One small Indian mongoose (Herpestes a auropunctatus) were seen within the site Three cats (Felts catus), were also seen, and numerous dogs (Canis f familtarts), were heard barking from existing subdivisions located to the north and east of the subject property Additionally, scat, tracks, and sign of cats, and pig (Sus s scrofa) were encountered at several locations within the study site All mammals recorded are considered to be alien to the Hawaiian Islands Hawaii`s sole endemic terrestrial mammalian species, the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat, was not detected during the course of this survey Avian Survey Methods Eight avian count stations were sited along a roughly linear transect running the length of the site Count stations were placed at approximately 200 -meter intervals equally spaced along the transect Eight -minute point counts were made at each of the eight count stations Each station was counted once Field observations were made with the aid of Leitz 10 X 42 binoculars and by listening for vocalizations Counts were concentrated between 06 45 a in and 10 00 a in , the peak of daily bird activity An additional two hours were spent within the project area on the evening of November 8, 2006, in an attempt to detect nocturnally flying seabirds over -flying the project area Time not spent counting was used to search the remainder of the project site for species and habitats that were not detected during count sessions Avian Survey Results A total of 224 individual birds of 14 -different species, representing 9 -separate families, weie recorded during station counts (Table 1) All 14 -species detected are considered to be alien to the Hawaiian Islands No avian species currently listed as endangered, threatened, or proposed for listing under either the federal or the State of Hawai`i's endangered species programs were detected during the course of this survey Avian diversity and densities were relatively low Two species, Japanese White -eye (Zosteropsjaponicus) and Zebra Dove (Geopelia striata), accounted for 53% of the total number of birds recorded during station counts Japanese White -eyes were the most frequently recorded species, accounting for slightly more than 33% of the total number of individual birds recorded An average of 28 -individual birds were recorded per station count Table I Avian Species Detected on the La `ipala Project Site Common Name Scientific Name ST RA GALLIFOM ES PRASIANIDAE - Pheasants & Partridges Phasianinae - Pheasants & Allies Gray Francohn Francolutus pondicet [anus A 050 Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus D 050 I.a'Ipala Proieet Site — Biological Surveys — 2006 - 5 LiTpata Project Site — Biological Surveys — 2006 - Common Name Scientific Name ST RA COLUMBIFORMES COLUMBIDAE - Pigeons & Doves Spotted Dove Sn eptopelm chinensts A 1 63 Zebra Dove Geopeha striata A 550 PASSERIFORMES ZOSTEROPIDAE - White -eyes Japanese White -eye ZosteiopsJoponicus A 925 STURNIDAE - Starlings Common Myna Acndothei es hatis A 163 EMBERIZIDAE - Embenzids Saffron Finch SicaltsJlaveola Yellow -billed Cardinal Paroaria capitata A 075 CARDINALIDAE - Cardinals Saltatory & Allies Northern Cardinal Caidinalis caidmalts A 038 FRINGILLIDAE - Fringillme and Cardulelme Finches & Allies Carduelmae - Cardulme Finches House Finch Caipodacus inexicanus A 250 Yellow -fronted Canary Sennus mozambicus PASSERIDAE - Old World Sparrows House Sparrow Passer domesticus A 050 ESTRILDIDAE - Estnldid Finches Estnldmae - Estrildine Finches Nutmeg Mannikin Lonchura punctulaia A 088 Java Sparrow Padda oryzivaa A 175 KEY TO TABLE I ST Status A Alien Species D Domesticated Species - not currently considered established in the wild on Hawat't RA Relative Abundance - Number of birds detected divided by the number of count stations (8) Botanical Survey Methods Botanical resources in the project area were investigated by conducting wandering "transects" over the terrain and noting species as they were encountered Surveys were conducted on November 8, 2006 Photographs were taken and, as needed, specimens collected, to verify field identifications As the survey progressed, a total of 22-waypoints (intermittent position locations) were entered into a hand-held GPS unit (Garmin etrex "Vista"®) These 22 -points were later downloaded into a computer -mapping program (TOPOI 0) and a map produced showing the general route of the survey (Figure 3, waypoints shown as blue diamonds with red centers, not all waypoints are numbered) Because only waypoints of the botanist were recorded, the actual ground covered dunng the survey by the two biologists was somewhat more extensive, in addition to the fact that the actual route taken by the botanist was more convoluted than shown Because of the moderately dense overstory, GPS readings were often poor and accuracies typically L31pala Project Site — Biological Surveys -2006 exceeded 50 -feet (15 meters) This survey was conducted in the early wet season Most plants were in good growth form, although some annuals may not have yet responded to the favorable growing conditions Figure 3 — Botanical Survey Generalized Route Map with Plotted GPS Waypomts. A plant checklist (Table 2) was compiled from the field observations, with entnes arranged alphabetically under family names Included in the list are scientific name, common name, and status (whether native or not -native) of each species In addition to identifying the plants present within the study site, qualitative estimates of plant abundance were made These are coded in the table as explained in the Legend to Table 2 and apply to observations made during the present survey For some species, a two- level system of abundance is used the letter -number codes indicating species that have a limited distribution (e g , found in only one small area of the property), but where present La9pala Proles Site - Biological Surveys -2006 occur In numbers exceeding just a few individuals For example, an abundance rating of "R" Indicates a plant encountered only once or twice during the entire survey A "R2" abundance estimate Indicates a plant encountered in perhaps lust one or two locations, but with many individuals present In those places Table Z Flora Listing, LiMpala Project Site Species listed byfamily Compton name ST I AB I Note FLOWERING PLANTS DICOTYLEDONES ACANTHACEAE Asystasia gangetica (L ) T Anderson ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Anstolochia littorahs Parodi ASCLEPIADACEAE Stapeha gigantea N E Brown ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE) Emilia fosbergii Nicolson Tridax procumbens L BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens wallerian J D Hook COMBRETACEAE Terminlia catappa Jacq CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea indica (J Buim) Merr Ipomoea obscura (L ) Ker-Gawl CRASSULACEAE Kalanchoe pmnata (Lam) Pers CUCURBITACEAE Coccima gratuhs (L) Voigt Momordica charabna L CUSCUTACEAE Cuscuta campestris Yuneker EUPHORBIACEAE Chamaesyce hirta (L) Mdlsp Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small Ricinus cofmnums L FABACEAE Acacia farnesfana (L ) W did LS'fpala Project Site - Biological Surveys - 2006 - Chinese violet Nat A calico flower Nat R giant toad plant Nat R (1) Flora's paintbrush Nat R (I) coat buttons Nat R (I) Species hstedbyfamily Compton name ST AB Note Chamaecrista nictitans (L) Moench lauki, partridge pea Nat R i (1) Desmanthus pernambucanus (L) Thellung vtrgate mimosa Nat 02 Desmodium tortuosum (Sw) DC Florida beggarweed Nat U (1) Indigofera suffruneosa Mill indigo Nat U Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) dewit koa haole Nat AA Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth 'optuma Nat O Prosopis pallida (Humb m Bonpl ex wild) Kurth kiawe Nat C Senna occtdentahs (L) Link coffee senna Nat C MALVACEAE Abutdon grandifolium (wiled ) Sweet hairy abutilon Nat O MORACEAE Ficus benlamina L. --- Orn R PORTULACACEAE Tahnum fruticosum (L) Juss Nat AA ROSACEAE Rubus sp thimbleberry? Nat R (2) STERCULIACEAE Waltherta indica L 'uhaloa Ind. U VERBiNACEAE Lantana camara L lantana Nat R MONOCOTYLEDONES busy lizzy Nat R (1) POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) scarlet -fruited gourd Nat O (2) wild bittermelon Nat Digitarta insulars (L) Mez ex Ekman sourgrass Nat 02 tropical almond Nat R (2) Eleusnte indica (L.) Gaerm wiregrass Nat R (I) castor bean Nat Melmus repens (Wald )ztzka Natal redtop Nat RI (I) koah'awa Ind. U Panicum maximum Jacq Guinea grass Nat A --- Nat O Pennisetum setaceunt (Forssk )Chao,, fountain grass Nat R2 (I) air plant Nat A3 scarlet -fruited gourd Nat O (2) wild bittermelon Nat U dodder Nat U2 garden spurge Nat RI (I) prostrate spurge Nat R (U castor bean Nat R (I) klu Nat R 9 Legend to Iable Z iT= Status distributional status for the Hawauan Islands Ind = Indigenous native to Hamu but not unique to the Hawaiian Islands nat = naturalized, exotic plant Introduced to the Hawaiian Islands since the amval of Cool Expedition in 1778, and well-esrablahed outside of cultivation GM = exotic, ornamental or cultivated plant not naturalized (not well-established outside of cultivation) 4B = Abundance ratings for plants to the project area R - Rare seen in only one or perhaps two locations U Uncommon- seen at most to several locations O -Occasional seen with some regularity C Common observed nunro , umes during the survey A Abundant found in large numbers may be locally dominant AA Very abundant aburidsnt and dominant defining vegetation type Numbers following an occurrence rating indicate clusters within the survey area The ratings above provide an estimate of the likelihood of enco,mumng a species within the specified survey area umbers modify this where abundance where encountered, tends to be greater than the occurrence rating I - several plants present 2 any plants present 7 - locally abundant L111pala Project Site - Biological Surveys -2006 10 NOTES (1) In general only uen in marginal areas such as close to neighboring house lots and roadways (mostly ruderal plants) (2) Observed plants) lacked flowers or fmn id<nn(cauon uncertain Botanical Survey Results The flora of the general project area is listed above in Table 2 The site is completely covered with a scrub forest dominated by koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala), although another species, the kiawe (Prosopis pallida) is also abundant on the lower half of the site (see Fig 2) The trees form a mostly closed canopy under which few other plants can grow, although Taltnum fruticosum is extremely abundant carpeting the scrub forest floor In a few areas downslope, and especially in the upper part of the site, Taltnum is replaced by the so-called air plant (Kalanchoe pinata) These two succulent -leaved species seem not to intermix at all, and monotypically cover large areas in the shaded environment under the koa-haole In the downslope direction, Taltnum is gradually replaced by Chinese violet (Asystasra gangetica), although the latter is present throughout the site In scattered patches Wherever there Is sufficient break in the overstory to admit greater sunlight, Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) forms dense patches, or shrubs like slender mimosa (Desinanthus pernambucanus) occur Guinea grass is also prominent around the occupied houses near the top of the site and along the site margins The only other grass of any consequence is sour grass (Digrtaiia insularts) occurring as small scattered patches here and there within the scrub A total of only 36 species of plants are listed in Table 2 from the survey area Only 5 5% of the total listing are native plants (2 indigenous species) These natives (koah'awa and uhaloa) are common, widely distributed plants in the Hawaiian Islands Discussion Mammahan Resources The findings of the mammalian survey are consistent with at least two other faunal surveys conducted within similar habitat in the general project vicinity recently (David 2004, 2005) Although not detected during the course of this survey, it is likely that Hawaiian hoary bats over -fly the site occasionally, as they have been recorded hawking for insects both above and below the project site (David 2006) Unlike nocturnally flying seabirds, which often collide with man-made structures, bats are uniquely adapted to avoid collision with most obstacles, man-made or natural They navigate and locate their prey primarily by using ultrasonic echolocation, which is sensitive enough to allow them to locate and capture small volant Insects at night La rpala Protect Site —Biological Surveys —2006 Very little research into the life cycle, distribution, or population estimates of this species, has been conducted, and much of what has been studied, were small, disconnected, or anecdotal studies as opposed to coherent controlled experiments Fundamental research Into this species distribution and life cycle has just begun (Bonaccorso et al 2005) Although we did not detect any of the four established mundae known from the Island of Hawaii, it is likely that European house mice (Mus musculus domesticus), roof rat (Rattus r rattus), Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), and possibly Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans hawatiensis) use resources within the project site Avian Resources Avian diversity and densities were in keeping with the habitat present within the project area The findings of the avian survey are consistent with at least two other recent faunal surveys conducted within similar habitat in the general project vicinity (David 2004, 2005) A total of 14 -avian species were detected during the course of this survey (Table 1) All of these are alien to the Hawaiian Islands No avian species cunently listed as endangered, threatened, or proposed for listing under either the federal or the State of Hawaii's endangered species programs were detected during the course of this survey As previously mentioned avian diversity and densities were relatively low The habitat present on the site Is not conducive to supporting native avian species Although not detected during this survey, it is likely that the endemic endangered Hawaiian Hawk (Buteo sohtarrus) occasionally over -fly the site There is no suitable nesting habitat on the site, and the dense vegetation present, all put precludes the likelihood that Hawks can forage on the property Two other avian species not detected during this survey, the endangered endemic Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), and the threatened Newell's Shearwater (Pufnus auncularrs newelli), likely over -fly the project area in small numbers between the months of May and November (Banko 1980a, 1980b, Day et al 2003a, David 2006b) Hawaiian Petrels were formerly common on the Island of Hawar'i (Wilson and Evans 1890-1899) This pelagic seabird reportedly nested In large numbers on the slopes of Mauna Loa and in the saddle area between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea (Henshaw 1902), as well as at the mid -to -high elevations of Mount Hualalai It has, within recent historic times, been reduced to relict breeding colonies located at high elevations on Mauna Loa and, possibly, Mount Hualalai (Banko 1980a, Banko et al 2001, Cooper and David 1995, Cooper et al 1995, Day et al 2003a, Harrison 1990, Simons and Hodges 1998) The United States Fish & Wildlife Service listed the Hawaiian Petrel as an endangered species in 1967 and the State of Hawaii listed it as endangered in 1973 (Federal Register 1967, DLNR 1998) Newell's Shearwaters were formerly common on the Island of i-Iawai'I (Wilson and Evans 1890-1899) This species breeds on Kaua'l, Hawai'i, and Molokai Newell's L31paia Protect Site — Biological Surveys — 2006 Shearwater populations have dropped precipitously since the 1880s (Banko 1980b, Day et al, 2003b) This pelagic species nests high in the mountains in burrows excavated under thick vegetation, especially uhthe (Dicranopteris hnearts) fem Newell's Shearwater was listed as a threatened species by the USFWS in 1975 and by the State of Hawai'i in 1973 (Federal Register 1975, DLNR 1998) The primary cause of mortality in both Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters is thought to be predation by alien mammalian species at the nesting colonies (USFWS 1983, Simons and Hodges 1998, Ainley et al 2001) Collision with man-made structures is considered to be the second most significant cause of mortality of these two seabird species in Hawat'i Nocturnally flying seabirds, especially fledglings on their way to sea in the summer and fall, can become disoriented by exterior lighting When disoriented, seabirds often collide with manmade structures, and if they are not killed outright, the dazed or injured birds are easy targets of opportunity for feral mammals (Hadley 1961, Telfer 1979, Sincock 1981, Reed et al 1985, Telfer et al 1987, Cooper and Day 1998, Podolsky et al 1998, Ainley et al 2001) There is no suitable nesting habitat within or close to the project area for either of these pelagic seabird species Botanical Resources The moderately dry to mesic climate and well -drained, rocky soils are not conducive to supporting most fern species found in Hawaii, and none was observed in the project area The only native plants observed were uncommon on the site, and these are wide- spread species requiring no special consideration The property parcels are overwhelmingly covered by introduced (non-native), naturalized plants The middle part of the property presents a curious aspect in the evenness of the overstory and an overall low diversity of plant species This pattern likely arose from the historical use of the land, which may have been minimal in the modern era owing to the very stony ground Parcels adjacent that were used for grazing ungulates have essentially experienced far more vegetation disturbance in recent time, and this has influenced the invasions of the weedy plants that now characterize most of this part of the Kona coast For example, a recent survey at Keopu-Hienaloli (Guenther 2005)—over a roughly comparable area at similar elevations and located roughly 3 -miles (5 kilometers) to the north—yielded 68 species at a much drier time of the year That survey covered several lots with on-going or relatively recent history of cattle grazing The percentage of natives was actually worse (4 4%), the site having only 3 indigenous plant species In the present case, the low diversity of a majority of the site is better expressed by removing from the list in Table 2 those plants having note "(1)" beside the entry -The eleven "note (1)" species are plants that appear to be present on the property only as a consequence of activities (road clearing, yard plantings) on adjacent land, as none was seen far in from the property line This gives a total list of but 25 species On the other hand, the occupied houselot parcels at the upper (east) end of the site were not surveyed, and no doubt many additional planted and weedy species associated with human habitation would extend the list La4pala Pmjecl Site — Biological Surveys -2006 Potential Impacts to Protected Species Hawaiian Hoary Bat As previously discussed, it is likely that Hawaiian hoary bats over -fly the general project area on a seasonal basis The planting of trees and ornamental vegetation following development may increase the presence of prey items for this insectivorous bat, and thus may in fact enhance foraging resources for this species in the area Hawaiian Petrel and Newell's Shearwater The principal potential impact that the development of this site poses to Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters is the increased threat that birds will be downed after becoming disoriented by external lights associated with the new development Botanical Resources No plant species currently listed as endangered, threatened, or proposed for listing under either the federal or the State of Hawai'e's endangered species progiams were recorded within or close to the proposed project site Conclusions It is not expected that the development of this site will result in deleterious impacts to native botanical, avian or mammalian resources present within the North Kona District Recommendations if streetlights are installed in conjunction with the proposed subdivision, it is recommended that lights be shielded to reduce the potential for interactions of nocturnally flying Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters with external lights and man-made structures (Reed et al 1985, Telfer et al 1987) This mitigation would serve the dual purpose of minimizing the threat of disorientation and downing of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters, while at the same time complying with the Hawaii County Code § 14 — 50 et seq which requires the shielding of exterior lights so as to lower the ambient glare caused by unshielded lighting to the astronomical observatories located on Mauna Kea Lsipaia Project Site — Biological Surveys -2006 Glossary: 'A'd - Clinker lava formed by slow moving lava flows Alien - Introduced to Hawai'i by humans Crepuscular- Twilight hours Endangered - Listed and protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended as an endangered species Endemic- Native and unique to the Hawaiian islands Indigenous - Native to the Hawaiian Islands, but also found elsewhere naturally Nocturnal - Night-time, after dark Pnhoehoe - Sheet lava formed by relatively fast moving lava flows Pelagic - An animal that spends its life at sea - in this case seabirds that only return to land to nest and rear their young Threatened - Listed and protected under the ESA as a threatened species Volant - Flying, capable of flight, as in flying insect DLNR- Hawaii State Department of Land & Natural resources MSL - Mean Sea Level TMK - Tax Map Key USGS - United States Geological Survey USFWS - United States Fish & Wildlife Service 1,3'rpala Protect Sne- Biological Surveys -2006 1s Literature Cued: Amley, D G, R Podolsky, L Deforest, G Spencer, and N Nur 2001 The Status and Population Trends of the Newell's Shearwater op Kaua't Insights from Modeling, In Scott, J M, S Conant, and C Van Riper Iii (editors) Evolution, Ecology, Conservation and Management of Hawauan Birds A Vanishing Avifauna Studies in Avian Biology No 22 Cooper's Ornithological Society, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas (Pg 108-123) American Ornithologist's Union 1998 Check -list of North American Birds 7th edition AOU Washington D C 829pp 2000 Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check -list of North Amei scan Birds Auk 117 847-858 Banks, R C, C Cicero, J L Dunn, A W Kratter, P C Rasmussen, J V Remsen, Jr, J D Rising, and D F Stotz 2002 Forty-third supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check -list of North Amertcan Birds Auk 119 897-906 2003 Forty-fourth supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check -list of North Amei icon Birds Auk 120 923-931 2004 Forty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check -list of North American Birds Auk 121 985-995 2005 Forty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check -list of North American Birds Auk 122 1031-1031 2006 Forty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithologist's Union Check -list of North American Birds Auk 123 926-936 Banko, W E 1980a Population Histories- Species Accounts Seabirds Hawaiian Dark- mmped Petrel ('Ua'u) Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, Technical Report #5B 1980b Population Histories- Species Accounts Seabirds Newell's Shearwater ('A'o) Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manna, Department of Botany, Technical Report #5A Banko, P C, R E David, J D Jacobi, and W E Banko 2001 Conservation Status and Recovery Strategies for Endemic Hawaiian Birds, In Scott, J M, S Conant, and C Van Riper III (editors) Evolution, Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Hawauan Birds A Vanishing Avjatma Studies in Avian Biology No 22 Cooper's Ornithological Society, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas (Pg 359-376) Bonaccorso, F J , C M Todd and, A C Miles 2005 interim Report on Research to Hawaiian Bat Research Consortium for The Hawaiian Hoary Bat, Ope'ape'a, Lasiurus cinsereus semotus 1 September 2004 to 31 August 2005 U ipala Protect Site — Biological Surveys —2006 16 Cooper, B A and R E David 1995 Radar and Visual Surveys of Seabirds in the HELCO SSP Unit 71, Puna, Hawaii, During July 1995 Prepared for R M Towill Corporation & Hawaii Electric Light Co Cooper, B A, R E David, and R J Blaha 1995 Radar and Visual Surveys of Endangered Seabirds and Bats in the Pohakuloa Training Area, Hawaii, During Summer 1995 Prepared for R M Towill Corporation and the U S Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Division (POD) Cooper, B A and R H Day 1998 Summer Behavior and Mortality of Dark -romped Petrels and Newells' Shearwaters at Power Lines on Kauai Colonial Waterbirds, 21 (1) 11-19 David, R E 2004 A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species, Keauhou Mauka Lands, Keauhou, North Kona District, Island of Hawai'i Prepared for Geometrician Associates, LLC and Kamehameha Investment Corporation 2005 A Survey of Avian and Terrestrial Mammalian Species, Keauhou Mauka Lands Phase 11, Keauhou, North Kona District, Island of Hawat'i Prepared for Geometrician Associates, LLC and Kamehameha Investment Corporation 2006b Unpublished Field Notes - Island of Hawai'i 1985-2006 Day, R H , B Cooper, and R J Blaha 2003a Movement Patterns of Hawaiian Petrels and Newell's Shearwaters on the island of Hawaii Pacific Science, 57, 2 147-159 Day, R H, B Cooper, and T C Telfer 2003b Decline of Townsend's (Newell's Shearwaters (Pufnus aw icularrs newelD) on Kauai, Hawaii The Auk 120 669-679 Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) 1998 Indigenous Wildlife, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants, and Introduced Wild Birds Department of Land and Natural Resources State of Hawatt Administrative Rule §13-134-1 through §13-134-10, dated March 02, 1998 Federal Register 1967 Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants Appendix D - United States List of Endangered Native Fish and Wildlife, 32 FR 4001 -March 11, 1967 1975 Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, List of Endangered and Threatened Fauna Federal Register, 40 No 205 (September 25, 1975) 44149-44151 2005 Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 50 CFR 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants Review of Species That Are Candidates or Proposed for Listing as Endangered or Threatened, Annual Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petition, Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions Federal Register, 70 No 90 (Wednesday, May 11, 2005) 24870-24934 Guinther, E B 2005 Botanical survey for the Keopu-Htenaloli Streams Flood Control Project Improvements, Karlua-Kona, North Kona District, Island of Hawatt Prep for Oceanit Laboratory, Honolulu AC043 rs 1pala Pro1w Sue - BWlogical Surveys - 2006 - 17 Hadley, T H 1961 Shearwater calamity on Kauai Elepaio 2160 Harrison, C S 1990 Seabirds ofHawan Natural History and Conservation Cornell University Press, Ithica, N Y 249 pp Henshaw, H W 1902 Complete list of birds of the Hawaiian Possessions with notes on their habits Thrum, Honolulu 146 pp Palmer, D D 2003 Hawat n'sferns andfern allies University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 324 pp Podolsky, R, D G Ainley, G Spencer, L de Forest, and N Nur 1998 "Mortality of Newell's Shearwaters Caused by Collisions with Urban Structures on Kaua'i" Colonial Waterbirds 2120-34 Pukur , M K, S H Elbert, and E T Mookrm 1976 Place Names ofHawan University of Hawaii Press Honolulu, Hawaii 289 pp Reed, J R, J L Sincock, and 1 P Hallman 1985 Light Attraction in Endangered Procellarifortn Birds Reduction by Shielding Upward Radiation Auk 102 377-383 Simons, T R, and C N Hodges 1998 Dark -romped Petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygna) In A Poole and F Gill (editors) The Birds of North America, No 345 The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA and the American Ornithologists Union, Washington, DC Sincock, J L 1981 Saving the Newell's Shearwater Pages 76-78 in Proceedings of the Hawaii Forestry and Wildllife Conference, 2-4 October 1980 Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawarr, Honolulu Staples, G W and D R Herbst 2005 A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other Tropical Places Bishop Museum, Honolulu 908 pp Telfer, T C 1979 Successful Newell's Shearwater Salvage on Kauai 'Elepaio 39 71 Telfer, T C , J L Sincock, G V Byrd, and 1 R Reed 1987 Attraction of Hawaiian seabirds to lights Conservation efforts and effects of moon phase Wildlife Society Bulletin 15406-413 Tomich, P Q 1986 Mammals in Hawaii Bishop Museum Press Honolulu, Hawaii 37 pp U S Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) 1983 Hawaiian Dark-Rumped Petrel & Newell's Manx Shearwater Recovery Plan USFWS, Portland, Oregon February 1983 2005 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants 50CFR 17 11 and 17 12 (Tuesday, November 1, 2005) 2006 USFWS Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS), online at httn //ecos fws nov/tess vubhc/StartTESS do I.35pala Protect Stte — 910109rcal Surveys — 2006 - 18 United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1998 Kealakekua Quadrangle, Hawaii, Hawaii Co 7 5 minute series (Topographic) Denver, Colorado Wagner, W L, D R Herbst, and S H Sohmer 1990 Manual of the Flower ing Plants of Hawai't University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii 1854 pp Wagner, W L and D R Herbst 1999 Supplement to the Manual oftheJlowering plants of Rawat'i, pp 1855-1918 In Wagner, W L, D R Herbst, and S H Sohmer, Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii Revised edition 2 vols University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu Wilson, S B , and A H Evans 1890.1899 Aves Hawanensis The birds ofthe Sandwich Islands R H Porter, London Wolfe, E W, and J Moms 1996 Geological Map of the island of Hawaii U S Department of the Interior, U S Geological Survey 1,51pala Protect Site — Bioiopcal Surveys — 2006 Appendix E. Traffic Impact Analysis Report TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED LA`IPALA MAKAI NORTH KONA, HAWAII TAX MAP KEY 7-7-08:121 PREPARED FOR KONA HEIGHTS LLC PREPARED BY 4) TMC THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT CONSULTANT MN ?* - TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED LA`IPALA MAKAI NORTH KONA, HAWAII TAX MAP KEY 7-7-08:121 PREPARED FOR KONA HEIGHTS LLC OCTOBER 31, 2007 PREPARED BY TMC THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT CONSULTANT MN ?* RANDALL 6 OKANEKU, P E, P T 0 E, PRINCIPAL - t1S8 BISHOP ST, N 1907 - HONOLULU, HI 96813 Table of Contents (Cont'd ) IV Traffic Impact Analysts A Site -Generated Traffic 1 Trip Generation Characteristics 2 Trip Distribution B Peak Hour Traffic Impact Analysts With Project V Conclusions 1 11 Page 9 9 9 9 9 13 Table of Contents Page I Introduction I A Project Description I B Purpose and Scope of the Study I C Methodologies 4 1 Capacity Analysts Methodology 4 2 Trip Generation Methodology 4 II Existing Conditions 4 A Roadways 4 B Existing Peak Hour Traffic Volumes and Operating Conditions 5 1 Field Investigation and Data Collection 5 2 Existing AM Peak Hour Traffic 5 3 Existing PM Peak Hour Traffic 5 III Future Traffic Conditions 7 A External Traffic 7 1 Background Growth to Traffic 7 2 Keauhou Community Plan 7 3 Hokulta 7 B Regional Highway Improvements 8 1 Kahului-Keauhou Parkway 8 2 Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road 8 3 La'aloa Avenue 8 C Peak Hour Traffic Analysts Without Project 9 Table of Contents (Cont'd ) IV Traffic Impact Analysts A Site -Generated Traffic 1 Trip Generation Characteristics 2 Trip Distribution B Peak Hour Traffic Impact Analysts With Project V Conclusions 1 11 Page 9 9 9 9 9 13 Im TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS REPORT List ofFizures Pape FOR THE PROPOSED Figure 1 Vicinity Map 2 LAWALA MAKAI Figure 2 Makai Site Plan 3 NORTH KONA, HAWAII Figure 3 Existing Peak Hour Traffic 6 TAX MAP KEY 7-7-08:121 Figure 4 Peak Hour Traffic Without Project 10 Figure 5 Peak Hour Site Traffic Assignment I 1 Figure 6 Peak Hour Traffic With Project 12 I. Introduction A. Project Description Kona Heights, LLC proposes to develop the first phase of a residential project, known as La'ipala Makai La'ipala Makm is proposed to be developed into 66 single-family dwelling units, in North Kona, Hawaii Full build out and occupancy of the proposed project is expected by the Year 2016 The 11 054 -acre site is identified as Tax Map Key 7-7-08 121 Figure I depicts the vicinity of the project. Access would be provided on Ah'i Drive, via the extension of an existing Naniloa Drive stub -out at Queen Kalama Avenue Future access may be provided through the adjacent parcel immediately makai of the project site For the purpose of this traffic impact analysis, it is assumed that the project will not have access to Ah'i Drive through the adjacent parcel The proposed site plan is depicted on Figure 2 B. Purpose and Scope of the Study The purpose of this study is to analyze the traffic impacts resulting from the development of the proposed La'ipala Makai This report presents the findings and recommendations of the study The scope of this study includes I Description of the proposed project 2 Evaluation of existing roadways and traffic conditions 3 Development of trip generation characteristics of the proposed project 4 Analysts of future roadway and traffic conditions without the proposed project 5 Identification and analysis of traffic impacts resulting from the development of the proposed project 6 Recommendations of improvements, as necessary, that would mitigate the traffic impacts identified in this study Im I)- %_ La'ipala Makai dP Traffic Impact Analysis Repoli October 31, 2007 C. Methodologies 1. Capacity Analysis Methodology The highway capacity analysis, performed for this study, is based upon procedures presented in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), published by the Transportation Research Board, 2000 HCM defines Level of Service (LOS) as "a quality measure describing operational conditions within a traffic stream" Several factors may be included in determining LOS, such as speed, travel time, freedom to maneuver, traffic interruptions, driver comfort, and convenience LOS's "A", "B", and "C" are considered satisfactory Levels of Service LOS "D" is generally considered a "desirable minimum" operating level of service LOS "E" is an undesirable condition, and LOS "F" is an unacceptable condition Intersection LOS is primarily based upon delay Table 1 summarizes the LOS criteria. Table 1. Level of Service Criteria (HCM) Unsignalized Intersections LOS Control Delay (sec/veh) A 510 B > 10 —15 C >15-25 D >25-35 E >35-50 F > 50 2. Trip Generation Methodology The trip generation methodology is based upon generally accepted techniques developed by the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) and published in Trip Generation, 7th Edition ITE trip rates are developed by correlating the total vehicle trip generation data with various activitylIand use characteristics, such as the vehicle trips per hour (vph) per dwelling unit The trip generation characteristics for the proposed project are based upon ITE trip rates for a single-family detached dwelling unit H. Existing Conditions A. Roadways Alit Drive is a two-way, two-lane secondary arterial roadway between Kadua Village and Keauhou, which generally follows the coastime Alit Drive carnes about 4,000 vehicles per day — I. La'ipala Makai oV Trak Impact Analysis Report October 31, 2007 Queen Kalama Avenue is a two-way, two lane local roadway, which provides access to adjacent residential subdivisions, immediately to the north of the project site Queen Kalama Avenue intersects Alii Drive at a stop -controlled 1 -intersection. Naniloa Drive is a two-way, two-lane local roadway between La'aloa Avenue and Queen Kalama Avenue The project access is proposed at the south terminus of Nantloa Avenue, which is a stub -out cul-de-sac, immediately south of its stop -controlled four - legged intersection with Queen Kalama Avenue B. Existing Peak Hour Traffic Volumes and Operating Conditions 1. Field Investigation and Data Collection Manual traffic count surveys were conducted at the intersection of Ah'i Drive and Queen Kalama Avenue in November 2006, during the AM and PM peak periods of traffic — from 6 30 AM to 8 30 AM and from 3 15 PM to 5 30 PM The peak period traffic data are presented in the Appendix 2. Existing AM Peak Hour Traffic The AM peak hour of traffic occurred between 7 15 AM and 8 15 AM Ah'i Drive carred about 600 vehicles per hour (vph), total for both directions, during the existing AM peak hour of traffic Queen Kalama Avenue carred less than 60 vph Queen Kalama Avenue operated at LOS 'B" at Alii Drive, during the existing AM peak hour of traffic The other traffic movements at the intersection operated at LOS "A" 3. Existing PM Peak Hour Traffic The existing PM peak hour of traffic occurred between 3.15 PM and 4 15 PM Alii Drive carred about 700 vph, total for both directions, during the existing PM peak hour of traffic Queen Kalama Avenue carred about 50 vph During the existing PM peak hour of traffic, Queen Kalama Avenue operated at LOS 'B" at Alit Drive The other traffic movements at the intersection operated at LOS "A" The existing AM and PM peak hour traffic volumes and results of the capacity analysis are depicted on Figure 3 d__® La'Ipala Makal Traffic Impact Analysis Report October 31, 2007 NOT TO SCALE ALIT DRIVE 14 it 10 20 261 }— QUEEN py�w�7 KALAMA AVE I 292 T � 12 ALIT DRIVE EXISTING AM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC AW DRIVE 7 nT' I it 6 QQ is 372 QUEEN KALAMA AVE 361 T � 2, ALIT DRIVE EXISTING PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC Figure 3. Existing Peak Hour Traffic 6 dd — IL La'Ipala Makal MC Traffic Impact Analysis Report October 31, 2007 M. Future Traffic Conditions A. External Traffic 1. Background Growth in Traffic Historical traffic count data, collected on Kuakim Highway, south of its intersection with Kamehameha III Road, were obtained from DOT Linear regression analysis of the DOT data indicated that the annual growth in traffic on Volcano Highway averaged about 2 1 percent per year The background growth factor was applied uniformly to the existing traffic data to estimate the Year 2016 traffic demands 2 Keauhou Conununity Plan Keauhou is a 2,400 -acre master -planned resort community, located to the south of the project site The resort's facilities have included three hotels, two golf courses, a large shopping center, and several condominium and time-share projects The Community Plan includes about 3,000 units, which are occupied by visitors, owners, and long-term renters An additional 2,500± units are planned for the Keauhou Community, consisting of single-family and multi -family dwelling units (DIJ), and time-share projects The Community Plan also includes commercial retail and office space. Full build out and occupancy is expected by the Year 2030 During the AM peak hour of traffic, the proposed Keauhou Mauka is expected to generate a total of 1,614 vph — 860 vph entering the site and 754 vph exiting the site The proposed project is expected to generate a total of 1,954 vph — 920 vph entering the site and 1,034 vph exiting the site, during the PM peak hour of traffic The traffic impact analysis for the Keauhou Community Plan was documented in the Traffic Impact Analysis Report for the Proposed Keauhou Mauka, prepared by The Traffic Management Consultant (May 17, 2004) A portion of the Keauhou Community Plan requires access on the Kahului- Keauhou Parkway, which is a regional highway improvement being planned by the County of Hawaii The Keauhou Community Plan has since been updated (June 16, 2004) It is assumed that the incremental development of the Keauhou Community Plan would occur over a twenty-year penod By the Year 2016, about 30 percent build out of the Keauhou Community Plan is included in this traffic impact analysts 3. Hokulia The proposed Hokulia (formerly known as the Villages of Hokukano) is a planned residential community, which would be located to the south of Keauhou Hokulia would consist of about 730 dwelling units and an 80 -room lodge Hokulia is expected to generate totals of 502 vph and 711 vph during the AM and PM peak hours of traffic, respectively Access to the Hokulia project would be provided by the Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road, which would extend from Alit Highway to the 7 LEGEND Eo TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) LANE CONTROL © LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNALIZED CONDITION) ALIT DRIVE 14 it 10 20 261 }— QUEEN py�w�7 KALAMA AVE I 292 T � 12 ALIT DRIVE EXISTING AM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC AW DRIVE 7 nT' I it 6 QQ is 372 QUEEN KALAMA AVE 361 T � 2, ALIT DRIVE EXISTING PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC Figure 3. Existing Peak Hour Traffic 6 dd — IL La'Ipala Makal MC Traffic Impact Analysis Report October 31, 2007 M. Future Traffic Conditions A. External Traffic 1. Background Growth in Traffic Historical traffic count data, collected on Kuakim Highway, south of its intersection with Kamehameha III Road, were obtained from DOT Linear regression analysis of the DOT data indicated that the annual growth in traffic on Volcano Highway averaged about 2 1 percent per year The background growth factor was applied uniformly to the existing traffic data to estimate the Year 2016 traffic demands 2 Keauhou Conununity Plan Keauhou is a 2,400 -acre master -planned resort community, located to the south of the project site The resort's facilities have included three hotels, two golf courses, a large shopping center, and several condominium and time-share projects The Community Plan includes about 3,000 units, which are occupied by visitors, owners, and long-term renters An additional 2,500± units are planned for the Keauhou Community, consisting of single-family and multi -family dwelling units (DIJ), and time-share projects The Community Plan also includes commercial retail and office space. Full build out and occupancy is expected by the Year 2030 During the AM peak hour of traffic, the proposed Keauhou Mauka is expected to generate a total of 1,614 vph — 860 vph entering the site and 754 vph exiting the site The proposed project is expected to generate a total of 1,954 vph — 920 vph entering the site and 1,034 vph exiting the site, during the PM peak hour of traffic The traffic impact analysis for the Keauhou Community Plan was documented in the Traffic Impact Analysis Report for the Proposed Keauhou Mauka, prepared by The Traffic Management Consultant (May 17, 2004) A portion of the Keauhou Community Plan requires access on the Kahului- Keauhou Parkway, which is a regional highway improvement being planned by the County of Hawaii The Keauhou Community Plan has since been updated (June 16, 2004) It is assumed that the incremental development of the Keauhou Community Plan would occur over a twenty-year penod By the Year 2016, about 30 percent build out of the Keauhou Community Plan is included in this traffic impact analysts 3. Hokulia The proposed Hokulia (formerly known as the Villages of Hokukano) is a planned residential community, which would be located to the south of Keauhou Hokulia would consist of about 730 dwelling units and an 80 -room lodge Hokulia is expected to generate totals of 502 vph and 711 vph during the AM and PM peak hours of traffic, respectively Access to the Hokulia project would be provided by the Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road, which would extend from Alit Highway to the 7 d--� La'tpala Makat Traffic Impact Analysis Report October 31, 2007 south and connect to Mamalahoa Highway at Napoopoo Road The developer of Hokuha is constructing the Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road, at this writing The traffic impact analysis for the Hokulia project was documented in the Traffic impact Study Villages of Hokukano, prepared by Parsons, Brinkerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc (November 1995) The Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road is a regional highway, which is being constructed to provide access to the Hokuha project Full build out and occupancy of the Hokuha project is included to this traffic impact analysts B. Regional Highway Improvements 1. Kahului-Keauhou Parkway Kahului-Keauhou Parkway (formerly known as Alit Highway) is a two-lane, two-way roadway, which is in the design stage of development by the County of Hawaii Kahului-Keauhou Parkway will be constructed mauka of, and roughly parallel, to Ah'i Drive, between the intersection of Ah'i Drive/Keauhou Shopping Center Driveway and Alit Highway to Keauhou and Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, between its intersections with Kuakim Highway and Hualalar Road The construction of the Kahului-Keauhou Parkway has not been determined at this writing, and isnot included in this traffic impact analysis 2. Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road is a two-lane, two-way highway, which is under construction by the developer of the Hokuha project. Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road would extend the south terminus of Ah'i Highway to Mamalahoa Highway at Napoopoo Road Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road would provide access to the Hokuha project, as well as provide an alternative route around the communities of Kealakekua, Kamalm, and Honalo The traffic impact analysts for the Hokuha project was documented in the Traffic Impact Study Villages of Hokukano, prepared by Parsons, Brinkerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc (November 1995) The completion of the Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road has not been determined at this writing and is not included in this traffic impact analysts 3. La'aloa Avenue La'aloa Avenue is located immediately north of, and roughly parallel to, Queen Kalama Avenue La'aloa Avenue is proposed to be extended to Kuakrm Highway to provide a mauka-makai access to the future Kahului-Keauhou Parkway and Air't Drive The traffic impact analysts for the La'aloa Avenue Extension was documented to the Draft Traffic Impact Analysis Report for La'aloa Avenue Extension, prepared by Phillip Rowell and Associates (February 14, 2005) According to the Rowell traffic study, the La'aloa Avenue Extension is not expected to have a significant impact on traffic volumes on Ah'i Drive The La'aloa Avenue Extension would provide a more direct access between the proposed project ,b, La'rpala Makai -?v Trak Impact Analysis Report October 31, 2007 and Kuakim Highway, thereby reducing the traffic impacts of site traffic on Queen Kalama Avenue and Ah'i Drive The La'aloa Avenue Extension has not been determined at this writing and is not included in this traffic impact analysis C. Peak Hour Traffic Analysis Without Project Queen Kalama Avenue is expected to continue to operate at LOS "C" at Alit Drive, during the AM peak hour without the proposed project The other traffic movements at the intersection are expected to continue to operate at LOS "A" During the PM peak hour of traffic without the proposed project, Queen Kalama Avenue is expected to operate at LOS "C" at Alit Drive The other traffic movements at the intersection are expected to continue to operate at LOS "A" Figure 4 depicts the AM and PM peak hour traffic without the proposed project and the results of the capacity analysis IV. Traffic Impact Analysis A. Site -Generated Traffic 1. Trip Generation Characteristics During the AM peak hour of traffic, the proposed La'ipala Makin is expected to generate a total of 56 vph — 14 vph entering the site and 42 vph exiting the site The proposed project is expected to generate a total of 73 vph — 46 vph entering the site and 27 vph exiting the site, during the PM peak hour of traffic 2. Trip Distribution The trip distribution is based upon existing traffic patterns to the study area The AM and PM peak hour site -generated traffic assignments for the proposed project are depicted on Figure 5 B. Peak Hour Traffic Impact Analysis With Project During the AM peak hour of traffic with the proposed project, Queen Kalama Avenue is expected to continue to operate at LOS "C" at Alit Drive The other traffic movements at the intersection are expected to continue to operate at LOS "A" Queen Kalama Avenue is expected to continue to operate at LOS "C" at Alii Drive, during the PM peak hour with the proposed project The other traffic movements at the intersection are expected to continue to operate at LOS "A" Figure 6 depicts the AM and PM peak hour traffic with the proposed project and the results of the capacity analysts �� La7pala Makal t Traffic Impact Analysis Report October 31, 2007 ■ � N®4 A ALIT DRIVE 17 za 297 QUEEN Qy "� MANIA AVE 623 N NOT TO SCALE ALM DRIVE LEGEND MI TRAFRC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPN) AM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITHOUT PROJECT LANE CONTROL © LEVEL OF SERVICE(UN9IGNALrZED CONDITION) AM DRIVE 8 (p� I ( 7 le 48717` QUEEN KALAMA AVE ALVI DRIVE PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITHOUT PROJECT Figure 4. Peak Hour Traffic Without Project d— %- La'(pala Makal tab Traffic Impact Analysis Repoli October 31, 2007 d rrsn l LEGEND Ib TRAFRC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPH) LANE CONTROL ALVI DRIVE 30 12 O QUEEN KALAMA AVE T�5 ALPI DRIVE AM PEAK HOUR SITE TRAFFIC ALI'I DRIVE 19 V 7 32 9 QUEEN KALAMA AVE T�14 ALIT DRIVE PM PEAK HOUR SITE TRAFFIC Figure 5. Peak Hour Site Traffic Assignment 10 11 AUL Lalipala Makai r Traffic Impact Analysis Report October 31, 2007 m»� ALN DRIVE 47 I as 287 }-- QUEEN O KALAMA AVE 523 ALIT DRIVE AM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITH PROJECT ALI'I DRIVE 27 25 487 OUEEN KALAMA AVE I 603 ALM DRIVE PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITH PROJECT Figure 6. Peak Hour Traffic With Project d- S. La'Ipala Makai %T?V Traffic Impact Analysis Report October 31, 2007 V. Conclusions The proposed project is expected to increase traffic on Ali'L Drive by about 5 percent, during the peak hours of traffic The traffic generated by the proposed Ia'lpala Makai is not expected to significantly impact traffic in the vicinity of the project Traffic mitigation is not required nor recommended at this time 12 13 Ror ro saus LEGEND mso J TRAFFIC MOVEMENT VOLUME (VPN) LANE CONTROL © LEVEL OF SERVICE (UNSIGNALIZED CONDITION) ALN DRIVE 47 I as 287 }-- QUEEN O KALAMA AVE 523 ALIT DRIVE AM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITH PROJECT ALI'I DRIVE 27 25 487 OUEEN KALAMA AVE I 603 ALM DRIVE PM PEAK HOUR TRAFFIC WITH PROJECT Figure 6. Peak Hour Traffic With Project d- S. La'Ipala Makai %T?V Traffic Impact Analysis Report October 31, 2007 V. Conclusions The proposed project is expected to increase traffic on Ali'L Drive by about 5 percent, during the peak hours of traffic The traffic generated by the proposed Ia'lpala Makai is not expected to significantly impact traffic in the vicinity of the project Traffic mitigation is not required nor recommended at this time 12 13 Appendix F. Civil Assessment: Baseline Water Usage Calculations and Schematic Infrastructure Designs i .. -I- n.er...,o ftmi Ctbnmfnry Sawar Calr_idations MF Units Dry Wet SF Units 80 gpd (2.8 80 gpd Weather Average Average Weather Peaking Peak Flow Peak Flow Parcel Acres (4 persons /capita persons /capita Infiltration Flow (GPD) Flow (MGD) Infiltration Factor (GPD) (MGD) /unit /unit 5 cd 1250 gad 121 Makai 11051 65 00 20,800 001 0001 0001 1,300 001 22,100 001 0.021_2,072 631 5 001 112,572 631 1 i I i I I I I I I U VIEW ESTATES `I ` KEAUHO�e TMK (3) 7-7-08.0 1 , ,` - _..- -1 P ��7oD► 1�1 111 jl Ij - -,1 - 11_ - � -' jl ,1 �� 11 11 11 11 TMK (3) 7-8-10.2 CONCEPUTAL SEWER PLAN LA'IPALA HEIGHTS MAKAI SCALE: t'-200' LEGEND —8'-5— 8' SEWER UNE I I I I I - --4 1 , I I I I I I --J I I cI NI I I I �x Nlp la C I N I� i i I ml i ' I I I I I I I I I l _ 1 U VIEW ESTATES `I ` KEAUHO�e TMK (3) 7-7-08.0 1 , ,` - _..- -1 P ��7oD► 1�1 111 jl Ij - -,1 - 11_ - � -' jl ,1 �� 11 11 11 11 TMK (3) 7-8-10.2 CONCEPUTAL SEWER PLAN LA'IPALA HEIGHTS MAKAI SCALE: t'-200' LEGEND —8'-5— 8' SEWER UNE K E S T E S E A U H O U V I E W T A 8-W 'E� gp LRO�M.W co 8—W _ T —� _4 TMK (3) 7-7-08:01 L Ica TMK (3) 7-8-10:2 CONCEPUM WATER PLAN LA'IPALA HEIGHTS SCALEW-21W LEGEND r -w — 8* WATERLINE Appendix G. Market Analysis and Development Program for La'ipala Heights Residential Community LYIpala Heights/Makai KNOWLEDGE BASED CONSULTING GROUP 19 Holly Ave Market Feasibility Larkspur, CA 94939 (415)924-6577 clrvel@sbcglobal net CONTENTS Market Analysis and Development Program Tables Development Program and Employment Schedule 1 MARKET ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR LA'IPALA HEIGHTS RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY Prepared for La'ipala Heights Partners Prepared by Knowledge Based Consulting Group July 2007 KNOWLEDGE BASED CONSULTING GROUP 19 Holly Ave Larkspur, CA 94939 (415)924-6577 chvej@sbcglobal net SECTION I INTRODUCTION Knowledge Based Consulting Group (KBCG) was retained by La'tpala Heights Partners to address potential concepts and market opportunities for residential development for an undeveloped parcel on the Big Island of Hawaii In conducting the assignment, KBCG reviewed the overall housing market in West Hawaii, development programs at other communities in the region, site considerations, and overall market trends and opportunities The site is at a preferred location ,just outside the northern boundary of the well known Keauhou resort and has excellent ocean views from throughout the property The overall focus for the project is to include single family lots, single family cluster housing, and duplexes/ townhomes centered on a village concept The project will build on the underlying long-term strength of the West Hawaii market and the special character of the Keauhou area Considering the size of the property (the preliminary plan calls for up to 267 units on a little over 37 acres - including a 30% affordable housing component), its location and visibility from the highway, and the reputation of the Keauhou region as a preferred residential area, the project would seem to have the opportunity to provide residential experiences a cut above what are provided elsewhere in the area At the same time, it is important to be different since there are a number of other projects that will be competitive in the nearby and regional market over the next few years Accordingly, KBCG examined the probable market support for the La'ipala Heights project as well as the appropriate amenities and features that should be included to enhance market success This analysis will also support any rezoning application to the state Land Use Commission (LUC) in conducting this analysis, we focused on the following issues • What is the nature of expected real estate demand for lots, cluster residential and multifamily units at La'ipala Heights? • What are the appropriate sizes, pricing levels, and absorption rates of lots, condominiums and lot +home products at La'ipala Heights? • What are the design features and project amenities that will be supported by the La'ipala Heights market? In particular, what type of amenities will bring brand awareness to the project and real estate value to the residences9 • What are the demographics and motivational characteristics of the principal market for a La'ipala Heights product, and what kinds of marketing methods and messages would be effective in reaching this market in particular, the KBCG work program included the following tasks. • Evaluation of Site Opportunities and Constraints We inspected the site on several occasions and met with the development team to understand the status of other planning efforts, infrastructure development, and land planning options The site has excellent ocean and whitewater vistas from most parts of the property, with slopes varying from 5- 6% on the makai parcel, 8-12% in the middle area, and 15% to 20% as you reach the higher elevations The adjacent subdivision to the north (Alit Heights) is dust completing sales • Analysis of Regional and Local Housing and Residential Lot Demand KBCG reviewed existing supply and projected future residential and lot demand in Hawaii and for the La'tpala Heights site In this process, we examined the expectations of one of Hawaii's core real estate markets, the pre retirement mainland Baby Boomer • Examination of Competitive Supply and Performance of Community Comparables KBCG reviewed the projected supply of residential products and performance of selected Hawaii resorts and subdivisions We focused on product comparables that will be competitive to what potential La'ipala Heights buyers may be considering in particular, we evaluated issues of development structure and phasing, location, views, key amenities, and other factors related to achievable pricing and absorption rates • Preparation of Recommended Development Program. KBCG used the market research observations and findings as the basis for a recommended development concept and promotional focus as well as the corresponding real estate product mix, pricing, and amenity program At this stage, the decisions that are made will have great impact on future value If the development program provides the right mix of experiences in a context of sustainability, authenticity and family values, sales prices could be substantial Following this Introduction, Section II presents a summary of target markets and market support, while Section III summarizes the recommended development program An electronic version of the report has also been provided to La'tpala Heights Partners This assignment was conducted by Clive B Jones, Principal KBCG appreciates the fine support and cooperation from Group 70 and La'ipala Heights Partners throughout the assignment Knowledge Based Consulting Group 1-2 La'ipala Heights Location Map 1.3ipala Heights/Makat Land Use Pattern Allocation Gtude tLUPAG) Knowledge Based Consulting Group 1-3 Prehmmary Site Plan Knowledge Based Consulting Group 1-4 m m pl GENERAL LIMITING CONDITIONS Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that the data contained in this study reflect the most accurate and timely information possible, and they are believed to be reliable This study is based on estimates, assumptions and other information developed by Knowledge Based Consulting Group from its independent research effort, general knowledge of the industry and consultations with the client and the client's representatives No responsibility is assumed for inaccuracies in reporting by the client, the client's agent and representatives or any other data source used in prepanng or presenting this study This report is based on information that was current as of June 2007 and Knowledge Based Consulting Group has not undertaken any update of its research effort since such date No warranty or representation is made by Knowledge Based Consulting Group that any of the projected values or results contained in this study will actually be achieved Possession of this study does not carry with it the nght of publication thereof or to use the name of "Knowledge Based Consulting Group" in any manner without first obtaining the pnor wntten consent of Knowledge Based Consulting Group No abstracting, excerpting or summanzatton of this study may be made without first obtaining the pnor wntten consent of Knowledge Based Consulting Group This report is not to be used in conjunction with any public or pnvate offenng of secunties or other similar purpose where it may be relied upon to any degree by any person other than the client without first obtaining the pnor written consent of Knowledge Based Consulting Group This study may not be used for purposes other than that for which it is prepared or for which pnor written consent has first been obtained from Knowledge Based Consulting Group This study is qualified in its entirety by, and should be considered in light of, these limitations, conditions and considerations Knowledge Based Consulting Group I - 5 KNOWLEDGE BASED CONSULTING GROUP 19 Holly Ave Larkspur, CA 94939 (415) 924-6577 clivej@sbcglobal net SECTION 2 MARKET ANALYSIS FOR LA'IPALA HEIGHTS OVERALL MARKET ENVIRONMENT In 2007 and beyond, the market for real estate at La'ipala Heights will be compnsed of households that recognize the value of being part of a West Hawaii community with direct access to shopping, restaurants and community services For housing within the project, the paces are meant to be comparable to other quality planned communities and subdivisions in West Hawaii Accordingly, the majonty of market rate housing products would generally require an income of at least $100,000 or a net worth of at least $1 million and above However, La'ipala Heights also recognizes the need for more affordable housing and includes a 30% affordable housing component • Nationwide, the number of households with more than $1 million in net worth (not including primary residence) tapered from its peak of 7 1 million households in 1999 to 5 5 million at the end of 2002 • Since March 2003, equity markets have regained earlier strength such that substantial gains have been realized in the equity markets, and real estate assets have continued to climb The number of millionaire households has now reached 8 3 million and is increasing at the rate of 700,000 per year • Notwithstanding short tetra influences, the assets of high net worth individuals should substantially exceed worldwide economic growth and grow at an average of 7% a year during the next 3 years, reaching approximately $38 trillion by 2008 • As gains evaporated in a declining stock market, consumers began to look at housing with a renewed appreciation, making real estate and other assets a safe haven for money They also learned to appreciate that another form of safe haven is a secure and safe location for themselves and their real estate when they retire Hawaii fits this profile ideally, and anecdotal discussions with real estate brokers indicate that this safe haven motivation is already quite strong in the Hawaii market • The average HNW individual has about 15% of his assets in real estate, not counting the primary home 11 • An increasing share of the millionaire market will be represented by inhented wealth being transferred to the Baby Boomer generation Key Market Segments • Transfer Market This market includes existing owners of single family residences or condominiums on the Big Island as well as renters who will choose to move to La'ipala Heights from their existing residences o The transfer market represents qualified and interested real estate owners who have already made a purchase decision to own a home in Hawaii Some of these owners are looking to change housing for the following reasons • Looking for more of a maintenance free life style • Units are too small • Views are compromised • Current traffic congestion in the immediate Kadua — Kona area • Or, they are looking for additional investment opportunities o We feel that the transfer market for could be particularly strong from existing owners of older condominiums and single family residences in the Karlua Kona area as well as from some of the resorts and planned communities (Waikoloa Beach, Waikoloa Village, Mauna Lam, Keauhou) o Previous surveys conducted by KBCG of property owners in West Hawaii have shown a strong level of interest in a new, different, or additional home in Hawaii As shown below, over half of our respondents who reside permanently in West /Hawaii and over 1/3 of the seasonal residents are interested in a new home Percentage of West Hawaii Property Owners Interested in a New Home Hawaii Residents Non Resident• Product Type Ocean view Lots Ocean View Estate Lob Patio Homes Three Bedroom Condominium Two Bedroom Condominium Golf View Lots Apartments 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% % of Respondents o The chart also shows that these transfer prospects are interested in a variety of residential types The La'ipala Heights property is well positioned to provide most of these products • On —going Market o Frequent visitors to the Big Island, particularly those that regularly stay in Kadua- Kona, Keauhou, and on the Kohala Coast. Knowledge Based Consulting Group I1-2 o Friends and relatives of existing Hawaii residents and seasonal home owners, particularly those who own in West Hawaii o The Baby Boomer Market should sustain growth in the Hawaii real estate market ■ Relocation in retirement is on the horizon for many baby boomers with nearly 6 out of 10 likely to move to a new home for retirement • Of those planning to move, 31% plan to move more than three hours away from their current location • Hawaii is the preferred destination of 4% of the prospective Baby Boomer retirees Whereas this may be considered a small percentage, the potential numbers are impressive If they fulfilled their dreams, these goals represent 20,000 to 40,000 baby boomer households relocating to Hawaii per year ■ Health, fitness, lifelong learning, family, and security are on point messages to the resettling Baby Boomers • Nearly all boomers (90%) believe they will be happier if remain physically active during retirement • The principal activities include walking, swimming, and exercise facilities ■ Most boomers (911/9) expect the U S fight against terrorism is not expected to subside any time soon as most boomers feel the war will continue into their retirement ■ Hawaii's positron as a probable safe haven from future terrorism events should continue to appeal to these semi -retiring baby boomers and help real estate sales • They are also looking forward to spending more time with spouse, children and grandchildren • And, Hawaii is Tax Friendly to Retirees o Hawaii is the most friendly State for retirement assets — Bloomberg Wealth Management o The average annual tax bill for a reasonably well off retiree in Hawaii is $4,049, lowest in the country Some comparisons Florida $9,351, Arizona $8,308, New York $14,571, California $11,250 o Also, Hawaii is the second friendliest state for wealth held in real assets The average annual tax bill is $11,124, Just behind Wyoming Some comparisons Florida $20,869, Arizona $15,008, New York $31,837, California $19,597 o This message can be a positive counter to the prevailing impression of Hawaii as a high cost of living state. • Foreign buyers represent another important market o Japanese buyers are returning to the market Knowledge Based Consulting Group 1I-3 o Emerging markets include high net worth individuals from Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan Conclusion There is sufficient underlying depth of market for the La'ipala Heights project and that market is growing at a healthy rate With this understanding of underlying market drivers, it is useful to review recent performance in the West Hawaii market, This discussion is provided below for 2005 and 2006 Big Island Real Estate Sales (Table 1) Real estate sales in West Hawaii are spread among the beachfront resorts, non beach front planned communities, and individual subdivisions within the Kailua-Kona and KohaW Waimea areas Each of these subsets is discussed below Planned Communities Total West Hawaii Big Island real estate sales in Planned Communities in 2005 was $122 billion, which included $1 1 billion at the principal beach oriented resort communities (Mauna Kea, Mauna Lam, Waikoloa, Hualalat, Kukio, and Keauhou) plus another $124 million at Waikoloa Village • Watkoloa Village had the highest number of sales, 310 in 2005 About half of there were single family resales • For the resorts, Mauna Lam had the highest number of sales, 188 in 2005 for a total of $265 million, about 44% of which were condominium sales at The Villages and Fairways 29 lots were sold at Black Sand Beach, Pauoa Beach, and Ke Kailaty for a total lot value of about $63 million • Kukio captured the most value, 91 sales for $352 million • Hualalat showed good breadth, with 45 sales distributed across condominiums ($58,4 million), lots ($42 5 million), and residences ($51 million) for a total of $152 million • Mauna Kea had sales of $43 7 million, with Kauna'oa having 7 closings • There were 561 condo sales in 2005 for a value of $544 million The average unit size was 1,464 square feet • There were 220 lot sales for a value of $465 million The average lot site was about 30,000 square feet • There were 203 residence sales for a value of $244 million The average residence was about 1,900 square feet • Resort community real estate price increases continued at a remarkable pace in 2005 Compared to 2004, the price increases were o Condominiums Average prices increased 40% to $970,000 ($663/SF) Range of $327/SF (Watkoloa Village) to $2,010/SF (Kukto) o Single Family Lots Average prices increased 31% to over $2 1 million ($64/SF) Range of $14/SF (Watkoloa Village) to $115/SF (Watkoloa Beach) o Residences Average prices increased 45% to $12 million ($624/SF) Range of $573/SF (Keauhou) to $1,631/SF (Hualalai) • Prices for oceanfront and prime ocean view lots continued to reach new heights in 2005 Kukio moved to capitalize on this opportunity with their Lot 4 project, and the Shores at Kohanaiki is under construction Their initial offering is expected to include front row lots overlooking their oceanfront golf course (anticipated opening prices for front row lots in the $4 to $6 million range) • In terms of units, the resort community market in 2005 was 67% condominiums, 26% lots, and 7% residences The market share for condominiums has risen substantially as more new condominium product has been brought to market • in terms of value, lots were about 40% of resort sales, slightly less than the 46% share for condominiums • Single Family Residences represent about 7% of the market in terms of units and 14% in value in 2005 • Average unit sizes increased 9% for condominiums (1536 sq ft ) in 2005 and 2% for lots (33,050 sq ft ), but decreased 4% for residences (1,926 sq ft ) compared to 2004 Performance in 2006 • In 2006, there were over 2,000 real estate transactions in West Hawaii for a value of $1 76 billion Q—_— s we•• u—.; tae•i s.t•. 2nna • In 2006, there were 918 sales in the master planned communities These sales provided gross revenue of $1 1 billion Table I provides a breakdown of these sales by project within each community • The highest activity was at Mauna Lam with 205 closings, or 36% of all resort community unit sales Watkoloa Beach and Keauhou followed, with 135 and I I I sales respectively • Sales in the planned communities represented about 45% of unit sales and 62% of total value • The average sales price within the planned communities was about $1 2 million Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-4 Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-5 Number of Market Market Resort Sales Sales Value Average Sales Price Share # Share $ Mauna Kea 42 $ 96,076,034 $ 2,287,525 21% 54% Mauna Lam 205 $ 227,509,293 $ 1,109,801 101% 129% Waikoloa Resort 135 $ 161,442,612 $ 1,195,871 66% 91% Hualalai 60 $ 200,153,126 $ 3,335,885 29% 113% Kuklo 35 $ 150,602,748 $ 4,302,936 17% 85% Keauhou 111 $ 90,042,944 $ 811,198 54% 51% Hokulia 21 $ 28,627,750 $ 1,363,226 1 0%1 16% Total Resorts 609 $ 954,454 507 $1,567,249 299%1 540% Watkoloa Village 307 $ 136,940,618 $446,061 151 Total PC's 916 $ 1,091,395,125 $1,191,479 45096 618% Kona Subdivisions 922 $ 538,872,334 $584,460 453% 305% KohalaNVaimea Subdivisions 199 $ 135,871,131 $682,770 98% 77% Total 2037 $ 1,766,138,590 $867,029 1000%1 1000% Month)y Average 763 $ 79,537,676 • In 2006, there were 918 sales in the master planned communities These sales provided gross revenue of $1 1 billion Table I provides a breakdown of these sales by project within each community • The highest activity was at Mauna Lam with 205 closings, or 36% of all resort community unit sales Watkoloa Beach and Keauhou followed, with 135 and I I I sales respectively • Sales in the planned communities represented about 45% of unit sales and 62% of total value • The average sales price within the planned communities was about $1 2 million Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-4 Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-5 • Real estate sales in Karlua-Kona subdivisions represented ,lust over 45% of unit transactions and 31% of sales for 2006 This represents an average monthly sales rate of about 80 units and $48 million • Sales in the Kohala/ Waimea subdivisions represent dust less than 10% of the market Trends • Average prices for 2006 were up 0 7% for condominiums and down 14 7%% for lots when compared to 2005, but the average residence price was up 36 3% This slowdown in price escalation is an understandable correction to the unsustainable price increases that have been occurring since 2002 The decrease in lot prices was primarily due to a slowdown in the sales of very high end lots, particularly at Kuloo Mauna Lani showed the largest overall decline in average price of 215%, such that the average price in Mauna Lam is now lower than Waikoloa This reflects the recent incursion of lower priced condominium product into Mauna Lam (with a consequent impact on perceived overall prestige of the community) • The monthly sales rate for the resort communities increased from 52 5 units in 2004 to 56 2 units in 2005, and then settled back to 50 8 units in 2006 Again, the decrease in the overall sales rate in 2006 was due to a slowdown in lot sales from 14 8 lots per month in 2005 to 6 8 lots per month in 2006 The monthly sales rates for condominiums and residences both increased slightly over 2005 • Monthly sales volume increased from $63 6 million in 2004 to $94 3 million in 2005, and declined 15% to $79 5 million in 2006 The most significant slowdowns were at Kukto with a 60% fall off in sales, and Waikoloa (-24%) Hualalai is the only resort to show consistent year to year growth in unit sales and revenues • The product mix has continued to shift toward condominiums and villa product as well as condo residences • 2006 prices for condominiums are 312% higher than they were to 2004, while lots are 48% higher, and the average price of a residence has more than doubled Absorption • There were about 76 closings per month at the Big Island planned communities in 2006, down slightly from 82 closings per month in 2005 but essentially even with the pace seen in 2004 • Monthly sales rates outside of the planned communities have not recovered to the same extent, with areas such as Waikoloa Village and the Kona subdivisions still substantially down from their peak absorption earlier in 2006 is On an overall basis, the rate of sales is holding up reasonably well, but since we are seeing an increase in the number of new units and resales offered in the market, the average time on the market has increased In summary, 2006 has seen somewhat of a slowdown in the rate of planned community and subdivision sales KBCG believes that this temporary slowdown was more in response to prices getting ahead of demand (and a retreat by property speculators) rather than any long term weakness in the market Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-6 First Quarter 2007 This underlying market strength is also reflected in the first quarter 2007 sales performance The number of real estate sales in West Hawaii remained steady at 457 for the quarter However, average prices continued to increase such that for the first time, the average sale price was over $1 million Total sales were $472 7 million, which is up 12 6% from the Fourth Quarter 2006 and up 4% year to year from the first quarter of 2006 Whereas this rate of sales increase is a bit of a slowdown from the double digit increases that the industry had become used to, it is nevertheless still quite healthy and better than most housing markets One should expect, however, that some of the speculative buyers that bought on anticipation of continued double digit appreciation, will leave the market and that their resales will increase the inventory of units on the market over the next couple of years Summary of West Hawaii Real Estate Safes by Quarter, 2W and 2007 Number of Sales Average Sales Price 2006 2007 2006 20 _I IsAquarter 12nd quaneE_3rdquarter 4th quarter 1st quarter eso on os oa eso o a Total Resort Residences To-tat9 91 14 13 ID J,4,5/WJUU All eso ea s a Mauna Kea 7 5 18 12 9 $1,652,964 $ 2,674 966 $ 2,012,056 $ 2,748,154 Mauna Lam 50 72 43 40 43 $1202,285 $1,037,936 $ 1 181,816 $ 1,046,140 E 1,106,675 Waikoloa Resat 17 36 30 52 53 $1,307472 $ 989,550 E 1,366,927 $1203,538 $1,146800 Hualalai 15 7 14 24 16 $3674.491 $3,106,301 $ 3349,252 $ 3,183,422 $ 5,266,875 Kuklo 8 5 13 9 6 55,077,125 $8325,000 $ 2,212,365 $ 4,400,000 $6908424 Kesuhou 49 31 18 13 16 $ 708,102 $ 875,706 5 971,753 $ 823,654 $ 992 909 Hokuka 9 5 1 6 9 $1.260.000 $ 1,6W.000 $ 1,772 958 $2.079.306 otal Resort a o oa a e E 450,630 Kona Subdivisions X-oliarOWEiffies, u ons ons Condosa 217 269 214 233 $ 849,408 $ 950,180 202 $ 787,467 $ 750,216F701,443 Lots 82 68 61 48 60 E1, 135516 $1087,518 $ 1090,238 $ 890327 Residen211 177 195 $ 869612 $ 801503 $ 957,723 $ 1,165624 o a e rea.357 As shown below, real estate sales in the Kailua-Kona subdivisions have rebounded to the $131 million level in the First Quarter 2007, with particular strength in the residential market Kona Subdivislon Real Estate Sales 2007 Units Sales Avera a Pnee Condos 61 $ 23 062,005 $ 378,066 Lots 25 $ 10,506,123 $ 420,245 Residences 131 $ 96,524,507 $ 736,828 Total 217 $ 130,092,635 Custom Home and Multi Family Development Since the La'ipala Heights project is intended to focus on moderate density custom home and larger unit multi -family development in the Kailua-Kona area, it is appropriate to examine these segments in more detail Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-7 Within the single family lot and production home segment, there are several projects in the local Katlua-Kona market, including Lokaht Makat, Pualani Estates, Kona Vistas, and the neighboring Alit Heights These projects sold between 110 and 120 units in each of 2005 and 2006, with Alit Heights representing about % of total developer sales (see Table 9 and Appendix A for a sales data and product descriptions for each of these projects The total inventory remaining to sell in these projects is estimated at 309 units, most of which is at Pualam Heights and Lokaht Makat Alit Heights should sell out this year, leaving the La'ipala Heights project in a preferred position for its part of the coast KBCG believes that the La'tpala Heights project is a superior location due to its proximity to the Keauhou resort amenities and services as well as outstanding ocean and whitewater views from most areas of the property Accordingly, it should achieve a penetration rate of at least 35% to 45% of this local market, yielding 40 to 55 custom lot and production home sales per year In the duplex and multifamily segment, there are a range of projects including Na Hale O Keauhou, Alit Lam, Kona Sea Villas, Alit Park Place, and Alit Cove that are selling newly built product in the Kailua-Kona area These projects combined for sales of 200 to 220 units per year in 2005 and 2006, and each of these projects is now essentially sold out, although Sunstone is in the (lengthy and controversial) process of seeking a special management area use permit to build 292 condominium units and a commercial complex on a 46 acre property adjacent to its Kona Sea Villas project There are also several potential infill projects in Kailua-Kona proper, including one makat of the Lamhau Shopping Center Considering this lack of near term condominium inventory in the Kailua-Kona area, and the aging stock of existing inventory — as shown in the chart at the end of this section, nearly 70% of the existing condominium stock is over 25 years old — the La'ipala Heights multi -family product should achieve an absorption rate in the order of 30 to 45 units per year In total, KBCG expects that La'ipala Heights could anticipate an average absorption of 70 to 80 residences per year across a variety of single family and multi -family housing types Competitive Environment • The competitive environment for the La'ipala Heights project will be shaped by an increase in inventory at the Kohala Coast resorts including Mauna Lam, (Palm Villas, Fairway Villas, Golf Villas, Kulalany Nohona Kat and Ka Milo), Mauna Kea (Wai'ula'ula), Waikoloa (Kolea and Centex's launch of Hah'i Kai), Holua Kat at Keauhou, and Kohanaiki There are also a number of new projects mauka of the Queen K highway (Wehilam at Waikoloa Village, Palamanui/ University Village, Kaloko Place, Kona Vista, and other Kailua-Kona projects) which will add to the overall real estate inventory • We understand that Brookfield has (finally) reached agreement with Kamehameha Schools with respect to Phase 2 of the Keauhou resort and that will add additional inventory just south of the La'ipala Heights property • There is also a substantial resale market with a number of units available within Kailua- Kona and the resort communities that to some extent will compete with developer sales • A number of other projects (Queen Lih'uokalam Trust, Waikoloa Heights, Kohala Ranch — Phase 4, Waikoloa Homesites Venture site, PIA, Atria Le'a, etc ) could add to the available real estate inventory in West Hawaii over the next three to eight years Knowledge Based Consulting Group II -8 Hokuha is also restarting, and the Sea Mountain resort may also see some new investment • Planned Communities on the Big Island will have to maintain a long term absorption rate of some 600 units per year to accommodate this increase in supply • Within this context of increasing potential inventory, it is important to remember that Hawaii County is becoming much more selective in its rezoning and project approval considerations (current moratorium) In this regard, projects will increasingly need to demonstrate increasingly high levels of sustainability and feasibility Consequently, the County should see environmental qualities of the La%pala Heights project as an attractive infill situation that makes for good planning Knowledge Based Consulting Group II -9 Summary of Sales by Active Project and Resales 2006 2006 sale. %ai Prolect % Total Average Reaal LaM UM SWdN�sim N f fl5f AW—Noe N 3 N f UM Site DN18 A—.Decally ' U—. Kea 14un Walla Knowledge Based Consulting Group Summary of Sales by Active Project and Resales 2006 2006 sales %a pmecl %ol Tolat KuaW Average Baal LaM U. Kukh SuOdNlalen p f fl5f Ave Price f f A S UNI Size Units Anes Deriwt Condo Vigra alklaus Kee 1 S 35007W S 1301 S 3500000 24% 5% 02% 05% 2561 20 299f 1JI Lam High Bhree 5 f 5170750 f 31 S 1064150 119% i% Oa% 00% 3300] 9 9 5 29 1 51 �m BhAle 4 3 S 10014465 f 6.175000 S Mo S 978 S 2,50362+ f 2058333 00% .% 0% 00% 00% 2952 21M 22 299 35J ]J0 453 Realdenw Moved Halo. 4 1 f 11450000 S 14680000 S 1058 S 1070 S 2862500 S 2125711 00% 0% 00% 00% 2106 1987 17 691 424 2" 172 Land Apaapa.HwBh" i 1 f 4983430 f 1 850 000 f 1395 f 40 f 49834]0 5 1810MO 00% 0% 00% 00% 3572 46 609 7 Ree".nce Apaapaa Hwghh 3 S 8930000 S 93 5 2976.887 0011 % 00% 00% 31901 L ll Coo K—danl 1 S +400000 S 909 S 1400000 24% 1% 02% 01% 1641 40 1181 339 lad Kawos 2 2 f 4400000 f 16 MO DOB S 55 S 2135 S 2200000 f 845D 000 BOY. 0% 00% 00% 40170 3859 28 Mae, Hath HaM0K raaaa 6 f 24405"0 S 1213 f 4061513 143% .% 10% 26% 3355 20 1200 181 Reedence Fair..,. SoNh 2 f 7150000 S 796 f 3575000 4.8% 713 03% 07% 4491 33 Lend Fatn7aya Nath s f fi 815185 f 1543 S 4163 039 00% O% 0014 00% 2 699 ]2 Read— Fatnlaya Nath 3 S 14 MS S 1008 f 49362" 71% 15% 05% 16% 4005 17 LaM Fair.". Sarah 00% O% 00% 00% 19 1827 104 Cordo Resid.— WNWM. 24 S 398412" S 749 5 1651719 571% 41% 39% 42% 221" 102 4800 213 Tom K 10 MWNowi 42 S 96.076.0m S 37 f 38 f 21B7.525 1" 0% 100% 6 9% 101% 51133 76085 115 64 Cud Cordo ReXQrce VitlaBe, N IoW 29 S 51 784 550 f 699 f 1789 984 14% 23% 2 B% 52% Z sea 135 2907 452 Carlo . F—ty Mtle, 78 S 59263 80 f 892 f 779184 37% i8'/. 12511 82% 1588 142 2008 707 Cada K14d.N 7 f 6230000 ! SMS a90"D 3% 3% 11% 07 1588 6 488 11" Cordo W` N. 4 f 5"0000 S 560 f 1362500 2% 2% 0 08% 2414 46 2193 210 Condo Maw Llai Tense 5 f 9000000 f 1242 f 1900 ODD 2% 4% OB% 10%ISM 1067 00 1334 600 Canto Mauna LeN PNM 4 f 8525000 f 1197 S 1631250 2% 3% 07% 07% 1383 116 14,12 630 Clotho Peen Vol. 36 f 24284089 f 493 f 874002 15% 11% 59% 25% 1388 03 59 577 154] 1812 375 Cordo Goll MS. 32 f 21072867 S 429 f 658527 16% 9% 63% 22% 1,538 131 2290 572 LaM Capri paint Eames 47 5 S 33 016 080 S 3102 WO S 456 S SW $ 702469 S 820 520 0% 0% 00% 00% 1535 1070 he 193 13 37 15 64 6 28 12 42 Rea"ewe Capel PON Estates 1 f 2000 Mo f 708 f 2800000 0% 1% 02% 03% 3,955 16 1.20 'On Lad Ch -0. Rklge I f +195000 f 68 f 1190000 0% 1% 02% 01% 16126 33 Reade— CKampion Rdge 2 S 7475000 f 105. f 3737500 1% 3% 03% OB% 35/0 138 lard 9 Blatt Sand Beach 5 711 i 7195000 f 90 9" f 6" S 1499000 f 811198 0% 0% 00% 0 2473 4 Reddenca 49 Black SW Beach 2 S 17625000 S 1994 S 8812000 1% 8% 03% 1S% 4,121 Rewdence I-aaa Lend paws Beech 2 S 5150000 S 79 f 2575000 1% 2% 03% 05% 32/31 46 Cpntho Redd— Pao. Beach 2 S 54713" $ 1021 S 2735850 1% 2% 03% 06% 2679 Lend Ke KNsad 2 f 3462907 S " s 113+454 1% 2% 03% 04% 39437 Total 205 1 227"9 93 f 1109007 1"% 100% 33711 238% Cade Mala Walkdoa B f 5"2520 f 512 f 65315 8% 3% 13% O6% 13M 123 872 14+1 Condo Shores al Watkaiaa Beech it S 8439000 s 472 S 5853" 8% d% 10% 07% 1,2" 114 1141 999 Cordo Welkolm twony Vo,, 17 S 112140" f "1 S 659817 13% 711 28% 12% 14% 16 22" 182 Carlo F.1—y Villa, el W"-Ioa0 it 5 77554W S 514 S 705006 8% 5% 16% 05% 1372 150 900 1531 Cordo W. doe Beach Vale, 9 f 5 BOB an S 487 f a" 203 7% 4% 1 5% O 6% 13" Canto Hdd Kat 22 f Man 76 $ 1+43 f 158263 18% 22% 36% 36% 136 Condo KDI aCmdornitim, 53 S 6732100 S 861 S 1315700 39% 43% 87% 73% 1517 126 1100 900 lard Kol" 1 f 2.3500" S 09 f 2350000 1% 1% 02% 02% 23 a" 17 Residence Kot. 2 S 1/1000" f 1037 f 7050000 1% 9% 03% 15% 3939 IoM Napake Place 1 f ]6"0" f 109 f 3650"0 1% 2% 02% 04% 33497 11 Toll 135 5 161" 612 f 1195871 100% 100% 222% 169% Knowledge Based Consulting Group Summary of Sales by Active Project and Resales 2006 2006 sales %a pmecl %ol Tolat KuaW Average Baal LaM U. Kukh Knowledge Based Consulting Group WIRE SuOdNlalen p f fl5f Ave Price f f A S UNI Size Units Anes Deriwt Mo. Gail MR. 6 S 26850000 f 1553 5 4475000 1011 13% 10% 21% 2882 20 413 464 MR. tat MOe, 8 f 14 MO 000 S 1 043 S 2483 333 10% i% 1 0% i 6% 2 381 24 5 29 1 51 Mo Mlle Pah, Mlle. F. way Miles 4 3 S 10014465 f 6.175000 S Mo S 978 S 2,50362+ f 2058333 7% 5% 5% 3% 07% 05% 10% 06% 2952 21M t0 16 299 35J ]J0 453 Vies Vol.Mo el Ke Alwds Hellos V.I. 4 1 f 11450000 S 14680000 S 1058 S 1070 S 2862500 S 2125711 7% 12% 6% 7% 07% 1+11 12% 18% 2106 1987 17 20 691 424 2" 172 Val: Land Eclele Volae at ".hors Ne Aleule Eames i 1 f 4983430 f 1 850 000 f 1395 f 40 f 49834]0 5 1810MO 2% 2% 2% 1% 02% 0 2% 05% O Z% 3572 46 609 IaM tatted Area and Upoe Eaates 3 S 8930000 S 93 5 2976.887 5% 4% 05% 09% 31901 L tall LaM Hatro. Edale, laaupuleN Eaislee 1 8 i 4500000 f 20450000 f 112 S 57 f d 5" 000 S 2556250 2% 13% 2% 10% 0 2% 13% 0 s% 21% 45 2N 4 Lard. Reaidence K WEelatea X. EaMlsa 2 2 f 4400000 f 16 MO DOB S 55 S 2135 S 2200000 f 845D 000 3% 3% 2% 8% 03T. 03% 05% 18% 40170 3859 21 Fined— We Eaale. 1 S 5000000 S 1058 S 5000000 2% 2% 02% OS% 4125 15 Resid— Re,iOence Kw McOno Esme, tach" Anes end Upon Eames 4 2 i 18 &0 000 i 11215018 f 1218 f 1402 S 4 "0 000 S 5887 008 7% J% 8% 811 0 711 03% 1 8% 12% 3 371 40" 1 17 Carlo Residence Na Kale W KeNkaie s f fi 815185 f 1543 S 4163 039 8% 10% O 3% 2 2% 2 699 1 ReNderlce Total KumWmer BO S 200.153.126 f 37351188 0% 100% 0% 100% 00% 99% Dox 210% 17 M9a Kuklo Beech CBA O% O% 00% 00% 19 1827 104 Mae It—Whom 1 f 4650000 f 1527 5 4650WO 3% 3% 02Y. 05% 3045 3 117 26 Lad Lad K 10 MWNowi 18 8 i 359W 748 S 17475000 S 37 f 38 f 1997819 S 2912500 51% 17% 2411 12 30% 10% 3811 16% 51133 76085 115 64 Land Kapuletw 0011 4 S 40667000 f 197 S 10166750 11% 27% 07% 43% 51726 R.1d.nce Tom 8 3 f 51850000 $ 150.4102.748 f 1600 5 8841667 f 4.30.M 17% 100% U% 1"% 10% 57% 54% 156% 5116 Carlo KeaWtat Pelem 2 S 700000 S 400 S 395000 2% 1% 03% 01% 878 6 488 11" C.W. KeaWwu Re,arl 2 f 664500 f 462 S 332250 Z% 1% 03% 01X BW 48 492 916 Cordo C MYCMb VKe, 4 S 20)1000 f am S 518500 4% 2% 07% 02% 1067 Ito 681 1703 Condo Condo K.tehou Akah, KastMrGwbro 4 4 f 1845000 f 2413500 S 505 f 478 S 461250 S 610875 1% 4% 2% 3% 07% 07% 02% O7% 911 12" 48 113 321 1162 1495 972 Cards CoMp eaW Puncta la Moe, at Keahou Eslelea 8 3 f 1219 "0 S 2605000 f 419 f 511 f 527 375 S 868333 )% 3% 5% 3% 1 3% 06% 0 4% 03% 1259 1699 03 59 577 154] 1812 375 Cordo Kaaiar" i f 65000 S 381 f 'as000 1% 1 02% 01% 17" " 575 765 Condo Condo Na Hate M Ke.0— Ke,uhar Sud and Racotat Chib 47 5 S 33 016 080 S 3102 WO S 456 S SW $ 702469 S 820 520 42% 5% 37% 311 7755 0 811 3 5% 0 3% 1535 1070 he 193 13 37 15 64 6 28 12 42 COMB K -e- a $6 MS 764 S 607 S 815 r" 7% 8% 1 ]% 0 7% 13" 16 1.20 'On Lent 8%vlew Estate, 6 $ 3350 WO S 35 f 568333 511 111 1e,% 04% 16126 97 Land Residence Ketahou Estates Keeuhw EateW 2 10 i 1162000 S 190MM f 64 S 614 $ 61250 $ 196500 2% 9% 1% 2211 03% 16% 01% 21% 11182 3229 138 Resdence Tem SwW-Esme, 5 711 i 7195000 f 90 9" f 6" S 1499000 f 811198 5% 100% B% 100% 08% 182% 08% 94% 2473 a 19 f 21117700 5 20 S 1746191 00% 78% 31% 23% 57522 Rewdence I-aaa l 2 21 f BB50 "0 f 831 f 26837750 f 3425000 577197 10% 100% 20% 10011 0311 3411 0711 30% 3669 00OX 1"0% Knowledge Based Consulting Group WIRE surnanary of West nawan "at telale antes uy Vuaner c - - - 2905 [Pnee Cnan s Mama Size SF s verege Number Average a Avarege er e of Sales Total Sale .else Price SISF Mauro Kea 1 5 15 11 f 140000 f 12211,220 S 35585793 f 19,719671 51400000 $2442244 f 2372385 $1795425T43 120% Mama Lmu MWokolm-L 50 71 40 34 $5 80114246 S 71931388 S 31855161 3 2590591 $1,2@285 $1013118 f 795379 5 761782 195 331% S 973340 Revel 15 36 29 52 i 16227020 S 3562380 f 26907800 f 625839% 51081 801 S 989550 $ 960993 $1 203538 S 149,245447 247%Huabla S 697 M. 8% 7 0 1 10 1$346000 15 i 2178]317 S 71289170 i 31238530 f 45752123 S5 53112478 $2822278 3 3.123953 $ 4650009 $3050142 KuWo 192%Kukb 0Ma1Mu S 4,650 00S 4 650 000 13 23 14 8 S 2910900 5 1507384 S 9216560 S 4197500 S 676953 f 682060 S 658326 f 5246118 128 102Total S 632 073 S 471 118 139 1oa129 483 5 128637613 f 146742902 S 1394548" $ 158183877 5170/1945 $1055700 5 1297249 f 1318199 1680 1.709 -17% 100% 237%324% LM Mauro Kae 5 381 IS 44871529 S 51]0750 f - 1103/150 2B00 1 4 S - f 5 1512807 S 8,28500 f S 1 919,444 S 1572807 5207370 33,007 36 150 -67% 5we*&aResod 5 $ 9,807,907 $ 1981581 0 2 3 1 S 80000 S 76000 3 646500 $ 67000 5 1732500 $300000 $2533333 53,22750 f 2818,687 $247500 S 105 333 221%7 2418500 $3A55000 $ 115 4 11 6 S 33517000 5 3112500 i 1830748 S 131000 $47a8143 $7781250 S 1487341 S2183333 1% -16% 619%Ken.N. Kukb E 4 2 $ 57 2 i 226300 $ IE950 S 0 f 99500$ 565750 5 627250 e 5 49150 f 564 063 25%HdMie 19 f 10044 940 9 30 5 13 1 16 4 23 S 7131000 S 65 890 70 S 505000 S 43 88450 S 160000 S 282 655 f 31]67750 $ 43 602750 3126000 $2196 358 1101000 $3 375 731 S 76000 S 1 763978 S 946938 5 1 891 424 E 1B 120%Total 10 0% 4 0% 103% Mauna Kea 1 S1B7501655 3 1 a 500000 5 459,164602 $ 1256360 f 439500 $500000 47,258 37,970 215% 54187867 5439500 114% 110% Mauna lam 0 1 2 2 11 f 280000 S 1]4 000 f 765000 S $280000 S 872500 $387500 114% 140% WaBulee Resat Hunts! 5 1 2 1 2 $ $$ 25730016 S 400000 $ 141000 S 69000 5 1332500 i $514603 $400000 5705000 Sham 566M q5% 205% 71% 250% S 1A04 KUMo 1 1 1 3 5 71000 i 105000 f 770000 i 285000 5710000 5 1937 5 775000 58833333 736% 259% Matt- ibkuka Hunts m 6 q 3 2 S 332500 S 10,2000 S 427500 i 661500 S 885000 1166250 1170833 f 2084750 518)8,333 5342500 391 45% 19 34% S 8 641 667 Trial 2 9 13 13 S 41 155016 i 2750500 i B] 600 S 6423500 4457270 53056111 55154815 54941164 100%100% $1644421 22%113% Menu Kea 7 Hokuba 79 12 f 11570750 $ 12211220 It 44149393 $ 241"871 111652984 S 2674966 320120% 8914 101% $193.08361 Mauna lanl f 1.202 1 72 43 40 S 601142/6 f 717)7 JBB S 50818068 $ /18/5591 51202.2 1107936 f 118181fi 31044.140 337% 238% Wakdoe Resor) INalYai 17 15 36 0 14 62 24 $ 2222 020 f 55177383 S 35623800 3 27744110 f 410790 5 46889530 S 92583992 i 78 1012) $130)472 53674491 S 999550 $310301 S 33M 927 S 3319252 51281538 131931 222% BA% 189$ 210% $ 2287,525 Kuklo 8 S 46 915,00 13 9 S 4081700 S 4192500 5 297fi0748 S 398000 .5077125 583E 00 f 2,212385 $44000 5]X 15 B% -21% Keauhou 49 31 18 13 S 3469700 5 27146884 f 7749150 S 10707500 S 70100 S 875708. 977753 f BE 954 192% 94% 45 Hokdu 53,377,979 1 6 S 1134000 3 5050.00 5 160400 S 10637750 312000 S 354640,327 $ 16000 51772958 314% 30% Kermit. 111 C -doe 77 49 I6 23 3 6 E1 00 f 22 038 155 f 5851500 f 7331 570 S 368 294 f 419 758 5 35340 f 318 7& 34.2% 30 7% $ 980.694 Lis 12 7 19 2 S 313900 S 201120 S 3068862 5 15300 S E1583 $ 287314 $160993 S 22550 130% 63% Reedence 56 6 36 E . 20792230 S 31225577 S 20137874 i MBT 850 S 54716$ $ 5294E S 55 385 f 528918 528% J. Condos rrte a 81 Bt B8 91 It 3405751 f 3302701 $ 37166,548 S 32511715 S 429113 f 407741 f 42234819 357.272 370% E5% LW 27 36 21 19 5 11 749579 S 2113500 f 9140500 i 6965655 f 435170 S 587083 f 435262 $ 351350 11 2% 91% Raadense 734 120 127 97 f 101724578 f 98363488 5 86995138 i 65388272 S ]59 139 $ 819 fi96 i fi8501 S 874085 518% 854% Condos rriY 3 oro 2 0 $ 117500 S S 92750 S S 391667 S 463750 25% 15% Lob 13 12 5 4 f 1233300 5 882050 i 236500 $ 151000 S 948692 S 57870 S 47300 S 377500 171% 110% Read- 38 48 35 39 f E773310 $1 3128620E S 2584fi 724 $ 2 058068 S 701561 f 684626 f 741335 i 842515 04% 811% Condos a 211 E9 214 231 3 17080361 f 201 08058 S 18320492 S 188021162 S 787467 S 70218 S 35601 5 846,270 459% 427 L.Is Lab B2 68 67 48 f 931123E f 73 951 20 5$ 42 788 017 S 52 331405 f1 135 516 (1087 518 S 701 443 5 1090 238 12 7% 14 BX res 279 237 271 777 f 190445134 f 189958102 f 20118334 $ 169518990 f 8fi9612 f 80150 f 948428 f 957723 474% 425% o..� .. _...._..._.._....---D---......_... 2006 - - - - - - 2905 [Pnee Cnan s Mama Size SF Number verege Number Average Avarege % Resort of Sales Total Sale .else Price SISF of Sales Total Select Sales Pnee $ISF Setea Noe Pnoet SF 2006 2005 Change Condos Mauna Kee 32 S 68,946,684 $ 21545" $ 893 3 S 8180000 52726,687 51071 .21% -17% 2414 2547 32% Mauna Lon 195 $lag Sol 386 S 973340 $ 575 151 $ 163300,235 51081459 S 558 -10% 3% 1693 19" -130% Walkdoa Resod 131 $141342672 $ 1078951 5 153 139 S 149,245447 51073708 S 697 M. 8% 1434 1640 -69% Hualmal 36 $110058110 S 3057448 S 1203 23 S 7173406 $ 3118872 S 1,774 -2% 2% 2,542 2657 43% KuWo 7 S 4,650 00S 4 650 000 S 1,527 13 $ 65 093,327 5 5 07 179 $ 2010 -7% -24% 3 045 2 491 222% Kenlhou 88 $ 58 210,444 S 661482 S 478 128 $ 80 905 286 S 632 073 S 471 5% 2% 1 384 1 343 3 0% Total 483 5573019236 1,186375 $ 706 4571$ 538,458357 S 1178 46 $ 690 1% 2% 1680 1.709 -17% Wnlhly Averve 403 5 47,761,603 381 IS 44871529 Lots Mauna Kea 5 S 5 170 750 S 1,034 150 $ 31 9 S 17 275 00 S 1 919,444 f 53 .46% 317% 33,007 36 150 -67% Mauna Lan 5 $ 9,807,907 $ 1981581 $ 59 32 $ 73560162 $2298,755 $ 60 .15X -1% 33254 38,524 137% Wdkdoe Resod 2 $ 8,00,00 5300,00 S 105 7$ 2418500 $3A55000 $ 115 -13% -9% 28577 30077 -50% Hunts al 15 $ 4.1 70,00 f 267 333 $ Bd 16 f 42 500 00 5 2 656 250 f 76 1% -16% 41 654 34 876 194% Kukb E $ 94102 748 S 3 360 812 $ 57 76 S 273 847 000 $3604- 3 604,588 S 0 -7% -36% 58 493 40 175 45 6% Kea%#= e f 4,512 500 f 564 063 $ 34 19 f 10044 940 S 528,687 $ 30 7% 169. 16 390 17 762 -7 7% Hokdia 19 S 21777750 S 1146797 $ 20 1a S 17652,500 It 980694 E 1B 17% 1311 57522 55733 32% Total 02 S1B7501655 2.213.435 47 1" 5 459,164602 52594150 0 -15% -31% 47,258 37,970 215% Month) Aver 68 S 15125138 148 f 30.263 777 Residences Mauna Kea 5 5 27 95880 f 0,397 720 5 928 B S 21 460 D0$ 2682,50 $ 925 64% 0% 4 733 2907 632% Mauna Lan 5 f "800 00S 5 580 00 S 1A04 5 $ 28 850 00 5 5 770,00 $ 1 20 -3% 16% 3,975 4 786 -116 9% Weadoa Resort 2 5 1410000 f 7050000 5 1937 0 $ - $ Hunts m 9 S 49965016 9955016 S 5 550 557 S 1 463 6 $ 37 775 000 $ 6 295 83.7 S 1 648 -129. -11% 3 793 3 820 0 7% Kukb e $ 51 950 000 S 8 641 667 $ 1 689 2 S 15600 00 $ 1800 00 S 1 882 11% -10% 51 1 6 4 144 234% Kaeuh. 15 S 2732000 S 1,821333 S 872 19 $ 31,244000 $1644421 S 573 11% 7% 2,97 2868 38% Hokuba 2 S 885000 S 342500 S 934 Total 42 $193.08361 4.597.229 f 1.202 1 40 734929,000 $ 3,373225 $ 1,016 36% 18% 3.826 3 321 152% Monty A-relf, 35 5 16.090.301 1 33 3 1124/083 All Resort Community Real Estate Mauna Kea 42 S 96 076 034 $ 2287,525 20 S 46 915,00 S 2,345 70 -2% Mauna Lan 205 $227,50293 S 110801 188 f 265 710 397 51413,353 -21% Walkdoa Resort 135 $161"2,612 S 1195871 146 S 51187,880 I% HudaIn 60 $20153126 f )335,885 45 0173430"7 f 1529056 53,377,979 1% Kukro 35 $150602748 S 4302936 91 S 354640,327 $3897,146 10% Kermit. 111 S 90042944 $ 811198 166 S 122194226 $ 736,110 10% Hokuhe 21 $ 28627.750 S 1 363 226 18 $ 17652,500 $ 980.694 39% Total 609 5954 454 507 $ 1.56-7,2491 874 $1 132 551,953 1 fi80 3" -]% Monthly Average 51 79 537 876 56 $ 9/ 379 329 Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11 - 12 Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11 - 13 Table 4 bm— -- Table 5 v.y , ,o,.....o�..,...00. ��.a... .....__ _.._ Mon1hlv Rate Pementacte hands M b Share 20pq 2005 2006 2004/5 2005/6 Resort Community Units 1 f Units f Units $ Units f Unds 1 f Mauna Kea 18$ 4,880417 17 $ 3909,583 35 $ 8,006,336 -91% -165% 110% 105% Mauna Lana 77 f 11,546,231 157 $22,142533 171 $18959,108 1043% 918% 9% -14% W aikolos Resort 160 f 9 703 020 122 5 14,452,537 113 $13,453,551 -189% 489% -8% -7% Hualalai 28 f 8,440729 38 $12,687421 50 $16,679,427 324% 501% 33% 32% Kubo 71 $ 19,321,201 76 $29553,361 2 9 $125M.229 71% 530% 62% -58% Keauhou 164 $ 8596,435 138 $10,182852 9 3 $ 7503,579 -157% 185% -33% -26% Hokulia 17 S 1,300,017 15 $ 1471,042 18 f 2,385,646 -100% 132% 171/6 62% Total 52 5 t-63,587,050 56 2 $ 94,379,329 1 508 $79,537.876 70% 484% 111% 4 bm— -- Table 5 v.y , ,o,.....o�..,...00. ��.a... .....__ _.._ ...__ .. _..__ Keauhou M b Share Hokuria aaoloa Mae M P PCs E Percentage Chane 200615 2006/4 TIms/PMd.OT • Units Sales Volume 200615 2006/4 Units It pmts $ UnBs S 2006 Condos 483 $ 573 019,236 S 1 186 375 0 7% 315% 793% 500% 11 5% 125% 214% 1&8% Lots 82 S 187 501,655 S 2 213,435 -147% 40 2% 13 5% 19 0% 12 8% -215% -20 5% 25.3% Residences 44 S 199 933 816 $ 4543,946 34 7% 110 3% 71% 209% 13% 8 0% -09% 65% Total 609 $954,454,507 S 1.667.249 -6 7% 294% ols CmRn 1 Lots Codo Res 2005 Rea Lob 200514 40 Lob C 200514 36 28 Condos 457 S 538458351 S 1178246 36.5% 2 678% 475% 99% 63% 52 135 Lots 177 $ 459,164602 $ 2,594150 643% 4 263% 405% -77% -31% 13 63 Residences 40 S 134 929 000 $ 3 373 225 561% 3 59% 119%1 -22% -25% 10 19 Total 1 674 $1132.551,953 S 1,680 344 38 7% 1 6 1 7 5 14 37 2004 5e 6 12 42 60 5 1 e 14 133 Condos 365 $ 314,956 471 S 862.894 2 19 57 9% 41 3% 0 7 5 23 Lom 214 $ 337 878,725 S 7 578 873 100 10 34 0% M 3% 106 5 1 15 Residences $ 110209,400 S 2,160969 40 2 B1% 144% 13 13 155 4 Total165301 S 763 044,596 $ 1,211,182 65 26 101 10 27 41 78 3 Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-14 Table 6 Monthly Distribution of West Hawaii Real Estate Sales, 2006 2006 January February Mash Apnl May June July August September October NOVBrnber December Cbsed YTD Kohala Coast Resorls Keauhou Hokuria aaoloa Village Total PCs 11 Kona Subdivisions KohalaMatmea an -an- - t- Monthly Mar Jun r1.1; Dec Mm Jim Se Dec Mar Jun Set, Total Mar Jun Sep Dec For 2006 Average 1 5 15 11 I.JR. 0 0 1 0 3 Tots'CRs IS. 7 5 18 bl 42 38 50 Tala —1 ols CmRn 1 Lots Codo Res Lob Rea Lob 43 40 Lob C Res 36 28 eTa 0 0 0 0 2 Sales e 4 233 52 135 1J 7 1 10 4 5 10 9 41 13 63 it 27 38 16 3 1 15 19 158 10 19 1 2 11 2 1 6 1 7 5 14 37 B 5e 6 12 42 60 5 1 e 14 133 3 31 3 2 19 0 1 0 7 5 23 19 55 26 100 10 42 54 106 5 1 15 21 227 4 40 2 2 14 13 13 155 4 11 24 10 65 26 101 10 27 41 78 3 0 14 17 196 1 45 0 301 5 3 3 124 2 25 20 6 75 23 104 17 21 36 74 2 0 14 16 194 t 31 1 19 134 1 727 2 242 1 13 16 4 48 20 7 9 33 43 B 7 0 20 27 184 1 28 43 0 7 2 269 214 2 5 15 3 40 20 8 B 25 33 66 2 1 19 22 161 8 33 i 0 5 0 t 16 B 12 25 46 13 84 6 35 55 96 2 0 1 8 188 6 33 5 0 2 2 1 3 9 1 38 16 61 7 28 39 74 1 1 10 12 147 3 d1 1 5 1 0 4 10 4 50 13 67 B 34 33 75 2 0 18 20 182 B 41 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 9 8 13 52 U 78 3 22 26 51 0 0 8 1J9 6 30 4 1 1 2 0 10 9 8 41 id 67 B 31 J8 BO 2 0 12 14 157 55 385 27 B BB 15 19 40 105 1 122 J. 206 91 103 340 Q8 921 34 5 160 199 2036 Specs KnoMedge Based vlari9 G.uP Flanai IMamebon iib Table 7 Summary of Real Estate Absorption in West Hawaii, 2006 Resort Mauna Kea Mauna Lan, Wmkoloa Huai" Wis. Keauhou Hokulia Total Resort Weikoloa Village Total PC's Kona Subdivisions .A"=. Total Markel Area Source Knovdedge Based Consulting Group maivia immuslwn Service Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-15 Villas Lot. ResMencesTotal an -an- - t- Monthly Mar Jun r1.1; Dec Mm Jim Se Dec Mar Jun Set, Disc Mar Jun Sep Dec For 2006 Average 1 5 15 11 5 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 7 5 18 12 42 38 50 71 40 34 0 0 1 4 0 1 2 50 72 43 40 205 t8 6 15 36 28 52 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 17 36 30 52 135 123 7 4 10 15 3 2 3 7 5 1 1 15 7 74 24 60 55 0 0 1 0 7 4 11 6 1 1 1 3 6 5 13 9 35 32 43 23 14 8 4 2 0 2 2 6 4 3 49 31 18 13 111 10 1 0 0 0 0 9 5 1 4 0 0 0 2 9 5 1 6 21 1 9 116 139 108 120 30 13 16 3 9 9 13 13 155 161 137 156 60 55 4 17 49 16 23 12 7 19 2 38 60 36 2B 67 176 77 53 301 27 9 133 188 124 143 42 20 35 25 47 69 49 47 222 277 208 209 976 83 81 81 88 90 27 36 21 19 134 120 727 97 242 237 236 206 921 837 3 0 2 0 13 12 5 4 38 48 35 39 54 60 42 43 199 181 217 269 214 233 82 88 67 4B 219 237 2111 1771 5181 36 185 1 Source Knovdedge Based Consulting Group maivia immuslwn Service Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-15 Table 8 Lot Size Resor[Communttles Warkoloa VOta9e IKohalaf Waimea Kona Subdivisbns North Kohala Sub0lvislons Total From To Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Less than 8,000 Average Average Average 0 0%3 Units 4% - 5 15% - 00% 8 159 8,000 10000 Data +/ Units 0 0% 14 20% 14 43% - 00% 28 35% 10 000 12 000 27% 1990 43 52% 11 16% 76 235% 1 0 5% 131 16 2 A 12 000 14 000 481% 215% 20 24% 5 7% 5 '15% - 0 0% 30 37% 11 000 16,000 12 49% 7 8% 3 4% 25 77% 4 21% 51 63% 16,000 18,000 20 81% 2 2% 2 3% 15 46% 3 15% 42 52% 18 000 20 000 11 45% 3 4% - 0% 6 25% 5 26% 27 33% 20,000 22 000 13 53% 3 4% - 0% 33 10 2% 2 1 0% 51 63% 22 000 24,000 13 53% 2 2% 2 3% 12 3 7% 3 1 5X 32 4 0% 24 000 30 000 31 126% D 0% - 0% 8 25% 9 4 fi% 48 5 9% 300001 acre 57 232% 2 2% - 0% 5 15% 1 38% 71 88% 1 ave 2 acre 76 309% 1 1% 13 19% 77 236% 22 11 3X 189 23 4% 2 acre 5 acres 13 53% 0 0% 4 6% 27 83% 57 29 2% 101 125% 5 acres + 1048 0 0 0% 0 0% 13 19% 14 4 3% 82 421% 109 13 5% Total 169 246 100 0% 83 100% 70 100% 324 96% 195 100 OX 809 100 0% `ef"..h..... Pri..,�i>•:.'wM`. ''-va..,. Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-16 Table 9 Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-17 2005 2006 Che s Start Average Developer Average Average Average Average Average Pdceper Sutsfvwwn Units Total Sales Price SISF Units Total Sales Pdce SISF Pna SF Data +/ Units S,u Invent Puu Lan, Ranch 10 S 9 4010 S "0 400 S 347 6 S 7112 000 964000 S 356 2 5% 27% 1990 144 2 711 Mekalel Estates 2 S 2735000 51367500 S 518 2 S 4050000 52025000 S 630 481% 215% 2000 66 2927 Kane Wonder View Lots 7 5 2082000 S 297429 S 227 7 S 3283000 S 469000 S 443 577% 950%. 1995 136 1184 Kone Highlands 28 S 13967600 5 699554 S 358 /7 S 9111000 f 571235 S 354 143% -11% 1978 242 1478 Kana C—Niev, 19 5 10 022 500 5 52] 500 5 311 9 5 6 892 000 S 513 556 S 389 30% 250% 1964 268 1 601 Kona Palisades 5f S 32,008870 S 5]1587 S 353 45 5 26604401 5 591209 S 361 34% 24% 1979 823 1627 Korw Mas S 5 733 000 S 718 625 S {71 6 S 6 325 000 $790 625 S 345 10 3% 160% 1975 156 2 019 Kona Heavens 12 S 13 066 425 S 1088869 S 370 2 S 2995000 995 000 $ 1 497 500 S 437 37 5% 18 2% 1990 121 3 012 Kona Hills EaWlas 4 S 5 798 000 S 1 649 500 S 328 2 5 2 775 000 $1 387 500 5 558 43% 702% 1990 74 37 4 Lekabl Makal 9 S 5,747,090 f 638,568 S 453 14 S 8,186,399 S 564,7{3 S 419 -64% -74% 200{ 175 1401 T7 Quem Uliuok land Village 9 S 3647900 S 405322 S 426 4 S 1960000 5 495000 f 391 221% .81% 1971 191 1048 Kom Chocho Estates 8 S 4045000 S 505625 S 293 9 S 5116000 f 566444 S 338 124% 154% 1980 169 1703 Kew Heights 19 S 11265500 S 592921 S 326 9 f 5688000 S 654222 5 320 103% -21% 1985 278 1891 Kell- View Estates 20 S 13497900 S 673 395 S 324 12 S 8 046 695 S 670 556 S 366 -04% 129% 1980 237 1 984 Hualala Colony 6 S 5867 500 S 941917 S 388 2 S 2.275 000 f 1 137 500 S 330 20 0% 15 1% 2000 67 2 694 MaWW Gardens nit 5 10207500 S 637 Our S 464 7 5 4640000 S 662857 S 469 39% 7 /% 1998 131 1 38] Kahakw Estates 10 f 7858 000 S 795 900 S 439 13 S 12 862 020 S 989 386 S 531 243% 21 0% 2004 98 1 841 Pualani Estates 50 f 26,204,876 S 520.093 S 337 29 f 15,751,716 6 582,654 S 346 74% 2.7% 2004 276 1579 124 Want 10 f 10 932 000 S 1 093,200 S 477 4 S 4 546 000 S 1 136 500 S 414 40% '0% 2001 154 2 367 Kemoni Trees 17 S 7 808 650 S 447 450 5 463 8 S 3 563 000 S "5 375 S 488 -05% 48% 1990 136 950 Kau Vats 15 S 12,310.569 $ 821,105 $ 419 10 $ 9,256,000 S 1211 1 462 13.7% 10.2% 1992 150 1 979 66 Kau Sea V 9 S 4 249 600 S 472 178 S 293 1 S 3020500 f 432 643 S 313 8 4% f6 9% 1968 70 1 458 Sunset Vaw Terraw Lob 9 S 6701000 6 677889 S 351 10 S 6469000 S 618900 S 346 -48% 14% 1977 " 1899 WMI. = Beach 7 S 4 979000 S 711 286 S 334 6 S 5 882 509 S 735 316 S 252 34% 24 5% 1979 142 2 519 Keautwu View Estates 22 S 12 949 500 S 586 614 S 452 15 S a W4 700 S 586 940 S 438 -0 3% 33% 2001 159 1317 Atli Webb 43 f 30,629,315 f 690,651 S 384 58 S 38.603,167 f 865,572 S 381 3.2% -0.8% 2004 216 1 758 I2 Other 220 $166906735 S 768158 S 365 743 5130327137 S 9713" S 385 186% 82% 2183 TOTAL 447 5"1827690 f 882,887 786 461 743,607248 f 7I 352 1 396 91X 77% 4822 1866 309 IMonthly Minstrel S 36818974 384 5 28637977 Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-17 Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-18 M1 Summary of Kallua-Kona Condominfum Sales, 2005 and 2006 Prejecf Sales Sales Volume Prim $ISF Sales Sales Volume Price $ISF P,,- SIS, Uim 512e u Project Descnplim Kona Km Average Average Average 2 S 274,000 $ 137,000 $ 236 O of 580 Sales Sales Volume Price $ISF PINES AT KAILUA-KONA 1 30 $13 135 140 $437038 $398 14 S 6 725 400 $ 480 386 $ 463 97% 165% 1 037 0O% 00% HUALALAI VILLAGE 5 $2.230,000 $449000 5493 3 S 1,290,000 $ 430,000 6 487 36% A2% 883 1 6 1979 KONA MANSIONS V 25 $5,910,500 $236,420 $369 10 S 2,617,500 $ 261,750 $ 373 107% 1 1% 702 1 $1125,000 $1125000 $404 HALE KONA KAI 689% 689% 2787 12 1979 2 S 1 096 500 $ 548 250 $ 952 2 $587970 $293,985 $287 576 109% 101% KONA REEF 12 1991 KONA SUNSET VILLAS 4 $1,308,250 $327,063 $311 2 S 674500 $ 337,250 $ 385 875 1 21 1980 ALII COVE 65 $26,340,701 $405,242 $299 118 It 50,254,985 S 425,890 $ 320 51% 101% 1,294 1 KONA SEA VILLAS 8 $4,400,500 $550,063 $431 4 $ 2.048.000 $ 512,000 5 435 -69% 10% 1,177 221% -149% KONA LUANA 20 1980 KONA WESTWIND 3 $900,000 $300,000 $331 1 $ 818,000 S 818000 It 816 157% 157% 10D3 15 1976 SEAVILLAGE 13 $7,650,000 $508,462 $736 4 S 2246000 $ 561500 6 698 -46% -52% 804 1 11 $4,559,000 $414,455 $427 ALD PARK PLACE 38 $18,312,385 $481,905 $396 9 $ 5,190,650 $ 575,628 $ 472 194% 193% 1,219 KONA SEA RIDGE 20 $9,594,200 $479.710 $455 11 S 5,442,300 $ 494.755 $ 387 31% 44.8% 1277 1 26 2005 KONA ISLE 7 $3104,500 $443,500 $784 2 S 869,000 $ 429,500 $ 759 -32% 32% 666 34 59 345,000 5274 853 5329 ROYAL SEA -CLIFF CLUB 14 57718,986 $551,356 $624 2 S 1,065000 S 532,500 $ 672 -34% 16% 793 32% 2 5% KONA BY THE SEA 7 54,916,500 $702,351 $658 5 5 3,132,375 S 626475 S 629 -108% -44% am KONA RIVIERA VILLA 1 $400,000 $400,000 $602 3 S 1,640,000 S 546.667 $ 767 361% 308% 695 AIA KA LA APTS 1 $495.000 5495,000 $371 1 S 35D 000 S 350 000 $ 431 -293% 163% 812 ALB LAM 55 $19,683,800 $357,887 IIAU 35 S 12,971,800 S 170,623 $ 441 36% 19% 841 3 CASADE EMDEKO 9 $3,890400 $432,267 $492 1 $ 390,000 $ 390,000 $ 530 -98% 70% 736 1' KONA SHORES 13 $3155,500 $242,731 $465 5 S 1,154,000 S 230800 6 466 -49% 04% 495 KONA MAKAI 3 $ 940,000 $ 316000 $ 398 783 1' ALIT VILLAS 6 $2019500 $336,583 $525 9 S 3687,500 $ 409722 S 622 217% 182% 659 KALAWA GARDENS 3 $1005000 $335,000 $317 2 $ 746,000 111 373000 t 369 113% 133% 1040 KONA POLYNESIA 4 $608000 $152000 $290 1 $ 150 ODO S 150,000 $ 206 -13% -13% 524 LIONA KONA 1 $250000 $250000 $323 4 S 1,049,500 S 262375 $ 365 50% 131% 719 SOARDRIDER HALE KONA DRIFTWOOD 1 5 $299,000 $650,500 $299,000 $371 $130100 5269 1 S 175000 $ 175,000 $ 362 345% 345% SOB 484 KALANIKAI 7 $1886,000 $269,429 $365 6 $ 1632200 t 272033 S 366 10% 01% 7" KAILUA SAY RESORT 18 $6.636 500 5313,139 $415 5 $ 1 425 792 $ 285 158 S 418 -89% 09% 692 KONA PLAZA 8 $2 399,000 $299875 $416 4 S 1 334 000 S 333,500 $ 450 112% 84% 741 KONA AUI 3 $1,059000 $353,000 $453 4 $ 1573,000 $ 393250 S 480 114% 60% 820 KAILUA VILLAGE 6 $1,664,900 $277463 $434 3 $ 789,900 5 263,300 S 412 51% -51% 639 KONA ISLANDER INN 3 S 375000 $ 125,000 S 336 372 1 KONA PACIFIC 13 $5,257800 5404,446 $406 8 5 2 993 233 S 374 154 $ 445 75% 89% 842 1 ROYAL KAILUAN 3 $824000 $274667 $402 6 $ 1,512000 $ 252,000 $ 392 -83% -25% 644 MALIA KAI 2 S 609,000 $ 304 500 S 305 1 000 BANYAN TREE 1 $770000 $770 000 $666 1 $ 729 000 It 729,000 S 631 53% -53% 1,156 ROYAL KAHILI 3 $1,130000 $376,667 $414 1 $ 355,000 $ 355000 $ 391 -58% 58% 909 KONA BALI KAI 9 $3 195 900 $355,100 $687 9 $ 3 346 800 $ 371 067 S 631 47% -81% 589 HOLUALOA GARDENS 2 $ 535 000 $ 267,500 $ 420 637 HOLUALOA SAY VILLAS 1 $579000 $579,000 $470 1 $ 677,250 S 677,260 $ 550 170% 170% 1,232 Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-18 M1 Summary of Kallua-Kona Condominfum Sales, 2005 and 2006 Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-19 2005 2006 % Change Project Descnplim Average Average Average Average O of Proleci Sales Sales Volume Price $ISF Sales Sales Volume Prim SISF -000$ Pnce SISF Um1 Sae Uniis Year" HALE KAI OKONA i $1,000000 1000,000 $414 1 1000,000 $10 414 0O% 00% 2415 14 1979 HALE POHAKU 1 $999 999 $999999 $861 1 S 999,999 $ 999 999 $ B61 00% 00% 11161 6 1979 KONA WEST 1 $ 120,000 S 120000 $ 355 338 36 1979 KONA ONENALO 1 $1125,000 $1125000 $404 1 S 1900000 $1,900,000 S 682 689% 689% 2787 12 1979 IKENA LALO 2 $587970 $293,985 $287 1 $ 315,000 S 315 DOO S 316 109% 101% 996 12 1991 KONA SUNSET VILLAS 4 $1,308,250 $327,063 $311 1 050 21 1980 MALUHIA KAi 6 $2,181000 $363 500 $320 1 3 350 000 S 350 000 $ 388 -37% 213% 1 135 18 1983 KONA VILLA 1 $ 215,000 S 215000 S 266 807 5 1971 KONA EASTWIND 5 $1862,000 $372,400 5376 1 5 290000 $ 290,000 $ 320 221% -149% 906 20 1980 KONA WESTWIND 3 $900,000 $300,000 $331 2 S 694,333 S 347,167 S 383 157% 157% 906 15 1976 KONA PALMS 1 $579000 $579,OD0 $556 1,041 12 1980 RITE SANDS VILLAGE 11 $4,559,000 $414,455 $427 2 S 1262 SM S 631 250 $ 613 523% 434% 1 030 108 1984 KAHALUU REEF 3 S 1433,000 $ 477 667 It 474 1 008 8 1984 VILLAS AT KAHALUU 8 85,423,290 $077,911 $852 1 S 545,000 S 545,000 $ 965 -196% 132% 565 26 2005 KAHALUU BAY VILLAS 1 $615 DOD $615 D00 $485 1 267 15 1985 KONA COFFEE VILLAS 34 59 345,000 5274 853 5329 10 $ 3 or 400 $306 940 S 360 16% 93% 853 176 1980 Tole) 481 5 190 637 721 5396 336 $415 335 S 13T 066417 1 409 153 S 105 32% 2 5% 1,010 1 3,370 lMmtMy Average 401 1 279 5 11422101 Knowledge Based Consulting Group 11-19 CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CONDOMINIUMS IN KAILUA-KONA AND KEAUHOU AREA 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 ab 1� 1,y 1h '(� p 0^ 0`4 0h 01 0°' Knowledge Based Consulung Group 11-20 KNOWLEDGE BASED CONSULTING GROUP 19 Holly Ave. Larkspur, CA 94939 (415)924-6577 clivej@sbcglobal net SECTION III MARKET SUPPORTABLE REAL ESTATE PRODUCTS AT LA'IPALA HEIGHTS The market research for La'ipala Heights Indicates that there is a large market that has the income and net worth to qualify for resort real estate in Hawaii The challenge for La'ipala Heights is to create a real estate product that appeals to this market and an operations and amenity program that delivers buyer satisfaction A highly targeted database marketing and image program will also be critical components for project success Our initial market research recommends that the master plan and development program should follow some basic product criteria and strategies These principles should provide overall guidance to the project Master Plan Features • Concern for the Environment A key objective for the La'ipala Heights project is to include a comprehensive commitment to sustainable development principles throughout the project, including infrastructure and residential design Research has shown that buyers are willing to pay a 5% to 10 % premium for housing and communities that follow green building principles • Protected views This commitment of unobstructed ocean views from each building site must be followed and easily communicated to market In Hawaii, the quality of the ocean view outweighs any other site feature, including such factors as golf course frontage • Product vanety A series of small projects (25 to 50 lots/ condos +/-) should be brought to market in order to meet market needs for individuality and desires for exclusivity and privacy • Security Where possible, there should be a separate access point for each neighborhood, with secunty • Walking distance to amenities Care should be taken to provide an integrated system of walking paths that logically end at place people want to walk to, such as neighborhood parks, shopping, and beach/ ocean access • Resort Character Buyers want to have pride in their chosen community and this must be reflected in the consistent quality of improvements, sensitivity to the land and culture, and on going service • Focal Point Successful projects that rise above the typical subdivision provide an in project destination that serves as a community gathering place • Privacy Concern for owner privacy, exclusivity and security should be reflected throughout the development • Attractive landscaping Residents want to see attractive landscaping at project entry and at focal points of visitor activity Community Character • Variety of Residential Types and Price Ranges The La'ipala Heights program provides a variety of housing types, including mid range market rate units and affordable housing that meets County guidelines • Emphasis on Health, Wellness, and Family Values People reside in West Hawaii for a number of reasons, but chief among them is the perception that it is a healthy lifestyle The community amenity program should support this goal through a modest fitness facility at the community park, as well as a small community organic garden, • Low Homeowner's Fees Many of the Kona residents are on semi fixed incomes and are very conscious of homeowner's fees as an ongoing expense Recognizing the importance of maintaining low homeowners fees, the community center should be attractive, but modest and a demonstration of sustainable design features • Access to Services Property owners rate access to nearby shops and restaurants as an important criterion in selecting a Kona home Whereas La'ipala Heights was not planned to have an on site commercial area, it has been suggested that a small convenience store be located at the entrance to the project adjacent to the community park KBCG believes this to be an excellent idea In addition, it will be important to work with the Keauhou development team to ensure that there will be good access to the Keauhou Shopping Center when Area 53 of their master plan is developed Baby Boomer Community Preferences I I Low maintenance homes I ( Aesthebc appeallciamliness commundy secuntylsafety Healthcare —liability I I Recreational amenities I I Nearby Supennarkel(s) Fdness and spa faclifts Restaurants 6 Community layout 49'/• Social opportunities I I 48% Retail shopping I I 46% Golf course 22% I I I I 62% 62% 0% 209/6 401/6 601% 80•/. 100% Knowledge Based Consulting Group III -2 Density • Moderate Density A relatively moderate density development provides the population support for a community amenity program that would not otherwise be feasible • Cluster Development, The development program should seek to provide higher density products in proximity to the community amenities (e g , the neighborhood parks and community center) Unit Configuration • Maximize View Quality Lot and custom home products should be especially sited to maximize ocean view quality Building envelopes must be defined to protect views • Mix of Unit Sizes and Product Types In order to broaden the depth of market, it is important to provide a mix of custom homes and attached multifamily units consistent with zoning and setback requirements • Green Building Standards La'tpala Heights should provide a home and multifamily product that meets sustainable development objectives (LEED Certified) Design Features • Emphasize outdoor living and entertainment elements within the offered residential designs and bwldmg envelope specifications • Include a high technology infrastructure that will allow buyers to work effectively from their homes, as well as provide electronic access to friends, family, advisers, medical services, and entertainment features There are surely a number of other criteria that can be added to this list to reflect owner and planning/ design objectives o Prospect and Property Owner Preferences The above criteria for successful community development in Hawaii are in part based on observation, but generally supported by extensive surveys that KBCG has conducted with permanent and seasonal residents in West Hawaii These surveys have shown the following relative importance of location, community, and unit design criteria in the selection of a home in West Hawaii Knowledge Based Consulting Group I11-3 Importance of Location Factors for Resort Home (Rated on a scale of 1 to 5, where 5 is very important) Ocean ViewF3" �'-sse Ua Ocean Frontage1,sNear to Hotels and Services2+oatNear GoM Course n a GoM Course FrontageAway From Ocasn/More SpPrivacyNear Spa/Wellness CenterLake FrontageMOP T"MM 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Reasons for Selecting Resort Home Destination (Scale of 1 to 5, where 5 is very important) Climate II II Ocean Vie" I I I I�Ts r Privacy and Security Melntenan.. Free LMeetyb isMil Convenient Air Access Bit - Recreation Am mate I Suparbr GoM axe Reteement Locellnn GoM Membership x1e I Quality Medical Care M Frw.ds M Community I Rental Program I Tennis FacOdbs s 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 As shown, the quality of the ocean view from their residence is the principal differentiation factor within an overall excellent climate in all of West Hawaii A number of amenities also contribute to the purchase decision, as shown below Knowledge Based Consulting Group Importance of Resort Amenities (Scale of I to 5, where 5 is very important) Good Beach I I I Lush Landscapingl Botanical Gardens Fin. Resbrame I I I I I I ue Championship Golf I I I 1 n I 1 I w.lkkie Pam I I I Flows. Center x13 Nearby shops I I I I e re 1 I I Health Spa is. I I Quality Medical Co. 1 1 Residents Beach Club ° I Nearby Parks and Raercalbn = I Water Feature or Lk- Private WPrivate Goll 21° I Cultural Facilities 2. I Adventure Sport Center Business/Technology Center ° I Adult EduoatbNeWWral Programs ChlMrwm Programs _ Us _ 10 1.5 20 2.5 30 35 CO 45 50 In terms of homesrte attributes, the opportunity for appreciation is most highly ranked, followed by a protected view corridor Importance of Homesite Features and Services (Scale of 1 to 5, where 5 is very important) Appreciation Protected Vlew Corridor Walking Distance to Beach Ocean View High Security Ad ... d R to Each Unit Hotel Services to Home Concierge Sam[ - 110 10 2A 30 20 35 40 ab so Knowledge Based Consulting Group And, in terms of unit design preferences, buyers are looking for large lariats, a single level floor plan and gourmet kitchen Importance of Home Design Features (Scale of 1 to 5, where 5 is Very Important) Very Large Lanals i]7 Single Level Floor Plan ase 4.03 Gourmet Kitchen 2303 Able to Design olnterlorl Flntshings 4 wn .61 Twin Master Suites 176 6 Separate Guest Area/ Sultsvang33" Entre Room for Suslnesel Office 1483 High Technology Features3 317 Spa Tub t76 321 Elba Room for Fitness Area 360363 SarvanCs Ouartare yg tit ° 1.0 15 20 2.5 30 3.5 4.0 45 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PLAN This market for La'ipala Heights includes local Hawaii buyers who transfer from other projects as well as mainland prospects However, there are a number of competitive properties that are well established in the marketplace It is essential that La'ipala Heights provides a differentiated product that appeals to the environmental consciousness, self-improvement objectives, family values and time sensitive needs of the principal market segment (the retired or semi -retired Baby boomer with a wide vanety of interests) APPROACH TO DELIVERING ON THE LA'IPALA HEIGHTS PROPERTY OPPORTUNITIES • Implement a development program that has demonstrable underlying market support. • Develop residences and communityfardaws that appeal to the growing market that wants to live in an environmentally responsible community The wisdom of capturing the trend toward green buildings in a natural setting has been reflected in the increased public awareness and appreciation of environmental issues • Implement a developmenaprogram that is suaablefor the site • Follow an integrated approach to development that provides cri Teal mass • Attract a balance of permanent and seasonal residents. Knowledge Based Consulting Group 111-6 • Nrovule diversay through a mix of market rate and affordable housing. LA'IPALA HEIGHTS AS A SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY Sustainability is probably the most important development in Planning, Architecture and Landscape Architecture and Civil Engineering since the professions began It is on everyone's lips, showing up in books, conferences and almost daily in the news The most established organization that is advancing the practice of sustainability in the US is the Green Building Council, and one of its most useful tools is "LEED" which stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED provides a complete framework for assessing building performance and sustainable goals LEED certification is achieved through measuring a project against 6 categones of sustainable performance Points are awarded in each category up to a maximum of 69 The number of points awarded in total determines the level of certification, LEED Certified 26-36 points LEED Silver 33-38 points LEED Gold 39-51 points LEED Platinum 52-69 points The six categones for which points are awarded are, I) Sustainable Sites 2) Water Efficiency 3) Energy and Atmosphere 4) Materials and Resources 5) Indoor Environmental Quality 6) Innovation and Design Process A detailed checklist which is used to evaluate individual buildings is attached as Appendix B The LEED system has not yet been used to evaluate whole communities but such a system is in the process of being developed and will possibly be available by 2008 Nevertheless, La'ipala Heights can specify that its homes be designed to meet LEED cntena Within this context, the categones below suggest potential criteria for a sustainable community in Hawaii APPLICABLE CRITERIA FOR HAWAII SITE DESIGN — Building orientation Street design Erosion control Permeable surfaces Landscape Stormwater design Habitat restoration Transportation, on site vehicles and shuttles Pedestrian and bicycle friendly ENERGY— Conservation Power generation, solar, wind WATER EFFICIENCY— Knowledge Based Consulting Group III -7 Conservation Recycling Composting and flushless toilets Wetland treatment On site systems Recycling and reuse On site catchments Water efficient landscape MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES — Recycle construction waste Local materials Material reuse Recycled materials/ content Whereas there are no comparable LEED certified communities in Hawaii, there are a few LEED certified buildings, and La'ipala Heights could take the lead by setting standards and offering incentives for LEED certification of individual residences and buildings within the project An example of such a residential product is provided by Livinghomes Steve Glenn is the CEO of Livinghomes and he has developed the first Platinum level LEED certified residence It is in Santa Monica and also serves as his personal residence KBCG inspected this residence with Mr Glenn and it deserves to be considered as a model for what could be developed at La'lpala Heights The Glenn residence is described in detail on their website, www livmghomes net The design is modern, with many elements of indoor -outdoor lifestyle that are suitable for the Hawaiian market The building structure is steel frame and modular in design The modules are constructed offsite and assembled on the individual lot according to one of several selected designs Glenn's Santa Monica home was assembled in eight hours and was quite the media event Construction costs, excluding foundations, are currently around $250 per square foot, but these costs are expected to decline dramatically with production volume Livinghomes com receives hundreds of inquiries daily (including many from Hawaii) and they have a waiting list of several hundred prospects and 14 firm contracts Nationwide, as of June 2007, there were 40 Certified Projects including 218 certified units in the LEED for Homes Pilot Program Of these, the breakdown by level of certification was Level of Certification # of Projects # of homes Certified 13 62 Silver 17 145 Gold 5 6 Platinum 5 5 A list of these projects is provided in Appendix B One of the largest LEED certified project is Carsten Crossings in Rocklin, California, Itis being developed by Grupe Green homes and is the first large scale LEED certified housing project in California This 144 unit project has received strong acceptance, with absorption running well ahead of competitive projects in the area KBCG reviewed the project and talked with the sales manager They definitely see their LEED certification as having a very positive effect, particularly in improving their rate of absorption - up to twice as many sales per month as competitive projects This faster absorption also means substantial costs savings (they estimate about $300,000 for every month of reduced absorption time) It is a bit harder to tell the price effect of LEED certification since there is so much dealing in the market right now However, Knowledge Based Consulting Group 111-8 Grupe knows it is positive and that buyers respond particularly well to the savings from solar energy Whereas there were no LEED certified homes in Hawaii as of June 2007, there are a few LEED Certified buildings, including • Hawaii Baptist Academy Middle School, Honolulu • Kulamalu Post Office, Kula • Makena Resort Recreation Center and Condominiums • Mauna Kea Astronomy Education Center, Hilo Recently, Everett Dowling announced that his 69 unit luxury condominium project (Maluaka) in Makena, Maui would be seeking LEED certification, with prices starting at $5 million Affordable Housing in keeping with the concept of a balanced and sustainable community, La'ipala Heights includes a generous affordable housing element within its PUD development program RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LA'IPALA HEIGHTS PROJECT The proposed program for the La'ipala Heights project reflects the market findings of KBCG as well as project team planning inputs It is subject to revision and confirmation based upon further discussions with the County as well as community input, land planning, urban design, engineering and traffic considerations, market refinement from ongoing consumer research, financial analysis, construction considerations, and numerous other influences Product Mix There is strong market support for a mix of moderately priced residential products within the Kailua-Kona area and at La'ipala Heights Based upon the analysis of market support and the anticipated strong consumer response to the La'ipala Heights concept, the development program includes a mix of lots, patio homes, duplexes, townhomes, apartments, and affordable housing targeted to meet the needs of local, seasonal, and senior residents In addition, the development plan includes a focal point community park as well as a network of connecting green spaces with walking and bicycle trails connecting the various villages within the overall project West Hawaii Product Distribution KBCG examined West Hawaii real estate sales for 2005 and 2006 in order to examine buyer preferences for products already in the marketplace The results of that analysis are shown below in terms of total sales as well a breakdown of sales by resort communities, Kona subdivisions, and at Waikoloa Village These sales are then filtered to reflect the range of products that could be made available at La'ipala Heights Knowledge Based Consulting Group III -9 P7ndurt Mix summary for West Hawaii Real Estate Sales Overall Distribution of Sales 2005 and first half 2006 Product Sales Dlstnbutlon Modifier Sales Dlstnbutlon Lots Residences Condos 557 1215 1500 17% 37% 46% 1/2 acre or less 1,000-2,600SF 800+ SF 239 98% 959 393% 1245 510% 53% 3272 52 1 2443 oecnrt Miv Product JSales Distribution Modifier Sales Dlstnbutlon Lots 20822% 139 1/2 acre or less 39 53% Residences 52 5% 1,000-2,600SF 9 12% Condos 695 73% 800+ SF 682 934% 428 9551 DU Axordable 730 100 0/ Kona Mir Product Sales Distribution Modifier Sales Dlstnbutlon Lots 286 15%11/2 acre or less 139 108% Residences 913 499/61,000-2,600SF 250 711 553% Condos 654 35% 800+ SF 435 339% 1853 DU/Ane 464 1285 428 Wmknlna Vdlwnw. Product Sales Distribution Modifier Sales Dfsinbution Lots 63 14% 1/2 acre or less 61 143% Residences 250 54% 1,000-2,600SF 239 558% Condos 151 33 % 800+ SF 128 299% DU/Ane 464 Mix 428 6IIz As shown, the product mix varies substantially between the resorts and the Kona subdivisions and Waikoloa Village community In general, however, the sales away from the beach resorts tend to run about 2/3 single family residences and lots and about 1/3 condominium units We recommend that this is also a reasonable guideline for La'ipala Heights, with a slightly higher proportion of single family residences due to the particular strength of that market segment We also evaluated the product mix within each category to determine recommended unit sizes Based on these evaluations, the recommended development program for La'ipala Heights is shown below ..do �e . ...a ..... ..moo ......�......-.._-� .._ ._... Lend Grass IN Tctal Unlurl Parml Pmducl BWldn T ea Units Sizes I Price I S/SF Sales Vdm Utlle Sizes Prim fISF Saba Value Area Density Total Product II Merkel Market Affordable % Parcel Product Build T Anes DU/Ane DU Mix DU 6IIz DU Axordable WI Pmml 121 MAW 65 S 45760,00 02 Prml IOSH 13 Mauke CIT 1 Planned Development cluster, Single Femily Concep D 6Custs, gle Finn 76 19110 BS0 000 f 4d7 f W 600 00D 76 f 64600000 1 Single FenlN 30 2100 :1100000 S 524 S 33000000 :I Total I 111 59 65 24% 65 35% 0 00% g2 Parcel 1051113 Mauka Parcel 1051113 Mauka 0% Tw.nham tae C Tovmhomee-8-0lez 0? 900 5275000 S 306 522550000 02 S 22550000 96 36% 14 02 S 22 550 000 PmMTolel 17 43 350 000 1 D "uster- Single Family Detached Product 267 7430000D 76 28% 78 41% 0 1 Single Family 30 11% 30 16% 0 Total 262 77 202 76% 120 65% 82 TOTAL 182 372 72 287 100% 186 100% 821 30 7% Knowledge Based Consulting Group There are a total of 267 units in the residential program including 65 cluster single family units (24 %), 76 market rate for sale single family detached units (28%), 96 townhomes (36%), and 30 single family lots (I I%) KBCG suggests that a duplex product would also be suitable within the single family cluster and/or detached areas Affordable housing will be accommodated within a mix of 82 townhome units, representing over 30% of the total number of units UNIT SIZING AND PRICING The proposed unit sizes and prices for the La'ipala Heights development cover a wide range reflecting current sales patterns, market ability to pay and the perceived value of the community attributes and exceptional ocean view quality from the individual homesites and multifamily units For the single family production homes, KBCG recommends unit sizes that range from 1,500 to 2,100 squarefeet At the larger end, these would be similar in size to the units at Alii Heights, while the smaller units (in cluster configuration) would be particularly suitable for empty nesters and buyers moving up from older and smaller condominium units Prices for these single family units would generally be in the $450 to $500 per square foot range If the single family cluster configuration includes some duplex units, we expect these to be a very desirable product type, particularly the single level units Similar in size and view quality, these would be closely aligned to values at the desirable Villas at Keauhou Estates Built in 1990, these units rarely come on the market, and when they do achieve premium prices Their most recent sale in March 2007 was at $575 per square foot Since the La'ipala units would have a slightly denser configuration (compared to 4 units per acre for the Villas), we recommend pricing La'ipala Heights duplexes at around $525 per square foot for unit sizes of about 1,600 and 1,800 square feet The relatively few market rate townhome units would be smaller at around 1,200 square feet and be priced to the $600,000 ($500 per square foot) range These prices and recommended unit configuration are shown below end Ilnir Cbe S:,r,mmere rer Le'Inala NeiwhN eMel Rale Pradicls - Sld. Fem,h, mdul-1w Tctal Unlurl Parml Pmducl BWldn T ea Units Sizes I Price I S/SF Sales Vdm Utlle Sizes Prim fISF Saba Value Untie Seles Vdue SI Pend 121 Makd 1 Plamrd D—l6pment U.Single Famny Concept 40 1500 j 675 000 f 450 f 27 000 000 40 $ 27 000 000 25 1700 S 7'A 000 f M1 f 18Iso000 25 f 187s0 WO T.W 85 S 4s 750 000 65 S 45760,00 02 Prml IOSH 13 Mauke CIT 14 1 z0O $600 D00 f 500 S 6 eao 000 14 f e 400 000 D 6Custs, gle Finn 76 19110 BS0 000 f 4d7 f W 600 00D 76 f 64600000 1 Single FenlN 30 2100 :1100000 S 524 S 33000000 :I 30 S 33000000 old 0 108 S 971 S 97 600000 14 1.200 $600.000 f 500 S 8 400 000 120 f 15 Told rkN Wb 171 1/3 JS0000 14 8400000 .750 NO iB5 f157750000 aMaee le Parcel 1051113 Mauka Tw.nham tae 0? 900 5275000 S 306 522550000 02 S 22550000 T6bl AOordad¢ B2 22 550 000 02 S 22 550 000 PmMTolel 17 43 350 000 1 actONO 267 7430000D As shown, the La'ipala Heights project will include a variety of real estate options that should appeal to a broad market at a variety of price points On this basis, the protect should maximize absorption REAL ESTATE ABSORPTION Knowledge Based Consulting Group III -I i The project is anticipated to commence construction in 2008 with basic infrastructure development The initial housing products will include a variety of production homes and multi family units in the community park area as well as some ocean view lots/ custom homes on the upper areas of the property Following this initial product offering, the La'ipala Heights project will offer a balanced residential product of clustered production homes, multi family units, and single family lots throughout the remainder of the project Total buildout of the residential area is expected in 2012 On an overall basis, the sales rate at La'ipala Heights is expected to range from a high of 80 units per year in 2008 to around 60 units per year in 2012 At peak periods, this corresponds to a monthly sales rate ofjust under 7 units per month By comparison, this is about Y. the rate achieved at Keauhou and substantially below Waikoloa Village MARKETING - Marketing for La'ipala Heights must key upon the triggering cues and information cues that appeal to the affluent business owner/professional The most important triggering cue is to get qualified buyers to the property For example, our market research shows that over 35% of current second -home owners in Hawaii and up to 50% of West Hawaii resident owners are qualified buyers looking to move up to a newer and better located West Hawaii property This segment deserves special attention A commitment to building, maintaining and analyzing a database of key prospects should be a key objective of the real estate sales force Knowledge Based Consulting Group 111-12 LA'IPALA MAKAI (PARCEL 121) KBCG understands that the makai parcel (#121) of the La'ipala Heights project will be separately submitted to the County of Hawaii for a land use boundary amendment Accordingly, the following summary provides a separate analysts of pricing and absorption for that parcel, to be known as La'ipala Makat Unit Sizing And Pricing The proposed unit sizes and prices for the independent La'ipala Makat development cover a range reflecting current sales patterns, market ability to pay, and ocean view quality from the individual homesites For the 66 proposed single family production homes, KBCG recommends unit sizes that range from 1,500 to 1,700 square feet These units (in cluster configuration) would be particularly suitable for empty nesters and buyers moving up from older and smaller condominium units Prices for these single family units would generally be in the $400 to $420 per square foot range These prices and recommended unit configuration are shown below o....!. mnri i inif Ciera Summaru fnr 1_a'inala Makai Market Rate Products Single Family Unit Parcel Building Types Units I Sizes Price $/SF I Sales Value Parcel 121 Cluster Single Family 40 1,500 $ 627,750 $ 419 $ 25,110,000 26 1 700 $ 697,500 $ 410 $ 18,135,000 Total 66 $ 43,245,000 On this basis, the project should maximize absorption REAL ESTATE ABSORPTION The La'ipala Makai project is anticipated to commence construction in 2008 with basic infrastructure development The housing products will include a variety of production homes in cluster configuration The expected sales rate at La'ipala Makai is expected to range from 30 to 40 units per year, and the project should be sold out within 2 years Knowledge Based Consulting Group II1-13 La'ipala Heights Product Mix and Pricing Summary La'ipala Heights Residential Product Mix and Pricing La sae lsw•• Sofo-Toof .�. ]000 food t000f remalenlo rwmnmw (415) 924-6577 ra• Ho1• Ilm• APPENDIX A Homs Hxnr Ilon• Am UNf i fixe Nana POce Y Sia Hary Price Y La PAce Size Ilenro PAca i Ske Hm•PAw i aKe HomePM P•oa 121 MCPJ BS IO 1500 f 8)SOW 25 1]00 f ]50000 • LOKAHI MAKAI Condominium Projects Prce11OV113 MUM 202 is 1900 f 950000 JO f J50000 2100 f 1100000 td 1200 f emm f2 900 f 21SA00 T" 2W d0 101 111 td R MM 15X Jf% 11% 5% Ji% P1opM gebPMM Pxodalbn Noma tdi 53% Lea enY ['Mtvn Hann f0 11% MF 14 5% AtlaA�le f2 Jt% Pioq Ibn Hmw ]6% Lae atd Caston Home 16% MF 991 A sba foe 5000.7000 M nX* soon 59% 10000 f% Knowledge Based Consulting Group 111-14 KNOWLEDGE BASED CONSULTING GROUP 19 Holly Ave Larkspur, CA 94939 (415) 924-6577 cllvej@sbcglobal net APPENDIX A SUMMARY DESCRIPTIONS OF CURRENT RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN THE KONA REGION Custom Lot Sales and Production Homes • ALII HEIGHTS • PUALANI ESTATES • KONA VISTAS • LOKAHI MAKAI Condominium Projects • NA HALE O KEAUHOU • ALII LANI • KONA SEA VILLAS • ALII PARK PLACE • ALII COVE ALIT HEIGHTS Features Fee simple lots from 15,000 square feet in size provides for a community with an open feeling f Five single -story and two-story, unique, floor plans from which to choose Expansive entertainment lanai areas with wide open patio doors brig outdoor living inside Enclosed 3 -car garage accommodates an active tropical lifestyle Stucco exterior finish minimizes maintenance Highly -rated Landmark Certainteed Shingles with 30 -year roofwarranty Sidelight enhanced, beveled glass front entry door Complete Insulation package and dual pane vinyl windows add comfort and energy efficiency Designer kitchen cabinets, built -m kitchen appliance package, and granite kitchen countertops - signatures of our fine island residences Separate utility room with attractive, quiet, front loaded washer and dryer Kohler plumbing fixtures Dramatic nine foot high ceilings Regency ceiling fans in each room Pre -wired for TV cable and telephone Jetted bath tub in master bathroom Double sink vanities in bathrooms Walk-in closet and lanai entry in master suite Wide selection of flooring allows the home buyer to truly express their individual style Smoke detectors in all bedrooms and hallways Three exterior hose hook-ups Close proximity to shopping, dining, golf courses, White Sands Beach, and the popular snorkeling beach spot, Kahahm Beach Park Knowledge Based Coamituag Groop A-2 Knowledge Based Consulting Groap A-3 Residence 1, 3 bedrooms/den/ 2 bath M t Imnim L.OaI rS, Gat!- 638 rf \ , Lank 3tg,f 7—b 2011.7 Residence 2,3 bedrooms/ 2 bath Based Comaltlng Gr p A - Residence 2A, 3 Bedrooms/ 2 bath • 6a.bm0 rmi F 7"1 i lnaKxv 2221,E C -a 84 L Laws 361.7 T -L 3126.1 Residence 3, 3 Bedrooms/ Den/ 2 Bath 677.# L..L 3F0,f Taal I477.f hklb Smb Coosbamg G—p A-5 Residence 3A, 3 Bedrooms/ Den/ 2 Bath 1 e wxmnaa Int- 1965.4 Gu.,ee 675.1 lmv� 444.t 'Fx.l 1,084.1 Sales History 2005 �tt 15,367 Square Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF 3 2 17,080 1,778 9/1/2005 $940,000 $ 529 3 2 15,003 1,594 11/25/2005 $758,000 $ 476 3 2 15,979 1,931 9/21/2005 $865,000 $ 448 3 2 15,013 1,594 6/30/2005 $750,000 $ 471 3 2 15,025 1,657 8/8/2005 $800,000 $ 483 3 2 19,412 1,657 11/18/2005 $820,000 $ 495 3 2 15,006 1,778 8/16/2005 $765,000 $ 430 3 2 19,224 1,666 4/22/2005 $750,000 $ 450 3 2 15,200 1,804 8/9/2005 $735,883 $ 408 3 2 15,792 1,801 8/11/2005 $584,533 $ 325 3 2 15,365 1,726 8/17/2005 $715,000 $ 414 3 2 17,033 1,726 10/28/2005 $820,000 $ 475 3 2 17,145 1,574 7/27/2005 $450,119 $ 286 3 2 17,144 1,804 7/14/2005 $549,659 $ 305 Knowledge M%cd t:dnsddmg vrvup A-6 3 1 15,367 1,726 6/24/2005 $510,424 $ 296 3 2 17,080 1,801 6/29/2005 $468,221 $ 260 3 2 15,003 1,870 11/10/2005 $637,421 $ 341 3 2 15,979 1,823 7/12/2005 $735,861 $ 404 3 2 15,013 1,870 11/15/2005 $712,535 $ 381 3 2 15,000 1,823 12/6/2005 $696,436 $ 382 3 2 15,003 1,801 7/27/2005 $715,800 $ 397 3 2 18,102 1,823 12/23/2005 $809,301 $ 444 3 2 15,005 1,870 7/14/2005 $740,407 $ 396 3 2 16,777 1,823 11/3/2005 $643,345 $ 353 3 2 15,674 1,801 10/20/2005 $615,473 $ 342 3 2 15,692 1,801 10/10/2005 $742,500 $ 412 3 2 16,364 1,823 10/5/2005 $717,832 $ 394 3 2 18,887 1,823 9/28/2005 $633,070 $ 347 3 2 18,104 1,823 11/8/2005 $760,000 $ 417 3 2 15,390 1,574 12/1/2005 $572,040 $ 363 3 2 15,350 1,870 10/12/2005 $591,920 $ 317 3 2 17,187 1,726 9/23/2005 $533,181 $ 309 3 2 15,572 1,804 10/4/2005 $616,851 $ 342 3 2 15,433 1,823 10/13/2005 $620,416 $ 340 3 2 16,788 1,801 10/6/2005 $663,164 $ 368 3 2 15,616 1,870 10/31/2005 $661,154 $ 354 3 2 16,081 1,823 12/1/2005 $725,150 $ 398 3 2 19,297 1,801 11/3/2005 $677,002 $ 376 3 2 24,297 1,804 11/22/2005 $650,856 $ 361 3 2 16,958 1,823 12/23/2005 $775,000 $ 425 3 2 16,806 1,574 9/20/2005 $566,805 $ 360 3 2 17,062 1,801 11/23/2005 $629,900 $ 350 3 2 16,644 1,717 10/28/2005 $624,900 $ 364 3 2 16,220 1,823 11/1/2005 $634,900 $ 348 3 2 32,800 1,726 9/6/2005 $644,256 $ 373 2006 Knowledge Bared l:onrwndg tarodp A-7 Square Date of Bedrooms Baths Lot Size Feet Sale Price $/SF 3 2 26,091 1,666 4/19/2006 $ 745,000 $ 447 3 2 35,362 1,594 9/14/2006 $779,000 $ 489 3 2 15,292 1,594 2/1/2006 $ 730,000 $ 458 3 2 31,235 1,666 1/13/2006 $ 799,999 $ 480 Knowledge Bared l:onrwndg tarodp A-7 3 2 15,565 1,657 5/11/2006 $ 749,000 $ 452 3 2 15,012 1,594 9/14/2006 $752,000 $ 472 3 2 29,757 1,594 1/18/2006 $ 865,000 $ 543 3 2 17,586 1,657 4/28/2006 $ 699,000 $ 422 3 2 19,552 1,741 9/6/2006 $739,000 $ 424 3 2 15,003 1600 12/5/2006 $570,933 $ 357 3 2 17,331 1,823 2/13/2006 $ 677,874 $ 372 3 2 17,331 1,823 9/20/2006 $720,000 $ 395 3 2 20,309 1,870 1/19/2006 $ 665,921 $ 356 3 2 18,146 1,823 2/1/2006 $ 699,900 $ 384 3 2 16,368 1,804 1/13/2006 $ 658,718 $ 365 3 2 25,816 1,870 1/31/2006 $ 698,082 $ 373 3 2 25,816 1,870 11/17/2006 $745,000 $ 398 3 2 18,914 1,823 1/24/2006 $ 665,977 $ 365 3 2 27,691 1,801 5/5/2006 $ 650,358 $ 361 3 2 32,658 1,801 5/3/2006 $ 800,000 $ 444 3 2 16,054 1,823 5/5/2006 $ 730,000 $ 400 3 2 29,063 1,870 1/18/2006 $ 685,520 $ 367 3 2 23,784 1,801 4/10/2006 $ 647,410 $ 359 3 2 15,350 1,870 8/10/2006 $622,700 $ 333 3 2 17,418 1,801 1/25/2006 $ 686,268 $ 381 3 2 27,109 1,870 1/6/2006 $ 593,712 $ 317 3 2 25,821 1,700 3/14/2006 $ 555,266 $ 327 3 2 19,056 1,700 3/9/2006 $ 553,900 $ 326 3 2 16,270 1,700 3/10/2006 $ 546,8S3 $ 322 3 2 16,185 1,700 3/2/2006 $ 518,266 $ 305 3 2 15,232 1,700 3/17/2006 $ 586,643 $ 345 3 2 15,462 1,700 3/17/2006 $ 557,966 $ 328 3 2 17,423 1,801 2/22/2006 $ 654,025 $ 363 3 2 19,624 1,574 2/22/2006 $ 504,368 $ 320 3 2 16,940 1,870 3/8/2006 $ 576,654 $ 308 3 2 17,852 1,870 4/21/2006 $ 729,000 $ 390 3 2 15,445 1,700 2/24/2006 $ 523,369 $ 308 3 2 18,083 1,700 3/2/2006 $ 569,650 $ 335 3 2 15,341 1,700 2/22/2006 $ 525,916 $ 309 3 2 15,341 1700 8/15/2006 $730,000 $ 429 3 2 16,616 1500 8/28/2006 $561,624 $ 374 3 2 16,616 1800 11/8/2006 $780,000 $ 433 3 2 16,394 1,700 2/23/2006 $ 571,033 $ 336 3 2 15,562 1,700 2/16/2006 $ 550,364 $ 324 Knowledge Based Comul6ng Group A-8 3 2 15,891 1,700 2/17/2006 $ 561,150 $ 330 3 2 15,249 1,700 2/15/2006 $ 504,837 $ 297 3 2 15,516 1,700 3/29/2006 $ 699,900 $ 412 3 2 17,832 1,870 3/1/2006 $ 537,114 $ 287 3 2 26,024 1,801 5/26/2006 $ 725,000 $ 403 3 2 22,219 1,801 2/15/2006 $ 615,656 $ 342 3 2 20,429 1850 9/13/2006 $1,040,240 $ 562 3 2 26,005 1,717 3/6/2006 $ 534,874 $ 312 3 2 26,005 1,717 9/15/2006 $725,000 $ 422 3 2 16,301 1800 10/6/2006 $867,400 $ 482 3 2 15,570 1800 10/3/2006 $855,760 $ 475 3 2 20,192 1,726 6/16/2006 $ 571,567 $ 331 3 2 17,890 2000 lli3O/2006 $900,000 $ 450 3 2 16,050 1,574 1/20/2006 $ 493,400 $ 313 2007 Bedrooms Baths Lot Size Square I Feet Date of I Sale Price $/SF 3 2 19,928 1,666 3/14/2007 $700,000 $ 420 3 2 15,426 1800 3/28/2007 $914,650 $ 508 3 2 17,075 1800 3/21/2007 $929,000 $ 516 3 2 20,815 1800 2/28/2007 $983,840 $ 547 3 2 15,721 1800 2/28/2007 $875,000 $ 486 3 2 16,394 1800 3/12/2007 $1,018,914 $ 566 Knowledge Based Consul0og Group A-9 PUALANIESTATES ia31�k�1e:m;� lir_ _�I�1�A INTERIOR FEATURES • Whirlpool appliances including self-cleaning electrical built-in oven with electric cooktop and hood fan, multi -cycle dishwasher • Solid surface countertops, choose from 3 designer selected colors • 10 year limited warranty • Raised panel cabinetry with quality door pulls • Automatic garage door opener with 2 remotes • Kitchen pantries (per plan) Knowledge Based ConsaBmg Group A- ]0 • Large kitchen sink with pull out spray faucet • Ceramic tile entry flooring • Raised panel interior doors • Designer selected wall-to-wall carpeting available in several beautiful colors • No wax vinyl floor covering available in several designer patterns • Extra storage under stags and in outside cabinets (per plan) • Smoke detectors • Interior laundry rooms (per plan) • Dead bolt lock on front entries • Mirrored sliding closet doors (per plan) • Cultured marble tops in bathrooms • Prewired for cable TV and telephone EXTERIORS • Hardiplank cement siding with limited 50 year warranty Composition shingle roof with 25 year limited warranty Covered entry and lanais (per plan) • 25 year limited warranty asphalt shingles UPGRADE CHOICES • Flooring upgrades • Appliance package upgrade • Glass tub enclosures • Solid surface kitchen countertop upgrades • Room configuration options (per plan) FLOOR PLANS AND PRICES Based Coos.1 ft Croup m Melia A $579,332 1,680 4 3 2 Plumeria $629,253 1,935 3 3 2 Hibiscus A $545,880 - - 2,063 4 2 1/2 2 ProteaA $661,893 2,490 3 31/2 2 Based Coos.1 ft Croup m i IT btl It t� i�Oa! 8 A4�uu n s I a ,i : - � �l � — �.. � tiii�•�;i'i�1 Il,l�1�'t1- } 1' i Sales History 2005 Bedrooms Baths Lot Size Square Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF 3 3 6,667 1,704 12/30/2005 $645,000 $ 379 2 2 7,033 1,265 5/27/2005 $545,000 $ 431 3 2 7,033 1,476 3/31/2005 $504,088 $ 342 2 2 6,893 1,265 3/22/2005 $458,439 $ 362 3 2 6,971 1,476 4/22/2005 $489,056 $ 331 2 2 6,971 1,146 7/15/2005 $553,000 $ 483 3 2 6,974 1,476 12/2/2005 $648,500 $ 439 3 2 7,349 1,704 5/20/2005 $506,871 $ 297 2 2 6,958 1,265 10/12/2005 $437,534 $ 346 3 2 1/2 6,243 1,951 1/7/2005 $383,618 $ 197 3 2 1/2 7,612 1,987 11/15/2005 $565,000 $ 284 3 2 8,284 1,704 5/19/2005 $500,609 $ 294 3 2 6,990 1,704 5/5/2005 $518,871 $ 305 2 2 7,000 1,146 4/29/2005 $446,940 $ 390 3 2 1/2 7,000 1,987 7/13/2005 $569,000 $ 286 2 2 7,000 1,146 8/26/2005 $540,000 $ 471 2 2 7,114 1,265 11/8/2005 $310,000 $ 245 3 2 6,587 1,476 4/29/2005 $528,527 $ 358 2 2 7,247 1,146 5/4/2005 $488,213 $ 426 3 2 1/2 10,746 1,951 6/21/2005 $514,309 $ 264 2 2 7,014 1,265 9/28/2005 $575,000 $ 455 3 2 1/2 7,082 1,951 8/25/2005 $563,000 $ 289 3 2 1/2 6,128 1,951 10/28/2005 $564,000 $ 289 3 2 1/2 6,801 1,951 6/23/2005 $568,774 $ 292 3 2 6,788 1,476 6/16/2005 $576,007 $ 390 2 2 6,788 1,265 8/25/2005 $564,644 $ 446 3 2 6,788 1,476 8/18/2005 $579,323 $ 392 2 2 6,338 1,265 8/31/2005 $585,963 $ 463 2 2 6,895 1,146 6/27/2005 $541,847 $ 473 3 2112 6,537 1,951 11/8/2005 $300,366 $ 154 3 2 6,014 1,704 11/23/2005 $579,267 $ 340 3 2 6,000 1,476 9/1/2005 $585,000 $ 396 3 2 6,400 1,476 11/9/2005 $595,000 $ 403 3 21/2 6,074 1,951 7/28/2005 $616,000 $ 316 3 3 6,083 1,704 3/16/2005 $577,000 $ 339 Knowledge naaea a,onaanmg [,reap 3 2 1/2 6,680 1,951 3/29/2005 $529,000 $ 271 3 2 1/2 6,074 1,996 1/31/2005 $338,568 $ 170 2 2 6,008 1,146 2/3/2005 $305,819 $ 267 2 2 6,000 1,146 1/28/2005 $308,456 $ 269 3 2 6,000 1,704 9/23/2005 $630,000 $ 370 3 2 1/2 6,000 1,951 4/1/2005 $520,000 $ 267 2 2 6,000 1,146 3/10/2005 $469,420 $ 410 3 2 1/2 6,000 1,951 5/6/2005 $549,000 $ 281 2 2 10,350 1,265 1/21/2005 $507,000 $ 401 3 2 6,292 1,476 7/5/2005 $575,100 $ 390 2 2 6,876 1,265 8/26/2005 $547,598 $ 433 2 2 7,408 1,265 8/23/2005 $564,534 $ 446 3 2 7,003 1,476 7/28/2005 $605,822 $ 410 3 3 6,498 1,704 8/31/2005 $645,567 $ 379 3 2 1/2 6,008 1,987 11/14/2005 $584,986 $ 294 2006 Bedrooms Baths Lot Size Square Feel Date of Sale Pnce $/SF 3 2 1/2 7,771 1,951 3/29/2006 $ 589,000 $ 302 3 2 6,587 1,476 9/7/2006 $650,000 $ 440 3 3 6,526 1,704 4/25/2006 $ 610,000 $ 358 3 2 1/2 8,976 1,987 2/3/2006 $ 596,022 $ 300 3 2 1/2 9,570 1932 11/21/2006 $706,750 $ 366 3 3 6,419 1680 10/18/2006 $466,036 $ 277 3 2 1/2 6,350 1932 10/31/2006 $540,880 $ 280 3 2 1/2 6,350 1932 10/20/2006 $531,302 $ 275 3 2 1/2 6,350 1932 10/31/2006 $535,727 $ 277 2 2 1/2 7,741 1,345 11/30/2006 $520,000 $ 387 3 2 1/2 6,359 1,951 7/7/2006 $ 557,477 $ 286 3 2 6,359 1,384 7/7/2006 $557,477 $ 403 3 2 1/2 6,075 1,951 4/7/2006 $ 531,342 $ 272 3 2 6,015 1,385 8/14/2006 $525,000 $ 379 2 2 6,011 1,265 9/8/2006 $565,000 $ 447 2 2 6,000 1,265 9/28/2006 $549,900 $ 435 2 2 6,416 1,265 9/ 8/2006 $510,000 $ 403 2 2 6,000 1,146 6/13/2006 $ 550,000 $ 480 3 2 1/2 6,013 1,951 5/12/2006 $ 579,000 $ 297 3 3 6,647 1,704 7/5/2006 $ 615,000 $ 361 A -14 Knowledge Baud Consulting Geoop A-15 3 3 6,647 1,704 7/5/2006 3 2 1/2 6,864 1,987 3/16/2006 3 21/2 6,001 1,987 6/14/2006 2 2 6,198 1300 9/26/2006 2 2 6,158 1300 8/31/2006 2 2 6,160 1300 8/30/2006 2 2 6,160 1300 8/30/2006 3 2 6,108 1,476 8/11/2006 7007 $615,000 $ 361 $ 582,986 $ 293 $ 569,000 $ 286 $538,184 $ 414 $541,347 $ 416 $475,549 $ 366 $581,339 $ 447 $565,000 $ 383 Bedrooms Baths Lot Size Square Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF 3 2 6,000 1,345 3/29/2007 $542,200 $ 403 3 2 6,378 1,345 1/31/2007 $564,200 $ 419 3 2 7,402 1,345 2/21/2007 $534,500 $ 397 3 2 7,402 1,345 3/29/2007 $579,100 $ 431 3 2 7,402 1,345 2/23/2007 $525,700 $ 391 3 2 7,402 1,704 2/13/2007 $597,500 $ 351 3 2 7,510 1,345 2/22/2007 $527,100 $ 392 3 2 7,778 1,345 3/30/2007 $536,500 $ 399 3 2 7,622 1,345 1/30/2007 $557,600 $ 415 3 2 6,867 1,265 1/24/2007 $518,100 $ 410 3 2 6,705 1,345 3/29/2007 $509,700 $ 379 3 2 6,936 1,345 1/29/2007 $469,201 $ 349 3 2 7,642 1,345 3/16/2007 $480,866 $ 358 3 2 8,785 1,345 3/29/2007 $595,200 $ 443 3 2 6,000 1,740 3/15/2007 $510,000 $ 293 3 2 6,627 1,345 2/6/2007 $539,300 $ 401 3 2 6,995 1,345 3/30/2007 $566,600 $ 421 3 2 6,233 1,345 2/21/2007 $568,300 $ 423 3 2 6,948 1,704 1/26/2007 $593,000 $ 348 3 2 8,172 1,345 2/13/2007 1 $555,333 $ 413 Kuowkdge Based Comuldag Croup A-16 4MI,A1 MOUNTAIN W Price List and Availability Kooaleage wsaa i -saslg.-p A-17 SQUARE LOT FEET T1 ELEVATION PRICE PRICE/SF STATUS 15,032 520 $419,500 $28 Active 2 15,000 530 Available 3 15,000 543 $449,500 $30 Active Kooaleage wsaa i -saslg.-p A-17 41 15,000 I 555 I I I Available 5 15,000 568 $479,500 $32 Active 6 15,007 581 $480,000 $32 SOLD 7 15,000 596 $489,500 $33 SOLD 8 19,807 611 $534,500 $27 SOLD 9 15,160 637 $499,500 $33 SOLD 10 15,000 639 $445,500 $25 Available 11 15,000 642 1/6/2005 $720,000 In Escrow 12 15,000 642 $439,500 $29 In Escrow 13 15,000 642 $431,500 $29 Available 14 15,000 642 $500,000 $33 SOLD 15 15,021 640 $439,500 $24 Available 16 15,036 640 Available 17 15,043 637 $484,500 $32 Active 18 15,177 637 Available 19 15,002 635 $1,200,000 $80 SOLD 20 15,002 635 SOLD 21 15,002 635 SOLD 22 16,061 610 $474,000 $30 SOLD 23 16,065 595 Available 24 15,000 585 $395,500 $26 Active 25 15,000 573 $395,500 $26 SOLD Knowledge Based Comul0ng Croup A-18 26 15,000 562 Date of Sale Price Available 27 15,000 551 $419,500 $28 SOLD 28 15,557 540 2/14/2005 $675,000 Available 29 17,283 635 $539,500 $31 SOLD 30 16,029 622 B/25/2005 $1,075,000 Available 31 18,058 611 $445,500 $25 SOLD 32 15,000 600 1/6/2005 $720,000 Available 33 15,000 590 $439,500 $29 Active 34 15,083 584 $431,500 $29 SOLD 35 19,176 580 $499,500 $26 SOLD 36 18,181 580 $439,500 $24 SOLD 37 15,023 590 Available 38 16,070 604 Available 39 18,182 604 Available Sales History 2005 Bedrooms Baths Lot Size Square Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF 3 2 15,225 1,858 2/22/2005 $850,000 $ 457 2 2 15,063 1,959 2/14/2005 $675,000 $ 345 3 2 15,000 1,816 8/5/2005 $985,000 $ 542 3 2 17,167 2,097 B/25/2005 $1,075,000 $ 513 3 2 18,184 1,952 3/1/2005 $975,000 $ 499 3 2 15,024 1,842 1/6/2005 $720,000 $ 391 3 2 15,789 1,980 12/6/2005 $550,000 $ 278 3 2 1/2 15,001 1,992 2/10/2005 $483,064 $ 243 Knowledge Bomd Comuaing Croup A-19 3 2 15,000 1,840 10/20/2005 $875,000 $ 476 3 2 1/2 15,389 1,849 5/31/2005 $999,000 $ 540 3 2 16,752 1,771 4/7/2005 $725,000 $ 409 3 2 16,601 1,950 7/28/2005 $735,000 $ 377 3 2 15,067 1980 4/28/2005 $859,900 $ 434 4 3 27,246 2,362 2/24/2005 $885,605 $ 375 3 3 15,207 2,117 4/19/2005 $924,000 $ 436 2006 Bedrooms Baths Lot Size Square Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF 3 3 16,938 2230 2/14/2006 $ 760,000 $ 341 3 3 16,938 2,230 10/12/2006 $825,000 $ 370 2 2 16,938 1,862 7/27/2006 $829,000 $ 445 3 2 1/2 15,104 2,055 3/14/2006 $ 775,000 $ 377 3 2 15,000 1,851 3/28/2006 $ 875,000 $ 473 3 2 1/2 15,060 2,002 5/12/2006 $ 1,050,000 $ 524 3 2 15,000 2,048 6/28/2006 $ 899,000 $ 439 3 2 15,030 1,781 1/13/2006 $ 880,000 $ 494 3 3 15,000 2,154 6/30/2006 $ 1,025,000 $ 476 3 3 15,547 1,890 10/26/2006 $1,370,000 $ 725 2007 Lot Sales 2005 Lot Size Lot Square $/SF 16,740 6/21/2005 Bedrooms Baths Size Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF 3 2 15,024 1,842 2/23/2007 $780,000 $ 423 3 3 15,000 2,469 2/23/2007 $1,200,000 $ 486 Lot Sales 2005 Lot Size I Date of Sale Price $/SF 16,740 6/21/2005 $425,000 $ 25 15,770 2/25/2005 $385,000 $ 24 15,322 5/27/2005 $425,000 $ 28 20,628 7/15/2005 $450,000 $ 22 2006 Knmiedge Hazed Consulting Croup A - 20 Lot Size I Sale Price I $ISF 15,008 5/30/2006 $480,000 $ 32 15,000 5/26/2006 $489,500 $ 33 19,807 5/12/2006 $534,500 $ 27 15,000 5/31/2006 $500,000 $ 33 16,061 5/10/2006 $474,000 $ 30 15,000 6/14/2006 $395,500 $ 26 17,282 5/9/2006 $539,500 $ 31 15,083 3/15/2006 $431,500 $ 29 15,000 9/28/2006 $410,000 $ 27 18,181 7/26/2006 $439,500 $ 24 20,628 10/16/2006 $495,000 $ 24 15,161 10/23/2006 $499,500 $ 33 16,632 10/25/2006 $400,000 $ 24 2007 Lot Size Date of Sale Price $/SF 25,029 2/7/2007 $450,000 $ 18 15,000 3/29/2007 $425,000 $ 28 15,000 3/30/2007 $450,000 $ 30 15,000 2/21/2007 $450,000 $ 30 Kaowkdge Hazed Canmitiug Group A-21 LOKAHI MAKAI Along the gentle, cool slopes of Hualalat, flowing toward the ocean, Lokahi Makat may very well be where you discover the home of your dreams A superb location, to be sure But even more, a community created for a uniquely Hawaiian lifestyle A very special place where the way of life is indeed Lokahi Makat — "peace and harmony by the sea" The homes are exceptional in design, quality and craftsmanship Inspired by traditional Hawaiian architecture with distinctive features and covered lanais, the homes at Lokahi Makai are designed for casual and relaxed island living at its best What others may offer as optional upgrades — if at all — are built in, making the homes at Lokaht Makin an extraordinary value There are six inviting floor plans to choose from, each offering quality brand name appliances and fixtures, and impressive, luxurious interior design features As the Big Island's first Energy Star community careful attention has been given to energy efficiency The homes feature solar water heating systems and include dual pane windows The elevation of each home site has been carefully planned to ensure maximum privacy, optimal natural airflow, and panoramic coastline views Beautiful landscaping of the front yard that complements each terraced home site is also included Planned Unit Development that provides Affordable Luxury Housing 6 Plans 3 & 4 Bedroom, 2 Bath, Single Story Homes with Oversized 2 -Car Garage 1100, 1300, 1500 sq ft series 3 Bedroom, 2 Bath 1619 sq ft modified 4 Bedroom, 2 Bath Construction Features • Big Island of Hawaii's first Energy Star community • Quality construction throughout • Beautiful architect designed Hawaiian Style single story floor -plan • High quality light gauge steel framing on slab Knowledge Bated Comolting Groop A-" • High quality 30 year shingle roof • Designed for maximum efficiency of pnvacy, views and natural airflow • Hardy Board exterior siding 50 year manufacturer warranty • Six exterior color choices Distinctive Features • Enclosed finished oversized two -car garage, washer/dryer hookup, utility tub • Efficient front yard landscape package • Privacy fencing front yard • Spacious covered lanai • Salt finished concrete drives and sidewalks • Garage and front lanai coach lights Impressive Interiors • 9 foot ceilings and vaulted ceilings • Custom 187 tile entry, kitchen and baths • Designer carpet in all other rooms - 10 color choices • Elegantly rounded corner wall finish • Steel entry door with choice of three styles of decorative glass • Island Style ceiling fan in Living Room and all Bedrooms • Stylish two panel interior doors • Mirrored closet doors Delightful Kitchens • Elegant cabinets Hawaiian Plantation style standard, 3 color choices • Custom 18? tile flooring • Kohler dual sink • Delta Chrome faucet with sprayer • Energy efficient Whirlpool dishwasher • Garbage disposal • Energy efficient Whirlpool range • Pre -plumbed for ice maker • Conan type solid surface countertops • Seven counterton color choices Luxurious Baths Knowledge B•ttd Conmlting A-33 • Elegant cabinets • Custom 187 tile floonng • Acrylic oversized shower in master bathroom • Acrylic shower and tub in guest bathroom • Cultured marble bathroom countertop and sink • Recessed mirrored medicine cabinets • Chrome fixtures by Danze Utilities • Cable TV jack in living room and master bedroom • Phone hacks in kitchen and master bedroom Two Extenor hose bibs (front and rear) Standard Energy Efficient Features • High quality vinyl dual pane widows • Solar hot water heating system 7 80 gallons • HELCO Energy Star Compliant • R-19 Ceiling & Sidewall fiberglass insulation Optional Features • Energy efficient central air conditioning T high velocity or split system • R-11 /R-19 insulation Conveniences • Easy access to upper and lower highways • Convenient to shopping and schools • Only 5 minutes to Keahole Airport • Improvements designed for efficiency • Easy, low maintenance lifestyle • 4 acre park with pavilion and jogging trail AreaFacts • Fee Simple Home -sites (10,000+ sq ft ) • County water, underground utilities • Fabulous coastline and Hualalai mountain views • Planned residential development • Protective covenants to enhance value Knowiedge Based Consulting Group A-24 Representative Floor Plans HELECONIA -1581 717V 1_7 FN_IIY7I TUBEROSE -1475 View the 360 Tour Based Consulting Group A-25 Sales History 2005 Bedrooms Baths Lot Size Square Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF 3 2 11,875 1,464 9/13/2005 $670,000 $ 458 3 2 12,966 1,582 12/8/2005 $650,000 $ 411 3 2 10,158 1,188 12/6/2005 $605,000 $ 509 3 2 12,000 1,464 11/4/2005 $659,000 $ 450 3 2 12,000 1,296 9/30/2005 $600,000 $ 463 3 2 10,048 1,188 10/20/2005 $609,000 $ 513 3 2 10,938 1,582 9/15/2005 $665,590 $ 421 3 2 14,233 1,464 9/9/2005 $643,500 $ 440 3 2 10,049 1,464 8/24/2005 $645,000 $ 441 2006 Bedrooms Baths Lot Size Square Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF 2 2 10,500 1,154 10/5/2006 $519,999 $ 451 3 2 15,187 1,464 7/11/2006 $ 610,000 $ 417 3 2 15,187 1,464 7/11/2006 $610,000 $ 417 3 2 I0,937 1,344 7/28/2006 $592,500 $ 441 3 2 11,250 1,344 9/27/2006 $541,000 $ 403 3 2 11,250 1,582 7/28/2006 $590,000 $ 373 3 2 11,537 1,344 2/28/2006 $ 575,000 $ 428 3 2 11,922 1,464 9/29/2006 $559,000 $ 382 3 2 12,000 1,344 5/17/2006 $ 623,000 $ 464 3 2 11,581 1,344 7/14/2006 $581,900 $ 433 3 2 12,221 1,464 9/1/2006 $570,000 $ 389 3 2 10,543 1,465 9/29/2006 $645,000 $ 440 3 2 10,140 1400 12/12/2006 $620,000 $ 443 2007 Sales History for Lots 2005 15,466 4/22/2005 $256,918 $ 17 12,652 7/29/2005 $256,300 $ 20 11,217 4/22/2005 $240,425 $ 21 10,680 4/22/2005 $237,000 $ 22 10,685 7/7/2005 $256,400 $ 24 10,543 5/20/2005 $253,032 $ 24 10,373 7/15/2005 $248,952 $ 24 11,433 8/16/2005 $274,392 $ 24 11,433 7/13/2005 $294,392 $ 26 10,733 8/4/2005 $297,592 $ 28 10,140 4/22/2005 $233,220 $ 23 10,125 5/20/2005 $243,000 $ 24 10,125 10/18/2005 $263,250 $ 26 10,734 8/31/2005 $277,616 $ 26 10,038 8/3/2005 $260,988 $ 26 10,468 8/8/2005 $272,168 $ 26 10,600 8/16/2005 $275,600 $ 26 10,468 8/10/2005 $272,168 $ 26 10,038 8/23/2005 $280,988 $ 28 10,847 9/1/2005 $278,720 $ 26 10,468 8/26/2005 $275,600 $ 26 10,600 8/3/2005 $275,600 $ 26 10,468 10/19/2005 $275,600 $ 26 10,847 7/26/2005 $278,720 $ 26 10,847 12/15/2005 $278,700 $ 26 10,468 9/13/2005 $275,600 $ 26 10,600 10/27/2005 $275,600 $ 26 10,468 7/29/2005 $275,600 $ 26 10,847 7/29/2005 $278,720 $ 26 10,218 9/8/2005 $265,668 $ 26 10,140 6/1/2005 $233,200 $ 23 10,340 9/22/2005 $268,840 $ 26 11,321 9/9/2005 $294,346 $ 26 10,327 I213012005 $275,000 $ 27 10,861 11/21/2005 $282,386 $ 26 KnoMedge Based Consulting Group A - 29 Knowledge Bud C-albeg Group A - 29 Lot Square Bedrooms Baths Size Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF 3 2 10,500 1,296 3/16/2007 $529,000 $ 408 3 2 17,050 1,464 3/30/2007 $667,000 $ 456 3 2 12,446 1,296 3/20/2007 $487,533 $ 376 3 2 15,466 1464 1/31/2007 1 $572,000 $ 391 Sales History for Lots 2005 15,466 4/22/2005 $256,918 $ 17 12,652 7/29/2005 $256,300 $ 20 11,217 4/22/2005 $240,425 $ 21 10,680 4/22/2005 $237,000 $ 22 10,685 7/7/2005 $256,400 $ 24 10,543 5/20/2005 $253,032 $ 24 10,373 7/15/2005 $248,952 $ 24 11,433 8/16/2005 $274,392 $ 24 11,433 7/13/2005 $294,392 $ 26 10,733 8/4/2005 $297,592 $ 28 10,140 4/22/2005 $233,220 $ 23 10,125 5/20/2005 $243,000 $ 24 10,125 10/18/2005 $263,250 $ 26 10,734 8/31/2005 $277,616 $ 26 10,038 8/3/2005 $260,988 $ 26 10,468 8/8/2005 $272,168 $ 26 10,600 8/16/2005 $275,600 $ 26 10,468 8/10/2005 $272,168 $ 26 10,038 8/23/2005 $280,988 $ 28 10,847 9/1/2005 $278,720 $ 26 10,468 8/26/2005 $275,600 $ 26 10,600 8/3/2005 $275,600 $ 26 10,468 10/19/2005 $275,600 $ 26 10,847 7/26/2005 $278,720 $ 26 10,847 12/15/2005 $278,700 $ 26 10,468 9/13/2005 $275,600 $ 26 10,600 10/27/2005 $275,600 $ 26 10,468 7/29/2005 $275,600 $ 26 10,847 7/29/2005 $278,720 $ 26 10,218 9/8/2005 $265,668 $ 26 10,140 6/1/2005 $233,200 $ 23 10,340 9/22/2005 $268,840 $ 26 11,321 9/9/2005 $294,346 $ 26 10,327 I213012005 $275,000 $ 27 10,861 11/21/2005 $282,386 $ 26 KnoMedge Based Consulting Group A - 29 Knowledge Bud C-albeg Group A - 29 13,913 12/29/2005 $290,000 $ 21 10,080 12/6/2005 $295,000 $ 29 10,080 10/20/2005 $262,080 $ 26 10,199 12/7/2005 $295,000 $ 29 10,943 4/22/2005 $231,689 $ 21 10,314 8/2/2005 $150,000 $ 15 13,673 7/11/2005 $150,000 $ 11 14,297 8/17/2005 $257,425 $ 18 2006 Date of Lot Size Sale Pnce $/SF 12,434 1/13/2006 $285,000 $ 23 15,860 6/13/2006 $320,000 $ 20 2007 Knowledge Bued Consul[mg Group A -3U Location Map for Kona Area Condominium Projects Alalia Candas BIB Island - Na Hari 4 K"Uhou , r , ,i , „r I t, - Knowledge Bused Comulting Group A - 31 NA HALE O KEAUHOU Na Hale O Keauhou is a 4 -star resort nestled in a perfect, easy -access location adjacent to the Keauhou Shopping Center in Kailua-Kona, Big Island, Hawaii - five miles south of the Kailua- Kona Town Center or the Kailua-Kona Pier This peaceful, high-end resort consists of 84 townhomes (see resort in with spacious 2 and 3 -bedroom ocean view units Walk to shopping, restaurants and the movies at the Keauhou Shopping Center to the east or discover Kahalu u Bay to the west It is a retreat from congestion while at the same time only minutes to beaches and downtown Kailua-Kona Also, it's a short 14 miles from the Kona International Airport Na Hale O Keauhou features: • Beautiful New (2006) Ocean -View Gated Complex • Large & Luxurious 2 & 3 -Bedroom Townhomes • Resort Pool, Spa, Clubhouse & Fitness Facilty • Pavilion with Kitchen & BBQ • Gated, Electronically Controlled Entry • Security & Fire Alarm Systems • Attached Garage with Each Unit • Free & Ample Guest Parking • Walk to Snorkeling, Swimming, & Surfing • Golfing, Charter Boats, Stores & Restaurants Nearby Na Hale O Keauhou Resort Map •1AwV �4'1.wr Location Map Relative to La'ipala Heights Knowledge aped C-1hug Croup A-32 Knowledge Eked Comoltlo8 Groep A-33 Sample Floorplans Units A and E are spacious 3 bedroom / 2 5 bathroom condos with nearly 1800 square feet of living space N6 Hale O Keauhou, Unit A-4 - Condo Layout F&ri Floor 1 „ Unit B is a 2 -Bedroom / 2 5 -Bathroom Ocean view condo with Kitchen, Living Room, Master Bedroom, Second Bedroom & Two Lariats Knowledge aned Consulting Gronp Unit H is a 3 -Bedroom / 3 -Bathroom Ocean view condo with Kitchen, Living Room, Master Bedroom, Second Bedroom, Third Bedroom, Two Lanais & Attached Garage N6 Hale O Kesuhou, Unit H-6 - Townhome Layout Fust Floor Second Floor Unit type J is a 1,700 sq ft 3 -Bedroom / 3 -Bathroom Ocean view condo with Kitchen, Living Room, Master Bedroom, Second Bedroom, Third Bedroom, Two Lariats & Attached Garage Knowledge Bored Consulting Groep A - 35 Unit L- 1, is a spacious 3 bedroom / 3 bathroom condo with over 1800 square feet of living space Na Hole O Kesubou, Uult L-1- Towubomo Layout First Floor Knowledge Bond Couulhog Group Second Floor A-36 Sales History 2005 Unit Type Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF 81 3 3 1704 7/8/2005 $579,369 $ 340 B2 2 2112 1404 7/5/2005 $489,361 $ 349 83 3 2112 1778 7/22/2005 $610,623 $ 343 B4 2 21/2 1404 10/13/2005 $975,000 $ 694 B4 3 21/2 1778 7/5/2005 $610,623 $ 343 B6 3 3 1704 11/7/2005 $895,000 $ 525 C1 3 3 1704 8/12/2005 $787,000 $ 462 C2 2 21/2 1404 8/22/2005 $730,000 $ 520 C3 2 2 1/2 1404 8/22/2005 $709,000 $ 505 C4 2 2 1/2 1404 6/12/2005 $847,000 $ 603 CS 2 2112 1404 8/11/2005 $720,000 $ 513 C6 3 3 1704 8/12/2005 $782,000 $ 459 E2 2 21/2 1404 11/10/2005 $525,000 $ 374 13 3 21/2 1704 12/30/2005 $605,000 $ 355 31 3 3 1704 12/16/2005 $650,000 $ 381 12 2 2 1/2 1404 12/8/2005 $550,000 $ 392 33 2 2 1/2 1404 12/16/2005 $645,000 $ 459 34 2 2 1/2 1404 12/6/2005 $605,000 $ 431 35 2 21/2 1404 12/8/2005 $475,000 $ 338 36 3 3 1704 12/13/2005 $565,000 $ 332 K2 2 2 1/2 1404 11/15/2005 $521,625 $ 372 K4 2 2 1/2 1404 11/17/2005 $668,875 $ 476 K6 3 3 1704 11/22/2005 $690,000 $ 405 L1 3 3 1704 10/27/2005 $618,000 $ 363 L3 2 2 1/2 1404 10/26/2005 $684,600 $ 488 L4 2 2 1/2 1404 10/28/2005 $710,900 $ 506 LS 2 2 1/2 1404 10/25/2005 $546,000 $ 389 M3 2 21/2 1404 10/18/2005 $716,400 $ 510 M5 2 2 1/2 1404 10/12/2005 $524,525 $ 374 N1 3 3 1704 9/28/2005 $597,431 $ 351 N2 2 21/2 1404 9/14/2005 $585,000 $ 417 N3 2 2 1/2 1404 9/20/2005 $648,375 $ 462 N4 2 2 1/2 1404 9/13/2005 $649,375 $ 463 NS 2 2 1/2 1404 9/20/2005 $634,700 $ 452 N6 3 3 1704 9/13/2005 1 $667,000 $ 391 Knowledge Sued Consulting Group A-37 0 2006 Unit Tvpe Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sale Price $ISF Al 3 3 1704 4/24/2006 $750,000 $ 440 A2 2 2 1/2 1404 4/24/2006 $710,000 $ 506 A3 2 2 1/2 1404 4/24/2006 $817,000 $ 582 A4 2 2 1/2 1404 4/24/2006 $830,000 $ 591 AS 2 2 1/2 1404 4/25/2006 $720,000 $ 513 A6 3 3 1704 4/25/2006 $765,000 $ 449 85 2 2 1/2 1404 1/3/2006 $828,000 $ 590 D1 3 3 1704 4/13/2006 $663,000 $ 389 D2 2 2 1/2 1404 4/13/2006 $580,000 $ 413 D3 2 2 1/2 1404 4/12/2006 $684,000 $ 487 . D4 2 2 1/2 1404 4/13/2006 $660,000 $ 470 D5 2 21/2 1404 4/13/2006 $535,000 $ 381 D6 3 3 1704 4/21/2006 $620,000 $ 364 ES 3 3 1704 3/31/2006 $599,000 $ 352 E2 2 2 1/2 1,404 10/5/2006 $725,000 $ 516 E4 2 2 1/2 1404 3/31/2006 $640,000 $ 456 ES 2 2 1/2 1404 3/31/2006 $515,000 $ 367 E6 3 3 1704 3/31/2006 $599,000 $ 352 F1 3 3 1704 3/14/2006 $630,000 $ 370 F2 2 2 1/2 1404 3/14/2006 $580,000 $ 413 F3 2 2 1/2 1404 3/13/2006 $685,000 $ 488 F4 2 2 1/2 1404 3/14/2006 $68S,000 $ 488 F5 2 2 1/2 1404 3/13/2006 $540,000 $ 385 F6 3 3 1704 3/10/2006 $640,000 $ 376 GI 3 3 1704 2/22/2006 $72S,000 $ 425 G1 3 3 1,704 9/29/2006 $750,000 $ 440 G2 2 2 1/2 1404 2/24/2006 $740,000 $ 527 G2 2 2 1/2 1404 5/5/2006 $875,000 $ 623 G3 2 2 I/Z 1404 2/22/2006 $710,000 $ 506 G3 3 2 1/2 1,778 10/3/2006 $780,000 $ 439 G4 2 2 1/2 1404 2/23/2006 $815,000 $ 580 G5 2 2 1/2 1404 2/22/2006 $585,000 $ 417 G6 3 3 1704 3/8/2006 $680,000 $ 399 H1 3 3 1704 2/6/2006 $750,000 $ 440 H4 2 2 1/2 1404 2/3/2006 $770,000 $ 548 H6 3 3 1704 2/3/2006 $720,000 $ 423 11 3 3 1704 1/3/2006 $615,000 $ 361 12 2 2 1/2 1404 1/4/2006 $510,000 $ 363 14 2 2 1/2 1404 1/5/2006 $605,000 $ 431 IS 2 2 1/2 1404 1/4/2006 $515,000 $ 367 16 3 3 1704 1/18/2006 $640,000 $ 376 16 3 3 1704 5/26/2006 $855,000 $ 502 L4 3 2 1/2 1,778 7/6/2006 $774,060 $ 435 M1 3 3 1704 3/7/2006 $947,000 $ 556 M5 2 2 1/2 1404 3/15/2006 $775,000 $ 552 N1 3 3 1704 1/3/2006 $930,000 $ 546 N3 2 2 1/2 1404 2/27/2006 $950,000 $ 677 2007 Unit T e Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sale Pn�68O $/SF MI 3 3 ,$ 467 Knowledge Based Consulting Group A- 39 Knowledge Based Consulting Group A - ALII LANI All Lam is one of KonWs newest projects These 2 bedroom/ 2 bath units, with window air conditioning, are only 3 miles to outstanding beaches and fine dining Centrally located, with convenient mini shopping across the street, and great shopping a couple of miles up the coast, L"T"0" 'IMSU BOOM e 2 BABE ���ilu-scxir' raga ,eroaµyMFL Consulting Group A-40 Knowledge Based Coueninng Group A - 41 Sales History 2005 Unit T e Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sale Price -$/SF C102 2 2 775 2/28/2005 $330,000 $ 426 C103 2 2 775 5/19/2005 $375,000 $ 484 CC 104 3 2 976 8/25/2005 $369,000 $ 378 D201 3 2 917 8/3/2005 $390,000 $ 425 OD102 2 2 797 11/29/2005 $370,000 $ 464 DD106 3 2 976 1/12/2005 $355,000 $ 364 E103 2 2 729 6/15/2005 $328,000 $ 450 E202 2 2 729 6/6/2005 $330,000 $ 453 EE104 2 2 810 8/11/2005 $339,000 $ 419 FF104 2 2 810 3/1/2005 $329,000 $ 406 G103 2 2 723 7/29/2005 $340,000 $ 470 G104 3 2 897 6/21/2005 $375,000 $ 418 G202 2 2 723 7/1/2005 $335,000 $ 463 GG103 2 2 797 3/18/2005 $325,000 $ 408 GG104 3 2 976 10/31/2005 $410,000 $ 420 GG202 2 2 797 11/18/2005 $347,500 $ 436 H2O4 2 2 780 10/31/2005 $362,500 $ 465 HH103 2 2 797 1/11/2005 $355,000 $ 445 1104 3 2 897 6/28/2005 $395,000 $ 440 KI01 3 2 917 6/9/2005 $375,000 $ 409 K204 3 2 917 8/30/2005 $370,000 $ 403 L101 3 2 917 5/9/2005 $365,000 $ 398 L103 2 2 729 1/20/2005 $325,000 $ 446 L204 3 2 917 9/1/2005 $437,000 $ 477 M 104 2 2 780 8/22/2005 $355,000 $ 455 MM102 2 2 797 11/4/2005 $391,000 $ 491 N101 2 2 729 6/14/2005 $325,000 $ 446 N201 2 2 729 5/31/2005 $335,000 $ 460 NN201 3 2 976 6/6/2005 $377,500 $ 387 NN203 2 2 797 12/1/2005 $359,000 $ 450 NNZ04 3 2 976 1/25/2005 $367,000 $ 376 0204 3 2 917 1/27/2005 $389,900 $ 425 P202 2 2 729 3/4/2005 $325,000 $ 446 Q201 3 2 917 3/21/2005 $387,500 $ 423 Q202 2 2 729 12/21/2005 $350,000 $ 480 QQ204 2 2 797 9/30/2005 1 $370,000 $ 464 Knowledge Based Consulting Group A -41 T102 2 2 787 10/28/2005 $359,000 $ 456 T103 2 2 787 4/26/2005 $324,000 $ 412 T204 2 2 729 6/30/2005 $325,000 $ 446 U104 2 2 787 6/1/2005 $330,000 $ 419 U106 2 2 966 3/23/2005 $385,900 $ 399 V101 3 2 966 12/1/2005 $375,000 $ 388 V102 2 2 787 10/7/2005 $377,000 $ 479 V205 2 2 729 6/30/2005 $325,000 $ 446 V206 3 2 917 11/4/2005 $383,000 $ 418 W201 2 2 810 5/23/2005 $340,000 $ 420 W104 2 2 780 4/22/2005 $360,000 $ 462 W204 2 2 780 4/1/2005 $355,000 $ 455 X106 3 2 966 5/16/2005 $369,000 $ 382 X203 2 2 729 1/6/2005 $354,000 $ 486 X206 3 2 917 4/29/2005 $370,000 $ 403 Y104 2 2 780 5/2/2005 $331,000 $ 424 Y202 2 2 780 5/20/2005 $355,000 $ 455 2102 2 2 787 5/18/2005 $352,000 $ 447 2105 2 2 767 10/19/2005 $350,000 $ 445 2006 Unit Type Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sate Price $/SF A103 2 1 687 10/4/2006 $220,000 $ 320 AA101 3 2 966 3/23/2006 $420,000 $ 435 AA104 3 2 966 8/30/2006 $388,900 $ 403 AA201 3 2 917 7/19/2006 $379,000 $ 413 AA204 3 2 917 5/5/2006 $380,000 $ 414 C204 2 2 775 3/28/2006 $370,000 $ 477 CC103 2 2 797 1/5/ 006 $396,500 $ 497 D203 2 2 729 2/23/2006 $375,000 $ 514 OD206 3 2 976 6/20/2006 $399,000 $ 409 EE103 2 2 810 12/11/2006 $338,400 $ 418 EE201 2 2 810 6/30/2006 $349,000 $ 431 G101 3 2 897 1/31/2006 $425,000 $ 474 H2O2 2 2 780 3/28/2006 $365,000 $ 468 ))103 2 2 810 2/8/2006 $395,000 $ 488 K104 3 2 917 3/1/2006 $405,000 $ 442 KK101 2 2 797 6/30/2006 $385,000 $ 483 L201 3 2 917 5/30/2006 $398,000 $ 434 Knowledge Based Consulting Group A-43 LL201 3 2 976 4/19/2006 $414,000 $ 424 M201 2 2 780 12/21/2006 $340,000 $ 436 MM104 3 2 976 12/6/2006 $371,000 $ 380 NN102 2 2 797 12/18/2006 $340,000 $ 427 0102 2 2 787 11/14/2006 $330,000 $ 419 0203 2 2 729 1/11/2006 $349,000 $ 479 Q103 2 2 787 6/1/2006 $369,000 $ 469 Q201 3 2 917 12/28/2006 $365,000 $ 398 QQ203 2 2 797 1/31/2006 $382,000 $ 479 R203 2 2 780 11/30/2006 $360,000 $ 462 S102 2 2 787 9/8/2006 $365,000 $ 464 T106 3 2 966 6/20/2006 $415,000 $ 430 U102 2 2 787 2/24/2006 $389,000 $ 494 U105 2 2 787 12/8/2006 $315,000 $ 400 V101 3 2 966 8/9/2006 $414,000 $ 429 X105 2 2 787 9/1/2006 $360,000 $ 457 Y103 2 2 780 7/19/2006 $343,000 $ 440 Y204 2 2 780 3/1/2006 1 $362,000 $ 464 2007 Unit Type Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sale Pnce $/SF M203 2 2 780 2/28/2007 $337,000 $ 432 MM101 3 2 976 2/20/2007 $410,000 $ 420 MM102 2 2 797 3/13/2007 $360,000 $ 452 0101 3 2 917 3/1/2007 $365,000 $ 398 V205 2 2 729 3/23/2007 $349,000 $ 479 K-whdge Baud C—n Mfng G—P A-44 KONA SEA VILLAS A-45 GENERAL AMENITIES • Private Gated Community • Contemporary Hawaiian Architecture • Resort Style Pool, Spa & Fitness Center • Lush Tropical Landscaping • Enclosed Garages • Cable TV/High-Speed Internet Access in all Bedrooms & Living Room • Private Courtyards for Ground Floor Homes • Covered Lanais for 2nd Floor Homes • Nine Foot Ceilings on Ground Floor, Second & Third Floor Vaulted Ceilings • Rounded Wall Comers • Hardiplank Siding - 50 Year Transferable Warranty KITCHEN • European Style Raised Panel Cabinets • Granite Slab Countertops • Pantry Storage BATHROOM • Oversized Ceramic Tile Shower in all Master Baths • Cultured Marble Vanities • European Style Raised Panel Cabinets • Ceramic Tile Tub/Shower Surrounds KONA SEA VILLAS - FLOOR PLANS MODEL SQ FOOTAGE BED/BATH Ginger 1,187 sq ft 2/2 View Floor Plan Pikake 1,399 sq ft 2/2 + Loft View 1 st & 2nd Floor Plan Maile 2,155 sq ft 3/3 Knowledge Based Consulting A-46 Knowledge Based Consulting A-47 Sales History 2005 Unit Type Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sale Price— $/SF C22 2 2 1,182 11/28/2005 $610,000 $ 516 123 2 2 1,182 5/3/2005 $539,000 $ 456 i l M _7 981 6/30/2005 $460,000 $ 469 34 e� j 1,763 aa $685,000 Sales History 2005 Unit Type Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sale Price— $/SF C22 2 2 1,182 11/28/2005 $610,000 $ 516 123 2 2 1,182 5/3/2005 $539,000 $ 456 33 2 2 981 6/30/2005 $460,000 $ 469 34 3 3 1,763 4/29/2005 $685,000 $ 389 K22 2 2 1,182 4/28/2005 $560,000 $ 474 K23 2 2 1,182 1/19/2005 $537,500 $ 455 K3 2 2 981 3/29/2005 $489,000 $ 498 L1 3 3 1,763 1/14/2005 $520,000 1 $ 295 2006 Unit Type Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF D1 3 3 1,763 7/12/2006 $658,000 $ 373 H3 2 2 981 6/15/2006 $430,000 $ 438 K2 2 2 981 5/26/2006 $435,000 $ 443 L2 2 2 981 5/18/2006 $525,000 $ 535 2007 Unit T e Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sale $/SF Price E3 2 2 981 1 3/13/2007 $439,000 $ 448 Knowledge Based Consulting Group A - 48 Knowledge Beed C—.Iftg Group A - 49 ALIT PARK PLACE Alu Park Place is one of Kona's newest luxury style condominiums Enjoy resort living ,lust minutes from Downtown Kailua-Kona along Aln Drive Their townhomes features granite kitchen countertops, tiled kitchen entry and baths, central air-conditioning with UV air filter, custom cabmetry, marble bath countertops, custom window treatments and well appointed accents throughout Some properties also feature a large fenced lanai and also a back lanai with privacy fencing Owners also have a one car garage and one extra parking stall The Resort style pool area features a propane barbeque, tiki torches, spa, bath/changmg rooms, meeting room and covered hale Knowledge Based Consulting Group A -5a Sales History 2005 Unit Type Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF A101 2 2 1,112 3/14/2005 $361,500 $ 325 A201 2 2 1,129 3/29/2005 $371,500 $ 329 A202 2 2 1,129 5/9/2005 $510,000 $ 452 8201 2 2 1,294 5/6/2005 $580,000 $ 448 E101 2 2 1,081 2/25/2005 $479,000 $ 443 E102 2 2 1,081 10/28/2005 $569,900 $ 527 E201 2 2 1,138 4/1/2005 $499,251 $ 439 G201 2 2 1,294 3/15/2005 $559,000 $ 432 1-1101 2 2 1,262 9/12/2005 $599,900 $ 475 H 102 2 2 1,262 5/27/2005 $412,000 $ 326 H2O1 2 2 1,294 5/27/2005 $565,000 $ 437 H2O2 2 2 1,294 6/21/2005 $419,500 $ 324 J101 2 2 1,262 6/3/2005 $529,500 $ 420 1102 2 2 1,262 6/14/2005 $399,500 $ 317 1201 2 2 1,294 9/23/2005 $327,317 $ 253 1202 2 2 1,294 11/15/2005 $600,000 $ 464 K101 2 2 1,262 6/1/2005 $403,000 $ 319 K102 2 2 1,262 5/11/2005 $409,500 $ 324 K201 2 2 1,294 5/10/2005 $417,500 $ 323 K202 2 2 1,294 5/18/2005 $419,500 $ 324 L101 2 2 1,262 7/6/2005 $575,000 $ 456 L102 2 2 1,262 5/27/2005 $399,500 $ 317 1-201 2 2 1,294 8/11/2005 $590,000 $ 456 M102 2 2 1,262 9/13/2005 $532,500 $ 422 M201 2 2 1,294 9/23/2005 $327,317 $ 253 M202 2 2 1,294 12/16/2005 $281,200 $ 217 N101 2 2 1,262 10/5/2005 $580,000 $ 460 N102 2 2 1,262 9/16/2005 $585,000 $ 464 N201 2 2 1,294 8/18/2005 $345,000 $ 267 N202 2 2 1,294 9/20/2005 $554,500 $ 429 0101 2 2 1,081 9/29/2005 $474,500 $ 439 0102 2 2 1,081 11/15/2005 $575,000 $ 532 0201 2 2 1,138 9/1/2005 $487,500 $ 428 0202 2 2 1,138 9/9/2005 $509,000 $ 447 Plot 2 2 1,081 10/25/2005 $474,500 $ 439 P102 2 2 1,081 9/21/2005 $550,000 $ 509 Knowledge Based Consulting Group 51 P201 I 2 2 I 1,138 I 9/21/2005 + $555,000+ $ 488 P202 2 2 1,138 9/27/2005 I $484,500 I $ 426 2006 Unit Type Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF 8202 0 2 1,294 1/31/2006 $624,750 $ 483 D102 0 2 1,081 5/5/2006 $545,000 $ 504 F102 0 2 1,262 6/9/2006 $560,000 $ 444 F202 0 2 1,294 1/9/2006 $615,000 $ 475 (3202 0 2 1,294 4/27/2006 $615,000 $ 475 K102 0 2 1,262 11/28/2006 $549,900 $ 436 M101 0 2 1,262 6/30/2006 $599,000 $ 475 0101 0 2 1,081 9/29/2006 $507,000 $ 469 P202 0 2 1,138 10/2/2006 1 $565,000 $ 496 2007 U",Square T e I Bedrooms Baths Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF 0201 0 2 1,13a 1/2/2007 1 $504,250 1 $ 443 ALII COVE Based Consulting Group A-52 Knowledge Based Consulting Groep A - 53 Tl� itl "A4 Sales History 2005 Unit Type Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sale Pnce -$/SF At 3 3 1,815 4/7/2005 $675,000 $ 372 B1 3 3 1,815 1/11/2005 $434,199 $ 239 B23 2 2 1,215 11/2/2005 $682,000 $ 561 64 3 3 1,815 11/7/2005 $830,000 $ 457 C2 2 2 1,014 4/29/2005 $281,200 $ 277 C22 2 2 1,215 4/28/2005 $313,765 $ 258 C23 2 2 1,215 6/15/2005 $565,000 $ 465 C3 2 2 1,014 4/29/2005 $278,155 $ 274 C4 3 3 1,815 5/2/2005 $427,250 $ 235 D1 3 3 1,815 5/26/2005 $417,867 $ 230 D2 2 2 1,014 5/24/2005 $292,781 $ 289 D23 2 2 1,215 5/31/2005 $317,037 $ 261 D3 2 2 1,014 5/24/2005 $303,151 $ 299 D4 3 3 1,815 5/24/2005 $435,068 $ 240 E1 3 3 1,815 12/5/2005 $684,900 $ 377 E2 2 2 1,014 10/7/2005 $499,000 $ 492 E22 2 2 1,215 7/15/2005 $339,008 $ 279 E3 2 2 1,014 7/14/2005 $296,997 $ 293 E4 3 3 1,815 7/15/2005 $443,284 $ 244 F1 3 3 1,815 9/27/2005 $699,000 $ 385 F2 2 2 1,014 6/24/2005 $326,700 $ 322 F22 2 2 1,215 6/20/2005 $342,791 $ 282 F23 2 2 1,215 6/30/2005 $334,935 $ 276 F3 2 2 1,014 7/1/2005 $302,653 $ 298 F4 3 3 1,815 6/24/2005 $422,867 $ 233 G1 3 3 1,815 9/28/2005 $454,764 $ 251 G22 2 2 1,215 9/30/2005 $341,871 $ 281 G23 2 2 1,215 9/13/2005 $352,203 $ 290 G3 2 2 1,014 9/30/2005 $310,976 $ 307 G4 3 3 1,815 9/30/2005 $451,769 $ 249 HI 3 3 1,815 8/4/2005 $468,508 $ 258 H2 2 2 1,014 8/5/2005 $290,662 $ 287 H22 2 2 1,215 8/12/2005 $361,294 $ 297 H3 2 2 1,014 8/8/2005 $299,688 $ 296 H4 3 3 1,815 8/25/2005 $459,060 $ 253 Knowledge Bused ConsuBing Group 56 11 3 3 1,815 10/21/2005 $452,466 $ 249 12 2 2 1,014 11/2/2005 $299,900 $ 296 123 2 2 1,215 11/4/2005 $343,266 $ 283 13 2 2 1,014 11/4/2005 $301,661 $ 297 J2 2 2 1,014 11/21/2005 $366,177 $ 361 122 2 2 1,215 12/19/2005 $395,040 $ 325 323 2 2 1,215 9/23/2005 $402,192 $ 331 13 2 2 1,014 12/12/2005 $364,256 $ 359 14 3 3 1,815 10/27/2005 $500,533 $ 276 JJ2 3 2 1,177 9/27/2005 $423,200 $ 360 K1 3 3 1,815 12/22/2005 $460,720 $ 254 K2 2 2 1,014 12/21/2005 $314,537 $ 310 K22 2 2 1,215 12/16/2005 $362,308 $ 298 K4 3 3 1,815 12/16/2005 $470,317 $ 259 L1 3 2 1,177 12/23/2005 $394,188 $ 335 L22 3 2 1,177 12/30/2005 $362,237 $ 308 Q1 3 3 1,815 3/2/2005 $397,867 $ 219 Q2 2 2 1,014 7/14/2005 $472,000 $ 465 Q23 2 2 1,215 3/17/2005 $304,693 $ 251 Q4 3 3 1,815 6/24/2005 $665,000 $ 366 R1 3 2 1,177 1/18/2005 $469,900 $ 399 R2 3 2 1,177 1/25/2005 $320,551 $ 272 R21 3 2 1,177 1/20/2005 $338,780 $ 288 R22 3 2 1,177 1/20/2005 $338,780 $ 288 S1 3 3 1,815 2/11/2005 $412,867 $ 227 S2 2 2 1,014 2/11/2005 $307,020 $ 303 S22 2 2 1,215 2/15/2005 $322,203 $ 265 523 2 2 1,215 2/15/2005 $326,100 $ 268 53 2 2 1,014 2/11/2005 $289,900 $ 286 S4 3 3 1,815 2/14/2005 $426,639 $ 235 2006 Unit Tvpe Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sale Price $/SF Al 3 3 1,815 6/22/2006 $755,000 $ 416 A23 2 2 1,215 6/30/2006 $576,000 $ 474 A3 2 2 1,014 8/14/2006 $489,900 $ 483 A4 3 3 1,815 9/27/2006 $685,000 $ 377 AAI 3 3 1,815 10/4/2006 $486,338 $ 268 Knowledge Based Consulting Group A-57 AA2 AA22 AA23 AA3 AM B3 BBI BB2 8022 BB23 BB3 BB4 CCI CC2 CC22 CC23 CC3 CC4 D22 DDI DD2 DD22 OD23 DD3 DD4 E23 EE1 FFI FF2 FF21 FF22 G2 HH2 HH21 122 14 til 112 1122 1122 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 1,014 1,215 1,215 1,014 1,815 1,014 1,815 1,014 1,215 1,215 1,014 1,815 1,815 1,014 1,215 1,215 1,014 1,815 1,215 1,815 1,014 1,215 1,215 1,014 1,815 1,215 1,815 1,177 1,177 1,177 1,177 1,014 1,177 1,177 1,215 1,815 1,815 1,014 1,215 1,215 9/29/2006 9/28/2006 10/3/2006 10/19/2006 9/29/2006 1/5/2006 12/4/2006 11/21/2006 11/22/2006 11/22/2006 11/22/2006 11/22/2006 10/27/2006 12/11/2006 10/25/2006 10/18/2006 10/20/2006 10/23/2006 5/18/2006 12/6/2006 11/30/2006 12/19/2006 12/6/2006 12/6/2006 11/30/2006 1/26/2006 12/27/2006 11/30/2006 12/15/2006 12/15/2006 12/11/2006 3/10/2006 8/29/2006 10/26/2006 6/30/2006 3/16/2006 7/3/2006 4/3/2006 7/7/2006 12/6/2006 $339,504 $373,112 $360,662 $346,796 $486,338 $569,900 $538,866 $320,944 $382,300 $381,300 $331,200 $484,900 $470,989 $327,933 $369,174 $368,672 $323,718 $459,199 $349,542 $485,800 $326,000 ISI $378,100 $378,266 $331,173 $484,405 $599,000 $447,900 $380,500 $375,600 $464,333 $464,333 $559,000 $377,250 $380,042 $529,500 $750,000 $492,867 $360,943 $406,265 $524,000 335 307 297 342 268 562 297 317 315 314 327 267 259 323 304 303 319 253 288 268 321 311 311 327 267 493 247 323 319 395 395 551 321 323 436 413 272 356 334 431 1123 113 114 J11 021 D22 K3 KKl KK2 KK23 KK3 KK4 L2 L21 LLI LL2 LL22 LL23 LO LL4 MI M2 M22 M23 M3 M4 N1 N2 N22 N23 N3 N4 01 01 02 021 022 022 pl P2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2' 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,215 1,014 1,815 1,177 1,177 1,177 1,014 1,815 1,014 1,Z15 1,014 1,815 1,177 1,177 1,815 1,014 1,215 1,215 1,014 1,815 1,815 1,014 1,215 1,215 1,014 1,815 1,815 1,014 1,215 1,215 1,014 1,815 1,177 1,177 1,177 1,177 1,177 1,177 1,177 1,177 6/29/2006 6/15/2006 6/30/2006 2/7/2006 1/24/2006 2/27/2006 1/3/2006 5/30/2006 6/8/2006 6/23/2006 6/23/2006 6/23/2006 1/4/2006 1/13/2006 6/9/2006 5/23/2006 5/11/2006 4/7/2006 5/31/2006 4/12/2006 8/17/2006 8/15/2006 8/16/2006 9/8/2006 8/17/2006 8/23/2006 7/20/2006 7/27/2006 7/19/2006 7/31/2006 7/7/2006 7/7/2006 8/7/2006 10/31/2006 7/20/2006 8/16/2006 8/14/2006 10/18/2006 8/15/2006 8/10/2006 $388,246 $343,571 $586,921 $425,867 $429,579 $417,266 $336,937 $481,731 $332,544 $378,235 $342,653 $491,232 $330,662 $361,633 $576,023 $432,026 $452,320 $466,672 $427,489 $592,266 $551,765 $405,978 $447,308 $448,070 $399,900 $544,242 $509,920 $385,812 $417,308 $407,201 $399,870 $517,533 $383,627 $470,000 $398,508 $406,409 $405,623 $499,000 $375,267 $388,849 320 339 323 362 365 355 332 265 328 311 338 271 281 307 317 426 372 384 422 326 304 400 368 369 394 300 281 380 343 335 394 285 326 399 339 345 345 424 319 330 Knowledge Based Consulting Group A- 58 Knowledge Based Consulting Groep A - 59 P21 3 2 1,177 8/10/2006 $398,656 $ 339 P22 3 2 1,177 10/13/2006 $565,000 $ 480 Q22 2 2 1,215 5/1/2006 $529,000 $ 435 Q3 2 2 1,014 6/16/2006 $371,553 $ 366 R22 3 2 1,177 8/24/2006 $536,000 $ 455 T1 3 2 1,177 3/14/2006 $301,726 $ 256 T2 3 2 1,177 3/10/2006 $318,977 $ 271 T21 3 2 1,177 3/10/2006 $312,769 $ 266 T22 3 2 1,177 3/13/2006 $318,400 $ 271 U2 2 2 1,014 3/2/2006 $311,778 $ 307 U22 2 2 1,215 3/7/2006 $356,265 $ 293 U23 2 2 1,215 3/1/2006 $337,308 $ 278 U3 2 2 1,014 3/8/2006 $317,979 $ 314 U4 3 3 1,815 3/2/2006 $432,481 $ 238 V1 3 2 1,177 3/24/2006 $317,216 $ 270 V2 3 2 1,177 4/3/2006 $320,439 $ 272 V21 3 2 1,177 3/10/2006 $330,186 $ 281 V22 3 2 1,177 4/3/2006 $329,633 $ 280 X1 3 2 1,177 4/7/2006 $335,333 $ 285 X2 3 2 1,177 4/26/2006 $332,769 $ 283 X21 3 2 1,177 8/22/2006 $550,000 $ 467 X22 3 2 1,177 4/13/2006 $348,780 $ 296 Y1 3 3 1,815 9/8/2006 $465,664 $ 257 Y2 2 2 1,014 8/30/2006 $361,937 $ 357 Y22 2 2 1,215 8/31/2006 $363,235 $ 299 Y23 2 2 1,215 9/6/2006 $366,961 $ 302 Y3 2 2 1,014 9/8/2006 $349,649 $ 345 Y4 3 3 1,815 8/29/2006 $461,062 $ 254 Z1 3 3 1,815 9/27/2006 $498,915 $ 275 Z22 2 2 1,215 10/11/2006 $412,458 $ 339 Z23 2 2 1,215 10/5/2006 $409,174 $ 337 Z3 2 2 1,014 9/21/2006 $350,943 $ 346 Z4 3 3 1,815 10/16/2006 $514,112 $ 283 2007 Unit Type Bedrooms Baths Square Feet Date of Sale zli/bt- Price B83 2 2 1,014 3/1/2007 $439,000 $ 433 CC22 2 2 1,215 2/16/2007 $450,000 $ 370 CC23 2 2 1,215 1/4/2007 $435,000 $ 358 Knowledge Based Comalting Group A-60 Knou ledge Bused Consulting A-61 DD23 2 2 1,215 1/31/2007 $499,000 $ 411 EE2 2 2 1,014 1/3/2007 $304,537 $ 300 EE3 2 2 1,014 1/3/2007 $388,800 $ 383 EE22 2 2 1,215 1/9/2007 $398,266 $ 328 EE23 2 2 1,215 1/19/2007 $378,266 $ 311 GG1 3 2 1,177 1/9/2007 $373,533 $ 317 GG2 3 2 1,177 1/9/2007 $401,100 $ 341 GG21 3 2 1,177 1/8/2007 $455,866 $ 387 GG22 3 2 1,177 1/11/2007 $377,141 $ 320 HH1 3 2 1,177 2/21/2007 $371,959 $ 316 1.1-2 2 2 1,014 3/27/2007 $468,000 $ 462 K4 3 3 1,815 3/19/2007 $663,000 $ 365 M4 3 3 1,815 3/2/2007 $655,000 $ 361 N22 2 2 1,215 2/14/2007 $475,000 1 $ 391 Knou ledge Bused Consulting A-61 APPENDIX B Materials and Resources 13 Points LEED CERTIFICATION CHECKLIST AND LIST OF PROJECTS Prereq 1 Storage & Collection of Recyclables Required 9LEED,-»C LE D -NC Version 2.2 Registered Project Checklist <Project name> o City, state, other details» Sustainable Sites 14 Points Prereq i Construction Activity Pollution Prevention Required Credit 1 Site Selection i Credit 2 Development Density & Community Connectivity 1 Credit 3 Brownfield Redevelopment i Credit 4 1 Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Access l Credit 4 2 Alternative Transportation, Bicycle Storage & Changing Rooms 1 Credit 4 3 Alternative Transportation, Low -Emitting and Fuel -Efficient Vehicles 1 Credit 4 4 Alternative Transportation, Parking Capacity 1 Credit 5 1 Site Development, Protect or Restore Habitat I Credit 5 2 Site Development, Maximize Open Space 1 Credit 6 1 Stormwater Design, Quantity Control 1 Credit 6 2 Stormwater Design, Quality Control I Credit 7 I Heat Island Effect, Non -Roof 1 Credit 7 2 Heat island Effect, Roof Credit 8 Light Pollution Reduction I Water Efficiency 5 Points Credit 1 I Water Efficient landscaping, Reduce by 50% 1 Credit 12 Water Efficient Landscaping, No Potable Use or No Irrigation I Credit 2 Innovative Wastewater Technologies i Credit 3 1 Water Use Reduction, 20% Reduction 1 Credit 3 2 Water Use Reduction, 30% Reduction 1 Energy and Atmosphere 17 Points Prereq I Fundamental Commissioning of the Building Energy Systems Required Prereq 2 Minimum Energy Performance Required Prereq 3 Fundamental Refrigerant Management Required Credit t Optimize Energy Performance I to 10 Credit 2 On -Site Renewable Energy 1 to 3 Credit 3 Enhanced Commissioning I Credit 4 Enhanced Refrigerant Management 1 Credit 5 Measurement & Verification I Credit 6 Green Power i Credit I 1 Building Reuse, Maintain 75% of Existing Walls, Floors & Roof 1 Credit 12 Building Reuse, Maintain 100% of Existing Walls, Floors & Roof 1 Credit 13 Building Reuse, Maintain 50% of Interior Nonstructural Elements 1 Credit 2 1 Construction Waste Management, Divert 50% from Disposal 1 Credit 2 2 Construction Waste Management, Divert 75% from Disposal I Credit 3 l Materials Reuse, 5% I Credit 3 2 Materials Reuse, 10% 1 Credit 4 I Recycled Content, 10% (post -consumer + % pre -consumer) 1 Credit 4 2 Recycled Content, 20% (post -consumer + %: pre -consumer) 1 Credit 5 1 Regional Materials, 10% Extracted, Processed & Manufactured Region i Credit 5 2 Regional Materials, 20% Extracted, Processed & Manufactured Region 1 Credit 6 Rapidly Renewable Materials I Credit 7 Certified Wood i Indoor Environmental Quality 15 Points Prereq I Minimum IAQ Performance Required Prereq 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control Required Credit I Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring Credit 2 Increased Ventilation Credit 3 1 Construction IAQ Management Plan, During Construction Credit 3 2 Construction IAQ Management Plan, Before Occupancy Credit 4 1 Low -Emitting Materials, Adhesives & Sealants Credit 4 2 Low -Emitting Materials, Paints & Coatings Credit 4 3 Low -Emitting Materials, Carpet Systems Credit 4 4 Low -Emitting Materials, Composite Wood & Agrifiber Products Credit 5 Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control Credit 6 1 Controllability of Systems, Lighting Credit 6 2 Controllability of Systems, Thermal Comfort Credit 7 1 Thermal Comfort, Design Credit 7 2 Thermal Comfort, Verification Credit 8 1 Daylight & Views, Daylight 75% of Spaces Credit 8 2 Daylight & Views, Views for 90% of Spaces Innovation and Design Process Credit I I Innovation in Design Provide Specific Title Credit 12 Innovation in Design Provide Specific Title Credit 1 3 Innovation in Design Provide Specific Title Credit 14 Innovation in Design Provide Specific Title Credit 2 LEED Accredited Professional Project Total Project Certification Level (points) Certified 26-32 Silver 33-38 5 Points 69 Points Gold 39-51 Platinum 52-69 GI Sty Province Provider Suede, a ol Homes CerUaed to June 2001 Rab Home T Proed Tiim RodUN CA DaVla Energy Group Grupe 11 Cenblbd Single Detached ProducUm Port SL Luda FL Florida Solar Energy Canter Royal professional Bunten 1 Gedified Single oeleeea Custom/ spec C—Isidge MA Con arvaUm Send—Group Commmnaeallh Property Fund Certiaed Wild Aasded Custom Wendell MA Cmaerva4on Swims Group Rural D—lop enl I Carufned Si gh, DelshM Monlade Byron Center MI Aatance fm Environmenlel SisualnsWbty Wast Mkhgm 1CeNfkd Single Delached Cumen Grand Rapids MI As= for Environmental SudemagLly Hebdal for Humanity ICertified Single Deleted Affordable Grant Rapids MI M is— for Em'trounenlal SudalreMllly Deccan Cmab-tiro 2 CaNfied MWU Duple. Cualom ,among MI Nnanna for EmlroonenW Suslairodlily Odearu Development Group 2Ce tined Slecmd Oupb, Custom WeylaM MI Alliance for EmiranmenW Sudidnablilly RNetmet Builders LLC IC.(,Rd Single Attached Custom hb= MN Earfi Ad vantage E3 Development Irerbned Single Detwhed Gunton Oklahoma OK Gu lead Wall Savers Ideal Homes 1 C,bfied Single Detached Croat VA SouOAaes AAI.. Cmstnr:Um 1 Cedfied Single DeMdrd M ialaM WI Sts, n Whim Amudates VeAdan SCeh9fed Single Delsled PrOdwilon Capema CA Dads Energy Group Easton Graves 3SIN. Single Datwh d Custom FI Colina CO ESI, AntHomes 19 in r Single dletred Custom AUwe GA South lam Cer DR UucUm 1 9Ner Single Detailed Custom hop ID vge Eanh Adants MounWnade Vnage SMO, Single Detailed Pmdudion Easton MA Come on Savl—Graq CDS CmstmcUm 1 SMor Bugle Detached Cullom SIONe MA Come rvall-Services Group Tiro Storey Building 1SUVO, Single Detailed Cutty Wendell MA Come scion S-- Group Rural Devslopro nl 1 SMO, cd Single OebM Affordable Freeport ME ForeBolugms Taggart Construction 1 SiNer Single Daladhed Custom ... Ria ds MI Mance ler EmbpenenW 9ataMedbty Roddodb d Conslrun 1 SiIVO, Single Delated Custom Grand napes MI As: Por E.1—mal Suaterablary We.— Comeneni n 1 War Single Detached Custom Walker MI Aglemoe for EnvbommerW SustelnabnUty, Triangle CmsUudion MSuver Muff)Alladhed Affordable Arden His. MN Alliance fon EmbmmenW SusWnablliry un Sees Mort Cmabdbem 1 SMO, Sagle Detached Cnatom Eugene OR East Adva uspe Rainbow Valley CmiOI""im 3Silver Multi Nlacled Custom similar OR EaMAdvantage Mossr ToaMemes 22 Sher Single Attached PM ol Produc0un paddats OR Earth Advantage Noll Kelly Custom Home, LLC I Silverdh Triplait Aaaed Custom Pora" OR Esrlh Advamage Seabold Com— "SUN, will Atbi~ Affordable pomerhd OR East Advantage Dolph Creek Tmwn Homes 11 S air Single Alixfied Custom Bola Earth Advanlage Fireside Homos IOdd Single Detaded Prod Lon F—Voit FonDONOmm Symphony Cmdruction 1 Gold Single Delash d C m Got— F—SolWms Taggart Conebucllon ;Gold Srgb Delaclied Galan Skaneateles Steven Winter Assodales NorthEast Neural Hones f Gold Single DelecMtl Custom Perldsmernllle Energy Coordinating Agency Cmngence Gold Single, Deuced Custom Sante Mmlm ITX Daub Energy Grout Lli,mgH m 1 Pletlnun Single DelachW Custom Freeport FoeBotoU— Wdghliiyan 1 Flaoun Single Dslydhed Cullom Palerwn MaGn m 8ASF Corporellon 1 Pl:= Single Detailed Conlon Selene EeM AAvanbge Bilyeu Homes 1 Platinum Shills Dnlaehad Custom W ealheAord GVawnlaetl Wall Savers FemO, Coelom Homes i Plagnum paled Cmlom Total Pr*elis M 21a (;srigpd 3 62 [kill. Sill— V f1 Gold 5 8 PletMum 8 KNOWLEDGE BASED CONSULTING GROUP Development Program and Employment Schedule for La'ipala Heights 19 Holly Ave Larkspur, CA 94939 (415) 924-6577 clty el@sbcglobal net KNOWLEDGE BASED CONSULTING GROUP 19 Holly Ave KNOWLEDGE BASED CONSULTING GROUP Larkspur, CA 94939 (415)924-6577 clrvaj@sbcglobal net Trible 1 Table 2 Absorption Schedule at La'ipata Heights 7nri9 2020 Inn1 2012 1 TOTAL I tl1 Parcel 121 Makai Cluster Single Family Concept 20 20 RT,"' 5 65 Cumulahva 20 Tont Dem% A—,,,Uwi 02 Parcel 1051113 Mauka Sek6 Avorase SF of ConArectw Comrrutlwn Comrmclwn Total Sek9 65 Umu NmIe(A.re) Lor Sae Sire Am$ Price SF Prm Cowin , nCos✓SF GDA Una C9A(S00o) Velve(Sa00 1 Paree 113 Ala4s 82 Total Residential Units 70 145 225 267 267 Residency (Market ate) b Seasonal 70% 1500t 60% 150 S61s 000 60 Mt ds t 2roa7o s 30800S HADD 25 f 700 3 111 $1. Me 12 500 t f 309 000 i 1650 s 18.760 aualerS eFaml Cww 65 59 ] 84 177 111 $ 847 $703846 102— $ 2nm S 19.50 s 15750 R Pawel 1051113 Mepke TaMl .4ge6 11 1200 f 500 5600000 16pW f 190 3 218,000 f 3011 s 9100 6Eutlw-41n9N I MIy Deus 1e 1900 f 841 3950000 111.00 S 190 S 312,030 f 25!02 s W 600 BNyh F'* w 2100 f Q. 31100000 "wo f 190 s 3Mp0o f 11310 5 39 Me 9wNil M0bl Pek 120 1669 303 MUM221,200 ! 180 f 339,300 f 10 359 3 tOBA00 Aflede9le M.wV 9 plot) 92 Sao f 306 3275000 73.8-f 170 5 '.Me 3 12519 f 22550 subbW 202 17 5917 1175 192 t 111 !636396 299 3 1. 261491 3 5 902 121 ,6T 267 31.2 $ AIM SNI.Mai Meet 3 170 241 3 M 333 f 171,300 Table 2 Absorption Schedule at La'ipata Heights 7nri9 2020 Inn1 2012 1 TOTAL I tl1 Parcel 121 Makai Cluster Single Family Concept 20 20 20 5 65 Cumulahva 20 40 60 65 02 Parcel 1051113 Mauka 30 35 4015 120 Cumulative 30 65 105 120 Affordable Housing 20 20 20122 82 Cumulative 20 40 60 82 Total Residential Units 70 145 225 267 267 Residency (Market ate) Seasonal 70% 65% 60% 55% Permanent (180 ears or mors per year) 30% 35% 40X 45% Units (Including Affordable) Seasonal 35 6B 99 102 Permarant(180 do" n more per em) 15 37 66 83 19 Holly Ave Larkspur, CA 94939 (4 15) 924-6577 clive)@sbeglobal net KNOWLEDGE BASED CONSULTING GROUP 19 Holly Ave KNOWLEDGE BASED CONSULTING GROUP 19 Holly Ave Larkspur, CA 94939 Larkspur, CA 94939 (415)924-6577 (415) 924-6577 clivejQa sbeglobal net clivgQsbeglobal net Table 3 --" f- 7 0 ..tile tan.nhtc 7COnOl iooae,,,, Raie 0 W. Table 4 _, r�..•.e �,._ r ......to ue...t,t� 7ennm Assum ions 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Market Rate Residences Inflation Factor 0X 100 100 100 100 100 #1 Parcel 121 Makai Infrastructure & Development Cosh Average linproved Lot Value $ 420 $ 420 $ 420 $ 420 $ 420 $ 420 Average Building Cost $ 284 $ 284 S 284 $ 284 $ 284 $ 284 Cumulative $ - $ - $ 14077 $ 28,154 S 42,231 S 45,750 #2 Parcel 105/113 Mauka Contingency 100% $ 74 S 74 Average bnproved Lot Value $ 547 $ 547 $ 547 $ 547 S 547 $ 547 Average Building Cost $ 336 $ 338 $ 336 $ 336 $ 336 $ 336 Cumulative $ I f $ 26.500.$ 57 417 $ 92750.$ 106,000 Affordable Housing General & Adrmnistration $ 200 $ 600 S 1,000 #2 Parcel 105/113 Mauka $ 275 $ 275 $ 215 $ 275 $ 275 $ 275 Cumulative $ $ $ 5 500 $ i i 000 $ 16 500 $ 22 550 Total Residential Value $ - $ - $ 46,077 S 96,571 f 151,481 $ 174,300 Seasonal $ 4001$ 4 217 $ 26404 $ 55,621 S 80,988 S 83,463 Permanent $ 2,027 $ 1,073 $ 17,673 S 40,950 $ 70,492 $ 90,638 Total Project Value $ f $46,077 f 98,571 f 15t,181 S 771,300 Table 4 _, r�..•.e �,._ r ......to ue...t,t� 7ennm Assum ions 20071 2008 2009 20101 2011 2012 Total Inflation Factor 0X 100 100 100 100 100 100 Infrastructure & Development Cosh Subrornl S 40 000 per acre S 745 S 745 $ 1 490 Design, Perimh, Engineering 120% $ 89 $ 89 $ 179 Contingency 100% $ 74 S 74 S 149 $ 909 S 969 Total infrastructure Costs f - $ f - f - $ 1 817 OwGoing Maintenance. Operstsous, sad Managemut Cosh $ - General & Adrmnistration $ 200 $ 600 S 1,000 $ 1 000 $ 800 S 400 S 4 000 Cormnon Area / Security/ $ - 1= S 118 S 73 S 25 1-_ $ 217 Total Ors-Goua Costs $ 2001$ 600 $ 1,118 S 1,073 $ 825 $ 4001$ 4 217 PROJECT COSTS S 200 $ 1,509 $ 2,027 $ 1,073 $ 825 S 4001$ 6,034 Direct Parcel Costs $ - Sales and Marketing 8% S 3,686 $ 4,039 $ 4,393 $ 1,826 $ 13 944 On Sun and Fees S 130,000 unit $ 9,100 $ 9750 S 10,400 $ 5460 $ 34,710 Residential Construction $ - #1 Parcel 121 Makat $ 5,677 $ , 5,677 $ 5,677 $ 1,419 $ 18,450 #2 Parcel 105/113 Mauls S 6,480 $ 7 660 $ 8,640 $ 3,240 $ 25,920 Affordable Housing (8 pies) S 3,060 S 3 060 S 3 060 S 3,366 S 12,546 TotalResidential Construction $ 15,217 S 16 297 $ 17 377 $ 8 025 $ 56,916 ToM Parcel Costa f f $ 28,003 $ 30,088 $ 32,170f 15,311 S 105 570 All Costa $ 200 S 1,509 $ 30.0301111 31,160 $ 32,995 f 15,711 $ 111,604 -cc, -p KNOWLEDGE BASED CONSULTING GROUP 19 Holly Ave Larkspur, CA 94939 (415)924-6577 clivel@sbcglobai net Table 5 • c.....i.. nnf of i a•in�la W>inhfe Developer Construction 1 20071 2008 20091 2010 2011 20121 Total Total Infrastructure Costs $ - $ 909 E 909 $ - S - $- E 1,817 Labor as % of Const Cost 42% $ $ 382 E 382 E - $ - S - E 763 Jobs at Average Wage of S65.0001 6 6 12 Total Residential Parcel Costs $ - $ - S 28 003 $ 30 086 $ 32,170 $ 1531110 5 311S 105,57D Labor as % of Const Cost 40% $ - E - E 11 201 E 12 035 $ 12 868 S 6 124 S 42,228 Jobs at Avera e Wage of S 65,000 172 185 198 94 650 Total Construction Jobs - 6 178 185 198 94 681 On -Going Developer Costs $ 200 $ 600 $ 1 118 $ 1,073 $ 825 $ 400 E 4,217 Labor as % of Ongoing Cost 45% $ 90 $ 270 $ 503 $ 483 $ 371 $ 180 $ 1,897 Jobs at Average Wa a of S 50 000 2 5 10 10 7 4 38 Total Construction and Developer Employment 2 11 188 195 205L 98 699 Appendix H. Solid Waste Management Plan Laipala Makai North Kona, Island of Hawai'i TMK. (3) 7-7-08. 121 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN Petitioner Kona Heights LLC Ernest Mansi, Manager 300 Esplanade Drive, Suite 430 Oxnard, California 93036 Prepared by: 00 Group 70 International, Inc Architecture • Planning • Interior Design • Environmental Services 925 Bethel Street, Fifth Floor Honolulu, HI 96813 October 2007 Laipala Makai Solid Waste Management Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE List of Figures List of Tables 10 INTRODUCTION .. 1 20 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION .2 21 Project Waste Stream 2 21 1 Construction Phase 2 2 1 2 Operational Phase 4 30 PROJECT LOCATION AND TRANSPORATION OF WASTE... 5 31 Construction Phase 5 32 Operational Phase 5 4.o RECYCLING AND WASTE REDUCITON 6 5.0 IMPACT ON COUNTY FACILITIES .... ......... .7 6.0 CONCLUSION ... ... ... .... .. 8 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 21 LaSpala Makai Aerial View 61 Site Plan 9 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1-1 TMK Parcel 1 2-1 Approximate Types and Quantities of Construction Waste Generated on the Average Job and Anticipated Project -specific Waste 2 2-2 Laipala Makai Operational Waste Stream 4 5-1 Impact on the County Landfill 7 LVpala Makai Solid Waste Management Plan 1.0 INTRODUCTION Kona Heights LLC proposes to develop approximately 11 acres of vacant land in North Kona on the west coast of the island of Hawaii as the La'Ipala Makin residential community The Tax Map Key (TMK) parcel is listed in Table 1-1 Table 1-1- TMK Parcel i= t4, 121 11.054/481,512;24 ' 11.415/497074 i Pattison Land Surveying Inc 2006 ' Tax Map Key The total number of dwelling units is estimated at 65 The market product and land use density proposed for the parcel are a single family cluster concept at approximately six (6) units per acre Key land use approvals will be obtained by 2008 Construction is anticipated to begin in 2008 and full occupation by 2016 A State Land Use Boundary Amendment is pending that would change the Agricultural Land Use District Boundary into the Urban Land Use District Boundary Subsequent to the Land Use Commission's ruling, a Change of Zone Application and Special Management Area Use Permit Application will be submitted to the County of Hawai'i Department of Planning As part of the review process the County of Hawai'i, Department of Environmental Management, Solid Waste Division has recommended that a Solid Waste Management Plan be submitted This Solid Waste Management Plan developed in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Solid Waste Division Laipala Makai Solid Waste Management Plan 2.0 PROJECT SUMMARY 21 PROJECT WASTE STREAM The following section provides estimates of the anticipated waste volume and composition in both the Construction phase of the project components and when the development is fully operational 21.1 Construction Phase The project area is currently vacant The majority of pre -construction waste will be green waste from site clearing (Figure 21) Table 2-1 outlines the types of waste generated in an average construction project based on the area of development The total development area is approximately 481,512 square feet An overestimate of the waste generated would be to assume the entire site is developed and not take into account the roadways, parks, lawn areas and preservation areas Table 2-1 presents the projected waste quantity TABLE 2-1 Approximate Types and Quantities of Construction Waste Generated on the Average Job' and Anticipated Project -specific Waste �$Y: -t hirlierlAtkt �td Y`a t) 'p x r Pyr 14tits '+ Wood L3 _625,966 279 Drywall, 1 1 529,663 ' 236 Cardboard _ 03 144,454 64 Metals 009 43,336- 19 Others 0.9 433,361 193 "t TMINPONYMAZ 'EM -1 92.11012- M, 21i2_3_Z9!3_'1 '1 TON = 2,240 LBS 'Information from www circlejroll-offsmc com 2 Lk9 la Maka, sdM w,wu Ma�ea.,arua mgun 11 13'(Paia Maka) A—' View J La ipala Maka Solid Waste Management Plan 2.12 Operational Phase At full build out, there will be approximately 65 single-family dwelling units Single-family residences generate 9 lbs of waste per dwelling unit each day 2 If one multiplies 9 lbs/dwelhng unit each day by the proposed 65 single-family units the result is approximately 585 lbs of garbage generated each day by the residential development Applying the itemization of waste stream percentages (Table 2-2) one can estimate that LA'Ipala Makin will be throwing out the following TABLE 2-2 U'ipala Makai Operational Waste Stream ; Single ti mid ',Average Waste Composition -r Materials'y'% of Waste " . `t `' lbs;per day (585' ,' `; t Pounds eachyeaz' Tons^one Stream E y;' : i, thBS*poi �`' $'� ,' (LBS"365) ^ year 77 Paper 33% 193 70,463 31 Plastic 10% 59 21,353 10 Yard Waste 13% 76 27,758 12 Glass 4% 23 8,541 4 Metals 4% 23 8,541 4 Other Organics 32% 187 68,328 31 Other Waste 4% 23 8,541 4 TOTAL -`'-1'w,a``� r` '213a*25'� °95 i+ Flym 1=;, , r W„ ''°'. ,95- et t@.. 'd,' It is important to note that potential recycling efforts have not been factored into the projected waste stream equation This will be elaborated on in Sections 4 and 5 'Information from Estimated Solid Waste Generation Rates for Residential Development, www ciwmb ca gov/WasteChar/WasteGenRates/WGResid htm 4 ,: 1,51pala Makal Solid Waste Management Plan 3.0 PROJECT LOCATION AND TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE Illustrated in Figure 1-1, Kona Heights LLC proposes to develop approximately 11 acres in North Kona on the west coast of the island of Hawai'i as a residential community The site is approximately 11 miles south of the Keahole-Kona International Airport and 4 miles south of Kailua-Kona town center The Pacific Ocean is approximately 700 feet from the western boundary of the site The development area is rectangular and aligned north -south with the future Ah'i Highway 31 CONSTRUCTION PHASE During site excavation and grading, green waste will be generated It is proposed that this waste be hauled to Big Island Recycling According to the Recycle Hawaii website this is the only company on the Kona side of the Big Island dealing with green waste Once construction begins, recycling will be encouraged and practiced as practicable and to the level available within the County Ideally, construction waste will be sorted on site, and hauled to the appropriate facility Atlas Recycling, or a similar company in Kona, may be the receiving party of any recycled construction waste Atlas Recycling is located on Pawai PI in North Kona The proposed route a hauling truck would take is along Kuakini Hwy to Makala Blvd It is estimated that one truck per week could take any recycled materials to Atlas Waste which cannot be recycled will be transported directly to the Pu'uanahulu Landfill It is estimated that one truck per week would travel along Kuakini Hwy north to the landfill 32 OPERATIONAL PHASE Kona Heights LLC aims to institute curbside trash removal of solid wastes It is understood that the Department of Environmental Management does not allow the use of County transfer stations for any commercial development The Kona LLC intends to contract with a private waste and recycling hauling company to transport waste from the residential portion of the development to the Pu'uanahulu Landfill north of the development Potential hauling service companies are Absolute Trash LLC, Aloha Rubbish Company, Atlas Recycling, Pacific Waste, PFI Rubbish Service, Inc Rainbow Recycling, Remove -All, and South Kona Hauling & Services Research will continue on behalf of Kona LLC as to which company provides the best services and arrangements will be made Frequency of pick-ups and routes traveled to the appropriate disposal areas will be determined once a hauling company is chosen Laipala Makai Solid Waste Management Plan 4.0 RECYCLING AND WASTE REDUCTION Kona LLC intends to reduce the impact the development may have on the County landfill by encouraging recycling within all components of the proposed development Kona Heights LLC also aims to institute curbside recycling Within LA'lpala Makai the applicant will encourage the homeowners' association to consider locating waste separation receptacles for aluminum, cardboard, glass, and newspaper in each unit's waste collection area Perhaps more importantly, Kona LLC will work with the grounds/gardening maintenance crew to separate out green waste for appropriate disposal Again, sources indicate Big Island Recycling as the only company on the Kona side of the Big Island that deals with Green Waste Kona LLC will contact them to organize green waste re- use, composting, and disposal It is hoped that if a recycling program is developed in La'Ipala Makai it can be successful in reducing waste by 20-30% Additionally, chipping and composting will be utilized to the extent practicable, especially during the operational phase Yard and landscape maintenance may use compost and chipped material for mulching and soil conditioning These activities will reduce the amount of green waste that needs to be transported off site �,-ftxYv 6 La'ipala Makar Solid Waste Management Plan 5.0 IMPACT ON COUNTY FACILITIES According to the Draft EIS for the East Hawaii Regional Sort Station, September 2003, "At the end of 2002 the Pu'uanahulu Landfill had slightly more that 12 million cubic yards of permitted air space Assuming the in-place density averages 1,100 pounds per cubic yard, and cover materials make up 20% of the volume, the remaining capacity of the Pu'uanahulu Landfill is 5 28 million tons " Section 2 of this report outlined the estimated amount of waste LA'ipala Makar will generate in one year The following table uses the predicted total waste generated and applies the targeted 20% recycling rate The estimated impact on the land fill is shown with recycling and without recycling and is calculated using the statement above which indicates that the landfill has 5 28 million tons of space left TABLE 5-1 Impact on the County Landfill F„�rojkCl' tib, '?K :ste' ;PnriGnfttastGerter8ted IructidnSfthC„ s, capipbitfirtt ; ate” • a+geS!� @ted, >. i$id fxdYlg@ . , 7 1,51pala Makin Residential 793 00002% 635 0.0001% Construction U'ipala Makai ' Residential' 97 000002% 76 - 0 00002% Operation' e *percentage calculated against 5 million tons for more conservative estimate As one can see the proposed development has a very small impact on the life of the Pu'uanahulu Landfill i 1,57paIa Makar Solid Waste Management Plan 6.0 CONCLUSION The Kona LLC intends to make every effort practicable to minimize waste generated by the residential development during construction and operation • First, they will prevent waste before it occurs, also called source reduction During construction Kona LLC will plan efficiently for material use During operation they will implement procedures that minimize waste generation, such as limiting the number of non -reusable products • Second, practicable efforts to re -use materials will be a component to Kona LLC's solid waste program In the construction phase efforts will be taken to reuse materials as much as possible, such as scrap generated on the site or used materials/scrap from other lobs The primary re -use taking place in the operational phase will be composting/ re -use of green waste • Third, recycling will be an important part of both the construction and operational phase of the development Recyclable materials will be separated out from non -recyclable materials, hauled from the site to the appropriate company, and eventually processed to make new products Kona LLC will also look into buying recycled products as building • Lastly, as part of achieving LEED certification, Kona Heights LLC will aim to use products made from recycled materials in the development, specify materials that are regionally made to reduce transportation pollution, green house gases and vitalize local economies, as well as use renewable materials such as bamboo flooring, and osb board for sheathing Appendix I. Affordable Housing Policy and HawaiTs For -Sale Housing Markets L_ Rit, Appendix I OF/Eso Affordable Housing Policy Consulting Database Marketing Economic & Social Impact Studies Research SMS 1042 Fort Street Mall Suite 200 Honolulu HI 96813 rh (808)537-3356 TollFree (877) 535-5767 Fax (808)537-2686 E-mail InfoCdsmshawan.com Websre www smshawan.com SMS Affiliations and Associations Alan Barker Associates Ezpenan International Survey Research Latham Synchronizer Relationship Marketing Warren Dastrup — Kauai Affil 31 Marketing & Communications Beyond Information. Intelligence. AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY AND HAWAII'S FOR -SALE HOUSING MARKETS October 2005 Prepared for Land Use Research Foundabon of Hawaii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report Is intended as a contribution to affordable housing policy discussions in Hawaii It focuses attention on maintaining and increasing the supply of housing for sale to Hawaii's families, asking whether affordable housing regulations work to help families find housing at reasonable cost It draws on research on fee simple residential sales over a twenty-year period, and on interviews with experts in government and the private sector Innovative aspects of the research include studying the resale history of particular housing units, to see whether units sold at reasonable cost resell at prices within reach of low- to moderate -income buyers, and analyzing sales data in terms of affordability, the amount which, in each year's economic climate, households can pay for housing Market trends are discussed for the City and County of Honolulu, Maui island, Hawaii County and Kauai County County and State agencies have overlapping responsibilities to assure that Hawaii has a supply of safe housing available at a reasonable cost Most of the regulation and enforcement of affordable housing falls to the Counties While County rules and procedures vary, all four tend to require that housing developers price a share of their units as affordable for households earning from 80% to 140% of the local median income Affordable units typically have conditions on occupancy and resale, so that buyers cannot profit from reselling an affordable unit Research Hawaii's housing markets are small, and characterized by cyclic sales and price phenomena Since the mid-1990s, new housing production accounts for about a fifth of fee -simple market transactions, the rest are resales Consequently, affordable housing regulations mandating that a share of new production be affordable deal only with a small share of the market as a whole On all islands, new units are being produced at "affordable" prices (within reach of households eaming from 80% to 140% of the local median Income) and higher ones Existing units are resold at prices that these market segments can afford A closer look at resale histones shows some significant trends • On Oahu, housing that originally sold at an "affordable" price resells at an affordable price There is a continuing supply of housing on the market for residents • In all the Hawaii markets, the least expensive housing — at prices that families earning well under 80% of the local median can afford — tends to resell at a higher affordability level. In part, this may be due to subsidies buyers are getting units of higher value at a reduced price In part, this may be due to owner Improvements The trend also points to an imbalance of demand over supply that is felt most sharply below the "affordable" level • On Maul, Hawaii, and Kauai, resale data show both a tendency for units to become less affordable, and a sharp price rise in the last few years The impacts of the long-term trend are small In most cases after ten years or so The data do AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page i SMS October 2005 support the Idea that a large share of the housing stock on those islands is becoming so expensive that it is beyond the reach of most resident households • Out-of-state buyers account for a share of the current housing market throughout Hawaii, a large share on Maul, Hawaii and Kauai They are buying units in all price ranges, not fust the highest ones Some in Hawaii see overseas buyers as taking housing stock away from residents That view is unrealistic, since resort units are being developed for that market, rather than for residents More realistically, the overseas market tires up limited resources — land, capital, construction labor — some of which might otherwise go towards resident housing construction Recent housing price increases have occurred in an expanding economy with low Interest rates Those rates are expected to nse, and construction costs will go up with them At the same time, higher mortgage rates mean that consumers can pay less for housing Consequently, it will soon be harder to produce and buy affordable housing Developers are concerned that current trends resemble those of the mid-1990s, fust before demand, even for affordable units, fell sharply When affordable housing units could not be sold, all new housing production was cut back Impacts Affordable housing regulations affect only a small part of the housing supply, and do little to affect prices of resales, the great majority of the housing market The City and County of Honolulu market continues to have a variety of units within the affordable price ranges This is not because of regulations — until this month, Honolulu's affordable housing procedures were less stringent that other counties' — but because of the size of the market and the economy that supports it Throughout Hawaii, affordable housing policies add to the permitting time and paperwork associated with development Honolulu's process, in its classic form, involved ten steps and three different departments in the production of affordable units Now that the classic process is again in force, two different departments are responsible, and they have not been staffed to process and monitor affordable housing production and sales Specific affordable housing regulations can have complex impacts Buyer qualification rules have, at times, so limited the pool of would-be buyers that developers could not sell the "affordable" units (In response, Honolulu suspended these rules Maui and Hawaii have procedures to relax the qualifications if buyers cannot be found ) Resale restrictions that limit the equity that the seller of an affordable home can retain may make it impossible for that seller to stay in the housing market (On Kauai, such restrictions work to insure that the next buyer obtains the house for a reasonable price On Oahu, the house is resold on the market and "shared appreciation" goes into the City and County's funds In this case, shared appreciation does nothing to assure that housing is affordable, and makes it harder for some residents to own homes ) Because affordable housing regulations drive up the cost and time needed to produce housing, a fast-track process has been developed The "20113" process (under HRS 201G-118) allows the State to grant exemption from regulations and exactions that drive AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page u SMS October 2005 up the cost of affordable housing, and limits County review of these projects to a narrow CONTENTS 45 -day period EXECUTIVE SUMMARY On Maui, the County has encouraged developers to use the 201 G process, and County officials hope to see hundreds of units produced under It In the next few years However, members of the Maul County Council have expressed unwillingness to support this approach again, since it rules out negotiation by the Council, On the island of Hawaii, the impact of affordable housing regulations was twofold (a) projects with State Land Use Commission (SLUC) conditions calling for most units to be affordable simply were not built, (b) nearly all the other projects, permitted under County regulations, paid in -lieu fees rather than build affordable units Revisions to the County Code in early 2005 raised those fees in order to insure that affordable housing is built in areas with active development On Kauai, a major developer has been producing housing under the SLUC conditions Production is slow, as Can be expected in Kauai's small housing market An important factor limiting demand, and hence new supply, is the rehabilitation of much of the island's housing stock after Hurricane Iniki Much of the older housing was renovated, lessening residents' wish to move to bigger and better homes On Oahu, several affordable housing conditions were relaxed under Ordinances 99-51 and 01-33, but the 'moratorium' that simplified the sale and resale of affordable housing ended in August 2005 Currently, administrative rules compiled in 1994 are once again to be followed, until the Planning Commission and City Council approve new regulations 1 OVERVIEW 1 1 THE POLICY ISSUE KEEPING HOUSING AFFORDABLE FOR RESIDENTS 1 2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS 1 21 AGENCIES 1 22 KEY REGULATIONS 1 23 INCENTIVES 1 3 HAWAII HOUSING MARKETS 1 31 MARKET CHARACTERISTICS 1 32 RESALES OF EXISTING PROPERTY 1 4 DO AFFORDABLE HOUSING REGULATIONS WORK? 1 41 VOLUME OF AFFORDABLE UNITS 1 42 IMPACTS OF SPECIFIC CONDITIONS OR RULES 1 43 IMPACTS OF REGULATIONS, OR OF WAYS TO IMPLEMENT THEM? 1 44 THE LENGTH OF THE APPROVAL PROCESS 1 5 WHAT IS WORKING? 16 RECOMMENDATIONS 1 61 RECENT RECOMMENDATIONS 1 52 REGULATIONS VS INCENTIVES 1 53 THE LENGTH OF PERMIT PROCESSES 1 54 OPPORTUNITIES 1 5 5 ISSUES FOR FURTHER STUDY 1 1 4 4 5 8 9 9 12 12 13 14 15 15 19 20 20 21 22 23 23 Recommendations 2 THE CITY AND COUNTY OF HONOLULU 25 The major factors affecting the affordability of housing in Hawaii are the size of the 21 OVERVIEW 25 market and interest rates The most important way to assure that homes are produced, 22 AFFORDABLE HOUSING REGULATIONS 25 sold and resold at reasonable prices that residents can afford is to help to increase the 23 MAJOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS 27 housing supply 24 RESALE TRENDS 32 LURF recommends creating incentives for developing affordable housing over and 25 TRENDS IN THE AREA MOST AFFECTED BY NEW DEVELOPMENT 35 above the level required by land use permits, e g , through General Excise Tax 41 exemptions or credits 3 THE COUNTY OF MAUI 31 INTRODUCTION 41 LURF supports development of a set of subdivision standards for affordable housing 3 2 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICIES 42 projects To speed the development and sale of affordable housing, LURF supports the 3 3 MAJOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS MAUI ISLAND 43 use of non-government agents to certify compliance with regulations and to recruit and 3 4 RESALE TRENDS MAUI ISLAND 48 pre -qualify affordable housing buyers LURF has recommended that the City and County of Honolulu continue its moratorium 4 THE COUNTY OF HAWAII 52 52 on certain affordable housing regulations (involving buyer qualification, shared 41 42 INTRODUCTION AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICIES 52 appreciation, and buy backs) in order to gain time to move to an incentive -based, rather 43 MAJOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS 53 than a regulatory, housing policy 44 RESALE TRENDS 58 LURF also recommends that that the State and Counties invite developers to propose innovative strategies to deliver affordable housing in volume in Hawaii AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page iii AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page +v Sims October 2005 SMs October 2005 5 THE COUNTY OF KAUAI 62 51 INTRODUCTION 62 - 52 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICIES 62 5 3 MAJOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS 63 54 RESALE TRENDS 68 APPENDICES 71 A ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 71 B METHODOLOGY 72 C AFFORDABLE HOUSING REQUIREMENTS BY COUNTY 75 D LAND USE APPROVALS IN HAWAII 81 E ISSUES, STAKEHOLDERS AND MINIMUM DURATION OF PERMIT PROCESSES 86 F HRS 201G-118 89 G AFFORDABILITY LEVELS BY COUNTY 91 REFERENCES 92 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page v SMS October 2005 EXHIBITS Exhibit 1-A AFFORDABLE HOUSING CREDITS, HAWAII COUNTY CODE SECTION 11-5 7 Exhibit 1-B MEDIAN HOUSING PRICES AND VOLUME OF NEW HOUSING, HONOLULU 9 Exhibit 1-C AFFORDABLE HOUSING PRICES AND MORTGAGE INTEREST RATES, HONOLULU 11 Exhibit 1-D AFFORDABLE HOUSING PRICE AND CONSTRUCTION COST, HONOLULU 11 Exhibit 1-E ESTIMATED TIMELINE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSING PROJECT 17 Exhibit 1-F SUBDIVISION APPROVALS, CITY AND COUNTY OF HONOLULU 18 Exhibit 1-G PRESENT VALUE OF A DELAYED RETURN ON INVESTMENT 19 Exhibit 2-A VOLUME OF SALES, OAHU, 1985-2004 Exhibit 2-9; NEW HOUSING AND RESALES, OAHU, 1985-2004 Exhibit 2-C NEW HOME SHARE OF MARKET OAHU VS US SINGLE FAMILY Exhibit 2-D ANNUAL MEDIAN HOUSING PRICES, OAHU Exhibit 2-E ANNUAL AFFORDABLE AND MEDIAN PRICES Exhibit 2-F AFFORDABILITY OF MEDIAN -PRICED HOUSING, OAHU Exhibit 2-G ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEW HOUSING BY AFFORDABILITY LEVEL, OAHU Exhibit 2-H SHARE OF NEW HOUSING UNITS BY AFFORDABILITY SEGMENT, OAHU Exhibit 2-1 RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 50 TO 0 80, OAHU Exhibit 2-J RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 81 TO 1 00 Exhibit 2-K RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 101 TO 1 20, OAHU Exhibit 2-L RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 1 21 TO 1 40, OAHU Exhibit 2-M RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 141 TO 1 80, OAHU Exhibit 2-N RESALE AFFORDABILITY, ALL UNITS, OAHU Exhibit 2-0 VOLUME OF SALES, OAHU ZONE 9,1985-2004 Exhibit 2-P MEDIAN ANNUAL SALES PRICE, OAHU ZONE 9 Exhibit 24 AFFORDABILITY OF MEDIAN -PRICED HOUSING, OAHU ZONE 9 Exhibit 2-R RESALE AFFORDABILITY, ALL UNITS, OAHU ZONE 9 Exhibit 2-S RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 50 TO 0 80, OAHU ZONE 9 Exhibit 2-T RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 81 TO 100, OAHU ZONE 9 Exhibit 2-U RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 1 01 TO 1 20, OAHU ZONE 9 Exhibit 2-V RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 1 21 TO 140, OAHU ZONE 9 Exhibit 2-W RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 1 41 TO 180, OAHU ZONE 9 27 28 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 33 34 34 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page vt SMS October 2005 Exhibit 3-A FEE SIMPLE RESIDENTIAL SALES, MAUI, 1985-2004 Exhibit 3-13 NEW HOME PRODUCTION AND RESALES, MAUI Exhibit 3-C NEW HOME SHARE OF MARKET, MAUI Exhibit 3-D MEDIAN HOUSING PRICES, MAUI Exhibit 3-E ANNUAL AFFORDABLE AND MEDIAN PRICES, MAUI Exhibit 3-F AFFORDABILITY OF MEDIAN -PRICED UNITS, MAUI Exhibit 3-G HAWAII AND OVERSEAS BUYERS OF UNITS SOLD IN 2004, MAUI Exhibit 3-H ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEW HOUSING BY AFFORDABILITY LEVEL, MAUI Exhibit 3-1 SHARE OF NEW HOUSING UNITS BY AFFORDABILITY SEGMENT, MAUI Exhibit 3-J RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 50 TO 0 80, MAUI Exhibit 3-K RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 81 TO 100, MAUI Exhibit 3-L RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 101 TO 1.20, MAUI Exhibit 3-M RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 121 TO 140, MAUI Exhibit 3-N RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 141 TO 180, MAUI Exhibit 3-0 RESALE AFFORDABILITY, ALL UNITS, MAUI Exhibit 4-A FEE SIMPLE SALES, RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY, HAWAII COUNTY, 1985-2004 Exhibit 4-13 NEW HOME PRODUCTION AND RESALES, HAWAII COUNTY Exhibit 4-C NEW HOME SHARE OF MARKET HAWAII COUNTY VS. US SINGLE FAMILY Exhibit 4-D MEDIAN SALES PRICES, HAWAII COUNTY Exhibit 4-E ANNUAL AFFORDABLE AND MEDIAN PRICES, HAWAII COUNTY Exhibit 4-F AFFORDABILITY OF MEDIAN -PRICED UNITS, HAWAII COUNTY Exhibit 4-G 2004 RESIDENTIAL SALES, HAWAII COUNTY, TO HAWAII AND OVERSEAS BUYERS Exhibit 4-H ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEW PRODUCTION BY AFFORDABILITY LEVEL, HAWAII COUNTY Exhibit4-1 ANNUAL SHARE OF NEW PRODUCTION BY AFFORDABILITY LEVEL, 43 Exhibit 5-A FEE SIMPLE SALES, RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY, KAUAI, 1985-2004 63 44 Exhibit 5-13 NEW HOME PRODUCTION AND RESALES, KAUAI 64 45 Exhibit 5-C NEW HOME SHARE OF MARKET KAUAI VS US SINGLE FAMILY 64 45 Exhibit 5-D MEDIAN SALES PRICES, KAUAI 65 46 Exhibit 5-E AFFORDABLE AND MEDIAN PRICES, KAUAI 65 46 Exhibit 5-F AFFORDABILITY OF MEDIAN -PRICED UNITS, KAUAI 66 47 Exhibit 5-G SHARE OF UNITS SOLD IN 2004, KAUAI, TO HAWAII AND OVERSEAS BUYERS 66 47 Exhibit5-H ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEW PRODUCTION BY AFFORDABILITY LEVEL, KAUAI 67 48 Exhibit 5-1 ANNUAL SHARE OF NEW PRODUCTION BY AFFORDABILITY LEVEL, Exhibit 4-0 RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 141 KAUAI 67 49 Exhibit 5-J RESALE AFFORDABILITY, ALL SALES, KAUAI 68 Exhibit 5-K RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 50 49 TO 0 80, KAUAI 68 Exhibit 5-L RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 81 50 TO 1 00, KAUAI 69 Exhibit 5-M RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 101 50 TO 120, KAUAI 69 Exhibit 5-N RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 121 51 TO 140, KAUAI 70 51 Exhibit 5-0 RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 1 41 TO 1 80, KAUAI 70 54 54 55 55 56 56 57 57 HAWAII COUNTY 58 Exhibit4-J RESALE AFFORDABILITY, ALL SALES, HAWAII COUNTY 59 Exhibit 4-K RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 50 TO 80, HAWAII COUNTY + 59 Exhibit 4-L RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 81 TO 100, HAWAII COUNTY 60 Exhibit 4-M RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 1 01 TO 1 20, HAWAII COUNTY 60 Exhibit 4-N RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 1 21 TO 140, HAWAII COUNTY 61 Exhibit 4-0 RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 141 TO 180, HAWAII COUNTY 61 Exhibit B -A DATA CLEANING PROCESS Exhibit E-A AFFORDABLE HOME PRICES 72 91 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page vn AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page vm SMS October 2005 SMS October 2005 1. OVERVIEW This report is Intended to contribute to discussions on affordable housing policy In Hawaii It focuses attention on maintaining and increasing the supply of housing for Hawaii's families, asking whether affordable housing regulations work to help families It brings together information about past and present government policies, housing production, and housing markets over twenty years' time Affordable housing is the leading policy issue in Hawaii In 2004, the Housing and Community Development Corporation ("HCDCH") convened an Affordable Housing Task Force in response to Senate Concurrent Resolution No 135, S D 1 The Task Force developed recommendations to increase production of and access to housing for low - and moderate income families in Hawaii Key policies recommended by the Task Force were included in Senate Bill No 179, S D 3, H D 2, C D 1, which passed the State Legislature this year and was enacted as Act 196 In the meantime, housing prices and rents have steadily increased Demand for housing is strong, but many find themselves priced out of the market Homeowners worry that real property taxes will soar along with values This report was initially triggered by City and County of Honolulu Ordinance No 01-33 That ordinance continued a moratorium originally established by Ordinance No 99-51 on certain affordable housing conditions, to expire in August 2005, and called for both a report from the Department of Planning and Permitting (DPP 2005) and a marketing study by proponents of an extension Research on the Oahu housing market was presented in a submittal by the Land Use Research Foundation of Hawaii ("LURF") to the Department and the City Council (SMS 2005) The present report provides similar information for Maui Island and Kauai and Hawaii Counties, and draws on information about affordable housing regulations and development throughout the state On Oahu, LURF argued that continuing the moratorium would be more effective than reinstating conditions on buyer eligibility, shared appreciation and buy backs The Department of Planning and Permitting has indicated that there are drawbacks to the buyback and shared appreciation conditions, and there may be benefit to extending the moratorium while the City develops new housing policy and completes a "management review" to see whether the City has the assets to supply for affordable housing The moratorium should therefore be extended for 9 to 12 months, or to June 30, 2006 This report deals with housing for sale, not rent Rental housing is very Important for Hawaii's quality of life, but it involves a wider range of policy questions and research problems than can be addressed In this study The report draws on interviews with government and private -sector housing experts, and on analysis of real property tax data See Appendix A for a list of interviewees and Appendix B for an account of the real property tax data used for the analysis 1 1 THE POLICY ISSUE KEEPING HOUSING AFFORDABLE FOR RESIDENTS Hawaii policy -makers and other residents are concerned that the price of housing Is so high that residents with low- to moderate -range incomes cannot come to own their own AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page t SMS October 2005 homes Many fear that Increasing numbers of young people will leave Hawaii, never to return A national effort to Identify and limit regulatory barriers to affordable housing Is under way The Department of Housing and Urban Development's Policy Development and Research branch Is encouraging research in this area (2005a) Academic studies have found, for particular areas, that regulations can add from $40,000 to $80,000 to the price of a home Delays in permitting can significantly reduce the amount of construction put in place In Hawaii, the Report to the Legislature from the Affordable Housing Task Force convened in 2004 began by noting Hawaii is at a critical housing juncture Rents and sales prices have reached an all time high Homelessness has Increased lower income families have been priced out of the market The high cost of housing serves as a major workforce recruiting, retention, and expansion challenge (Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii, 2005) The recent increase in real estate prices continues to concern policy makers, who fear that Hawaii's skilled workers may no longer afford to live in the Islands (See, for example, the Economic Forecast for Hawaii County and Maui from First Hawaiian Bank, (at www fhb com) and a similar warning for Kauai (Schaeffers, 2005b) ) Elected officials and housing specialists have reviewed housing policies, with an eye toward getting affordable housing build, or toward limiting the use of island land for vacation homes Since the Affordable Housing Task Force report was published, rents and housing prices have increased further Some of the report's recommendations (discussed below) have been implemented Still, the problem remains critical Hawaii residents and policy makers agree on the Importance of developing housing that Island residents can afford to buy, and of maintaining an affordable housing stock' They ' In policy discussions, "affordable" housing for sale is housing subject to government conditions that it be sold at prices for which households earning 80% to 140% (or 80% to 120%) of the County median Income can gain mortgages The "affordable" price hence depends on Incomes and mortgage rates In general discussions, an "affordable" home Is one that residents believe to be within their reach, i e , it is more a matter of perception than calculation In this report, a distinction Is made between a perceived 'reasonable" price and the calculated "affordable" price However, any discussion of "affordable housing supply" blurs the distinction, since It refers to the total housing supply, not fust units produced under a development agreement Housing officials commonly separate income groups by Income, treated as a share of the County median income "Very low-income" families earn less than 50% of the median, "low -Income" families earn between 50% and 80%, "moderate -income" families earn 80% to 100% (or 120%) Those eaming 120% to 140% of the median are sometimes termed the gap group, based on the idea that they earn too much for price -controlled affordable homes yet too little to buy homes on the market For the analysis, SMS has created "affordability" measures using standardized assumptions for all counties, over a twenty-year period (See Appendix C ) These are not equivalent to the calculations made by each county, since each county may make its own assumptions about family size, down payments, and mortgage rates The counties can change those assumptions AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 2 SMS October 2005 may disagree on the steps to be taken to advance those alms Even If they agree on a broad policy approach, they may disagree over who has lead responsibility to advance and Implement the policy New policy initiatives have been proposed by the Governor, the State Legislature, and the Counties The Legislature recently passed Act 196, Including several policies backed by the Affordable Housing Task Force The County of Hawaii has passed a new Affordable Housing Ordinance (No 05 23), and other Counties are examining It closely At the County level, government involvement In for -sale housing is largely a matter of regulation of new housing production Few agencies are Interested In developing housing When government bodies do seek to actually develop housing, they do so by donating land and entering into partnership with developers (e g , the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands [DHHL) and vanous developers, County of Hawaii with UmDev LLC, for the Waikoloa Workforce Housing Project) The central question of this study is What is the impact of affordable housing conditions and regulations? Do they help to assure residents the chance to own homes at reasonable cost? In policy debates, two points of view are widespread For some, housing prices and availability are part of a market phenomenon, and the best way to promote housing Is to let the market function smoothly Regulation creates additional costs and hence reduces production • For others, the housing market is likely to serve various ends — developers' profits, non-residents' desire for vacation homes — and affordable homes may be a casualty of the market Regulation Is needed, then, to get affordable housing produced and to keep housing on the market at prices residents can afford These views are stated in extreme form in order to highlight some of the Issues that need to be understood to assess the impact of regulations Specifically • What are basic characteristics of housing markets In Hawaii? o Is there housing that residents can afford? How does It come to market (as new units or resales)? o Does speculation lead housing prices to Increase beyond levels that residents can afford? In other words, does housing that sells within the affordable range later resell for higher prices, beyond the levels reasonable for residents? o Are market conditions much the same in all areas, so that the same regulations might be expected to be effective across the state? o Are market conditions stable enough that regulations can be expected to have much the same effect from year to year? from year to year independent of each other While the counties depend on income estimates from the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development, and tabulations of rental and sales prices by family or unit size by the State's Housing and Community Development Corporabon of Hawaii, each makes its own determination as to how to use those resources AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 3 SMS October 2005 • Does the Imposition of conditions lead to production of housing at affordable prices? • Do conditions on affordable housing work to help low- and moderate -Income families buy and keep their own homes? Can they continue to participate in the housing market in later years, or are they limited to their "affordable" housing? • Do all conditions have much the same Impact, or are there clear differences? We do not have all the Information needed to answer all these questions fully Still, an account of both affordability regulations and of market behavior can help to clarify the challenges and opportunities that Hawaii's people face 1.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS 121 Agencies The State and Counties have overlapping involvement with housing issues The State's housing agency, the Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii (HCDCH), has broad powers to develop, encourage, own and operate housing As a State agency, it can approve projects and waive a wide range of exactions and requirements in order to promote affordable housing through the fast-track "201 G" process • The State Land Use Commission reviews petitions to change the classification of land, notably for large development projects When It approves a change, It can attach detailed conditions to the approval, Including demands that a share of housing be priced for low- or moderate -income Hawaii resident buyers A typical condition may be that the developer must develop an affordable housing plan acceptable to the County before the property is zoned or subdivided However, the Commission could Impose Its own guidelines, and has done so in the past In the early 1990s, the Land Use Commission imposed the 60% affordable criterion for housing projects 2 • The Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL) controls more than 200,000 acres Its mission is to use its assets on behalf of Native Hawaiian beneficiaries, who may be awarded residential, agricultural or pastoral leases As a State agency founded by an Act of Congress, DHHL is not subject to County authority In the past, the Department's most common form of transfer has been a 99 -year lease for a dollar a year The Hawaii Community Development Authority (HCOA) has oversight and planning authority for lands at Kakaako and Kalaeloa on Oahu It can develop 2 In December 2004, representatives of Bridge Ama Lea, LLC appeared before the Commission, arguing that the affordable housing requirements attached by the Commission to their project in 1991 should be reduced to comply to current County standards The Commissioners showed no Inclination to undo their predecessors' ruling AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 4 SMS October 2005 and Implement its own rules, and the HCDA Board can reach Its own decisions about affordable housing exactions on a case-by-case basis 3 HCDA rules have been broadly similar to those enacted by the Counties To date, HCDA has had limited Involvement in affordable housing production However, it is proposing a change In rules whereby residential units could be built in the Kakaako Waterfront area and considering a draft master plan for Kalaeloa that could allow development of some 6,500 housing units over 20 or more years News of the master plan process Is posted by HCDA at httD //www hcdaweb orofindex cfm?section=kalaeloa) • The Counties control zoning, subdivision, and building permits They have personnel to review plans and monitor construction They administer the Section 8 rental program and several other programs to support renters and homeowners They also maintain the Real Property Tax databases in which all the lands of the state are listed Over the twenty-year period studied here, responsibility has shifted between the State and Counties for regulation In the 1980s, the Counties were largely responsible for the regulations discussed below In the early 1990s, the State, under Governor John Waihee, promoted the idea of mixed -income communities Not only were State projects such as the Villages of Kapolel to include a large share of affordable housing along with market housing, but the Land Use Commission included a 60% affordable to 40% market ratio in its conditions for permits for large residential projects Under the Cayetano administration, responsibility for affordability conditions was once again treated as a County responsibility In the last year or two, members of the Land Use Commission have discussed whether they may have a duty to set such conditions, although the Commission as a whole still defers to the Counties to set these conditions 12.2 Key Regulations Regulations could affect housing prices in many ways In Hawaii, conditions are typically Imposed at the time of initial permitting of a new project (State Land Use Boundary Amendment or County Zoning) Conditions may be standard or negotiated on a case-by- case basis Next, the developer must work out how the conditions will be followed or implemented for upcoming increments of the project, and gain government authorization to proceed At this point, specific units are identified as "affordable" to particular income groups Their prices are set on the basis of schedules updated annually by HCDCH and the counties Once a unit has been sold, conditions may still be imposed on the resale of the unit 3 In principle, other State agencies could actively promote new housing In the Lingle administration, the Department of Land and Natural Resources has reviewed Its landholdings and offered to transfer lands to the Counties and DHHL on which new housing could be built DHHL is currently planning development at the Villages of Leialii, outside Lahaina, on land that the State could not deliver to buyers in fee, since it was ceded land from the Kingdom of Hawaii The Mayor of Kauai has announced his County's interest in having new housing built on State land AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 5 SMS October 2005 This section provides an Initial listing and definition of mechanisms in use Please see Appendix C for a more detailed comparative table developed by HCDCH ° For each county, current regulations and the history of affordable housing conditions are discussed later in this report 1 Affordable housing requirement A requirement to provide affordable housing may be Imposed, or accepted as a condition of permitting, for any development For residential projects, the requirement may be Inclusionary, i e , the affordable units must be provided within the project For resort, Industrial or other projects, the requirement may take various forms Sometimes, developers have been required to set aside land for affordable housing Resort developers have at times been required to build or pay for new workforce housing located in the region of the resort Often, a fee in lieu of land or units is calculated and accepted by the counties For residential projects, the requirement is often expressed as a share of total units The standard Honolulu requirement, for example, is for 30% to be "affordable," with 10% — i e , a third of the affordable units -- priced for families earning up to 80% of the median income and 20% priced for families earning up to 120% of the median 2 Housing Credits Affordability requirements can be seen as "credits" in two situations a First, If a developer produces more affordable units than required, the county may allow those units to be counted as credits against future production, or transferred to count against other developments b Next, instead of Insisting that developers build units for sale at two or three price points, the counties may allow developers to meet their affordability requirement by providing a different mix, and credit developers for serving lower Income groups Hawaii County has recently instituted a comprehensive credit system 3 Pricing Prices are set based on income levels for a family of the size appropriate for a given unit A three-bedroom home could be occupied by families of as many as six people, in Honolulu, the price Is set on the basis of the estimated income of a family of five persons at a given income level " This discussion was drafted before Appendix C was publicized, and uses slightly different terminology at points It is based on regulations and interviews concerning their Implementation Appendix C contrasts specific regulations with proposed changes under consideration in Maui and Kauai AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 6 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 1-A AFFORDABLE HOUSING CREDITS, HAWAII COUNTY CODE SECTION 115 4 Buyer Qualification Buyers of affordable units are expected to be residents, with incomes within the range for which the unit was priced, who do not already own their homes Pricing and income qualification can diverge because income levels are calculated on the basis of family size At the 80% of median level, the range in affordable prices can vary by $20,000 according to family size (2005 price thresholds, calculated by the City and County of Honolulu Department of Planning and Permitting [DPP]) • One person Income level of Household (in relation to County median income) under 60•/ under 80% under 100% under 120% under 140% Production and sale of $43,400 • Three persons Completed dwelling 20 1 5 10 05 Lot 10 05 Production of rental unit 20 Is 10 Donation of land to a nonprofit for construction of dwellings For sale 10 For rent 10 4 Buyer Qualification Buyers of affordable units are expected to be residents, with incomes within the range for which the unit was priced, who do not already own their homes Pricing and income qualification can diverge because income levels are calculated on the basis of family size At the 80% of median level, the range in affordable prices can vary by $20,000 according to family size (2005 price thresholds, calculated by the City and County of Honolulu Department of Planning and Permitting [DPP]) • One person $37,950 • Two persons $43,400 • Three persons $48,400 • Four persons $54,250 • Five persons $58,600 5 Time Limits on Buyer Qualifications In the event that qualified buyers are not able to purchase homes designated for their Income level, county rules may allow for others to purchase the units In the City and County of Honolulu, the 1999 moratorium set aside Income qualifications when developers reported that, in the then current market, they couldn't find qualified buyers for the affordable units Maul and Hawaii Counties Insist on income qualification for the first ninety days of the sales period If a qualified buyer has not emerged, the unit can next be sold to applicants who have previously owned a home (Hawaii County Code 11-9 (e)) or to ones with somewhat higher Incomes (Maui County Code 2 86 610) 6 Owner -Occupancy Buyers of affordable units must attest that they will occupy the unit and not rent It or leave it vacant Owner -occupancy agreements may cover one year or longer Owner -occupancy may also be a condition at the time a unit is resold, I e , that the new buyer also be an owner -occupant 7 First -Time Homebuyer Rules Buyers of affordable housing may be limited to persons without existing homes or a share In existing homes AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 7 SMS October 2005 8 Limits on Resale Conditions on affordable units go with the deed, and can affect the resale of the units for several years (with terms varying by County, by the particular development agreements, and by the income level of the unit) a Buy Backs The County may have the right to buy the property back from a would-be seller, paying a price based on the original affordable price, plus compensation for improvements, plus a limited return on the original buyer's investment Maui and Honolulu have often waived their right to buy back housing On Kauai, the County has arranged for new buyers to purchase units at the buy-back price (personal communication, Ken Rainforth, August 2005) Buy-back requirements may place a county in an undesirable position, should property values fall In such cases, the buy-back price might be higher than market prices b Shared Appreciation Shared appreciation involves much the same calculation of the initial owner's rights In property as in the case of buy- backs Shared appreciation occurs when the owner of an affordable unit sells the property in the market The title company handling the sale then notices that the County has a right to a share of the increased value of the properly, and notifies the County The County then has any improvements appraised The original buyer receives income based on the original purchase price and any improvements, and the County "shares" the remainder, putting its income into housing development funds (The City and County of Honolulu has a shared appreciation rule, administered by the Department of Budget and Fiscal Services ) 1.2 3 Incentives While this report is concerned with regulatory strategies, alternative ways to grow and maintain the affordable housing supply deserve note • The "housing credits" discussed above provide an incentive for Increasing production of affordable units • The County of Hawaii has instituted a "density bonus," whereby projects for which affordable housing Is built can increase the number of units, and decrease the size of lots, by 10% (Hawaii Code 11-8) • The County of Kauai has used housing funds to help first-time buyers qualify for mortgages A similar program is now being proposed for Maur • The State of Hawaii has created incentives for affordable housing production through legislation to "fast track" these projects Under HRS 20113-118, HCDCH can exempt an affordable housing project from statutes, ordinances and rules related to planning, zoning, and subdivision, so long as the project is not disapproved by the County Council and the Land Use Commission within a forty- five day period after submission Both quick processing and exemptions from requirements can allow developers to produce units at less cost AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 8 SMS October 2005 The fast-track process is risky for all concerned On Maui, the Puunoa project has been submitted twice, and rejected twice by the Maui County Council The Council approved the Hale Must project, but found the process very difficult, since they had no way under 201G rules to change the protect to respond to concerns of neighbors 1.3 HAWAII HOUSING MARKETS 1.31 Market Characteristics Housing markets over a twenty-year period on Oahu, Maui, Hawaii, and Kauai are discussed in later sections 5 This account points out key findings and trends in the data that provide the context for regulations 1 The housing market is cyclic Prices can boom, encouraging new production and sales, then stabilize or even fall When they do so, production drops Exhibit 1-B shows the median annual price for home sales (combining condo and single family sales in the database), the affordable price for a family of four with the median County income, and new housing units built by year Exhibit 1-B MEDIAN HOUSING PRICES AND VOLUME OF NEW HOUSING, HONOLULU 2 At times, market prices are well within the reach of residents Then, "affordable" homes may sell for about the same price as market homes However, the "affordable" homes are subject to resale conditions that make them less valuable to buyers than market homes In that situation, the "affordable" homes do not sell quickly, increasing costs for developers, slowing the process of housing development, and reducing the number of units built 3 Housing developers are not able to respond quickly to expansion of the housing market This is in part due to the long time needed to gain permits Also, the limited manpower and financing available in Hawaii can limit growth 4 The housing markets on the Neighbor Islands are small The smaller a market, the greater the impact of changes, internal or external, on the volume and price of transactions 5 Part of the Hawaii housing stock is produced, sold and used for vacationers Vacationers and investors may buy Hawaii real estate based on their assessment of what affluent people in Japan or California can pay, not what residents who need homes can pay This segment of the market is present now on all islands, although it is still small on Oahu While resident housing demand reflects continuing local demographic and economic pressures, vacation housing demand depends on offshore economies, the relative price of homes in Hawaii and elsewhere, and different demographic trends Since vacation homes are luxury items, demand for them can grow and disappear quickly (Furthermore, rentals can be affected by the overlap when visitor demand is low, vacation condos may rent to residents When visitor demand increases, the supply of rentals shrinks At the same time, the visitor industry workforce increases, adding to demand for the rental housing stock ) 6 Interest rates are an important factor affecting affordable housing production When rates rise, (a) construction costs rise with them, (b) the price that families with moderate incomes can afford falls (See Exhibits 1-C and 1-0 ) Consequently, developers of affordable housing can expect to pay more to build, and be paid less for the sale of units When affordable prices declined and rates rose in the mid-1990s, new production cut back sharply Current trends in interest rates and construction costs are reminiscent of trends lust before those events 7 Since the mid-1990s, resales account for about 80% of the housing market, and new production accounts for about 20% of the market Affordable housing subject to government regulations constitutes a part of this small share of the market (e g , if 30% of units produced by large developers are to be affordable, that amounts to less than 6% of the market (0 3 times 0 2 times whatever share of new production is due to major developers) Consequently, affordable housing regulations seem unlikely to exert much control over the market as a whole Other regulations or procedures, that affect all sales or all units in new developments seem likely to have greater impact 5 The analysis covers the period 1985 to 2004 While the data sets are very large, they are not guaranteed to be exhaustive They are used, much as Multiple Listings Service (MLS) records are used, as large -sample indicators of a larger population As a rule, the data should be close to, but not necessarily equivalent to, MLS data For Maui, Hawaii, and Kauai, the available records for 2004 are clearly incomplete some new units have not yet been entered into the database used by SMS Further information is provided in the appendix on methodology AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 9 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 10 SMS October 2005 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 1-C AFFORDABLE HOUSING PRICES AND MORTGAGE INTEREST RATES, HONOLULU SOURCE Adapted from SMS, 2003 Exhibit 1-D AFFORDABLE HOUSING PRICE AND CONSTRUCTION COST, HONOLULU $350,000 $300,000 $250,000 $200,000 $150,000 $100,000 $50,000 $0 �,ae'„a�.��9�1,a� N 99� 99ry99�9� y9, A�990 ti°ry °°a 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 SOURCE Construction cost Index for single-family homes, Honolulu DBEDT, 2005 8 Specific historical and geographic factors affect each island real estate market For example, Kauai's history of rebuilding after Hurricanes We and Iniki has limited demand for additional housing among residents, thereby magnifying the importance of non-residents in the local real estate market On the Big Island, the subdivision of large tracts in Puna and Kau in the 1950s with minimal AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 11 SMS October 2005 Infrastructure has resulted In a large supply of lots and modest single-family homes, lowering islandwide average values Hawaii's housing markets are affected by the Islands' Isolation and size The distance between Hawaii and the mainland Increases the cost of materials Each Island Is a small market, In which a few landowners and developers, drawing on a limited workforce, are responsible for much of the new housing Land for housing Is limited by availability of Infrastructure and government designation On all Islands, the capital, skilled workers and materials used to build resident housing can also be used for other protects, at higher profits or lower risk The vacation home market is now significant to all the counties of Hawaii On Oahu, military outlays for renovating and building family housing also compete for construction labor 1 3 2 Resales of Existing Property The dataset used for this study was designed to understand the resale history of housing units, Including new units It derives from the Tax Map Key data maintained by the Real Property Tax Branch to each county, so It Includes new homes, which are not likely to be listed In the Multiple Listings Service On Oahu, units that sell at prices affordable to families with moderate Incomes resell, years later, at higher prices but at about the price affordable to families with moderate incomes Price and buying power go hand in hand, so the housing value—affordability for residents, notrD ice—of mid-range homes changes little over time Affordable housing stays affordable On the other Islands studied, the value of the lowest -price homes has Increased over time, and the value of all homes has spiked upward in the last few years The least expensive homes resell at higher values (presumably with significant Improvements, In many cases) Because the short- and long-term increases affect housing at all price levels, the data Indicate a general phenomenon, not lust the presence of a non-resident buyer group active in the higher price ranges Does the current price spike indicate a housing bubble (leading to a fall in prices)? Experts see a fall in prices – rather than a plateau – as occurring only if the housing supply keeps on increasing after prices rise, or if economic conditions worsen greatly (Schaefers, 2005, Sklarz and Miller, 2003) With a strong economy, extensive regulation of housing production (through designation, zoning, subdivision, and infrastructure fees), and local developers who are cautious about expanding inventories, a fall seems unlikely on most islands However, demand for housing from non-residents could drop quickly, lowering the number of sales in the most expensive brackets, due to extermal factors This change in the future composition of the market could affect median and mean sales price figures, but need not affect most market segments greatly 14 DO AFFORDABLE HOUSING REGULATIONS WORK? The data are complex, and much more Information would be helpful Still, some trends are clear, either in the data or in the views of experts AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 12 SMS October 2005 1.4.1 Volume of Affordable Units It is generally accepted that, without any affordable housing requirements, developers would likely produce fewer units at "affordable" prices they can usually make more money on more expensive units In that sense, the regulations work However, the regulations touch only a small part of the market 6 Most housing sales are resales, and not subject to the regulations If residents find prices to be reasonable or at least attainable, it is because the market works to bring together buyers and sellers at mutually agreed prices, not because of affordable housing rules Oahu has the largest housing market, and the most extensive experience with housing produced subject to affordable housing agreements Department of Planning and Permitting analysts have calculated that, by mid -2003 • Permits had been granted for 63,787 housing units, of which half (31,344) had been built, and • Of the permitted units, 17,097 (27%) were affordable units Of the affordable units, 11,743 (69%) had been built The built affordable units amounted to 37% of all units built under Unilateral Agreements The pace of affordable housing construction under developer agreements had been faster than the pace of market home construction Affordable units have formed an important share of housing production on Oahu However, the totals cover many years, and include the State's Villages of Kapolei The affordable housing produced amounts to less than 9% of the sales recorded over twenty years' In the other housing markets studied, affordable housing production has been much slower For example, Hawaii Housing Director Ed Taira noted that nearly no affordable units have been produced since 1998 Nearly all developers paid fees in lieu of building affordable housing (In 2005, the County of Hawaii increased in -lieu fees greatly, to assure that affordable housing does in fact get built ) The impact of affordable housing requirements varies depending on market conditions, i e , on housing supply, Interest rates, employment and income levels On Oahu, this meant that affordable housing did not sell when market housing was comparably priced In the late 1990s On the Big Island, the housing stock has Included large numbers of single family homes in outlying areas, and the median housing price Is usually below the price at which a family with the median income can hope to qualify for a mortgage e SMS did not succeed in gathering extensive quantitative data on the efficacy of various government -mandated procedures to make new housing affordable The City and County of Honolulu has a computerized data set, based on submittals by developers on affordable sales, from which buyers' income levels could be computed However, the data set goes back only to 2001, after a moratorium on buyer eligibility rules was established ' The list deals with units produced under "Unilateral Agreements," and hence excludes projects built under the 201G fast-track process or its predecessors SMS was not able to obtain similar lists of projects from the other counties AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 13 SMS October 2005 Currently, Hawaii County Is experiencing an undersupply, not so much of housing, but of housing close enough to work sites to mitigate a senous problem of traffic congestion The historical analysis show that Hawaii's largest market, with the highest level of production, has steady resales without abrupt increases in resale value On Oahu, the market is functioning well Yet, this is the County in which key provisions of affordable housing rules — buyer qualification requirements, shared appreciation, and buy backs — were suspended for six years Oahu has not been harmed by relaxing its affordable housing regulations 142 Impacts of Specific Conditions or Rules Buyer qualification rules limit the pool of prospective buyers of affordable units They sometimes restrict the pool to those who have great difficulty qualifying for a mortgage Maui County and Hawaii County have responded by including in their regulations provisions that loosen buyer qualifications if homes go unsold for a period, insuring that housing built to be affordable for residents will actually be occupied by residents who are willing and able to buy them Limns on resales are complex, and their implementation appears to be hit-or-miss The City and County of Honolulu depends on title companies to tell it when a property with a shared appreciation clause in the deed is to be sold All the Counties have had buy back regulations, but only Kauai has pursued buy backs (According to its Housing Executive, Kauai does not actually buy back properties, but arrange sales to residents at prices computed according to the buy back rules ) The market data for Oahu show that the major concern motivating limits on resales — stopping speculation -- does not apply after a year or two Data for a large sample of sales show that the value of homes that residents can afford stays close to the value of the initial purchase On Maui and Kauai, limited market supply has pushed prices and values up for all housing segments, at least in the short term In the long term, the increases in value for housing that Initially sold at prices affordable for a family making 80% of median or less (in Exhibits 3-J, 4-K, and 5-K) point to a severe shortage of supply when demand outstrips supply, those who can afford more will be able to outbid others Shared appreciation rules deserve additional comment If owners of affordable homes sell under these rules, they receive an amount based on their initial down payment and the initial price of the home The difference between that amount and the market price for the home goes to the County The County has not Invested any equity in the property and has no risk, so there is no conventional economic basis for Its share In the sale price It Is Important to note the impact of shared appreciation on the sellers They probably cannot afford a similar home, since they are taking out little more than the equity they originally put Into the home In the meantime, home prices will have risen, so they will not longer be able to afford the sort of down payment they made the first time Consequently, shared appreciation, as practiced In Honolulu, guarantees that some families are no longer financially able to be homeowners (Kauai uses similar AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 14 SMS October 2005 calculations, but resells the home at a low price In effect, this transfers the "windfall" to the next family, rather than the County's accounts ) All the Counties have been reviewing their regulations In effect, they have been considering seriously the Idea that the regulations do not work in today's market Hawaii County has developed new rules that offer developers a choice between building affordable housing or making much greater in -lieu contributions than in the past, contributions which are expected to fund new housing in the region of the development Kauai is considering new rules, while Maui County administrators have been increasing the affordable housing requirement expected in new developments and Council members see themselves as developing a whole new housing policy 14.3 Impacts of Regulations, or of Ways to Implement Them? Affordable housing controls are never simply a set of regulations Their implementation always calls for negotiation between a developer and the local government On the one hand, the more specific the rules are, the more developers can plan to work with them On the other hand, the more rigid the rules, the more likely it Is that they will not apply well to changing market conditions As noted earlier, affordable housing policies mix incentives with regulations The 201G process offers developers both speedy permitting and relaxation of some subdivision and land use rules in order to maximize production of affordable homes a Moreover, Hawaii affordable housing regulations often allow authorities and developers to negotiate the specific conditions of an approval County Council members often feel responsible to the public for affordable housing They value their role in negotiating an agreement tailored to the specifics of a project and the needs of the County As a result, affordable housing plans and agreements vary greatly from case to case, even in the same county Clearly, neither the market nor regulators have produced enough housing at reasonable cost to satisfy Hawaii residents Moreover, price increases In the smaller housing markets make it very hard to maintain, much less Increase the amount of housing residents can afford There Is a very real problem But are more regulations the answer? 14.4 The Length of the Approval Process Developers have repeatedly Insisted that the length of time needed to gain approvals for new projects harms housing development in Hawaii The longer the approval process, the higher the cost, to be eventually recouped from development, and the more difficult it becomes to design a mix of products and a production schedule that will respond well to market conditions The process can easily take seven years or more, from the first presentation of a project proposal to its construction If a contested case process or litigation ensues, yet more 9 Appendix D, the text of HRS 201G-118, shows the great leeway available under this "fast-track" procedure Developer requests can include relaxation of specific land use and subdivision requirements and waiver of fees for County services AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 15 SMS October 2005 years can follow before anything is built The steps vary from county to county Because they are so Intricate, a "fast track' process has been developed The current enabling legislation, HRS 20113-118, allows a developer to request exemption from vanous land use and subdivision requirements In order to build affordable housing, and condenses the land use approval process to a single County Council approval and review by the Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii As noted in Section 12 3 above, this and earlier "fast track" processes have had limited impact and they remain controversial Appendix D Is a summary of the steps in the land use entitlement process, from project conceptualization to actual construction Appendix E provides an account of the issues examined, the stakeholders involved, and the duration of the process Appendix F is the enabling legislation for the 201-G process The Implications of slow processing time can be depicted and quantified Exhibit 1-E offers two simple accounts of the time involved in permitting It shows that, even with concurrent reviews by State and County agencies, It takes about seven years to get to the point where a major housing protect can begin to be built Exhibit 1-F provides more detail on the subdivision process, since this has not been a focus of attention In earlier discussions The steps listed in Exhibit 1-F are not formalities Most involve close review of plans They call on the expertise of several departments The minimum length of time estimated here is based on a City memo that documented the work Involved (Honolulu Department of Planning and Permitting, 2003) as well as the experience of LURF members When there are competing demands for the time of the City's staff, the time needed to review applications must necessarily grow longer AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 16 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 7-E ESTIMATED TIMELINE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSING PROJECT NOTE Aeaef l..re Wq—n emove.an,.rem.grenwen Conan.nt prooebm6 en— TNB b By oo—n wdwrelk ant Bn bit wllwnlw wry dement dafemni deb an dyed Arpin AFFORDABLE HOUSING POUCV STUDY Page 17 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 1-F SUBDIVISION APPROVALS, CITY AND COUNTY OF HONOLULU SWdNblon Roma eltl o11MbkBu Y— Elpood 1 2 3 4 5 8 Month. 12 24 36 48 72 82 Pmpre BaneePtud plan 3 % lbs nO�e.d M eae am vM my BPn p.Pd b eioled .PP"ooU-. Rc6,IwY366P1m 12 to 18 monlhe m fhwmmy Sb M n ynamy nod dwn M � stale land U.e Dommiamn Petition ant e^o,nenvdedPl 1e ma,tro rc n o.nteelea we Fila SBe Ran county Bonn" or community Pian Re.+rvadlMmlbNIDFP4 Amendment Tatlne<.amnl dPre.iaW 64P 22 mower msfbtmle.atrma.dw.erew. dPad(M9Pbebm edea County Ramnmy gpwd den RaYniwpA4V egwgh -un. W a10 oo m'.drN r+nnya,Fna.e eae,.tw.ml 16 monln tore arvaee horn atgn ed a homed eoomab SubdMebn Revbn .nd Apyrovat tf rs pare .a Borneo+w M roadnw �d Daq 30 b 38 mmflb of"awe euhce Sb PnnldNlg a ^^d � .p .l length depenft an staff len. mu.,o P®av pada PmaeP dodpfap onnm ellen nn b aNaree a.emwp BUVNgf`enrb �'Iu le WaYJ .y bFey mromidanma dedpo— BKpemas Building P. -Ito ter Slruduee; nonM m—u MahNmObiexwwdRp.rd onbY.upbert NnbdAinbaMvnk abWrq Slant Building Canalrvetlon mmindnnbN,ru spaled.uNdue� - m ae.emxt ad ew..e to M Deny NOTE Aeaef l..re Wq—n emove.an,.rem.grenwen Conan.nt prooebm6 en— TNB b By oo—n wdwrelk ant Bn bit wllwnlw wry dement dafemni deb an dyed Arpin AFFORDABLE HOUSING POUCV STUDY Page 17 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 1-F SUBDIVISION APPROVALS, CITY AND COUNTY OF HONOLULU SWdNblon Roma eltl o11MbkBu sea t Fbidx 12 2 24 3 % lbs nO�e.d M eae am vM my BPn p.Pd b eioled dmwdi6.lm Bwwryblryam NM wllgfolbnd dnwn.maenm�FCPq.d Rc6,IwY366P1m m fhwmmy Sb M n ynamy nod dwn M � .dd tared. pamn Bv�mnMm.GD N.for ant e^o,nenvdedPl Fila SBe Ran m.emro-ne..dndn.ae. nemamyseaa.mnaopn+uv.mvfa Re.+rvadlMmlbNIDFP4 Tatlne<.amnl dPre.iaW 64P Tm Pn3nevr.b we nw.n Pa OmanO Ras t.war msfbtmle.atrma.dw.erew. dPad(M9Pbebm edea gpwd den RaYniwpA4V egwgh -un. W a10 oo m'.drN r+nnya,Fna.e eae,.tw.ml s�a�Malac nmmon oau�uti: tore arvaee horn atgn ed a homed eoomab tf rs pare .a Borneo+w M roadnw �d Daq RPn.1�e61 se ud®Peuid aN s amoensYs euhce Sb PnnldNlg a ^^d � len. mu.,o P®av pada PmaeP dodpfap onnm ellen nn b aNaree a.emwp BUVNgf`enrb �'Iu le WaYJ aA.r en ro.ny nd uen R.n ne som..a . mromidanma dedpo— BKpemas nonM m—u MahNmObiexwwdRp.rd onbY.upbert NnbdAinbaMvnk abWrq Bmygdaipaaiwb mmindnnbN,ru spaled.uNdue� - m ae.emxt ad ew..e to M Deny PPmd Idnmer.edarmeoRas Fain BtFpr`oPtora prRMSbadebn gnre.e..FPwe. ad.. a. m mpwwmb n oonln,dod are a.h.w4 uo nEdNYm OmdNdtM1red, Tlbmp m.lb Nee asn RdFd�w wipnllndlwrrN.w..r Ipl®a..udw. k.nay�a.Rb baunan um cuwuu>bnasm mpuaam la�.w�awa a eamoedae o>e.m.a nwr � ww eb mne,.n.�b an > anea.ded sd, loin mo�eaa a.nM mo.larader.d Nw am edm a onFeai land chat ANd W bl Fbsadelbn puta.rmd.b . - euMN O.ndN an b aBNlme M Ri 61p Apma W do Nares. rmaava BaBuNof+nudtnm a.+rere Mw m.txey N dhY1 m W inion n omipisbN ya fayQid R.pedor The basic principle that time Is money Is well known The longer an Investment takes to earn Income, the lower the value of the Investment If the return on an investment Is, for example, $1,000, the present value of that Investment vanes a great deal, depending on the time It takes to earn a return AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 18 SMS October 2005 Exhlbrt 1-G PRESENT VALUE OF A DELAYED RETURN ON INVESTMENT NOTE Analysis involves use of a discount rate, to allow for inflation and the lost opportunity cost involved For this example, a standard discount rate of 8% was used Developers will wait to finalize loans, shortening the period In which they must pay interest, but they spend considerable effort, and must commit land and other resources, during the permit process The result is increased cost, which Is eventually passed on to customers 15 WHAT IS WORKING? First of all, elected officials, administrators, and staff, along with developers, are working hard and are often working together Housing is getting built, and some of that housing is affordable In interviews for this project, it became clear that the counties' different resources and approaches yielded different types of results • Honolulu has a relatively large market It has designated areas for urban expansion for decades, and has invested In some of the Infrastructure needed to support It When some of Its affordable housing rules affected the volume of housing production severely, they were suspended The result is a much larger volume of housing built than in other counties • Maui has a very limited urban land base The County's approach to housing Issues has Involved informal policies The administration encourages affordable housing proposals but does not have a consistent approach to them across all departments Maui has welcomed 201-G projects and hopes to see significant results soon However, the process of deciding on 201-G projects has convinced Council members that the County needs a more consistent set of criteria for decision-making, i a, more detailed regulations There is no evidence that more regulations will produce more housing • Hawaii County revised and tightened Its affordable housing rules In order to get housing built, and to locate workers' homes within a short drive of their workplaces It is too soon to tell whether the new rules will have their desired effects However, it must be stressed that the Hawaii rules could eventually give developers and the County the tools to meet community needs In contrast, AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 19 SMS October 2005 Honolulu urban growth has brought traffic congestion and long commute times that State and City transportation agencies cannot significantly diminish • Kauai's experience has been unique, because of the disasters It has suffered, because Its housing officials have been able to try out different strategies to meet community needs, and because it is so small that the Impact of any progress Is widely felt The resale analysis in this report focuses attention on the amount of housing that remains affordable to residents It shows that housing remains affordable — that an affordable housing stock Is maintained and grown — on Oahu and Hawaii On Maul and Kauai, modestly priced homes have resold at levels that few residents can afford Is the relative success of Honolulu and Hawaii due to their regulations We see the availability of land as critical On Oahu, large areas In Ewa and Central Oahu have been available for housing development On Hawaii, the rural subdivisions in Puna and Kau have long provided residents the opportunity to find or build homes, at the cost of a long commute on narrow roads A regulatory regime can insist that if any housing is to be built, some will be affordable, but It can do little to encourage housing development Moreover, rules on the production of new units can do little to affect prices and values in the larger market, except by limiting supply and hence Increasing prices 1.6 RECOMMENDATIONS The answer to Hawaii's housing shortage is to increase the supply of housing The County administrations are encouraging new housing development through a private - public partnership (in Hawaii County) and through a combination of exactions (on an Industrial project, In addition to resort and residential ones) and fast-track permitting on Maul Moreover, Maul County has asked developers to step forward and address the problem of affordable housing 116 11 Recent Recommendations The Affordable Housing Task Force convened in mid -2004 issued a series of recommendations, many of which can be grouped under four headings Accelerate regulatory and permit processes o Since Counties are understaffed, consider outsourcing the review of land use and building permits o Eliminate duplicative reviews by the State Land Use Commission and County panels, redefining the Land Use Commission's role to emphasize policy development o Create County design standards for workforce housing (i e , rather than allowing standards to be waived under the 201G process, so that the resulting communities are treated as "substandard," identify a set of standards appropriate for mixed -income communities) AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 20 SMS October 2005 Payment $1,000 at the end of. 1 4 7 10 years Present Value of Return $92593 $73503 $583 49 $463 19 Share of Face Value of Return 93% 74% 58% 46% NOTE Analysis involves use of a discount rate, to allow for inflation and the lost opportunity cost involved For this example, a standard discount rate of 8% was used Developers will wait to finalize loans, shortening the period In which they must pay interest, but they spend considerable effort, and must commit land and other resources, during the permit process The result is increased cost, which Is eventually passed on to customers 15 WHAT IS WORKING? First of all, elected officials, administrators, and staff, along with developers, are working hard and are often working together Housing is getting built, and some of that housing is affordable In interviews for this project, it became clear that the counties' different resources and approaches yielded different types of results • Honolulu has a relatively large market It has designated areas for urban expansion for decades, and has invested In some of the Infrastructure needed to support It When some of Its affordable housing rules affected the volume of housing production severely, they were suspended The result is a much larger volume of housing built than in other counties • Maui has a very limited urban land base The County's approach to housing Issues has Involved informal policies The administration encourages affordable housing proposals but does not have a consistent approach to them across all departments Maui has welcomed 201-G projects and hopes to see significant results soon However, the process of deciding on 201-G projects has convinced Council members that the County needs a more consistent set of criteria for decision-making, i a, more detailed regulations There is no evidence that more regulations will produce more housing • Hawaii County revised and tightened Its affordable housing rules In order to get housing built, and to locate workers' homes within a short drive of their workplaces It is too soon to tell whether the new rules will have their desired effects However, it must be stressed that the Hawaii rules could eventually give developers and the County the tools to meet community needs In contrast, AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 19 SMS October 2005 Honolulu urban growth has brought traffic congestion and long commute times that State and City transportation agencies cannot significantly diminish • Kauai's experience has been unique, because of the disasters It has suffered, because Its housing officials have been able to try out different strategies to meet community needs, and because it is so small that the Impact of any progress Is widely felt The resale analysis in this report focuses attention on the amount of housing that remains affordable to residents It shows that housing remains affordable — that an affordable housing stock Is maintained and grown — on Oahu and Hawaii On Maul and Kauai, modestly priced homes have resold at levels that few residents can afford Is the relative success of Honolulu and Hawaii due to their regulations We see the availability of land as critical On Oahu, large areas In Ewa and Central Oahu have been available for housing development On Hawaii, the rural subdivisions in Puna and Kau have long provided residents the opportunity to find or build homes, at the cost of a long commute on narrow roads A regulatory regime can insist that if any housing is to be built, some will be affordable, but It can do little to encourage housing development Moreover, rules on the production of new units can do little to affect prices and values in the larger market, except by limiting supply and hence Increasing prices 1.6 RECOMMENDATIONS The answer to Hawaii's housing shortage is to increase the supply of housing The County administrations are encouraging new housing development through a private - public partnership (in Hawaii County) and through a combination of exactions (on an Industrial project, In addition to resort and residential ones) and fast-track permitting on Maul Moreover, Maul County has asked developers to step forward and address the problem of affordable housing 116 11 Recent Recommendations The Affordable Housing Task Force convened in mid -2004 issued a series of recommendations, many of which can be grouped under four headings Accelerate regulatory and permit processes o Since Counties are understaffed, consider outsourcing the review of land use and building permits o Eliminate duplicative reviews by the State Land Use Commission and County panels, redefining the Land Use Commission's role to emphasize policy development o Create County design standards for workforce housing (i e , rather than allowing standards to be waived under the 201G process, so that the resulting communities are treated as "substandard," identify a set of standards appropriate for mixed -income communities) AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 20 SMS October 2005 o Appoint County "expediters" for affordable housing to steer applications through the permit process o Allow County review of boundary amendment petitions for developments up to 50 acres in size (rather than 15 acres) • Create resources for affordable housing o Make government land available for affordable housing development o Increase the conveyance tax and the share of the tax dedicated to affordable housing o Exempt affordable housing construction and development from the General Excise Tax • Lessen the challenge of infrastructure development o Use public/private financing of new infrastructure o Use State land for long-term leases or as collateral o Use long-term plans to guide the allocation of Capital Improvements Protect spending • Create or increase Incentives for financing affordable housing o Find a dedicated source of funding for the Rental Housing Trust Fund s o Provide Incentives for landlords to maintain affordable rentals o Improve coordination of funding sources within government and with the private sector o Allow increased density for affordable housing protects o Authorize the transfer of development rights or credits o Allow developers to satisfy affordable housing requirements by budding offsite In an area acceptable to the County. o Provide additional credits to developers who build affordable rental housing to satisfy affordable housing conditions The 2005 Legislature passed Act 196, In which some of the issues above were addressed That Act further established a Legislative Task Force to report to the 2006 Legislature with further recommendations The Counties have taken several steps to encourage developers to build affordable housing In the course of updating their regulations (notably allowing increased density, the transfer of credits, offsite development to satisfy affordable housing conditions, and bonus credits for housing for lower Income groups, in the new Hawaii County rules) 15 2 Regulations vs incentives No affordable housing program is purely regulatory To work, it must include ways to adapt rules to varying conditions, and should offer developers incentives to address the greatest needs Such incentives can include • Credits for producing housing for tower income groups, • The ability to transfer or sell such credits, and 9 Several additional recommendations concerning rental housing are omitted, since this report deals with for -sale housing AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 21 SMS October 2005 • Exemption from subdivision rules and other requirements and exactions that make It difficult to deliver a home for sale at affordable prices On this last point, a change of mindset Is desirable Currently, fast-track processes allow for case-by-case exemptions to subdivision rules Alternatively, government and private sector experts could work towards agreement as to which rules define a safe, socially acceptable housing area, and which ones go further, and raise the cost of housing significantly Subdivision standards that minimize costs without risking residents' safety should be seen as appropriate, not as substandard The State can provide additional incentives by waiving taxes on developers, reducing the cost of building new affordable homes, e g • Exemptions or credits can be offered if developers supply more than the share of affordable housing specified in their land use permits, or . Exemptions could be offered to developers who target low-income groups LURF recommends that these incentives be extended, and that the State and Counties Invite developers to propose Innovative strategies to deliver affordable housing in volume in Hawaii 1.5 3 The Length of Permit Processes Steps have already been taken to shorten land use permitting, but more can be done • Remove some of the overlap between State reclassification and County zoning processes One way to do that is to increase the area subject to County permit (above the current 15 -acre limit) for affordable housing projects • Develop a set of agreed -on subdivision standards for affordable housing developments, reducing the time needed to negotiate exemptions and approve plans • Where agency staff time is overburdened, allow outside experts to review plans in support of the Counties • Allow developers to certify their compliance with standards and codes (subject to audit, and to penalties for non-compliance) in order to lessen the demands for government agency staff time • Allow housing advocates and home ownership development programs to prequalify buyers for affordable homes and to handle the paperwork involved in certifying sales as meeting affordable housing requirements Again, this Is a step to limit demands on County staff time It also changes a process in which time Is spent checking for non-compliance into one in which effort goes to help low - Income buyers qualify for affordable homes AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 22 SMS October 2005 1 54 Opportunities Stakeholders throughout Hawaii are committed to address affordable housing problems While much of their efforts are appropriately directed towards increasing the supply of rental housing, they can take or extend measures that help to increase the supply of affordable housing for sale to residents Key steps already in place under HRS 201G- 118 include Faster permitting, • Allowing affordable projects to be developed to rural subdivision standards rather than urban ones (e g , without sidewalks), and • Exempting affordable protects from exactions on new housing, The State and Counties are exploring ways to speed and simplify processing On Maui, all affected Departments are involved in early reviews of new affordable housing proposals The aim is to have County administrators work with developers to make the protects feasible Inclusion of Council members in the process could help to address their concerns over the fast track process The procedures for monitoring affordable home sales can be onerous and costly County officials must review tax records, mortgage applications, mortgage documents and deeds before they certify that a sale counts for an affordable housing credit Developers also incur additional work and loss of time in the process Solutions to streamline the review process can involve simplifying the paperwork, reducing the amount of paperwork reviewed in all submittals, or relying on mortgage companies to do much of the review Counties have helped first-time homebuyers get their mortgages, and the State and Counties are supporting homeowner education programs, to help first-time buyers qualify for and succeed in paying off their mortgages These programs can help to increase the affordable buyer pool 15.5 Issues for Further Study Policy -makers are understandably concerned that offshore buyers can outbid Hawaii residents for a limited good, the islands' housing supply If offshore demand grows along with the housing supply, residents' situation will remain difficult In response to offshore demand The Counties have reduced tax -rates and increased exemptions for owner - occupants, so that other residential property owners pay a larger share of taxes, and • Developers are increasingly using owner -occupant agreements to limit access to new housing, including market housing This procedure can only be a stopgap it will likely no longer be followed if residents cannot afford to buy units at market price points AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 23 SMS October 2005 It will be necessary to quantify the impact of offshore demand on housing markets in order to rationalize tax policies and justify other policies This study should deal with the impact of offshore demand on both for -sale and rental housing, and recognize that the impact can change with economic conditions in Hawaii and elsewehere Next, a new ownership model will be introduced in Hawaii soon UmDev, LLC, which will produce housing at Waikoloa for the County of Hawaii, limits buyers' ability to resell and withdraw equity from homes, in order to insure that these homes stay affordable to the local workforce This model could have the drawbacks noted for shared apprecation rules, or could provide a new approach to insuring the affordable housing supply AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 24 SMS October 2005 2. THE CITY AND COUNTY OF HONOLULU This section deals with the history of affordable housing regulations in the City and County of Honolulu, characteristics of the local housing market, and the value of resales in terms of affordability for County residents Much the same organization is followed in later chapters An earlier report analyzed buyer income data for housing sold as affordable after income qualifications were suspended in 1999 (SMS 2005) Rather than repeat that analysis here, a new study is included, dealing with TMK Zone 1-9, the region where most of the large developments with affordable housing conditions are located This allows us to ask the key question — what happens over time to units residents can afford? — specifically about the area where affordable units are concentrated 21 OVERVIEW The Oahu housing market is much larger than that of the other islands Oahu has seen continuing work to develop housing in large subdivisions in Ewa and Central Oahu Since these subdivisions are largely subject to Unilateral Agreements, affordable housing has been built in large numbers since the first one was executed, in 1973 (Department of Housing and Community Development, 1997) Resort real estate is a much smaller part of the housing market than on other islands Still, Oahu has seen production of high-end condos, largely aimed at off -shore buyers, and new residential protects are being developed at Ko Ohna The major factor affecting housing developers is not the lure of resort development but limited availability of workers and materials Contracts for refurbishing and replacing military housing have been signed, work will continue on these projects over the next ten to twenty years Oahu has long been an expensive housing market However, prices slumped during the 1990s, while prices in California and other markets continued to rise In the last two or three years, Hawaii housing has been priced at or below California levels In the meantime, investment in equities has promised few returns, so real estate investment, or simply devoting capital to a vacation home that might eventually be resold, has become increasingly attractive to off -shore buyers Currently, residential projects are being developed in several areas of Oahu Within the Primary Urban Center, nearly all new development consists of upscale condominium projects In Hawaii Kai, Central Oahu, Ewa, and Waianae, major developers are producing homes for a wide range of buyer segments 22 AFFORDABLE HOUSING REGULATIONS The City and County's affordable housing policy is largely implemented through "Unilateral Agreements," whereby a developer accepts conditions on the zoning of a project area A summary written in 1997 for the Honolulu Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD) shows the intricacies of the process AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 25 SMS October 2005 1 The State Land Use Commission (SLUC) re-classifies a property "Urban" from "Agricultural" or "Conservation" classifications 2 The City's Department of Planning amends the Development Plan, typically to "Residential" or "Apartment," to conform with the SLUC classification 3 The City's Department of Land Utilization (DLU) approves the developers petition for a change in the property's Land Use Ordinance (LUO) zoning designation DLU solicits input from agencies, including DHCD, regarding conditions which may be included in the future zoning change DHCD currently requests that 30% of any dwelling units be made affordable (10% to the 80% of median income target group, 20% to the 120% of median income target group) 4 The City Council enacts a zoning ordinance with a Unilateral Agreement attached, containing affordable housing requirements 5 The developer submits an affordable housing marketing plan to DHCD for review and approval DHCD requires that the marketing plan include an application packet containing a description of the City's affordable housing eligibility requirements, price lists, pre -sale notices, and various housing application forms 6 When applicable, DHCD provides a letter to Real Estate Commission requesting permission for developer to conduct a lottery for the sale of condominium units 7 The developer markets the affordable units DHCD certifies the eligibility of each applicant to purchase affordable units 8 Developer submits a final report to DHCD with escrow statements attached, documenting the delivery of affordable units 9 When requested by DLU, DHCD reports to DLU on the developer's progress in fulfilling the affordable housing requirements DHCD may also be required to report to the City Council on the developers progress 10 DHCD certifies to DLU that the affordable housing requirement has been fulfilled In 1994, DHCD had adopted rules for Unilateral Agreements, specifying matters such as eligibility criteria, shared appreciation terms and procedures, and reporting requirements As of 1997, a reported 30 Unilateral Agreements were in place (i e , had reached at least step 4, above) Fifteen were listed as active on the DHCD summary The City's departmental organization was reshuffled under the 1998 City Charter amendments After the dust settled, DHCD no longer existed, and the City had relinquished the role of a housing developer DHCD and DLU roles had been transferred to three new departments Currently, programs in support of rental housing and rehabilitation are in the Department of Community Services, while supervision of Unilateral Agreements is assigned to the Department of Planning and Permitting The Department of Budget and Fiscal Services is responsible for collecting the City's revenues from shared appreciation clauses Ordinance 99-51 suspended the rules on income qualification (although developers still had to gather information on buyers' incomes and share it with the City and County) Shared appreciation penods on affordable housing subject to Unilateral Agreements were reduced to three years, and buy-back requirements were suspended The moratorium was extended in Ordinance 01-33 until August 5, 2005 Now that the moratorium has ended, the prior rules are in effect The Department of Planning and Permitting has indicated that it will review buyer income data and credit developers for delivering affordable units if the buyers qualify DPP staff expressed confidence that they would not hold up any sales while the documents were reviewed This is not to say that AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 26 SMS October 2005 buyers would be qualified (or found not to qualify) before sales, so developers are at risk of selling a unit at affordable prices and then, if the buyer does not qualify, falling to earn a housing credit The City's Planning Commission and City Council will soon consider legislation to reinstate the moratorium for a year or so, until a more flexible affordable housing policy can be crafted 23 MAJOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS In Oahu sales data, single family units consistently make up most of the housing market In years when sales decline, the decline affects both single family units and condominiums Similarly, sales growth is visible in both categories Still, single family sales make up an increasing share of the market, as shown in Exhibit 2-A Exhibit 2-A VOLUME OF SALES, OAHU, 1985-2004 While the volume of single family and condominium sales tend to covary from year to year, the relationship between new home production and resales is more complex After the mid-1990s, when the new home market became very slow, developers have scheduled production in small increments They keep unsold inventory to a minimum The resale market has increased much more quickly, as shown in Exhibit 2-B The relative size of the resale and new home markets has vaned greatly from year to year in Hawaii, much more than in the United States as a whole Exhibit 2-C shows the new housing share of the market to be approaching the national standard, but this may be somewhat misleading The national market is booming, and resales and new home production are increasing at the same pace AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 27 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 2-B NEW HOUSING AND RESALES, OAHU, 1985-2004 10,000 8,000 6,oao 4,000 2,000 p��ry���9y ��6^�9A 09�o� Ppo�4ory 0 o�4o� ® Resales M New Homes Exhibit 2-C NEW HOME SHARE OF MARKET OAHU VS US SINGLE FAMILY 100% 90 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1985 1987 1989 ,1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 —a—New Homes Hawaii --*—New SF Homes US SOURCE US Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2005 The new home share of market fell throughout Hawaii after 1995, not fust on Oahu This phenomenon suggests that a constraint on production — limited land, capital, or a longer amount of time needed to produce new housing in Hawaii — is operating An obvious reason is that, the land use entitlement and permitting processes are quite cumbersome, so developers cannot increase new home production in a few months if market conditions are favorable AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 28 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 2-D shows the trends in prices over twenty years in the Oahu market The pattern of boom followed by stabilization Is clear, as Is the fact that we are currently well into another boom period The timing of shifts In home prices Is clearly bed to the ability of buyers to participate in the market The rise begins when more would-be buyers can afford homes — when the "Affordable Price" in Exhibit 2-E meets or passes the median price The price rise ends when the two lines are well apart, until incomes rise (or prices fall) and the boom begins again Exhibit 2-D ANNUAL MEDIAN HOUSING PRICES, OAHU $500,000 u $400,000 a` m N $300,000 A Z Jill $200,000- $100,000- ^A$� 9�° 901N9ae 9�9999^ 999� 99a'�99h 9� 99'11996 9o,'vti ti°ati°ob Year --m—Single Family Home - A - Condominium --*--SF and Condominium To learn more about the affordability of housing for low- and moderate -income buyers, it helps to convert the paces In Exhibit 2-D to a standardized format In Exhibit 2-F, the median paces are expressed in relation to the amount that a family earning the median income could afford in each year (with 10 =the pace a family earning the median household income could afford) An Important finding Is that housing on the market has become more reasonably paced since 1990 Also, the share of single-family housing that moderate -Income families can afford has appreciably Increased This is Indicated by the decline in the affordability of the median -priced sin f Y F � Exhibit 2-E ANNUAL AFFORDABLE AND MEDIAN PRICES AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 29 SMS October 2006 gle-family home from nearly 2 0 In 1991 to 1 5 In 2004 Exhibit 2-F AFFORDABILITY OF MEDIAN -PRICED HOUSING, OAHU 200 180 160 140 � 120 a 100 080 060 040 020 000 —r Single FamilyHome"-O -Condominium --*--SF and Using the same conversion factor, It Is possible to ask how many new units, and what share of new product, are within reach of different market segments The next two exhibits show the distribution of new units by affordability level They show production declining for the lowest segment, but continuing for all the higher segments The share of new production for the low- to moderate -in Y 1990 �� 1995 20D0• Condominium Y -1 Y 1990 �� 1995 20D0• come groups reached a low in 1997 Since then it climbed, although it declined again in 2004 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 30 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 2-G ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEW HOUSING BY AFFORDABILITY LEVEL, OAHU Exhibit 2-H SHARE OF NEW HOUSING UNITS BY AFFORDABILITY SEGMENT, OAHU AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 31 SMS October 2005 2.4 RESALE TRENDS For the resale analysis, SMS classified sales in terms of the affordability of the first sale In the record between 1985 and 2004, then looked to see the affordability level of later sales of the same home Exhibits 2-1 through 2-M each deal with a separate segment (In terms of the Initial sale price of the unit), while Exhibit 2-N shows trends for the market as a whole Exhibit 2-1 shows a characteristic pattern for a product In very limited supply values move up Immediately after the Initial sale, and tend not to return to the Initial sale level This pattern Is strongest Immediately after the Initial sale A characteristic feature of the Oahu resale data Is that the oldest units keep their higher values for many years Exhibit2a RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 50 TO 0 80, OAHU 2 Initial Sale 0 50 to 0 80 18- 16- 161412 14- 12 1 08 06- 04 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out —1985-89 + 1990-94 - -A- -1995-99 —a-2000-04 Exhibits 2-J through 2-L deal with the market segments normally viewed as the affordable and gap group ranges They share common features values Increase in the first year, then level off, the oldest units (with Initial sales between 1985 and 1989) appreciate In value and keep their higher value for many years An important characteristic distinguishes these segments from the 0 50 to 0 80 segment In Exhibit 2-1 Values of these mid-range units tend to decline over time, so that they end up equal to or less than their initial value The trends for the segment between 141 and 1 80 are much like those for homes selling in the mid-range segments Exhibit 2-N shows that a flattening and slow decline in values charactenzes the market as a whole Homes have tended, over time to be valued at about the 140 affordability level For the median to stay at that point, many units must be selling and reselling within the "affordable" price ranges AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 32 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 24 RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 81 TO 100 2 Initial Sale 0 81 to 100 18 16 14 ,gam 12- I 08 06 04 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out 0 1 1985-89 --4.-1990-94 - -A- • 1995-99 ---o-2000-04 Exhibit 2-K RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 1011 TO 1.20, OAHU 2- Initial Sale 101 to 1 20 1816 18- 1 6 14 12 1 ,gam 08 06 04 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 loll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out 0 1 —s--1985-89 t 1990-94 - -r -1995-99 —cr-2000-04 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 33 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 2-L RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 121 TO 140, OAHU 2 Initial Sale 1 21 to 140 18 16 14 12 1 08 06 04 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out -e-1985 89 -+-1990-94 -*-1995-99 -a•-2000-04 Exhibit 2-M RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 1 41 TO 1 80, OAHU 24- initial Sale 141 to 180 22 2 18 16 14 12 1 08 06 04 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out -a-1985-89 -.0-199G-94 t 1995-99 -a-2000-04 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 34 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 2-N RESALE AFFORDABILITY, ALL UNITS, OAHU All Sales 25 2 1 5 ,A - 1 05- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out 25 TRENDS IN THE AREA MOST AFFECTED BY NEW DEVELOPMENT Tax Map Zone 9 Includes the Ewa Plain, Waipahu, the Waikele and Waipio areas, and Mllllanl It accounts for about 40% of the sales Inventory on Oahu The large majority of affordable projects is within the area The following tables show housing market trends for this zone When compared to those for Oahu as a whole, they tum out to be very similar Single-family sales have formed an even larger part of the market since about 1995, but price and affordability trends are In line with the rest of Oahu Housing prices in zone 9 average somewhat below those for the Island as a whole This Is to be expected, since many who move to Ewa or Central Oahu are exchanging a longer commute for lower cost The resale data are particularly Informative In zone 9, as in Oahu as a whole, affordable units stay affordable While the oldest units show an overall gain in value in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the gain is not so pronounced in zone 9 as elsewhere AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 35 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 2-0 VOLUME OF SALES, OAHU ZONE 9,1985-2004 Exhibit 2-P MEDIAN ANNUAL SALES PRICE, OAHU ZONE 9 ,aso 000 5,000 ,.00 000 use 000 4,500- 1•111 r .r i '..... 4,000 :. . :... 3,500 3,000 1 2,500-- ,kti�� .�'..I ■III 111 '{� 2,000 '� rH�� �; v 1,500 1,000 tl �, �.�� 11 I �. �, �,�, ,�, I■I.111,�.�,�.®.�. 11+ OR, I'll, 110 110, '111, 111P 11411110 0 E3 Condominiums 0 Single Family Homes Exhibit 2-P MEDIAN ANNUAL SALES PRICE, OAHU ZONE 9 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 36 SMS October 2005 ,aso 000 ,.00 000 use 000 r .r $200 uuu i '..... e :. . :... AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 36 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 2.01 AFFORDABILITY OF MEDIAN -PRICED HOUSING, OAHU ZONE 9 Exhibit 2-R RESALE AFFORDABILITY, ALL UNITS, OAHU ZONE 9 All Sales 16 14 12 1 08 06 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14-15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 37 SMS October 2005 Exhibit2-S RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 50 TOO 80, OAHU ZONE 9 Initial Sale 0 50 to 0 80 2 18-- 16- 14- 12 8is1412 1 08 60402 06- 04- 02 0- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out �-1985-89 +-1990-94 - -r - 1995-99 --a-»2000.04 Exhibit 2-T RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 81 TO 100, OAHU ZONE 9 Initial Sale 0 81 to 100 2- 18- 16- 14- 12-- 08 1816141208 06- -t-• 04 02-- 0- 1 201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out - 1985-89 —+-1990.94 - -fir - 1995-99—tr�2000-04 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 38 SMS October 2005 2 10 16 14 1z 7 A. 08 09 D4 02 0 1995 1996 1997 19aa 1999 1990 1991 1992 1993 1999 1995 1995 1997 1999 1999 20DO 2001 2002 2003 2004 —y—Skpl, F=Dy - * - Condmbbvm �SF end COn& Comtm-1 Exhibit 2-R RESALE AFFORDABILITY, ALL UNITS, OAHU ZONE 9 All Sales 16 14 12 1 08 06 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14-15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 37 SMS October 2005 Exhibit2-S RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 50 TOO 80, OAHU ZONE 9 Initial Sale 0 50 to 0 80 2 18-- 16- 14- 12 8is1412 1 08 60402 06- 04- 02 0- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out �-1985-89 +-1990-94 - -r - 1995-99 --a-»2000.04 Exhibit 2-T RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 81 TO 100, OAHU ZONE 9 Initial Sale 0 81 to 100 2- 18- 16- 14- 12-- 08 1816141208 06- -t-• 04 02-- 0- 1 201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out - 1985-89 —+-1990.94 - -fir - 1995-99—tr�2000-04 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 38 SMS October 2005 2-R RESALE AFFORDABILITY, ALL UNITS, OAHU ZONE 9 All Sales 16 14 12 1 08 06 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14-15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 37 SMS October 2005 Exhibit2-S RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 50 TOO 80, OAHU ZONE 9 Initial Sale 0 50 to 0 80 2 18-- 16- 14- 12 8is1412 1 08 60402 06- 04- 02 0- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out �-1985-89 +-1990-94 - -r - 1995-99 --a-»2000.04 Exhibit 2-T RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 81 TO 100, OAHU ZONE 9 Initial Sale 0 81 to 100 2- 18- 16- 14- 12-- 08 1816141208 06- -t-• 04 02-- 0- 1 201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out - 1985-89 —+-1990.94 - -fir - 1995-99—tr�2000-04 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 38 SMS October 2005 OAHU ZONE 9 Initial Sale 0 81 to 100 2- 18- 16- 14- 12-- 08 1816141208 06- -t-• 04 02-- 0- 1 201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out - 1985-89 —+-1990.94 - -fir - 1995-99—tr�2000-04 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 38 SMS October 2005 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 38 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 2-11 RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 101 TO 120, OAHU ZONE 9 2 Initial Sale 1 01 to 120 18 16 14 12 1 A 08 06 04 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out 0 1 - 1985-89 —4---1990-94 - •A- - 1995-99 —e--2000-04 Exhibit 2-V RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 121 TO 140, OAHUZONE9 2 Initial Sale 1 21 to 140 18 16 14 12 1 08- 8060402 06- 04- 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out -n•-1985-89 +1990-94 -f-1995-99 -cv-2000-04 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 39 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 2-W RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 141 TO 1 80, OAHU ZONE9 22 Initial Sale 1 41 to 1 80 2--- 1 8 18 16 14 12 1 08 06 04 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out -a-1985-89 t 1990-94 -a-1995-99 — 2000-04 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 40 SMS October 2005 3. THE COUNTY OF MAUI 31 INTRODUCTION The County of Maui includes three inhabited islands Maui, Molokai and Lanai Maul has more than 90% of the County's population The other two islands form very small housing markets Moreover, these have been greatly changed over the last twenty years by distinctive historical events plantation closings on both islands and the opening of upscale resorts on Lanai Because of the small number of transactions in each market, Lanai and Molokai are not considered further in this report Maui's economy is the most robust of all the Neighbor Islands Its visitor industry has succeeded in making Maui one of the best-known destinations in the world Its island economy is fairly diverse plantation agriculture remains viable, while specialty crops are also grown, high technology research and development is based in Kihei and supported by observatories at the summit of Haleakala, retail and services, centralized in Kahului, have grown in size and variety Maui weathered the 1990s without loss of jobs or population, and now has the lowest unemployment rate in Hawaii These factors make for a population with income to spend in the housing market — and for significant competition in that market from overseas buyers The database of fee -simple sales compiled for this report includes over a thousand sales per year from 1985 to the present As in other counties, sales slowed in the mid-1990s, but exceeded 2,500 by 1998 and have continued at high annual volumes Home sales prices have been climbing since 1998 At first, the median home price was above or close to the level affordable by families earning the median income Since 2002, prices have tended to be well above levels most residents could afford In 2004, the median sales price was 174% of the amount affordable to moderate -income residents New housing units are still being produced at prices that residents can afford However, pressure for housing is so strong that resale values, as well as resale prices, have climbed well above their initial levels Increases in value are most visible for units initially sold since 2000 and ones initially sold before 1989 In our account of the Oahu housing market, we stressed that affordable housing has stayed affordable over time On Maui, this is not the case The entire housing market — not just certain units initially sold at controlled prices — has tended to appreciate in value, and has sharply appreciated in the last few years Housing prices cannot rise beyond what buyers can afford The current situation is fueled in part by the presence of many non-residents in the housing market They account for 37% of Maui Island sales in 2004, and as much as 50% of West Maui sales Moreover, these sales occur at all price ranges, not just the highest ones In response to the presence of off -shore buyers, the developer of new market housing in the Legends at Maui Lani has been asking buyers to agree to owner -occupant restrictions AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 41 SMS October 2005 32 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICIES Unlike the City and County of Honolulu, the Neighbor Island county administrations have kept housing personnel in place to encourage development of affordable housing On Maui, the same administrators — Housing and Human Concerns Department Director Alice Lee and Housing Administrator Ed Okubo — have dealt with the issue for more than a decade The County has an affordable housing policy that sets out conditions on the sale of units considered "affordable", restrictions on resale of those units for up to five years, and provisions for buybacks and calculation of the buyer's share of appreciation in the price of a unit to be resold (Maui County Code, Section 2 86 610) The County has long had a policy mandating that developers of hotels must construct housing for residents, at a ratio of at least one housing unit for every four hotel units (Section 2 94) While there is no law mandating similar construction of housing for large-scale industrial projects, it has been County practice to demand that land be set aside from such projects for affordable housing Administration of the affordable housing program is largely the duty of the Department of Housing and Human Concerns It proceeds according to published guidelines that allow developers' housing contributions to take the form of units, land, and/or in-kind services The rules and guidelines do not explicitly identify a share of units in residential projects that should be affordable That share has been negotiated by developers with the County, subject to agreement by the County Council For many years, the County accepted plans in which 10% of units would be for sale at affordable prices Currently, the County expects housing developments to be at least 15% affordable The Department of Housing and Human Concerns has supported development of "201-G" projects — ones permitted on a fast-track basis by the Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii, with very limited input from the County — and has urged developers of other residential projects to have at least 51% of units be affordable, as in 201-G projects 70 Maui's Affordable Housing Program (Section 2 86 610) is quite specific with regard to buyer qualification for affordable units For ninety days after the sale of affordable units has been announced, units or lots must be offered to the group for which they have been priced (e g , up to 80% of median income) Should the units not sell in that time, they can be offered for the same price to the next more affluent income group (i e , families with incomes between 80% and 120%, for housing that has failed to sell to buyers with less than 80% of the median income) for another ninety days Next, they may be offered to families with incomes up to 180% of the median for thirty days If the units still have not sold, the County retains the right to buy they units at the affordable price If the County waives that right, the unit may be sold to buyers at any income level, and the unit would still be counted as meeting the developer's obligation to produce affordable housing The County Administration recognizes that Maui needs more affordable housing, and sees itself as cooperating with developers to get new units permitted and built (personal communication, Ed Okubo, Maui County Housing Administrator, July 2005) One major 10 The proposed Pulelehua project and a village project in Maui Lani both are being planned to include more than 50% affordable units, but are not being submitted through HCDCH, in part because they are complex mixed-use projects AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 42 SMS October 2005 project, by Spencer Homes in Waikapu, was permitted under 201-G rules and is now under construction Another one, Hale Mua in Waiehu, Is currently being reviewed by the Maul County Council The Wainee project in Lahaina is also expected to be submitted as a 201-G project In effect, the County Administration is currently addressing the housing crisis by encouraging much new housing development However, this position risks creating new problems Council members have expressed displeasure with the 201-G process, whereby they can approve or deny a project, but not impose conditions, and the County Planning Director has suggested that the Hale Mua project be withdrawn and resubmitted once changes have been made (Monson, 2005a) Concerns have been expressed by police representatives and stakeholders in nearby communities over traffic impacts of the proposed development The Council finally voted 7 to 2 in favor of the project, but members who supported It expressed strong antagonism to the process (Monson, 2005b) Proposals for a revised Maui County Housing Policy are now being considered by the County Council 33 MAJOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS MAUI ISLAND Maui's economy fared better than that of the other islands during the 1990s Housing sales continued apace, but new housing production dropped (as shown in Exhibit 3-B) New housing sales did not increase appreciably by the end of the study period " Exhibit 3-A FEE SIMPLE RESIDENTIAL SALES, MAUI, 1985-2004 " This is partly due to a delay by the Real Property Tax officials in uploading new property data onto the electronic system It appears that the 2003 and 2004 new home data have not been included in full in the data set The delay appears most severe in the Maui data, but it likely also applies to Hawaii and Kauai to some extent AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 43 SMS October 2005 Housing prices on Maul have Increased steadily since 2001 Residents' ability to participate In the housing market was also rising, until 2003, when the median price passed the price affordable to families making the median Income The gap between the two has been Increasing sharply By the end of the study period, the median -priced home had reached the highest affordability level for the twenty-year period, 1 e , 1t was less affordable than at any time in the preceding twenty years In 2004, residents were the buyers 1n five-eighths of the residential property sales on Maul Island (as shown 1n Exhibit 3-G) Residents were the buyers in only half the sales In West Maul District, which has major resort areas Even in a market with sharply rising prices, Maui builders have brought to market units for all major market segments (Exhibit 3-H) For 2003, the last year for which new housing data has been included in the database, about 70% of the new units were affordable to households earning 120% of the median income or less (Exhibit 3-1) Exhibit 3-B NEW HOME PRODUCTION AND RESALES, MAUI AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 44 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 3-C NEW HOME SHARE OF MARKET, MAUI Exhibit 3-D MEDIAN HOUSING PRICES, MAUI $600,000 m $500,000 u L $400,000 w m $300,000 $200,000- $100000 200,000 $100000 ^9gh9�gg^9p�9g9gd�199�99^9o�1go�9o�9dp^99�90�9rvoIV T, 1p T,, Year —r Single Family Home' •r - Condominium —4—SF and Condominium Exhibit 3-F AFFORDABILITY OF MEDIAN -PRICED UNITS, MAUI AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 45 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 46 SMS October 2005 SMS October 2005 200 1 80 160 � 1995 _ ♦ � 1 40 >.1990 =' 1 20 A E2A.100 0 q 080 060 040 020 000 .-ate Single Family Home • •o. • Condominium --.*.—SF and Condommium � 1995 _ ♦ � - '0 Exhibit 3-G HAWAII AND OVERSEAS BUYERS OF UNITS SOLD IN 2004, MAUI Sale price $1000s Total Sold Condo SF Hawaii Addresses Condo SF Overseas Addresses Condo SF Overseas Share West Maur Maui 101-150 70 19 47 14 23 5 31% 47% 151-200 144 45 99 33 45 12 30% 32% 201-250 141 87 91 66 50 21 31% 50% 251-300 87 77 58 62 29 15 27% 21% 301-350 52 100 23 71 29 29 38% 33% 351-400 34 128 16 103 18 25 27% 29% 401-450 25 135 10 108 15 27 26% 48% 451-500 10 147 106 10 41 32% 52% 501-600 33 210 10 157 23 53 31% 32% 600-750 35 145 10 78 25 67 51% 55% 751-1000 30 109 5 49 25 60 61% 70% 1,001 and up 33 73 9 24 24 49 69% 69% Total 694 1275 378 871 316 404 720 162 37% 50% Exhibit 3-H ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEW HOUSING BY AFFORDABILITY LEVEL, MAUI 1 600 1 400 1200 1 000 E 800 >° soo 400 200 o 9e' a�6 get 9e9 yao n9° ee 9g5 49 Year Buil ® 0 50 to 0 80 ® 0 81 to 100 13 101 to 1120 0 121 to 140 0 141 to 180 at Over 180 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 47 SMS October 2005 . __..._....�..�.................wm� w wvv�onwC11 ITV CCGMGMT UA111 34 RESALE TRENDS MAUI ISLAND The resale data show trends not found on Oahu As on Oahu, the least expensive homes Increase in value, but at a sharper rate Exhibit 3-J also shows an extremely sharp rise in the value of units Immediately after the initial sale This Is characteristic of a very limited supply Resale trends for "affordable" units are shown In Exhibits 3-K through 3-M These show long-term appreciation In value typical of a situation of limited supply Also, resales of the newest units show very sharp increases In value Exhibit 3-0 combines Information for all price levels It shows the two trends highlighted In the graphs for particular market segments AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 48 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 34 RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 50 TO 0 80, MAUI 2 Initial Sale 0 50 to 0 80 18 16- 16 14 12 1 .� 08 06- w1 04 02- 08 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 loll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out 06 �-1985-89 —+-1990-94 - -A- - 1995-99 —2000-04 Exhibit 3-K RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 81 TO 1 00, MAUI AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 49 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 34L RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 101 TO 1 20, MAUI 2 Initial Sale 0 81 to 1 00 25 2- 16 2 14- 1 5 A Ir w1 08 05 06 0 04 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 02 Years Out 1985-89 +1990-94 - -A- -1995-99 —o--2000-04 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 49 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 34L RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 101 TO 1 20, MAUI 2 Initial Sale 1 01 to 1 20 18 2- 16 15 14- 05 12 Ir w1 08 06 04 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out --a-1985-89 1990-94 - .Ar .1995-99 —b-2000-04 Exhibit 3-M RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 121 TO 140, MAUI 3 Initial Sale 121 to 1 40 25 2- 15 1 05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out r-1985-89 -+-1990-94 —A-1995-99 --s-2000-04 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 50 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 3-N RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 141 TO 180, 4. THE COUNTY OF HAWAII MAUI 3 Initial Sale 141 to 180 25 2 15 1 05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out —.-1985-89 —*-1990-94 —&-- 1995-99 -°a-2000-04 Exhibit 3-0 RESALE AFFORDABILITY, ALL UNITS, MAUI All Sales 3 25 2 15 1 05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 51 SMS October 2005 4.1 INTRODUCTION Hawaii County Includes a wider variety of ecologies and residential opportunities than elsewhere in Hawaii During the study period, the West Hawaii resort areas expanded, and, in recent years, resort residential development has been strong Elsewhere on the Big Island, lots and homes have long been available at modest prices, allowing residents to own their own home even if they must commute long distances to get to work In Hawaii County, the median home price was still slightly less than the amount that families earning the median County income could afford in 2004 Hawaii County has long faced severe infrastructure problems The inexpensive subdivisions in Puna and Kau lack urban infrastructure and amenities, and the road network has failed to expand in line with Increasing traffic congestion As traffic has worsened, even modest homes in areas close to the resorts have increased in price On Maui, policy -makers sometimes refer to affordable housing as infrastructure, making the point that residents need shelter along with water and other basic public services On Hawaii, infrastructure problems are limiting the advantage that residents have long enjoyed due to a large supply of homes As a result, while the long-term resale trends resemble those seen on Oahu — affordable housing stays affordable — in the short term, increases in price and value have been sharp 4.2 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICIES The Hawaii County Housing Agency is made up of the nine members of the County Council and staffed by the Office of Housing and Community Development The County developed its own affordable housing policy in 1998 (Hawaii County Code, Chapter 11) with the following objectives • Implement the goals of the Hawaii County General Plan, • Promote and assist private development of affordable housing for senior citizens and qualified households, • Use government funds to develop affordable housing or increase the capacities of qualified households, • Support innovative, low-cost approaches to develop affordable housing, and • Require large resort and industrial enterprises to address affordable housing needs Developers could contribute in various ways, notably donations of land or of fees in lieu of building affordable housing The land donations may over time have important results the County Is negotiating with an affordable -housing developer to build on 300 acres at Waikoloa Village donated to the County by the original owners of the Waikoloa Resort AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 52 SMS October 2005 Donations of fees have Involved relatively small amounts and have not led to many new units Over time, the County's leaders became dissatisfied with the situation, and sought ways to Insure that affordable housing contributions went toward the production of new housing near the site for which an exaction was demanded Accordingly, the Chapter 11 affordable housing policy was amended by Ordinance 05-23 (February 9, 2005) While on-site production of affordable units is favored for residential projects, location of affordable housing on land within 15 miles of the new development is allowed for satisfaction of the requirements (Hawaii County Code, Section 11-5) Key changes were made in the calculation of in -lieu fees These are now 25% of the median sales price for which a dwelling unit actually sells In the tax map zone, minus the price affordable to households earning 120% of the County median income (Hawaii County Code, Section 11-6) The new policy is based on a strong conviction that regulation is needed to keep the price of housing within the reach of residents To assure that affordable housing stays affordable, the Housing Agency Is directed to establish resale restrictions, Including buy- backs and shared appreciation for units built under its housing rules (Hawaii County Code, Section 11-14) Similarly, the County is negotiating with UnlDev, LLC, to develop housing on its acreage In Waikoloa Village UnlDev Is a developer of housing for cities and Institutions on the Mainland US It controls resale prices on units in these projects, and may use part of the Income from shared appreciation to cover the Initial costs of development 4.3 MAJOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS The number of housing units sold in Hawaii County Is smaller than on Maui, even though the resident population is larger Single-family homes account for a larger share of sales than on Maui (comparing Exhibit 4-A to Exhibit 3-A), partly because Hawaii's resort condominium inventory is much smaller than Maui's New home production dropped In the mid-1990s, and has been slow to recover 12 Sales prices have Increased sharply since 2002 13 At the same time, residents' ability to participate in the housing market has also grown, thanks to increased Incomes and low Interest rates A much larger share of the units on the Hawaii County housing market are within the grasp of local residents, compared to Maul However, new units are being produced above all for upscale markets (as shown in Exhibits 4-H and 4-1) Clearly, much of the new production Is aimed at the resort market Most of the 2004 residential properties studied by SMS were bought by offshore buyers 14 This suggests that Hawaii County's housing market could soon come to resemble Maul's more than Oahu's 12 As with Maui, the Hawaii County electronic data files appear to undercount the most recent new units 73 Exhibit 4-13 shows a feature absent in the more conventional MLS data on real estate on the Big Island In the data used for this analysis, Hawaii condominium prices were higher, as a rule, than single-family prices It appears that the approach used for this study included a larger sample of single-family sales in rural areas than are included in the MLS data 70 Exhibit 4-G and similar exhibits in other chapters combine data on recent transactions with data on current ownership, i e , the address to which tax bills are sent AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 53 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 4-A FEE SIMPLE SALES, RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY, HAWAII COUNTY, 1985-2004 2,500- 2,000 ,5002,000 r' a 1,500 W 'c 1,000 500 0 16 10 1b 1b 9�°^�^99,� X9,5^99a^�9y^°jCr ^�4A !9) 5:P °°o °ry°°ry °° ry°o°` O Condominiums ® Single Family Homes Exhibit 4-B NEW HOME PRODUCTION AND RESALES, HAWAII COUNTY AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 54 SMS October 2005 2,500 2,000- 1,500 9 1,000 � f t 500 r, A sML 0 .40,4p,cb%1,4' 19(9b C0 06 '�o'C;1 C'`L99'S`�9g�'�99�'`�'(P9('`CP Cb°`t°°`t°°`l°°`t°OD` p Resales lD New Homes AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 54 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 4-D MEDIAN SALES PRICES, HAWAII COUNTY $350,000 $300,000 IL $250,000 (A $200,000 $150,000 $100,000 ^9�9�,��� 9�a��9��,�9d1.9�9�9�9dp9o,� 90,�9�0�oo^,tiadl,�ooryocP Year —m— Single Family Home - •r - Condominium ---r— SF and Condominium Exhibit 4- 1 ! 1990 1 5 2000 * m .sem r e' rte• • � AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 55 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 4-E ANNUAL AFFORDABLE AND MEDIAN PRICES, HAWAII COUNTY F AFFORDABILITY OF MEDIAN -PRICED UNITS, HAWAII COUNTY 2 18 16 Ip 14 tz E � 0 a ofi os oa oz 0 --m— Sin gle Family Home • -y -Condominium rt—SF and Condominwm AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 56 SMS October 2005 1 ! 1990 1 5 2000 gle Family Home • -y -Condominium rt—SF and Condominwm AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 56 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 4-G 2004 RESIDENTIAL SALES, HAWAII COUNTY, TO HAWAII AND OVERSEAS BUYERS Sale price $1,000s Total Sold Condo SF Hawaii Addresses Condo SF Overseas Addresses Condo SF Overseas Share Hawaii South Countv Kohala 101-150 71 211 39 129 32 82 40% 39% 151-200 113 211 48 135 65 76 44% 51% 201-250 125 154 44 104 81 50 47% 42% 251-300 114 119 29 76 85 43 55% 43% 301-350 89 104 13 59 76 45 63% 53% 351-400 69 100 19 54 50 46 57% 50% 401-450 73 62 11 33 62 29 67% 71% 451-500 64 55 7 37 57 18 63% 77% 501-600 95 52 13 27 82 25 73% 77% 600-750 31 25 3 15 28 10 68% 70% 751-1000 35 14 4 10 31 4 71% 85% 1,001 and up 96 7 6 2 90 5 92% 100% Total 975 1,114 236 681 739 433 1,172 296 56% 63% Exhibit 4-H ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEW PRODUCTION BY AFFORDABILITY LEVEL, HAWAII COUNTY 1,000 900 600 700 m 600 E 500 400 300 200 100 0 11010101lele,,9a°eee,ga",ga`',n "41,gaselee.yeticllticA°' Year Built © 0 50 to 0 80 ® 0 81 to 1 00 ® 101 to 120 [11.21 to 140 0 141 to 180 ® Over 180 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 57 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 4-I ANNUAL SHARE OF NEW PRODUCTION BY AFFORDABILITY LEVEL, HAWAII 44 RESALE TRENDS Exhibit 4-J shows the overall trend in Hawaii County for housing units to resell at prices affordable to many residents That trend is evident in the graphs for the "affordable" housing segments (Exhibits 4-L through 4-N) As on Maul, all these graphs show recent increases in value characteristic of a limited housing supply It is not obvious whether these trends indicate a short-term boom or a change in the Hawaii County market AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 58 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 44 RESALE AFFORDABILITY, ALL SALES, HAWAII COUNTY Exhibit 4-1- RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 81 TO 1.00, HAWAII COUNTY All Sales 35 3- 25 2 -a -• a. 15 1 05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out Exhibit 4-K RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 50 TO 80, HAWAII COUNTY 2 Initial Sale 0 50 to 0 80 18 16 ♦' 14 12 1 08 06 04- 4020- 02- 0 - 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out —1985 89 —+-1990-94 • -r - 1995-99 —2000-04 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 59 SMS October 2005 2- Initial Sale 0 81 to 100 18- 18161412 16- ♦' 14- 12- 1 08 08 60402 06- 04- 02 0- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out �-1985-89 +1990-94 - -A- -1995-99 ---c — 2000-04 Exhibit 4-M RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 101 TO 1 20, HAWAII COUNTY 2 Initial Sale 101 to 120 18 16 ♦' 14 12 1 8O60408- 06- 04 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out im-1985-89 —r--1990-94 • -r • 1995-99 --e --2000-04 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 60 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 4-N RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 121 TO 140, HAWAII COUNTY 2 Initial Sale 121 to 140 18 16 14 12 1 08 06 04 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out -6-1985 89 -+-1990-94 -*-1995-99 -&-2000-04 Exhibit 4-0 RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 141 TO 180, HAWAII COUNTY Initial Sale 1 41 to 1 80 24- 22- 2- 1 4 22 18 16- 14- 12 1412 08 06 04 002 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out -e-1985-89 -+-1990-94 -� 1995-99 -e-2000-04 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 61 SMS October 2005 5. THE COUNTY OF KAUAI 51 INTRODUCTION Kauai stands out as the smallest county of Hawaii Also, Its housing stock has suffered great damage due to hurricanes in 1982 and 1992 Kauai also has found ways to implement buy -backs, so that its affordable housing policy, while informal in some ways, has been the most consistent in the State Moreover, the Island's leading housing developer, Grove Farm, gained land use permits for Its Puhi developments during the period In which the State insisted that 60% of units in residential projects be affordable Analysis of recent Kauai resale prices (below) shows a much greater affordability gap than In other counties While many factors may come into play, the correlation between high resale values and a history of systematic affordable housing restrictions is striking Recently, most residential sales on Kauai have been to out-of-state buyers Median sales prices hence do not reflect residents' purchasing power so much as the strong appeal of Kauai homes for affluent buyers from the Mainland United States 52 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICIES The Kauai County Code (Section 2-1 16) Includes detailed regulations restricting the sale or use of property acquired, financed, developed, built or sold by the County These were based on State procedures, but are intended to be in some ways more stringent than those promulgated pursuant to HRS Chapter 201G This "buyback" policy has been implemented since the 1980s to sell lots or housing to residents and to control resale prices for as long as ten years Kauai does not have a comprehensive affordable housing ordinance Instead, the County Council negotiates conditions on permits for new developments, taking into account recommendations from the Administration The County Housing Executive's recommendations are normally based on a draft policy that was never passed as an ordinance Typically, the County expects from a residential development 10% of subdivided lots would be sold to the County for the "hard cost" of lot development The County would then resell these to residents at cost, with a ten- year buy-back restriction and the condition that the buyer must build a home within five years * The developer must also sell 10% of lots to residents at "affordable" prices, for which buyers must qualify, taking into account incomes and family size The County has also demanded that resorts develop workforce or affordable housing in nearby communities (e g , in Kilauea, for the Princeville resort) The County has been less willing to accept fees in lieu of housing development than other Csounties (personal communication, Ken Rainforth, Kauai County Housing Executive, August 2005) AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 62 SMS October 2005 A committee has been developing draft text for an affordable housing ordinance it is currently being reviewed within the Administration, and should be public later in 2005 53 MAJOR MARKET CHARACTERISTICS Kauai's housing market is much smaller than that of the other counties As on Hawaii, single-family homes make up the majority of sales New home production shows an unusual pattern, due largely to Hurricane Iniki production dropped in 1992, when nearly all construction labor went Into rehabilitating damaged homes and other buildings, and stayed very low in tater years" Housing prices have been Increasing since 1999, but the median price of units sold has been close to that which residents with the median household Income could afford until 2004 (as shown in Exhibit 5-E) Hawaii residents were buyers of less than a third of the condos sold in 2004 and about two-thirds of the single-family units Over all more than half of the residential units sold on Kauai in 2004 were bought by overseas buyers On the North Shore of Kauai, the pattern was even more pronounced, with 80% of recent sales being to offshore buyers (as shown in Exhibit 5-G) New housing has consistently been produced on Kauai for low- to moderate -Income households Since 1992, the segments affordable to households at or below the median income have accounted for half or more of new housing, as indicated In Exhibit 5-1 QDAOCDTV WAIIAI 1Qa4.9naa 15 As with Maui and Hawaii, it 1s possible that the most recent units may be undercounted in the database AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 63 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 5-B NEW HOME PRODUCTION AND RESALES, KAUAI WA11A1 v¢ 11C 411dG1 F PAM11 V AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 64 SMS - October 2005 900 800 700 600 500 400 r 300 t 200 r t 100 ) s e x i t 0 �'` o� e� °°' °° e° °ti °° 9a 9`' p °A o� o° ^� ^� ^o� ^o� ^� ^°' ^°' �°' °' �9 ^� NCb Nq N1b ^9 ryo ti° t0 yo y° 13 Resales M New Homes WA11A1 v¢ 11C 411dG1 F PAM11 V AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 64 SMS - October 2005 Exhibit 5-E AFFORDABLE AND MEDIAN PRICES, KAUAI $500,000 $450,000 $400,000 $350,000 $300,000 $250,000 $200,000 $150,000 $100,000 $50,000 eh mb a� �o ag eo a� oti ao ob ah oo a� ao o°' o0 5�1 oti o0 0° Year _4--Pnce Affordable for Family with Median Income —*--Median Sales Price AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 65 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 5-F AFFORDABILITY OF MEDIAN -PRICED UNITS, KAUAI Exhibit 5-O SHARE OF UNITS SOLD IN 2004, KAUAI, TO HAWAII AND OVERSEAS BUYERS Sale rice $1.000s Total Sold Condo SF Hawaii Addresses Condo SF Overseas Addresses Condo SF Overseas Share North Kauai Shore 200 12 10 180 X1995. .® fu 17% 100% 151-200 160 7 4 6 12 140 57% NA 201-250 op - 2r 120 a 19 8 20 3 v 100 1990 251-300 16 'too - 80 37 9 3 21% 060 301-350 32 58 10 040 22 18 44% 67% 020 46 42 9 31 000 11 55% 84% 401-450 30 —s-� Single Family Home • •r - Condommium --t—SF and Condominium 24 24 11 54% 77% Exhibit 5-O SHARE OF UNITS SOLD IN 2004, KAUAI, TO HAWAII AND OVERSEAS BUYERS Sale rice $1.000s Total Sold Condo SF Hawaii Addresses Condo SF Overseas Addresses Condo SF Overseas Share North Kauai Shore 101-150 12 10 � •® 1990 X1995. .® fu 17% 100% 151-200 16 7 4 6 12 Exhibit 5-O SHARE OF UNITS SOLD IN 2004, KAUAI, TO HAWAII AND OVERSEAS BUYERS Sale rice $1.000s Total Sold Condo SF Hawaii Addresses Condo SF Overseas Addresses Condo SF Overseas Share North Kauai Shore 101-150 12 10 2 17% 100% 151-200 16 7 4 6 12 1 57% NA 201-250 39 11 19 8 20 3 46% NA 251-300 16 40 7 37 9 3 21% NA 301-350 32 58 10 40 22 18 44% 67% 351 400 46 42 9 31 37 11 55% 84% 401-450 30 35 6 24 24 11 54% 77% 451-500 22 34 4 20 18 14 57% 67% 501-600 34 36 6 22 28 14 60% 82% 600-750 43 33 5 15 38 18 74% 92% 751-1000 6 26 1 9 5 17 69% 86% 1,001 and up 8 22 7 8 15 77% 86% Total 304 344 81 219 223 125 348 78 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 66 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 5-H ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEW PRODUCTION BY AFFORDABILITY LEVEL, KAUAI AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 67 SMS October 2005 54 RESALE TRENDS The resale graphs show that Kauai homes at all affordability levels tend to Increase in value over their Initial price Units that Initially sold for "affordable" prices have tended to increase to levels beyond that range (Exhibits 5-L through 5-N) Exhibit 5.J RESALE AFFORDABILITY, ALL SALES, KAUAI All Sales 3 25 2 15 1 05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out Exhibit 5-K RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 50 TO 0 00, KAUAI 2 Initial Sale 0 50 to 0 80 18 16 14 12 1 08 06 04 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out —.-1985-89 -+-1990-94 —n-2000-04 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 68 SMS October 2005 Exhibit 5-L RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 0 81 TO 1 00, KAUAI 2- Initial Sale 0 81 to 1 00 1616 Is- 16- 14- 12- 1 • 08 06 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out -a-1985-89 -4-1990-94 -+-1995-99 -e-2000-04 04 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 loll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out 05 ,-1985-89-0-1990-94. i i995 -99-.-o-2000-04 Exhibit 5-M RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 101 TO 120, KAUAI 2 Initial Sale 1 01 to 1 20 18- 81614 16- 14- 12 12 1 -- 08- 06 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out -a-1985-89 -4-1990-94 -+-1995-99 -e-2000-04 04 02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 loll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out 05 - 1985-89 1990-94 - •r -1995-99 —{*-2000-04 Exhibit 5-N RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 121 TO 140, KAUAI 3 Initial Sale 1 21 to 1 40 25- 5215 2- 15 1 -- 05- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out -a-1985-89 -4-1990-94 -+-1995-99 -e-2000-04 Exhibit 5-0 RESALE AFFORDABILITY, UNITS INITIALLY SELLING FROM 141 TO 180, KAUAI Page 69 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 70 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY 9 SMS October 2005 SMS October 2005 Initial Sale 141 to 180 3- 25 2- 15 1 05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Years Out -x-1985 89 -+-1990-94 --a- 1995-99 --b-2000-04 Page 69 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 70 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY 9 SMS October 2005 SMS October 2005 APPENDICES B METHODOLOGY A ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was developed by SMS Research & Marketing Services, Inc, in consultation with Land Use Research Foundation Executive Director Dean Uchida and Director or Research and Legal Affairs Paul Schwind Within SMS, project director John Kirkpatrick wishes to thank James Dannemiller, Aaron Peterson, Naomi Akamine, Janine Dankovchik, Chris Getlman, and Jennifer Patricio for contributions to the project Dr Michael Sklarz provided advice and criticism throughout the project We relied on Hawaii Information Service for the data, and thank their help desk personnel for many conversations and exchanges concerning the records We thank the following for providing valuable information and criticism City and County of Honolulu LURF Members Henry Eng Alan Arakawa, Castle & Cooke Homes Hawaii Kathy Sokugawa Bruce Barrett, Castle & Cooke Homes Hawaii Robert Sumitomo Carleton Ching, Castle & Cooke Homes Hawaii Robert N Stanfield Mike Furukawa, Grove Farm Beryle Matsumura Harvey Goth, D R Horton Joseph Nose Tosh Hosoda, The Gentry Companies 6 733 Cory Kimura, The Mills Group County of Maui Debbie Luning, The Gentry Companies Mike Foley Bob McGraw, Haseko Hawaii Edwin Okubo 03 2025 Honolulu Board of Realtors County of Hawaii Harvey Shapiro Edwin Taira 1 633 County of Kauai 1 663 Ken Rainforth 171 767 Hawaii Community Development Corporation 28 795 Taney Takahashi 6 Remove if Leasehold to Fee Conversion Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii Janice Takahashi 7 520 Office of Planning Abe Mitsuda Mary Alice Evans AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 71 SMS October 2005 The historical data analysis conducted for this report relies on the Tax Map Key (TMK) databases maintained by the Real Property Taxation Branches of each county The data are copied by Hawaii Information Service and made available to subscribers There are two standard sources for reports on real estate sales The Multiple Listings Service (MLS) is maintained for Realtors It includes listings and sales on the open market Realtors are expected to record sales, even if they were not widely listed However, the MLS does not include new units sold by developers The TMK databases combine a comprehensive listing of all real property, in which each parcel or unit Is assigned a unique identifier, with information on past transactions affecting each parcel As a result, it was possible to track resale histones of individual properties, including the sale of new homes by developers The aim of compiling the database was to create a large set of records of fee simple sales of homes Time-share properties are excluded 16 Transactions include sales of homes, transfers of leases, sales of partial interest in property, and purchases of the fee simple interest in leasehold properties Only the first type of transaction is under study in this report, as transactions that give clear indications of the value being paid for a home Accordingly, after downloading all records of residential sales over a twenty-year period, the records were filtered SMS filtered the data from each county, as shown in Exhibit' Exhibit B -A DATA CLEANING PROCESS Data TMK data refer to a parcel or condominium unit, its properties, and Its transaction history Each record for this study is the record of a transaction, with current (2005) 18 Hawaii has recently seen several "condotel" sales, In which individual hotel rooms are sold, and nearly all continue to be operated as part of a hotel These units are hardly "homes" In the sense used here Since the analysis runs through 2004, no special rule was developed to exclude them They could probably be excluded as having living areas too small to be used as a full-time dwelling AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 72 SMS October 2005 Oahu Maui Hawaii Kauai Download 535,553 97 577 81,219 48 018 Data claiming steps 1 Remove d Leasshokt 46 066 5125 3225 6 733 2 Remove d Lmig area - 0 or greater man 10 000 sq ft 1`111-700for =700 673 161 251 0 3 Remove d PITT code mining or - 500 600, or "800 NOTE 03 2025 5 061 705 4 Remove it no Year Bull or Year Bull Is later men Sales Date 20 957 1 633 2 224 1 663 5 Remove d Sales Price under S10 000 171 767 30 050 28 795 14 761 6 Remove if Leasehold to Fee Conversion 109 334 13,713 8 147 7 520 7 Romovs AQ < 0 5 25 779 8 618 B Remove it duplicate case (same Taxkey Sales Price and Sales Date) 22,949 1 638 1 529 360 9 Remove authers 10 Remove 2005 sales (after study period) 2 622 483 544 61 11 Pdt-200 and condo variade'No" 422 Cases far historical analysis 137,321 42 749 22,403 16 215 Data TMK data refer to a parcel or condominium unit, its properties, and Its transaction history Each record for this study is the record of a transaction, with current (2005) 18 Hawaii has recently seen several "condotel" sales, In which individual hotel rooms are sold, and nearly all continue to be operated as part of a hotel These units are hardly "homes" In the sense used here Since the analysis runs through 2004, no special rule was developed to exclude them They could probably be excluded as having living areas too small to be used as a full-time dwelling AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 72 SMS October 2005 Information about the property The cleaning process was designed to remove cases that do not describe fee simple residential transactions 1 Leasehold properties were not counted, since any leasehold sale would be sale of a partial Interest in the property 2 PITT code 700 describes Hotels and resort properties We sought to capture resort residential sales, but not sales of hotels, resort stores, and time share properties "Living area" is defined as restricted to properties used as residential, so exclusion of cases without living area or with living area far greater than a household could use served to exclude non-residential cases 3 SMS Initially included all properties except Commercial and Industrial ones Inclusion of Agricultural and Conservation lands in the study proved unwieldy, so these cases were set aside, along with ones for which no PITT code was listed 4 In order to exclude sales of lots before homes were built (for which the sales price would reflect land costs, not home costs), cases in which the year the house was built occurred after the sales data were excluded Cases for which the year the house was built was missing were also excluded 5 A large number of transactions are between friendly parties, such as owners and their living trusts These are not market transactions Most of these are excluded by ruling out cases with prices below $10,000 6 Cases of leasehold to fee conversion are sales of a partial Interest, and are accordingly excluded 7 The preceding steps failed, in dealing with data from Oahu, to exclude conversions in some years that were recorded as "Deed," not as conversions (Examination of records made it clear that many of these were in the data set in the late 1980s ) To exclude these, all cases In which the affordability level of the transaction was less than 0 5 were excluded Again, for the Big Island, a large number of low prices remained Some of these are lots with minimal shelter The same rule was applied 8 A buyer may transfer property to an entity he represents in short order Often this transfer has no or minimal monetary value (and is hence excluded in step 5 ) At times, the value is the same as the initial sale To exclude these transfers, cases in which the taxkey, sale price and date are all the same were excluded 9 The Oahu data included outlying cases with values over $35 million These were removed In the other cases, this was not necessary (although the data were sampled for high and low values to check for outliers) 10 Year 2005 sales were excluded as outside the study period 11 The Hawaii County data include some cases of PITT 200 ("Apartment") which are not condominiums They could be rental apartment buildings These were excluded The data set used here is somewhat larger than the set used for the report to the Honolulu City Council We wish to note that the outlier rule (No 9) was added after review of that report, since inclusion of the outliers affected means for the late 19805 in that report Summaries of MLS transactions are often reported in Hawaii For many years, the Prudential Locations also reported annual summanes of residential sales While the data set is different from the MLS data, both are large -sample approximations to the universe AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 73 SMS October 2005 of residential sales in Hawaii, and should show similar results when similar Indicators, such as median sales prices, are produced (Readers should note that the "median home price" reported in the newspapers is often the median single family home, not the median housing unit, price ) AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 74 SMS October 2005 C AFFORDABLE HOUSING REQUIREMENTS BY COUNTY AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 75 sellsOGoher 2005 HONOLULU HONOLULU HAWAII MAUI KAUAI Proposed yz;`a�Engtiagip,-`Existing,M� Proposed d Existing Proposed 4 ` v s'v ,".. ,, DHC D Rules for the Ordinance 05-23 Admin Guidelines -Administration Policy proposal Proposed April iAulhcrizatio0- Terms of Unilateral Eff 219/05 Rewsed 5/31/05 Proposal drafted 1995, 2005 " Agreements Requiring credit value for Presentatwn revised 2002 different sizeltype ` Affordable Housing, Eff of umt made to the County Council -+ 10!31194' on 6115105" " Percent 30% of totalresidenhal 20% -Residential with 15% of total 15% of total 30% -Residential 15%-5-19 unite Affordable - units 5. units residential residential with 13+ units 25%-20+units 1 credib4 FTE Jobs - 25% for hotel (Maul County 15%- Resort with 25+ units . +^ resort hotel industrial Code 294 030) 150% - SF for sale Par analysis - ' ' + 200%- buildable lot that create 100+ jobs commercial Industrial that + 10+ ears create 100+ oba Targeted 1!3 80%entl below @ 140% 0—,7 h- -1o. -11. I—Al. - 120% and below for single 3%@50.80% 4 5% @ 80.100% 5-19 units. l5% 10% Q 80-100% Income' + 2!3 @ 80.120% 110% and below fanny sales 4 5%@ 100-120% 5% 100.120% Grou a P „�, for multffamll y 110% and 30%Q120.140% sales below for multi- 0+ units 100% and below family sales 10% @ <80% for rentals 100% and 5%(0380-120% below for 5% (n3 120.140% rentals 5% Q 140.180% ;i AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 75 sellsOGoher 2005 HONOLULU HAWAII MAUI KAUAI Existing Ensting Existing Ad.1. Existing Proposed Proposed Credit 0-BW1-BA = 6B For Sale Enhancement Enhancement 8uildinp 7voe Intlex Building Type Index Credits Credits 3BR/1-112BA SF may be used Structure „ 31-60%-2 credits for units .160% unit on 6000 sf lot= Up to 30%- 3 and below 1 credit different credits credit value for ' different sizeltype of umt Target Income Group Index Increase or " decrease credits depending on - targeted income group Enhancement Credits 150% - SF for sale ' 200%- buildable lot 200% - rental for + 10+ ears AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 76 Sass October 2005 Paga AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY 77 October 2005 SMS HONG ULU HAWAII MAUI KAUAI KAUAI " Exisuag'� Existing —g.—,sting, _ Admso 4 Existing Proposed Admin _ u Exlsfieg' ;"Proposed - Trigger 1 Proposed'- Zone change, Zone Change Zone Change Opgons < to Una- or finished lots on Unfts or lots on sae Untts on sae Units but in Units on site Unlls off site Units on site Units off site Units on sae Units off site (for Satisfy sits Units off site Units or lots off site (within 15 mile radius) off sae same community Land Land dedication projects of 20+ Housing , . Land dedication Land dedication within plan, with approval dedication In-Ileu fas Bank or- Sell units subject to Condition In -lieu fee 15 mile radius of DHHC director In -lieu fee Finished house lots 25% penalty) execution of execution of In -lieu fee (used within Land dedication In-kind services Land dedication ' 26 linear miles of In -lieu fee 10% density bonus ih fee Finisshed house lots Fin project) Finished house except in Ag or Rural SLU districts Eligibility lirf—tructure directly lots Specifietl in Specdied m 18 years Hawaii resident Owner ` US dhzen related to future Infrastructure to project s affordable U S citizen No majority occupant ^ Others set by affordable housing affordable housing Interest 18 years in property suitable ' Other subject to Facility upgrades tst8me for dwelling Financial ability Administrator approval to existing to IncomettamAy No majority affordable housinti Intent reside Paga AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY 77 October 2005 SMS AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDV Page 7a SMS Oclaber 2005 HONOLULU HAWAII MAUI KAUAI " Exisuag'� Existing —g.—,sting, _ Admso 4 Existing Proposed Pro osed Trigger Zone change Zone change Zone change, Zone Change Zone Change Zone change Agreement at ^ community plan amendment planning permit district boundary amendment SMA Bank or- Sell Ves, within 15 mile Bank subject to Bank subJec to Bank with Council Bank with Council radrus execution of execution of approval approval Credits agreement agreement Density Bonus 10% density bonus except in Ag or Rural SLU districts Eligibility 18 years Residency Specifietl in Specdied m 18 years Hawaii resident Owner Criteria US dhzen Income projects affordable housing project s affordable U S citizen No majority occupant No majority Interest Others set by agreement housing Interest 18 years in property suitable Housing Agency or OHCD agreement Financial abnay tst8me for dwelling Financial ability Administrator Intent to reside homebuyer to IncomettamAy No majority Intent reside sue interest No prior Preference for ownership of Kauai residents ' state/county unit AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDV Page 7a SMS Oclaber 2005 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POUCY STUDY Page T9 SMS Odober 20D5 NOTES *Ordinance 99-51 placed a moratorium on buyer eligibility requirements and transfer restrictions from 815/99-8/5/01 Ordinance 01-33 extended the moratorium from 8/16/01 to 8/5/05 Resolution 05-252 proposes to temporarily amend, until 6/30/06 subject to extension, the affordable housing requirements to permit the sale of affordable housing units free from any conditions related to buyer eligibility and restrictions on transfer Policy In flux at both adminisbatwe and legislative levels "The Maul County Council is considering proposals submitted by the County Administration, Maui Nui and Maui Tomorrow Currently it is uncertain what will be adopted •" Added by SMS, per Maui County Code 2 86 610 SOURCE Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii materials prepared for briefing before Land Use Commission September 2DD5, slightly amended by SMS AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 80 SMS October 2005 HONOLULU, HAWAII MAUV KAUAI a`rq ^Exiating�� - `y-Existinsv _ 'Lfa,�" ^ Ezistiop„ ,y`,- Adam' Pro : Existiag, �.., `= Proposed a Sales or Rental , es Sales"' V used Imfial marketing 60 days —Dory Flexibility' 90 day s—onlyeligible buyer; 90 days —only efiglble buyers 90 period —only eligible eligible 60 days—elgible ' 30 days — eligible but days — eligible but 45 days—eligible Du1120%racoma f may have previously at next higher but at next higher 60 days — eligible owned a residence income income no Income limit ' After 120 days—open 30 days — up to 45 days—eligible After 180—open ` 180% of median but at next higher ' After 210 days - Income open After 90 - open 7rensfer/ 2-8 year buyback May indude buyback, Specified m Specified in 4-10 year buyback 15 year buyback Resale depending on shared appreciation and other restrictions project's affordable housing project's affordable depending on Shared Restrictions Income group Shared agreement housing Income group appreciation " appreciation agreement May include shared appreciation Rental ' " 10 years • Agency 10 years 15 years Restrictions determines County has 1" option to affordable rental price annually purchase Rental prices are controlled for no less than 20 years AFFORDABLE HOUSING POUCY STUDY Page T9 SMS Odober 20D5 NOTES *Ordinance 99-51 placed a moratorium on buyer eligibility requirements and transfer restrictions from 815/99-8/5/01 Ordinance 01-33 extended the moratorium from 8/16/01 to 8/5/05 Resolution 05-252 proposes to temporarily amend, until 6/30/06 subject to extension, the affordable housing requirements to permit the sale of affordable housing units free from any conditions related to buyer eligibility and restrictions on transfer Policy In flux at both adminisbatwe and legislative levels "The Maul County Council is considering proposals submitted by the County Administration, Maui Nui and Maui Tomorrow Currently it is uncertain what will be adopted •" Added by SMS, per Maui County Code 2 86 610 SOURCE Housing and Community Development Corporation of Hawaii materials prepared for briefing before Land Use Commission September 2DD5, slightly amended by SMS AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 80 SMS October 2005 $0046 low LAND USE RESEARCII I FOUNDATION OF IIAWAII Inn RW -P 4t-4, Ric NA Ilonoh tri, Ilav ii 96813 Pl--621-4717 Fax A3b-ot4a D LAND USE APPROVALS IN HAWAII Overview of Jurisdictions Hawaii's centralized land use entitlement system involves the State Land Use Commission and the respective County Planning Commissions, Planning Departments, County Councils and Mayors The State Land Use Commission (LUC) classifies or designates all of the lands in the State (fast and submerged lands) into one of four land use districts Urban, Conservation, Rural and Agricultural In the Rural and Agricultural Districts, the LUC not only designates the lands within these Districts but also provides management oversight on uses within these two districts Urban Distnct L4/-194.000 acres managed by the Counties through their respective General Plans, Community Plans, Development Plans, Land Use and Zoning maps Reclassification of 15 acres or less of lands from the Agricultural District is also processed by the County and not the LUC Conservation District (+/-1 9 million acres) managed by the State Board of Land and Natural Resources Rural District (+/-10.000 acres) managed by both the State Land Use Commission and the Counties Agricultural District (+/-1 9 million acres) managed by both the State Land Use Commission and the Counties The Counties' General/Development/Community plans are subsets of the State land use districts Generally, the Counties identify existing and proposed urban areas in their respective General/Development/Community plans County zoning is used to identify specific land uses within the State Urban Land Use Dlstnct (i a residential, apartment, commercial, industrial, etc ) The Counties also zone uses within the State Conservation Land Use District (i a Preservation), and State Agricultural Land Use District (i e Agriculture) AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 81 SMS October 2005 _ Land Use Aoproval Process There are six (6) distinct elements of the Land Use Approval Process in Hawaii (see attached) In general, they are 1 Application/Petition Preparation—Usually done when the site and project have been Identified 2 County General/Development/Community Plan Amendment Process— Depending on which County, this process occurs prior to, during or after the State Land Use Commission process 3 State Land Use Commission Reclassification—Any major land use proposal requiring a land use district boundary amendment goes through a Land Use Commission quasi-judicial hearing process (Contested Case Hearings before Hearings Officer), with extensive information and notice requirements It also involves the County process with significant overlaps on issues 4 County Rezoning Process—Occurs after the Land Use Commission decision and requires much of the same information The first four (4) elements basically involve rezoning at the State and County levels The next two (2) elements are more administrative and discretionary at the County level 5 Subdivision Process Product Development Varies Time required for this item will vary from project to project depending upon the complexity of the specific project The specific product needs to be developed sufficiently to have final building footprint dimensions in order to prepare an accurate site plan ii Preliminary Site Plan Varies The Preliminary Site Plan is generally hand drawn by an architect or site planner This is then converted to a CAD file for civil engineering design iii Final Site Plan 1 month Time is for both the submission and review of the Preliminary Subdivision Map by the Department of Planning and Permitting (DPP) Action on the Map is required within 30 days, but action may consist of deferral IV Tentative Approval of Preliminary Map 3-4 months The Preliminary Map and Mass and Pad Grading Plans [construction plans] may be submitted for review at the same time Legally, approval of Pad Grading Plans is not permitted before approval of the Preliminary Map, although the Mass Grading Plan may be approved if it does not show lot lines While the DPP may allow individual divisions and branches to review the construction plans before AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 82 SMS October 2005 tentative subdivision approval, the risk is that if the Preliminary Map changes, the plans need to be resubmitted to the reviewing agencies Some developers combine the Mass and Pad Grading Plans with the Roadway and Utility Plans into one set of construction plans However, one option is to separate them in order to obtain approval of the grading plans sooner and start construction earlier These plans typically only require Civil Engineering Branch review and DPP approval Therefore, applicants may prepare and submit the Preliminary Map for review and approval prior to beginning design of the Roadway and Utility Plans V Submittal of Construction Documents 6 months Time includes both design and all required approvals These plans are blueprints for all the roadway and utility improvements, including all underground utilities (sewer, water, storm drain, irrigation, electric, CAN, phone, etc ) and all surface improvements (curb and gutter, sidewalk, ramps, paving, etc ) These plans typically are approved by Urban Design Branch (street trees), Department of Design and Construction (street lights), Department of Transportation Services (traffic signals), Traffic Review Branch, Civil Engineering Branch, Wastewater Branch, Department of Water Supply, State Department of Health, Hawaiian Electric, Hawaiian Telcom and Oceanic Cable vi Site Permitting 2 months Time includes processing of grading, grubbing, and stockpiling permits which can be obtained concurrently vu Site Budding Permits 9 months After the Roadway and Utility Plans are approved, a construction cost estimate based on final design needs to be submitted for review and approval Building permits can take up to 6 months to obtain for site work, including walls and fences viii Bonding of Improvements 2 months After the construction estimate is approved, a subdivision bond needs to be submitted and accepted by the County prior to final subdivision approval ix Final Map Approval 1-2 months The Finat Subdivision Map can now be approved, before the site improvements are constructed and certified, if a subdivision bond is obtained This map must be filed within 1 year after tentative approval of the Preliminary Map has been received, although up to two 6 -month extensions may be allowed x Construction of Site Improvements 6-8 months AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 83 SMS October 2005 Upon approval of Construction Documents, roadway and utilities site Improvements can be constructed, and upon approval of as -built documentation and final Inspection, be certified xi Land Court Subdivision Recordation 6 months Allow 6 months for recordation Up until about two years ago this would take between 12 and 14 weeks A year ago the time required increased to approximately 16 weeks More recently, this process has taken between 23 and 27 weeks Phasing of project construction to achieve faster recordation will no longer be permitted by the DPP xu First Building Construction 3 months Permits for building construction can be obtained after Final Map Approval, but do not require recordation Building construction can commence after roadway and utility construction is complete and accepted by the City Chief Inspector Construction time for the budding may be longer depending upon complexity of the building Items i, ti, in & iv are sequential Items v, vi & vii may begin at the same time but follow item iv Item viii (bonding) is not required for construction of roadway and utilities, lust for final subdivision approval Other than grading, which may follow item vi (site permitting), item x (site construction) cannot begin until item vu (building permits) is approved Item xii (building construction) must follow item ix (final map approval), but item xi (recordation) is not required Other Discretionary permits (does not include building permits)—The time frames listed after each permit or approval reflects the amount of effort or man- hours of staff time at the County It does not reflect actual processing time for the approvals, as this will vary depending on staffing levels and work load AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 84 SMS October 2005 Permit or ApprovalW eeks Cluster —HousingConditional 2 Archeological—State Use Permit—Ma or Improvements Conditional Use Permit—Minor 13 Phasing Dischar a of Effluent other than Storm Water RunoffDnvewa 3 Buyer Notification s, Variance A Ilcations Improvements Encroachments Exclusive Agriculture Site Approval 6 Existing Use 2 Flood Hazard District Interpretation 1 Flood Variance 2 Grading and Grubbinq and Stock ilin Permit 1 Minor Modifications to Various Discretionary Permits 2 Nonconforming Use Certificate Renewal 1 Da Plan Review Use 4 Planned Development—Commercial and Resort 50 Planned Development—Housing 6 Public Infrastructure Mas Additions/Deletions to 3 Seawall and Non -Seawall Variances 4 Service Connection, Repairs to Utilities and Trenching 1 Da Signs 1 Da Site Development Plan 2 Special Districts Downtown Building Heights in Excess of 350 Feel 6 Special Districts Establishment of or Amendment to 6 Special Districts Major Project 6 Special Districts Minor Project 2 Special Management Area Minor Permits 1 Special Management Area Use Permit for Agriculture, A uaculture or Outdoor Recreational Develo ments 4 Special Management Area Use Permit for All Other Developments 4 Special Use Permit, State 4 State Boundary Petition 4 Storm Drain, Private Connection Fee 1 Da Subdivision see Section 5 above 2 Temporary Use Approval 1 Waiver 1 Zoning Adjustment 2 Zoning Board of Appeals, Contested Case Hearin s 2 Zoning District Boundary Ad ustment 2 Days Zoning Variance 2 Zoning, Written Clearance or Confirmation 1 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 85 SMS October 2005 E ISSUES, STAKEHOLDERS AND MINIMUM DURATION OF PERMIT PROCESSES 1 Application/Petition Preparation Players 1) Applicant Time Frame 12-18 Months Issues Addressed in Process 1 Air Quality 11 Notice to Buyers 22 Transportation 2 Archeological—State 12 Park Dedication Improvements Historic Preservation Office 13 Phasing 23 Wastewater 3 Buyer Notification 14 Police and Fire Facilities Improvements 4 Civil Defense 15 Progress Reports 24 Solid Waste Management 5 Drainage Improvements 16 Public Access Easements 25 Water Improvements 6 Golf Course Tee Times 17 Recording Conditions 26 Child Care (Public) 18 School Facilities (Fair 27 Ground Water Monitonng 7 Housing Share Contribution) 28 Park and Ride 8 Land 19 School Sites (Dedication) 29 Urban Design Plan Transactions/Dedications 20 Soil Erosion 30 Setbacks 9 Noise 21 Sound Attenuation 31 Other Agency Approvals 10 Notice of Intent to Sell 2 County General/Development/Community Plan Amendment* Players 1) Applicant 2) Citizen's Advisory Committee 3) County Agencies 4) Planning Commission 5) County Council 6) Mayor Process Citizen Public Planning Public County Mayor Advisory Hearing Commission Hearing Council Approval I Committee Approval I` Approval Time Frame 22 Months [not including time for EA/EIS process, if not concurrent] Issues Addressed in Process 1 Statement of Problems and Opportunities 5 Design Principles 2 SociaVEconomic/EnvironmentalImpacts 6 Historic/Archeological/Cultural Impacts 3 Development Patterns and Sequence 7 Transportation 4 Planning Standards and Principles 8 Population Goals AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 86 SMS October 2005 3 State Land Use Commission Reclassification Players 1) Applicant 2) State Agencies 3) County Agencies 4) Interveners (Community and other interest groups) 5) Land Use Commission Process. File Petition Quasi judicial Public Hearings Commission Approval with Various Parties Interveners Time Frame 18 Months Issues Addressed In Process 1 Air Quality"' 8 Land Transactions/ 17 Recording Conditions 2 Archeological—State Dedications 1S School Facilities (Fair Historic Preservation Office 9 Noise Share Contribution) 3 Buyer Notification 10 Notice of Intent to Sell 19 School Sites (Dedication) 4 Civil Defense 11 Notice to Buyers 20 Sod Erosion - 5 Drainage Improvements 12 Park Dedication 21 Sound Attenuation 6 Golf Course Tee Times 13 Phasing 22 Transportation (Public) 14 Police and Fire Facilities Improvements 7 Housing 15 Progress Reports 23 Wastewater 8 Land Transactions/ 16 Public Access Easements Improvements Dedications 21 Other Agency 24 Solid Waste Management 9 Noise Approvals - 25 Water lm rovements 4 County Rezoning Process Players 1) Applicant 2) County Agencies 3) Planning Commission 4) County Council 6) Mayor Process Public Hearings I Planning Public Hearings County Council Mayor Approval Commission Approval ADDroval Time Frame 16 Months AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 87 SMS October 2005 Issues Addressed in Process 1 Urban Design Plan— 11 Notice to Buyers 22 Sound Attenuation 2 Archeological --State 12 Park Dedication 23 Transportation Historic Preservation Office 13 Phasing Improvements 3 Buyer Notification 14 Police and Fire Facilities 24 Wastewater 4 Civil Defense 15 Progress Reports Improvements 5 Drainage Improvements 16 Public Access Easements 25 Solid Waste Management 6 Golf Course Tee Times 17 Recording Conditions 26 Water Improvements (Public) 18 Setbacks - 27 Child Care - 7 Housing 19 School Site 28 Ground Water 8 Land Transactions/ 20 School Facilities (FSC) Monitoring`"" Dedications 21 Other Agency 29 Park and Ride - 9 Noise Approvals - 10 Notice of Intent to Sell — Sold different trom state rtequiremenrs 5 Subdivision Review and Approval Players 1) Applicant 2) County Agencies Process Final Site Preliminary Mass and Roadway and Final Certification Plan Subdivision Pad Grading Utility Subdivision of Site 8 Street Lights Map Plans Construction Map Improvements Plans Time Frame 28 Months [exclusive of recordation]' Issues Addressed in Process 1 Grading, Grubbing, Stockpiling 4 Construction Dewatenng 2 Roadway improvements (curb and gutter, 5 Traffic Control Plan sidewalk, curb ramps, paving) 6 Sign and Marking Plan 3 Utillbes Improvements (sewer, water, storm 7 Street Trees drain, irrigation, electric, CAN, telephone) 8 Street Lights 6. Other Discretionary Permits Vanes See list of County permits in Appendix D Not included here (as involving different timelines) Army Corps of Engineers permits for wetlands, State Department of Health Involvement with brownfields, and other agencies with oversight SOURCE LURF AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 88 SMS October 2005 F HRS 201G-118 §201-G-118 Housing development, exemption from statutes, ordinances, charter provisions, rules (a) The corporation may develop, on behalf of the State or with an eligible developer, or may assist under a government assistance program In the development of, housing projects which shall be exempt from all statutes, ordinances, charter provisions, and rules of any governmental agency relating to planning, zoning, construction standards for subdivisions, development and improvement of land, and the construction of units thereon, provided that (1) The corporation finds the protect is consistent with the purpose and intent of this chapter, and meets minimum requirements of health and safety, (2) The development of the proposed project does not contravene any safety standards, tariffs, or rates and fees approved by the public utilities commission for the public utilities or the various boards of water supply authorized under chapter 54, and (3) The legislative body of the county in which the protect Is to be situated shall have approved the protect (A) The legislative body shall approve or disapprove the project by resolution within forty-five days after the corporation has submitted the preliminary plans and specifications for the project to the legislative body If on the forty-sixth day a project is not disapproved, it shall be deemed approved by the legislative body, (B) No action shall be prosecuted or maintained against any county, its officials, or employees on account of actions taken by them in reviewing, approving, or disapproving the plans and specifications, and (C) The final plans and specifications for the project shall be deemed approved by the legislative body if the final plans and specifications do not substantially deviate from the preliminary plans and specifications The final plans and specifications for the protect shall constitute the zoning, building, construction, and subdivision standards for that project For purposes of sections 501-85 and 502- 17, the executive director of the corporation, or the responsible county official may certify maps and plans of lands connected with the protect laws and ordinances relating to consolidation and subdivision of lands, and the maps and plans shall be accepted for registration or recordation by the land court and registrar, and (4) The land use commission shall approve or disapprove a boundary change within forty —five days after the corporation has submitted a petition to the commission as provided in section 205-4 If on the forty - sixth day the petition Is not disapproved, it shall be deemed approved by the commission (b) For the purpose of this section, "government assistance program" means a housing program qualified by the corporation and administered or operated by the corporation or the United States or any of their political subdivisions, agencies, or Instrumentalities, corporate or otherwise [ L 1997, c 350, pt of §2, am L 1998, c 212, §23] AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 89 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 90 October 2005 SMS October 2005 SMS G AFFORDABILITY LEVELS BY COUNTY Each county calculates maximum affordable sales prices based on incomes, interest rates, and family sizes Assumptions must be made, in pricing units or qualifying buyers, about the importance of family size, the size of down payments, and the share of income that can be expected to go to housing costs The counties may change their approach from year to year, or even within the year Maui County has come to use separate income levels for Molokai and Lanai Islands In order to transform historical prices into affordability ratios, SMS used the approach already pioneered in the Housing Policy Study (2003) It was developed by Dr Michael Sklarz as Research Director for The Prudential Locations, Inc, using the HUD median income estimates and consistent assumptions about the share of income devoted to housing costs The prices treated as equivalent to 1 00 in terms of affordability are shown in Exhibit " Exhibit E-A AFFORDABLE HOME PRICES Year Interest rate "Affordable" Home Price Hawaii Honolulu Kauai County Countv County Maui Coun 1980 1230% $67,131 $86,967 $72,191 $78,406 1981 1442% $67,084 $86,905 $72,139 $78,349 1982 1374% $73,379 $95,062 $78,910 $85,702 1983 1270% $79,541 $103,046 $85,536 $92,899 1984 1273% $82,855 $107,336 $89,096 $96,767 1985 1196% $89,208 $115,567 $95,928 $104,189 1986 992% $102,007 $132,150 $109,696 $119,138 1987 954% $108,276 $140,271 $116,436 $126,459 1988 917% $115,483 $149,604 $124,183 $134,873 1989 983% $115,776 $149,984 $124,498 $135,217 1990 978% $118,685 $152,807 $129,441 $139,826 1991 860% $130,971 $167,477 $145,047 $155,589 1992 6 74 % $147,915 $196,195 $164,916 $182,276 1993 605% $153,958 $211,802 $172,843 $196,785 1994 653% $135,059 $199,681 $170,059 $144.896 1995 751% $163,029 $175,099 $126,134 $131,077 1996 717% $138,466 $182079 $156,883 $169,574 1997 758% $190,501 $157,853 $149,669 $190,836 1998 696% $183,206 $186,643 $185,341 $188,185 1999 721% $174,649 $194,430 $173,887 $201,156 2000 774% $167,814 $186,895 $167,031 $193,226 2001 701% $179,303 $237,081 $203,911 $222,980 2002 664% $199,016 $260,679 $218,818 $205,144 2003 553% $219,957 $291,546 $243,285 $227,856 2004 1 550% 1 $221,867 1 $297,585 1 $246,861 1 $230,977 AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 91 SMS October 2005 REFERENCES City and County of Honolulu, Department of Housing and Community Development "Project Fact Sheet Unilateral Agreement Affordable Housing Program Background, Goals & Administration " Unpublished doc Honolulu, HI 1997 City and County of Honolulu, Department of Planning and Permitting "Department of Planning and Permitting (DPP) Permit Fee Analysis" Unpublished document Honolulu, HI 2003 City and County of Honolulu, Department of Planning and Permitting "Affordable Housing Construction on Oahu as Required by Unilateral Agreements (as of 6/30/03) " Unpublished document Honolulu, HI, 2004 City and County of Honolulu, Department of Planning and Permitting "A Report on Affordable Units and Buyers under Ord 01-33 " Available as Communication D-242 (2005) to the Honolulu City Council, at htto //www4 honolulu gov/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-35118/Obx7wtmx Ddf County of Hawan General Plan Hilo, HI 2005 Monson, V 2005a "Jobs, Infrastructure Key to Housing Crisis" The Maui News January 6, 2005a Monson, V "Lawmakers concerned about trade-offs related to Hale Mua " The Maui News, August 24, 2005b Schaefers, A "Hawaii Housing is 'Booming'" Honolulu Star -Bulletin, May 3, 2005a Schaefers, A "Kauai Suffering Growing Pains'" Honolulu Star -Bulletin, September 28, 2005b Sklarz, M and N Miller, "How to Spot a Price Bubble" FNIS Valuation Services Perspective, vol 1, no 2 2003 SMS Research & Marketing Services, Inc Hawaii Housing Policy Study 2003 Update Honolulu, HI, 2003 SMS Research & Marketing Services, Inc Market Study in Response to Ordinance 01- 33, City and County of Honolulu Prepared for Land Use Research Foundation and submitted to City Council as Communication M-1815 (2005) Available at MID //www4 honolulu gov/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-36237/Onwiwgax Ddf Honolulu, HI, 2005 US Department of Housing and Urban Development Why Not in Our Community Removing Barriers to Affordable Housing Washington, DC 2005a Available at MID //www huduser ora/Publications/Ddf/wnioc odf US Department of Housing and Urban Development U S Housing Market Conditions First Quarter, 2005 Washington, DC 2005b AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY STUDY Page 92 SMS October 2005 Appendix J. LEED Calculations, References, and Case Studies LA'Ipala Heights/Makai LEED CONTENTS Water Efficiency Calculations Landscape Calculations LEED Source Materials Case Studies I October 26, 2007 GROt II' i C) , , Department of Water Supply 345 Kekuanaoa St Suite 20 R—, W. Hilo, HI 96720 Arth D FA. AICP Hmn..G1 —xi AIA AV ASID Dear Mr Pavao shellB $em,an Hde ASA As requested duringour Wednesday, October 17, 2007 meeting, this letter summaries the '—'A �' RO H MMS AW CSI James I N'4.- AV anticipated water savings achievable for the LA'ipala Heights/Makai projects under LEED SlephenH lien AIA (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) mechanisms LMC. c M'. Aa C n I A. AICP LA'lpala Makai (TMK (3) 7-7-08 121) - 65 Units Ch.rlee t Keneshim AIA LEED 50 Allotted water credits - 7,300,000 gallons (per year) Jenrey H ownon A.P .-V. M.... R,n1da AICP I—L 51— AV LEED Baseline Case (er ear) 9,490,000 gallons Design Case (per year) I 4,526,730 gallons Peal P Cha,nev AIA Total Savin(per ear) A x 48% Ph1xpT C-1 GSI CDT K—,, E,en. AV La lvala Heights(TMK (3) 7-7-08 105/113) - 202 Units Pete C C.1— $amdn Hal., 134 Allotted water credits -19,564,000 gallons (per year) RoyA 11rou4'e AV CSI Baseline Case (per ear) I 29,492,000 gallons Kamem,eM MacNsll Aw Desi Case (Mr ear) I 14,067,684 gallons MIAs Mau FranA B McCue Total Savin(Er ear) A x 48% h9wika McNeegue Rosa K Mgg ,, ALA For complete unit by unit calculations please refer to the enclosed document hathn'n A Nam K—C Palo Having now provided this requested summary, we hope to receive approval from your D.nna D Fennmglen department for development of the project's 267 total units We understand this approval hbnbwly Pdkx,— AIA LEED T.,w— is contingent upon provision of a master meter, xenscape landscaping of common areas, S,. Ton, Young AV and later review of actual water usage by the first phases of the project Rabenp B 1.— AIA Please feel free to contact Group 70 International, Inc with questions regarding this Ralph E P-1— AICP rn course, summary document Sincerely, GROUP 70 INTERNATIONAL, INC George Atta, AICP Principal Cc Kona Heights, LLC Enclosures I Baseline totals calculated as 400 gallons/unit/day365 days 'total unit count Group 70 Intematlunal Inc • Architecture • Planning • Interior Desgn Blnlding Dlag—tics Asselc Managelnenl Em-1—tal Servmes 925 Bethel Street Sib Floor• Hondulu Ha"i196813-4307, PI, (808) 523-5866 Fax (808) 523 5374 ~ grmlp70mtcum mads Qgroup701nt coin Lafpsla Heigh. 1009W LEED Wa.r ERk.ncy A." l pa.Heigh. 100grp'0 70TAL DAILY -LME — A----- MOM ------m- m��mom�mm�� LEED Wa.r ERk.ncy A." l pa.Heigh. 100grp'0 Grwp ]O lntenNbnal 1 M I Droop a0 hnenv 1 LEED Waler E(r—q A.1ys. 2.1 `.i-•__..,,�..�• � .....-.. ... �•..ew m..•.s•,^a a+�,.�+r++ "mm."m"n� "r"".m+M p•".+�.�1 ! � i. _ _ .. - � � ».. .✓ .._ - .. - _. i ,- ..-_ ,- _ —_ - .,. ..._ 70TAL DAILY -LME MOM Grwp ]O lntenNbnal 1 M I Droop a0 hnenv 1 LEED Waler E(r—q A.1ys. 2.1 `.i-•__..,,�..�• � .....-.. ... �•..ew m..•.s•,^a a+�,.�+r++ "mm."m"n� "r"".m+M p•".+�.�1 ! � i. _ _ .. - � � ».. .✓ .._ - .. - _. i ,- ..-_ ,- _ —_ - .,. ..._ LEED Warr Eftk—q A-" Lapels He Ors 1009 W Lai p,I, Hayne loo qpa a a � c�aap 10 Mlrwnawi Grasp �o Inrrrurwryl LEED Water Eff—cyAwlysls moZ ®gym ��M�m ------------ Lai p,I, Hayne loo qpa a a � c�aap 10 Mlrwnawi Grasp �o Inrrrurwryl LEED Water Eff—cyAwlysls 15 OCTOBER 2007 PROJECT LAIPALA HEIGHTS SUBJECT WATER EFFICIENT LANDSCAPING OF INDIVIDUAL LOTS AND PARI Prepared by Walters Kimura Motodo Inc MID SUMMER BASELINE FOR KAILUA-KONA Industry standard Apply one inch of water per week on lawns in cool non and climates Apply 2 inches of water per week on lawns m hot and climates In Hawai standard practice Is Apply 1 1/2 Inches of water per week on lawns Apply 1 Inch of water per week on ground covers Untiring those rotes the estimated water demand base can be calculated as follows FOR 1 1/2' SO FT -43560 SO FT 2 40 731 GPW"]DAYS =GPI FOR SOFT - 43560 SO FT x 27154 GPW*7 DAYS =GPC Based on an application rate of 1 I /2 per week estimated baseine water demands me m follows Sq FT per GPD per lot/urvl lot/und Makai Parcel 65 Lots 3028 404 478119 Multi -Family Housing - 96 Units 765 102 188164 Cluster Housing - 76 Units 1538 205 444963 Single Family 3405 454 837515 Park 119656 1 5983 5647 Retail 26120 34890913 Note Baseline planting consists of Coconuts, small to medium sued canopy trees such as Halo Kukvi and HowaBan KW and lawn To reduce the estimated baseline water demands for residential and retail by 40% the following reductions could be implemented 25% of total landscape s4 It would remain in re not (i e a a lava rock outcroppnsgsl 25% of the remaining landscape sq it would be lawn 75% of the remaining landscape sq B would be in ground cover Note Baseline planting consists of flowering tropicols such as Gingen Spider Lily Gardenia and Hibiscus and ground cover such as Dwarf Lata a Fens (in addition to plants noted above) S% FT per Lawn Ground RE NAT GPD per % OF lot/unit cover lot/ural REDUCTION Makai Parcel- 65 Lots 2271 56775 170325 757 2275189 -0 44 Multi-FamBy Housing - 96 Units 574 1435 4305 191 25 57 50589 -0 44 Cluster Housing - 76 Units 1153 28825 86475 384 5 115 5127 .044 Single Family 2554 638 5 19155 651 25 2558711 .044 Retail 19590 48975 146425 6530 1962614 -044 Drought tolerant species appropriate for this area and that can be incorporated to further reduce water demand include Acacia Koala (endemic) Plumena Ohm ABl Royal Pomona Thornless Klawe Silver Trumpet Tree Hibiscus wainece (endemic) Kulu I (enderinc) No (endemic) life a Akio (endemic) 14ma papa Whle there me no published crop coeff(aancy data lar these plants the industry does recognize that When planted in the correct habitat and once established in the ground (Hawmion plants) will be able to grow with less Irrigation and be able to handle drought conditions " water demand for the park could be reduced with the Inlrodu ton of re -not at the parking lot and between the park and multi family housing or 15% less water Pare. 119 656 101 708 17 948 13586 08 (*The pathways within the park were not included in the breakdown as shown on the conceptual landscape plan the opprosimate sq H of the walkways was 12 000 s I ) A rain sensor could also be provided to automatically shut off the migation system after a pm -determined amount of,— had 1a7en References 9mgoton System Design by Hunter Industries Inc (1998) "Native Howalon Plants" by Board of Water Supply CaC of Honolulu No — Plants for Water Conservation presented by Amy Tsuneyoshi Watershed Planner lm Renewable Natural Resources Extensors fm the College of TfopcmI Agriculture and Hunan Resources "Mous County Planting Plan prepared by Maui Comfy Arbo if Committee (rev 19941 Using Trees to Save Energy" published by CTAHR (1998) VIA E-MAIL DATED (9/23/07) Existing Conditions/Baseline Calculations The Average Dally water use is 400 gallons per day per single family home The Maximum Daily water usage per single family home is 600 gallons per day per home For the Makai property which consists of 65 single family homes, the average daily water use would be 26,000 gallons per day, the maximum daily water usage would be 39,000 gallons per day Average daily wastewater flows including infiltration are estimated at 22,100 gpd (0 02 mgd) for the 65 single family homes on parcel 121 Average daily wastewater flows for the 103 single family and 96 multifamily units are estimated at 56,524 gpd (0 06 mgd) for parcels 105 and 113 Nancy E Burns P E, LLC 73-1487 Hao Street Kailua Kona, HI 96740 Tel (808) 325-3182 Fax (808) 325-1065 `'"' P•--•-..�+1 I f'^°^.."^I tea""."` .-".. .r . w,...-. � � J {{�m'""�� I � �,�.--+..., FERE Consumer's Guide Reduce Hot Water Use for Energy Savings Page 1 of 3 US. Department of Energy -Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy A Consumer s ;)cline Y, EVIPe 9y Et;ici^licy and Renevv.ihl- F-Ietgy Reduce Hot Water Use for Energy Savings You can lower your water heating costs by using and wasting less hot water in your home To conserve hot water, you can fix leaks, install low -flow fixtures, and purchase an energy-efficient dishwasher and clothes washer Fix Leaks You can significantly reduce hot water use by simply repairing leaks in fixtures—faucets and showerheads—or pipes A leak of one drip per second can cost $1 per month If your water heater's tank leaks, you need a new water heater Install Low -Flow Fixtures Federal regulations mandate that new showerhead flow rates can't exceed more than 2 5 gallons per minute (gpm) at a water pressure of 80 pounds per square inch (psi) New faucet flow rates can't exceed 2 5 gpm at 80 psi or 2 2 gpm at 60 psi You can purchase some quality, low -flow fixtures for around $10 to $20 a piece and achieve water savings of 25-60% Showerheads For maximum water efficiency, select a shower head with a flow rate of less than 2 5 gpm There are two basic types of low -flow showerheads aerating and laminar -flow Aerating showerheads mix air with water, forming a misty spray Laminar -flow showerheads form individual streams of water If you live In a humid climate, you might want to use a laminar -flow showerhead because it won't create as much steam and moisture as an aerating one Before 1992, some showerheads had flow rates of 5 5 gpm Therefore, if you have fixtures that pre -date 1992, you might want to replace them If you're not sure of their flow rates Here's a quick test to determine whether you should replace a showerhead 1 Place a bucket—marked In gallon increments—under your shower head 2 Turn on the shower at the normal water pressure you use 3 Time how many seconds it takes to fill the bucket to the 1 -gallon (3 8 liter) mark If it takes less than 20 seconds to reach the 1 -gallon mark, you could benefit from a low - flow shower head Faucets The aerator—the screw -on tip of the faucet—ultimately determines the maximum flow rate of a faucet Typically, new kitchen faucets come equipped with aerators that restrict flow rates to 2 2 gpm, while new bathroom faucets have ones that restrict flow rates from 15to05gpm Aerators are inexpensive to replace and they can be one of the most cost-effective water conservation measures For maximum water efficiency, purchase aerators that have flow rates of no more than 1 0 gpm Some aerators even come with shut-off valves that allow you to stop the flow of water without affecting the temperature When replacing an aerator, bring the one you're replacing to the store with you to ensure a proper fit Purchase Energy -Efficient Dishwashers and Clothes Washers blip //www core energy gov/consumes%your home/watulicatm,/index L6n4nytopic=130 9121/2007 EEKE Consumer's Lrulde Keduce Hot Water Use for Cocrgy zavings Page 2 of s The biggest cost of washing dishes and clothes comes from the energy required to heat the water You'll significantly reduce your energy costs if you purchase and use an energy-efficient dishwasher and clothes washer Dishwashers It s commonly assumed that washing dishes by hand saves hot water However, washing dishes by hand several time a day can be more expensive than operating an energy- efficient dishwasher You can consume less energy with an energy-efficient dishwasher when properly used and when only operating it with full loads When purchasing a new dishwasher, check the EnergyGuide label to see how much energy it uses Dishwashers fall into one of two categories compact capacity and standard capacity Although compact -capacity dishwashers may appear to be more energy efficient on the EnergyGuide Label, they hold fewer dishes, which may force you to use It more frequently In this case, your energy costs could be higher than with a standard -capacity dishwasher One feature that makes a dishwasher more energy efficient is a booster heater A booster heater increases the temperature of the water entering the dishwasher to the 140°F recommended for cleaning Some dishwashers have built-in boosters, while others require manual selection before the wash cycle begins Some also only activate the booster during the heavy-duty cycle Dishwashers with booster heaters typically cost more, but they pay for themselves with energy savings in about 1 year If you also lower the water temperature on your water heater Another dishwasher feature that reduces hot water use is the availability of cycle selections Shorter cycles require less water, thereby reducing energy cost If you want to ensure that your new dishwasher is energy efficient, purchase one with an ENERGY STAR label Clothes Washers Unlike dishwashers, clothes washers don't require a minimum temperature for optimum cleaning Therefore, to reduce energy costs, you can use either cold or warm water for most laundry loads Cold water Is always sufficient for rinsing Inefficient clothes washers can cost three times as much to operate than energy-efficient ones Select a new machine that allows you to adjust the water temperature and levels for different loads Efficient clothes washers spin-dry your clothes more effectively too, saving energy when drying as well Also, front -loading machines use less water and, consequently, less energy than top loaders Small -capacity clothes washers often have better EnergyGuide label ratings However, a reduced capacity might increase the number of loads you need to run, which could Increase your energy costs If you want to ensure that your new clothes washer is energy efficient, purchase one with an ENERGY STAR label Related Information • Install Heat Traps on a Water Heater Tank for Energy Savings • Lower Water Heating Temperature for Energy Savings http //www eere energy godconsumer/your_ home/water_heaung/index efmmiytopic=130 9/21/2007 FERE Consumer's Guide Reduce Hot Water Use for Energy Savings Page 3 of 3 Jankless-Water-Heater Page 1 of4 • Insulate Your Water Heater Tank for Energy Savings • Insulate Hot Water Pipes for Energy Savings • Drain -Water Heat Recovery • Install a Timer and Use Off -Peak Power for Electric Water Heaters • Selecting a New Water Heater Learn More Evaluation Tools • WaterAide DOC fitni(tirn L r ,j T^h WATERGY i,np rtvil,l n_ r, i7, Slit• • WaterWiser Drip Calculator Product Information • Clothes Washers Lai_n!-• Sfhi� • Dishwashers • Water Saving Gadgets Make a Splash 51, hr, fneig/ �, i'zi I - Related Links • H2ouse org „ a ' Consumer s Guide Home I EERE Home I U S Department of Energy Webmaster i Web Site Policies I Security & Privacy I USA gov Content Last Updated September 12, 2005 http //www eere energy gov/coilstlmc'/Your—lioiiie/watcr—hc,itiiig/index cfm/mytopic=130 9!21%2007 �t EISCO �t1 •N Y f , S a. ,. :, �bt�Uil�fer' t IIOM� i- tbAiMAllf1 t AT K #`:; iiiTRNT Disi*19MRt IlrARNAPiTT MNt'a1CT �YRCNA.: � - tMkEYARTi(lff l,?- RIltO'-1Nn6RMM10R z ,Olk4 1NFDhWIT10N.;'tQMa1lRNTt CN•L7ti anklesc NNiter CONSTRUCTION: Setsco heating chambers are modular and molded of fight weight thermoplastic materials The chamber is specifically engineeted Hcatcr s Set vice for durability to harsh water heating environments and capable of ('little withstanding extreme temperature swings and pressure changes Heating Rsmovc r Repair elements, sensors and detection devices, that come in contact with the water, are machined in brass or made ofcopper to help resist corrosion Standard 1 _ inch, flanged screw-type heating elements are uti117ed which are interchangeable with heating elements available at local hardware stores B,\C,K 101OP" http //ww%v setsco com/pages/gcneral-description himl 9/21/2007 GENERAL PRODUCT DESCRIPiON I ANKI FSS b1( h to lan6ks. 11 vier 11t.n, I intim, (,urdt �kkIFR HF A 1 FRS SIZE. Seisco Water Heatets are manufactured in two basic sores, a large Models apt PTiLC4 four-chamber unit (15 x 15 " x 6 _") and a smaller two -chamber unit (15 _" " x 10 2 x 6 _) The same advanced microprocessor technology and faukless T� ater thermoplastic construction are used in both sizes Theretore, many of the pat is {Iearei Product are interchangeable Guide Description Specification MODELS There ate three models of each sve available The four-chamber malcls arc RA -18, RA -22, & RA -28 These models are designed generally for domestic water heating to whole house and booster applications Also, the l ankh s «ater two -chamber models are RA -9, RA -11, & RA -14 1 he two -chamber models Heater kpplications are designed for space heating applications and point -of -use in commercial Residential • applications The available models and their descriptions are listed on pages Communal following this section. Refer to Tankless Water Heater Applications for more design and application details I ankles R atei Iieater Flectrical FEATURES There are no mos mg parts or Flow restricting devices used to (.uulr Seisco heaters Seisco uses a unique Flowino flow detection system utilizing SL—Le Calculations itOs temperature sensors for Flow detection in standby, the heater maintains a very subtle temperature gradient and flow is detected when there is a change i ankless N%iter in the gradient The advanced microprocessor control turns the power on Heater lntlallation through a set of relays and tums the power off when flow stops The most Plumbing / 6lectneel important feature may he the patented "Power Sharing" technology which provides for evenly distributed power to the heating elements This in turn, fanklcs+ Nt ate r helps eliminate scalding potential, scaling and sediment build -tip Also, the Ueatet ( ost control logic allows the power level to vary which is beneficial in minimizing ( omparisons the use of power for periods of less demanding usage Reports/ Listings anklesc NNiter CONSTRUCTION: Setsco heating chambers are modular and molded of fight weight thermoplastic materials The chamber is specifically engineeted Hcatcr s Set vice for durability to harsh water heating environments and capable of ('little withstanding extreme temperature swings and pressure changes Heating Rsmovc r Repair elements, sensors and detection devices, that come in contact with the water, are machined in brass or made ofcopper to help resist corrosion Standard 1 _ inch, flanged screw-type heating elements are uti117ed which are interchangeable with heating elements available at local hardware stores B,\C,K 101OP" http //ww%v setsco com/pages/gcneral-description himl 9/21/2007 T ankless-Water-Healer Page 2 of 4 r SAFETY AND MAINTENANCE: Seisco was designed with a complete array of dependable safety features to prevent hams to the user and the heater There are several redundant safety features as well They include, dual high temperature switches on independent circuitry in addition to the conlrolOs internal high tcmperaturc shut down Dual low level detectors are used to prevent dry firing of the heating elements and a Ieak detector is mounted on SI -ND 10 A the casing that in the event ofa leak, sounds an alarm to the user Although I. RI F11) the control board is protected against electrical surges, additional heater protection is achieved when the relays are opened during periods of standby, providing no path for the surge to leach the heating elements Also, the chamber is designed with a patented venting system that continuously vents harmful gasses and air during operation The microprocessor control is programmed to provide self diagnostics that significantly reduces trouble shooting and service time in the event ofa problem with the heater, the control emits a visual or optional built -tit audible code There is no maintenance required of the Scisco However, there are clean-out plates below the heater chamber to allow remo%at of sand and grit that may build-up from awe][ water system POWER RATING file four-chamber models contain four electric heating elements whose combined wattage is the total power rating of the heater For instance, the standard RA -28 model contains four 7000 watt elements for a total of 28,000 watts, or 28 kilowatts (kW) ofpower The V.vo-chamber model, RA -14, contains only two 7000 watt elements for a total power rating of 14,000 watts, or 14 kilowatts (kW) However, because of SelscoOs "Power Sharing" technology, the heater may not always use the maximum available power The power output can vary with flow rate and temperature rise Refer to the Product Specifications Table for the maximum power ratings of each model HEATiNG OUTPUT. The heating output of the Seisco is simply the total kilowatt power rating of the combined heating elements converted to BTUas using 3,413 BTUAW For instance, the RA -28 has a total power rating of 28 kW or a 95,564 BTU heat output rating The four-chamber models have the higher output ratings, 61,434 B f1J6s for tine RA -18 model, and 75,086 BTUos for the RA -22 model The lower output two -chamber models, arc, 47,782 B7 Ups for the RA -14, 37,543 BTUC)s for the RA -1 I, and 30,717 BTU6s for the RA -9 These ratings vary with the operating voltage or service voltage to the heater Refer to the Product Specifications I able for the B 11J ratings of cath model B AC K -1 O 1 OP VOLTAGE RATING: Scisco heaters arc manufactured with common 240 volt (AC) heating elements designed for optimum operation on a standard tesidentral 240 volt (AC) clecli tic service Also, the Seisco will operate at 208 VAC, a typical commcicial voltage, with standard 240 VAC heating elements However, when operating the heater at 208 VAC, the power rating and the heat output rating is significantly reduced Scisco models can be special ordered with 208 VAC heating elements to help maximize the power yankless-Water- Heater Page 3 of4 and heating output Refer to the Product Specifications Table for details on the various voltage ratings MAXIMUM CURRENT RATING Bach Seisco Model has a maximum electrical current rating (or amp rating) equivalent to the sum of the heating element ratings For example, a four-chamber model, RA -28, operating at 240 VAC has four heating elements, each with a maximum rating of 29 amps The maximum current rating or total current rating of the RA -28 is therefore 116 amps or the suns of the four heating elements However, because of SeiscoOs "Power Modulating Technology", the actual current measured during relatively low flow rides and/or low temperature u ises can be less than the maximum rating of the heater during operation Refer to the A (max) or maximum amp rating under "Electrical" in the Product Specifications Table for each model TEMPERAT URE RISE: The temperature rise must be determined in order to help choose the appropriate Scisco heater The rise can be determined by knowing the input water temperature and the desired output temperature of the heater The Sciscot3s output temperature is typically set fon about 120 degrees F at the factory Therefore, if the input or cold water Inlet temperature is 50 degices f, then the temperature rise is the difference or 70 degrees f If the desired output temperature is 125 degrees F, then the temperature rise would be 75 degrees F With the temperature rise determined, the Product Specification Table provides the associated flow rate capacity of the various Seisco models FLOW RATE: The flow rate for each model is given in the "Temperature Rise" table of the Product Spccutication Table Along with the temperature rise, the flow rate must also be determined in order to choose the appropriate Seisco heater The flow rate us determined by the type of fmcet and also, life style Refer to the chart below for typical faucet flow rates in the home However, of the desned life style in the home requires running multiple faucets at the same time, then the flow rates must be added together to detemune the peak flow demand The Seisco or the possibility of multiple SciscoOs should be selected to match the peak flow rate RACK TO TOP'? Below are typical flow rates fon new residential constriction There may be exceptions with new designci type fixtures and faucets For instance, huge custom body spa showers, whirl pool and Jacuzzi tubs may have faucets with flow rates ranging from 7 gpm to 14 gpm Howevcr, a combination of multiple Scisco heaters (preferably plumbed in a parallel configuration) can be installed to match these higher flow rates The same peak design approach would be necessary for the anticipated life style of multiple flow rates occurring at the same time Otherwise, use the table below and match the Seisco according to the peak flow and assouated temperature rise ofa single tub or showver Typical Flow Rates In Gallons per Minute (gpm) http //www Scisco coni/pages/general-description hull 9/21/2007 http //www Scisco comlp igcs/general-dcscrtption hull 9/21/2007 I ankless-Water-Heater Page 4 Ot 4 Fixture Type f avatory Bathtub Shower Kitchen Sink Pantry Sink Laundry Sink Dishwaah Flow Rates 0 8-1 5 2 0-4 0 1 5-30 10-1 5 1 5-25 2 5-3 0 2 0-3 0 Home 11 Tankless Company introduction 11 Tankless Patent Information 11 Tankless Distribution 11 Contact Us a LINKS 11 Tankless Product information 11 Tankless Application 11 Tankless Tankless Water Heater Installation 11 Trouble Shooting 11 Buy On 1 www michaeishawdesign corn http //www scisco coni/pages/gcnei-al-description himl Water conservation lips for the home Page I of4 Cfizen At'i6 Maiylaid gov Qilale Sery y snxi T�vn4so• s -,—q • 0 ♦ s�Ga.Oer Contact us I)II'1141\IINI 01 1111 FNtIRONMINI r-- Current Conditions Previous Household Tips Conditions Water Marylanders have access to an abundance of water much of the time, so the importance Conservation of clean water Is often overlooked For most of us, water use Is a habit We are , Factsheet accustomed to having water available at the twist of a faucet We usually do not think Business and about how much water we use Industry Tips Household Tips AVERAGE DAILY WATER USE Water Auditing Governor's Be aware of how much water you use[ Awareness is the first step in conservation The Advisory average Maryland citizen person uses almost 100 gallons of water per person per day on Committee the following activities water • Toilet Conservation • Bathing & hygiene , Resources • Laundry Water • Kitchen Conservation • Housekeeping Home • Outdoor Activities Q info Centers for Indoor water use by fixture is shown in the following graph Indoor Per Capita Use yy Fixture Source AWWA, 1999 Q To MOE Homepage 9/21/2007 blip /hkww mdc stale and us/Progrdms/Water Plogranls/Wawr_Conservditon/Household_TI 9/2012007 Water conservation tips for the home Page 2 of 4 You can determine your average daily water use by conducting a Household Water Audit WATER SAVINGS The amount of savings depends on current water consumption habits, water, sewer and energy costs, current flow rates of fixtures and flush volumes of toilets, system pressure, and the amount of water leakage through fittings and toilets Water can be conserved by making improvements in the home or by modifying behavior Retrofit or Replace Water Fixtures Water -saving devices are economical and permanent Low -flow showerheads and faucet aerators save valuable water and energy used to heat water without requiring changes in personal water use habits The following chart highlights how much water can be conserved by installing water -saving equipment in place of conventional plumbing fixtures, fittings and appliances Conventional Water Use Water Saving Water Use Water Savings Fixture/Appliance {gallons) Fixture/Appliance (gallons) (gallons) 4. 6 Low Consumption 1 6 per 24-44 Vintage Toilet* per flush Toilet*** Flush per flush Conventional Toilet** 3 5 per Rush to. Consumption Toilet*** 1 6 per flush 19 gal/flush Conventional 3 10 per Low -Flow 2-2 S per 0 5 8 per 5howerhead* min Showerhead min min 3.6 per flow Regulating 05-2 5 05- 55 Faucet Aerator* mon Aerator per min per Mtn 40.55 per Front -Loading 22-25 per 15 - 33 Top -Loading Washer load Washer load per load " Manufactured before 1978 ** Manufactured from 1978 to 1993 *** Manufactured since January 1, 1994 Repair All Leaks A dripping faucet is more than annoying It is expensive Even small leaks can waste significant amounts of water Hot water leaks are a waste of water and of the energy used to heat the water Leaks inside the toilet can waste up to 20o gallons of water a day Toilet leaks can be detected by adding a few drops of food coloring to water In the toilet tank If the colored water appears in the bowl, the toilet is leaking If you have a leaking faucet or toilet, stop pouring money down the drain and repair it How To Save Water In The Bathroom • When constructing a new home or remodeling your bathroom, Install low consumption (1 6 gal/flush) toilets • Place a weighted plastic one-half gallon )ug or a toilet dam in the tanks of conventional toilets to displace and save water with each flush • Install low -Flow aerators and showerheads They are inexpensive, easy to install, and save water and energy Water conservation tips for the home Page 3 of4 • Do not let the faucet flow while brushing your teeth or shaving Use a glass of water for rinsing teeth • Take showers instead of tub baths Consider bathing small children together • If your shower has a single -handle control or shut off valve, turn off the flow while soaping or shampooing • Leaking diverter valves (valves which divert water from the tub spout to the showerhead) should be replaced How To Save Water In The Kitchen And Laundry Room • Refrigerate a pitcher of drinking water instead of letting a faucet now until the water is cold enough to drink • Use a dishpan or plug the sink for washing and rinsing dishes Install a low -flow aerator on all faucets • Do not pre -rinse dishes prior to loading in a dishwasher Prerinsing is an unnecessary and wasteful use of water • Operate the washing machine and dishwasher only when they are fully loaded • Use the proper water level or load size selection on the washing machine • When purchasing a washing machine or dishwasher, consider water consumption as well as energy efficiency Most manufacturers now provide this Information to consumers How To Save Water Outside The Home Watering of lawns and gardens can double normal household water use during the hot, dry summer months At standard household water pressures, a garden hose will discharge up to 10 gallons of water per minute To apply an inch of water to 1,000 square feet of lawn or garden requires close to 1,000 gallons of water Watering should be limited to gardens, and newly planted lawns and landscaped areas Established lawns and landscape plantings will usually survive without watering Inadequate watering encourages shallow root growth and Increases the risk of mortality When water Is scarce, your community or Individual water supply should be reserved for your most essential needs • Equip your hose with an automatic shut-off nozzle • Use a broom, not a hose, to clean driveways, steps and sidewalks • Water your garden during the coolest part of the day Do not water on windy days • Use mulch around shrubs and garden plants to reduce evaporation from the soil surface and cut down on weed growth Also see Swimming Pool Tips, Car Washing Tips, Home Gardener Tips, and Building a Rain Barrel ( pdf) HOW TO SAVE WATER IN THE COMMUNITY • Survey water users within large water using facilities and develop plans to reduce water use • Encourage a community-based service organization such as a scout group, service club or church youth group to start a water conservation program Water conservation is stewardship of our natural resources • Encourage use of drought tolerant vegetation In outdoor landscaping at large facilities and community sites • Retrofit older buildings and facilities with water -efficient plumbing fixtures http /iwWw mde state and us/Progiams/WaterPrograms/Water_ Conscrvatlon/l louschold_1) 9/20/2007 http //www mde state and us/Programs/W iterYrograms/Water_Conservation/Houschotd_I 1 9/20/2007 Water conservation tips for the home Page 4 of 4 Contact Us About MDE Site index Pnvacy Notice Accessibility Translate 1800 Washington Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21230 Tel (410) 537-3000 Toll Free (800) 633-6101 Maryland Department of the Environment I ®Copyright 2002-2007 1 All rights reserved httP //www mde state and us/Prograiiis,WiteiProgranis/Watci_Conservi(ion/Hotl-,ehold—TI 9/20/2007 H2ousc org About Us Page t of 2 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH I� Feedback HEU 0 This website was developed by the California Urban Water Conservation Council under a cooperative agreement with the U' Environmental Protection Agency The Council is a consensus - based partnership of over 315 urban water suppliers, public •- - - advocacy organizations, and other interested parties concerned with water supply and conservation of natural resources In California The Council was created to oversee the 1991 Memorandum of Understanding Regarding Urban Water Conservation in California, which sets forth Best Management Practices for the efficient use of water in urban areas in the state The websde address is www cuwcc org If you are interested in creating a link for your organization to Water Saver's Home web site using the 1090, please send an ema to webmaster@cuwcc or with the subject line Link to Water Saver's Home Web Site with your request for a copy of the graph logo Thank you for visiting the Water Saver's Home web site Please tell us what you think or offer us suggestions for improvements b using our feedback page, which sends us an email with your s M,p,r+*rasiawir°m. comments `• Sincerely, a'�an i• nr uenae T,,e Project Team Mary Ann Dickinson Executive Director, California Urban ` Water Conservation Council John Flowers Water Efficiency Program Manager United States Environmental Protection Agency 1 1(�tr,u raft ere r� Lisa Maddaus Pro)ect Manager, Brown and Caldwell Consultants Tom Ash HydroPoint Data Systems, Inc Greg Young Jel Productions, in partnership with Byron Buck & Associates Rick Thomas Legacy Collaborative Carrie Pryor John Koelier Koeller and Company HydrePofnt Julio Sanchez ConserVrsion Consulting LLC 1 Lisa Wood Owner, Lisa Wood Design Peter Mayer Vice President Aquacraft, Inc Conserl` it Vision Volunteer time and materials were generously donated by the following individuals and organizations i ' Chris Dundon Water Conservation Supervisor, Contra Costa Water District Cindy Hansen Water Resources Specialist, http /twwW h2ouse org/about'ntdex chn 9/20/2007 H2ouse ora About Us P age 2 of 2 San Diego County Water Authority Ali Davidson Water Conservation Specialist, Sonoma County Water Agency Luis Generoso Water Resources Manager, Dan Carney City of San Diego Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources 1 Latest Netvs I About Us I Search cp Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve contact webmaster H2ouse org TakeAction I odet Waler Use Toilet Water Use f Y•• I .{l. Twirl 26 7'r Figure i National indoor per capita use percent by fixture (Mayer, et. al. 1999) Table 1 Toilet Water use rates, non -conserving and conserving homes Source DeOreo, et al 2001 Page I of I hap //www h2ousc oig/aboul/ ndex efm 9/26/2007 blip //www h2ouse org'actlon/dctalls/printable CIn1"dLtion ID -1 12521 C5-ES89-45A5-A08 9/25/2007 Non- Conservmg Conserving Difference Homes Homes Average Flush 3 61 gal per 1 54 gal per -2 07 gal Volume Rush flush Dally Per 19 8allons g 9 1 gallons -9 7 gallons Capita Use Flushes 0 29 Per Capita 5 17 flushes 5 46 flushes Flushes/day Per Day Source DeOreo, et al 2001 Page I of I hap //www h2ousc oig/aboul/ ndex efm 9/26/2007 blip //www h2ouse org'actlon/dctalls/printable CIn1"dLtion ID -1 12521 C5-ES89-45A5-A08 9/25/2007 H2ouse org Take Action Totict Water Savings page 1 of 1 H2ouse org Tour Toilet Wastewater Swings Page 1 of 2 Toilet Water Savings Replacing your old toilet can save water - lots of water A recent study conducted in Seattle measured water use in single-family homes before and after installation of high efficiency toilets (Mayer, et at 2000) About half of the toilets installed were standard 1 6 gallon per flush (gpf) models The other half were dual flush toilets that offer a 0 8 gallon flush for liquid and a 1 6 gallon flush for solids The results are shown below In Table 1 Table 1: Water use In homes with standard, 1 6 gallon, and dual flush toilets What happens when a family of four replaces all their toilets with new high efficiency models Figure 1 shows a projection of the difference to water use for the standard non -conserving toilet, 1 6 gpf model, and dual flush model The family would save more than 14,000 gallons of water per year by Installing 1 6 gpf toilets and more than 17,000 gallons of water per year by Installing dual flush toilets' rr ru f e;a Avg Gallons Avg Gallons per c o • on per Flush Person Per Day Non-conserving3 61 188 Home and wastewater All water savings achieved by your new toilets Conserving home 1 54 9 1 (1 6 gpf toilet) family homes before and after Installation of high efficiency tollet� Conserving home 1 25 69 (dual flush toilet) dual flush toilets that offer a 0 8 gallon flush for liquid and a 1 6 What happens when a family of four replaces all their toilets with new high efficiency models Figure 1 shows a projection of the difference to water use for the standard non -conserving toilet, 1 6 gpf model, and dual flush model The family would save more than 14,000 gallons of water per year by Installing 1 6 gpf toilets and more than 17,000 gallons of water per year by Installing dual flush toilets' rr ru f e;a Toilet Wastewatef Savings d print Pe Avg. Gallons per c o • on per Flush In many places you are charged for wastewater based on the 4 a amount of water used In some areas, wastewater charges are 168 - _vt and wastewater All water savings achieved by your new toilets � Y rear 91 A recent study conducted In Seattle measured water use in single family homes before and after Installation of high efficiency tollet� r (DeOreo, et at 2001) About half of the toilets Installed were 6 9 3` v� dual flush toilets that offer a 0 8 gallon flush for liquid and a 1 6 a gallon flush for solids The results are shown below in Table 1 nM r,�.a.ne eaMnrlti,<me emno Argreme M • Iawir,ry � knlwl I r epi t<rrU rues ru,n Ictal Figure 1` Annual toilet water usage with different fixtures. Nip /hiww h2ouse olgiaction/details/puntable ctm9action1D=78FA9A8B-2750-4B2fi-88 9;25/2007 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH �— Agraphic -based tool to navigate around the house for Info -11 „ 1-1- " , - , H13i What happens when a family of four replaces all their toilets with new high efficiency models Figure 1 shows a projection of the difference In wastewater volumes for the standard non-conserwn, toilet, 1 6 gpf model, and dual flush model The family would reduce wastewater volume by more than 14,000 gallons of water per year by installing 1 6 gpf toilets and more than 17 000 gallon of wastewater per year by Installing dual flush toilets' ar W <' c uI- ta.»e U - _ 4 u cel G.r i J - MC+CeII•Alv•e Ga'�fMmir<K CMStl,kp trn�t Nc „lar.+LIY neopr to len bWl r,in toilri Figure 1 Annual toilet wastewater usage with different fixtures. help /;www h2ouse org/lour/detaik/clement actlon_contents cfin c1crncnt1D=5812B5A5- 9/2512007 Toilet Wastewatef Savings d print Pe Avg. Gallons per per Flush In many places you are charged for wastewater based on the Non -conserving amount of water used In some areas, wastewater charges are 168 higher than water rates' Replacing your old toilet can save water and wastewater All water savings achieved by your new toilets Conserving home will result In Identical wastewater savings 91 A recent study conducted In Seattle measured water use in single family homes before and after Installation of high efficiency tollet� Conserving home (DeOreo, et at 2001) About half of the toilets Installed were 6 9 standard 1 6 gallon per flush (gpf) models The other half were dual flush toilets that offer a 0 8 gallon flush for liquid and a 1 6 gallon flush for solids The results are shown below in Table 1 Table 1: Wastewater use in homes with standard, 1 6 gallon, and dual flush toilets What happens when a family of four replaces all their toilets with new high efficiency models Figure 1 shows a projection of the difference In wastewater volumes for the standard non-conserwn, toilet, 1 6 gpf model, and dual flush model The family would reduce wastewater volume by more than 14,000 gallons of water per year by installing 1 6 gpf toilets and more than 17 000 gallon of wastewater per year by Installing dual flush toilets' ar W <' c uI- ta.»e U - _ 4 u cel G.r i J - MC+CeII•Alv•e Ga'�fMmir<K CMStl,kp trn�t Nc „lar.+LIY neopr to len bWl r,in toilri Figure 1 Annual toilet wastewater usage with different fixtures. help /;www h2ouse org/lour/detaik/clement actlon_contents cfin c1crncnt1D=5812B5A5- 9/2512007 Avg Gallons Avg. Gallons per per Flush Person Per Day Non -conserving 361 168 Home Conserving home 1 54 91 (1.6 gpf toilet) Conserving home 1 25 6 9 (due! flush toilet) What happens when a family of four replaces all their toilets with new high efficiency models Figure 1 shows a projection of the difference In wastewater volumes for the standard non-conserwn, toilet, 1 6 gpf model, and dual flush model The family would reduce wastewater volume by more than 14,000 gallons of water per year by installing 1 6 gpf toilets and more than 17 000 gallon of wastewater per year by Installing dual flush toilets' ar W <' c uI- ta.»e U - _ 4 u cel G.r i J - MC+CeII•Alv•e Ga'�fMmir<K CMStl,kp trn�t Nc „lar.+LIY neopr to len bWl r,in toilri Figure 1 Annual toilet wastewater usage with different fixtures. help /;www h2ouse org/lour/detaik/clement actlon_contents cfin c1crncnt1D=5812B5A5- 9/2512007 H2ouse,org Tour Toilet Benefits and Costs Page I of 3 H2ousc org Tour Tot et Benefits and Costs TOUR TARE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH r kMMA graphic -based toot to navigate around the house for info Toilet Benefits and Costs Print Pe ! So how much does a new toilet cosh Toilets start below $50 and go up from there You can probably spend over $1,000 for a toile �f you really want to Studies have shown, though, that there Is tittle correlation between what a toilet costs and its Rush performance Therefore, a good quality toilet that will perform we can be purchased for as little as $75 If you choose to hire a plumber to install, the toilet Installation will typically cost betweei $40 and $120 For information on selecting toilets and a list of available brands and models, visit www terrylove com Toilet Cost -Benefit Calculator The savings you will achieve with a new toilet will depend primari on the toilet that you are replacing Obviously, if your old toilet uses 7 gallons per Flush (gpf), you will get more water and wastewater savings than if your old toilet uses 3 5 gallons per flush Since research has shown that the average Flush volume of toilets In the U S is just about 3 5 gpf let's use that as our baseline eoq NJ ✓p e To calculate the benefits of installing a new toilet you need to know how much you pay for water and wastewater service You can usually find this information on a copy of a recent water bill is also important to determine if you are billed in thousands of gallons (kgal) or hundreds of cubic feet (HCF) If you need to convert between HCF and kgal you can use these conversions 1 HCF (100 cubic feet) = 0 748 kgal = 748 gallons 1 kgal (1000 gallons) = 1 34 HCF = 134 cubic feet Please understand that the costs and savings calculated below at, simple estimates Your actual savings may be different Also for the sake of simplicity we are not taking into account the time value of money as well as other standard elements of cost-beneh analysis Step 1. Calculate Your Expected Annual Water Savings Use the following equations to calculate your expected annual water savings If you pay your water bill based on gallons usage use equation IA If you pay your water bill based on cubic feet ht(p //wssw h20usc oig/tour/detailsMellicnt action contents cfm)clemcntlD-58i2B5A5- 925/2007 Page 2 of 3 usage - use equation 1B 1A Savings in Gallons per Year x of people living In your house x 9 7 gallons/person/day 365 days/year = Annual savings (gal ) 16 Savings in Cubic Feet per Year 7 of people living in your house x 1 3 cubic Feet/person/day x 365 days/year = Annual savings (cubic feet) Step 2. Calculate Your Expected Annual Water and Wastewater Cost Savings Using your annual savings and your local water rates, calculate your expected annual water and wastewater cost savings If you pay your water bill based on gallons usage - use equation 2A If you pay your water bill based on cubic feet usage - use equation 2B 2A Cost Savings (gallons) [Annual water savings (gal) - From IA / 10001 is (Cost of water per 1000 gal + Cost of wastewater per 1000 gal ] Annual water and wastewater cost savings 28 Cost Savings (cubic feet) [Annual water savings (cubic feet) - From lA / 100] x [Cost of water per 100 cubic feet (HCF) + Cost of wastewater per 100 cubic feet (HCF)] = Annual water and wastewater cost savings Step 3. Calculate The Cost of Replacing Aff Your Old (pre - 1994) Toilets Estimate the cost of purchasing a new toilet If you are unsure about the likely cost of your toilet, use a value of $150 If you pia to use plumber to install your toilet use a cost of installation valui of $120 If you plan to install the toilet yourself use a value of $1 for various materials 3 Number of Toilets to Be Replaced x (Cost of new toilet + Cost c Installation] = Total Installed Cost Step 4. Calculate the Payback Period Calculate the amount of time (in years) it will take for the water and wastewater savings to pay for your new toilets Remember that toilets have an expected product life of 20 years, so If the payback period is less than 20 years it is likely to be cost effectrv, A payback period less than 10 years would be excellent 4 Total Installed cost / Annual water and wastewater cost saving = Payback penod (years) Home I Site Map 10lsrlairner I HLIp Tour I fake Acton I Resources i Latest News I About Us , Search Q Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, hlip /Asuw h20USe Or};/tOUridCId1IS/ClCtllelll_aChnll COIIILIItS Lhl1ielemcnIlD=58l2B5A5- 9/25/2007 H2ousc org four Toilet Future Trends Page I of 2 TOUR TARE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST MEWS ABOUT US SEARCH �J A graphic based tool to navigate around the house for Info r, r I, , II HELI TrAlet Future Trertds Print Pa 1,. 1 ry.. Several new technologies offer the promise of Increased toilet efficiency and effectiveness in the coming years Dual Flush Dual flush toilets are a technology that has bee available for years, but the success of new 14 P models from Australia has spurred some U S manufacturers to offer their own dual flush models Dual flush toilets provide the user with two Flush options - a full flush that uses 1 6 gallons of water and a partial flush that uses approximately half the water or 0 B gallons A new dual flush model that uses 1 2 and 0 6 gallons per flush is also available one Gallon per Flush A one gallon per flush pressure assist toilet will soon be available in the U S This product is being tested in several end use studies In 2001 and should be available on the market in the coming months If the product works as advertised it will reduce flush volumes by 36% over 1 6 gpf toilets Flapperless Toilet Since a substantial amount of water is lost due to toilet Rapper leaks, there Is great Interest In developing technologies for flushing that do not rely of rubber flapper valves One U S manufacturer has developed a "flapperless" toilet that employs a tipping bucket design for flushing The 1 6 gallons per Rush (gpf) toilet has the potential to reduce leakage substantially over the 111 of the product These toilets are currently being tested in at least one end use study in California and are available for sale Waterless Toilets and Urinals Several products are available that use no water at all While not designed for the residential market, waterless urinals offer an effective alternative to 3 S and 1 6 gpf flushometer toilets for office buildings, airports, sports arenas, etc Composting and Incinerator toilets are completely waterless options for some residential toilet applications These products ar expensive and do require some maintenance, but case studies report that users are very satisfied with these products (Vickers, 2001) European Electric Toilets In Europe a new electric toilet technology offers the possibility of water savings, but not energy efficiency The toilet Is constructed with a small electric grinder in the trap The grinder, similar to a garbage disposal, grinds ail solids and then uses only a small amount of water to remove the waste into the sewer These products may not be approved by all U S health departments Intp /Atiww h2ouse org/tout/det.uls/elenlenl_,ILtlan_conlenls cfnVelenientlD=5812B5A5- 9/25/2007 142ouse org Tour Toilet Future Trends P age 2 of 2 Improved Toilet Flapper Valves Replacing the flapper valve In your toilet can be a confusing process Some toilets rely on a specific type of flapper to achieve their water efficiency rating Replace the flapper with the wrong product and your toilet no longer performs properly There Is a movement now to establish national standards for the design and manufacture of toilet flapper valves to eliminate this problem in the future It is not known if and when these standards may be implemented in the meantime, It Is best to bring your old flappei with you to the hardware store Back to the Future? Some politicians in Washington have Introduced legislation to repeal the toilet standards that were signed into law in 1992 Using the slogan "get the government out of your bathroom" the! lawmakers want to permit manufacturers to create toilets than u° more than 1 6 gallons per flush Unfortunately, this legislation could undo a tremendous amount of time and effort that has gon, into designing, testing, and improving toilets so that they successfully use less water The impact of the 1992 plumbing standards has been estimated at billions of gallons of water savec per day in the U S Eliminating these standards would be a giant step backward for water efficiency and conservation Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search O Copyright 2006, California Urban Water conservation Council, All Rights Reserves contact webmaster http /Avww h2oust, org/tourldetads/element_actIoil contents cfm9clementlD=5812B5A5- 9/25,2007 H2ouse org Tour Toilet Research Page I of 2 YOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH F— A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for Info Daily Per Capita Use "o HELI Avg Faucet Flow Rate !3, Toilet Research ,.7 Print Pa Daily Per Capita Faucet Use Duration B 1 minutes Toilets are a popular research subject They're an essential part o modern life Everybody has one, everybody uses them everyday, NEW and everybody has an opinion Manufacturers are constantly researching new designs, products, and technologies To be approved for market, fixtures must go - through rigorous tests in which the Hushing mechanism is deployed thousands of times P� "asairw"" This toilet model, made by Niagara Conservation, flushes by a tipping bucket rather than a conventional flapper Photo source AquacraR, Inc, by permission Currently there are several research projects that are evaluating the effectiveness of several new toilet models as well as customer satisfaction with these products Sponsored by the U S Environmental Protection Agency and two water providers (East Bay Municipal Water Utility District and City of Tampa water Department), these studies measure water use in single-family homes before and after the Installation of high -efficiency fixtures Including toilets and clothes washers Results from these studies should be available in 2002 There are ongoing research efforts into toilet performance and toilet flapper durability being conducted by a number of Independent laboratories The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California bench tests toilets and flappers to ensure tha+ they meet performance standards The National Association of Home Builders also has a bench testing lab for toilets For information on toilet research you can visit the following web saes www walerwaei org www terrylove com www mwdh2o cant www nabblc org H2ouse org Tour Faucet Water Use Page I of I TWR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST HEWS ABOUT US SEARCH ��-- A graphte"'Wsed tool to navigate around the house for into ' REU Faucet Water Use Print Pa X JY J.1 C�.O,• ' , Faucet 1s 75, Table 1 Faucet water use rates, national average* *Mayer, et at 1999 Horne I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Acbon I Resources I Latest News I About US 1 Search ® Copyright 2006, Caldornla Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster http //www h20u5c org/loui/details/clenicnt- action contents cfm'IelemcntfD-5812B5A5- 9/25/2007 htlp //www h2ouse oig/tout/detai /elentcnl action contents cfm'clemcntlD- I D4BABB7- 9/25/2007 National Average• Daily Per Capita Use 109 gallons Avg Faucet Flow Rate 1 3 gallons per minute Daily Per Capita Faucet Use Duration B 1 minutes *Mayer, et at 1999 Horne I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Acbon I Resources I Latest News I About US 1 Search ® Copyright 2006, Caldornla Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster http //www h20u5c org/loui/details/clenicnt- action contents cfm'IelemcntfD-5812B5A5- 9/25/2007 htlp //www h2ouse oig/tout/detai /elentcnl action contents cfm'clemcntlD- I D4BABB7- 9/25/2007 Faucet 15 79, Page 1 of 1 H2ouse org I our t'ducet Water Savings Page 1 of 2 '___J - _�n 3 7.111( ' . . = I. i HELI f -au ce` Faucet Wa er Savings Print Pa r , TOUR TAME AC7101 RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ARGOT US SEARCH � A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info S ' ' . . = I. i HELI Avg Faucet Wa er Savings Print Pa Faucet Flow Faucet Installing low -Flow faucet aerators on your kitchen and bathroom r �a ' sinks is easy, inexpensive, and can save water Gallons per A recent study conducted in Seattle measured water use in single family homes before and after Installation of low -now aerators Person Per (DeOreo, et at 2001) The aerators installed for this were inexpensive, but good quality products manufactured by New Day Resources Group The results are shown below in Table r The ne Non - faucet aerators affected a 13% reduction in daily per capita fauce water use Hot water faucet use was reduced by 10 6% conserving Table 1 Faucet water use ,n homes In standard and 9 2 conserving homes what happens when a family of four replaces their kitchen and bathroom faucet aerators? Figure 1 shows a projection of the difference in water use for the home with standard non-conservin aerators and low -flow models The family would save more than 1,700 gallons of water per year by Installing low -flow faucet aerators of these savings, 1,300 gallons would be from reductions In hot water use Typical Avg Avg Faucet Flow Faucet Minutes of Faucet Use r �a ' Rates (gal. Gallons per per minute) Person Per per Person Day Per Day Non - conserving 1 2 9 2 8 4 Home Conserving 1 0 8 0 a 9 home what happens when a family of four replaces their kitchen and bathroom faucet aerators? Figure 1 shows a projection of the difference in water use for the home with standard non-conservin aerators and low -flow models The family would save more than 1,700 gallons of water per year by Installing low -flow faucet aerators of these savings, 1,300 gallons would be from reductions In hot water use Figure 1 Annual faucet water usage (family of 4) with and without low -flow aerators http //www h2ousc orgl, omnloil/imagcs/con(cnt/faucel-watcrusl gif 9,,25r2007 hup Ywww h2ouse org/tourldctailskicinclit action contonts din"cicmcntlD=( D4BABB7. 9/25.12007 r �a ' fJm f•�n-n Mon, Figure 1 Annual faucet water usage (family of 4) with and without low -flow aerators http //www h2ousc orgl, omnloil/imagcs/con(cnt/faucel-watcrusl gif 9,,25r2007 hup Ywww h2ouse org/tourldctailskicinclit action contonts din"cicmcntlD=( D4BABB7. 9/25.12007 11i2ouse org Tour Faucet Water Savings Page] of 2 142ouse org Tour Faucet Wastewater Savings TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST MEWS ABOUT US SEARCH �— A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info - , r Pav , , _ !EU FaifcetWater Savinas Print Pa Faucet Minutes of Faucet Use installing low -flow faucet aerators on your kitchen and bathroom Gallons per sinks is easy, inexpensive, and can save water A recent study conducted in Seattle measured water use in single it person Per family before and after installation of low -flow aerators (DeOreo, et at 2001) The aerators installed for this were Day inexpensive, but good quality products manufactured by New Non - Resources Group The results are shown below in Table 1 The ne faucet aerators affected a 13% reduction in daily per capita fauce conserving water use Hot water faucet use was reduced by 10 6% 9 2 Table 1 Faucet water use in homes in standard and Home conserving homes What happens when a family of four replaces their kitchen and bathroom faucet aerators? Figure 1 shows a projection of the difference In water use for the home with standard non-conservm aerators and low -Row models The family would save more than 1,700 gallons of water per year by installing low -Row faucet aerators Of these savings, 1,300 gallons would be from reductions In hot water use i - i >a � t71t4 7 116" x a imn ;a i .aa � Nan r+•.<-, n Mom Figure 1 Annual faucet water usage (family of 4) with and without low -flow aerators Page I of 2 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH Typical Avg Avg Faucet Flow Faucet Minutes of Faucet Use Rates (gal, Gallons per amount of water used In some areas, wastewater charges are per minute) person Per per Person your faucet aerators will result in identical wastewater savings Day Per Day Non - A recent study conducted in Seattle measured water use in single family homes before and after Installation of low -Flow aerators conserving 1 2 9 2 a 4 Home Resources Group The results are shown below in Table 1 The ne faucet aerators affected a 13% reduction in daily per capita fauce Conserving 1 0 8 0 8 9 home gallon, and dual flush toilets What happens when a family of four replaces their kitchen and bathroom faucet aerators? Figure 1 shows a projection of the difference In water use for the home with standard non-conservm aerators and low -Row models The family would save more than 1,700 gallons of water per year by installing low -Row faucet aerators Of these savings, 1,300 gallons would be from reductions In hot water use i - i >a � t71t4 7 116" x a imn ;a i .aa � Nan r+•.<-, n Mom Figure 1 Annual faucet water usage (family of 4) with and without low -flow aerators Page I of 2 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH l A graphic -based loot to navigate around the house for into Avg AEII ,ry, Faucet Wastewater Sai,infgs ®Print P2 Faucet Minutes of In many places you are charged for wastewater based on the Gallons per amount of water used In some areas, wastewater charges are higher than water rates' Replacing your faucet aerators can save Person Per water and wastewater All of the water savings achieved replacinc your faucet aerators will result in identical wastewater savings Day since wastewater charges are based on your water bill Non - A recent study conducted in Seattle measured water use in single family homes before and after Installation of low -Flow aerators conserving (DeOreo, et al 2001) The aerators installed for this were 9 2 inexpensive, but good quality products manufactured by New Home Resources Group The results are shown below in Table 1 The ne faucet aerators affected a 13% reduction in daily per capita fauce Conserving water use 8 0 Table 1• Wastewater use in homes with standard, 1 6 home gallon, and dual flush toilets What happens when a family of four replaces their kitchen and bathroom faucet aerators? figure I shows a projection of the difference in wastewater use for the home with standard non - conserving aerators and low -Flow models The family would save more than 1,700 gallons of wastewater per year by installing low flow faucet aerators Figure 1• Annual faucet wastewater usage (family of 4) with and without low -flow aerators htip //WRw 112ouse org/tour/details/clenlcnt_aUlon contents efin°e1elncnf1D=1D4BABB7- %25/2007 hap /Avwit h2oust, olg/touchdetails/elenicnt_ac.11011_1OlIlLnis cfin'cicmcntlD=1 D4BABB7- 9/25/2007 Typical Avg Avg Faucet Flow Faucet Minutes of Rates (gal Gallons per Faucet Use per minute) Person Per per Person Day Per Day Non - conserving 1 2 9 2 8 4 Home Conserving 1 o 8 0 9 9 home What happens when a family of four replaces their kitchen and bathroom faucet aerators? figure I shows a projection of the difference in wastewater use for the home with standard non - conserving aerators and low -Flow models The family would save more than 1,700 gallons of wastewater per year by installing low flow faucet aerators Figure 1• Annual faucet wastewater usage (family of 4) with and without low -flow aerators htip //WRw 112ouse org/tour/details/clenlcnt_aUlon contents efin°e1elncnf1D=1D4BABB7- %25/2007 hap /Avwit h2oust, olg/touchdetails/elenicnt_ac.11011_1OlIlLnis cfin'cicmcntlD=1 D4BABB7- 9/25/2007 Mouse org - Tour faucet Energy Savings Page I of 1 Mouse org Tour Faucet Benefits and Costs Page 1 of I TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH r� A graphic -based tool to navigate eround the house for Into •,� v RELI O [!*5s, Faucet Energy Savings ED Print Pa i rt_ Reducing hot water use saves energy because your hot water heater has less work to do Recent research has shown that on average about 73% of the water used through residential faucets Is hot water (DeOreo, et al 2001) t� Installing new faucet aerators on your kitchen and bathroom sink :f a good Idea and can result In some energy savings, particularly if you live in an older house and have older aerators with high Ro `r rates Faucet aerators are inexpensive (starbng at $1 each) and are an inexpensive and effective way to save money in your hom, •r -r• ` Niagara aerator Source City of Roanoke, VA Aaessed September S, 2003, by permission If you are looking for further energy savings, don't let the faucet run continuously while brushing your teeth or washing dishes If your faucet uses 2 2 gpm, then you can save about 1 6 gallons of hot water for every minute you reduce your faucet use Horne I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Actlon I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search p Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact webmaster hup //Nv vw h20usc olg/tout/detailslcicmcnt_action_ contents din )elcinentlD=1D4BABB7- 9/25/2(X)7 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH F- A - A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info ,,, � , ,, r,i,, ,•r. I �- HEV Fatfcet Benefits and Costs 9print Pz If you are looking for inexpensive ways to save water and a little energy, new faucet aerators may provide the most bang for the buck Faucet aerators are an inexpensive item Basic bathroom faucet aerators start at about $I each and prices go up dependin, on the features you desire All faucet aerators manufactured In th U 5 must use 2 2 gallons per minute (gpm) or less _ Niagara aerator Source City of Roanoke, VA Accessed September S, 2003, by permission The water, wastewater, and energy saving benefits you get from installing new faucet aerators is primarily determined by your current aerators But since faucet aerators are cheap and the water savings are well documented, It s a safe bet that you will pay for your aerator investment in less than two years Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search C Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact webmaster blip //wwwh2ouse orV(our/<IctL(Is/clement_ael)011yontuitSdirl"elemenilD=ID4BABB7- 9/25/2007 .....-.....� � ee..�� � n,,.,.,m„ 1 u,,.m..-�,,, ima,,...e,,.� p� ,..,..,�, .�,A.,.w, .m....�u—, „-••---�, [-------^ �--...� -� _.,. .--_-_-•• 142ousc org Tour Faucet Future Trends Page I of 2 H2ouse org Tour Faucet Future Trends P age 2 of 2 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH j1W A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for Into i Figure V Hands free faucet controller bar (Photo courtesy of Aquacraft, Inc. hap /inwwh2cuseorg/tour/dclaihdLILmtfit dctl0n_c.ontcnt%cfm°cicmcnt1D 1D4BABB7- 9/25/2007 These devices are easy to install and only require that three hole, be drilled In the counter below the sink The leaning faucet controller is appropriate for kitchen or bathroom use and comes u a beige color as well Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Rewurces I Latest New% I About Us I Search C Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact webmaster hap //wttwh2ouseorg/tour/dctdilti/elcmcnt_ai.tion_cnnteillSLfm'elcmcatlD=ID4BABB7- 9/25/2007 �- NEtf Faucet Future Trends P'Int Pa JIM ill Is the staid and conservative world of faucets ripe for a revolubor Is the American public ready to change their dishwashing and tooth brushing habits? Probably not, but there are a couple of W monk or- products that have the potential to offer water savings - Hands Free Faucet Controllers An easy way to reduce faucet use is to shut off the water while you are washing dishes or brushing your teeth The problem is, it Is difficult to shut off the faucet while your hands are fulls There are two different products that offer a solution here Foot Pedal Faucet Controller A foot pedal faucet controller is simply an on/off switch for your faucet located on the floor These devices have been around for a number of years and are available from several major manufacturers While these devices are most commonly used In large scale food service operations, there is no reason they could not be used successfully in the kitchen or bathroom However, it may be difficult to install a foot pedal controller without disrvptin< cabinet and sink configurations If you want one of these devices you may need to wait until your remodel and then work it in with the overall plan Hands Free 'Leaning" Faucet Controller A product that has considerably more potential In the residential market is the leaning style of hands free faucet controller, as shown in Figure 1 The black bar underneath the sink counter in Figure 1 is the on/off control for the faucet The temperature and flow rate of the faucet are suit adjusted with the handle, but depressing the bar by leaning against it starts the flow of water When you move away, a spring pushes the bar out and stops the water flow The bar also has a locking feature that enables the user to keep the faucet flowing Figure V Hands free faucet controller bar (Photo courtesy of Aquacraft, Inc. hap /inwwh2cuseorg/tour/dclaihdLILmtfit dctl0n_c.ontcnt%cfm°cicmcnt1D 1D4BABB7- 9/25/2007 These devices are easy to install and only require that three hole, be drilled In the counter below the sink The leaning faucet controller is appropriate for kitchen or bathroom use and comes u a beige color as well Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Rewurces I Latest New% I About Us I Search C Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact webmaster hap //wttwh2ouseorg/tour/dctdilti/elcmcnt_ai.tion_cnnteillSLfm'elcmcatlD=ID4BABB7- 9/25/2007 H2ouse org Tour Faucet Environmental Benefits Page I of I TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT OS SEARCH �— A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for into , c ., = i _ I , it —1i Figure 1 Adequate stream flows are necessary to maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems Photo source AquaCran, Inc, by pernimsfon Home I Site Map I Disclauner I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I latest New% I About Us I Search p Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council All Rights Reserver contact Webmaster hlip//wwlrh2ouseorg/tour/dctiiWelcmcnt_aclton_contentstfm"elementlD-)MAW- 92512007 1­12ouse org Tour Faucet Research Page I of 1 TOUN TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH 1� t® A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info Mu,Fq, Faucet Research rd Print Manufacturers are constantly researching new faucet and sink designs products, and technologies Currently there are several research projects that are evaluating the effectiveness of low -flow faucet aerators and electronic i faucets, as well as customer satisfaction with these products MalSponsored by the U S Environmental Protection Agency three water providers (Seattle Public Utilities, East Bay Municipal Water Utility District and City of Tampa Water Department), these studies measure water use In single family homes before and after the installation of high efficiency fixtures Including faucet aerators, showerheads, toilets and clothes washers �I In the 2003 study conducted In Electronic faucets like the on r{F Tampa, bathroom and kitchen below were included in a ree aerators, as well as hands-free study conducted in the Tamp faucet fixtures such as electronic water ne artment faucets were Installed This resulted In a decrease in faucet use of 3 2 gallons per capita per day, or 1,168 gallons per capita per i year While these savings are ' substantially less than those found for toilet and clothes washer ti retrofits, faucet retrofits represent `Ra` ,* a relatively inexpensive option for 1 significant savings For information on faucet research Ph -'a source Plumbing Supply you can visit the followingweb Accessed September 25, 2003, sites , permission s http //www waterwiser org hup //www nahbrt org/ Home- I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Retiource9 I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006 California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserver contact webrnasler hap //www h201,15,42 ort„/tour/details/clentenl_ac.tion_conicnts cfin"clementlD=1 D4BABB7- 9/25/2007 - .. �. � ��'7 Faucet Environmental i Benefits Print Pa tog By following Faucet Best Ways to Save and Drought Tips, you car help reduce household water and wastewater use, which can haw far reaching environmental benefits Water conservation reduces water demand, which allows rivers and streams to maintain adequate water levels and flow This helps to sustain healthy - aquatic ecosystems Conservation also reduces the need to develop new water treatment facilities and new water storage - a process that often causes unfavorable environmental repercussions Additionally, conservation reduces the need to overdraw from groundwater resources which can be vulnerable t depletion and contamination Indirectly, saving water also helps t reduce energy consumption for water and wastewater development, treatment, and distribution Figure 1 Adequate stream flows are necessary to maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems Photo source AquaCran, Inc, by pernimsfon Home I Site Map I Disclauner I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I latest New% I About Us I Search p Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council All Rights Reserver contact Webmaster hlip//wwlrh2ouseorg/tour/dctiiWelcmcnt_aclton_contentstfm"elementlD-)MAW- 92512007 1­12ouse org Tour Faucet Research Page I of 1 TOUN TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH 1� t® A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info Mu,Fq, Faucet Research rd Print Manufacturers are constantly researching new faucet and sink designs products, and technologies Currently there are several research projects that are evaluating the effectiveness of low -flow faucet aerators and electronic i faucets, as well as customer satisfaction with these products MalSponsored by the U S Environmental Protection Agency three water providers (Seattle Public Utilities, East Bay Municipal Water Utility District and City of Tampa Water Department), these studies measure water use In single family homes before and after the installation of high efficiency fixtures Including faucet aerators, showerheads, toilets and clothes washers �I In the 2003 study conducted In Electronic faucets like the on r{F Tampa, bathroom and kitchen below were included in a ree aerators, as well as hands-free study conducted in the Tamp faucet fixtures such as electronic water ne artment faucets were Installed This resulted In a decrease in faucet use of 3 2 gallons per capita per day, or 1,168 gallons per capita per i year While these savings are ' substantially less than those found for toilet and clothes washer ti retrofits, faucet retrofits represent `Ra` ,* a relatively inexpensive option for 1 significant savings For information on faucet research Ph -'a source Plumbing Supply you can visit the followingweb Accessed September 25, 2003, sites , permission s http //www waterwiser org hup //www nahbrt org/ Home- I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Retiource9 I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006 California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserver contact webrnasler hap //www h201,15,42 ort„/tour/details/clentenl_ac.tion_conicnts cfin"clementlD=1 D4BABB7- 9/25/2007 - .. �. � ��'7 H2ousc org lour Dishwasher Water Use Page 1 of i H2ousc org Tour Dishwasher Water Savings Page i of 1 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH �— ilio A graphic based tool to navigate around the house for info EM Dishwashf r Water Use Print P2 I— ii ar ti r, wK Te. rrn '� Rx+ e'+nMnii,4 Dishwasher 14% Table L Dishwasher water use rates, national average* National Average* Dishwasher Load volume 9 3 gallons Daily Per Capita Use 1 0 gallons Frequency of Use _ 0 1 loads per capita per day -Mayer, et at 1999 Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour i Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve - contact webmaster gitl¢H I� � w L�ish� rati,a , � I w 4 TOUR TAKE AC710N RESOURCES LATEST MEWS ABOUTIIS SEARCH F— A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for into ,, + , , " HELI Dishwashet Water SavingsPrint Pa Running a full load of dishes In a dishwasher should save water I over washing the same dishes by hand A typical dishwasher use, between 6 and 15 gallons per load of dishes with an average of about 9 3 gallons per load (Mayer, et al 1999) Some manufacturers do offer high -efficiency dishwasher models These dishwashers use less water and more significantly, less energy than the standard models A high -efficiency dishwasher can wash a load of dishes using S to 7 gallons of water A family that replaces a 12 -gallon per load machine with a 6 - gallon per load machine, and runs their dishwasher 4 times per week will save about 1,250 gallons of water per year Home I site Map I Disclaimer I Heip Tour 1 Take Action I Resources I Latest Nows I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council All Rights Reserve - Contact webmaster ]]up/hyuwh2ouscoigltour,'detaiWcicMent_action_contentscGn'elcmcntlD=9ID259A9- 9/25/2007 hap /AN%k-wh2ouse org%tour/det.tiWcicment_actfon contents dinlelemerAID-91 D259A9- 9/25/2007 H2ouse org Tour Dishwasher Wastewater Savings Page l of I Mouse org Tour Dishwasher Energy Savings Page 1 of I TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCHIgW �— A graphie•based tool to navigate around the house for Info HEU Dishwasher Wastewater Savings � Point Pa Running a full load of dishes In a dishwasher should save water and wastewater over washing the same dishes by hand A typical dishwasher uses between 8 and 15 gallons per load of dishes with an average of about 9 3 gallons per load (Mayer, et al 1999) Some manufacturers do offer high -efficiency dishwasher models These dishwashers use less water and more significantly, less energy than the standard models A high -efficiency dishwasher can wash a load of dishes using 5 to 7 gallons of water A family that replaces a 12 -gallon per load machine with a 6 - gallon per load machine, and runs their dishwasher 4 times per week will save about 1,250 gallons of water and wastewater per year Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help roar i Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search ® Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserves contact webmaster Imp //hvww 112ouse org/tour/details/clemenl_detion_tontents cfm"elcmenliD=91 D259A9- 9/25/2007 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT OS SEARCH F— A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info Dishwasher Energy Savings Print Pe The efficiency of a dishwasher is measured by a term called the energy factor The energy factor is somewhat similar to the miles per gallon for a car, but in this case the measure is cycles per kilowatt-hour of electricity The minimum allowed energy factor rating for standard capacity dishwashers Is 0 46 About 80% of Or total energy used by a dishwasher goes towards heating the water So the best way to Improve the efficiency of a dishwasher is to reduce the amount of water needed to clean the dishes New dishwashers use about half the electricity of 25 -year-old models Most new dishwashers have a built-in booster heater, which raises the water temperature of the water during wash cycles to 140°F to kill germs and cut grease While this feature adds somewhat to the dishwasher's electric demand, it enables you to lower the thermostat setting on your hot water heater to 120°F Each 10°F reduction in the water heater temperature setting will save up to 13% of your hot water heating bill and also reduce the danger of scalding Most manufacturers offer high -efficiency dishwasher models These dishwashers use less water and more significantly, less energy than the standard models A typical high -efficiency dishwasher can wash a load of dishes using 5 to 7 gallons of watt and use substantially less energy Estimated annual energy use ft high -efficiency dishwashers ranges from 214 to 558 Kilowatt -how (kWh) per year with an average of 504 kWh Federal law requires that EnergyGuide labels be placed on all new dishwashers These labels are bright yellow with black i lettering Look for the EPA's ENERGY STAT label when purchasing a new dishwasher This label indicates the machine is energy efficient For information on the Energy Star program, specific hoc efficiency dishwashers, and where to purchase these machines visit the Energy Star web site Sources www greenla com (accessed 7/17/01) Home I Site Mao I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources , Latest News I About Us ; Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserves contact webmaster http//wwwh20USCorg/tom/detdlls/element_action_contentscontlelemtnl[D=91D259A9- 9/25/2007 Wouse org Tour Dishwasher Benefits and Costs Page I of 1 H2ouse org Tour Dishwasher Future Trends Page I of I TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH A graphrc43ased tool to navigate around the house for info NEU Dishwasher Benefits and Costs Print Pa So how much does a new high -efficiency dishwasher cost? High -efficiency dishwashers range in price tremendously depending upon the make and model In general the prices will range from $200 - $1,000 with most machines falling in the $350 - $550 range With a little shopping around it should be possible to purchase a high -efficiency dishwasher for about the same pnce as a standard model The most energy efficient models are made in New Zealand or Europe For Information on specific makes and models and energy ratings visit ENERGY STAR dishwashers High efficiency dishwashers are now offered by almost all the leading manufacturers and should be available wherever clothes washers are sold For a list of stores in your area, try the ENERGI STAR Store locator All you need is a zip code, Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest NOws I About Us I Search r0 Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webrnaster 1(IIt7iDi � i _ j }� It�f:td: Gishv asr�r r =1 TOUR TAKE AC710H RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH F— A graphic based tool to navigate around the house for info - a a ,. , i,. HBI Dishwasher Future Trends Print Pe There is more potential for energy savings than water savings wit dishwashers Because dishwashers already use a relatively small amount of water, there is little financial Incentive for consumers t spend more money for products that use less water This Is not the case for energy Dishwashers use energy primarily for heating water and secondarily for circulating the water through the machine To the extent that the amount of water used by the machine can be reduced, the energy consumption can also be reduced New high efficiency dishwashers have more effective washing action, energ efficient motors and other advanced technology such as sensors that determine the length of the wash cycle and the temperature of the water necessary to clean the dishes in the coming years expect to see the energy and water efhciencr of dishwashers improve, but baring some dramatic new technological development it seems unlikely that these efficient products will take as prominent a role in the market as efficient clothes washers Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tout I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search Gr` Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserver contact webma5ter htlp bttww h2ou6L org/touddctath/element_ action_contents cfriVeicment[D =91 D259A9- 9/25/2007 huff / w%vN� h2ouse org!tour/detalls/clentcat_action contents c1mne1ementlD=91 D259A9- 9/25/2007 H2ouse org Tour Dishwasher Research Page 1 of 1 1-12ouse org Tour Clothes Washer Water Use Page 1 of 1 AnL nrshwasher lv' TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST REWS ABOUT US SEARCH �— W—M A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for Info ,f5, NRI Dishwasher Research ibl Print Pa Manufacturers are actively researching new dishwasher designs, products, and technologies Over the past few years the number , efficient dishwasher products on the market has Increased We are not aware of any studies at the moment that are evaluating the water conserving Impacts of dishwashers It is alst unknown If any research Is being done Into the potential energy savings available from these machines Results from an extensive 1999 dishwasher efficiency research project are available at http //www ceeformt org/ resid/seha/dishw/dw survey pdf For information on dishwasher research you can visit the followrni web sites I www waterwiser org http 1/www ceeformt org/resid/sehe/dishw/dishes-main php3 http 1/www energyslar gov Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help lour I rake Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us 1 Search C Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserves contact webmastcr J ' IMiNDRy } CI')thes W41.11lr`r TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS AROUT US SEARCH �— ® A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for Info NEU Clothes Washer Water Use Print pa Table 1 Clothes washer water use rates, national average' 'Mayer, et al 1999 Home I Site Map t Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search (cJ Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster http //www h2ouse org/toursdetails/clement_action_contents ctm9clementlD=91 D25949- 9/25/2007 http /hsltw h2ouse org/tout/dctaiWcicmcnt_aLtIOn_contents cfmnclementlD=75008840-1 9/25/2007 National Average* Clothes Washer Load 40 9 gallons Volume Daily Per Capita Use 15 0 gallons Frequency of Use 0 37 loads per capita per day 'Mayer, et al 1999 Home I Site Map t Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search (cJ Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster http //www h2ouse org/toursdetails/clement_action_contents ctm9clementlD=91 D25949- 9/25/2007 http /hsltw h2ouse org/tout/dctaiWcicmcnt_aLtIOn_contents cfmnclementlD=75008840-1 9/25/2007 f I2ousc org Tour Clothes Washer Water Savings Page I of 2 Wouse org Tour Clothes Washer Water Savings TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST HEWS ABOUT US SIARCH-- A graphic based tool to navigate around the house for Info ,. „t'e „ , I<.,,. 11. , . HEI NM Clothes Washer Water Water volume Saving&, Print pa per Person Load (gal) per load (gal) pay Per Day Non - it r LL 2z conserving 409 11 4 - 'ir Replacing your old clothes washer with a new high -efficiency 5 . _ model can save water - lots of water Clothes washing is typicaily ` the second largest user of water indoors after toilet flushing A recent study conducted in Seattle measured water use in single 24,3 famlly homes before and after Installation of high efficiency cloth( 0 38 washers (DeOreo, et at 2001) Three different makes and model home of clothes washer were tested and all three saved water and all three received high satisfaction ratings from the study participants Most major manufacturers now offer at least one high -efficiency model The results are shown below in Table 1 Table 1 Water use in homes with standard and high efficiency clothes washers "Mayer, et at 1999 High -efficiency clothes washers reduced the average volume per load by 40% overall Hot water use was reduced by 63% and per capita use was reduced by 38% What happens when a family of four replaces their old clothes washer with new high efficiency model Figure 'shows a projection of the difference in water use for the non -conserving homes The family would save more than 8,000 gallons of water per year by installing a high efficiency clothes washer Many of these machines will also reduce energy consumption by using les hot water and because they feature higher spin speeds and hentt the clothes come out of the washer with a lower moisture content and require less drying time P 7teM Y� Ea �' lusa k aaetan•.crv.,e to>mw 'anurw+ein,m e�ir,ercy {1aNM,,rr.Mi r1oTe5 Nayl{n efficiency machines age 2 of 2 Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest Nevis I About Us I Search p Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, conldLI webroaster hup //«ww h2ouse org/tourrdclatls/ciemcnt action—contents cfm°clementl[)-75008840-1 9/25/2007 http /hv%ty h2ouse org/tour/details/element_actton_contents cfnVelementlD =75005840-1 9/25!2007 Avg Avg Hot Avg LoadsGallons Avg Volume per Water volume per Capita per Person Load (gal) per load (gal) pay Per Day Non - conserving 409 11 4 036 14 8 Home Conserving 24,3 42 0 38 92 home "Mayer, et at 1999 High -efficiency clothes washers reduced the average volume per load by 40% overall Hot water use was reduced by 63% and per capita use was reduced by 38% What happens when a family of four replaces their old clothes washer with new high efficiency model Figure 'shows a projection of the difference in water use for the non -conserving homes The family would save more than 8,000 gallons of water per year by installing a high efficiency clothes washer Many of these machines will also reduce energy consumption by using les hot water and because they feature higher spin speeds and hentt the clothes come out of the washer with a lower moisture content and require less drying time P 7teM Y� Ea �' lusa k aaetan•.crv.,e to>mw 'anurw+ein,m e�ir,ercy {1aNM,,rr.Mi r1oTe5 Nayl{n efficiency machines age 2 of 2 Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest Nevis I About Us I Search p Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, conldLI webroaster hup //«ww h2ouse org/tourrdclatls/ciemcnt action—contents cfm°clementl[)-75008840-1 9/25/2007 http /hv%ty h2ouse org/tour/details/element_actton_contents cfnVelementlD =75005840-1 9/25!2007 H2ouse org Tour Clothes Washer Wastewater Savings Page 1 of 2 H2ouse org Tour Clothes Washer Wastewater Savings P age 2 of 2 High -efficiency clothes washers reduced the average volume per load by 40% overall What happens when a family of four replaces their old clothes washer with new high efficiency model? figure I shows a projection of the difference in water use for the non -conserving homes The family would save more than 8,000 gallons of wastewater per year by installing a high efficiency clothes washer -- 7;tqr 'sg IdiomSi tm•t �+zr .te.t �%z 24 $ow i t10A �p14rwattiltt—W eetrtlww a1101e1NkHY noinK+.mM+/ timk[s waMerl efficiency machines Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About U5 I Search (D Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact webmasW http f/www h2ousL org/low/details/elentcnt_achon_contents Lfn )ClLmcntlD=75008840-1 9/25/2007 http /hvw164 h20use org/lour/details/element- action contents cfin'element1D-75008840-1 9/25/2007 TOUR TAKE ACT1011 RESOURCES LATEST YEWS ABOUT US SEARCH f Avg Volume per Load (gal ) A graphic based tool to navigate around the house for Info Non - o conserving - 148 Clothes Washer Wastewater Home f* 5, y in. (; r, Print Pa Conserving 24 3 i—i� n home ' In many places you are charged for wastewater based on the - ,- amount of water used. In some areas, wastewater charges are higher than water rates[ Replacing your old clothes washer with a new high-efficlency model can save money on your wastewater b • in addition to your water bill If wastewater is billed based on you water consumption, any water efficiency you achieve will also reduce your wastewater bill A recent study conducted in Seattle measured water use in single family homes before and after installation of high efficiency cloth( washers (DeOreo, et al 2001) Three different makes and model or clothes washer were tested and all three saved water (and hence wastewater) and all three received high satisfaction ratings from the study participants Most major manufacturers now offer �• - at least one high -efficiency model The results are shown below it Table 1 Table 1. Water use in homes with standard and high efficiency clothes washers High -efficiency clothes washers reduced the average volume per load by 40% overall What happens when a family of four replaces their old clothes washer with new high efficiency model? figure I shows a projection of the difference in water use for the non -conserving homes The family would save more than 8,000 gallons of wastewater per year by installing a high efficiency clothes washer -- 7;tqr 'sg IdiomSi tm•t �+zr .te.t �%z 24 $ow i t10A �p14rwattiltt—W eetrtlww a1101e1NkHY noinK+.mM+/ timk[s waMerl efficiency machines Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About U5 I Search (D Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact webmasW http f/www h2ousL org/low/details/elentcnt_achon_contents Lfn )ClLmcntlD=75008840-1 9/25/2007 http /hvw164 h20use org/lour/details/element- action contents cfin'element1D-75008840-1 9/25/2007 Avg Volume per Load (gal ) Avg Gallons per Person Per Day Non - conserving 409 148 Home Conserving 24 3 92 home High -efficiency clothes washers reduced the average volume per load by 40% overall What happens when a family of four replaces their old clothes washer with new high efficiency model? figure I shows a projection of the difference in water use for the non -conserving homes The family would save more than 8,000 gallons of wastewater per year by installing a high efficiency clothes washer -- 7;tqr 'sg IdiomSi tm•t �+zr .te.t �%z 24 $ow i t10A �p14rwattiltt—W eetrtlww a1101e1NkHY noinK+.mM+/ timk[s waMerl efficiency machines Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About U5 I Search (D Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact webmasW http f/www h2ousL org/low/details/elentcnt_achon_contents Lfn )ClLmcntlD=75008840-1 9/25/2007 http /hvw164 h20use org/lour/details/element- action contents cfin'element1D-75008840-1 9/25/2007 H2ouse org Tour Clothes Washer Energy Savings Paget of 2 H2ouse org Tour Clothes Washer Energy Savings TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH �— A graphla-based tool to navigate around the house for Info s Clothes Washer Energv - 13c'tviiifgs Print P2 Fr LL ,,rma>fl }' Uj I= LflU110Ay t_I, ti,:._ lAo-l'4 - High -efficiency clothes washers save energy in three important ways 1 More efficient motors than old machines i - 2 Reduced hot water usage 3 Reduced moisture content of clean clothes requiring less ' drying time " About 90% of the energy used by clothes washers is for heating the hot water used to wash the clothes Only about 10 percent or less of the energy is used by the electric motor that runs the clothes washer So, the best way to Improve the efficiency of a ' - clothes washer is to reduce the amount of water, particularly hot water, that is needed to wash the clothes The efficiency of a clothes washer is measured by a term called " i • -' - the energy factor It is somewhat similar to the miles per gallon for a car, but in this case the measure is cubic feet of washing capacity per kilowatt hour of electricity The minimum allowed _ energy factor rating for standard capacity clothes washers is 1 18 In many cases the energy savings from a high -efficiency clothes washer will be of higher value than the water and wastewater savings The combination of all three makes this appliance an excellent choice if you are looking to purchase a new washer Some high -efficiency models are more expensive than standard models, but the difference In cost Is typlLally paid off In water an( energy savings in between 1 and 6 years depending on your location and the clothes washer you select Federal taw requires that EnergyGvide labels be placed on all new clothes j r washers These labels are bright yellow with black lettering Look for the EPA's ENERGY STAR label when purchasing a ne clothes washer This label indicates the machine is energy efficient Click here for information on the Energy Star program, specific high efficiency washers, and where to purchase these machines P mroe.a+. rraerw r ae. taaear am. .an afwx exx. eai 9.>r '^I+n Nwb 4rtJ ++��'yMrnwlr(M�Y age 2 of 2 Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest Newc I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, ' alifornla Urban Water Conservation Council All Rights Reservei contact webmaster hup /hvww h2ouce org/toiir/ilclal)s/cleincnt—dLijoil—coiitents efm'elernentlD-75008840-1 9/25/2007 http //w« w h2ouse oig/tour/details elLment_action_ contents din"cletncntiU =75008840-1 9/25/2007 mouse org Tour Clothes Washer Benefits and Costs Page t of 3 H2ouse org lour Clothes Washer Hene tits and Costs Page 2 of S TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH Agraphic-basetl tool to navigate around the house for into How much does a new high -efficiency clothes washer cost 4�_}fiY :r,./,r. 4! s ys e' „+ • , High -efficiency washers start at about $550 and go up from there to over $1,000 Good quality standard clothes washers typically sell for $450 - $550, so the high -eff _nes r en r .=lir, Clothes Washer Benefits and NEU ter„ - - Cost-, Print Pt iciency machines are definitel more expensive However, if you are in the market for a clothes washer, consider that the water, wastewater, and energy savings from a high - efficiency machine may well make up the cost difference in lust a few months or years You can use the payback calculator below b determine if a high -efficiency machine makes sense for you and your family A higher efficiency machine will use less water and also energy when less water is heated for each warm water wash cycle The higher the efficiency of the machine, the lower the Water Factor (measure of water used per cycle per cubic foot size of machine) To sweeten the deal, some water and/or electric utilities now offe financial incentives for purchasing a high -efficiency washer You can contact your water or electric utility for information about an) incentive (or rebate) programs If such a program exists in your area, the clothes washer salesperson is likely to know about it p> High efficiency clothes washers are now offered by almost all the leading manufacturers and should be available wherever clothes washers are sold for a list of stores in your area, try the ENERGY STAR store locator All you need is a zip code' i MY High -Efficiency Clothes Washer Dollars and Sense The savings you will achieve with a new high -efficiency clothes washer will depend primarily on the make and model you select your current washer is a standard top -loading model purchased sometime in the past 30 years, it is a pretty safe bet that it uses about 40 gallons per load of clothes Water Costs Clothes washers have a significant impact on water and sewer costs The national average for water and sewer costs Is estimate to be $2 84 per 1000 gallons This brings the estimated total cost for water and sewer over the life of the clothes washer to be around $660 (based on 8 loads of clothes a week for 14 years) Energy Costs http //www h2ouse org/tour;details/clement—ac tion_contents t fm9elemcntlD=75008840-1 9/25/2007 I � 7 A standard clothes washer will cost almost $1,100 in energy to operate over Its lifetime (based on 8 loads of clothes a week for 1 years, using 13,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity at an average co of 8 6 cents per kilowatt-hour) A typical clothes dryer will also cost $1,100 to operate over its lifetime The total estimated cost to operate a clothes washer over the life of the product is $1 700 plus $1,100 for the drier These values are estimates and your costs may be different depending upon how much you use your appliances and the cost of water, sewer, and energy in your area To estimate specific energy costs for your household in your area visit the ENERGYguide "home analyser" feature Water and Energy Savings A high -efficiency clothes washer saves you money on water, sewer, and energy The energy use of clothes dryers Is affected b how much moisture remains in the clothes from the washer, so the effectiveness of the spin cycle of the clothes washer Is important A high -efficiency washer reduces water (and hence sewer) usage by about 40% Hence the estimated operating costs over the life of the appliance will be reduced from $660 to $400 - a savings of $260 Hot water usage in high -efficiency machines is also reduced by about 40% Since 90% of the energy costs of running a clothes washer is for heating water and SO% Is for running the electric motor the life -of -the -appliance energy costs are estimated to reduce from $1,100 to $700 - a savings of $400 if the washer you purchase reduces moisture content in the clothes by 15%, drying time is estimated to be reduced by the same amount This adds an additional $160 in savings The total estimated savings from a high -efficiency machine are then estimated to be $820 over the life of the appliance or )ust under $60 per years i In areas with higher water, sewer, and electricity charges the annual savings may be substantially highei Payback Period and Life Cycle Cost To calculate the payback period for a new high-efficlency clothes washer you must first determine the cost difference between the high -efficiency model and comparable standard machine and cher divide by the estimated annual water, sewer, and energy savings Payback period (years) = ((high -efficiency washer cost) - (comparable standard washer cost)] / (annual water savings (dollars) + annual sewer savings (dollars) i- annu energy savings (dollars)] For example, a high efficiency front loading clothes washer may cost $750 A standard top loading machine with similar features may cost $480 The cost difference is then $270 If we assume a $60 annual savings the payback period Is then 270/60 = 4 5 years A 4 5 year payback period is well within the 14 year expected life of the clothes washer so purchasing the high - hap /h'.ww h2ousc org/tour/dotalls/element action_ contents On"clenlcntlD-75008840-1 9/25/2007 H2ouse org Tour Clothes Washer Benefits and Costs P age 3 of 3 H2ouse org Tour Clothes Washer Future Trends Page 1 of 2 efficiency washer makes sound economic sense Life cycle cost is simply the added cost over the life of the clothes washer of your utility bills combined to the initial cost of the washing machine Many people simply look at the few hundre dollar cost difference Initially rather than the monthly and yearly cost savings that add up over the lifetime of the washing machin( Significant savings can be seen when different models are compared based on "life cycle cost "The Energy Guide label (see Energy Savings page) further describes the life cycle cost for earl model when you are comparing in-store models Using Energy Guide Labels you can figure out the Life Cycle Costs of any appliance The cost of an appliance over its expected lifetime can be computed using the annual energy cost you calculate using this formula Lifetime Cost of a Home Appliance= Purchase Price + Annual Energy x Estimated Lifetime x Discount Rate Common assumptions may include • Annual Energy from an Energy Guide Labei from part 5 of the example Energy Guide Label (below) In kilowatt hours (kWh) times your local energy rate for your type of water heating energy If more precision is desired, one can be more exact If water heating Is natural gas or propane but using the efficiency of water heating for the type of water heater, efficiency of conversion to energy and Cost per One of fuel is Estimated Lifetime is around 14 years on average is Discount rate Is the conversion to today's dollars (same as Inflation), typically about 3 or 4 percent (so use 1 04) 'Actual savings may be more or less depending upon utility costs in you area and the frequency that you use your appliances Horne I Site Map I Drsrlaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search C Copynght 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserves contact Webmaster L T(1—Lr• ' J tnUNORy Gi, this iS• ,� TOUR TAKE ACTION ' RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH--- A graphic based tool to navigate around the house tot Info i s . i r, a ,, I NELI Clothes Masher Future rrend-. The future of clothes washers Is now 2. -m., Gprint Pa Over the last five years there have been remarkable changes in clothes washers and the clothes washer market in 1995 water and energy efficient washing machines were few and far between I oday, almost every major manufacturer offers a water and energy efficient line of machines and many of these products are touted at the finest washing machines the company has ever made Initially these machines were all from loading machines, but in the past two years a number of high efficiency top loading machines have been brought to market To top It off, the U 5 Department of Energy recently issued a ner set of clothes washer efficiency standards that were hammered out in concert with manufacturers These standards will gradually increase efficiency in washers over the coming years The consumer now has an excellent choice of high efficiency clothes washer products and prices On average these machines are more expensive than traditional washers, but it is anticipated that the price will come down as time goes by High efficiency washers will also enter the used appliance market in the coming years Over the next few years it is anticipated that additional high efficiency washing machines will be Introduced Because of the general preference for top loading machines, it is likely that more high efficiency top loaders will be developed For information on high efficiency washers and where to get them visit the Energy star web site r Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tow i Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us ' Search Q Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council All Rights Reserver htlp f/www h2ouse org'tour/details/clement_actlon contents cfin"clementlD-75008840-1 9/25/2007 http//wwA h2ouse org/tom/dctdIIS/elunent_action contents cfm''cicmenilD=75008840-1 9,25/2007 H2ouse org Tour Clothes Washer Research Page 1 of 1 H2ouse org Take Action Bathtub Water Use Page I of 1 1• �. 7t,—rrfr r LrJ Cir„plies 'v �shar i f TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH ® A graphle•based tool to navigate around the house for info j Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tout I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Its i Search A Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmastcr Bathtub Water Use nems,san.. tl rs u >+ Dn.weshr r. nrr ao.+.srt Bath 17% Table 1 Bath water use rates, national average• National Average• Bath Volume 24 0 gallons Daily Per Capita Use 1 2 gallons Baths Per Capita Per Day 0 1 baths per day -Mayer, et at 1999 http /hrww H2ouse org/tourldctalls/elemcnt_action_contcnts c6n'lelemenUU=75008840-1 9/25/2007 http//w-.%wl12otiscorgaction/(IelaiWl)iintablc cfin''actton2D-1 1252hC5-LS81)-45A5-AO8 9/25/2007 1 i,.. r, , '_, i •r , ., -t gel Clothes Washer Research QPrint Pa � Manufacturers are actively researching new clothes washer designs, products, and technologies The past five years have see a substantial number of new products and Innovative designs M offered to the public ' - Currently there are several research projects that are evaluating the effectiveness of high efficiency clothes washers as well as customer satisfaction with these products Sponsored by the U 5 Environmental Protection Agency and two water providers (East Bay Municipal Water Utility District and City of Tampa Water Department), these studies measure water use in single family homes before and after the Installation of high efficiency fixtures Including clothes washers, faucet aerators, showerheads, and t:^ toilets View EBMUD s report below Results from the other studie - should be available in 2004 East Bay Municipal Water Utility's Residential Indoor Water Conservation Study for more Information on clothes washer research you can visit th, following web sites WaterWiser - the watei efficiency clearing house Metropolitan Water District of Southern California National Association of Home Builders American Council for an Energy -Efficient Economy (ACEEE) Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tout I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Its i Search A Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmastcr Bathtub Water Use nems,san.. tl rs u >+ Dn.weshr r. nrr ao.+.srt Bath 17% Table 1 Bath water use rates, national average• National Average• Bath Volume 24 0 gallons Daily Per Capita Use 1 2 gallons Baths Per Capita Per Day 0 1 baths per day -Mayer, et at 1999 http /hrww H2ouse org/tourldctalls/elemcnt_action_contcnts c6n'lelemenUU=75008840-1 9/25/2007 http//w-.%wl12otiscorgaction/(IelaiWl)iintablc cfin''actton2D-1 1252hC5-LS81)-45A5-AO8 9/25/2007 H2ouse org Tour Bathtub Water Savings Page I of 1 H2ouse org Tour Bath Wastewater Saving Opportunities Page 1 of l TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH I I I' TOUR TARE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCHy F_ A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info 1�A graphic -based toot to navigate around the house for info HELI � 0 Bathtub Vater Savings print Pa _ Bath Wastewater Saving Oppic; rturt)tics ® Pimt Pa low Filling a bathtub uses a fixed volume of water Reducing the flow =—{r� ..,,�Urate has no impact on the amount of water used for a bath L.,.a. 171.. `s dbng a bathtub uses a fixed volume of water and hence equates Consequently there are few conservation measures duetted at F 5 to fixed volume of wastewater Reducing the flow rate has no bathtub use Impact on the amount of wastewater generated from taking a I— I— bath Consequently, there are few conservation measures directe Below are some tips to maximize efficiency in your bathtub 4 zt bathtub use ..- t ---� -- � • Only fill the bathtub as much as you need Bathing babies, I `j- ' �"� Below are some tips to maximize efficiency to your bathtub small children and pets requires much less water than an adult and It is often easier to bathe small babies in a sink 7111 • Only fill the bathtub as much as you need Bathing babies 711: or washbasin n�`ti it, and small children requires much less water and it is often R.+ iiia! easier to bathe small babies in a sink ' • Make sure that your bathtub drain plug doesn't leak ' ' Replace the plug or plug washer if necessary • Make sure that your bathtub drain plug doesn't leak Replace the plug or plug washer if necessary • Replace the tub diverter valve (that routes water to the shower) if it leaks , • Replace the tub drverter valve (Cha[ routes water to the ' • In a drought, don't let the used bathtub water go down th- - shower) If It leaks ' - drain' Reuse bath water outdoors on your landscape • In a drought, don't let the used bathtub water go down th, drain) Reuse bath water outdoors on your landscape t Photo source Plumbing Supply, Accessed September 24, 2003, by permission Photo source Plumb,ng Supply, Accessed September 24, 1003, by permission Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Wastewater reduction is especially important for homeowners wit Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search septic systems Reducing wastewater relieves stress on septic © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, Alt Rights Reserver systems and can extend the life of this expensive system contact vebmaste• Home , Site Map I DISClalniel I Help Tour I Tdke Action I Resouices I Latest Nevis 1 About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve - contact Irebmaster hup,/WWNh2oubcoig/tote/details,(,lement_acoon_ con ten isclmleiementlD--B07852C)-9 9/25/2007 http/hvxlwh2ouscorg/tuuJdetails/clement_action_Contentscfm"clemenLID=BO7952C19 9/25/2007 H2ouse org Tour Bathtub Benefits and Costs Page 1 of 1 H2ousc org Take Action Showerhead Water Use Page t of 1 J110 Shower Volume 17 2 gallons 3ath+�in 8 2 minutes Shower Flow Rate 2 2 gallons per minute Daily Per Capita Use 11 6 gallons Showers Per Capita Per Day 0 67 showers per day TOUR TARE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST HEWS ABOUT US SEARCH F_ A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for into NEU Bathtub Benefits and Costs ' Print Pa There are few costs associated with bathtub water efficiency oche than repairing leaks This means that nearly all the water, wastewater, and energy savings over the life of the tub are 'free' Pa of cost However, since bath water usage represents less than 1 7% of overall indoor use, these savings are likely to be retativel lo small Cieine, wire• 6weivi 117 1 T. Ir Ti l•M 0 'J TY iv 22% Bath 1 7% Home I Site Map I Drsctaimer I Help Toru I Take Action I Resources I latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster hap /Av%t w h2ouse org/tour/details/element_achon_contents cfm'1c1ement1D—B07852C 1-9 9/2512007 Showerhead Water Use li a•...ie...,i. � i„ Shower 168 e Figure 1• National Indoor per capita use percent by fi Table 1 Shower water use rates, national average* Natonal Average* Shower Volume 17 2 gallons Shower Duration 8 2 minutes Shower Flow Rate 2 2 gallons per minute Daily Per Capita Use 11 6 gallons Showers Per Capita Per Day 0 67 showers per day Mayer, et al 1999 rture (Mayer, et. al 1999) hap /:4W14' h2ouse ori action/details/printable cfinVae,tiun1D=11252FC5-E889-45A5-A08 9/25/2007 777 H2ouse org Tour Showencead Water Savings Page I of 2 H2ouse org Tour Showerllcad Water Savings 1HI nl.o.verhead TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH F— A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for into , r RELI Showelilead Water Savings Print Pa MW Replacing your current showerhead with a new model that uses 2 5 gallons per minute (gpm) may or may not save water in your home Many people already have a 2 5 qpm (or less) showerhead installed and others throttle their shower down to a flow rate below 2 5 gpm out of personal preference The national average showering Row rate was measured to be 2 22 gpm (Mayer, et al 1999) Nevertheless, Installing a new showerhead Is still a good Idea and can result in water savings, particularly if you live in an older house and have what appears to be an older showerhead Showerheads are inexpensive (starting at less than $5) and can t a good way to save water in your home z - OiKM twadi 4k. f •; - ti � X. With With an on/off =switch, you can turn off the water while you goal shampoo, or shave without losing your water temperature Photo source Aguacraft, Inc by pennission if you are looking for further water savings in the shower consid, taking shorter showers if your showerhead uses 2 5 gpm, then you can save 2 5 gallons of water for every minute you reduce yc showering Consider placing a bucket or plastic basin in the shower with you to collect excess water This water can then be used to water plants outdoors hap //www H2ouse or,-/t0ur/dClal1s/CICInCIu aCtion_contents crnVelemen(1D=D4D1 D449- 9/25/2007 P age 2 of 2 The Niagara Conservation Shower Coach can help you to take shorter showers Photo source Cdy of Roanoke, VA Accessed 5eptember 5 2003 by permission Home 1 Site Map I Oi5claimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search O Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Counal, All Rights Reserve, contact wcbmaster http //www h2ousc org/tour/(ILtails/Clcmau action contents CCm'Clcmcn(ID -D4D I D44()- 9/2512007 H2ouse org Tour Showerhead Wastewater Savings TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info Page I of Shower buckets like the one pictured above can be used to reduce wastewater and water plants outside PAolo source Aq✓acraft, Inc by permission Wastewater reduction is especially important for homeowners wit septic systems Reducing wastewater relieves stress on septic systems and can extend the life of this expensive system Home 1 Site Map I Disclaimer i Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I latest News I About IJti I Sea,cn http //wwtiv h2ousc orgltouricictalls,cicment_ac,uon_contcnts cfii"cicmcnt[D=D4D! D449- 9;25!2007 H2ouse org Tour Showerhead Wastewater Savings P age 2 of 2 © Copyright 2006, California urban water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserver contact webmasler blip Hwww h2ouse org/touddetailslelemenl action contents cfm9e1ementlD=D4D 1 D449- 925/2007 Showerhead Wastewater savl ngs 0 Print Pa Replacing your current showerhead with a new model that uses 2 5 gallons per minute (gpm) may or may not reduce the wastewater flows from your home Many people already have a 2 5 gpm (or less) showerhead installed and others throttle their shower down to a flow rate below 2 S gpm out of personal - preference The national average showering now rate was measured to be 2 22 gpm (Mayer, et at 1999) Nevertheless, installing a new showerhead is still a good idea and can result in water and as a result wastewater savings, particular if you love in an older house and have what appears to be an olde showerhead Showerheads are inexpensive (starting at less than $5) and can be a good way to save water in your home If you are looking for further water savings in the shower, considi taking shorter showers if your Showerhead uses 2 S gpm, then you can save 2 5 gallons of water (and wastewater) for every minute you reduce your showering Consider placing a bucket or plastic basin In the shower with you to collect excess water This water can then be used to water plants outdoors Shower buckets like the one pictured above can be used to reduce wastewater and water plants outside PAolo source Aq✓acraft, Inc by permission Wastewater reduction is especially important for homeowners wit septic systems Reducing wastewater relieves stress on septic systems and can extend the life of this expensive system Home 1 Site Map I Disclaimer i Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I latest News I About IJti I Sea,cn http //wwtiv h2ousc orgltouricictalls,cicment_ac,uon_contcnts cfii"cicmcnt[D=D4D! D449- 9;25!2007 H2ouse org Tour Showerhead Wastewater Savings P age 2 of 2 © Copyright 2006, California urban water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserver contact webmasler blip Hwww h2ouse org/touddetailslelemenl action contents cfm9e1ementlD=D4D 1 D449- 925/2007 H2ouse org Tour Showerhead Energy Savings Page 1 of 1 H2ouse org Tour Showerhead Benefits and Costs Page I of 1 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES ]LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH I - A graphic based tool to navigate around the house for info Showerhead Energy Savings Print Pa Reducing hot water use saves energy because your hot water heater has less work to do Recent research has shown that on averageabout 73% of the water used in a typical shower rs hot water (DeOreo, et a) 2001) I r ,fl t Photo source Aquacraft, Inc, by permissron Installing a new showerhead is a good idea and can result in Som energy savings, particularly If you live in an older house and hav( what appears to be an older showerhead Showerheads are inexpensive (starting at less than $5) and can be a good way to save money in your home It you are looking for further energy savings In the shower, consider taking shorter showers If your showerhead uses 2 5 gpm, then you can save about 1 8 gallons of hot water for every minute you reduce your showering Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact webmasler TOUR TAKE ACTIOK RESOURCES LATEST NESTS ABOUT US SEARCH A graphic -basad tool to navigate around the Crouse for info 3 A showerhead from Niagara Conservation Photo source C ty of Roanoke, VA Acressed September S, 2003 by permission if you are looking for inexpensive ways to save water, a showerhead Isn't a bad bet and you may save a little on your energy bill as well But don't expect the same level of water savings that you might achieve from replacing an old Inefficient toilet Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour' Take Action I Resources I Latest Ne^+s I About. Us . Search 0 Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve. contact vebmastei hup /fwww h20USL Oro/tOLlrrdetdllsiclonactit action_ contents chn1c1cnrentlD=D4DID449- 9/2512007_ hap /iwww h20USC org/tour/detalivelentent_action_(,ontenls clni IcIcmcnilD=D4DID449- 9/25,12007 0:1 1 , ,•s HELI _ showerhead Benefits and f� os<s ® Piint Pa A showerhead is a relatively inexpensive item Basic showerhead• cost less than $5 and prices go up depending on the features you desire A good quality massaging showerhead will cost $20 - $35 Aft showerheads manufactured in the U S must use 2 5 gallons per minute (gpm) or less The water, wastewater, and energy saving benefits you get from installing a new showerhead is primarily determined by your current showerhead If you have a high flow showerhead - say S gpm or more - you will probably pay for your new showerhead of of water, wastewater and energy savings In one year or less However, research has shown that these high flow showerheads are not that Common anymore A showerhead from Niagara Conservation Photo source C ty of Roanoke, VA Acressed September S, 2003 by permission if you are looking for inexpensive ways to save water, a showerhead Isn't a bad bet and you may save a little on your energy bill as well But don't expect the same level of water savings that you might achieve from replacing an old Inefficient toilet Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour' Take Action I Resources I Latest Ne^+s I About. Us . Search 0 Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve. contact vebmastei hup /fwww h20USL Oro/tOLlrrdetdllsiclonactit action_ contents chn1c1cnrentlD=D4DID449- 9/2512007_ hap /iwww h20USC org/tour/detalivelentent_action_(,ontenls clni IcIcmcnilD=D4DID449- 9/25,12007 H2ouse org Tour Showerhead Future Trends Page 1 of 1 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH I A graphic -based toot to navigate around the house for into AM Photo source Aquacraft Inc, by pemnssron It Is difficult to envision this trend dramatically Impacting residential water use rates Human biology and learned behavior governs showering frequency and that isn't likely to change The<- luxury showers are similar to giant Jacuzzi tubs or bidets and do result in additional water use for people who can afford to pay thi bill Home I Site Map I Disclaimer 1 Help Tour I Take Action i Resources I Latest News I About Us I Sea•ch iD Copyright 2006, California Urban water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster htip /%Wk+w h20use org/lour/details/elenrcnt_,tchon_contLnis c Ffn9elementlD=D4D1D449- 9,25/2007 112ouse org Tour Showerhead Research TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH F�— A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info Page I of 1 REEI Showerhead Future Trends Print Pa VIEW Unlike toilets, showerheads have not been the center of great bw Interest and controversy in recent years New Showerhead products are regularly brought to market and they all meet the federal standard that limits flow to 2 5 gallons per minute Showerheads can produce spray In a variety of patterns and - pulses and consumers are free to choose the model that suits _ them best A fairly recent trend in bathroom design could impact shower water usage however An oversized shower stall with two (or more) showerheads is becoming a popular item in upscale bathrooms across the country Some of these showers are designed to facilitate showering with a friend or loved one, other• are simply luxury items to pamper wealthy folks Some of these showers actually have separate controls for each Showerhead so that If only one person is showering only one showerhead is used However, the potential does exist for people to use two, three, or even four times as much water for showering Photo source Aquacraft Inc, by pemnssron It Is difficult to envision this trend dramatically Impacting residential water use rates Human biology and learned behavior governs showering frequency and that isn't likely to change The<- luxury showers are similar to giant Jacuzzi tubs or bidets and do result in additional water use for people who can afford to pay thi bill Home I Site Map I Disclaimer 1 Help Tour I Take Action i Resources I Latest News I About Us I Sea•ch iD Copyright 2006, California Urban water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster htip /%Wk+w h20use org/lour/details/elenrcnt_,tchon_contLnis c Ffn9elementlD=D4D1D449- 9,25/2007 112ouse org Tour Showerhead Research TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH F�— A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info Page I of 1 Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I ReWurces I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact Webmaster Nip /htiwtt h2ouse org/tow/detalls/elemcnt_action_contcnts c.fm9elemenilD=D4D I D449- 9/25/2007 aJ t f NEIL Showerhead Research IS Print Pa VIEW Manufacturers are constantly researching new showerhead bw designs, products, and technologies Currently there are several research projects that are evaluating the effectiveness of low -Flow showerheads as well as customer satisfaction with these products Sponsored by the U S - Environmental Protection Agency and two water providers (East Bay Municipal Water Utility District and City of Tampa water Department), these studies measure water use in single-family homes before and afterthe installation of high -efficiency fixtures including showerheads, toilets and clothes washers Results from these studies should be available in 2002 For Information on showerhead research you can visit the followir web sites • www waterwiser org • http //www nahbrc orq/ Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I ReWurces I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact Webmaster Nip /htiwtt h2ouse org/tow/detalls/elemcnt_action_contcnts c.fm9elemenilD=D4D I D449- 9/25/2007 K20use org I ake Action lrrcywater andlor Uual Plumbing Jystcm Water Javmgs Page I of I 112ouse org Tour Home Water Treatment Water Use Page I of 1 Greywater and/or Dual Plumbing System Water Savings Using greywater for irrigation so that regular tap water need not be used is an excellent way to save water The amount of greywater captured and available for irrigation is a function of the greywater system itself and how much water is used indoors Simple greywater systems that utilize a bucket in the sink and shower or a hose hooked to the bathtub drain can save a maximum of the capacity of the bucket or bathtub each time it is filled A carefully designed greywater system that is connected to sinks, tubs, showers, and the clothes washer can create approximately 35 gallons per capita per day or t2,775 gallons per capita per year A family of four could potentially create an additional 50,000 gallons for use outdoors This of course assumes that the system works perfectly, all possible fixtures are connected to the system, there Is sufficient storage, and very little water Is lost In the filtration process More realistically, a family of four with a well designed greywater system with nearly all potential fixtures connected could save 30,000 to 40,000 gallons of water per year and in many cases it may be less than this YOUR TARE ACTIDN RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH F_ A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info HELL Home Watel Treatment ;ryry, "Vatel Use 6. Print Pa The home water treatment systems that consume water in the treatment process are reverse osmosis systems and water softeners Point -of -use water filters that attach to the kitchen Sint faucet do not consume any water The amount of water consumed by a home water treatment system will vary depending upon the type and size of the system The manufacturer should be able to provide water consumption values In a recent study of residential water use conducted for the American Water Works Association Research Foundation, 8% of the study homes were equipped with a home water treatment system that had some consumptive use There was tremendous variability in these treatment systems Consumptive use ranged between t 0 and 74 0 gallons of water per day The average watt use for homes equipped with a home water treatment system we 15 B gallons per household per day (Mayer, et al 1999) This provides a range of water use that might be expected from a home water treatment system Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster hup /'%Nww h2ousc or&,,tctlon;d(,talls,printablc cfm'acnotllD 78FA9A8t3-2756-41,21,-88 9/25/2007 http /,www h2ousc. org/tom/details/clenlcnt_ acllcnl_contents efnt'cicnicnt[D=52] E2hAA- 9'25!2007 H2ouse org Tour Fvaporative Cooler Water Use I F pl-rati ee Cooler I u r Pagel of 2 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH F— ® A graphic based tool to navigate around the house for info .ir �, _ . • . _ , .r �. rc < "i' HELI *Extrapolated from Karpiscak et al 1998 study Source Karpiscak et at 1998 In general, the amount of water used by your evaporative cooler will depend upon its size, air movement, and the relative humidlt of the air All things being equal, a 4500 CFM cooler uses less water than a 6000 CFM cooler However, the most important difference Is water usage rates for evaporative coolers is the use of bleed water Thermostats and timers can be utilized to decrease the amount o water (and energy) used by evaporative coolers A thermostat ca be set to a certain temperature so that the evaporative cooler is only used when necessary In addition, timers can be used so tha the evaporative cooler Can turn on just before residents get homt Sources "Evaporative Cooler" City of Phoenix Accessed May 1, 2003 -Evaporative cooler water use" by Martin Karpiscak of Arizona Cooperative Extension ACCessed April 11, 2003 Karpiscak, M M , et at 1998 Evaporative cooler water use in Phoenix Journal AWWA, 90(4) 121-130 H2ouse org Tour Evaporative Cooler Water Use P age 2 of 2 "Save water Money and Your Health with an Evaporative Cooler" Accessed May 13, 2003 Tarquin, A J 1999 Water Use for Evaporative Cooling EI Paso, TX U S Bureau of Reclamation Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search pc Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve. contact webmaster littp,,/www h2ouse orytow/dctatls'elemcnt actton_contcnts din?elcmcntlD=C762FHA- 9/25/2007 hap //,Aww h2ousc org/touddetajWclement_aLuon_contenis cfnt'IelcnlentlD=C762FL8A- 9/25/2007 Evaporative Cooler Water Yearly water rq Use t;� Print Pa water use Average run time (hr/yr) use (gal/yr) Evaporative coolers use a substantial amount of water to run r Systems with bleed valves and sump dump systems use the most ?!` water This should be taken into consideration in areas where bleed water is expensive or in short supply , With 105 A study conducted by the University of Arizona's Offlee of Arid r.�a. qty Lands Studies at the request of the city of Phoenix tried to quantify exactly how much water is used by evaporative coolers The study found that average dally water use was 66 gallons per a day, or 14,000 gallons per year (212 days of cooling) Coolers !' without a bleed valve used an average of 3 5 gallons per hour, A while the coolers with a bleed valve used 10 5 gallons per hour ;x. The percentage of household water used by the coolers was 25 8% for households without air conditioning, and 15 8% for all houses On average, coolers ran 2,100 hours during the summer rl (Karpiscak et at 1998) Similar results were found In a study conducted in EI Paso, Texas (Tarquin 1999) *Extrapolated from Karpiscak et al 1998 study Source Karpiscak et at 1998 In general, the amount of water used by your evaporative cooler will depend upon its size, air movement, and the relative humidlt of the air All things being equal, a 4500 CFM cooler uses less water than a 6000 CFM cooler However, the most important difference Is water usage rates for evaporative coolers is the use of bleed water Thermostats and timers can be utilized to decrease the amount o water (and energy) used by evaporative coolers A thermostat ca be set to a certain temperature so that the evaporative cooler is only used when necessary In addition, timers can be used so tha the evaporative cooler Can turn on just before residents get homt Sources "Evaporative Cooler" City of Phoenix Accessed May 1, 2003 -Evaporative cooler water use" by Martin Karpiscak of Arizona Cooperative Extension ACCessed April 11, 2003 Karpiscak, M M , et at 1998 Evaporative cooler water use in Phoenix Journal AWWA, 90(4) 121-130 H2ouse org Tour Evaporative Cooler Water Use P age 2 of 2 "Save water Money and Your Health with an Evaporative Cooler" Accessed May 13, 2003 Tarquin, A J 1999 Water Use for Evaporative Cooling EI Paso, TX U S Bureau of Reclamation Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search pc Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve. contact webmaster littp,,/www h2ouse orytow/dctatls'elemcnt actton_contcnts din?elcmcntlD=C762FHA- 9/25/2007 hap //,Aww h2ousc org/touddetajWclement_aLuon_contenis cfnt'IelcnlentlD=C762FL8A- 9/25/2007 Average Yearly water water use Average run time (hr/yr) use (gal/yr) (gal/hr) Without 3 5 2,100 7,350 bleed With 105 2,100 22,050 bleed *Extrapolated from Karpiscak et al 1998 study Source Karpiscak et at 1998 In general, the amount of water used by your evaporative cooler will depend upon its size, air movement, and the relative humidlt of the air All things being equal, a 4500 CFM cooler uses less water than a 6000 CFM cooler However, the most important difference Is water usage rates for evaporative coolers is the use of bleed water Thermostats and timers can be utilized to decrease the amount o water (and energy) used by evaporative coolers A thermostat ca be set to a certain temperature so that the evaporative cooler is only used when necessary In addition, timers can be used so tha the evaporative cooler Can turn on just before residents get homt Sources "Evaporative Cooler" City of Phoenix Accessed May 1, 2003 -Evaporative cooler water use" by Martin Karpiscak of Arizona Cooperative Extension ACCessed April 11, 2003 Karpiscak, M M , et at 1998 Evaporative cooler water use in Phoenix Journal AWWA, 90(4) 121-130 H2ouse org Tour Evaporative Cooler Water Use P age 2 of 2 "Save water Money and Your Health with an Evaporative Cooler" Accessed May 13, 2003 Tarquin, A J 1999 Water Use for Evaporative Cooling EI Paso, TX U S Bureau of Reclamation Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search pc Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve. contact webmaster littp,,/www h2ouse orytow/dctatls'elemcnt actton_contcnts din?elcmcntlD=C762FHA- 9/25/2007 hap //,Aww h2ousc org/touddetajWclement_aLuon_contenis cfnt'IelcnlentlD=C762FL8A- 9/25/2007 H2ouse org Tour Evaporative Cooler Water Savings Page 1 of 1 H2ouse org Tour Evdporahve Cooler Wastewater Savings Page I of 2 Im TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCHA graphie-based loci to navigate around the house for info A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for infoRELI Mu 0 Evaporative Cooler Water Evaporative Cooler i, §?,`,;^ a' ;?•-'-`Y' r Vlla1,teivafer:13-aviry5• 'Print Pa :ivi hg'sPrint Pa There are a variety of water saving opportunities for your � A evaporative cooler The best way to save water with an evaporative cooler Is to have a re -circulating system that does noy,*yam Any evaporative cooler that uses a bleed valve to Flush a portion r L1J the re -circulating water and/or water from its reservoir produces bleed off water This is the best option for coolers that operate l��_ wastewater Coolers without a bleed valve use an average of 3 S b'&, 7a with soft water However, if your cooler is operating with hard �:'.t —J r` r -r gallons per hour while [he coolers with a bleed valve use 10 5 1 water, you may need bleed -off Install a bleed Imo line Curb bleed water I� Y, r 7 x :A}`}�.a� use, you can Install ableed-off clamp on the Ilne to minimize the ,.,M _le f< gallons per hour, (Karpiscak et at 1998), thus coolers probably "fd_•£ amount of bleed These damps could save you between 4 and 14 ; :�_ generate about 7 gallons of waste water per hour The wastewate gallons per hour, depending on your system' If your system does _- can either be drained Co the sanitary sewer system or reused on- �17"Td bleed water, try to re -use the water on-site for your outside site va n0 r�tnre Cooly Fva{loratiu r• :"oolPr � , r Wastewater from an evaporative cooler can be re -used for landscape This will Indirectly save you water from Irrigation (so remember to adjust sprinkling schedules appropriately) , i ." ^,, _ irrigation purposes Irrigation Is a natural use for this water since the hot, dry conditions that often spur cooler use also spur Regardless of your system, there are things you can do to ' 1« irrigation demand However, evaporative coolers also typically decrease water use in general Some are listed here _ function in desert areas where the water has a high contentrahor •i'* of salts This Is a concern for plants that are sensitive to water i = e Install a thermostat and timer on your cooler so it only • with a high mineral concentration In a study conducted by the i operates when necessary University of Arizona's Office of And Land Studies, it was found } that coolers with a bleed off system produced wastewater with i - e Use a two -speed blow motor Operating at low -speed uses " total dissolved solids (TDS) of 375 to 4,043 Mg/L In general, less water and is more energy efficient water with a TDS below 5,000 Mg/L can be used for most r cf i irrigation (Karpiscak et at 1998) Nevertheless, you may want tc e Inspect your cooler monthly and perform maintenance as research specific plants before irrigating them with the necessary to be sure that your cooler is operating _ wastewater I , efficiently In addition, continual use of your cooler may cause overwatenng e Turn on the water pump a few minutes before turning on r Thisis especially true If you don't move the bleed -off hose the fan This saturates the pads first, making your cooler - more efficient - - - regularly to different areas of your landscape Alternatively you can connect the bleed line to an underground irrigation system, such as drip irrigation, as shown below e On cool evenings, you can operate your cooler fan without ' the water pump The fan will bring cool air into your houst ` without using any water - ' e Use alternative methods of cooling, including ceding fans c _ an air conditioner if you have one (However, be sure not i i to precool air using an evaporative cooler before turning 0 t..i.• an air conditioner This causes the air conditioner to use more energy) Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help ' Tour i Take Action I Resourres I Latest News I About Us I Search Cc) Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserves ' c m mea, e. contact Webmaster Figure 1 An example of a bleed line that connects to drip Irrigation Source Aquacraft, Inc, by permission Sources Karpiscak, M M at at 1998 Evaporative cooler water use in Phoenix Journal AWWA, 90(4) 121-130 hiip //www h2ouse org/toudtletalls/element_ actton_Lontents cftn lelementlD4 762FE8A- 9/25/2007 hup 'hvww h2ouse org/tofu/detallsielt.ment_acbon_contents cfii'IelcmcntTO—C762FF8A- 9/25/2007 H2ouse org Tour Evaporative Cooler Wastewater Savings p age 2 of 2 142ouse org Tour Evaporative Cooler Energy Sm Ings Page 1 of l Evaporative Cooler" City of PhoeniX Accessed May 1, 2003 "Save water, Money and Your Health with an Evaporative Cooler" City of Phoenix Accessed May I9, 2003 Home I Site Nap I Disclaimer I Help Tow I Take Action I Resources I latest New% I About Us I Search CF) Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster F:`hnrn',twr r, oGie ` TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH �- i A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info Annual HELI kWh Evaporative Cooler Energy Evaporative 1,500 Print Pa $150 Cooler a Evaporative coolers use a relatively low amount of energy, $600 especially when compared to air conditioners It has been i� K'a estimated that a 1,600 square foot home will annually use 1,500 _ kilowatt hours for an evaporative cooler, versus 6,000 kilowatt >� hours for a refrigeration em Thus, evaporative coolers can I� FM rd help save energy and money I E">--'iri, rr. Table 1 Estimated energy usage and cost for evaporative coolers and air conditioners operating in a 1,600 square f*`•'xT foot home. F' Y Although evaporative coolers have relatively low energy use, ther are a few things you can do to insure that you avoid wasting energy (and water) Be sure that you install a thermostat and/or timer on your evaporative cooler so that it only functions when necessary In addition, many coolers are avallable with two -speer b,j,wer motors often you will only need your cooler to operate at a low speed, which is the more energy efficient mode Some homes have a combined system where the same ductwork is used for an evaporative cooler and air conditioner In this case, make sure that you don't precool the air in the house using the evaporative cooler before turning on the air conditioner Refrigeration systems use more energy if they have to remove moist air brought in by evaporative coolers Sources "Evaporative Cooler' City of Phoenix Accessed May 1, 2003 'Evaporative cooler water use' by Martin Karpiscak of Arizona Cooperative Extension Accessed April 11, 2003 'installing and Maintaining Evaporative Coolers' Home Energy Magazine Online May/June 1996 Accessed May 1, 2003 Annual Cost per Annual kWh kWh Cost Evaporative 1,500 $010 $150 Cooler Au Conditsoner 6,000 $0 10 $600 Home I Site trap 101%ClainR' Help Tour I Take Action I Resources i latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council All Rights Reserve, Contact webmacter http //vvww blouse org/tour,dctdils/elenheni_actlon_contents cfm'1clenlentlD=C762FE8A- 9/25/2007 hap //wwvv, 112ouse oryhour/deldlls/clemenl_.iction_contents cfVclemcntlD=C762Fh8�- 9/25/2007 1-12ousc org Tour Evaporative Cooler Benefits and Costs Page] of 2 t Based on the national average water and sewer costs Source Evaporative mole wafer use. by Martin Karplscak Of Antww Cooperative Extension Accessed April 11, 2003 Sources Evaporative Cooler" City of Phoenix Accessed May 1, 2DO3 Mouse org Tour Evaporative Cooler Benefits and Costs P age 2 of 2 "Evaporative cooler water use" by Martin Karprscak of Arizona Cooperative Extension Accessed April 11, 2003 "Evaporative Coolers" ToolBase Services Accessed May 13, 2003 "Installing and Maintaining Evaporative Coolers" Home Energy Magazine Online May/lune 1996 Accessed May 1, 2003 Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact Webmaster hitp //wtiaw h2ouse cig/tour/details/elcmcnt_,Ictlon_contcnis efm>cluncn(iD=C762FE8A- 9/25/2007 hltp //wwtt h2ouse oig/tour/details/element action contents chn 1cicmcntlD—C762Fh8A- 9/25/2007 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST REWS ABOUT US SEARCH �— Water A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info Annual ,r it HELI • r: Usage Evaporative Cooler Benefits Water ' w. i' anti Costs Print P Electric Annu (kgal ) kgalt Cost (kWh) The benefits of owning and operating an evaporative Cost Cost costs and 19 $2 84 cooler must be weighed by prospective users Some of the pros and cons are listed below _71 �"r rn $15000 i — Ad— Cooler n. a Provides cool, comfortable indoor environment for dry, hot _ ". climates "T.1,T[r1d17.F9AMW • Uses between one-tenth and ane -third of the energy that G Ja DCt ati„” Cool* r *.�..,,�yi rt ^Aire air conditioners (AC) use 6000 $0 10 • uses no ozone-depleting chemicals $600 –" • Relatively Inexpensive compared to AC units Conditioner . Bleed water can often be reused for on-site Irrigation - • Repairs and maintenance are fairly simple • Operates as an open system that brings in fresh air, rather than re -circulating air • Maintains natural humidity levels inside that help to keep - i furniture and fabrics from drying out • Evaporative cooler pads filter incoming air i --- • Less noisy than AC units Costs r ' • Require frequent maintenance <. • Only work under dry conditions As far as hard costs evaporative coolers are less expensive than air conditioners For example, a 4500 CFM evaporative cooler costs about $700 to purchase and Install A similarly sized AC unit would cost about $2,500 In addition, repair parts are often more expensive for AC units than evaporative coolers Below Is a cost sheet that estimates annual utility costs for evaporative coolers i and AC units yi Table 1 estimated annual utility costs for evaporative coolers and air conditioners t Based on the national average water and sewer costs Source Evaporative mole wafer use. by Martin Karplscak Of Antww Cooperative Extension Accessed April 11, 2003 Sources Evaporative Cooler" City of Phoenix Accessed May 1, 2DO3 Mouse org Tour Evaporative Cooler Benefits and Costs P age 2 of 2 "Evaporative cooler water use" by Martin Karprscak of Arizona Cooperative Extension Accessed April 11, 2003 "Evaporative Coolers" ToolBase Services Accessed May 13, 2003 "Installing and Maintaining Evaporative Coolers" Home Energy Magazine Online May/lune 1996 Accessed May 1, 2003 Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact Webmaster hitp //wtiaw h2ouse cig/tour/details/elcmcnt_,Ictlon_contcnis efm>cluncn(iD=C762FE8A- 9/25/2007 hltp //wwtt h2ouse oig/tour/details/element action contents chn 1cicmcntlD—C762Fh8A- 9/25/2007 Water Cost Annual Electric Cost Annual Total Usage per Water usage per Electric Annu (kgal ) kgalt Cost (kWh) kWh Cost Cost Evaporative 19 $2 84 $53 96 1500 $0 10 $15000 $203 Cooler Air 0 [$284 $000 6000 $0 10 $60000 $600 Conditioner t Based on the national average water and sewer costs Source Evaporative mole wafer use. by Martin Karplscak Of Antww Cooperative Extension Accessed April 11, 2003 Sources Evaporative Cooler" City of Phoenix Accessed May 1, 2DO3 Mouse org Tour Evaporative Cooler Benefits and Costs P age 2 of 2 "Evaporative cooler water use" by Martin Karprscak of Arizona Cooperative Extension Accessed April 11, 2003 "Evaporative Coolers" ToolBase Services Accessed May 13, 2003 "Installing and Maintaining Evaporative Coolers" Home Energy Magazine Online May/lune 1996 Accessed May 1, 2003 Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact Webmaster hitp //wtiaw h2ouse cig/tour/details/elcmcnt_,Ictlon_contcnis efm>cluncn(iD=C762FE8A- 9/25/2007 hltp //wwtt h2ouse oig/tour/details/element action contents chn 1cicmcntlD—C762Fh8A- 9/25/2007 H2ousc org Tour, Standard Hot Water System Energy Savings Page I of 3 H2ouse org Tour Standard Hot Water System Energy Savings Page 2 of 3 rT.l.rt�il tR�irli�u St; ryrl"sid I'ur VUntzr TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH �— A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for Info -_ -c J '01 HEC( Standard Hot Mater System v Encit gy Savings Print Pa In a typical American home the water heater uses more energy than any other appliance in the home except for the heating _'z system Depending on local energy prices, it costs a typical famill N f��� A t4E of four between $200 and $500 per year for water heating For many families, this represents a significant portion of their utility bills ,s ^sYjX4�. For most households, the energy used to heat water can be reduced by 25-5D percent through conservation This amounts to perm a savings of approximately $50-$250 per year at current rates rr=+``ffr'tf This web site offers many tips for reducing hot water usage Here are some tips for increasing hot water energy efficiency �S �•" Increasing Water Heating Efficiency t Set Back the Water Heater Thermostat Some states now require that alt new water heaters be set at 12C Z F at the time of sale This increases the safety and energy i, efficiency of the heater If your water heater was purchased prior to 1984, It's likely that the thermostat is set higher than this, probably between 140°F and 150°F You should set it back If this is the case Most people shower at a temperature of 105°F, so a setting of 120°F w111 still require mixing with cold water for a comfortable temperature Hot water temperatures greater than 120°F are not necessary an should be reduced for several reasons • It can cause scalding Children and seniors are most often scalded Scalding occurs in 2 seconds at 1500F, 15 seconds at 140°F, 30 seconds at 130°F, 10 minutes at 120°F • It causes the water heater to lose heat at a much greater rate than would occur If the temperature was kept lower, and • it Increases the rate of corrosion on internal fittings and other surfaces By lowering the thermostat from 150°F to 120°F, energy demand Is reduced by 15 percent Insulate Your Water Heater Older water heaters lose heat quickly because they contain only [ Inch or two of fiberglass insulation (R-5) To reduce heat loss, the should be wrapped with additional fiberglass insulation Insulating kits can be purchased at home supply and hardware stores, and some electric utilities will install them at no charge foi customers Most have an insulating value of R -I1 and will save $20-$28 per year at current rates Rigid foam board insulation placed under the water heater can further reduce heat loss About two inches of extruded polystyren board is recommended since it resists compression and does not absorb water Gas water heaters should be wrapped with insulation specifically made for gas water heaters These kits are designed so that they won t block the air Intake and insulation will not come In contact with the flue This is essential for proper functioning of the heater and to avoid a fire hazard Insulate Pipes Your house is a good candidate for pipe Insulation If you use wate frequently throughout the day, if the pipe runs are long, or If thel pass through an insulated crawlspace or basement It is necessar to wrap hot water pipes only Pipe Insulation comes in different forms • Closed -cell flexible foam tubes (R-3 to R-5) • Rigid foam (R-7), and • Fiberglass batts (R-11) Other Water Heating Alternatives If you have already taken basic hot water conservation measures a^d seek further reductions of your hot water bill, other water heating alternatives may be considered These include tempering tanks and demand water, heat pump, solar, and woad -fired water heaters In general, these systems are most cost-effective in new homes or for families using greater than average quantities of ho water Anti Convection Valves If the ho[ and cold water outlet and inlet run vertically up from th water tank, convection up these pipes causes heat loss when the tank is not being used To reduce heat loss, anti Convection valves, essentially tiny ball check valves, can be purchased at plumbing outlets and Installed on both the inlet and outlet of the water heater You may need a plumber to install them for you If so, wait until other plumbing work needs to be done This will sav on costs Water Heater Timers Timers are not very effective at reducing energy use unless time of use (or "peak') rate structures are in use Also, if the tank Is well insulated, the savings from timers will be relatively small A water heater timer might save 36 kWh (or $1-$2) per year on a well -Insulated water heater Tank insulation wraps, because they are simpler, less expensive and more effective, are a preferable means of saving energy source Washington State University Coopera'ive Extension publications (accessed 7/19/01) Home I Site Hap I Disclaimer I Help four I lake Action I Resources I I Most News f About Us 1 S,,atch <c) Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, hill) //ww%v )12ouse org tour%detrulb/element_acuon_contents cfin'clementlD=C60A['Ft)A- 9/25/2007 hup /'wunw h2ouse orgliout/details/elen)ent_dLtlon_LOntents clm9e1etnenI1D—C61)AFF9A- 9/25/2007 H2ouse org Tour Standard Hol Water System Benefits and Costs Page I of 1 Mouse org Tour Standard Hot Water System Future Trends TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH �— A graphic -based too[ to navigate around the house for Info z, NEU r Standard Hot Water System @@@@@@��1 [y 6Cfttflt_ and Cus s i�Print Pa �/ Often ignored or taken for granted until they develop a problem, e In typical American homes, the water heater uses more energy x than any other appliance except for the heating system nwv4p Depending on local energy prices, a family of four spends betwee ^ ' $200 and $500 per year for heating water For many families, thl represents a significant portion of their utility bills 9.^ �t3 re-.I�1 not known if these products are slated to receive an Energy Star For most households, the energy used to heat water can be kfk,r?�^',', • reduced by 25-50 percent through conservation This amounts to - a savings of approximately $50-$250 per year at current rates 4 P4' Point of use hot water heaters may offer an alternative to �� 1 Assuming only n$200 gs of improving tospendup tonimum easily make the energy efficiency of your hot water heater it should be possible to Insulate your water heater and a substantial amount of hot water r i pipes for this amount of money Reducing the temperature of the hot water tank is also an easy way to save Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserver contact webmayter __r• rr I F�iLr_ ; rte, -4 r` �t,l.ritif TS.y� ,ra�lf �A_- da,d hlr Ward w -tern I y, Page 1 of2 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info Standard Hcit Water System :a utur F f ,-ands Is Print Pa te ;L @@@@@@��1 The standard hot water heater is a staple of the American home �/ Often ignored or taken for granted until they develop a problem, =1_0Vi these devices are one of the essentials of modern life Anyone wh x has ever lived In a cold climate without hot water knows the "'4 importance of a hot water heater + Currently there Is no Energy Star Zabel for hot water heaters It i5 5. �f•`^—'r, not known if these products are slated to receive an Energy Star label in the near future fl TMJ Here are some other products that could offer energy savings - Point -of -use water heaters Point of use hot water heaters may offer an alternative to it, traditional hot water heating systems for some homeowners These systems offer some advantages and disadvantage depending upon each individual situation Point -of -use water heaters are also known as "tankiess' heaters because they have no (or only a tiny) storage tank They are relatively small units th tclhot t d d Th o electricit F a prov, e o wa er on eman ey use gas r y or fuel, and can be installed near demand points, such as under kitchen sinks They are often more expensive than a convention water heater, but can cost less to operate since they don t maintain a tank full of hot water when not in use A point of use heater typically provides 1-2 gallons of hot water per minute Before installing a point of use water heater in your home, make sure Its reduced capacity will be adequate for your needs Solar water heaters A solar water heater typically Includes collectors mounted on the roof or In a clear area of the yard, a separate storage tank near the conventional heater in the home, connecting pipe, and a controller Solar water heaters can reduce the annual fuel cost of supplying hot water to your home by more than half Throughout the year, the solar system preheats the water before it reaches the conventional water heater During the summer, it may proved all the required heat Desuperheaters A desuperheater is an attachment to your air conditioner or heat pump that allows waste heat from that device to help heat domestic water to hot climates, a desuperheater can provide most of a home's hot water needs during the summer Source .aww eien doe gov (accessed 6/15/01) Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I latest News I About Us 1 Search Cc, Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council All Rights Reserve, http //www h2ouse olg/tour/details/element action_ contents cfn"clemcnilD–CGOAI 19A- 9/25/2007 hap /hvww h2ouse olg/touridetails,element_acuon_contents elm'clementlD=C60AFF9A- 925/2007 142ouse org Tour Standard }lot Water System Research Page 1 of 1 H2ousc org Tour' Water Meter Water Savings Page i of i at,rrfl�, t7a�raa�1� v5ten• 0 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH bmIA graphic -based toot to navigate around the house for info i - , , „ n - r Sri : i RELI Standard Hot Water System 4: 41 `� �Ya 1`:fiP;earel) Print Pa Ile r*- Manufacturers are actively researching new standard hot water I ' !"�`�^._Ale heater designs, products, and technologies y' We are not aware of any on-going research into the water or .� energy efficiency of these products � Ir�'—�� Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserver contact webmaster TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH JIM A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for Info 3 Home I Site Map I Disciairpoi I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search c9) Copyright 2006, California Urban water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserver contact webmaster http //Wwrw h2ouse oigitoui/details/elenient_action_contents efm'elementlD—COOAFF9A- 9%25/2007 http;hv%kw h2ouse orgitourldetaits/element_achon_contents cfni7elemenllD=FCC'113ED3- 9/25/2007 Water Meter Water Savings Pnnt Pe F ti• FYI— U�?r Le s Your water meter can be a useful tool in the effort to increase water efficiency in your home You can use your water meter to "J.- determine how much water you are using on a daily basis and to detect slow leaks Check out the How to read your water meter page for detailed '•%1 instructions on locating and reading your meter important note Some water utilities encourage customers to rea their own meter while others prohibit opening the meter box and tampering with the meter in any way It is a good idea to check with your utility before examining your water meter Home I Site Map I Disciairpoi I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search c9) Copyright 2006, California Urban water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserver contact webmaster http //Wwrw h2ouse oigitoui/details/elenient_action_contents efm'elementlD—COOAFF9A- 9%25/2007 http;hv%kw h2ouse orgitourldetaits/element_achon_contents cfni7elemenllD=FCC'113ED3- 9/25/2007 f12ouseorg Tour Irrigation Systems Water Use Page I oft � I L.2 le;..u„ T; nrldUoii S`(st2 m5 S Figure 1 F Although homes equipped with automatic sprinkler systems use substantially more water than their "hose dragging" counterparts research shows that on average these homes do not use.more water than the local climate conditions indicated was required for optimum growth of turf grass (Mayer, et al 1999) Evapotranspiration (or ET) is a measure of the amount of water required for optimum plant growth that Is based on a number of factors including temperature and precipitation When the water use of manual and automatic irrigators Is compared against the local ET rate is can be seen that on average manual irrigators applied 39% of the theoretical ET requirement and automatic irrigators applied 47% of the ET requirement These results are shown in Figure 2 This means that although homes with automatic sprinklers use more water, they are still Irrigating quite efficiently on average http Lrwww h2ousc org/tour/details/clement action contents c1m1c1cmcnt1D=68BAD0B5- 9/25/2007 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH �— i A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for Info Bal Irrigation Systems Water ,rq, Use ® Print Pa !iX` S£rf Homes with automatic sprinkler systems use more than twice as much water o _ average than homes that 'p„",,x,�xi manually Irrigate with a hos - '-t and sprinkler (Mayer, et al - 1999) This result takes intc consideration difference to landscape size, but doesn't consider landscape quality or landscaping materials (turf, Xeriscape, etc ) ' 'r These results are shown in Figure t Wouse org Tour Irrigation Systems Water Use P age 2 of 2 Figure 2 Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact Webmaster http //www h2ouzc org/tour/detailsielemettt_ac1)017_6D11tLIItS cfnt1elentcn1ID=69BAD0B5- 9/25/2007 H2ouse org Tour Imgation Systems Water Savings r � n Page I of 2 FDUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ANUTUS SEARCH I - A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info t, 11 -,c 1- i• ,." , Ts " HELI mmigni^ Irrigation Systems Water x- 4 - Savings Print Pa '4 " g," An automatic sprinkler system Is almost always the largest user c water in a home if you re looking for a way to save water it makes sense to focus on the big uses It doesn't get any bigger than the sprinkler system From a horticultural standpoint, over -irrigation occurs much too often However, it is most prevalent In the cooler fall months whe summer Irrigation schedules have not been revised to meet the current weather conditions Over-Irrlgation causes three basic problems • Over -irrigation pushes water beyond the root zone and is wasted This occurs most notably In the case of turf grass • Over -irrigation causes excessive run-off, which contribute, to non -point source environmental pollution • Over -Irrigation, in general, degrades plant health There are a number of ways to reduce outdoor water use and automatic Irrigation and all of these recommendations are explored in great detail in this web site Saving water outdoors depends on a number of factors including the type of plant material, the sod, landscaping practices, climate, irrigation syster efficiency, etc It can all be a bit overwhelming Many water utilities offer free landscape audits An audit is a great opportunit to meet with a local expert and discuss ways to improve efficienc, on your specific landscape Contact your utility for information on these programs Ways to Save Water with Your Automatic Sprinkler System • Convert turf to low water use Xerncape • Improve your m igabon schedule • Upgrade your sprinkler clock • Install a rain shutoff device • Harvest rainwater H2ouse org four Irrigation Systems Water Savings P age 2 of 2 Improving irrigation efficiency is a win-win situation all around You save money on your water bill and your landscape gets the water it needs without waste What could be better? Home I Site Map 1 Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search (c) Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserves contact webmaster hitp f/www h2ouse org/toter/details/eleinent_,Ictton_con(cnts cfin"e1ement1D=68RAI)0R5- 9/25/2007 [trip i/www h2ouse org/tour/detiils/clement_achon_contents efm"clemenllD=68RAD0Bi- 9/25/2007 Mouse org Tour Irrigation Systems Benefits and Costs Page 1 of 2 H2ouse org Tour Irrigation Systems Benefits and Costs P age 2 of 2 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATESTIEW ABOUT US SEARCH F_ A - A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for Info c c r I NEU Irrigation Systems Benefits [q P'w iy.---'ti, arid Costs id Print Pa If you currently manually Irrigate and yo are considering installing an automatic >" • ' Irrigation system you can expect that your water bilis will go up Recent studie of homes with and without automatic xi sprinkler systems show that homes with automatic systems use substantially mai water outdoors on average (Maddaus an Mayer, 2001) Automatic Irrigation systems, if not properly managed, can waste a lot of water Always be mindful that YOU are the "brains" behind your irrigatio, system scheduling and YOU control the controller The benefits of an automatic irrigation system include reduced labor for watering, convenience, full landscape coverage, the ability to control Irrigation timing, and added value to your home The costs of an automatic irrigation system include installation costs (starting at about $1,000 for a small yard and moving up from there), water costs, maintenance costs (shutdown and startup and annual repairs), and increased landscape maintenanc (you may be mowing more often) You can minimize costs by carefully designing a system that meet the specific needs of your landscape, programming your clock properly, adjusting the program frequently in response to change In the weather, Installing a rails shutoff device or soil moisture sensor, and maintaining your system Cost Benefit Analysis It is possible to quantify the costs of an automatic Irrigation system, but quantifying the benefits is quite difficult This makes traditional cost benefit analysis virtually impossible If you are considering installing an automatic sprinkler system you will have to weigh the costs and benefits for yourself If you already have an automatic irrigation system, you can maximize the benefits an minimize costs and operating the system as efficiently as possible Here are a some tips for reducing the cost of operating and maintaining an automatic ungation system • Know how to run your irrigation controller and change watering times • Adjust the watering times (number of minutes) and the frequency or watering (daily, twice a week, etc) based on weather conditions • Change your settings to adjust for seasonal differences an reset the timer when needed • install an inexpensive rain shutoff device or sou moisture sensor • Check your system regularly for leaks, broken heads, and other problems • Only water after the sun has gone down • Adjust your spray and sprinkler heads to avoid watering pavements and other non -landscape areas • Water areas in the shade about 30 percent less than Bunn areas • If possible use drip irrigation to water trees and shrubs it To eliminate runoff, set your clock to cycle 2-4 start times (no longer than 5 minutes each), t to 2 hours apart to allow water to soak into the soil For example water 3 times for 5 minutes, instead of IS minutes all at once • Develop a separate drip watering schedule for trees, shrut and flower beds • Aerate in the spring and fall to loosen soil and reduce runoff • After each aeration, top dress the area with a composted mulch This will keep the soil loose and hold water near th roots Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search p Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster hup /lwww h2ousc oro/tour/detmis/elemcm-action contents cfnt MemenllD-68BADOB5- 9/25/2(X)7 http //www h20use org/tour/details/clemcnt_actlon_contcnts cfWc1cnlcnt1D=68BA00B5- 9/25/2007 �d sit spy _ L�5 r r - I If you currently manually Irrigate and yo are considering installing an automatic >" • ' Irrigation system you can expect that your water bilis will go up Recent studie of homes with and without automatic xi sprinkler systems show that homes with automatic systems use substantially mai water outdoors on average (Maddaus an Mayer, 2001) Automatic Irrigation systems, if not properly managed, can waste a lot of water Always be mindful that YOU are the "brains" behind your irrigatio, system scheduling and YOU control the controller The benefits of an automatic irrigation system include reduced labor for watering, convenience, full landscape coverage, the ability to control Irrigation timing, and added value to your home The costs of an automatic irrigation system include installation costs (starting at about $1,000 for a small yard and moving up from there), water costs, maintenance costs (shutdown and startup and annual repairs), and increased landscape maintenanc (you may be mowing more often) You can minimize costs by carefully designing a system that meet the specific needs of your landscape, programming your clock properly, adjusting the program frequently in response to change In the weather, Installing a rails shutoff device or soil moisture sensor, and maintaining your system Cost Benefit Analysis It is possible to quantify the costs of an automatic Irrigation system, but quantifying the benefits is quite difficult This makes traditional cost benefit analysis virtually impossible If you are considering installing an automatic sprinkler system you will have to weigh the costs and benefits for yourself If you already have an automatic irrigation system, you can maximize the benefits an minimize costs and operating the system as efficiently as possible Here are a some tips for reducing the cost of operating and maintaining an automatic ungation system • Know how to run your irrigation controller and change watering times • Adjust the watering times (number of minutes) and the frequency or watering (daily, twice a week, etc) based on weather conditions • Change your settings to adjust for seasonal differences an reset the timer when needed • install an inexpensive rain shutoff device or sou moisture sensor • Check your system regularly for leaks, broken heads, and other problems • Only water after the sun has gone down • Adjust your spray and sprinkler heads to avoid watering pavements and other non -landscape areas • Water areas in the shade about 30 percent less than Bunn areas • If possible use drip irrigation to water trees and shrubs it To eliminate runoff, set your clock to cycle 2-4 start times (no longer than 5 minutes each), t to 2 hours apart to allow water to soak into the soil For example water 3 times for 5 minutes, instead of IS minutes all at once • Develop a separate drip watering schedule for trees, shrut and flower beds • Aerate in the spring and fall to loosen soil and reduce runoff • After each aeration, top dress the area with a composted mulch This will keep the soil loose and hold water near th roots Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search p Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster hup /lwww h2ousc oro/tour/detmis/elemcm-action contents cfnt MemenllD-68BADOB5- 9/25/2(X)7 http //www h20use org/tour/details/clemcnt_actlon_contcnts cfWc1cnlcnt1D=68BA00B5- 9/25/2007 H2ouse org Tour Imgatton Systems Future Trends lLd Page I of 2 TOUR TARE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH F— hilM graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for Info NEU Irrigation Systertls Future print Pa sC� There are lots of potential changes in store for residential Irrtgatic ,riR+i systems There are a number of exciting new technologies currently being developed and tested that could change the way = ' we water our landscapes Climate Based Irrigation Control h res 7'i` "2fe°.-,;'.,_ Imagine If your sprinkler system could automatically adjust Its program In response to changes in the weather During hot and dry periods your system would water more frequently and for ..-r longer periods of time After a heavy rain your system would not Irrigate at all for at least a day, sometimes more Sound too good ito be true? It s not that far away Several companies are developing irngation controllers that apply -}t water based on the evapotranspiration (ET) rate ET is a measure of the amount of water required to maximize plant growth given the prevailing temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, etc One of these systems uses satellites and pager technology to frequently "broadcast" a new Irrigation schedule to your irngatlon controller Another system uses cable TV wires to accomplish the same task A third system has a built in ET chip that contains a detailed 20 -year history of ET In the region and Irrigates based or historical patterns combined with a small temperature sensor All of the systems hope to save water by tailoring Irrigation to local weather patterns once a large irrigation manufacturer such as Rainbird, Hunter, or Toro adopts this concept It is expected thi technology will reach a mass market Centralized Irrigation Control While not a new technology, centralized Irrigation control has bee the exclusive domain of large systems at universities and golf courses Centralized irrigation control is similar to the climate based systems described above, but typically consists of a small computer hooked up to a rain sensor and several sod moisture sensors The computer schedules the irrigation everyday based of the amount of moisture currently present In the soil This type of system will likely become the industry standard for new irrigation systems in coming years, as the technology is now available and becoming more cost effective Upgrading is relative simple, and is worth considering for large Irrigated lawns in areas where water is costly Advanced Drip Irrigation Drip Irrigation Is practiced extensively in other countries, espial in the dry climates of the Middle East Israel has long been a http //wWw h2ouse org/tout/detaile/cicmwl_dction_conlen[s cfm?elcrnentlD-68BAD0B5- 9/2512007 H2ousc org Tour Irrigation Systems Future Trends P age 2 of 2 leader In the development of drip irrigation technology Drip Irrigation offers many advantages over spray irrigation, but to be successful It often must be Integrated Into landscape design ahea of time It Is anticipated that advanced drip Irrigation technology will Increasingly find Its way Into American residential landscapes in the coming years Click here for information on drip irrigation Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Tao a Action I Resources I Latest Nears I About Us I Search ® Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserves contact webmasler http //«WW h2ouse org/tot'r/deialls/clemcnt_action_contcnts cfm"clement1D-6&BAD0B5- 9/25/2007 H2ouse org 1 our Irrigation Systems Research Page i of 1 H2ousc org Tour Pool and Spa Water [1se iT':�Jj i 3 9t T[rlii .F9iLli'Yi 7r n;arictn 5Y�trms i, TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH i� A graphic based tool to navigate around the house for Info NEIL Irrigation Systems Research ll Print Pa t. The Green Industry and various Independent researchers are <` °e actively involved in researching new and Innovative irrigation »', j technologies There is a huge market for irrigation products and ' tremendous potential for water savings so there is interest in this research on all fronts k;,rrt. a Several studies have evaluated or are continuing to evaluate the r, -T.,''.•'1 impact of climate based irrigation scheduling and several irngatlo - e controllers that control watering based on prevailing weather :wds`��rf patterns A study conducted by the Irvine Ranch water District was completed during the summer of 2001 and results can be downloaded at this web site Results from other studies will be r available later In 2001 or In 2001 Check here for updates The following organtzabons provide information on ongoing • irrigation related research " Center for Irrigation Technology WATERRIGHT Irrigation Tutorials WWW virtual Library Irrigation Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest Nevis I About tis I Search © Copyright 2006, California urban water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact Webmaster Page IotI TOUR TARE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH F -^ jilo A graphic based tool to navigate around the house for Into —1 11 C ,,��yy HELI Pool and Spa Water Use �7 Print Pz r.. The amount of water used to fill and maintain a swimming pool ' throughout the year is affected by a variety of factors including • Size of the pool (surface area and depth) 't, a Amount of evaporation (related to local climate) • Frequency of backwashing •> _- - • Leakage • Frequency and method of pool and pool deck cleaning • Splashing • Presence and use of a pool cover • Temperature of pool water (warmer water evaporates mor - easily) it Presence of a fountain or waterfall • pH and chemical content of pool water • Individual maintenance habits _ Because of the variability of conditions listed above it is difficult ti determine how much water a swimming pool will use By comparing homes with and without swimming pools and correctin for differences in landscape size Its estimated that homes with a < swimming pool use about 58 percent more water outdoors than homes without a swimming pool (Maddaus and Mayer, 2001) Thl r research indicates that the addition of a swimming pool results in a substantial Increase In water use Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News 1 About Us I Search D Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact wehmastei hltp //www h2ouse orgRour/doadsfelcment action contents cfni'clementlD=68BAD05- 9/25/2007 http /hvw%v h2ouse org/tow/detallsrolement_actlon_contents cfm°clementlD=D21 ACAE2- 9 2512007 H2ouse org Tour ' Pool and Spa Wastewater Savings Page 1 of 2 Wouse org Tour Pool and Spa Wastewater Savings P age 2 of 2 'I'll It V'1 Po,il & Spa .n V" + 07. .7 it A ,tc. L TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST REWS ABOUT US SEARCH �— JjM A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for Info Figure 1 Be sure to follow the proper protocol when draining your pool Photo source Swimmmg Pools' ACE Engineering Ltd Accessed June 6, 1003, by Permission When draining your pool, you have two options use the water to irrigate your landscape or drain the water into a sanitary sewer If you are unsure of what method is right for you, you may want to consult with a city official or a pool industry professional before proceeding To use the water for imgation, let the pool sit for a few days without adding any chemicals (this allows the chlorine to vaporize) Then you can slowly drain some of the water onto your yard However, be sure that it does not produce runoff Into the streets or storm sewers Alternatively, you can drain the water into a sanitary sewer Below is a step by step method of draining your pool Into a sanitary sewer that was developed by the Southern Nevada Water Authority I Shut off the power to the circulation system at the circuit breaker 2 Locate the clean-out port to access the sanitary sewer line The port is usually located in the ground and close to the home in the front yard—it may be near a water spigot The port should have a rubber or threaded cap with a square wrench fitting and should be three to four Inches in diameter If you can't locate the port, http hwww h2ouse org/tourl(letriiislciciiicni_action_conteiits cfm9clementlD=D21 AC'AE2- 9/252007 7-7 contact a plumber (Caution Using a clean out in the wall creates greater potential for water to back up into the house ) 3 Run a drainage hose from the sewer clean-out port to the pool, and connect it to a submersible pump Lower the pump into the deepest part of the pool, near the drain As you begin draining, monitor the water's now into the clean out port to ensure that the water doesn't back up If the water begins to back up, stop draining and contact a professional plumber The maximum recommended discharge rate is 12 gallons per minute (Note Any hoses or equipment inserted Into the sewer line can become contaminated ) 4 After draining your pool, refill it as soon as possible Direct sunlight can damage the piaster in your pool it it's left exposed It may take a few days for the fresh water to reach the proper chemical levels, so check the levels every day for a week and add chemicals as needed 5 If you're unsure about draining your pool, or you d like assistance, contact a professionally licensed pool service company or plumber By following these guidelines, you can ensure your drained pool water is properly treated and recycled Source Pool tips" Southern Nevada Water Authority Accessed May 30, 2003 Permission granted Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tow I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search 0 Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster http //www h2ouse org/tour,detail-/element_dcNon_contents cfm9clenlentJD—D21 ACAE2- 925/2007 Pool and Spa Wastewater Print I Unless your pool is purposely drained, most water that you add to it will never become wastewater In general, most pools seldom r`Pk require draining except for the occasional cleaning and repair v However, in areas where the water contains a high concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) or in colder climates, pools will often be drained on a yearly basis If you are draining your pool, ' never drain it directly Into a storm sewer or a nearby lake or stream Pool water contains chemicals, including chlorine, - which can be harmful to aquatic ecosystems. Figure 1 Be sure to follow the proper protocol when draining your pool Photo source Swimmmg Pools' ACE Engineering Ltd Accessed June 6, 1003, by Permission When draining your pool, you have two options use the water to irrigate your landscape or drain the water into a sanitary sewer If you are unsure of what method is right for you, you may want to consult with a city official or a pool industry professional before proceeding To use the water for imgation, let the pool sit for a few days without adding any chemicals (this allows the chlorine to vaporize) Then you can slowly drain some of the water onto your yard However, be sure that it does not produce runoff Into the streets or storm sewers Alternatively, you can drain the water into a sanitary sewer Below is a step by step method of draining your pool Into a sanitary sewer that was developed by the Southern Nevada Water Authority I Shut off the power to the circulation system at the circuit breaker 2 Locate the clean-out port to access the sanitary sewer line The port is usually located in the ground and close to the home in the front yard—it may be near a water spigot The port should have a rubber or threaded cap with a square wrench fitting and should be three to four Inches in diameter If you can't locate the port, http hwww h2ouse org/tourl(letriiislciciiicni_action_conteiits cfm9clementlD=D21 AC'AE2- 9/252007 7-7 contact a plumber (Caution Using a clean out in the wall creates greater potential for water to back up into the house ) 3 Run a drainage hose from the sewer clean-out port to the pool, and connect it to a submersible pump Lower the pump into the deepest part of the pool, near the drain As you begin draining, monitor the water's now into the clean out port to ensure that the water doesn't back up If the water begins to back up, stop draining and contact a professional plumber The maximum recommended discharge rate is 12 gallons per minute (Note Any hoses or equipment inserted Into the sewer line can become contaminated ) 4 After draining your pool, refill it as soon as possible Direct sunlight can damage the piaster in your pool it it's left exposed It may take a few days for the fresh water to reach the proper chemical levels, so check the levels every day for a week and add chemicals as needed 5 If you're unsure about draining your pool, or you d like assistance, contact a professionally licensed pool service company or plumber By following these guidelines, you can ensure your drained pool water is properly treated and recycled Source Pool tips" Southern Nevada Water Authority Accessed May 30, 2003 Permission granted Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tow I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search 0 Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster http //www h2ouse org/tour,detail-/element_dcNon_contents cfm9clenlentJD—D21 ACAE2- 925/2007 1-12ouse org lour Pool and Spa Energy Savings TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info Pool and Sf a Energy Savings a Print Pa Page I of 2 Swimming pools and spas use energy to heat water, to run filtration systems, to pump water into the pool and through watet features and for lighting You can reduce the energy consumed b your swimming pool by implementing the following recommendations • Use a pool cover It will reduce heating bills by preventing night heat loss and will save on chemicals too Some pool covers are designed to use solar energy to heat the pool Make certain that the cover fits properly A cover is the number one fossil fuel conservation device' • If heated, reduce your pool and/or spa water temperature Some pool covers are designed to use solar energy to hea the pool • Shut down unnecessary fountains and waterfalls to reduce pumping costs • Manually clean your filter You'll do a more thorough Job and use less energy • Reevaluate the frequency of backwashing if your pool has no separation tank Most people backwash more frequend than necessary This wastes water and energy Some pool filters do not have to be backwashed at all, they can be taken apart and cleaned, even though this process is less convenient • Install a solar water heating system for your swimming pool Your savings will vary depending upon your specific swimming pool and situation, but by implemenbng a few simple efficiency measures it should be possible to save a substantial amount of energy in your swimming pool H2ousc org Tour Pool and Spa Energy Savings P age 2 o(2 Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Snatch L1 Copyright 2006, California urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact Webmaster hup /,'www h2ouse orgitour/detallsielemcnt actwn_coutents clin"clementlEl—D21 ACAE2- 9/26/2007 http Hwww h2ouse org/tour/details/eicment acuai Lancets cfin lelementlD=D21 ACAE2- 9/26/2007 112ouse org Tour Pool and Spa Benefits and Costs Page I of 2 112ouse org Tour Pool and Spa Benefits and Costs P age 2 of 2 TOUR rAAEACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info I i i Kansas City indoor Pool Annual Heating Pool Cover Pool and Spi Benefits and Type Costs Print Pz Los Angeles Indoor It Is estimated that the energy costs to heat the nation's 5 7 " million pools and spas run In the billions of dollars annually Outdoor $490 Outdoor pools use high amounts of energy to heat water, which - loses heat during the evening and through evaporation Indoor 52,028 pools use a lot of energy for systems that remove evaporation- s caused humidity New York Indoor A pool cover can dramatically reduce energy use by a swimming - pool A pool covered lust half the time can save up to 50 percent r-. . in annual energy costs indoor A basic pool cover with enough material for a 30 -foot by 15 -foot $1,881 pool will cost around $80 A storage reel for the cover costs abou I J $160 A high quality Insulating pool blanket can cost up to $700 Phoenix Indoor for a 30 foot by 15 -foot pool $1,819 Denver - Reducing the water temperate lust four degrees, from 82 to 78 ' degrees, can cut your pool's natural gas costs by as much as 40 - percent If you live in a sunny region you might consider Insta8lni - . - a solar heating system for your pool indoor Table 1 shows some savings estimates for pool covers To use thi $2,034 table to estimate costs for you pool, divide your pool's surface $1,756 area (sq it ) by I,000 then multiply this number by the heating costs and savings figures for your pool type in the location that most similarly matches your local climate For example let's say you live in Chicago and have an outdoor po that is 30 x 15 feet Your pool's surface area Is 450 square feet Divide 450 by 1000 to get a value of 0 45 From the table you fin the annual heating costs for an outdoor pool in Chicago is $1,024 Multiply this by 0 45 to get an estimated annual heating cost of $461 Table 1. Estimated Swimming Pool Heating Costs and Savings (from the U 5 Department of Energy RSPECI pool efficiency program) I i i Kansas City indoor Pool Annual Heating Pool Cover City Type Costs Savings Los Angeles Indoor Indoor $4,598 $1,919 Atlanta Outdoor $490 $421 Indoor Indoor $4,695 52,028 Boston Outdoor $1,389 5790 New York Indoor indoor $4,698 $1,996 Chicago Outdoor $1,024 $693 indoor Indoor $4,468 $1,881 Dallas Outdoor $250 $191 Phoenix Indoor Indoor $4,097 $1,819 Denver Outdoor $1,408 $858 I i i Kansas City indoor $4,584 $1,992 Outdoor $483 $393 Los Angeles Indoor $4,739 $2,087 Outdoor $5,827 $2,615 Indoor $4,038 $1,549 Miaml Outdoor $2,615 $1,452 New York Indoor $4,567 $1,966 Outdoor $951 $627 indoor $4,567 $1,966 Philadelphia Outdoor $951 $627 Phoenix Indoor $3,630 $1,669 Outdoor $4,094 $2,011 San indoor $4,869 $2,091 Francisco Outdoor $1,826 $924 indoor $4,743 $2,034 Seattle Outdoor $1,756 $818 *Fuel cost assumption Gas, $0 50/therm Sources www deed state ut us www recreonics com Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tom I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search (c; Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservet contact aebmaster http //n ww h2otise org/tour/detaits/clenletit_acUun_contenis efin7cleineni)D=D2IACAE2- 9/26/2007 http//%%,wwl12ouseoig/totir/details/clei-ocnI action-conients cfm'�elemenilD=D21 ACAE2- 9/26/2007 112ousc org Tour Pool and Spa Future Trends Page i of I H2ouse org four Pool and Spa Rescarch YOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH A graphtcbased tool to navigate around the house for Info NEM Pool ali 5Lon Future Trerids Print Pa There will likely be more pool and spas installed In the coming years These Items ar increasingly popular - ` particularly in warm climates In water scarce regions - _ regulations could be ` Introduced to make swimming pool and spa covers mandatory to help reduce evaporation Some of these covers are also designed to reduce heat losses and conserve energy From the water efficiency standpoint, these are no new technologies on the horizon to reduce water use in swimming pools and spas However, recent research has shown that installing a swimming pool does not necessarily mean increasing water demand In some regions, the same sized area taken up with automatically Irrigated turf can use more water than a swimming pool (Maddaus and Mayer, 2001) More advances related to energy efficiency are possible for swimming pools with the advent of more efficient motors and pumps and pool heating systems Home I Site Map I Dntlaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resowces I Latest News I About US I Search t) Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webma ster Page I of 1 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH-- A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info �'q aw Pool and :qua Reseamh ®print Pe Swimming pool and spa manufacturers, suppliers, and designers :. are actively researching new products and technologies Click her .. to view some award winning swimming pool designs i - To date there has only been limited research about water efficiency and swimming pools A paper on the subject titled, "Splash or Sprinkle" was presented at the 2001 American Water Works Association Annual Conference in Washington, D C (Maddaus and Mayer, 2001) For information and copy of this paper visit www awwa org For more information on pool and spa research check out www waterwi"s, org www nspf com www eren doe gov Home I Site Map I DiSclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News i About US Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, Comet. ricbmaster h(tp Ilwww h2ouse org/tout/details/element_detion_contults efnt rclementlD=021 ACAG2- 9f26/2007 hltp Hwww h2ouse ortg/lour,detdllsielenlent_actlon_contenls efm')elenlentl1`)—D21 ACAF2- 9/26/2007 1`12ouse org Tour Pool and Spa Water Savings Page I of 2 H2ouse cig Tour Pool and Spa Water Savings P age 2 of 2 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH A graphic -based toot to navigate around the house for Info I t► Poo! ane) !spa 'a^.fate;r Savings ®Print Pa Water Saving Tips You can save precious water with a few simple steps around your pool • use a pool cover It will reduce water loss due to normal evaporation The cover can also reduce heating bills by preventing night heat loss and will save on chemicals too Make certain that it fits properly The cover is the number one water and fossil fuel conservation device' A recent study found that pool covers can reduce swimming pool water use by nearly 30% (Maddaus and Mayer, 2001) • Repair any swimming pool leaks Even a small leak In either pool equipment or the pool's structure represents a substantial waste In fact, an inch -a -day leak in a 15 by - 30 -foot pool can waste approximately 102,000 gallons per year' • If heated, reduce your pool and spa water temperature Warmer water evaporates more quickly • Shut down unnecessary fountains and waterfalls The effei of aeration loses a significant amount of water to evaporation • Manually clean your filter, You'll do a more thorough job and use less water The average backwash uses between 250 to 1,000 gallons of water -- without completely cleaning your filter' • Prohibit diving, splashing and water fights in your pool anc spa Boisterous play causes Inordinate amounts of water loss due to splash -out littp //www li2ottse org/touddetails/clement action contents cOn )clementlD—D21 ACAE2- 9/20/2007 • Maintain proper chemical levels and adequate circulation time Not only will your pool water be safer and cleaner, but you II avoid the need to drain your pool or use excessive water to correct conditions of neglect • When you are filling your pool be sure to keep an eye on your water level Forgetbng to shut off fill water can make for a costly waste of water • Plug the overflow line when the pool Is In use keep the pool water in the pool • Turn off the tile spray device on your automatic pool cleaner Its splashing Invites evaporation losses, and overspraying can send water right out of the pooh A good deal of that spray evaporates before it hits the the • Reevaluate the frequency of backwashing if your pool has no separation tank Most people backwash more frequent) than necessary This wastes water Some pool filters do ni have to be backwashed at all, they can be taken apart ant cleaned, even though this process Is less convenient Your savings will vary depending upon your specific swimming pool and situation, but by implementing a few simple water efficiency measures It should be possible to save a substantial amount of water in your swimming pool Source w- epoolandspa com (accessed 6/28/01) Permission granted Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmastet http/n%wwh2ouscorg/toovdctdils/clement_action_contentscfin'clenlentID D2IACAE'2- 9/20/2007 H2ouse org Tour Pool and Spa Energy Sarmgs Page 1 oft Swimming pools and spas use energy to heat water, to run filtration systems, to pump water into the pool and through watet features, and for lighting You can reduce the energy consumed b your swimming pool by Implementing the following recommendations • Use a pool cover it will reduce heating bills by preventing night heat loss and will save on chemicals too Some pool covers are designed to use solar energy to heat the pool Make certain that the cover fits properly A cover is the number one fossil fuel conservation device[ • If heated, reduce your pool and/or spa water temperature Some pool covers are designed to use solar energy to hea the pool • Shut down unnecessary fountains and waterfalls to reduce pumping costs • Manually clean your filter You'll do a more thorough Job and use less energy • Reevaluate the frequency of backwashing if your pool has no separation tank Most people backwash more frequentl than necessary This wastes water and energy Some pool filters do not have to be backwashed at all, they can be taken apart and cleaned, even though this process is less convenient • Install a solar water heating system for your swimming pool Your savings will vary depending upon your specific swimming pool and situation, but by implementing a few simple efficiency measures it should be possible to save a substantial amount of energy in your swimming pool 142ouse org Tour Pool and Spa Energy Savings P dgc 2 of 2 Rome I Site Map I oisclaimer I Help ' Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster hup !/www h2ouse org/lour/detal ls/elemcnt action_ contents cfrn9clemcntlD =D21 ACAE2- 920/2007 hup ;!www h20usc orgtiour/detalls/elcmcnt_ action—contents effn"clenLcnilD=D21 ACAE2- 4/26/2007 112ouse org Tour Cooling Misters Water Use Page 1 of 2 1-12ouse org Tour Cooling Misters Water tIse P age 2 of 2 -CNIIO ii TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info RELI Conling Misters Water Use Print Pa The amount of water used by your cooling misters will depend on a number of factors Including the type of nozzle, number of nozzles, and frequency of use most residential systems Include nozzles that consume between a 0 5 gal and 1 5 gal of water per hour Nozzle flow rates may also vary depending on your home's water pressure fn general, a lower nozzle flaw rate and higher water pressure will create better evaporation rates and cooling T get an Idea of how much water your system will use in a day, 7usl multiply the nozzle flow rate by the number of nozzles by the number of hours you operate the misters For example, If you have 5 nozzles that each operates at 0 5 gal/hr for 4 hours each day, your water use would be 10 gal/day See below 05 gai * 5 nozzles * 4 hr =10 gaj hr nuzzle day day Figure 1 Examples of different misternozzles r' R Left source "Misting Systems"Southern Nevada Water Authonry Accessed May 23 2003, by permission Center source "Misters - Stay Cool -Plumbing Supply Accessed lune 13 2003 by permission Right source Aquacran, Inc, by permission Figure 2 Misters are used on atios and in parks Leri source Misting Systems, Southern Nevada Water Authority Accessed May 23, 2003, by permiSSion Right source AquacraR, Inc bi, pemnssion Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Toth I Take Action I Resources I Latest New% 1 About Us I Search htip //www 112ouse org/tour/decd)]S/C]Ciiiciit_,ictioii—coiitcnts cftn9clemcntlD-CB7C0C E0- 9/26/2007 © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact Webmaster http /tww A h2ousc org/tour/dclails/cicmcnt_actlon_contents cfhVLAL ncntlD-CB7C'0C"E0- 9/26/2007 112ouse org Tour Cooling Misters Water Savings Page I of I TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABUUT US SEARCH �— A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for Into I- . I ' ' i "ELI Ccsolinq Pifer 2rs VifaAej aF'i `r,c e Print Pa You can save precious water by following these water saving tips developed by the Southern Nevada Water Authority • Consider opportunities to conduct your activities indoors where air conditioning Is already in use • For commercial applications, divide the misters into group, that can be independently controlled No sense operating many nozzles where just a few can do the job • Turn off the misters when nobody Is present You may war to consider a timer or sensor device • Use trees and other shade structures to keep outdoor area naturally cooler • Turn orf the misters when winds are whisking the mist anc cooled air away before it can reach you • Don't use misters when outdoor temperatures are moderate • Don't use misters during periods of high humidity — they don't work well in those conditions • Don't use mist systems for aesthetic purposes, such as creating fog -like special effects in outdoor landscapes Source "Misting Systems" Southern Nevada water Authority Accessed May 23, 2003 permission granted Home I Site Map I oisciaimer I Help Tour I Take. Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search U Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact Webmaster T H2ouse org Tour Lawn Water Use Page 1 of 2 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST REWS ABOUT US SEARCH �— A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info HELI http //www h20use org;tour,detdils/Llcmtnt_dthon_contents ofnt9c1emcnt1D=CB7C0Cb0- 9/26/2007 http illkWw h2ouse orgltouddetails'element action contents cfin'cltfntllt1D=12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 Lavin Wa 1, Vie" iJsee � Print PZ How much water does it take to grow an attractive and healthy lawn? There really is no 'right"answer to this question, it all J depends factors such as where you live, the type of lawn you have, local climate conditions, lawn maintenance practices, and s on Research has shown that on average about half of the water usec in a single family home during the course of a year will be put onto the landscape Obviously if you live in a wet climate such as Ile Pacific Northwest you will use less water outdoors and If you live in a hot dry climate like Southern California you will use mor( But even in a wet climate, the lawn area Is often the single fi ghe- user of water In the house How to calculate the water requirements for your lawn If you are an intrepid irrigator and internet user It should be fault TERM easy to calculate the theoretical irrigation requirement for your ^J J Ir an There are two key pieces of information you need to obtain 1) The area (in square feet) of your lawn, and 2) the evapotranspiration (ET) rate for the irrigation season in your area Don t worry, both of these items should be fairly easy to obtain r— J Lawn Area If your lawn isn't too big you could simply go outside with a tape measure and physically measure the area Divide the yard Into a series of rectangles and triangles and sum up the areas Recall that the area of a rectangle is the base length height length Th area of a triangle is / the base length height length If you're not In the mood to measure your yard you can calculate the lawn area in another way Start with the total lot size If you only know the lot size in acres you can convert to square feet by knowing that I acre = 43,560 square feet From the total lot size subtract the footprint of your house and the area of your drivewa and sidewalks if you don't know these exact areas make an educated guess Finally, subtract any other areas on your lot that are not irrigated (swimming pools, patios, bare patches, ponds, etc ) The result will be an estimate of the lawn area at your house This calculation is summarized below Total tot area (sf) - building footprint (sf) - driveway area (%F) - sidewalk area (sf) - all other non -irrigated areas (sf) ---- ------ ---------- ----- -- = Total irrigated area (sf) Evapotranspiration (ET) Rate Evapotranspiration or ET is a measurement (usually In inches) of the amount of water required to maximize plant growth ET can b based on a number of factors including the local temperature, precipitation, cloud coverr solar radiation, and the type of plants http //www h20use org;tour,detdils/Llcmtnt_dthon_contents ofnt9c1emcnt1D=CB7C0Cb0- 9/26/2007 http illkWw h2ouse orgltouddetails'element action contents cfin'cltfntllt1D=12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 Mouse org Tour Lawn Water Use P age 2 of 2 Mouse org Tour Lawn Watei Savings Page 1 of 1 you are growing Most of the ET calculations done in urban settings are for turf grass To find the ET rate for your area you will need to do a little searching on the world wide web Using googfe or your favorite search engine simply search for "evapotranspiration" followed by your city and state You should tum up a number of possibilities Usually ET is calculated by a local university or weather service I is also used frequently In agriculture Once you have a measurement or the annual ET rate in inches yo are ready to got Calculate the Water Requirement for Your Lawn Use the following equation to calculate the water requirement for your lawn Irrigated area (sf) x ET rate (inches) x 0 6233 = water requirement in gallons This calculation will give you a rough estimate of the amount of water your landscape needs over the course of the entire wrigatio season Home I Site Map I Disclatmei I Help Tow I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About lis 1 Search CO Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve. contact webmaster hUp //www h2ousc org/tour/details/clemcnt_action_contents cfnVL1ement1D=12N32A2A- 9/26/2007 it OUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH r jagonsomom Home I Site Map I Disclaimer i Help Tout Take Action I Resources ' I atest News I About Us I Search @ Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserver contact —b—ter graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for into - , I r , - HELI �cl UY ii i(�Zi'r'' ael LrElT Ct mal Print Fz Waterlog thMEW e lawn is almost always the largest user of water In a home If you're looking for a way to save water it makes sense tc Focus on the big uses It doesn't get any bigger than the lawn From a horticultural standpoint, over -Irrigation occurs much too often However it is most prevalent in the cooler Fall months wlte summer irrigation schedules have not been revised to meet the current weather conditions Over-irtigation causes three basic Jproblems • Over -irrigation pushes water beyond the root zone and is wasted This occurs most notably In the case of turf grass • Over -irrigation causes excessive run-off, which contribute to non -point source environmental pollution • Over -irrigation, in general, degrades plant health r^^ J There are a number of ways to reduce turf grass irrigation and all of [hese recommendations are explored in great detail in this wet J site Saving water outdoors depends on a number of factors including the type of grass, the sod, landscaping practices, climate, irrigation system efficiency, etc It can all be a bit overwhelming Many water utilities offer free landscape audits At audit is a great opportunity to meet with a local expert and discus ways to Improve efficiency on your specific landscape Contact your utility for information on these programs Ways to Save Water on Your Lawn • Convert turf areas to low-water use plantings (Xenscape) • Improve the quality of your sod through proper fertilizatioi and aeration practices • Mulch when you mow and leave the clippings on your laver • Improve your irrigation efficiency • Upgrade your sprinkler clock • Reschedule your sprinkler timer at leas[ monthly and whet weather changes • Use hose timers for manual irrigation • Install a rain shutoff device on your automatic sprinkler system • Harvest rainwater Improving irrigation efficiency i5 a win-win situation all around You save money on your water b7t1 and your landscape gets the hup !/www h2ousc orgrtowldctalivcicmcnt actton_eontcnts clin9c)crncnt)D= 12C32A2A- 9/26/2007 water it needs without waste What could be bettcr� hup !/www h2ousc orgrtowldctalivcicmcnt actton_eontcnts clin9c)crncnt)D= 12C32A2A- 9/26/2007 H2ouse org Tour Lawn Grass Benefits and Costs Page i of 3 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST BENS ABOUT US SEARCH rY� A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info ANNIMEM Lawn Grass, 3anefits and 000M a ;;; = S Print Pa OEM It's difficult to weigh the true benefits and costs of the American lawn Turf is certainly not the most water or time efficient form of landscape to be sure, but there rs no doubt that a green lawn is a cultural standard Before we pass Judgement on this element of our culture, let's learn a little about the history of turf in the US From The lawn a history ofan American obsession by Virginia Scott Jenkins, Smithsonian Institution Press, c1994 A History of Grass in the US We didn't always have a love affair with our lawns In fact it wasn't until the industrial revolution that lawns became practical J for most Americans Lawns were seen as a luxury expense for on] the wealthy who could afford grounds keepers to maintain the fin bladed plants using scythes Not everyone wanted cattle or sheep J grazing In the front yard to keep the green stuff at a manageable height as did Woodrow Wilson while occupying the White House Sheep on the White House lawn? Actually it was an effort to drav attention to what could be done to free up men to fight and help with shortages of wool during World War 1, The wool was auctioned off for $100,000 and given to the Red Cross The green lawns so common today didn t exist in America until th tate 18th century Instead, the area lust outside the front door was typically packed dirt or some form of cottage garden, a mix c Rowers, herbs, and vegetables in England, however, many of thi wealthy had sweeping green lawns across their estates Americar with enough money to travel overseas returned to the U S with the English example firmly planted in their Imaginations Reproducing the English lawn wasn't as easy as they had anticipated Grasses native to Amenca proved unsuitable for a tid and well-controlled lawn, and our climate was less than hospitabl. to the English grasses By 1915, the U S Department of Agriculture was collaborating with the U S Golf Association to find the right grass—or combination of grasses—that would create a durable attractive lawn in a variety of climates Included in the testing were Bermuda grass from Africa, blue grass from Europe, fescues, and ` bent grass Fifteen years later, the USDA had discovered several useful grasses and turned their attention to the creation of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers for them The right grass wasn t the only problem facing those wanting the perfect lawn There was also the challenge of providing sufficient water to keep the grass green In summer Cutting the grass was challenge, as well English lawns were trimmed with scythes, an expensive process that required a certain amount of finesse, or b grazing livestock on the greens Mechanical mowing came about early In the 19th century and help //www h2ouse org/tour/details/cicnlent_action_contcnis cfm°etcnientl D=I M32AM- 0%26/2007 H2ouse ora Tour Lawn Grass Benefits and Costs Page 2 of 3 there is a general agreement that an Englishman, Edwin Budding an engineer at a textile mill, developed a cylinder, or reel type mower It was a series of blades arranged around a cylinder with push handle patterned after a machine used in a cloth factory for shearing the nap on velvet In 1870, Elwood McGuire of Richmoni Indiana designed a machine that basically brought push mowing 1 the masses By 1885, America was building 50,DDO lawnmowers . year and shipping them to every country on the globe For the average American, the invention of the garden hose and the rotary mower made the lawn a more realistic option Until then, lawns were too Impractical for most families With most of the necessary tools and types of grass seeds, the average homeowner was now able to grow a lawn of their own Still, it wasn't a widespread practice until The American Garden Club stepped in Through contests and other forms of publicity, they convinced homeowners that It was their civic duty to maintain a beautiful and healthy lawn So effective was the club's campaign that lawns were soon the accepted form of landscaping The garden club further stipulated that the appropriate type of lawn was "a plot with a single type of grass with no Intruding weeds, kept mown at a height of an inch and a half, uniformly green, ant neatly edged American thus entered the age of lawn care Today U 5 homeowners spend over $17 billion on outdoor home Improvements More than 26 million households hired a green professional, according to a 2000 Gallup survey and this number expected to grow Your little patch of green has become a big business and for good reason Landscape improvements and maintenance, Including lawn care, The Benefits of Turf Turf grass Is one of the most resilient and useful features of the landscape It creates a great play space It's great for kicking a ball, walking barefoot, and it creates a relaxing space of natural beauty Lawns have a cooling effect and prevent nrnoff and erosion of topsoil Turf can function as a fire retardant around buildings and can increase filtration of water and clean the water as it passes through Turf absorbs noise, cutting excessive sound and turf can reduce air pollution by absorbing carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide Turf thatch acts as a barrier deterring chemicals from entering the soil profile Well maintained home lawns can help reduce annoying insect pests while providing a place for family fun and entertainment and can add 15% to the selling pric of a home Some turf grasses also have the ability to go dormant" during droughts and then recover While other plants and landscape options can serve the same function as grass, few offer the same recreational opportunities o have the same universal acceptance The Costs of Turf Turf grass requires substantially more viatei and maintenance than many other plants To keep grass healthy it must be waterer fertilized, aerated, and mowed All of these cost money The actu costs vary depending on the type of grass, cost of water, climate, moving equipment, method of fertilization It has been estimates that it costs more than $1 per square foot per year in some regions to maintain turf grass - after all costs are figured in Whil, your costs may be quite different, it Is important to consider then costs when deciding between turf and other plant materials http /,'www h2ouse org/tout/details/cicirient action contents cfnr'elementtD -I MRAM- 9/26/2007 H2ousc org Tour Lawn Glass Bencfits and Costs P age 3 of 3 Other issues associated with maintenance of turf include the substantial amount of air pollution caused by gas powered lawn mowers and the water pollution caused by excessive use of fertilizers and herbicides The American way of maintaining a lawn Is hardly a benign activity Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About JJs I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact webmaster hltp //www h2ouse org/tour/detalls/clement acuon_contcnts cfm?cicmcntlD=12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 H20use of g Tour Lawn Future Trends Page 1 of 2 EllTOUR TAKE ACT10K RESOURCES LATEST MEWS ABOUT US SEARCH F— J I n' it L7.1:l,.r 'C1C1TIent_ai.t1011-contents ch9elctncnt[D-12E32A2A- 9 26/2007 Agraphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info ` �?1Ad31 Fil i:lff2 Trends BPrint Pa Are we about to experience a "green revolution' on our lawns J Probably not, but it's possible that the coming years will bring ne+ grass varieties that use less water and still look lush and green The biggest trend in residential turf grass is to get rid of it' More and more homeowners are taking out turf and replacing it with to water use plants and ground cover To do this some people have been forced to battle with their homeowners' association, alter restrictive covenants, and generally try to change the culture, ��� which places a high value on green grass Gazing into the crystal ball, here are some possible future trends to watch out Pori r e Genetic engineering -The genetic engineering of food crops Itke tomatoes and corn are well publicized The ,J genetic engineering of turf grass Is a reality The Proceedings of the 71st Annual Michigan Turf9ra5s Conference held from JanuarMMMI y I5-18, 2001 Include an J Interesting article on the genetic engineering of ben[grass for putting greens To read d click here, or check out the enure listing of proceedings If rt were not for controversy over genetic engineering in general, genetically modifief VM d bentgrasses could be available to the consumer by 2003 The genetic engineering of grass is a reality and could hav impacts on the future of residential turf The Michigan Stal University Turfgrass Information Center has the largest on tine library of information on turfgrass and [urfgrass research In the U 5 e Native grasses -Planting locally produced native grasses is increasingly popular and with good reason Native grasses should grow using only the available rainfall and may require substantially less maintenance These grasses may not be suitable for all applications such as ball fields and parks, but they may be an excellent option for residential applications • Mulching mowers - Hardly a new technology to be sure, but mulching mowers are becoming increasingly popular your mower mulches as it mows it means much less work emptying clipping bags and raking endlessly Expect these mowers to become the residential norm • New landscape regulations - In water scarce regions some water providers are starting to restrict the amount o turf that can be installed for each new house This also requires the re -writing of some homeowners' associations landscape covenants that require turf grass lawns at all houses New regulations will encourage low water use Xeriscape • More organic fertilizers -Americans use a lot or chemicals on their lawns, but there Is a growing [rend awz from chemical fertilizers Expect to see growth m the use r h(q) //www h2oust. org/tout/deld115 .-_ •---.,..� �,..�, 1"'^w'� ,.. `-V a+m..M..m�m i,..-°.a•^...,� I�-. 1,,.,,,. _-� f- - .�,.-» �...-___- _„_ ' ..,_�.7 .-_ •---.,..� �,..�, 1"'^w'� ,.. `-V a+m..M..m�m i,..-°.a•^...,� I�-. 1,,.,,,. _-� f- - .�,.-» �...-___- _„_ ' ..,_�.7 H2ouse org Tour Lawn Future Trends P ago 2 of 2 organic lawn fertilizers in the coming years e Water shortages - Look for water shortages across the U S to dramatically impact residential turf As water gets more scarce so will turf Large scale graywater reuse projects for Irrigation will become more common Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour i Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact Webmaster h2ouse org Tour Lawn Research TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH � A graphic -based lool to navigate around the house for Info y Page 1 of 1 - - ' , I I , t i HELI ow ,f'S, i,itvilT Re-'ear-chgprint Pa The Michigan State University Turfgrass Information Center has he largest on-line library of information on turfgrass and turfgras research in the U S Unfortunately they require a subscription to access many of their articles and publications You can visit for free at this site There is a lot of on-going research relating to turf grass Turf g ass is a huge industry in North America and the increased popularity of golf has a resulted in a corresponding interest in bur J grass Unfortunately there is substantially less research being conducted about how to use less water on turf grass As water becomes more scarce across the country, this wait change 1 J Iiume I Site Map I Disclaimer I rielp Tour I Take Action I Resources , Latest Neal I About Us I Seal ch cQ Copyright 2006, Cailfomia Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve. contact webrnaster hup //www h2ouse olg/toui/details/element action contents cfmlelementlD=12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 http /,www h2ouse org/to1114letails/c1ement actlon_contents cFnVc1ententlD=12C32A2A- 9/26/2007 H2ouse org four Lawn Rain/Moisture Shutoff Devices Page 1 of 4 H2ouse org Tow Lawn Rain/Molsture Shutoff Deviccs Page 2 of 4 ■.I;Iri.�i?da; r rvu TOUR TAME ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT IIS SEARCH �— A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for into HELI Lawn Ra,,,/Moisture Shutoff Print Pa J Imagine that you go away for a few days of vacation While you are away it rains cats and dogs at your home, but your Irrigation system is programmed to water Since you aren't there to stop it, a lot of water is wasted Irrigating a landscape that doesn't need it min Sound famiilar7 This problem repeats Itself again and again all CA over the U 5 A rain shutoff device or a soil moisture sensor can take care of th problem and Improve overall Irrigation management These On products are Inexpensive ($25 - $250) and easy to install on just about any sprinkler clock Rain shutoff devices and soil moisture sensors have been proven to save water and money Some cities such as Cary, North Carolina now require one of these devices to omw be Installed on all new sprinkler systems Rain shutoff device and soil moisture sensors differ in how they NNN�f J control Irrigation, so they are described separately below Rain Shutoff Devices A rain shutoff device (also called a rain sensor) is designed to hal irrigation in response to rainfall Most rain sensors are adjustable and allow you to specify the amount of rain that must fall before irrigation is stopped A number of rain shutoff products are available and they are all compatible with almost all sprinkler clocks Some examples of these devices are shown here In Figure t-3 a,. Figure 1 The device itsefr is Installed in a clear location where it can rece, the full amount of rain that falls without excessive splashing Typically the sensor is placed on a roof or the side of a building near the irrigation controller so that the wires can be easily run from the sensor to the clock It Is important to check the sensor frequently to make sure it isn't fouled by leaves, debris, or even bird droppings �iLL-� -�- f�r Figure 2 These rain shutoff devices work using a basic principal of electric circuits When sufficient rainfall is received at the sensor, the common/ground connection is Interrupted effectively overriding the irrigation clock Irrigation resumes when the sensor dries and the common/ground connection is restored Figure 3 A soil moisture sensor system works with your irrigation system like a thermostat works with your furnace The thermostat turns on your furnace when the temperature drops below set temperature and turns it off when the desired temperature has been achieved Similarly, a sod moisture sensor system measure! the level of moisture in the sod and halts Irrigation if the sod is wr or permits irrigation if the sod is dry There are a variety of sod moisture sensor systems on the marke at different price levels A good system should include sensors an a controller that allows you to set the moisture level at which you w nt to stop and start irrigation You should be able to get a goo( quality soil moisture sensor system for $250 or less An example of a soil moisture sensor is shown in Figure 4 http,'/www h2ouse ofg/tour/details/element_achon_con tents efnVe1ementlD=l2F32A2A- 9/26/2007 hitp //www h2ouse org/tout/detalls/eleincnt_acuon_contents efin?e1ement1D=12Es32A2A- 9/26/2007 H2ouse org Tour Lawn Rain/Moisture Shutoff Devices Figure 4 Page 3 of 4 k12ousc org Tour Lawn Rain/Moisture Shutoff Devices The soil sensors (usually a pair) are installed at mid -root depth in a representative portion of you landscape that is only watered by single Irrigation zone A pair of wires are run underground from the sensorsback to the sensor controller, which is usually placed next to the urigatlon controller The wiring at the controller is quite similar to a rain sensor and the common/ground connection is used to override Irrigation A soil moisture sensor system Is a more difficult to Install than a rain sensor only because wires must be run from the sensors in the ground back to the clock A competent do-it-yourselfer shouk have minimal trouble installing a basic sod moisture sensor system Note that soil moisture sensors routinely are out of tune and prominently used In commercial landscape settings not residential home settings Which System is Right for Mel If you take the time to frequently re -program and start and stop your irrigation system, then a rain shutoff device probably makes the most sense A rain shutoff device is less of an overall irrigatio management tool and more of a convenience product that stops you from wasting water when it rains A rain shutoff device work - well in conjunction with conscientious Irrigation management If don t like to re -program your sprinkler clock and prefer a syste. that does more of the irrigation management for you, then a soil moisture sensor system is probably the right choice These device control Irrigation in such that there Is always sufficient moisture o soil at the roots If the ground is already wet the soil moisture sensor system will override the irrigation system and prevent watering If the soil is dry the sensor system will permit irrigation until the desired saturation level is reached Soil moisture sensors are not an "install and forget about it' type of product You still need to carefully monitor the performance of your sprinkler system and the condition of your landscape and make adjustments to the Sensor controller and your irrigation timing However, once these systems are properly tuned they should eliminate a lot of the system management work Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News { About Us ; Search O Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council All Rights Reserve, P contact webma5ler age 4 of4 http //www h2ousc org/tour/detalls/clemcnt action contents cfm?e1ement1D- 12h32A2A- 9/26/2007 hap //www h2ouse org/tour/details,%Icment_acNon_contenis cfv0e1cmenl1D=12G32A2A- 9/26/2007 Mouse org Tour Lawn Fertlll7er Use Page 1 of I 142ouse org Tour Lawn irrigation Scheduling Page 1 of 3 �,Lrnr�J�l l�J 1 — i �D 1 I _ U;;iiiala; t TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUTUS SEARCH �— A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info i - I " RELI �q, Laval Feilflt�'f:T lis e ®Print Pe Ask ft Fertilizing provides nutrients to maintain plant health and also J encourages new growth Excessive use of fertilizers can cause J overgrowth that is more susceptible to pests and disease Applyir fertilizer sparingly and In the fall will encourage root development and lower watering needs The three main nutrients in fertilizers are nitrogen, phosphorus __,� and potassium Most fertilizers available at garden centers contao i a combination of the three The amount of nutrients required by . I' home lawn is most accurately determined by soil testing A sod test will determine levels of phosphorus, potassium, pH and mineral requirements Your local nursery professional can assist you in identifying your sod type and the best fertilizer option for wayour lawn needs I new technologies to control irrigation based on weather patterns J are being tested across the country (see Irrigation Future Trends but until these products reach the mass market, irrigation J scheduling and clock programming is a regular chore for many Home i Site Map I DISClaimel I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I I atest News I About Us I Search CE) Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact AeWnaSLLr http /h+ww h2ouse org/tout/details/element action–con tents cFnVelcmen1lD=12E32A2A- 9/2012007 TOUR TAKEACTION RESOURCES LATESTNEWS ABOUT US SEARCH tlllllllllllllli A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info 3 - r I i �, u i n HELI Lawn Zf 1'igiarloii SCI edt.11ing Print Pa Watering your landscape with an automatic Irrigation system will likely be the single largest use of water in your home You can J dramatically Improve efficiency by using proper Irrigation scheduling techniques such as those outlined below In the best of all possible worlds your irrigation system would supply your landscape with exactly the right amount of water to keep it healthy The system would shutoff when it rains and woul CA increase watering times during dry spells The perfect system would supply different amounts of water to different types of plants and would eliminate over -spray onto sidewalks and pavements The perfect system would only run at night to minimize evaporation losses and it would alert you if there was a broken head or a stuck valve or some other problem Unfortunately, the perfect Irrigation system does not exist Some J new technologies to control irrigation based on weather patterns are being tested across the country (see Irrigation Future Trends but until these products reach the mass market, irrigation J scheduling and clock programming is a regular chore for many rr homeowners Proper irrigation scheduling is a �� I skill that surprisingly few have mastered Many people don't i realize that they must change _ their irrigation program regularly as the seasons change Ideally you should program your sprinkler clock weekly or even daily to maximize efficiency But even monthly changes to the irrigation schedule will result in substanti water savings and improved plant health You should turn the system off when It rains and make frequent adjustments to the timing of each zone so that just the right amount of water is applied Few people have the time or inclination to take this micr( managing approach, so these tips are designed to help you maximize efficiency with your sprinkler system through sensible scheduling The biggest problems encountered are watering too much and to( frequently Many of the common turf grass and landscape shrub diseases are made worse by, or even may be the result of, w^tering too frequently irrigation Scheduling Tips The Basics • Know how to run your lam` y d e aD controller and change watering times • Adjust the watering times (number of minutes ) and ' blip //wwvy h2ousc org!lour/details/cicmenl_aUlon_conicnts e Fm°clement1D=12E32A2A- 9/20/2007 1-12ouse org Tour Lewn Inigation Scheduling Page 2 of 3 H2ouse org Tour Lawn Irrigation Scheduling the frequency of watering (daily, twice a week, etc ) base( on weather conditions o Change your settings to adjust for seasonal differences an reset the timer when needed Water At Night Make sure your system only operates when the sun is down to reduce evaporation losses if you like to watch your sprinklers not set the start time for 8 00 p m — there Is still plenty of light outside, but the sun is usually down Many experts say the best time to water Is between midnight at 4 a m because evaporation In kept to a minimum Never Water if the Soil is Wet Irrigation scheduling is simply a matter of close observation and dedication Ideally, the Irrigation control clock should be adjusted on at least a weekly basis to conform with current weather conditions, but even with monthly adjustments your lawn can be maintained healthy and happy The first basic irrigation scheduling rule is never water if the soil i still wet The old rule for landscape care was V it doesn't look right, water it" This is often the worst possible thing to do Plant - wilt for any number of reasons other than needing water When You do Water, Don't be Stingy The other rule for irrigation scheduling is when you do water, don be stingy Saturate the soil The sod should be completely saturated (the technical term Is that the soil has reached field capacity) throughout the root zone Cycle Your Sprinklers If you're Irrigating using sprinklers, the water will probably start t run off into the gutter or Into a low spot, before the soil is wet through the root zone This is because the sprinklers put out mor water in a given amount of time than the soil can absorb In technical terms the precipitation rate of the sprinklers is greater than the infiltration rate of the sell (Both, by the way, are measured as Inches/hour to the U S A ) Fortunately, solving this problem is easy As soon as the water starts to run-off, just turn off the sprinklersi Watt an hour or so for the water to soak in, the run the sprinklers again until run-off once again occurs Continue this run -stop -wait -run cycle until the soil is saturated through the root zone This process is referred to as cycling the sprinklers Almost all sprinkler systems need to be cycled for proper irrigation Technical note In large areas of turf you may not notice the run- off because the water doesn't run into a gutter or over a sidewalk but runs off to the lowest area in the lawn It's still critically important to prevent the run off If you don't muddy, wet areas will result where turf diseases will thrive, mosquitoes will breed, and your mower will leave ruts Multiple Start Times If your irrigation controller offers the feature of multiple start times you can use this to your advantage Most modern controller offer the option of 2 or three start times When this feature Is implemented your system will run through the entire cycle of zones more than once per day also called cycle irrigation Here's an example Instead of watering zone 1 for 20 minutes, use the multiple start time feature and set up three start times You can then water zone I for 6 minutes three times for a total of 18 minutes The shorter run times will reduce runoff and water fosse age 3of3 and will reduce deep infiltration below the root zone Table 1 shows a sample watering schedule using multiple start times Table 1 Sample watering schedule Zone & Plant Sprinkler I ype Type N of Starts Minutes per Start Total Minutes I Lavin Spray 3 6 18 2 Lawn Spray 3 6 18 3 Groundcover Spray 3 4 12 4 Shrubs Orlp 1 16 16 5 Garden Spray 2 10 20 6 Trees Drip 1 20 120 Start times 12 30 a m, 2 0o a m, 3 30 a m Adjust Your Schedule As Needed The weather changes The seasons change Your irrigation schedule should change to reflect the prevailing climate and season Generally at the beginning of the irrigation season (typically the spring) you don't need to water as frequently as yet do in the middle of the summer In the early fall you can once again cut back watering Some sprinkler clocks have a rain pause button that enables you to postpone irrigation for a day or more On other clocks it is eas, to shut the entire system off for any period of time Some newer clocks also have % Increase/decrease feature This i a nice feature that enables you to reduce or Increase watering across your entire system by a fixed percentage This feature makes It much easier to adjust your clock for changes in the weather Consider a Rain Shutoff Device Irrigating during or right after a rainstorm is one of the most pointless and wasteful Irrigation practices But what are you (joint to do if you're on vacation or out for the evening when the rain comes' A rain Shutoff device may be the perfect solution Source www irrigationtutortals com (accessed 7/11/01) permission granted For more information on irrigation scheduling visit www watcilght org/stre2/advisorles www woteright org/sde2/home Home I Site Map I Diwlauner 1 Help Too, I Take Action 1 Re%ouices I ateg Nuis I About Us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rtghts Reserve, contact wcbmaster http llwww h2ouse org/tour/delails/elemeilt action contents cfm9elementlD-12E32A2A- 926/2007 hilp //wwi% h2ouse org/lour,(JeldiWelelnent—a(.tioii—cotiteiit,,; c6t19ejcmentlD -I21;32A2A- 9/26/2007 1­12ouse org Tour Lawn Application Options (automatic vs manual) t - f Page I of 3 H20use org Tour Lawn Application Options (automatic vs manual) Page 2 of 3 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH r� system Convenience aside, there are a number of issues that should be considered when choosing an irrigation method • Budget - can I afford the system, maintenance costs, and the Increased cost of water associated with an automatic system, • Landscape - does my landscape justify an automatic system? Can I effectively Irrigate my landscape manually? • Physical condition - am I physically capable of manually irrigating my landscap0 There are a variety of manual sprinklers available that make the job easier If you have a fairly large yard to manually irrigate, consider purchasing a "tractor' style sprinkler This heavy duty sprinkler uses the hose as a rail and crawls along as it waters travelling across the yard An underground irrigation system is the most expensive, but also the most convenient method, and may be considered for large lawns A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for into -- i i •n� ^i a - ii HELI LawnApt,lttiat!or: Optionsry, --^� (cti ''; 's'E :EI `r'z tis (r'ict T4).l r'31) L7 PrinMEW t Pa -� Almost every homeowner m the US spends some amount b �' of time and money delivering -_ water to outdoor plants - especially grass There are two basic ways to accomplish this -- [ask J 1 Manual irrigation with hoses, nozzles, and sprinklers 2 Clock driven In -ground automatic irrigatioAmb lk n There are hybrids of these two such as an in -ground sprinkler system that Is manual operated or an above ground hose system that is clock driven, but these systems are less common Most new homes come equipped with some form of clock driven ,J !NJ automatic irrigation because this Is a popular amenity that many people have come to expect Manual irrigation is time and labor Intensive and requires regular attention and vigilance An automatic irrigation system can be simply programmed turned or and left to run We don't recommend this "hands off" approach a< Mit almost always results in over -watering and water waste, but there is no denying the convenience of an automatic irrigation Water Use Rates Homes with automatic sprinkler systems use more than twice as much water on average than homes that manually irrigate with a hose and sprinkler (Mayer, et at 1999) In another study, home• hup //www h2ousc olg%tour/(Ictal is/element action contents cfm lelenjentlD=12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 with on -ground sprinkler systems with timers used an average of 43% more water than homes with in -ground sprinkler systems without timers (Whitcomb, 1994) This result takes into consideration difference in landscape size, but doesn't consider landscape quality or landscaping materials (turf, Xenscape, etc } These results are shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 Although homes equipped with automatic sprinkler systems use substantially more water than their "hose dragging" counterparts research shows that on average these homes do not use more water than the local climate conditions indicated was required for optimum growth of turf grass (Mayer, et al 1999) Evapotranspiration (or ET) is a measure of the amount of water required for optimum plant growth that is based on a number of factors including temperature and precipitation When the water use of manual and automatic irrigators is compared against the local ET rate is can be seen that on average manual irrigators applied 39% of the theoretical ET requirement and automatic irrigators applied 47% of the ET requirement These results are shown In Figure 2 This means that although homes with automatic sprinklers use more water, they are still irrigating quite efficiently on average Figure 2 http //wxtiv h2ousc olg/tour/fle(ails/elernent_achon_c,ontents cfm'itlementlD=12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 Water Use Rates Homes with automatic sprinkler systems use more than twice as much water on average than homes that manually irrigate with a hose and sprinkler (Mayer, et at 1999) In another study, home• hup //www h2ousc olg%tour/(Ictal is/element action contents cfm lelenjentlD=12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 with on -ground sprinkler systems with timers used an average of 43% more water than homes with in -ground sprinkler systems without timers (Whitcomb, 1994) This result takes into consideration difference in landscape size, but doesn't consider landscape quality or landscaping materials (turf, Xenscape, etc } These results are shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 Although homes equipped with automatic sprinkler systems use substantially more water than their "hose dragging" counterparts research shows that on average these homes do not use more water than the local climate conditions indicated was required for optimum growth of turf grass (Mayer, et al 1999) Evapotranspiration (or ET) is a measure of the amount of water required for optimum plant growth that is based on a number of factors including temperature and precipitation When the water use of manual and automatic irrigators is compared against the local ET rate is can be seen that on average manual irrigators applied 39% of the theoretical ET requirement and automatic irrigators applied 47% of the ET requirement These results are shown In Figure 2 This means that although homes with automatic sprinklers use more water, they are still irrigating quite efficiently on average Figure 2 http //wxtiv h2ousc olg/tour/fle(ails/elernent_achon_c,ontents cfm'itlementlD=12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 1`12ouse org Tour Lawn Application Options (automatic vs manual) P age 3 of 3 H2ouse org Tour Lawn Soil Prepaiatton, Mulch and Groundcover Page 1 of 3 Home I Site Map I Disclaimei I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About US I Search ® Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserves contact webmaster TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABBOT US SEARCH I_ jjM A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for info i . I Ii , I , , - I,i I I n i� HELI NEW Lawo Soil Preparation, Mulch Y,t,f - ,rzrlc,jrot ®Pant P2 Wj One of the most important steps in gardening of any type is soil preparation Good soil is what we build our yards and gardens ou of A little more time and effort in this stage, will help to assure your gardening efforts are successful Get to Know Your Soil There are three basic types of soil - Sandy , Clay, and 5i11 • Clay based soil causes problems by holding the water and being to dense to work • Sandy soil allows water to drain too easily and washes out nutrients • Slity soil also allows water to wash through it too fast, the difference with sandy soil Is when it is dry it is powdery in texture and prone to wind damage Along with organic matter or humus there are three primary minerals that make up soil sand, clay, silt The night balance of both humus and minerals will achieve garden loam, the best sod for growing plants The good news Is that poor soil can easily be improved and transformed into loam What Kind of Soil Do I Have? Here's a quick informal test to see what type of soil you have Check your soil's texture by picking up a handful and squeeze gently If It feels sticky and stays in a tight mass, your soil Is like' too high In day If it feels harsh or gritty and won t hold any shag or crumbles It Is likely too high in sand If It feels smooth or Hour, and won t hold any shape, it's likely too high in silt If it molds int your hand yet crumbles apart when squeezed, it has the perfect texture It is probably loam Turning Poor Soil Into Loam Available organic matter can be used to enhance the quality of your topsoil There are several sources of organic matter The on- to use depends upon local availability and cost Commonly recommended soil additives include • Mushroom manure, well rotted • Chicken manure with sawdust should be composted • Peat moss • Pcat andsand mixture • Any readily available compost After adding topsoil and/or sod additives, bring entire yard to a rough grade, be sure to distribute the improved topsoil evenly over the entire yard Generously apply lime Use three times the amount recommended for an established lawn http //www h2ouse oi-./tour/detaiWelement action -contents clm Mementlp-12B32A2A- 9/26/2007 hup /hvww h2ouse org/tour/details/elGmcnt action -contents cfin'elenientlD= i2F.32A2A- 9/26/2UQ7 H2ousc org Tour Lawn Soil Preparation, Mulch and Groundcover Page 2 of 3 Roto -till the soil to a depth of 4 to 6 inches Finish grading • Start ground leveling by raking the high spots Into the lower areas A home made float (a 6 x 6 beam with a rope attached) will work if the sod has been well prepared Use string line to check ground levels • Roll the soil lightly during the early stages of preparation This will show up variations in ground level Continue to rake and roll until the contours are smooth and all high an low spots have been removed When you rake and grade, remove debris such as old sod, plants and rocks Stones less than one Inch In diameter can be left 'whe, you are laying turf Prepare the ground with these goals In mind • Good drainage • Smooth contours for even growth • No high spots or ruts for mower wheels, as this will cause scalping • Good topsoil You should slope the ground away from buildings and grade to or inch below driveway or sidewalk level When possible use mulch or gravel borders to avoid turf areas th, are difficult to irrigate efficiently Grasscycling Grasscycling Is the natural practice of leaving clippings on the law when mowing This can save time, money and other resources Ilk landfill space The clippings quickly decompose, returning nutrien to the soil Proper turf management, in conjunction with the practice of graSMrling, can reduce water and fertilizer requirements, mowing time, and disposal costs When you mow, the grass clippings do not need to be removed from the lawn unless they are excessively heavy Clippings have . high nutrient value, breakdown rapidly and do not contribute significantly to thatch if clippings are removed on a regular basis_ then fertilizer, particularly nitrogen, have to be increased by 20 t( 35 % to compensate for their removal It may be desirable to remove clippings in some instances, such as around pool areas, but In most cases, clippings can be returned without causing any problems Mulch Mulching is a great way to landscape areas of your yard that are not covered by lawn or plants By creating mulch strips around your lawn you can reduce Irrigation runoff and improve watering efficiency There are many different types of mulch so pick the one that best fits your needs Some people use stones or lava rocks In the place of mulch edging Keep in mind that rocks will not hold moisture in the ground as effectively as mulch - if this is a concern 112ouse org Tour Lawn Soil Preparation, Mulch and Groundcover P age 3 of 3 Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Hclp Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search D Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster hup /nvww h2ousc org,tour/details/element_actton_Lontents (An)clemcnt1D=I2G32A2A- 9/20/2007 http //-www h2ouse orittour/details/element_action_Lontents chn9elementlD—I2F32A2A- 9/26/2007 1`12ouse org Tour Lawn Plant Materials Page 1 of 4 Wousc org 'lour Lawn Plant Materials ,i° �-1 i -1— F r 1=1 l LI:b?,99d:I:.r F � •n, i, TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH Agraphic -based tool to navigate around the house for in fo Description Kentucky Most common cool season grass High quality k iwn Plaint Mateilals Print Pa lawn, available in blends Spreads moderately and Grass Types will fill in bare spots Goes dormant in hot, dry Although there are amultitude weather as well as winter Does poorly in of grass brands,there A.. extremely shady areas Not recommended for arebasically 2 types extremely hot climates Water Use High ofgrass Cool and warmdon 1 Season Grasses with each -so type better suited to Works well in shady areas Does not blend well particular climates in North with other lawn grasses water use Moderate to America high Transition Zone Not good In cool season regions Do yourself and There is a "transitlon zone" between northern and southern turf MEW regions, which follows the lower elevations of Virginia and North NET Carolina west through West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and brown as soon as temperatures cool and does not Arkansas and includes southern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri turn green again until late spring Water Use and Kansas in this transition zone, neither warm nor cool seasor J grasses are uniformly successful However, several of the norther Readily available in most stores, but is not the or "cool season' grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass and most desirable grass for home use Once perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, do well across Kentucky, established there is no selective way to remove Virginia, West Virginia and Missouri Tall fescue is the best choice the plant It has a coarse blade and is often used In Tennessee, North Carolina, northern Georgia, northern Alabam along roadways and playground areas water Use and the Texas panhandle in the lower elevations of these latter Moderate to high states warm season grasses do well too Originally meant for golf course greens Will Cool Weather Grasses tolerate very low mowing, however, when grown On average these climates have cold winters and warm/hot to normal height found on most homes, it summers Usually also have regular intervals of rain throughout becomes shaggy Does not tolerate hot, dry the summer months, but grasses will tolerate some extended weather, nor cold winters Not designed for normal periods of draught by going dormant Cool season grasses prefer home use, unless your home Is on a golf course cool areas and shade They may turn brown during hot weather, green and you plan on mowing your lawn every but hold their green color during cool days much more than warm other day at 1" Water Use High season grasses which lose their chlorophyll when temperatures drop below 50°F Cool weather grasses require intensive watennc to maintain their appearance during hot weather AS a general rule, warm season grasses are considered more drought-resistani than cool season grasses, but both may be able to withstand periods of drought or high heat once they have established deep roots Here is a partial list of cool season grasses Grass Type Description Kentucky Most common cool season grass High quality Bluegrass lawn, available in blends Spreads moderately and Ryegrass will fill in bare spots Goes dormant in hot, dry grass weather as well as winter Does poorly in Buffalo extremely shady areas Not recommended for grass extremely hot climates Water Use High Fine Shade tolerant, but does require some sun Very Pagc 2 of 4 Fescue fine leaves Very good In draught situations Water Grass Use Low to moderate Perennial Common perennial ryegrass usually only lasts one Ryegrass season Germinates quickly and can be used as a grass temporary ground cover while the slower growing Buffalo bluegrass plants take hold Water Use Moderate grass to high Annual Often found in low priced grass seed It does not Ryegrass over winter in cold climates Water Use High Rough Works well in shady areas Does not blend well Bluegrass with other lawn grasses water use Moderate to high Zoysia Not good In cool season regions Do yourself and your neighbors a favor and do not plant this grass In the north Very invasive root system Turns brown as soon as temperatures cool and does not turn green again until late spring Water Use Moderate to high Tall Readily available in most stores, but is not the Fescue most desirable grass for home use Once established there is no selective way to remove the plant It has a coarse blade and is often used along roadways and playground areas water Use Moderate to high Bentgrass Originally meant for golf course greens Will tolerate very low mowing, however, when grown to normal height found on most homes, it becomes shaggy Does not tolerate hot, dry weather, nor cold winters Not designed for normal home use, unless your home Is on a golf course green and you plan on mowing your lawn every other day at 1" Water Use High Warm Weather Grasses Warm season grasses do best during the warm summer months In some ways, growing and maintaining a good-looking lawn In the South is more involved than in the North Choosing grass varieties is trickier, many grass varieties do much better when started as plugs or sod than from seed Good soil is critically important for growing a low maintenance lawn in this region Some southern gardeners seed their existing lawns with ryegrass each fall to maintain green color during the winter months This r called "winter over -seeding " Warm -season grasses stay green only during the growing season and they start to turn tan as temperatures drop below 50°F and brown out as temperatures reach freezing Warm season grasses grow best in sunny areas and generally require less water than cool season grasses Here is a partial list of warm season grasses blip //www h2ouse org/tour/dotalls/c lcmcnt_actlon_contents cfm''cicmcntlD=I2G32A2A- 9/20/2007 hup //www h2ousc orghour/details/clemhnt_ac tion—contents cfm°clementlD-12F32A2A- 9/2b/2007 Grass Description Type Bermuda Prefers full sun, draught resistant, can withstand grass heavy traffic Water use low to moderate Buffalo Well suited to the and Southwest Water use Low grass Centipede Very low maintenance, very tolerant to high grass temperatures moderately resistant to drought, blip //www h2ouse org/tour/dotalls/c lcmcnt_actlon_contents cfm''cicmcntlD=I2G32A2A- 9/20/2007 hup //www h2ousc orghour/details/clemhnt_ac tion—contents cfm°clementlD-12F32A2A- 9/2b/2007 1`12ouse org Tour Lawn Plant Materials Page 3 of 4 Anyone can plant a bluegrass or fescue lawn and these grasses make a lot of sense in wet humid climates If you live in a dry an, region why not try something a little different? Native grasses cat be a great alternative to traditional lawns and will use much less water Native prairie grasses may be good options as ornamental or non-functioning lawn areas Some common grasses that ar native to North America Include blue gramma, switchgrass, and buffalo grass Here are some tips for locating native grass seeds I your area Hints for Locating Native Grasses 1 When calling seed suppliers about native grass seeds, it helps to be very specific about the kinds of seeds you wan Many folks who answer the phone at a supplier's office wit not know the true meaning of the word "native "They me assume that any grass they have in stock is native becaus they grew the stock locally Do a little research before you call 2 On rare occasions, the clerk who answers the phone will actually try to talk you out of using natives and Into using seeds of introduced grasses that they are more familiar with Be gentle but firm with them' 3 In general experts recommend using grass seed from stoc which originated from no more than 300 miles of your location, preferably from within 100 miles This is not always possible Often the supplier will tell you where the general area In which it was harvested, so be prepared to dig a little deeper to find out where it came from before that Ask your supplier if he knows where the seed stock originated Call all the suppliers, even If they are headquartered far from you, they may have seed combine From fields all over your region 4 Call more as many suppliers as possible Prices vary and s does the variety of seeds Sometimes a supplier will tell you there is no more seed of a particular kind of grass available in the state, but another supplier may have it Occasionally one of the suppliers will have a rare harvest i a different prairie grass so ask around Sources www american lawns Com Additional graphic possible Permission granted www wateipiowpress com Vickers, Amy Handbook of Wet- Use and Conservahon 2001 Water Plow Press Amherst, MA http /hvwta h2ouse org/tour/detalls/element action contents cfm?elementl[)= 12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 H2ouse org Tour Lawn Plant Materials P age 4 of 4 Home l site Map I Dlsciatmet I Help Tom I lake Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, Ali Rights Reservei contact Webmaster blip //wWvv h2ouse oig/lour/detalls/elcment_deUott_conlcnts cfm?e1cmentlD=12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 wIII tolerate some shade, but prefers full sun Not good for heavy traffic Water use Low to moderate St Good for coastal regions, thrives in heat, does Augustine poorly In cool climates Excellent to fair under drought conditions Moderately good to heavy traffic Very shade tolerant Water use Moderate Zoysia Low maintenance, works well in hot, humid climates Exceptionally heat tolerant Moderate to good in drought conditions Good, slow growth in partial shade Very shade tolerant and Is superior grass for heavy traffic areas Water Use Moderate to high Anyone can plant a bluegrass or fescue lawn and these grasses make a lot of sense in wet humid climates If you live in a dry an, region why not try something a little different? Native grasses cat be a great alternative to traditional lawns and will use much less water Native prairie grasses may be good options as ornamental or non-functioning lawn areas Some common grasses that ar native to North America Include blue gramma, switchgrass, and buffalo grass Here are some tips for locating native grass seeds I your area Hints for Locating Native Grasses 1 When calling seed suppliers about native grass seeds, it helps to be very specific about the kinds of seeds you wan Many folks who answer the phone at a supplier's office wit not know the true meaning of the word "native "They me assume that any grass they have in stock is native becaus they grew the stock locally Do a little research before you call 2 On rare occasions, the clerk who answers the phone will actually try to talk you out of using natives and Into using seeds of introduced grasses that they are more familiar with Be gentle but firm with them' 3 In general experts recommend using grass seed from stoc which originated from no more than 300 miles of your location, preferably from within 100 miles This is not always possible Often the supplier will tell you where the general area In which it was harvested, so be prepared to dig a little deeper to find out where it came from before that Ask your supplier if he knows where the seed stock originated Call all the suppliers, even If they are headquartered far from you, they may have seed combine From fields all over your region 4 Call more as many suppliers as possible Prices vary and s does the variety of seeds Sometimes a supplier will tell you there is no more seed of a particular kind of grass available in the state, but another supplier may have it Occasionally one of the suppliers will have a rare harvest i a different prairie grass so ask around Sources www american lawns Com Additional graphic possible Permission granted www wateipiowpress com Vickers, Amy Handbook of Wet- Use and Conservahon 2001 Water Plow Press Amherst, MA http /hvwta h2ouse org/tour/detalls/element action contents cfm?elementl[)= 12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 H2ouse org Tour Lawn Plant Materials P age 4 of 4 Home l site Map I Dlsciatmet I Help Tom I lake Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, Ali Rights Reservei contact Webmaster blip //wWvv h2ouse oig/lour/detalls/elcment_deUott_conlcnts cfm?e1cmentlD=12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 112ousc org Tour Lawn Landscape Design Page 1 of 4 Mouse org Tour Lawn Landscape Design Pdge 2 cif4l Trees (both yours and your neighbors, if they shade part c TOUR TAKE AC110H RESOURCES LATEST REWS ABOUT US SEARCH your yard) A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for into • Slopes • Existing sprinkler system NEU 0 �y, Once you've completed a base plan of your existing landscape, 1 )wn L and.3cicae Design � Print Pe you need to think about how you want to use your new Xenscape List Your Landscaping Goals What do you want from your new landscape? Some people might i r 1 rr It makes good sense to develop a comprehensive landscape plan want reduced maintenance others might be looking to Improve --"' for your property A carefully thought out plan will enable you to shading and pleasant outdoor areas Here is a list of some things create a beautiful water -wise outdoor space that makes the most to think about before creating a new plan of existing landscape features I� �_� • Maintenance - Am i trying to reduce the amount of time I ------1411 In the Handbook of Water Use and Conservation, Amy Vickers list spend working in the yard? the following eight fundamental steps for designing and • Water use - Do I want to reduce my outdoor water maintaining a water -efficient landscape consumptionz (We hope so') • Play areas - Is my yard an Important play area for chiidre, tl:bxid:l:C'r • Group plants according to their water needs dogs, and/or adults? Can I decrease the size of the play • Use native and low -water -use plants area • Limit turf areas to these needed for practical purposes • Sun and shade -Does my yard have enough shade or too ' much shade? • Use efficient irrigation systems • Schedule Irrigation wisely • Irrigation system - Dot plan to install re irrigation for • Provide healthy soil For new existing system, can I reconfigure the system for • Mulch over soil and around plants to reduce evaporation Aesthethetics new landscape? • Regular maintenance • Aesthetics - Do I want more flowers? Do I want more g [rees7 Do I want a vegetable gardens Do I want to add a patio or moss rocks or semi-permanent outdoor furniture Creating A water -wise Landscape plan Where do 1 want to spend time in the yardz • Climate and region - How can I create a landscape that If you're a do-it-yourself type of person, there is no reason that takes full advantage of the climate and region in which I you can't develop your own water wise landscape plan The live ' 1 , guidelines below come primarily from the Handbook of Water Use • Budget - How much money do 1 want to spend on my r' and Conservation by Amy Vickers Your local library should have landscaping project? books and magazines that can give you additional advice There i also a wealth of Information available on the web Develop a Landscape Master Plan Once you have evaluated your current landscape and given some Start With What's Already Yhere thought to the goals of the landscaping project you are ready to t start with a simple base map of your property lines To measure develop a master plan This plan should be as complete and your landscape, you'll need a 50 foot or longer tape measure, an( detailed as possible You may not complete the entire plan in a a helpful relative/fnend You will need to measure from the single year It may take many years By creating a master plan _ property lines to your house, as well as all the exterior walls of you can progressively work to achieve all of your landscape goals your house You will also need to measure other impervious surfaces, such as sidewalks, decks and driveways If there are Your master plan should be a "map" of the finished landscape on existing trees, shrubs, etc that you wish to keep, you'll need to your property Even if you don't know exactly what trees and measure to place them accurately in your plan Once you've plants you Intend to use, you can include a place for planting bed recorded all the measurements, you II have to transfer them to and trees in your drawing graph paper Most designers prefer to work with plans drawn to a ' 1 10 or 1 8 scale This means that every 10 (or 8) feet of actual ' measure equals I Inch on your plan so if your property is 50 fee Here are some design issues to consider when developing your - - , wide by 100 feet long and you're using a I 10 scale, your plan master plan would be 5 inches by 10 inches • Turf areas -You can save water by binding turf to only Once you've drawn your property lines on the graph paper, you those functional areas needed for walking, sitting, playing need to fill in the details, including the house outllne, sidewalks, recreation, picnicking, etc Nonfunctional areas can be driveways, etc You also need to show direction on your plan by covered with drought -tolerant grasses, Xeric planting bedf drawing an arrow Indicating North This will help your designer alternative groundcovers, or hardscapes select plants appropriate for specific exposures Some of the othe • Planting beds - Nonfunctional planting beds add beauty things you should include on your base plan are and shape to your landscape This is a great opportunity ti use native plants, trees, and shrubs • Hardscapes - Hardscapes include walkways, patios, • The location of spigots, downspouts and external electrical driveways, etc Consider using flagstones, gravel or other outlets porous materials to reduce water accumulation • Fences, walls and other structures • Landscaping shapes and forms - Irregular designs, narrow • Existing lawn, garden, shrub masses and Flower beds htlp //www 1120usc of g/touddetails/eletnent_action_contents cfm?elelnent1D- 12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 blip 1/www h2ousc org/tow/dUails/elcmenl_aclion_conlents cfiiVelctnent1D=12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 Mouse org Tour Lawn Landscape Desi)'�ii Page 3 of 4 H2ouse org Tour Lawn Landscape Design P age 4 of 4 strips of turf or plants, and small areas can be difficult to mow and water efficiently with an automatic system However, these forms may be irrigated more successfully with drip or manual techniques Design your landscape forms to maximize water efficiency • Grading and drainage - Your soil type and the slope will affect water Infiltration and runoff rates You can create rainwater detention areas by creating shallow basins in areas with plants that have high-volume water needs In other areas, by reducing or eliminating slopes you can reduce runoff and preserve topsoil It is difficult to water and mow grass that is planted on a steep slope If you yar includes a steep sloped area you could consider terracing a technique that has been practiced for hundreds of years In steep mountainous regions such as the Himalayas and the Andes • Sun and shade - Keep track of areas In your yard that receive morning, noon, and afternoon sun (and shade) Some plants prefer sunny spots while others thrive in shade You can plan your planting beds accordingly • Water use zones - Divide your plant materials into three categories low water use (fed primarily by rainwater), moderate water use (requires occasional watering), and high water use (requires regular watering) To reduce water use, minimize usage of high water use plants and turf in you landscape plan • Maintenance issues - If you want to reduce required regular maintenance In your landscape select low maintenance plants Fast growing turf grass requires regular mowing fertilizing, and aeration Low water use grasses, groundcovers, and plants will require substantial[ less maintenance • Cost - Your budget may be the single biggest constraint o you landscape plan Consider implementing the plan slowing to spread the cost over several years Remember, a low water use landscape will save you money in the lone run with reduced water, fertilizer, and maintenance costs Here are some resources to help you develop your landscape plans Good luck' Books Handbook of Water Use and Conservation, Amy Vickers 2001, Water Plow Press, Amherst, MA Xerrscape Plant Guide, 1999, AWWA, Denver, CO Aeascape Handbook A How To Guide to Natural, Resource -Wise Gardening, Gayle Weinstein, 1999, AWWA, Denver, CO Waterwise Landscaping with Trees, Shrubs, and Vines A Xertseape Guide for the Rocky Mountain Region, California, and the Desert Southwest, lames M Knopf (Editor), Maureen Mclntyrf (Illustrator), 1999, Charisma Books The Xenscape Plower Gardener A Waterwise Guide for the Rock, Mountain Region, Jim Knopf 1991, Johnson Books Dry -Land Gardening A Xeriscaping Guide for Dry -Summer, Cold Winter Climates, Jennifer Bennett, 1998, Firefly Books Residential Landscape Architecture Design Process for the Privat, Residence, Norman K Booth and James E Hiss, 1996, Prentice Hall Landscaping Principles and Practices The Residential Design Workbook, Ferrell Bridwell 1997, Delmar Publishing Landscape Plants for Western Regions An Illustrated Guide to Plants for Water Conservation, by Bob Perry, Land Design Publishing, 1992 (Out of Print - Only Available Used or Library Loan) Web Sites Ipmwww ncsu edu www aces edu Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources 1 Latest News I About Us I Search (c� Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserve, contact webmaster http /Avow h2ouse org/touddetalls/element_action_contents cfm'ielementlD=l2h32A2A- 9/26/2007 hup //www h2ouse org„/tour/details/clement action_ conlenLS cf n?elementlD-12h32A2A 2'26/2007 Mousc org Tour Lawn Timing and Seasonality Page 1 01`2 I12ouse org Tour Lawn Timing and Seasonality P age 2 of 2 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH r— A graphic -based toot to navigate around the house for info April i , n KEtl May 3_d LV Ci Tlrtii 1'y' and lune Print Pa July 20 5% August Timing September Three factors are critical in lawn irrigation frequency, timing and October amount of water Early morning Is the most effective time to !—� wngate due to reduced evaporation 11 is also better to provide th turf with water before mid-day when the evaporation rate is the J highest watering in the evening can also be done, but may favor disease development, particularly under cool night temperatures Most disease -causing fungl require several hours of leaf wetness for infection and disease development to occur A lawn that requires irrigation will exhibit various symptoms If footprints remain while walking across the lawn, the turf has reached the wilting point and should be imgated A slight change in color to dark blue-green and grass blades folding inwards can also be observed when water is required Seasonality Your watering patterns should change as the season s change Your lawn needs a lot less water in April or May than It does in )u or August If you have an automatic Irrigation system you should adjust your clock monthly to account for seasonal variations Depending on where you live you need to make smaller or larger adjustments Table 1 shows a sample monthly irrigation schedule that shows the approximate percentage of total irrigation water use (based o ET) that should used during each month of the irrigation season Keep in mind that this is only a sample schedule and may not apply to your climate or region Contact your local water utility, horticulturist, or agricultural extension agent for a similar schedule for your specific region Table 1 Sample Monthly Irrigation Schedule Month Percent of ET and Percent of Total Annual Irrigation Use April 11 5% May 12 5% lune 160% July 20 5% August 19 0% September 13 5% October 7 0% 1000% Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action ( Resources I Latest News I About us I Search © Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserver contact webmaster http //www h2ouse or./tour/details/clement -action—contents cfm^cicnlcntlU=(2E32A2A- 9/26/2007 Imp !/www h2ouse org/tour/detatlslelemenl action contents Oil "clement (17= I2E32A2A- 9/26/2007 Mouse org Tour Lawn Climate and ET Page 1 of I fl2ouse org Tour Lawn Disposal and Recycling Pagc 1 of 1 TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH �— A graphic -based toot to navigate around the house for info ow Lawn Wwris�il anti Recyclirig OEM 1_awn Clfrrlr a and ETPrint Pa It is Important to know your local weather and mcrochmate in order to select plants that will grow best in your garden Ideally ' you should select native plants but plants from a similar climate �— will also grow well Sunshine, temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind determine regional climate Every home landscape has Its your own mlcrocllmate conditions determined by local geology, existini 1 vegetation and manmade structures that either protect or expose J our gardens to the elements Many resources are available to help you understand your region, climate and plant hardiness in your area In the western U S , r-% refer to the Sunset climate zones found In the Sunset Western Garden Book For other regions of the U S , the United States Department of Agriculture Plant Hardiness Zone Map, is the common reference J Another way to determine watering needs is to learn about Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration or Et reflects actual YJ climate conditions and is the amount of water that is evaporated J from the soil and transpired through the plant's leaves This r_ amount of water needs to be replaced through watering If you know your area's Et rate, you can plan the amount of water to bi replaced through Irrigation Call your local water district or } cooperative extension service and ask about your Et rate Home Site Map I Disclainre- I Help Tow , Take Action I Resources I Latest Newi I About Us I Search Cc) Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserves contact Webmaster http//wx,,wh2ouseorg,'tour/det-ills/Llclllciit_ iction_contLnts cfni9clenieniID 12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 I l;bn�i7la' t TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH M—M A graphic -based toot to navigate around the house for info .1 I . -, ` ' - J' s HEII ow Lawn Wwris�il anti Recyclirig OEM ® Print Pa Grasscycling Grasscycling is the natural practice of leaving clippings on the IaH when mowing This can save time, money and other resources lik landflill space The clippings quickly decompose, returning nutrien to the soil Grass clippings do not have to be removed from a home lawn unless they are excessively heavy 1 Home I Site Map I Dlsc,alme, I Help Toui I Take Action I Resources I latest News I About Us I Seoich Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserves contact webmasler help //www h2ousc org/tour/details/elenicnt actlon_coiltcnts cfm°cicmentlD= 12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 112ouse org Tour Lawn installation Tips Page i of 4 About Topsoil Well drained fertile loam is the ideal sod for lawns Sandy or gravelly solis dry out too quickly Heavy clays are hard to work, and may become water logged and compacted If your sod is unsuitable, you may need to buy good topsoil, but most topsoil is useable Heavy topsoil can be Improved by adding sand or organ) matter, or both Clay or silt and organic matter can be added if it topsoil is too light Improve Your Topsoil Available organic matter can be used to enhance the quality of your topsoil There are several sources of organic matter The on- to use depends upon local availability and cost Mouse org Tour Lawn installation Tips Pdge 2 ora Commonly recommended sod additives include • Mushroom manure, well rotted • Chicken manure with sawdust, should be composted • Peat moss • Peat and sand mixture • Any readily available compost After adding topsoil and/or soil additives, bring entire yard to a rough grade, be sure to distribute the improved topsoil evenly over the entire yard Generously apply lime Use three times the amount recommended for an established lawn Roto -till the soil to a depth of 4 to 6 Inches Finish grading • Start ground leveling by raking the high spots Into the lower areas A home made float (a 6 x 6 beam with a ropt attached) will work if the sod has been well prepared Use string line to check ground levels • Roll the soil lightly during the early stages of preparation This will Show up variations in ground level Continue to rake and roll until the contours are smooth and all high an low spots have been removed When you rake and grade, remove debris such as old sod, plants and rocks Stones less than one Inch in diameter can be left'whe, you are laying turf Planting You have two basic choices when installing grass sod or seed Sod will give you a green lawn area nght away, but is more expensive Seed takes time to grow, but is much less costly Installing Sod Measure your Lawn If your yard Is an odd shape, divide the area Into rectangles or triangles The formula to determine the number of square feet in rectangle is length times width (feet) The formula for a triangle Is 1/2 the base times the height (feet) if you wish to know the area In square yards divide the number of square feet by 9 Ordering Sod Typically you need to call and order your sod one week before yo want to lay your sod Sod is usually cut just prior to delivery or just before you come to pick it up It doesn't survive long once it has been cut Make sure the ground preparation is complete before the delivery date Sod should be laid as soon as possible after delivery, especially In hot weather The quicker the sod is transplanted the better your odds of success You should never leave turf rolled up for more than I or 2 days after delivery Laying the Sod • Apply root fertilizer uniformly to the prepared ground fust before laying the sod Some sod producers recommend a high phosphate root starter such as 10 20-10 Next, moisten the Solt Your turf will root on damp soil more that twice as fast as It will on dry soil • Lay the first raw of sod on a straight line along a curb, driveway, or taut string Make sure that ends are butted hap //www 112ouse org tour/dclall5/CILnlCilt_,ICIIOn contents din klennLmID=12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 hitp //www h2o1lSL oig/tour/details/element_acuon_contcnts cfm"c1f.ment1D-12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 TOUR TANE AC7101 RESOURCES LATEST NEWS ABOUT US SEARCH �— A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for alto > w NFLI • 1_tt+n�T3 installation —lips print Pa J J WEE J Turf grass remains the most popular landscaping material There are a wide variety of lawn grasses available from water efficient buffalo grass to the every popular Kentucky bluegrass Many experts now recommend planting grasses native to your specific region Seeds and sod for native grasses may be more difficult to locate, but the results can be beautiful, unusual, and much more - - -� -' tl; lib°r11:1:"r water efficient It is best to use native grass seed from stock that originated from no more than 300 miles of your location, preferably from within 100 miles This Is not always possible Check with a horticulture expert in your region to determine the most appropriate grass for your lawn ` Aaft 11111. Minimize Turf Areas minimize the lawn areas m your landscape plan In particular � la maximize water landscape beware of narrow strips of grass near sidewalks or fences - these strips are often darn near impossible to irrigate efficiently Proper ground and soil preparation will Improve efficiency and greatly enhance your landscape Soil preparation probably the most Important ant most Ignored element of landscaping i Turf Installation For New Landscapes - ' Soil Preparation Prepare the ground with these goals in mind ,. i a Good drainage • Smooth contours for even growth • No high spots or ruts for mower wheels, as this will cause scalping • Good topsoil You should slope the ground away from buildings and grade to or Inch below di leeway or sidewalk level i When possible use mulch or gravel borders to avoid turf areas th, are difficult to irrigate efficiently About Topsoil Well drained fertile loam is the ideal sod for lawns Sandy or gravelly solis dry out too quickly Heavy clays are hard to work, and may become water logged and compacted If your sod is unsuitable, you may need to buy good topsoil, but most topsoil is useable Heavy topsoil can be Improved by adding sand or organ) matter, or both Clay or silt and organic matter can be added if it topsoil is too light Improve Your Topsoil Available organic matter can be used to enhance the quality of your topsoil There are several sources of organic matter The on- to use depends upon local availability and cost Mouse org Tour Lawn installation Tips Pdge 2 ora Commonly recommended sod additives include • Mushroom manure, well rotted • Chicken manure with sawdust, should be composted • Peat moss • Peat and sand mixture • Any readily available compost After adding topsoil and/or soil additives, bring entire yard to a rough grade, be sure to distribute the improved topsoil evenly over the entire yard Generously apply lime Use three times the amount recommended for an established lawn Roto -till the soil to a depth of 4 to 6 Inches Finish grading • Start ground leveling by raking the high spots Into the lower areas A home made float (a 6 x 6 beam with a ropt attached) will work if the sod has been well prepared Use string line to check ground levels • Roll the soil lightly during the early stages of preparation This will Show up variations in ground level Continue to rake and roll until the contours are smooth and all high an low spots have been removed When you rake and grade, remove debris such as old sod, plants and rocks Stones less than one Inch in diameter can be left'whe, you are laying turf Planting You have two basic choices when installing grass sod or seed Sod will give you a green lawn area nght away, but is more expensive Seed takes time to grow, but is much less costly Installing Sod Measure your Lawn If your yard Is an odd shape, divide the area Into rectangles or triangles The formula to determine the number of square feet in rectangle is length times width (feet) The formula for a triangle Is 1/2 the base times the height (feet) if you wish to know the area In square yards divide the number of square feet by 9 Ordering Sod Typically you need to call and order your sod one week before yo want to lay your sod Sod is usually cut just prior to delivery or just before you come to pick it up It doesn't survive long once it has been cut Make sure the ground preparation is complete before the delivery date Sod should be laid as soon as possible after delivery, especially In hot weather The quicker the sod is transplanted the better your odds of success You should never leave turf rolled up for more than I or 2 days after delivery Laying the Sod • Apply root fertilizer uniformly to the prepared ground fust before laying the sod Some sod producers recommend a high phosphate root starter such as 10 20-10 Next, moisten the Solt Your turf will root on damp soil more that twice as fast as It will on dry soil • Lay the first raw of sod on a straight line along a curb, driveway, or taut string Make sure that ends are butted hap //www 112ouse org tour/dclall5/CILnlCilt_,ICIIOn contents din klennLmID=12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 hitp //www h2o1lSL oig/tour/details/element_acuon_contcnts cfm"c1f.ment1D-12E32A2A- 9/26/2007 Mousc org Tour Lawn Installation Tips Page 3 of 4 close together - but not overlapping Indent the second ro from the first like brickwork Avoid stretching the sod because it shrinks on drying, and leaves spaces that are easily invaded by weeds when all the sod has been laid, roll it with a lawn roller to ensure good contact between 1:1- sod hsod and the soil beneath • If the ground is very soft, use sheets of plywood or wide planks to spread your weight to prevent sinking In Roll th lawn when the ground is firmer • water thoroughly and do not allow the sod to dry out You may even have to water during the course of the installation jr the sod is laid In mid -summer, R should be watered lightly at noon each day for a week or two in ware dry weather to prevent excessive loss of moisture from the grass At least until the roots have taken hold and begun t draw moisture from the soil below Planting Grass Seed Once you have prepared your landscape area, it is best to follow the planting Instructions that come with your grass seed Differen types of grass seeds have different requirements and native grasses may require substantially less water Here are some general guidelines applicable to standard grass seeds once the soil preparation is complete as specified above follow these steps • Apply the seed at recommended rates with a drop spread* or broadcast spreader • LIGHTLY rake the seed into the soil (1/4 Inch) Seed need, to be bedded in the soil to germinate quickly and uniform[ • Apply a mulch such as straw or futerra netting on sloping areas to hold seed and soil in place during heavy rain or watering Watering Grass Seeds Initial Watering - The first watering should be heavy, wetting the soil to a depth of 6 8 Inches This will allow developing roots I better penetrate the soil Daily waterings will also be more effective with a heavy initial watering Care should be taken to nc allow runoff First 3 Weeks - Daily watering is recommended for the first 3 weeks The objective is to keep the surface moist The amount of water applied each time will be small However, in hot weather, two or three daily waterings may be necessary With dew avaslab. many mornings, midday is often the best choice if only one watering can be made You should not saturate the soil in this period, as potential seedling disease problems are lurking Fourth Week - As the seedlings develop, the surface may be allowed to dry out, but the root zone must still be kept moist Change from light daily waterings to heavier waterings every oths day Fifth Week - Two heavy waterings to maintain soil moisture for root development and later germinating seedlings Sixth Week - At this point resume normal watering procedures for your lawn 1-12ouse org Tour Lawn Installation Tips P age 4of4 Air temperature, ground temperature, available moisture, and sunlight affect the germination times of seed Most ryegrass and fescue will germinate in 7-14 days Kentucky bluegrass germinat( In about 20-25 days Seeded areas with existing grass can be mowed as needed Do ni let clippings accumulate on the lawn, as smothering of new seedlings may occur New lawns should be mowed as the lawn gets to normal mowing height For Ryegrass, Bluegrass, and Fescue this should be in the 2 5" to 3" range Sources www andersonsod com www ciscoseeds com Home 1 Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I AbouL Us I Search ® Copyright 2006, California Urban water Conservation Council, All Rights Reserves contact wcbmaster http //www 112ouse org/tote/detailslelement_action_contents cfm7elementlD=12MA2A- 9/26/2007 http //ww�v h2ouse org/tourldetallsielement action contents di-A"clement1D=I2L-32A2A- 9/2672007 H2ouse org Tour Lawn Maintenance Page I of 4 H2ouse org Tour Lawn Maintenance TOUR TAKE ACTION RESOURCES LATEST NEWS`AROUT US SEARCH I - A graphic -based tool to navigate around the house for Info HELI Lawn Maintenance ®7 Print Pa Successful lawn maintenance involves a number of cultural practices that are used throughout the growing season Proper implementation of mowing, irrigation, thatch, weed, insect and disease control, and fertility can prevent a lot of the problems experienced in home lawn care to produce a dense, healthy, high quality turf that requires less water Mowing The importance of good mowing practices is often overlooked but has a major influence on turf density, uniformity and aesthetic quality of a home lawn It is the most repetitious and lime - consuming maintenance practice, but is also the most abused The frequency and height of cut are two important considerations and will vary depending on species of grass and growing conditions Turf grasses can be mowed frequently, provided that no more than one-third of the grass blade is removed in a single mowing Bluegrass and fine leafed fescue should not be cut lower than 4.6 can Cutting shorter than this means the grass plant has to use carbohydrates from the root reserves to initiate new growth Repeated scalping of the turf weakens the root system, directly affecting the ability of the turf to obtain water and nutrients Lower mowing produces a shallow foot system, making the grasses more succulent and susceptible to heat and drought stress and disease Injury A higher height of cut gives a better safety margin, because the grass Is hardier, more drought resistant, less disease susceptible, requires less water and remains green longer than at a lower height of cut Grass clippings are not normally removed from a home lawn unless they are excessively heavy Clippings have a high nutrient value, breakdown rapidly and do not contribute significantly to thatch If clippings are removed on a regular basis then fertilizer, particularly nitrogen, have to be increased by 20 tr 35 % to compensate for their removal It may be desirable to remove clippings In some Instances, such as around pool areas, but in most cases, clippings can be returned without causing any problems Lawns mow better when dry than wet Dry grass cuts more clean and clippings tend to distribute much more evenly Mowing equipment should have the capacity and power to handle the area to be mowed Other considerations in equipment selection should be weight, maneuverability, ease in starting, eas of adjustment of height of cut and safety features providing protection from mower blades Reel type mowers provide a better cutting action than rotary mowers, but are seldom used on home lawns because of their high initial cost and maintenance requirements, and also because they are more difficult to use tha rotary mowers A rotary mower will provide adequate mowing IF the cutting blade is kept sharp, otherwise, it tears or shreds gran blades, producing a dull, gray -brown overcast appearance that ca be misinterpreted as symptoms of other turf problems Grasses with shredded leaf tips are also more easily Infected by disease Page 2 of 4 organisms Debris such as sticks, stones, wire etc should be removed before mowing to prevent possible Injury Thatch Thatch is a layer of partially decomposed organic matter that builds up in between the lawn and soil surface It is a common problem on home lawns, particularly for lawns that have been established for several years An excessive thatch layer, as shown in Figure 1, can restrict gras roots penetration Into the soil root zone, resulting in a lawn with shallow root systems Thatch can also mter(ere with water Infiltration as It repels water, therefore Increasing the potential fo damage during dry periods Thatch provides a perfect winter survival and growing environmei for insects and diseases if thatch is kept to a minimum, then insect and disease -related problems are also reduced When a thatch layer is present, the lawn feels very spongy upon walking By cutting a triangular patch of turf with a sharp knife and lifting back, the thickness of the thatch layer can be measured More than 2 5 cm of thatch indicates that steps should be undertaken t reduce this layer Cultural practices such as frequent mowing, avoiding over - watering and preventing over-ferblrzation can minimize thatch development If excess thatch is present, mechanical removal by vertical mowing using a dethatcher should be done gradually Another method or controlling thatch is aerating or coring The hollow steel tine core aerator removes cores of soil which physically breaks up the thatch as well as bringing up beneficial soil microorganisms that help break down the thatch Dethatchinc or aeration is recommended in spring and fall during penods of good growth, allowing for quick lawn recovery Figure 1 Excessive thatch layer Weed Control A thick vigorous lawn is the best prevention against weed invasion A dense stand of turf can compete successfully with weed seedlings for light and nutrients P tential weed invasion may occur when there are thin or damaged areas in the turf Areas exposed to heavy foot traffic ar, usually sites of weed invasion as many weeds require light to germinate and can thrive in compact sod conditions more successfully than most turf species hup //www h2ouse org/tour/detdtls/clement_actiott-contents cfrOclenteut)D-12F32A2A- 9/26/2007 hitp //vvww h2ouse org/tool/details/cictncnt_ action contents cfrn?c1crncnt1D I2F32A2A- 9/26/2007 H2ouscorg Tour Lawn Maintenance Page 3 of4 Problem weeds include both broad-leaved and grass weeds that can be controlled by a number of methods including hand pulling, hand raking, mowing to prevent seed formation, ano application i selective herbicides A combination of methods may be the best way to control most weeds Before attempting any weed control, weeds should be properly identified Insect Control Insects that Infest home lawns are generally difficult to notice ant their presence goes undetected until significant damage has been done Symptoms associated with drought stress can sometimes be caused by insects If the lawn remains brown or show signs of thinning out despite watering, then closer examination for insects should be done Inspection of the leaves, stems, roots, thatch an. soil will help to determine If the problem is Insect related Diseases If good management practices are used, disease problems in home lawns are minimal Excessive use of fertilizers can cause succulent growth that is more susceptible to diseases When establishing or renovating a lawn area, select varieties that are resistant to various diseases If the lawn has a history of disease, it may be advisable to apply several preventative sprays to avoid damage Fertility Understanding and implementing a well balanced fertilizer program is one of the most important factors In maintaining an attractive healthy lawn Factors that will determine the most suitable fertilizer regime for an individual home lawn are soil type climate, irrigation, mowing practices and species of grass 'rhe three main nutrients required by turfgrass are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium Nitrogen promotes dark green color, leaf and blade development and density of the turf Phosphorus e Important for good root and rhizome development and promoting plant maturity Potassium contributes to the general vigor of the plant and promotes wear and drought tolerance and hardiness against winter Injury The amount of nutrients required by a home lawn is most accurately determined by soil testing A soil test will provide level of phosphorus, potassium, pH and lime requirements Nitrogen has to be replenished every year, while phosphorus and potassiui are relatively stable in the soil On newly established lawns, high( levels of phosphorus and potash may be required If the lawn is c sandy soil, higher potash or more frequent applications may be required as it may be subject to leaching under these conditions Various forms of nitrogen are used in lawn fertilizers for homeowners water soluble or inorganic nitrogen fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate supply a form of nitrogen that is immediately available to the plant The response of turf is a quick greening However, this form of nitrogen Is readily leachable and can cause lush growth If applied in hot or di conditions It also has high potential to bum the turf Natural organic fertilizers such as activated sewage sludge rely or sod microorganisms to break down the organic compounds into a nitrogen form that can be taken up by the grass roots These forms of fertilizers depend on soil temperature to release nitroger and the rate of release may vary with the product Although urea http//w%%-A,h2ouseorg/totir,ldetails/cleiiicnt action contents cfm'1c1cmLnt1D=12E32A2A- 9/2612007 H2ousc org Tour Lawn Maintenance P age 4 o1`4 is sometimes referred to as an organic form of nitrogen it reacts similarly to water soluble carriers in the sod and is therefore referred to as a water soluble nitrogen form Synthetic organic forms of nitrogen such as IBOU, urea formaldehyde and sulfur coated ureas provide slow release properties that reduce nitrogen leaching and have lower potential for burning turf due to a low salt Index These forms are generall, more expensive than the water soluble or organic forms of nitrogen However, their slow release characteristics coincide watt soil temperature and moisture conducive to good turf growth Fall fertilization with slow release nitrogen fertilizers has proven t be beneficial to home lawns Late fan fertilization when the vertic shoot growth has ceased Increases fall and spring root growth an encourages active tillering, therefore promoting a thicker stand The lawn comes out of the winter in a green condition and does not give the rapid Flush of shoot growth that occurs with spring - applied nitrogen Application of lawn fertilizers is very Important in achieving uniform results If using a drop type spreader, operate It the long way of the lawn First apply header strips at each end of the lawn to provide room for turning Overlap one wheel's width when spreading the fertilizer and shut off the spreader when reaching the header strips With a centrifugal type spreader, make two spi (half rate each) applications at right angle to each other Always make sure that the spreader is properly adjusted, otherwise you could end up with striping or uneven color that would detract fror the overall appearance of the lawn Sources Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, www gov on ca (permission pending) Home I Site Map I Disclaimer I Help Tour I Take Action I Resources I Latest News I About Us I Search Q Copyright 2006, California Urban Water Conservation Council, All Rights Reservei contact wcbmaster Imp //www h2ousc org/tour/dctatls/c.lLmcrot_acllon_ contents cfm 1cicmcn(ID=12F,32A2A- 9/26/2007 Lavatory Water Consumption A Studv Conducted on Behalf of Sloan Valve Company at Texas A&M University Research conducted by Dr Paul Woods Con,&ucnon Science, MS 1137 Iexas A&M University College Station rX 77843-3137 Additional Research Personnel Hoonsik Sco PhD Woo Sung Jung MS CO1viA6 Sahlla Lertbannaphong — MS COMAG Ken Parker - PhD Polic) Statement Sloan Valve Company is in the business of developing plumbing systems In our prat lice, vve build informational data in order to extract knowledge We reseamh extcnstvi ly with individuals involved in the construction industry This dOLUMCnt is pariof Sloan Valve Company's methodology, products and services Ilii, information is copyright 02005 by Sloan Valve Company, 10500 Seymour Avenue, r ranklnt Park IC 60131 The document is fw private use and reference only Routine printing, photocopying or electronic distribution of this mfommuon is a copyright violation (tic information expressed hemm is also intended to be CONFIDI N rlA1 For more information on anything in this document, or yue%ttoin about this document, wnlaO Jun Allen, Water Conservation Manager, Sloan Valvo Company, 10500 Seymour Avt nuc, Franklin Park, 11 60131 Phonc 847-671-4300 FAX 847-671-6944 F. -Mad, lallen(i0loanvalve com Lavatory Water Consumption A Study C onducted on Behalf of Sloan Vatic Company at Texas A&M University by Dr Paul K. Woods Water is increasingly becoming a scarce resource in order to understand water consumption levels of lavatories a study was commissioned by Sloan Valve Company at Taxas A&M University I he study director, Dr Paul K Woods, presented his findings to Sloan Valve Company in 2003 I his is a summary of those findings and the study methodology for lavatories (faucets) Additional studies will be conducted 1 I he subject property whLre the study was conducted was the College of Architecture main budding on the Texas A&M University campus at College Station four women's restroom and four men s restrooms on four floors were part of the study f here were R each men and women lavatoi ics, total of 16 lavato tes The study made certain assumptions, uu ludmg • Thi. use of average lavatory gpm across all fixtures w dl yield accurate gallons per day lavatory consumption I he relationship between metered and measured gpl is constant over all phases * Unobserved rKtuics will have little effect on the outcome 1 hn myt.Jrt,h shod) on aumsh� monituung of piumbmg tiuuios %+as TLLCIII13 an JI&CI J V S patent 1;6,91396x44 (annshment A) I he snare studs monnored not (Pnl) lasaton natures blit alai ltushomutrs Sims the stud) m3as Acoustic Information Retrieval System A new mathod to measure the frequency of use and calculate the amelmt of water consumed by plumbing fixtures In a public restroom was developed by Teras A&M University researchers and ust.d in this research This new technology Identified through the column of water unique sound signals generated by plumbing fixtures Called AIRS (Acoustic (nlormalion Retrieval System) the system consists ofmufuplc at.ousuc sensors that are attached to the water supply risers for each restroom Shielded cable transmits a signal from the sensors to a set of audio mixers which outputs to a t.omputet AIRS soflwarc identifies fixture actuations and delivers this information to an [Xael spreadsheet recording the time and duration ofa spcofic fixture actuation Using this method water -use data was collected for approximately two weeks during the regular semester for thmt. phases of the study (These phases are IdLn(ified as "Time up, "I,ow Con " and Automatic') 7 he fixture flow rate in gallons was tabulated from the fixture now volume (gallons) and flow duration (seconds) rhe *stcin wide average was computed for each lavatory All these calculations were performed for each phase for comparison Thcrc Acre limitations to the study In terms of both the measurements, as well as the unobserved fixtures I orcxample, there ware three service sinks eight water fountains, foui,lanitorlal sinks and cxlc.nor hose bibs that were not at.cnllnted for or observed, and therefore could have an impact on the findings Additionally there was no way of checking the accuracy ofthe Rosemont brand digital water meter over the expected flow, range for the subject bolding wmdu,wd wthm 4 1111LIL budding all %silo demand enhin 11141 tsotJitd Struuure enuld he Ja.eounRd fur on the - - Due to then nature, manual lavatory valves deliver water at different rates depending on the user and how much volume any given user opened a manual faucet to Ofcourse this was not a problem with the automatic valve sets Second unlike the other fixtures, the duration ofa lavatory event could vary from one second to several minutes l herefore a was necessary to measure not only their frcqucncy of use but also their duration This meant measurement of the duration of each event required digital recording for data collection In addition, the acoustic signal produced by The automatic lavatory was unusually difficult for AIRS to recognize It is Ixhtvcd that the automatic lavatory sets were much quieter The lack of water turbulence ineant there was little acoustic difference between them individually "therefore, a pressuit switch was installed that actuated a bucrer each time a lavatory was used The lavatory event log was then construoed from the rcwrdurg, since die rewrdmg had to be used to measure the duration in any case While some sacnficc of individual flow was experienced in certain phases, aggregate usage was reasonably awuiate hudding w:uer nui�r f1w Summar. nporis on the lasamp results of thni scuds +_-- --_ Establishing Flow Rates For lavatories, consumption is calculated is a function of duration and average flow rate in gallons per second The flow rate in gallons was measured for each fixture in the building for each phase of the study rhe measurement process was completed at least three times for each future and the average use rate was equated as a baseline As tar as the study s expcnmental setup, data and methodology arc concerned, the following steps were followed for each lavatory faucet • A graduated plastic bag was secured around the lavatory outlet • 1 he lavatory was opened on command (stopwatch) • I he lavatory was closed on wmmand (stopwat(.h) • The gpm was read from the graduated plastic bag • The reading was adjusted by three times • Faeh lavatory faucet was measured at least twice One person would hold the mouth of the bag secut ely around the lavatory outlet and operate the lavatory knob (for manual faucets) A second person would operate the stopwatch and say when to open and close the lavatory valve [he valve was opened for 10 to 20 seconds I he bag w as suspended by its corners vvhde the fixture Flow, rate in gallons per mtinne was read from file water level in the hag and divided by the number of 5 second intervals in the observation This mcasuruncnt was performed at least iluee times for each lavatory future Experiment The nature of the experiment involved correlating different study periods, in which consumption is compared In 2002 I Existing manual faucets were tested having been regulated to 10 gpm flow rates Data collection began for tvvo weeks in all eight restrooms to establish a baseline 2 Low -consumption aerators (1f2 gpm) were installed (and lavatoiy flows measured) and data was collected for two weeks in all eight restrooms 3 Installation of Sloan Optima* sensor -operated faucets (tvnh 0 5 gpm aerators) took place, (lavatory flow was measured) followed by another set of data being collected for two weeks in all eight restrooms Occupancy I he total number of students staff and faculty from scmLstcr to suncstt,r should give an indication of whether one could expeu fixture event frcyucmy to increase or detrease I herefore, smce there was about a 3% occupancy unorcase from Spring to roll 2002 we also expect to see an increase in events over that period Analysts We were surprised at how much water lavatories use overall That made the savings much more noteworthy, especially with the automatic valves (- auto" phase) 70% relative to the original manual lavatory valves ("tune up" ) and 39% relative to the manual low -consumption valve sets ( low con' phase) that had the same flow rate between auto and low con You If see below that the consumption in the tune-up phase (1 0 gpin aerators standardized on all lavatories) is the highest, with standard, manual activation faucets being used after calibration to original flow rates Predictably, during the second phase (`low con" with 0 5 gpm aerators) that used low consumption manual laucets, (here was a significant decrease in consumption the last phase – Automatic — incorporated the use of Sloan Optima low -consumption, sensot- operated faucets with 0 5 gpm aerators This phase represents the I1a51 amount of overall consumption (CHART 3) while occupancy remained steady (CHART l) In fact, CHART 2 documents decreased consumption in terms of average lavatory gallons per minute CHART K4@b andbTak Goa paisdlx#g CHART 2 AwApLavan yGPM I m. tMrra� CHARTS 1 avanry WaterUcmmnwluai rlG�sa„� as>�,d�s2�daccdrad,r�,e 2,500 T i &ff&FaaA/-Ci/v,fhdLrnBA:NA 20 ---- -- -- -- ---- - -- --- 1500 --- ' — -- — --- - ----- — 1000--- 500 --- -- TwtLlPPlvx(IO LavCmN�(OS AiM�ua.f1>isc(OS ' GPb1) GPM) GPM) Spnng2002 Fa12702 SixJ�As VV rren 584 611 Men 1154 1182 TOW 1738 1793 Sof Vvbmen 30 34 Men 13 14 TOW 43 48 Faaty Wamn 21 21 Men 64 65 TOW 85 86 Canbine 1Mxr)en 635 666 Men 1231 1261 TGW 1866 1927 CHART 2 AwApLavan yGPM I m. tMrra� CHARTS 1 avanry WaterUcmmnwluai rlG�sa„� as>�,d�s2�daccdrad,r�,e 2,500 T i &ff&FaaA/-Ci/v,fhdLrnBA:NA 20 ---- -- -- -- ---- - -- --- 1500 --- ' — -- — --- - ----- — 1000--- 500 --- -- TwtLlPPlvx(IO LavCmN�(OS AiM�ua.f1>isc(OS ' GPb1) GPM) GPM) ArrAcmmcNTA M11111IIH (~x" sum" m"fit °="~ '`,,~^44,' /~^,_ `^~ . . . ... . ^. ... . .. .. .. ... ~ ,... ..~ . . ~ .'`.. L" 611.4 Wit --D SA VE Christine Todd Whitman I believe water is the biggest envirorunental issue we face in the 21st Century in tenns of both quality and quantity In the 30 years since its passage, the Clean Water Act has dramatically increased the nuinber of waterways that are mice again safe for fishing and swunining Despite this great progress in reducing water pollution, many of the nation's waters still do not meet water quality goals I challenge you to loin with me to finish the business of restoring and protecting our nations waters for pres- ent and future generations Introduction Summary of Conservation Case Studies Case Studies Albuquerque, New Mexico Ashland, Oregon Cary, North Carolina Gallitzin, Perinsylvama Gilbert, Arizona Goleta, California Houston, Texas Irvine Ranch Water District, Califonua Massachusetts Water Resources Authority Metropolitan Water District of Southern California New York City, New York Phoenix, Arizona Santa Monica, California Seattle, Washington Tainpa, Florida Wichita, Kansas Barrie, Ontano, Acknowledgements 2 3 7 10 12 15 17 19 21 24 27 29 31 .33 36 39 42 44 47 49 Table of Contents 1 Water utilities across the United States and elsewhere in North America are saving substan- tial amounts of water through stiategnc water -efficiency programs These savings often trans- late into capital and operating savings, which allow systems to defer or avoid significant expenditures for water supply facilities and wastewater facilities These case studies feature the efforts and achievements of 17 water systems These systems range in size from small to very large, and their efficiency programs incorporate a wide range of tecluuques for achieving various water management goals In every case, the results are impressive The following suunmary table provides an overview of the case studies, highlight- ing problems addressed, approaches taken, and results achieved In general, water conserva- tion prograins also produce many environmental benefits, including reduced energy use, reduced wastewater discharges, and protection of aquatic habitats The incidence of water conservation and water reuse programs has increased dramatically in the last 10 years Once associated only with the and West, these programs have spread geo- graphically to ahnost all parts of the United States In many cities, the scope of water conserva- tion programs has expanded to include not only residential customers, but corninercial, institutional, and industrial customers, as well These case studies illustrate some of the tangi- ble results aclueved by water conservation programs implemented at the local level Many of these accomplislunents have broader relevance to other communities facing smular water resource management and infrastructure investment issues EPA used secondary data sources to compile these case studies These sources are cited in the "Resources" section at the end of each piece In addition, contacts for each water system have reviewed and approved their case study Because the case studies come from secondary sources, the type of information provided is not necessarily uniform or comparable, and is not untended to provide generalized results The terns water conservation and water efficiency are used here in then broadest context, which includes water loss management, wastewater recla- mation and ieuse for non -potable purposes, adoption of conservation water rates, changes to more efficient water -using equipment, and behavioral changes that reduce water use Introduction Summary of Conservation Case Studies City Problem Approach Results Albuquerque, A dry climate and increased Albuquerque's Long -Range Water Albuquerque's conservation New Mexico population growth put a strain on Conservation Strategy Resolution program has successfully Albuquerque's water supply consisted of new conservation -based slowed the groundwater water rates, a public education program, drawdown so that the level of a high -efficiency plumbing program, water demand should stay landscaping programs, and large -use constant until 2005 Peak programs demand is down 14% from 1990 Ashland, Accelerated population growth Ashland's 1991 water efficiency program Ashland's conservation efforts Oregon in the 1980s and the expiration consisted of four major components have resulted in water savings of of a critical water right created a system leak detection and repair, approximately 395,000 gallons water supply problem conservation -based water rates, a per day (16% of winter usage) showerhead replacement program, and as well as a reduction in toilet retrofits and replacement wastewater volume Cary, With the population more than Cary's water conservation program Cary's water conservation North Carolina doubling during the past 10 consists of eight elements public program will reduce retail water years and high water demand education, landscape and irrigation production by an estimated 4 6 during dry, hot summers, the city's codes, toilet flapper rebates, residential mgd by the end of 2028, a water resources were seriously audits, conservation rate structure, new savings of approximately 16% in strained homes points program, landscape retail water production These water budget, and a water reclamation savings reduced operating costs facility and have already allowed Cary to delay two water plant expansions Gallitzin, By the mid-1990s, the town of Gallitzin developed an accurate meter The results of the program were Pennsylvania Gallitzin was experiencing high reading and system map, and a leak dramatic Gallitzin realized an water loss, recurring leaks, low detection and repair program 871/. drop in unaccounted-for pressure, high operational costs, water, a 59% drop in production, and unstable water entenng the and considerable financial system savings Gilbert, Rapid population growth during Gilbert instituted a multi -faceted water Gilbert has been pai ticularly Arizona the 1980s put a strain on the conservation program that included successful reusing reclaimed water supply of this Arizona town building code requirements, an water A new wastewater located in an and climate increasing -block water rate structure, a reclamation plant was built, as metering program, public education, and well as several recharge ponds a low water -use landscaping program that serve as a riparian habitat for a diverse number of species Summary Summary of Conservation Case Studies City Problem Approach Results Goleta, A growing California town, Goleta Goleta established a water efficiency The program was highly California was facing the possibility of future program that emphasized plumbing successful, resulting in a 30 water shortages Its primary water retrofits, including high -efficiency toilets, drop in district water use Goleta source, Lake Cachuma, was not high -efficiency showerheads, and was able to delay a wastewater sufficient to meet its needs increased rates treatment plant expansion Houston, Houston's groundwater sources Houston implemented a comprehensive The dramatic success of pilot Texas have experienced increasing conservation program that included an programs has led Houston to problems with land subsidence, education program, plumbing retrofits, predict a 7 3% reduction in water saltwater Intrusion, and flooding audits, leak detection and repair, an demand by 2006 and savings of These problems, along with a Increasing -block rate structure, and more than $260 million state regulation to reduce conservation planning , Santa Monica, groundwater use, led Houston to Santa Monica instituted a multifaceted Santa Monica was able to (educe explore methods for managing population growth, which put a water conservation program that groundwater supplies strain on its water supplies Also, Irvine Rench IRWD has experienced dramatic Water District, population growth, drought California conditions In the late 80s and early 90s, and increasing wholesale water charges Massachusetts MWRA is a wholesale water Water provider for 2 2 million people Resources From 1969 to 1988, MWRA Authority withdrawals exceeded the safe level of 300 mgd by more than 10/ annually IRWD's primary conservation strategy After the first year of the new rate was a new rate structure instituted in structure, water use declined by 1991 The five -tiered rate structure 190/6 Between 1991 and 1997, rewards water -efficiency and Identifies the district saved an estimated when water is being wasted The goal is $33 2 million in avoided water to create a long-term water efficiency purchases ethic, while maintaining stable ublity revenues plumbing fixture replacement, water- MWRA began a water conservation Conservation efforts reduced program in 1986 that included leak average daily water demand from detection and repair, plumbing retrofits, 336 mgd (1987) to 256 mgd (1997) a water management program, an This allowed MWRA to defer a education program, and meter water�supply expansion project Improvements - and reduce the capacity of the and interagency coordination treatment plant, resulting in total savings ranging from $1 39 million per mgd to $191 million per mgd Metropolitan Metropolitan Water District is the Metropolitans Conservation Credits Conservation efforts have Water District largest supplier of water for Program provides funding for a large considerably reduced the cost of Southern municipal purposes in the United percentage of water conservation estimate of Metropolitan's capital - California States Metropolitan recognized projects Projects have included improvement Water savings have the need for conservation, given plumbing fixture replacement, water- amounted to approximately increased economic and popula- efficiency surveys, irrigation 66,000 acre-feet per year, a bon growth, drought, government improvements, training programs, and savings of 59 mgd regulations, water quality concerns, conservation -related research projects and planned improvement programs not pump groundwater faster than and interagency coordination Summary of Conservation Case Studies City Problem Approach New York City, By the early 1990s, increased New York's conservation initiatives New York demand and periods of drought included education, metering, leak resulted in water -supply facilities detection, water use regulation, and a repeatedly exceeding safe yields comprehensive toilet replacement Water rates more than doubled program between 1985 and 1993 amounts The state legislature has Results Leak detection and repair, metering, and toilet replacements were particularly successful programs New Yolk reduced its per -capita water use from 195 gallons per day in 1991 to 167 gallons per day in 1998, and produced savings of 20 to 40 on water and wastewater bills Phoenix, Phoenix is one of the fastest Water conservation programs Instituted Phoenix's conservation progiam Arizona growing communities in the United in 1986 and 1998 focused on pricing currently saves approximately 40 States and suffers from low rainfall reform, residential and industrial! mgd Phoenix estimates that the amounts The state legislature has commercial conservation, landscaping, conservation rate structure alone required that, after 2025, Phoenix education, technical assistance, saved 9 mgd and suburban communises must regulations, planning and research, not pump groundwater faster than and interagency coordination it can be replenished Santa Monica, Santa Monica faced rapid Santa Monica instituted a multifaceted Santa Monica was able to (educe California population growth, which put a water conservation program that its water use by 14% and waste - strain on its water supplies Also, includes water -use surveys, education, water flow by 21 % The toilet contamination was found in several landscaping measures, toilet retrofits, retrofit program iesulted in a wells in 1996, forcing the city to and a loan program reduction of 1 9 mgd and net Increase water purchases savings of $9 5 million from 1990 to 1995 Seattle, Steady population growth, dry Seattle's water conservation program Per -capita water consumption Washington summers, and lack of long-term has included a seasonal rate structure, dropped by 20% in the 1990s storage capacity forced Seattle to plumbing fixture codes, leak reduction, The seasonal rate structure, choose between reducing use and incentives for water -saving products, plumbing codes, and efficiency developing new water sources and public education Special emphasis improvements are particularly has been placed on commercial water credited with success It is conservation estimated that the commercial water conservation programs will save approximately 8 mgd Tampa, Rapid economic and residential Since 1989, Tampa's water conservation Tampa's landscape evaluation Flonde population growth along with program has included high efficiency program resulted in a 25% drop seasonal population growth has plumbing retrofits, an increasing -Mock in water use A pilot retrofit put a strain on Tampa's water rate structure, irrigation restrictions, program achieved a 15 supply landscaping measures, and public reduction in water use education Particular emphasis has been put on efficient landscaping and irrigation Summary Summary Summary of Conservation Case Studies City Problem Approach Results Wichita, Ten years ago, analysts Wichita utilized an integrated resource Analysis of resource options for Kansas determined that the city's available planning approach This included Wichita resulted in a matrix of 27 levels m Albuquerque were dropping significantly The rate of groundwater water resources would not meet implementing water conservation, conventional and nonconventional tained over time The city planned to use surface water diverted from then its needs beyond the first decade evaluating existing water sources, resource options groundwater supplies, but studies of the area showed that the plan was not of the 21st century Alternative evaluating nonconventional water ; Resources Management Strategy, which included plans to make more direct sources were not available at an resources, optimizing all available water and other nonpotable uses, and implement an aggressive water conservation program affordable price resources, pursuing an application for a conjunctive water resource use permit, evaluating the effects of using different water resources, and communicating with key stakeholders Barrie, Rapid population growth put a Banie's conservation plan focused on Baine was able to save an Ontario strain on Barrie's water and replacing inefficient showerheads and average of 55 liters (14 5 gallons) wastewater infrastructure, forcing tollats. per person per day The reduction the city to consider expensive new in wastewater flows enabled supply options and infrastructure Barrie to deter an expensive development capital expansion project Water conservation efforts saved an - estimated $171 million (Canadian dollars) in net deferred capital expenditures mgd = million gallons per day Summary S Background Albuquerque's water system produces approximately 37 billion gallons per year and serves a population of approximately 483,000 The city receives less than 9 u-ches of rail per year, and its water supply was strained severely when its population grew by 24 percent between 1980 and 1994 In 1993, the United States Geological Survey reported that groundwater 6 levels m Albuquerque were dropping significantly The rate of groundwater withdrawals by the city was more than twice the amount that could be sus- tained over time The city planned to use surface water diverted from then Colorado River Basun to the Rio Grande River Basun to recharge its falluig groundwater supplies, but studies of the area showed that the plan was not feasible In 1994, Albuquerque instead adopted a comprehensive Water ; Resources Management Strategy, which included plans to make more direct use of surface water supplies, reclaim wastewater and shallow grotundwater for nrigatioin and other nonpotable uses, and implement an aggressive water conservation program Approach Albuquerque adopted the Long -Range Water Conservation Strategy Resolution, which states that "conservation can extend the city's supply at a fraction of the cost of other alternatives " The resolutions goal is to reduce total water usage by 30 percent by 2004, a decrease of 75 gallons per capita per day over 9 years The water conservation program includes five components • Water Rates The city applies a surruner surcharge of 21 cents per ccf (100 cubic feet) when customers' use exceeds 200 percent of their winter average In 1995, the city increased the rate by 8 8 cents per ccf of watei consumed to fiund the water conserva- tion program More than half of the revenue from the surcharge is allocated to the con- servation piograin, and a large portion is returned to customers through rebates and other incentives On May 1, 2001, the commodity rate increased to $107 pei ccf ($143 per 1,000 gallons) including an additional state surchaige of 2 44 cents per ccf • Public Education Education progiains consist of running public relations campaigns, including water usage rinfonnation in water bills, and orgainizmg cooperative piograins Albuquerque, NM with schools and community organizations The city works with citizens and affected customers whenever new legislation or measures are developed or proposed Residential Use Albuquerque amended its Uniform Plwnbung Code to require lugh- effrcrency toilets (16 gallons or less per flush) m all new residential construction The city also established rebates for high -efficiency toilets (up to $100) and efficient clothes washers ($100) The city offers free water audits and installation of high -efficiency plumbing devices Landscaping/Outdoor Water Use In 1995, the city adopted the Water Conservation Landscaping and Water Waste Ordinance The ordinance includes strict requirements for landscaping new developments, such as prohibiting the use of high -water -use grasses on more than 20 percent of the landscaped area It also includes restrictions for landscaping on city properties, along with watering and irrigation regulations Since 1996, the city has offered tools to assist property owners w converting to XeriscapeT" landscapes In addition to how-to videos and guides, homeowners can choose from six professionally designed Xenscapei" plans The Xerrscaper"' hncentive Program pro- vides a rebate of 25 cents per square foot of converted landscape area up to $500 ($700 for commercial landscapes) Institutional, Commercial, and Industrial Water Use. The city requires all customers using more than 50,000 gallons per day to prepare and unplement a water conservation plan The city plans to adopt an ordinance to prolubit once -through cooling systems The city currently nuns a program to reduce water losses it can't account for and makes free water -use surveys available for non-residential customers Results Albuquerque's water conservation program has successfully slowed the drawdown of the area's groundwater supply Estimates indicate that the water conservation programs will decrease the level of water demand in Albuquerque until 2005 Water savings from conserva- tion will help mitigate the rate of future demand growth Specific conservation programs have met with considerable success By the end of April 2001, rebates had been provided for more than 39,0001ugh-efficiency toilets At the close of the year, per capita water use had dropped to 205 gallons per day—a reduction of 45 gallons per day from 1995 levels Albuquerque found that, by 2001, its landscaping program and rate structure had helped reduce peak water use by 14 percent from its lugh point un 1990 Summary of Results for Albuquerque, NM Number of high -efficiency toilets installed (by 2001) 39,303 Reduction in per -capita water use (from 1995 to 2001) 45 g/c/d Reduction In peak demand (1990 - 2001) 14 g/c1d = gallons per capita per day Resources City of Albuquerque, Water Conservation Prograirns 1998, <www cabq gov/ waterconservation/index htirrl> Edward R Osann and John E Young, Saving Water, Saving Dollars Efficient Plumbing Products and fire Protection of America's Waters (Potomac Resources, Inc, Washington, DC, April 1998), p 39 Contact Jean Witherspoon Albuquerque Public Works Department Phone 505 768-3633 Fax 505 768-3629 E-mail )asw@cabq gov Albuquerque, NM Albuquerque, NM Cn o. ie 3 oa ate,, i Savings Background Ashland, Oregon, is a small city of approximately 20,000 people The Water Division treats and transports an average of 6 5 million gallons daily m the suiruner and 2 5 nullion gallons daily in the winter Annual usage is appioxinately 150 gallons per capita per day Ashland experienced an accelerated population growth rate m the late 1980s At the same tune, it faced the uninment expiration of a critical water right Initially, the city had two options available to increase water supplies The first was to create a reservoir by dairuniig Ashland Creek at a cost of approximately $11 mullion The second was to lay 13 miles of pipeline to the CITY OF Rogue River at a cost of approximately $7 7 million The city decided, howev- -AS H LAND er, that neither option was fiscally or politically feasible Furthermore, the proposed dain site disturbed habitat for the endangered spotted owl Ashland therefore decided to unplement a four -point water efficiency prograin to address its water sup- ply problem Approach Ashland's water conservation program became a natural addition to the city's existing resource conservation strategy, which addresses energy efficiency, regional air quality, recy- cling, composting, and land use In 1991, the city council adopted a water efficiency program with four major components system leak detection and repair, conservation -based water rates, a high -efficiency showerhead replacement program, and toilet retrofits and replacement The city estunated that these prograins would save 500,000 gallons of water per day at a cost of $825,875—approximately one -twelfth the cost of the proposed dain—acid would delay the need for additional water -supply sources until 2021 Implementation of the program began with a series of customer water audits, which it turn led to lugh-efficiency showerhead and toilet replacements and a $75 rebate program (later reduced to $60) Ashland also instituted an inverted block rate structure to encourage water conservation Recently, Ashland began offering rebates for efficient clothes washers and dish- washers (including an energy rebate for customers with electric water heaters) The town pro- vides a free review of irrigation and landscaping, as well Results Implementation of Ashland's Water Conservation Program began m July 1992 By 2001, almost 1,900 residences had received a water audit Almost 85 percent of the audited homes 10 Ashland, OR participated m the showerhead and/oi toilet replacement piograins Ashland has been able to reduce its water demand by 395,000 gallons per day (16 percent of winter use) and its waste- water flow by 159,000 gallons per day An additional benefit of the program has been an esti- mated annual savings of 514,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity, primarily due to the use of efficient showerheads Summary of Results for Ashland, OR Water Savings Water Savings per day (by 2001) 395,000 gal Reduction in winter usage 16 Wastewater reduction per year (by 2001) 58 million gal Cost Savings Estimated cost of proposed reservoir program $11,000,000 Estimated cost of proposed pipeline program $7,700,000 Cost of water conservation program $825,875 Total estimated avoided costs $6,874,125 - $10,174,125 Resources "A Negadam Runs Through It," Rocky Mountain Institute Newsletter Vol XI, No 1 (Spring 1995), p 8 "The City of Ashland Municipal Utility Comprehensive Conservation Programs," The Results Center Profile #115 <www crest org > The City of Ashland, Oregon, Conservation Department, <www ashland of us/Sechonlndex asp7SectionID=432> Contact Dick Wandeischerd Ashland Conservation Division Phone 541552-2061 Fax 541552-2062 E-mail dick@ashland or us Ashland OR 11 Background The population of Cary, North Caiolma—an affluent suburb lust west of Raleigh—has more than doubled during the past 10 years, putting a strann on the city's water resources lin 1995, Cary officials began planning to expand the city's water plait to meet increased demand Two additional expansions were scheduled to occur within a 30 -year tine period Cary's water supplies are particularly strained during its dry, hot suirtrmers, mostly because of irrigation and lawn watering Most water use in Cary (approxunately 75 percent) can be attributed to rest dential customers, and conunercial customers account for almost 21 percent of total usage Analysts predict that the average daily retail water demand in Cary will grow from 8 6 nullion gallons per day (mgd) to 1998 to 26 7 mgd in 2028 Approach Recognizing the need to incorporate conservation into its integrated resource management, the Cary town council adopted a water conservation program in 1996 with the following goals • Reduce the towns average per capita water use by 20 percent by 2014 (later revised to 2020) • Support the high quality of life in Cary by pioviding safe, reliable water service, while reducing per capita use of water • Conserve a Imuted natural resource • Reduce costs of nnflastructure expansion In 1999, Cary decided to have its conservation programs place a greater emphasis on meas- ures that could reduce peak -day demand during the high-volume siunnner months The result- ing 10 -year Water Conservation and Peak Demand Management Plan is based on a careful benefit/cost analysis of numerous potential conservation programs According to the plan, any conservation measures undertaken by the city must meet certain criteria • A benefit/cost ratio greater than 10 • Reasonable cost • Significant water savings • Nonquantifiable but positive effects (conunumty acceptance) Cary's water conservation program consists of eight elements Public Education. Cary runs several public education progiains The "Beat the Peak" caim- pargn rs amted at the high -demand summer months Through thus program, iesrdents are encouraged to gauge their sprinkler use Another program, called "Block Leadei," is a grassroots effort to involve residents in water conservation Cary also runs an elementary school program to distribute educational materials in schools, offers workshops to teach water -efficient landscaping and gardening, and distirbutes pru ted material on water conservation to the general public Landscape and Irrigation Codes The city implements water -use -restriction ordinances Iuruting outdoor watering during summer peak months The Controlling Wasteful Uses of Water Ordinance allows the city to regulate and control uugation and reduce hardscape watei- ung and runoff Commercial landscaping regulations require drought -toler- ant plants and other water -efficient landscaping methods Toilet Flapper Rebates Customers receive rebates to replace existing flap- pers with early closure flappers that can save up to 13 gallons per flush Residential Audits Residential customers are offered a 1 -hour audit to assess water use, detect leaks, and provide supplies such as low -flow plumbing devices Conservation Rate Structure Cary has established an increasing -block rate structure to encourage water conservation The rate stricture consists of three tiers—a low -use, average -use, and high -use New Homes Points Program The city approves development projects based on a point scale, giving extra points for subdivisions that use select- ed water -efficient measures Landscape Water Budget Large public and private irrigation users are provided monthly water budgets that identify the appropriate watering needs for their situation Water Reclamation Facility The city is building a water reclamation facility that will pro- duce up to 158 million gallons of reclauned water per day The water will be used for muga - tion and other nonpotable uses Reclamied water will be offered free of charge to bulk -purchase customers Results According to estimates, water conservation in Cary will reduce retail water production by 4 6 mgd (16 percent) by the end of 2028 Water conservation efforts will also help Cary reduce operating costs and defer considerable capital expenditures The city has delayed the two water plant expansions, projecting that the 10 -year savings from water conservation will be 1 mgd and 2 mgd by 2019 Cary's water reclamation facility is expected to cut peak demand in the city by 8 percent City ordinances restricting water use considerably decreased usage during peak demand months In addition, 80 percent of residential customers and 99 9 percent of cornmercial cus- tomers comply with the ram sensor ordinance City residents have redeemed approximately 500 rebates and have purchased more than 1,000 flappers The city also distributed 25,000 Cary, NC Cary, NC packets to residents to gauge amounts of irrigation, reached 19 percent of the city's customers through Block Leaders, and mailed water conservation brochures to all customers Summary of Results for Cary, NC Program Element Water savings Water savings Unit cost of First 5 years Benefit/cost projected in projected in water saved of costs ($) ratio 2009 (mgd) 2019 (mgd) ($/mgd) Residential water audits 0 053 0 077 54685 71,335 1 13 Public education 03 0.41 40059 314,280 1 53 Toilet flapper rebate 0 005 0 82804 11,762 1 03 Water reclamation facility 027 03 NA NA NA Landscape water budgets 0 013 0 023 75433 64,175 088 New home points program 05 077 3818 100,000 1620 Landscape/irrigation codes 002 004 27607 128,350 260 Inverted -block rate structure 014 042 4940 54,000 1426 Combined results 1 17 20 13750 655,552 444 Source Raftelis Environmental Consulting as reported in Jennifer L Platt and Marie Cefalo Delforge, "The Cost -Effectiveness of Water Conservation," American Water Works Association Journal Vol 93, No 3 (March 2001), p 78 Note Water savings estimated for the water conservation plan do not equal the total water savings associat- ed with the sum of each plan element because of the "shared water savings" produced by conservation measures that focus on similar end uses The decision to construct a water reclamation facility was made independent of this study Resources "Cary's Bulk Reclaimed Water Project," Town of Cary <www townofcary org/depts/pro/bwindex htm> Platt, Jennifer L and Delforge, Marie Cefalo "The Cost -Effectiveness of Water Conservation," American Water Woiks A{socration Journal Vol 93, No 3 (March 2001), pp 73-83 "Town of Cary Water Conservation," Town of Cary Public Works and Utilities <www townof- cary org/depts/pwdept/water/waterconservation/overview htm> Contact Jennifer L Platt Cary Department of Public Works and Utilities Phone 919 462-3872 Fax 919 388-1131 E-mail jplatt@ci carync us 14 Cary, NC Gallitzin, § Pe ori# '' Management Leak : N y; g 4 R by a Small System Background Gallitzin is a small town in western Peiulsylvaiva with a population of appioxunately 2,000 The Gallitzin Water Authority services approximately 1,000 coiunections In the crud -1990s, the system was experiencing water losses exceeding 70 percent In November 1994, the system was using an average of 309,929 gallons per day Gallitzin experienced a peak usage in February 1995 of 500,000 gallons per day The water authority identified five major problems in the system • High water loss • Recurring leaks • High overall operational costs • Low pressure complaints • Unstable water entering the distribution system Based on these issues, the authority decided it needed a comprehensive program for water leak detection and corrosion control Approach Gallitzin first developed accurate water production and distribution records using 7 -day meter readings at the plant and pump station It then created a system map to locate leakage Through the use of a leak detector, the authority found approximately 95 percent of its leaks Outside contractors identified the remaiwng 5 percent The city initiated a leak repair prograrn and a corrosion control program at the Water Treatment Plant Gallitzin was one of the first sys- terns to receive tecluucal assistance from the Pennsylvania Department of Enviromnental Protection Small Water Systems Outreach Program The train ng helped the authority repan dis- tribution system leaks, replace meters, and unprove customer billing Gallitzin is also working to improve the capacity of surface -water sources and develop a supplemental groundwater source Results By November 1998,4 years after implementation of the program, the system delivered an aver- age of 127,893 gallons per day to the town—down from 309,929 gallons per day in November 1994 Unaccounted-for water dropped to only 9 percent The financial savings from the program have been highly beneficial The city saved $5,000 on total arunial chemical costs and $20,000 on total annual power costs from 1994 to 1998 The significant savings help the authority keep water rates down Gallitzin, PA 15 Other beneficial unpacts reported by the Gallitzin Water Authority include • Extended life expectancy of equipment • Savings in purchased water costs during drought conditions • Reduction in overtime costs • hnprovement in customer satisfaction • Enhanced tune utilization Summary of Results for Gallitzin, PA Unit Customers Connections (approximate) Water Production gallons per day Annual production gallons Water pumped from low to high tank Total plant production flours Filter backwash water (gallons) Unaccounted-for water 1994 1998 Percentage change 1,000 1,000 0% 309,929 127,893 -59% 113,124,085 46,680,945 -59% 99,549,195 (88%) 35,010,708 (75%) -65% 5,387 2,223 -59% 1,316,788 543,376 -59% 70% 9% -87% Power Kilowatt-hours 142,807 50,221 -65% Total power cost 0 $ 081/kwh $31,671 12,367 -61% Chemicals Cost per million gallons ($) ' $9098 $11686 28% Total chemical cost ($) $10,292 $5,455 -47% Source John Brutz, "Leak Detection Helps District Cut Losses," A presentation at the Energy Efficiency Forum in San Diego, California (August 1999) " Added sodium bicarbonate treatment, other unit chemical costs remained constant or declined Resources John Biutz, "Leak Detection Helps District Cut Losses," A presentation at the Energy Efficiency Fortin m San Diego, California (August 1999) "First Small Water System Outreach Effort A Success," July 12, 1996 Pemmsylvaiva Department of Enviromnental Protection press release, <www dep state pa us/dep/counties/ cornrnon/outreach htimv Contact John Brutz Operations Supervisor Gallitzin Water Authority Phone 814 886-5362 Fax 814 886-6811 E-mail gahtznh20a@aolcom G'"'Ilbert, Arizona: Preserving p R_}}n Habitat' Background The town of Gilbert, Arizona, has experienced rapid population growth, increasing from 5,717 residents in 1980 to 29,188 residents in 1990, with an estimated 2001 population of 115,000 This rapid growth has stramed water resources, par- ticularly because Gilbert is located in a very and region, receiving anaimu- al average rainfall of 7 66 inches and losing substantial amounts of water amlually to evaporation Prior to March 1997, Gilbert was entirely depend- r s 7 ent upon groundwater The town now relies on a combination of water C31 ' supplies, with a capacity of 27 million gallons per day (mgd) from ground- a b water and 15 mgd from surface water Surface water capacities will be expanded to 40 mgd by the summer of 2002 following the addition of a new water treatment plant Gilbert's average water demand is 28 5 mgd, with a peak demand of 415 mgd Gilbert opted to implement a comprehensive water efficiency program to help meet increased water demand, and is recognized as the first conunuruty m Arizona to design and unplement a 100 - year water plan A key component of the plan is wastewater reclamation and recharge of groundwater The reuse project has created wildlife habitat and the recharge aieas are used for recreation, education, and research Approach Gilbert has implemented a multifaceted approach to water conservation First, building code requirements exist for all new construction and include requirements fol elficrent plumb- ing devices and the use of recycled water Next, an increasing -block water rate structure was instituted, consisting of the following Monthly Consumption (Gallons) Cost per 1,000 gallons 0 to 20,000 $085 20,000 to 30,000 1 10 30,000+ 1 25 All water use in Gilbert—residential, commercial, and mdusuial—is metered, and Gilbert set a goal of 100 percent reuse of reckuined water The town also sponsors several public -education programs and requires using pre -approved low water -use plant materials for all landscaping in street right-of-way Gilbert also is developing additional conservation measures, such as water -use audits, free conservation kits, Xenscape 111 brochines and other outdoor water saving mfonnation, a homeowners water conservation education program, arid a new school education program Gilbert, AZ 17 16 Gallitzin, PA Results Gilbert's conservation efforts are considered a success, particularly its efforts to reuse and recharge all its reclanned water Gilbert receives credits from the state where the effects of recharge are measurable Water reclamation has helped the city meet groundwater manage- ment goals and has provided an additional resource for meeting water demand In 1986, Gilbert built a 5 5 mgd wastewater reclamation plant, allowing the city to store recharge water for future use In 1989, the town developed a 40 -acre recharge site with six recharge ponds In 1993, it expanded the site to 75 acres ll ii� I- and 12 recharge ponds 7y'rt By 2001, the system served 20 customers via 25 irules of #4444 I reclanned water distribution pipeline and recharged more than 5 Town of Gilbert billion gallons of water As an incentive, the cost of the reclanned water is $0 03 per 1,000 gallons An added benefit of the reuse proj- ect has been the development of a shoreline habitat for diverse plant species and a variety of birds, mammals, fish, amphibians, and insects that provides educational and recreational opportunities for local residents In October 1999, Gilbert completed a 130 -acre project with 7 percolation basins averaging 9 acres each that recharge up to 4 mgd of tertiary -treated effluent from the wastewater reclamation plant, as well as surface water from the Colorado River and from Salt River Project's system Summary of Results for Gilbert, AZ Amount of water recharged 5 billion gallons Number of recharge ponds 12 Number of reclaimed water customers 20 Resources "Gilbert, Arizona," Center for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Teclumology, <wwwcrest org> Gilbert, Arizona, Home Page, <wwwci gilbert az us/water/index hhm> Contact Kathy Rall Gilbert Water Conservation Phone 480 503-6892 Fax 480 503-6892 E-mail kathyr@cr gilbert az us 18 Gilbert, AZ Background Tine Goleta, California, Water District serves approximately 75,000 customers spainnmg an area of about 29,000 acres Goleta's watei supply comes primarily from Lake Cachtuna (9,300 acre-feet per year) and the state Water Project (4,500 acre-feet per year) The district can also pro- duce approximately 2,000 acre-feet per year from groundwater wells In 1972, analysts predicted future water shortages m Goleta, so the district began seeking additional water sources and established a water efficien- cy program Approach Goleta's water efficiency program cost approxinately $15 million and emphasized pltumbing retrofits, including the installation of lugh- efficiency toilets (1 6 gallons per flush) and showerheads The program also utcluded free onsite water surveys, public education, and changes in metering and rate structure A manda- tory rationing plan was imposed on May 1, 1989 to reduce use by 15 percent Results Between 1987 and 1991, Goleta issued 15,000 rebates for high -efficiency toilets and installed 35,000 low -flow showerheads Between 1983 and 1991, 2,000 new lugh-efficiency toilets were installed in new construction and remodels Onsite surveys and public education efforts helped consurneis improve outdoor water efficiency, and increased water rates provided extra incentive for consumers to reduce water use The conservation and rationing programs, as well as the rate increases, contributed to a 50 -percent drop m per capita residential water use in 1 year—between May 1989 and April 1990 Total district water use fell from 125 to 90 gallons per capita per day—twice the original target of 15 percent The water -efficiency progran also reduced sewage flow from 6 7 mullion gallons per day (mgd) to 4 mgd As a result, Goleta Sanitary was able to delay a nmlti milhon-dollar treatment plant expansion Goleta, CA 19 Summary of Results for Goleta, CA Number of toilet rebates (1987-1991) 15,000 Number of toilets installed in new construction and remodels (1983-1991) 2,000 Number of showerheads installed 35,000 Reduction in per -capita residential water use 50% Reduction ,n total district water use 30% Reduction to wastewater flow 2 7 mgd (40%) mgd= million gallons day • Conservation planning program Resources Goleta Water District, Home Page,<wwwgoletawatercom/htiid/frainework/splash htinl> "Residential Indoor Water Efficiency Goleta, CA," Center for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technology, <www crest org> Contact Marlee Franzen Goleta Water District Phone 805 964-6761 Fax 805 964-4042 Email mfrainzen©goletawatercom x e s l�`�-°, Background The Houston Department of Public Works and Engmeermg serves a popula- and tion of 17 million and provides water service to more than 553,000 retail con- f,J� nections The city also sells wholesale water to 16 other cominumties Houston `+ fT , i, receives an average of 50 inches of ram per year and has sufficient water sup- • Education program phes to meet demand through 2030, but 43 percent of Houston's water comes • In-house progiam from groundwater sources that are threatened by increasing instances of land • Contract customers prograin subsidence, saltwater intrusion, and flooding In some areas, the land has actu- • Conservation planning program ally subsided, or sunk, 10 feet Conversion to surface sources or expanded use The education prograin consists primarily of outreach initiatives, as well as effi- of surface water will require costly construction of water treatinent plants and ciency retrofits for older structures The in-house progiain includes city ungation transmission mains In addition, Houston is required by state regulations to reduce groundwa- ter use 20 percent by 2030 These factors have led Houston to explore methods for managing its groundwater supplies departments' water use The contract customers program eliminated unnecessary il Approach Houston implemented water conservation progiams; to help reduce city expenditures and capital investments In 1993, the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Cortunission also required Houston to implement a conservation plan to meet state requirements The conserva- tion program has four elements • Education program • In-house progiam • Contract customers prograin • Conservation planning program The education prograin consists primarily of outreach initiatives, as well as effi- ciency retrofits for older structures The in-house progiain includes city ungation M11 t:..= me' e`�, audits, leak detection and repair for city pools and fountains, and analysis of city "fi_x,'°° departments' water use The contract customers program eliminated unnecessary i x'a4+ requirements, required billing based on actual water use, and added penalties for excessive water usage during peak -demand periods began 1994 Houston was awai ded The conservation plaiuung program in when a giant from the Texas Water Development Board that financed a conservation plat ung study The study examined the costs and benefits of more than 200 con - Houston, TX 21 20 Goleta, CA servation measures The conservation plan adopted by the city council in 1998 expanded exist- ing educational and other prograins to include residential water audits, appliance labeling, commercial indoor audits, cooling tower audits, public indoor and exterior audits, pool and fountain audits and standards, an unaccounted-for water program, increased public education, and a "water -wise and energy -efficiency program " Houston also uses an increasing -block rate structure with two tiers for single-fanuly rest - dents A mrninum charge covers a base amount of water Consumption between 5,000 and 12,000 gallons per month is billed an additional $2 36 per 1,000 gallons and consumption greater than 12,000 gallons per month is billed an additional $4 30 per 1,000 gallons Results Since the program's inception, Houston has distributed 10,000 "WaterWise and Energy Efficient" conservation kits with high -efficiency showerheads and faucet aerators to area fitth- graders as part of a comprehensive education program, the malonty of which were installed i n homes In addition, a pilot program at a 60-umt low-income housing develop- ment in Houston replaced 5 gallons -per -flush toilets with 16 gallons -per -flush toilets, fixed leaks, and installed aera- tors At a total cost of $22,000, shared between the utility and the housing authority, the program reduced water coin- sumption by 72 percent, or 1 million gallons per month Water and wastewater bills dropped from $8,644 to $1,810 per month These dramatic results have led the Houston Housing Authority to develop plans to retrofit more than 3,000 additional housing runts The Houston City Council approved a new conservation plan on September 2, 1998 that includes a forecast of the savings from implementing the recoinmended water conservation measures The plan predicts that implementation will reduce water demand by 7 3 percent by 2006 Including savings from continued use of efficient plumbing products m new construction and renovation, the overall demand forecast for 2006 will be cut by 17 2 percent 22 Houston, TX Summary of Results for Houston, TX Pilot Retrofit Program at 60 -Unit Housing Development Fixture costs paid by water utility $5,000 Fixture costs paid by housing authority $6,000 Labor costs paid by housing authority $11,000 Total cost of program $22,000 Savings in water and wastewater bilis from low-income pilot program $6,834 per month Activities and Water Savings Conservation kits distributed 10,000 Conservation kits installed 8,000 Average water savings from conservation kits 18% per household Water savings from low-income pilot program (above) 72! (1 million gallons per month) Predicted cut in water demand from conservation plan 7 3% (year 2006) Total predicted cut in water demand 17 2% (year 2006) Cost Savings Predicted benefit cost ratio of conservation plan 3 7 to 1 Predicted savings from conservation plan $262 million Resources Daiuel B Bishop and Jack A Weber, Impacts of Demand Reduction on Water Utilities (Denver American Water Works Association, 1996), pp 48-49 City of Houston Water Conservation Branch Web page, <www ci houston Ix us/pwe/ utihttes /conservation /> Edward R Osaim and John E Young, Saving Watei, Saving Dollars Efficient Plumbing Pioducts and the Protection of Ainerica s Waters (Potomac Resources, hic , Washington, DC, April 1998), pp 31-32 Contact Pat Truesdale Houston Department of Public Works and Engineernig Phone 713 837-0423 Fax 713 837-0425 E-mail ptruesda@pwe ci houston tx us Houston, TX 23 ter Irvine Ranch r, t Reducing rf Purchased WrI'' t [hrough Rates Background Irvine Ranch Water District (IRWD) in California provides water service, sewage collection, and water reclamation for the city of Irvme and portions of surrounding coiunumties The dis- trict serves a population of appioxinately 150,000 to a 77,950 -acre service area containing 59,646 domestic and reclauned water comlections IRWD delivered a total of 22 8 billion gallons of water between 1996 and 1997 The area has A 0 experienced considerable growth and development during recent decades 1,09n The district's service population grew by more than 75 percent m the 1980s and is projected to grow by 20 percent every 10 years Population growth, drought conditions m the late 1980s and early 1990s, and increasing wholesale it�Yui� RANCH water charges led IRWD to choose conservation as one approach to meet the WATERDISTRICT growing demand for water The district is now a recogiuzed leader in water reclination and conservation programs Approach IRWD adopted a five -tiered rate stricture to reward water efficiency and identify areas where water is being wasted The rate structure awns to create a long-term water efficiency ethic while maintaining stable utility revenues IRWD mdividuahzes rates for each account based on landscape square footage, number of residents, any additional needs of individual customers (such as for medical uses), and daily evapotranspiration rates (the amount of water lost through evaporation and transpiration of turfgrass) Based on daily fluctuations in precipitation, each customer's rates are adjusted on each water bill to reflect estimated needs When customers use more water than needed, they are given progressively expensive penalties This individualized feedback alerts customers to excess use or leakage Customers that correct a problem can request the removal of the penal- ties Because IRWD does not depend on penalty revenues, such requests can be quickly and readily granted, leading to very high customer satisfaction ratings The five -tiered rate structure consists of the following Rate Tier Amount and Basis Low-volume discount $0 48 per 100 cubic feet (ccf) for use of 040 percent of allocation ($0 64 per 1,000 gallons) Conservation base rate $0 64 per ccf for use of 41-100 percent of allocation ($0 85 per 1,000 gallons) Inefficient $128 per ccf for use of 101-150 percent of allocation ($1 71 per 1,000 gallons) Excessive $2 56 per ccf for use of 151-200 percent of allocation ($3 42 per 1,000 gallons) Wasteful $512 per ccf for use of 201 or greater percent of allocation ($6 85 per 1,000 gallons) In addition to the consumption charges, all customers are billed a fixed water-seivice tee based on meter size, which ensures that utility revenues are permanently stable, regardless of the level of water sales Residential customers with usage levels approximately 10 ccf/month are charged a flat sewer fee of $6 60 per month Sewer fees are $0 74 per ccf ($0 99 per 1,000 gallons) for non-residential customers using more than 10 ccf per month IRWD also imposes a pumping surcharge that varies from $011 to $0 56 per ccf ($015 to $0 75 per 1,000 gallons) for customers residing ut high elevations The average total residential water bill is approximately $20 per month Results IRWD implemented the new rate stricture in June 1991 and its impact was immediately evident Water use in 1991/1992 declined by 19 percent, as compared to 1990/1991 Surveys show that customer satisfaction with the rate structure is highly favorable, reflecting 85 to 95 percent approval IRWD believes that the implementation of incentive pricing, especially the individualized cus- tomer water budget, made their other conservation programs more effective Over the 6 -year peri- od between 1991 and 1997, IRWD spent approxnnately $5 nullion on other conservation programs such as irrigation workshops, water audits, and fixture rebates During that time period, the esti- mated savings in avoided water purchases has been $33 2 million Savings in landscape water totaled 61,419 acre-feet, valued at $26 5 nulhon Landscape water usage dropped from an average of 411 acre-feet to less than 2 acre-feet per year The residential sector showed a 12 percent reduc- tion m use following a major drought, because awareness of water conservation issues was still lugh Since then, usage is, on average, 9 percent lower per household than m 1990 From 1992 to 1998, savings totaled 15,611 acre-feet, valued at $6 nulhon in avoided purchases IRWD also was able to avoid raising water rates for 5 years Irvine Ranch Water District, CA Irvine Ranch Water District, CA Summary of Results for Irvine Ranch Water District, CA water Savings Water savings (1990/91 to 1991/92) 19% Landscape water impact savings (1991 to 1997) Residential water impact savings (1991 to 1997) Residential water impact savings (1991 to 1997) Water Cost Savings Conservation program (6 -year period) Avoided water purchases (6 -year period) Net savings in avoided water purchases (6 -year period) 61,419 acre-feet (20 billion gallons) 12% per year 15,611 acre-feet (5 billion gallons) $5 million $33 2 million $28 2 million Resources Tom Ash, "How an Effective Rate Structure Makes Conservation Work For You," AW WA Conserve99 Proceedings, Monterey, CA, January 31 -February 3, 1999 Irvine Ranch Water District, "Irvine Ranch Water District Rates and Charges Residential," Irvine Ranch Water District, <wwwirwd coin/Financiallnfo/ResRates html> Lessick, Dale, "IRWD's Water Budget Based Rate Structure," Irvine Ranch Water District, January 1999 Contact Dale Lessick Irvine Ranch Water District Phone 949 453-5325 Fax 949 453-0572 E-mail lessick©i-wd coin 26 Irvine Ranch Water Distnct, CA Background The Massachusetts Water Resource Authority (MWRA) is a wholesale water fryt�A[ Ey provider for 2 2 irullion people in 46 cities, towns, and municipal water districts In X41, Massachusetts From 1969 to 1988, MWRA withdrawals exceeded the safe yield {;mow level of 300 inilhon gallons per day (mgd) by more than 10 percent annually Consequently, MWRA was under pressure to make plans to increase supply 4 —' capacity One plan it developed was to divert the Connecticut River, which would1i cost $120 million to $240 million (m 1983 dollars) and have an annual operation t1`•"/ and maintenance cost of $3 million MWRA also developed a plan for a new water treatment facility that complied with the Safe Drinking Water Act The plant was ougi- nally designed with a 500 mgd demand maximum Ultimately, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts deterimned that a water conservation plan would be the best mitral solution for its supply needs, with other plans to follow as needed Approach Although adequate precipitation helped avoid a major water -supply crisis during the 20 - year period of exceeduig the safe yield, MWRA began a water conservation piogi am In 1986 to help address the supply problem The conservation program included the following • Vigorously detecting and repairing leaks in MWRA pipes (270 nules) and coirunuiuty pipes (6,000 miles) • Retrofitting 370,000 homes with low -flow plumbing devices • Developing a water management program for area businesses, municipal buildings, and nonprofit organizations • Conducting extensive public information and school education programs • Changing the state plumbing code to require new toilets to use no more than 16 gal- lons of water per flush • Improving meters to help track and analyze community water use • Using conservation -minded water/sewer rate structures on the community level Massachusetts Water Resources Authority 27 Results MWRA's conservation efforts reduced average daily demand from 336 mgd in 1987 to 256 mgd in 1997 The decrease u1 demand allowed for a reduction m the size of MWRA's planned treatment plant, as well as a 20 -year deferral of the need for an additional supply source The present -value cost savings of deferring the water supply expansion are estimated to be $75 nulhon to $117 million, depending on the initial capital investment The capacity of the treatment plant has been reduced from 500 mgd to 405 mgd—an estunated $36 inillron cost reduction Together, the deferral of the water -supply expansion project and the reduction in the capacity of the treatment plant amount to a total savings of $111 million to $153 million The estimated cost of the conservation progran is $20 million Summary of Results for Massachusetts Water Resources Authority water savings Total demand reduction (1987-1997) 80 mgd Capacity reduction of planned treatment facility 95 mgd Capital Savings Present value savings of deferring supply expansion $75-$117 million Present value savings of reducing treatment plant capacity $36 million Total savings (deferring water supply and reducing treatment plant capacity) $1 39 mil /mgd to $1 91 mil /mgd mgd= million gallons per day Resources Daniel B Bishop and Jack A Weber, Impacts of Demand Reduction on Water Utilities (Denver American Water Works Association, 1996), pp 44-45, 98-102 Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, <wwwinwra state ma ins/water/html/wat htin> Contact Stephen Estes-Smargiassi MWRA Water Conservation Phone 617 788-4303 Fax 617 788-4888 E-mail smargias@mwra state me us Metropolitan Wr`1District l Southern California: Wholesale ` oet,er;I3txob Background The Metropolitan Water District ("Metropolitan') is the wholesale MWD ' f4;�ifi(17 �� kC�i)i�i+iii: J�`t161 at 1•Ltd'"tlfP'Ai.1llIVA supplier of water for Southern „( ' Cahfomia Metropohtan "imports" water for its 26 member water agencies from the Colorado River and Northern California, providing 60 percent of the water needed by a population of more than 17 million In recognition of mcieasnng demands and lim- ited supplies, Metropolitan provides significant local assistance to develop more reliable local supplies through conservation, water recycling, and groundwater cleanup Since its initiation in the late 1980s, Metropolitan has spent $155 million on conservation progran alone Approach Metropolitan piovides financial support for conservation programs in one of two ways—it pays local agencies either 50 percent of the cost of the water conservation project 01 $154 per acre-foot of conserved water, whichever is less Projects are generally conducted in partnership with Metropolitan's member agencies, which include retailers and other wholesalers Piojecls must directly or indirectly reduce the demand fon potable water from Metropolitan Examples include education and training, research, and support for new legislative initiatives or improved fixture efficiency standards One of the lagest initiatives has been toilet retrofit rebates More than 2 million pre -1992 toilets have been replaced with new high -efficiency toilets, thanks to local water agencies across the area Other efforts have included water -efficiency site surveys, irrigation equipment improvements, distributions of new high -efficiency showerheads, rebates for lugh-efficiency washing maclmles, and research into toilet performance and leakage rates Results As of 2001, the water savings from Metiopolitaii s conservation progran were estunated to be 66,000 acre-feet per year, or 59 million gallons daily These savings are in large pat due to the fact that residents in numerous municipalities replaced more than 2 million inefficient toi- lets with 16 gallons -per -flush models The conservation credits progran also resulted in the distribution of 3 mullion high -efficiency showerheads and 200,000 faucet aerators Local ofh- 28 Massachusetts Water Resources Authority Metropolitan Water District of Southern California 29 cials in different areas surveyed approxiniately 60,000 households for water use information, and performed 2,000 large landscape irrigation audits In addition, officials conducted 1,000 commercial water use surveys Metropolitan's and its member agencies' efforts have made many customers view their water agencies as resources for finding solutions to high water use problems Metropolitan is counting on conservation efforts to continue reducing demand in the future Summary of Results for Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Conservation Program Activities and Water Savings Number of pre -1992 toilets replaced 2 million Number of high -efficiency showerheads distributed 3 million Number of faucet aerators distributed 200,000 Number of high -efficiency clothes washer rebates issued 20,000 Number of residential water -use surveys conducted 60,000 Number of large landscape irrigation audits 2,000 Number of commercial water use surveys conducted 1,000 Total water savings from conservation program 66,000 AFY more than doubled between 1985 and 1993 due to the cost of meeting (591 mgd) AFY= acre-feet per year Resources Metropolitan Water District, Southern California, <wwwmwd dst ca us/mwdh2o/pages/ cornserv/conservOl htnnl> Edward R Osaim and John E Young, Saving Water, Saving Dollars Efficient Plumbing Products and the Protection of America's Waters (Potomac Resources, Inc, Washington, DC, April 1998), pp 51-52 Contact Ed Thornhill Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Los Angeles, CA Email etlnomhill@inwdh2o com 30 Metropolitan Water District of Southern California New ok City, Yorkl .q '°) rr { o ' It aWater Resource e< - e u5 ' - _ ice: Background New York City's infrastructure includes more than 6,100 nuies of lines By CITY DEPgRTMF y�—�\hp water pipes and more than 6,400 pules of wastewater the nud- � 1970s, increased demand resulted in water -supply facilities repeatedly exceeding safe yields By 1990, three of New York's wastewater treat- 1 ment plants were exceeding pernutted flows Water and sewer rates J more than doubled between 1985 and 1993 due to the cost of meeting federal mandates (including the prohibition of dunnpmg sewage sludge into the ocean), the end of subsidies from the city's general revenue budget to the water and sewer system, and reductions m federal fund- (www n y c g o v / d e p ing for water pollution control projects The city faced the need for costly water -related infrastructure projects In 1992, the city conducted an avoided -cost analysis of the available supply alternatives It compared current supply costs with the costs of a toilet rebate program In the end, conserva- tion offered the most econonnical option Approach Begirming m 1985, New York unplemented a series of conservation initiatives, including education, metering (1985 to present), leak detection (1981 to present), and water use regula- tion For example, the city initiated computerized sonar leak detection of all city water roams and used an advanced flow -monitoring program to help detect leaks in large sewer mains that lead to wastewater treatment plants operating at lugh capacity The city installed magnetic locking hydrant caps between 1992 and 1995 to discourage residents from opening hydrants in the sunnner, and these are still used when appropriate A program to install water meters at unmetered residences began in 1991 The city also began conductiig a door-to-door water -efficiency survey with homeowners that included edu- cational .inforniatron, free showerheads and aerators, and a free leak inspection New York's program to replace water -guzzling toilets with lugh-efficiency toilets (1 6 gallons per flush) was a particularly unpressive example of modern water-dernand management The program auned to replace more than 1 million toilets over a 3 -year period (1994 to 1997) Homeowners, apartment -building owners, and commercial -property owners received rebates of $150 or $240 per toilet New York City, NY Results The leak -detection program saved 30 to 50 million gallons per day (mgd) in its early years and contuntred to help reduce losses In 1996, leak detection and repair efforts saved approxi- mately 11 mgd Savings from metering total more than 200 mgd at a cost of $150 indhon New York City performed more than 200,000 homeowner inspections, tesulhng m the elimination of more than 4 mgd in leaks The city also replaced 13 imlhon inefficient toilets between March 1994 and April 1997, saving an estimated 70 to 80 mgd Customers realized 20 to 40 percent savings in total water and wastewater bills Overall, New York's conservation efforts resulted in a drop in per capita water use from 195 gallons per day i11991 to 167 gallons per day in 1998 Summary of Results for New York City Water savings from leak detection program 30 to 50 mgd Water savings from meter installation 200 mgd Homeowner inspections 200,000 Water savings from homeowner inspections 4 mgd Number of inefficient toilets replaced 13 million Water savings from toilet replacement program 70 to 80 mgd mgd = million gallons per day Resources Edward R Osann and John E Young, Saving Water, Saving Dollars Efficient Plumbing Pioducts and the Protection of Airrerrca's Waters (Potomac Resources, Inc, Washington, DC, April 1998), pp 37-38 U S Environmental Protection Agency, "Regional Approaches to Efficient Water Uses Tales from the Trenches," Cleaner Water Through Conservation (1998), <www epa gov/OW/ you/chap4 html> New York City Department of Enviromnental Protection Web site, <wwwnyc gov/html/dep/litml/about ht111l> Contact Warren Liebold, Director of Conservation New York City Department of Environmental Protection Phone 718 595-4657 Fax 718 595-4623 fir, r a x Arizona: Using Less, Conserving More Background The Phoenix Water Services Department provides water for 350,000 retail comnectrons and a population of approximately 13 md- lion people it one of the fastest-growing cormnuiuties in the United States As the sixth largest city in the United States and the 17th largest metropolitan area, Phoenix also has the second largest land area of all cities m the United States Average annual rainfall in Phoeiux is 7 25 niches Approximately 98 percent of Phoenix proper relies entirely on surface water, and the surrounding growth areas (consisting of an additional 15 million people) use a combination of ground and surface water sources The major source of water is a very old agricultural reclamation project that has been devoted to urban use This project has helped keep water pries the lowest in the area and lower than any other comparable city in the country Unfortunately, the area's inex- pensive water sources have been depleted, and new water -supply projects pose environmental and financial problems The state legislature has requied that after 2025, Phoenix and subur- ban communities must not pump groundwater faster than it can be replenished Accordingly, the city has been pressed to either look for alternative sruface supplies or reduce demand City facilities—mostly parks—constitute the city's single largest water customer Because of irriga- tion and cooling uses, Phoenix sununer demand is nearly twice that of winter use Planners determined that conservation was the best solution to the problem Approach Phoenix has mauntair ed a water conservation program since 1982 and, in 1986, the city approved a comprehensive water conservation program The plan outhned five water cortser- vation programs • Water pricing reform • Indoor residential water conservation • Industrial and corrunercial water conservation • Plant and turf irrigation efficiency • Water -efficient landscaping Phoenix, AZ 33 32 New York City NY Residential water use amounts to 70 percent of Phoenix's water deliveries, consequently, residential water conservation is a high priority Phoenix uses a rate structure that nearly reflects marginal costs, with three seasonal variations reflecting the city's seasonal costs The rate includes a monthly service charge and a volmne charge that varies by season Under the 1986 plan, Phoeiux offered to replace old, lugh-flow fixtures (showerheads and faucets) in homes built before 1980 The program distributed educational materials, offered installation, and pro- vided materials and support for conununrty organizations to facilitate unplementatron hi 1990, the city amended its plumbing code to require water -conserving fixtures (including high -effi- ciency toilets) it new construction and renovation That code requires the same flow reduction as those required 2 years later by the federal Energy Policy Act, 42 U S C , Chapter 77 Phoenix's water conservation program provides assistance to low-income, elderly, and dis- abled customers For more than 10 years, the city offered energy and water audits and plumb- ing retrofits through senior -citizen organizations In another prograin, the city used high-school students to help low-mcome residents with audits, repairs, and replacements In 1998, Phoenix developed a new water conservation plan that focuses on public educa- tion and public awareness, technical assistance, regulations, plaiuung and research, and intera- gency coordination This plan focuses less on structural fixes, such as plumbing retrofitting, and more on changing behaviors and educating the next generation of water users Many of the elements in the 1998 plan reflect a continuation or adaptation of elements in the 1986 plan Other elements reflect new program initiatives m response to citizen interests and preferences Most notable are mandates for school education programs, public education about conserva- tion techniques, and city/citizen partneislups at the neighborhood level to address conserva- tion needs Phoenix was a key player in the development of the "Water—Use it Wisely" regional advertising and promotion campaign 34 Phoenix, AZ Summary of Results for Phoenix, AZ Activities and Actual Water Savings Water savings from conservation programs (1982-1987) Current savings from conservation program Number of homes retrofitted with water saving devices Number of high -efficiency toilets distributed through low-income, elderly, and disabled program mgd = million gallons per day 20,000 acre-feettyear (18 mgd) (6% per capita) 45,000 acre-feetlyear (40 mgd) 170,000 1,500 per year Resources Daniel B Bishop and Jack A Weber, Impacts of Demand Reduction on Watei Utilities (Denver American Water Works Association, 1996), pp 48-50 Edward R Osaiut and John E Young, Saving Water, Saving Dollars Efficient Plumbuig Products and the Protection of America's Waters (Potomac Resources, Inc, Washington, DC, Apiil 1998), p 39 Phoeiuc Water Services Department, Water Conservation Plan 1998, <wwwciPhoenix az us/WATER/waterpin htinl> Contact Thomas M Babcock Phoenix Water Conservation Office Phone 602 261-8377 Fax 602 534-4849 E-mail tbabcock@ci phoenix az us i „_J Phoenix, AZ 35 Santa .a ,r or California; Conservation in a Sustainable I Background Like many Southern California cities, Santa Monica has faced rapid urban development and increased strain on water supplies Residential customers con - ID sume approx11nately 68 percent of the water, while coirunercial and industrial customers consume 32 percent The city draws water from local groundwater wells and imports water from the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) Prior to 1996, the groundwater aquifers provided approxi- -:> mately 65 percent of total supplies In 1996, the city found methyl tertiary -butyl C, ty n+ ether (MTBE) contarrunants m several wells, forcing Santa Monica to increase Santa Rtnaiea` purchases to approximately 78 percent of total supplies The city has four reser- voirs with a total capacity of 40 million gallons for storing imported water In 2002,15 percent of supplies carne from local groundwater and 85 percent from MWD hi 1992, Santa Monica's city council iutiated a Sustainable City Program The program pro- vides the city with a coordinated, proactive approach to implementing existing and planned enviromnental programs The program consists of five major policy areas (1) corninuruty and economic development, (2) transportation, (3) pollution prevention, (4) pubhe-health protec- tion, and (5) resource conservation Resource conservation encompasses the city's programs m water, energy, recycling, and waste management Approach Santa Monica has instituted a multifaceted approach to water conservation, ulcludiig numerous policies and programs The city's policies include • No Water Waste Ordinance • Plumbing code • Water -conserving landscape regulations • Water demand mitigation fee • Wastewater mitigation for large development projects • Retrofit -Upon -Sale Ordinance • Water and wastewater rate structure Santa Monica's water conservation programs include • Residential water -use surveys • Commercial and industrial water -use surveys • Demonstration sustainable gardens • Sustainable landscape workshops and garden tours • Sustainable landscape guidelines • Cahfonua irrigation management infonnation system • Bay Saver Toilet Retrofit Program • Water Efficiency Revolving Loan Program The No Water Waste Ordinance regulates through notrtrcation-education—the use of fines for violating water use practices, such as lawn watering horns, hosing down driveways, swim- ming pool filling, and leakage The Retrofit -Upon -Sale Ordinance requires the installation of water -saving plumbing devices whenever any residential or conunercial proper ty is sold or transferred In 1996, the city modified the fixed and variable charges in the rate structure to encourage water conservation Through the water use surveys, residents can receive free show- eiheads, faucet aerators, and garden -hose nozzles The city encourages efficient migation and landscaping through several programs The Bay Saver Toilet Retrofit Program, at a total cost of $5 4 inilhon, offers a $75 rebate for individuals to purchase and install high -efficiency toilets (16 gallons per flush) The Water Efficiency Revolving Loan Program provides no-mitelest loans to institution- al, corruitercial, and residential water customers to pay for plumbing fixture retrofits, irrigation system upgrades, and other cost-effective water efficiency r Are You measures Results Based on 1990 usage levels, Santa Monica established a water reduction goal of 20 percent by 2000 In 1990, water usage amounted to 14 3 million gallons per day (mgd) In one year, water use dropped almost 22 peicent— to 114 mgd The drop could be explained primarily by emergency measures instituted in response to a drought When the city dropped the emergency measures 1111992, water use rose gradually to 12 3 mgd in 1995—reflecting a 14 percent savings from the 1990 level The city also established a wastewater flow reduction goal of 15 per- cent—from 10 4 mgd in 1990 to a target of 8 8 mgd in 2000 The city sur- passed its goal by reducing flow to 8 2 mgd, a 21 percent reduction from 1990 Santa Monica replaced more than 1,200 institutional plumbing fixtures in all atv-owned or operated facilities Between 1990 and July 1996, the Bay Saver Toilet Retrofit Program replaced more than 41,000 residential toilets and 1,567 cornmercial toilets Estunates indicate that the program was Flushing Away Your Bottono Line t 0. Santa Monica, CA 37 36 Santa Monica, CA responsible for the perinainent reduction of 19 mgd in water use and wastewater generation, as well as $9 5 nulhon in avoided sewage treatment capacity purchases and avoided purchases of rrnported water Summary of Results for Santa Monica, CA Activities and Water Savings Water savings, 1990-1995 Number of residential toilets replaced Number of commercial toilets replaced Number of city -owned plumbing fixtures replaced Wastewater flow reduction, 1990-1995 Cost Savings Net savings from Bay Saver Toilet Retrofit Program mgd = million gallons per day Resources City of Santa Monica Enviromuental Programs Division, <pen ci santa-moruca ca us/envu'oiunent/policy/water> "Santa Monica Sustainable City Program," Sustainable Conimmuties network, Case Studies, <64 226 148 229/casestudies/SIA_PDFs/SIA_Cabfonua pdf > "Sustainable City Progress Report;" City of Santa Monica, Task Force of the Environment, December 1996 "Sustainable City Progress Report," City of Santa Monica, Task Force of the Environment, October 1999 Contact Kun O'Cain Water Resources Specialist 200 Santa Monica Pier, Suite K Santa Monica, CA 90401 Phone 310 458-8972 x1 Fax 310 260-1574 E-mail kin-o'camrrsanta-morucaorg 38 Santa Monica, CA Citi/ of seatlli and ,o whole,ale rnelei nli6hl pal III(" Approach Seattle uses a multifaceted approach to water conservation Strategies include an increasing block rate structure duruig the peak season for residential customers, plumbing fixture codes and regulations, operational improvements to reduce leaks and other watei losses, market transformation to encourage and support water -saving products and appliances, customer rebates and financial incentives to encourage customers to use water -saving technology, and public education Seattle targets several specific programs at residential customers The Home Water Savers Prograrn distributes water -efficient showerheads and provides free installation for apartments WashWise promotes the purchase of resource -efficient washing maclmnes through a mail -in cash rebate Seattle also actively encourages water -wise gardening and land- scaping, and the city strongly supports public education Seattle places special emphasis on its Water Smart Technology (WST) Progiam, in particu- lar, understanding the needs and preferences of commercial customers to help them under- stand the benefits of conservation The corrunercial program provides financial incentives, mcludrng technical and financial assistance, for the purchase and installation of cost-effective and water -efficient equipment, conimercial toilet rebates for replacing older inefficient toilets and urinals, free irrigation -system assessments and audits, financial assistance for upgrading irrigation systems, and promotion of storm water and wastewater reuse Seattle, WA 39 Background 2 mgd (14% decrease) Seattle Public Utilities provides water to approximately 13 million people in 41,000 (53%) Seattle and surrounding areas The Seattle area has experienced steady population 1.567(10%) growth Although the city is known for its ram, Seattle experiences dry summers with water demand at its peak due to increases in watering, irrigation, and recreation use 1,200 The Seattle area has very little carryover storage capacity from year to year and usually 2 2 mgd (21 % reduction) depends on the slow melting snow, an unusually dry winter can lead to smnmter water - shortages Adequate river flow is necessary for survival of the area's valued aquatic Life, including Puget Sound's threatened Chinook salmon The natural envrrorunent $s 5 million and the growing population compete for water resources, particularly during the dry season Increasing demand and limits on existing supplies have forced the develop- ment of a dual strategy of demand reduction and cooperative supply management Resources City of Santa Monica Enviromuental Programs Division, <pen ci santa-moruca ca us/envu'oiunent/policy/water> "Santa Monica Sustainable City Program," Sustainable Conimmuties network, Case Studies, <64 226 148 229/casestudies/SIA_PDFs/SIA_Cabfonua pdf > "Sustainable City Progress Report;" City of Santa Monica, Task Force of the Environment, December 1996 "Sustainable City Progress Report," City of Santa Monica, Task Force of the Environment, October 1999 Contact Kun O'Cain Water Resources Specialist 200 Santa Monica Pier, Suite K Santa Monica, CA 90401 Phone 310 458-8972 x1 Fax 310 260-1574 E-mail kin-o'camrrsanta-morucaorg 38 Santa Monica, CA Citi/ of seatlli and ,o whole,ale rnelei nli6hl pal III(" Approach Seattle uses a multifaceted approach to water conservation Strategies include an increasing block rate structure duruig the peak season for residential customers, plumbing fixture codes and regulations, operational improvements to reduce leaks and other watei losses, market transformation to encourage and support water -saving products and appliances, customer rebates and financial incentives to encourage customers to use water -saving technology, and public education Seattle targets several specific programs at residential customers The Home Water Savers Prograrn distributes water -efficient showerheads and provides free installation for apartments WashWise promotes the purchase of resource -efficient washing maclmnes through a mail -in cash rebate Seattle also actively encourages water -wise gardening and land- scaping, and the city strongly supports public education Seattle places special emphasis on its Water Smart Technology (WST) Progiam, in particu- lar, understanding the needs and preferences of commercial customers to help them under- stand the benefits of conservation The corrunercial program provides financial incentives, mcludrng technical and financial assistance, for the purchase and installation of cost-effective and water -efficient equipment, conimercial toilet rebates for replacing older inefficient toilets and urinals, free irrigation -system assessments and audits, financial assistance for upgrading irrigation systems, and promotion of storm water and wastewater reuse Seattle, WA 39 Results By all indications, Seattle's water conservation programs are successful In the 1990s, amnu- al average water consumption dropped 12 percent—from 171 million gallons per day (mgd) to 150 mgd Per capita water consumption dropped by 20 percent Estimates indicate that Seattle's water demand is approximately 30 mgd less than it would have been without conser- vation Regional water consumption in 1997 was the same as in 1980 The seasonal rate struc- ture is credited with savmg close to 5 mgd since 1990 Plumbing codes and regulations have saved more than 4 mgd Improvements in system efficiency have saved approxunately 13 mgd since 1990 The Home Water Savers Program involved 330,000 customers and saved nearly 6 mgd Seattle's WST Program has been a remarkable success Estimated median water savings for a commercial incentive program are approximately 6,000 gallons per day More than 150 busi- nesses have participated m the incentive program for total savings of approxunately 1 mgd By the end of 1997, 600 businesses participated in the connnercial toilet -rebate program, replacing nearly 10,000 fixtures and saving approximately 0 8 mgd Water efficient irrigation unprove- ments for businesses have saved an additional 3 nulhon gallons each year Together, the com- mercial incentive programs could save Seattle approxunately 8 mgd—reflecting a 20 percent overall reduction m cornmercial water use The average avoided cost associated with new or expanded supply and transirussion facilities is $189 per one hundred cubic feet ($2 53 per 1,000 gallons) On a per unit basis, coinmercial conservation programs have proved to be approxunately twice as cost-effective as developing new supplies Summary of Actual and Projected Results for Seattle, WA $0 93 per ocf ($125 per 1,000 gals) Water Savings 1990-1998 - $0 36 per ccf ($0 48 per 1,000 gals) Water savings from seasonal rates 5 mgd Water savings from plumbing regulations 4 mgd Water savings from system efficiency improvements 13 mgd Home Water Savers Program participants 330,000 residences Water savings from Home Water Savers Program 6 mgd Water savings from commercial Incentive programs 8 mgd Commercial Toilet Rebate Program participants 600 businesses Water savings from Commercial Toilet Rebate Program 0 8 mgd Water savings from commercial irrigation Improvements (1990-1998) 3 mgd Cost Savings Conventional supply cost (avoided supply cost for all customers) $1 89 per ccf ($2 53 per 1,000 gals) Cost of commercial conservation $0 93 per ocf ($125 per 1,000 gals) Cost to participating customers $0 36 per ccf ($0 48 per 1,000 gals) Additional benefits to participating customers (water -bill savings) $0 74 per ccf ($0 99 per 1,000 gals) Net additional benefits (water savings less program participation costs) $0 3a per ccf ($0 51 per 1,000 gats) Total net benefits (avoided supply cost plus net additional benefits) $1 42 per ccf ($190 per 1,000 gals) ccf = hundreds of cubic feet mgd = million gallons per day Resources Allan Dretemarm, and Philip Paschke, Program Evaluation of Conmieicial Conservation Finmival Incentive Programs (Seattle Public Utilities), <wwwci seattle wa us/util/RESCONS/accinpReport/ar98-99/Accomplishment lnbry Edward R Osan n and John E Young, Saving Water, Saving Dollars Efficient Plumbing Products and the Protection of Aamrica's Waters (Potomac Resources, hnc , Washington, DC, April 1998), pp 44-45 "Regional Water Conservation Accomplishments, 1990-1998," Seattle Public Utilities and Purveyor Par titers Seattle Water Department, Seattle Water Department Water Supply Plan Seattle, WA Seattle Water Department, July 1992 Contact Allan J Dretemann Senior Technical Analyst Seattle Public Utilities Phone 206 684-5881 Fax 206 684-8529 Seattle WA 41 40 Seattle, WA r � � ra •: 's.. Background Florida's Tampa Bay region has experienced rapid economic and popula- tion growth for many years, and the demand for water has grown even faster kw000'!�M, In the 1980s, Tampa's and Hillsborough County's population grew by 8 per- EAcent, and water demand grew by more than 25 percent Florida experiences periodic droughts, with an average of four drought years in every 10 -year period In Florida, Tainpa is unique for its heavy dependence on surface water supphes-75 percent of its drinking water comes from the Hillsborough River, Tampa Water Department which is greatly affected by periods of drought Approach Since 1989, the Tampa Water Department has unplemented several measures to reduce water usage, including water -conserving codes, an increasing -block rate structure, public edu- cation, in -school education, and other conservation projects The city promotes water efficiency through water use restrictions, fines for water use violations, and plumbing and landscaping codes Outdoor irrigation is limited to one day per week and prolubited between 8 a in and 6 p in, and all new irrigation systems must have ram sensors The city also provides homeown- ers with free Sensible Sprinkling irrigation evaluations and distributes free rain sensors The landscape code Imrts the amount of irrigated turfgrass to 50 percent in new developments and encourages the use of Florida -friendly plants and low-volume irrigation methods The city modified the plumbing code to require water -efficient plumbing fixtures in all new construction and renovation Tampa s Water Department began distributing water conservation kits to homeowners in 1989 The kits include toilet tank duns, efficient showerheads, aerators, leak detection kits, and information In 1994, the department conducted a pilot toilet rebate pro- gram to retrofit toilets in existing buildings with high -efficiency toilets (1 6 gallons per flush) The pilot program was well received, with high rates of participation and product satisfaction Tampa expanded the rebate program and now offers rebates as high as $100 for replacement toi- lets in single family and multi -family homes, as well as for corrunercial customers Results Tampa has experienced much success with its water conservation programs The Sensible Sprinkhng irrigation evaluation program resulted m a 25 percent di op in water use Estunates indicate that the distribution of more than 100,000 conservation kits resulted un savings of 7 to 10 gallons of water per person per day An evaluation of the pilot toilet rebate program revealed that household water use decreased from an average of 258 gallons per day to 220 gallons per day—a 15 percent reduc- tion The city replaced 27,239 older toilets with lugh-efficiency toilets, accounting for 245 9 nul- hon gallons of water saved each year Although the city's water service population increased 20 percent from 1989 to 2001, per capita water use decreased 26 percent Summary of Results for Tampa, FL Number of Sensible Sprinkling landscape evaluations performed 915 Water savings from Sensible Sprinkling landscape evaluation program 25 Number of water -saving kits distributed 100,000 Water savings from distribution of water -saving kits 7 to 10 gallons per day per person Number of inefficient toilets replaced 27,299 Water savings from toilet rebate program 38 gallons per day per household Resources Edward R Osamn and John E Young, Saving Water, Saving Dollars Efficient Plumbing Pioduct, and the Protection of America's Waters (Potomac Resources, hnc , Washington, DC, April 1998), pp 46-47 U S Enviromnental Protection Agency, "Regional Approaches to Efficient Water Uses Tales from the Trenches," Cleaner Water Through Conservation (1998), <wwwepa gov/OW/you/chap4 html> Tampa Water Department, "Water Conservation and Education," <www TainpaGov net/ savewater> Contact Sandra E Anderson Consumer Affairs Manager Tampa Water Department 306 E Jackson St Tampa, FL 33602 Phone 813 274-8653 Fax 813 274-7435 E-mail Sandra Anderson©TainpaGovnet • Tampa, FL 43 42 Tampa, FL Wichita� a ,U . . ' r °,j1 its Interarated Resource A Background A decade ago, analysts detenrwned that Wichita's available water resources could not meet the city's needs beyond the first decade of the 21st century Based on conventional operating practices, the city was fully utilizing existing water supplies and had no new supplies readily available The city explored the option of drawing water from a water reservoir located 100 miles away Due to the lugh cost of transporting water, as well as social, environmental, and political opposition, the city chose to reevaluate its options Wichita eventually opted for a more holistic approach to water management, m which water conservation is a significant component In the early 1990s, the city adopted an integrat- ed resource planning approach The process of developing a long-term plan encouraged tine involvement of various stakeholders, including the corrunwuty, water users, and regulatory agencies Ultimately, the group investigated non -conventional water sources that do not typi- cally have firm yields Approach The Wichita case is notewor thy for its very long-term perspective, the number and variety of water resource options considered, and the emphasis on regional coordination issues The case is especially useful m recognizing how regulatory institutions affect the feasibrhty of water resource options Regulatory considerations in Wicluta included water rights, source water protection, chunking water standards, environmental unpacts, and historic preservation Analysts in Wichita surrunarized the key elements of their "custonuzed" integrated plan- ning approach as follows • implement water conservation to help control customer demand and water use • Evaluate existing surface water and groundwater sources to determine their capacity and condition, methods of enhancing their productivity and ways to protect their quality • Evaluate nonconventiwnal water resources for meeting future water needs a Optimize all available water resources to enhance water supply • Pursue an application for conjunctive water resource use permit from state agencies • Evaluate the effects of using different water resources on water supply, delivery, and treatment facilities with consideration of risk and reliability • Coin m unicate with key stakeholders including regulatory agencies, other water users, and the public Results The comprehensive analysis of resource options for Wicluta resulted in a large matrix with a total of 27 conventional and nonconventional resource options and their key characteristics For each option, the analysis considered construction costs, expected available flow (including alternative scenarios when applicable), unit costs, general advantages and disadvantages, and specific implementation issues related to policy or political, legal, environmental, and water qualityconcerns Analysts used a screening process to eliminate several options from further consideration, including the "no action" option (because of adverse economic development consequences) Then they ranked the remaining options in terms of overall desirability Planners in Wichita recognized that water supply opelatrons are growing in complexity and that operational tradeoffs are necessary when implementing an integrated approach The key benefit to better plaiunng, however, is the more effective use of the region's water resources Summary of Results for Wichita, KS Resource Alternative Expected Construction Unit Cost Rank• Yield (mgd) Cost ($mil) ($/mil gal) Low -range water conservation 15 23 77 1 Little Arkansas River supply to water treatment plant 0 to 44 21 23 2 Little Arkansas River subsurface storage 34 26 to 126 46 to 219 3A Little Arkansas River bank storage 7 to 39 6 2 to 175 45 to 221 3B Little Arkansas River bank storage 7 to 39 11 5 to 164 41 to 207 3B Gilbert -Mosley remediated groundwater 3 1 5 25 4 Cheney Reservoir operations modifications up to 60 0 0 5 Reserve Wellfield 108 10 47 6 Reserve Wellfield (peak use only) 108 10 37 6 Cheney overflow pipeline to water treatment plant 28 53 96 7 Cheney overflow pipeline to water treatment plant 35 60 87 7 Eqws Beds purchase water rights As available $400/acre-ft 1,227 8 Milford Reservoir (existing) 60 155 141 9 Cheney overflow subsurface storage 34 65 to 165 94 to 237 10 Treated wastewater reuse local irrigation 1 1 15 1,336 11 No action 23 0 0 ns Source David R Warren, et a], "IRP A Case Study From Kansas; Journal American Water Works Association 87, no 6 (June 1995) 57-71 ns = not selected as a viable alternative based on screening level cost Rankings were based on a variety of criteria, including, but not limited to, the cost criteria provided Wichita, KS 45 44 Wichita KS RKonaHeightsSLU doc-05/16/08 COUNTY OF HAWAII PLANNING DEPARTMENT RECOMMENDATION KONA HEIGHTS, LLC STATE LAND USE BOUNDARY AMENDMENT (SLU 07-000018) Upon careful review of the request, the Planning Director is recommending that a favorable recommendation for the State Land Use Boundary Amendment application be forwarded to the County Council. This recommendation does not, however, sanction the specific plans submitted with the application as they may be subject to change given the specific code and regulatory requirements of the affected agencies. Since this recommendation is made without the benefit of public testimony, the Director reserves the right to modify and/or alter this position based upon additional information presented at the public hearing. The favorable recommendation is based on the following findings: The approval of the reclassification from the State Land Use Agricultural to the Urban District will not be violative of Section 205-2, Chapter 205, Hawaii Revised Statutes, nor will it be inconsistent with the Land Use Commission Rules and the County General Plan. According to the Land Use Commission Rules, one of the standards for considering an area for urban reclassification states that "In determining urban growth for the next ten years, or in amending the boundary, land contiguous with existing urban areas shall be given more consideration than non-contiguous land, and particularly when indicated for future urban use on state or county general plans." The project area conforms to this standard as it is situated adjacent to and between existing Urban -designated lands. The applicant's request to designate 11.05 acres into the Urban District reflects the infilling of Agncultural-lands within this section of North Kona already surrounded by Urban -designated lands. The applicant requests a concurrent Change of Zone from Agricultural (A -5a) to Single -Family Residential 7,500 square feet (RS -7.5) and a Special Management Area Use Permit to allow the development of the 65 - lot single-family residential subdivision. The Urban District request would be consistent with the goals and polices of the Land Use element of the General Plan. The LUPAG Map component of the -I- General Plan is a representation of the document's goals, policies, standards and courses of action. It is also a graphic depiction of the physical relationship between the various land uses. The LUPAG Map establishes the basic urban and non -urban form for areas within the County. The Urban District request conforms to the General Plan Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide (LUPAG) Map, which designates this area as Low Density Urban. The property is overgrown with vegetation, currently vacant and located outside of the Kahaluu Historic District. Thus, the area under consideration is consistent with the urban form established for this section of North Kona as depicted on the LUPAG Map. The project site is located in an urban -like setting adequately served by transportation, utilities and other amenities. The reclassification and proposed rezoning will allow the property to be used for the development of the 65 -lot residential subdivision. The urban classification also conforms to the standard that the development is within reasonable proximity to centers of trading and employment and to basic services such as schools, police and fire protection, transportation systems and water. The project site is located near the urban center of Kailua-Kona and thereby conforms with the Land Use Commission Rules that encourages urban developments in close proximity to existing developments and existing services and facilities. Primary access to the site is from Alii Drive via the extension of the Naniloa Street stub -out at Queen Kalama Avenue. Naniloa Street has a 20 ft. wide pavement within a 50 -ft right- of-way. Queen Kalama Avenue has a 20 ft. wide pavement within a 50 -ft. right-of-way. Access from Alii Drive is available from Laaloa Avenue, which has a 20 ft. wide pavement within a 60 -ft right-of-way. No vehicular access easements are provided from the future Kahului-Keauhou Parkway. The project proposes to connect with the future Kamehameha Investment Corporation's development south of the project site, as well as connections to Alii Drive through the currently vacant parcel makai of and adjacent to the project site. Discussions have been initiated with the adjacent makai landowner. Water is available from the County's water system. Police services are available in Kealakehe, approximately six miles from the property. Fire and emergency services are available from the Keauhou station, approximately four miles from the project site. All essential utilities can or will be made available to the project site. -2- Urban Districts shall include lands characterized by "city -like" concentrations of people, structures, streets, urban level of services and other related land uses. Surrounding properties are vacant or in residential uses. Lands to the immediate north and south of the project area are in the Urban District. The White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates are zoned RS -7.5 and located adjacent to the north of the project site. Lands south of the project site are zoned RS -7.5 and RM -3.5. Lands to the west (makai) of the property are zoned A -5a. The Kahului - Keauhou Parkway (Alii Highway) borders the property to the east (mauka). The property has no severe geological or topographical problems which cannot be properly rectified or which would render the land unusable. The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) designates the property as Zone "X", areas outside of the 500 -year flood plain. Any improvements to the property must comply with Chapter 27 of the County Code relating to Flood Hazard Control. Thus, the reclassification meets the standard which states that the lands included within the urban district "... shall be those with satisfactory topography and drainage and reasonably free from the danger of floods, tsunami and unstable soil conditions and other adverse environmental effects." While the project site is situated within the State Land Use Agricultural and County's Agricultural (A -5a) zoned district, it is not currently being used for active agricultural purposes. The property is unclassified under the State of Hawaii's Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii (ALISH) Map and is not in agricultural use. The Land Use Study Bureau's Overall Master Productivity Rating for the soils in the area is "E" or "Very Poor". Surrounding lands to the north and south of the property are designated Urban, while lands to the west and east are designated Agricultural. The property is not located in the Kahaluu Historic District, listed in the Hawaii State Register of Historic Places, or profiled as a significant cultural and/or historic site in the General Plan. A survey titled "Archaeological Inventory Survey, TMK: 7-7-08 121, Land of Kapalaalaea 2, North Kona Distract, Island of Hawan ", was prepared by Haun and Associates in January, 2006 (Appendix B). The archaeological inventory survey -3- identified 14 sites assessed as significant for their information content. Nine sites were recommended for mitigation through data recovery, and two sites were recommended for preservation. The plans for data recovery will be detailed in a Data Recovery Plan prepared for DLNR-SHPD review and approval. Specific plans for preservation and maintenance of a burial feature will be detailed in a Burial Treatment Plan prepared for DLNR-SHPD and the Hawaii Island Burial Council's review and approval. The project will not impact the preservation sites. A protective buffer (fence) will be established around the sites. A study titled Cultural Impact Study/Assessment, Laipala Heights, Kapalaalaea Ahupuaa, District of North Kona, Hawaii Island was prepared by Kaimipono Consulting Services LLC in December, 2006 (Appendix Q. The study concluded that "while evidence of ancient or traditional cultural practices still exists on the project lands, there does not appear to be any evidence of any ongoing traditional cultural practices, except perhaps fishing, which, while not directly impacted by the project, may indirectly impact this resource." The reclassification of 11.05 acres from the Agricultural to the Urban designation will not be detrimental to the reduction of this area from the agricultural land inventory in the County of Hawaii. Based on the above, the approval of the State Land Use Boundary Amendment from the Agricultural to the Urban District complements the State Land Use District Regulations and is supportive of the State of Hawaii Plan. The accompanying draft bill to amend the State Land Use Boundaries Map is provided for your favorable consideration. -4- ORDINANCE NO. BILL NO. 6 AN ORDINANCE AMENDING THE STATE LAND USE BOUNDARIES MAPS FOR THE COUNTY OF HAWAII BY CHANGING THE DISTRICT CLASSIFICATION FROM THE AGRICULTURAL TO THE URBAN DISTRICT AT KAPALAALAEA 2ND, NORTH KONA, HAWAII, COVERED BY TAX MAP KEY: 7-7-008:121. BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF HAWAII: SECTION 1. The State Land Use Boundaries Maps for the County of Hawaii are amended to change the district classification of property described hereinafter as follows: The district classification of the following area situated at Kapalaalaea 2" d, North Kona, Hawaii, shall be Urban: Beginning at a found %2" iron rebar, being the Northwest corner of this herein - described tract of land, being the Southeast corner of Lot No. 2 of White Sands Beach Estates Subdivision (File Plan No. 1480) and the Southwest terminus point of Naniloa Street; the coordinates of said point of beginning referred to Government Survey Triangulation Station "KAHELO" being 11,680.76 feet South and 5565.64 feet East, and running by azimuths clockwise, measured from true South: Thence for the next twenty-three (23) courses following along the middle of stonewall, along Land Commission Award No. 4452, Apana 2 to H. Kalama: 1. 2550 22' 40" 175.85 feet along File Plan No. 1480 to a found "X" in rock; Thence for the next thirteen (13) courses following along Keauhou View Estates Phase I (File Plan No. 2268) and Phase M (File Plan No. 2275): 2. 2530 26' 00" 46.03 feet to a found nail; 3. 2540 53' 00' 50.09 feet to a found nail; 4 2520 43' 00" 65.74 feet to a found nail; 5. 2560 34' 00" 69.20 feet to a found nail; 6. 2600 02' 00" 42.91 feet to a found nail; 7. 2550 30' 00" 61.67 feet to a found nail; 8 2520 41' 00" 24.74 feet to a found %2" iron pipe; 9. 2520 17' 00" 70.94 feet to a found nail; 10. 2490 00' 00" 22.68 feet to a found nail; 11. 2450 53' 00" 36.24 feet to a found nail; 12. 2490 31' 00" 41.22 feet to a found nail; 13. 2460 40' 00" 77.55 feet to a found nail; 14. 2530 11' : 00" 60.37 feet to a found nail; Thence for the next nine (9) courses following along Keauhou View Estates Phase VI (File Plan No. 2316): 15. 2530 11' 00" 42.16 feet to a found nail; 16. 2500 48' 00" 71.12 feet to a found nail; 17. 2410 45' 00" 9.19 feet to a found nail; 18. 2490 05' 00" 11.04 feet to a found nail; 19. 2390 25' 00" 22.98 feet to a found nail; 20. 2340 54' 00" 37.47 feet to a found nail; 21. 2370 03' 00" 34.58 feet to a found nail; 22. 2290 36' 00" 15.00 feet to a found nail; 23. 238° 39' 00" 3.04 feet to a found nail in the West line of Parcel 18, being Kahului-Keauhou Parkway; Thence for the next two (2) courses following along said Parcel 18, being Kahului- Keauhou Parkway (Alli Parkway): 24. 3540 55' 57" 47.45 feet to a found nail; -2- 25. 355° 15' 00" 496.27 feet to a found %z" iron pipe in concrete at the middle of a stone wall; Thence for the next twenty-six (26) courses following along the middle of a stone wall, along Royal Patent No. 6856, Land Commission Award 7713, Apana 6 to V. Kamamalu: 26. 700 06' 21" 35.73 feet to a found nail; 27. 740 25' 57" 48.88 feet to a found nail; 28. 740 55' 25" 48.63 feet to a found nail; 29. 740 22' 26" 34.12 feet to a found nail; 30. 710 41' 46" 17.54 feet to a found nail; 31. 79° 13' 10" 28.28 feet to a found nail; 32. 700 50' 19" 17.01 feet to a found nail; 33. 710 04' 01" 29.36 feet to a found nail; 34. 700 11' 49" 42.74 feet to a found nail; 35. 650 24' 10" 16.68 feet to a found nail; 36. 730 04' 27" 39.19 feet to a found nail; 37. 740 15' 41" 40.32 feet to a found nail; 38. 730 52' 16" 85.80 feet to a found nail; 39. 690 55' 37" 36.94 feet to a found nail; 40. 810 19' 54" 20.96 feet to a found nail; 41. 710 59' 42" 13.61 feet to a found nail; 42. 730 26' 45" 32.81 feet to a found nail; 43. 670 05' 11" 93.29 feet to a found nail; 44. 730 03' 53" 24.94 feet to a found nail; -3- 45. 720 48' 22" 39.75 feet to a found. nail; 46. 760 08' 18" 17.99 feet to a found nail; 47. 610 33' 46" 20.42 feet to a found nail; 48. 620 19' 19" 36.10 feet to a found nail; 49. 650 46' 32" 13.81 feet to a found nail; 50. 820 14' 49" 19.81 feet to a found nail; 51. 650 04' 39" 14.87 feet to a found nail; Thence for the next three (3) courses following along Lot No. 3-C, being the West line of this herein -described tract: 52. 1500 00' 00" 456.55 feet to a found %2" rebar with cap; Thence, following a curve to the right with a radius of 150.00 feet, the chord azimuth and distance being: 53. 1600 31' 00" 54.76 feet to a found %2" rebar with cap; 54. 1710 02' 00" 15.00 feet to the point of beginning and containing an area of 11.05 acres, more or less. All as shown on the map attached hereto, marked Exhibit "A" and by reference made a part hereof. SECTION 2. In the event that any portion of this ordinance is declared invalid, such invalidity shall not affect the other parts of this ordinance. SECTION 3. This ordinance shall take effect upon its approval. INTRODUCED BY: Hilo, Hawaii Date of Introduction: Date of 1 st Reading: Date of 2nd Reading: Effective Date: COUNCIL MEMBER, COUNTY OF HAWAII in EXHIBIT "A" (Kona Heights, LLC 07-169) PLANNING COMMISSION COUNTY OF HAWAII HEARING TRANSCRIPT MAY 22, 2008 A regularly advertised hearing on the application of KONA HEIGHTS, LLC (SLU 07- 000018/REZ 07-000075/SMA 07-00024) was called to order at 11:00 a.m. at the King Kamehameha's Kona Beach Hotel, 75-5660 Palani Road, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, with Chairman Rodney Watanabe presiding. PRESENT: Takashi Domingo ABSENT & EXCUSED: C. Kimo Alameda Lani Bowman Andrew Iwashita (Left at 12:30 p.m.) Shelly Ogata Alvin Rho Rene' Siracusa Rodney Watanabe Rell Woodward Ivan Torigoe, Deputy Corporation Counsel Christopher Yuen, Planning Director Norman Hayashi, Planning Program Manager Phyllis Fujimoto, Staff Planner Jeff Darrow, Staff Planner Maida Cottle, Staff Planner Kiran Emler, Representative of Department of Public Works And approximately 30 people from the public in attendance. APPLICANT: KONA HEIGHTS, LLC (SLU 07-000018/REZ 07-000075/SMA 07-000024) a. State Land Use Boundary Amendment for 11.054 acres of land from an Agricultural to an Urban District. b. Change of Zone for 11.054 acres of land from an Agricultural 5 -acre (A -5a) to a Single - Family Residential 7,500 -square foot (RS -7.5) district. c. Special Management Area Use Permit to allow the development of a 65 -lot single-family residential subdivision and related improvements. The property is located at the south end of Naniloa Street and adjacent to the White Sands Beach Estates and Keauhou View Estates Subdivisions, Kapalaalaea, North Kona, Hawaii, TMK: 7-7-8:121. WATANABE: We are now on Agenda Item No. 2. The applicant is Kona Heights, LLC. This is a State Land Use 07-000018 and also REZ 07-000075 and it also involves SMA 07-000024. This involves a land area of eleven and a half (sic) acres approximately. Mr. Darrow? DARROW: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. If I can direct the Planning Commission's attention to the presentation on the wall. The applicant in this next case is Kona Heights LLC. Just for reference, this is again in the North Kona District, more specifically we're looking at Alii Drive on the left side of the map running in a north -south direction. The thick white line running through the top, to the bottom of the map is the proposed Kahaluu to Keauhou Parkway or also known as the Alii Highway. The project location is identified with a black outline. Just for reference we have the Keauhou View Estates as well as the White Sands Beach Estates right in this area; and we have the Alii Heights Subdivision in this area near the proposed location. Again, we have the colors of the map representing the zoning of the area, the County zoning. The yellow represents RS -7.5 zoning. The light brown represents Single -Family Residential 15,000 square feet. Currently the property is identified in green which identifies it as Agricultural -5 acres. This next shot brings it in a little closer. Again, we can see the surrounding subdivisions in the area, Keauhou View Estates and White Sands Beach Estates and the Alii Heights up on the upper side. The General Plan for this area shows Low Density Urban on the fringe of the Urban Expansion Area. The Low Density Urban is identified with yellow, the hatched area is identified as the Urban Expansion area. The site plan submitted by the applicants, what I'll do is'I'm going to go forward and come back to that. This is an aerial photo of the location of the map. Again, we see the surrounding subdivisions that have been built out. The area of the applicant is identified in this particular area. We have the proposed Kahaluu to Keauhou Parkway in this location and we have Alii Drive running in the north -south direction. Kona Heights LLC is requesting a State Land Use Boundary Amendment for approximately 11.054 acres from Agricultural to Urban, to the Urban District. They're also requesting a change of zone for the eleven acres, approximately eleven -acre area from Agncultural-5 acres to Single Family 7,500 square feet or RS 7.5. Lastly, they are requesting a Special Management Area Use Permit as this property is located within the Special Management Area. This is to allow the development of a 65 -lot Single Family Residential subdivision and related improvements. I'm going back to the applicant's submitted site plan. This is a proposed layout. On the left portion of the map we have Naniloa Street which will be the proposed access to this possible, one of the proposed accesses into the subdivision. Additionally, we have two connector roads that would be connecting to any development that occurs to the south. These are identified with the two arrows coming out from the bottom portion of the map. Lastly, there is a proposed mauka-makai street that may connect through the property to the west that is currently undeveloped at this time. The applicant is working with the owner to the west to be able to try to secure an access to Alii Drive. On the right side of the map we show the proposed Kahaluu to Keauhou Parkway. These are the floor plans. The applicant is proposing to do one-story models as well as two- story models. We have an elevation on the lower portion of the map that shows what the one-story and two-story units may look like from the side view as well as the floor plans. 2 This would be the floor plan for the two-story units. This would be the floor plans for the one-story units. Just for reference, this is a picture that is taken from Naniloa Street facing towards the proposed entrance from Naniloa Street to the property. Right now this is a stubout. This road running in a mauka-makai direction or from the left to the right side of the map is Queen Kalama Street. This project is what is called a LEED project; and if I can just take a minute and describe that. The project will be a sustainable low rise residential community developed with guiding principals of community connectivity, pedestrian amenities, and awareness of place. The project has been registered with the US Green Building Council as a LEED, L -E -E -D, which stands for Leadership, and Energy and Energy and Environmental Design committed to green development. So this is a registered LEED project. The applicant, again, is proposing to have 65 units on this project. After, if these applications are approved, the applicant is proposing to come in with a Planned Unit Development and that will be done administratively within the Planning Department's office. Also, the applicant states that for affordable housing they are proposing to be able to comply with that condition on a property owned by the applicant to the mauka side of the property. Lastly, there are two archaeological sites on the property that are required to be preserved and they are going to be preserved with buffers on site. We have received quite a number of letters this morning as well as another submittal from the applicant that has proposed revised conditions; and these have been submitted to the Planning Commission. Additionally, we have sent out a revised Special Management Area Use Permit -; and the reason for that is we needed to revise several of the conditions. One of the conditions is that the effective date of the SMA Permit will be the effective date of the change of zone, that way that, because the SMA Permit will be approved by the Commission and not go up to the Council. If it is approved here the effective date won't happen until, or if the change of zone is approved at Council -. I believe, well, I wanted to just touch upon, there are some conditions, conditions of the change of zone that should be mentioned. Condition E -. These conditions speak to the alternatives that the applicant has in regards to road improvements or access improvements. The applicant has two alternatives, in reference to Condition E. Alternative No. 1 would be to, let's see here, correct -. This is Condition E in the change of zone. The applicant can either put in a mauka-makai connector road on the property located to the west that connects the project site to Alii Drive. If the applicant does do that then they won't require, they will not be required to do Alternative No. 2. Alternative No. 2 is that the applicant will be required to do improvements at the Queen Kalama and Aln Drive intersection and this would include pavement widening, retaining structures, relocation of utilities, improvement of site distance, as well as a left -turn lane; and that will be Alternative No. 2. Condition F requires that the project have two connector roads to the south property, and it shows on the applicant's site plan that they have that proposed in there. Additionally, it says that all streets within the project shall be constructed with curbs, gutters and sidewalks if they are part of a route providing connections between Namloa Street, Alii Drive, and the adjacent property to 3 the south. Lastly Condition J, this is a condition having to do with noise abatement measures that will need to be addressed. The Planning Director is recommending that the Planning Commission send a favorable recommendation to the Hawaii County Council for the State Land Use Boundary Amendment as well as the Change of Zone, and he is recommending that the Planning Commission approve the Special Management Area Use Permit. Are there any questions? WATANABE: Yes, Mr. Rho. RHO: You mentioned affordable housing requirements and one of the maps that you showed, you show — that map — the black outline is where the development as presently being proposed? DARROW: Correct. RHO: And you said mauka of it and mauka of the proposed Alu Parkway is where the affordable housing is going to be or is being proposed? HAYASHI: Yeah, it's not at this location where Jeff had pointed out. If you can show the bigger map, Jeff, of this. Okay, that would, the affordable housing would be located on these lots here; and these are also owned by the applicant. They are coming before, they have applied for a State Land Use Boundary Amendment with the State Land Use Commission. That will be discussed at a later time by the Land Use Commission. But the proposal is to provide an affordable housing requirement for the makai property on the mauka portion. WATANABE: Ms. Siracusa. SIRACUSA: I would like to understand why, this seems like it's coming before us dumping the gun because the County Council passed Resolution 529-08 which was the moratorium on upzomng in North and South Kona until the community development plan could be adopted by ordinance or December 1, 2008, whichever shall occur first. It seems to me that this coming before us now, what I'm wondering is are we supposed to be approving or denying it based on tentatively what will happen at that point or are we trying to circumvent that whole resolution? I don't understand why we're getting it now. WATANABE: Ms. Siracusa, I believe the Planning Director explained that in his write-up, and indicated that applications for rezoning are subject to different rules that supersede a resolution that you're speaking to and -. SIRACUSA: I've read the Planning Director's response -. WATANABE: And so we do have to respond. SIRACUSA: It didn't answer my concerns. WATANABE: But we still have to respond by law. SIRACUSA: I'm wondering why the applicant has chosen to do it at this time instead of waiting until December 1St and then submitting it so that we don't have to deal with that whole question. WATANABE: Well -. DARROW: If it's okay with Commissioner Siracusa, if we could defer that question to the applicant? SIRACUSA: I will do that. Thank you. WATANABE: Thank you. Okay, just for clarification though I believe the rules allow for affordable housing to be developed or placed within the 15 -mile radius so it does not necessarily have to be on the parcel in question. Is that correct, Mr. Darrow? DARROW: Correct. WATANABE: Thank you. Mr. Yuen. YUEN: Just on that same point, the proposed rezoning condition is the standard affordable housing condition which would allow them, they could do it on site, they could do it some place else within a 15 -mile radius, they could purchase affordable housing credits if they're available. There are a number of options for them. They're only, I think, expressing their current plan of putting affordable housing on the mauka property. If that, for example, like if the property does not get rezoned and reclassified then that plan will fall through but they'll still have to do affordable housing somehow. WATANABE: Okay, thank you. Also, for further clarification since we have that zoning map up there, Mr. Darrow, is that area where the proposed affordable housing located within the Urban Expansion area? DARROW: That is correct. WATANABE: Okay -. DARROW: That would be in this general location. WATANABE: Yeah, okay. Thank you. So basically the GP says we're going to expand there. Okay, do we have any further -, yes, Ms. Bowman. BOWMAN: Quick question. Pardon my ignorance, but the access to the potential affordable housing would be from where? 5 DARROW: At this time I'm not familiar with that project so if, maybe the Director might know. WATANABE: Mr. Yuen. YUEN: There would, you see the series of, in brown, there's a gnd of streets in there? BOWMAN: Yes. YUEN: That's Towne Development, and it's subdivided out. There are two streets that stubout to the south property. The access to that, to that area would have to come from those side streets and then go to Laaloa, and then from Laaloa to -. BOWMAN: Could you show Laaloa, sorry. YUEN: Yeah, that's Laaloa. And currently Laaloa only goes to Alii Drive. Laaloa would have, under the current plans there'd be a major intersection between Laaloa and the Kahaluu-Keauhou Parkway; and, also, Laaloa would eventually, is supposed to be extended up to Kuakini. BOWMAN: And Kuakini is where? YUEN: There. BOWMAN: So there couldn't be access from Kuakini? YUEN: When Laaloa is extended to Kuakini, yes. BOWMAN: Thank you. WATANABE: Do we have any further questions for staff? Thank you. Then may I call up the applicants, please. Please raise your right hand so I can swear you in. Do you swear or affirm to tell the truth now before the Planning Commission? TESTIFIERS: I do. WATANABE: Thank you. Mr. Lim, I assume you're going to begin so, you know, the drill, name and address. LIM. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman and Members of the Commission. Steven Lim from Carlsmith Ball. We're here today representing Kona Heights LLC. With us today are the principals, Mr. Ernest Mansi, Dave Golden and Greg Golden. We've got with us also the project planners Group 70 International, with one of their principals, George Atta, sitting next to me and Gladys Qumto who's seated in the back there. 3 And we've got our project community consultants James Ken and Associates represented by Trish Malone who's back there. And Carlsmith by myself and Jennifer Benck who's right here. We're going to be turning the presentation of the project over to Mr. Atta. He'll give us a brief overview of the project, touching upon the LEEDS and the other issues that have been raised by the Commissioners thus far. Then we'll go into a discussion of our proposed conditions that we submitted to you today in my letter. Thank you very much. WATANABE Thank you. Yeah, state your address, please, Mr. Atta. ATTA: My name is George Atta, I'm with Group 70 International. My address is 925 Bethel Street, Honolulu, Hawaii. Actually the staff did a fairly good comprehensive overview of the project so I'm dust going to add some additional highlights which I think are relevant to the overall description of the project. First of all, we're looking at an average price point of about $650,000 as for the market homes. Of course, the affordable hosing will be within the affordable housing range. And we have been in discussion with the Housing Office and we will be attempting to, we will be targeting 30 percent of our credits for affordable housing. The LEED situation actually is something that's also very important to us. So we will be, we've been in discussion with the Department of Water Supply to reduce the water consumption. So to reiterate LEED is a new, I guess, methodology for building green buildings. And as staff mentioned, we're a registered LEED Project. What that means is that every house, every structure in this development will at least meet a minimum of a, LEED certified, so it will be every building will be a green building. We've also added upgrades so that we will have options for individual homeowners to add photovoltaic panels on their roofs. So they will have standard solar hot water heater and as an add-on they will also have photovoltaics and other options. And we're still evolving some of the options that we have. As part of the LEED criteria we are planning fixtures and things within the house as well as landscape designs that will cut the per-unit consumption of water by 30 percent; and that will reduce the overall water demand for the project. We have a cultural advisory committee; and working with them they've asked that we maintain our landscaped concept and palette so that it's compatible with Kona. So we will be having a native species palette that will be working and it will also be a zenscape palette so that it will be compatible with the climate. One thing we would like to mention, if you look at the overall General Plan map, we view our project as an in -fill project because the zoning to the, Keauhou to the south already has all of the zoning for development, and both the north and the south side has already been placed in the State Urban District. So this strip of land, our eleven -acre parcel, is in a small strip of land that is in Ag and so we think it qualifies as an in -fill development. We note that the Kona CDP refers to a preference for developments that are in -fill and of a slightly higher density, and that one of the TOD locations is dust along Alii Drive; and so we're close to the TOD location. And, we're an in -fill development and with slightly density; and we think those are elements of the Kona CDP that we're consistent with. So we think we've been, I mean, we've had Trish Malone attending the meetings and keeping us abreast as to what the elements of the Plan as I think most of you are aware, the Plan has been evolving over a long 7 period of time. So we've been keeping track and trying to make our project consistent with the CDP. I think Chris Yuen mentioned the connectivity and, yeah, we're showing the connectivity. So we're planning for the connectivity. There's an emergency access that is on the top side of the last, first cul-de-sac. That's based on discussions we've had with the Public Works about the need for emergency access so that -. Right now we don't show a road connection to Alii, the proposed Parkway; but we're going to be designing that cul-de-sac so that emergency vehicles and regular vehicles in the event of an emergency can also use that as an access out of the property And as was mentioned earlier we are working with the property owner to the west, Metzler Group, and we have a written agreement for construction access to Alii Drive, so none of the construction vehicles will go through. I think we're very close to getting agreement on a permanent access as well. So our first preference is to turn the Alii Drive connection as the primary access to the project. And so, you know, while things are not finalized on the permanent access I think we're close to an agreement on that. And we've been talking also to KIC about their plans in trying to make our plans of connectivity related to theirs, and so that discussion is on-going right now. And I don't know, Steve-? LIM: Okay. I think you received this morning our letter transmitting our proposed conditions of approval in red -line format. ATTA: Oh, Steve -. LIM: I'm sorry. ATTA: One thing I forgot, yeah, this is a last-minute thing, I dust forgot. On the site plan at the entrance to Namloa Drive, there had been concerns about open space and park, and while our overall plan was to put our park -. You know, our original plan was to do all of our park dedication on the mauka parcel, if possible, or to pay the park dedication fee if we didn't get the mauka rezoning. We have, we've been in discussion with some of the community people over the last couple of days; and this morning we've decided to make a commitment to convert this first parcel, it's about 5,000 square feet, right at the entrance, and turn that into a park with a tot lot on it. So that's a change in our site plan that we've dust made; and we've made a commitment to do. So that will meet some of the park dedication as well as some of the increase in the open space that this site plan represents. That's an additional part of our proposal right now. LIM: I think what we'll be proposing is a condition be added to the ones that I'm going to be talking about right now, is there's, relating to this recreational areas, something to the effect that the applicant shall provide a recreational area of approximately 5,000 square feet at the Naniloa Street entry to the proposed subdivision which shall be maintained by the Owners Association. Okay, moving on to the submittal that we made today -. SIRACUSA: Could, excuse me, could I ask a question before you move on? Is that -? WATANABE: Go ahead. SIRACUSA: Okay, you were pointing to that upper left-hand corner and saying that's where you're considering the park. But I dust pulled that, the map, and that shows that that's where the archaeological sites are. So could you address that, how you're going to work those two functions in? ATTA: Actually, the arch site is -. WATANABE: Mike, please. Thank you. ATTA- Okay, the arch site actually is, most of the arch site really is on the makai parcel that doesn't belong to us; and part of that spills over into our site. So in reality the entrance road separates the arch site from the thing. So when we mentioned this parcel, this parcel does not have the arch sites. So, yeah, so there really is no conflict cause the arch site is in this area here, across the street from the park. BOWMAN: Mr. Chairman? WATANABE: Can we hold our questions maybe till they're done with their presentation? BOWMAN: Sure. WATANABE: Mr. Lim, you want to proceed? LIM: Well, if they have questions, I guess, on the application itself maybe we can answer those and we can handle everything at the end. Please go ahead. WATANABE: Oh, okay. Then Ms. Bowman you had a question? BOWMAN Thank you. Five thousand square feet is not considered a park. So it would be, could you maybe elaborate on that? LIM: We're envisioning this to be a recreational area, like a tot lot. We haven't talked with -. BOWMAN: A tot lot, I'm sorry -? LIM: Right. It's one of those that is not a ballpark or those types of things; and this is intended to provide some buffer to the adjacent property owner also. BOWMAN: Okay, dust that one lot as a buffer? E ATTA: Well, it's mainly just a small open space, a place where you can have a safe place enclosed where kids could play and then also maybe you could have a picnic or two for that community. BOWMAN- Okay, thank you. WATANABE: I have a follow-up to that. But you're not proposing to eliminate any of the buffer area above this? ATTA: No. Yeah, this is in addition. WATANABE: Yeah, that would front the proposed Parkway? ATTA: Right. WATANABE: Thank you. ATTA: Yeah, this is in addition to park dedication requirements which we will still meet. So this does not take away anything from any of the earlier commitments we've made or any of the requirements for park decision. BOWMAN: So this would be in addition? ATTA: This would be in addition. BOWMAN: Okay, thank you for that clarification. WATANABE. Yes, Ms. Siracusa? SIRACUSA: Yes. Mr. Atta, a little earlier you mentioned that your plan was consistent with the Kona Community Development Plan. ATTA: We think so. We've been trying to make it so. SIRACUSA: Yeah, I have, I would like to inform you that besides receiving all of this this morning to digest in 20 minutes, thank you, we also received the Kona Community Development Plan; and we have not, of course, had an opportunity to review that because that's on the CD. So, therefore, we cannot judge whether we would agree with your take on it that the two documents are consistent with each other. I for one prefer to make my own decisions on those sorts of things. And so I would come to the question I asked before of Mr. Darrow. And that is that considering that we're moving within only about, you know, a little more than six months to the deadline for the Kona Community Development Plan, why you chose to dump the gun and present this to us now rather than waiting until the Community Development Plan had been approved by ordinance; and then we could all, we would have seen whatever it is and be able to base our decisions on that? Why, you know, why now? 10 ATTA: I guess this development process is a long process, even for the private owners who have to plan things and, you know, pay for studies and stuff like that. When we were starting this, David and Greg Golden and Ernie Mansi have been actually involved in it for two, a little over two years, almost three years from when they first started looking at the property. The CDP, the original deadline for completion of the CDP was much earlier at that time and we were kind of started our studies with the idea and thinking that the CDP would be completed by the end of last year; and so that was the timing that we were initially going with. We understand that it got extended as the work of the committee involved more, and more, you know, more communication with the community. And so that's why the timing doesn't fit. We had made it with the original schedule in mind; and so that's how come we submitted it within that timetable But we're, you know, we're aware of the moratorium so we know that the rezoning will be, you know, conditional on the CDP approval; and we understood that. But, you know, as in development timing is important, both from a pricing and market standpoint; and so there's always a risk involved. We're trying to minimize the lag times and delay and be ready. So, and we thought we were doing it. Obviously when the CDP deadline extended then that changed it. But some of the financing and planning, you know, is due to that schedule. And so that's why we submitted it. It was never with any intention of trying to supersede or preempt any of the, you know, the work of the CDP there. Cause we've been keeping in close contact with that. SIRACUSA: Follow-up? WATANABE: Follow-up. SIRACUSA: I do notice that the resolution was signed on March 12th so you did have time to ask for a delay to have this come to us later on. I really wished you had because it's an awful lot of material to present us with and ask us to make a decision that may or not really be consistent with the CDP, which we haven't seen yet. And I like to feel that, you know, I'm being diligent in reviewing all the material before I make my decisions; and you've sort of taken that away from me, and I'm not happy with that. So I just want you to know that, that that, there may have been all these other reasons but it still means that the Commissioners do not have an opportunity to adequately study this matter and study it in relation to the draft CDP. WATANABE: Mr. Rho. RHO: In the background report, Applicant Exhibit 9, are you familiar with that? LIM: This is -? RHO: And I have questions on paragraphs 2, 3, and the last paragraph. It says on the second paragraph that the developer will fulfill County park requirements by providing a three -acre park on nearby land. And you mentioned in passing something about that park would be mauka of the property. Is that on the same, in the same area as that affordable housing? 11 ATTA: Yes, it is. RHO: And would the developer then subtract the 5,000 square feet from that three acres? ATTA: No, we wouldn't. RHO: Would the developer increase the three -acre commitment? ATTA: Well, at this point we haven't. And I do want to clarify that the three - acre park actually we will continue to, we have two additional acres that are in private use that we are not planning to dedicate to the County; but it will be part of the reserved open space that the park dedication asks for. So we have the three -acre parcel that we're working with Parks Department to design so that they can accept it. And then we have, we already have two additional acres in common areas that will be reserved as open space related to park dedication. So we actually have five acres up there. And so this 5,000 -. RHO: But they're, are they contiguous? ATTA. The one -acre mews are common areas between our eight-plex multi- family units, so they're not contiguous to the park. They're spread into the development as neighborhood open areas that multi -family units will be able to use right in front of their doorways. RHO: And specifically, well, going a little bit away from this paragraph 2, is there any plan, and I don't see it in the plan, but maybe you can clarify, is there any plan to have a rec center for the little subdivision? ATTA: There won't be a rec center. I mean, it's, the site itself is long and narrow so even putting a standard ball field was a bit of a challenge. What we will have -. RHO: How about a swimming pool? ATTA: We won't have things like that. What we will have beside the playing field there is a comfort station and a small pavilion that would allow some community activities. RHO: On the 3rd paragraph of water commitment, and apparently based on the Board of Water Supply -. ATTA: What paragraph are you looking at now? RHO: The third. ATTA: Third, and same exhibit? 12 RHO: Yes. ATTA: Same exhibit. RHO: Same exhibit. My understanding is the Board of Water Supply says they only, or you don't have enough commitment for water. And you folks are saying that you do based on this LEED registered project. ATTA: Yes. RHO: But in that same paragraph you folks write "As such, the water demands for the project should be at least 30 percent less than that of traditional residential subdivisions. Applicant is also exploring the option of participating in privately owned water systems that will eventually be dedicated to the County." So it, the way I read it is you're not really sure that whatever you guys are doing in terms of green is going to cover that water commitment; therefore you're going to explore this private water system. So I just wanted a clarification on that. ATTA: The private water system is Plan B; and I think that this notion of a LEED water reduction thing, it's a new thing in Hawaii. And I don't think there's a neighborhood development in Kona that's 100 percent LEED. So we've done our calculations, we've worked with our landscape architects with the different kinds of design features and measures for reducing the demand and based on our calculations we can meet it. But, you know, and the Board of Water, and we've been talking to them, they said, okay, sounds like a good idea but how can we be sure that it will work; and so we provided backup information from the mainland and EPA statistics and they've been, basically saying, okay, we're willing to give it a try but they don't want to be stuck with a situation where for some reason we might not make it like -. And so there's, I guess, an agreement with the Department of Water Supply that we will monitor, as we're developing the project, there will be a master water meter to kind of watch whether we are actually are meeting our 30 percent or more water reduction targets. And after 50 units which is the number of credits we have based on the standard thing there will be an assessment. And if we've shown that we actually are meeting those targets then they're okay with the additional 15 units. So it's a, kind of like almost like a performance based agreement. You know, if we can show we can do it, then they'll be okay with 65 units. If, you know, as we're developing we're not showing that we can prove it, then we'll be, you know, we'll stay within the traditional amount; and that's what it is. And so from our side we have been talking about getting additional water credits. That's as a Plan B. Our Plan A is to do this LEED and to make it work. RHO: And then on that last paragraph you write "Development of the property is not expected to have any significant impact on the area, roads" and then it goes on to "sewers, drainage police and fire protection." But from what I've read, in the short time that we've had your documents, all the documents, there seems to be a problem with the roads. I mean, it's, you have, well, from what I've read there are conflicting statements as to 13 whether or not the project really affects the roads to the extent that it's detrimental, I guess, is my best way to express it. So do you have any more, well, any comments besides what's written in these documents about the roadways? ATTA I don't know about additional, and I do want to make a general statement, and I'd like to bring dowri our traffic engineer if there are any specific questions. But I guess the word "significant" or, is really the issue. I mean obviously any development will have some impact on the adjacent traffic area. Our proposed project is 65 units and based on certain occupancy and certain housing types there are certain factors about how much traffic it actually will generate. Some of the comments that we're aware of are about existing conditions on Queen Kalama, Alii Drive and Laaloa connections to Kuakini, and the level of service on Kuakini right now being at E. We're aware of those existing conditions. They exist with or without our project. And the worsening conditions probably will continue with or without our project. So when you talk about significance it's, part of it is a question of different people have different measures. I think one of the, the concurrency requirements about significant impact is that you're not supposed to connect up to a mayor roadway at a Level of Service E. And so the question is whether our project would raise any of the mayor streets in the area to a Level of Service E; and I don't think based on our traffic engineer's study it doesn't do that. So, you know, that's one measure. Somebody else may have a different measure. So, you know, because we don't trigger that measure, we think that's why we came to the conclusion that it's not a significant impact. And so, you know, I think that's my general answer. I don't know if there's a specific question that needs to be addressed that our traffic engineer can address. We are definitely looking at the, as I mentioned, we had a construction access and we're close to a permanent access on the west road. If the west road, if that connection becomes our permanent access and which we think it will be, then the issues on Queen Kalama become, we think at least from our project impact, it will be a minor impact. It doesn't change the fact that there is an existing problem there. WATANABE: Ms. Bowman? BOWMAN: I have a question. Going back to your water requirements and the first 50, and then if you suffice you will build the next 15. Will they be similar in character? ATTA: Yes. BOWMAN Okay, thank you. WATANABE: Along those lines, while we're on that, you did hand in the proposed Condition C which addresses that, yeah? ATTA: Yes. WATANABE: Which is Phase I consisting of a maximum of 50 lots. I believe these are the results from the discussions with Department of Water Works? ATTA: Yes, it is, yeah. 14 WATANABE: For staff, do we have that in the proposed conditions right now? YUEN: Well, Norman discussed this with Department of Water Supply and my understanding is that they prefer the current condition. I'm not averse to changing the condition if you feel there's something with the current condition that keeps you from implementing this 50 and 15 agreement. But we're satisfied with a more general water condition where then you have to work it out with the Department of Water Supply as to how you implement this. I don't see something in our Condition B that prevents you from going ahead with this master meter 50 and 15 proposal. So -. LIM: We agree. Part of the reason why we included the condition as a formal submittal to the Commission was that we were talking with the Department of Water Supply; and these are the elements we talked about that were acceptable to both parties. So if the Planning Director is preferring to leave out our proposed Condition C, then that's fine with us. WATANABE: Yeah. You still agree that that's the process you'll follow anyway, right? ATTA: I think, you know, if, I mean, the record of this Planning Commission shows that that's the understanding, yeah, we don't have any problem with that. WATANABE: Okay, thank you. Ms. Siracusa. SIRACUSA. Yes. If by any chance things don't work out with the Water Department and you have to reduce to 50 houses, okay, Plan B, what then happens with the land that those 15 houses would have been on? Would you consider converting that acreage to park space? ATTA. At this pint, I don't think we've discussed it or thought about it enough to make any commitment on what that would be -. SIRACUSA: How much acreage would that be? ATTA: Well, we're looking at, I guess, 15 lots by 4500 square feet, so - Let's see, well, one and a half acres, yeah. Yeah, about one and a half acres. We may end up making bigger lots. SIRACUSA: Better than what you're asking for now. WATANABE: Okay. Yes, Mr Domingo. DOMINGO: Yeah. How will you folks satisfy the affordable housing issue? 15 ATTA: Right now our plan is to do 30 percent affordable and to do it on that mauka land. That's our plan. DOMINGO: On property? ATTA: Yes. WATANABE: Did you say 30 percent? ATTA: Yes. That's been, that's what we started from the start. We know that the County requirement is 20 percent but from the very beginning we've been saying that, you know, we'll be doing 30 percent, although the condition is just standard County, and that's fine. But, you know, from our plans we've always had 30 percent as our plan. WATANABE: Okay, thank you. Yes, Ms. Bowman. BOWMAN: I want to apologize because I think, like Ms. Siracusa, I have not had time to really embellish your project. But, in my review, you know, you state that the project barely exceeds the 50 trip minimum threshold for the TIAR and you have noted that Alii Drive is already, has problems. There's a certain thing as a holding capacity and sometimes if you go over that threshold -. So I think we need to be cognizant of that. And it says a development that will generate 50 or more trips at the a.m. or p.m. peak hour, so I don't know, that's a.m. or p.m. peak hour -. ATTA: I think the p in. peak is the key but to clarify that I'd like to bring Randy Okaneku our traffic engineer to give a more detailed and broader explanation on that analysis. Randy? WATANABE: Okay, Mr. Kaneko (sic), would you raise your right hand, please. Do you swear or affirm to tell the truth now before the Planning Commission? OKANEKU: I do. WATANABE. And would you formally state name and address, please, for the record. OKANEKU: My name is Randall Okaneku. I'm with the Traffic Management Consultant. I prepared the traffic study for La`ipala Makai. My address is 1188 Bishop Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813. WATANABE: You may proceed. OKANEKU. I want to clarify the questions on Alii Drive. The problem on Aln Drive is not the facility itself. It's the intersection of Alii Drive and Queen Kalama Avenue. That's where the problem occurs, the current problem occurs right now. The sight distance is 16 a problem in both directions where if you're coming down Queen Kalama you look to the left there's a, I don't know my landscaping, but there's a -. ATTA: Bougainvillea. OKANEKU. Bougainvillea brush that obstructs the view to the left; and to the right there's a cut rock's face that's obstruct the view to the right. So as far as Alii Drive, their capacity there is probably, my projections anyway, looks to, that to the year 2020 it won't go beyond the Level of Service D, which is considered a minimum acceptable level of service by the County. So as far as the, the facility itself there's a lot of capacity there. And it's dust that one intersection itself there's a physical constraint, not necessarily an operational one but a physical one which translate into a safety, you know, constraint. Sight distance there is, my guess it would be around 200 feet, which is sufficient for what we would term call stopping sight distance, which is the minimum, the bare minimum where somebody traveling Alii Drive sees.' somebody coming out of Queen Kalama would be able to stop safely without a crash. But the current standard is that a person coming out of Kalama, Queen Kalama Avenue should be able to turn onto Alii Drive without interfering at all with Alii Drive. So that's the optimum condition where somebody turning onto Alii Drive won't slow down traffic on Alii Drive or create a crash. WATANABE: We have any, Mr. -? RHO. Therefore, the turn lanes? OKANEKU: Yes. That's, well, one of the, I guess, mitigation measures. But the turn lane doesn't satisfy the sight distance yet. That just reduces the delay on Alii Drive traffic. You still need to clear the corner, basically the corner sight distance from Queen Kalama looking out toward Alii Drive. RHO: In the report it's Exhibit 3, and further on it's Exhibit, if you can dust mark it, it's Exhibit 3, Exhibit 4 - DARROW: Commissioner Rho, would this be -? RHO- And Exhibit, you don't have that? DARROW: Would this be the Planning Department's exhibits or the Applicant's exhibits? RHO: I guess it's the Planning Department's, 15, 15, 3 and 4. It's near the back of the thick document. And as all the other Commissioners mentioned, I didn't get a chance to read everything in this document, especially the last couple of pages. And my understanding is the last couple of pages you folks are responding to some of the comments made by either the Police Department, the Traffic Safety Committee or the Public Works Department. And admitting that, I wanted to ask you about specifically Exhibit 3, page 3, 17 yeah, page 3, the last page of that exhibit, Exhibit 3, page 3; and it's the paragraph numbered No. 1 near the top of the page. LIM: Exhibit 3, page 3. OKANEKU: Are you looking at the traffic study itself, on page 3? RHO: Yes. OKANEKU- Okay. RHO: The topic is traffic and then it starts with "We reviewed the traffic analysis report dated October 31St " DARROW: I'm sorry, if I could interrupt for a minute. Steve, I think they're talking about the Public Work's memo. That's our Planning Department's Exhibit 3, page 3, as well as the Planning Department's Exhibit 4 and 15. OKANEKU Okay, go ahead. RHO: In No. 1, the first sentence says "The report does not evaluate the facility Level of Service on Alii Drive in the project vicinity." The second sentence reads "The TIAR only evaluates the intersection LOS at Alii Drive and Queen Kalama Avenue." So is that a, in your mind anyway, a factual statement? OKANEKU: Well, yes. This letter was written in review of a 2007 study that was done last year. That was actually prepared prior to the concurrency standards that were developed in the last year as well. So the update of the traffic study does satisfy the concurrency standards as far as looking at Aln Drive, the Parkway, Kuakini Highway and going, you know, to a 20 -year timeframe. So -. RHO. So if I actually read that section of the report or that report would it give me an alpha listing or alpha category for Alii Drive, like A, B, C, D or E, or F? OKANEKU: Yes. And the discussion does have it, yes. RHO: And so can you tell me what that alpha would be? OKANEKU: Okay. Let's see, if you just want to focus on, I guess the p.m. peak period is the critical period. I mean it's a lot, traffic is a lot higher than the morning. Okay, the existing level of service on Alli Drive during the p.m. peak is Level of Service D and will continue to be Level of Service D pretty much throughout the analysis through all the different timeframes, given Kahaluu Parkway being constructed. I did further analysis where if Kahaluu Parkway, Kahaluu to Keauhou Park is not constructed the Alii Drive would operate at Level of Service D up to the year 2020, at which point it would degrade to Level of Service E, without the Parkway now, yeah RHO: Okay, then on, if you turn the page there's another letter from that same engineer dated April 21st, still about traffic. And then the third, are you there? OKANEKU: Yes. RHO: And the third paragraph it reads "The report further assumes that" and I'm not sure, maybe he's referring to the old report or the new report, "The report further assumes that proposed Laaloa Avenue Extension and Alii Highway will be completed by the year 2016, and then most of the traffic will be coming to the development from Kuakim Highway by way of Laaloa Avenue. However, the report also shows that Kuakmi Highway now has and will continue to have Level of Service `E' by definition a `worse than the acceptable level of service' under the Hawaii County Code ....." Do you agree with that statement? OKANEKU: Yes. RHO: So, this is not a question, so I'll skip that. On Exhibit 4 it's from John Dawrs, Assistant Chief, Police Department; and in his letter paragraph 3, he writes "Staff specifically recommends against any further rezoning in this area until such time as the proposed Kahaluu-Keauhou Parkway has been completed and is open to traffic." And his letter talks about safety issues, etc., etc. So in general do you folks agree with his letter or do you folks have problems with his letter? WATANABE: Mr. Lim? LIM: No, we don't agree with the letter; and I think Mr. Okaneku was dust trying to answer your questions, you know. With respect to the last point, I think we agree that Kuakim Highway is and will continue to be at Level of Service E; and that's why we did an updated report in this month; and you should have that in your file, too. It's a May letter from Mr. Okaneku that basically says he had analyzed the project traffic assuming that none of the roads were built and that we would only be taking access off of Alii Drive. And that would be resulting in traffic Level of Service D all the way through year 2020. RHO: So, can I ask another question related to all of that. If the Alii Parkway is completed, Alii Drive is as is, and Kuakim Highway is as is, will Kuakmi still be Level E? OKANEKU: Yes. RHO: Yes? OKANEKU: Yes. It will operate as far as from a -. It will operate as it is operating now with the growth. Now through, you know, the next 20 years with Kahaluu Parkway pretty much will absorb the growth, traffic growth from Kuakini Drive. So -. 19 RHO: How about Alii Drive, would it stay at D? OKANEKU: Alii, yes, it will stay at D. RHO: And, of course, you don't have any projection for Alii Parkway? OKANEKU: I have that also as D. RHO: You have D -. OKANEKU: Yes. RHO: D and E? OKANEKU: Yes. Yeah, D, D, right. Okay, right. RHO: And E on the top? OKANEKU: E at the top. Kuakmi is still, you know, functions as the arterial. The other two are pretty much minor arterial where Kuakim pretty much is the Belt Road, so it still will carry the brunt or the biggest load of traffic. So Parkway pretty much, just like I said, absorbs the growth of traffic in the region, not necessarily improves any facility, at least not in the long-term anyway. RHO: And there's also Exhibit 15 which,is the Kona Traffic Safety Committee. OKANEKU. Okay, got it. RHO: Did you have any comments about anything in that letter? OKANEKU: I don't generally have a problem with the 65 unit subdivision with a single access. That's not uncommon. When the numbers get up to, you know, 200 dwelling units then it becomes a problem as far as access for fire, emergency vehicles, that kind of thing. As far as, you know, the shopping trips, I mean, that's typical of any residential subdivision. You know, there's no store within, especially a small subdivision If it's a, you know, 1000 -unit development you would expect some kind of a commercial property. Whereas, you know, dust a small infill, you know, project like this, yes, everybody is driving in and out, going to school, going to work, or going shopping. RHO: And then I have a last question which doesn't have anything to do with this really, except I'm curious as to whether or not you or your firm has conducted traffic studies in Kona previously. OKANEKU: Yes. I've done the traffic study for the Keauhou Resort, most recently anyway. 20 WATANABE: Okay. Along those lines, since you did indicate that Kuakini will remain at Grade E, yeah, did — and I don't know if this was within the scope of your study, but — did you do a study if the proposed Bypass Road — I'm not talking about the Parkway, but the Bypass Road that extends beyond that — if that were built, what then would happen to the flow of Kuakini Highway? OKANEKU: No, I have not done that kind of analysis yet. WATANABE: That was kind of outside the scope then? OKANEKU: I have inquired with State DOT as far as the status of Kuakim Highway. Now they're, I think some time this year they're going to be beginning a planning study for the widening of Kuakini Highway, which would probably go from Henry Street, well, Queen K and Henry Street and all the way to Kamehameha III Road. So, but - WATANABE: Yeah, because really our problem is that we don't have workforce housing and most of the people are going back home in the evening hours and so, yeah, naturally Kuakini can't improve until you have the Bypass Road that comes out, I guess it exits orjoms at Napoopoo junctions, yeah? And, you know, we're not bypassing anything other than that So we still got Kainaliu as a bottleneck. OKANEKU: Well, the Bypass you're talking about, the Hokulia Bypass? WATANABE: Right. OKANEKU- Oh, okay. WATANABE: Right, right, right. Did you do any analysis as to how that Bypass would help or potentially help Kuakini? OKANEKU: I've reviewed that as part of the Keauhou Resort analysis because that was done by another project to the south of us. I mean, it would, you know, divert some of the Kuakini traffic through the Kealakehe, not Kealakehe -. LIM: Kealakekua? OKANEKU. Kealakekua, right. WATANABE: Right. OKANEKU: Captain Cook area, okay, that, Kamaliu and through that area. But once it gets into the Keauhou Resort area, then without, you know, the Alii Parkway, first of all, then traffic diverts back up to, you have Kuakini or down to Alii Drive. And the Parkway is pretty much an extension of that Bypass until it hits, you know, well, Lako at first and then beyond up to Kuakini. So that in itself is a segment that won't affect this, you 21 know, area specifically. I mean it's just, it will be the Parkway that's going to really affect this corridor right here. WATANABE: Okay, thank you. Yes. BOWMAN: Just a quick clarification. Your updated traffic impact analysis report was the February 28th right? OKANEKU. Two thousand and eight. Yes. BOWMAN Yes, 2008. Thank you. WATANABE: Yes, Ms. Siracusa. SIRACUSA I'm not a traffic engineer but I have a lot of experience being stuck in traffic, and I'm pretty good in demographics. So I'm looking at this, the Level of Service E and the statement that it would not become a Level of Service F even if there were road improvements. But, you know, the population is going up, we have cumulative impacts every time more, every time we have another year with more babies being born and we have more people on this island. We have massive natural population increase. In addition to that we have in -migration to a tremendous extent. And it seems to me that these cumulative impacts have not been factored in when looking at how a Level of Service E could stay the same in eight years of population growth. I, you know, have been monitoring for many years the vital statistics column in the newspaper; and they used to come out only once a month and there would be maybe ten to 15 babies born. Now it comes out every week and there's about 60. So we're looking at a major, you know, geometrical expansion just in natural population. And it doesn't seem to be taking into consideration at all how we have eight years from now, it's 2008, until 2016, if they're on schedule, hello, and here you're talking about putting in 65 units where even if there's only one car per unit you're talking about an additional 120 trips a day in and out. Right? And in most cases those units would have two people in them and very often with two cars, so you're doubling that. And I just, it doesn't seem to me that this is a realistic evaluation of the levels of service that we can expect, considering where we're starting from now, considering that the Police Department has already said that, hey, we already have a traffic problem. Would you please address this. OKANEKU: Okay, in my analysis when you talk about cumulative growth, what I usually do in a traffic analysis, I start with the baseline which is the existing condition, and on top of that I will add on what I call a background growth which pretty much is a combination of historical and regional expectation of population growth in the immediate area which I calculated about two percent. So that's two percent per year. Okay? Now on top of that I added on the Keauhou Resort which is going to add 2,500 units into the resort over a 20 -year timeframe, and then on top of that I added the Hokulia project which is another 700 plus units in over a ten-year timeframe I think I projected. So, I mean, there is some redundancy in there cause you would expect that Keauhou, Hokulia is part of that background growth. But because they're so near and they're, I guess, on the verge of becoming reality that I included that on top of the background growth. So there is a growth 22 as far as, maybe not geometric but there is a_growth pattern projected for the next eight years and beyond. WATANABE: You have a follow-up? SIRACUSA: Follow-up. Yeah, there are also a lot of projects for condominiums and that sort of thing that have been permitted and not yet built yet; and I don't know if you took those into consideration. But it's not a straight two percent a year; it's an exponential increase in percentage, the population growth. WATANABE: Well -. Yes, Mr. Iwashita. IWASHITA: Thank you, Mr. Chair. I'm looking at page — what is this — 10 of the February 28, 2008 supplement to your TIAR. And I guess my question is as to the Kahaluu- Keauhou Parkway if that's not actually built by 2016, if it's not going to actually be built to 2025 then that affects the credibility of your report, is that correct? OKANEKU: Yes. IWASHITA: And same thing for the Keauhou-Napoopoo Bypass Road, the assumption is that it will actually be completed and fully utilized by 2016, and if that doesn't actually come to pass then that's again would affect the credibility of your report, is that correct? OKANEKU: Well, that does not affect this project as much as the Parkway does cause, again, that's to the south, you know. But -. IWASHITA: Okay. The -. OKANEKU: If I may, you know, the supplement that Steve had mentioned earlier, the May 15t", we had, I had done a supplemental analysis on the scenario where, like you say, the Parkway is not built, Laaloa Avenue is not extended, so basically we're back to Alii Drive as our primary access. And that analysis, actually that analysis was the basis for the first study. But we didn't do a regional study so this, the supplemental actually is the regional analysis if these Parkway and the Laaloa are not constructed. And the conclusion there is that, you know, Alii Drive will remain at Level of Service D through the year 2019, I think, and that 2020 I expect it to go to Level of Service E. So, again, you know, there's a timeframe as far as well beyond 2016, you know, that Aln Drive from a regional standpoint, you know would still fall within acceptable levels of service IWASHITA: And 2020 is twelve years from now, right? OKANEKU: Yes. IWASHITA: And so you're saying that Alii Drive may go to E in that projection, right? 23 OKANEKU: At that point, yeah. IWASHITA: And that assumes that Kahaluu-Keauhou Parkway is not built? OKANEKU: That's correct. IWASHITA• The Laaloa Extension is not built? OKANEKU: That's correct. IWASHITA: All of those, right? Okay. So to me that's, you know, it's not, this is why we ask for this, for the concurrency, right? And we really don't want Alii Drive to be another Fort Weaver Road. We don't want to get close to that, right? And so, okay, thank you. The other thing is that all the Commissioners know I'm a community development plan fanatic. So I'm going to ask you, does your, this is part of a draft, Volume I, Kona Community Development Plan that we just got in our little folder today; and it's not adopted, it has transportation kind of elements to it. I'm assuming, and correct me if I'm wrong, that your study does not in any way address any of the provisions of the proposed Kona Community Development Plan? OKANEKU: No, I have not had an opportunity to look at that as well. IWASHITA: Okay. And, and, I, conjecture and ask if you'll respond to my conjecture that looking at and adopting what actually is, may, you know, hopefully becomes law at some point in the Community Development Plan and its provisions for transportation in the Plan, that that may very well affect the outcome of your TIAR? OKANEKU: Um, I mean not having reviewed the Plan itself but, I mean, I would suspect that the Development Plan would include a lot of the facilities that had been in the pipeline for some time that is not, you know, bringing something brand new out that hasn't been looked at. IWASHITA: All I'm saying is that the Plan, the intent of the Plan, right, includes elements for providing transportation, different types of transit requirements or projections and so depending on what ultimately ends up, you know, what it ultimately, those elements ultimately — either too much or not enough coffee — depending on how the final provisions of the transportation elements of the Plan end up and also depending on what the concentrations of development and the nature of the types of development that are envisioned for this area of this development that those factors, especially that last part cause in my mind two percent really, that's your assumption. I'm not, you know, if you look at where we are today and where we're projecting to be in the next 20 years I don't think that where Maui was in 1985 and I don't think from '85 till today you can say two percent is what the actual growth has been on an annualized basis. We're where Honolulu was in the mid seventies maybe; and to go from the population growth of Honolulu in the mid -seventies till today we're pushing a million people, right, that's not two percent. And to me those are the kind of considerations 24 that this Community Development Plan for Kona needs to address, and to me once it becomes law that, I am a really strong advocate for, you know, really not doing this piece- meal kind of zoning changes because we're going to end up with Fort Weaver Road or lots of them. We have a potential of having lots more Fort Weaver Roads -. WATANABE: Okay. IWASHITA: You know, and so -. WATANABE: Okay, but, Mr. Iwashita, maybe we could concentrate on -. IWASHITA: Thank you, Mr. Chair. I'll end up with my question. So my question is do you agree with me or not that your considering the final version of the Kona Community Development Plan would be important in order to come up with a valid TIAR? WATANABE: You may respond, Mr. Okaneku. OKANEKU If I were looking at a, you know, a 2,000 unit development I would say yes. And if I'm looking at, you know, 100 -unit development, it -, you know, when you look at the grand scheme of things, the 100 -unit development is dust like a drop, you know, in a floodway. I mean this is -. IWSAHITA: I agree with you 100 percent. But we have to consider not only the 65 units in this development. We have to consider the proposed affordable housing on the other property that this applicant owns and we have to consider the cumulative effect of all the other potential developments in the area. Right? And so that's why I'm saying considering this would be important because it would seem to me that your assumption of two percent has to be measured against what actually comes out. Wouldn't you agree? WATANABE: Okay, well, we are not -. OKANEKU. Can I respond to that? WATANABE: Excuse me. I want to remind you we're not deliberating on this yet; we're dust asking questions of the developer. We'll deliberate and you can justify your Community Development Plan and your other assumptions during deliberation IWASHITA: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I'm trying to make my record. WATANABE: Well, if I go back to the last four years you've exceeded that. IWASHITA• Well, except, about, about three, Mr. Chair, but I want to -. WATANABE: Three and a half, three and a half. IWASHITA: I want to make my record in this case. 25 ATTA: I would like to respond to that though. I don't think, we don't feel that it's a piece -meal decision because both at the General Plan level and at the CDP level this area that we're talking about is designated for Low Density Residential and the mauka area is designated as Urban Expansion with an earlier indication of Medium Density Residential. Both of those designations, both at the General Plan and the CDP levels, are consistent with what we're proposing. So we think we're working within that framework that this is not a piece -meal idea. Okay WATANABE: Okay, thank you. Mr. Yuen, I believe you had some comments and I'll get back to you, Mr. Rho. YUEN You know, I just wanted to, if I could I just wanted to, there have been a number of questions asked about the CDP and statements made and we certainly did try to look at this in relation to the draft CDP. What George Atta just said in relation to the location of the development is correct. The draft CDP generally follows the General Plan in terms of where Kona should urbanize in terms of location. The urban area within this Community Development Plan is roughly the same as the urban area in the LUPAG Map. What is different about the CDP is that it has different preferred forms of development within the urban area which would be transit -oriented development, traditional neighborhood design. This particular project because of the size of the project would be considered in -fill in the Community Development Plan. The location would be considered as a suitable location for a predominantly residential -type project of this density. We did also try to analyze that with respect to proposed roads in the community development plan. That's why you see this discussion of Alternative 1; and then we have a map that shows where this, we have a map taken out of the Community Development Plan that shows where the project fits in with the proposed roads. As far as the question of the overall growth of the area, the Development, you have to recognize that the Development Plan and the County do not prohibit people from having babies nor from moving into Kona. So this becomes a question of how you have people, where you have people live, the style or the form in which they live and, rather than a question of the absolute numbers. You can decrease the footprint or the impact that people have by manipulating those kinds of factors. You know, in some respects unfortunately we've gone in the opposite direction for a long time. We would, and certainly if you look at the traffic counts of the early 1990s to the early 2000s you actually see a much greater increase in traffic than in population. So some of our lifestyle was moving in actually the wrong direction. And so we have tried to analyze this with respect to the Community, this particular application with respect to the Community Development Plan. And we can answer, you know, any more specific questions that people have about that. IWASHITA: I would like an answer to my question, Mr. Chair. WATANABE: The question, I'm afraid to ask, was? IWASHITA• Specific to the TIAR. 26 OKANEKU: Well, I guess, the one way I can respond to that is your job is a lot harder than mine. You do have to look at the big picture while the study is looking at, you know, the impact of 65 units; and that's basically what my job is, to look at the impact of 65 units, not the impact of whatever projection that you would want to, you know, put on to this -. IWASHITA: So your testimony is that your TIAR does not really address the cumulative affect of other developments in the area? OKANEKU: No, it does. Like I said it included a two percent background growth, it includes 2,500 units at Keauhou Resort, and 700 units at Hokulia. So those are the nearby mayor resorts. There are probably other in -fill, oh, as well as Alii Heights. But, you mean, there are other in -fill projects like this that, you know, because they are smaller and would be included in that two percent background growth. IWASHITA: So you would agree that if for some reason those assumptions you made are not correct that the validity of your TIAR is minimized or reduced? OKANEKU: Sure, cause with that, that is the -. IWASHITA: Sure, thank you. WATANABE: Mr. Domingo? DOMINGO. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I'm somewhat amused because I'm recalling some of the points of conversations we had with regards to the Kohala LLC application; and now we're looking at this particular application. And, you know, it's somewhat lopsided and it doesn't really paint a clear picture for me, at least, of what I'm seeing. You know, with that traffic report, match you one question, have you driven along Alii Drive and Kuakmi Highway and all the way up to the Old Mamalahoa Highway in the morning and evening rush hour traffic? OKANEKU- Sure, yes. DOMINGO: And it doesn't, one who would be living here does not seem to care about that situation? Is that your opinion? OKANEKU: Well, I don't have an emotional attachment to either highway. I mean that -. DOMINGO: You're looking at only figures, right? OKANEKU: No, I mean -. DOMINGO: You're looking at statistical figures? 27 OKANEKU: I'm looking at it from an engineering standpoint. So, I mean, whether or not, you know, I have to drive it every day, I don't drive it every day, but I mean, I do it whenever, you know, I have to do a study. So, I mean, that's basically my exposure to, you know, the West Hawaii traffic. DOMINGO: You know, that's the dilemma we're faced here in West Hawaii, now on the Big Island, is that whenever we consider projects of this nature, it's always brought to our attention the fact that the traffic is heavy and it's unbearable., And, you know, I think you have a good, your proposal is good, the project would be a complement to the Big Island. But I think the timing, you know, the timing right now is somewhat, you know, throws everything off, and I have a problem with that. WATANABE: Okay, Mr. Rho. RHO: On your report on page 2 of your report dated February 28, 2008, Section C, and I guess it's No. 1. It says "Capacity Analysis Methodology" and below that paragraph or two paragraphs you have a Table 1, Levels of Service Criteria. And then on the left side of that table is LOS, I think it's Levels of Service, I'm only now getting to understand all of this. But my question, I have a couple of questions One is when you did this report, do you have access and did you look at other studies that were done for various other projects in Kona in the same area? OKANEKU: Yes. RHO: You did? OKANEKU: Yes. RHO: So going back to this chart LOS A, B, C, D and F; and F is unacceptable, that's what it says. OKANEKU: Okay. RHO: And I'm not sure how E is described but basically it's undesirable condition, according to this paragraph above. My question is whether or not you can give an A+, A-, C+, C- grade for each of the categories? I mean I'm not asking you to do this officially. I don't want to create a new system. I dust want to know whether or not it's possible. OKANEKU: Well, for example, Level of Service, okay, Level of Service E, there's another parameter or to measure effectiveness that we use, it's what we call volume to capacity ratio which is a more precise number -. RHO: I'm sure I won't understand that. ►: OKANEKU: It's a ratio of the amount of cars that are on a facility that can be carried. So basically it's like a pipeline, like a water pipeline. If capacity is say 2,000 cars per hour and there's a 1,000 cars on the two-lane highway, it's at 50 percent capacity, so that basically is the, you know, more precise measurement than Level of Service. And now there's not necessarily a one to one correspondence but basically the Level of Service E can range anywhere from 60 percent of capacity up to about 95 percent of capacity. So there's a big range for Level of Service E. RHO: So actually you can go E+ and E-? OKANEKU: Or E-, yes. RHO. Okay, so getting to my question though, we already agreed that the three roads, roadways, Aln Parkway, Aln Drive and Kuakini Highway, we already agreed on the letter, it was E, D, D? OKANEKU: Right. RHO: Is that not true? OKANEKU: Yes. Kuakini is at E and the other two are at D. RHO: D, D. OKANEKU: Right. RHO: So I wanted to know whether or not you could tell me whether or not it was D-, D-, and E-. OKANEKU: Well, the Kuakini will be an E+. RHO: E+. OKANEKU: Yes, cause it's at the higher level of the Level of Service E, with the Parkway now. And that-. RHO: Okay, with the Parkway, right. OKANEKU: With the Parkway. And the Parkway itself, let's see. I should have put a table but I didn't think this was that complicated. But usually I put a table where it lines it up so you can see it, you know, side by side, but, instead of searching through it. But, anyway, okay Alii Drive and the Parkway, well, pretty much at D. I mean it's not plus or minus. It's petty much dead center of what you'd expect of Level of Service D. But again, that's -. RHO: In the middle it would get a solid D? 29 OKANEKU: Yeah, but that's still, you know, about 35 to 40 percent of capacity. So, again, from capacity standpoint there's still a lot of, you know, I mean the cup is not full yet, not by any means. But still from an operational standpoint, you know, it's at Level of Service D RHO: So capacity is not -. OKANEKU: It's at about 37 percent, around there, of the capacity of the roadway. RHO: And the definition for D is minimum acceptable operating level of service? OKANEKU: Yes. RHO: By County standards? OKANEKU: Yes. RHO: Okay. So my last question is at what point would you and your company recommend that no development occur? Is it D, or D-, or would you actually go to F, or E, actually the next one is E? OKANEKU. Well, I -. RHO. I would assume that you wouldn't recommend this if it was F. OKANEKU: No. F would be a theoretical capacity. So basically, you now, anything over, their ban includes more than the roadways can carry and obviously you can't add any more to the pipeline. Whereas -. RHO: Right. So we have E-, I think we agreed to E-, D, D, right? OKANEKU. E, well, E+, E+ is the -. RHO. E+, D, D? OKANEKU. Right. RHO: Okay, so at what point would you recommend that no development occur? And while you're thinking -. OKANEKU: Well, again, I would go to capacity. I mean I would go to capacity of any facility and infrastructure, whether it's water, or sewer -. RHO: No, so what letter would be capacity? 30 OKANEKU: It would be at the E-. RHO: E-? OKANEKU: Yeah. RHO. Okay, thank you. WATANABE: Okay. BOWMAN- Can I dust -? WATANABE: Yes. Ms. Bowman. BOWMAN: Ask a quick question. E+ Kuakmi with the Parkway? OKANEKU Yes. BOWMAN- So what would it be without the Parkway, E-? OKANEKU: I haven't looked at that. I haven't looked at that scenario. I was only concerned with Alii Drive. I didn't look up there. BOWMAN: Thank you. WATANABE: Okay, I think we're done with the questioning then, I believe. Okay, I want to thank you for your answers Look, it has been a long morning. We're going to take a break for lunch. We're actually running a little late. Shall we reconvene at about, yeah, closer to two, I think, maybe quarter of two, two o'clock. Yeah, so we'll take a lunch recess. RECESSED The Chair called a lunch recess at 12:30 p.m. Commissioner Iwashita left the meeting at this time. RECONVENED The meeting reconvened at 2:10 p.m. WATANABE: Will the Commission meeting please come back to order. We're still on our Agenda Item No. 2. I had hoped we'd be far beyond this by now. But, and I do have 15 testifiers to call up. Once again I want to remind you that we do have a long evening today. We have quite a few other items to address. And so please restrict your testimony to three minutes at the max. And let's not be redundant, meaning if you wish to voice the same concerns then please be brief. Along with that, you know, I want to remind the Commissioners, this is the time that we set aside for the public to be heard; and it's not necessarily the time when the Commissioners necessarily need to dominate the conversation. So if we can, you know, try and save our comments for later when we're in deliberation and restrict ourselves to a questioning period so that we can fully understand the concerns that are 31 being voiced by the public, then I think we can move this proceeding along a little faster. So I'm going to ask for your cooperation in that, okay?'And with that, let me call up the first four people who signed up. That will be George Wilson, Patricia Worrell, Joe Fagundes, and Mary Ellen Smith. So, Joseph, I believe, oh good. They're all here. Okay, would you kindly raise your right hand please so I can swear you in. Do you swear or affirm to tell the truth now before the Planning Commission? TESTIFIERS: I do WATANABE: Okay, thank you. I believe probably George Wilson, right? So would you state your name and address for the record and then you may begin your testimony. WILSON. My name is George Wilson, and I live at 77 212 Mahiehie Street, Kailua-Kona. I have lived adjacent to the proposed Kona Heights development for the past six years which gives me some familiarity with the area in question I do not know a single person living in this area who thinks that what we really need right now is another high population density housing development. Over the past six years more and more housing developments have been approved and built in the Kona area resulting in a rapidly increasing population base. But infrastructure hasn't nearly kept pace with this growth. Salinity is already creeping into the water pump from Keauhou pumping station, traffic is terrible and constantly getting worse. Police and Fire Departments staffing have not kept pace with this population growth. All of these problems get worse every year and yet more and more housing developments continue to be approved and built. There's no end in site to any of these problems. Those of us lucky enough to have been born here or to have moved here know how special and wonderful Kona is. I for one am determined to keep it that way. The area of this proposed development is one of the most beautiful and culturally sacred areas on the Big Island. Do we really want to destroy the charm and character of this beautiful sacred area and pave it over with asphalt for more high density housing? I certainly don't and I hope others agree with me. I am opposed to changing the current zoning Agricultural use, 5 acre minimum, a level of development which I believe is compatible with preserving the special character of this area. I would like to make a few comments on the infrastructure problems of this specific development. First and most obvious is roads. Kona Heights proposes to build 65 new homes, all of which have only one access in or out at present, Naniloa Street. The County does not intend to give them access to Alu Parkway when and if it is ever built. Currently there is no approval for a direct connection to Alii Drive which may or may not occur in the future. This will create serious traffic congestion on Naniloa and both roads which connect it to Alii Drive, Queen Kalama and Laaloa. In the past two years alone, two major traffic accidents have occurred at the intersection of Laaloa and Alii Drive. The extra load from the 65 homes will only make that already bad situation worse. But there is yet more serious concern. What happens in case a fire in the area or a tsunami? Kona Heights plus all the other hundreds of homes in the area, more than 600 households in all, have only one way out, Alii Drive; and only two small crowded streets accessing it. It is a disaster waiting to happen. For all these reasons I oppose approval of a change in zoning and of the proposed development. Thank you. 32 WATANABE: Okay. Thank you for your testimony. Do we have any questions of Mr. Wilson? Ms. Bowman? BOWMAN: Just a quick question. You mentioned that it is a sacred area. Could you expound on that? WILSON: Well, the word Laaloa in the Hawaiian language means very sacred. This entire area was densely populated by native Hawaiians originally and there are a couple of sites that have been identified by the archaeological group that has looked there. But I think the entire area around Kahaluu has been densely populated for quite some time and cultural artifacts are periodically found in that area. BOWMAN: And you're right adjacent to that area so your area probably was once, I mean I'm dust asking - WILSON: Well, yeah and — BOWMAN: The whole entire area? WILSON: Yeah. I think the development that I'm in, there were areas also identified there which were felt to be inappropriate for building. And those areas also were marked off and not built on. BOWMAN. And I believe they're doing that in this. WILSON: I think that's true but in my view there's a difference between having, you know, some development, if we have a continuous line of small houses on 7,500 -foot lots running for miles and miles, to me that's quite different than having, you know, parts that are, you know, not too large which have granted serious problems. Now you might think that's being hypocritical and perhaps it is. But I think that overdevelopment, you know, when I moved to California it was a lovely place. Twenty-five years later it was a parking lot and they called that progress. And at some point I think you have to put some bounds on things in order to preserve something. BOWMAN Thank you. WATANABE: Any further questions? Okay, Mr. Fagundes. FAGUNDES: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I've submitted a written -. WATANABE. Name and address first, please. FAGUNDES: Oh, Joseph Fagundes. I'm here on behalf of the Stephens family My address is 75-170 Hualalia Road, Suite D-214. I submitted to the Commission our very brief written testimony earlier today before testifying and to not be redundant to what the 33 gentleman has said to my left, our mayor concern is Naniloa Street which we can see at the top left of this diagram. In fact, if I could impose upon staff to bring up that photograph of the entry. Naniloa Street has two houses on it, one on the mauka side — this stubout is Naniloa Street — one on the mauka side, one on the makai side. And there, on the left, that's my client's house. You can see that street; it's not something that Director Yuen would approve in a new subdivision. It's very narrow, there are no curbs, no sidewalks, no gutters. There are obviously children throughout this entire area and just mauka of this development of course is the Alii Heights which has added several hundred other residences. In the traffic study by the developer there is absolutely nothing other than a brief mention of, oh, yeah, we're going to use Naniloa Street. There has been no study with respect to the impact upon Naniloa Street by these 65 new residences. And there has been a lot of discussion about the impact on Alii Drive and the impact on Queen Kalama. But there has been absolutely no mention about Naniloa; and this is their only entrance. Now I did hear the developer and I applaud the developer that they're trying to negotiate for a permanent access directly through the Metzler property to Aln Drive; and that could possibly mitigate some of the potential danger by increasing sight distance to the intersection either way on Aln Drive. However, another 130 cars a day coming down this little road and going into Queen Kalama which is now full of cars from the new subdivisions I think is a dangerous situation. My clients believe it's dangerous, and we urge the Commission to deny this application. WATANABE: Thank you. Do we have any questions for Mr. Fagundes? Okay, Ma'am, state your name and address please, and you may proceed. WORRELL. My name is Patricia Worrell. My husband and I have owned our home at 77-6553 Kahananui, Kailua-Kona for 22 years. We appreciate the chance to express to you our thoughts of the proposed Kona Heights LLC development. Seventy-five of the closest neighbors to this currently landlocked proposed development have signed a declaration. I believe that you have a copy. I made it very brief and very truthful so that 75 people could sign it. It says "We the neighbors of applicant Kona Heights LLC ask the Planning Commission County of Hawaii to reject applicant and until planned connecting roadways can be positively established in the area. All traffic from an area one mile long, .8 miles wide dumps out onto Alii Drive, our only evacuation exit. We ask for a postponement of these very dense proposed projects until some other ingress and egress can be positively established." I want to emphasize positively established, legally established, signed things between Metzler, signed things between all of these things. I think that you are smart enough to realize that none have been positively established. Thank you. WATANABE: Thank you. Do we have any questions for Ms. Worrell? None. Okay, then Mary Ellen. M. SMITH: Good morning, thank you. I live at, my name is Mary Ellen Smith, I live at 77-262 Maliko, and that's in Aln Heights mauka; and that's on the northern border of the upper parcel. I concur with the speakers who are asking that this approval be denied. I feel that the infrastructure is sorely lacking. Approval of the project should be put on hold until Laaloa's extension to Kuakim Highway and the Alii Parkway are both completed and in place. Our only access road as other people have said is very narrow and very busy and will 34 only get more so. The specific concerns that I have are that the developer proposes to use Naniloa and Queen Kaahumanu (sic) and you had a picture of Naniloa but here's the picture of Queen Kalama; it's very narrow, very busy, parking on both sides, and does not meet I've been told County standards of today. One of the alternatives suggested by the County Planning Department is to have the developer perhaps build a left -turn lane on Alii Drive. Here is a picture of the location between Alii Drive and Queen Kaahumanu (sic) intersection. There's no room. There's no room to build a left -turn lane. Even if the developer is able to build a road through the parcel fronting Alii Drive, there's no room for a left -turn lane. They're going to have the same problems there. It's just a little ways down the road. The second thing, the developer proposed this plan as compatible with the character and design of adjacent neighborhoods. But planned lot sizes of 4,500 square feet in the makai parcel are significantly smaller than the 7,500- to 10,000 plus- square foot lots in the adjacent White Sands Village and Keauhou View Estates Subdivisions. Smaller, more affordable and clustered homes are more appropriate in the makai parcel adjacent to several multi -family units in White Sands Village. But the developer has not planned affordable housing in the makai section. Instead — I understand that may have something to do with the County's wishes — instead, he has plans to increase affordable housing to 37 percent instead of the 20 percent required and to place 98 affordable units in three rows of eight -unit buildings in the more expensive mauka project. This project is adjacent to Alii Heights homes which are between 15,000 and 40,000 square foot lots. Plans will effectively create three great walls of Kona that could be up to 45 feet high, unless the County asks him to keep it to 35, and running north -south on the hillside. This plan will block views of many adjacent residents. This developer should be satisfying the affordable requirement in each project phase, not just putting them all in the upper phase. If unable to put 13 affordable units in the makai section perhaps building the affordable housing elsewhere within the 15 mile radius which was mentioned earlier today as permitted is a better option. While this project will be a LEED project with very worthy attributes there's no consideration given for how it impacts the surrounding landowners. This development has a big negative effect on our roads, view and property value. I feel it should not be approved at this time, especially in this economic climate and I urge you to reject it at this time. Thank you. WATANABE: Thank you. You know, before I ask if there are any questions, Ms. Smith, would you kindly, I hope you can provide those photos. M. SMITH: Oh, these pictures, I gave you a packet. WATANABE: We have, okay. Oh, they're in there, oh, okay, oh, okay. M. SMITH: Yes, there were eight packets that went around and those pictures were included. WATANABE: Okay, so we have a copy for the record. M. SMITH: Yes. 35 WATANABE: Thank you. Do we have any questions for Ms. Smith? Okay, thank you. You all may be seated then. WORRELL: Did you receive my 78 signatures? WATANABE: I believe we probably have it. WOODWARD: We've got it. WORRELL: Thank you. WATANABE: Okay. Let's proceed to the next four. I have Laurie Fish -Gusman, Mary Ann Stone, Doctor Ted Leaf, and Virginia Isbell. Okay. QUINTO: Virginia Isbell is missing. WATANABE: Yeah, she's not here. Okay. Yes, Ma'am. QUINTO: I'm going to read her testimony on behalf of her - WATANABE: Oh, you came up for, that's why I was kind of confused. Okay, okay. So then I can call -. I guess, Dr. Leif is not present then. QUINTO: I'm also reading his, if that's okay. WATANABE: Oh, you're reading his also. Okay. Okay, great. Well, maybe we should begin with you then. Oh, wait, right hand please. Raise your right hand please, Ma'am. Yeah. Do you swear or affirm to tell the truth now before the Planning Commission? TESTIFIERS: Yes. WATANABE: Okay. Thank you. And maybe we should begin with you cause I, Ma'am? I'm not familiar with your name - QUINTO: Gladys. WATANABE: Maybe we can begin with you. You have two testimonies to read. QUINTO: Yes. Good afternoon, Members of the Commission. My name is Gladys Quinto. My address is 925 Bethel Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813. I am here to present the testimony on behalf of Virginia Isbell. I was informed that she circulated a packet to all the members and I think I'll dust read it verbatim, I guess. Aloha. My name is Virginia Isbell and I am here to testify in strong support of the proposed La`ipala Makai residential project. 36 The DRAFT Kona Community Development Plan (CDP), released just this month, includes in its eight "Guiding Principles" — which she attached as one of the sheets in the packet — that the future growth for Kona should be guided by a principle of respect for the land, environment and natural resources; provide connectivity and transportation choices, such as sidewalks, trails and bike lanes; offer a broad range of mixed housing choices. The Kona CDP includes Consistency with Sustainable and Smart Growth Principles — which she also included some information on, in the packet — in other words, utilize compact building design; create a range of housing opportunities and choices; create walkable communities; foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place; mix land uses; strengthen and direct development towards existing communities. La`ipala Makai is a proposed residential project that appears to "mirror" the Kona CDP. La`ipala Makai also includes the "Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design" (LEED) that was created in 1994. LEED has grown from one standard for new construction to a comprehensive system of six interrelated standards covering all aspects of the development and construction process: "Green Building" — establishing a common standard of measurement; promotes integrated, whole -building design practices; recognizes environmental leadership in the building industry; stimulates green competition; raises consumer awareness of green building benefits; and transforms the building market. La`ipala Makai will be the first registered LEED project on the Big Island and fits like a glove with the Kona CDP. Thank you for this opportunity to provide testimony, and I encourage the Planning Commission to act favorably on this application WATANABE: Well, would you be prepared to answer any questions that any of the Commissioners have? QUINTO: Based on her testimony, yes. WATANABE: Does anyone have any questions of Virginia? It doesn't look like it. Then why don't you proceed to the next one then, which is -. QUINTO- Should I state my name again? WATANABE Dr. Leaf's? QUINTO: Should I state my name again and -? WATANABE: No, no, no, you already did that. Thank you. 37 QUINTO: Okay. So Dr. Leaf's testimony is addressed to Planning Director Christopher Yuen. Dear Mr. Yuen: This is written testimony in support of the La`ipala Makai project proposed to be developed in Kailua-Kona. While 65 single family homes will increase the traffic somewhat, it should be insignificant and the design of La`ipala Makai will benefit our community. Furthermore, the owners are working on securing a second access point to the project which will be a condition of approval and help ease the traffic situation in the area. La`ipala Makai is the first LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), ND, which stands for Neighborhood Design, registered private residential project in Hawaii County. The LEED design of this project will, for one, reduce overall water consumption by approximately 30 percent per unit. Our community will certainly benefit and we should encourage more projects that follow this prototype. La`ipala Makai is also an in -fill project that is designed to connect with other communities resulting in alternatives in traffic flow. The County has already planned for this connectivity as there are existing road stubouts at Namloa Street into the project. Without this project roads will end or remain in cul-de-sacs forcing cars onto existing main arterials such as Alii Drive in order to get from one neighborhood to another. The people proposing La`ipala Makai have taken great care to help preserve the culture of the area where retaining a cultural advisory committee of lineal descendents and cultural practitioners. The group has also been working with the community for over a year and has been very responsive to their concerns by implementing some suggestions into their plans. Cordially yours, Dr. Ted Leaf and Diane Stone. WATANABE: Thank you. Do we have any questions? No. Thank you. Ms. Gusman? STONE: Mary Ann Stone. WATANABE: Mary Ann, I'm sorry. STONE: I'm Mary Ann Stone. I live at 77-159 Kai Poi Place. I've been a resident of the Old White Sands Subdivision for over 10 years. First of all, I want to thank all of you for all the great questions that you're asking; and I think that's wonderful. I also want to thank the developers because the developers have really gone out of their way to address community concerns and make a project acceptable to the community or try to make it acceptable to the community. However, I feel that these develops are really having a struggle because of the history that the White Sands area has; and that's basically the Towne development of 450 homes. As everybody remembers, it was 249 homes and no more would be built unless we had a connector road up to the highway. Chris, the Planning Department, signed off on that. We now have 450 homes. We do not have a park; and that's really criminal, I'm sorry to say. The Y has got plans but the Y has no money. So we're still without a park, we're still without a connection. And so now we're looking at adding another 65 homes into this subdivision. And it's a great project, I really feel. I've talked to the developers, I feel that it is a great project. W Unfortunately somebody mentioned that the developers are going to be responsible for putting a turn lane in Queen Kalama. I begged the Department of Public Works to put in a turn lane at Laaloa. They did pave it but they told me it wasn't wide enough. So if you look at Laaloa and you look at Queen Kalama there's not going to be a turn lane; and it really gets dangerous. And so I guess basically I have a couple of other things. The fact that Alii Drive -, you can't look at it as a main thoroughfare. You know, it should go down to about 15 to 20 miles an hour. We should have three-way stops. Please don't put any traffic signals on Alii Drive. That's not what that street was meant for. And just, Lako, this is my Laaloa. The County has now connected Lako with Laaloa saying, oh, let's see, it may not be connected for years. They've just got through spending millions of dollars with these consultants, CMHN2. What have we got? We've got millions of dollars that the County has spent to figure out how to do this; and I realty thought that the Planning Department should be able to do this. So, again, when you've got a good project and people spend a lot of money, it's the history before that is making it difficult for these folks. So I support the project. I think the timing is poor. I think we need some more connector roads. And please move Laaloa further ahead sooner. Thank you. WATANABE: Thank you. Do we have any questions for the testifier? Thank you, ma'am. And so I believe, Laurie Ann? FISH-GUZMAN: Yes, hi. WATANABE: Yes, please. FISH-GUZMAN: I live at 77-125 Queen Kalama. SIRACUSA: Please use your mike. FISH-GUZMAN. Oh, I'm sorry, Queen Kalama Avenue, and my house is right on the corner of Queen Kalama and Naniloa. And I've actually, everyone here has pretty much covered what I was going to talk about, except for the fact that Queen Kalama is already so unsafe. In the last, I've lived in that neighborhood since 1994 but the house that I'm presently in I've lived in for twelve years. And in the last nine years I've pulled two people out of the street in Queen Kalama. One broke both legs on the second day of summer, seven- year old kid, and the other one was an adult three and a half years ago that broke one leg and is unable to work. We already have so much volume of traffic in the area and it dust, you know, I'm not really opposed to them building this, it's just not using our roads as access. So, I mean, I had a house fire at my house three years ago and because of the traffic situation in Kona, I mean, I probably lost, you know, a lot more than I would have lost. And Dust hope that you guys, you know, think about it before you okay anything. WATANABE: Thank you. FISH-GUZMAN: Thank you. 39 WATANABE: Yes, Ms. Siracusa. SIRACUSA: Well, you say that you don't think that Naniloa is an appropriate street for their access If you were the designer, where would you put their access? FISH-GUZMAN: From where they're at down Aln Drive. If you go down to the end of Queen Kalama even though they've talked about the bougainvillea that sticks out, if you look at the aerial map you can tell that the road goes like this and you can't see the cars that are coming from the Keauhou area. SIRACUSA: Excuse me, Jeff is going to bring up that aerial map. FISH-GUZMAN: It's like you can't see them coming. A lot of people don't go 30 miles and hour. They go 45. And by the time you're pulling out, they're right there I mean it's extremely dangerous. And there are a lot of people that walk up and down Queen Kalama and there's no sidewalks. You know, I mean it's totally unsafe I think to use as a highway for them to get in and out. And if you're talking about 65 homes in and out that's 130 cars, you know. And most families have at least two; and me myself I leave the house at three times a day probably, you know, picking up kids from school, going to make errands, I mean, that's a lot of traffic. So I mean the neighborhood is 30 years old that's being already used for all this traffic that's above us, you know. So thank you for listening. WATANABE: Ms. Guzman, you mentioned that there's another area. Is that area the area, the Metzler property? FISH-GUZMAN: Yeah, the Metzler, yeah, yeah. WATANABE: The one that they're currently negotiating? FISH-GUZMAN: Yeah. WATANABE: Okay. FISH-GUZMAN: And actually I know a lot of kids that used to go out in that property back there, hunting and stuff and I've heard there are a lot burial sites out there; and they've brought up the fact there's an archaeological site right next to that dead-end I'm wondering does it move into the dead-end, are they going to cover part of it up with the street or, I mean, has anybody checked that out or -? WATANABE: Yeah, but maybe more to the point that that proposed Metzler site or access doesn't have an issue with sight distance to your knowledge? FISH-GUZMAN: They said that they were going to use it for construction, but other than that they're going to use our roads to get in and out of those - M WATANABE: I understand. But at the same time they're also proceeding with trying to acquire a permanent access through there. So I'm wondering if that particular entry does not have an issue with sight distance as Laaloa Road has. Is there a good sight distance? I mean, if -. FISH-GUZMAN: It's not really that far away, no. But the visibility of getting in and out of that, you know. -. WATANABE: Is good? FISH-GUZMAN: Yeah, and, I mean, it would cut down on our traffic, too, you know, and also the fact that, I mean, Aln Drive right now is the only way that's in and out of this whole subdivision. I mean there're a lot of homes up there now and if we had, you know, an actual disaster how are we all going to get out of there on Alii Drive, you know. WATANABE: Thank you. FISH-GUZMAN: Thank you. WATANABE: Do we have any further -? Yes, Ms. Bowman. BOWMAN: Pardon my ignorance but where is the alternative area that you're talking about, the Metzler -? DARROW: Just for reference, we have Queen Kalama located here, Namloa that is the proposed access in this location This is the Metzler property that they're referring to; and then they would be looking at an access directly through this property to Alii Drive. BOWMAN: Okay, and the Queen -? DARROW. This would be in this particular area. BOWMAN: And the stub? DARROW: The stubout is right here. BOWMAN: Okay, thank you. I just, since I'm not familiar. I haven't been back there a long time. Thank you. WATANABE: Okay, are we all good? Thank you. FISH-GUZMAN: Thanks. WATANABE: May I call up the next four. I have Victory Yadon, Tamara Gouveia, Bob Smith, and Judy Chaput? Is that correct? 41 CHAPUT: Chaput. WATANABE: Chaput. All right. WORRELL: I use the least amount of time so I have something to say. I know the Metzlers This is dust a dream. Nothing has been legally signed or done, okay? WATANABE Ma'am. Ma'am? WORRELL- Sir? WATANABE: Were you, what was your name, Ma'am? WORRELL: Patricia Worrell. WATANABE: Oh, okay. WORRELL: Sorry. WATANABE. Okay, then we have Chaput and Bob Smith, I guess. Tamara Gouveia, is she here? And Victor Yadon? Victor? How about Gene Calvert, is Gene Calvert here? No? Dana Waite, no Dana Waite here? PUBLIC • She had to pick up her kids. WATANABE- Okay, Gladys Quinto? QUINTO: I've already - WATANABE: Oh, okay. Okay, so would you three raise your right hands please. Do you swear to tell the truth now before the Planning Commission? TESTIFIER: I do. WATANABE: Thank you. I guess we can begin with you, Ma'am. CHAPUT: My name is Judy Chaput and I live on 77-160 Mahiehie Street; and I passed in some written testimony. I wasn't planning to speak but I dust want to add a couple of things. I was one of the original purchasers of a home in Keauhou View Estates back in the year 2000. And then at that time they promised us an Alii Bypass Highway and access to Kuakim Highway and a beautiful park with the YMCA; and years, and years, and years have gone by and we're still waiting. And I feel that it's a dangerous situation to be in a place where in case of a natural disaster or any flooding or downed wires on Alu Drive, or tsunami or hurricane that was just in the paper the other day, warning that we were apt to get a severe hurricane this season; we'd all be trapped. And I feel that before any more people are put in the same situation that we should be provided with the things that have already been 42 promised, those access roads out of our neighborhood. Also, I have a car and a truck and from my house it would be much shorter to drive to the Keauhou area using Queen Kalama but my husband refuses to go down that street with our low car. He'll drive the extra distance to Laaloa and take a left from there because it's so dangerous. And when I drive down that street with the truck I'm looking both ways as fast as I can, and then as soon as I don't see cars coming from either side I step on the gas and hope that I make it out before somebody approaches me. So that is that situation. Also, there's some discrepancy between what they're talking about as far as the lot sizes. They're calling those lots 7,500 square feet but also I'm told that includes the road area and that the actual sizes of the lots will be 4,500 square feet and they're hoping to sell these homes for $650,000. Where right now in Keauhou View Estates homes that are actually on 7,500 -square foot to 8,500 -square foot lots are languishing on the market for months and they can't get a price higher than $600,000 and some have gone for less than $500,000. So I don't see the immediate urgency of building more homes in that area. So that's what I have to say right now. Thank you. WATANABE: Thank you. Do we have any questions? Yes, Ms. Bowman. BOWMAN. Just a quick question. You referred to when you bought your home that they promised us, they, who were you referring to, the developer? CHAPUT. The real estate agents representing the development. BOWMAN: Okay, thank you. WATANABE: Yes, Mr. Domingo. DOMINGO: You know, Mr. Chairman, that's a critical, a very serious statement that has been made either by the realtor or the development, the developer, and then they use that as a reason as an attraction for buyers to purchase the property. And it doesn't sit well with me. I don't know what was actually said or what commitments were made. I was wondering if the Planning Department can look into the ordinance that permitted this development to take place and see if that commitment is written in the ordinance as law so that we can pursue that if we need to. I'd dust like to know what the status of that issue is. WATANABE- Okay, I'm not sure how to handle that but I think it would be difficult for the County alone to pursue prosecution on that. I think it's more an issue of a private person where potentially their rights were -. DOMINGO: Yeah, I know what you're saying, Mr. Chairman, and I respect you for that. You know, for me because all of these were dust given to us prior to the meeting and I personally feel that I still need to go through it and acquaint myself with the project in itself. But I think by that time when we bring it up for consideration at the next meeting, the Planning Department can look into the ordinance and see if the conditions contained in that ordinance were such that a park was supposed to be built or a connector road was supposed 43 to be built at the time the project was completed. I think it's very important that we satisfy the questions that were asked and even for me. WATANABE: Okay, maybe I'm misunderstanding but I believe the testifier indicated that the developer said and not the County said So I'm thinking that it may not even have an ordinance DOMINGO: I know what you're saying, Mr. Chairman, and perhaps that was, in actuality the situation was at that time, dust the developer making that statement And sometimes, sometimes, not all developers, some developers would say things that would make it more appealing for the sale of the property in order to sell it. But what I wanted to make sure is that as we look at the ordinance if there were conditions that would have required them to address that situation. WATANABE: Well, Mr. Yuen, would you care to respond to that cause I'm not -. YUEN: Well, if you're referring to the Towne development they had a requirement to dedicate a park site, to dedicate land for a park site and the County approved their donating the property to the Y, an I I -acre parcel. The County has a right to get that property if the Y doesn't develop the park site; and they haven't developed it so far. We were in discussions with the Y about the timing on that. To tell the truth if the County had it, the County probably would not have developed the park site by now either. So the hope was that the Y was going to develop the facility. They were interested in the site, and so that was how that condition was fulfilled. WATANABE: So for clarification the developer, that Towne Center (sic), actually satisfied by donating the land -? YUEN: Right. WATANABE: The condition? Okay, thank you. Does that clarify that? DOMINGO. Yes, thank you. WATANABE: Okay. Yes, Ms. -. SIRACUSA• I was dust wondering there are two Y organizations on this island, the YM and the YW, could you just, which one is it? YUEN: It's the YM. WATANABE: Okay. I believe Tamara Guzman, is that correct? GOUVEIA• It's Gouveia. WATANABE: I mean, excuse me. 44 GOUVEIA: That's okay. It's my handwriting. WATANABE: No, that's my eyes. It's not your handwriting. GOUVEIA: Hi, Tamara Gouveia. My address is 73-1427 Kaloko Drive here in Kona. I dust, I grew up here. I moved here when I was eleven years old from Alaska. And I've lived from Ocean View, Holualoa, Kona Acres, Kohala� Waimea, Nam Kailua Drive, all over the place. So I dust wanted to share my -, I'm also a real estate agent and a mortgage broker. I have five children and the growth of Kona is something that's very important to me. That's what I'm here for. I actually have one of my kids at Kahakai School that is in the same elevation; and I've had my kids there for five years. And even thought there's a tsunami watch or warning, you know, there's so much development that has gone on around this area and this particular development that I don't see how this would make a negative impact to it I think it's actually going to help it to become more easily accessible with the road infrastructure that we have. I think that you folks are doing really great work in securing and looking at other avenues for a permanent access for the developer. I actually met the developer in August, I believe, about two years ago. So I'm real familiar with the project. I like the idea that they have, they're honoring the green requirements for the building and limiting our natural resources with different types of fixtures, the water fixtures, electrical fixtures. You know, with just being able to use the solar instead of all the electrical needs, I think it's going to help us a lot. The fact that our economy for Kona right now is slumpy and grumpy -. I work with a lot of local people because I have lived here all my life. I help them with their mortgages, with their home purchases. I'm looking forward to having some affordable housing that's going to be closer than the 40 or 50 mile drive to Ocean View, I think that that's more dangerous than, you know, some of the other aspects that we look at. Hiring the local families for putting the infrastructure in and building of the residential dwellings themselves. And I personally think that about 70 percent of the owners or potential buyers for this property is a lot like some of the other surrounding properties that are going to be second homeowners; and that again doesn't necessarily put two cars with two people, you know, traffic on the road, you know. There are things that we need to address as people that live here and look at our infrastructure, and I think this is a really a great meeting. But overall I do believe that the developer is in compliance with the General Plan. Some of the archaeological sites that do exist on the property, I'm friends with the families and I share their concerns about it. I also have, one of my clients I represent some property that's directly affected with it, with the development. And just happy to be here to be able to share my feelings about it. I think that the developer is taking into consideration all aspects. And that's all I have. Thank you. WATANABE: Thank you. Do we have any questions for Ms. Gouveia. No? Okay, then I guess we're down to Mr. Yadon Nog B. SMITH• I'm Bob Smith. WATANABE: Oh, you're Bob Smith. I'm sorry. 45 B. SMITH: It's all right. WATANABE: Go ahead. B. SMITH- My name is Bob Smith. I live at 77-262 Maliko Street, Kailua-Kona, which is in Aln Heights. And thank you, Commission, for your service to the community. I'm opposed to the application. I agree with those who are opposed who went before me and spoke, especially Mary Ellen Smith, my wife; and I had to say that. One thing I wanted to mention, Laaloa, this is my understanding from talking to people at the County over the years and also the developer, the Towne LLC, was that the, originally the developer was responsible for completing Laaloa to Kuakmi; and for some reason and perhaps because it's, the landscape is quite steep at the top, the County released the developer from that obligation, that's my understanding. And I know there have been planning groups working on Laaloa. Just this morning in the paper I read that the County has committed to not doing Laaloa, not building Laaloa until it can do so concurrently with Lako Street and that there are a number of problems with Lako Street because of some sacred areas. So whether or not Laaloa will ever be connected in our lifetimes I think is a real question; and this is part of my concern regarding the overall access, not dust to the lower piece of property that Kona Vistas wants to develop but also the upper piece. And another concern I have is really related to that, is the way that this is being presented to the various approval bodies that need to approve the development; and I have some sympathy for the developers, it's difficult to get things approved. But it seems awfully piecemeal to me that they're bringing to the Commission just the makai piece, and there's no affordable housing there, and that all the affordable housing is slated to go in the mauka piece that they're developing later; and I don't know how the County has any assurance that that will actually be done. Additionally, I don't feel that the kind of development they're looking at doing in the mauka piece is compatible with the large lot sizes as you see in Alii Heights, the 15,000 plus up to 40,000 square feet that are, as previously mentioned they're talking about 96 units that would be in eight-plexes, two-story eight-plexes. Just generally I think the infrastructure should come first and all, in a broad definition of infrastructure, not dust roads but other infrastructure. And I would encourage the Commission to not approve the applications and, at this point, at least honor the moratorium. Thank you. WATANABE: Thank you. Do we have any questions for Mr. Smith? No? Thank you. You may be seated. Last call, Victor Yadon? I guess he's not here. Okay, that's all the testifiers I have signed up. I want to thank the testifiers for being concise and I also want to thank the Commissioners for cooperating and, I hope you understand I'm just trying to expedite matters. I'm not trying to silence the Commission. And with that then I think we can call up the applicants to see if they have any responses to the concerns that have been raised by the public. However, before I forget, I'd like to ask the Director, you know, at least two testifiers had mentioned that potentially larger lots on the mauka property where they're designating for affordable housing would be a better location. Does this have anything to do with the vistas and the heights, vistas meaning viewplanes, and the heights so they didn't M want to build multi-level buildings in the lower, you know, the makai parcel, or is there something else here? YUEN: No. Because the General Plan said, calls this a low density urban area in the LUPAG Map that the General Plan says low density urban is six units to an acre, is the standard for that. And so that's what we told them would be -. WATANABE: Appropriate? YUEN: Consistent with the General Plan, right. WATANABE: Okay, thank you. Well, you've heard the questions. Would you care to respond, Mr. Lim or George? ATTA: I guess I can start with some of them and Mr. Lim will follow up with anything else that I've missed. I guess there were several things that we obviously heard. One of the things was about view impacts which we also heard when we walked around the community, including Alii Heights and Keauhou View. What we have committed, although I guess it didn't come out, is that on the first line of buildings along the edge of the property that abuts the Alii Heights and the Keauhou View and White Sands, we've committed to keep our buildings or our houses one story so that that would have the least amount of impact on views from their side. So that's one thing we've already agreed to. On the issue of the comment made that we have nothing signed from the Metzlers, we have a signed contract, signed letter of agreement with them for the construction access, as I mentioned earlier. That one had been done and we have a signed letter from them; and I had mentioned that we were working on the permanent access. Regarding emergency access, I think, we feel that actually in the event of a tsunami we probably -, our project, because we're trying for connectivity, probably would be helpful by giving another roadway that could go up mauka to the Alu Parkway site. So anybody that's heading, you know, in a tsunami would dust basically run uphill. And, you know, our road would go straight up to the Alii Parkway. So we think it actually helps get more roads going mauka. The comment about Alii Drive going, getting blocked up, I think in the event of that kind of a tsunami, anyway, people would be heading mauka, not trying to go into Alii Drive which is closer to the ocean. With regard to, I guess, the current economic situation here, I think and the pricing, the comment on pricing that was mentioned, I think most people are aware that pricing is dependent on the market and depends on which target population you're trying to market. And we appreciate the comment that in the existing Keauhou View Estates prices are barely reaching $600,000 and we understand that. But with the real estate market, by the time we're actually, hopefully after approvals and getting into the market we will obviously have to adjust our pricing and our plans accordingly. So I think that's as much a market-driven thing And, you know, we may have to adjust our floor plans or unit types to make sure the market is there, cause obviously we wouldn't want to build something that doesn't sell. And, I don't know, now I'll pass that on to Steve. 47 Oh, one other thing. Some of the comments about roadways and permanent access and things like that, we understand the concern that these things might not be built; and so to get something approved that might not get built is a concern, and we understand that. So we're willing to accept some of them as a condition of approval, meaning that if the zone change, as a condition of zone change we need to get one of these conditions accepted before we can even build; we can live with a condition like that. WATANABE: But at least you've got the zoning, okay, thank you. Ms. Siracusa, you had some questions? SIRACUSA: I have two questions actually. WATANABE: Yes. SIRACUSA: And the first one is you mentioned that you had a signed letter of agreement with the Metzlers. ATTA: For the full construction access. SIRACUSA: Is that in our file? ATTA: I don't know if that was submitted. SIRACUSA: I mean, you know, there's so much here and we were only given it this morning, so there's no way we could possibly read every little detail. LIM: Right, that is not in your file, and we probably wouldn't have submitted as part of your file because of the, you know, it's a private agreement between the parties. But it is a construction right of entry that was signed last Friday. We've been negotiating this with them for several months now and that's part of I think what you see is part of all the other elements in the project. They had been working very closely with the community, and one of the big things they heard was we don't want to have the construction traffic driving through our neighborhoods like we did for Alii Heights; so that's one of the things that we dumped on and we finally did reach agreement with the -, actually the entity is the Kaupulehu Land LLC, and that's what they've been calling the Metzler property and that's the one just makai of this subject property. SIRACUSA So dust to, for clanfication's sake, this is a temporary easement and it's only for the sake of the construction traffic and -. LIM• That's correct, that's correct. SIRACUSA: You are hoping that you can segue from that, I suppose, into a permanent easement and access. LIM: Yes, we felt that the - SIRACUSA: But that's not what it is right now. LIM- That's not what it is now. We're talking both with the Kaupulehu Land landowner, which is makai, and also to Kamehameha Investment Corporation, which is to the south. SIRACUSA: Okay. My second question. When we were talking about the TIAR — obviously I haven't had the chance to read that with the magnifying glass, either — so I would like to know what radius was used from the project site in determining the level of service on the various streets that were discussed. LIM: I think the only streets that he -. SIRACUSA: I don't see the -. LIM: Yeah, he had to leave. But his study covered Queen Kalama and Alii Drive. And he also in his last letter of this month studied if there was dust a single access out to Aln Drive from the subject property, and that was to address the -. SIRACUSA: But how far along Aln Drive? LIM I think that he probably — I have to guess — but I don't think he went any further than the Laaloa, Queen Kalama and the Metzler property area. SIRACUSA: So we are only talking then about the immediate area and not how traffic from this area would impact the roads further in either direction. Is that correct? ATTA: Well, I don't know how you would term immediate area. When Randy was responding to Mr. Rho, he mentioned that he was defining specific impacts of the individual project; and that's how it's defined. It's not -, you asked for radius, there is no predetermined standard radius that is used because it depends on the size of the project and the roadway configuration. So what he did was he checked out the intersections at Laaloa and Alii, Queen Kalama and Alii, and then the hypothetical connection of Laaloa with Kuakmi. He didn't go further on down towards Keauhou because once you passed our project site and you have a certain trip volume that, because our project is a small project, we would not add any more traffic than what you find at the outside of the project. So our impact at least to the corridor is defined by the edge of the property because there is no other -, we wouldn't be adding any more traffic a mile down the road. So it stays within the project impact area basically. And I would like to answer one question that was previously raised about and I forgot -, it was about the sightline question on whether this connection would be better than Queen Kalama although it's fairly close. And the answer is yes for two reasons. If you look at the roadway, if you look at the corner of the Metzler property, the roadway is a slightly straighter 49 alignment of Alii Drive than it is right at Queen Kalama. So from a visual line's perspective, if the sharper you are on the inside radius of a curve, the harder the sightlines are; the straighter the line, the better the sightline is. So from that configuration, it's a better location. The other thing that is also a factor in whether this is a better location is that I think Randy mentioned that at Queen Kalama you have a rocky bluff on the right side of the road and then you have a bougainvillea hedge on the left side of the road; both of those things affect the sightlines. On this particular corner of the Metzler's, first of all, you don't have the cliff that would cause that kind of a visual impact. And second, because it's a vacant site, you know, we would be able to keep a better setback from the road intersection of any kind of landscaping or plantings, and that would also preserve the sightline. So in that sense it would be a better intersection for egress and ingress on to the property. WATANABE: Yes, Ms. Bowman. BOWMAN- I'm sorry, my visuals, you talked about -, Queen Kalama is that -, I'm sorry, okay, and the corner of Metzler's that you were talking about that was not -? ATTA: It's the bottom part of the Metzler's -. BOWMAN: The bottom part in the middle or just at the edge -? ATTA: The corner, yeah, near the corner, the bottom -. BOWMAN: Right there, right -. ATTA. Yeah, it could be there or even towards the Keauhou side, but -. BOWMAN: Okay, and the sightline from Queen Kalama is better; that's what you said. ATTA: That's from the intersection at Queen Kalama. BOWMAN: Okay, thank you. WATANABE: Okay. I have a follow-up question to that. That improvements that — I forget what option it was 1, I think, is it 1 or 2, I'm not sure — to improve that intersection, does the County now have roadway easements there to allow you to make the improvements to the sight distance -? ATTA: Well, it's narrow. You are talking about the Queen Kalama intersection? WATANABE: Yes. ATTA- It's narrow We haven't actually done any engmeenng assessment of it; so I can't tell you for sure if there is enough space in the easement to carve back that small 50 cliff. I think the vegetation is actually in the private property, but I'm not sure, again, cause there is -, when you come out of Queen Kalama, on the left side there is a private property and then there are these hedges. I don't know where the right-of-way ends exactly. So I can't tell you if to cutback that hedge would require, would be just an action in the right-of- way or would actually go into the neighboring private property. I don't know. WATANABE- Well, maybe, Chris, could you expound on that? You know, on some parcels we do have future road widening easements, but these particular parcels at the Kalama intersection, do we have any or is that dust -? YUEN: We don't have any kind of future road widening; it's dust what is the current right-of-way And I don't know the exact details of it WATANABE: Okay, thank you. Thanks. Yes, Ms. Bowman. BOWMAN: I dust have a quick question. When you were referring to your -, you might need to change your needs according to the market, but you — maybe this is ignorant of me — but you are committed to do the LEED. ATTA- Yes. BOWMAN: Okay. ATTA: Yeah, that's not -, that's our concept; that, we are not going to change. BOWMAN: Okay, thank you. WATANABE. Yes. SIRACUSA: When you are ready to begin on the affordable housing part of that, did you also intend to do those according to the green building principles? ATTA: Yes. Every house supposed to be affordable on the market will have a solar as a standard and then individuals can buy up into the affordable takes on other things. WATANABE: Thank you -. SIRACUSA: Follow-up. WATANABE: Yes, follow-up. SIRACUSA- I'm wondering how come you didn't bring us the two projects simultaneously. I mean, were you planning -, was that a question of financing? You need to sell the high-end homes first so you can have the money to build the affordable ones or was there another kind of strategic reason that I'm not fathoming? 51 ATTA: I think the major thing was a timing issue. And as you are all aware, the State Land Use Commission has a different process and additional steps and things. The County processing, it was specifically intended for the smaller parcels under 15 acres. And so there is a timing issue that -, for every developer time is an important issue in financing. So it was helpful for us to have at least a portion of us moving forward, to help us move the project forward, if that option was available; and we decided to request it. WATANABE: Follow-up? SIRACUSA: Yeah, my concern is like — and maybe you can explain why this shouldn't be a concern — but what happens if, say, we grant you this application and then something happens with another entity of government where you can't do the affordable housing, and yet we've already granted you this one on the basis that there would be. So how could that play out? ATTA: Okay, there are two ways that could play out. Since the County housing requirement on the condition requires us to build the affordable housing within the 15 -mile radius, if for some reason we are not able to get the entitlements on the mauka side to build it there, we would either find another location and put the 13 houses that would come of the 65 makai lots or we would then, the other option available would be to pay the in -lieu fee per unit. So it will be either a money option or us finding another location and building 13 houses on it. SIRACUSA: Then I would ask the Director if that would be a viable alternative. YUEN: Those are all alternatives that they can -, there is also an alternative of buying excess housing credits from an affordable housing developer who has produced more of housing than they were required. WATANABE- Are you satisfied? Yes, Mr. Lim. LIM I was going to mention that the ultimate fallback option is, of course, to build on site. ATTA: Right. We could do that, too, but that's the last option we have. SIRACUSA: Okay, but it's nice to have backup plans, isn't it? WATANABE: Okay. Do we have any further questions? Mr. Lim, do you have something else to present? LIM: Very briefly. We have presented some conditions; and that's my letter for you from this morning, May 22°d. Our Exhibit A is a redline version of the conditions that had been proposed by the Director. We've already spoken about the first underlined condition, which is Condition C, and because the Director feels we don't need to do that, then we are willing to withdraw that portion of the condition. The next one on Page 2, which 52 is a continuation of what would be our Condition F, but your current Condition E, this relates to the Alternative 1, the Queen Kalama-Alii Drive intersection, or the Alternative 2 — I mean, excuse me — Alternative 1 is the new access drive, which would probably be either at the KIC lands or the Metzler lands, and Alternative 2 is the improvements of the Alii Drive and Queen Kalama intersection We have added the last sentence there on the end of that Condition in the anticipation that although we hadn't done any studies, because we didn't control any of the lands fronting the Alii Drive -Queen Kalama street intersection, we may need some assistance from the County in working with those landowners. I think that the Planning Director has already informed us that he would not be in favor of that addition, and we will allow the Planning Commission to take its own vote on that. The additions to the next section, we changed the word, the roads connections to roads stubouts; these are changes that are kind of technical in nature. The road stubouts is a term that you've been using more in your rezoning ordinances. It also makes it clear that we are going to provide road stubouts on our side but we can't guarantee that there will be a connection on the other side because that's going to be up to primarily KIC, Kamehameha Investment Corporation Because we are going to process a Planned Unit Development for the proposed subdivision, which would include variances from the minimum lot sizes from 7,500 square feet down to 4,500 square feet, we may also do other variances, which are such things as maybe the sidewalks, curbs and gutters only on one side of the streets or maybe reduce roadway width; and to the extent that we do those, we want to make sure that — because this condition requires that in the last sentence that if these, streets are part of our route providing connection between Naniloa Street, Alu Drive and the KIC properties, which is a property to the south, that condition requires that the streets be dedicated to the County — and we want to make sure that, assuming that the Planned Unit Development was approved and we've got some lowered street requirements, that those would still be acceptable to the County for dedication and thus we would be able to comply with the condition. ATTA: And, Steve, can I explain that dust a little bit. The only reason that we have that question is related to the archaeology at the entrance, and we are working with the State Historic Preservation right now about the preservation of those features. And the preservation may involve either walls or buffers right next to the those arch sites on the makai side of that street, and us turning the road sharply away from the arch site to avoid it. And that may result on one side -, us not being able to put a sidewalk on the makai side to avoid the wall or the arch site. And so that's the reason that we are asking that the language be slightly flexible, so that the Planning Department or the Public Works can look at those potential options in the roadway design so that they may or may not be completely compliant with the standard subdivision roadway and arcs. So we dust want to be able to work with the County on that. WATANABE: Do you have further -? LIM• And the last condition that we proposed for amendment is your Condition R and our Condition S, which is on Page 5, it's at the very end of the fair share contribution section; and we are adding the statement that the applicant shall receive a credit against the fair share contributions required for road and traffic improvements, basically for the cost of the Alii Drive left -turn and the intersection improvements. These are offsite 53 improvements, which we understand are typically allowed as credits against the road and traffic fair share; and so we request that the Planning Commission add that on. WATANABE: But that would only be in the event that those actually occurred. LIM• That is correct. WATANABE. Yeah, cause you have a couple of options. LIM: Well, I think under either option we are going to have to do a left -turn lane and the intersection improvements. WATANABE: Oh, I see, I see, okay. LIM: And with that, I think that's the discussion on the conditions. And we would ask the Commission for its support. We had also proposed earlier that one recreational area, the 5,000 -square foot recreational area, we'd ask that be included as a condition of the Commission. And -. WATANABE: Mr. Lim, well, actually, I believe it was you, George, that had indicated earlier that you would not be opposed to a conditional timing issue to the grant of zoning Did I hear you correctly on that? ATTA: I think I was dust speaking generically that certain of these improvements there are maybe some issues of timing and sequencing. And we would not be opposed to -, you know, if the Commission feels that a particular condition is important to put in place, and that we wouldn't be building something without that condition being met, we would be willing to accept that kind of a condition of zoning -. WATANABE: Okay, that type of condition includes access? ATTA: Yes, it includes access. WATANABE: Okay, okay. Thank you. SIRACUSA: Mr. Chair WATANABE: Yes, Ms. Siracusa. SIRACUSA: I would -, we've heard the proposed changes to the conditions by the applicant. And I would like to hear what the Director's feelings are about those, whether he approves or disapproves or wants to make, tweak a little bit or whatever. YUEN: Yes, thanks for asking. Following their Exhibit A and the lettering on that — I think that's the easiest one to follow because the lettering is different between that and the draft ordinance in your packet — so the addition in F, at the end of F, we are opposed 54 to that. I could explain why, it's kind of a technical reason, but we do oppose the change to F. The changes to G are okay. The idea of connections is the same as the idea of stubouts; but if they prefer stubouts, that's fine. And the proposed change to S is okay. WATANABE: Okay, now, Mr. Director -. BOWMAN: Excuse me, S on Page -? YUEN- S on Page 5. They have two Ss -. BOWMAN: Five, yeah, okay. YUEN: Which makes it confusing. The first S, the bottom of the first S that they have -, because they went into a second S. WATANABE: Okay. Mr. Director, just to clarify, though, with regard to the building of the streets to dedicable County standards and the flexibility that they are asking because of the potential conflict with the archaeological sites — I believe that was in their Paragraph G, at the bottom of Paragraph G — are you okay with that? YUEN- Yes, you know, it's still -, what would happen is that the County would have to agree that though -, because the County has to agree to the PUD, the County would have to agree that the streets are going to be dedicable even though there are some variation from the PUD standards; and that's something that we can defer to be decided at that point. WATANABE: Okay. Yes, Mr. Darrow. DARROW• Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Just a quick reference, Condition C, Mr. Director, you have mentioned that you are against Condition C; you would want that taken out? YUEN: They withdrew that, I believe. LIM. That's correct. We withdrew C. WATANABE: So then we would re -letter all of these. Did I have -, you know, to address the public concern, I'm also looking at a condition subject to timing of access. Do you have any cause -? We'd be overburdening this situation because we don't know when Alii Parkway may come about; however, it seems like they are relatively close to acquiring permanent access to Alii Drive through the Metzler property. Do you think that's something that we might include or is that something that -. LIM: On behalf of the applicant, we'd ask that that not be a condition because if you tie that to the negotiations with the private landowner, then it gives them a mound of leverage -. 55 WATANABE: Yeah, I'm a little worried about that also. LIM: That's why we are willing to go with the Alternative 1 and Alternative 2. If we can work it out with Mr. Metzler or KIC for alternate access to Aln, that's I think our preferred alternative. But in the event we can't, we have to default, we'd like to back out into the Queen Kalama side on the Alternative No. 2, I think it is. WATANABE: Okay. But if you -, your negotiations with Kamehameha are really subject to the Parkway being built. Isn't that correct? LIM: No. They have alternative means to go through what they call that area 26 You see that kind of the brown and the yellow area? That's all Kamehameha Investment Corporation lands, too. WATANABE- So you could get easement and connect to an existing road, and -. LIM: Right. There is a, in the Kona CDP, there's proposal of a mayor mauka-makai connector road right along the boundary there. WATANABE: Okay, thank you. Yes, Ms. Siracusa. SIRACUSA: There have been some questions and discussion over the course of this matter today that related to the status of some of the State roads in Kona. And I was wondering if we could ask Ki to come up and give us sort of a status report on -. WATANABE- That would be fine. Are you prepared, Ki? Well, to give a, yeah, roundabout-. EMLER: I think the roadway projects that were most mentioned and most related to this would be Laaloa. And I noticed that there was an article in the West Hawaii Today this morning that tied Laaloa into Lako Street as though the Public Works had committed to having the both come on line at the same time. I did check with our communications people to see, to verify that that's correct because I had not heard such a commitment; and I think there is going to be a discussion with the West Hawaii Today about doing a correction on that. WATANABE: Okay. So then what does that mean? Does that mean Laaloa is dead or not dead? EMLER: Right now, I think the latest status I know about that is that the EA process is still under way. They are going through what's called context sensitive solution process with the community there. And we still have not gotten a final EA published on that; that's my understanding. As far as the project's status, I know there is a -, in the administration's budget there was an item in the budget to include Laaloa improvements to the amount of about $12.5 million dollars for, I think, fiscal year 2008-2009. But that has not 56 , been approved yet by the Council in second reading, so -. My understanding is they had first reading. WATANABE: Okay. EMLER: And then I know there is also -, they are trying to get bonding for a certain amount of that — I think it's probably for the construction plan. I think they are trying to get that bonded. WATANABE. Okay, but basically what you are saying is it's still in the County's radar or -. EMLER: Not funded, no projected completion date at this time. WATANABE: Okay, thank you. EMLER: There are others, you know, the Parkways I believe is on this State Transportation improvement list again; I believe it's in there for 2010 — within a year one way or the other — for construction. Of course that has been delayed in the past for varying circumstances, but that's my understanding of it right now. WATANABE Okay, thank you. Does that satisfy you, Ms. Siracusa? SIRACUSA: Yes, it does. Thank you. WATANABE: Oh, good. Okay. Mr. Director, with regard to the timing again, since I was kind of concerned about that other issue I brought up. But you know, we do have Alternatives 1 and 2. If you were to connect it to a timing issue to help satisfy the surrounding neighbors, would we connect that by saying certificate of occupancy is not going to be granted or -? How would you -, you know, you wouldn't necessarily say groundbreaking would not begin until those conditions occurred. But if you don't grant certificate of occupancy, no one is going to be there anyway. And I don't think they are going to build that all out, if they know they can't sell it for the next five years So I'm thinking that that will be a pretty good controlling factor. YUEN Well, specific improvements would be required to be bonded to obtain a final subdivision approval. WATANABE: Oh, bonded to, oh, okay. YUEN Yes. They would have to bond them, and then they would have to go ahead and build them in connection with the whole subdivision project. So for example, if they had this alternative access to Alii Drive, they would come in with the plans for that at the same time they came in with the plans to subdivide the property; the whole thing would have a construction bond that would assure that the project would be completed. There 57 would be construction drawings that would be done, and then the cost estimated, and then a bond issued for all the work to be done at the same time. WATANABE: Okay, then do we need to revise that condition to some degree to set in the timing factor on that? Now I'm lost cause we've got -, Mr. Lim, maybe you can help us, which letter is that with regard to the alternate access? LIM: The alternate access is -. WATANABE: Oh, it's F, yeah? LIM: Yes, I guess, my F, your E, I think it is -. WATANABE: Yeah -. LIM: But -. WATANABE. And it's going to be your D, though -. LIM: I think -. WATANABE: No, your E because we've got rid of your C, right? LIM• Right. I think one of the two alternates, what Mr. Yuen said is correct is that the timing on occupancy or the subdivision will all fall under the normal subdivision processing; you know, we'll come in with our subdivision plans for the lots, at the same time we'll be coming in for the roadway and utilities and water servicing that subdivision, and that all gets bonded in one package and gets built. The County will be holding that bond to ensure that we do all of that and complete it in a timely fashion. WATANABE. So then we don't need to alter this because it will be taken care of administratively through the PUD approval. LIM: That's the standard procedure, yes. They wouldn't let us open it up without it. WATANABE: Okay, okay. Do any other Commissioners have anything else? Yes, Ms. Bowman. BOWMAN: Maybe overall — and forgive my ignorance — but the total area, how many roads actually loin Ahi Drive? It's Laakoa and Queen Kalama? PUBLIC: Laaloa BOWMAN: Laaloa and Queen Kalama both join from the -, and how many residences are there that use those two? I'm dust trying to get an overall -. PUBLIC: Six hundred. BOWMAN: Six hundred already, okay, residences that go down those two roads onto Alii Drive. And Alternative — where is Alternative 1 — okay, it says, "Construct a new alternate access road from Aln Drive to the project through currently vacant property to the west...." meaning -, could you show -? SIRACUSA: That's the Metzler. BOWMAN- That's the Metzler? WATANABE: Right. BOWMAN: And you dust have an agreement for the construction road. Okay. So what we are asking is that this then would be developed as another access just for this subdivision YUEN: No. That would become a public road, and anybody could go in and out of it. BOWMAN: Would it be connected -, but what I'm saying is would it be connected in some way at -? PUBLIC: Naniloa. BOWMAN: Yeah, sorry I don't know the names. YUEN: Yes. Naniloa has to be connected to the whole property, so -. BOWMAN: And Naniloa is that little stub -? PUBLIC Right. BOWMAN: Okay, forgive me, I dust got this today and I'm from Kohala, right, so I have excuse; we don't have roads up there, no. Okay, so then actually, if this was done, there would be three outlets for those 665 houses. Okay, thank you. LIM• I'd like to clarify. On the Alternative 1 — and it's good that she raised, I was going to talk about this — is that it says, "a new alternate access road from Alii Drive to the project through currently vacant property to the west ....;" we were interpreting that as being both the Kaupulehu land — but we've been calling it the Metzler property — and the Kamehameha Investment land. It's either or, and not limiting it to only one. YUEN. Yes. we, BOWMAN: So that could potentially be the yellow -. WATANABE: Mauka. BOWMAN: Mauka? WATANABE: No. BOWMAN: The yellow one. ATTA Right. It could be potentially. BOWMAN: It could be potentially. Either or. And do we need to stub that out in here or just to the west, whatever west, how far west are we going? LIM• If the Director doesn't mind, we would like to say to the west and/or the south. YUEN: I don't mind. The intent was that whichever landowner they could work a deal with to come out with would be okay. It doesn't really matter to the County. So if it clarifies it to say to the west or south, that's fine. WATANABE: Okay. SIRACUSA• Question. WATANABE: Yes. SIRACUSA: But if we leave it at west and then it turns out that they can't make a deal there and do it for south, then he would have to come back again to us, wouldn't he? Because it would make a change here. So maybe we should just stick in "or south;" so we don't have to go through that again. YUEN: Well, first of all, if it wasn't changed, it would still -, the KIC property is also to the west — it's to the south and the west. But that would work. If it improves it, if the applicant wants it to specifically say for the point of clarification west and south, that's fine. And if they can't work a deal, they have Alternative 2. LIM. We request that addition, please. Thank you. WATANABE. Okay. Do we have any other comments? Okay, no comments or questions? BOWMAN- I'm sorry. WATANABE: Yes, Ms. Bowman. • 1' BOWMAN: South — you know me, we don't know north -east -south-west; you are not from Kohala — so you are talking about the brown land or are you talking about access onto what will be the bypass? LIM• We are talking about -, it will come out either on the brown or the yellow and then go down towards Alii Drive. We haven't worked at any planning on that at all. We are still in discussions with Kamehameha Investment Corporation BOWMAN: But, but that would be -, again, there would be an outlet into the existing subdivision. So that could be used as alternate -, that's my main thing is how can there be alternative routes? LIM: That's the objective, and that's what the Planning Director has been proposing. BOWMAN: Okay, thank you. WATANABE: Okay. Does anyone care to make a motion? Yes, Jeff. DARROW: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Just for clarification purposes for the Commission, Mr. Lim, earlier you had proposed a condition. If I canjust state, I believe this is the condition: The applicant shall provide a recreational area of at least 5,000 square feet, which will be maintained by the homeowners' association. LIM: I'll try this again. The applicant shall provide a recreational area of at least 5,000 square feet at the Namloa Street entry to the proposed subdivision, which shall be maintained by the owners' association. DARROW: Thank you. WATANABE: This will be Condition — what? Is this a new condition? DARROW: This would be a new Condition -. WATANABE: What, you want to do that as C? DARROW- We can make it as C, if you would like that. WATANABE: Well, we are eliminating their C, right? DARROW: Correct. WATANABE- Okay, so then it's the new C? DARROW: Okay. 61 WATANABE: Okay. Yes, Ms. Bowman. BOWMAN: One more question. I know there's a testifier that mentioned something about that road was not wide enough for a left-hand turn. Now, in Condition, Alternative 1, it also says, "It shall include a dedicated left turn lane at the Aln Drive intersection." So how do we know that it's wide enough to have that left-hand turn? WATANABE: Mr. Director. YUEN. Well, if you look at the green area there that goes down to the Alii Drive right-of-way, if necessary, as part of their agreement with the property owner, they could acquire additional land adjoining Alii Drive so that it could be wide enough to make a left-hand turn. BOWMAN: If it goes through that -. YUEN: If it goes through there, yes. BOWMAN: But if it doesn't and if it goes further south -. YUEN: Same thing, right. Where it turns from green to yellow is where it becomes KIC property. KIC does own a vacant lot on the mauka side of Alii Drive; that first lot, the large lot that you see in yellow that's on the mauka side of Alii Drive is owned by KIC and it's vacant. The other lots, the small lots, you see have houses on them. So there is a vacant property on Alii Drive, KIC property, to which a mauka-makai connecting road can be built BOWMAN: Okay, thank you. WATANABE- Okay. Any comments, anybody? Yes, Mr. Darrow. DARROW: I was just going to mention that if -, dust for order's sake, that we usually look at the State Land Use Boundary Amendment first and the Change of Zone and then the SMA. WATANABE: Yeah, but we -, I understand what you are saying; however, our discussion really has been focused on the Change of Zone right now, and I hate to get so confused that we are not sure what conditions we are speaking to. Mr. Hayashi, you had some comments to add to that? Procedurally, is it -? HAYASHI: Procedurally, you need to recommend approval of the State Land Use Boundary Amendment first, and then go into the zone change and then to the SMA Use permit. WATANABE: To the SMA, okay, okay. 62 YUEN: The Boundary Amendment is simpler because we are not recommending any conditions on the Boundary Amendment; all the conditions would be on the Change of Zone. WATANABE: Okay. YUEN: So you don't need to amend it. If you are going to go ahead with a favorable as we are recommending, you don't need to do anything with the Boundary Amendment; dust go ahead and pass the Boundary Amendment from Ag to Urban, then make the amendments to the Change of Zone. WATANABE: Yes, Mr. Domingo. DOMINGO- Mr Chairman, in view of the fact I would move that we adopt State Land Use Boundary Amendment 07-00018. WATANABE: That will be, send a favorable recommendation to the County Council? DOMINGO: That is correct. WATANABE: Okay. Do I have a second on that? OGATA: Second. WATANABE: Okay. It's been moved and seconded to send a favorable recommendation for the State Land Use Boundary Amendment. Any discussion on this? Yes, Ms. Bowman. BOWMAN: I just have a question. If we vote on the Boundary Amendment -. WATANABE: Right. BOWMAN: And maybe not necessarily vote on the other two, if we feel we don't have enough -, or should we do them all at the same time? WATANABE: No, I think you could change the Boundary Amendment without necessarily approving the Change of Zone, I believe so. BOWMAN: My comment is because I don't feel I've had enough time to really digest everything. But I understand that we need the State Land Use change first. WATANABE: Yeah, procedurally, otherwise we are approving something in the wrong Land Use area. BOWMAN: Right. Okay, thank you. 63 WATANABE: Any other comments? Mr. Darrow. DARROW: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. The motion before us is to send a favorable recommendation to the Hawaii County Council. With that, I'll take the roll. Commissioner Domingo? DOMINGO. Aye. DARROW: Commissioner Ogata? OGATA: Aye. DARROW: Commissioner Bowman? BOWMAN: Aye. DARROW- Commissioner Rho? RHO: Aye. DARROW: Commissioner Siracusa? SIRACUSA: Nay. DARROW: Commissioner Woodward? WOODWARD• Aye. DARROW: And Mr. Chairman9 WATANABE: Aye. DARROW: The motion passes, six to one. WATANABE: Okay. Then the next order of business would be the Change of Zone. Is that correct? DARROW: Correct WATANABE: And the SMA would be the last one. The Change of Zone is what we have been discussing mainly And may I suggest that we use the revised conditions attached to the Director's recommendations, so that we don't get confused on the lettering of what conditions we are approving, and that would be inclusive of the new Condition C, which regards the 5,000 -square foot park on Naniloa Street, a revision to Condition F adding "west or south", well, actually we're just adding "or south," and elimination in Condition F of the 64 ramsayered portion "in the event the applicant after commercially reasonable efforts is able to secure rights to real property interest" because the Director was opposed to that, and ramsayered Condition G, S — that's it, I think. Am I correct? DARROW: Yes, Mr. Chairman The only mention would be that in the applicant's ramsayered version we did have two Ss; so that could -. WATANABE: Yeah, re -lettering then after that, from the second S on. Mr. Domingo. RHO: Mr. Chairman. WATANABE: Yes. RHO: If I may. WATANABE: Mr. Rho. RHO: I don't want to make a motion at this point, but I did want to make a comment that I really think that we should postpone the balance of Agenda Item 2 until the next West Hawaii meeting. Basically because I personally feel like I haven't read -, and I'm sure other people on the Commission feel the same way that we haven't really thoroughly read all the material presented to us today. WATANABE: Okay. You are not the first one to express that concern. Yes, Mr. Domingo. DOMINGO Mr. Chairman, I too would like to express that concern. Although I was critical about the issue of the roads and -. WATANABE: Timmg9 DOMINGO. The roads and everything in the traffic, because all of these were put together in a folder and given to us today, it didn't give me enough time to go through it and to look at the recommendations of the Planning Director and everything. And you know, after discussion the concerns that I had with regards to the traffic and the roadway connections and everything came out clear to me, you know, I can finally feel comfortable with what's being proposed here. But you know, dust to be - WATANABE: Sure. DOMINGO: More sure and to be certain in my mind, I think it will be appropriate if I'll be given more time to review this. And I don't know if we are working on some time constraints — I don't think so. But I think for the sake of the Commission and the Commission being assigned to go through three big issues — the State Land Use Boundary Amendment, the zoning and then lastly the SMA permit — you know, in the short time that I've been on the Commission, I have never detained a project with an enormous amount of 65 material that we need to go through, which has been given to us previously; but on this one I feel that I didn't have enough time. So I concur with some of the other Commissioners that we should be given some additional time to review it. WATANABE: Mr. Lim, well, you already have your, at least from us, our blessing on the State Land Use. And you see that there's some concern from three of the seven present. LIM: I have talked to my clients and -. WATANABE: Could we possibly continue to -? LIM: They would agree to the Commission's vote to continue. WATANABE: Yeah, so, well, I believe as Presiding Officer, I can, yeah? Or is it better that we take a vote now since we've proceeded so far through this? Okay, okay. Is it better if we take a vote? Yeah, okay. OGATA. I have a question. WATANABE: Yes. OGATA- A procedural question. WATANABE: Yes. OGATA: Do we close testimony now or would it be later? WATANABE: No, as I recall, we're going to open testimony again, right, at the next hearing. And I assume that they are looking towards the next Kona meeting. So I've been informed that this is not a formal contested case; so it will be better that one of you make a motion to continue to the next Kona meeting. Would anyone care to do that? BOWMAN: I'll try. WATANABE: Yeah. BOWMAN- I move that we continue the hearing of the Special Management Area Use Permit, SMA 07-000024, and the Change of Zone application, REZ07-000075, to our next Kona meeting, which is June 20th? WATANABE: I'm not certain -. SIRACUSA: Second. WATANABE: So we have a motion and a second. Any discussion required? Yes, Mr. Domingo. Me DOMINGO: Mr. Chairman, aside from that, since we already took whatever the action we needed to take with the State Land Use Boundary Amendment issue, would that issue be forwarded to the Planning Commission even without the zoning? WATANABE: You are talking about the Council, County Council? DOMINGO: Yeah, to the County Council, pardon me. WATANABE: Yeah. I believe so. YUEN: Yes, it will be, but we'll discuss this with Council staff. I don't think that they would want to take up the Boundary Amendment without taking up the zoning at the same time. It might as well -, they'd want to look at both of them together. So the Council would probably just wait to see the zoning before it put it on its Planning Committee agenda. SIRACUSA: Chair. WATANABE: Yes, Ms. Siracusa. SIRACUSA: I just support this change because I agree that this is a tremendous amount of material to have to digest in such a short period of time. Part of our job is to exercise due diligence and we do it by reading everything carefully and analyzing it. And we were not afforded that opportunity today. There might be other issues that we would come across in reading this that we are not aware of, that were not raised during testimony that we might want to ask questions about also. And that's why I voted against the SLU because I didn't feel that I could really step forward and approve something that I was not 100 percent familiar with. And so I'm very glad to second the motion to continue that allow us the time to do that. WATANABE: Anyone else have any other comments, discussion? Mr. Darrow. DARROW. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. The motion before us is to continue both the Change of Zone application and the Special Management Area Use Permit application until our next Kona meeting on June 20t'. With that, I'll take the roll. Commissioner Bowman? BOWMAN: Aye. DARROW: Commissioner Siracusa? SIRACUSA: Aye. DARROW. Commissioner Domingo? 67 DOMINGO: Aye. DARROW. Commissioner Ogata? OGATA: Aye. DARROW Commissioner Rho? RHO: Aye. DARROW: Commissioner Woodward? WOODWARD: Aye DARROW: And Mr. Chairman? WATANABE: Aye. DARROW: The motion passes, seven to zero. WATANABE: So we'll see you at the next Kona meeting. LIM: I think you still have to vote on the SMA. WATANABE: No, no -. LIM: You did at the same time, same thing? WATANABE: We included both of those in the motion. LIM- Okay, I'm sorry. If during the deliberation and review of the materials, the Planning Commission determines that they would have a need of one or more of our witnesses, if you inform Mr Hayashi, so we could have them appear Thank you. WATANABE: Okay, that continues Agenda Item No. 2. The discussion ended at 3:58 p.m. Respectfully submitted, Sharon M. Nomura, Secretary Noriko Sauer, West Hawaii Secretary