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• Smoke or smoldering odor emanating from the gas extraction system <br />or landfill; <br />• Elevated levels of CO in excess of 1,000 parts per million; <br />• Combustion residue in extraction wells or headers; <br />• Increase in gas temperature in the extraction system (above 140°F); and <br />• Temperatures in excess of 170°F. <br />These and other indicators will be considered at the Kailua-Kona Landfill. <br />2.3.2 Landfill -Specific Approaches <br />The three broad approaches available for fire management at the Kailua- <br />Kona Landfill therefore include: <br />• Inundation; <br />• Suffocation; and <br />• Controlled Combustion. <br />• To assess the potential for success of each approach, and provide <br />information for design and implementation, certain field investigations <br />are appropriate. <br />In general, the investigations would consist of surficial investigations <br />using remote sensing techniques and monitoring of subsurface well <br />points. Investigations would consist of non -intrusive evaluations, i.e., <br />non-destructive to the current cover system, and in particular the <br />geomembrane. <br />2.3.3 Proposed Investigation Scope <br />Locating the "hotspots" that may be representative of subsurface fires <br />with a reasonable degree of accuracy will permit developing subsequent <br />investigations and response action strategies that are focused rather than <br />broad. However, the difficulty of identifying localized areas has been <br />demonstrated on this and other landfills (Walker, 2004). Nevertheless, <br />remote sensing techniques should be evaluated as one mechanism for <br />identifying hotspots. This would consist of infrared imagery utilized to <br />identify higher temperature differential zones across the landfill surface. <br />This technique will be limited by the presence of hotspots near the surface. <br />In support of the thermal imagery, topographic mapping of the surface <br />and comparison with prior surveys may be utilized to identify locations <br />where subsurface collapse as a result of waste combustion may have <br />occurred. Thermal and topographic changes can be confirmed in the field <br />ERM 8 KAILUA-KONA LANDFILL/ 0061204 - 3/14/2008 <br />